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o

ixALAui aZu
JAN 4 1963

PUBLIC LIBR.....

DECEM BER

1963

VOL.

86

NO.

Work History of the Unemployed
Unfunded Private Pension Plans
Union Contract Developments in 1964

UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR
BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR

BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS
E wan Clague,

Commissioner of Labor Statistics

R obert J. M yers,
H . M . D outy,

Associate Commissioner for Program Planning and Publications

W . D u ane E vans,
P aul

R.

Deputy Commissioner of Labor Statistics.
Associate Commissioner for Systems Analysis and Economic Growth

K erschbaum,

Associate Commissioner for Management and Field Operations

J ack Alterman, Deputy Associate Commissioner for Economic Growth
Gertrude B ancroft, Special Assistant to the Commissioner
Arnold E. C hase, Assistant Commissioner for Prices and Living Conditions
J oseph P. Goldberg, Special Assistant to the Commissioner
H arold Goldstein, Assistant Commissioner for Manpower and Employment Statistics
L eon Greenberg , Assistant Commissioner for Productivity and Technological Developments
P eter H enle , Special Assistant to the Commissioner
R ichard F. J ones, Deputy Associate Commissioner for Management
W alter G. K eim , Deputy Associate Commissioner for Field Operations
L awrence R. Klein , Chief, Division of Publications
H yman L. L ewis , Economic Consultant to the Commissioner
L eonard R. L insenmayer , Assistant Commissioner for Wages and Industrial Relations
F rank S. M cE lroy, Chief, Division of Industrial Hazards
A be R othman, Deputy Associate Commissioner for Systems Analysis
W illiam C. S helton, Chief, Division of Foreign Labor Conditions
K enneth G. Van A uken, Special Assistant to the Commissioner

Regional Offices and Directors
NEW ENGLAND REGION
W endell D. M acD onald
18 Oliver Street
Boston, Mass. 02110
Connecticut
M aine
Massachusetts

N ew Hampshire
Rhode Island
Vermont

N O R TH C E N TRA L REGION
Adolph O. B erger
105 West Adams Street
Chicago, 111. 60603
Illinois
Indiana
Iowa
Kansas
Minnesota

Missouri
Nebraska
North Dakota
South Dakota
Wisconsin

M ID D L E ATLANTIC REGION
H erbert Bienstock
341 Ninth Avenue
New York, N.Y. 10001
Delaware
Maryland
N ew Jersey

New York
Pennsylvania
District of Columbia

SOUTHERN REGION
Brunswick A. B agdon
1371 Peachtree Street NE.
Atlanta, Ga. 30309
Alabama
Arkansas
Florida
Georgia
Louisiana
M ississippi

North Carolina
Oklahoma
South Carolina
Tennessee
Texas
Virginia

EAST C E N TRA L REGION
J ohn W. L ehman
1365 Ontario Street
Cleveland, Ohio 44114
Kentucky
Michigan

Ohio
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WESTERN REGION
M ax D. K ossoris
630 Sansome Street
San Francisco, Calif. 94111
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A ri sona
California
Colorado
Hawaii
Idaho
Montana

Nevada
N ew Mexico
Oregon
Utah
Washington
Wyoming

The Monthly Labor Review is for sale by the regional offices listed above and by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office,
Washington, D .C., 20402. Subscription price per year—$7.50 domestic; $9.00 foreign. Price 75 cents a copy.
The distribution of subscription copies is bandied by the Superintendent of Documents.
should be addressed to the editor-in-chief.

Communications on editorial matters

Use of fund» for printing this publication approved by the Director of the Bureau of the Budget (October 31,1962).


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Monthly Labor Review
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR • BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS
L a w ren ce R . K l e in ,

Editor-in-Chief

CONTENTS

Special Articles
1383
1394
1398
1405

Major Agreement Expirations and Reopenings in 1964
Deferred Increases Due in 1964 and Wage Escalation
Labor in 1963
Special Labor Force Report: Work History, Attitudes, and Income of the
Unemployed

Summaries of Studies and Reports
1414
1421
1426
1432
1436
1439
1442

Unfunded Private Pension Plans
The Relationship of Unemployment to Mortgage Foreclosures
Occupational Wage Relationships in Metropolitan Areas, 1961-62
Workmen’s Compensation Enactments in 1963
Earnings in the Dress Manufacturing Industry, March-April 1963
Earnings in the Machinery Industries, March-May 1963
Wage Chronology: Sinclair Oil Companies—Supplement No. 3—1963

Departments
hi

1444
1447
1449
1456
1467
1505


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The Labor Month in Review
Significant Decisions in Labor Cases
Chronology of Recent Labor Events
Developments in Industrial Relations
Book Reviews and Notes
Current Labor Statistics
Index to Volume 86

December 1963 • Vol. 86 • No. 12

M a jo r W age Developments in 1962

PERCENT

OF WORKERS

No wage change

H a lf of the nearly 8 m illion workers
under major
agreements

collective

(those

Increases in w a ges under 1% p i

bargaining

covering

1% and under 2%

1,000

2% and under 2¡4%

workers or more) received wage in­

214% an d under 3%

creases averaging 21/f> but less than
41/2 percent, including deferred in­
creases

and

cost-of-living

09

,

3% an d unde r 314%
314% and under 4%

adjust­
4% and under 414%

ments.

The 27 percent whose wages
414% an d under 5%

were not changed included about 1
m illion workers under contracts not
subject to negotiation or where bar­
gaining efforts were not made or not
completed during the year.

5% and under 6%
6% and under 7%
7% and over
Not specified or computed
Decreases in wages
Note: Because of rounding, sum of individual items may not equal TOO.

The chart previews findings from the Bureau of Labor Statistics annual study of wage develop­
ments under major union contracts in manufacturing and selected nonmanufacturing industries
(construction, service trades, finance, and government are excluded).
presented in the January issue of the Review.

a

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The detailed study will be

The Labor Month
in Review

T he U.S. S upreme C ourt extended one of the few

areas in which the States may act in the labor
relations field when it held on December 2 that
Florida could enjoin the enforcement of a collec­
tive bargaining agreement that violated right-towork provisions of the State law. The issue in
Retail Clerks v. Schermerhorn was whether the
State courts or the National Labor Relations
Board had jurisdiction, to enforce the State’s
prohibition of agency shop clauses in collective
bargaining agreements, a question that the Court
had reserved judgment on when it had held last
June that the agency shop is a lawful form of
union security under the Taft-Hartley Act, but
that a State may prohibit such an arrangement
under section 14(b) of the act.
Justice Douglas, writing the unanimous opinion
on the December 2 decision said:
. .w e con­
clude that Congress in 1947 did not deprive the
States of any and all power to enforce their laws
restricting the execution and enforcement of
union-security agreements. Since it is plain that
Congress left the States free to legislate in that
field, we can only assume that it intended to leave
unaffected the power to enforce those laws . . . .”
The Retail Clerks Union had argued that if
there is a violation of a State union security law
authorized by section 14(b), it is a Federal unfair
labor practice and that the Federal remedy is the
exclusive one. The Retail Clerks and unions which
joined in its support had stated that this course
was necessary to avoid a wide variety in penalties
that might be imposed by the State courts,
pointing out that there is already considerable
variety in the scope of the statutes.
The Court held that Congress rejected uni­
formity in this field: “Section 14(b) gives the
States power to outlaw even a union-security
agreement that passes muster by Federal stand­
ards. Where Congress gives State policy that
degree of overriding authority, we are reluctant


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to conclude that it is nonetheless enforceable by
the Federal agency in Washington.”
The Court distinguished this case from the 1959
Garmon decision which held that where action is
“ arguably subject to section 7 or 8 of the act
[unfair labor practices and right to organize] the
States as well as the Federal courts must defer to
the exclusive competence of the NLRB.” Justice
Douglas pointed out that Garmon “ does not state
a constitutional principle, it merely rationalizes
the problems of coexistence between Federal and
State regulatory schemes in the field of labor
relations; and it did not present the problems posed
by section 14(b), viz., whether the Congress had
precluded State enforcement of select State laws
adopted pursuant to its authority. The purpose
of Congress is the ultimate touchstone. Congress
under the Commerce Clause may displace State
power . . . or it may even by silence indicate a
purpose to let State regulation be imposed on the
Federal regime.”
T he legal aspects of the Schermerhorn case will
be discussed in greater detail in the January issue
of the Review, but in view of the U.S. Supreme
Court’s opinion that after the Schermerhorn
decision “ there will arise a wide variety of situa­
tions presenting problems of the accommodation
of State and Federal jurisdiction in the unionsecurity field,” it seems appropriate to review here
some of the background from which such cases
might arise.
All right-to-work laws ban the union shop and
some ban the agency shop, a device borrowed
from Canada to promote union security in States
where the union shop was made illegal by right-towork laws. The first Supreme Court decision in
the Schermerhorn case had held on June 3, 1963,
that the Florida ban on the agency shop was law­
ful. On the other hand, the Court noted that the
Indiana law prohibiting the union shop did not
make lesser forms of union security illegal. Liti­
gation on whether some other State laws do or do
not prohibit the agency shop is pending.
Although the agency shop has been in litigation
almost from its first use, and there has been other
litigation to determine the outposts of right-towork legislation, the number of agency shop and
union shop cases reported under the right-to-work
laws have been relatively few.
m

IV

The first right-to-work law was passed in
Florida in 1944. By the time section 14(b) was
enacted in 1947, 12 States had legislation outlaw­
ing or restricting the closed shop and related de­
vices, but several States that enacted laws in
1947 repealed them in 1949. The next wave of
right-to-work activity came in 1938. In that
year, right-to-work proposals appeared on the
ballot or in the legislation of 10 States. Only
Kansas adopted a law. Right-to-work campaigns
in the following years were unsuccessful until this
year when Wyoming enacted a law. On the other
hand, recent efforts to remove such laws have not
made the grade either.
Twenty States now have right-to-work provi­
sions in their statutes or their constitutions. (In
addition, Louisiana has a law which applies only
to agricultural workers and workers engaged in
processing certain agricultural products.) Gen­
erally speaking, these States are among the less
highly industrialized and the less highly organized
ones. In 1962, 40 percent of the States with
right-to-work laws accounted for about 15 percent
of the total AFL-CIO membership. A third of
the members in right-to-work States were in
Indiana and Texas.
T he 19 S tates with right-to-work laws in effect

during a 1958-59 Bureau of Labor Statistics
study of union-security agreements accounted for
only 10 percent of the major contracts studied and
only slightly over 5 percent of all workers.
The BLS study found that the proportion of
agreements without any form of union security
had not changed in the country as a whole since
1954, when the last study was made. The major
development was the changing of maintenance of
membership provisions to the union shop. The
1959 study found that 74 percent of the workers
were covered by union shop provisions and 7
percent by maintenance of membership. Exclud­
ing the right-to-work States, the coverage was
about 78 percent. Agency shop provisions were
found in 15 of the 1,631 agreements studied.
Colorado and Wisconsin, which do not prohibit
union security provisions, do require an election
before a collectively bargained security agreement
can become effective. In 1951, after 97 percent
of the elections were found to favor the union
shop, the Federal election requirement enacted
in 1947 was removed.

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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, DECEMBER 1963

T he Schermerhorn decision may not only result, as

anticipated by the Supreme Court, in more litiga­
tion in the States as a result of the States’ author­
ity to develop their own legal patterns in this
area, but it also may add to a renewed effort by
the protagonists in the right-to-work arena.
The National Right-to-Work Committee, which
began operation in 1955, said the Schermerhorn
decision would “accelerate the nationwide rightto-work movement.” The AFL-CIO promised
continued work toward repeal of the Taft-Hartley
provisions allowing State union-security provisions
to prevail. Right-to-work laws have thus become
a symbol in labor-management relations ideology,
but little objective study has been made of their
actual effects.
One of the few detailed analyses of a State law
concludes in fact that “ the real meaning of the
[Texas] statute seems to be symbolic.” Begin­
ning his study with the “ two sharply counterposed conceptions of how to defend the rights of
industrial man,” Professor Frederic Meyers says:
To the sincere advocate of the legislation, the freedom
of the individual worker was put in its simplest terms:
the worker should have the unrestricted right to join or
refrain from joining a union, without coercion from either
union or employer, or union and employer jointly. Fur­
thermore, the individual worker, having made up his mind
whether or not to join a union, should have the right,
either individually or collectively, to bargain with his
employer. On its face, the law is wholly consistent in
protecting the freedom of the individual.
But the view of the labor movement is that, taken in
its total effects, the statute infringes important freedoms
of the individual and of workers collectively in their
unions. The labor movement believes that workers can­
not deal freely and effectively with their employers other
than collectively. If the statute, despite its declaration
of the right of employees to bargain collectively, impedes
the exercise of that right, it infringes highly valuable
freedoms. If the statute is used as an effective bar to
deter workers in unorganized plants from joining unions
or if some workers in organized plants refrain from mem­
bership and “ride free” on the efforts of their union fellowworkers, the effective freedom of all to bargain with
employers and to have a meaningful voice in the determina­
tion of their conditions of work is impaired.

Professor Meyers found that in Texas “ the
claims of effectiveness which its advocates derive
from their conception of freedom have not been
upheld in practice, but neither have the apprehen­
sions of its opponents.”

Major Agreement
Expirations and
Reopenings in 1964
C ordelia T. W ard *

E ditor ’s N ote .'— This article and the one on

deferred wage increases and cost-of-living esca­
lator clauses on pages 1894.-1397 complement
each other, but differ some in coverage.
This article covers agreements affecting 5,000
workers or more, except in government; the
second covers situations affecting 1,000 workers
or more but excludes the service trades, finance,
and government.
I n t h e y e a r a h e a d , major attention is likely
to focus on trucking and automobile industry
negotiations. Beginning with the Central States
trucking agreements in January, areawide Team­
ster contracts will expire throughout the year.
(See table 1.) In the automobile industry, Big
Three contracts will be in effect through August.
Major meatpacking agreements also terminate
in the same month. Other months to note are
September for fabricated metal, machinery, and
longshoring; January and May for ladies’ apparel;
and May and June for construction contracts. At
least 119 agreements for major bargaining units
of 5,000 workers or more each, affecting a total
of 1.9 million workers, are due to expire in 1964.
Most of the remaining major contracts provide
for previously agreed upon wage reopenings,
possible cost-of-living adjustments, deferred in­
creases, or combinations of these provisions.

♦Of the Division of Industrial and Labor Relations, Bureau of Labor
Statistics.
1
Although the Bureau does not collect railroad and airline agreements
(they are filed with the National Mediation Board, as required by the Rail­
way Labor Act), information for key bargaining situations in these industries
has been included in this study.


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The Bureau of Labor Statistics had information
in its file of agreements, or from published reports,
on 353 collective bargaining contracts covering
5,000 workers or more each.1 These agreements,
representing virtually all contracts of this size
in the United States, cover nearly 6 million workers,
or about a third of all workers under collective
bargaining. This article deals with 307 agree­
ments known to be in effect on January 1, 1964,
involving 4.5 million workers. Forty-six agree­
ments were to expire by December 31, 1963, and
settlements had not been reached at the time this
article was completed.
Of the 307 agreements, over two-thirds, covering
over 3 million workers, provide for possible wage
adjustments in 1964 in the form of deferred wage
increases or escalator clauses or by permitting
wage reopenings either at a fixed date or under
specified conditions. Frequently, more than one
T a b l e 1. E x p i r a t i o n D a t e s S p e c i f i e d i n 307 A g r e e ­
m e n t s C o v e r i n g 5,000 W o r k e r s o r M o r e 1

Year and month

Num­
ber of
agree­
ments

Num­
ber of
workers
(thou­
sands)

Total........................

307

4,463.2

1964..........-...............

119

1,889.1

January........—

9

281.5

February-------March_______
April......... ........
M ay........ ..........
June.......... ........
July_________
August-----------

8
10
9
18
12
16

112.7
80.5
79.7
187.3
171.5
36.0
617.1

September__ _

11

148.6

October -------November____
December____
1965--___ _______

8
6
8
116

77.2
46.7
50.3
1,413.1

January_____
February_____
March_______
April________
M ay........ ..........
June_________
July____ _____
August..............
September____
October______
November____
December____
1966_____________

8
5
6
27
19
14
7
8
4
4
7
7
54

89.3
45.5
50.2
457.6
173.1
156.6
80.9
61.6
97.0
33.5
78.8
89.0
814.4

January-June.July-December.
1967_____________

22
32
9

367.9
446.5
205.0

1969_____________
Open end 2_______

3
6

30.9
110.7

4

Significant contract expirations

Apparel (women’s dresses); truck­
ing.
Apparel; construction.
Construction; trucking.
Meatpacking; machinery; automo­
biles; trucking.
. . ,
Longshoring; machinery; fabri­
cated metals.

Rubber; steel; construction.
Rubber; aluminum; construction.
Shipbuilding; construction.
Aircraft.
Machinery.
Aircraft.
Aircraft.
Apparel (men’s clothing); lumber.
Communications.
Construction; hotels arid restau­
rants.
Maritime.

1 Based on agreements known to be in effect on Jan. 1,1964. For 46 situa­
tions covering 1,125,700 workers, agreements effective in 1964 were not avail­
able.
2 Subject to negotiation at any time.

1383

1384

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, DECEMBER 1963

type of possible wage adjustment is stipulated, as
the following tabulation indicates:
Agree­
ments

Wage reopening only_______________
Escalator clause only _ __ _________
Deferred wage increase only__ ______
Wage reopening and escalator clause. _
Wage reopening and deferred wage in­
crease _________ _________________
Escalator clause and deferred wage in­
crease___ ________________________
Wage reopening, escalator clause, and
deferred wage increase___ ______ __

63
26
93
3

Workers

(ithousands)
851.
716.
1, 134.
31.

2
6
8
5

5

97. 4

19

228. 5

3

41. 0

Over half the workers scheduled to receive a
deferred wage increase in 1964 under these agree­
ments are in the transportation equipment (air­
T a b l e 2.

P r e v a len c e

of

P r ov isio n s

craft and shipbuilding) and construction industries
(table 2). The transportation equipment in­
dustry also accounts for more than three-fifths of
the workers whose wages may be affected through
escalator clauses by changes in the BLS Consumer
Price Index. Most of these workers are in the
automobile industry.
Possible wage adjustment during the year may
result from contract reopenings provided in 79
agreements. Under 36 of these agreements, wage
negotiations may occur in event of a stipulated
change in the purchasing power of the dollar or
other significant economic changes. The other
43 establish a specific reopening date or the date at
which a wage increase, if agreed upon, is to go into
effect. Included in this category are most of the

for R en eg o t ia t io n and W age A d ju st m e n t
5,000 W orkers or M or e , by I n d u st r y

in

1964

in

A g r ee m e n t s C o v ering

[Workers in thousands]
Agreements with provisions in 1964 for-

Industry

Current agree­
ments avail­
able 1

Wage reopening
Termination

Specific wage
reopening

Possible wage
reopening

cost-of-living
review

increase

Current agree­
ments not
available

Agree­ Work­ Agree- Work- Agree- Work- Agree- Work- Agree- Work- Agree- Work- Agree- Workers
ers
ments ers 8 ments
ers
ments
ments
ers
ments
ments
ers
ments
ers
All industries_________________________

307 4,463.2

Manufacturing__________________
Ordnance and accessories_______________
Food and kindred products_____________
Tobacco manufactures_________________
Textile mill products__________________
Apparel and related products___________
Lumber and wood products, except furni­
ture_____ ___________ _____________
Paper and allied products______________
Printing, publishing, and allied industries..
Chemicals and allied products___________
Petroleum refining and related industries...
Rubber and miscellaneous plastic products.
Leather and leather products____________
Stone, clay, and glass products........ ........... .
Prim ary metal industries...............................
Fabricated metal products______________
Machinery, except electrical____________
Electrical machinery, equipment, and sup­
plies............................................................. .
Transportation equipment______________
Instruments and related products________
Miscellaneous manufacturing industries__
Nonmanufacturing_______________
Mining, crude petroleum, and natural gas
production_________________________
T ransportation...____ ________________
Railroads and airlines 8_________________
Communications______________________
Utilities: Electric and gas______________
Wholesale and retail trade______________
H otels and restaurants_________________
Services______________________________
Construction_________________________

2,479. 4
4
18

1

4
16
4
2

3
2
2

4
5

42.6
161.9
5.8
35.0
347.6
62.2
34.0
18.2
13.7
14.1
71.5
51.0
70.5
399.9
41.0

119 1,889.1
51 1,086.2
11
1
1
8
1

115.4
58
10 0
166.0

12

553.5
207.7

36

528.1

51 1,017.6

18

152.6

40

910.6

4
6

42.6
41.4

1

5.0

1

8.5

3

137.1

2
6

19.0
43.0

21.0
2

14.1

3

28.0

2
2
1
2
7

22 0
13.0
5.0
29.0
lflfi R

1

50

1

12.5

22.3
558 2
5. 7
6.0

5
1

49.6
6.0

2

21.5

6.0

2
11
1
1

1

6.0

158 1,983.8

68

802.9

31

345.8

18

22
3
4
1
9
4
4
21

372.4
25. 1
71.3
5.0
87. 7
36.0
36.8
168.6

13

6

22

4
9
11

29
2

1

120.8

175.9
793.0
14.7

85.9
478.3
25.1
300. 1
70.3
119.2
112.8

137.8
654.3

1
Sums of individual wage provisions may exceed totals, since agreements
frequently provided for more than one wage action. Possible wage reopen­
ings, automatic cost-of-living reviews, and deferred increases scheduled prior
to termination date are counted for contracts terminating in 1964.


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

43

1

5.0

2

25.0

18
3

228.8
21.3

3
2
3

20.3
24.0
26.4

4
1

1

6.6

117 1,449.2

46

1,125.7

52

594.2

13

133.2

3
6

36.3
41.5

1
1

7.5
9.5

1
3

8.0
33.0

2

26.0

4
1
3
2

62.2
13.0
18.2
13.7

1
1

5.0
5.0

4
3

71.5
32.0

1
1

5.0
7.0

1
1

7.2
6.0

1
6

7.0
101.8

1
20
1

8.0
697. 5
5.7

1
18
1

8.0
235.8
9.0

5

67.0

375.5

11

107.0

65

855.0

33

992.5

313.5

9

89.0

8
1

136.3
5.5

18.0

44.0
55.5
56.5
46.0
511.2

53.1
733.9
142.8

2

3
6
4
3
40

4
8
11
3

16.7

1
6

6.5
39.5

54.0
8.0

8
Refers to all workers covered by agreements, including Instances where
deferred Increases were granted to specific groups or occupations only.
8 See text footnote 1.

MAJOR AGREEMENT EXPIRATIONS AND REOPENINGS

major agreements in the communications industry.
The Labor Management Relations (Taft-Hartley)
Act of 1947 requires that a party to an agreement
desiring to terminate or modify it shall serve
written notice upon the other party 60 days before
the expiration date. In the absence of such notice,
many agreements provide for the automatic con­
tinuation of the agreement, frequently for yearly
periods.
Listing of Selected Agreements

Table 3 contains a list of 145 selected major
bargaining situations, covering in all 2.6 million
workers. Space limitations preclude the listing

of all major contracts covering 5,000 workers or
more under which some action in 1964 is scheduled.
The selection was designed to cover a broad
range of industries and key bargaining situations;
contracts in the construction industry are not
listed.
Many of the selected bargaining agreements
expire or may be reopened for wage negotiations
between January 1 and December 31, 1964. (The
effective dates of these actions are printed in bold­
face type in the appropriate columns of the table.)
Other agreements provide for wage reviews based
upon changes in living costs or specify deferred
wage increases payable during 1964. (Table 3
begins on the following page.)

Most contracts specify a fixed period of notice, usually 60 days, prior to the
expiration date, in the event either party desires to modify or terminate the
agreement on expiration. In both open-end and term contracts, provision is
generally made for advance notice by either party of intention to modify or
cancel the agreement. In the absence of a specified requirement for notice,
it can be assumed that conferences on the contract would be initiated on the
request of either party. Some agreements distinguish between requests for
termination and for modification or amendment, and usually require a longer
period of notice for termination. The notice requirement is designed in
order to give each party adequate time to study the issues, consider the other
party’s position, and to prepare its case.
Under many agreements, the notice must state the changes desired, if the
intention is to modify rather than to terminate the agreement.
Some agreements specify that negotiations on the proposed changes must
be initiated immediately upon the giving of notice, so that a work stoppage
may be avoided between agreements. Others do not require negotiations to
begin until a specified period after notice is given.
— From Collective Bargaining Provisions (BLS Bulletin 908-19), 1950, p. 35.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

1385

1386
T a ble 3.

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, DECEMBER 1963
E x p ir a t io n , R e o p e n in g ,

and

W age -A d ju st m e n t P r o v isio n s in
a t io n s , J a n u a r y - D e c e m b e r 1964

S elected C ollective B a r g a in in g S iu t 1

Order of Listing
Manufacturing
1. Automobiles

Nonmanufacturing, exclusive of construction

11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.

2. Aircraft
3. Shipbuilding
4. Ordnance and accessories
6. Controlling instruments
6. Fabricated metal products
7. Machinery
8. Electrical products
9. Rubber
10. Chemicals

Company or association *

Union

21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
Approx­
imate
number
ofemployees
covered

Mining
Airlines
Local transit
Trucking and warehousing
Maritime
Telephone and telegraph
Electric and gas utilities
Wholesale and retail trade
Finance, insurance, and real estate
Hotels and restaurants
Provisions effective January-December 1964 for—

Contract
term 4
Wage reopening

Automatic cost- Deferred wage increase (hourly
of-living review « rate unless otherwise specified)

1. Automobiles
American Motors Corp.
(Kenosha and Milwau­
kee, Wis.).
Budd Co.............................

Auto Workers__

Chrysler Corp. (produc­
tion and maintenance).
Ford Motor Co_________
General Motors Corp____

___do------------

318,000

Studebaker Corp. (South
Bend, Ind.).

___d o ..............

7,000

21,900

Sept. 1961 to
Oct. 1964.

.do______

11,300

-do______

46,000

. d o . . .........

120,000

Nov. 1961 to
Oct. 1964.
Nov. 1961 to
Aug. 1964.
Oct. 1961 to
Aug. 1984.
Sept. 1961 to
Aug. 1964.
Feb. 1962 to
Oct. 1964.

Quarterly (Mar.,
June, Sept.,
Dee.),
do
___ do

_

___ do___
do
___ do__

Effective first full pay period
in Jan. 1964; 6 cents—base
rates.

2. Aircraft
Bendix Corp.

Auto Workers__

12,000

Jan. 1962 to
Oct. 1964.

Boeing Co_____________

Machinists_____

40,000

Douglas Aircraft Co., Inc., ....... do..... .............
Missiles and Space Sys­
tems Division (Santa
Monica, Calif.).
Douglas Aircraft Co., Inc., Auto Workers__
(Long Beach, Calif.).
Lockheed Aircraft Corp.,
Machinists____
Lockheed California Di­
vision (Los Angeles
County, Calif.).
Lockheed Aircraft Corp., ....... d o ._ ...............
Loekheed-Georgia Divi­
sion (Marietta, Ga.).
McDonnell Aircraft Corp.. ------do_................

9,000

May 1963 to
Sept. 1965.
July 1962 to
July 1965.

North American Aviation,
Inc.

Auto Workers__

Republic Aviation Corp. Machinists
(Farmingdale, N.Y.).
United Aircraft Corp., ___ do__...............
P ratt and Whitney Air­
craft Division (East
Hartford and M an­
chester, Conn.).

6,700
16,200

July 1962 to
July 1965.
Jan. 1963 to
July 1965.

10,000

Sept. 1962 to
July 1965.

13,400

Nov. 1962 to
Nov. 1965.
Sept. 1962 to
Sept. 1965

35,000
9,200
15,500

Quarterly (Mar.,
June, Sept.,
Dec.).
S ept

16 1964

Quarterly (Feb.,
May, Aug.,
Nov.).
_do-

Apr. 1962 to
Apr. 1965.
Dec. 1962 to
Nov. 1965.

Sept. 16,1964; 5.5-9 cents.
July 6, 1964; 6-8 cents.
July 6, 1964; 6-8 cents.

Quarterly (Jan.,
Apr., July,
Oct.).

July 20, 1964; 6-9 cents.

Quarterly (Mar.,
June, Sept.,
Dec.).

July 20,1964; 5-11 cents.
Nov. 2, 1964; 2.5 percent.

Quarterly (Jan.,
Apr., July,
Oct.).
do

Sept. 27, 1964; 6-14 cents.
Apr. 6, 1964; 6-12 cents.
Dec. 7, 1964; 6-11 cents.

3. Shipbuilding
Bethlehem Steel Co., East
Coast Shipbuilding Di­
vision.
General Dynamics Corp.,
Electric Boat Division
(Groton, Conn.).

Marine and Ship­
building Work­
ers.
Metal Trades
Council of
New London
County.
Newport News Shipbuild­ Peninsula Ship­
ing and Dry Dock Co.
builders’ Asso­
(Newport News, Va.).
ciation (Ind.).
Pacific Coast Shipbuilders. Metal Trades; 10
craft unions
including
Teamsters
(Ind.).

See footnotes at end of table.

https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

15,000

Aug. 1963 to
July 1966.«

Aug. 1, 1964; 5 cents.

8,500

Aug. 1962 to
June 1965.

July 1, 1964; 9 cents.

17,000

June 1962 to
June 1965.

June 8,1964; 3 percent.

12,000

July 1962 to
June 1965.

July 1, 1964; 10 cents.

MAJOR AGREEMENT EXPIRATIONS AND REOPENINGS
T a b l e 3.

1387

E x p ir a t io n , R e o p e n in g ,

a n d W age -A d ju stm e n t P r o v isio n s in S elected
a t io n s , J a n u a r y —D e c e m b e r 1964 1— Continued

Company or association >

Union J

Approx­
imate
number
of em­
ployees
covered

C ollective B a r g a in in g S it u ­

Provisions effective January-December 1964 for—
Contract
term 4
Wage reopening

Automatic cost- Deferred wage increase (hourly
of-living review » rate unless otherwise specified)

4. Ordnance and Accessories
A ero jet-G en eral Corp.
(Sacramento, Calif.).

Machinists..........

6,300

General Dynamics Corp., ....... do.................
General Dynamics As­
tronautics Division.
Lockheed Aircraft Corp., ....... do...................
Lockheed Missiles and
Space Division.

16,800

Oct. 1962 to
Oct. 1965.

14,000

Jan. 1963 to
July 1965.

May 1962 to
May 1965.

Quarterly (Mar.,
June, Sept.,
Dec.).
___ do____
Quarterly (Jan.,
Apr., July,
Oct.).

July 27,1964; 2.6 percent.
July 26, 1964; 6-9 cents.

5. Controlling Instruments
M inneapolis-H oneyw ell
Regulator Co. (Minneapolis-St Paul, Minn.).
Sperry Rand Corp., Sperry
G y ro sco p e D iv isio n
(Great Neck, N.Y.,
area).

Teamsters (Ind.).

9,000

Feb. 1962 to
Jan. 1966.

International
Union of Elec­
trical Workers.

5,700

May 1961 to
May, 1964

Feb. 1,1964; 7-14 cents.
Quarterly (Feb.,
May, Aug.,
Nov.).

6. Fabricated Metal Products
American Can Co

Steelworkers____

16,000

California Metal Trades Machinists_____
Association (San Fran­
cisco, Calif., area).
Continental Can Co., Inc.. Steelworkers........

7,000

Oct. 1962 to
Sept. 1964.
Apr. 1963 to
Mar. 1965.

13,000

Oct. 1962 to
Sept. 1964.

Oct. 1, 1964

Apr. 1, 1964; 7-12 cent«.

7. Machinery
Allis Chalmers Manufac­ Auto Workers__
turing Co. (West Allis,
Wis.).
Caterpillar Tractor Co. ....... do_________
(Peoria, Morton, and
Moss ville, 111.).
Deere and Co. (Iowa and ....... do.................
Illinois).
General Motors Corp____ International
Union of Elec­
trical Workers.
International
Harvester Auto Workers__
Co. (production and
maintenance).

6,200

Mar. 1962 to
Nov. 1964.

13.000

Nov. 1961 to
Sept. 1964.

15,100
25.000

Oct. 1961 to
Sept. 1964.
Sept. 1961 to
Aug. 1964.

30.000

Oct. 1961 to
Sept. 1964.

Quarterly (Mar.,
June, Sept.,
Dec.),
do
do
___do
____ do

8. Electrical Products
Electric Auto-Lite Co____
Hughes Aircraft Co. (California).
Western Electric Co. Inc.
(Kearny, N.J.).
Zenith Radio Corp. (Chi­
cago, 111.).

Auto Workers__

8,000

Mar. 1962 to
F eb. 1965.

Carpenters...........

10,000

International
Brotherhood of
Electrical
Workers.
Independent
Rad ionic
W orkers of
America
(Ind..).

13,500

Nov. 1961 to
Nov. 1964.
Oct. 1963 to
Dec. 1966.8

In event of wage stabilization
order by U.S. Government.
1964; month not specified____

6,600

July 1962 to
June 1965.

July 1, 1964, on 60 days’
notice.

Quarterly (Mar.,
June, Sept.,
Dec.).

Mar. 1, 1964; 4 cents.

9. Rubber
Firestone Tire and Rubber
Co.

Rubber Workers.

17,000

Apr. 1963 to
Apr. 1965.

B. F. Goodrich Co.............. ___ do..................

11,000

Apr. 1963 to
Apr. 1965.6

See footnotes at end of table.
713- 154— 63— — 2


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

May 11, 1964; 6-6.5 cents at 3
locations.
June 8, 1964; 6.5-7 cents at 5
locations.
May 11, 1964; 6.5 cents at nontire manufacturing plants.
June 8, 1964; 7 cents at tire
manufacturing plants.

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, DECEMBER 1963

1388
T a ble 3.

E x p ir a t io n , R e o p e n in g ,

Company or association8

and W age -A d ju st m e n t P r o visions in S elected
a t io n s , J a n u a r y - D e c em ber 1964 1— Continued

U nion8

Approximate
number
of em­
ployees
covered

C ollective B a r g a in in g S it u ­

Provisions effective January-December 1964 for—
Contract
term 4

Wage reopening

Automatic cost- Deferred wage increase (hourly
of-living review 8 rate unless otherwise specified)

9. Rubber—Continued
Goodyear Tire and Rubber Co.

Rubber Workers.
do

20,500

Apr. 1963 to
Apr. 1965.

23,000

June 1963 to
May 1965.

May 11, 1964; 6.5 cents at 6
locations.
June 8, 1964; 7 cents at 5 loca­
tions.
May It, 1964; 6.5 cents at 13
locations.
June 8, 1964; 7 cents at 5 loca­
tions.
10. Chemicals

American Viscose Corp.,
Fibers Division.
Dow Chemical Co. (Midland, Mich.).

Textile Workers
Union.
Mine Workers,
District 50
(Ind.).

7,100
6,600

___________ ____ June 1, 1964; 5 cents.

June 1962 to
June 1965.
Mar. 1962 to
Mar. 1965.

Quarterly (Jan.,
Apr., July,
Oct.).

Mar. 9, 1964; 6 cents.

11. Petroleum
Atlantic Refining Co.
Sinclair Oil Corp.

Atlantic Inde­
pendent Union
(Ind.).
Oil Chemical
and Atomic
Workers.

7,600

Apr. 1963 to
Mar. 1965.

At any time.

6, 500

Jan. 1963 to
open end.

At anytime.

12. Stone, Clay, and Glass Products
Corning Glass Works
(Corning, Big Flats,
Horseheads, and Science
Park at Erwin, N.Y.).
Glass Container Manu­
facturers Institute, Inc.,
National Automatic Ma­
chine Department.
Glass Container Manu­
facturers Institute, Inc.,
(production and main­
tenance—West Coast).
Glass Container Manu­
facturers Institute, Inc.,
(production and main­
tenance-excluding West
Coast).
Pittsburgh Plate Glass
Co., plate and window
glass operations.

Flint Glass
W orkers

5,000

Dec. 1962 to
Jan. 1964.

Glass Bottle
Blowers.

7,000

Mar. 1962 to
Feb. 1965.

Mar. 1, 1964; 3 percent.

8,000

Apr. 1962 to
Mar. 1965.

Apr. 1, 1964; 5-10 cents.

37,500

Apr. 1962 to
Jan. 1965.

Apr. 1, 1964; 3 percent.

8,000

Feb. 1962 to
Feb. 1964.

Glass and Ce­
ramic Workers

13. Lumber
Georgia-Pacific Corp. (Cal­
ifornia, Oregon, and Wash­
ington).
Timber Operators’ Coun­
cil (Oregon and Wash­
ington).
Weyerhaeuser Co. (Ore­
gon and Washington).

7,200

June 1963 to
May 1966.8

June 1, 1964; 7 cents.

do

40,000

June 1963 to
May 1966.8

June 1, 1964; 6 cents.

do

10,000

Carpenters; and
Woodworkers.

June 1,1964; 6 cents.
May 1966.8
14. Paper

International Paper Co.,
Southern Kraft Divi­
sion.

Pacific Coast Association
of Pulp and Paper M an­
ufacturers.

Papermakers
and Paperworkers; Pulp
and Sulphite
Workers; and
International
Brotherhood
of Electrical
Workers.
Papermakers
and Paperworkers; and
Pulp and Sul­
phite Workers

See footnotes at end of table.

https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

13,000

June 1963 to
May 1965.8

21,000

June 1962 to
May 1964.

June 1, 1964; 3 percent (7-cent
minimum).

1389

MAJOR AGREEMENT EXPIRATIONS AND REOPENINGS
T a b l e 3.

E x p ir a t io n , R e o p e n in g ,

and W age -A d ju stm e n t P r o v isio n s in S elected
a t io n s , J a n u a r y - D ec e m b e r 1964 1— Continued

Company or association3

Union «

Approx­
imate
number
of em­
ployees
covered

C ollective B a r g a in in g S it u ­

Provisions effective January-December 1964 for—
Contract
term 1

Wage reopening

Automatic cost- Deferred wage increase (hourly
of-living review « rate unless otherwise specified)

15. Printing and Publishing
Metropolitan Lithographers
Association, Inc., and
independent shops (New
York district).
New York Employing
Printers
Association,
Printers League Section
(Metropolitan
New
York, N.Y., area).

Lithographers
(Ind.).

8,000

May 1962 to
Apr. 1965.

May 1, 1964; $5 per week
(except “miscellaneous lith­
ographic” jobs—$4 per week).

Bookbinders...

5,000

July 1960 to
Aug. 1966.

Jan 1, 1964; $2.50 per week
for journeymen operatorscutters. Sept. 1, 1964; in­
crease based on wage changes
under Printers League-Ty­
pographical Union No. 6
contract made subsequent to
Oct. 17, 1961, and prior to
above date.
16. Textiles

Dyeing and finishing com­
panies (New York and
New Jersey).
United Knitwear Manu­
facturers League, Inc.
(New York, N.Y.).

Textile Workers
Union.

Oct. 1963 to
Sept. 1966.«

Ladies’ Garment
Workers.

July 1961 to
July 1964.

1964; 8 cents.
In event of increase or decrease
in cost of living or change in
purchasing power of the
dollar from July 15,1961.
17. Apparel

Allied Underwear Associa­
tion, Inc.; Lingerie Man­
ufacturers Association of
New York, Inc.; Negli­
gee Manufacturers Asso­
ciation of New York,
Inc.; and United Under­
wear Contractors Associ­
ation
(Metropolitan
New York area).
Cluett Peabody & Co____

Ladies’ Garment
Workers.

16,000

Clothing Work­
ers.

6,100

June 1962 to
Aug. 1965.

Cotton garment and allied .......do................_.
industries
agreement
(Philadelphia, Pa.).
Eastern Women’s Head- H atters________
wear Associai ion, Inc.
(New York, N.Y., area).
Infants’ and Children’s Ladies’ Garment
Coat Association, Inc.;
Workers.
and Manufacturers of
Snowsuits,
Novelty
Wear,
and
Infants’
Coats, Inc.
New York Coat and Suit ___do_________
Association, Inc.
Popular Priced Dress ___do...................
Manufacturers Group,
Inc.; United Popular
Dress Manufacturers As­
sociation, Inc.; United
Better Dress Manufac­
turers Association, Inc.;
National Dress Manufac­
turers Association, Inc.;
and Affiliated Dress
Manufacturers, Inc.

6,000

June 1962 to
Aug. 1965.

10,000

Jan. 1963 to
Dec. 1965.

8,500

June 1961 to
May 1964.

35.000

Apr. 1961 to
May 1964.
Mar. 1961 to
Jan. 1964.

88.000

Aug. 1963 to
July 1966.«

July 1, 1964; 5 cents in hourly
minimum of weekwork op­
erators.

Notice on or before Apr. 1,
1964, modifications to be­
come effective Sept. 1, 1964.
do

In event of increase in cost of
living.

Jan. 1, 1964: $2.50 per week for
week workers; 2.5 percent for
pieceworkers.

18. Leather and Leather Producta
International Shoe Co____ Boot and Shoe
Workers; and
United Shoe
Workers.
Ladies’ handbag
and Leather Goods...
leather novelty compa­
nies (New York and New
Jersey).
Massachusetts Shoe Man- United Shoe
ufacturers (Massachu­
Workers.
setts).

See footnotes at end of table.

https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

13.000

Oct. 1962 to
Sept. 1964.

11.000

Aug. 1962 to
July 1965.

10,000

Jan. 1963 to
Jan. 1965.

Jan. 1, 1964; 3 cents.
By union, in event of inflation
or further rise in cost of
living.
Jan. 1,1964; 3 cents.

1390
T a ble 3.

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, DECEMBER 1963
E x p ir a t io n , R e o p e n in g ,

Company or association2

a n d W age -A d ju st m e n t P r ov isio n s in S elected
a t io n s , J a n u a r y - D ec e m b e r 1964 1— Continued

Union 3

Approx­
imate
number
of em­
ployees
covered

C ollective B a r g a in in g S it u ­

Provisions effective January-December 1964 for—
Contract
term *

Wage reopening

Automatic cost- Deferred wage increase (hourly
of-living review « rate unless otherwise specified)

19. Food Products
Brewers Board of Trade, Teamsters (Ind.).
Inc. (New York, N.Y.).
Brewery Proprietors of Brewery
Workers.
Milwaukee.
California Fish Canners Seafarers.............
Association, Inc. (Los
Angeles Harbor District,
Calif.).
California Processors and Teamsters (Ind.).
Growers, Inc.
D rie d F r u i t I n d u s t r y ___ do_____ ____
(California).
Frozen Food Employers ___ do..... .............
(California).
National Biscuit C o ......... American
Bakery and
Confectionery
Workers.
P i n e a p p l e c o m p a n ie s Longshoremen
and Ware­
(Hawaii).
housemen
(Ind.).
Sugar Plantation Com­ ___ do_________
p a n i e s ’ N e g o tia tin g
Committee (Honolulu,
Hawaii, area).
Armour and Co_________ Packinghouse
Workers.
Swift & Co_____________ ___ do............ .
Do.

Do.
Wilson and Co., Inc.

National
Brotherhood of
Packinghouse
Workers
(Ind.).
Meat Cutters___
Packinghouse
Workers.

5.500
5.500
5.000

50.000
5.000
5.000
9.000

June 1962 to
May 1964.
June 1963 to
May 1965.
Apr. 1962 to
Sept. 1965.
Mar. 1962 to
Feb. 1964.
Apr. 1962 to
Mar. 1964.
July 1963 to
June 1965.
Sept. 1963 to
Aug. 1965.«

June 1, 1964; 10 cents.
Aug. 30, 1964: 4-5.5 cents; also
increase in piece rates.

July 1,1964, on 60 days’ notice.
1964; 10 cents.

6.000

Apr. 1962 to
Jan. 1965.

Feb. 1 and July 1, 1964; I S
cents.

11.000

F e b .1963 to
Jan. 1965.

Feb. 1, 1964; 8 cents. Addi­
tional 2 cents for labor grades
5-10.

10,400

Sept. 1961 to
Aug. 1964.
Sept. 1961 to
Aug. 1964.
Sept. 1961 to
Aug. 1964.

10,000
6,000

5,000
5,000

Semiannually
(Jan. and July).
___ do___ ______
___ do___ ______

.do.

Sept. 1961 to
Aug. 1964.
Sept. 1961 to
Aug. 1964.

.do.

20. Tobacco Manufactures
American Tobacco Co.
(North Carolina and
Virginia).

Tobacco
Workers.

5,800

Jan. 1962 to
Dec. 1964.
21. Mining

A n t h r a c i t e o p e r a to r s Mine Workers
(Ind.).
(Pennsylvania).
Bituminous coal operators. __ do . . __

5,900
80,000

Jan. 1960 to
open end.
Dec. 1959 to
open end.
22. Airlines

American Airlines, Inc.,
mechanics and other
ground service personnel.
Pan American World Air­
ways.
Pan American World Air­
ways, mechanics and
g r o u n d s e r v ic e e m ­
ployees.

Transport
Workers.
Railway and
Steamship
Clerks.
Transport
Workers.

10,000

Apr. 1962 to
Apr. 1964.«

5,500

June 1963 to
Dec. 1964.

9,600

Oct. 1962 to
May 1964.

Feb. 1, 1964; 6-15 cents.

23. Local Transit
8,800

Dec. 1962 to
Nov. 1965.

Quarterly (Mar,,
June, Sept.,
Dec.).

Greyhound Corp., Eastern ___ do_________
Greyhound Lines.

6,000

Nov. 1962 to
Oct. 1964.

Greyhound Corp., West­ ___ do_________
ern Greyhound Lines.

5,500

Mar. 1962 to
Feb. 1964.

Quarterly (Feb.,
May, Aug.,
Nov.).

Chicago Transit Authority
(Chicago, 111.)

Street, Electric
Railway Em­
ployes.

See footnotes at end of table.

https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

In event of declaration of war
by the United States.

Dec. 1, 1964: 7 cents—hourly
rated; various monthly in­
creases to salaried employees.

MAJOR AGREEMENT EXPIRATIONS AND REOPENINGS
T able

3.

1391

E x p ir a t io n , R e o p e n in g , a n d W a g e - A d j u s t m e n t P r o v is io n s in S e l e c t e d C o l l e c t iv e B a r g a in in g S it u ­
a t i o n s , J a n u a r y - D e c e m b e r 1964 1— Continued

Company or association *

Union *

Approx­
imate
number
of em­
ployees
covered

Provisions effective January-December 1964 for—
Contract
term *
Wage reopening

Automatic cost- Deferred wage increase (hourly
of-living review « rate unless otherwise specified)

23. Local Transit—Continued

Philadelphia Transporta­ Transport
tion Co. (Philadelphia,
Workers.
Pa.).
Public Service Coordinated Street, Electric
Transport Co. (New
Railway Em­
Jersey).
ployes.

5,500

Jan. 1963 to
Jan. 1965.

5,200

Feb. 1962 to
Feb. 1964.

Jan. 15,1964; 10 cents.

Quarterly (Feb.,
May, Aug.,
Nov.).

24. Tracking and Warehousing
Automobile Carrier Truck - Teamsters (Ind.). 15,000
away and Automobile
Carrier Driveaway Agree­
ments.
California Trucking Asso­ ....... do...................
9,000
ciations, Inc.; and Dray­
men’s Association of San
Francisco.
Central States Area, Local -...... do___ _____ 100,000
Cartage Agreement.
Central States Area, Overtbe-Road Motor Freight
Agreement.
Empire State Highway
Transportation Associa­
tion, Inc., General Truck­
ing Agreement (New
York, N.Y.).
Labor Relations Advisory
Association,
Central
States Area, T ank Truck
Agreement.
New England Freight
Agreement.

Mar. 1961 to
Feb. 1964.

In event of war, declaration
of emergency, or imposition
of economic controls.

July 1961 to
June 1964.
Feb. 1961 to
Jan. 1964.

Semiannually
(Feb. and Aug.).
In event of war, declaration
of emergency, or imposition
of civilian controls.
....... do.........................................

------do...................

55,000

Feb. 1961 to
Jan. 1964.

----- do.......... ........

8,000

Sept. 1962 to
Aug. 1964.

....... do...................

5,000

Nov. 1961 to
Nov. 1964.

In event of war, declaration
of emergency, or imposition
of economic controls.

Annually (Feb. 1).

------do...................

16,000

Apr. 1961 to
Jan. 1967.

In event of war, declaration of
national emergency, or im­
position of civilian econo­
mic controls.

New Jersey-New York ___ do..... .............
Area, General Trucking
Agreement.

14,000

Sept. 1962 to
Aug. 1964.

Southeastern Area Motor
Carriers’ Labor Relations
A s s o c i a t i o n — L o cal
F re ig h t F o rw a rd in g
Pickup and Delivery;
and Over-the-Road Mo­
tor Freight Agreements.
Trucking Companies, Lo­
cal Cartage Agreement
(Upstate New York).
T ru c k in g C om panies,
Over-the-Road Motor
Freight Agreement (Up­
state New York).
Western States Area, Mas­
ter Freight Agreement.

....... do...................

13,000

Feb. 1961 to
Jan. 1964.

In event of war, declaration of
national emergency .or imposition of economic con­
trols.

Annually (Apr. 11). Apr. 11, 1904; 5 cents to
straight-time hourly rates.
(Amendmentseffectivc Feb. 1,
1964. negotiated forthe Central
States Agreements shall be
incorporated into this agree­
ment and become effective
Apr. 11,1964.)
Tnnft 1, I9fi4

....... do...................

12,000

Aug. 1961 to
July 1964.

....... do_____ ____

6,000

....... do...................

60,000

In event of war, declaration
of emergency, or imposition
of economic controls.
Aug. 1961 to ____do____________________
July 1964.
July 1961 to
June 1964.

___ do___________________

25. Maritime
American Maritime As­
sociation,
Freightship
Agreement.
Galveston Maritime Asso­
ciation, Inc.; Houston
Maritime Association;
and Master Stevedores
Association of Texas
(Ports of Texas; and
Lake Charles, La.).

Seafarers..............

9,200

June 1962 to
June 1964.

Longshoremen
Association.

5,500

Oct. 1962 to
Sept. 1964.

See footnotes at end of table.


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Feb. 1, 1964; 6 cents to hourly
rates only.
Effective dates and amount of
increases specified in supple­
mental agreements, some of
which go into effect after
expiration date of Master
Freight Agreement.

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, DECEMBER 1963

1392
T a ble 3.

E x p ir a t io n , R e o p e n in g ,

Company or association *

and W age -A d ju st m e n t P r o v isio n s in S elected
a t io n s , J a n u a r y - D ec em ber 1964 1— Continued

Union *

Approx­
imate
number
of em­
ployees
covered

C ollective B a r g a in in g S it u ­

Provisions eflective January-December 1964 for—
Contract
term *

Wage reopening

Automatic cost- Deferred wage increase (hourly
of-living review » rate unless otherwise specified)

Maritime—Continued
New Orleans Steamship
Association, Deep Sea
Agreement (Port of New
Orleans, La.).
New York Shipping As­
sociation (Port of Greater
New York and vicinity).
Pacific Maritime Associa­
tion.

6,000

Oct. 1962 to
Sept. 1964.

27,000

Oct. 1962 to
Sept. 1964.

Association.

and Ware­
housemen
(Ind.).

June 15, 1964; 13 cents.

15,000 June 1961 to
June 1966.

26. Telephone and Telegraph
Bell Telephone Company
of Pennsylvania, Traffic
Department.
Michigan Bell Telephone
Co., Plant and Traffic
Departments.
Mountain States Tele­
phone and Telegraph
Co., Plant and Traffic
Departments.
New Jersey Bell Telephone
Co., Plant and Engineer­
ing Departments.

In te rn a tio n a l

Brotherhood
of Electrical
Workers.
Communications
Workers.

International
Brotherhood
of Electrical
Workers.
New Jersey Bell Telephone Communica­
tions Workers.
Co., Traffic Department.
New York Telephone Co., ___ do.......... .......
Downstate and Upstate
Plant Departments.
New York Telephone Co., Telephone
Traffic Union
Downstate Traffic De­
(Ind.).
partment.
Northwestern Bell Tele­ Communica­
tions Workers.
phone Co.
Ohio Bell Telephone Co---- ___ do________
Pacific Telephone and __ do_______
Telegraph Co. (northern
California); and Bell
Telephone Co. of Ne­
vada, Plant and Traffic
Departments.
Southern Bell Telephone ___ do..................
and Telegraph Co.
Western Electric Co., In ­ ___ do....... ...........
stallation Division.
Western Union Telegraph Telegraphers___
Co.

9,500

Jan. 1961 to
Jan. 1964.

14,400

July 1963 to
Sept. 1966.

14.000

Sept. 1963 to Nnv 1964, on 60 days’notice _ _
Nov. 1966. «

Sept. 9,1964, on 60 days’ notice_

7,600

July 1963 to
Sept. 1966.

Sept. 28, 1964, on 60 days’
notice.

7,000

July 1963 to
Sept. 1966.
May 1961 to
Feb. 1964.

Sept. 26, 1964, on 60 days’
notice.

24.000
15.000

Apr. 1961 to
Mar. 1964.

17,500

Sept 1964, on fiOdays' notice __
July 1963 to
Sept. 1986. «
Sept. 14, 1964, on 60 days’
July 1963 to
notice.
Sept. 1966.
r w 1964, on 60 d a y s ’ no tice
Aug. 1903 to
Oct. 1966. •

15.000
17.000

51.000
17,700
22,800

Sept. 1963 to Nov 1964 on 60 days’notice _
Nov. 1966. «
Ju ly 2.4,1964, on 60 days’ notice.
Apr. 1963 to
July 1966.
June 1962 to
May 1964.
27. Electric and Gas Utilities

Commonwealth
Edison
Co., Public Service Di­
vision (Illinois).

International
Brotherhood
of Electrical
Workers.
Utility Workers..

Consolidated Edison Com­
pany of New York, Inc.
(New York City and
Westchester
County,
N.Y.).
Consumers Power Co. ___ do_______
(Michigan).
Niagara Mohawk Power International
Brotherhood
Co. (New York).
of Electrical
Workers.
Pacific Gas and Electric ___ do.......... ...
Co. (California).

See footnotes at end of table.


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Mar. 31, 1964, on 60 days’
notice.

9.000

Apr. 1963 to
Mar. 1965.

21,000

Dec. 1962 to
Nov. 1965.

Jan. 5, 1964; 5 cents. July 5,
1964; 2.5-5 cents.

7.000

Mar. 1962 to
Feb. 1964.
June 1963 to
May 1965.«

June 1, 1964; 3 percent.

16,000

July 1963 to
July 1966.9

5.000

July 1, 1964; 3.25 percent.

1393

MAJOR AGREEMENT EXPIRATIONS AND REOPENINGS
T a b l e 3.

E x p ir a t io n , R e o p e n in g ,

Company or association2

and W age -A d ju st m e n t P r o visions in S elected
a t io n s , J a n u a r y - D ec em ber 1964 1— Continued

Union >

Approx­
imate
number
of em­
ployees
covered

C ollective B a r g a in in g S i t u ­

Provisions effective January-December 1964 for—
Contract
term 4

Wage reopening

Automatic cost- Deferred wage increase (hourly
of-living review 8 rate unless ot herwisc specified)

28. Wholesale and Retail Trade
Retail Clerks___

15.000

Nov. 1961 to
Nov. 1964.

May 24, 1964; 7.5 cents.

M eat Cutters___

9.000

Feb. 1962 to
Aug. 1964.

Jan. 6, 1964; $2 per week for
full-time female checkers,
wrappers, and cashiers.

Food Employers Council, Retail Clerks___
Inc., and Independent
Retail Operators (Los
Angeles, Calif.).
Food Employers Council, ___ d o .................
Inc., and Independent
Retail Operators (Long
Beach, Calif.).
Great Atlantic and Pacific Meat Cutters___
Tea Co., Inc. (New Jer­
sey and New York).
Meat Markets (Chicago, ___ d o ......... ........
111., area).
Philadelphia Food Store Retail Clerks----Employers Labor Coun­
cil.

13.000

Apr. 1959 to
Mar. 1964.

7.000

Apr. 1959 to
Mar. 1964.

18,500

June 1962 to
June 1964.

10.000

Oct. 1961 to
Oct. 1964.
June 1962 to
Mar. 1965.

Associated Food Retailers
of Greater Chicago, and
the Retail Chain Food
Stores (Illinois and Indi­
ana).
First National Stores, Inc.
(New England area).

12,000

Semiannually
(Jan. and July).

Apr. 5, 1964; $5-$6 per week
(12.5 cents per hour for parttime clerks and checkers).

29. Finance, Insurance, and Real Estate
John Hancock M utual Life
Insurance Co.
Metropolitan Life Insur­
ance Co.
Realty Advisory Board on
Labor Relations, Inc.,
Office Buildings (New
York, N.Y.).
Realty Advisory Board on
Labor Relations, Inc.,
Apartment
Buildings
(New York, N.Y.).

Insurance
W orkers.
Building Service
Employees.
do

6,300
6,000

July 1962 to
June 1964.
May 1962 to
Mar. 1964.

21,000

■Tan. 1963 f.o

10,000

Apr. 1961 to
Apr. 1964.

Jan. 1, 1964; 6 cents.

Dec. 1965.

30. Hotels and Restaurants
Chicago Restaurants (Chi­
cago, 111., area).
Golden Gate Restaurant
Association and Inde­
pendent companies (San
Francisco, Calif.).
Hotel Association of New
York City, Inc.

Hotel and Res­
taurant
Employees.
___ d o --..........
New York Hotel
Trades Coun­
cil.

Nevada Industrial Coun­ Hotel and Res­
taurant Em­
cil, Resort Hotels (Las
ployees.
Vegas, Nev.).
Southern Florida Hotel ___ do---------and Motel Association
(Miami Beach, Fla.).

10,000

Dec. 1962 to
Nov. 1965.

14,000

Sept. 1959 to
Aug. 1964.

32,000

June 1962 to
May 1967.

6,000

Mar. 1961 to
Mar. 1964.

5,300

Sept. 1959 to
Aug. 1969.

Dec. 1, 1964; ineresse varies by
occupation.

June 1, 1964; $l-$3.50 per week
(except for specified classi­
fications which receive re­
duced hours at same pay).

Sept. 15, 1964, on 60 days’
notice; issues are subject to
arbitration.

1 Contracts on file with the Bureau of Labor Statistics, Oct. IS, 1963, except
where foot-note indicates that information is from newspaper source.
2 Interstate unless otherwise specified.
* Unions affiliated with the AFL-CIO. except where noted as independent.
* Refers to the date the contract is to go into effect, not the date of signing.
Where a contract has been amended or modified and the original termination
date extended. the effective date of the changes becomes the new effective date
of the agreement.
For purposes of this listing, the expiration is the formal termination date
established by the agreement. In general, it is the earliest date on which


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

termination of the contract could be effective, except for special provisions for
termination as in the case of disagreement arising out of a wage reopening.
Many agreements provide for automatic renewal at the expiration date unless
notice of termination is given. The Labor Management Relations (TaftHartley) Act of 1947 requires that a party to an agreement desiring to termi­
nate or modify it shall serve written notice upon the other party 60 days
prior to the expiration date.
8 Date shown indicates the month in which adjustment is to be made, not
the month of the Consumer Price Index on which adjustment is based.
0 Information is from newspaper account of settlement.

As of January 1964, approximately 2 million
workers under major collective bargaining agree­
ments will be covered by cost-of-living escalator
clauses. This represents an increase of more than
100,000 since January 1963.

Deferred Increases
Due in 1964 and
Wage Escalation1

Deferred Wage Increases

G eorge R u b e n *

F ewer workers are scheduled to receive deferred
wage increases in 1964 than in any year since
the Bureau of Labor Statistics began to compile
a summary of such changes in 1957. Of the 2.3
million workers covered by major collective
bargaining agreements 2 within the scope of the
study who are scheduled for deferred increases,
1.1 million are in manufacturing, about 775,000
in the construction trades, and 450,000 in the
other nonmanufacturing industries. The number
of workers scheduled for deferred increases since
1957 are as follows:
Number of
workers

1964___ ______
1963___ ______
1962___ ______
1961___ ______

Cinmillions)
2. 3
3. 3
2. 4
2 .9

N um ber of
workers
millions)

(iin

1960______
1959______
1958 ___
1957______

2 .6
2 .9
4 .0
5 .0

This summary does not include government
employees although pay increases for State and
local government employees often are made
effective at the beginning of a calendar year.
In January 1964, approximately 1.6 million
Federal Government—Postal Field Service, and
white-collar—employees are scheduled to receive
salary increases. The increases for the Postal
Field Service workers will average about 2.6
percent and those for government, executive,
administrative, professional, and clerical will
average about 4.1 percent.
1394


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

Fluctuations from year to year in the number
of workers due for deferred wage increases do
not necessarily indicate corresponding changes in
labor-management attitudes toward deferred in­
creases; much of the change results from chance
factors, such as the timing and length of contracts
(and, hence, of deferred increases) in industries
with relatively large numbers of workers. The low
1964 total can be primarily attributed to the
expiration of agreements in the automobile,
automobile parts, farm equipment, and trucking
industries. However, the fact that no deferred
wage increases were provided by either the 1962 or
1963 settlements in basic steel and related in­
dustries reduced the number of workers scheduled
to receive deferred increases in these industries
in both 1963 and 1964. In January 1964, com­
panies in these industries are scheduled to in­
crease their payments into vacation funds by
9y2 cents an hour but wage rates will not change.
All Industries Studied, Except Construction. Most
oi the 1.5 million workers in industries other than
construction3 (discussed in a separate section)
who are scheduled to receive deferred increases in
1964 are in the food, lumber, aerospace and other
metalworking industries, and retail trade. As in
1963, the largest concentration of increases will be
•Of the Division of Wage Economics, Bureau of Labor Statistics.
1 See Editor’s Note on “Major Agreement Expirations and Reopenings
in 1964,” p. 1333.
2 This summary is limited to settlements affecting 1,000 workers or more
in all industries except the service trades, finance, and government. The
information—based in part on secondary sources—relates to settlements
summarized in the Bureau of Labor Statistics monthly report on Current
Wage Developments.

A deferred increase is defined for this summary as one resulting from a
contract that was negotiated in an earlier year. Such increases most com­
monly are spaced in 1-year intervals after the effective date of the contract.
Thus, a 3-year contract beginning in July 1963 typically provides deferred
increases in July of both 1964 and 1965. Notably in the construction in­
dustry, workers sometimes receive two adjustments or more within a year.
Only changes in wage rates are discussed in this summary; changes in
supplementary benefits are excluded. Most benefit changes become effective
at the time new contracts are negotiated or within a few months thereafter.
8 Because information is less complete for the construction industry than
for other industries, data for construction are presented in a separate section
of this summary.

1395

DEFERRED INCREASES DUE IN 1964 AND WAGE ESCALATION
T a b l e 1.

D ist r ib u t io n

op W or k er s by A m ount of D e f e r r e d W age I n c r e a se s 1 D u e in 1964 in
in M a n u fa c t u r in g a nd S elected N on m a n ufac t u rin g I n d u s t r ie s 2

M ajor S it u a t io n s

Approximate number of workers affected (thousands)

Average deferred wage
increase (cents per hour)i

Num ­
ber of
situa­ All in­
tions dustries
studied1

Total
manu­
factur­
ing 4

Food
and
kin­
dred
prod­
ucts

Chem­
Lum­
ber
P rint­ icals
and ing and and
furni­ pub­ allied
ture lishing prod­
ucts

Rub­
ber

Stone,
Leather clay,
and
and
leather glass
prod­ prod­
ucts
ucts

Total
Ware­
non- housing,
Metal- manu- whole­ Trans­ Public
work­ factur- sale and porta­ utili­
ing
retail
ing 4
tion
ties
stud­
trade
ied 4

Total____________

469

1,540

1,078

85

101

43

42

88

51

76

529

462

192

193

TTnHor 5
but less than 6 cents__
fi hut. less than 7 cents
7 hut less than 8 cents
8 hut less than 9 cents
9 hut less than 10 cents
10 hut less than 11 cents
11 hut less t-ha.n 12 cents
12 hut less than IS cents
13 but less than 14 cents
14 Cpnts and nver
Not specified or not computed 8

75
67
95
79
35
27
43
14
H
5
10

204
190
341
353
118
69
125
48
13
30
37

121
114
325
276
77
45
67
10
9
18
7

1
9
20
3
3
6
33

3
2
70
15
2

2
2
8
1
3
2
1
6
2
l(p
4

6
12
13
7
1
2

1

49

76
11

2

3
4
5
56
4
2

47
59
126
177
49
28
31
2

82
76
16
77
41
23
58
38
5
12
30

48
12
7
56
11
7
19
S
4
12
11

34
61
9
20
6
6
28
9
1

8

13

9

3
5
2

2
2
3
2

3
2

7

4

72

1
25
10
10
24

19
1

1

i Average increase for all workers covered by a settlement. For additional
information regarding definitions, see text footnote 2.
s Excludes construction, the service trades, finance, and government.
* Includes a few settlements in the following industry groups for which
separate data are not shown: Paper and allied products (28,150), apparel
(25,400), textiles (6,000), and miscellaneous manufacturing (5,050).

4 Includes 265,000 workers in the aerospace industry and 65,000 in ship­
building.
4 Includes 5,600 workers in mining for which separate data are not shown.
6 Insufficient information to compute amount of increase.
N ote: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals.

at the 7-8-cent interval,4which accounts for about
350.000 workers. (See table 1.) Included are
130.000 aerospace and 55,000 glass workers.
Almost as frequent are increases of 6-7 cents. Of
the 340,000 due average increases of this magni­
tude, 75,000 are in aerospace, 70,000 are in West
Coast lumber and plywood production, and
75.000 are in the rubber industry.5
In manufacturing considered separately, the
predominant intervals were reversed, with about
325.000 workers at 6-7 cents and 275,000 at 7-8
cents. In addition to the lumber, rubber, aero­
space, and glass workers already mentioned, about
45.000 shoe workers will receive 3-cent increases
in January 1964. In the food industry, 10,000
sugar plantation workers in Hawaii will receive
10-cent increases early in the year. Included in
the 65,000 shipbuilding workers who will receive
increases are 15,000 on the West Coast who will receive
10-cent increases and 45,000 on the East Coast
(19,000 at 5 cents and 26,000 at 9-10 cents).
Only about 450,000 workers in the nonmanu­
facturing industries studied (other than construc-

tion) will receive deferred increases in 1964,
compared with almost 900,000 in 1963. The
drop is essentially accounted for by contract
expirations in the trucking industry. Since de­
ferred increases negotiated in trucking are usually
higher than increases for most other nonmanu­
facturing workers, the size of deferred increases
due for nonmanufacturing workers will be smaller
in 1964 than in earlier years. Thus, in 1964,
about 30 percent of nonmanufacturing workers
will receive at least 10 cents compared with 10
percent in manufacturing. In 1963, when most

4 For ease of reading, in this summary the limits of the class intervals are
designated, for example, as 6-7 cents instead of the more precise terminology
“6 but less than 7 cents,” etc.
4 Actually, tire workers employed by major rubber companies will receive
7-cent increases while employees making other rubber products will receive
%y2 cents. The two groups combined will have an average increase of slightly
less than 7 cents and are included in the tabulations in the 6- but less than
7-cent bracket.


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T a b l e 2. T im ing of D e fe r r e d W age I n c r e a se s D u e
in 1964 in M ajor S it u a t io n s in M a n u fa c t u r in g and
S elected N o n m a n ufac tu rin g I n d u s t r i e s 1
Effective month

Approximate
number of
workers
affected
(thousands)

Total............

« 1.540

January.................
February...............
M arch__________
April____ ____
M ay.......................
June...... ................
July........................
August____ ____
September.............
October_________
November........ ___
December_______
Month not known.

229
102
133
123
148
298
242
61
120
35
33
66
3

Principal industries affected

,
Leather and trucking.
Metalworking and trade.
Flat glass.
Metalworking, trade, and transportation.
Trade.
Lumber and rubber.
Aerospace and other metalworking.
Metalworking.
Do.
None.
Metalworking and trade.
Metalworking.
None.

1 See text footnote 2 and table 1, footnote 2.
2 This total is smaller than the sum of the individual items since 40,800
employees will receive two deferred increases and 1,200 will receive three in­
creases in 1964.

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, DECEMBER 1963

1396
truckers received deferred increases, the respective
percentages were 50 and 7. For the month in
which workers in selected industries will receive
deferred increases, see table 2.
Constrvdion. About 775,000 workers employed
under major construction contracts for which in­
formation was available will receive deferred in­
creases in 1964.6 (See table 3.) As is customary,
most increases will go into effect during the first
half of the year, but wage scales for 226,000 work­
ers are to be raised in the second half. Of these,
143,000 will also receive scale increases during the
first 6 months of 1964. For the year as a whole,
increases will range from 3b to 45 cents, with
concentrations at 10, 15, 20, and 25 cents. Scales
for more than 95 percent of the workers due
raises will advance at least 10 cents, compared
with 16 percent of the workers in the industries
summarized earlier. Almost 25 percent of the
construction workers whose rate increases are
already determined will receive 25 cents or more.
The higher cents-per-hour wage increases in
construction reflect the high proportion of skilled
workers, the rarity of cost-of-living escalator
clauses to supplement other wage increases and,
possibly, the intermittent nature of construction
work.
Cost-of-Living Escalator Clauses
As of January 1964, about 2 million workers
will be under major collective bargaining con­
tracts with cost-of-living escalator clauses—an inT a ble 3. D e f e r r e d I n cr ea ses in U nton S cales D u e
in 1964 in M ajor S itu a t io n s in C onstructio n

Hourly increase effective during
period

Approximate number of workers
affected (thousands)

Total i
Total
3 but less than 5 cents_____________
6 but. less than 7 cents
7 but less than 9 cents______ ______
9 but less than 11 cents__ __________
11 but less than 13 cents___________
13 but less than IS cents_____ _____
15 but less than 17 cents___________
17 but less than 19 cents
19 but less than 21 cents___________
21 but less than 23 cents
23 but less than 25 cents_____ _____
25 cents and over_________________

January 1
to J une 30

July 1 to
December
31

773

690

226

2
16
47
21
68
136
83
175
22
26
178

5
24
139
20
69
104

7
40
3
28
5
2
90

154
22
25
53

2
1
49

1 The total is smaller than the sum of the figures for the two 6-month
periods, since 143,000 employees will receive one deferred increase or more in
each of the periods.
N ote: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals


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T a b l e 4. P r e v a l e n c e o f C o s t - o f - L iv in g E s c a l a t io n
in M a j o r C o n t r a c t s i n M a n u f a c t u r in g a n d S e ­
l e c t e d N o n m a n u f a c t u r in g I n d u s t r i e s 1 P r o v i d in g
D e f e r r e d W a g e I n c r e a s e s i n 1964

Item

All situations with deferred increases.........

Approximate
number of
workers due to
receive de­
ferred wage
increases
(thousands)

Percent of
workers cov­
ered by costof living esca­
lator clauses

1,540

27

204
190
341
353
118
69
125
48
13
30
37
13

21
37
36
42
20

Manufacturing «........ .................. ................
Food and kindred products..................
Chemicals and allied products.............
Metalworking____________________

1,078
85
42
529

27
4
20
54

Nonmanufacturing 4__________________
Transportation__ _ _____________

462
193

27
65

A verage D eferred Wage I ncreases3
Under 5 cents________________________
5 but less than 6 cents_________________
6 but less than 7 c e n t s ..______________
7 but less than 8 cents_________________
8 but less than 9 cents_________________
9 but less than 10 cents________________
10 but less than 11 cents_______________
11 but less than 12 cents...............................
12 but less than 13 cents _
13 but less than 14 cents ...
14 cents and over
_______________
Not specified or not computed 3........... ......

3
15

12

Industry Group (Selected)

1 See footnote 2, table 1.
2 See footnote 1, table 1.
8 Insufficient information to compute amount of increase.
< For specific industries included in the total, see table 1.
N ote: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals.

crease of more than 100,000 since January 1963.
(See table 4.) The increase is caused largely by
establishment of a few escalator clauses, including
a clause covering 40,000 employees of The Boeing
Co., as well as employment changes in establish­
ments where escalation was in effect on both dates.
Of the 1.5 million workers scheduled to receive
deferred increases in 1964, only about one-fourth
(425,000) are covered by provisions for escalator
reviews during the year. Included are 225,000
aerospace workers, 60,000 in other metalworking
industries, and 125,000 truckers and transit work­
ers. Most of the 1.1 million who will receive de­
ferred increases but are not covered by escalation
are in metalworking, trade, food, lumber and
furniture, utilities, rubber, leather, and printing.
e The totals for construction for 1964 are not strictly comparable with the
information for earlier years when sources of information for this industry
were largely limited to collective bargaining settlements affecting 3,000 work­
ers or more. In 1964, the cutoff was reduced to 1,000 workers or more to make
it comparable with that for the other industries studied. Since this is the
first year in which a systematic effort has been made to extend coverage in
construction, it is possible that the coverage in this industry is still less com­
plete than for other industries.
i In addition, at least 200,000 unorganized workers—usually in establish­
ments where unionized production workers have escalator clauses—are cov­
ered by provisions for cost-of-living escalation. It is also estimated that
approximately 400,000 production workers in nonunion and smaller unionized
establishments in manufacturing are under cost-of-living escalator clauses.

DEFERRED INCREASES DUE IN 1964 AND WAGE ESCALATION

Because escalator clauses are now heavily con­
centrated in the automobile, farm and construction
equipment, trucking, and meatpacking industries
where contracts expire in 1964, an unusually large
number of workers covered by escalator clauses are
not scheduled for deferred increases in 1964—about
8 Included in the almost 1.6 million are a small number of workers covered
by agreements that were being renegotiated at the time this article was pre­
pared and that presumably will continue escalation.
* Since cost-of-living escalator clauses are set up in terms of brackets, small
changes in the Consumer Price Index may or may not result in any change
in the cost-of-living allowance, depending on whether they carry the Index
into another bracket. For example, the escalator clauses in the automobile
industry, which provide for quarterly review of the cost-of-living allowance
on the basis of the Indexes for January, April, July, and October, set the allow­
ance at 9 cents when the Index was 129.7-130.1 (on a 1947-49 base) and 10
cents when it was 130.2-130.6. The Index for October 1962 was 130.1 and it
was necessary for it to increase only 0.1 point to raise the allowance from 9 to
10 cents; this increase occurred with the April 1963 Index of 130.3. In contrast,
a much larger Index rise of 0.9 points (from 128.2 tol29.1) between January and
April 1962 also resulted in a 1-cent increase in the allowance, since the bracket
for a 6-cent allowance was 128.2-12S.6 and for a 7-cent allowance from 128.7129.1.
The 1962 annual escalator increases in trucking were low relative to 1963
because they were tied to the C PI change during 1961, when the C PI rose at a
slower rate than in either 1962 or 1963.

1.6 million compared with 275,000 in 1963.8
Most of these clauses provide for one or two
reviews of their cost-of-living allowance in 1964
before contracts are renegotiated.
Although the Consumer Price Index rose at a
slightly slower rate from October 1962 to October
1963 than it did from October 1961 to October
1962 (1.1 percent compared with 1.3 percent), costof-living increases during 1963 were about the
same as in 1962.9 Automobile workers received 3
cents in both 1963 and 1962; for farm and con­
struction equipment workers, the 1963 increase
was 3 or 4 cents, depending on the firm, compared
with 3 cents in 1962. Aerospace workers received
3 or 4 cents in 1963 and 3 cents in 1962. Most
truckers were scheduled to receive a 4-cent annual
adjustment in 1963, but the parties agreed to
divert 1 or 2 cents into health and welfare funds;
in 1962, they received a 1-cent increase.10 Meat­
packing workers received 3 cents in 1963 and 2
cents in 1962.

ADDENDUM
The preceding article was prepared late in November, and hence does not
reflect settlements reached during December. By mid-December, when this
article went to press, the Bureau had recorded settlements affecting an addi­
tional 101,000 workers that provided deferred wage increases for 1964. Of
these, approximately 30,000 were in warehousing and retail trade, 25,000 in
metalworking, 15,000 in construction, 7,000 each in printing and glass, 5,000
in paper, 4,000 in utilities, 3,000 each in food industries and public transit,
and 1,000 each in the lumber and tobacco industries.


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Labor in 1963
J ack F. S trickland *

the year began , New York City and
Cleveland newspapers were on strike and members
of the International Longshoremen’s Association,
having waited out the expiration of a Taft-Hartley
injunction, had again hung up their hooks in a
coastwide tieup of the maritime shipping industry.
In aerospace, the Boeing and Lockheed companies
remained deadlocked with the Machinists on the
issue of union security. Court action had fore­
stalled the precipitation of a nationwide railroad
strike until such time as the Supreme Court had
decided whether the Railway Labor Act permitted
the carriers to impose rules changes unilaterally.
Within the first months of the year, all of the
above disputes had been resolved except the stub­
born railroad dispute, which persisted through the
year. An award rendered under a special rail­
road arbitration law by a tripartite panel would
not be binding until January 1964. It would
resolve only two of the issues in the dispute. The
remainder are subject to continuing negotiation
between the parties.
Between the beginning and end of the year,
several significant settlements had been reached
with a minimum of crisis bargaining. In the steel
and electric machinery industries, techniques for
reducing the atmosphere of deadline and strike
threat had contributed to successful settlement,
and these techniques had proliferated by the year’s
end into other industries.
Government varied its role in particular
bargaining circumstances during the year; in
many negotiations, the parties may have tailored
their own bargaining strategy so as to take into
account possible government postures. Most
signs appeared to point to continuing public
involvement in industrial relations decisions—
and in more forms. The Congress tabled a com­
pulsory arbitration bill for the maritime shipping
industry, but its earlier railroad arbitration law
demonstrated the existence of limits to its tolerance
for economic sanctions in critical industries.

W hen

1398


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During the year’s bargaining, organized labor
continued to shore up member and organizational
security by new devices for insuring jobs and
income, shortening work time, and protecting
jurisdiction. These devices were often purchased
for a price consisting of limiting the cost package
or giving management a free hand to introduce
new machines and methods. In the electric
machinery industry, the cost of an agreement
included union consent to constrict the scope of
the grievance procedure. Failure to agree on the
amount of premiums played a large part in the
railroad, newspaper, and longshore disputes.
Agreement on a second consecutive waiver of a
wage increase played a large part in the steel
settlement, which concentrated instead on a
system for the distribution of available work.
Underlying the bargaining structure, economic
conditions tilted the issues away from the test of
wage and price stability toward job security.
American workers in 1963 dealt with an economy
which was climbing to new high output levels
while using just about the same percentage of the
civilian population as it had in 1962. Labor force
and employment both grew by about a million
over the year. Led by durable goods manu­
facturing, trade, services, and State and local
government sectors, all major industry divisions
but mining shared in the rise of 1.3 million in
payroll employment over the 56.9 million of
September 1962. The number of the unemployed
averaged 4 / million persons for the first 10 months
of 1963, and the seasonally adjusted rate ranged
between 5.5 and 6.1 percent, with no evidence of
definite upward or downward trend. Long-term
unemployment of 15 weeks or more did not vary
significantly, on a seasonally adjusted basis, from
the 1.5 percent January level. Teenagers, non­
whites, and persons in unskilled occupations
continued to sustain unemployment rates sub­
stantially higher than the averages for all persons.
The Negro worker, attaching as much im­
portance to employment opportunity as to civil
rights, demanded access to jobs and union member­
ship in a series of demonstrations across the
country. At the end of the year, legislation to
provide fair employment practices for Negroes
and broader opportunities for youth were still the
subject of congressional hearings.
o

*

* Of the Division of Publications, Bureau of Labor Statistics.

1

LABOR IN 1963

Government Policy

Price stability through most of the year and
increasing output per man-hour accounted in
part for a shift in public attention from anti­
inflation policies toward manpower utilization
policies. The first. Manpower Report of the
President, transmitted to Congress on March 11
did more than supplement the full employment
and price stability policies contained in the Janu­
ary Economic Report. The manpower report
appeared at a time when the behavior of the
economy was demonstrating that growth alone is
not enough. By assessing the waste in resources
stemming from the failure of available skills to
mesh with needed skills, the report enlarged the
full employment objective to include the fully
effective use of the Nation’s potential job talent—
an idea inherent in the Manpower Development
and Training Act of 1962.
The President’s Advisory Committee on LaborManagement Relations late in 1962 issued recom­
mendations on fiscal and monetary policy which
endorsed corporate and personal income tax cuts,
and in 1963 a subcommittee reported to the Presi­
dent on the final positions of the parties in the
railroad dispute. On May 25, the President re­
activated the dormant (since 1950) advisory
committee to the Federal Mediation and Concilia­
tion Service called for by the Labor-Management
Relations Act by naming six labor and six manage­
ment members for 1- to 3-year terms.
The Federal Government also advanced the
range of collective bargaining for its own em­
ployees during the year. The President ordered
the checkoff made available to unions of Federal
employees effective in January 1964, and on May
21, promulgated standards of conduct which
unions must meet in order to be eligible for
recognition and a Code of Fair Labor Practices
which imposes bargaining obligations on Federal
administrators.
Collective Bargaining

Despite its command of headline attention, no
worktime was lost during the year from the
i Locomotive Engineers v. Baltimore <fc Ohio R .R ., 83 S. Ct. 691. See
M onthly Labor Review, May, pp. 549-550.
s For a summary of the Board’s report to the President, see Monthly Labor
Review, May, pp. iii-iv.


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1399
4-year-old railroad dispute and no changes had
been made in existing working conditions when the
parties were legislated into arbitration hearings in
September. The railroads had first announced
their intention to put changes into effect without
agreement in August 1962. On March 4, 1963,
the U.S. Supreme Court, on the unions’ appeal
from two adverse lower decisions, relegated the
parties to self-help, leaving the creation of an
emergency board the only step before B.ailway
Labor Act procedures were exhausted.1 On
April 3, President Kennedy appointed Judge
Samuel Rosenman, Clark Kerr, and Nathan
Feinsinger to the board—nominally a factfinding
assignment. By then, the carriers had announced
a new April 4 date for unilateral work rule changes
and furlough of 40,000 firemen, but the board
appointment automatically froze such action for
60 days. On May 13, the emergency board
reported that it had made progress in mediating
the dispute and recommended guidelines for
settling the issues of elimination of firemen in
road freight and yard service and the consist of
crews. It proposed voluntary arbitration for
unresolved matters.2
Negotiations continued during the next weeks
with no further progress toward resolution or
agreement on a method for achieving resolution.
During this period, Secretary of Labor W. Willard
Wirtz proposed a method combining mediation
and arbitration. President Kennedy suggested
Supreme Court Justice Arthur Goldberg as
arbitrator. Both suggestions were unacceptable
to the unions. Management set new dates for
the promulgation of new work rules, then delayed
once more at the President’s request. Before
transmitting the dispute to Congress for resolution,
the President requested an additional assessment
from a six-man subcommittee of his Advisory
Committee on Labor-Management Policy, which
reported on July 19 that although proposals had
been exchanged following the emergency board
report, and tentative agreement reached on
methods for determining manning adequacy
differences persisted between the parties in the
scope of application of the methods. The carriers
demanded national guidelines, but the organiza­
tions insisted on local determination. The unions,
in addition, wished to discuss general pay changes
and protections from some of the adverse
effects of the new manning proposals, but the

1400
carriers declined to discuss these issues until
satisfied on the others. The President then
recommended to the Congress that the Interstate
Commerce Commission be empowered to make
interim decisions on proposed rules changes, sub­
ject to any bargained agreement. Using an
advisory panel to assist it in making awards, the
ICC was to consider findings of previous commis­
sions and boards in its deliberations. In con­
gressional hearings, the carriers appeared to accept
legislative settlement and were agreeable to the
President’s method, but the unions steadily urged
their opposal to any arrangement that led to
arbitration without their consent.3 AFL-CIO
President George Meany suggested that bargain­
ing be continued with the assistance of a con­
gressional committee.
As the hearings progressed, negotiations resumed
and, at the request of the Congress, the carriers
established a new date of August 29 for the rules
change. These last negotiations appeared to
have produced agreement to arbitrate the two
key issues, then collapsed over the question of
whether negotiations on other issues were to
precede or follow arbitration; Congress then
passed the Arbitration Law4 which consigned the
dispute to a seven-man arbitration board com­
prised of two members selected by each party and
three named by the partisan members. Members
not named by the parties were to be named by the
President. The board was to convene within 10
days, begin hearings within 30 days, and render an
award within 90 days. After 60 more days, the
award was to bind the parties for 2 years. As in
the President’s proposal, the award was to be
superseded by any negotiated agreement. Public
members of the panel, named by the President,
were Ralph Seward, chairman, Benjamin Aaron,
and James Healy.
Pending the board’s decision, management was
not to make any changes in existing work practices
and there was to be no strike or lockout. Since
the award would cover only the two issues, the
law directed carriers and unions to resume talks
on other controverted matters. Reluctant to
force any arbitration arrangement on the parties,
the Congress limited the law to a 180-day life;
nevertheless, this joint resolution ventured into
new paths of settlement law and was skeptically
scrutinized as a possible precedent outside the
industry.

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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, DECEMBER 1963

In negotiations contrasting with the bitter
railroad controversy and consummated, in ad­
vance of reopening dates, on June 20, the Joint
Human Relations Committee of the steel industry
produced a job-saving agreement without formally
reopening their contracts. The 11 major steel
producing companies and the United Steelworkers
extended a vacation fund established in their 1962
agreements to increase leaves to 13 weeks for
long-term employees—an approach modeled on
the 1962 container industry settlements. The
union passed up a wage increase, as it had in 1962,
but obtained additional protection by the com­
panies’ agreement—on an experimental basis—to
limit production and maintenance work by
supervisors and contractors. For the senior
half of each company’s workers, the vacation plan
added to the established 3- or 4-week paid leave
9 or 10 more weeks every 5 years. All employees
were to receive additional weeks on the basis of
cycles of varying duration. Precise cycle length
was to be determined by the level of the fund.
Composed in sheltered negotiations, this pro­
posal emerged whole from the committee in the
form of a recommendation to the industry and the
union wage policy committee and was quickly
adopted by both and ratified. During subsequent
months, the plan was extended with minor
variations through the industry; it was also
modified and carried by the union into the
aluminum industry in July negotiations there and
extended with minor variation by the companies
to employees outside the bargaining unit.
In January, the Steelworkers and Kaiser Steel
Corp. adopted a plan constructed of other elements
but reached by similar informal bargaining and
study by its tripartite Long Range Committee.
Beginning with a guarantee to match benefits
produced in later industry negotiations, the
committee went on to add an intricate formula
for distributing production savings resulting from
technological or methods improvement. The
employees’ 32K-percent share of total material
and supply savings and of increased output
projected past experience; their individual stake
in future methods improvements was secured by
a guarantee of a job. Premised on a joint
3
Excerpts from the Labor-Management Committee Report and the
President’s arbitration proposal were carried in the August issue of the
M onthly Labor Review, pp. iii-iv.
* Reproduced in full in M onthly Labor Review, October, pp. 1187-1188.

LABOR IN 1963

commitment to rapid introduction of change, the
plan continued to pay dividends during the year
and its operation was praised by both parties.5
The goals of the parties remained obscure de­
spite wide publicity in the prolonged newspaper
strike in New York City that eluded the efforts
of many mediators and most of the techniques of
bringing public pressures to bear on the dispu­
tants. It was not settled until 114 days of time
had been lost, and its toll in circulation losses was
not regained during the remainder of the year.
The settlement was finally achieved with the as­
sistance of Mayor Robert Wagner, and provided
about $12.63 in weekly gains for the typographical
crafts for a 2-year term. Involving the News­
paper Guild, which had already settled its agree­
ments, the strike was aimed at four papers on
December 8 by the Typographical Union. Five
more dailies immediately locked out, and editorial
comment throughout the country questioned
whether this ought not to rate as a national emer­
gency. The papers’ use of punched-tape typeset­
ting and the alinement of expiration dates were at
issue, in addition to the economic items. The
parties remained deadlocked for several weeks, an
investigating panel reporting that in 15 negotiat­
ing sessions, “neither party moved.” The test
continued until the New York Post broke ranks
with the Publishers’ Association and resumed
publication. But another month was required for
negotiation with the other crafts—and renegoti­
ation of the Guild agreement—before enough of
an agreement had been achieved to permit a return
to work. On October 16, the New York Mirror
terminated publication, citing strike costs as a
factor. Observers generally agreed that there
were many more.
In its last stages, the New York City newspaper
strike was prolonged by members’ reluctance to
ratify proposals recommended by negotiating
committees. An increasing unwillingness on the
part of union members to settle was cited as a com­
plicating factor in many negotiations during the
year by William Simkin, director of the Federal
Mediation and Conciliation Service. Member dis­
satisfaction required retailoring of the Boeing
settlement, and in the rubber industry, a proposed
settlement was not ratified by the membership at
F «A le ngthy excerpt ol thejplan was published in the Monthly Labor Redew,
February, pp. 154-160.


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1401
Goodyear until it had been resubmitted after
other major units had agreed. (A small turnout
contributed to membership rejections in both the
rubber and newspaper negotiations.) The rubber
settlements provided an elaborate package of tra­
ditional income security provisions, ranging from
short-work guarantees and supplemental unem­
ployment benefit improvements to supplements
for workmen’s compensation, in addition to 16
cents in basic wages over the 2-year term. The
rubber agreements also franchised committees to
undertake joint review of technological change.
The refusal of the International Longshore­
men’s Association to relinquish any of its estab­
lished conditions became the core of a strike
which tied up Atlantic and Gulf coast waterfronts
for 34 days after the expiration of an 80-day
Taft-Hartley injunction. Taking the initiative
at the opportunity afforded by the reopening of
their agreement with the ILA, the New York
Shipping Association had proposed to reduce
gang size. The employers’ position was partly
supported by a special presidential board chaired
by Senator Wayne Morse, which reported that
the industry must solve its manpower problems
simply to support existing wage and benefit levels.
The January 25 shipping settlement incor­
porated Secretary of Labor Wirtz’ proposal
tabling the major issue by making manning the
subject of a Labor Department study, which the
parties were to use as the basis for further bargain­
ing; if negotiations produced no agreement by
July 31, 1964, the manning question was to go to
an impartial panel, whose function would be
limited to making recommendations. Monetary
issues were settled on the basis of a proposal
made by Senator Morse and estimated by him to
cost 37 cents an hour over the agreement’s 2-year
term. It improved the welfare and pension
plans and added a holiday and 24 cents in wages.
Although this agreement was speedily ratified
and put into effect in all affected ports, conduct
of the negotiations was at issue in the union’s
July convention, where delegates elected Thomas
Gleason new president of the organization over
incumbent William Bradley. During the strike
and at the convention, Gleason urged that the
union yield no ground on work practices.
During the year, settlements affecting large
groups of workers were reached smoothly in the
electrical machinery industry and in the telephone

1402
industry, but in the northwest lumber industry, a
strike in June at operations of two large com­
panies by the newly reconciled Lumber and
Sawmill Workers and the International Wood­
workers spread primarily to other major com­
panies by lockout and was not settled until
August. At the end of the year, exploratory
informal talks in advance of 1964 expiration
dates were being conducted in the automobile
and agricultural implement industry and the
unions in the aerospace industry were working
out a joint program of bargaining in preparation
for 1965 negotiations.
Union Policy Actions

United States membership in American Federa­
tion of Labor-Congress of Industrial Organiza­
tions unions decreased between 1960 and 1962,
according to a Bureau of Labor Statistics survey
released late in 1963, from 14.1 million to 13.7
million. The 52 interstate unaffiliated unions
added to the 134 AFL-CIO national affiliates
and directly affiliated locals brought the U.S.
membership total to 16.5 million.
Early in the year, a pilot organizing effort
coordinated by the national federation began
in southern California. By the end of April,
the Federation’s organization director reported
that the campaign had resulted in representation
rights in 38 establishments with petitions filed
for elections in 46 more. By June 30, about half
the $144,000 donated to the organizing fund had
been spent and affiliates had pledged another
$130,000 to continue the campaign. Plans were
announced in May for a similar drive in the
Washington, D.C.-Baltimore area. In the 3month period ending September 30, unions won
bargaining rights in 1,126 elections conducted by
the NLRB for 75,362 employees—winning a high
60 percent of the contests.
Contributing to this total, the Industrial Union
Department coordinated a series of organizing
drives beginning in February. Area campaigns
were begun in Boston, Chicago, North and South
Carolina, and Houston, Fort Worth, and Dallas;
efforts were also directed toward the furniture,
wood and textile industries, and the office, pro­
fessional and technical occupations. IUD Presi­
dent Walter Reuther reported to the Department’s


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, DECEMBER 1963

constitutional convention in November that these
drives had resulted in 128 NLRB elections through
October, with bargaining rights won in 80 for
14,827 workers.
Before convening its fifth biennial convention
in New York City in November, the merged
Federation called a special executive council
session and resolved a year-old internal dispute
over representation on the council by naming
John J. Grogan, president of the Marine and Ship­
building Workers Union, a former CIO affiliate,
to succeed retired L. S. Buckmaster of the Rubber
Workers. Led by UAW President Walter
Reuther, former CIO affiliates had supported
Ralph Helstein, president of the Packinghouse
Workers for the seat. Helstein, however, was
unacceptable to Federation President George
Meany.
Throughout the year, the Federation continued
to urge affiliates to seek shorter hours in collective
bargaining and it set up legislative and bargaining
steering committees.
Labor’s legislative program included support
for tax cuts concentrated in lower- and middleincome groups, medical care for the aged, youth
employment programs, urban renewal, increase
of minimum wages, extension of the Fair Labor
Standards Act to presently excluded worker
groups, equal pay, and fair employment.
At its August meeting, the executive council re­
duced contributions to the International Con­
federation of Free Trade Unions Solidarity Fund
to $716,000 from the $1,250,000 contributed in
the year ending June 30, 1963. Contributions
to the American Institute for Free Labor Develop­
ment, amounting to $200,000 last year, are to
be raised.
Merger proposals were the subject of conven­
tion action or discussion in a number of national
unions meeting during the year. Merger was
prominent on the agenda in the printing trades
and railroad union conventions, principal officers
of several organizations contending that such
amalgamation would enable better alinement of
established jurisdictional boundaries to cope with
technological change. The unaffiliated Lithogra­
phers and the Photo Engravers (AFL-CIO) had ob­
tained membership approval for a merger proposal
by the year’s end. Activity under the internal
disputes procedure declined during the year.

LABOR IN 1963

Job Discrimination

Reaching a peak in the spring and summer,
cases of alleged discrimination within the labor
movement, especially in the building trades,
brought picketing and other protests by various
Negro organizations. Focal point of demonstra­
tions in Philadelphia, New York, and elsewhere
was admittance to apprenticeship. In Cleveland,
following the NAACP’s announced intention of
picketing, entry of journeymen pipefitters was
secured in August. Following a meeting with
President Kennedy in June, the labor federation
began to establish community biracial commit­
tees to work with local unions on equal employ­
ment programs. On June 21, the AFL-CIO
Building and Construction Trades Department
urged its 18 member unions to take immediate
steps to eliminate discrimination in apprentice­
ship, membership, and work referral. The joint
labor-management conference board of the con­
struction industry in September adopted detailed
procedures for assuring equal access to apprentice­
ship programs in the industry, including measures
to test and conform existing applicant lists. In
October, the Department of Labor issued new
nondiscrimination standards for registration of
apprenticeship programs with the Department’s
Bureau of Apprenticeship and Training. The
AFL-CIO formally supported the aims of the
civil rights demonstration in Washington, D.C.,
on August 28, referring the question of participa­
tion to individual national unions, several of
which did send delegations.
Labor in Court

Deciding that agency shop clauses requiring
employees to pay fees in lieu of dues and initiation
fees constitute a form of union security permitted
under the Labor Management Relations Act, the
United States Supreme Court ruled in one case
that it was unlawful for an employer to refuse to
bargain over such a clause.6 In a companion case,
the Court ruled that the States were free to outlaw
• N L R B , v. General Motors Corp. (U.S. Sup. Ct., June 3,1963); see Monthly
Labor Review, August, p. 963.
7Retail Clerks International Association, Local 1625 v . Schermerhorn (U.S.
Sup. Ct., June 3, 1963); Ibid., p. 954.
8Brotherhood of Railway and Steamship Clerks v. A llen (U.S. Sup. Ct.,
May 13, 1963), Monthly Labor Review, July, p. 824.
» N L R B v. Erie Resistor Corp. (U.S. Sup. Ct., May 13,1963). See Monthly
Labor Review, July, p. 824.


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1403
such clauses.7 In the first situation, the National
Labor Relations Board had ordered the General
Motors Corp. to bargain over an agency shop
proposal made by the United Auto Workers for
the company’s Indiana plants, where State law
makes the union shop illegal but permits lesser
forms of union security. The company argued
that the Federal act prohibited such an arrange­
ment and refused to bargain on it. Reversing
a circuit court decision, the Supreme Court upheld
the Board order.
In the second case, the Retail Clerks Associa­
tion sought to prove that its contract with the
Food Fair Markets in Florida provided a different
kind of union security than that sought in the
General Motors case, since the fees were to be
used exclusively to defray the costs of collective
bargaining. The Supreme Court, however,
would not distinguish the contested clause from
the proposal made to General Motors and held
that Florida was entitled to outlaw such arrange­
ments under the Labor Management Relations
Act. During its fall term, the Court heard further
argument over whether tiie Florida act makes the
agency shop an unfair labor practice under the
Federal law, and if so, whether the State courts
or the NLRB have jurisdiction to enjoin them.
In a July decision,8 the Supreme Court ruled
that where members under union shop clauses
protest the use of part of their dues for political
purposes of which they disapprove, they are
entitled to recover that portion being used for
political causes, and to have their future dues
reduced by a corresponding amount. The case
arose under the Railway Labor Act, which was
amended in 1954 to permit the negotiation of
union shop clauses requiring membership as a
condition of employment.
Upholding an NLRB ruling that the employer’s
purpose in granting superseniority to strike­
breakers was not relevant in reaching a decision
on the legality of the grant, the Supreme Court in
May supported the Board’s finding that the Erie
Resistor Corp. had engaged in an unfair labor
practice when it gave 20 years layoff seniority to
employees returning to work during the strike and to
replacements for strikers.9 The company argued
that the grant of superseniority was necessary to
keep its business running and that its right to
offer the extra inducement was a corollary of its
recognized legal right to replace economic strikers.

1404
The Supreme Court concurred in the Board’s
finding that granting superseniority was signifi­
cantly different from replacing strikers, since
replacement does not affect those who come back
to work when the strike is over, but superseniority
affects all strikers and thus creates a permanent
breach between the two groups.
In a February decision, N LRB v. Sociedad Na­
cional de Marineros,10 the Supreme Court rebuffed
the Board’s attempt to assert jurisdiction over
vessels registered in foreign countries.
NLRB Decisions

During the year, the National Labor Relations
Board had occasion to review a series of contract
clauses entered into between the Teamsters’ Union
and two employers and it declared that they were
illegal hot-cargo agreements. In the Patton
Warehouse and Brown Transport cases,11 the
agreements provided that the employers would not
discharge or discipline employees who refused to
cross a picket line or work on properties involved
in a labor dispute. Additional clauses in both
agreements provided that the employer would not
subcontract with firms who did not observe the
contract conditions of the union having jurisdic­
tion over the work. In the Brown Transport
agreement, another clause would have required
the employer to provide triple wages and insurance
coverage for workers who were ordered by a court
or other tribunal to work at struck premises.
The NLRB found that the clauses insulating the
workers from discipline went beyond the protec­
tion permitted under the Taft-Hartley Act for
individual refusals to cross picket lines or work on
struck premises. The Board also found the sub­
contracting clauses illegal methods for preserving
jobs. The triple penalties provided in the Brown
Transport case were struck down as violations of
the secondary boycott provisions.
Later in the year, the NLRB reviewed clauses
written by the Teamsters and The Wilson Co. in
Chicago and decided that the battery of protective
language constituted an illegal attempt to control
the employer’s selection of firms with whom he
did business, rather than a legal attempt to pre­
serve the existing jobs of members of the union, as
the Teamsters claimed.12
In assigning new work to three competing unions
where the usual basis for work awards were miss­

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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, DECEMBER 1963

ing, the members of the NLRB were unable to
agree on how such assignments should be made.13
The American Newspaper Guild, the Photoen­
gravers Union, and the Typographers all claimed
jurisdiction over a new phototypesetting process
installed by the Philadelphia Inquirer. In April,
the Board awarded the work to the individual
typographers, but 2 of the 3 members who made
up the majority stressed that a major reason for
their award was to avoid depriving the typog­
raphers of work they had done under the old
process and were trained to do under the new one,
while the third majority member would have relied
upon the employer’s original assignment of the
work to them. Both dissenting members would
have awarded the work to the photographers, one
member arguing that the new photographic process
was similar to the photographers’ usual duties,
the other member strongly rejecting both criteria
relied on by the two majority members.
In deciding a series of recent cases involving
employer decisions to subcontract out all or part
of the work performed by his own employees, the
NLRB has uniformly held that the employer was
required to bargain with the union before the sub­
contract was let, regardless of his reasons. Dur­
ing 1963, several Board rulings on subcontracting
were scrutinized by circuit courts which rendered
conflicting decisions. In July, the Washington,
D.C., appellate court upheld the Board’s ruling in
a case involving the Fibreboard Corp. and ordered
the company to reinstate discharged maintenance
employees with backpay.14 In a case decided in
the fall, however, a Board order was rejected in a
circuit which ruled that unless the Board was able
to establish an antiunion motive on the part of the
employer, the bargaining obligation only extended
to the treatment of the discharged employees.
The decision itself, the circuit ruled, did not have
to be bargained out.15

10 M onthly Labor Review, April p., 421.
11 Local MO, Teamsters Union and Patton Warehouse, Inc., 140 NLRB No.
136 (Feb. 26, 1963); Local 728, Teamsters Union and Brown Transport Corp.,
140 NLRB No. 137 (Feb. 26, 1963). See Monthly Labor Review, May, pp.
548-549.
12 Teamsters Union Local 710 v nd Wilson & Co., Inc., 143 NLRB No. 117
(Aug. 6, 1963); See Monthly Labor Review. October, pp. 1)97-1198.
13 Local 2, Philadelphia Typographical Union and Philadelphia Inquirer,
142 NLRB No. 1 (Apr. 16, 1963). See Monthly Labor Review, June, p. 703.
h Fibreboard Paper Products Corp., N L R B (O.A., D.C., July 3, 1963).
See Monthly Labor Review, September, p. 1073.
n N L R B v. Adam s Dairy.

Special Labor Force Report
E ditor’s N ote.— Other articles in this series cover such subjects as the work experience oj

the population, multiple jobholders, and the employment oj high school graduates and
students, and include the annual report on the labor jorce. Reprints oj all articles in
the series, including in most cases additional detailed tables and an explanatory note,
are available upon reguest to the Bureau or to any oj its regional offices (listed on the
inside jront cover oj this issue).

Work History, Attitudes, and
Income of the Unemployed
R obert L. S tein *

I n A pril 1962, a detailed survey of the charac­
teristics of the unemployed was conducted. For
the first time, factual evidence was provided on
many of the controversial issues that relate to the
nature of unemployment in the United States.
Although there is still room for wide differences
of interpretation, the new facts gathered and pre­
sented in this article make it more difficult to
cling to extreme positions. The unemployed were
found to be a very diverse group of workers with
significant variations in financial resources, need
for work, attachment to the labor force, and
qualifications and prospects for steady employ­
ment in the future. In general, they cannot be
regarded as personally responsible for their own
difficulties, unwilling to accept suitable jobs, more
or less voluntarily unemployed, and only casually
interested in an occasional job. The basis for
these generalizations is a Bureau of Labor Statis­
tics survey of an estimated 9.6 million workers 18
years old or older who experienced at least 5 full
weeks of unemployment in 19611 (counting all spells).
This nationwide study, conducted to obtain infor­
mation not readily available from the regular
monthly surveys of the labor force, also included
a 5-year labor force history of these unemployed
workers for the period 1957-61.


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

Of the 9.6 million unemployed, nearly 70 per­
cent were men—the vast majority in the prime
working years of 20 to 64 (table 1). Family heads
accounted for three-fifths of the unemployed, and
nonwhite workers for one-fifth. A fourth of the
group suffered more than 6 months of unemploy­
ment in 1961. Only a third of the unemployed,
compared with over half the civilian labor force,
were high school graduates.2
Work History

Labor Force Attachment. In April 1962, 67 percent
of the 9.6 million workers who were unemployed
5 weeks or more in 1961 were back at work,3 while
another 26 percent were looking for work. Only
7 percent had left the labor force. As the tabula­
tion on the following page indicates, the propor­
tion of women who were no longer working or
seeking work was larger than that of men—15
percent compared with 3 percent.
*Of the Division of Employment and Unemployment Analysis, Bureau
of Labor Statistics.
» The survey included persons unemployed 5 weeks or more in 1961 who
were 18 years old or older in April 1962, able to work, not in school, and
who had some prior work experience. Collection and processing of the data
were conducted by the Bureau of the Census under contract with the BLS.
About 3,000 personal interviews with sample respondents were completed.
In each case, the person who actually experienced the unemployment was
interviewed. For a more detailed account of this survey, see Monthly Report
on the Labor Force, March, May, and August 1963, pp. xiv-xxi, 16-24, and
15-27, respectively.
2
See “Educational Attainment of Workers, March 1962,” M onthly Labor
Review, May 1963, pp. 504-515.
2
The fact that a high proportion of the unemployed were back at work
should be interpreted with caution because this status relates only to a single
week. Preliminary data for a subsample of 1,000 persons interviewed in both
1962 and 1963 about their unemployment experience in 1961 and 1962 revealed
that some 52 percent had at least a month or more of unemployment In both
years.

1405

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, DECEMBER 1963

1406

T able 2. L abor F orce A ttachm ent D u r in g 1957-61
of P e r so n s U nem plo yed 5 W e e k s or M ore in 1961,1
B y S e x a n d D u r a tio n of E m ploym ent in 1961

Employment status in A p ril 1961

Percent of workers
M en
Women
Total

In civilian labor force__ __
Employed. _
Unemployed _
___
Not in labor force__________ _
T o ta l._ _______ ______ __
Number of workers (thousands)__ ____________

93. 2
66. 9
26. 3
6. 8

97.
71.
26.
2.

100. 0

100. 0

100. 0

9, 617

6, 606

3, Oil

1
0
1
9

84.
58.
26.
15.

7
2
5
3

N ote: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal 100.

Even among men 45 years old and over who were
jobless for more than 6 months during 1961, only
6 percent were not in the labor force at the time
of the survey.
Of the 650,000 workers who had left the labor
force, half reported that they intended to look
for work again—most of them within a month of
the survey interview date. Thirty-six percent
did not plan to rejoin the labor force, mainly
because of ill health or household responsibilities,
and 13 percent were undecided as to whether they
would seek employment. The proportion of
those not planning to look for a job because they
thought no work was available amounted to only
3 percent of those not in the labor force in April
1962 and was a negligible fraction (two-tenths of
one percent) of the total with a month or more of
unemployment in 1961.4
T a ble

1. P er c e n t
ployed 5 W e e k s
C h a r ac ter istic s ,

D ist r ib u t io n of P e r so n s U n e m ­
or M ore in 1961,1 by S elec ted
A pril 1962

Characteristic

9, 617

Number of persons (thousands).
Percent of persons-................ .
M en...........................
18 and 19 years...
20 to 24 years.......
25 to 34 years___
35 to 44 years.......
45 to 54 years___
55 to 64 years___
65 years and over.

A ge

and

100.0

Sex

7.7

31.3
3.0
4.9
6.2

7.1
5.9
3.6
.6

of

79.8
20.2

U nemployment in 1961
76.4
23.6

1 Includes persons 18 years old or older in April 1962 who were able to work,
not in school, and who had some prior work experience.
N ote: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal 100.


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

Labor force attachment

Total

Number of persons (thousands)___ 9,617
Percent of persons..............— ........... 100.0

Men

Wornen

Duration of
unemployment
in 1961
27
5 to
26
weeks
weeks or more

6,606
100.0

3, Oil
100.0

7,345
100.0

2,272
100.0

84.0
68.9
55.3
9.8
3.8
5.0

64.2
41.2
28.1
6.9
6.2
7.6

74.4
58.3
46.0
8.1
4.2
5.6

89.8
67.5
50.2
11.6
5.7
6.7

In labor force all year 2 1961_______
In labor force every year, 1957-60All year, every year_______
All year, 3 years__________
A11 year, 2 years or less - Out of labor force 1 year, 1957-60.
Out of labor force 2 years or
more, 1957-60______________

77.9
60.4
46.9
8.9
4.6
5.8
11.7

10.1

15.3

10.5

15.7

In labor force part year, 1961___ . . .
In labor force every year, 1957-60Out of labor force 1 year, 1957-60.
Out of labor force 2 years or
more, 1957-60______________

22.1
12. 0
2.2

16.0
9.9
1.6

35.8
16. 6
3.6

25.6
13. 6
2.5

10.2
6.5
1.3

7.9

4.4

15.7

9.5

2.4

1 See footnote 1, table 1.

2 “All year’’ is defined as 50 to 52 weeks.

N ote: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal 100.

To determine whether the unemployed were
regular or occasional members of the labor force,
the survey attempted to obtain a 5-year work
history of these workers. The data indicate that
this group’s attachment to the labor force was
relatively strong. Nearly 80 percent were either
employed or seeking employment all year (defined
as 50 to 52 weeks) during 1961 (table 2). Over
the 5-year period, nearly half the group were in the
labor force all year every year.5 These findings
must be considered only rough approximations,
however, since many persons were unable to re­
call accurately the details of their employment
and unemployment over this period, particularly
those who worked irregularly and moved into and
out of the work force. Futhermore, some of the
unemployed in 1961 were too young to have

2.6

Color
W h ite ......... ......................................
Nonwhite............................................
5 to 26 AVeeks___
27 weeks or more.

68.7
4.2
10.7
16.0
14.9
12.6

W om en..___ _____
18 and 19 years__
20 to 24 years___
25 to 34 years___
35 to 44 years___
45 to 54 years.......
55 to 64 years___
65 years and over.

D uration

Percent

[Percent distribution]

4 Persons who reported “ no work available” or “ could not find work”
were so classified, regardless of other reasons reported.
«A study of persons claiming benefits under the Temporary Extended
Unemployment Compensation Program (TEUC), conducted by the Bureau
of Employment Security of the U.S. Department of Labor in 1961 and 1962,
found that 75 percent had been in the labor force continuously for the past 3
years. The difference results from several factors: (1) since the period
covered by the BLS study was longer, a lower proportion Avith continuous
labor force activity would be expected, (2) a much larger proportion of the
BLS sample of all unemployed were under 25 years of age—23 percent com­
pared xvith 12 percent of the TEUC recipients—and had therefore entered
the labor force only recently, (3) certain unemployed workers not covered
by the unemployment insurance system and not eligible for TEUC (agricul­
tural and domestic workers) are much more likely to move into and out of
the labor force, and (4) unemployed workers with insufficient wage credits
in covered employment to qualify for benefits would typically be intermittent
members of the labor force.

WORK HISTORY, ATTITUDES, AND INCOME OF THE UNEMPLOYED

worked during part of the period ; 23 percent were
under 25 years of age and 8 percent, under 20.
About 55 percent of the men were in the labor
force all year each year, whereas only 28 percent
of the women reported such consistent participa­
tion. Conversely, only 21 percent of the men,
compared with 42 percent of the women, were out
of the labor force completely during 1 or more
of the 5 years. Separate data for men who
were 45 years old and over in April 1962 (2.2 million
of the 9.6 million covered) and who were therefore
at least 39 years old in January 1957 show that
two-thirds were in the labor force all year every
year. Only 8 percent were out altogether for one
full year or more.
It should be noted that only participation in the
civilian labor force was measured in this survey;
time spent in the Armed Forces was counted as
not in the labor force. In the case of older men,
probably a more important factor keeping them
out of the civilian labor force was illness or dis­
ability. In addition, time spent in institutions or
out of the country was also counted as out of the
labor force.
Unemployment Record. Unemployment was evi­
dently not a new experience for most of the persons
covered by the detailed survey. Only about a
third reported no unemployment during 1957-60.
At the other extreme, over one-fifth of the workers
surveyed had some unemployment in each year.
Moreover, nearly half of the workers had some
unemployment in a majority of the years under
study (including those who were out of work part
of every year). Partly because of their stronger
labor force attachment, men suffered more un­
employment than women. As shown in the fol­
lowing tabulation, 25 percent of the men, but only
15 percent of the women, reported unemployment
in each year:

1407

Those with long spells of unemployment in 1961
had a record of somewhat more unemployment in
previous years; in addition, they were twice as
likely to be out of work in April 1962 as were the
others. Nearly half the persons with 6 months
of unemployment in 1961 were also unemployed
in April 1962.
About 3.2 million of the 9.6 million unemployed
in 1961 had no job in April 1962; 80 percent of
these people were looking for work, and only 20
percent—mostly women—had stopped looking.
Of the 3.2 million workers without a job, 73
percent indicated conditions such as slack work,
work not available, or job completed as the prin­
cipal reasons why they were no longer at their last
jobs (table 3). Proportionately, these economic
conditions affected the job status of men more
than women (80 percent compared with 63
percent).
Occupational and Industrial Experience. In terms
of movement between occupations and industries,
the 9.6 million workers included in this study
were relatively mobile. A comparison of first and
last jobs 6 shows that about 40 percent were in a
different major occupation group (and 40 percent
in a different industry group) at the end of the
5-year period. About 20 percent of the workers
reported an occupation other than their last as
« Last job relates to the current job for those employed at the time of the
survey.

T a b l e 3. R e a so n s fo b S e pa r a t io n F rom L a st J o b ,
G iv e n b y P er so n s U n em plo yed 5 W e e k s or M ore
in 1961 1 and U nem plo yed or on L ayo ff in A pril
1962, B y S e x a n d D u ration of U nem plo ym ent in 1961
[Percent distribution]

Reason

Total

Percent o] workers who
experienced specified u n ­
employment during 1957-60

No unemployment____________
Unemployment in 1 year only__
Unemployment in 2 years______
Unemployment in 3 years______
Unemployment in each year___
Total _ __ ________
Number of workers (thousands)________ _____ __

Total

M en

31. 0
21. 0
15. 8
10. 5
21. 8
100. 0

27. 1
19. 9
16. 8
11. 5
24. 7
100. 0

39. 9
23. 4
13. 6
8. 0
15. 0
100. 0

9,617

6, 606

3, 011

Women

N ote: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal 100.


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

Duration of
unemploy­
ment in 1961

Men

Number of persons (thou­
sands)............ ....................... 3,175
Percent of persons..............
100.0

Wom­
en

18 to
44
years
old

45
years
old
and
over

1,058
1Ó0.0

861
100. 0

1,256
100.0

2.023
100.0

1,152
1Ò0.0

5 to
27
26 weeks
weeks
or
more

Economic reasons__________
Slack work, no work, etc..
Seasonal job ended ___
Other_______ _________

72.6
22.4
24.0
26.3

78.3
27.8
26.4
24.2

80.5
21.9
30.1
28.4

62.8
18.4
17.9
26.5

71.3
24.6
23.4
23.3

74.9
18.7
24.9
31.3

Noneconomic reasons_______
Medical_____ _________
Other____________ ____

27.4
9.4
17.9

21.7
3.6
18.1

19.5
7.5
12.0

37.2
15.4
21.8

28.7
9.9
18.8

25.1
8.6
16.5

1 See footnote 1, table 1.
N ote: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal 100.

1408

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, DECEMBER 1963

their best job—as defined by the respondent. The
figures for industry groups were fairly similar.
Despite this extensive occupational and indus­
trial turnover, however, the distributions of first,
best, and last jobs held by these workers were
remarkably similar (table 4). Apparently a sub­
stantial part of the shifting was offsetting rather
than in one consistent direction. Between best
and last jobs, a slight downgrading tendency could
be observed in movement out of clerical, skilled
crafts, and operative jobs into laboring and service
jobs. Similarly, a slight movement from con­
struction and manufacturing to trade and service
industries could also be detected. These shifts
were probably mainly responsible for the decline
in average weekly earnings 7 from $76 on the best
job to $68 on the last, during a period when earn­
ings for virtually all categories of employed work­
ers were rising.
The occupational distributions of these jobs
point up one aspect of the unemployment prob­
lem. Only 22 percent of the 9.6 million workers
T a ble 4. O ccupational and I n d u st r y D ist r ib u t io n s
of P e r so n s U n em plo yed 5 W e e k s or M ore in 1961,1
b y S elec ted J o bs , 1957-62

Occupation and industry group

First
job

Best
job

Current
or last
job

Occupation Group
White-collar workers.-- ---------------------- --------Professional, technical, and kindred workers...
Managers, officials, and proprietors, except
f a rm ________________________________
Clerical and kindred workers_____________
Sales workers___________________
____

20.0
2.2

21.8
2.9

20.4
2.8

2.6
10.2
4.9

3.8
11.9
3.2

3.2
10.9
3.5

Blue-collar workers_________ ________ _______
Craftsmen, foremen, and kindred workers---Operatives and kindred workers____ ______
Laborers, except farm and mine------------------

60.2
15.5
31.7
13.1

63.7
18.2
33.3
12.2

61.6
16.7
31.8
13.0

Service workers------ ------ -----------------------------Private household w orkers________ ______
Service workers, except private household------

14.5
3.6
10.9

11.5
2.4
9.1

13.7
3.4
10.3

5.3

3.0

4.2

100.0

100.0

100.0

Goods-producing industries.......... ..........................
Agriculture, forestry, and fisheries....... ..........M in in g ___ ___________________ ________
Construction-----------------------------------------Manufacturing......... ....................... ..................

55.9
6.5
2.3
13.7
33.4

58.3
4.2
2.1
16.8
35.1

56.1
5.4
2.0
15.3
33.5

Service-producing industries____ _____________
Transportation and public utilities_________
Wholesale and retail trade............................. .
Finance, insurance, and real estate_________
Service industries.___ _____ ___________
Public administration____________________

44.1
5.7
18.8
2.4
15.5
1.8

41.7
6.3
16.6
2.3
14.2
2.3

43.9
5.0
17.6
2.4
16.7
2.1

Farm workers. . ---------------- -----------------------T o ta l______________________________
Industry Group

Total________________________________
Number of persons (thousands)___ . . .

100.0

100.0

100.0

9, 617

9, 617

9, 617

i See footnote 1, table 1.
N ote: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal 100-


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

reported a white-collar occupation even for their
best job, whereas over 40 percent of all employed
workers in each year from 1957 to 1962 were in
these occupations. Moreover, between first and
last jobs, there was no rise in the proportion in
white-collar occupations among the 9.6 million,
whereas for employed workers it has been steadily
rising.
Responses to Unemployment

Methods Used to Find Work. The work-seeking
activities of unemployed persons are sometimes
taken as an index of the intensity and seriousness
with which they are job hunting. All persons in
this survey reported use of at least one standard
method, and 87 percent used two or more. Over
75 percent of all the unemployed checked with a
State employment office and with local em­
ployers—the methods most frequently used. Re­
sorted to somewhat less frequently were the
placing or answering of ads and the writing of
letters of application. Checking with friends and
with a union or a private employment agency
were not often used.
Job Attachment and Goals. This survey attempted
to probe the attitudes of persons not employed
at the time of the survey, their hopes regarding
recall to their last job, their willingness to accept
another job with a different company, and their
willingness to move to another area to accept
work.
Expectation of Recall. Of the 3.2 million
persons not employed at the time of the survey,
1 million stated they anticipated recall to their
last job. Half of the workers expected to re­
turn within a month, and an additional third
expected to return within 1 to 3 months. Eightythree percent said it depended on an increase in
business activity; half were seasonal workers
awaiting a seasonal pickup. Duration of un­
employment apparently had only a minor effect
on expectations of recall. The proportion of
those with over 6 months of unemployment who
anticipated recall (28 percent) was nearly as
high as for those with shorter periods (34 percent).

r Earnings figures are medians; they reflect usual earnings on a particular
job, excluding occasional overtime.

WORK HISTORY, ATTITUDES, AND INCOME OF THE UNEMPLOYED

Type of Job Sought, A very high proportion of
the unemployed, including over four-fifths of those
expecting to be recalled, looked for another job—
a full-time job in almost all instances. Almost
half of those who had not looked for another job
were women, most of whom had withdrawn from
the labor force.
By and large, the unemployed were seeking jobs
with relatively low skill requirements. About
two-thirds reported they were looking for jobs in
the semiskilled operative, service, or unskilled
laborer categories (including those who stated they
wanted “general work in a factory” or “any kind
of work”). Only 12 percent sought jobs as skilled
craftsmen, while 20 percent wanted white-collar
jobs (mostly in the clerical field). These latter
proportions were not far out of line with the pro­
portions whose last jobs were in these occupations,
as indicated in the following tabulation:
Job sought
by persons
without a
job in
A p ril 1962
who looked
for work

Last job of
all persons
without a
job in
A p ril 1962

(Percent distribution)

Professional, technical, and kindred
workers__________________________
Managers, officials, and proprietors___
Clerical and kindred workers________
Sales workers______________________
Private household workers__________
Service workers, except private house­
hold_____________________________
Craftsmen, foremen, and kindred work­
ers______________________________
Operatives and kindred workers_____
Laborers, except mine 1______________
General work in factory_____________
Any kind of work__________________
Total_______________________
Number of workers (thousands).

2.1
.9
13. 0
3. 7

1.4
2. 8
10. 9
4. 7

4. 3

4. 4

10.5

13. 7

12. 3
13. 7
18. 9
29. 5
11. 5
18. 9
2. 6 ______
20. 1 ______
100. 0
100. 0
2,869
3,175

1 Includes a small proportion of farm workers.
N ote: Because of rounding, sums of individual items m ay not equal 100.

Although these data are in terms of broad oc­
cupation groups, they nevertheless suggest that
the jobs desired by the unemployed were reason­
ably related to the workers’ own experience and
qualifications. The figures also suggest a slight
tendency to look for poorer jobs. For example,
34.4 percent had white-collar or crafts jobs in the
past, but only 32.0 percent were seeking such

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1409

jobs. There also appeared to be a willingness
for former semiskilled operatives to settle for less
desirable opportunities, although this is uncertain
because of the vagueness of many of the replies as
to type of job sought.
Wages desired by persons not at work were
moderate. The median was slightly over $60
per week, about the same as the amount they
earned on their last job. Persons not expecting
recall wanted a weekly wage of less than $60;
on the average those expecting recall sought jobs
paying $70, about the same as recorded for the
6.4 million persons employed at the time the survey
was taken.
Potential Mobility. Much interest has centered
in the last few years on the relationship between
high rates of unemployment and the mobility of
persons seeking work, both with respect to changing
residence from one geographic area to another and
to changing employers in the same area. To
determine the -extent of attachment to their
former employer and community, persons not
employed were asked whether they would accept
another job (at the same pay as their last job)
either in their own area or in a different one.
Among the group who anticipated recall, po­
tential mobility seemed high; 80 percent indicated
they would definitely accept another job in their
home area (table 5). In marked contrast, if the
job were in another part of the country, only
26 percent would definitely take it. The 2.2
million persons who did not expect to return to
their last job had similar attitudes toward accept­
ing employment away from home. Only 27 per­
cent of this group would, without qualification,
accept a job in another part of the country.
The proportion definitely willing to move was
highest among men under 45 years of age who were
not expecting recall (37 percent). Most persons
who would not accept a new job elsewhere gave
family and home ties in their present community
as the reason. Persons whose unemployment was
of long duration indicated a slightly greater
willingness to move to another area than persons
whose unemployment was of shorter duration.
Income and Living Standards

Government statistics on unemployment meas­
ure the extent of unutilized labor immediately
available in the economy; they have never been

1410

[MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, DECEMBER 1963

intended as a measure of financial need or hardship.
There is considerable diversity in the extent to
which unemployment affects the total economic
situation of workers and their families, depending
on such factors as the position of the unemployed
person in the family, the duration of his unem­
ployment, and his eligibility for unemployment
insurance. In any case, unemployment neces­
sarily has some effect on the welfare of each person
and family involved. In the April 1962 survey
of the work history of the unemployed, an attempt
was made to measure the seriousness of unem­
ployment in terms of its effect on income and
living standards. Respondents were asked ques­
tions relating to individual and family income,
dependency, and methods used to meet living
expenses while unemployed.
Personal Income. The average income from all
sources for the 9.6 million persons unemployed
a month or longer in 1961 was $2,300. This was
nearly 40 percent below the $3,700 average for all
other persons with income who had some work
experience during the year.8 Moreover, the $3,700
average would have been higher and the differ­
ence greater if it had been possible to exclude all
T

able
5. W i l l i n g n e s s o f P e r s o n s U n e m p l o y e d 5
W e e k s o r M o r e i n 1961 1 W h o W e r e U n e m p l o y e d
o r o n L a y o f f in A p r i l 1962 t o A c c e p t a J o b S im il a r
t o L a s t J o b in S a m e a n d A n o t h e r A r e a , B y S e x
a n d D u r a t io n o f U n e m p l o y m e n t i n 1961

[Percent distribution]
Duration of
unemploy­
ment in 1961

Men
Job area and response

Total

Persons expecting recall
(thousands)_____________

Wo­
45
men
18 to
44
years
years old and
over
old

27
5 to
26
weeks
or
weeks
more

1.014

419

263

330

689

325

Job in same area: Total-- 100.0

100.0

100.0

100 0

100.0

100.0

Yes, definitely............ 80.4
Yes, it depends_____ 11.1
8.5
N o_______________
Job in another area: Total. 100.0

87.3
9.9
2.8
100.0

78.9
11.1
10.0
100.0

72.5
12.8
14.7
100.0

78.7
11.7
9.6
100.0

83.8
9.9
6.3
100.0

Yes, definitely.......... . 26.0
Yes, it depends_____ 21.7
No_____ __________ 52.3
Persons not expecting recall
(thousands)------------ ------- 2.161
Job in another area: Total. 100.0

35.4
29.9
34.7

28.6
26.4
45.1

12.2
7.8
80.0

22.4
21.6
56.0

33.1
22.0
44.9

640
100.0

598
100.0

926
100.0

1,334
100.0

827
100.0

Yes. definitely.......... .
Yes, it depends...........
N o ...____ ________

37.4
17.6
45.0

36.8
27.9
35.3

13.3
11.5
75.2

24.2
18.6
57.2

30.4
16.4
53.2

26.7
17.7
55.6

i See footnote 1, table 1.
N ote : Because of rounding, sums of items m ay not equal totals.


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students, persons under 18, and those currently
unable to work, all of whom were omitted from
the survey of the unemployed.
As expected, the duration of unemployment had
a strong effect on individual income. The median
income of the long-term unemployed was only
about $1,400, or a little over half that of those un­
employed from 1 to 6 months (table 6).
Persons employed all year primarily at full-time
jobs averaged $5,000; but only 1 out of every 8
unemployed persons had an income of that size
or greater. However, only part of this difference
can be ascribed directly to the loss of income re­
sulting from unemployment; another substantial
part reflects the fact that even when the jobless
were employed, their average weekly earnings
were considerably lower than those of year-round
full-time workers. On their current or last job,
the 9.6 million unemployed earned about $70 a
week; the comparable weekly wage or salary for
year-round full-time workers during 1961 was
roughly $95. This gap arises from the lower
educational levels of the unemployed, their greater
concentration in the less skilled and lower paying
occupations, and their more frequent part-time
workweeks. In addition, their average yearly
income was lowered even further when slightly
over a fifth of the 9.6 million left the labor force
entirely part of the year.
Despite the effects of unemployment, about 80
percent of the income received by unemployed
persons in 1961 came from their own wages and
salaries. Another significant but much smaller
proportion—12 percent—was derived from un­
employment insurance. The remaining 8 percent
was obtained from all other sources combined,
principally from welfare and pension programs
established by legislation or collective bargaining
agreements.
Wage and Salary Income. During 1961, wage
and salary income of the 9.6 million unemployed
averaged about $1,900, compared with nearly
$5,000 for year-round full-time workers. Never­
theless, even for persons with unemployment,
wages and salaries were the most important source
of income; 95 percent received at least some wage
income during 1961, whereas only 69 percent
8 Averages in this discussion are medians based on distributions of persons
with income. Comparative income data were derived from “ Income of
Families and Persons in the United States: 1961,” Current Population R e ­
ports, Series P-60, No. 39 (U.S. Bureau of the Census).

WORK HISTORY, ATTITUDES, AND INCOME OF THE UNEMPLOYED
T a b l e 6.
M ore

I ncome
1961,1

in

of
by

P e r so n s U n em plo yed 5 W e e k s or
D ura tio n of U nem plo ym ent 2

[Percent distribution]

Income

Total

Duration of unem­
ployment in 1961
5 to 26
weeks

Total_________________

27 weeks
or more

100.0

100.0

100.0

Under $1,000_________ _________ ____
$1,000 to $1,999________________________
$2,000 to $2,999______ _____ ___________
$3,000 to $3,999_____ _____________ ... .
$4,000 to $4,999____________________
$5,000 to $5,999___________________
$6,000 and over_____________________ .

22.4
21.9
19.0
13.4
10.7
6.4
6.1

18.5
19.4
20.0
14.6
12.3
7.8
7.4

36.1
30.7
15.7
9.2
5.1
1.8
1.4

Number of persons (thousands) with in­
come.- _________ _________________
Median income______________________

9,430
$2,300

7,267
$2,607

2,163
$1,443

1 See footnote 1, table 1.
2 Based on distributions of persons with income.
N ote: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal 100.

received income from other sources.9 The average
wage income was 3%times larger than the average
income from other sources.
Conversely, although nearly 90 percent of the
long-term unemployed had at least some wage
income during the year, the amount received was
actually smaller than the $950 median income
received from other sources by the 75 percent who
had some nonwage income. In the aggregate, a
little over half the total income of the long-term
unemployed came from wages and salaries.
Unemployment Insurance. Unemployment in­
surance was an important, although only partial,
offset to the loss of wage income during 1961.
Slightly more than half (5.3 million) of the unem­
ployed reported that they received unemployment
insurance benefit payments.10 Of those who did
not receive these payments, most had not applied
for them, presumably because they were not
eligible. The median weekly benefit was about
$36. The median period for those receiving com9
The proportion of the unemployed who received other types of income
was considerably larger than for the population as a whole (49 percent), but
smaller than the proportion receiving wage income.
These statistics on the number receiving unemployment insurance and
on the length and amount of benefits are based on personal interviews and
are subject to sampling variability and errors of reporting. For this reason
and because of differences in coverage, the data are not entirely consistent
w ith administrative records from the unemployment insurance systems.
11 These payments were not necessarily received during a period of
unemployment; the income data relate to amounts received at any time
during the calendar year.
12 A study of persons claiming benefits under the TEUC program, con­
ducted by the Bureau of Employment Security in 1961 and 1962, found that
62 percent were primary earners. Of these, 14 percent lived alone. Primary
earners are persons who, when queried, stated they usually provided the
main support for their families.
713- 154— 63-

-3


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1411

pensation was about 14 weeks, half of the maxi­
mum duration allowable in most States (not
counting temporary extensions, such as those
provided in 1958 and 1961). Most of the unem­
ployed apparently found jobs before the expiration
of their right to regular and extended benefits;
however, one-fifth did exhaust their benefits
during 1961.
Among those jobless 27 weeks or more in 1961,
unemployment insurance benefits were of great
significance, averaging almost 10 percent more
than their 1961 earnings from wages and salaries.
In fact, 1 out of 9 of the long-term jobless had no
wage or salary income in 1961, compared with only
1 out of 40 of those unemployed 5 to 26 weeks.
Income from Other Sources. The combination
of all other types of nonwage income contributed
less to the aggregate income of the unemployed
than did unemployment insurance alone. The
proportion of unemployed persons receiving such
income ranged from the 8 percent who obtained
supplementary unemployment benefits to the 1%
percent who received private pensions. About
4%percent of the 9.6 million with unemployment
received income from social security which aver­
aged close to $700 annually—the largest amount
from any single source other than wages.11 In
fact, income from all sources other than wages
and salaries averaged only a little over $500 during
1961. Moreover, not only were these average
income amounts relatively small, but they were
calculated on the base of those who received $1
or more of such income. Thirty percent had no
such income at all.
Even for the long-term unemployed, wages
and unemployment insurance were by far the
most important sources of income. For this
group, however, social security benefits and
public assistance were relatively more significant
than for those unemployed for shorter periods
of time.
Dependency Status. Although concern for the
well-being of the family unit is raised whenever
a member becomes unemployed, the situation is
most serious if the unemployed person has others
dependent on him. The majority (55 percent)
of the jobless were family heads, financially
responsible for other persons.12 Another 25 per­
cent were unrelated individuals or family members
who took care of their own living expenses.

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, DECEMBER 1963

1412
T able 7. F amily S ta tus of P e r so n s U nem plo yed 5
W e e k s or M ore in 1961,1 B y S e x a nd D u ra tio n of
U nem plo ym ent in 1961, A pr il 1962
[Percent distribution]
Duration of
unemployment
in 1961

Men
Family status

Total

Number of persons (thousands)............ ....................... 9, 617
Percent of persons-------- ------ 100.0
Heads, spouse present2-------- 48.8
Heads, other marital sta tu s2— 6.3
16.8
19.5
Other relatives-----------------Provided for own living
16.7
expenses------------------Did not provide for own
2.8
living expenses ...... ......
8.5
Unrelated individuals.-.........

18 to
44
years
old

45
years
old
and
over

4,404
100.0

2. 202
100.0

66.3
1.9

80.5
3.7

26.5
22.9
3.6
5.3

Wom­
en

27
5 to weeks
or
26
weeks more

3, Oil
100.0

7,345
100.0

2,272
100.0

4.6

14.8
53.8
20.3

51.0
5.9
17.3
18.4

41.8
7.8
15.2
23.1

4.3

16.8

15.8

19.7

.4
11.2

3.5
11.1

2.6
7.4

3.4
12.1

• See footnote 1, table 1.
• Includes heads of subfamilies.
N ote: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals.

The remainder were mostly wives of family
heads (17 percent); a very small proportion
(only about 3 percent) were family members
who did not provide for their own living expenses
(table 7). About three-fifths of the 1.6 million
married women who were unemployed had children
under 18; in the estimation of the number of
unemployed with dependents, these women were
not included, although the children obviously
benefited from their mothers’ earnings.
The effect of unemployment of the family
head on the family situation was mitigated some­
what in those families in which other members
had jobs. In one-third of the 4.8 million families
which included a wife or other relative 18 years
old or over, someone else in the family was em­
ployed at the time the family head suffered his
first stretch of unemployment in 1961; in most
instances his wife was the other worker. Only
to a small extent did the unemployment of the
family head induce other family members to
enter the labor force. In 12 percent of the fami­
lies, another member 18 years old or older (usually
the wife) looked for or took a job as a direct
result of the unemployment status of the head.
Family Income and Living Standards. In 1961,
the average family income of the 8.8 million
unemployed persons 13 in families was $4,400.
In addition, there were 800,000 unrelated in­


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dividuals with unemployment whose incomes
averaged about $1,800. The 8.8 million in families
included 5.3 million family heads—almost 90
percent of them married men, wife present.
Most of the following discussion deals with
families in which the unemployed person was the
head.
The average income of these families was
$4,100, compared with $5,700 for all families
and $6,900 for families in which the head was
a year-round full-time worker. While these
figures provide a measure of the differences in
the level of living of families with unemployment
and of families where the head worked steadily,
the differences cannot be taken as an indication
of the effect of the head’s unemployment alone.
As noted earlier, the weekly earnings of all persons
with unemployment (when employed during 1961)
were $25 lower than those of year-round workers;
if a similar gap is assumed for family heads, it
would imply an annual difference of $1,300, apart
from the effects of unemployment. Assuming
further that the weekly earnings of unemployed
family heads ($75-$80 a week) were somewhat
higher than for the unemployed as a whole, their
average loss of potential earnings through un­
employment could be estimated at about $1,100
to $1,300,14 since their average duration of un­
employment was about 15 to 16 weeks. Roughly
two-fifths of this loss was offset by unemployment
compensation for the 3.4 million heads who
received these benefits.
Despite his loss of earnings through unemploy­
ment, the family head’s wage income was a major
component of his family’s income. During 1961,
the head’s wage income ($2,700) accounted for
nearly three-fifths of aggregate family income for
these 5.3 million families. At the same time,
however, the nonwage income of the head, prin­
cipally from unemployment insurance benefits,
and the earnings of other family members were
is The unit of measurement in this analysis is the unemployed person by
the characteristics of his family. In a small number of cases, more than
one person in the same family was unemployed a month or longer during
1961; thus, the total number of families involved is slightly smaller than
the number of family members.
H Precise data on the average weekly wage and salary earnings during 1961
of heads with and without unemployment are not available. On their
current or last joo, all persons with unemployment averaged $70 in weekly
earnings. Average duration of unemployment for family heads jobless more
than 5 weeks during 1961 was estimated from Work E xpo ience of the Popula­
tion in 1981, Bureau of Labor Statistics Special Labor Force Report No.
25, table C -l.

WORK HISTORY, ATTITUDES, AND INCOME OF THE UNEMPLOYED

important contributions to family income—ac­
counting for two-fifths of the aggregate income.
Since the earning ability of the head tends to
exceed that of other family members, his unem­
ployment strikes a much greater blow at the
family’s financial solvency than does the jobless­
ness of other members. Among the 3.5 million
families in which the unemployed person was the
wife or other relative, family income averaged
$800 more than for the 5.3 million families in
which the head was unemployed. No doubt in
many families, the head continued to work and to
receive his regular earnings while family members
were seeking work, as indicated by the fact that
the personal incomes of wives and relatives with
unemployment averaged less than one-third of
their total family income. This low ratio, how­
ever, was partly the result of unemployment itself.
On the other hand, in about one-fourth of the
3.5 million families in which the unemployed
person was the wife or other relative, these family
members provided more than half the family’s
v!*age or salary income in spite of their unemploy­
ment. Of course, their loss of income while un­
employed had a serious effect upon the financial
structure of their families.
Number oj Dependents. Sharing the total in­
come of families with an unemployed head were
an estimated 19 million persons (over 10 percent
T a b l e 8.
M e t h o d s U s e d b t F a m il y t o M e e t L iv in g
E x p e n s e s D u r in g U n e m p l o y m e n t , B y F a m il y P o s i­
t io n
of
U n e m p l o y e d P e r s o n 1 a n d D u r a t io n o f
U n e m p l o y m e n t , 1961

[Percent distribution]
Family position of
unemployed person
Method

Total
Heads

Used savings__________
Median amount____
Borrowed money_______
Median am ount____
Moved to cheaper housing_............................... .
Sold property....................
Received help from friends
or relatives outside the
household_____ ______
Received cash assistance
from public or private
welfare agencies______
Received other public assistance.................... ......

Wives
and
other
relatives

Duration of
unemploy­
ment in 1961

Unre­
27
5 to
26
lated
weeks
indi­ weeks
or
viduals
more

46.9
$396
22.6
$308

51 0
$441
26.9
$347

36.9
$201
16.8
$288

52.5
$356
12.7
$195

49.1
$378
23.7
$315

39.9
$443
18.8
$281

9.5
4.3

11.2
4.3

6.6
4.7

8.5
3.4

8.8
4.3

12.0
4.5

19.1

19.8

15.3

27.5

18.0

22.5

7.4

7.7

7.2

6.8

5.6

13.2

11.4

13.9

8.0

5.5

9.1

18.7

1 See footnote 1, table 1.
N ote: Sum of percents adds to more than 100 because many families
resorted to more than one method.


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

1413

of the country’s total population in April, 1962).
These included 5.3 million family heads, 4.7
million wives, 8.5 million children under 18 years
old, and 600,000 dependent relatives and other
persons. Families with an unemployed head not
only had incomes about one-fourth lower than for
all families and two-fifths lower than for families
whose heads had steady full-time employment,
but they were also faced with the need to distribute
their lower income among relatively more con­
sumers. For example, among the families affected
by the head’s unemployment, some 26 percent had
3 children or more under 18 (including 14 percent
with 4 or more), whereas among other families,
22 percent had 3 children or more (including 11
percent with 4 or more). Conversely, while 36
percent of the families hit by unemployment had
no young children, 41 percent of the other families
were in this position.
Among the families with an unemployed head,
the total income available rose as family size
increased, up to five persons. This reflects the
contribution of additional earners plus the fact
that the head’s earning power reaches a peak in
his late thirties and early forties. However, in
families with more than five persons the increases
in income were slight and per capita income
dropped sharply.
How Living Expenses Were Met. In a, high
proportion of families, total income apparently
was insufficient to maintain living standards with­
out resorting to other means, such as using sa vings,
borrowing money, or turning to friends and
relatives for help. Use of most of these methods
was much more likely if the unemployed person
was the family head or was jobless over half the
year.
The most usual method of replacing some of the
missing income was by the use of savings. Almost
half the families withdrew from their savings,
averaging $400 (table 8). Nearly one-quarter of
the families borrowed money, with half of the
borrowers obtaining $300 or more. Other means
of meeting living expenses in times of unemploy­
ment included cash assistance and surplus! food
from public and private welfare agencies and
moving to cheaper housing. Each of these meth­
ods was resorted to in proportionately more
families where the jobless person was unemployed
more than 26 weeks.

Summaries of Studies and Reports

Unfunded Private
Pension Plans
A bout 1 . 4 million workers—7 percent of all
workers covered by private retirement plans—
belonged to 851 unfunded pension plans covering
26 workers or more in effect in 1960. Less than
a half million workers were included in 677 basic
plans that provided old-age pensions. The remain­
ing workers were in 174 supplementary plans that
provided disability retirement, death benefits, and
other benefits, which typically supplemented
separate funded retirement plans providing oldage pensions. In 1960, unfunded plans paid $115
million in benefits—an amount proportionate to
their share of total retirement plan coverage.
Basic plans paid $51 million chiefly for normal,
early, and disability pensions, and death benefits,
and the supplementary plans paid $64 million,
primarily for disability retirement and death
benefits.
This article summarizes the Bureau of Labor
Statistics study of the major provisions, coverage,
and types and levels of benefits of unfunded
pension plans filed with the Department of Labor
pursuant to the Welfare and Pension Plans
Disclosure Act.1
The essential difference between funded and
unfunded plans lies in the method of paying for
benefits. The benefits of unfunded plans are
paid, like wages, directly from an employer’s
general assets, often as a payroll item. On the
other hand, the benefits of funded plans are paid
from special funds, irretrievably segregated from
the general assets of the firm and administered
by trustees or insurance companies. Funded
plans afford the worker greater intrinsic assurance
that benefits will be paid when due because once
they are fully funded, benefits are paid entirely
from a separate fund. Their payment does not
depend, as it does in an unfunded plan, upon the
employer’s willingness and ability to fulfill the
terms of the plan.
1414

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From the employer’s viewpoint, funded basic
plans have some advantages. Employers may
currently reduce their Federal income taxes
by obtaining tax credits as they make contri­
butions instead of waiting until the pensions
are paid. Furthermore, the earnings of the
pension trust fund are exempt from income taxes.
Owners actively engaged in operating a business
and high paid employees the owners wish to
attract and retain may also prefer a funded plan
because of its tax advantages to them and their
families.
The chief disadvantage of a funded basic pension
plan is that contributions to a separate fund
divert assets (chiefly cash) from the business.
Where the earnings of the tax-free pension trusS
fund are substantially lower than the earnings of
the business after payment of taxes (or the net
cost, after taxes, of borrowing the funds needed
to replace the contributions), this disadvantage
may be great. Another drawback, in the eyes of
some employers, is that a funded plan must meet
the nondiscrimination test and other require­
ments of the Internal Revenue Service.
The relative advantages and disadvantages to
employers of funding supplementary pension
plans are not as great as those of funding a basic
plan because supplementary plans cost far less.
Moreover, some companies consider it best to
treat certain benefits, such as those payable for
deaths prior to retirement, as current expense
items rather than as deferred charges. And,
furthermore, because some benefits are payable
only temporarily, the advantages of funding are
1
The study was undertaken at the request of, and with the support of, the
Social Security Administration. The data for unfunded plans exclude plans
not required to report under the Welfare and Pension Plans Disclosure
Act (i.e., those covering less than 26 workers and those sponsored by non­
profit organizations) and plans failing to file financial reports for 1960. The
coverage and financial data are from the 1960 financial reports (Form D-2)
filed with the U.S. Department of Labor; the other data are from the plan
descriptions (Form D -l) on file in the spring of 1962. Details of the sampling
procedure, as well as further information about the plans, are given in the
Bureau’s forthcoming bulletin Unfunded Private Pension Plans, Spring 196SThe assistance and cooperation of the staff of the Office of Labor-Manage­
ment and Welfare-Pension Reports is gratefully acknowledged.

1415

UNFUNDED PRIVATE PENSION PLANS
T

a b l e 1.
U n f u n d e d P e n s io n P l a n s , b y N u m b e r o f
W o r k e r s C o v e r e d a n d T y p e o f P l a n , S p r i n g 1962

[Workers in thousands]
Item

Supplementary

Basic

Plans Workers 1 Plans Workers 1
All plans___ ________ ______

677

462

174

904

26-99 workers ___________________
100-299 workers__________________
300-499 workers__________________
500-999 workers- ________________
1,000-4,999 workers_______________
5,000-9.999 workers_______________
10,000-24,999 workers_____________
25,000-49,999 workers_____________
50,000 workers or more- __________

313
187
27
76
62
5
4
3

18
33
12
51
131
38
62
118

50
25
20
13
36
12
5
8
5

3
7
6
9
84
88
73
261
373

1 Includes both active and retired workers covered in 1960.
N ote: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals.

shortlived; others are so unpredictable that they
are difficult to fund appropriately.
Prevalence and Characteristics

Most unfunded pension plans, like most funded
plans, were established after World War II. Four
but of 5 plans reporting their date of establish­
ment commenced operating after 1944. However,
supplementary plans in the telephone industry,
each now covering a large number of workers,
have been operating for almost half a century.
The following tabulation shows the date of estab­
lishment of both types of plan:
Supplementary
Basic plans
plans
Number Workers1 Num ber W orkers1
Cthou(thou­
sands)
sands)

All plans____________________
Plans not reporting year of establish­
m ent......... . ........................ ...... ...... _
Plans reporting year of establishment__
Before 1920___________ ____ ___
1920 through 1944___________ ..
1945 through 1959_________ _____

677

462

174

904

Basic Plans

Despite the important difference in method of
financing, basic unfunded plans closely resemble
funded plans in types and levels of benefits
provided. Normal, early, and disability retire­
ment benefits and the death benefits offered by
basic unfunded plans are described in this section.
Normal Retirement. In over 6 out of 7 basic
plans covering 9 out of 10 workers, the normal
retirement age2 was 65, the same as in nearly
T a b l e 2. U n f u n d e d P e n sio n P l a n s , b y I n d u st r y
G r o u p a n d T ype o f P l a n , S pr in g 1962
[Workers in thousands]
Type of plan

218
459
11
73
375

114
348
98
47
204

23
151
17
21
113

141
763
515
84
164

Most basic plans were small; only a fourth
within the scope of this study covered over 300
workers and just over a tenth covered more
than 1,000 (table 1). However, 3 out of 8
workers belonged to one of the seven basic plans
with over 10,000 workers each. On the other
hand, the 18 supplementary plans which covered
over 10,000 workers each accounted lor more
than three-fourths of the coverage of supple­
mentary plans.
2
Normal retirement age is the earliest age at which a worker, having
otherwise qualified, may retire at his own volition and receive immediately
the full amount of benefits to which he is entitled under the normal benefit
formula.

Supplementary

Basic

Industry group

Plans Workers 1 Plans Workers 1
All industries 2____________________
Manufacturing____ -- ..........

1 Includes both active and retired workers covered in 1960.


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Three-fifths of all unfunded plans were in
manufacturing industries, chiefly in chemicals,
textiles, and other nondurable goods (table 2).
Telephone, railroad, and gas and electric com­
panies accounted for most of the plans in non­
manufacturing industries. Less than half of the
plans were referred to in collective bargaining
agreements, but those that were included 7 out of
10 workers under unfunded plans because the
large supplementary plans in the telephone
industry were covered by collective agreements.

Durable goods____________________
Stone, clay, and glass products.......
Primary metal industries________
Fabricated metal products_______
Other durable goods____________
Nondurable goods_________________
Food and kindred products______
Textile mill products___________
Printing, publishing, and allied
industries___ _____
_______
Chemicals and allied products- -Petroleum refining and related
Industries__________________
Other nondurable goods.................Nonmanufacturing----------------Railroad transportation____________
Motor transportation__________ ____
Communications--------------------------Utilities: Electric and gas___________
Wholesale and retail trade -- --------Finance, insurance, and real estate___
Other nonmanufacturing industries----

677

462

174

904

404

188

92

226

136
31
22
37
4 46
268
17
56

81
6
41
9
24
107
18
9

32

22
85

14
29

0

9
12
11
60

54
0

17
9
28
172

0
0

0
0
(J)

5

0

82

37

25
30

60
31

263

274

81

642

28
30
25
51
21
46
62

144
20
11
21
52
20
7

0

88

0

(•)
0

18
22
2
27
12

0
0

520
70
30
8
14

1 Includes both active and retired workers covered in 1960.
2 Includes 11 plans, covering 36,000 workers, (not shown) in both manu­
facturing and nonmanufacturing industries.
3 Included in other durable goods.
4 Includes some plans covering firms in both durable and nondurable goods
industries.
8 Included in other nondurable goods.
6 Included in other nonmanufacturing industries.
N ote: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals.

1416
all private funded plans and in the Social Secu­
rity Act. Most plans also required the fulfill­
ment of 10 years of service or more with the
employer.3 Only 1 out of 7 plans covering about
10 percent of the workers required less than 10
years of service. Three out of 5 workers belonged
to plans requiring either 15 or 20 years of service.
The benefit formulas of unfunded plans were
similar in pattern to funded plans. About twofifths (269 plans) had two formulas for determin­
ing normal retirement benefits: (1) A basic
formula, by which benefits are usually computed,
and (2) an alternative or minimum formula,
guaranteeing certain benefits for specified service
and/or earnings used for workers with especially
low earnings, long service, or both. However, 9
out of 10 plans without specific minimum formu­
las implicitly established a guaranteed base in
their basic formulas by specifying minimum serv­
ice requirements for eligibility for normal retire­
ment benefits. The basic benefits payable by 3
out of 10 plans were based on service, by 1 out
of 15 on earnings, and 1 out of 2 on both service
and earnings.4
Two out of three plans (258) in which benefits
varied by earnings and service or by earnings
alone considered earnings for all the years in
which the worker belonged to the plan (i.e., ca­
reer, average, or total earnings). The remaining
third of the plans, with two-fifths of the workers,
based their benefits on earnings in selected years—
usually on average earnings in the last 5 or
10 years.
Approximately 2 out of 5 plans with almost 2
out of 3 workers integrated their benefits with
Federal social security or railroad retirement bene­
fits. Integrated plans commonly based benefits
on both service and earnings while those that were
not integrated usually based their benefits solely
on years of service.
Unfunded plans were integrated with Federal
programs by the same three methods as are funded
plans: By offset, by applying 2 percentage
factors and by excluding earnings.5 Three out of
8 workers under integrated plans were covered by
formulas that deducted all Federal benefits from
the basic formula amount. Smaller offsets were
used in plans covering almost 30 percent of the
workers. All other integrated plans used the
2-percentage-factor method except for plans in the

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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

¡MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, DECEMBER 1963
T a ble 3. N ormal R e t ir e m e n t B e n e f it s P aya ble by
U n f u n d e d P e n sio n P la ns to W or k er s E a r n in g
$4,800 a Y e a r for 30 Y ea r s of F u t u r e S e r v ic e ,
S p r in g 1962
[Workers in thousands]
Railroad

Total
Monthly benefit

All basic plans_______
Plans for which benefit could
not be competed__ ______
Plans for which benefit was
computed_______________
No benefit provided *_______
$1 and less than $25____ ____
$25 and less than $50_______
$50 and less than $75_______
$75 and less than $100______
$100 and less than $125______
$125 and less than $150______
$150 and less than $175______
$175 and less than $200 _____
$200 and less than $225______
$225 and less than $250______
$250 and over____ ________
Average benefit*______

Other

Plans Work­ Plans Work­ Plans Work­
ers 1
ers 1
ers1
677

462

59

11

618
48
12
99
187
82
103
48
5
7
12
5
10

451
78
50
56
67
70
63
61
(4)
2
2
i

28

144

28
23
2
2
1

144
71
50
21
3

(9

$C4.40

$10.00

649

318

» 59

11

590
25
10
97
186
82
103
48
5
7
12
5
10

307
7

(9

(9
(9

35
64
70
63
61
2
2
1

$S8.90

1 Includes both active and retired workers covered in 1960.
* Includes 15 plans, covering 3,000 workers, for which a lump-sum benefit
was payable; 10 plans, covering 1,000 workers, for which other forms of benefits
were payable; and 34 plans covering 7,000 workers, for which information was
not available.
3
No plan benefit was provided under assumed conditions because of tjie
deduction of social security or railroad retirement benefits. These plans do,
however, pay benefits to workers entitled to less than the Federal benefit
payable under the assumed conditions.
♦ Fewer than 500 workers.
‘ Weighted by number of workers.
N ote: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals.

railroad industry,
earnings.

which

excluded

certain

Level of Benefits. To ascertain the level of
normal retirement benefits relative to previous
earnings and service, hypothetical benefits payable
by each plan were computed under the following
assumptions:8
1. Retirement at age 65.
2. Thirty years of credited service.
* The term “service” as used here refers to the years of employment required
to qualify for benefits, regardless of the definition of service in the plan.
* The term “earnings” as used here refers to that part of the cash income
derived from employment with a company that is used in computing the
worker’s pension benefit. Such earnings may be termed “total,” “career,”
“terminal,” “credited,” “average,” etc., and may exclude certain earnings,
such as the first $4,800 earned each year or overtime and other premium pay.
« These methods are fully described in Normal Retirement, Early and
Disability Retirement, Fall 1959 (BLS Bulletin 1284), pp. 6-8. Under the
oflset method, all or part of the Federal social security benefits payable to the
worker are deducted from the amount calculated under the private plan.
Under the percentage factor method, a larger percentage factor is applied to
earnings in excess of a specified amount (usually the maximum considered
in computing Federal benefits) than those below that amount. Under the
excluded earning3 method, only earnings in excess of a specified amount
(usually the maximum considered in computing Federal benefits) are used
to compute private benefits.
6
The computations were based on the formula for current service. How­
ever, the amounts currently payable to eligible workers are often less because
they are based, at least in part, on past service benefit formulas. See BLS
Bulletin 1284, p. 5.

UNFUNDED PRIVATE PENSION PLANS

3. Annual earnings of $4,800. Since this earn­
ings level was assumed to be constant throughout
the worker’s career, an important difference
between plans basing benefits on career earnings
and those basing them on terminal earnings was
arbitrarily eliminated.
4. Each pensioner will receive the Federal
retirement benefits currently payable to unmarried
workers retiring under the above assumptions
(i.e., the maximum primary social security benefit
of $127 a month or the railroad retirement benefit
of $251 a month).
The benefits provided by plans in the railroad
industry were considered separately from those
provided by other plans because the former
supplement much larger Federal benefits than the
latter, particularly for workers with long service.
Unfunded plans in the railroad industry provided
much smaller benefits; those covering half the
workers paid no benefits under the assumed
conditions, and the rest paid only small benefits
averaging less than $20 a month. By contrast,
7 out of 10 plans outside the railroad industry,
covering 5 out of 6 workers, under these assump­
tions, provided benefits between $50 and $150 a
month (table 3).7 The normal benefits payable
to the hypothetical worker by unfunded plans
outside the railroad industry average almost
$89 a month.
Total pension benefits (private plus Federal)
were, on the average, much greater for retired
railroad workers than for other pensioners ($261
a month as compared with $216), chiefly because,
under the assumed conditions, railroad retirement
benefits are nearly twice social security benefits.
As a result, the combined average benefit was
nearly two-thirds of preretirement earnings for
railroad men and somewhat more than half for
others.8

1417

Early Retirement. Early retirement provisions
were less prevalent in unfunded than in funded
plans and eligibility requirements were frequently
more restrictive, but early retirement benefits
were provided by more than half the unfunded
plans (358) and covered three-fifths of the
workers.9 About 9 out of 10 of these workers
were in plans with both age and service require­
ments for early retirement. Five out of 6 covered
workers belonged to plans that required 15 years
of service or more and 2 out of 5 to plans that
required 30 years.
Workers with sufficient service could retire 5
years before the normal retirement age (which
was almost always 65) under the terms of all but
one plan. Only a few workers, however, were per­
mitted to retire more than 10 years earlier.
Three out of 5 workers belonged to plans per­
mitting employees meeting the age and service
requirements to retire early at their own volition.
However, the employer’s consent was required by
many of these plans if the worker wished to retire
even earlier after meeting alternative age and
service requirements. In addition, 1 out of 6
workers belonged to plans under which they could
be involuntarily retired.10
Disability Retirement. A disability retirement
provision was the most prevalent benefit, apart
from normal retirement, included in basic un­
funded plans.11 It was provided by 432 plans covT a ble 4. B e n e f it s P r o v id ed by U n f u n d e d P e n sio n
P l a n s , by T ype of P l a n , S pr in g 1962
[Workers in thousands]
Supplementary

Basic
Benefit

Plans Workers 1 Plans Workers *
All p la n s ___________________

677

462

174:

904

462
Normal retirement
_____________
677
1
28
282
Unrlv retirement _ - ______________
358
i Excluded 59 plans for which no benefit could be computed.
752
73
432
375
Disability
retirement_______________
8 Under the assumed conditions, primary social security and railroad
64
57
Vesting
_______
retirement benefits are 31.75 and 62.75 percent, respectively, of preretirement
604
34
116
88
Death benefits____________________
107
Survivor options
___ ____ ___
107
earnings.
33
15
Special
early
retirement
» Fifteen plans also contained a "special” early retirement provision that
19
18
Special vacation pay
_ - _____
permitted the employer to compel early retirement. Inasmuch as the
124
42
Additional benefit, amounts
42
47
Supplement __________________
worker’s retirement was of an involuntary nature, he was afforded a greater
93
29
Minimum
_
_
__________
benefit than the regular early retirement benefit.
20
35
Past service
_ _ _________
10
Excludes the special early retirement provision under which the em­
Social security adjustment allow49
13
ployer could require retirement if he provided a larger-than-usual pension.
ance
___________________
77
8
Other
_ ____________________
ii For this study, a disability retirement provision required that the worker
be totally and permanently disabled in addition to meeting age and/or service
i Includes both active and retired workers covered in 1960.
requirements. However, considerable variation existed among the plans as
to what constituted total and permanent disability. Qualified workers
N ote : Because many plans provide more than one benefit, the totals are
less than the sums of the individual itemsgenerally received benefits after a 6-month waiting period.


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

1418
ering more than four-fifths of the workers—about
as frequent as in funded plans. In addition, 96
plans without disability retirement made early re­
tirement benefits available to the disabled—a
partial substitute for older workers.
Age requirements were waived for disability
benefits by almost four-fifths of the plans covering
seven-eighths of the workers. The remaining
plans usually had a minimum age of 50 years.
However, this waiver was often qualified by long
service requirements. More than nine-tenths of
the workers belonged to plans with service require­
ments that ranged from 10 to 30 years—most often
15 years of service.
Almost four-fifths of the workers belonged to
plans paying the same disability benefits for com­
parable earnings and service as for normal retire­
ment. Plans with about half the remaining
workers modified their normal benefit formulas to
provide greater benefits and the rest modified
them to pay less.
Benefits were integrated with social security
disability or railroad retirement disability benefits
by one-fourth of the plans, covering 45 percent of
the workers.12 All but one used the offset method.
Most of these plans, covering three-fifths of the
workers, deducted the entire Federal benefit. An
additional one-sixth of the workers belonged to
plans that deducted one-half of the social security
disability benefit.
To ascertain the level of disability benefits
relative to preretirement earnings, hypothetical
disability retirement benefits were computed
under the following assumptions:13
1. Retirement at age 50.
2. Twenty years of credited service.
3. Annual earnings of $4,800.
4. Receipt of maximum social security dis­
ability benefits of $127 a month or of railroad
retirement disability benefits of $167 a month.
These calculations showed that the most
prevalent benefit was between $50 and $60 a
month,14 applying to one-fourth of the workers
under plans for which hypothetical benefits could
be computed. Plans with about two-fifths of the
workers provided over $60 a month. The average
disability benefits payable, weighted by the
number of workers covered, was about $56 a
month.
The total monthly benefit amount, including
Federal benefits, ranged from $127 to over $265,

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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, DECEMBER 1963

or from less than one-third to more than twothirds of preretirement earnings. The weighted
average benefit was just over $190 a month, or
nearly half the assumed preretirement earnings.
Death Benefits. Death benefits were provided by
116 basic plans covering 88,000 workers. The
survivors of over 95 percent of the covered
workers were eligible for benefits if death occurred
after retirement and of more than 70 percent if
death occurred before retirement—approximately
the same prevalence as in single employer non­
contributory funded plans under collective
bargaining.15
Three types of death benefits were provided.
Lump-sum payments were included in over
two-fifths of the plans covering about 7 out of 10
workers belonging to plans with death benefits;
payment-certain guarantees16 by as many plans
covering 2 out of 10 workers and widow’s bene­
fits17 by the few remaining plans. All workers
with payment-certain guarantees were employed
in manufacturing industries, while 70 percent of
those covered by a lump-sum provision were in
nonmanufacturing. With a few exceptions, all
workers under plans with a widow’s benefit were
employed by railroads.
Supplementary Plans

Plans that supplement funded pension plans
and, in a few instances, also supplement unfunded
plans accounted for 2 out of 3 workers belonging
to all unfunded pension plans.18 Although the
12 Social security disability benefits are payable to disabled workers, regard­
less of age, with 5 years of social security credit in the 10 years preceding dis­
ablement. The benefits are the same as those payable for old-age retirement
at age 65. Railroad retirement disability benefits are payable to disabled
workers regardless of age with 20 years of service or at age 60 with 10 years of
service. Like social security, benefits are computed in the same way as those
for old-age retirement.
13 See footnote 6, p. 1416.
14 Benefit amounts could not be computed for 195 plans covering 3 out of
7 workers. They included 94 plans with minimum age or service require­
ments greater than those assumed for this study and 101 plans with formulas
that could not be calculated because of unspecified actuarial reductions,
unknown amounts of integrated funded benefits, and unavailability of
formula information.
15 Special tabulation of unpublished data analyzed for Pension Plans Under
Collective Bargaining: Benefits for Survivors, Winter 1960-61 (BLS Bulletin
1334, 1962).
18
A payment-certain guarantee assures a plan member and his beneficiary
that they jointly will receive a minimum number of monthly benefit pay*
ments regardless of when the member dies.
17 A widow’s benefit continues all or part of the deceased member’s benefit
to his widow for the rest of her life or until she remarries.
18 These supplementary plans have been treated as pension plans because
their administrators reported them as such and because of the close relation­
ship of the types and amounts of their benefits to those provided by the
funded pension and profit-sharing plans covering the same workers.

UNFUNDED PRIVATE PENSION PLANS

1419

174 supplementary plans provided a wide variety
of benefits, only three benefits—disability retire­
ment, death benefits, and additional benefit
amounts—were applicable to a significant number
of workers (table 4).
Disability Retirement. Slightly more than twofifths of the supplementary plans, covering over
four-fifths of the workers in such plans, provided
disability retirement benefits. Most of the cov­
ered workers were employed by telephone com­
panies. There were also significant numbers
employed in chemicals (70,000), in electric and
gas utilities (48,000), and in petroleum refining
(35,000). Disabled workers had to have at least
15 years of service to qualify for benefits, but in
contrast with many basic plans (both funded
and unfunded), only six plans had an age require­
ment.
As under basic plans (both funded and un­
funded), disability benefits were based, at least in
19 In 1963, the telephone companies announced that the offset would be
reduced to one-third of primary social security benefits.
20 Benefit amounts were computed for 62 plans covering nine-tenths of the
Workers in the 73 plans that provided for disability retirement. Benefits
could not be computed for 21 plans, principally for the same reasons they
could not be computed for basic plans. See footnote 14.
21 Basic plans under the Railroad Retirement Act have been excluded from
this and subsequent comparisons because no plans in the railroad industry
provided supplementary benefits.

T a b l e 5.

part, on the normal retirement formula. Plans
covering 9 out of 10 workers provided a benefit
equal to or greater than the normal retirement
benefit for workers with the same earnings and
service by the associated funded basic plan.
Half the plans, covering four-fifths of the
workers, integrated their benefits with social
security disability benefits. Almost all used the
offset method, which provides larger benefits to
workers who are eligible for private plan benefits
but not for social security benefits than do the
other methods. Most plans, including the large
telephone plans, offset half the public benefit—the
same offset used in their normal benefit formula.19
The level of disability benefits was much lower
in supplementary than in basic unfunded plans.
Plans covering more than three-fourths of the
workers provided disability benefits of $20 to $30
a month to disabled workers with the same age,
service, and earnings assumed in computing disa­
bility benefits under basic plans (table 5).20 Bene­
fits would be larger under nearly all of the remain­
ing plans. The weighted average benefit of about
$30 a month was about half the average disability
benefit computed under the same conditions for
basic unfunded plans.21 The average was largely
determined by the telephone plans which provided
$21.50 a month under the assumed conditions.

D isa b il it y R e t ir e m e n t B e n e f it s P a y a b l e by U n f u n d e d P e n sio n P l a n s to W or k er s R e t ir in g at
A ge 50 a n d E a r n in g $4,800 a Y ea r for 20 Y ea r s of F u t u r e S e r v ic e , by T y pe of P l a n , S pr in g 1962
[Workers in thousands]
Basic

Total
M onthly benefit

Total

Supplementary 4

Railroad

Other

Plans W orkers2 Plans Workers 2 Plans W orkers2 Plans Workers 2 Plans Workers 1
All clans with a disability retirement provision

505

1,127

432

375

28

144

404

231

73

752

Plans for which benefit could not be computed.
Plans for which benefit was computed
No benefit provided 2__ ___
$1 and less than $20______ _______
$20 and less than $30__
_ _____
$30 and less than $40_____ _ __ ___ ___
$40 and less than $50. _ _______
$50 and less than $60___
$60 and less than $70______
_____
$70 and less than $80__ _
$80 and less than $90____
_
__ ____
$90 and less than $100___ _____ ______
$100 and less than $110.. __
_ _ _ _ _
$110 and less than $130___ _____ ___
$130 and less than $140__
$140 and over__
___
_
________

216
289
10
2
46
39
23
53
14
1
48
22
12
16
1
2

245
882
45
10
559
31
12
74
14
8
78
13
20
3
3
10

195
237
4
1
23
28
21
47
13
1
47
22
12
16
1
1

165
210
15
5
28
18
10
52
12
8
20
13
20
3
3
1

22
6
4

109
36
15

173
231

57
174

2

20

1
21
28
21
47
13
1
47
22
12
16
1
1

5
8
18
10
52
12
8
20
13
20
3
3
1

21
52
6
1
23
U
2
6
i

80
672
30
5
531
13
2
22
3

1

58

1

8

Average benefit 4_

____ ________________ _____

$36.00

1 Includes only nonrailroad plans.
2 Includes both active and retired workers covered in 1960.
2 No plan benefit was provided under assumed conditions because of the
maximum deduction of social security or railroad retirement disability
7 1 3 - 1 5 4 — 63-

4


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

$56.40

$14.20

$65.10

$29.70

benefits. These plans do, however, pay benefits to workers entitled to less
than the maximum Federal benefit payable under the assumed conditions.
4 Weighted by number of workers.
^
.
,. . ,
N ote: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals.

1420

Total monthly benefits, including maximum
social security disability benefits, would range
from $127 (the social security benefit) to $270;
from less than one-third to more than two-thirds
of preretirement earnings. The weighted average
benefit would be about $157 (two-fifths of prere­
tirement earnings), or about four-fifths of the
average total benefit amount payable by the basic
plans. Chiefly because the large telephone com­
pany plans would provide $148.50 a month (in­
cluding social security), plans covering 70 percent
of the workers would provide $140 to $150 a month.
Death Benefits. Although only 34 plans granted
death benefits, they covered two-thirds of the
workers under supplementary plans. Nearly all
plans provided benefits for both active and retired
workers, and all but two made lump-sum pay­
ments. Lump-sum payments were paid by 18
plans in the communications industry (520,000
workers) and by 14 small plans, all but one of
which were in manufacturing industries. A 1-year
payment-certain guarantee was provided by a
petroleum refining company (35,000 workers) and
a widow’s benefit by an electric utility (28,000
workers).
The amount of the lump-sum benefit paid by
the telephone pension plans depends on when the
worker dies.22 If he dies before he retires, the
benefit equals 4 months’ earnings for 6 months
but less than 2 years of service, increased by 2
months’ earnings for each additional year of serv­
ice to 12 months’ earnings for 5 or more years, or
$250, whichever is greater. If he dies after re22
Additional benefits are usually payable under the company’s life insur­
ance plans, cf. Digest of One-Hundred Selected Health and Insurance Plans
Under Collective Bargaining, Winter 1961-62 (BLS Bulletin 1330, June 1962),
pp. 168-173, summarized on pp. 1266-1274 of the November 1963 M onthly
Labor Review.

28 If the minimum was applicable only to unfunded benefits, it was classi­
fied as part of the unfunded benefit to which it applied rather than here.


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

¿MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, DECEMBER 1963

tiring, the benefit is the greater of his annual
earnings at retirement reduced 10 percent for
each full year elapsed since retirement and his
annual pension.
Additional Benefits. Some unfunded plans sup­
plemented the benefits under funded plans and,
to lesser extent, by unfunded plans, by paying
additional benefits for the same cause (e.g., nor­
mal retirement or disability retirement). These
additional payments, provided by 2 out of 3
supplementary plans covering 1 out of 3 workers
under such plans, increased the amount of benefits
payable to a beneficiary but, unlike the supple­
mentary plans previously described, did not affect
the number of different types of benefits provided.
The additional benefit amounts were provided
in several different ways. The plans with the
largest number of workers (93,000) guaranteed a
minimum retirement benefit applicable to specified
funded benefits or often to all benefits, funded
and unfunded.23 Other plans supplemented their
funded benefits by granting pensioners additional
benefits, such as cost-of-living allowances. Pen­
sions (normal, early, and disability) based on
service prior to the adoption of a funded pension
plan were provided by a number of unfunded
plans. Still others supplemented funded plans by
paying pensions to workers who retired before a
specified date—usually the effective date of the
associated funded plan—or to workers who were
ineligible for benefits under the funded plan, such
as retired workers with insufficient service to
qualify for a funded pension. And, finally, a
small number of plans paid allowances to workers
retiring early under a funded plan until they were
eligible for social security benefits.
— H a r r y L . L e v in
Division of Industrial and Labor Relations

RELATIONSHIP OF UNEMPLOYMENT TO MORTGAGE FORECLOSURES

The Relationship of Unemployment
to Mortgage Foreclosures
A nalyses of the recent rise in residential mortgage

foreclosures have generally emphasized liberaliza­
tion of mortgage credit terms and the cessation of
inflation in housing prices. There is no doubt that
these factors are significant. A new study by the
Housing and Home Finance Agency 1 indicates,
however, that much greater emphasis should be
given to the relationships between curtailment of
borrower income through unemployment and fore­
closures.
The HHFA study is based on a sample survey
for foreclosure cases of single-family owneroccupied homes, financed with FHA-insured, YAguaranteed, and conventional mortgage loans in
six metropolitan areas. The areas were New York,
Philadelphia, Chicago, Detroit, Dallas, and Los
Angeles.2
Reasons for Foreclosure

Curtailment of income was the main reason for
foreclosure given by 35 percent of all FHA bor­
rowers and by 40 percent of the YA borrowers in
all six areas. Borrowers with conventional loans
most frequently cited curtailment of income as the
primary reason in each area, the frequency vary­
ing within a range of 22 percent in Dallas to GO
percent in Detroit. The second and third pri­
mary reasons most often cited by FHA and VA
borrowers were “death or illness in family” and
“marital difficulties.” These were also frequently
mentioned as reasons for foreclosure by the con­
ventional loan borrowers in the six individual
areas.
The leading reasons cited by borrowers were
found less frequently in lenders’ or FHA and YA
files. Reasons such as improper regard for obli­
gations or excessive obligations were among lead­
ing primary reasons found in the files, although
curtailment of income, marital difficulties, and
death or illness had also been recorded in a signifi­
cant percentage of the case files. Secondary rea­
sons given by the borrowers, as well as information
on income changes, unemployment, and occupa­
tion, tend to confirm the validity of the distribu­
tion of reasons cited by the borrowers.

https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

1421

Layoffs and a cut in workweek or wages were
the main factors contributing to curtailment of
income according to responding FHA and YA
borrowers, but the leading income curtailment
factor cited by the conventional loan borrowers
was business loss or failure.
Death or illness added up to the second major
category among multiple reasons listed by FHA
and YA borrowers. The multiple reasons given
by the conventional borrowers, however, gener­
ally showed increased housing costs as the second
most important category of reasons for foreclo­
sure, while this was the third leading category
1 M o rtg a g e F o reclosu res in S ix M e tr o p o lita n A re a s ( J u n e 1 9 6 3 ) ,
fr o m w h ic h t h is a r t ic le w a s e x c e r p te d , w it h m in o r s t y le m o d i­
fic a t io n s b u t m a jo r c h a n g e s in t h e o r d e r o f p r e s e n t a t io n . V ir t u ­
a lly a ll o f th e m a t e r ia l in th e r e p o r t t h a t d e a ls w it h m o r tg a g e
c r e d it u n d e r w r it in g h a s b een o m it te d .
2 S ta n d a r d M e t r o p o lita n S t a t i s t i c a l A r e a s , e x c e p t N e w Y o r k ,
w h e r e o n ly th e c o u n t ie s in N e w Y o rk S t a t e w e r e in c lu d e d . T h e
F H A a n d V A p r o v id e d d a t a fr o m t h e ir file s o n t h e fin a n c in g
t r a n s a c t io n s a n d o n h o m e o w n e r s o f f o r e c lo s e d p r o p e r tie s a s o f
th e tim e o f o r ig in a t io n . T h e B u r e a u o f t h e C e n su s, w h ic h d id
a ll o f th e fie ld w o r k u n d e r c o n t r a c t f o r H H F A , o b t a in e d s im ila r
in f o r m a t io n a s o f t im e o f lo a n o r ig in a t io n fr o m r e c o r d s t h a t w e r e
m a d e a v a ila b le b y le n d e r s o f c o n v e n t io n a l m o r tg a g e lo a n s . F o r
a ll t y p e s o f c a s e s , a s m u ch in f o r m a t io n a s o f tim e o f fo r e c lo s u r e
a s w a s a v a ila b le fr o m t h e r e c o r d s w a s a ls o o b t a in e d . T h e B u r e a u
o f th e C e n su s a ls o lo c a t e d a n d o b t a in e d d a t a a s o f th e tim e o f
f o r e c lo s u r e fr o m a s m a n y o f th e f o r m e r h o m e o w n e r s a s p o s s ib le
th r o u g h a b o r r o w e r s c h e d u le fille d in a n d r e t u r n e d b y m a il o r
d u r in g a n in t e r v ie w .
I n a ll s ix c it ie s , d a t a w e r e o b t a in e d fr o m r e c o r d s f o r a t o t a l
o f a b o u t 2 ,7 0 0 f o r e c lo s u r e c a s e s , in c lu d in g 2 ,4 4 2 t h a t in v o lv e d
o w n e r -o c c u p ie d 1 - f a m ily h o m e s , a n d b o r r o w e r s c h e d u le s w e r e
c o m p le te d f o r 9 5 7 f a m ilie s w h o s e h o m e s h a d b e e n fo r e c lo s e d .
T h e d is t r ib u t io n s o f a ll F H A , V A , a n d c o n v e n t io n a l c a s e s a n d
o f t h e F H A , V A , a n d c o n v e n t io n a l b o r r o w e r s c h e d u le c a s e s f o r
e a c h m e t r o p o lit a n a r e a , b y v a r io u s f a m ily a n d m o r tg a g e lo a n
c h a r a c t e r is t ic s , a r e q u ite s im ila r , s u g g e s t i n g t h a t th e in f o r m a t io n
o b t a in e d fr o m th e c o m p le te d b o r r o w e r s c h e d u le s i s to a la r g e
e x t e n t d e s c r ip t iv e o f a ll t h e s a m e t y p e c a s e s ( i.e ., F H A , V A , o r
c o n v e n t io n a l) in e a c h a r e a .
T h e s a m p le s f o r F H A a n d V A c a s e s w e r e d r a w n a t r a n d o m
fr o m a ll F H A a n d V A f o r e c lo s u r e s a n d “ d eed in lie u o f f o r e ­
c lo s u r e ” p r o p e r ty s u r r e n d e r s ( in w h ic h th e h o m e o w n e r v o lu n ­
t a r ily c o n v e y s t h e d e e d to th e p r o p e r ty to t h e m o r tg a g e h o ld e r , so
t h a t t h e la t t e r d o e s n o t h a v e to p u r s u e a f o r e c lo s u r e t h r o u g h th e
c o u r t s ) in e a c h s t u d y a r e a d u r in g th e p e r io d A p r il 1, 1 9 6 1 , to
M a rc h 3 1 , 1 9 6 2 . T h e s a m p le r a t io r a n g e d fr o m 9 p e r c e n t in
h e a v y c a s e lo a d a r e a s to 3 2 p e r c e n t a n d e v e n to 5 1 p e r c e n t w h e r e
t h e t o t a l c a s e lo a d w a s s m a ll. T h e r a n d o m s e le c t io n y ie ld e d
s a m p le s w h o s e d is t r ib u t io n o f fo r e c lo s u r e c a s e c h a r a c t e r is t ic s
w a s s im ila r to c o m p a r a b le d is t r ib u t io n s in a r e c e n t F H A s t u d y
o f i t s f o r e c lo s u r e e x p e r ie n c e a n d in a V A s t u d y o f i t s m o r tg a g e
lo a n d e f a u lt e x p e r ie n c e .
S in c e th e F H A a n d V A s a m p le c a s e s u s e d in th e H H F A s t u d y
w e r e r e p r e s e n t a t iv e o f a ll F I I A a n d V A fo r e c lo s u r e a n d d e e d in
lie u o f f o r e c lo s u r e c a s e s in e a c h a r e a d u r in g th e s t u d y p e r io d , a n d
t h e t o t a l n u m b e r o f c a s e s in e a c h a r e a w a s k n o w n , r a t io s w e re
a p p lie d t o s a m p le c a s e s , b y t y p e o f lo a n , fo r a n a r e a a n d a r e a
t o t a l s d e r iv e d f o r th e v a r io u s c h a r a c t e r is t ic s o f th e f o r e c lo s u r e s .
T h e s e d e t a ile d d a t a fo r e a c h a r e a w e r e th e n a d d ed to p r o v id e
s ix - a r e a t o t a ls .
T h e F H A a n d V A f o r e c lo s u r e e x p e r ie n c e c a n
t h e r e f o r e b e d is c u s s e d in te r m s o f th e c o m b in e d e x p e r ie n c e fo r
a ll s ix S M S A ’s, a s w e ll a s f o r e a c h S M S A . T h e fig u r e s p r e s e n t e d
f o r e a c h S M S A , h o w e v e r , r e p r e s e n t th e s u m o f t h e s a m p le c a s e s
in e a c h S M S A .

1422
among FHA and YA borrowers. The main sub­
sidiary reasons under increased housing costs were
increases in property taxes and house maintenance
and repair expenses. Unsatisfactory property,3
increases in nonhousing costs, and financial overextension were other major reasons that were men­
tioned frequently.
The information obtained from the mortgagors
on number of weeks worked during 1961, which
included the first 9 months in the foreclosure study
period, is consistent with the reasons given for
curtailment of income. The proportion of bor­
rowers with each type of loan that had worked
less than 40 weeks, including those that had not
worked at all in 1961, shows a reasonably con­
sistent pattern within each area, except for Dallas.
(See accompanying table.) Thus, the samples,
though small, were representative of the employ­
ment conditions encountered by foreclosed bor­
rowers in each area.
The high rate of full or partial unemployment
during 1961 among those whose homes were fore­
closed is related to the occupations in which many
of them were employed. The proportion of bor­
rowers in the three manual labor occupations at
time of foreclosure ranged between 41 and 64 per­
cent for FHA borrowers; between 35 and 69 per­
cent for YA borrowers; and between 50 and 58
percent for conventional borrowers.
The data indicate an interrelated set of economic
circumstances among occupations, unemploy­
ment, and curtailment of income which appar­
ently triggered a significant proportion of the
mortgage loan defaults and foreclosures. On the
other hand, certain foreclosures arose from de­
velopments that are practically unpredictable dur­
ing the mortgage term in most instances, such as
marital difficulties, serious illness, or death. Also,
unexpected increases in housing costs and overextension of other financial obligations contributed
to a significant proportion of the Chicago fore­
closures during the April 1961-March 1962 period.
A similar combination of circumstances was gen­
erally found in the other areas.
Changes in Income

The high frequency of income curtailment as a
cause of foreclosure is confirmed by the income
data obtained. Whether dealing with FHA, YA,
or conventional foreclosures, in five out of six areas

https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

.MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, DECEMBER 1963

one-half or more of the interviewed borrowers re­
ported a lower income at time of foreclosure than
at time of mortgage origination or assumption,
when the house was purchased. In all areas, at
least 44 percent of the former FHA, YA, or con­
ventional loan borrowers had experienced income
reductions between time of purchase and time of
foreclosure.
Despite the relatively small number of bor­
rower questionnaires for each type of loan in
each area, similar proportions of borrowers with
different types of loans suffered a substantial cur­
tailment of income, more than 30 percent, between
the time of purchase and time of foreclosure. The
proportion of FHA borrowers whose income re­
portedly was curtailed more than 30 percent
ranged between 35 and 50 percent. Among YA
borrowers, the comparable proportion—suffering
over 30 percent income curtailment—ranged be­
tween 27 and 44 percent in five areas, and was 73
percent in the sixth area. A comparable range
of 35 to 50 percent encompassed three areas with
respect to conventional borrowers; in the other
three, the proportions were 22 percent, 57 percent,
and 60 percent.
Even if there is some unreliability in the data,
the differences between incomes reported as of
time of loan origination and time of foreclosure
are so great that a high frequency of income cur­
tailment among mortgagors whose homes were
foreclosed must be accepted as a valid finding.
For the FHA foreclosures in the six areas com­
bined, almost one-half of the borrowers had family
incomes of $5,000-$6,999 at the time the loan was
originated (or assumed), about one-fifth had in­
comes of $4,000-$4,999, and another one-fifth had
incomes of $7,000-$8,999, while 6 percent had in­
comes under $4,000 and 8 percent had incomes of
$9,000 or more. There were higher proportions
of the VA than FHA foreclosures in the under
$4,000 and the $4,000-$4,999 income classes.
Among the conventional loan foreclosure cases
(including those with no borrower interview),
from about one-fifth to one-third of the fore­
closures involved borrowers who had incomes of
$5,000-$6,999. The other foreclosure cases were
rather widely scattered among other income classes
except in New York, where about four-fifths of
3
I n c lu d e s r e a s o n s s u c h a s n e ig h b o r h o o d u n s a t i s f a c t o r y , p lu m b ­
in g o r h e a t in g f a il u r e s , p o o r d r a in a g e , a n d f o u n d a t io n f a ilu r e .

RELATIONSHIP OF UNEMPLOYMENT TO MORTGAGE FORECLOSURES
I nco m e , E m ploym ent ,

1423

H o u sin g E x p e n s e o f S el ec ted H om eo w n ers W ho se M ortgages W e r e F oreclosed
D u r in g A pril 1 9 6 1 -M arch 1962, b y T ype o f L o a n , S ix A r e a s 1

and

Chicago

Dallas

Detroit

Los Angeles

New York

Philadelphia

Item
F H i Vi
Number of foreclosures..........
Number in sample of lenders..........
Borrower interview or questionnaire completed*..

5, 61
28 12 ,
14 68

Con­
Con­
ConCon
Con
Con­
ven­ F H i V i ven­ F H i V i ven- F H i V i ven- F H i V i ven- F H i V i ven­
tions
tions
tiona
tiona
tiona
tions
(*)

20£
117

33
9
3

24,
4<
21

(*) 1,301 207«
ID 18(
81
3"
5C 8£

(*)
15C
5"

22 « 125
5C 22 (
2C 10 -

(2)
29(
lit

20« 235

7,
r

7,
H

(»)
7
lf

15i 198
3« 6(

<*>
255
75

Percent of interviewed borrowers reporting *
Income at origination: 4
Under $4,000.............................
$4,000-$4,999. ................
$5,000-$6,999................... .
..
$7,000-$8,999........................
$9,000 or more.............................
Income at foreclosure as percent of income at origi­
nation: 4
100 percent or more___________
90-99 percent.......... ............ ........
80-89 percent..... .......................
70-79 percent..... ........ ...................
60-69 percent_____________ .
60-59 percent.......... .....................
Under 50 p ercen t..........................
Occupation at origination:
Professional or technical workers___
Farmer or farm laborer.................
Manager, official, proprietor, nonfarm ...
Clerical worker__________
Sales worker__________
Craftsman or foreman______
Operative______________ . .
Service worker_________
Laborer, except farm or m ine.............
Unemployed..........................
Occupation at foreclosure:
Professional or technical worker___
Farmer or farm laborer_____
Manager, official, proprietor, nonfarm
Clerical worker...... ......................
Sales w o r k e r ________________
Craftsman or foreman______
Operative_________________
Service worker____________
Laborer, except farm or mine ..
Unemployed__________
Weeks worked in 1961:
40-52..........................................
27-39..........................
1-27.............................
None_________________
Housing expense * as percent oi income—
At origination:
Under 20 percent______
20-24 percent___________
25-29 percent____________
30-39 percent____________
40 percent or more________
At foreclosure:
Under 20 percent___________
20-24 percent___________ .
25-29 percent_____________
30-39 percent_____________
40 percent or more_______
Increase in housing costs:
Taxes...............................
Repairs and improvements______
Utilities and heat______
Other.......................................

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12

4

lo

27

8

4

1Q

22

4
4

h

AQ

20

12
6
10

30
30

4

12

12

9

9

16
25
27

19

6

3

5
5

13
13

25
31

0

2

27
34

52
13
24

2 fi

2 K 21

20

2

12

15
IC

AA

16
26

52

2

5
26

U
25

4
23

8

2

3

Yl

18
35
24
14

7
5
18

11

29
27

17
23
17
23

41
ß
g

11

29
31
14

ß

ß

18

5
14

20

46
7
g

3
5

5

3

49
4
7

44

11

ß
7

3

19

47

4
4

21

3

8

32

3

7
5
34

6

32

14
8

45

8

7

14

17
4C
27

7
26

9
3
13
30
9
9
5
15

3
38
24
7
7
9

15
50
30
5

6
11

9

11
8

39
17

19
17
33
g
23

2

6

1Ü

28
36
15
9

12

22

3

For description of the sample and survey methods, see text footnote.
This table is limited to individual area figures on certain borrower characteristics based on interviews with borrowers or questionnaires completed by
them. Data from lenders generally pertained to the larger total number of
sample cases, but were not available for items shown here except income at
origination. Similarly, averages for the 6 areas are omitted because they
were typically published only for VA loans, in view of the small number of
FHA cases and the lack of weighting information for conventional loans.
s Not available.
. s Number of usable returns, some of which omitted information on certain
items; for example, only 13 of the 14 FHA borrowers in Chicago gave informa­
tion on the number of weeks worked in 1961.


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

14
25
28

3
6

7
43
29
14

6

12

38

18
37
3f

8

Iß
1Ö
4fi
40

13
g

ß

13
13
Oß
zo
43
18
18
6

10

4

59

7

15
19

OO
Z4
1/
1Q

iy

IQ
lo

10

15
10
19
1Z

K2
OO

12
8

3
J

4
Borrowers were asked to report family income after Federal and State
income tax deductions at both the time of foreclosure and the time the fore­
closed mortgage was placed or assumed. One-fourth or more of the borrowers
interviewed had assumed mortgages only in the following cases; FHA and
conventional in Dallas; all 3 types in Los Angeles; and conventional in
New York.
• Includes payments for interest and principal on the first and junior
mortgages; mortgage insurance premiums; property insurance premiums;
property taxes; recurring special assessment payments; utility and heating
fuel costs; ground rent, if any; property maintenance expenses (e.g., painting
and decorating); and repair expenses.

1424
the foreclosed borrowers had incomes of $9,000 or
more, and in Philadelphia, where about threetenths of the foreclosed borrowers had incomes
of less than $4,000.
Kelatively more FHA and VA than conven­
tional loan foreclosures involved borrowers’ in­
comes of $5,000-$6,999, and relatively less in the
$9,000 or more income class. Among the FHA
foreclosures, a slightly larger proportion of the
borrower interview foreclosures than of total fore­
closures involved families with incomes of under
$4,000 and $7,000-$8,999, and a smaller proportion
involved families with incomes of $5,000-$6,999.
For the VA foreclosures, this situation was largely
reversed.
Smaller proportions of the borrowers among the
low-income borrowers had experienced substantial
losses of income between origination and fore­
closure than for the higher income foreclosed bor­
rowers. For lower income families, foreclosures
may have resulted even with small or moderate
losses in income, whereas for the higher income
families, foreclosures may have resulted relatively
more frequently after more substantial losses of
income had occurred.
In the six areas combined, among FHA fore­
closures 15 percent of the borrowers with incomes
of $4,000-$4,999 had incomes at foreclosure which
were less than one-half of their incomes at loan
origination, compared with 30 percent of the fore­
closed borrowers with incomes of $5,000-$6,999
and 38 percent of the foreclosed borrowers with
incomes of $7,000-$8,999.
Among VA foreclosures, 32 percent of the bor­
rowers with incomes of less than $4,000 had suf­
fered losses of more than one-half of their incomes,
compared with 21 percent of the foreclosed bor­
rowers with incomes of $4,000-$4,999, 18 percent
for the $5,000-$6,999 income group, 29 percent for
the $7,000-$8,999 income group, and 40 percent for
the $9,000 or more income group.
Housing Costs

About two-thirds or more of the FHA fore­
closures and also of the VA foreclosures in the
three middle income classes involved home pur­
chases in the $10,000-$14,999 range. Plowever, of
the VA foreclosures in the borrower income range
of under $4,000, more than one-half of the homes
were purchased for less than $10,000, while in the

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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, DECEMBER 1963

borrower income class of $9,000 or more, about
two-fifths were in the $10,000-$14,999 price group
and another two-fifths were in the $15,000-$19,999
group.
I t is surprising, in view of the apparent high
ratio of income to purchase price, that of the FHA
foreclosures with borrower incomes of $7,000$8,999,13 percent were homes with purchase prices
of less than $10,000, and that of the VA fore­
closures with borrower incomes of $9,000 or more,
7 percent were homes with purchase prices of less
than $10,000. Such foreclosure cases lend em­
phasis to the effects of changing circumstances of
the borrower after loan origination upon fore­
closure incidence. Although ua bad loan is never
made,” as the mortgage lending industry adage
goes, subsequent changes in income, health, or
marital relations of the borrower can turn a good
loan into a poor one.
Substantially larger proportions of the fore­
closures in each of the lower income groups had
housing expense-to-income ratios of 30 percent or
more than was the case for higher income families.
While loans made to lower income families gen­
erally involve housing expense-to-income ratios
which exceed those for higher income families, it
is doubtful whether the differences generally are
as large as indicated by these foreclosure cases.
Among the FHA foreclosures which involved
borrower incomes of $4,000-$4,999,12 percent had
housing expense-to-income ratios of 40 percent or
more and 34 percent had ratios of 30-39 percent.
For foreclosures involving incomes of $5,000$6,999, the comparable percentages were 5 and 30.
In contrast, of the foreclosures involving family
incomes of $7,000-$8,999, there were none with
housing expense-to-income ratios of 40 percent or
more, and only 4 percent had ratios of 30-39
percent.
For those VA foreclosures which involved bor­
rower incomes in the under $4,000 group, 38 per­
cent had housing expense-to-income ratios of 40
percent or more and a similar portion had ratios of
30-39 percent. Also, for the foreclosed borrowers
with incomes of $4,000-$4,999, the comparable
percentages were 23 and 47, and for the foreclosed
borrowers with incomes of $5,000-$6,999, 5 and 23.
In contrast, among the foreclosed borrowers with
incomes of $7,000-$8,999, as well as among those
with incomes of $9,000 or more, only 5 and 3 per­
cent, respectively, had ratios of 30-39 percent.

RELATIONSHIP OF UNEMPLOYMENT TO MORTGAGE FORECLOSURES

The curtailment of income and increased hous­
ing expenses, both of which were cited as reasons
for foreclosure in a significant proportion of sam­
ple cases, are reflected in the increase in housing
expense-to-income ratios between loan origination
and foreclosure. The increases in these ratios are
indicated by the percentage of borrowers that had
housing expense-to-income ratios of 30-39 percent
or 40 percent and over at time of loan origination
and at time of foreclosure, as shown in the follow­
ing tabulation.
Housing expense
Percent
H ousing expense as a peras a percent o f Percent of
of
centage of income at foreclosure
income at origtotal at N u m - total a t --------------------------------------ination (or
origiber
fore- Under SO- SB- SO- 40 or
assum ption )
nation
closure
SO
S4
89
39 more

FHA total__
Under 20......................
20-24.............................
25-29.............................
30-39......................
40 or more______

100

973
15 150
26 250
26 251
21
205
12
117

100
13
9
100
42
5
100
16
27
100
4
5
100
7 ___
100 ................

13
7
10
23
13
5

16
18
9
9
40
3

49
28
38
59
40
92

VA total.........
Under 20...............
20-24.............................
25-29.............................
30-39.............................
40 or more.............

100

2,077
309
18 382
26 536
28 576
13
274

7
100
22
100
15
100
1
100
3
100 ___

16
25
17
21
10
3

25
18
24
16
41
23

40
29
21
47
42
62

15

100

12
6

23
15
4
12

In addition to the striking differences between
housing expense-to-income ratios at time of loan
origination and time of foreclosure, the frequency
of high ratios at time of loan origination is note­
worthy.
Borrowers gave increase in housing costs as a
reason for foreclosure in 30 percent of the YA cases
and 24 percent of the FHA cases. Among conven­
tional foreclosure cases, it was mentioned by 64
percent of the conventional mortgagors in Chicago,
50 percent in New York, 36 percent in Los Angeles,
24 percent in Detroit and Philadelphia, and 11
percent in Dallas. Among the specific items of in­
creased housing costs listed, taxes and repairs and
improvements were most frequently mentioned.
A number of borrowers overextended themselves
as a result of purchases of such home improvement
items as storm windows, a freezer, landscaping,
patio—or of consumer goods. When unemploy­
ment struck, they could not meet their obligations.
They admitted that they had used poor judgment
and that credit was too easy to obtain. Some
said that they should have budgeted their
expenditures.
Borrowers frequently complained that rising
real estate taxes contributed to foreclosure. Some­
times this occurred because real estate taxes were
understated initially, but more importantly, the

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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

1425

borrowers felt that they had not been made aware
of the possibility that taxes would continue to
increase.
Even among loans with low housing expense-toincome ratios at origination, changes in housing
expenses or income can contribute significantly to
foreclosure. In a significant proportion of the
foreclosures, however, the housing expense-toincome ratios either remained in the sarnie ratio
class or declined to a lower ratio class. These
foreclosures most likely occurred because of rea­
sons other than changes in housing expenses or
incomes.
Recommendations

Studies should be undertaken to see whether a
system of mortgage unemployment insurance can
be developed to help prevent foreclosures result­
ing from a high incidence of temporary unemploy­
ment in an economy of rapid technological change.
Insurance to provide for payment of interest,
taxes, and hazard insurance, while principal re­
payment is deferred, could help in reducing the
incidence of foreclosure related to unemployment.
There is need for continuous reexamination of
the basis for estimating future taxes and mainte­
nance and repair expenses to assure that recogni­
tion is given in credit underwriting to the upward
trend of property taxes and to necessary expendi­
tures for maintenance and repair. Furthermore,
the borrower should be made aware of these
potential increases. Future increases in income
might also be considered, but would be difficult to
estimate on a reliable basis.
Educational efforts are needed to assist home
buyers in proper financial planning for home pur­
chase and for subsequent purchases of home extras
and equipment items, as well as for nonhousing
items. Such an educational program would be
helpful in keeping borrowers from overextending
themselves or using costly junior mortgage
financing.
Steps should be taken to discourage purchases
of existing homes under mortgage assumptions by
buyers who are overextending themselves finan­
cially. Consideration should be given to possible
development of acceptable mortgage contract pro­
visions that would permit a review of the credit
status of prospective purchasers of a home subject
to an outstanding mortgage loan.

1426

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, DECEMBER 1963

Occupational Wage Relationships
in Metropolitan Areas, 1961-62
S kill differentials among plant jobs as shown
by pay relatives constructed from recent Bureau
of Labor Statistics occupational wage surveys
varied widely among and within industries. Dif­
ferences among plant jobs were lowest in public
utilities, followed by manufacturing, wholesale
trade, retail trade, and the service industries.
One dimension of the wage structure of an
establishment is the series of wage rates, estab­
lished unilaterally by the employer or negotiated
through collective bargaining, for the variety of
skills and other characteristics of jobs on the
payroll. A majority of American workers are
employed in jobs assigned either a single rate or
a range of rates; lower rates are commonly pro­
vided for probationary workers. Special rates
T able

1.

O c c u p a t io n a l

may also apply to such situations as part-time,
seasonal, or handicapped workers. Separate struc­
tures usually apply to plant and office.
This article summarizes the occupational wage
relationships found within individual establish­
ments included in the labor market wage surveys
conducted by the Bureau of Labor Statistics
during the year ending in June 1962. The rela­
tive pay positions of plant and office occupations
are examined by broad industry division and
region and within selected industries in manu­
facturing and nonmanufacturing.1
Method

Average straight-time hourly earnings of workers
in each plant and office job studied within an
establishment were related to the earnings of the
1
Data in this study relate to all 188 Standard Metropolitan Statistical
Areas in the United States, excluding Alaska and Hawaii, as established by
the Bureau of the Budget through 1959. Data were collected in 80 of the
areas, but these were selected as a sample designed to represent all areas.

A v e r a g e H o u r l y E a r n in g s a s P e r c e n t a g e s 1 o f A v e r a g e s
M e t r o p o l i t a n A r e a s , b y I n d u s t r y D i v i s i o n , 1 961-62

for

M en

J a n it o r s

in

Median establishment percentages in—
Sex and occupation
Manuiring

M aintenance

and

N onmanufacturing
Total

Public
utilities s

Wholesale
trade

122

136
145
146

Retail
trade

Services

P owerplant »

Carpenters, maintenance____________________________
Electricians, maintenance____________ . _______________
Engineers, stationary_______________________________
Firemen, stationary boiler___________________________
Helpers, maintenance trades_________________________
Machine-tool operators, toolroom_____________________
Machinists, maintenance____________________________
Mechanics, automotive (maintenance)_________________
Mechanics, maintenance_____________________________
Millwrights__________________________________ ____
Oilers_____ ________________________________________
Painters, maintenance____________ ______ ______ ____ _
Pipefitters, maintenance_____________________________
Plumbers, maintenance______________________________
Sheet-metal workers, maintenance________ ____________
Tool and die makers__________________________ _____

134
139
137
119
112

138
143
132
137
133
112

128
134
138
134
155

164
156
176
131
115

109

145
150
145

140
145
140

127
161
141
156
128

122
122

134
137
112

143
140

130
128

189
188
183
140
120

176
196
206
146
128

157
146

188
186

187

178

191

194

100

100
112

C ustodial and M aterial M ovement
M en

Elevator operators, passenger...________________________
Guards______________________________________________
Laborers, material handling_____________________________
Order fillers__________________________________________
Packers, shipping__________ _____________ ____________
Receiving clerks______________________________________
Shipping clerks______________ _____ ______________ _____
Truckdrivers:
Truckdrivers, light (under VA tons)__________________
Truckdrivers, medium (1A to and including 4 tons)____
Truckdrivers, heavy (over 4 tons, trailer type)_________
Truckdrivers, heavy (over 4 tons, other than trailer type)
Truckers, power (forklift)______________________________
Truckers, power (other than forklift)_____________________
W atchm en....________________________________________

100

106
104
112

109
119
126
114
117
125

100
111

109
115
109
126
131

100

114
109
112

107
113

116

110
121

129
116
126
148
139

109

119
129
144
139
118
107

111

138
139
116

100

100

100

93
96

91
91
98

93
91

120
110

105

107

107
111
121

108
133
137

104

136

121

130
154

100

102

103

90

90
90
94

97
93

120

131
145
145
131
123

Women

Elevator operators, passenger_____________
Janitors, porters, and cleaners_____________
Packers, shipping_______________________
See footnotes at end of table.


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

101

OCCUPATIONAL WAGE RELATIONSHIPS IN METROPOLITAN AREAS
T able

1.

1427

O c c u p a t io n a l A v e r a g e H o u r l y E a r n i n g s a s P e r c e n t a g e s 1 o f A v e r a g e s
M e t r o p o l it a n A r e a s , b y I n d u s t r y D i v i s i o n , 1961-62 — Continued

fo r

M en

J a n it o r s

in

Median establishment percentages in—
Sex and occupation

N onmanufactur ing
iring

Total

Public Wholesale
utilities 3
trade

Retail
trade

Finance 4 Services

Office C lerical
M en

Clerks, accounting, class A________________________
Clerks, accounting, class B ..... ........... ............ .............. __
Clerks, order____________________________________
Clerks, payroll___________________________
Office boys...................................................... ............ . . "
Tabulating-machine operators, class A_______________
Tabulating-machine operators, class B........................ .
Tabulating-machine operators, class C................... .........

135
108
132
82
135
116

146
119
129
128
93
153
130

101

111

120

131
117
124
95
139
118
109

153
118
131
130
92
138
129
107

112

106

101

101

158
124
125
138
90
158
130

160
120

95
166
136
113

164
125
140
100

137

Women

Billers, machine (billing machine)..................................... .
Billers, machine (bookkeeping machine)_____________
Bookkeeping-machine operators, class A................ ......... .
Bookkeeping-machine operators, class B _____________
Clerks, accounting class A_________________________
Clerks, accounting, class B ....................................... ...........
Clerks, file, class A.......... .................................................. .
Clerks, file, class B ............................................................. .
Clerks, file, class C______________________ _________
Clerks, order_____________________________________
Clerks, payroll.......................................................................
Comptometer operators____________________________
Duplicating-machine operators:
(Mimeograph or D itto)..................................................
Keypunch operators, class A._............................... .............
Keypunch operators, class B................................................
Office girls__________ ______ __________________ ___
Secretaries............................................................ .................
Stenographers, general.........................................................
Stenographers, senior...........................................................
Switch board operator-receptionists________ _____ ____
Tabulating-machine operators, class A...... ..................... .
Tabulating-machine operators, class B ......... .....................
Tabulating-machine operators, class C ................ ............ .
Transcribing-machine operators, general...... ..................
Typists, class A....... ..............................................................
Typists, class B....................................................................

105
106
117
102

123
102

98

88

83
106

no
97

88
101

91
78
123
100

108

102

128
115

105
110

129
109
135
111

113
95
92
102

118
105
131
105
105
90
88

no

109
137
114
137
111

105
97
92
95

121

129
144
129
148
134

129
104
140
109
119
97
93

104
108

122

125
108

117
109

105

106

120

139
113

138
129

100

97
107

108
107
104

97
118
106
91
141
115
128

95
118
103

113

88

100
86

113
103
138
110

123
110

143
122

95
97
89

106
105
108
98

191
152
118
119

199
160
126
138

102

102

118
109
123
107
113
93
87

128
106
117
107
136
115
95

no

106
92

121

88

129
106
119
107
124
102

105
93

111

116
104
97
104

86

143
109
128
119
144
128

112

85
156
125
146
115

no
105
115

100

114

101

112

189
142
144

145

P rofessional and T echnical 3
Draftsmen, leader_________________________________
Draftsmen, senior_________________________________
Draftsmen, junior_________________________________
Nurses, industrial (registered) (w om en)................... ......
i
These percentages show the relationship between straight-time average
hourly earnings for selected occupations in establishments with total employ­
ment of 100 or more. In each such establishment studied, the average earn­
ings for men janitors was used as a base (100); average earnings for other
occupations were converted to a percentage of that base. The median
indicates the midpoint in the array of establishment percentages for the
same occupation.

establishment’s men janitors.2 Earnings of men
janitors were assigned a base of 100, and average
hourly earnings for workers in other classifications
were converted to a percentage of that base.
3
Straight-time hourly earnings for office occupations were obtained by
dividing weekly earnings by standard weekly hours for which straight-time
salaries are paid. These were related to the janitors’ straight-time hourly
earnings to obtain a ratio, thus enabling comparisons of both plant and office
jobs.
3 The comparisons were made in establishments employing 100 or more
workers that employed men janitors and workers in at least one of the other
jobs studied; the number of establishments involved varied for d i f f e r e n t
occupations.
4 The approximate wage relationship between any two occupations shown
for the same region or industry grouping may be computed by using the
percentages shown as absolute numbers. For example, as the median per­
centages for maintenance electricians and receiving clerks in manufacturing
are 139 and 119, respectively, the average wage relationship of electricians to
receiving clerks will be found to be 117 percent (139/119 X 100).


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

184
145
120

135

175
127

175
128

3
Transportation, communication, and other public utilities.
3 Limited to men workers except where otherwise indicated.
4 Finance, insurance, and real estate.

N ote: Dashes indicate insufficient data to w arrant presentation

Janitors were selected because they are employed
in most establishments and because their position
is at or near the bottom of the pay scale,
Percentage differentials between wages of janitors
and jobs averaging higher pay can be computed
readily by subtracting 100 from the percentages
shown in the accompanying tables.
Establishment indexes for each occupation
were arrayed for the United States and for each
region and industry grouping for all of the estab­
lishments in which that occupation was found.3
The array medians (or mid-points) served to
compare occupational differentials.4 Differences
among establishments are shown in the accom­
panying chart as the range within which the
middle 50 percent of the establishments fell.

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, DECEMBER 1963

1428

T a ble 2. O c cupational A v er a g e H ourly E a r n in g s as P er ce n t a g e s 1 of A v e r a g e s for M e n J a n it o r s for S elected
I n d u s t r ie s in M etropo litan A r e a s , 196 1 -6 2 ______________________________________
Median establishment percentages forStandard
Industrial
Classifica­ Carpen­
tion Codea ters, main­
tenance

Industry*

M anufacturing
Meat products..................................... .................................
Dairy products-------------------------- -------------------------Fluid milk.......................................................................
Bakery products.---------------------------------------- ---------Beverage industries------------- ------ ---------------------------M alt liquors........................... ......................................
Paper mills, except building paper mills............................
Paperboard containers and boxes.----------------------------Newspapers: publishing and printing...................... .........
Commercial printing................................—.........................
Industrial inorganic and organic chemicals........................
Petroleum refining................................. ..............................
Glass and glassware, pressed or blown................ . . . .
..
Blast furnaces, steel works, and rolling and fininshmg
mills-------------------- ------------------------------------------Iron and steel foundries......................................................
Rolling, drawing and extruding of nonferrous m etals.......
Fabricated structural metal products.................................
Farm machinery and equipment----------------------------Construction, mining, and material-handling machinery
and equipment--------------------- ------- --------------------Metalworking machinery and equipment------------------Special industry machinery (except metalworking)..........
General industrial machinery and equipment.......... ........
Electric transmission and distribution equipment...........
Electrical industrial apparatus--------------------------------Communication equipment------------ _------- ---------------Motor vehicles and motor vehicle equipment-------------Aircraft and parts............. - ................ - ...............................

201

Electri­
cians,
main­
tenance

126

131

127
149
166
131

136
148
160
131
147
198
185
138
130
142

202

2026
205
208
2082
262
265
271
275
281
291
322

175
131
130
127

331
332
335
344
352

134
127
127
136

140
133
142
138
141

353
354
355
356
361
362
366
371
372

118
137

144
133
133

132
135
141
134
151
142
151
136
143

401
411
481
491
492
531
541
701

115

122

131

Machin­ Mechanics, Mechanics,
main­
Engineers, ists, main­ (automo­
stationary
tenance tive) main­ tenance
tenance

135

137
150
142
138
169
171
131
133
159

147
160
129
148
196
163
134
129
156

131

143
139
137
137

137

Painters,
main­
tenance

123
119

127
127
133
127
144
153

128
123
136
130
138
171

156

144
208

158

133

132

127
129

137
131

137
133
139
137
141

128

137
137

143

137
135

143

136

154
137
139

156
136
147

132
130

119

121
122

121

Ï32
136

128
149
152
118

128

145
129
125

N (^MANUFACTURING
Railroads------------------------------------- ---------------------Local and suburban passenger transportation..................
Telephone communication (wire or radio).----------------Electric companies and systems-------------------- ----------Gas companies and systems------------------------------------Department stores------------------------------- ------- --------Grocery stores___________________________________
Hotels and motels....................... - .......................................

150

1 See footnote 1, table 1.

.
,
.
,, ,,
,
* The 1957 revised edition of the Standard Industrial Classification M anual
was usod in classifying establishments by 3- and 4-digit industry groups.

Nationwide Pay Relatives

As shown in table 1, the differential for mainte­
nance electricians amounted to 96 percent in
services and 88 percent in retail trade, compared
with 34 and 39 percent, respectively, in public
utilities and manufacturing.
Interindustry differences in pay levels were much
smaller between electricians than between janitors.
Nationwide average hourly earnings drawn from
the same surveys are shown below:
Electricians,
maintenance Janitors

____
.........
.........

Interindustry difference...................

$3.09
3.14
2.91
3.03
3.16
2.81
.35

$2.03
1.96
1.73
1.41
1.67
1.54
.62

In view of the substantial differences among the
industry divisions in the relative wage spread
between the skilled trades and janitorial workers,

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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

155

155

204
169
209

195
147
205

154
124

189
154
215

115

123
156
146
126
173
147

151

136

189
134

197
145
189

N ote : Dashes indicate insufficient data to warrant presentation.

it is to be expected that pay relatives for inter­
mediate jobs would also vary substantially.
Median pay relatives for truck drivers operating
light delivery trucks ranged from 107 in wholesale
trade to 130 in the service industries.
Positioning of men in selected office and plant
occupations on the same scale for the manufactur­
ing division is indicated below:
Pay Relative

Office

152-155.......... Senior draftsmen.
134-135......... Clerks, accounting, class A.
Tabulating-machine operators,
class A.
120...............- Payroll clerks.

Plant

Tool and die makers.
Carpenters, maintenance.
Pipefitters, maintenance,

Truckdrivers, heavy (other
than trailer).
100-101_____ Tabulating-machine operators. Elevator operators. Janitors.
class C.

With few exceptions, pay relatives for men
exceeded those for women in the same jobs and
industry division. Differences in length of service
or experience and minor variations in duties and
responsibilities may be reflected in these estimates.
Furthermore, the median values relate to the
pairing of each job with men janitors, and the

1429

OCCUPATIONAL WAGE RELATIONSHIPS IN METROPOLITAN AREAS

medians for men and women are not drawn from
the same array of establishments.
Entry-level office workers (office boys and girls,
clerks doing routine filing work) generally held a
pay position below that of men janitors. Office
workers in nonmanufacturing held a more favor­
able position, relative to janitor pay, than those
in manufacturing. General stenographers, for
example, had a pay relative of 100 in manufac­

turing and from 106 to 125 among the 5 non­
manufacturing divisions.
Differentials also varied widely within each of
the broad industry groups. Wage relationships
are shown in table 2 for seven skilled trades in
selected manufacturing and nonmanufacturing
industries. The lowest medians for these trades
in manufacturing were usually in petroleum re­
fining, paper mills, industrial chemicals, and in

Relationships Between Earnings of Men Janitors and Maintenance Electricians, Selected
Manufacturing Industries, A ll Metropolitan Areas, 1961-62
Median Percentage and Middle Range W ithin Which One-Half of Establishments Fell
Men Janitors=IOO

INDUSTRY
Newspapers:

100

publishing and printing
Commercial printing

Malt liquors
Electric transmission

and

distribution equipment
Communication equipment

Paperboard containers and boxes

A irc raft end parts

Glass and glassware, pressed or blown
Farm machinery and equipment
Blast furnaces, steel works, and
rolling and finishing mills
Iron and steel foundries
Industrial organic and
inorganic chemicals
Bakery products
Motor vehicles and
motor-vehicle equipment
General industrial machinery
and equipment
Construction, mining, cind materials
handling machinery and equipment
Paper mills

(except building paper)

Meat products

Petroleum refining


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

120

140

160

180

200

220

240

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, DECEMBER 1963

1430

firms manufacturing dairy products. The greatest
spreads among the manufacturing firms were
recorded in newspaper publishing and printing
and in the malt liquor establishments. Overall,
the smallest wage differentials were found in
railroads and the greatest in hotels and motels.
Average earnings for carpenters in railroads
were only 15 percent above the rates for janitors.
In hotels and motels, the earnings of carpenters
were more than double (109 percent) the earnings
of men janitors. Among the seven jobs for which
relationships are shown in table 2, differences
between the lowest and highest industry medians
ranged from 52 points for automotive mechanics
to 96 points for stationary engineers.
Industries with a high degree of interplant simi­
larity in wage differentials were meatpacking,
petroleum refining, basic steel, motor vehicles,
and railroads. Greatest variations occurred in
malt liquors, newspapers, commercial printing,
department stores, and hotels and motels.
T a b l e 3.
as

One of the factors to be considered in com­
paring the pattern of occupational wage relation­
ships between industries is the type of collective
bargaining employed. More uniform wage rela­
tionships usually result when interplant bargain­
ing is industrywide, rather than with individual
employers; and a more systematic structure
is typically found within establishments when
bargaining is with one organization.
Regional Pay Relatives

As shown in table 3, average skill differentials
in metropolitan areas did not vary greatly from
one region to another except that in the South
they were much greater than elsewhere. Average
earnings for workers in the maintenance trades
and office clerical jobs in the South compared
more favorably with prevailing levels in other
regions than did rates for man janitors. The
following tabulation presents pay levels for these

O c cupational A vera g e H ourly E a r n in g s in M a n u fa c t u r in g a n d N o n m a n u fa c t u r in g E st a b l ish m e n t s
P er cen ta g es 1 of A v er a g es for M en J a nit o r s in M etropo litan A r e a s , by R e g io n ,2 1 9 61-62
Median establishment percentages in—
Manufacturing

Sex and occupation

M aintenance

and

and

South

North
Central

133
140
137
119
111
139
142
129
137
134
111
126
134
138
134
154

141
148
142
117
113
147
148
139
148
141
113
131
139
145
139
159

130
136
135
119
114
136
141
129
134
131
112
127
131
132
133
154

136
139
137
120
111
143
143
132
135
136
111
129
133

100
105
105
112
112
118
126

111
102
113
109
126
138

104
105
110
108
117
124

105
105
108
107
119
121

115
120
132
120

114
115
124
119
110
108
100

121

124
132

109
100

110
112
120
118
110
108
100

96
100

98
102

95
100

100

West

M en

134
156

111

118

111
109
100

Women

Elevator operators, passenger____ _ ___________ _______________________
Janitors, porters, and cleaners__________ ___ _____________________________
Packers, shipping______________________________________________ ______


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South

North
Central

151
148
153
134
111

184
193
201
127
121

170
163
172
131
118

144
143
141

172
166
169

140
146
142

146
148
138
123

189

167
143
176

172

100
105
106
115
108
121
132

100
121
106
114
108
136
135

100
110
112
118
112
124
128

100
114
114
117
104
125
130

129
134
146
141
119

114
122
147

117
126
133

116

101

101

120
135
145
147
126
108
100

92
88
92

96
95
101

87
87
96

90
94

West

170
155
168
109
145

M aterial M ovement

Elevator operators, passenger___________________________________________
Guards
_____ _________________________________________________
Laborers, material handling_______________________________ ____________
Order fillers.
_______ _ . . _________________________ - _____ - - _____
Packers, shipping.. ________________________ ________________________ Receiving clerks _ ___________________________________________________
Shipping clerks _ _ _____ __________________________ _______ _______
Truckdrivers;
Truckdrivers, light (under A tons)___________________________________
Truckdriversj medium (1A to and including 4 tons)_____________________
Truckdrivers, heavy (over 4 tons, trailer type)________ _______________
Truckdrivers! heavy (over 4 tons! other than trailer type)_______ _______
Truckers, power (forklift)___ _ _ _____________________________________
Truckers, power (other than f o r k l i f t ) „ „
Watchmen _____ ______________________ . . . . _____________________

See footnotes at end of table.

North­
east

P ower P lant 3

Carpenters, maintenance___________ _______________________________ -Electricians, maintenance_____________________________________ ________
Engineers, stationary__ _______________________________________________
Firemen, stationary boiler______________________________________________
Helpers, maintenance trades____________________________________________
Machine-tool operators, toolroom _____ ____ _
_
___ ...
Machinists, maintenance_________ _____________________________________
Mechanics, automative (maintenance)_______ __________________________
Mechanics, maintenance_______________________________________________
Millwrights
_ ________________________________________________
Oilers .
_ ____________________________________________________
Painters, m aintenance._____________ _________________________________
Pipefitters, maintenance___________________________ _________________ .
Plumbers, maintenance________________________________________________
Sheet-metal workers, maintenance_______________________________________
Tool and die m akers... _________ ___________________ ________________
Custodial

N onmanufacturing

North­
east

115
100

1431

OCCUPATIONAL WAGE RELATIONSHIPS IN METROPOLITAN AREAS
T a b l e 3. O c c u p a t io n a l A v e r a g e H o u r l y E a r n i n g s
a s P e r c e n t a g e s 1 o f A v e r a g e s f o r M e n J a n it o r s

in
in

M a n u f a c t u r in g a n d N o n m a n u f a c t u r in g E s t a b l is h m e n t s
M e t r o p o l it a n A r e a s , b y R e g i o n ,2 1961-62— Continued
Median establishment percentages in—
Manufacturing

Sex and occupation
North­
east

South

North
Central

136
104
136
119
80
135
114
100

150
122
139
134
92
154
132
117

133
106
130
119
80
132
113
100

103
108
120
104
123
103
100
88
87
108
111
102
91
101
93
82
126
103
112
106
128
113
105
97
97
92

117
126
139
117
137
116
114
104
91
120
122
114
98
109
104
83
138
113
122
111
137
117
114
108
100

102
90
113
98
119
97
95
86
80
102
107
91
84
100
86
76
117
94
103
95
122
111
98
91
94
84

197
159
119
121

221
168
131
129

181
146
114
112

N onmanufacturing
North­
east

South

North
Central

126
103
126
110
85
131
113

141
117
124
134
89
145
128
104

165
129
150
133
100
181
149
127

143
115
140
123
93
146
123
105

106

91
96
86

104
109
132
103
129
107
110
94
88
96
120
108
101
108
99
81
135
106
117
111
135
116
99
100
107
95

117
119
139
121
156
125
123
106
101
115
138
117
105
129
112
100
154
120
145
122
160
131
121
117
123
109

96
107
117
103
129
105
109
88
81
95
119
103
96
106
99
82
130
102
117
105
134
123
104
103
103
92

174
143
117
121

207
160
124
137

238
179
140
166

188
148
122
133

West

West

O f f ic e C ler ic al

M en

Clerks, accounting, class A___
____
Clerks, accounting, class B ___
. .
_ _
Clerks, order_______________ _________________
Clerks, payroll___________ _______________________ . _
Office boys_____ _____________ __ ___________
Tabulating-machine operators, class A........ .................................._
Tabulating-machine operators, class B____ _____ _____ __
____
Tabulating-machine operators, class 0 _____ _

.............
.
____

127
113
122
91
150
128

Women

Billers, machine (billing machine)___________ ________ ___________
Billers, machine (bookkeeping m achine)..
_
Bookkeeping-machine operators, class A
Bookkeeping-machine operators, class B __ _____ . . . . .
Clerks, accounting, class A_____ . .
.
. . . __
Clerks, accounting, class B ___
. . .
. _
Clerks, file, class A...........
............. . ____ __
Clerks, file, class B____. . . .
. .
... . .
Clerks, file, class C .. ______. . .
Clerks, order___ ____________________
Clerks, payroll_____ _______ ___________________
Comptometer operators______ _ _ ______________
Duplicating-machine operators (Mimeograph or Ditto)______
Keypunch operators, class A____ ____
.............. __ ___
________
Keypunch operators, class B __________ . . . .
.
______
Office girls... . . . . _____ _____
Secretaries______________ __________
. . . . . . _____
__________
Stenographers, general________ _______ _ _ . . .
.
. . .
Stenographers, senior _ ___ . ______
_ . ____ . .
___ _
Switchboard operator—recep tio n ists...____
___
_______
Tabulating-machine operators, class A____ __
. . . . . . .
____
Tabulating-machine operators! class B ____ _______
____ _ .....................
Tabulating-machine operators, class C____ ___ .
. ___ ________
Transcribing-machine operators, general.____ _ .
_______ . . .
Typists, class A___ . _
. . . .
Typists, class B __ .
________
_ . .
.
_ _ ____
P rofessional and T echnical8
Draftsmen, leader______ _________
Draftsmen! senior............. ........ ...... _ _
Draftsmen, junior__ _ __ . . __________ _
N u r s e s , in d u s tr ia l ('registered') ('women')

114
96
120
99
91
101
108
93
94
100
89
73
115
95
107
95
113

98
95
113
109
125
102
104
87
88
95
121
99
106
98
84
126
103
114
96
110
97
102
88

143
131

1 See footnote 1, table 1.
2 The regions are defined as follows: Northeast— Connecticut, Maine,
Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania,
Rhode Island, and Vermont; South —Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District
of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi,
North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia,

and West Virginia; North Central— Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan
Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and
Wisconsin; West—Arizona, California, Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Nevada,
New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.
8 Limited to men workers except where otherwise indicated.
N ote: Dashes indicate insufficient data to warrant presentation.

three groups in each of the regions, expressed as
percentages of national all-industry pay levels.5
The greater differentials in the South are trace­
able to the lower rates paid to janitors.

percent in 1945-47, and 37 percent in 1953.6
Limiting the comparisons to the same areas and
jobs as were used in 1953, the skill differential
averaged 37 percent in the current study.7 The
1953 report suggested that the problem of main­
taining skill differentials was being increasingly
recognized in labor-management negotiations, and
the period of stability since then measures the
extent to which such differentials have been
maintained.

Percent of nationwide average
North­
North
east South Central West

Office clerical workers. ... .
Skilled maintenance workers__
Janitors (men) _
__ ____

99
96
101

93
96
78

102
103
109

106
105
108

Long Term Trends
After a long period of narrowing differentials,
percentage differences in pay between skilled and
unskilled jobs in manufacturing industries have
remained about the same over the last decade.
Earlier Bureau studies have noted a decline from
105 percent in 1907 to 80 percent in 1931-32, 55

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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

— D o n a l d J. B lack m o re
Division of Occupational Pay
5 Based on aggregates obtained by multiplying occupational averages for 19
office jobs and, in the case of skilled maintenance, for 8 trades by the nation­
wide employment in each job.
6 See “ Occupational Wage Differentials, 1907-1947,” M onthly Labor Review,
August 1948 (p. 127), and “ Occupational Wage Relationships in Manufactur­
ing,” Monthly Labor Review, November 1953 (p. 1171).
7 These estimates relate to the median in an array of citywide average
differentials between 12 skilled jobs and janitors in manufacturing.

1432

Workmen’s Compensation
Enactments in 1963
M ore than 200 amendments in 46 States were
made to workmen’s compensation laws in 1963.
Of special significance were amendments providing
unlimited benefits for total disability in New
Hampshire; full medical benefits in Iowa; broad
subsequent injury coverage in Arizona and Mary­
land; removal of time limits for compensability in
cases of occupational diseases in Missouri and
Nebraska, and in cases of radiation-induced dis­
ability in Iowa and South Carolina. In all, 23
States raised cash benefits, 15 strengthened medi­
cal provisions, 3 increased rehabilitation benefits,
7 liberalized time limits for filing claims, and
numerous States extended coverage to additional
occupations or groups of workers, such as specified
public employees or hazardous occupations.

Cash Benefits

Of the 23 States which raised cash benefits, 17
did so for all types of disability and for death.
The remaining six—Nevada, North Dakota,
Oklahoma, Ohio, Massachusetts, and New Mexico—
raised some types of benefits but not all.
Colorado reduced benefits to some extent by re­
pealing the provision for a lump-sum payment in
case of remarriage of the widow or widower of a
deceased employee.
Altogether, 22 States raised maximum weekly
benefits for the most common type of disability—
temporary total—as shown in the table.
Weekly increases ranged from $1.50 to $3.50 in
13 States, up to $6 in Iowa, and to $7 in Georgia
and (for the first 12 weeks) in Ohio. The laws of
16 States and the District of Columbia, as well as
the Federal Employees’ Compensation Act and
the Longshoremen’s and Harbor Workers’ Com­
pensation Act now allow maximum benefits for
temporary total disability of $55 or more a week;
19 pay $40 or more but less than $55, and 15 and
Puerto Rico pay less than $40.
A new provision in Rhode Island made the
amount of benefits contingent upon whether the
worker is receiving benefits under the State
temporary disability insurance law. If he is, his
workmen’s compensation benefits remain un­
changed ($40 maximum), but if he has exhausted

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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, DECEMBER 1963

or is not entitled to temporary disability in­
surance payments, the maximum is raised to $45,
plus $3 for each dependent child up to a total
of $12.
Colorado also made the amount of its benefits
contingent upon whether the worker is getting
certain other benefits. If periodic disability
benefits are payable to a worker under the Federal
old-age, survivors, and disability insurance pro­
gram, his workmen’s compensation weekly bene­
fits are reduced (but not below zero) by an amount
approximating one-half the Federal benefits for a
given week. If disability benefits are payable
under an employer pension plan, workmen’s com­
pensation benefits shall be reduced proportion­
ately to the employer’s total contributions to the
plan.
Minimum weekly benefits were set for the first
time in Arizona—$30 for total disability, $25.38
for permanent partial disability, and $16.15 to
$30.77 for death, applicable to persons 21 years
of age or over. Weekly minimums were raised
in 10 States for one or more types of disability,
usually by $2 or $3, although Nebraska raised its
by $6 and Alabama by $10. Hawaii raised its
minimum from $18 to $35 for schedule injuries.
On the other hand, New Hampshire lowered its
minimum from $20 to $15.
Where aggregate totals are set by law, 13 States
raised them for one or more types of disability.
New Hampshire removed its maximum of 341
weeks and $14,322 for total disability, to provide
that after benefits have been paid for 6 years they
may be continued by annual determination of the
labor commissioner.
Five States made changes in the number of
weeks that payments may be made for schedule
injuries. Georgia extended the benefit period for
loss of one hand, one foot, or hearing in one ear
by 10 weeks each, and payments in such cases
may now be made for 160, 135, and 60 weeks,
respectively. Alabama extended the duration of
benefits for about half of its schedule injuries,
and Rhode Island for most of its schedule. In­
cluded in such changes were increases in benefit
weeks for the loss of a foot, which was raised to
139 weeks in Alabama and to 205 in Rhode
Island; loss of one eye, raised to 124 in Alabama
and to 160 in Rhode Island; and loss of hearing
in both ears, to 163 in Alabama and to 200 in
Rhode Island. In Indiana, the only change was

1433

WORKMEN’S COMPENSATION ENACTMENTS IN 1963

in connection with loss of sight. For loss of
vision by enucleation of one eye, 175 weeks is
now provided; for less than total enucleation,
compensation is to be paid for a period propor­
tional to the degree of permanent reduction of
sight.
In New Hampshire, certain injuries formerly
deemed by the law to be permanent total have
been added to the list of schedule permanent par­
tial injuries. These are loss of sight in both eyes,
loss of both feet, loss of both hands, and loss of
one foot plus one hand. The period of payments
for all these injuries has been set at 341 weeks,
whereas permanent total benefits are limited to
312 weeks, but with further payments as deter­
mined by the labor commissioner.
Nine States raised burial benefits. Georgia,
Tennessee, New Mexico, and Wisconsin increased
theirs from $350 to $500, Iowa and Vermont from
$300 to $500, Nebraska from $350 to $400, In­
diana from $500 to $750, and New Hampshire
from $500 to $800. Now the laws of 34 States and
the Federal Employees’ Compensation Act pro­
vide for burial benefits of $500 or more. In
Georgia, the former limitation of $100 for burial
expenses if the worker died from an occupational
disease was eliminated, and the new $500 maxi­
mum applies both in cases of accident and occu­
pational disease.
A Rhode Island amendment granted triple
rather than double compensation to a minor in­
jured while illegally employed.
By amending their waiting periods, Georgia
and Maine provided for additional benefits to
workers in some cases. Benefits are now payable
from the first day of incapacity if the disability
continues for 21 days in Maine, and 28 days in
Georgia.
Medical Benefits and Rehabilitation

Fifteen States strengthened the medical benefit
provisions of them compensation laws in 1963.
An Iowa amendment providing for full, rather
than limited, medical benefits brought to 38 the
number of States—in addition to the District of
Columbia, Puerto Rico, and the two Federal stat­
utes—that provide unlimited benefits. The Iowa
amendment raised the initial benefits from $3,000
to $7,500, with further payments to be made if
the labor commissioner deems them necessary.

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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

M

a x im u m

W e e k l y T em po r a r y T otal D
B e n e f i t s I n c r e a s e d in 1963

State

Former maximum

Alabama______
Colorado______
Georgia......... .
Idaho..................
Indiana_______
Iowa...................
Kansas...............
Maine________
Massachusetts-

$33.00
40.25
30.00
2 28.00-48.00
39.00
2 32.00-44.00
38.00
39.00
50.00 plus $6.00 for each
child.
1 3 7 .0 0 -.._____________
l 27.50________________
2 41.25-57.12
42.00
35.00
2 42.00-57.00
49.00

Nevada......... .
NewHampshire.
North CarolinaNorth D akota...
Ohio...................
Oklahoma_____
Rhode Island—
South D akota...
Tennessee...........
U ta h ................
Vermont______
Wisconsin..........

35.00
40.00
35.00
34.00
239.00-52.75
36.00 plus $2. 00 for each
child.
60.00

is a b il it y

New maximum
$38.00
i 43. 75
37.00
2 32.00-52.00
42.00
2 34.00-50.00
42.00
42.00
53.00 plus $6.00 for each
child.
40.00 first 300 weeks
32.00 thereafter
45. OO- 2 62.31
45.00
37.50
2 45.00-60.00
56.00 first 12 weeks (there­
after same as before,
$49.00).
37. 50
3 4 5.00-57.00
plus $3.00
for each child up to a
total of $12 . 00.
38.00
36.00
2 40.00-54.25
39.00 plus $2.50 for each
child.
64.00

1 This amount is reduced if the employee receives certain other disability
benefits.
2 Including dependents.
3 Applies only if the worker is not getting benefits under the Temporary
Total Disability Act.

It also added the services of special nurses, pros­
thetic devices, and ambulance charges to the
medical benefits under the law. Georgia elimi­
nated the $500 limitation on medical benefits in
cases of occupational diseases, so that now these
benefits equal those for accidental injuries. New
Hampshire extended to 6 months the initial
period for medical benefits, after which the labor
commissioner may extend the period.
The Florida, Indiana, and Maine statutes now
provide unlimited benefits; formerly these three
States had full benefits, but limited the initial
period of time or the monetary benefits, with
additional services authorized in individual cases
by the commissioner. Previously, Florida pro­
vided an initial amount of $1,000; Indiana, a
period of 180 days; and Maine, 30 days and $100.
In Indiana, the employer is now required also to
pay necessary travel expenses to an employee who
must go to another county for treatment.
Of the 12 States that now limit medical bene­
fits during 1963, 7 increased either the period of
time during which benefits may be paid, or the
monetary amounts, or both. Alabama extended
the time to 2 years, and the amount to $2,400;
Kansas eliminated its time limitation and raised
the monetary benefits to $6,000. Colorado raised
its initial benefits to $2,500, and permitted an

1434
additional amount—up to $1,000—if the Indus­
trial Commission finds that the employee’s con­
dition would thus be materially improved. South
Dakota raised its initial amount to $1,700 and
the additional amount to $1,200. Tennessee spec­
ified that in addition to the $1,800 already per­
mitted, an extra $700 may be awarded for “un­
usual medical expenses.” Georgia increased the
initial sum to $2,000 and the additional sum to
$500. New Mexico raised the monetary benefits
to $3,000, and also removed the former limitation
of $250 for a hernia operation.
An Alaska amendment added eye glasses, hear­
ing aids, dentures, and similar devices and appli­
ances to the list of prosthetic devices that may
be furnished an injured worker. Alaska and New
Mexico added dentists and optometrists to the
definition of doctor.
Hawaii provided for free choice of a physician
where the services of a specialist are needed, and
Illinois authorized the services of an accredited
practitioner of a recognized church if the em­
ployee and his employer so agree in writing and
the employee submits to all physical examinations
required under the law.
Hawaii, Utah, and Alaska increased rehabilita­
tion benefits. Hawaii added necessary traveling
expenses, living expenses up to $35 a week, and
the cost of books, tuition, and necessary training
equipment up to a total of $5,000 per person—all to
be allowed if the person is demonstrating coopera­
tion and satisfactory progress. Utah raised from
$39 to $40 the weekly payment during the 10
weeks an employee suffering from an occupational
disease is in active rehabilitation training; it also
increased the amount from $735 to $753 to be
paid toward the rehabilitation of a person per­
manently and totally disabled, whether from acci­
dent or disease. The Alaska amendment provided
additional benefits up to one-half of those allowed
for temporary total disability for workers being
rehabilitated who are no longer entitled to
temporary benefits.
Coverage

Several States extended coverage of their work­
men’s compensation law to various categories of
public employees or those under public supervi­


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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, DECEMBER 1963

sion. For instance, Colorado and Montana ex­
tended such coverage to recipients of general relief
who are performing work on county or city proj­
ects; Oregon, to prison inmates injured while em­
ployed on authorized work projects; California,
to persons—including prisoners—engaged in fight­
ing a fire at the request of a public officer, and
persons engaged in law enforcement activities or
in assisting any peace officer; Wisconsin, to mem­
bers of any legally organized rescue squad; Iowa,
to the county board of education; and West
Virginia, to employees of county development
authorities.
A special Oregon act provided coverage for
mentally retarded minors who are injured or
killed while participating in a special on-the-job
training program of the school district in which
they are enrolled. Benefits to such minors or
their beneficiaries will be paid in the same manner
as to injured workmen. However, no benefits
will be paid for temporary partial disability, and
the maximum amount payable for any one claim
may not exceed $7,500, including medical expenses
and rehabilitation. A special injury fund was
created to provide payments under this act, with
an appropriation of $15,000.
North Carolina and Arkansas added to coverage
under their laws exposure to ionizing radiation, in
addition to the previously covered X-rays and
radioactive substances. North Carolina also
added to its schedule coverage infection or inflam­
mation of any internal or external organs of the
body due to irritating oils, cutting compounds, or
similar substances.
Wyoming added certain categories of employees
to the list of extra-hazardous occupations for which
compulsory coverage is provided, including driver
license examiners and field supervisors of the
motor vehicle department; sanitary engineers of
the public health department; public health nurses
and public school nurses; and professional nurses
employed in hospitals (exclusive of private duty
nurses).
Nevada added a provision that a person engaged
in selling or delivering newspapers and periodicals
directly to the public, acting under the control of
a publisher or distributor, shall be deemed an
employee of such publisher or distributor for
purposes of the workmen’s compensation act.

WORKMEN’S COMPENSATION ENACTMENTS IN 1963

Occupational Diseases

A number of States made changes applying
specifically to occupational diseases. Colorado
increased compensation for death or disability re­
sulting from an occupational disease. For in­
stance, the maximum for partial disability was
increased from $2,500 to $2,717.36, and the maxi­
mum in cases where an occupational disease re­
sults in two or more disabilities was increased
from $5,000 to $5,434.78.
The maximum compensation for silicosis and
asbestosis was increased from $4,000 to $6,000 in
Vermont payable at the end of a transitional
period. During the transition, such benefits start
at $400 and increase by $50 each month up to a
maximum of $6,000. The act also deleted the
former maximum of $2,000 payable to persons
signing waivers for occupational diseases, and pro­
vided instead that compensation payable shall not
exceed 60 percent of the total benefits payable
under this act.
Until July 1, 1965, supplemental compensation
up to $3,000 may be paid under the Nevada law
to claimants or dependents who have received the
maximum benefits payable for disability or death
from silicosis.
Nebraska and Missouri removed requirements
that to be compensable, death—and in Nebraska,
disability also—due to occupational diseases must
occur within a specified time period following the
injury. Iowa and South Carolina deleted similar
limitations for disability and death due to ionizing
radiation.
Time Limits for Filing Radiation Claims

Seven States liberalized time limits for filing
radiation claims. Four States based the new time
limit on knowledge of the disablement: Georgia,
Kansas, and North Carolina set 1 year, and
Arkansas 2 years, from the date the employee
first suffered disability and either knew or should
have known that the disease was caused by his
present or prior employment. Arkansas and
Kansas also exempted radiation diseases from
the requirement that the disability due to an
occupational disease had to manifest itself within
1 year after the last exposure.


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

1435
The other three States made other changes
affecting the time limits for filing claims. South
Carolina exempted radiation claims from the time
limit of 1 year from last exposure applying to
other occupational diseases. Wisconsin removed
the 25-year limitation previously set for the right
to apply for radiation compensation, retaining
the time limit for claims of 2 years from knowledge.
Under an Illinois amendment, an employee now
has 15 years after the last exposure in which to
file a claim for radiation injury. Another Illinois
amendment made radiation disease compensable
if it occurs within 15 years after last exposure,
retaining the time limit for filing claim of 1 year
after disablement.
Subsequent Injury Fund and Other Amendments

Maryland and Arizona changed their sub­
sequent injury coverage from limited to broad
coverage. The preexisting injury in both States
now includes any impairment due to a disease
or disabling condition whether or not caused by
an industrial injury. The combined disability
in Arizona must be permanent total disability
or a continuing disability equal to 40 percent or
more of general functional disability, and in
Maryland permanent disability substantially
greater than would have resulted from the
subsequent injury alone and which exceeds 50
percent of the body as a whole.
Idaho and Washington legislatures authorized
reciprocal agreements with other States and the
Provinces of Canada regarding workmen’s com­
pensation claims when the injury is suffered in
another State or a Province.
Washington made an appropriation of up to
$1,750,000 from its accident and medical aid
funds to establish at the University of Washington
School of Medicine an occupational and environ­
mental research facility for testing, training, and
other services in the fields of industrial health,
the prevention of occupational disease, the promo­
tion of safer working environments, and the
dissemination of information.
-—N o r e n e M. D ia m o n d
Bureau of Labor Standards

1436

Earnings in the Dress Manufacturing
Industry, March-April 1963
A verage straight- time hourly earnings of
production workers in women's and misses' dress
manufacturing shops ranged from $2.49 in New
York City to $1.50 in Dallas, among the 12 im­
portant dress manufacturing areas studied by the
Bureau of Labor Statistics in March-April 1963.1
These 12 areas accounted for about 93,000 pro­
duction workers; nearly three-fifths of these were
employed in New York City.2
Individual earnings in each area were widely
dispersed, reflecting such industry characteristics
as the extensive use of incentive wage systems and
differences in types of work. Earnings informa­
tion was obtained separately for selected occupa­
tions.
Approximately nine-tenths of the production
workers covered by the study were employed in
shops having agreements with the International
Ladies’ Garment Workers' Union. These agree­
ments included provisions for paid vacations, paid
holidays, various types of health and welfare
benefits, and retirement pension plans.

Earnings

Average hourly earnings were highest in New
York City ($2.49) and exceeded $2 in four addi­
tional areas—Boston, Los Angeles-Long Beach,
Newark and Jersey City, and Paterson-CliftonPassaic. (See table 1.) Earnings averaged $1.50
an hour in Dallas, $1.54 in Cleveland, and ranged
from $1.73 to $1.96 in the remaining five areas.3
Variations in area wage averages for production
workers were partly due to differences in manufac­
turing methods and processes. For example, in
4 of the 5 areas with average earnings over $2 an
hour, a large majority of the workers were em­
ployed in shops using the single-hand (tailor)
system of sewing;4 the section system was pre­
dominant in both Dallas and Cleveland, the areas
with lowest average earnings.
Contract shops which manufacture dresses from
materials owned by others accounted for twothirds of the workers in New York City and ninetenths or more in Fall River and New Bedford,
Newark and Jersey City, Paterson-Clifton-Pas
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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, DECEMBER 1963

saic, and Wilkes-Barre-Hazleton areas. In each
of the other areas studied, regular (inside) shops
were predominant. In New York City, the only
area for which data were tabulated separately for
the two types of shops, workers in contract shops
averaged $2.39 an hour, compared with $2.68 in
regular shops.
Approximately three-fourths of the workers in
the dress manufacturing industry in New York
City were women; in the other areas studied, the
proportions ranged from five-sixths in Boston to
more than nine-tenths in six other areas. Men's
average earnings exceeded women's earnings by
amounts varying from more than 60 percent in
two areas to less than 10 percent in two other
areas. Men were usually employed as cutters and
markers, pressers, and in the custodial and main­
tenance jobs, while sewing operations were largely
performed by women.
Incentive-paid workers (nearly always individ­
ual piecework) accounted for almost two-thirds
of the production workers in the 12 areas studied.
The proportion of workers paid on this basis varied
from slightly more than one-half in Boston to fourfifths in Paterson-Clifton-Passaic and in most
other areas was within a range of three-fifths to
seven-tenths.
Earnings of individual workers were widely dis­
persed in each area and, as indicated in table 2,
the proportion of workers at different earnings
levels differed among the areas. For example, a
fourth of the workers in New York City received
$3 an hour or more, and less than 3 percent re­
ceived under $1.25, whereas in Cleveland and
Dallas, the proportions were almost the reverse.
Sewing machine operators accounted for approx­
imately half of the production workers in eight
areas; in Fall River and New Bedford, Newark
• The survey included establishments primarily engaged in manufacturing
women’s, misses’, and Juniors’ dresses, except house dresses (part of industry
2335, as defined in the 1957 edition of the Standard Industrial Classification
M anual prepared by the U.S. Bureau of the Budget). Establishments with
fewer than eight workers were excluded.
The term “ production workers,” as used in this study, includes working
foremen and all nonsupervisory workers engaged in nonoffice functions.
Administrative, executive, and professional workers were excluded.
A more comprehensive account of the study will be presented in a forth­
coming BLS bulletin. Individual area releases are available on request.
3 For definition of areas, see footnote 2, table 1.
3 At the time of the Bureau’s previous study, in August 1960, average hourly
earnings in the 12 areas ranged from $1.39 in Dallas to $2.48 in New York City.
See “ Wages in the Dress Manufacturing Industry, August 1960,” Monthly
Labor Review, July 1961, pp. 743-748.
4 In the single-hand (tailor) system of sewing, a sewing machine operator
performs all or most of the sewing operations required on a garment; section
system operators sew a specific part (o, parts) of a garment

1437

EARNINGS IN THE DRESS MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY

higher than the average for section-system oper­
ators.
Cutters and markers, an occupation predomi­
nantly composed of men and paid on a time-rate
basis, had the highest earnings among the occu­
pations for which data are shown in most areas.
Their average earnings ranged from $2.07 an hour
in Dallas to $3.51 in Paterson-Clifton-Passaic.
Thread trimmers, nearly all women, usually had
the lowest average hourly earnings, ranging from
$1.23 in Dallas to $1.72 in St. Louis.
Earnings of individual workers varied greatly
within the same job and area, especially among

and Jersey City, P'aterson-Clifton-Passaic, and
Wilkes-Barre-Hazleton, three-fifths or more were
employed in this occupation. Average hourly
earnings of single-hand system operators ranged
from $1.51 in Cleveland to $2.49 in New York
City; earnings of section-system operators ranged
from $1.49 in Cleveland to $2.40 in PatersonClifton-Passaic. In New York City, single-hand
(tailor) system operators averaged 29 cents an hour
more than section-system operators; in most of
the other areas for which data are shown for both
types of operators, average hourly earnings of
single-hand system operators were at least 20 cents
T

a b l e 1. N u m b e r a n d A v e r a g e S t r a ig h t - T im e H o u r l y E a r n i n g s 1 o f W o r k e r s i n S e l e c t e d P r o d u c t io n O c c u ­
p a t io n s i n W o m e n ’ s a n d M i s s e s ’ D r e s s M a n u f a c t u r in g E s t a b l i s h m e n t s , 12 S e l e c t e d A r e a s ,2 M a r c h - A p r i l

1963
Boston

Chicago

Cleveland

Fall River and
New Bedford

Dallas

Los AngelesLong Beach

Newark and
Jersey City

Occupation

A ll production workers___________

M en____ _______ ___________
W omen.._____ ______________

Workers

Earn­
ings 1

Work­
ers

Earn­
ings 1

Work­
ers

Earn­
ings 1

Work­
ers

Earn­
ings 1

Work­
ers

Earn­
ings 1

Work­
ers

Earn­
ings 1

Work­
ers

2,073
342
1,731

$2 .1 1
3.12
1.91

2,753
402
2, 351

$1.96
2.74
1.82

723
73
650

$1.54
2.03
1.49

2,650
233
2, 417

$1.50
1.78
1.47

5, 560
335
5,225

$1.77

5,812
675
5,137

$2.01
2.62
1.93

4,492
299
4,193

$2.07
3.07

99

$3.19
1.45
3.39
3. 77
1.59

175
38
216

$3.08
1.77

36

$2.41

110

2.68

55

1.51

$3.26
1.46
3. 38

7

1.38

85

$2.64
1.34
1.93
2.27
1.39

36
95
350

1.82

33
69
528
36
162

316
95
427

225

$2.07
1.25
1.45
1.72
1.37

$3.15

135
16
149

507

1.66

317

1.63

285

1.93

699

1.71

324

1.49

1,269

1.51

3,385

1.89

429

1.84

1,938

2.05

643
42
23

2.27
1.38
1.43

682
44
38

2.07
1.46
1.44

72
26

1.51
1.40
1.48

106
52
55

1.68

470
133

1.37
1.46

2,288
213

2.09
1.27
1.46

858
249

2.33
1.35

1.88

1.76

Earn­
ings 1

2.00

Selected Occupations >
Cutters and m ark ers____________
Inspectors, final (examiners)
Pressers, hand_____________ _____
Pressprs machina
Sewers, hand___ _____ __________
Sewing machine operators, section
system.......................................—
Sewing machine operators, singlehand (tailor) system
Thread trimmers (cleaners)_______
Work distributors........... ............

21

22

New York City
All shops

Regular shops 4 Contract shops

104
204
22

1.23
1.36

PatersonClifton-Passaic

Philadelphia

8

1.66

2.28

St. Louis

Wilkes-BarreHazleton
Earnings 1

Workers

Earnings 1

Workers

Earnings 1

Workers

Earnings 1

Workers

Earnings 1

Workers

Earnings 1

Workers

Earnings 1

Workers

53,171
M en..................... ........................ 13, 021
Women...... .................................. 40,150

$2. 49
3. 27
2.24

18,183
8,380
9,803

$2.68
2.95
2.45

34, 988
4. 641
30, 347

$2.39
3.84
2.17

2,001
200

$2.37
4.33
2.15

4, 323
520
3,803

$1.93
2.42
1.87

2,240
207
2,033

$1.89
2.33
1.84

6, 561

3,745
1.055
3,594
78
5,149

$3.38
1.72
4. 55
5. 77
1.80

3, 418
558
615
42
1,067

$3.37
1.83
4.60
6.96
2.04

327
497
2,979

$3.46
1.60
4.54

25
164

11

$3. 51
1.59
4.59

197
127
321

$3.17
1.51
2.28

90
47
138

4,082

1.73

168

1.63

201

1.56

95

$2.83
1.55
2.32
1.85
1.64

168

1.48

2,324

2.20

2,066

2.18

388

2.40

2,117

1.91

921

1.95

4,231

1.79

24 32ß
1,641
160

2.49
1.42
1.56

20,185
1,360

2.40
1.41
1.52

945
94

2.29
1.39

288
153

2.14
1.46
1.44

207
44
60

2.19
1.72
1.44

450

1.36
1.49

A ll production workers.......................

1,801

7,110
549

$1.73
1.82
1.72

80
69
505

$2.45
1. 39

Selected Occupations »
Cutters and markers___ __________
Inspectors, final (examiners)_______
Pressers, h a n d .___ _____________
Sewers, hand____________________
Sewing machine operators, section
s y s te m ______________________
Sewing machine operators, singleThread trimmers (cleaners)...............
Work distributors......... .................. .

4 141
281
40

2.93
1.46
1.65

i Excludes premium pay for overtime and for work on weekends, holidays,
and late shifts.
» Standard Metropolitan Statistical Areas as defined by the Bureau of
the Budget, except: Chicago (Cook County, 111.); New York City (the 5
boroughs); and Philadelphia (Philadelphia and Delaware Counties, Pa.,
and Camden County, N.J.). The Fall River and New Bedford and Newark
and Jersey City areas are combinations of Standard Metropolitan Statistical
Areas.
s Data relate to all workers in the selected occupations. Cutters and
markers in all areas and pressers in a few areas, were predominantly men;


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

120

21

10

102

2.22

women were predominant in the remaining occupations shown. The forth­
coming bulletin will include separate wage data for men and women in these
occupations wherever publication criteria are met.
«Includes jobbing shops performing some manufacturing operations,
such as cutting and packing and shipping, in addition to regular (inside)
shops.
N ote : Dashes indicate no data reported or data that do not meet publi­
cation criteria.

1438

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, DECEMBER 1963

T able 2. P e r c en t D ist r ib u t io n of A ll P roduction
W orkers in W om en ’s and M is s e s ’ D r e ss M a n u ­
fa c tur ing E st a b l ish m e n t s , b y A v erage S tr aigh t T ime H o urly E a r n in g s ,1 12 S elec ted A r e a s ,2
M arch - A pril 1963
Percent of workers receiving hourly earnings
Area 2

$1.25 $1.50 $2.00 $2.50
Under and
and
and
and
$1.25 under under under under
$1.50 $2.00 $2.50 $3.00

Boston________ ______ ____
C h i c a g o . _______________
Cleveland_____ _______ _
Dallas____________________
Fall River and New BedfordLos Angeles-Long Beach____
Newark and Jersey City____
New York City......................
Paterson-C lifton-Passaic____
Philadelphia______________
St. L ouis.. ______________
Wilkes-Barre-Hazleton...........

7.1
4.4
20.0

22.4
4.7
8.3
6.2

2.3
1.3
3.9
3.3
7.2

21.8

22.7
39.6
37.6
32.6
17.3
22.9
11.7
10.9
28.0
23.8
37.2

26.6
36.3
28.2
29.3
36.8
32.4
29.6
25.0
28.8
33.0
39.9
32.4

19.2
19.4
6.7
8.4
16.7
18.5
17.6
19.2
24.3
17.0
18.5
15.6

12.4
8.9
4.7
1.8
6.6
12.0

10.5
15.6
18.8
9.6
9.8
4.9

$3.00
and
over

12.7
8.2

.9
.5
2.7
11.4
13.2
26.0
14.9
8.5
5.0
2.9

i See footnote 1, table 1.
2See footnote 2, table 1.
N ote: Because of rounding, sums of individual items m ay not equal 100.

piecework jobs. The following tabulation indi­
cates the number of incentive-paid women sewing
machine operators, single-hand system, in New
York City with specified hourly earnings.
Hourly earnings

Under $1.50____________________________
$1.50 and under $2.00___________________
$2.00 and under $2.50___________________
$2.50 and under $3.00___________________
$3.00 and under $3.50___________________
$3.50 and under $4.00___________________
$4.00 and over_________________________
Total number of workers__________
Average hourly earnings__________

Num ber of
workers

1, 827
5, 308
5, 764
4, 523
2, 566
1, 371
743
22, 102
$2. 44

Establishment Practices

Work schedules of 35 hours a week were in effect
in March-April 1963 in shops employing at least
nine-tenths of the production workers in six areas
and more than four-fifths of those in four other
areas. In Dallas and Los Angeles-Long Beach,
nearly nine-tenths of the workers were employed
by establishments reporting a 40-hour workweek.
Paid holiday provisions varied among the areas
and, in some instances, differed among establish­
ments within the same area and for time and incen­
tive-paid workers within an establishment. Pre­
dominant provisions ranged from 4 days a year in
Cleveland to 6% days in Fall River and New
Bedford, New York City, Newark and Jersey City,
Paterson-Clifton-Passaic, and Wilkes-BarreHazleton.

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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

Health and welfare benefits, vacation payments,
pension plans, and supplementary unemployment
benefits were provided for in agreements with the
International Ladies’ Garment Workers’ Union.
These contracts were in effect in establishments
employing four-fifths or more of the workers in all
areas except Dallas and Los Angeles-Long Beach,
where the proportions were about one-tenth. The
contract provisions included payment of health
and welfare benefits in all areas and vacation bene­
fits in all except four areas,5 from a fund to which
employers contributed a stipulated percentage of
payrolls for workers covered by the agreements.
The amount of employer contributions and bene­
fits provided differed among the areas. In some
areas, vacation payments were based on the
worker’s earnings in the previous year while in
other areas they varied according to craft. Other
benefits commonly provided from the health and
welfare funds included hospitalization, surgery,
maternity, and eyeglass benefits, services at the
union health center, and death benefits.
Retirement pension benefits (other than those
available under Federal old-age, survivors, and
disability insurance) were provided through em­
ployer contributions to a retirement fund. In
nearly all areas, qualified workers were eligible
for payments from this fund of $50 a month at
age 65 and their beneficiaries were entitled to a
$500 lump-sum death benefit.
Supplementary unemployment benefits for quali­
fied workers whose employers go out of business
were provided from a national severance fund to
which employers contributed one-half percent of
their couered payrolls. This fund, administered
jointly by the union and employers, provides both
a lump-snm severance benefit up to $400 and
supplemental unemployment benefits ranging up
to $25 for as long as 48 weeks to qualified workers,
depending on earnings and length of service.
In New York City, Newark and Jersey City,
and Paterson-Clifton-Passaic, the contracts pro­
vided for payment of the full cost, including work­
ers’ contributions, of temporary disability benefits
stipulated under their respective State disability
benefits laws.
— F r e d W. M ohr
Division of Occupational Pay

5 Workers received vacation payments directly from their employers in
Chicago, Cleveland, Dallas, and St. Louis.

EARNINGS IN THE MACHINERY INDUSTRIES

Earnings in the Machinery
Industries, March-May 1963
A v e r a g e s t r a i g h t - t i m e h o u r l y e a r n i n g s of pro­
duction and related workers in the nonelectrical
machinery industries rose by 2.7 percent between
March-June 1962 and March-May 1963 in 21
metropolitan areas studied by the Bureau of Labor
Statistics.1 Detroit and San Francisco-Oakland
led in pay levels for machinery workers. Tool
and die makers were the highest paid occupational
group studied in most areas, as in previous
surveys.

Industry Characteristics

Employment in the nonelectrical machinery
industries in the 21 areas totaled approximately
525,000—more than a third of the nationwide
total for these industries. The number of workers
within scope of the survey in the respective areas
is shown in the following tabulation :
Num ber of workers

Chicago---------------------------------------------------------Detroit----------------------------------------------------------Milwaukee___________________________________
Los Angeles-LongBeach_______________________
Cleveland____________________________________
Philadelphia__________________________________
Newark and JerseyCity________________________
Hartford--------------------------------------------------------Minneapolis-St. Paul__________________________
New York C ity----------------------------------------------Boston----------------------------------------------------------St. Louis--------------------------------------------------------Houston______________________________________
Pittsburgh____________________________________
Buffalo--------------------------------------------------------San Francisco-Oakland________________________
Dallas-------------------------------------------------------------Baltimore-------------------------------------------------------Worcester_____________________________________
Portland (Oreg.)----------------------------------------------Denver------------------------------------------------------------

77, 000
64,700
46, 600
4 3 ,800
34 (900
3 ^ 700
31, 100
30 ,800
22 ,200
21 ,300
20 ,900
15 ,700
14 ;
14 t400
11,500
10 ,600
8,
8,
8 100
3’
3,

The principal types of machinery manufactured
differed among the areas. For example, a major­
ity of the workers in Worcester and more than
two-fifths in Cleveland, Detroit, and Pittsburgh
were employed in establishments primarily manu­
facturing metalworking machinery and equip­
ment; a majority of those in Denver and Houston


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

1439
were in construction, mining, and material-han­
dling machinery establishments; and approxi­
mately two-fifths in Buffalo and Hartford were
in establishments making general industrial ma­
chinery and equipment. Other types of machin­
ery manufacture covered by the study included
engines and turbines ; farm machinery and equip­
ment; special industry machinery; office, com­
puting, and accounting machines ; service industry
machines ; and miscellaneous machinery .
Establishments with fewer than 250 workers ac­
counted for nearly two-fifths of the workers with­
in the scope of the survey; establishments with
250 to 2,499 workers, a slightly larger proportion ;
and establishments with 2,500 or more, nearly an­
other fifth. A majority of the workers in Denver,
Los Angeles-Long Beach, New York City, and
San Francisco-Oakland were in establishments
with fewer than 250 workers. Hartford and Mil­
waukee were the only areas in which more than
half of the workers were in establishments with
2,500 or more employees.
Average Hourly Earnings
Trends. Average straight-time hourly earnings of
production workers in the 21 areas studied rose
2.7 percent between March-June 1962 and MarchMay 1963, compared with an increase of 2.8 per­
cent between March-May 1961 and March-June
1962 (table 1). Baltimore had the greatest in­
crease (4.9 percent) between the 1962 and 1963
survey periods, with increases exceeding 3 per­
cent in seven additional areas. Houston, Phila­
delphia,
and Pittsburgh were the only areas in
900
1
T h e s t u d y in c lu d e d e s t a b lis h m e n t s c la s s if ie d in in d u s t r y g r o u p
3 5 , a s d e fin ed in th e 1 9 5 7 e d it io n o f t h e S ta n d a r d I n d u s tr ia l
C900
la ssifica tio n M a n u a l p r e p a r e d b y th e U .S . B u r e a u o f t h e B u d g e t .
O m itte d fr o m th e s u r v e y w e r e ( 1 ) e s t a b lis h m e n t s e m p lo y in g
800
f e w e r t h a n 8 w o r k e r s a n d p r im a r ily e n g a g e d in m a n u f a c t u r in g
s p e c ia l d ie s a n d t o o ls , d ie s e t s , j ig s , fix t u r e s , m a c h in e t o o l a c c e s ­
s o600
r ie s a n d m e a s u r in g d e v ic e s , a n d ( 2 ) o t h e r n o n e le c t r ic a l m a c h in ­
e ry
500e s t a b lis h m e n t s e m p lo y in g f e w e r t h a n 2 0 w o r k e r s .
A m o re c o m p r e h e n s iv e a c c o u n t o f t h e s u r v e y w ill b e p r e s e n t e d
in a fo r t h c o m in g b u lle t in .
I n d iv id u a l a r e a r e le a s e s p r o v id in g
m o r e d e t a ile d w a g e d a t a f o r s e le c t e d o c c u p a t io n s a r e a v a ila b le
o n r e q u e st.
W a g e s in t h e m a c h in e r y m a n u f a c t u r in g in d u s t r ie s a r e s tu d ie d
e a c h y e a r a s p a r t o f th e B u r e a u ’s p r o g r a m o f o c c u p a t io n a l w a g e
s u r v e y s , b u t th e d a t a c o n c e r n in g u n io n iz a t io n , th e p r e v a le n c e o f
in c e n t i v e w a g e p a y m e n t s , w o r k s c h e d u le s , a n d s u p p le m e n ta r y
w a g e b e n e fits a r e s u r v e y e d o n a 2 -y e a r c y c le .
T h e la te s t d a ta
a v a ila b le o n t h e s e it e m s a r e p r e s e n t e d in “ E a r n in g s in t h e
M a c h in e r y I n d u s t r ie s , M a r c h - J u n e 1 9 6 2 ,” M o n th ly L a b o r R e v ie w ,
D e c e m b e r 1 9 6 2 , pp . 1 3 7 9 - 1 3 8 2 .

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, DECEMBER 1963

1440
which the rate of increase averaged less than 2
percent. General wage changes usually account
for much of the year-to-year movement in wages,
although other factors such as labor turnover, in­
centive earnings, and changes in employment in
establishments with different pay levels also affect
the trend in wages.
Wage movement also varied between the skilled
and unskilled jobs studied. Average hourly earn­
ings of tool and die makers (other than jobbing)
in all areas combined rose 2.4 percent (about 8
cents) while earnings of material-handling labor­
ers increased 2.9 percent (approximately 6 cents).
Since 1945, when the Bureau started this series of
occupational wage relationship studies for the ma­
chinery industries, average earnings for these oc­
cupations have increased 138 and 184 percent, re­
spectively. The difference between the rates of
increase was much greater between 1945 and 1955

than it has been since 1955, due largely to uniform
cents-per-hour increases granted during the earlier
period. Twice in the past 4 years (between 1959
and 1960 and between 1961 and 1962), the percent
increase was slightly greater for tool and die mak­
ers than for laborers.
Occupational Earnings, March-May 1963.
Among the occupational groups studied, tool and
die makers generally had the highest average
hourly earnings in March-May 1963. Men pro­
ducing or maintaining tools and dies used in the
establishments in which they were employed (i.e.,
other than jobbing) had average hourly earnings
ranging from $2.80 in Dallas and $2.84 in Wor­
cester to $3.71 in San Francisco-Oakland (table
2). In seven areas, their average earnings ex­
ceeded $3.25 an hour. Among the 14 areas for
which data are shown for tool and die makers

T a b l e 1. I n d e x e s 1 o f A v e r a g e S t r a ig h t - T im e H o u r l y E a r n in g s 2 o f P r o d u c t io n W o r k e r s i n
M a n u f a c t u r in g in S e l e c t e d A r e a s 3 a n d O c c u p a t io n s , M a r c h - M a y 1963 a n d M a r c h - J u n e 1962,
C h a n g e in S e l e c t e d P e r io d s 4

Percent increase from—

Indexes (1958-59=100)
Area and occupation

Mar .-May
1963

Mar .-June
1962

M a c h in e r y
P ercent

and

Mar .-June
1962 to
M ar-M ay
1963

M ar.-M ay
1961 to
M ar.-June
1962

Jan. 1960 to
M ar.-M ay
1961

Jan. 1959 to
Jan. 1960

Jan. 1958 to
Jan. 1959

Jan. 1945 to
M ar.-M ay
1963

A reas

All areas combined.......................

115.1

1 1 2 .1

2.7

2.8

3.1

4.1

3.3

155.9

Baltimore____________________ _—
Boston.........................-......................... .
Buffalo__________________________

118.0
118.7
114.9
114.6
117.6
113.8

112.5
115.4

4.9

1.9
3.0
1.9
3.0
3.8

4.3
4.3
4.0
1.5

2.8

6 .1

1.8

5.5
3.2
3.5
8.5
3.4

168.5
161.5
144.8
158.9
144.8
121.3
161.2
132.5
164.4
138.2
136.7
179.0
157.1
140.0
146.3
155.5
176.7
148.4
194.3
151.0
174.1

3.4
3.9

4.7
4.1

184.1
138.4

Chicago..................................................... .

Cleveland-----------------------------------Dallas----------------------------------------Denver__________________________
Detroit__________________________
Hartford-------------------------------------Houston.....................-............................
Los Angeles-Long Beach................. —
Milwaukee ---------- ----------------------Minneapolis-St. Paul.--------------------Newark and Jersey City------------------New York City___________________
Philadelphia........................................... .
Pittsburgh_______________________
Portland (Oreg.)---------------------------St. Louis..................-............................
San Francisco-Oakland-------------------Worcester............... ...............—............

1 12 .2

113.0
117.7
112 .0

115.2
115.3
116.4
114.1
115.1
114.1
111.0

120.4
119.7
116.3
115.9

2.8

1 1 1 .1
1 1 1 .1

3.5
3.1
2.7

1 1 1 .8

1 1 1 .1
1 11.8

2.5
2.4
3.2
1.9
3.1
2.5
2.5
2.7
3.0

112 .6
1 1 1 .8

2.9
3.4
3.3
3.7

3.5
5.1
2.5
2.7

112.5
112.7

2.9
2.4

2.3
2.7

114.5
110.9
109.4
110.4
114.0
109.9
112.5
113.6
112.7
110.3
117.0
115.7

2.6

1 .2
.6

2 .1

3.1
3.2

2.6
1 .1
2.0

2.8

2 .1

» -.2

2.4
3.2
3.0
2.0

3.0
3.7
2.4
1.6

4.7

3.0
3.5
5.9
4.1
4.0
3.2
2.9
2 .1

4.4
3.0
5.2

5.1
3.4
4.3

6.8

3.0
3.6
4.1
4.7
7.4
4.0
3.9
3.9
1.4
2.9
4.2
2.8

9.1
3.7
2.5

4.6
2.7
3.8
2 .1

3.5
2.3
2.3
3.1
.9
2.5
3.3
2.7
4.4
1.3
6.0

Occupation

Laborers, material handling........... . . . .
Tool and die makers (other than jobbing)

115.8
115.4

1 Appendix A of the forthcoming bulletin will include a description of the
method used in constructing the indexes.
. . . . .
2 Excludes premium pay for overtime and for work on weekends, holidays,
and late shifts.
^
„
. ..
2
Standard Metropolitan Statistical Areas except Chicago (Cook County),
Hartford (Hartford and New Britain Standard Metropolitan Statistical
Areas and Bristol, Conn.); New York City (the 5 boroughs); Newark and
Jersey City (a combination of the 2 Standard Metropolitan Statistical Areas);


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

4.0
3.6

Philadelphia (Philadelphia and Delaware Counties, Pa., and Camden
County, N.J.); and Worcester (Worcester Standard Metropolitan Statistical
Area, except Northbridge).
4 Data for periods shown as January cover various months of the winter.
5 This decrease was due to changes in incentive earnings and in the propor­
tions of workers in some job classifications in establishments of different pay
levels.

EARNINGS IN THE MACHINERY INDUSTRIES
T a b l e 2. A vera g e

1441

S traigh t -T im e H ourly E a r n i n g s 1 of M en in S elected P roduction
M a c h in e r y M a n u fa c t u r in g in 21 A r e a s , M arch - M ay 1963
New England

Middle Atlantic

Occupation

Assemblers, class A_______ ______ ___________
Assemblers, class B___________________ _____ _
Assemblers, class 0 ________ _________ .
Electricians, maintenance_________________ ____
Inspectors, class A________ _____. . . . . . . . . .
Inspectors, class B .............. ........ ..................... ..........
Inspectors, class C____________ _______________
Janitors, porters, and cleaners_______ ____
Laboreis, material handling________ ___________
Machine tool operators, production, class A_____
Machine tool operators, production, dass B_______
Machine tool operators, production, class C______
Machine tool operators, toolroom______________
Machinists, production. ....... ........................ .
Tool and die makers (jobbing)___ ____ _________
Tool and die makers (other than jobbing).................
Welders, hand, class A_______ ______ _ .
Welders, hand, class B.............................................

Boston

H art­
ford

$2. 77
2. 48
2.27
2.87
2.82
2. S3

$2.81
2.36
2.17
3.01
2 64
2. 45
2.39
2.08
2. 09

2.22

1.84
2.14
2. 77
2.39
1.98
2.69
2.79
3.03
?. 05
2. 70

Worces­ Buffalo
ter

$2. 74
2. 46
2.34
2.81
2.66

2. 50
1.96
2.14
2. 70
2.49
2 . 12
2 . 68
2.71

2.86

2.64
2.62
2.99
2. 96
3.09
3.07
2.32

2.84
2.87
2.51

$2.94
2. 59
2.34
2.89
3.02
2. 76
2.34
2. 14
2.36
2.80
2.54
2.38
2. 91
3.04
3.03
2. 89
2.53

Newark
and
Jersey
City
$2.96
2.39
2.25
3.09
2 86

2. 58
2.47
1.92
2.16
2.89
2. 74
2.28
2. 94
2.89
3.14
3.23
3.05

New
York
City

$2.83
2.34
1.99
2.94
3.02
2. 56
1.91
1.87
2.08
2. 85
2. 47
2.04
2 . 80
3. 01
3.05
3.17
3.20
2.48

Occupation

Phila­
delphia

P itts­
burgh

Balti­
more

Dallas

Houston

$2.79
2.43

$3.18
2 . 82
2.49
3.10
3.30
2. 74

$3.32
2. 59
2 . 01
2.90
2. 92
2. 63
2 19
1.74

$2.34
1.89
1.47
2. 54
2. 54
2.07

$2 . 61
2.44
2.13
3 08
2 93
2. 79

1. 49
1.56
2.49
2 . 06
1 04
9 Or
2. 51

1.89
1. 93
2.85
2.63
9 ?7
9 09
2.99

2.80
2.34
1.89

3.15
2. 73
2.65

3.05
2.82
2.91
2. 45
2.04
2. 25
2.87
2.85
3.01
2. 78
3.21
3.22
2.83

2.29
2.41
3.07
2 76
2. 59

3. 25
2. 95
2. 73

Detroit

Milwaukee

$3.02
2. 65

$3.11

$3.36
2.78
2.60
3. 48
3.28

$3.15
2.91
2. 76
3 21
3.03
2. 93
2. 56
2.29

$2.70
2.37
2.13
3.13
2. 76

$2.93
2. 70
2.32
3 31
3.14
2 . 60

3.13
2.84
2 . 61
3.21

2 . 80

2. 04
2.27

2 . 11
2. 23
3.41
2. 75
2.43
3.32
3.41
3. 66
3. 55
2.91
2.47

3.30
2. 98
2 . 68
2. 43
2 .1 1

2.15
3.07
2 71
2.18
3.28
3.29
3. 71
3. 14
3.08
2.55

2.01

2.88

2.42
3.00
2. 83
2.42
3. 07

2. 79
2. 41
2 . 60
3.34
2.83
2. 64
3.61

3.23
3.28
2.94
2. 65

3. 69
3.52
3.14
2.77

2.20

1See footnote 2, table 1.

producing tools and dies for sale (jobbing), their
average hourly earnings ranged from $2.83 in
Baltimore to $3.71 in Chicago. In most of these
areas the difference in average hourly earnings
for tool and die makers (jobbing and other than
jobbing) amounted to less than 5 percent.
2
The forthcoming bulletin which will be published for this
industry will include separate data for various types of machine
tool operators, such as engine-lathe operators and grinding ma­
chine operators. Data were also tabulated for the special dies
and tools industry in Cleveland and the special dies and tools
and machine tool accessories Industries in Boston, Chicago,
Detroit, Hartford, Los Angeles-Long Beach, Milwaukee, New
York City, and Newark and Jersey City. Separate information
is also included for time and incentive workers in a few jobs and
for women workers in some of the more routine occupations in
several areas.


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

MinneapolisSt.
Paul

Cleveland

2.49
3.10
2.99
2.84
2.70

2.38

3.49
3.43
3.00
2.85

2.88

2. 40
2 02

2.89
2. 83
2.98
2 82
2. 56
Far West

Chicago

2 .2 1

in

South

Middle Wrest

Assemblers, class A......... ................ .................. .........
Assemblers, class B ___ __________ . __________
Assemblers, class C________ _______ _____
Electricians, maintenance______________________
Inspectors, class A__________________ __________
Inspectors, class B.................................... ...................
Inspectors, class C___________ _____________
Janitors, porters, and cleaners_____________ ____
Laborers, material handling____________________
Machine tool operators, production, class A........ .
Machine tool operators, production, class B..........
Machine tool operators, production, class C_______
Machine tool operators, toolroom_______________
Machinists, production................................................
Too! and die makers (jobbing)__________________
Tool and die makers (other than jobbing)............
Welder.«, hand, class A__
V'elders, hand, class B____ ______ ____________

O c cu pa t io n s

2. 52
1 92
2.93
2. 91
3.37
3.18
2. 73
2 . 61

St.
Louis

Denver

$2. 77
2. 43
2 .2 1

2.91
2. 55
2.05
3.03
2.44
2.31
2.90
3.03
2.81
2.56

Los AngelesLong
Beach
$2.85
2.41
2.07
3 07
3. 05
2. .54
2.36

Portland

San FranciscoOakland

$3.11
2.80
2.51
3 03
3.11

$3.26
2. 84
2.53

2 .10
2 20

2. 43

3.04
2.48
2 . 21
3. 12
3 09
3.31
3.27
3.03
2. 63

3.11
2. 73
3.25
3.09

2.40
9 *>Q
3.31
2.83
2 08
3.40
3.27

3.07

3 71
3. 29

2 00

3! 23

N ote- Dashes indicate no data reported or data that dc not meet pub­
lication criteria.

Average hourly earnings of men machine tool
operators (class A), who set up their own ma­
chines and perform a variety of machining opera­
tions to close tolerances, ranged from $2.49 in
Dallas to $3.41 in St. Louis; in 10 areas, their
earnings averaged $3 or more.2 Area averages for
men in the intermediate group of machine tool
operators (class B) ranged from $2.06 to $2.85 an
hour; the range for those who performed more
routine, repetitive machining operations (class C)
was from $1.64 to $2.64.
Janitors, porters, and cleaners, the lowest paid
of the men’s occupations studied in most areas,
had average earnings ranging from $1.49 an hour
in Dallas to $2.40 in San Francisco-Oakland, $2.41

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, DECEMBER 1963

1442
in Detroit, and $2.43 in Portland; their average
earnings exceeded $2 an hour in 14 areas. Mate­
rial-handling laborers’ earnings averaged less than
$2 an hour in two areas and more than $2.50 in
three areas.
The following tabulation, in which area aver­
age earnings for production workers are expressed
as a percent of the average for Chicago,3 shows
that wage levels were highest in Detroit and San
Francisco-Oakl and and lowest in Dallas.
Relative area
pay levels

( Chicago=100)

Detroit________________________________________
San Francisco-Oakland_________________________
St. Louis______________________________________
Milwaukee____________________________________
Portland______________________________________
Pittsburgh_____________________________________
Cleveland_____________________________________
Chicago_______________________________________
Los Angeles-Long B each------------------------------------Newark and JerseyCity-------------------------------------Philadelphia___________________________________
Buffalo________________________________________
Denver________________________________________
Hartford______________________________________
Baltimore_____________________________________
New York C ity________________________________
Houston_______________________________________
Minneapolis—St. Paul___________________________
Worcester_____________________________________
Boston-----------------------------Dallas_________________________________________

109
109
105
105
104
103
102
100
97
97
97
95
95
95
94
93
93
92
91
90
78

Pay levels in all areas except Dallas were within 10
percent of the Chicago average, ranging from 2
percent to 9 percent above the Chicago level in 7
areas and from 3 to 10 percent below in 12 areas.
— F r e d W. M

ohr

D ivision of Occupational Pay

8
T e n m e n ’s jo b s c o m m o n t o e a c h o f t h e a r e a s w e r e u s e d in
c o m p u tin g t h e in d e x . I n o r d e r to m in im iz e in t e r a r e a d iffe r e n c e s
in o c c u p a tio n a l c o m p o s itio n , w e ig h t s e x p r e s s in g c o n s t a n t e m p lo y ­
m e n t r e l a t io n s h ip s b a s e d on t o t a l e m p lo y m e n t in t h e r e s p e c t iv e
jo b s in a ll 2 1 a r e a s w e r e u s e d . A g g r e g a t e s w e r e c o m p u te d fo r
e a c h a r e a b y m u lt ip ly in g t h e s t r a ig h t - t im e h o u r ly e a r n in g s fo r
e a c h jo b b y th e s e w e ig h t s a n d t o t a lin g . T h e r a t io o f t h e s e
a g g r e g a t e s fo r m e d t h e b a s is f o r t h e in d e x .


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Wage Chronology:
Sinclair Oil Companies 1
Supplement No. 3— 1963 *
F o llo w ing w a g e s e t t l e m e n t s in petroleum
refining in the winter of 1960-61, no major
bargaining over wages occurred in the industry
until the second half of 1962. In June of that
year, the National Bargaining Policy Committee
of the Oil, Chemical and Atomic Workers Interna­
tional Union set as a bargaining goal a 6%-percent
increase in earnings and/or benefits, with a mini­
mum increase of 17 cents an hour. The proposal
was approved by the union membership in the
following month. The union sought also a com­
mon termination date of December 31, 1963, for
all of its contracts. In December 1962, as a
result of West Coast settlements in the industry,
the committee voted to reduce its wage demand
and to approve the pattern of 5-percent wage
increases that had developed in those settlements.
Negotiations with the Sinclair Companies began
on January 3, 1963, after preliminary discussions
in October 1962. A 5-percent wage increase in
a 1-year contract was agreed to on January 11,
1963, retroactive to January 1. Some 6,500
Sinclair refinery, pipeline, production, and research
employees were covered. The sickness and acci­
dent benefit and the employees savings plan agree­
ments were each extended without change for a
3-year period, beginning February 1. To meet
increases in hospital costs, the parties worked out
a new schedule of employee contributions—
averaging $5.33 a month—to the hospital and
surgical plan, which was extended without other
changes for 2 years, also beginning February 1.
The following tables summarize the provisions
of the January 1963 OCAW agreement with the
Sinclair Companies.
♦Prepared in the Division of Wage Economics, Bureau of Labor Statistics.
i For basic chronology and Supplements 1 and 2, see M onthly Labor Review,
November 1952, pp. 535-544; February 1957, pp. 194-198; and February 1962,
pp. 161-166.

1443

WAGE CHRONOLOGY: SINCLAIR OIL COMPANIES

A—General Wage Changes
Applications, exceptions, and other
related matters

Provision

Effective date

Jan. 1. 1963 (Memorandum
of Understanding dated
Jan. 11, 1963).

5-percent increase, averaging 15 cents an
hour.

B—Basic Hourly Rates Paid for Selected Refinery Occupations, 1960 and 1963 1
Jan. , 1963

Dec. 19,1960
Occupation

Corpus
Christi,
Tex. 2

B oilermakers____________________ _________ __._____ ___
Boilermakers' helpers
Firemen.
_ _
_
_ . __ _ ___________
Light oil treaters_______ __ ___________ _______________
Laborers, entrance______________________ ______________
Laborers, skilled................................... ..................................... .
Machinists...... ............................ ............... ................ ................
Machinists' helpers
P ipefitters..._________ _______________________________
Pipefitters’ helpers......... ............................................ ................
Pumpers__________________________ __________________
S tillm en ...____ ___________________________ ________ —
Stillmen’s helpers.................................................... .....................

East Houston, Marcus
Hook,
Chicago,
Tex.
Pa.
Ind.

$3.375
2. 765
2.27
2. 36
3.27
2.765
3. 27
2. 765
3.30
3. 50
3. 09

1 Since application of the 5-percent general wage increase resulted in fractions of a cent adjustments, the agreement provided that basic hourly rates

$3.22
2.875
2.995
3.485
2.48
2.61
3. 21
2.865
3.21
2. 865
3.485
3.485
3.195

$3. 27
2.775
3.005
3.455
2.27
2.36
3. 27
2. 775
3.27
2. 775
3.30
3.50
3.09

$3. 305
2.90
3.42
2.435
2.56
3. 32
2.90
3.305
2.90
3.28
3. 625
3.205

Sinclair,
Wyo.

$3. 215
3. 11
3.30
2.435
2.535
3.215
3.215
2.84
3.30
3.44
3.11

East H ouston, Marcus
Hook,
Chicago,
Tex.
Pa.
Ind.
$3.38
3.02
3.145
3.66
2.605
2.74
3.38
3.02
3. 38
3.02
3. 66
3. 66
3. 355

$3.435
2. 915
3.155
3.63
2.385
2.48
3.435
2.915
3.435
2.915
3.465
3.675
3.245

Sinclair,
Wyo.

$3. 47
3. 045
3.59
2.555
2.69
3.485
3.045
3. 47
3.045
3.445
3.805
3.365

$3.375
3.265
3.465
2.555
2.66

3.375

3. 375
2.98
3.465
3.61
3.265

of pay would he increased or decreased to the nearest tt-cent.
2 The Corpus Christi refinery was sold by Sinclair on June 1, 1962.

C—Related Wage Practices
Applications, exceptions, and other
related matters

Provision

Effective date

Employees Hospital and Surgical Plan 1
Feb. 1, 1963 (Memorandum
of Understanding dated
Jan. 11, 1963).

i Prior to 1955, Employees Benefit Plan.

7 1 3 - 1 5 4 — 63-

5


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Increased:
Monthly contribution of active employee
to $2.25 for personal coverage; $5.45 to
include children; and $6.02 to include
wife or wife and children.
Monthly contribution of employees retir­
ing on or after Feb. 1, 1963, to $1.70 for
personal coverage; $4.40 to include
children; and $4.97 to include wife or
wife and children.

Significant Decisions
in Labor Cases
Labor Relations
Hot-Cargo. A U.S. court of appeals held 1 that
picketing of construction sites to obtain an agree­
ment whose provisions would extend to sub­
contract work is permitted under the construc­
tion-industry exception to the hot-cargo ban of
the Labor Management Relations Act.
The union picketed the job sites of a general
contractor to secure a contract clause extending
the contract’s provisions to work given to sub­
contractors. At each of the sites the employer
had existing contracts with nonunion subcon­
tractors for construction work which would be
covered by the proposed extension. The Na­
tional Labor Relations Board held that the
picketing was unlawful under sections 8(b)(4)(A)
and (B) of the act, which ban activities designed
to obtain hot-cargo agreements and proscribe
secondary boycotts.
The court reversed the Board and held that
such conduct was legal where a construction
union was seeking to obtain a subcontracting
agreement, as distinguished from attempts to
enforce an already existing agreement.
Picketing to obtain a hot-cargo agreement is
prohibited by section 8(b)(4)(A) where the agree­
ment would be unlawful under section 8(e)—the
provision outlawing such agreements. The court
pointed out, however, that section 8(e) excepts
from the ban the construction and garment in­
dustries. Since the agreement sought by the
union in this case was covered by the exception,
the picketing to secure the agreement was not
prohibited.
The court pointed out that section 8(b)(4)(B)
of the act makes it unlawful—except in the
garment industry—to enforce a subcontracting
agreement. (That section prohibits forcing any
person to stop doing business with any other
person.) However, since the present case in­
1444


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volved picketing to secure a subcontracting
agreement, the court held that 8(b)(4)(B) was
inapplicable.
There are, the court summarized, three degrees
of permissibility for picketing under the LMRA
hot-cargo provisions: (1) in the garment industry,
picketing to secure and to enforce is permissible;
(2) in the construction industry, picketing to
secure is permissible but that to enforce is pro­
scribed; (3) in all other industries, picketing both
to secure and to enforce is proscribed.
S ec o n d a r y B oycott

Case 1. The NLRB held 2 that a union did not
violate the LMRA by picketing the premises of
neutral employers at which employees of the
struck employer were working, even though
those employees were absent from some of the
picketed premises for substantial periods of time.
Such absences, the Board stated, must be evalu­
ated along with other factors in determining
whether the struck employer is then engaged in
his normal business at the common situs.
When the employer, an electrical contractor, re­
placed his unionized electricians with nonunion
personnel, the union began a campaign to organize
the nonunion workers and induced a majority of
them to strike for recognition of the union as
their bargaining agent. The strikers picketed
the contractor’s headquarters and the apartment
buildings where the company was engaged in re­
wiring work. The picketing of the apartments
continued even during periods when no employees
of the contractor worked at some of them,
although they did appear intermittently to work
or to check on the sites.
In deciding that the picketing was a lawful
primary activity despite occasional absence of
company employees from the picketed sites, the

*Prepared in the U.S. Department of Labor, Office of the Solicitor. The
cases covered in this article represent a selection of the significant decisions
believed to be of special interest. No attem pt has been made to reflect all
recent judicial and administrative developments in the field of labor law or to
indicate the effect of particular decisions in jurisdictions in which contrary
results may be reached based upon local statutory provisions, the existence
of local precedents, or a different approach by the courts to the issue presented.
1Construction, Production & Maintenance Laborers’ Union, Local 388 v.
N L R B (C.A. 9, Sept. 26,1963).
2Local 8, International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers, A F L -C IO and
N ew Power Wire and Electric Corp., 144 NLRB No. 100 (Oct. 14,1963).

DECISIONS IN LABOR CASES

Board held that the mere absence of employees
“does not require a finding that the company is
not engaged in its normal business at the common
situs or that the common situs is not the situs of
the primary dispute.” The Board held that such
absence must be evaluated in the light of other
evidence and listed nine additional factors 3 it had
considered in reaching its decision, all of which
indicated that the apartment buildings were in­
deed the sites of the dispute and of the company’s
primary operations (or would have been but for
the strike) during the picketing. Thus, the Board
majority concluded, the picketing in this case
complied substantially with the rules for permis­
sible primary activity laid down in the Moore
Dry Dock case.4
Member Leedom dissented, finding that the
absence of the contractor’s employees from the
picketed apartments established that the picketing
was unlawful secondary activity intended to in­
duce employees other than those of the primary
employer to cease work, and other employers to
cease doing business with the contractor.
Case 2. A Federal district court ruled 5 that a
secondary employer doing work previously per­
formed by workers of a lawfully picketed plant,
who cannot work because of picketing, may also
be lawfully picketed under the “ally doctrine”
exception to the LMRA’s secondary-boycott ban.
A New York local of the Teamsters struck the
Long Island plant and later, in support of the
8 The nine factors were: The contractor’s contractual obligation to perform
the rewiring work at each of the picketed apartments; the facts that the con­
tractor was engaged in performance of his contracts at each of the sites and
that employees of the contractor were working at the sites when the picketing
started; the visits to the sites made almost daily by the contractor’s super­
visors; the fact that the work was intermittently resumed at each of the sites;
the company’s efforts to recruit new employees to work at the sites; the
cessation of picketing when the contractor completed the work at a particular
site; the fact that the picketing occurred during a normal workday; the fact
that the picketing was not conducted at a construction site where substantial
complements of other employers’ employees were working; and the fact that
the absence of the contractor’s employees was attributable to a majority of
them being on the picket line.
4 Sailors’ Union of the Pacific, A F L and Moore Pry Pock Company, 92
NLRB 547 (1950). The conditions are: The picketing is strictly limited to
times when the situs of dispute is located on the secondary employer’s prem­
ises; at the time of the picketing the primary employer is engaged in its normal
business at the situs; the picketing is limited to places reasonably close to the
location of the situs; and the picketing discloses clearly that the dispute is
with the primary employer.
sMadden v. Steel, Metals, Alloys and Hardware Fabricators and Ware­
housemen, Local 810, I B T (D.C., N.D., 111., Oct. 24, 1963).
6N L R B v. Business Machine and Office Appliance, etc., Local 459, 228 F.
2d 553 (1955); cert, denied, 351 U.S. 962 (1956).
7Blades Manufacturing Corp. and International Association of Machinists,
144 NLRB No. 54 (Sept. 16, 1963).
7 1 3 - 1 5 4 — 6 3 --------6


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1445
strike, picketed the Chicago plant of the same
employer. No employees of the Chicago plant
participated in the picketing; but since the
picketing effectively prevented the flow of goods
and materials to that location, the employees
were unable to perform their normal duties. The
manufacturer then contracted with a warehousing
company to handle materials formerly handled
by its employees. When the secondary employer
rejected the union’s demands that it terminate
dealings with the manufacturer, the union began
to picket the warehousing facilities as well. As a
result, employees of various motor carriers refused
to handle shipments going to and coming from
the warehousing company. Secondary-boycott
charges were filed against the union, and the
NLRB petitioned for an injunction against the
picketing pending disposition of the charges.
The petition for injunction was denied on the
grounds that the warehousing company was an
“ally” of the primary employer. Ordinarily, the
“ally doctrine” exception applies when a secondary
employer “knowingly does work which would
otherwise be done by the striking employees of
the primary employer.” 6 The Chicago plant was
not on strike; but the court reasoned that the
picketing of that plant was a lawful byproduct
of the Long Island strike, and subcontracting of
the work previously done by the Chicago plant’s
employees put the secondary employer clearly
within the “ally doctrine” exception to the act’s
secondary-boycott ban.
The court extended the doctrine by explaining
that: “A secondary employer is an ‘ally’ and is en­
gaged in ‘struck work’ when it performs service or
work previously performed by employees of a law­
fully picketed plant even though such employees
are not on strike but are prevented from per­
forming such services or work by such lawful
picketing.”
Duty to Bargain. The NLRB ruled 7 that a dis­
charge of employees for sporadic walkouts was
unlawful, because each of the walkouts was a
separate protected concerted activity protesting
the employer’s refusal to discuss employee griev­
ances with a union whose certification the employer
would not recognize.
The trial examiner found that a representation
election lost by the union at the employer’s plant
should not have been set aside; that a second elec-

1446

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, DECEMBER 1963

tion, held within 12 months of the first and won
by the union, was invalid; and that the employer
was under no duty to bargain with the newly
certified union. Relying on the Supreme Court’s
Briggs & Stratton decision,8the trial examiner also
found that the discharge of employees for staging
walkouts each time the company refused to deal
with the union regarding a grievance was lawful.
The walkouts were unprotected strike activity,
the trial examiner said.
The Board disagreed with the trial examiner.
It determined that the first election was invalid
because, in the week preceding the election, the
employer held antiunion discussions with indi­
vidual employees and threatened that the plant
would be moved if the union were voted in.
The Board further held that the discharging of
the employees who had walked out was an unfair
labor practice. It distinguished the present case
from Briggs cfc Stratton by pointing out that here
there was a clear indication to the employer why
the men were walking out and what the employer
could do to meet the employees’ demands. The
Board described each walkout as a protected

activity, each in response to a new grievance re­
sulting from the employer’s repeated unlawful
denial of their statutory right to have their certi­
fied bargaining agent represent them in the settle­
ment of grievances.
In the alternative, the Board said, should it be
assumed that the employees engaged in partial or
intermittent strike activity that was unprotected,
such activity does not preclude an order reinstating
the employees since it was provoked by the em­
ployer’s unfair labor practices. Applying the
principle of the Thayer case,9 the Board ordered
reinstatement to effectuate the policies of the
LMRA.
8 International Union, U A W , Local 282 v. Wisconsin Employm ent Relations
Board, 336 U.S. 245 (1949). In this case the union adopted the strategy, in

order to exert pressure on the employer, of calling union meetings at irregular
times during working hours, without notice to the employer as to what
specific demands these meetings were designed to enforce or what concessions
the employer should make to avoid them. The Supreme Court held that
the State of Wisconsin could lawfully prohibit such conduct.
9N L R B v. Thayer Co., 213 F. 2d 748 (1954). A U.S. court of appeals ruled
there that “ . . . where collective action is precipitated by an unfair labor
practice, a finding that action is not protected under section 7 does not, ipso
facto, preclude an order reinstating employees who have been discharged
because of their participation in the unprotected activity.”

In the light of labor movement history, the purpose of the quoted provision
of the [National Labor Relations] statute becomes clear. The most effective
legal weapon against the struggling labor union was the doctrine that con­
certed activities were conspiracies, and for that reason illegal. Section 7 of the
National Labor Relations Act took this conspiracy weapon away from the
employer in employment relations which affect interstate commerce. No
longer can any state, as to relations within reach of the Act, treat otherwise
lawful activities to aid unionization as an illegal conspiracy merely because
they are undertaken by many persons acting in concert. But because legal
conduct may not be made illegal by concert, it does not mean that otherwise
illegal action is made legal by concert.


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— From United States Supreme Court Decision in Automobile Workers Union v,
Wisconsin Employment Relations Board, February 28, 1949.

Chronology of
Recent Labor Events

October 2, 1963
A b il l gra ntin g 14.4-percent pay increases to most mem­
bers of the armed forces was signed by President John F.
Kennedy. Increases ranged from $8 to $120 a month,
effective October 1. Pay of 2-year volunteers and 742,000
low-ranking draftees was not changed. (See also MLR,
November 1963, p. 1331.)

October 7
P r e sid e n t J ohn F. K e n n e d y signed into law a bill increas­
ing each employee’s taxable earnings base to $450 from $400
per month in the railroad retirement and unemployment
insurance systems. The law, agreed on between railroad
labor and management, requires the Treasury to pay an
interest rate equal to the average paid on all its outstanding
obligations or 3 percent, whichever is higher. Previously,
the interest rate had been 3 percent.

October 8
J ohn J. G rogan , president of the Marine and Shipbuilding

Workers union and mayor of Hoboken, N.J., was elected
to the Executive Council of the AFL-CIO. He filled the
vacancy left by the resignation of Leland Buckmaster in
1962. President of the Industrial Union Department
Walter Reuther had supported another candidate for the
position, contending that council members representing
former CIO unions had the right to fill vacancies in their
own ranks. (See also p. 1455 of this issue.)

October 9
A 3-y e ar contract containing a 32-cent package increase
was signed by 250 shops represented by the Textile
Printers and Dyers Labor Relations Institute, the Metro­
politan Textile Processors Association, and other employer
groups and eight locals of the Textile Workers Union, for
about 8,000 textile dyeing and finishing workers in New
York and New Jersey after rejection of an earlier offer.
Under the new agreement, a 12-cent-per-hour increase was
provided immediately, and increases of 8 and 7 cents, re­
spectively, were to be made in 1964 and 1965. Pension
benefits were also improved and a third week of vacation
was permitted after 10 years of service. (See also p. 1451 of
this issue.)


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October 14
T h e N a tio na l L a bo r R e l a tio ns B oard dismissed a
secondary boycott charge against Local 3 of the Electrical
Workers, even though employees of New Power Wire and
Electric Co. were absent for substantial periods of time
from the picketed apartment buildings. The Board found
that the picketing was primary, since but for it the employ­
er would have been engaged in normal operations at the
site. The Board ruled, however, that the union was in
violation of the Labor Management Relations Act’s
prohibitions against coercive conduct, since pickets had
destroyed employer property and threatened nonstrikers.
(See also pp. 1444-1445 of this issue.)

October 17
T he Ca n a d ia n P a r l ia m e n t passed the Maritime Trans­
portation Unions Trustees Act providing for appointment
of three trustees to oversee four Canadian maritime
unions and the Seafarers International Union of Canada,
which has been engaged in a jurisdictional dispute on the
Great Lakes with the Canadian Maritime Union. Author­
ity was granted the trustees to do "all things necessary or
advisable” to insure that responsible officers control the
unions. They may recommend constitutional and bylaws
changes, remove or appoint officers or employees, assume
all duties of union officers, and under certain circumstances,
designate contract negotiators and advise bargaining com­
mittees. Named trustees on October 23 were Justice
Victor Leonard Dryer, chairman; Charles Millard, Toronto;
and René Lippé, Montreal.

October 20
S ecretary of L a b o r W. Willard Wirtz issued revised
standards and compliance procedures to eliminate dis­
crimination in federally registered apprenticeship programs.
Selection of apprentices must be based on qualifications
alone, action must be taken to remove the effects of
previous practices under which discriminatory patterns of
employment may have resulted, and discrimination during
employment must be eliminated. The new regulation
changes or omits language appearing in the original July 26
document which had been interpreted by some industry
and union sources as requiring preferential treatment for
Negroes. (See also pp. 1454-1455 of this issue.)

October 23
u n d e r pr o v isio n s of the Walsh-Healey Public
Contracts Act, Secretary of Labor W. Willard Wirtz set a
minimum wage in the Engines and Turbines Industry of
$1.71 an hour for the steam engines, turbines, and turbine
generator sets branch, and $1.69 for the internal combus­
tion engines branch. There had been no previous determi­
nation made specifically for the industry.

A cting

1447

1448
October 24
A F e d er a l D istrict C ou r t rejected an NLRB petition to
enjoin picketing at a storage plant, ruling that the storage
plant management made itself an ally of a primary em­
ployer when it knowingly accepted work from a lawfully
picketed plant. Employees of the primary employer first
struck their New York plant, then picketed another plant
of the employer in Illinois, and finally picketed the storage
firm when the employer gave work normally performed by
its Illinois employees to the storage firm. The case was
Madden v. Steel Fabricators, Local 810.

October 25

(MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, DECEMBER 1963
increase in the maximum monthly pension and death
benefits. (See also p. 1451 of this issue.)

October 26
T he E lectrical W orkers (IUE)-Westinghouse con­
ference board voted to accept a contract offer covering
wages for 3 years and vacations, insurance, and pensions
for 5 years. Wages for 36,000 workers were increased
6Yi cents an hour immediately, and another 5-to-10 cent
increase becomes effective April 19, 1965. Among other
improvements were: vacations, hospital benefits, layoff
income, and early retirement. (See also p. 1449 of this
issue.)

October 29
was reached between the Greater New York
and Northern New Jersey Milk Dealers Labor Committee
representing approximately 300 milk distributors and
Locals 584, 602, and 607 of the Teamsters on a 2-year
contract covering 9,000 workers. Plant employees re­
ceived a $5.50-a-week increase, while drivers and other
routemen got increases of $4.50 a week. Other provisions
included the addition of 2 paid holidays, severance pay, an
A greement


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e x e m pt io n from the bonding requirements of the
Welfare and Pension Plans Disclosure Act was granted to
firms acceptable as reinsurers on Federal bonds. If a
firm subsequently is dropped from the Treasury Depart­
ment’s list of acceptable sureties, the administrator of a
plan insured with such a company must secure a new
bond with another acceptable surety company.

An

Developments in
Industrial Relations*
Wages and Collective Bargaining
Metalworking. Wage or salary increases averag­
ing about 6% cents an hour for more than 75,000
Westinghouse Electric Corp. employees were nego­
tiated or announced in October and early Novem­
ber. The Federation of Westinghouse Independ­
ent Salaried Unions, representing about 15,000
employees, accepted a company offer on October
12 that included immediate $2.60-a-week increases
to nonexempt clerical and technical employees on
a 40-hour schedule (with proportionate increases
to those working fewer hours) and a 2.3-percent
raise to professional and administrative employees.
Additional $2- to $4-a-week and 2.5-percent
increases for the two groups, respectively, were
scheduled for April 19, 1965. Employees were to
receive 3 weeks’ vacation after 10 years’ service,
rather than after 15, and those with 15 years
would receive an additional day’s vacation for each
additional year up to 20 years’ service. Insurance
improvements included 180 days instead of the
former 120 days hospitalization, with daily room
and board benefits to go from $22 to $25 imme­
diately and then to $28 on November 1, 1966,
and increases of $50 in the surgical benefit schedule,
of $100 in miscellaneous hospital service, and
$5,000 in the lifetime major medical benefit (to
$20,000). Future retirees were allowed to retain
one-third of the life insurance they carried as
active employees—with a minimum of $2,500;
previously they had been guaranteed one-fourth,
with a $2,000 floor.
Early retirement provisions were liberalized to
provide unreduced pensions at age 62 after 30
years or reduced pensions at age 60 after 10 years
with one-third percent reduction for each month
under age 65 and a supplemental payment until
age 62. Monthly pension benefit levels were
raised. The layoff income and benefits plan which
was started in 1960 and which provides 1 week’s
pay for each year’s service to employees with 3

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years’ service, with an option of weekly benefits
rather than a lump sum, was liberalized. Weekly
payments were raised to 60 percent of weekly pay
from the former 50 percent, and waiting periods
(after exhaustion of unemployment compensation
benefits) were eliminated. Computation of service
credit for pension benefits was also liberalized.
The same salary and benefit package effective
October 14 was announced by Westinghouse
for about 25,000 unorganized nonmanagement
employees.
On October 26, the International Union of
Electrical Workers, for 36,000 workers at 34
locations, accepted the company’s proposal of
an immediate 6K-cent-an-hour wage increase, a
7-cent average increase on April 19, 1965, and
other benefits similar to those in the agreement
with the Federation of Westinghouse Independent
Salaried Unions. Under a supplement to the
agreement, transfers of long-service employees
to other plants were limited until 1966. Workers
at relatively new plants had objected to a com­
panywide seniority plan. As in the General
Electric agreement, the union agreed to language
limiting the scope of the grievance procedure.
Settlement with the International Brotherhood
of Electrical Workers incorporating changes in
wages, vacations, pensions, and health and welfare
benefits similar to those negotiated or announced
for the other -workers was announced on
November 4. This master agreement covers
about 1,000 employees in 21 plants, while an
additional 11,000 in 23 other establishments also
represented by IBEW were expected to negotiate
similar agreements after ratification of this
contract.
A 38-month contract between Western Electric
Co. facilities in northern New Jersey and the
International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers
for 14,000 employees was ratified by a vote of
1,396 to 1,043 on Sunday, October 13. The
contract was similar to those negotiated in the
telephone industry and was effective October 16.
It provided an average wage increase of 9% cents
with a wage, paid vacation, and paid holiday
reopener in December 1964 and a wage reopener
in December 1965. Three weeks’ paid vacation
after 10 years, a 25-percent company contribution
‘ Prepared in the Division of Wage Economics, Bureau of Labor Statistics,
on the basis of published material available in early November.

1449

1450
to hospitalization and surgical insurance (pre­
viously paid for in full by the employees), increased
group life insurance, and pension benefits (by
discontinuance of the Social Security deduction
from pensions) were included. The union
estimated the package cost at 16.7 cents an hour.
About 1,500 workers, represented by the
International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers
on October 15 returned to work at 15 plants of
the Gould-National Battery Corp. after ratifying
a 30-month contract. The agreement ended a
strike and boycott which began on May 22 at
Leavenworth, Kans., and spread to other locations
throughout the country.
A master contract replaced individual plant
agreements and provided wage increases of 10
cents an hour in 1963 at all plants and 10 cents on
January 15, 1965, except at the Nicad unit in
St. Paul, where workers will receive 13 cents.
Other changes included additional increases in
some job classifications; an eighth paid holiday
(the worker’s birthday); and improved health
and welfare benefits.
In late September, the Bath Iron Works Corp.
and the Industrial Union of Marine and Ship­
building Workers agreed on a 3-year contract
inaugurating a new pension plan that provided
1,850 workers in Bath and Brunswick, Maine,
monthly benefits equal to 75 percent of their
average hourly pay for the past 10 years multi­
plied by their years of service. The minimum
service requirement was set at 5 years for em­
ployees actively employed as of December 31,1963.
and 15 years for employees hired after that date.
Early retirement at age 60 with reduced benefits
was provided and compulsory retirement was set
at age 65 for employees hired after December 31,
1963. The pact provided no wage increase in 1963
or 1964 but effective October 18, 1965, wages will
be increased 5 cents an hour for all time workers
with rates of $2.25 or above and 4 cents for all
lower paid workers. At that time, piecework
rates are to be increased 1.75 percent. In addi­
tion, one-fourth of the workers in the skilled
classifications will receive 4 cents an hour for
superior work performance. The Friday after
Thanksgiving was substituted for Veterans Day
as an eighth paid holiday and weekly sickness and
accident benefits were increased to $42 from $40.
On September 30, the Bridgeport Brass Co., a
division of the National Distillers and Chemical

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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, DECEMBER 1963

Corp., and a federal labor union agreed on a
1-year contract providing no wage increase for
about 1,700 workers in Bridgeport, Conn., but
improving supplementary benefits at an estimated
cost of 7 cents an hour. A fourth week of vacation
after 20 years’ service was established, life in­
surance was increased to $4,000 from $3,000, and
weekly sickness and accident benefits were raised
to $50 from $45. Improvements in holiday
provisions, recall rights, and union security were
also negotiated.
In mid-October, the Erie Forge & Steel Corp.
and two locals of the United Steelworkers of
America, representing 1,200 workers in Erie, Pa.,
agreed on a contract that substantially reduced
labor costs. The settlement, negotiated under a
wage reopening provision of a contract scheduled
to expire August 31, 1964, ended a strike of about
6 weeks and reportedly halted company plans to
close its operations because of heavy financial
losses. The contract suspended a 17-cent-an-hour
cost-of-living allowance and suspended until Jan­
uary 1, 1965, the company’s obligation to pay
4^ cents of the existing 9%-cent contribution to
the supplemental unemployment benefit fund and
3 cents an hour for the savings-vacation plan.
The provision of the existing agreement whereby
workers ate on the job “with a minimum amount
of time lost” was replaced by a half hour unpaid
lunch period for workers on one- and two-shift
operations. A 20-minute paid lunch period was
provided for thrqe-shift operations. The workers
had rejected a similar proposal by a 3 to 2 mar­
gin on October 7. The company and union also
agreed that they would work jointly to agree on
contract changes that would lower manufacturing
costs, with any savings from these joint efforts
used to restore part of the cost-of-living allow­
ance on a month-to-month basis. Any balance
of this allowance was to be restored along with
the supplemental unemployment benefits and
savings-vacation plan contributions on January
1, 1965.
The Barber-Colman Co., a major producer of
air-conditioning equipment, and the Sheet Metal
Workers agreed on a first union contract cover­
ing 2,700 workers in Rockford and Loves Park,
111., and Milton Junction, Wis. The Sheet Metal
Workers won a National Labor Relations Board
representation election at the company in Febru­
ary. The 8-month pact, ratified by union inem-

DEVELOPMENTS IN INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS

bers on October 9, provided a 2.4-percent wage
increase, extended Christmas Eve from a half
holiday to a full holiday, and provided time and
one-half for all Saturday work. In addition,
accord was reached on grievance procedure and
seniority rights.
Two steel companies announced in October
establishment of extended vacation plans for their
salaried employees. Early in the month, Inland
Steel Co. announced that salaried employees with
12 years or more continuous service, except for
corporate officers, would receive extra 2-week
vacations each year from 1964 through 1968.
Those with 2 but less than 12 years’ service were
to receive 1 week of extra vacation beginning in
1965. Employees were to have the option of
extra pay instead of tune off and those with 12
years’ service could take 1 week’s pay and 1 week
of time off. These benefits supplemented regular
vacations for salaried employees of 1 week after 6
months’ service, 2 weeks after 1 year, 3 weeks
after 5 years, and 4 weeks after 19 years.
National Steel Corp. announced on October 17
that effective in 1964 all salaried employees with
2 years or more service were to receive an ex­
tended vacation, with the option of taking all or
part of it in equivalent pay. Employees with
over 20 years’ service were to receive 9 extra
weeks; those with 14 but less than 20 years, 7
weeks; those with 8 but less than 14 years’ service,
5 weeks, and those with shorter service were to
get 4 extra weeks.
Textiles. On Friday, October 25, 1963, President
Charles F. Myers of Burlington Industries (the
Nation’s largest textile manufacturer) stated
“We believe that conditions justify wage advances
in many areas of our operations, and we asked our
division managers to work out appropriate rate
increases on the basis of studies now being made.”
Deering Milliken, Inc., with 23 plants, and
Pacolet Industries, whose 11 plants sell through
Deering Milliken, were the first companies to
announce a definite increase—5 percent effective
November 4. The announcement was made on
Saturday October 26. Other increases spreading
throughout the southern textile industry report­
edly amount to about 5 percent, but as in past
southern textile wage movements, the increases
varied among the plants. The southern textile
industry is largely unorganized and the increases

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1451

put into effect during the first part of November
were mostly in North and South Carolina and
Georgia. Union officials at Dan River Mills,
Danville, Va., were contacted by the companies
regarding negotiations on wages under terms of
their agreement reached early in September which
had provided for a wage reopening at any time.
That contract replaced one expiring May 31, 1963,
and is to run until May 31, 1965. It provides
supplemental jury duty pay and establishes a 12month insurance extension for workers laid off
because of lack of work and a reopener on fringe
benefits in 1964.
Eight locals of the United Textile Workers
Union and 250 shops represented by various
employer groups agreed on October 9, 1963, to
a 3-year contract containing a 32-cent package
increase for about 8,000 textile dyeing and
finishing workers in New York and New Jersey.
Late in September, the union negotiating com­
mittee had accepted a 25-cent package which was
rejected by union members, most of whom then
went on strike for 10 days. The new agree­
ment provided wage-rate increases of 12 cents an
hour immediately, 8 cents in 1964, and another
7 cents in 1965. Maintenance department em­
ployees received an additional 5-cent-an-hour
increase in the first year. Vacation and pension
benefits were reportedly increased.
Other manufacturing. An immediate $4.50-a-week
increase to drivers and other routemen and $5.50 a
week to plant workers was provided by a 2-year
contract agreed to on October 25, 1963, by the
Greater New York Milk Dealers Labor Com­
mittee, representing approximately 300 milk
distributors, and Locals 584, 602, and 607 of the
International Brotherhood of Teamsters, rep­
resenting about 9,000 workers. Under the con­
tract that expired October 24, the average weekly
wage was $125 for routemen and $110.50 for
plant workers. Maximum monthly pensions were
increased to $175 from $150, seventh and eighth
paid holidays were added, severance pay for
employees with 10 years’ service or more was
established for those not eligible for pensions,
and death benefits were improved up to $10,500.
The chief negotiator for the industry estimated
that the package cost about $10.50 a week.
A somewhat similar settlement was agreed to
on October 31 for about 3,000 workers repre-

1452
sented by Local 680 of the Teamsters and northern
New Jersey Milk Dealers.
A strike that began October 1, 1963, called by
the International Longshoremen’s Association,
who represent 1,100 workers at two American
Sugar Co. refineries in Brooklyn and Philadelphia,
ended October 28 with a 2-year agreement pro­
viding a 5-percent general wage increase, lib­
eralized vacations, and a guarantee of 51 weeks’
work a year. The vacation changes consisted
of reduction in the years of service required for
a 4-week vacation to 15 from 20 years; provision
for 4 weeks and 3 days’ vacation after 20 years’
employment; and, to the senior half of the work
force, a 9-week "sabbatical” leave, including the
worker’s regular vacation, every 5 years. The
total 2-year package was estimated by a union
official to be worth about 32 cents an hour.
A 2-year contract, retroactive to November 1,
between Local 9 of the United Glass and Ceramic
Workers Union and Libbey-Owens-Ford Glass Co.
with plants in Toledo, Ohio; Charleston, W. Va.;
Shreveport, La., and Ottawa, 111., did not provide
a wage increase for most of approximately 8,000
employees, during the first year, but provided a
5-cent general wage increase in the second year.
Maintenance and production workers not covered
by bonus provisions will receive wage increases of
from 3 cents to 6 cents per hour during the first
year and 2 to 4 cents per hour in addition to the
5-cent general increase in the second year. Other
benefits effective the first year included improved
pension and insurance provisions and a new
severance pay plan.
Trade and Services. A. & P. Food Stores in
western Pennsylvania, West Virginia, and eastern
Ohio, and the Meat Cutters and Butcher Work­
men, Local 590, reached agreement on 2-year
contracts covering some 4,500 employees. Hourly
wages were increased 10 cents, effective in Septem­
ber 1963, and additional 5-cent increases will go
into effect in September 1964 and again in March
1965. A personal holiday, to be taken any time
between January 1 and April 30, brought the total
number of holidays to eight. Also provided was
4 weeks’ vacation after 18 instead of 20 years.
Two daily rest breaks were increased to 15 minutes
each from 10. A union-management committee
was established to find jobs for full-time employees
who were laid off or reduced to part-time status.

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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, DECEMBER 1963

A new seniority provision permits bumping
anywhere within the 206 stores in the Pitts­
burgh, Altoona, and Youngstown areas.
A similar agreement was announced in Pitts­
burgh on October 1 by the Kroger Co. and the
same union for about 1,600 employees.
Weekly wage rates were increased $3 to $5 the
first year, with $2 increases to be effective in
October 1964 and in April 1965 by a 2-year
agreement between the Cleveland Food Industry
Committee and Local 427 of the Meat Cutters
and Butcher Workmen. The agreement, ratified
on October 12 and affecting 3,200 workers, also
provided 4 weeks’ vacation after 18 years’ service
and an eighth paid holiday. Rest periods were
increased to 15 minutes and job security was
strengthened. The agreement was expected to
set a pattern for other food industry groups in
several Ohio counties.
Increases of $5 a week in wages or guarantees
were granted to about 4,000 salary or commission
salesmen and to nonselling personnel, retroactive
to September 1, by a 3-year agreement between
Local 340, Amalgamated Clothing Workers, and
two groups of men’s apparel stores in the New
York metropolitan area. Commission rates for
furnishings salesmen were raised a quarter percent.
An additional weekly increase of $2 was to become
effective September 1, 1964, for nonselling em­
ployees. Effective a year later, all members will
receive a third week of vacation after 5 instead of
the existing 15 years’ service. Other benefits
were increased hospitalization coverage, maternity
benefits, and an allowance for X-rays.
Agreement was also reached by the ACWA and
the same groups of stores on a 3-year contract
that granted weekly increases of $7 to 2,500
bushelmen (fitters) and $4 to 1,500 office workers,
retroactive to October 1. An additional $2-aweek increase for office workers will be effective
on October 1, 1965, and the ACWA’s pension
plan was extended to those not previously covered
with company payments to begin January 1, 1964.
Bushelmen employed by Fifth Ave. stores were
to receive an additional $3 a week.
The Laundry and Linen Supply Board of Trade
and Local 26 of the Laundry Workers union in
mid-October announced agreement on a 26-month
contract affecting about 3,000 workers in San
Francisco. It provided a 10-cent-an-hour wage
increase October 15, 1963, and an additional 5

1453

DEVELOPMENTS IN INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS

cents an hour May 15, 1964, for washhouse
employees and increases of 6% cents and 6 cents
on the same dates for other workers. The agree­
ment also established a third week of vacation
after 10 years’ service and set up a training
program for new employees.
Transportation and Utilities. A deferred income
plan that will deposit between $40 to $50 monthly
into an account for each of about 6,000 members
of the Sailors Union of the Pacific went into effect
on October 1, 1963. The union and the Pacific
Maritime Association reached agreement in Sep­
tember on the disposition of an adjustment
amounting to 7.85 percent of current basic wages
called for by the contract signed in June 1962.
Under the plan, a member will receive the money
when he retires or leaves the industry.
The Cincinnati Transit Co. and the Street,
Electric Railway and Motor Coach Employes
Union on October 13 signed a 25-month contract
providing a total 18-cent-an-hour wage increase
for 1,200 workers. A 3-cent-an-hour increase was
made effective October 1, 1963, 6 cents on April 1,
1964, 7 cents on April 1, 1965, and 2 cents on
August 1, 1965. The contract, the only one of
the last four to be settled without arbitration,
also provided a new pension fund to which the
company was to contribute 14 cents and the
employees 7 cents an hour. Those retiring on or
after January 1, 1964, were to receive $75 monthly
benefits and those already retired were to receive
$63 monthly beginning January 1, 1964, and $65
beginning June 1, 1965. Pensions had been $60
a month under the old plan.
Weekly wage-rate increases of $2 to $5, with
additional increases varying from 50 cents to $3
a week depending upon the type of work, location,
or place on the job schedule were agreed to on
September 19 by Pacific Telephone and Telegraph
Co. and the Communications Workers of America
in two 38-month contracts covering 11,000 plant
and 1,500 accounting department employees in
southern California. Supplemental benefits were
similar to those in the Michigan Bell settlement.1
The United Fuel Gas Co. and affiliated com­
panies and the Oil, Chemical and Atomic Workers
reached agreement October 7 on a 3-year contract
covering about 1,700 employees in Virginia,
West Virginia, Ohio, Maryland, and Kentucky.
1See Monthly Labor Review, September 1963, pp. 1080-1081.
713-154—63---- -7

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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

Wages were increased 3 percent effective October
1, 1963, with increases of 3K percent effective 1
year later and 4% percent on October 1, 1965.
Shift differentials were to increase in 1965 and
vacations were to be improved in 1966.
Construction. Local 134 of the International
Brotherhood of Electrical Workers and the Elec­
trical Contractors Association of Chicago
announced on October 3 amendment of their
present contract expiring in June 1964 to provide
a paid 2-week vacation beginning in 1964 for
about 5,400 journeymen and 200 fourth-year
apprentices. Michael J. Kennedy, business mana­
ger of the local, said the plan was intended to
provide jobs for some 500 members who had been
unemployed during the last two winters. In the
winter of 1961-62 there were about 1,000 un­
employed electricians but a 7-hour day adopted
in November 1962 cut that number by half during
the winter of 1962-63.
Government Actions. About 5,000 clerical and
related employees of the State of Virginia received
increases amounting to slightly less than 10
percent for most of them beginning October 1,
1963. Governor Albertis S. Harrison, Jr., an­
nounced the action in mid-September and said
the increase would cost about $1.5 million the
first year. The new schedule provided the lowest
paid clerk a range of $2,520 to $3,024 instead of
$2,400 to $2,760, and a top graded accounting
machine operator a scale of $5,880 to $7,680
instead of $5,640 to $7,032.
About 19,300 city employees of Philadelphia were
to receive increases amounting to more than 7
percent for most workers beginning January 1,
1964, under an agreement announced on October
7 by District Council 33 of the American Federa­
tion of State, County, and Municipal Employees
and the city’s Personnel Director. A $400 annual
raise was to go to about 16,500 workers earning
$5,615 or less and a $200 raise to about 2,800
workers in higher pay brackets.
Union Conventions and Conferences
The Machinists and the United Automobile
Workers held their third joint aerospace conference
in El Segundo, Calif., October 2-4. Items on
the agenda included appraisal of recently con-

1454
eluded aerospace negotiations, a survey of current
contract administration problems, a study of
changing aerospace manpower requirements, an
examination of the possible impact of the atomic
test ban treaty on the industry, and preparations
for 1965 negotiations.
President Thomas E. McNett of District 727
of the International Association of Machinists
reported to the delegates that under the union
security plan negotiated with Lockheed Aircraft
Corp. last January,2 1,100 employees had joined
the union. According to McNett, 90 to 95 percent
of all new employees had joined the union after
being solicited by union stewards.
The National Maritime Union held its 13th
convention in New York City October 8 through
12. President Joseph Curran reported maritime
unions were near agreement on jurisdictional
matters including the principle of fleetwide
bargaining and transfer of union jurisdiction when
ships are sold or transferred. Curran also urged
reinstatement of the Teamsters in the AFL-CIO.
Convention resolutions called for a variety of
government actions including adoption of a policy
requiring all foreign aid shipments be transported
in U.S. vessels, centralization of administration of
cargo preference regulations in the Maritime
Administration, and a requirement that sub­
sidized lines solicit bulk as well as general cargo.
The delegates also resolved that strategic com­
modities be imported in U.S. vessels, that govern­
ment construction and operating subsidies be
increased, and that a formal training and upgrad­
ing program be established under joint unionemployer auspices to help cope with automation
and update members’ skills.
Initiation fees were raised to $150 from $100
and dues were increased to $30 per quarter from
$25 and the office of patrolman was made appoint­
ive rather than elective.
The convention took no action on the layup of
the U.S. Lines’ luxury liner “America” whose
September 14 and subsequent voyages had been
canceled because NMU members quit work rather
than sail with Louis Neurohr, 1st assistant
engineer on the America, whom they accused of
racial and religious bigotry and abuse of authority.
The industry-NMU umpire, Theodore Kheel, had
recommended that Neurohr be transferred to
another ship but, on October 14, Donald Shaughnessy, arbitrator under the Marine Engineers

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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, DECEMBER 1963

Beneficial Association contract dismissed charges
against Neurohr. Curran had suggested prior to
the convention that arbitration procedures be set
up to decide disputes between two unions whose
members were employed by the same company.
The Utility Workers Union at its 13th conven­
tion in Chicago October 24-26 reelected William
J. Pachler president along with other incumbents.
Their terms of office were lengthened to 4 years by
constitutional amendment. The delegates ap­
proved a resolution to retain a consulting firm to
study the industry. In recommending the project
to the delegates, Pachler stated that nuclear power
plants, automation, high voltage transmission
grids, and the sharing of resources among adjoining
power companies have all seriously affected
collective bargaining.
At its quadrennial convention, the United Brick
and Clay Workers in Louisville, Ky., September
29 through October 2, attributed a decline in
membership to automation, plant shutdowns, im­
ports, and substitute materials. An expanded
organizing drive was authorized. A legislative
program called for cutting the social security re­
tirement age, an improved unemployment com­
pensation program, repeal of Section 14(b) of
the Taft-Hartley Act, hospital care for the aged
through social security, and improved workmen’s
compensation laws. President William L. Grif­
fith and Secretary-Treasurer Herbert R. Flegal
had been reelected to office prior to the convention
by referendum.
The American Train Dispatchers Association’s
19th general assembly at Chicago October 14-16
reelected President R. C. Coutts and other incum­
bents. The delegates approved a hospital-surgical
plan for retired members and raised dues $1 a
month to an annual total of $60. Delegates
urged that dispute processing by the Railroad
Adjustment Board be expedited.
Civil Rights

Secretary of Labor W. Willard Wirtz on Octo­
ber 23 proposed compliance procedures to insure
equality of opportunity in the Nation’s appren­
ticeship system. Standards had originally been
issued in July. Following criticism of the original
language, standards and procedures were pub2See Monthly Labor Review, March 1963, p. 311.

DEVELOPMENTS IN INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS

lished on October 23, and interested persons or
groups had 15 days to make recommendations
regarding them. Failure of an apprenticeship
program to meet the standards would mean loss
of Federal registration; contractors on Federal
construction projects may pay apprentices less
than the journeyman rate only if they are being
trained under a federally registered program.3
Three Negro postal employees, reportedly the
first to be promoted to supervisory positions in the
Dallas, Tex., Post Office, were reassigned to nonsupervisory work at no loss in pay in October.4
The United Federation of Postal Clerks had
charged the Post Office Department with pro­
moting without regard to merit registers. The
Post Office Department determined that Assistant
Postmaster General Richard J. Murphy did not
have authority to make the special appointments.
Other Developments
The Canadian government late in October pro­
tested to the United States over the refusal of
American longshoremen to load and unload
Canadian ships in Great Lakes ports after the
Canadian Government had placed four Canadian
maritime unions and the Canadian branch of the
Seafarers’ International Union of America in
trusteeship. The Canadian Parliament had au­
thorized the 3-year trusteeship after a govern­
ment inquiry accused the head of the Canadian
branch of the SIU of running an undemocratic
union and of using violence to dominate Great
Lakes maritime workers, and following failure of
United States-Canadian efforts to set up a private
trustee system. The American boycott was re­
portedly directed primarily at the Upper Great
Lakes Shipping Company whose workers had
formerly been organized by the SIU but which
negotiated a contract with the Canadian Maritime
Union. The latter union was set up by the
Canadian Labor Congress after it expelled the
Seafarers. Delegates to the New York State
3See M onthly Labor Review, September 1863, p. 1084.
4See M onthly Labor Review, October 1963, p. 1207.
3 Ibid., p. 1208.
6 See Monthly Labor Review, January 1963, p. 67.


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1455
AFL-CIO convention in October approved a reso­
lution condemning the trusteeship.
The U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals in Boston on
October 17 postponed an order of the Civil Aero­
nautics Board that Northeast Airlines discontinue
its New York-Florida run and confine its opera­
tions to New England 5 until at least April 30,
1964 to permit the court to review the ruling.
Petitions filed by employee groups and competing
airlines to participate in the case as interested
parties were denied.
Six officers of the International Union of Mine,
Mill and Smelter Workers (Ind.) found guilty
September 20 in the Federal District Court in
Denver, Colo., of filing false non-Communist
affidavits with the National Labor Relations
Board under since repealed provisions of the TaftHartley Act, reportedly planned to appeal the
ruling. They were President A. C. Skinner,
Secretary-Treasurer Irving Dichter, Administra­
tive Assistant Harold Sanderson, District 4 Board
Member Raymond Dennis, International Repre­
sentative Charles H. Wilson, and former SecretaryTreasurer Maurice E. Travis. International
Representative Jess R. Van Camp was found not
guilty.
John J. Grogan, president of the Industrial
Union of Marine and Shipbuilding Workers of
America, was elected October 8 a member of the
AFL-CIO Executive Council and Federation vice
president, succeeding Leland S. Buckmaster, pres­
ident emeritus of the United Rubber, Cork,
Linoleum and Plastic Workers, who resigned in
February 1962.6 Grogan, president of his union
since 1951, is also mayor of Hoboken, N.J. UAW
president Walter Reuther had nominated Ralph
Helstein, president of the United Packinghouse,
Food and Allied Workers, for the council vacancy
but AFL-CIO President George Meany had op­
posed the nomination on grounds that Helstein’s
union had been Communist-tainted. Reuther
claimed that both former CIO unions and former
AFL unions had the right to name new members
to the Executive Council as a condition of the
1955 merger of the AFL and CIO, and together
with four other members, he abstained from voting
on Grogan’s selection.

Book Reviews
and Notes
E ditor’s N ote.—Listing of a publication in this

section is for record and reference only and
does not constitute an endorsement of point of
view or advocacy of use.
Special Reviews
National Labor Movements in the Postwar World.
Edited by Everett M. Kassalow. Evanston,
111., Northwestern University Press, 1963.
256 pp. $6.95.
This volume had its origins in a seminar on
comparative labor movements held in Washing­
ton, D.C., under the auspices of the National
Institute of Labor Education. It includes essays
by a distinguished group of experts: David J.
Saposs and Arnold L. Steinbach on the inter­
national labor movement; George Lichtblau on
Communist labor tactics in former colonial coun­
tries; Paul Fisher on unions in the development
process; Bruce Millen on the Norwegian labor
movement; Val R. Lorwin on Belgium and France;
Robert J. Alexander on Bolivia; Solomon B.
Levine on Japan; and Stephen Low on Africa.
Everett M. Kassalow, who organized the seminar
has a concluding summary chapter.
The essays are almost uniformly interesting and
informative. Each reader will naturally find that
some provide him with more new ideas than others,
reflecting his own interests and knowledge. I was
particularly intrigued by Yal Lorwin’s elegant
paper on the Belgian and French labor move­
ments, partly because so little has been written
about the Belgian scene, and partly because the
comparative method is used to such good effect.
Lorwin cites a number of factors which he feels
account for the relative success of the Belgian
unions vis-a-vis their French neighbors: The
earlier and more complete industrialization of the
French economy; the postwar spirit of coopera­
tion between Belgian labor and management
resulting from the events of the Nazi occupation;
and differences in the position of the Catholic
1456

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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

Church in the two countries, in the attitudes of
Belgian and French workers toward the legitimacy
of state power, and in national values.
George Lichtblau provides a useful summary of
the untiring efforts by the World Federation of
Trade Unions to win friends and influence people
in the new countries. He points out that the
WFTU has been a major instrument of Soviet
policy aimed at detaching other nations from the
West through “tactical and technical guidance,
training of cadres, and financial assistance to a
growing number of labor movements, helping
them thereby to transform their societies into
socioeconomic structures resembling those of the
‘peoples democracies’.”
Fisher, Low, and Kassalow address themselves
most directly to the main theme of the volume—
the role of organized labor in economic develop­
ment. Mr. Low, surveying the African scene,
observes that the trade unions there cater to a
relatively small proportion of the population (and,
it might be added, to groups whose per capita
income is apt to be several times greater than the
average for the nation as a whole); and that they
tend to rely more heavily on political action,
through government directly or their close ties
with the dominant political party, than on col­
lective bargaining. Mr. Fisher argues that far
from impeding development by diverting invest­
ment resources to consumption, unions can
make a major contribution to economic change
and social stability by helping overcome con­
servative traditional attitudes and by disci­
plining the labor force. Mr. Kassalow makes the
point, inter alia, that investment in social overhead
may be as important as building up physical
capital, and argues strongly that genuinely inde­
pendent trade unions (there is an interesting
discussion of what is meant by “independent”)
are indispensable for the success of development
programs conducted under democratic auspices.
This volume is a useful addition to the growing
literature on the social aspects of development.
An “impure” blending of pure economic growth
theory and the pure politics of new nation building,
this burgeoning area of study may in the end
provide some of the crucial pieces in the devel­
opment puzzle.
—W alter Galenson
Institute of Industrial Relations
University of California, Berkeley

BOOK REVIEWS AND NOTES

The Reluctant Job Changer: Studies in Work
Attachments and Aspirations. By Gladys L.
Palmer and others. Philadelphia, University
of Pennsylvania Press, 1962. 225 pp. $7.50.
As suggested by its title, this volume, in
contrast to most research in the field of labor
mobility, has as its focus the “stable” worker—the
worker who is likely to stay put in spite of either
economic pressures to change jobs (e.g., threats
of layoffs) or of economic incentives to move
(e.g., offers of higher wages). From the vantage
point of the personnel manager, the stable worker,
if also productive, is the “ideal” worker. The
manpower economist tends, however, to view
him with some concern if his attachments are
to a declining industry or trade. Whether
approached from these or other perspectives,
the collection of four studies in this volume, and
Gladys Palmer’s synthesis of their findings,
provide additional insights to an aspect of labor
market behavior about which our collective
knowledge is still very spotty.
Although the four studies are concerned with
the general theme of attachment, or lack of
attachment, to the individual’s job, firm, or
occupation, they vary considerably in design
and specific objectives. The first study, by
Palmer, Parnes, and Wilcock, attempts—through
intensive interview techniques—to measure and
compare degrees of attachment to the firm and
to the occupation on the part of workers in two
skilled trades (machinists, linemen) and in two
semiskilled trades (welders, machine operators).
The second study, by Parnes, also uses the
attitude survey method to attempt to isolate
the effects of pension plans upon worker stability.
Carol Brainerd, in the third study, reaches
backward in time to measure trends in job
changing of Philadelphia toolmakers over several
decades, tapping, for this purpose, results of
three different work experience studies (1924,
1936, 1956) for that trade. Finally, Mary
Herman, relying mainly on the analytical tools
of the sociologist, focuses on measures of class
identification, occupational aspirations, and job
satisfaction drawn from a number of local surveys
conducted during the past decade in the United
States and abroad.
Because of their emphasis on depth, rather
than breadth the studies do not lend themselves


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1457

to facile generalization. The pervasive theme,
highlighted by Gladys Palmer in her concluding
chapter, is the increased importance attached
by the American worker to formalized seniority
rights. These rights represent a range of entitle­
ments, such as promotion chances, choice of
vacation periods, and pension benefits, but,
above all else, are identified with economic
security. This concern with seniority and job
security is offered as an explanation for the
greater degree of attachment shown by workers
to their firm than to their occupation, and for
the apparent long-term decline in mobility of
the Philadelphia toolmakers, historically a highly
mobile occupational group.
Among the more interesting insights offered
by this volume is the attempt to isolate the
influence of private pensions as a specific factor
affecting job attachment. In a survey limited
to male production workers, aged 35 to 50, in
two plants (one pension, one nonpension; but
similar in other respects) Parnes finds very little
difference in job attachments among workers in
both plants, and a general lack of specific knowl­
edge about pension rights among the workers
in the plant with a pension system. The authors,
properly, avoid overgeneralization from this
limited sample. It is quite possible, for example,
that the “holding power” of pension plans, per se,
is greater for white-collar workers than for produc­
tion workers; and, most likely, would be greater
among men closer to retirement age. The
findings do, however, reinforce observations
elsewhere in recent literature on the high discount
rates by the average worker of future benefits, as
against more tangible short-term returns.
— H arold W ool
Office of the Assistant Secretary of Defense for Manpower
U.S. Department of Defense

The American Worker in the Twentieth Century:
A History Through Autobiographies. By Eli
Ginzberg and Hyman Berman. New York,
Free Press of Glencoe, 1963. 368 pp. $7.50.
For Ginzberg and Berman, a history of the
American worker since 1900 can be best ap­
proached through autobiographies of workers.
The result is a highly interesting, vivid, and
impressionistic account of the life, work, and

1458
aspirations of American workers in the twentieth
century as seen through their own eyes and stated
in their own idiom.
With major emphasis on the industrial wage
earner, the 93 autobiographies selected are culled
largely from:
. . . personal accounts written by workers and
published in periodicals and books, most of them
obscure and out of print; testimony given by
workers before Federal and State legislative and
administrative bodies; recorded materials in the
depositories of oral history projects; and unpub­
lished interviews with workers collected in the
course of scientific investigations.

Illuminating the autobiographies are valuable
summaries of prior approaches to American labor
history, and of the transformations that have
affected labor organizations and their members
as well as the unorganized workers. What
emerges is a portrait of the American worker of
the twentieth century, encountering and being
buffeted by wars and depressions and mighty
social changes. Whether native or foreign born,
organized or unorganized, the worker was am­
bitious, hopeful, optimistic, hardy, and extremely
productive and often appreciative of the notable
opportunities spread before him and his children
in a land of unexampled opportunities and re­
sources. Social evils at various periods, including
child labor at extremely young ages and the
exploitation of women, are not, however, over­
looked or minimized.
The authors use judgment samples rather than
random samples based on probability considera­
tions but the quest for adequate range and repre­
sentativeness of the life histories selected has been
generally successful.
The emphasis on the individual worker is
certainly refreshing and makes for an unusually
readable volume. One wonders, however, whether
the average reader, with little knowledge of the
subject matter, should not be counseled to read
general histories of labor and of American economic
history before turning to this volume. Although
Ginzberg and Berman do not claim that their
product is a substitute for such histories, they do
exude too much optimism that an "instant history”
is on the market that can be absorbed painlessly
and with little effort. In the final analysis, there


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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, DECEMBER 1963

is no royal road to any field of learning, including
the study and understanding of the American
worker since 1900. Whatever the shortcomings
of the work, there can be no doubt of the courage
and skill of the authors in embarking on this
difficult, but rewarding, enterprise. Their volume
is one more illustration, and a truly outstanding
one, of the eternal quest of historians and other
social scientists for novel and more significant
approaches to their source material.
— H arris P roschansky
New York Regional Office
Wage and Hour and Public Contracts Divisions

Why People Work: Changing Incentives in a
Troubled World. By Aaron Levenstein.
New York, Crowell-Collier Press, 1962. 320
pp., bibliography. $3.95.
Professor Levenstein has written a sprightly
little book on problems of work incentives. The
changing motives for working are interesting from
a social and economic point of view. The author
has adroitly mixed good economic, sociological,
and political sense into a monograph that is an
interesting exposition of the changing incentives.
As the world changes, the work force is shifting its
composition. The skills demanded by modern
production are changing and better educated and
better trained personnel are required. We must
provide appropriate incentives for workers to
respond to the call of industry for more skills.
Levenstein finds no single cause, but a host of
factors, creating the present attitudes toward
work. He reminds us that the technology of work
has been so completely revolutionized that the old
attitude of the artisan is no longer appropriate
and that "we must be concerned, but not
frightened, as human attitudes change.”
After an interesting exposition of the reasons for
changing attitudes toward work, the author
points out the well-known order of job satisfaction
factors that begin with security, interest, oppor­
tunity for advancement—noting, as many before
him have, that wages are far from the first in the
list. He advises management to realize that a
corporation or a large plant is more than an
economic unit. It is also a social institution and
must provide for the development of all partici-

1459

BOOK REVIEWS AND NOTES

pants in the production process, not just the
management sector.
“Management, buffeted by decades of change,
is afraid of the new society that its technology has
created.” Pointing to the precepts of a mana­
gerial individualism, whose end was visible as soon
as the corporate concept was born, business
refuses to accept the existence of interdependence.
Thus, Levenstein exhorts management to come
to a complete understanding of its responsibilities
and to shoulder them. With a more skilled
and more highly trained work force, more and
more persons are capable of decisionmaking and
the base of decisionmaking must be broadened
to take into account the aspirations and abilities
of the newly emerging work force of a society
subject to continuous technological change.
Work is the link between the worker and society
and it offers him more than protection against
deprivation. It offers him economic and psycho­
logical stability in a constantly and rapidly
churning process of change. The worker can
never return to the days of the artisan who started
a task and could finish it and find satisfaction in
the completed work of his hands. He is destined
to be only a part of the whole and to make a part
of the whole.
While there is little that is new in Professor
Levenstein’s work, it is refreshingly and fiowingly
stated and will make interesting reading, especially
for trade union leaders and persons engaged in the
management and supervision of other people.
— M a n u el E ber
Office of Manpower, Automation and Training
Manpower Administration

John R. Commons: His Assault on Laissez-Faire.
By Lafayette G. Harter, Jr. Corvallis,
Oregon State University Press, 1962. 283
pp., bibliography. $4.95.
In his introduction Mr. Harter describes John II.
Commons as “Nominally—an economist—but of
the institutional school. Like others of this
school, he rebelled against the prevailing doctrines
of his day. But more important than his eco­
nomic protestantism was the fact that he was a


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reformer. His impact as a theoretical economist
has remained small, but the reforms in which he
participated have become important institutions.
They, more than his or any other economist's
theories, have contributed to a radical change in
American thought. Because the reforms were
imcompatible with the prevailing conceptions of
the social order, they slowly undermind it.”
The point of view reflected in this statement
pervades the remainder of Mr. Harter’s biogra­
phy. The concluding chapters disclose the au­
thor’s disbelief in the vitality of the institutional
school, as well as the substance of an economic
theory embodied in that “school,” of which
Commons was a part.
In between, the reader is provided with an
account of the economic and social environment
Commons faced, and his response to it. These
chapters portray the story of Commons’ prag­
matic approach to economic problems, with em­
phasis on the inductive method. They provide
a straightforward description of Commons’ in­
fluence on social legislation—particularly public
utility regulation, workmen’s compensation, min­
imum wage, and unemployment compensation.
His effective use of students to assist in the de­
velopment of factual material embodied in his
studies (and their enthusiastic response) is com­
mended. His contribution to economic theory is
regarded as minimal.
Harter’s book provides a convenient resume of
the more important contributions of Commons:
The development of commissions to study and
report on social problems, the use of the negotia­
ting process to promote acceptance of new methods
of dealing with economic problems, the necessity
to recognize that economic institutions change and
that these changes must be acknowledged in the
formulation of economic doctrine.
It is doubtful that students of Commons will
be contented with Harter’s appraisal. Biogra­
phers might wish that Commons’ warm personality
had been more fully portrayed. The bibliography
is excellent and extensive.
— P .R . K erschbaum
Associate Commissioner for Management
and Field Operations, Bureau of Labor Statistics

1460
The Italian Labor Movement. By Daniel L.
Horowitz. Cambridge, Mass., Harvard Uni­
versity Press, 1963. 356 pp., bibliography.
(Wertheim Publications in Industrial Rela­
tions.) $7.50.
The key problem for postwar Italy, as for post­
war France, has been its inability to attain what
Horowitz calls a “congruence” among its social
and economic structure, political forces, and trade
unions. In both cases, this national majority
consensus necessary to a viable balance has been
frustrated by the active presence of a large
Communist Party and a dominating Communistcontrolled labor federation. This has rendered
the left majority in each country inoperative and
has thus frustrated the reconstructing of the
social and economic life of the country which
seemed the promise of the liberation period.
In his study of what this has meant in Italy,
Horowitz considers the development of trade
unions against the evolution of that country’s
social, political, and economic institutions. Al­
most half the volume is devoted to an incisive
review of the roots of the movement and the
forces which shaped it until the Fascist debacle
and World War II. The remainder of the book
details the attempts to fill the vacuum left by the
Fascist state and the evolution of the forces that
emerged.
Horowitz makes clear that no congruence has
yet been found which offers the democratic
stability that can ensure economic progress with
a large measure of social justice. However, unlike
the study of 2 years ago by Maurice Neufeld,
Italy: School for Awakening Countries, which
covered much of the same ground, Horowitz ends
on a cautiously optimistic note. The difference
lies not so much in evaluation as in events of the
last 2 years. The Horowitz book was completed
as the “opening to the left” was being put into
effect and the Italian economy was exhibiting a
new, and in some respects, astonishing dynamism.
Although these developments have undoubtedly
contributed to the diminution of the influence of
the Communist-controlled General Italian Con­
federation of Labor (CGIL), it continues to com­
mand the allegiance of the most significant seg­
ments of organized Italian workers. Until Nenni
feels he can (with minimum risk) break with the


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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, DECEMBER 1963

mystique of working class unity on the trade union
front and attempt to direct his followers to the
non-Communist groups, further progress, though
possible, will undoubtedly be slow.
However, new factors are constantly emerging,
notably at this time, the internal effect on Com­
munist organizations of the Soviet-Sino conflict,
and the impact of the Common Market. These,
coupled with those noted above, may have the
effect of forcing the emergence of a drastic political
realinement which will strongly influence trade
union evolution.
This is a valuable addition to the limited litera­
ture on the Italian unions and Italian social de­
velopment. It happily escapes the turgid prose
of many academic volumes and is able to clarify
enormously complicated internal political gyra­
tions of the unions. Its thoroughness and highly
competent scholarship will probably make it the
standard text for those having interest in European
labor.
One element of some significance in the struc­
turing of the post-Fascist labor movement is
neither recorded or evaluated in the book: the
programs of the American government agencies,
particularly the work of Colonel Thomas Lane as
labor attache during the crucial postwar years.
The political and economic role of the Marshall
Plan is also not discussed. Perhaps these will have
to wait for a study devoted entirely to the post­
war period and written by someone without
official connections.
Horowitz is a pioneer American labor attache,
having served in Chile, New Delhi, and Paris.
The fact that his “on the ground” research took
place during two different periods, 4 years apart,
undoubtedly add to the authority of the volume,
letting time aid him in establishing the validity
of his judgments.
— K enneth D outy
European Area Specialist
Bureau of International Labor Affairs

The Contrasting Economies: A Study of Modern
Economic Systems. By Lynn Turgeon. Bos­
ton, Allyn and Bacon, Inc., 1963. 382 pp.,
bibliographies. $4.50, paper.
Students of comparative economic systems will
welcome Professor Turgeon’s fresh approach to
the study of organizational, operational, and pol-

BOOK REVIEWS AND NOTES

1461

icy aspects of “capitalist” and “noncapitalistoriented” systems, with the Soviet economy typi­
fying the latter category. The study is organized
along functional lines, weaving the contrast be­
tween Turgeon’s two groupings with reference to
key sectors (agriculture, labor, foreign trade, and
others), allocative and distributive problems (con­
sumption and investment, living standards), and
to topics of special operational significance, such
as decisionmaking processes.
One particularly welcomes the forthright intro­
ductory statement on the widely debated question
of the extent to which Khrushchev’s Russia is
becoming more “capitalistically” oriented. Turgeon rightly labels this reasoning a “misreading of
the facts,” on the sound grounds that the motiva­
tion behind adaptations in planned economies,
which superficially resemble “capitalist-oriented”
practices, is fundamentally different.
While the book is impressive, the treatment of
the major theme is somewhat uneven. Turgeon
incorporates a survey of Soviet economic affairs
that can take its place alongside the best general
works now in use. His emphasis on the Soviet
economy as the principal “noncapitalist-oriented”
system is valuable analytically, but one questions
whether the preoccupation with the U.S.-U.S.S.R.
confrontation yields the most satisfactory study
of comparative systems. Moreover, the “capi­
talist-oriented” analysis contrasts markedly with
the richness and depth of his coverage of Soviet
themes.
On the whole, such criticism detracts little from
this reviewer’s high opinion of the book, which is
recommended particularly for all serious students
of the Soviet economy.
— P aul G ekker
Federal Reserve Board

Economic Trends in the Soviet Union. Edited by
Abram Bergson and Simon Kuznets. Cam­
bridge, Mass., Harvard University Press, 1963.
392 pp. $9.75.
This collective study is the product of an
unusually successful conference on the subject of
Soviet economic growth. The conference, held
at Princeton University in May 1961, was planned
and executed under the deft leadership of the same
two scholars who appear as the editors of the pub­


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lished volume. For Professor Bergson, his appear­
ance in the guise of chairman and editor is, in a
sense, a repeat performance, since he had also
presided over a previous conference on the same
subject, which resulted in a pioneer study in this
area of research, published in 1953 under the title
Soviet Economic Growth.
In presenting its collective analysis of the statis­
tical record of Soviet economic growth, the present
study examines its subject matter under eight
broad topics: Labor force (Eason), capital stock
(Kaplan), industrial production (Powell), agri­
cultural production (Johnson), consumption
(Chapman), foreign trade (Holzman), national
income (Bergson), and a comparative appraisal
(Kuznets). The result is an impressively erudite
collection of carefully drafted and edited chapters,
each a compressed monograph on the topic.
As designed by the editors, this examination of
U .8.S.R. growth trends is an attempt to provide
an added dimension for viewing the subject by
weaving into the presentation, where appropriate,
some relevant comparisons with the more familiar
economic trends and policies of other countries.
Most often, of course, such comparisons are made
with the United States.
It is also illuminating to find among the specific
comparisons presented in this volume something
on the allocative devices used by the Soviet Union
for the purpose of gaining ground in its economic
race against the market economies. Soviet
planners are shown as wont to channel a high pro­
portion of the available nonfarm labor into mate­
rial production rather than into services. As a, result,
figures calculated from Soviet sources show that
in 1959 as much as 40 percent of the Soviet non­
farm labor force was employed in industry, as
compared with 33 percent in the United States.
In commerce, by contrast, the Soviet proportion
is 8 percent as against a proportion of 22 percent in
the case of our nonfarm manpower.
In addition to the comparative data contained
in the individual essays, the present volume makes
a unique and welcome contribution in its con­
cluding chapter, which places the overall Soviet
experience in economic growth within an inter­
national setting. What emerges from this highly
expert comparative appraisal by Professor Kuznets
is a more conservative assessment of the Soviet

1462
record of economic growth than has been the
tendency heretofore for the majority of specialists
in the field.
Kuznets finds, for example, that the rate of
growth of the net national product of the U.S.S.R.
over a period of some 20 ‘'normal” years (excluding
the disturbed decade 1940-50) amounted to 5.2
percent per year—a rate that is high but not un­
precedented. Rates as high as this, his compari­
sons show, were equaled or exceeded over long
periods of time in other countries: In the United
States during the 1870’s and 1880’s, in Australia,
in Japan, and in South Africa. Other countries
that have come quite close to this level are Sweden,
Canada, and Argentina. In some of these coun­
tries, moreover, the rate of growth on a percapita basis was also equal to that of the U.S.S.R.
Sweden, in particular, has shown a high rate of
growth in per capita terms.
Turning to the period since World War II,
Kuznets finds that the Soviet economy has indeed
expanded at an impressive rate—6.8 percent.
However, for this period, too, he finds that rates
of such magnitude, both higher and lower by small
margins, have been experienced by several
countries in Europe, Asia, Africa, and Latin
America. On the basis of these comparisons,
Kuznets concludes that “The high and quickening
rate of growth by the U.S.S.R. in the post-World
War II years is thus shared by a number of other
countries in which World War II formed, as it
were, a watershed.”
As may be expected, the editors are fully aware
that the Soviet economy is an evolving social
organism that cannot be made to remain under
the microscope for a period of time without under­
going further change. Such a change has inevi­
tably taken place during the 3 years that elapsed
between the drafting of the original chapters and
the time of their publication. In the preface,
therefore, the editors indicate that after 1958 most
official indexes in the U.S.S.R. witnessed a per­
ceptible decline in growth. In the case of national
income, for example, even the growth rate shown
by the official index dropped from 10.9 percent per
annum for the period 1950-58 to a rate of 7.6
percent for the years 1958-61.
Another uniquely useful chapter, contributed by
Mrs. Janet Chapman, undertakes a comparison of
the level and pattern of consumption in the Soviet


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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEiW, DECEMBER 1963

Union with those of the United States. [A sum­
mary of portions of this study was published in the
Monthly Labor Review, January 1963, pp. 11-13.]
The author develops a two-stage juxtaposition in
which Soviet consumption per capita today in a
number of standard categories is compared to that
of the United States in two periods in its develop­
ment—1890 and the present. A comparison of
this sort helps to identify the particular social
terrain on which the Soviet leadership has chosen
to challenge the more affluent societies of the West.
— L eon

M.

H

erm an

Legislative Reference Service
Library of Congress

Government and Labor: The Role of Government in
Union-Management Relations. By Herbert R.
Northrup and Gordon F. Bloom. Homewood,
111., Richard D. Irwin, Inc., 1963. 507 pp.
$10.60.
To properly evaluate the merit of Government
and Labor, one must pay particular attention to
the audience for which it was written. “Student,
teacher, and practitioner,” as the preface spells out
the readership, represent a heterogeneous audience
in terms of sophistication, knowledge, and interest.
It is doubtful that advanced students in labor law
or labor economics or well-informed, working
specialists are going to find that this volume
contains materials or problems with which they
are unfamiliar. For the undergraduate, for the
personnel man (rather than the labor relations
expert), for teachers in allied fields, however, the
book has much to recommend it.
Northrup and Bloom are to be praised for their
succinct and well-organized presentation of labor
law and its implementation via government in
the field of labor relations. Parts II (Govern­
ment Control of Union-Management Relations)
and III (Intervention in Labor Disputes) provide
the reader with a rapid and complete background
of knowledge for evaluating the historical bases
and current conditions governing labor-manage­
ment relations. And what is perhaps even more
important, the authors present these materials
honestly, as an often ambiguous and contradictory
set of policies and practices—not as legalistic
absolutes to be cherished by the uninitiated.
Moreover, the authors delve deeply into the genesis

BOOK REVIEWS AND NOTES

1463

of the law and the reasons for its vague and often
contradictory aspects.
By and large, the authors live up to their promise
of presenting ‘'conflicting views and ideas objec­
tively and thoroughly.” This is particularly true
on issues where union and management ideologi­
cally, at least, are in opposition. With respect
to government intervention, however, although
they go to great lengths to present all sides of the
picture, they leave this reviewer with the impres­
sion that they consider increased government
control of labor-management disputes and their
settlement undesirable within a political democ­
racy. In taking such a stand (although they are
extremely cautious in committing themselves
directly even with regard to this point), they are
in harmony with the active participants’ point of
view, if not with some segments of the public who
feel that the cost of labor-management disputes
necessitates more vigorous intervention. Unfor­
tunately, whether or not the fear of government
control implicitly expressed in the volume is
valid will not be determined by reading this work.
Much of the evidence presented (through no fault
of the authors) is speculative rather than defini­
tive. The data available often seem to be more
appropriate for value judgments than for objec­
tive appraisal.
In spite of this one departure from the ulet the
reader decide” approach, the authors’ faithful
adherence to their imposed code is laudatory.
The reader will find in the final chapter, instead of
crystal gazing, a masterpiece of synthesis and a
tough-minded evaluation of whether or not one
can indeed make valid speculations considering
the nature of the data available.
Although Northrup and Bloom conclude that
their effort has produced questions rather than
answers, their integration of the vast and complex
data they have compiled is well worth the price of
the volume. Their “bdsic tenets underlying na­
tional labor policy” and their discussion of them
is as perceptive and scholarly an effort as one will
find in the social science literature.


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— H jalmar R osen
Department of Psychology
Wayne State University

Education and Training
Business Simulation in Industrial and University Education.
By Paul S. Greenlaw, Lowell W. Herron, Richard H.
Rawdon. Englewood Cliffs, N.J., Prentice-Hall,
Inc., 1962. 356 pp., bibliography. $10.
Rehabilitating the Aging Disabled Worker— [A Symposium].
(In Rehabilitation Record, U.S. Department of
Health, Education, and Welfare, Vocational Re­
habilitation Administration, Washington, SeptemberOctober 1963, pp. 2-16.)
Retraining of Industrial Personnel. By Walter J.
McNamara. (In Personnel Psychology: A Journal
of Applied Research, Durham, N.C., Autumn 1963,
pp. 2 3 3-247.

$2.50.)

Your Future in the Automotive Industry. By Dawson
Taylor. New York, Richards Rosen Press, 1963.
160 pp., bibliography. $2.95.

Health and Safety
Vital and Health Statistics Data From the National Health
Survey: Disability Days, United States, July 1961June 1962. Washington, U.S. Department of Health,
Education, and Welfare, Public Health Service, 1963.
52 pp. (Publication 1000— Series 10— No. 4.) 40
cents, Superintendent of Documents, Washington.
Health Services for Civilian Governmental Employees.
By John F. Kilgus, Jr., M.D. (In Archives of
Environmental Health, Chicago, October 1963,
pp. 4 7 7-480.

$1.25.)

Handbook [of the Federal Safety Council]. Washington,
U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor
Standards, Federal Safety Council, 1963. 63 pp.
Psychological Complications in Industrial Injuries. By
John C. Nemiah, M.D. (In Archives of Environ­
mental Health, Chicago, October 1963, pp. 481-486.
$1.25.)
Disabling Work-Injury Experience of the Oil Industry (All
Activities) and the Natural Cas Industry (Excluding
Distribution Activities) in the United States, 1962.
Washington, U.S. Department of the Interior,
Bureau of Mines, 1963. 14 pp. (Mineral Industry
Surveys.)
California Work Injuries, 1961. San Francisco, California
Department of Industrial Relations, Division of
Labor Statistics and Research, 1963. 49 pp.
Annual Report of the Chief Inspector of Factories on In­
dustrial Health, 1962. London, Ministry of Labor,
1963. 58 pp. (Cmnd. 2129.) 4s., H.M. Stationery
Office, London.

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, DECEMBER 1963

1464

Industrial Relations
The Impact of Atlantic-Gulf Unionism on the Relative
Earnings of Unlicensed Merchant Seamen.
By
Leonard A. Rapping. (In Industrial and Labor
Relations Review, Ithaca, N.Y., October 1963,
pp. 75-95.
$1.75.)
Strategy and Collective Bargaining Negotiation. By Carl
M. Stevens. New York, McGraw-Hill Book Co.,
Inc., 1963. 192 pp., bibliography. $6.95.
Collective Bargaining and the National Interest. By
Joseph A. Raffaele. (In Labor Law Journal, Chicago,
June 1963, pp. 514-526. $1.)
Our

National Lahor Policy— Collective Bargaining or
Authoritarianism? By James L. McGuigan. (In
Labor Law Journal, Chicago, June 1963, pp. 527-531.
$

1 .)

Collective Bargaining at the Crossroads. By Allan Weisen­
feld. (In Labor Law Journal, Chicago, June 1963,
pp. 508-513. $1.)
Collective Bargaining Settlements in New York State—
1962 Annual Report. New York, State Depart­
ment of Labor, Division of Research and Statistics,
1963. 24 pp.
Fact-Finding in Lahor Disputes: The States’ Experience.
By Herbert R. Northrup. (In Industrial and Labor
Relations Review, Ithaca, N.Y., October 1963,
pp. 114-134. $1.75.)
Developing Standards for Determining Arbitrability of
Lahor Disputes by Federal Courts. By Gilbert A.
Cornfield. (In Labor Law Journal, Chicago, June
1963, pp. 564-577. $1.)
Labor’s Right to Technical Data. By Theodore St. Antoine
and Bert Gottlieb. (In American Federationist,
AFL-CIO, Washington, October 1963, pp. 19-22.)

Labor Force
Mobilizing to Meet Municipal Manpower Challenges. By
Frank P. Zeidler. (In Public Personnel Review,
Chicago, October 1963, pp. 226-232. $2.)
Manpower for Medical Research Requirements and Resources,
1965-1970. Washington, U.S. Department of Health,
Education, and Welfare, Public Health Service, 1963.
72 pp. (Resources for Medical Research Report 3.)
55 cents, Superintendent of Documents, Washington.

Britain, The Netherlands, Sweden. New York, State
Department of Labor, Division of Employment, 1963.
119 pp.
Conditions of Employment in Air Traffic Control Service.
By Jacob Schenkman. (In International Labor
Review, Geneva, September 1963, pp. 221-261. 75
cents. Distributed in United States by Washington
Branch of ILO.)
The Rich and the Poor: Employment in an Age of Auto­
mation. By Arnold R. Weber. (In Social Service
Review, University of Chicago Press, Chicago,
September 1963, pp. 249-262. $2.25.)
The Geographic Mobility of Labor: A First Report. By
John B. Lansing and others. Ann Arbor, University
of Michigan, Survey Research Center, 1963. 315
pp., bibliography.
The Erosion of Jobs and Skills. (In American Federationist, AFL-CIO, Washington, October 1963, pp. 6-12.)
The Hired Farm Working Force of 1961. Washington,
U.S. Department of Agriculture, Economic Research
Service, 1963. 57 pp. (Agricultural Economic Re­
port 36.)
The Hidden Force: A Report of the International Conference
on Middle Level Manpower, San Juan, Puerto Rico,
October 10-12, 1962. By Francis W. Godwin, Richard
N. Goodwin, William F. Haddad. New York, Harper
& Row, Publishers, 1963. xvi, 203 pp., bibliography.
II Lavoro in Italia net 1962. (In Rassenga di Statistiche
del Lavoro, Confederazione General della Industria
Italiana, Rome, May-June 1963, pp. 210-232.)

Labor Organisations
Directory of Labor Organizations: Asia and Australasia,
Volumes I and II. Washington, U.S. Department of
Labor, Bureau of International Labor Affairs and
Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1963. 502 and 490 pp.,
respectively. Revised March 1963. $7 per set,
Superintendent of Documents, Washington.
Labor Organizations in Canada, 1963. Ottawa, Canadian
Department of Labor, Economics and Research
Branch, 1963. 98 pp. 50 cents, Queen’s Printer,
Ottawa.
Union Trusteeships and Section 304(a) of the LandrumGriffin Act. By Daniel L. Shneidman. (In Labor
Law Journal, Chicago, June 1963, pp. 553-563. $1.)

Petroleum and Gas Industries Manpower Requirements,
1962, and List of Key Occupations in the Petroleum
and Natural Gas Industries. Washington, Natural
Petroleum Council, 1963. 112 pp.

Union Structure and Public Policy: The Control of Union
Racial Practices. By Ray Marshall. (In Political
Science Quarterly, Columbia University, New York,
September 1963, pp. 444-458. $1.50.)

A Study and Appraisal of Manpower Programs as Related
to a Policy of Full Employment in France, Great

Fiduciary Obligations of Union Officers Under Section 501
of the Lab or-Management Reporting and Disclosure Act


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BOOK REVIEWS AND NOTES
of 1959. By Charles R. Katz. (In Labor Law
Journal, Chicago, June 1963, pp. 542-552. $1.)
Social Democracy and the St. Petersburg Labor Movement,
1885-1897. By Richard Pipes. Cambridge, Mass.,
Harvard University, 1963. 154 pp., bibliography.
(Russian Research Center Study 46.) $4.25, Harvard
University Press, Cambridge, Mass.

Personnel Management
Readings in Personnel Management From Fortune. Edited
by William M. Fox. New York, Holt, Rinehart and
Winston, Inc., 1963. 134 pp. Rev. ed. $1.95.
Performance Appraisal: Research and Practice. Edited
by Thomas L. Whisler and Shirley F. Harper. New
York, Holt, Rinehart and Winston, Inc., 1962. 593
pp. $8.50.
Motion and Time Study: Design and Measurement of Work.
By Ralph M. Barnes. New York, John Wiley &
Sons, Inc., 1963. 739 pp., bibliography. 5th ed.
$8.95.
Role Development and Interpersonal Competence: An Ex­
perimental Study of Role Performances in Problem
Solving Groups. By David Moment and Abraham
Zaleznik. Boston, Harvard University, Graduate
School of Business Administration, 1963. 346 pp.,
bibliography. $6.
Scientific Selection of Personnel. By Joseph Zeidner.
Waterford, Conn., National Foremen’s Institute,
Bureau of Business Practice, 1963. 122 pp.

Prices and Consumption Economics
Price Theory: A Provisionl Text. By Milton Friedman.
Chicago, Aldine Publishing Co., 1962. 285 pp.
$6, paper.
Survey of Inflation Theory. By Martin Bronfenbrenner
and Franklyn D. Holzman. (In American Economic
Review, Menasha, Wis., September 1963, pp. 593-661.
$ 2 .)

Problems of Worker Groups
How to Get an Executive Job After 40 . By Charles S. Miner.
New York, Harper & Row, Publishers, 1963. 183 pp.
$4.50.
Progress in Serving the Handicapped [A Symposium], (In
Employment Security Review, U.S. Department of
Labor, Bureau of Employment Security, Washington,
August-September 1963, pp. 3-26. 30 cents, Super­
intendent of Documents, Washington.)
Youth Without a Future. By Eli Ginzberg. (In Challenge,
New York, October 1963, pp. 31-34. 40 cents.)


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1465
Economic and Social Consequences of Racial Discriminatory
Practices [in Africa]. New York, United Nations,
Economic Commission for Africa, 1963. 84 pp.
(Sales No.: 63.II.K.1.) $1.

Production and Productivity
The Impact of Technological Change: The American Ex­
perience. By William Haber, Louis A. Ferman,
James R. Hudson. Kalamazoo, Mich., W. E. Upjohn
Institute for Employment Research, 1963. 62 pp.,
bibliography.
Automation [Office]: Our Greatest Asset— Our Greatest
Problem? By Leon C. Megginson. (In Academy of
Management Journal, Michigan State University,
East Lansing, Mich., September 1963, pp. 232-244.
$1.50.)
Industrialization and Society. (Proceedings of the Chicago
Conference on Social Implications of Industrialization
and Technical Change, Sept. 15-22, 1960.) Edited by
Bert F. Hoselitz and Wilbert E. Moore. New York,
United Nations, Educational, Scientific and Cultural
Organization, 1963. 437 pp.

Social Security
Social Welfare Opportunities and Necessities Attendant on
Disarmament. By Ida C. Merriam. (In Social
Security Bulletin, U.S. Department of Health,
Education, and Welfare, Social Security Admin­
istration, Washington, October 1963, pp. 10-14.
25 cents, Superintendent of Documents, Washington.)
TEC Claimants in Illinois, 1961-1962. Chicago, Illinois,
Department of Labor, Division of Unemployment
Compensation, 1963. 135 pp.

Wages and Hours
National Survey of Professional, Administrative, Technical,
and Clerical Pay, February-March 1963. Washington,
U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics,
1963. 55 pp. (Bulletin 1387.) 40 cents, Superin­
tendent of Documents, Washington.
Industry Wage Survey: Electric and Gas Utilities, July 1962
(Bulletin 1374, 88 pp., 50 cents); Bituminous Coal
Mining: Pt. I, Underground Mines, Pt. II, Surface
Mines, November 1962 (Bulletin 1383, 71 pp., 45 cents).
By Frederick L. Bauer. Washington, U.S. Depart­
ment of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1963.
Available from Superintendent of Documents,
Washington.
Wage Chronology: Armour and Co., 1941-63. Washington,
U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics,
1963. 31 pp. (BLS Report 187, rev.)

1466
A Further Consideration of Wages, Unemployment, and
Prices in the United States, 1948-1958. By Kenneth
M. McCaffree. (In Industrial and Labor Relations
Review, Ithaca, N.Y., October 1963, pp. 60-74.
$1.75.)
Wage Rates, Salaries, and Hours of Labor, October 1962.
Ottawa, Canadian Department of Labor, Economics
and Research Branch, 1963. 400 pp. (Annual Report
45.) In English and French. $1.30, Queen’s Printer,
Ottawa.
The Shorter Workweek. By Marcia L. Greenbaum.
Ithaca, N.Y., Cornell University, New York State
School of Industrial and Labor Relations, 1963.
52 pp., bibliography. (Bulletin 50.) 50 cents; free
to New York State residents.

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, DECEMBER 1963
Organizations: Structure and Behavior. By Joseph A.
Litterer. New York, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.,
1963. 418 pp. $8.75.
Managerial Economics— Analysis and Cases. By William
Warren Haynes. Homewood, 111., Dorsey Press, Inc.,
1963. 618 pp.
Linear Programming— Methods and Cases. By Thomas H.
Naylor and Eugene T. Byrne. Belmont, Calif.,
Wadsworth Publishing Co., 1963. 183 pp. $2.95.
The Factory Movement, 1830-1855. By J. T. Ward.
London, Macmillan & Co., Ltd., 1962. 515 pp.
$12, St. Martin’s Press, New York.

Miscellaneous

Professional Achievement for Engineers and Scientists:
How to Earn More Money and Greater Success in
Engineering and Science. By Tyler G. Hicks. New
York, McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc., 1963. 372 pp.,
bibliography. $7.95.

The Evolution of Economic Thought. By Jacob Oser.
New York, Harcourt, Brace & World, Inc., 1963.
399 pp., bibliography. $6.50.

Sixty-Five Plus: The Joy and Challenge of the Years of
Retirement. By Clarence B. Randall. Boston, Little,
Brown and Co., 1963. 210 pp. $4.75.

Introduction to International Economics. By Delbert A.
Snider. Homewood, 111., Richard D. Irwin, Inc.,
1963. 607 pp., bibliography. 3d ed. $11.35.

The Path to European Union: From the Marshall Plan to the
Common Market. By Hans A. Schmitt. Baton
Rouge, Louisiana State University Press, 1962. 272
pp., bibliography. $6.

Statistics: An Introduction to Quantitative Economic Re­
search. By Daniel D. Suits. Chicago, Rand
McNally & Co., 1963. 260 pp. $6.50.
Human Elements of Administration— Cases, Readings,
Simulation Exercises. By Harry R. Knudson, Jr.
New York, Holt, Rinehart and Winston, Inc., 1963.
490 pp. $7.95.


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The Politics of Small Business. By Harmon Zeigler.
Washington, Public Affairs Press, 1961. 150 pp.
$3.25.
Labor Conditions in Communist Cuba. Coral Gables,
Fla., University of Miami, Cuban Economic Research
Project, 1963. 158 pp. $2.95.

Current Labor Statistics
TABLES
A.—
A.—Employment
1468
1469
1473
1477

A -l.
A-2.
A-3.
A-4.

Estimated total labor force classified by employment status and sex
Employees in nonagricultural establishments, by industry
Production or nonsupervisory workers in nonagricultural establishments, by industry
Employees in nonagricultural establishments, by industry division and selected groups,
seasonally adjusted
1477 A-5. Production workers in manufacturing industries, by major industry group, seasonally
adjusted
1478 A-6. Unemployment insurance and employment service program operations

B.— iabor Turnover
1479 B -l.

Labor turnover rates, by major industry group

G—
1482 C -l.
1494 C-2.
1494 C-3.
1495 0-4.
1497 C-5.
1497 C-6.

Average hourly earnings excluding overtime of production workers in manufacturing,
by major industry group
Average overtime hours of production workers in manufacturing, by industry
Indexes of aggregate weekly man-hours and payrolls in industrial and construction
activities
Gross and spendable average weekly earnings of production workers in manufacturing

D.—Consumer and Wholesale Prices
1498 D -l.
1499
1500
1502
1503

D-2.
D-3.
D-4.
D-5.

groups of items
Consumer Price Index—All items and food indexes, by city
Indexes of wholesale prices, by group and subgroup of commodities
Indexes of wholesale prices for special commodity groupings
Indexes of wholesale prices, by stage of processing and durability of product

E.—
1504 E -l.

F.—Work Injuries
F - l . Injury-frequency rates for selected manufacturing industries 1
* T h is table is included in the January, April, Ju ly, and October issues of the Review.

N ote: W ith the exceptions noted , th e statistical series here from th e Bureau of Labor Statistics are described in Techniques of Preparing Afajcr B L S
Statistical Series (B L S B u lletin 1168,1954), and cover th e U n ited States w ith ou t Alaska and H aw aii.


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

1467

MONTHLY LABOR REVIE;W, DECEMBER 1963

1468

A.—Employment
T able A -l. Estimated total labor force classified by employment status and sex
[In thousands]
Estimated number of persons 14 years of age and over 1

Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

July

June

Annual aver­
age

1962

1963

Employment status

May

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

1961

1960

Total, both sexes
Total labor force_________________ _____ 76,086 75,811 77,167 77,917 77,901. 75,864 74, 897 74,382 73, 999 73,323 74,142 74, 532 74, 923 74,175

73,126

75,173 75,165 73,127 72,161 71,650 71,275 70,607 71,378 71,782 72,187 71,603
4,322 4, 846 4,066 4, 063 4, 501 4, 918 4,672 3,817 3, 801 3,294 4, 806

70,612
3,931

Civilian labor force........................................ 73,344 73,062 74,418
Unemployment______ ____ _____ _____ 3,453 3, 516 3,857
Unemployment rate seasonally ad5.6
5.5
5.5
justed2________ ____ ____________
Unemployed 4 weeks or less................... 1,623 1,682 1,670
662
617
806
Unemployed 5-10 weeks.........................
332
430
251
Unemployed 11-14 weeks___________
382
443
439
Unemployed 15-26 w eeks.................—
476
503
510
Unemployed over 26 weeks....................
Employment. ................................. .......... 69,891 69, 546 70, 561
Nonagricultural--------------------------- 64,541 64,220 65, 065
Worked 35 hours or more__________ 50,960 50, 462 47,678
Worked 15-34 hours____________ . . 7,402 7,124 6, 985
Worked 1-14 hours_______________ 3,893 3,645 3,261
With a job but not at work 3_______ 2,288 2,990 7,142
Agricultural ___________ __________ 5,350 5,326 5,496
Worked 35 hours or m ore.___ _____ 3,716 3, 619 3, 702
Worked 15-34 hours______________ 1,094 1,170 1,155
442
424
444
Worked 1-14 hours_______ _____
112 196
98
With a job but not at w ork3__ ____

5.6
1,907

1,221

5.7
2,802
806

222

260

5.9
1,833
679
262

502
649
376
557
514
643
70, 851 70,319 69,061
64, 882 64,365 63, 883
47,214 49, 804 50,383
6, 556 7,015 7,261
3,332 3, 580 4,144
7, 780 3,966 2,093
5,969 5,954 5,178
4,130 4,199 3,489
1,237 1,226 1,196
413
415
466
137
119
80

6-1

5.7
1,597
672

5.6
1,553
963

1,814
1,315

5.8
1,996
1,162

5.6
1,697
840

371

598

485

361

300

5.8
1,960
684
292

469
684
612
525
743
696
397
541
453
691
619
681
68,097 67,148 66, 358 65, 935 67, 561 67, 981
63, 424 62, 812 62,309 61, 730 63, 495 63,098
46, 505 48, 669 47, 063 48, 480 49,175 45,107
10, 455 7,588 8,573 7,235 7, 932 11,894
3,856 4,119 4,238 3, 845 4,143 4,074
2,608 2,436 2,432 2,172 2,243 2,021
4,673 4,337 4,049 4,206 4,066 4, 883
3,198 2,587 2,261 2, 522 2,352 3,262
907 1,069
1,041 1,042 1,040
987
444
398
305
483
490
467
153
241
249
316
129
267

5.5
5.6
6.7
1,799
1,546 1,897
823
654
964
411
353
229
502
418
728
454
447
804
68, 893 66, 796 66,681
63, 418 61,333 60, 958
48,047 47,257 46,388
8,249
9, 426 7,522
3,279
3,811 3,610
3,042
2,133 2,946
5,723
5, 475 5,463
3,811
3,688 3,540
1,279
1,232 1,245
444
477
426
129
200 190

Males

Total labor force.................................... ........ 50,368 50, 602 52,060 52,477 52,204 50,483 50,010 49,675 49, 503 49,269 49,574 49, 719 49,974 49,918
■Civilian labor force____ ________________
Unem ploym ent..._______ ___________
Employment _____________ _____ ___
N onagricultural__________________
Worked 35 hours or more__________
Worked 15-34 hours______________
Worked 1-14 hours___________ ____
With a job but not at work 3_______
A gricultural_______ ______________
Worked 35 hours or more____ _____
Worked 15-34 hours____ ____ _____
W’orked 1-14 h o u rs............ ............
With a job but not at work 3............

47,657
1,874
45,784
41,644
35,387
3,238
1,610
1,410
4,139
3,121
626
309
84

47,884
1,902
45,983
41,880
35,317
3,205
1,552
1,808
4,103
3,067
631
301

49,342
2,224
47,118
42, 733
34,007
3,345
1,441
3,941
4,385
3,232
669
315
102 168

49, 765
2,516
47,249
42, 538
33, 791
3,060
1,437
4,250
4,711
3, 591
681
329

111

49, 500
2,779
46,722
42,078
35,283
3,256
1,551
1,988
4,644
3,634
637
276
96

47,778
2,434
45,345
41,205
35,055
3,161
1,795
1,193
4,140
3,071
702
296

68

47,306
2,600
44,706
40, 762
32, 806
4, 941
1,658
1,357
3, 945

2,888
700
247

112

46,975
3,013
43. 962
40,251
33,648
3, 439

1,688

1,476
3.711
2.383
730
384
216

46, 816
3,293
43,523
39, 994
32, 710
4,026
1,779
1,481
3,529
2,074
786
423
246

46,585
3,080
43, 505
39,839
33,648
3,251
1,593
1,351
3,666
2,281
751
400
232

46,841
2,522
44,319
40, 782
33, 946
3, 612
1,760
1,461
3, 537
2,181
656
424
276

47,001
2,259
44, 743
40, 703
31,704
6,130
1,618
1,250
4,040
2,908
692
307
133

47,269
1,881
45,387
41,131
33, 774
4, 428
1,628
1,302
4,256
3,168
694
281
114

49,507

47,378 47,025
3, 060 2, 541
44,318 44,485
39, 811 39,807
32, 984 32,511
4,100
3, 587
1,360
1,511
1,729
1,836
4, 508
4, 678
3,132
3,365
792
827
348
370
172
179

Females
Total labor force____ _____________ ____ 25,718 25,209 25,108 25, 440 25,697 25,381 24,886 24, 707 24,492 24,054 24, 568 24, 812 24, 949 24.257
Civilian labor force.___________________
U nemploy ment_______ ______________
Employment_______ ______ _________
N onagricultural___________________
Worked 35 hours or more________ _
Worked 15-34 hours____ _________
Worked 1-14 hours________ ____ _
With a job but not at work 3 _ . .
A g ricu ltu ral....... ...................... ...........
Worked 35 hours or more........... ........
Worked 15-34 hours___ ___________
Worked 1-14 hours.. _____________
With a job but not at work 3_______

25,178 25,076
1,615 1,633
23,563 23, 443
22,340 22,332
15,147 13,672
3,921 3, 640
2.092 1,819
1,183 3,202
1,210 1.223 1,111
551
597
467
467
537
485
134
122 129
15
10 28

25,687
1,580
24,107
22,897
15, 572
4,164
2,282
879

25, 408
1,806
23.602
22,344
13; 424
3, 496
1,895
3, 529
1,258
539
556
137
26

25, 665
2,067
23, 598
22,287
14, 522
3, 760
2,029
1,978
1,310
564
590
135
23

1Estimates are based on information obtained from a sample of households
and are subject to sampling variability. Data relate to the calendar week
■ending nearest the 15th day of the month. The employed total includes all
wage and salary workers, self-employed persons, and unpaid workers in
family-operated enterprises. Persons in institutions are not included.
Because of rounding, sums of individual items do not necessarily equal
totals.
2Unemployment as a percent of labor force.
3Includes persons who had a job or business but who did not work during
the survey week because of illness, bad weather, vacation, or labor dispute.
Prior to January 1957, also included were persons on layoff with definite
instructions to return to work within 30 days of layoff and persons who had


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

25,349
1,632
23, 717
22, 679
15,327
4,099
2,352
900
1,038
418
493
117

24, 854
1,463
23,391
22,663
13,699
5,515
2,198
1,251
728
311
341
59
12 17

24,675
1,489
23,186
22, 560
15,022
4,149
2, 430
960
625
204
312
83
26

24, 460
1,625
22, 835
22,315
14, 356
4, 547
2, 459
950
520
187
255
57

20

24,022
1,592
22, 430
21, 890
14, 835
3, 983
2,252
820
540
243
236
44
17

24, 537
1,295
23,242
22,714
15,228
4,319
2,383
782
528
172
252

24,781
1,543
23,238
22, 395
13,404
5, 763
2, 457
771
843
355
377
66 91
27
40

24,918
1,413
23, 505
22,287
14,273
4,998
2,184
832
1,219
520
538
145
15

23,619

24,225 23, 587
1,747
1,390
22, 478 22,196
21, 523 21,151
14,273 13, 877
4,149
3, 934
1,919
2,098
1,206
1,217
1,045
955
408
445
486
419
107
96
17
22

new jobs to which they were scheduled to report within 30 days. Most of
the persons in these groups have, since that time, been classified as unem­
ployed.
N ote: For a description of these series, see Explanatory Notes (in Em ploy­
ment and Earnings, U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics,
current issues).
Figures for periods prior to April 1962 are not strictly comparable with
current data because of the introduction of 1960 Census data into the esti­
mation procedure. The change primarily affected the labor force and em­
ployment totals, which were reduced by about 200,000. The unemployment
totals were virtually unchanged.

1469

A.—EMPLOYMENT

T able A-2. Employees in nonagricultural establishments, by industry 1
Revised series; see box, p. 1476.

tin thousands]

1962

1963

Annual
average

Industry
Oct.2 Sept.2 Aug.

July

June

May

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

1962

1961

Total employees.......................... .................. 58,320 58,210 57,651 57,422 57, 609 56, 967 56,505 55, 714 55, 374 55, 409 57,044 56,828 56,953 55,841 54,224
Mining __ . _ ____ __ ___ _____________
Metal mining_______________________
Iron ores_________________________
Copper ores_______________________

650
84. C
26.9
27.9

643
83. C
26.5
27.9

632
81.5
24.4
28.5

616
78.7
23.1
28.0

618
79.5
22.9
28.0

622
77. f
21.5
28.0

634
76. f
22.4
28.0

644
77.5
23.1
27.8

652
78.0
23.9
27. 7

652
82.8
25. 5
28.5

135 1
124. 5

125 9 138.8
114 5 128.0

141.5
130.5

142.8
131.9

141.7
130.5

147.3
135.8

148.1
136.6

147.9
136.2

150.0
138.1

151.5
139.8

151.7
139.8

161

295. 8
163.7
132.1

297 9
166.5
131.4

302 2 300.3 295.0 289.7
167.5 166.3 163.0 162.9
134.7 134. C 132. C 126. S

288.1
162.3
125.8

287.8
163.1
124.7

289.1
163.4
125.7

295.6
163.7
131. £

294.5
164.3
130.2

297.4
165.0
132.4

299. 2
167.4
133.8

303 1

126.6

128.2

128.5

107.7

103.8

106.8

113.2

121.9

124.9

118. 7

119 8

641
84.4
27.8
27.5

646
84. 7
28.1
27.5

Bituminous_______________________

134.2
123.5

Crude petroleum and natural gas______
Crude petroleum and natural gas fields.
Oil and gas field services____________
Quarrying and nonmetallie mining_____

638

f in a l m in in g

641
84.4
27.9
27.5

127.0

123.3

118.1

672
87 4
26 9
29 O
&
147 1

171.3
131 8

Contract construction____ _
3,312 3,365 3,437 3,364 3,232 3,049 2,846 2,556 2,470 2,584 2,776 3,057 3,195 2,909 2,816
General building contractors__________
1.021.4 1,055.9 1,033.5 984.6 916.0 864.0 768.6 741.7 781.2 837.8 916.7 944.9 881.1 874.9
Heavy construction................. .............. .
722.0 735.5 718.4 691. C 635.7 551.0 451. C 420.7 448.4 511.4 620.3 690.0 593.8 583. 3
Highway and street construction_____
399.6 404.6 392.3 377.6 341.5 274.9 203.8 181.9 197.7 239.2 317.3 367.1 298.1 291.5
Other heavy construction___________
322. 4 330.9 326.1 313.4 294.2 276.1 247.2 238.8 250.7 272.2 303.0 322.9 295. 7 291 8
Special trade contractors........................... —
1, 621.7 1,645. 2 1,612.0 1, 556.1 1, 497.2 1,430.9 1,336. 5 1,308.0 1,354.2 1,427.0 1,520.2 1,559. 6 1,434.5 1,357.9
Manufacturing. _____________________ 17,330 17,394 17,199 17,050 17,111 16,960 16,845 16,756 16,683 16,687 16,862 17,023 17,157 16,859 16,327
Durable goods_____________________ 9,801 9,798 9,609 9,666 9,738 9, 673 9,593 9,508 9, 474 9,481 9,546 9,606 9,633 9,493 9,072
Nondurable goods_________________ 7,529 7,596 7, 590 7,384 7,373 7,287 7,252 7,248 7,209 7,206 7,316 7,417 7,524 7,367 7,255
Durable goods

Ordnance and accessories.......................
Ammunition, except for small arms___
Sighting and fire control equipment__
Other ordnance and accessories______

275.7
191.1
26.1
58.5

276.2
191.1
26. 6
58.5

275.5
189.3
27.7
58.5

274.5
187.7
28.6
58.2

273.9
186.9
29.4
57.6

277.9
189.8
30.1
58.0

279.2
190.6
30.9
57.7

279.8
190.2
31.5
58.1

280.7
191.0
31.5
58.2

281.0
190.8
31.9
58.3

279.4
189.8
31.9
57.7

270.7
183.4
32.1
55.1

234.7
153.3

59.6

276.7
192.7
25.2
58.8

604.6
89.5
259.0

613.0
92.0
261.8

608.8
89.9
263.1

589.4
82.8
256.2

584.9
78.5
255.4

594.6
82.4
257.1

571.9
74.1
248.3

560.9
71.1
244.9

556.1
72.6
241.8

561.2
74.7
244.0

572.5
78.5
246.4

589.8
84.3
253.9

601.5
87.3
258.7

583.7
83.0
255.7

582.9
84.6
257.9

156.9
35.0
64.2

158.4
35.8
65.0

154.7
36.5
64.6

150.6
36.4
63.4

149.9
36.6
64.5

155.1
36.0
64.0

151.7
35.0
62.8

148.0
34.3
62.6

146.4
34.0
61.3

147.3
34.2
61.0

150.8
35.2
61.6

154.1
35.6
61.9

156. 6
36.4
62.5

151.9
36.4
61.8

143.2
38.4
59.0

Furniture and fixtures________________
Household furniture___________ ____
Office furniture____________________
Partitions; office and store fixtures____
Other furniture and fixtures____ _____

401.9

399. 6
289.5
27. 4
40.7
42.0

396. 7
286.7
27.3
40.9
41.8

386.5
279.4
25 8
40.4
40.9

387.7
280.7
26.9
39.0
41.1

382. 8
278.0
26.6
38.2
40.0

382.6
278.9
26.8
37.8
39.1

383.0
278.6
27.0
38.7
38.7

382.3
277.3
27.2
38.9
38.9

384.2
276.7
28.3
39.6
39.6

387.8
279.8
28.9
39.0
40.1

391.8
282.1
29.0
39.9
40.8

393.1
283.1
27.0
42.1
40.9

385.1
276.0
27.8
40.6
40.7

367.5
262.0
26 6
38. 2
40.7

Stone, clay, and glass products.................
Flat glass_______________________ .
Glass and glassware, pressed or blown. .
Cement, hydraulic_________________
Structural clay products____________
Pottery and related products________
Concrete, gypsum, and plaster products.
Other stone and mineral products.........

626.5

630.0 626.8
30 3 30.2
116.1 115.6
42.3
42.7
71.1
71.3
43. 7 43.5
184.0 183.3
122.4 121.3

615.3
30.1
113.6
41.0
69.8
43.7
177.3
120.3

599.6
29.9

574.1
29.3
110.9
36.3
63.9
43.0
154.8
116.5

563.2
29.5
109.5
35.4
62.9
42.7
148.6
115.5

567.7
29.7
107.6
37.0
64.2
42.8
150.8
116.2

583.1
30.7
108.7
38.7

601.9
31.5
109.4
41.1

43.2
157.9
117.7

44.2
168.2
119.0

612.0
31.0
110.9
41.6
69.6
45.0
174.4
119.8

594.0
30. 4
109.6
40.1
68.3
43.8
164.4
118.9

582.0
29 9
106. 6
40.2
70.4
42. 9
158.5
116.4

Lumber and wood products, except
furniture____________ ___________
Logging camps and logging contractors.
Sawmills and planing mills__________
Millwork, plywood, and related
products.................................................
Wooden containers_________________
Miscellaneous wood products................

278.4
194.2

292.6
42.0

115.0
41.0

68.6

181.4
121.5

631.1 635.6
31. 5 31 3
116.2 116.7
42.0
42.6
70.1
72.0
44.9
44.4
183.9 185.4
121.9 122.8

112.6

40.0
67.7
43.6
168.0
118.5

66.8 68.8

33 6

47.8

Primary metal industries........................... 1,149.9 1,166.5 1,170.8 1,195.9 1,209.1 1,191.6 1,174.8 1,151.9 1,136. 4 1,123.0 1,123. 2 1,117.4 1.122.3 1,163.8 1,142.7
Blast furnace and basic steel products.. 571.6 581.8 593.2 615.9 623.9 612.2 597.9 578.5 564.3 550.6 550.3 545.8 550.1 591. 9 595.5
Iron and steel foundries_____________ 199.5 201.6 196.2 198.4 200.5 198.4 197.2 195.1 194.4 193.4 193.5 193.0 193.8 193.6 186.7
Nonferrous smelting and refining_____
70.2
67.6
70.3
69.6
68.4
66.7
66.5
69.8
67.0
68.3
70.3
67.8
68.8 68.1 66.6
Nonferrous rolling, drawing, and
extruding_______________________ 181.5 183.3 183.5 183.0 185.4 183.1 182.0 181.4 181.0 180.9 180.9 180.9 181.6 181.3 174.4
Nonferrous foundries______________
71.5
71.1
70.4
71.3
71.5
71.9
71.9
69.8
71.5
70.8
70.6
70.9 71.4
63.7
70.0
Miscellaneous primary metal industries.
58.5
57.7
57.2
58.3
58.2
58.6
58.7
58.7
59.2
58.8
58.6
57.4
57.4
68.9
55.7
Fabricated metal products........................ 1,180. 2 1,178.0 1,160. 5 1,149.1 1,163.0 1,147. 6 1,133. 7 1,121.5 1,119. 7 1,123. 0 1,133.8 1,140.5 1,145.0 1,127.5 1,084.5
Metal cans________________________
64.2
65.5
64.6
61.1
62.0
60.2
58.8
58.1
57.4
57.7
60.7
65.0
63.0
61.3
59.9
Cutlery, handtools, and general hardw are............. ...................................... 139.3 137.7 132.6 130.5 135.5 134.6 134.8 134.8 135.7 136.2 137.0 137.3 136.1 134. 8 127.7
Heating equipment and plumbing
fixtures_______________ _________
73.4
75.9
74.8
74.3
74.4
75.3
79.0
79.1
79.0
77.5
77.0
74.5
76.4
74.9
73. 2
Fabricated structural metal products.
345.3 350.8 352.0 346.6 344.3 335. 9 327.5 320.8 319.7 322.6 328.0 332.0 336.6 331.5 332.7
Screw machine products, bolts, etc___
89.4
89.4
89.1
88.3
88.9
88. 7 87.6
88.5
88.8 88.4 88.5 88.4 88.2 87.9 82.1
Metal stamping’s__________________
203.5 198.6 187.4 189.0 196.8 196.1 194.4 192.7 193.1 196.1 197.9 197.1 197.1 190.4 177.2
72.1
70.3
Coating, engraving, and allied services.
73.7
70.2
69.7
68.7
66.9
67.1
66.8 67.9 70.4 69.8 67.2 62.5
69.1
Miscellaneous fabricated wire products.
60.3
58.4
58.0
57.9
57.7
57.3
56.8
57.0
57.7
56.7
57.3
58.0
58.2
53.3
57.0
Miscellaneous fabricated metal products.. 128.6 127.7 127.0 126.81 127.6 126.2 125.9 125.6 125.2 124.4 125.0 124.3 121.9 122. 9 115. 8;
See footnotes at end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

1470

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, DECEMBER 1963
T able

A-2. Employees in nonagricultural establishments, by industry1—Continued
Revised series; see box, p. 1476.

[in thousands]
1963

1962

Annual
average

Industry
Oct. s Sept.8 Aug.

July

June

May

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

1962

1961

Manufacturing—Continued
Durable goods—Continued

Machinery.......................... ..................... . 1,523. 2 1, 523.9 1, 516. 4 1,512.4 1,523.1 1,516.4 1, 518.8 1,514.4 1, 506.4 1, 501.8 1,496. 8 1,495.9 1,495.1 1,489. 8 1, 419.0
86.1 85.4 84.7 84.5 84.4 85.7 85.7 85.9 86.2 84.9 84.3 84.6 84.0 79.3
Engines and turbines______________
85.9
116.4 115.1 117.3 120.0 122. 6 125.0 125.1 123. 4 118.5 114. 5 111.4 112. 0 112 4 108 8
Farm machinery and equipm ent... . .
Construction and related m achinery... 216.8 217.7 216.6 214.6 215.1 212.3 211.6 210.8 210.4 210.3 210.8 210.5 210.0 210.7 200.9
Metalworking machinery and equip270.7 270.9 269.1 268.3 271.0 269.4 269.4 268.4 266.8 265.7 265.3 263.8 261.5 261.7 247.5
m ent____ __________ ______ ____
Special industry machinery............ ...... 167.3 167.7 166.9 166.8 168.5 168.0 168.5 168.1 167.5 168.0 169.0 169.0 169.8 169.0 161.6
General industrial machinery________ 232.3 233.1 232.2 231.0 231.1 229.2 229 5 229.3 228.6 229.7 227.9 230.0 230.7 227.6 217.2
Office, computing, and accounting
154.8 153.9 153.6 152.8 153.0 152.3 153.5 153.9 153.8 154.8 155.1 155.5 155.6 156.3 152.0
machines_______________________
99.7
Service industry machines..................... 100.5
98.7 101.2 102.9 103.3 101.9 100.1 98.8
98.4
99.2
99.3 100.8 95.4
98.3
Miscellaneous machinery....................... 177.8 178.4 178.8 175.7 177.0 174.9 173.7 173.0 171. 2 170.3 170.9 172.2 171.6 167.4 156.4
Electrical equipment and supplies........... 1,590. 2 1,589.0 1,571.7 1,566.3 1, 580.4 1, 572.8 1, 572. 4 1,577.4 1,586.9 1, 597.3 1,610.4 1,614. 3 1,613.6 1,579.2 1, 474.7
168.5 168.9 170.5 168.6 168.5 167. 8 167.6 167.4 168.0 168.9 170.3 170.6 170.4 167.8 162.8
Electric distribution equipment..........
Electrical industrial apparatus.............. 188.4 187.1 187.8 187.8 188.2 186.8 186.1 185.7 186.3 186.6 187.5 187.6 187.1 185. 4 176.6
158.8 156.8 153.9 152.6 155.0 153.4 151.9 149.2 149.8 150.0 150.8 150.7 151.7 150.2 148.2
Household appliances__ ___________
Electric lighting and wiring equipment. 154.3 153.0 150. 2 146.5 147.4 146.0 147.0 147.2 146.7 146.1 146.9 147.2 147.6 143.2 135.6
Radio and TV receiving sets.
120.9 121.8 118. 3 113.5 112.1 106.9 103.7 104.9 106.3 108.7 112.1 116.1 118.4 110.7 102.8
425.5 425.6 425.5 427.1 432.0 435.8 441.0 447.1 452.1 455.5 458.6 456.8 453.8 445.0 404.7
Communication equipment_________
Electronic components and accessories. 262.1 264.2 265.7 261.6 265.7 265.2 264.7 265.5 265.9 268.9 271.0 272.1 272.0 266.8 243.0
Miscellaneous electrical equipment
111.7 111.6 99.8 108.6 111.5 110.9 110.4 110.4 111.8 112.6 113.2 113.2 112.6 110.0 101.0
and supplies____________________
Transportation equipment______ _____ 1,646.9 1,626.0 1, 487.0 1,600.4 1,620.7 1, 620.4 1,616. 5 1,603.7 1,607.5 1,612.7 1,609. 2 1,600.2 1, 590. 2 1, 542.3 1,458.8
Motor vehicles and equipment_______ 775.7 754.4 617.6 732.1 747.0 745.8 738.9 727.4 730.8 740.3 741.5 734.7 726.8 691.6 633.1
650.0 048.8 644.5 643.3 644.9 644.5 647.6 649.4 653. 0 655.1 653.7 650. 7 644.6 634.6 619 7
Aircraft and parts.........................
Ship and boat building and repairing. _ 136.7 138.6 141.6 141.8 144.0 148.9 149.4 149.3 147.2 145.6 142.4 141.5 143.3 141.3 141.2
44.6
Railroad equipment________________ ___
44.1
44.3
44.7
42.3
39.3
39.4
40.0
40.5
43.0
42.3
41.6
34.6
40.6
39.6
39.2
38.9
Other transportation equipm ent-.........
40.1
38.9
33.9
37.6
31. 7 32.3
35.0
34 2
30.3
35 3 34.9
Instruments and related products______
Engineering and scientific instruments.
Mechanical measuring and control
___
devices._________________
Optical and ophthalmic goods_______
Surgical, medical, and dental equipm ent___________ ________ _
Photographic equipment and supplies.
Watches and clocks________________
Miscellaneous manufacturing industries.
Jewelry, silverware, and plated w are...
Toys, amusement, and sporting goods
Pens, pencils, office and art materials
Costume jewelry, buttons, and notions.
Other manufacturing industries______

376.8

375.4
73.1

376.2
73.9

372.0
73.1

373.5
73.9

368.1
73.4

367.3
73.6

366.0
74.1

364.8
74.1

364.8
75.2

365.3
75.3

365.3
75.2

364.8
75.2

360.4
73.9

347.4
74.4

97.6
42.0

97.0
42.0

98.0
.1.2

97.9
41.1

97.9
42.0

97.0
41.5

97.4
41.0

97.5
40.9

97.3
40.9

96.8
40.4

96.3
40.5

96.0
40.4

95.5
40.7

95.0
40.6

89.7
39.2

53.8
78.3

54.0
77.8
31.5

53.8
78.3
31.0

52.3
77.7
29.9

53.6
76.0
30.1

53.0
74.3
28.9

52.7
73.8
28.8

52.3
73.1
28.1

52.1
72.7
27.7

51.7
72.9
27.8

51.4
73.4
28.4

51.4
73.5
28.8

51.2
73.4
28.8

50.1
72.4
28.3

48.1
69.4
26.4

421.9
43.6

419.2
43.3

163.9

32.6
60.0
163.1

409.3
41.9
116.0
32.0
59.9
159.5

388.2
38.8
106.3
31.3
56.5
155.3

393.2
41.7
105.2
31.9
58.0
156.4

388.7
41.5
103. 6
32 1
56.1
155.4

381.2
41.6
96.8
31 7
55.2
155.9

377.0
41.5
92 3
31 4
56.1
155.7

371.6
41.9
86 7
30 8
56.4
155.8

365.7
41.7
82. 2
30.9
55.8
155.1

383.1
42.6
92.4
31.6
58.3
158.2

407.7
43.6
111. 5
32 2
60.1
160.3

416.3
43.4
118.1
32 4
59.9
162.5

391.2
42.3
102 5
31 0
57.8
157.6

378.2
42.4
97.7
30.0
56.7
151.4

—

120.2

Nondurable goods

Food and kindred products................
1,816.1 1,871.6 1, 864. 6 1,779.5 1,732.0 1,679.9 1,659. 4 1,658. 2 1,648. 7 1,671.1 1,724.0 1,764.3 1,842.2 1,759.9 1, 775.2
Meat products______
314. 7 313.5 312.9 310.7 307.8 303.6 300.6 299.1 301.8 305.4 313.1 318.0 318.2 312.9 319.5
Dairy products......... .........................
293.1 299.3 305.8 307.9 305.2 297.5 294.2 292.0 290.6 291.4 294.6 296.3 299.9 303.4 310.5
Canned and preserved foods, except
m e a ts _______ _________
352.0 341.6 264.3 227. 4 203.2 197 5 197 4 190 1 196 3 210 6 234 9 304 7 253 7 249. 7
Grain mill products______
134.1 135.0 136.1 135.9 134.1 131.1 127.8 128.6 127.6 128.4 128.8 128.5 132.4 130.8 131.0
Bakery products.............. ...........
292.1 293.4 295.1 296.0 294.0 290.7 289.4 290.6 289.7 290.8 294.2 296.4 296.1 293.6 285.9
Sugar_________ ..
33.6
31.4
30.7
30.9
30. 6 28 9 28, 4 29 8 36.2
47.1
48. 7 46 5 35 3 30. 4
Confectionery and related products___
80.6
82.8
69.9
76.3
72.6
70.8
71.3
75.4
76.6
80.6
75.0
83.8
81.7
75.4
76.9
Beverages.......... ..................
220.5 220.1 223.9 223.9 219.9 213.2 209.5 206.7 202.4 204.6 210.3 211.8 215.6 212.3 213.1
Miscellaneous food and kindred products................................
146.8 144.1 141.5 140.2 140.1 139.2 140.2 140.4 141.3 141.4 144.7 145.9 147.1 142.4 142.3
Tobacco manufactures..
Cigarettes..........................
Cigars.................................

105.3

Textile mill products_________
Cotton broad woven fabrics___
Silk and synthetic broad woven fabrics.
Weaving and finishing broad woolens..
Narrow fabrics and smallwares...
Knitting__________ _________
Finishing textiles, except wool and knit.
Floor covering _________
Y am and thread__________
Miscellaneous textile goods........ .

836.0 895.7
233.7 233.7
84.4
83.7
47.1
47.8
27.2
27.2
220. C 219. 6
74. 4
74.6
37. 8
105.5 105. 5
65.8
66.0

See footnotes at end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

106.0
38.6
23.4

100.5
38 6
23. 0

74.9
38.2
21.9

896.5
234. C
84.1
49.0
27.0
219.5
74.3
37. 8
105.7
65.1

884.0
232.4
82.5
49.5
26.1
216.4
73.6
37.0
101.9
64.6

86.1

89.1
37.4
23. 2

94.8
37. 5
24 2

96.7
37.3
24.0

111.2
37 3
23 6

91.0
37 5
23 9

90.7
38. 0
25 5

881.2
233.4
81.9
50.7
26.8
212.1 208.8
74.4
74.1
37. 7 38. £
102.4 102.4
65.3
64.8

881.4
234. f
82. £
49.1
26.9
207.1
74. £
38. 6

893.1
236.8
82.8
49.3
27.5
212.5
75.3
38.9
103.4

901.9
237.7
82.3
50.1
27.8
219.7
75.1
39.0
103.4

906.4
237.8
82.0
51.3
27.5
223.6
75.1
38. 5
103.9
66.7

902.6
240.4
81.7
51.8
27.6
219.4
74.9
37.4
103.3
66.3

893.4
243.6
82.6
51.9
26.6
214.3
73.4
35. 7
99.3
65.9

75.6
38 1

76.5
37. 5

78.6
37 6
23 0

80.8
37 6
23 3

895.1
233. C
83.6
50.4
27.2
218.3
74.5
37.1
104.9

887.6
232.5
82.6
50.2
26. i
215.3
74.3
37.1
103.6
65.3

886.9
233.0
82.1
50.7
26.8
213.3
74.5
37 7
103.1
65.7

884.8
233.5
81.9
50.8
26.7

22.8 22. 8

66.1

37 1
23 3

102.2
66.0 66.6 66.8

1471

A.—EMPLOYMENT
T able

A-2. Employees in nonagricultural establishments, by industry1—Continued
Revised series; see box, p, 1476.

[in thousands]

1962

1963

Annual
average

Industry
Oct.»

Sept.» Aug.

July

June

May

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

1962

1961

Manufacturing—Continued
Nondurable poods—Continued

Apparel and related products__________ 1,324. 7 1,329. 7 1, 331. 9 1,280.0 1, 289.2 1, 288. 2 1,280. 2 1,301.2 1, 284. 0 1, 251.2 1,267.8 1, 284.8 1,290.3 1, 266. 7 1,214. 5
M en’s and boys’ suits and coats..... ...... 114.5 116.2 116.6 113.9 118. S 117. S 116.3 117.7 117.9 117. 9 118.5 117.9 118.7 117. 2 114.3
M en’s and boys’ furnishings............... 334.1 336.2 340.2 330.2 334.1 330.3 326.8 323.6 322.5 319.4 323.6 326.8 327.1 319. () 296.3
Women’s, misses’, and juniors’ outerwear____ _____ _________________ 393.0 400.3 404.5 384.9 380.2 388.4 390.5 404.8 396.0 375.1 376.7 379. 8 378.3 381. 7 368.6
Women’s and children’s undergarments_______________ _____ _____ 125.6 122.9 120.8 113.4 116.0 116.1 116.4 116. 5 115.8 114. 5 117.7 120. 2 120.8 116. 5 114.3
31.2
29. 9 32.7
32. 3 32.4
29.5
35.4
33.2
31.2
Hats, caps, and millinery___________
35.8
33.1
34. 7 32 6 30.7
76.6
78.4
82.3
80.6
79.0
79.6
75.4
81.3
77.8
78. 4
Girls’ and children's outerwear______
76.1
81.0
79.7
81.3
81.2
73.9
78.0
78.8
71.0
71. 5 69.4
67. 8 73.7
73. C 71.4
Fur goods and miscellaneous apparel—.
71.6
77.3
75. 6 72.7
Miscellaneous fabricated textile prod165.5 164.0 158.2 151.1 154.1 155.0 152.6 150.0 146.4 145.5 149. 8 153.8 154.9 147. 2 140.9
ucts— _________________________
613. 2

609.9

67.4

67.2

613. 0
214.1
67.5

618.2
215.4
67.4

618.9
216.3
67.1

621.4
217.5
67.1

614.5
217.3
65.3

601.3
219.6
66.3

147.5
187.3

146. 6
187.0

145. 2
185.3

145.2
186.2

146.3
139.1

145.8
189.7

146.6
190.2

144. 5
186.9

137.1
178.3

927.9
323.4
69.9
74.1
296.8
50.4

925.3
321.3
70.3
73.7
296.5
50.1

907.7 903.3
303.0 302.2
71.0
71.2
72.4
72.8
297. 5 295.2
49. 7 49.0

906.0
302.1
71.7
72.7
297.3
49.3

913.7 938.0
305.4 329.1
71.3
71.6
72.6
73.0
300.6 299.5
49. 7 49.5

936.9
327.6
70.8
73.2
299.1
49.8

924.9 917.3
324. 1 325.9
70. 3
70.7
72. 5 70.9
296. 0 292.4
49. 1 47. 7

113.3

113.4

113.5

113.5

112.9

114.1

118.4

113.0

109.6

46.0
82.1

870.2
287.6
170.9
116.8
99.2
65.3
48.9
81.5

869.4
285.2
168. 7
115.4
97.7
64.1
56.8
81.5

870.1
284.6
166.0
115.1
98.3
63.6
61.3
81.2

858.1
283.2
164. 7
114.6
98.2
62.8
53.4
81.2

850.1
282.2
164.2
114.0
97.6
62.4
49.3
80.4

846.2
282. 2
164. 4
113.4
97.3
61.8
47.3
79.8

846.4 847.8 849.8
282.5 282.8 282.6
163. 7 164. 0 163.6
113. 4 112.8 112.2
98.0
99.0
99. 6
62.2
63.0
61.9
45.8
45.0
46.6
81.1
82.0
82.2

846. 0
283.4
161.2
111.3
96.9
62.9
48.3
81.9

827.2
281.8
153.4
108.5
94.5
62.1
46.9
80.0

193.1
155.8
37.3

191.1
154.4
38.7

190.4
153.9
36.5

188.9
153.4
35.5

187.0
153.6
33.4

185.7
154.3
31.4

185.6
153.7
31.9

184.8
152.1
32.7

186.2
152. 5
33. 7

188.4
153.4
35.0

190.0
153.9
36.1

195.0
160.5
34.5

201.9
168. 4
33.6

409.5
91.4
161.7
156.4

405.0
91.3
159.8
153.9

400.5
96.0
155.7
148.8

412.4
98.7
162.1
151.6

410.4
98.4
161.1
150.9

408.1
98.3
160.6
149.2

406.6
98.1
160.9
147.6

406.0
98.4
161.3
146.3

412. 1 413.1
99.8
99.3
163.7 164.2
149.1 149.1

416.0
99.0
164.3
152.1

417.8
99.8
164.5
153.5

405.8
99.2
160.5
146.0

375.3
97.7
148. 6
128.9

349.7
31.5
230.7
87.5

352. 5
31.5
234.2

357.9
31.5
239.0
87.4

350.6
30.7
236.2
83.7

350.7
31.5
235. 7
83.5

342.6
30.9
232.3
79.4

342.0
30.6
232.1
79.3

351.5
30.8
237.4
83.3

353.9
31.2
239.9
82.8

350.9
32.0
238.4
80.5

358.5
32.2
240.7
85.6

359.7
32.2
237.9
89.6

357.7
32.1
235. 6
90.0

360.3
31.9
241.2
87.2

358.2
32.3
239.6
86.3

3,962

3,979 3,976
780. 2 791.2
685. 8 696. 9
273.7 258.3

3,975
78Q ft

3,954
788.9
694.7
268.9
87.7
111.7
42.7
912.3
210.7
189.5
20.4
302.4
831.5
691.8
34.1
101.3
619.1
249.2
156.9
173.8
39.2

3,897
779.7
684.5
274.4

3,859
768.9
674.4
273.2
87.3
113.9
40.5
868.3
208.4
186.7

3,847
761.0
666.9
275.7
87.8
116.9
39.7
858.6
207.8
186. 5

3,844
757.3
664.4
276.6
87.8
117.6
39.9
856.7
207.3
186.6

3,775
755.4
663.4
277.4

3,914
783.2
681.6
276.4
88.4
116.3
40.8
893.0
205.9
185.4

294.0
823.7
684.5
35.0
99.9
602.8
240.9
153. 1
170.8
38.0

297.9
821.2
683.1
35.0
98.8
605.2
244.7
152.9
170.4
37.2

819.2
681.0
35.3
98.6
605.0
244.7
153.0
170.5
36.8

3,912
778.3
683.1
273.9
88.7
113.7
40.9
906.4
205.3
184.6
20.7
295.3
823.8
685.7
36.4
97.4
608.4
244.9
154.6
172.0
36.9

3,935
788.9
692.8
273.7
89.1
112.4
41.4
915.2
208.9
185.8
20.9
294. 2
825.4
686.5
36.4
98.2
609.9
245.5
154.7
172.6
37.1

3,903 3,903
797.1 816.8
700.2 717. 5
271.1 276.9
90.5
98.5
113.2 114.3
41.4
40.9
879.9 845.1
200.5 195.7
179.5 175. 4
21.3
22.2
297.1 303.5
824.7 828.9
687.7 693.3
37.0
37.5
95.8
93.9
611.1 613.7
246. 5 248.6
155. 1 155. 6
172. 7 175.0
36.7
34.5

627.1
215. 0
67.9

628.9
216.7

68.0

629.3
219.6
68.3

620.6
217.2
67.9

624.1
217.8
67.9

615.8
213.6
67.7

614.5
212.9

212.2 212.2

151.3
192.9

151. 7
192. 5

150.8
190.6

147.6
187.9

147.9
190.5

146. 7
187.8

942.4
325.5
301. 5
50.4

938.2
325.1
70.3
76.7
300.0
50.7

935.1
325.8
69.1
76.2
297.2
51.7

118.2

115.4

115.1

930.5 932.8
325.9 325. 9
fis 3 68.8
74 1 74.4
296.2 297.7
51.6
51.5
114.5 114.4

Chemicals and allied products_________
Industrial chemicals________________
Plastics and synthetics, except glass__
Drugs-------------------------------- ---------Soap, cleaners, and toilet goods______
Paints, varnishes, and allied products..
Agricultural chemicals___________ ..
Other chemical products____________

889.5
285. 4
173.0
117.7
100.7
64.4
48.5
79.8

872.3
287.0
172.8
117.2
100.9
65.1
47.8
81.5

875.9
289.4
172.9
118.3

81.6

Petroleum refining and related industries.
Petroleum refining______________ ..
Other petroleum and coal products___

187.9
152.3
35.6

191.3
154.7
36.6

Rubber and miscellaneous plastic products................. ....................... - ........... Tires and inner tubes_______________
Other rubber products______________
Miscellaneous plastic products_______

410.5
81.8
161. 8
156.9

Leather and leather products__________
Leather tanning and fin ish in g ...____
Footwear, except rubber____________
Other leather products______________
Transportation and public utilities___ . _
Railroad transportation____________ .
Class I railroads__ __ ___ _ ___
Local and interurban passenger transit__
Local and suburban transportation___
T axicabs__________ ____________

Paper and allied products_____________
Paper and pulp'____________________
Paperboard.______________________
Converted paper and paperboard
p ro d u cts___ __________________
Paperboard containers and boxes_____
Printing, publishing, and allied industries____________________________
Newspaper publishing and printing__
Periodical publishing and printing___
Books............... ... ............ ............1____
Commercial printing__ . _________
Bookbinding and related industries___
Other publishing and printing industries______________________ ____ _

I n t e r c i t y a n d r u r a l b u s lin e s

Motor freight transportation and storage.
Air transportation____ ___________
Air transportation, common carriers _ .
Pipeline transportation .. ___ _____
Other transportation____________ ___
C o m m u n ic a tio n

Telephone communication__________
Telegraph communication___________
Radio and television broadcasting____
Electric, gas, and sanitary services____
Electric companies and systems__ _
G a s c o m p a n ie s a n d s y s te m s

Combined utility systems___
____
Water, steam, and sanitary systems__
See footnotes at end of table


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

86.8

101.6
66.1 66.1
46.0

88.0 86.8
112. 0 111. 1

43.3
932.4

211.8
191.9
20.1

307.0
835.4
693.4
33.6
104.1
618.1
248.8
155.8
174.5
39.0

872.3
288.4
172.6
117.6
99.5

43. 6
921.1
212.4
191.9
20.4
305.6
840.0
698.8
33.6
103.3
626.5
251.7
158.4
176.6
39.8

fiQS 0

258 4
87 0
111 4
43 7
920.1
211 8
191 3
20 5
305 7
842 4
701.4
34.0
102.7
625.9
251. 5
158.3
176.3
39.8

8 8 .1

112.7
41.6
877.3
209.4
187.8
19.9
305.6
824.4
685.8
34.7
99.6
606.7
243.8
153. 5
171.0
38.4

66.8

20.0
20.0 20.0 302.2

8 8 .2

117.0
41.1
853.8
207.7
187.0
20.3
236.0
819.2
681.6
35.6
97.7
605.6
244.7
153.3
170.9
36.7

20.6

304.8
822.9
684.1
36.3
98.2
607.4
244.8
154.0
171.7
36.9

115.3

1472

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, DECEMBER 1963

T able A-2. Employees in nonagricultural establishments, by industry 1—Continued
Revised series; see box, p. 1476.

[in thousands]

Annual
a v e ra g e

1962

1963
In d u s try

*
O c t.2

S e p t.2

Aug.

J u ly

Ju n e

M ay

A p r.

M a r.

Feb.

Jan.

D éc.

W h o le s a le a n d r e t a il t r a d e ............................. 12,028 11,953 11,878 11,832 11,848 11,720 11,740 11,497 11,433 11,535 12,420
3,196
3,196
3 ,132
3,085
3,075
3 ,069
3,065
3,073
W h o le s a le t r a d e ............................... ............. 3 ,2Ô8
3,118
3 ,1 6 8
M o t o r v e h ic le s
and
a u t o m o t iv e
237.1
237. 3
2 36.7
234. 1
2 32.6
2 32.0
2 31.2
231.7
e q u ip m e n t ___________________________
2 29.8
237.5
D r u g s , c h e m ic a ls , a n d a llie d p ro d 192.1
u c t s __________________________________
192.1
189.1
189. 2
190.5
190.2
188. 5
188. 8
188. 5
190.7
133.8
134.9
134.1
131.9
131. 7
131.9
131.5
132. 2
132. 7
D r y g o o d s a n d a p p a r e l_______________
134.8
G r o c e r ie s a n d r e la t e d p r o d u c t s . _____
514.3
512.5
472. 4
476.9
474.4
4 7 7 .9
497.1
475.6
4 89.0
508.5
23 0 .6
232.0
227.4
2
26.4
224.6
224.4
223.9
2
23.0
E l e c t r i c a l g o o d s ...........I ________________
2
28.6
23 1 .0
H a r d w a r e , p lu m b i n g a n d h e a t in g
146.5
147.2
g o o d s ______ _____ ______ _____ ____ . . .
144.1
144.1
142.9
142.3
142.1
143.0
147.3
145.8
M a c h i n e r y , e q u ip m e n t , a n d s u p 552.1
521.4
p lie s . _____ __ ______________________
550.1
538. 9
532.1
528. 3
525. 8
521. 7
547.2
533. 5
8,682
9,3 0 2
R e t a i l t r a d e ____________________________ 8 ,820
8, 757
8 ,716
8,635
8,6 6 5
8, 428
8,368
8 ,462
8,664
____
1
.6
5
6
.0
1
,6
0
2
.0
1
,5
3
7
.2
1,605.
4
1
,6
1
7
.5
1,514.
5
1
,5
8
8
.6
2,112.
3
1 ,5 8 3 .8
1, 590. 2
G e n e r a l m e r c h a n d is e s t o r e s __________
963.7
932.0
9 49.4
903.3
923.2
932.0
889.5
9 43.9 1, 282. 0
D e p a r t m e n t s t o r e s ...................... ......... _____
9 40.0
325.3
309.9
414.2
L i m i t e d p r ic e v a r ie t y s to re s ________
306.0 311. 2 312.0 328.1 307.5 300. 2 311. 2

Nov.

O c t.

1962

1961

11,856 11,704 11,582 11,337
3 ,1 0 0
3,1 0 9
3.001
2,9 9 3
2 30.9

231.2

228.2

218.6

190. 5
132.6
488. 6
222.2

189. 8
133. 2
493.1
221.4

187.0
131.5
487.1
218.1

181.5
129. 4
48 5 .6
21 1 .0

143.3

1 44.0

142.3

1 40.4

518.7
5 18.2
5 11.8
486, 4
8, 756
8,595
8,521
8,3 4 4
1,757. 5 1 ,6 4 5 .1 1 ,6 2 7 .0 1, 578.1
1,046. 2
9 6 5 .8
9 59.6
9 2 4 .6

346.5 328.9 325. 3 323.4
1,414.5 1,400.2 1,403.8 1,402. 8 1,395. 2 1, 401. 3 1.393.1 1,396. 6 1,385.1 1,415. 2 1, 393. 9 1,380. 5 1, 371. 4 1. 354. 6
Food stores .
. . _________
1,244.1
1,229.7
1,
236.
4
1,222.
7 1,212.8 1,202. 9 1,183.1
Grocery, meat, and vegetable stores.
1,233.3 1,230. 5 1, 222. 7 1, 221. 7 1,222.5 1, 221. 2 1,215. 8
613.4 589. 4 583. 6 610. 7 608. 5 665. 7 586. 5 576. 9 602. 8 731. 4 636. 2 618. 9 617. 2 611. 8
Apparel and accessories stores_____
Men's and boys' apparel stores___
98.5
97.0
97. 7 104. 4 130.3 104.4
98.9 100. 5 97.3
97.6 101.8 97. 5 100. 7 95.6
228.7 223.1 218.3 228. 2 229. 3 238. 6 221. 9 215. 4 223.3 269.6 238. 3 231. 6 229. 3 228. 5
Women’s ready-to-wear stores.
91.8
8
6.8
94.6
Family clothing stores...... ..............
87.5
91.2
90.0
92.9
88.9
88.5
94.3 121.0 98.9
96.1
95.8
126.5 119.6 118.5 122.6 124.1 156. 4 115.2 111. 7 114.6 132.9 120.1 120.7 120.9 118.3
Shoe stores____________________ _____
392.7 392.4 390.3 389. 7 387.2 387. 5 388. 9 386. 8 390. 2 405. 4 393. 7 389. 5 389.5 389.0
Furniture and appliance stores_____
Eating and drinking places________
1, 788.5 1,801. 5 1,809. 9 1,817. 9 1,789. 2 1,743. 9 1,713. 7 1,698. 7 1,693. 4 1,736.5 1, 742. 4 1,752. 6 1,722.8 1,664. 8
2,891. 4 2,896. 4 2,892.8 2,889. 6 2, 864. 2 2,849. 2 2, 808. 5 2, 794. 7 2,801. 5 2,901.1 2, 831. 9 2,807. 9 2, 792. 5 2,745. 2
__________
Other retail trade.
678. 8 680.0 679.4 676. 8 671. 8 669. 6 ' 666. 8 665. 9 662. 5 657.7 654. 4 650. 2 642. 0 628. 8
Motor vehicle dealers. _________
166.3 168. 7 168.3 167. 9 163. 4 161. 7 155. 6 153. 8 155. 9 164.5 159. 9 154. 4 152. 7 146.6
Other vehicle and accessory dealers..
381.9 379.3 379.2 377.0 377.4 378.1 376.8 373.6 377.0 396.1 380. 5 378.1 374.3 368.7
Drug stores............ ............. ................
2,883 2,887 2,919 2,916 2,885 2,858 2,842 2,825 2,813 2,806 2,811 2,813 2,814 2, 79S 2,731
F i n a n c e , in s u r a n c e , a n d r e a l e s t a te -----------743.5 752.1 749.7 739.3 730. 8 730. 6 729.2 727.3 723.1 723. 8 721. 4 720. 4 714.0 693.5
Banking.
____________________
294.4 295.4 295.6 291. 6 289. 3 288. 0 286.3 285. 6 284.9 284. 3 282. 3 280. 6 279. 4 270. 9
Credit agencies other than banks_____
88.3
89.1
Savings and loan associations____
89.4
84. 4 84.1
84. 3 83.1
82. 7 82.3
81. 0
87. 0 85. 4 85.1
75.3
155.2 155.3 155.5 154.9 154.4 153.8 153. 3 153.1 152.0 152.7 151.2 150.1 150.8 151.1
Personal credit institutions— ........... ___
123.3 125.3 125.7 124. 3 123. 5 123.0 123.6 122. 9 122. 0 123.1 123. 8 125. 6 131. 8 128.5
Security dealers and exchanges_______
870.2 878.4 874.2 865. 3 861. 6 860. 0 861.3 859. 3 855. 7 856. 5 856.0 854. 4 851. 4 843.7
Insurance carriers.________________
465.5 468.5 466.0 461. 2 460. 0 459.0 460.1 458.9 457. 2 456.2 455. 9 455.1 454.1 455.6
Life insurance _ . _____________
52.2
52.6
51.3
51.4
Accident and health insurance_____
51.3
51.1
51. 3
52.6
51.9
51. 4 51. 4 51.4
51.1
50.1
310.9 314.9 313.5 310.8 309.3 308.8 309.0 308.3 306.8 308.3 308.1 307. 4 305. 7 298.5
Fire, marine, and casualty insurance.
219.3 222.4 221.3 219.2 217.4 216.6 216.1 216.1 215.0 215. 0 214.7 213.2 211.9 203.9
Insurance agents, brokers, and services.
559. 0 568.4 571.3 569. 2 559. 5 548. 2 533. 3 526. 9 529. 9 532. 4 538. 7 542. 8 532. 9 514.3
Real estate
_________________
55.7
58.4
Operative b uilders.......... ............ .
46.8
50.0
51.9
57.9
57.3
55.2
53.0
49.8
46.5
48.1
48.1
42.8
Other finance, insurance, and real
76.7
77.0
76.4
75.6
77.0
76.9
76.2
estate
. ____________________
77.8
76. 4 76.1
75. 4 75.4
75.1
76.1
8,443 8,432 8,457 8,474 8,423 8,294 8,199 8,076 7,997 7,956 8,014 8,047 8,084 7,949 7,610
S e r v ic e s a n d m i s c e ll a n e o u s _________________
Hotels and lodging places___________ _____ 672.2 766.1 766.3 692.7 626.0 6Ó0.2 586.5 581. 4 575.3 575.5 582.7 594.3 596.5 577.3
615.2 659.9 662.0 633.8 575.7 554.7 545.1 540.7 534.8 532.2 538.7 547.3 539.9 521.2
Hotels, tourist courts, and motels___
Personal services:
Laundries, cleaning and dyeing
511.7 513.8 517.7 519.9 513.6 511.1 501.7 498.9 504.5 506.3 510.1 515.4 516.2 517.2
plants____
____
Miscellaneous business services:
Advertising
108. 6 108.9 108.9 107. 6 108.1 107 7 108.0 107.3 108.1 108.6 108.6 107.9 107.9 107.2
176.4 184.2 181.1 177.6 171.2 170.2 162.4 160.1 162.6 166.0 169.3 175.2 176.3 186.5
Motion pictures________ ________
Motion picture filming and distrib38.2
uting___ ___ ___ ______
.. .
37.1
32.9
35.0
35.8
38.8
38. 5 38.4
39.4
36.4
34.3
33.0
37.7
46.8
139.3 146.0 144.7 143.3 138.2 137.3 127.4 124.3 124.9 127.2 130.8 136.8 136.9 139.7
Motion picture theaters and services.
Medical services:
Hospitals
1,310. 4 1,312. 0 1,312.6 1,302.9 1,290. 7 1,289.0 1,287.1 1,280. 4 1,268. 5 1,265. 3 1,266.2 1,260.4 1,246.7 1,188.9
9,724 9,559 9,139 9,170 9,506 9,546 9,542 9,541 9,516 9,444 9,613 9,476 9,412 9,188 8,828
G o v e rn m e n t.. .
.
—
___—
2,340 2, 342 2,367 2,375 2,365 2, 340 2,344 2,334 2, 332 2,327 2,492 2,348 2,333 2,340 2, 279
Federal Government3_________
2,312. 4 2,337. 0 2,344.5 2,334. 4 2 311.0 2,314.7 2, 304.3 2,302.3 2,297. 5 2,462. 4 2,318. 8 2,303. 7 2,310. 6 2,250.9
Executive..
_. _. . . _ . .
Department of Defense____ . . .
943.0 951.3 953.9 951. 5 949.9 951.9 951.8 957.0 959.1 961.9 965.1 963. 9 963.3 943.7
586.3 588.7 588.7 585.7 582.8 583.3 582.2 580.6 582.5 742.7 587.8 583.9 597.2 596.7
Post Office Departm ent_________
783.1 797.0 801. Ç 797.2 778.3 779. 5 770.3 764. 7 755. 9 757.8 765.9 755.9 750.2 710.5
Other agencies_________
Legislative
24. S 24.5
23.9
23 8 23.6
23.7
24. C 23 7 23.2
24. 6 24 4 23 7 23. 8 23.8
.Tndieial
5. 7
5. 7
5.6
5.6
5.6
5. 6
5.1
5. 7
5. 6
56
5.7
5.6
5. 5
5. 7
7,384 7,217 6, 772 6,795 7,141 7,206 7,198 7,207 7,184 7,117 7,121 7,128 7,079 6,849 6. 548
State and local government4..
1,812.6 1, 744. 8 1,751.7 1, 790. 7 1,808. 7 1,805.0 1, 803. 6 1,800.0 1,786. 8 1, 784. 2 1,786.2 1, 779.9 1, 726.4 1, 663. 6
State government_________
__
596.9 521. 3 528.3 588.0 634.8 631.9 636.5 627.6 619.2 619.7 625.1 615.1 567. 7 530.8
State education________________
O th er State, g o v e r n m e n t
1,215.7 1,223. 5 1,223.4 1,202. 7 1,173.9 1,173.1 1.167.1 1,172. 4 1,167. 6 1,164.5 1,161.1 1,164. 8 1,158.8 1,132.8
5,403.9
5,026. 7 5,043.3 5,349.9 5,397.3 5,393. 2 5.403.2 5, 383.6 5, 330.2 5 , 336.3 5,342.0 5,299. 0 5,122.1 4,884. 5
Local g o v ern m en t.__
Local education________________ _____ 3,031. 4 2,590. 7 2,601. 1 2, 961. 7 3,076. 3 3,087. 4 3.110.2 3,095.5 3.050.0 3,054.8 3, 051.9 3,013.9 2, 832.3 2, 644.2
2,372.5 2,436. 0 2,442.2 2,388.2 2,321.0 2,305. 8 2,293.0 2,288.1 2,280.2 ¡2,281.5 2,290.1 2,285.1 2.289.8 2. 240.3
Other local government. _______
i Beginning with the October 1963 issue, figures differ from those previously
published. The industry series have been adjusted to March 1962 bench­
marks (comprehensive counts of employment). For comparable back data,
see Employment and Earnings Statistics for the United States, 1909-69, (BLS
Bulletin 1312—1). Statistics from April 1962 forward are subject to further
revision when new benchmarks become available.
These series are based upon establishment reports which cover all fulland part-time employees in nonagricultural establishments who worked
during, or received pay for, any part of the pay period ending nearest the 16th
of the month. Therefore, persons who worked in more than 1 establishment
during the reporting period are counted more than once. Proprietors, selfemployed persons, unpaid family workers, and domestic servants are ex­
cluded.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

2Preliminary.
3Data relate to civilian employees who worked on, or received pay for,
the last day of the month.
4State and local government data exclude, as nominal employees, elected
officials of small local units and paid volunteer firemen.
Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics for all
series except those for the Federal Government, which is prepared by the
U.S. Civil Service Commission, and that for Class I railroads, which is
prepared by the U.S. Interstate Commerce Commission.

A.—EMPLOYMENT
T able

1473

A-3. Production or nonsupervisory workers in nonagricultural establishments, by industry1
Revised series; see box, p. 1476.

[ in th o u s a n d s ]

1963

O ct.2

Mining__________

1962

Annual
a vera g e

1

I n d u s try

_______________ _

S e p t .2

Aug.

J u ly

Ju n e

M ay

A p r.

M a r.

Feb.

Jan.

D ec.

Nov.

O c t.

1962

1961

M e t a l m i n i n g ______________________________
I r o n o re s _____________________ _____ _____
C o p p e r o re s ........ .................... ....... ...............

505
7 0 .5
2 3 .9
2 2 .8

508
70.2
24.1
2 2 .4

505
70.1
24 .0
22 .3

512
6 9 .8
23.1
2 2 .7

506
68.9
22 .6
2 2 .9

496
67.3
2 0 .5
2 3 .4

481
64.5
1 9 .2
2 2 .9

482
64.9
19 .0
22 .9

485
63 .2
17 .6
2 2 .9

498
6 2 .4
1 8 .4
2 3 .0

508
6 3 .2
19.1
2 2 .8

514
63.3
1 9 .9
2 2 .6

514
67.9
21.3
23.4

532
71.7
22.3
23.8

C o a l m i n i n g _________________ _____ ______
B i t u m i n o u s ______________________________

118.4
1 09.0

119.0
1 09.6

111.5
101.3

122.3
112.7

124.0
114.3

125.8
116.1

1 24.7
114.9

129.8
119.7

1 30.6
120.5

130.3
1 20.0

132.1
1 21.6

1 33.5
123.1

133.4
123.0

141.8
129.3

C r u d e p e t r o le u m a n d n a t u r a l g a s ________
C r u d e p e t r o le u m a n d n a t u r a l g a s f ie ld s . ---------O i l a n d g a s f ie ld s e r v ic e s ............................

2 10.3

211.7

95.6
114.7

97.8
113.9

215.6

2 14.5

210.4

2 05.2

98.1
116.4

95.8
114.6

2 04.5

95.9
109.3

2 03.8

205.1

96.1
108.4

211.5

96.6
107.2

96.7
108.4

210. 5

212. 5

96.9
114.6

97.4
113.1

97.8
114.7

214 0
99. 7
114.3

218 8
104 5
114.3

Q u a r r y in g a n d n o n m e t a lli c m i n i n g — _____

105.4

Contract construction__

106.7 107.3 105.8 102.7
87.3
97.7
86.4
83.5
93.4 102.0 104.6
98.6
99.5
2,911 2,977 2,908 2,777 2,600 2,398 2,114 2,029 2,142 2,331 2,611 2,746 2,468 2,390
890.1 923.9 902.0 855.3 787.7 735.4 641.5 613.9 653.3 710.0 789.1 817.3 754.9 752.6
643.6 656.4 639.3 613.1 558.6 474.0 376.1 346.2 372.8 434.6 542. 7 611.1 515.3 505. 7
366.1 370.9 359.3 345.4 309.8 243.5 173. 4 151.9 167.8 208.9 286.6 335.7 267.7 261.2
277.5 285.5 280.0 267.7 248.8 230.5 202.7 194.3 205.0 225.7 256.1 275. 4 247. 6 244 5
1,377. 4 1,397. 0 1,364.6 1,308. 6 1,253. 5 1,188. 5 1,096. 7 1, 069. 3 1,115. 8 1,186. 2 1,279. 4 1,317.3 1,197. 5 1,131.3

. . . . . .

G e n e r a l b u i l d i n g c o n t r a c t o r s _____________ —
H e a v y c o n s t r u c t io n _______________________
H i g h w a y a n d s t r e e t c o n s t r u c t io n ______
O t h e r h e a v y c o n s t r u c t io n ______________
S p e c ia l t r a d e c o n t r a c t o r s __________________ —

Manufacturing__ ____.

. .
__ ...
D u r a b le g o o d s _________________________
N o n d u r a b le g o o d s _______________ _____

98.5
117.1

12,864 12,923 12.705 12,571 12,652 12,526 12.426 12,344 12,276 12,286 12,459 12,613 12,753 12,494 12,085
7,197 7,195 6,995 7,056 7,138 7,083 7, 010 6,919 6, 884 6,896 6,962 7, 026 7, 059 6,946 6, 620
5,667 5,728 5, 710 5,515 5, 514 5,443 5, 416 5, 425 5,392 5,390 5,497 5,587 5; 694 5; 548 5,464

Durable goods

120.6
69.6
41.0

119.4
69.1
10.1
40.2

118.0
67.8
10.5
39.7

118.2
67.6
10.7
39.9

118.4
67.0
11.4
40.0

118.1
66.4
11.8
39.9

117.5
65.7
12.4
39.4

119.8
67.3
12.8
39.7

120.3
67.8
13.0
39.5

121.4
68.0
13.4
40.0

122.7
69.1
13.3
40.3

123.3
69.3
13.6
40. 4

122.4
68.9
13. 5
40.0

119 7
68.2
13 5
38.0

106 8
58.9
14 8

542.7
84.2
237.0

550.9
86.6
240.0

547.1
85.1
241.0

527.5
78.0
234.4

522.9
73.3
233.4

532.9
77.3
235.3

511.0
68.9
227.0

500.5
66.5
223.3

496.0
67.9
220.3

500.9
69.9
222.5

511.6
73.7
224.8

528.6
79.9
231.9

539.6
82. 9
236.2

526.2
78 2
233.0

518 4
78 7
233.5

134.3
31.7
55.5

135.3
32.5
56.5

131. 6
33.3
56.1

126.9
33.3
54.9

126.7
33.4
56.1

132.0
32.8
55.5

128.7
31.9
54.5

125.3
31.1
54.3

124.0
30.8
53.0

124.9
30.9
52.7

127.9
31.9
53.3

130.9
32.2
53.7

133.1
33.1
54.3

128. 6
33 0
53.5

120.9
34 7
50.7

F u r n i t u r e a n d f i x t u r e s . . . ............................ ..
H o u s e h o ld f u r n i t u r e ............. ............. .........
O ffic e f u r n i t u r e __________________________
P a r t it io n s ; o ffic e a n d s to re f ix t u r e s _____
O t h e r f u r n it u r e a n d f ix t u r e s ____ _______

336.2
251. 4

334.3
248.6
21.9
31.1
32.7

331.0
245.7
21.7
31.1
32.5

321.3
238.9
20.5
30.4
31.5

322.5
240. 0
21.3
29.3
31.9

317.3
237.4
20.9
28.4
30.6

317.8
238.7
21.2
28.0
29.9

317.7
238.0
21.4
28.7
29.6

316'. 7
236.4
21.5
29.0
29.8

319.0
236.1
22.7
29. 8
30.4

322.7
239.2
23.2
29. 4
30.9

326.2
241.2
23.4
30.1
31.5

327.7
242.5
21.4
32. 2
31.6

319. 7 303 9
235. 7 223.5
22.3
21.0
30 5 28 2
31.3
31.2

S t o n e , c la y , a n d g la s s p r o d u c t s ___________
F l a t g la s s . ______________________________
G la s s a n d g la s s w a r e , p re s s e d o r b l o w n __
C e m e n t , h y d r a u l i c ______________________
S t r u c t u r a l c la y p r o d u c t s _____ ____ ______
P o t t e r y a n d r e la t e d p r o d u c t s ___________
C o n c r e t e , g y p s u m , a n d p la s t e r p r o d u c t s ____________________________________
O t h e r s to n e a n d m i n e r a l p r o d u c t s _____

507. 0
99.5
32.8
58.0

511.6
25.6
100.6
33.8
59.8
38.2

516.3
25.2
101.2
34.4
61.4
37.8

512.1
24.5
100.6
34.4
60.9
37.1

508.1
24.5
100.1
34.0
60.7
36.9

496.7
24.3
98.0
32.7
59.6
37.1

482.4
24.2
96.9
31.8
57.4
37.2

457.7
23.6
95.0
28.4
54.1
36.4

447.2
23.9
93.6
27.5
53.0
36.0

451. 8
24.2
91.8
29.1
54.0
36.2

466.7
25.2
92.6
30. 7
56.9
36.4

486.0
26.0
93. 6
33.1
59.0
37.4

495.9
25. 6
94.8
33. 6
59.6
38.3

479.1
25. 2
93. 2
32.1
58.3
37.2

469. 4
25. 5
89 5
32 3
60.2
36.4

143.7
90.9

145.7
91.1

147.8
91.8

147.6
91.2

145.6
90.5

139.8
89.3

131.1
88.0

118.2
86.1

112.4
85.2

114.7
85.9

121.6
87.3

131.9
88.7

137.8
89.8

128. 9
88.8

124 7
86.8

P r i m a r y m e t a l i n d u s t r ie s _______ _________
B l a s t fu r n a c e a n d b a s ic s te e l p r o d u c t s . . .
I r o n a n d s te e l f o u n d r ie s _________________
N o n f e r r o u s s m e lt in g a n d r e f in in g
N o n f e r r o u s r o l lin g , d r a w in g , a n d ext r a d i n g ______________ _________________
N o n f e r r o u s f o u n d r ie s _______ ________ __
M is c e lla n e o u s p r i m a r y m e t a l in d u s t r i e s ____________________________________

927.7
463.4
169.3
53.7

942.4
472.2
171.4
54.3

945.6
482.6
166.0
54.2

970.0
505.0
168.3
54.3

984.4
513.0
170.4
54.0

969.6
503.1
168.6
52.8

952.6
488.7
167.4
52.2

929.2
468.6
165.2
51.4

914.1
454.5
164.5
51.1

899.8
439.8
163.7
51.5

899.3
438.2
163.7
52.5

893.3
433.5
163.0
52.8

896. 7
436. 7
163.6
53.4

935.8
475.5
163.7
52.6

914 6
478. 4
156 6
51.0

137.8
57.9

139. 5
58.9

139.5
58.4

138.7
58.8

141.8
59.3

140.0
59.2

138.8
59.3

138.3
59.4

138.0
59.5

138.3
59.7

138.3
59.9

138.5
58.9

139.0
58.7

139.1
58.1

132.5
52.3

45.6

46.1

44.9

44.9

45.9

45.9

46.2

46.3

46.5

46.8

46.7

46.6

45.3

46.7

43.7

F a b r ic a t e d m e t a l p r o d u c t s ............. ............. .
M e t a l c a n s __________________________ ____
C u t l e r y , h a n d t o o ls , a n d g e n e r a l h a r d w a r e ___________________________________
H e a t in g e q u ip m e n t a n d p l u m b i n g fix t u r e s _________
. ____________________
F a b r ic a t e d s t r u c t u r a l m e t a l p r o d u c t s . . .
S c r e w m a c h in e p r o d u c t s , b o lt s , e t c ____
M e t a l s t a m p in g s ________________________
C o a t in g , e n g r a v in g , a n d a llie d s e r v ic e s . .
M is c e lla n e o u s f a b r ic a t e d w ir e p r o d u c t s .
M is c e lla n e o u s f a b r ic a t e d m e t a l p r o d u c t s .

910.0
51.3

908.2
54.0

889.2
55.3

878.7
54.7

893.9
54.4

880.0
52.8

867.6
51.8

855.4
49.8

853.6
48.5

857.2
47.7

868.7
47.1

874.1
47.3

880.1
50.2

863.8
51.2

826.0
51.1

110.0

108.2

103.2

101.4

106.4

105.6

105.9

105.9

106.5

107.0

108.4

108.6

107.5

106.2

99.8

59.8
247.5
69.9
165.9
61.6
48.5
95.5

60.0
253.0
70.3
160.8
60.4
46. 7
94.8

59.5
252.7
69.6
150.1
58.5
46.3
94.0

5S.3
247.7
68.7
151.3
57.4
45.4
93.8

57.9
245.9
70.1
159.4
58.3
46.3
95.2

56.8
239.0
69.8
158.9
57.6
45.8
93.7

55.9
230.7
69.7
157.4
56.9
45.5
93.8

55.8
224.1
70.1
155. 7
55.3
45.4
93.3

55.7
223.1
70.2
155.9
55.4
45.0
93.3

54. 6
226.0
69.9
158.9
55.5
45.1
92.5

55.4
231.1
69.9
160.8
56.7
46. 0
93.3

56.3
234.0
69.7
160.0
59.0
46. 4
92.8

57.3
239.5
69. 6
159. 7
58.6
46. 6
91.1

55. 6
234.7
69. 4
153.8
56.1
45.1
91.8

54.0
235.6
64.1
142.0
51.8
41.9
85.7

O r d n a n c e a n d a c c e s s o rie s ______ ____ ______
A m m u n i t i o n , e x c e p t fo r s m a ll a r m s ____
S ig h t in g a n d f ir e c o n t r o l e q u ip m e n t ___
O t h e r o r d n a n c e a n d a c c e s s o r ie s _________
L u m b e r a n d w o o d p ro d u c ts , e xce p t fu rn i t u r e __________________________________
L o g g in g c a m p s a n d lo g g in g c o n t r a c t o r s .
S a w m ills a n d p la n in g m i l l s _____________
M i l l w o r k , p ly w o o d , a n d r e la t e d p r o d u c t s — ____________________ _______ _
W o o d e n c o n t a in e r s .......................................
M is c e lla n e o u s w o o d p r o d u c t s __________

Se e f o o tn o te s a t e n d o f t a b le .


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

32.7

33 .1

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, DECEMBER 1963

1474

T able A-3. Production or nonsupervisory workers in nonagricultural establishments, by
industry 1—Continued
Revised Series; see box, p. 1476.

[in thousands]

1962

1963

A nnual
average

Industry
Oct. 2 Sept. 2 A ug.

Ju ly

June

M ay

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

D ec.

N ov.

Oct.

1962

Manufacturing—Continued
Durable goods— Continued
Machinery................................................... 1,054.5 1,055.3 1,043.8 1,040.9 1, 054. 8 1, 052.1 1, 055.5 1, 050.8 1, 046.1 1,043.2 1, 039.8 1,039.0 1, 040.0 1,036.0
57.2
56.2
55.4
55.4
56.9
55.6
56.7
56.7
56.9
56.2
57.5
55.7
56.0
55.7
Engines and turbines--------- -----------84.1
83.9
81.3
89.6
90.4
86.7
91.9
91.9
86.4
82.6
79.7
80.3
80.5
Farm machinery and equipment-.........
Construction and related machinery.. . 146.2 146.7 144.8 142.7 144.1 141.6 141.0 140.2 139.4 139.6 139.7 139.5 138.9 139.6
Metalworking machinery and equip­
m ent—................................................... 201.5 201.6 199.9 199.1 202.4 201.3 201.4 199.5 199.2 197.9 197.9 196.8 195.2 195.4
114.7 115.1 113.6 113.8 115.6 115.3 116.0 115.4 114 9 115. 5 116.9 116.8 117.8 116.8
Special industry machinery_________
General industrial m achinery............... 154.1 154.8 153.5 153.3 153.8 152.8 153.2 153.3 153.1 154.3 152.5 155.1 155.8 153.8
Office, computing and accounting ma­
90.0
89.0
92.1
90.4
88.5
90.3
93.0
93.5
94.9
95.7
96.2
89.8
96.4
97.4
chines__________________________
67.5
66.8
71.3
68.7
67.3
66.2
66.5
66.9
68.0
70.7
69.8
68.0
67.5
69.0
Service industry machines---------------Miscellaneous machinery....................... 138.3 138. 5 138.7 135.1 136.3 134.5 133.4 132.8 131.4 130.9 131.8 132.3 132.1 128.0
Electrical equipment and supplies-------- 1,070.3 1,067.1 1,048.3 1,040.2 1,056.9 1, 048. 8 1, 047. 7 1,049.9 1, 057. 7 1, 069.1 1, 080. 0 1, 086. 5 1,087. 7 1, 060.3
111.2 111.7 112.8 111.1
111.4 110.8 110.9 110.4 111.1 112.3 113.3 113.9 113.6 111.3
Electric distribution equipm ent........ .
Electrical industrial apparatus.............. 129.3 128.5 128.0 128.1 128.5 127.8 127.3 126.5 127.1 127.3 128.0 128.3 127.6 126.7
Household appliances................. - ........ 122.2 121.2 117.9 116.2 119.1 117.8 116.5 113.9 114.5 114.9 115.6 115.6 116.5 114.8
Electric lighting and wiring equip­
m ent------------ ---------------------------- 120.7 119.6 117.1 113.6 115.0 113.4 114.4 114.4 114.3 114.0 114.7 115.0 115.4 111.6
91.1
93.5
76.4
94.9
86.0
78.7
75.2
77.6
83.7
84.8
79.9
87.8
90.0
82.8
Radio and TV receiving sets..................
Communication equipment................... 215.2 214.6 214.8 214.3 218.8 221.9 226.2 230.3 233.5 236.6 237.8 237.3 236.3 230.4
Electronic components and accessories.. 192.1 193.1 194.0 189.4 194.9 194.3 193.8 194.6 194.9 197.9 200.4 201.8 202.2 198.8
Miscellaneous electrical equipment and
84.9
72.6
84.1
83.4
83.4
84.7
81.5
84.4
84.7
86.2
86.5
86.8
86.1
84.0
supplies-..........................- ....................
Transportation equipment........................ 1,144.9 1,124.8
Motor vehicles and equipment.............. 606.6 585.5
Aircraft and p arts................................. 358.2 357.6
Ship and boat building and repairing.. 114.1 115.6
33.5
Railroad equipment-----------------------32.6
Other transportation equipment...........

984.1 1,098.9 1,121.1 1,120. 7 1,118.0 1,104.4 1,104.8 1,112. 5 1,111.7 1,104.5 1,096.0 1,060.7
449.6 564.8 581.2 580.5 574. 6 563.6 567.2 576.4 579.3 573.3 565.4 534.1
351.0 349.8 352.1 350.3 353.3 352.8 354.7 358.8 358.3 356.2 351.8 350.6
118.4 118.8 121.0
126.3 127.1
127.5 124.0 122.8 119.5 118.8 120.5 118.6
33.4
33.0
31.6
32.3
31.7
30.9
29.3
28.8
28.9
33.8
30.0
29.9
32.1
32.0
32.1
30.7
28.8
25.2
25.8
27.3
28.3
33.0
28.0
27.6

1961

976.7
50.3
76 2
129.9
182.9
111.9
146.6
96.3
64,7
117.9
980.5
106.7
119.1
112.9
105.1
75.4
209.0
176.7
75.7
997.1
479.7
351. 5
117.6
24. 0
24 3

Instruments and related products..........
Engineering and scientific Instruments.
Mechanical measuring and control de­
vices___________________________
Optical and ophthalmic goods...............
Surgical, medical, and dental equip­
m ent___________________________
Photographic equipment and supplies..
Watches and clocks......... ..................... .

240.6

239.7
38.4

239.5
38.5

236.6
38.2

238.8
39.2

234.8
38.8

234.5
38.9

233.1
39.4

232.4
39.3

232.3
40.1

233.3
40.3

233.6
40.3

233.7
40.2

230.4
39.3

223.1
40.7

63.5
30.2

63.1
30.0

63.4
29.4

63.7
29.3

64.0
29.8

63.3
29.5

63.7
29.6

63.7
29.5

63.7
29.5

63.3
29.1

63.0
29.3

62.8
29.2

62.5
29.7

62.1
29.6

58.7
29.1

37.7
44.4

37.9
44.3
26.0

37.8
45.1
25.3

36.8
44.2
24.4

37.6
43.7
24. 5

37.4
42.3
23.5

37.2
41.8
23.3

36.8
41.2
22.5

36.6
41.1
22.2

36.1
41.3
22.4

35.8
42.2
22.7

35.9
42.2
23.2

35.7
42.3
23.3

34.9
41.6
22. 9

33.4
40.2
20. 9

Miscellaneous manufacturing industries..
Jewelry, silverware, and plated ware__
Toys, amusement, and sporting goods. .
Pens, pencils, office and art materials. .
Costume jewelry, buttons, and notions.
Other manufacturing industries............

342.9
33.6

341.2
33.6
102.8
24.9
49.9
130.0

331.9
32.3
98.7
24.3
50.0
126.6

311.7
29.7
88.7
23.7
47.0
122.6

316.3
32.0
88.2
24.3
48.2
123.6

312.0
31.9
87.1
24.1
46.4
122.5

304.9
32.3
80.1
23.8
45.6
123.1

300.3
31.9
75.5
23.6
46.3
123.0

294.6
32.4
70.1
22.9
46.6
122.6

288.6
32.3
65.4
22. 8
46.1
122.0

305. 5
33.1
75.0
23.7
48.3
125.4

331.0
34. 1
94. 7
24.3
50.3
127.6

339.5
34.0
100.9
24.6
49.9
130.1

314.6
32.9
85.5
23. 2
48.0
125.0

303.5
33.2
81.6
22 1
46.8
119.8

131.0

Nondurable goods

Food and kindred products............... ........ 1,231.1 1,283. 5 1,271.5 1,188.2 1,145. 8 1,097. 7 1,080. 5 1,080.9 1,072.0 1,093. 5 1,143. 4 1,182. 4 1, 258. 7 1,175. 5 1,191. 4
255.4 253.8 252.4 250.6 247.5 243.0 240.3 239.0 241.3 244.6 253.0 257.0 257. 4 251.6 256.8
M eat products____________________
Dairy products____ ______ ________ 144.2 147.9 153.4 154.9 153.6 147.3 145.4 143.0 142.0 142.4 144.5 145.9 148.2 152.2 161.4
Canned and preserved food, except
312.5 301.5 225.0 189.4 165.6 159.8 159.8 152.9 158.8 172.7 196.9 266.2 214.9 211.7
m eats..____ ____________________
94.9
89.1
90.2
93.4
94.8
96.1
94.2
91.9
88.9
89.6
89.6
89.8
91.5
95.6
91.4
Grain mill products.................................
169.4
170.3 171.4 172.1 170.9 167.3 165.9 167.2 165.9 166.5 169.4 171.5 172.2 168.4 169.1
Bakery products___________________
26.9
24.4
24.0
22.5
22.5
23.9
30.4
41.3
43.0
40.3
29. 4
24.0
23.8
30.3
Sugar........................................................
65.5
67.9
57.4
55.7
59.7
60.1
61.1
66.5
61.0
55.0
56.1
65.0
68.1
60.1
60.4
Confectionery and related products___
117.4 115.3 117.8 118.8 116.5 111.2 109.1 107.1 102.6 105.9 110.2 111.6 114.8 111.7 113.9
Beverages________________________
Miscellaneous food and kindred prod­
94.2
96.4
91.7
92.5
93.0
97.1
98.8
99.7
99.3
93.5
92.4
92.3
94.0
95.8
96.5
ucts............... ...... .......................... . . . .
Tobacco manufactures_______________
Cigarettes-......................... .....................
Cigars.......................................................

92.8

93.4
32.2
21.8

87.8
31.9
21.4

63.1
31.5
20.4

63.8
31. 5
21.2

64.8
31.0
21.2

66.9
31.2
21.4

68.8
31.2
21.6

74.1
31.0
21.6

77.2
31.3
21. 5

82.7
31.4
22.3

84.6
31.1
22.3

98.9
31. 1
21.9

79.1
31. 4
22.2

79.6
32.4
23.6

Textile mill products.................................
Cotton broad woven fabrics..................
Silk and synthetic broad woven fabrics.
Weaving and finishing broad woolens. .
Narrow fabrics and smallwares_______
Knitting_____ ____________________
Finishing textiles, except wool and knit.
Floor covering____________________
Yarn and thread___ _______________
Miscellaneous textile goods__________

802.1
216.2
75.9
41.2
24.0
197.4
63.9

802.7
216.6
75.5
41.9
23.9
197.2
63.7
31.4
97.3
55.2

803.1
216.5
75.7
43.1
23.7
197.4
63.5
31.4
97.3
54.5

791.6
215.2
74.3
43.6
22.8
194.8
62.8
30.6
93.5
54.0

802.5
215.8
75.4
44.5
23.8
196.7
63.6
30.6
96. 6
55.5

796.0
215.4
74.5
44.4
23.6
194. 0
63. 2
30. 7
95. 2
55.0

795.3
215.6
74.0
44.7
23.5
192. 2
63.6
31. 4
94.9
55.4

793.6
216.3
73.8
45.0
23.4
191.0
63.4
31. 3
94.4
55.0

790.1
216.4
73.9
44.9
23.4
187.6
63.3
31.7
94.4
54.5

790.1
218.1
74.3
43.2
23.6
185.7
63.4
32.0
94.2
55.6

801.6
219.8
74.8
43.4
24.2
190.9
64.3
32. 5
95.6
56.1

810.4
220. 4
74.5
44.2
24.4
197.9
64.3
32. 7
95.6
56.4

814.9
220.5
74.0
45.3
24.2
201.9
64.3
32.2
96. 1
56.4

812.4
223. 4
73.9
45.9
24.2
198.1
64.3
31.2
95.6
55.9

805.0
227.7
74.7
45.8
23.2
193.8
63.1
30.0
91.9
54.8

See footnotes at end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

97.2
55.0

A.—EMPLOYMENT

T able

1475

A-3. Production or nonsupervisory workers in nonagricultural establishments, by
industry 1—Continued
Revised series; see box, p. 1476.

[In th o u sa n d s]

1963

1962

Annual
a v e ra g e

I n d u s try

?r------O c t.»

S e p t.

Aug.

July

Ju n e

May

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

D ec.

Nov.

O c t.

1962

1961

Manufacturing—Continued
Nondurable goods— C o n t in u e d

P a p e r a n d a llie d p r o d u c t s ............................
P a p e r a n d p u l p ________________________
P a p e r b o a r d ........................ ...........................
C o n v e rte d p a p e r a n d p a p e rb o a rd p ro d ­
u c t s — ........................................................
P a p e r b o a r d c o n t a in e r s a n d b o x e s ______
P r i n t i n g , p u b lis h in g a n d a llie d in d u s ­
t r i e s ___________________________________
N e w s p a p e r p u b lis h in g a n d p r i n t i n g —
P e r io d ic a l p u b lis h in g a n d p r i n t i n g ____
B o o k s ____________________________________
C o m m e r c ia l p r i n t i n g ................................. .
B o o k b in d in g a n d r e la t e d i n d u s t r ie s ___
O t h e r p u b lis h in g a n d p r i n t i n g in d u s ­
t r i e s _________________________________

1,177.

, 180.5 1,182.9 1,132.9 1,139.6 1,141.7 i, 135.; 1,157.2 1,141.2 1,109. 0 1,125. 1,141.4 1,146.2
103.8 104.5 102. C 106.2 105.4 103. £ 105.] 105. < 105.6 105.
105.3 105.9
305.5 309.4 299. S 303.3 300.2 297.
294.1 292.6 290.1 293.f 296.7 297.4
351.
356.7 361.2 342.6 336.8 346.1 349.
364.2 356.0 335.0 337.3 339.6 337.4
112.
109.2 107.0
99.9 102.5 102.5 102.
102.1
102.8
101.1
104.2 106.3 106.9
28.
30. 6 28.6
27.0
26.0
27.3
31.9
31.;
29.2
27.5
26.3
28.9
72."
71.2
72.6
72.4
73.6
71.1
66.9
72.6
72.4
69.3
68.6
70.3
70.8
67.3
65.5
62.8
62.9
61.4
61.2
62.1
60.3
58.3
64.0
67.9
68.9
139.
137.9 132.1 124.8 127.3 129.0 126.9 124.4 121.1 120.4 124.6 129.0 130.0
493.9 495.1 495.4 487.1 491.5 484.3 483.0 482.3 479.6 482.7 487.7 488.8 492.0
173.2 174.2 176. 8 174. 5 175.6 172.1 171.3 170.5 170.8 172.4 173.8 174.5 175.6
54.4
54.4
54. 6 54.1
54.3
54.1
53.1
53.7
53.6
54.0
54.0
53.8
53.9
102.

303.

1 , 125. - 1 079 6
104.! 102 4

289. f

268.4

CO
$

A p p a r e l a n d r e la t e d p r o d u c t s ...............___
M e n ’ s a n d b o y s ’ s u i t s a n d c oa ts............
M e n ’ s a n d b o y s ’ f u r n is h in g s ...................
W o m e n ’ s, m is s e s ’ , a n d j u n io r s ’ o u t e r ­
w e a r . . . ....................................................
W o m e n ’ s a n d c h ild r e n ’ s u n d e r g a r ­
m e n t s _______________________________
H a t s , c a p s , a n d m i l l i n e r y ______________
G i r l s ’ a n d c h i l d r e n ’ s o u t e r w e a r _______
F u r g o o d s a n d m is c e lla n e o u s a p p a r e l
M is c e lla n e o u s f a b r ic a t e d t e x t ile p r o d ­
u c t s ...... ..................... ......... ............

331.8

103.1
29.2
70.2
63.9

101 5
29 0
68. O

61.9

122.4

116.7

486.0
175.2
52.9

478 0177 6
53.6

112.4
153.

113.2
153.3

112.5
151. 5

109.6
148.9

151.5

109.2
148.9

109.9
148.7

109.7
148.4

108.2
147.0

108.2
148.1

109.0
150.9

108.8
151.7

152.5

110.0

108.5
149.4

104.3
142.6

599.8
164.8

597.7
164.7
28.0
46.9
235.6
40.9

592.4
163. 7
26.8
45. 7
232. 6
41. 9

588.9 592.4
163. 6 163.9
26.4
27.0
45.2
44.3
231.9 233.2
41.5
41.6

589.8
163.1
27.9
45.0
232.5
40.8

588.4
161.7
28.6
44.7
232.2
40.4

579.3
151.9
28.9
44.3
233.7
39.9

575.5
150.9
28.8
44.2
231.6
39.3

578.1
151.2
28.8
44.2
233. 7
39.7

586.3
154.1
28.8
44.1
237.3
40.0

602.3
169.5
29.0
44.5
236.4
40.1

603.3
168.8
28.9
45.0
236.4
40.2

594.0
166.5
28.5
44.3
233.8
39.6

591. t
168.2
29. 5
43 i
232 2
38.5

235.7
40.6

110.1

82.6

81.6

81.7

81.2

81.6

80.5

80.8

80.6

80.7

80.5

82.0

82.8

84.0

81.4

80.3

525.8
163.4
116.2
63.7
62.5
36.7
32.1
51.2

527.7
164.5
116.1
63.2
62.8
37.1
31.4
52.6

527.5
165. 8
115.5
63. 8
62. 0
38.0
29. 5
52.9

524.7
165.5
115.1
63.4
60.1
38.1
29. 1
53.4

527.3
166.5
115.0
63.2
59.7
37.6
32.3
53.0

530.0
165.1
113.5
62.5
58.7
36.8
40.3
53.1

531.9
164.8
111.3
62.2
59.3
36.4

521.5
163.9
110.7
61.5
59.6
35.6

515.9
163.0

518.1
163.7

111.8

517.2
165.0

111.6

110. 0

3 7.4

3 3 .4

52.8

52.6

513.6
163.3
111.3
61.0
59.5
34.9
30.2
53.4

516.0
163.9

53.0

513.8
163.3
111.7
61.1
58.9
34.9
31.5
52.4

60. 0
58.6
36. 0
32.9
54.6

504 3
163.3
103.6
59.1
56. 7
35.4
32.2
54.0

P e t r o le u m r e f in in g a n d r e la t e d i n d u s ­
t r i e s ___________________________________
P e t r o le u m r e f in in g _____________________
O t h e r p e t r o le u m a n d c o a l p r o d u c t s ____

120.4
94.9
25.5

121.7
95.5
26.2

123.3
96. 5
26. 8

122.1

121.7
95. 5
26.2

120.6

95.2
25.4

119.1
95.8
23.3

117.4
96.1
21.3

117.3
95.5

116.9
94.3

118.5
94.9
23.6

1 20.0

95.2
24.8

120.9
95.3
25.6

125.3
100.9
24.3

129. 8
106.1
23.8

R u b b e r a n d m is c e lla n e o u s p la s t ic p r o d ­
u c t s ____________________________________
T i r e s a n d in n e r t u b e s __________________
O t h e r r u b b e r p r o d u c t s _________________
M is c e lla n e o u s p la s t ic p r o d u c t s _________

316.4
65.2
126.4
124.8

315.2
64.4
126.7
124.1

310.1
64. 0
124.6
121. 5

306.7
68.9
117.0

319.1
71.9
127.3
119.9

317.0
71.5
126.2
119.3

315. 2
71.4
125.9
117.9

313.9
71.3
126.1
116.5

313.1
71.4
126.5
115.2

318.9
72.3
129.1
117.5

320.2
72.6
129.7
117.9

323.2
72.4
130.1
120.7

325.4
72.5
130.6
122.3

314.3
72.1
126.6
115. 6

288. 3
70.6
116. 6

L e a t h e r a n d le a t h e r p r o d u c t s ____________
L e a t h e r t a n n in g a n d f in i s h in g _________
F o o t w e a r , e x c e p t r u b b e r _______________
O t h e r le a t h e r p r o d u c t s _________________

307.6
27.7
204.5
75.4

310.9
27.6
208.2
75.1

316.0
27. 6
213. 0
75. 4

309.3
26.8
210.5
72.0

309.8
27.7
210.3
71.8

301.4
27.0
206.6
67.8

300.5

206.2
67.5

310.0
27.0
211.5
71.5

312.7
27.5
214.0
71.2

310.0
28.1
213.2
68.7

317.0
28.5
215.2
73.3

318.0
28.3
212.3
77.4

316.0
28.3

210.0
7 7 .7

318.6
28.0
215. 7
74.9

316.4
28.3
214.0
74.1

83.7
40.2
849.1
17.2

82.6
82.7
40. 6 40. 6
838.9 837.9
17. 6
17.6

83.3
39.8
829.6
17.6

83.9
38.5
796.0
17.1

83.0
37.5
787.2
17.2

83.7
36.8
777.9
17.2

83.9
36.8
775.9
17.1

84.3
38.2
773.7
17.4

84.6
37.8
814.1
17.7

84.8
37.9
828.4
17.8

85.2
38.4
837.6
17.9

86.3
38.5
803.9
18.2

93.3
38. 2
772.9
18.7

560.3
24.0
85.8
539.7

564.4
23.9
85. 3
548. 0
215. 0
139.9
158.1
35. 0

559.5
24.3
83.6
541.3
213.0
138.7
155.3
34. 31

555.3
24.7
81.5
529.5
207.8
135.4
152.7
33.6

554.1
24.9
81.3
526.4
205.6
135.2
152.3

552.8
25.1
81.2
528.5
209.2
135.0
151.9
32.4

551.9
25.3
80.9
528.8
209.2
135.2
152. 3
32.1

552.5 555.4
25.7
20.3
80. 4 80.3
530.2 532.8
209.3 209.8
135. 5 136.5
153.3 154.4
32.1
32.1

556.8
26.4
80.8
534.3

557.6
26.5
81.9
536.0

137.0
155.0
32.1

137.0
155.7
32.5

559.5
26.9
79.9
537.1
211.4
137.6
156. 2
32.0

567.5
27.2
79.5
541.3
213.6
138.6
159.1

C h e m ic a ls a n d a llie d p r o d u c t s __________
I n d u s t r i a l c h e m ic a ls ___________________
P la s t i c s a n d s y n t h e t ic s , e x c e p t g la s s —
D r u g s ___________________________ _______
S o a p , c le a n e rs , a n d t o ile t g o o d s ..............
P a i n t s , v a r n is h e s , a n d a llie d p r o d u c t s .
A g r i c u l t u r a l c h e m ic a ls ..............................

Other chemical products___________

95.7
26.4

120.8

4 4 .9

20.8

111.0

61.4
59.3
35.2

21.8 22.6

60.8
60.3
35.3
29.6
54.3

60.1
60.9
35.9
31.2
54.7

101.1

Transportation and public utilities;
L o c a l a n d in t e r u r b a n p a s s e n g e r t r a n s it :
L o c a l a n d s u b u r b a n t r a n s p o r t a t io n ____
I n t e r c i t y a n d r u r a l b u s li n e s ____________
M o t o r f r e ig h t t r a n s p o r t a t io n a n d s to ra g e .
P i p e l i n e t r a n s p o r t a t io n ___________________
C o m m u n ic a t io n :
T e le p h o n e c o m m u n ic a t io n _____________
T e le g r a p h c o m m u n ic a t io n »____________
R a d io a n d t e le v is io n b r o a d c a s t in g _____
E l e c t r i c , g a s, a n d s a n it a r y s e r v ic e s _______
E l e c t r i c c o m p a n ie s a n d s y s t e m s ________
G a s c o m p a n ie s a n d s y s t e m s ____________
C o m b in e d u t i l i t y s y s t e m s ______________
W a t e r , s t e a m , a n d s a n it a r y s y s t e m s ___
S e e f o o tn o te s a t e n d o f t a b le .


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

212.2

137.2
156.1
34.2

566.5
24.1
84.4
547.8
214.9
140.0
157.9
35.0

3 3 .3

210.2 210.8

2 9 .9

1476

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, DECEMBER 1963

T able A-3. Production or nonsupervisory workers in nonagricultural establishments, by

industry 1—Continued

Revised series; see box below.

[ in th o u sa n d s]

1963

S e p t .2

Aug.

J u ly

Ju n e

1962

M ay

Wholesale and retail trade 4____________
Wholesale trade.................... .............. ......
Motor vehicles and automotive equip­
ment_________________________
Drugs, chemicals, and allied products..
Dry goods and apparel.........................
Groceries and related products______
Electrical goods............................... ........
Hardware, plumbing and heating
goods_____________ _____ _____
Machinery, equipment, and supplies..
Retail trade 4_........................ ........... ........
General merchandise stores_________
Department stores_______________
Limited price variety stores______
Food stores_____________________ _
Grocery, meat, and vegetable stores..
Apparel and accessories stores______
Men’s and boys’ apparel stores_____
Women’s ready-to-wear stores..........
Family clothing stores.___ _______
Shoe stores_____________ _____ _
Furniture and appliance stores_______
Other retail trade__________________
Motor vehicle dealers_____________
Other vehicle and accessory dealers..
Drug stores_________________ ____

2 0 0 .9
1 59.2
1 10.6
45 3 .8
197.8

201.3
159. f
111.9
452.7
200.1

201.8
158.2
111.7
448.8
199.3

201.0
157.8
110. f
437.8
197.9

198.3
156.5
109.0
418.4
197.0

1 26.8
470.8
6,305
1 ,5 1 7 .3
88 1 .4
302.1
1,318. 2
1 ,156.1
553.5
8 8 .8
207. 2
85 .0
111.5
34 8 .4
2,567. 8
590.3
142.5
353.2

127.5
46 8 .8
6,227
1,466. a
852.7
28 6 .8
1 ,3 0 5 .4
1,143. 4
531.6
87 .3
202.7
8 0 .3
105.2
3 49.0
2, 575.1
592. 2
144.4
351.6

127.8
466.4
6,200
1 ,4 4 8 .7
8 43.6
2 83.1
1,3 0 8 .5
1,1 4 6 .4
525.2
87 .9
197.2
8 1 .0
104.1
347.3
2 ,5 7 0 .4
591.7
143.8
3 50.8

126.3
458.1
6,246
1, 469. 4
8 60.3
2 88.2
1 ,3 0 8 .6
1 ,1 4 4 .6
552.1
92 .4
207.1
8 4 .4
108.2
34 6 .7
2, 568.8
589.1
143.6
34 8 .8

124.7
452.9
6 ,193
1 ,4 5 3 .0
8 51.7
2 89.2
1 ,3 0 1 .3
1 ,1 3 7 .2
550.5
8 8 .2
2 08.4
83 .4
110.0
343.8
2, 544. 5
585.2
140.0
349.6

Finance, insurance, and real estate:
Banking___________________________
Security dealers and exchanges_______I.
Insurance carriers____________________
Life^ insurance_______________ ______
Accident and health insurance_______
Fire, marine, and casualty insurance..

629.2
113.2
7 78.4
419.5
46.5
2 76.7

6 37.8
115.2
787.2
422.9
4 7 .0
2 80.8

636.2
115.6
783.8
4 20.8
4 6 .9
279.8

Services and miscellaneous:
Hotels and lodging places:
Hotels, tourist courts, and motels____
Personal services:
Laundries, cleaning and dyeing plants.
Motion pictures:
Motion picture filming and distribution..

A p r.

M a r.

Feb.

Jan.

D ec.

Annual
a v e ra g e

Nov.

O c t.

1962

1961

9,0 4 2
8,966
8,926
8,829
8,914
8 ,898
8,687
8,646
8,760
9,601
9,039
8,886
8,805
8,674
2 ,7 3 7
2,739
2,680
2 ,714
2,636
2, 630
2 ,625
2,621
2,633
2, 681
2 ,665
2, 674
2 ,630
2, 584

6 26.3
114.3
775.3
4 16.4
4 6 .2
277.1

61 8 .2
113.4
772.6
415.6
45 .8
276.1

197.1
157.1
108.8
415.9
196.7

196.3
157.1
109.3
4 20.2
195.6

195.5
156.8
108.3
418.5
195.5

194.3
156.5
109.2
421.8
195.3

195. 7
158.8
110. C
433.5
195.1

195.2
159.0
110.2
433. C
194.4

195.7
158.4
111.0
43 6 .2
193.5

192.8
156.4
109.6
431.1
191.0

184.7
153.0
110.0
4 30.2
185.0

1 24.7
123.8
452. 5
448.6
6, 062
6,2 6 8
1,4 8 0 .1 1 ,4 0 1 .2
869.9
824.1
304.2
2 83.2
1,305. 6 1, 296. 5
1 ,1 3 5 .2 1 ,1 3 5 .2
6 08.0
5 28.8
91 .4
86 .2
217.9
201.6
8 6 .0
82 .0
142.6
101.4
3 45.3
3 44.0
2, 530. 7 2,490. 5
5 82.2
580.8
137.9
132.0
3 48.5
349.7

123.4
445.6
6 ,025
1, 379. 6
81 0 .7
2 76.8
1,301. 3
1,134. 6
519.7
8 8 .5
194.9
81.6
98 .2
3 43.8
2, 480.9
579.7
130.0
34 6 .7

123.0
4 44.2
6 ,127
1, 4 53.4
8 63.7
2 87.8
1 ,2 9 1 .1
1,130. 6
5 45.6
95.1
20 3 .2
87 .3
100.9
34 6 .8
2,489. 9
577.3
131.8
3 50.0

124.0
444.4
6,920
1 ,9 7 2 .1
1, 200. 4
388.1
1,319. 5
1 ,1 5 0 .0
672.9
120.5
248.9
113.8
119.3
363.1
2, 592. 5
573.4
142.4
3 68.6

124.3
442.7
6 ,374
1, 618. 8
9 64.5
3 21.7
1, 298. 6
1,136. 7
578.8
9 4 .9
2 17.8
92 .0
106.6
3 51.0
2, 526. 7
570.6
137.1
3 53.5

124.5
4 42.8
6, 212
1, 512.4
886.3
307.4
1 ,2 8 7 .2
1 ,1 2 8 .2
561.2
8 9 .6
2 10.8
87.6
107.2
3 46.6
2, 504, 9
5 67.5
131.5
3 51.3

123.2
436.5
6,175
1, 496. 8
881.4
304.1
1, 2 80.2
1,120. 5
560.3
91 .4
209.0
88 .9
107.6
347.2
2,490. 5
559.9
129.6
348.0

122.1
416.5
6 ,090
1 ,4 5 3 .9
850.4
303.2
1 ,2 6 9 .9
1 ,1 0 6 .0
556.3
88 .5
209.1
88 .8
104.9
3 49.4
2, 460. 3
552.0
124.7
3 44.5

61 8 .2
112.9
770.9
414.5
4 5 .6
275.6

617.1
113.6
773.4
416.2
4 5 .8
276.1

615.0
113.0
771.4
415.1
45 .6
2 75.6

6 11.7
112.2
768.5
4 13.8
45 .5
274.1

614.1
113.1
770.4
41 3 .7
45.6
275.9

61 2 .3
114.0
770.4
413.1
46 .0
2 76.0

611.7
115.9
769.0
41 2 .7
4 5 .9
275.1

6 0 6 .7
122.3
7 68.0
413.0
45 .8
273.9

591.1
120.6
765.2
417.1
44.9
268.3

58 0 .2

6 22.7

624.4

597.4

54 1 .8

521.5

512.7

509.1

502.5

5 00.7

507.2

516.4

5 09.2

494.0

375.5

37 8 .0

3 81.1

3 82.2

376.0

374.4

3 65.6

3 64.0

3 69.0

370.0

3 73.7

377.1

377.7

383.1

2 3 .6

2 3 .9

2 3 .6

22 .6

21 .6

2 0 .8

2 1 .6

22.1

2 3 .7

25 .2

2 4 .2

24 .4

2 4 .6

29.1

1
1
F o r c o m p a r a b ilit y o f d a t a w i t h th o s e p u b lis h e d i n is s u e s p r i o r t o O c to b e r
1963, a n d c o v e ra g e o f th e s e s e rie s, see f o o tn o te 1, t a b le A - 2 .
F o r m in in g , m a n u f a c t u r in g , a n d la u n d r ie s , c le a n in g a n d d y e in g p la n t s ,
d a t a re fe r to p r o d u c t io n a n d r e la t e d w o r k e rs ; fo r c o n t r a c t c o n s t r u c t io n , to
c o n s t r u c t io n w o r k e rs ; a n d fo r a l l o t h e r in d u s t r ie s , to n o n s u p e r v is o r y w o r k e rs .
Production and related workers in c lu d e w o r k in g fo re m e n a n d a ll n o n s u p e r ­
v is o r y w o r k e r s ( in c lu d in g le a d m a n a n d t ra in e e s ) e n g a g e d i n f a b r ic a t in g ,
p ro c e s s in g , a s s e m b lin g , in s p e c t io n , r e c e iv in g , s to ra g e , h a n d lin g , p a c k in g ,
w a r e h o u s in g , s h ip p in g , m a in te n a n c e , r e p a ir , j a n i t o r i a l a n d w a t c h m e n
s e rv ic e s , p r o d u c t d e v e lo p m e n t , a u x i l i a r y p r o d u c t io n fo r p l a n t ’ s o w n u se
(e.g., p o w e r p la n t ) , a n d r e c o r d k e e p in g a n d o t h e r s e r v ic e s c lo s e ly a s s o c ia te d
w i t h t h e a b o v e p r o d u c t io n o p e r a t io n s .

Construction workers i n c lu d e w o r k in g fo re m e n , jo u r n e y m e n , m e c h a n ic s ,
a p p r e n t ic e s , la b o r e r s , e tc ., e n g a g e d i n n e w w o r k , a lt e r a t io n s , d e m o lit io n ,
r e p a ir , a n d m a in te n a n c e , e tc ., a t t h e s it e o f c o n s t r u c t io n o r w o r k in g i n s h o p
o r y a r d s a t jo b s ( s u c h as p r e c u t t in g a n d p re a s s e m b lin g ) o r d i n a r i l y p e r f o r m e d
b y m e m b e r s o f t h e c o n s t r u c t io n tra d e s .
Nonsupervisory workers in c lu d e e m p lo y e e s ( n o t a b o v e t h e w o r k in g s u p e r ­
v is o r y le v e l) s u c h as o ffic e a n d c le r ic a l w o r k e r s , r e p a ir m e n , s a le s p e rs o n s ,
o p e ra to rs , d r iv e r s , a t t e n d a n t s , s e r v ic e e m p lo y e e s , lin e m e n , la b o r e r s , ja n it o r s ,
w a t c h m e n , a n d s im ila r o c c u p a t io n a l le v e ls , a n d o t h e r e m p lo y e e s w h o s e
s e rv ic e s a re c lo s e ly a s s o c ia te d w i t h th o s e o f t h e e m p lo y e e s lis t e d .
2 P r e lim in a r y .
2 D a t a r e la t e t o n o n s u p e r v is o r y e m p lo y e e s e x c e p t m e s s e n g e rs .
4 E x c lu d e s e a tin g a n d d r i n k i n g p la c e s .

Caution
The revised series on employment, hours and earnings, and labor turnover in non­
agricultural establishments should not be compared with those published in issues prior
to October 1963. (See footnote 1, table A-2, and “Technical Note, Revision of Establish­
ment Employment Statistics, 1963,” appearing in the October 1963 M o n t h l y L a b o r R e v i e w ,
p. 1194.) Moreover, when the figures are again adjusted to new benchmarks, the data
presented in this issue should not be compared with those in later issues which reflect
the adjustments.
Comparable data for earlier periods are published in E m p l o y m e n t a n d E a r n i n g s
S t a t i s t i c s f o r t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s , 1909—62 (BLS Bulletin 1312-1), which is available at

depository libraries or which may be purchased from the Superintendent of Documents
for $3.50. For an individual industry, earlier data may be obtained upon request to the
Bureau.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

À.—EMPLOYMENT
T able

1477

A-4. Employees in nonagricultural establishments, by industry division and selected groups,
seasonally adjusted 1
Revised series; see box, p. 1476.

[in thousands]
1963

Industry division and group
Oct.2 Sept.2 Aug.
Total_______________________________
Mining______

_______________

Contract construction__________

__

July

June

______ 57,544 57,452 57,344 57,340 57,194

1962

May

Apr.

M ar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

57,060 56, 873 56, 706 56.458 56,333 56,211 56,205 56,195

630

632

635

640

639

640

639

631

631

631

633

640

644

_______________ 3,047

3,059

3,083

3,069

3,046

3,019

3,005

2,928

2,920

2,967

2,913

2,942

2,939

____

_____

17,083 17,071 17,033 17,103 17,075 17,095 17,037 16,948 16,872 16,871 16,851 16,858 16, 910
9,708 9,702 9,652 9,701 9,685 9,683 9,660 9,586 9,546 9,542 9,518 9, 509 9, 543
278
276
275
277
278
276
274
278
279
280
279
280
280
588
587
578
564
559
592
588
597
590
593
586
588
585
393
393
393
392
390
388
387
388
386
389
386
386
384
614
611
616
615
612
597
590
612
607
595
591
596
599
1,152 1,165 1,176 1,208 1,202 1,184 1,174 1,145 1,133 1,124 1,126 1,121 1,125
1,161 1,164 1,162 1,159 1,156 1.151 1,148 1,136 1,131 1,125 1,127 1,125 1,127
1,540 1,530 1,525 1,512 1,508 1,506 1,504 1,501 1,499 1, 503 1,501 1,513 1,512
1,567 1,572 1,574 1,587 1,593 1,597 1,595 1, 589 1,589 1,593 1,595 1,586 1, 590
1,644 1,634 1,580 1,618 1,623 1,614 1,623 1, 597 1,595 1,586 1, 574 1,561 1,587
374
372
375
375
375
370
366
370
368
365
364
362
362
397
398
398
394
389
390
389
393
390
388
389
391
392
Nondurable goods.............. ................................................ 7,375 7,369 7,381 7,402 7,390 7,412 7, 377 7, 362 7,326 7,329 7,333 7,349 7, 367
Food and kindred products..... ................................... . 1,726 1,722 1, 728 1,730 1, 732 1,743 1, 738 1, 757 1,747 1,752 1,756 1,745 1,751
91
88
84
87
89
89
89
88
90
89
Tobacco manufactures_________________ ______
92
91
93
887
886
889
892
Textile mill products_________________________ _ 888
891
889
890
891
891
893
896
898
1,307 1,306 1,302 1,317 1,306 1,317 1,296 1,286 1,273 1,268 1,265 1,266 1,273
Apparel and related products___________ _______
621
623
622
623
620
619
620
618
617
617
Paper and allied products _____ _______________
615
616
616
934
937
935
935
936
934
929
910
907
910
Printing, publishing, and allied industries_______
928
929
908
871
870
869
870
868
864
862
859
853
Chemicals’ and allied products_________________ .
856
851
851
851
189
188
190
188
Petroleum refining and related industries________
187
188
188
188
188
187
189
190
190
404
401
403
414
411
Rubber and miscellaneous plastic products....... . .
408
416
411
417
408
409
408
408
350
351
352
Leather and leather products____________ _____ .
353
350
349
351
351
351
351
356
357
358
Transportation and public utilities__________ _____ ___ 3,931 3,947 3,941 3,936 3,919 3,909 3,890 3,894 3,899 3,821 3,898 3,896 3,904
Mannfact urine

_____________
__ __________
Durable goods .
Ordnance and accessories,.
_
_
Lumber and wood products, except furniture
Furniture and fixtures__ _ _____________ ___
Stone, clay, and glass products____ _
Primary metal industries____ ________________
Fabricated metal products____
____
TV1aehinerv
Electrical equipment and supplies. _ . . .
. _____
Transportation equipment__ .
instruments and related products_______
. .
Miscellaneous manufacturing industries....................

Wholesale and retail trade______________________ ____ 11,949 11,933 11,907 11,884 11,864 11, 825 11,784 11, 795 11, 729 11,685 11,629 11,637 11,627
3,173 3,167 3,155 3,159 3,148 3,129 3,119 3,106 3,093 3,085 3,072 3,069 3,075
Wholesale trade________________________ _______
Retail trade............................... ...................................... 8,776 8,766 8, 752 8,725 8, 716 8,696 8,665 8,689 8,636 8,600 8, 557 8,568 8,552
Finance, insurance, and real estate___________________ 2,886 2,873 2,873 2,870 2,865 2,864 2,853 2,848 2,839 2,834 2,822 2,821 2,817
8,401 8,373 8,373 8,349 8, 282 8,228 8,199 8,207 8,144 8,110 8,079 8,063 8,044
Service and miscellaneous_________________________
Government____________ _____ ___________ _______
Federal ______________________________________
State and local___________ ____________________

9,617
2,349
7,268

9,564
2,347
7,217

9,499
2,348
7,151

1 For coverage of the series, see footnote 1, table A-2.
2 Preliminary.

T able

9,489
2,351
7,138

9, 504
2,349
7,155

9, 480
2, 345
7,135

9,466
2,339
7,127

9,455
2,340
7,115

9,424
2, 332
7,092

9,414
2,353
7,061

9,386
2,349
7,037

9,348
2,353
6,995

9,310
2, 342
6,968

N ote: The seasonal adjustment method used is described in “ New Seasonal Adjustment Factors for Labor Force Components,” Monthly Labor
Review, August 1960, pp. 822-827.

A-5. Production workers in manufacturing industries, by major industry group, seasonally
adjusted 1
Revised series; see box, p. 1476.

[inthousands]
1963

Major industry group
Oct.2 Sept.2 Aug.
Manufacturing______ _____ __________ _____________
Durable goods__________________________________
Ordnance and accessories________ _ __________
Lumber and wood products, except furniture.
Furniture and fixtures___ __________ _______
Stone, clay, and glass p ro d u cts______________
Primary metal industries______________ ____
Fabricated metal products____________________
Machinery_____ " . . _____ _______ __________
Electrical equipment and supplies_____________
Transportation equipm ent..’.* ..___ __________
Instruments and related products_______ ______
Miscellaneous manufacturing industries______ _

12,621 12,614
7,104 7,098
119
121
525
526
326
327
492
494
939
930
894
892
1,072 1,061
1,047 1,049
1,139 1,136
237
238
320
318

Nondurable g o o d s ...________
.
_ . ____ 5,517
Food and kindred products. _________________ 1,143
76
Tobacco manufactures___ ____ _______________
793
Textile mill products__________ ______________
Apparel and’related products__________________ 1,161
489
Paper and allied products____________________
P r in tin g , p u b lish in g , and a llied in d u s tr ie s
592
527
Chemicals and allied products .
Petroleum refining and related industries_______
120
R u b b e r and m is c e lla n e o u s p la s tic p r o d u c ts
307
Leather and leather products.
*
........
309
» For definition of production w orkers, see footnote 1, table A -3.
tPrelim inary.


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

5,516
1,142
72
793
1,160
488
594
527
121
309
310

July

June

May

1962
Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

12,575 12,650 12,628 12,647 12,604 12,521 12,455 12,453 12,443 12,452 12,509
7,051 7,103 7,086 7,081 7,070 6,994 6, 956 6,950 6,935 6,932 6,967
119
119
120
119
119
120
121
118
121
122
122
517 503
530
533
498
528
538
531
525
523
527
326 326
323
326
323
322
322
321
321
320
319
496 498
493
492
489
480
474
476
474
480
483
953 984
900
977
962
952
922
911
901
899
897
891
888
883
868
864
860
862
859
891
881
863
1,058 1,045 1,042 1,040 1,041 1, 038 1,038 1,045 1,044 1,054 1, 057
1,051 1.061 1,069 1,068 1,067 1,061 1,059 1,063 1,065 1,062 1,064
1,079 1,118 1,122 1,112 1,123 1,099 1,094 1,085 1,080 1,066 1,091
240 241
236
234
233
233
231
240
237
230
231
321
311
313
313
311
311
317
312
315
315
315
5,524 5, 547
1,149 1,148
79
75
793 798
1,154 1,169
490 490
594 594
527 527
120
120
310 315
308 311

5, 542
1,151
75
797
1,160
489
594
527
119
321
309

5, 566
1,158
77
798
1,171
488
595
525
120
324
310

5,534
1,152
78
800
1,153
486
591
524
120
323
307

5,527
1,172
77
800
1,141
488
582
521
119
318
310

5,499
1,163
77
799
1,130
486
579
521
119
315
310

5, 503
1,167
77
800
1,125
487
582
519
118
318
310

5, 508
1,170
79
802
1,123
486
581
516
121
315
315

5, 520
1, 162
80
804
1,125
484
594
518
121
316
316

5,542
1,169
81
806
1,130
487
596
519
121
316
317

N ote: The seasonal adjustment method used is described in “ New Sea-

sonal Adjustment Factors for Labor Force Components,” Monthly Labor

Review, August 1960, pp. 822-827.

1478

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, DECEMBER 1963

T able A-6. Unemployment insurance and employment service program operations 1
[All Items except average benefit amounts are In thousands]
1963

Item
Sept.
Employment service:2
New applications for work........................
Nonfarm placements_______________

878
663

Aug.

829
611

July

928
572

June

1,096
577

1962

May

Apr.

911
612

Mar.

904
581

Feb.

861
496

Jan.

904
423

1,097
'459

Dec.

766
434

Nov.

907
533

Oct.

948
643

Sept.
856
652

State unemployment insurance programs:
Initial claims 8<_________________
957 1,086
1,351
973
1,079
1,216
1.127
1,308
2,102
1,747
1,353
1,267
956
Insured unemployment5(average weekly
volume)____________________ _
1,261
1,419
1,493
1, 468
1,624
1, 918
2,298
2,546
2,591
2,063
1, 625
1,385
1,331
Rate of insured unem ploym ent6_______
3.0
3.4
3.6
3.5
3.9
4.7
5.6
6.2
34
33
6.3
5.1
40
Weeks of unemployment compensated__
4,650
5,368
5, 695
5,308
6, 732 7,919
9,091
9,025 10,002 6,307
5,702
5, 207
4,695
Average weekly benefit amount for total
unemployment_________________
$34. 93 $34.67 $34. 43 $34. 34 $34. 91 $35. 54 $35. 80 $35. 70 $35. 62 $35.11 $34. 95 $34.69 $34. 42
Total benefits paid_______________
$163,126 $186,814 $195, 632 $188,189 $235,851 $274, 798 $316, 422 $313,272 $342, 411 $214,203 $193,551 $176,608 $160, 559
Unemployment compensation for ex-service­
men: 7 8
Initial claims *_........... ........ ...........
Insured unemployment5(average weekly
volume)...............................
Weeks of unemployment compensated, __
Total benefits paid................ ...................

28

29

31

22

20

23

42
170
$5,727

45
184
$6,202

44
176
$5,909

42
181
$6, 269

47
203
$6,760

58
267
$8, 797

Unemployment compensation for Federal
civilian employees:1 «
Initial claims 8................................
Insured unemployment 1 (average weekly
volume)_____________ .
Weeks of unemployment compensated...
Total benefits paid______________

12

12

19

12

11

13

11

12

20

12

12

14

10

28
114
$4,540

29
123
$4,844

30
110
$4,387

26
113
$4, 941

28
119
$4,678

31
137
$5, 241

35
150
$5, 591

38
148
$5,433

37
156
$5, 744

31
116
$4, 262

29
115
$4, 282

27
111
$4,182

25
98
$3, 797

Railroad unemployment insurance:
Applications 70_______________
Insured unemployment (average weekly
volume)_________________
Number of payments 77____ ______ .
Average amount of benefit paym ent72__
Total benefits paid 78___________

15

15

46

11

4

4

5

7

19

12

16

16

32

41
85
$76.90
$6,416

37
90
$77. 96
$6, 906

39
79
$76.07
$5,852

32
77
$73. 87
$5, 563

39
99
$74. 44
$7,333

1,408

1, 568

1, 651

1,628

1,799

All programs: 74
Insured unem plovm ent8

1 Includes data for Puerto Rico, beginning January 1961 when the com­
monwealth’s program became part of the Federal-State UI system.
2 Includes Guam and the Virgin Islands.
8 Initial claims are notices filed by workers to indicate they are starting
periods of unemployment. Excludes transitional claims.
4 Includes interstate claims for the Virgin Islands.
* Number of workers reporting the completion of at least 1 week of unem­
ployment.
8 The rate is the number of insured unemployed expressed as a percent of
the average covered employment in a 12-month period.
7 Excludes data on claims and payments made jointly with other programs.
8 Includes the Virgin Islands.
3 Excludes data on claims and payments made jointly with State programs.
10 An application for benefits is filed by a railroad worker at the beginning
of his first period of unemployment in a benefit year; no application is re­
quired for subsequent periods in the same year.


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

25

27

39

31

29

31

27

71
77
77
303
306
338
$9, 932 $10,027 $11,100

65
235
$7.679

57
222
$7,298

52
214
$7,019

200
$6, 549

49
57
64
fis
73
61
61
60
118
138
137
173
132
133
124
148
$77.11 $80. 24 $80. 58 $79. 97 $79. 56 $78. 73 $74. 47 $83. 26
$9,005 $11,004 $10, 881 $13,732 $10, 358 $10, 373 $11,081 $10,134
2,089

2, 465

2,726

2,778

2,223

1,780

1, 539

1,497

11 Payments are for unemployment in 14-day registration periods.
12 The average amount is an average for all compensable periods, not
adjusted for recovery of overpayments or settlement of underpayments.
78 Adjusted for recovery of overpayments and settlement of underpay­
ments.
34 Represents an unduplicated count of insured unemployment under the
State, Ex-servicemen and U CFE programs and the Railroad Unemployment
Insurance Act.
Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Employment Security for
all items except railroad unemployment insurance, which is prepared by the
U.S. Railroad Retirement Board.

B.—LABOR TURNOVER

1479

B.—Labor Turnover
T able B -l. Labor turnover rates, by major industry group 1
Revised series; see box, p. 1476.

[Per 100 employees]
1963
Major industry group
Sept. 2 Aug.

July

June

May

1962

J Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Annual
average

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

Sept.

1962

1961

Accessions: Total
Manufacturing:
Actual ........ ....

4.5

Seasonally adjusted ................................ .

S.G

3.7

4.3
4.0

3.9

3.S

3.9
4.1

3 8

3. 9

3.6
3. 7

2.4

8

3.0
5. 8

4.9

3 9

Jt. 0

4.1

4.1

Durable goods........__........... ............ ........
Ordnance and accessories.......................
Lumber and wood products, except
furniture............................. .................
Furniture and fix tu res............... ..........
Stone, clay, and glass products_______
Primary metal Industries.....................
Fabricated metal products.....................
M achinery.................... ...................
Electrical equipment and supplies........
Transportation equipment...................
Instruments and related products____
Miscellaneous manufacturing Industrles........................................................
Nondurable goods_____ ____________
Food and kindred products_________
Tobacco manufactures______________
Textile mill products_______ _______
Apparel and related products........... .
Paper and allied products___________
Printing, publishing and allied industries...................................... ........... .....
Chemicals and allied products_______
Petroleum refining arid related industries....................... ...............................
Rubber and miscellaneous plastic
products................. ..................... ........
Leather and leather products________

4.3
2.4

4.2
2.7

3.7
2.6

4.2
2.9

3.8
2.5

3.8
2.3

3.5
2.1

3.2
2.2

3.5
2.5

2.3
1.7

2.8
1.9

3.6
2.6

4.5
2.6

3.8
2.9

3.9
2.9

5.9
5.6
3.2
2.4
4.4
3. 1
3.7
7.1
3.3

6.8
5.9
3.8
2.4
4.9
3.0
3.7
5.5
3.1

5.7
55
4.2
2.4
4.3
2.9
3.2
3.6
3.4

7.9
4.8
5. 1
3.3
4.9
3.4
3.6
4.1
3.9

7.3
4.5
4.4
3.5
4.2
2.7
2.9
3.8
3.1

6.6
4.4
5.7
3.8
4.3
2.7
2.9
3.8
2.6

6.0
3.8
4.7
3.6
3.8
2.6
2.7
3.5
2.5

4.4
3.9
3.5
3.6
3.2
2.7
2.7
3.3
2.4

4.6
4. 1
3.6
3.4
3.7
3.0
3.0
3.8
2.7

2.4
2.6
1.9
2.3
2.5
2.0
2. 1
2.9
1.7

3.2
3.3
2.4
2.5
3.0
2.4
2.8
3.5
2.4

4.5
4.3
2.8
2.7
3.9
2.9
3.5
4.5
2.6

5.4
5.0
3.4
2.7
4.5
2.9
3.8
8. 1
2.6

5.5
4. 5
3.8
2.8
4 1
3.0
3.6
4.7
2.7

5.3
4l
3.7
3.4
4.4
3. 1
3.6
4.7
2.8

6.4

6.6

7.0

5.5

5.2

5.7

5.1

5.0

6.2

2.4

3.7

5.8

6.7

5.6

5.6

4.7
7.2
12.5
4.2
4.9
3.0

5.4
9. 1
24. 5
4.3
5.8
2.9

5.1
7.5
8.3
4.0
7. 1
2.9

5.5
8.9
3.1
4.0
5.7
4.0

4.2
5.6
2.4
3.9
5.9
2.7

3.9
4.9
1.8
3.6
5.1
2.7

3.5
4.3
2.6
3.5
4.7
2.4

3.4
3.8
2.6
3.3
5.4
2.2

3.7
4.2
3.6
3.3
5.9
2.3

2.5
3.3
6.0
1.9
3.1
1.0

3.2
4.0
5.6
2.7
4.4
1.9

4.3
6.5
4.4
3.5
5.3
2.4

5.4
9.4
16.6
3.8
5.2
2.8

4.3
6.4
6.4
3.6
5.5
2.6

4.2
6.0
5. 9
3.5
5.7
2.6

3.4
2.1

3.2
1.9

3.2
2.2

4.0
3.3

2.8
2.0

2.8
2.6

2.6
2.4

2.6
1.9

2.9
2.0

20
1.3

2.5
1.4

3.2
1.9

3.7
2.1

3.0
2.1

2.9
2.1

Nonmanufacturing:
Metal mining_______________________
Coal mining________________________

4.8

4.8

4.0

3.5

3.3

S.

3.9

1.3

1.3

1.9

3.0

2.0

2.1

1.6

.9

1.3

.0

.8

1.2

1.5

1.4

1.3

3.7
5.0

4.3
5.4

4.5
6.6

4.0
6.3

3.7
5.6

3.8
4.4

3.4
4.1

3.0
4.2

3.2
5.9

2.3
3.5

3.1
4.4

3.8
4.8

4.7
4.7

3.8
5.0

3.9
5.0

2.2
2.0

2.8
2.9

2.7
2.1

3.8
1.5

3.6
2.1

5.7
2.2

2.9
2.5

2.8
2.2

3.2
2.2

2.0
1.4

2.9
1.5

2.7
1.7

2.9
2.5

2.9
1.7

2.7
2.2

1.8

2.5

3.1

2.3

2.3

2.5

2.2

Accessions: New hires
Manufacturing:
Actual___________________________
Seasonally adjusted _________________
Durable goods............................................
Ordnance and accessories........ ...............
Lumber and wood products, except
furniture-_______________________
Furniture and fixtures................. ..........
Stone, clay, and glass products_____
Prim ary metal industries___________
Fabricated metal products__________
Machinery..............................................
Electrical equipment and supplies____
Transportation equipment.....................
Instruments and related products____
Miscellaneous manufacturing industries____________________________
Nondurable goods......................................
Food and kindred products_________
Tobacco manufactures______________
Textile mill products______ ________
Apparel and related products________
Paper and allied products................. .
Printing, publishing, and allied industries......................................... .............
Chemicals and allied products........... .
Petroleum refining arid related industries.......................................... ............
Rubber and miscellaneous plastic
products.____ _______ __________
Leather and leather products________
Nonmanufacturing:
Metal mining....................................... .......
Coal mining....................................... .......
See footnotes at end of table.
713-154— 63------ 8


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

2.3

3.2
2.4

2.7
2.4

3.3
2.4

2.5
2.4

2.3
S.8

2.0
2. 4

2.3

2.3

2.2

2.3

2.7
1.6

2.6
1.9

2.3
1.7

2.9
1.9

2.3
1.4

2.2
1.3

1.8
1.1

1.7
1.3

1.7
1.4

1.1
1.0

1.6
1.2

2.2
1.7

2.6
1.9

2.3
2.0

1.9
2.1

5.0
4.8
2.2
1.3
3.4
2.2
2.5
2.5
2.3

5.9
4.9
2.8
1.2
3.2
1.9
2.3
1.9
2.1

4.7
4.4
3.0
1.2
2.8
1.9
1.9
1.8
2.2

6.3
4.0
3.7
2.1
3.2
2.5
2.4
2.4
3.1

5.5
3.5
2.8
1.7
2.6
1.9
1.7
1.8
2.0

4.6
3.3
2.8
1.4
2.4
1.9
1.6
1.9
1.8

3.7
2.7
2.1
1.0
2.0
1.8
1.5
1.7
1.7

2.9
2.7
1.6
.9
1.8
1.8
1.5
1.6
1.6

2.6
2.7
1.3
.9
1.9
1.9
1.6
1.6
1.9

1.7
1.5
.9
.6
1.3
1.1
1.2
1.2
1.1

2.5
2.5
1.3
.7
1.9
1.4
1.7
1.7
1.6

3.6
3.5
1.8
.9
2.6
1.8
2.3
2.3
2.0

4.4
4.3
2.2
1.0
3.0
1.9
2.7
2.9
2.0

3.9
3.5
2.2
1.1
2.4
2.0
2.3
2.1
2.0

3.3
2.8
1.8
.9
2.1
1.6
2.1
16
1.7

3.0

1.8

1.9

1.2

4.9

4.8

4.1

3.7

3.2

3.2

2.6

2.7

2.6

1.5

2.5

4.3

5.3

3.8

3.6

3.3
4.9
7.9
3. 1
3.5
2.4

3.8
6.5
14. 4
3.2
3.9
2.2

3.2
4.6
3.3
2.8
4.0
2.1

3.8
5.9
1.8
3.0
3.6
3.1

2.7
3.5
1.3
2.8
3.6
1.9

2.4
2.8
1.1
2.5
3.4
1.7

2.2
2.2
1.6
2.2
3.2
1.5

2.0
1.9
1. 1
2.0
3.1
1.3

2.1
2. 1
1.9
1.9
3.2
1.3

1.3
1.7
3.4
1.2
1.5
.9

1.9
2.3
2.4
1.8
2.7
1.2

2.9
4. 1
3.1
2.5
3.5
1.8

3.8
6.2
10.9
2.7
3.8
2.2

2.8
3.8
3.2
2.5
3.5
1.8

2.5
3.4
3.1
2.2
3.1
1.7

2.7
1.5

2.5
1.4

2.5
1.6

3.0
2.6

2.1
1.4

2.0
1.8

1.9
1.6

1.8
1.2

2.1
1.2

1.3
.7

1.9
.9

2.6
1.3

3.1
1.5

2.3
1.5

2.1
1.4

1.0

1.0

1.6

2.4

1.5

1.3

.9

.5

.7

.4

.6

.9

1.1

1.0

.9

2.6
3.7

2.9
3.9

2.6
4.2

2.7
3.9

2.4
3.2

2.1
2.6

1.9
2.3

1.8
2.4

1.7
3.3

1.2
2.1

1.8
2.7

2.6
3.2

3.5
3.2

2.4
3.1

2.0
2.8

1.8
1.2

1.8
1.1

1.5
.9

2.7
.7

1.6
.8

1.7
.8

1.5
.8

1.4
.9

1.7
.6

1.2
.4

1.3
.6

1.5
.8

1.4
.7

1.5
.5

1.2
.6

1480

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, DECEMBER 1963
T able

B -l.

Labor turnover rates, by major industry group 1—Continued
Revised series; see box, p. 1476.

[Per 100 employees]
1963

Annual
average

1962

Major Industry group
Sept.s Aug.

July

June

May

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

Sept.

1962

4.1

4.0

1961

Separations: Total
Manufacturing:
Actual.....................

3.9

4.7
4. ¡2

4.1

3.4
S.8

3.6

3.6

10

i.o

3.8

3.7

i.o

4.4

i.o

3.8

3.9

5.0

i.o

i .o

Durable goods_______ ______________
Ordnance and accessories____ _______
Lumber and wood products, except
furniture............................................
Furniture and fixtures______________
Stone, clay, and glass products______
Primary metal industries___________
Fabricated metal products__________
Machinery__________________ ____
Electrical equipment and supplies.......
Transportation equipment....................
Instruments and related products....... .
Miscellaneous manufacturing indus­
tries.................................................

4.2
2.8

4.7
2.8

4.0
2.2

3.2
2.4

3.3
2.3

3.3
2.4

3.3
4.2

3.1
3.1

3.7
3.2

3.4
2.0

3.6
2.7

3.9
2.8

4.3
3.5

3.8
2.7

3.9
2.3

6.6
4.9
4.4
3.9
4.8
3.3
3.9
4.0
3.5

7.3
5.3
4.3
4.1
4.5
3.4
3.6
7.5
3.0

5.2
4.3
3.3
3.6
4.6
2.8
3.2
5.9
3.0

5.1
4.2
3.2
2.0
3.5
2.8
3.1
3.5
2.3

5.0
4.4
3.1
2. 1
3.7
3.0
3.0
3.7
2.7

5.2
4.5
3.0
2. 1
3.5
2.6
3.1
3.9
2.3

5.4
4.5
2.9
2.1
3.8
2.5
3.6
3.5
2.4

4.7
3.9
3.4
2.2
3.6
2.3
3.1
3.3
2.4

5.0
4.5
4.9
2.6
4.2
2.8
3.7
3.7
2.9

5.5
3.7
5.2
2.5
3.5
2.1
2.8
3.2
2.1

6.1
4.3
4.1
2.9
3.9
2.6
3.1
3. 5
2.6

5.6
4.6
4.2
3.5
4.7
2.9
3.4
3.9
3.0

6.7
5.2
5.0
3.8
4.9
3.5
4.0
4.1
3.3

5.6
4.6
4.1
3.3
4.2
2.8
3.3
4.6
2.6

5.4
4.3
3.8
2.8
4.6
3.2
3.3
5.0
2.5

5.4

5.5

5.2

4.2

4.5

4.8

4.2

3.8

5.5

11.5

7.8

5.5

5.6

6.0

5.8

Nondurable goods___ _______________
Food and kindred products_________
Tobacco manufactures_____________
Textile mill products_____ _________
Apparel and related products________
Paper and allied products.................... .
Printing, publishing and allied indus­
tries...................................................
Chemicals and allied products_______
Petroleum refining and related indus­
tr ie s ................................................
Rubber and miscellaneous plastic prod­
ucts................. ..................................
Leather and leather products________

5.5
9.0
4.3
4.4
5.7
4.0

4.8
6.5
4.3
4.6
5.8
3.4

4,3
5.8
2.6
3.8
6.4
2.5

3.8
4.8
2.2
3.3
5.6
2.2

4.0
4.6
4.0
3.9
5.8
2.5

3.9
4.8
3.9
3.7
6.0
2.5

3.7
4.9
7.0
3.5
4.8
2.5

3.4
4.7
9.2
3. 1
4.2
2.3

4.3
6.4
6.8
3.9
5. 5
2.9

4.3
6.3
11.0
3.4
5.9
2.5

4.6
7.1
17. 1
3.7
5.2
2.7

5.0
8.3
10.8
3.8
5.7
2.8

5.8
9.5
5. 5
4.5
6.0
4.3

4.4
6.2
6.7
3.7
5.8
2.8

4.2
6.0
5.7
3.4
5.8
2.7

3.7
3.2

3.5
2.5

2.6
1.8

3.0
2.1

3.0
2.6

2.6
1.9

2.7
1.7

2.3
1.4

3.0
1.7

2.7
1.6

2.9
2.0

3.1
1.8

4.1
3.1

2.9
2.1

2.9
»2.0

2.9

2.1

1.7

1.8

1.7

1.6

1.8

1.9

1.8

2.1

2.2

1.8

2.7

1.8

1.7

4.1
5.9

4.1
5.9

4.3
5.6

3.3
4.1

3.5
4.9

3.2
5.9

3.7
4.7

3.0
3.8

3.6
5.2

2.9
5.4

3.6
4.5

4.0
5.4

4.6
5.9

3.6
5.2

3.6
5.0

3.9
1.6

2.9
1.8

2.6
2.6

2.5
1.8

3.1
2.2

3.0
2.8

3.1
2.5

2.6
2.0

3.6
2.1

5.5
1.8

3.8
3.2

3.6
2.6

6.0
2.1

3.5
2.8

3.1
2.7

1.4

1.2

Seasonally adjusted.

N on manu fae tu rin g:
Metal mining___
Coal mining..........

4.8

3.5

3.2

4.0

3.8

4.0

Separations: Quits
Manufacturing:
A ctual...................

Seasonally adjusted.

2.3
1.3

1.4

1.4

1.5

l.i

l.i

l.i

l.i

1.5

1.3

l.i

1.3

l.i

1.5

2.4

l.i

1.3

.9

.7
.7

1.0
.8

1.3
1.1

2.0
1.9

1.2
1.2

1.0
1.1

1.9
1.6
.8
.4
.9
.8
1.1
.7
1.0

2.5
2.1
1.2
.5
1.3
.9
1.3

2.4
2.1
1.2
.6
1.3
1.0
1.4

1.4

4.2
3.0
2.1
.9
2.2
1.5
2.2
1.6
1.9

1.9
1.5
1.0
.5

.7
1.1

1.3
1.1
.6
.3
.7
.6
.8
.5
.8

2.1

1.4

1.3

1.2

1.0

1.1

0.3

1.1

Durable goods________ _____________
Ordnance and accessories ....................
Lumber and wood products, except
furniture_____________________
Furniture and fixtures_____________
Stone, clay, and glass products..........
Primary metal industries___________
Fabricated metal products_________
M achinery..____ _____________
Electrical equipment and supplies____
Transportation equipment..... .............
Instruments and related products___
Miscellaneous manufacturing Indus
tries_____________________

2.1
1.6

1.8
1.3

1.2
1.0

1.2
1.0

1.3
1.0

1.1
.8

1.0
.9

.9
.9

1.0

4.1
3.0
2.1
1.4
2.3
1.7
2.0
1.6
1.9

4.9
3.1
1.9
1.1
1.9
1.4
1.7
1.2
1.6

2.9
2.1
1.3
.7
1.2
.9
1.2
.9
1.2

3.0
1.9
1.3
.6
1.2
.9
1.2
.9
1.1

3.0
2.3
1.3
.7
1.3
1.0
1.2
.9
1.3

2.6
2.2
1.1
.6
1.2

1.0
1.5
.7
.4
.8
.7

1.7
1.7
.8
.4
.9
.8

1.0

1.0

1.0

2.2
1.9
.9
.5
1.1
.9
1.1
.8
1.0

1.2

.8
1.2
.8
1.0

3.1

2.9

1.8

1.8

1.8

1.6

1.5

1.3

1.3

1.0

1.6

2.2

3.0

2.0

1.8

Nondurable goods............................. ......
Food and kindred products_________
Tobacco manufactures_____________
Textile mill products______________
Apparel and related products_______
Paper and allied products__________
Printing, publishing, and allied indus­
tries_________________________
Chemicals and allied products.. -.......
Petroleum refining and related indus­
tries................................. .................
Rubber and miscellaneous plastic prod­
ucts___________________ ______
Leather and leather products...............

2.7
3.6
1.2
2.8
2.7
2.5

2.4
2.8
1.5
2.8
3.1
1.9

1.7
1.9
.8
2.1
2.5
1.0

1.6
1.7
.7
1.9
2.2

1.7
1.6
.8
2.1
2.4

1.0

1.0

1.5
1.4
.8
2.0
2.3
1.0

1.4
1.4
.7
1.7
2.0
.9

1.2
1.2
.7
1.4
1.8
.7

1.3
1.3
.9
1.6
2.0
.8

1.0
1.1
.6
1.1
1.4
.6

1.3
1.3
.8
1.6
1.9
.8

1.8
2.2
.9
2.0
2.4
1.1

2.9
4.1
2.1
2.6
3.0
2.5

1.7
1.9
.9
1.9
2.3
1.1

1.5
1.6
.9
1.6
2.0
1.0

2.2
1.8

2.0
1.3

1.3
.7

1.5
.7

1.5
.8

1.3
.7

1.2
.6

1.1
.5

1.2
.6

.9
.5

1.3
.5

1.5
.7

2.5
1.8

1.5
.8

1.4
.7

N onmanu factu ring:
Metal mining___
Coal mining____
See footnotes at end of table,


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

1.0

1.1
.8

.7
1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.5

1.1

.7

.8

.7

.6

.5

.5

.4

.4

.6

.7

1.4

.7

.5

2.0
3.3

2.0
3.3

1.4
2.5

1.4
2.2

1.4
2.4

1.3
2.3

1.1
2.0

1.0

1.6

1.1
2.0

.8
1.5

1.1
1.9

1.5
2.5

2.3
3.1

1.4
2.3

1.2
2.0

2.2
.6

1.9
.6

1.3
.5

1.4
.3

1.5
.4

1.4
.5

1.2
.4

1.2
.3

1.2
.3

.8
.3

.9
.3

1.1
.5

2.3
.5

1.2
.4

1.0
.4

1481

B.—LABOR TURNOVER

T able B - l. Labor turnover rates, by major industry group 1—Continued
Revised series; see box, p. 1476.

[Per 1 0 0 employees]
1963

Annual
average

1962

Major industry group
Sept.2 Aug.

July

June

May

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

Sept.

1962

2.0

2.2

1961

Separations: Layoffs
Manufacturing:
Actual___________________________
Seasonally adjusted________________
Durable goods..................... ......................
Ordnance and accessories___________
Lumber and wood products, except
furniture...___ ________________
Furniture and fixtures............................
Stone, clay, and glass products..............
Primary metal industries___________
Fabricated metal products_________
Machinery________________________
Electrical equipment and supplies____
Transportation equipment___ _____
Instruments and related products.........
Miscellaneous manufacturing industries...................................................
Nondurable goods____ ______________
Food and kindred products_________
Tobacco manufactures______________
Textile mill products____ ___________
Apparel and related products________
Paper and allied products......................
Printing, publishing, and allied industries.................. .................................
Chemicals and allied products...............
Petroleum refining and related industries....................................................
Rubber and miscellaneous plastic
products______________________
Leather and leather products________
Nonmanufacturing:
Metal mining_______________ _______
Coal mining________________________

1.7

1.9

1.6

2.2

2.5

2.3

2.2

1.9

2.0

1.9

1.7

1.8

1.6

1.7

1.7

1.8

1.8

1.8

2.0

2.0

1.9

2.0

1.9

1.4
.8

2.1
.9

2.1
.7

1.3
.9

1.3
.8

1.4
1.1

1.6
2.7

1.6
1.8

2.0
1.7

2.2
1.0

2.0
1.3

1.8
1.1

1.6
1.1

1.9
.9

2.2
.7

1.6
1.1
1.6
2.0
1.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
.9

1.4
1.3
1.6
2.3
1.7
1.3
1.1
5.4
.8

1.5
1.4
1.2
2.2
2.6
1.3
1.3
4.0
1.3

1.2
1.6
1.2
.7
1.5
1.2
1.1
1.7
.6

1.1
1.3
1.2
.8
1.7
1.4
1.2
1.9
.7

1.8
1.5
1.2
.8
1.7
1.0
1.3
2.2
.7

2.5
1.8
1.4

2.6
2.1
3.4
1.4
2.5
1.3
1.8
2.1

3.6
2.0
4.0
1.7
2.3

1.7
1.9
.7

2.3
1.7
2.1
1.1
2.1
.9
1.4
1.9
.9

2.1
1.7
2.3
2.4
2.6
1.3
1.3
1.9
.9

1.6
1.4
2.2
2.3
2.0
1.3

1.0

1.4
1.9
.8

3.5
2.1
2.8
2.0
2.4
1.2
1.3
1.9
1.1

1.9
.7

2.4
1.8
2.2
2.1
2.2
1.2
1.1
2.8
.7

2.8
2.1
2.2
1.7
2.9
1.7
1.4
3.6
.9

1.7

1.7

2.6

1.7

2.0

2.4

2.0

1.8

3.6

9.9

5.5

2.4

1.6

3.1

3.2

1.9
3.2
1.3

1.7
2.4
2.7
1.1
2.6
.9

1.8
2.8
2.6

3.0
.8

1.5
2.5
1.2
.8
2.6
.6

3.0
.9

1.7
2.9
5.8
1.2
2.1
1.1

1.6
2.9
8.1
1.1
1.8
1.2

2.4
4.4
5.4
1.7
2.7
1.5

2.8
4.7
9.9
1.9
4.1
1.4

2.7
5.2
15.9
1.7
2.7
1.3

2.6
5.4
9.2
1.2
2.6
1.2

2.2
4.6
2.6
1.2
2.3
1.2

2.1
3.7
5.3
1.2
2.7
1.0

2.2
3.9
4.4
1.3
3.1
1.1

1.3
.7

1.3
.8

1.2
1.1

1.2
.8

1.1
.8

1.0

1.0
.9

2.2
4.8
2.6
.9
2.2
.9

1.7
2.9
2.2
1.1
1.9
.9

1.0

1.0

2.0

1.1

1.4

1. 1

1.0

2.0
1.0

1.0

1.0

.7

.8
.7

.9
.9

1.1
1.4

.9
.8

1.0

.8

.6

.8
.5

.7

.6

.4

.3

.5

.5

.7

.9

.8

.9

1.0

.6

.7

.6

.6

1.6
3.4

1.9
2.0

1.7
2.3

1.5
2.0

1.5
2.1

1.8
2.2

4.1
1.1

2.2
2.2

1.7
1.7

2.9
1.0

1.5
1.9

1.4
1.9

1.3
1.8

1.4
1.6

2.1
2.3

1.2
1.1

1.3
1.7

1.2
2.9

1.8
2.0

1.3
1.6

1.8
2.5

1.1
.8

.5
.7

.6
1.6

.4
1.0

.8
1.4

.9
1.8

1.4
1.6

.9
1.3

1.3
1.4

i Por comparability of data with those published in issues prior to October
1963, see footnote 1, table A-2.
Month-to-month changes in total employment in manufacturing and
nonmanufacturing industries as indicated by labor turnover rates are not
comparable with the changes shown by the Bureau’s employment series
for the following reasons: (1) the labor turnover series measures changes


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

1.5

.8

during the calendar month, while the employment series measures changes
from midmonth to midmonth; and (2) the turnover series excludes personnel
changes caused by strikes, but the employment series reflects the influence of
such stoppages.
* Preliminary.

1482

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, DECEMBER 1963

C.—Earnings and Hours
T able

C -l. Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry
Revised series; see box, p. 1476.
1963

1962

Annual
average

Industry
Oct.»

Sept.»

Aug.

July

June

May

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

1962

1961

Average weekly earnings
Mining. .....................
Metal m ining...
Iron o re s __
Copper ores..

$117.32 $115 08 $112 06 $117.85 $114.39 $112. 75 $110 97 $112.48 $111.66 $111.66 $110.02 $111. 78 8110 70 $106.92
121.35 118 08 116 o9 118. 85 117. 71 117. 50 118.37 117.14 116 16 116. 85 116. 31 116. 44 117 45 113 44
129. 27 119.65 119.50 124. 14 120.08 117 80 110.73 116.05 118. 95 115. 36 119.50 117 87
122 19 115.50
124.23 125.27 121.98 122. 69 122. 55 124. 12 125. 71 121. 69 121.12 121.41 120.13 119. 14 120.
70 119.03

Coal mining. _______________ ____
Bituminous___________________

124.03 118. IS 108.19 128. 74 122.14 117. 73 113. 77 121.29 120. 43 119.11 110. 77 113. 28
120.25 119.32 110.21 130.60 124.66 119. 81 114.56 122.77 120.90 119.88 111.24 114. 76
113.67 113.32 112.36 113.36 110.62 111. 45 110. 77 110. 51 110.09 111.61 109.30 109. 46
122. 48 119.31 120.30 123.31 117 74 120. 30 118.26 118.15 121.09 119.11 115.18 114. 09
106.39 107. 56 105. 46 105.04 104. 49 103. 52 104. 25 103. 76 100.43 105.71 104.40 105. 90
113. 58 114.33 113.83 112.91 110.32 106. 56 102.00 98.77 100.14 98.25 106. 76 110. 40

Crude petroleum and natural gas____
Crude petroleum and natural gas
Helds __________________________
O il and gas Held services________

Quarrying and nonmetallic mining___
Contract construction. ................. ...........
General building contractors..............
Heavy construction.............................
Highway and street construction.
O th er heavy construction............
Special trade contractors......... ...........
M anufacturing.................................
Durable goods ......... ........
Nondurable goods_______

132. 52
121. 51
136.53
136. 40
137 03
138. 01

132.70
122. 02
137. 03
134. 67
140.68
137.25

130.90
120. 62
135.22
133.62
136 92
136.14

129. 79
118 58
132 13
130.09
134.60
135. 75

128.06
117.85
126. 96
123 68
131.02
134. 67

124. 58
115. 84
122. 36
117. 74
127 98
131. 40

122. 72
113.34
117.30
109. 42
123. 80
130.31

118.33
108 85
110. 70
99. 72
119. 19
125. 93

121.07
111 11
115.82
107. 54
123.13
128.47

118.67
108. 55
112.00
104. 60
118. 24
127. 40

121.61
113.34
118 99
115.02
123. 56
127.80

127. 25
117. 12
127 98
126. 42
130. 38
133. 91

113 09 110.62
114. 50 112.01
109. 20 105. 75
115 46 113.96
103. 03 98.44
105. 43 100.09
122 47 118.08
112. 50 108. 83
122 31 120 09
1 is. 37 113. 81
126 48 127.12
128. 50 123.44

Í100. 53 100. 53 98.42 99.23 100.37 99.23 97. .36 98.09 97. 20 97.44 98. 01 97. 36 96. 32 96 56 92.34
109.45 109.45 107 01 108. 09 109. 82 108. 36 106. 37 106. 49 106.23 105. 82 107. 53 105. 78 105. 37 104. 70 100. 35
89.15 89.38 88.40 88.36 88.36 87.52 85. 97 86.68 85.85 86. 24 86.94 86.33 85. 50 85. 54 82.92
Average weekly hours

M ining.....................
Metal m ining...
Iron ores__
Copper ores.

42.2
41.7
41.7
42.4

42.0
41.0
39. 1
42.9

Coal mining___
Bituininous.

39.5
39.7

38.0
38.0

Crude petroleum and natural gas......... ...........
Crude petroleum and natural gas
fields...........................................
Oil and gas field services.......... .

42.1

42.6

42.4

41.1
42.9

41.0
43.9

41.2
43.4

Quarrying and nonmetallic mining.

45.8

46.1

45.9

45.9

Contract con“truction...................................
General building contractors________
Heavy construction................................
Highway and street construction..
Oilier heavy construction....... ........
Special trade contractors___ ________

38.3
36 6
42.8
44.0
41 4
37.3

38.8
37.2
43. 5
44.3
42.5
37. 5

38.5
37.0
43.2
44.1
42.0
37.4

38.4
36.6
42.9
43.8
41.8
37.5

40.7
41.3
39.9

40.5
41.0
40.0

40.5
41.1
39.8

40.8
41.6
39.8

—

Manufacturing _______ __________
Durable goods____________
Nondurable goods................

40.7
41.3
39.8

41.2
40.8
38.8
42.8

42.7
41.7
40.7
42.9

41 9
41.3
39 5
43.0

41.3
40.8
38.0
43 4

40.5
41. 1
37 9
43.8

40.9
41. 1
37.8
43.0

40.9
40.9
39.0
42.8

40.9
41.0
37.7
42.9

40.9
41.1
39.2
42.6

41 4
41.0
38.9
42.1

41 0
41 5
39 8
42.8

40 5
41 4
38 5
43.6

41.0
41.2

39.4
39.7

38.1
38.4

36.7
36.6

39 0
39.1

39 1
39.0

38.3
38.3

36.2
36.0

36.9
36.9

36.6
36.7

35 8
35.9

42.3

41.9

41.9

41.8

41.7

41.7

42.6

42.2

42.1

42.0

41.8

41.8
42.7

40.6
43.0

41.2
42.6

40. 5
42.9

40.6
42.7

41.9
41.5

41.5
43.5

40.7
43.5

40. 6
43.4

40 8
43.0

40 7
42.8

45.4

44.4

42.5

41.5

41.9

40.6

44.3

46.0

44.3

43.9

38.0
36.6
41.9
42.5
41.2
37.1

37.3
36.2
41.2
41.9
40. 5
36.5

36.2
35.2
39 1
38.8
39.3
35.8

34.7
33.7
36.9
36.0
37.6
34.5

35.4
34.4
38.1
37.6
38.6
35.1

34.8
33.4
36.6
35.7
37.3
35.0

36.3
35.2
39.4
39.8
39. 1
35.6

38. 1
36 6
42 1
43.0
41.0
37.3

37.0
35 6
40 5
41.1
39. 9
36.3

36 9
35 8
40 3
40 5
40 l
36.2

40.5
41.2
39.6

39.9
40.6
38.9

40.2
40.8
39.4

40.0
40.7
39.2

40.1
40.7
39.2

40.5
41.2
39.7

40 4
41.0
39.6

40. 3
41.0
39.4

40 4
40 9
39.6

39 8
40 3
39.3

Average hourly earnings
Mining............................................................
Meta! mining_____________________
Iron ores______________________
Copper ores___________________

$2.78
2. SI
3. 10
2.93

$2.74
2.88
3. 06
2.92

Coal m ining___
Bituminous.

3. 14
3. 18

3.11
3.14

Crude pe‘roleum and natural gas.........
Crude petroleum and natural gas
fields..............................................
Oil and gas field services......... ........ ...........
Quarrying and nonmetallic mining___ ...........

2.70

2.66

2.65

2.98
2.48

2.91
2.45

2.92
2.43

2.48

2.48

2.48

2. 46

2.43

2.40

2.40

2.38

2.39

2.42

2.41

2. 40

2.38

2.28

Contract construction.................... ..........
General building contractors_________ —
Heavy construction................................ —
Highway and street construction... —
Other heavy construction________ —
Special trade contractors____________ ...........
Manufacturing__________________
$2.47
Durable goods____________
2.65
Nondurable goods_________
2.24

3. 46
3. 32
3. 10
3. 10
3.31
3. 70

3. 42
3.28
3.15
3. 04
3.31
3.66

3. 40
3.26
3.13
3.03
3.26
3.64

3.38
3.24
3.08
2. 97
3.22
3.62

3.37
3.22
3.03
2. 91
3.18
3.63

3. 34
3.20
2. 97
2.81
3. 16
3.60

3.39
3. 22
3.00
2 82
3. 15
3.64

3.41
3. 23
3. 00
2. 77
3.17
3.65

3. 42
3.23
3.04
2. 86
3.19
3. 66

3.41
3.25
3. 06
2. 93
3. 17
3. 64

3.35
3. 22
3 02
2. 89
3.16
3.59

3.34
3. 20
3.04
2. 94
3. 18
3. 59

3. 31
3. 16
3. 02
2. 88
3. 17
3. 54

3 20
3 04
2 98
2 81
3 17
3.41

2.47
2.65
2.24

2.43
2.61
2.21

2.45
2.63
2.22

2.46
2.64
2.22

2.45
2.63
2.21

2.44
2.62
2.21

2.44
2.61
2.20

2.43
2.61
2.19

2.43
2.60
2. 20

2.42
2.61
2.19

2.41
2.58
2.18

2.39
2. 57
2.17

2 39
2. 56
2.16

2 32
2 49
2.11

See footnotes at end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

—

$2. 72
2.86
3.08
2.85

$2. 76
2. 85
3.05
2.86

$2. 73
2. 85
3.04
2. 85

$2. 73
2.88
3.10
2.86

$2. 74
2.88
3.08
2.87

$2. 75
2. 85
3 07
2.83

$2. 73
2. 84
3.05
2.83

$2. 73
2. 85
3.06
2.83

$2. 69
2 83
3 05
2.82

$2. 70
2. 94
3. 03
2.83

$2 70
2 83
3 07
2.82

$2 64
2 74
3 on
2.73

3.14
3.17

3.10
3.14

3.09
3.12

3.10
3.13

3.11
3.14

3.08
3.10

3.11
3.13

3.06
3.09

3.07
3.11

3.09
3. 12

3 09
3.12

2.68

2. 64

2. 66

2.65

2.65

2.64

2.62

2.59

2.60

2.60

2.53

2. 95
2.46

2.90
2. 43

2.92
2.43

2. 92
2.43

2.01
2. 43

2.89
2.42

2. 87
2. 43

2. 83
2. 40

2. 81
2.44

2 83
2.41

2 80
2.30

0.—EARNINGS AND HOURS
T able

1483

C -l. Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry—Continued
Revised series; see box, p. 1476.
1963

1962

Annual
average

Industry
Oct.»

Sept.» Aug.

July

June

May

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

1962

1961

Average weekly earnings
Manufacturing—Continued
Durable goods

Ordnance and accessories___________ $120.42 $121.01 $119.31 $117. 74 $118. 24 $117. 67 $115.14 $118. 20 $119. 65 $119. 65 $120.10 $117. 71 $116. 03 $116. 31 $113.29
Amrnunition, except for small arms. 122. 48 121.77 121. 95 118. 96 119. 65 117. 50 116. 24 117. 86 119. 31 119. 02 120. 06 118. 37 116. 69 116.69 115. 49
Sighting and Are control equipnient.......................................... .
129.36 123. 83 191 09 120 1C 122 ni 1 IQ 9,0
Other ordnance and accessories___ 115.62 116.90 114.24 114.93 115.36 116.90 112.19 116105 117.59 ' 1Ï7. 74 116. 06 113. 44 111. 79 112.3» 108. 39
Lumber and wood products, except
furniture____________ ___________
Sawmills and planing mills______
Millwork, plywood, and related
products............................... ........ .
Wooden containers_____________
Miscellaneous wood products_____
Furniture and fixtures________ _____
Household furniture____________
Office furniture......... .....................
Partitions, officeand store fixtures..
Other furniture and fixtures______

85. 05
77. 57

80 28
79. 56

84 45
77.36

74Ì 96

76. 07

73! 97

71.82

71.16

70.62

70 98

71.23

72.31

72.98

79 20
71. 71

/O. M
68 99

89.54
71.38
75.89

90. 61
70.18
76.26

90.06
69. 64
74. 89

89. 66
70 14
74.48

90.29
69.14
74.85

90. 07
68. 31
73.89

87. 94
66. 73
72. 36

87 94
65 01
73.12

86. 88
64.91
72.90

87.10
64. 02
73. 08

87. 94
64.29
72.80

87. 53
65. 76
73. 71

86.88
66. 66
73. 44

87.12
66 17
72. 54

84 44
63 12
69.77

78 01 79.19 79.19 79. 00
74. 21 75. 36 74. 96 74.19
92 03 93 15
98. 39 1 0 1 2 0 100. 58 loi. 85
81.19 79.98 81.18 80. 78

81.58
78. 02

80.16
76.63

81. 76
77. 38

79. 37
75 07

76. 40
71 46

83. 83
79. 65

84. 23 83.20 81 19 81. 39 79 60
79.84 78. 62 76. 52 76. 70 74. 99
98. 94 96. 23 94 71 96 93 94 71
107.12 109.10 107. 64 105. 37 101.75
84.66 86.32 85. 90 82. 21 82.82 82. 42

99 04 100. 65 107. 01 103.57 lòfi 53
81.81 81.20 81. 61 81.41 79.99

Average weekly hours
Ordnance and accessories......... ..........
Amrnun ition, except for small arms.
Sighting and fire control equipm ent__________ _____________
Other ordnance and accessories___
Lumber and wood products, except
furniture.......... ......... .............. ...........
Sawmills and planing mills______
Millwork, plywood, and related
products______ ______________
Wooden containers___ _____ _____
Miscellaneous wood products____
Furniture and fixtures______________
Household furniture____________
Office furniture__________ ___ _
Partitions, office and store fixtures..
Other furniture and fixtures______

41.1
41.1

41.3
41.0

41.0
41.2

40.6
40.6

41.2
41.4

41. 0
40.8

40. 4
40. 5

40.9
40 5

41. 4
41.0

41. 4
40.9

41.7
41. 4

41.3
41.1

41. 0
40.8

41.1
40. 8

40.9
41.1

41.0

42 0
41.6

40 0
40.8

30 7
40.9

39 9
41.2

40 4
41.6

3Q 0
40.5

49 1
4ll 3

41.7

41.9

41.6

41.1

41.1

41.3

40.9

40.5
40.4

40.7
40.8

40.6
40.5

40.6
40.3

40.9
40.9

39.9
40.2

39.6
39.9

39.3
39.1

39.4
38.8

39.3
39.0

39.2
38.5

39. 5
39.3

40.0
40 1

39.8
39.4

39 4
39.2

40.7
41.5
40.8

41.0
40.8
41.0

41.5
41.7
40.7

41. 7
42.0
40. 7

41.8
41. 4
40.9

41. 7
41.4
40.6

40 9
40.2
40.2

40.9
39 4
40.4

40 6
39. 1
40.5

40.7
38. 8
40.6

40.9
39.2
40.0

40.9
40. 1
40.5

40.6
40 4
40.8

40.9
40.1
40 3

40.4
39. 7
40.1

41.5
41.7

41.7
41.8
42 1
41.2
41.5

41.6
41.6
41 3
41. 8
41.9

40 8
40 7
41 0
41 4
40.3

40.9
40.8
41 0
41 0
40.8

40.2
40. 1
41 0
39 9
40.4

39.8
39.9

40 2
40.3

40.2
40.3
40 3

40. 1
40.1
40 Q
40 1

41.2
41.5

40.9
41 2

41 5
41.6

40 7
40.8

40.0
39. 7

39.6

39.6

3Q 3
40.3

40 1
40.2

41 8
40.4

41 1
40.3

40 7

39.4

40.7

39 2
39.8

40.4

Average hourly earnings
Ordnance and accessories___________
Ammunition,except for small arms.
Sighting and fire control equipm ent...... ........................................
Other ordnance and accessories.......
Lumber and wood products, except
furniture................................................
Sawmills and planing mills______
Millwork, plywood, and related
products______ ______________
Wooden containers._____ _______
Miscellaneous wood products____
Furniture and fixtures________
Household furniture........... .............
Office furniture_________________
Partitions, office and store fixtures..
Other furniture and fixtures............
See footnotes at end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

$2.93
2.98

$2.93
2. 97

$2. 91
2.96

$2.90
2.93

$2. 87
2. 89

$2.87
2.88

$2. 85
2.87

$2.89
2.91

$2. 89
2.91

$2. 89
2.91

$2.88
2. 90

$2.85
2.88

$2.83
2. 86

$2. 83
2.86

$2. 77
2.81

2.82

3 08
2.81

3 05
2.80

3 05
2.81

3 91
2.80

3 02
2.81

3 01
2.77

3 04
2.81

2.82

2.81

2.79

9 00
2. 76

2. 72

2.72

2.65

2.10
1.92

2.12
1.95

2.08
1.91

2. 03
1.86

2.02
1.86

2.02
1.84

1. 98
1.80

1.98
1.82

1.96
1.82

1.96
1.82

2.00
1.85

2.00
1.84

1.99
1.82

1.99
1.82

1. 95
1.76

2.20
1.72
1.86

2.21
1.72
1.86

2.17
1.67
1.84

2.15
1.67
1.83

2.15
1.67
1.83

2.16
1.65
1.82

2.15
1.66
1.80

2.15
1.65
1.81

2.14
1.66
1.80

2.14
1.65
1.80

2.15
1.64
1.82

2.14
1.64
1.82

2.14
1.65
1.80

2.13
1. 65
1.80

2.09
1.59
1.74

2.02
1.91

2.02
1.91
2. 35
2. 60
2.08

2.00
1.89
2.33
2.61
2.05

1.99
1.88
2.31
2.60
2.04

1.99
1.88
2.33
2. 57
2.03

1.98
1.87
2. 31
2. 55
2.04

1.96
1 86
2. 31
2. 51
2.04

1.97
1.87
2.30
2. 53
2.03

1.97
1.86
2 29
2. 54
2.05

1.97
1.85
2. 30
2. 54
2.04

1.98
1.88
2. 31
2. 52
2.03

1 96
1.86
2. 30
2. 51
2.02

1.97
1.86
2.24
2. 56
2.02

1.95
1.84
2.28
2.52
2.02

1.91
1.80
2.23
2.47
1.98

2.08

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, DECEMBER 1963

1484
T able

C -l. Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry—Continued
Revised series; see box, p. 1476.
1963

1962

Annual
average

Industry
Oct.» Sept. » Aug.

July

June

May

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

1962

1961

Average weekly earnings
M anufacturlng—C ontinued
Durable goods—Continued

Stone, clay, and glass products__ ____
Flat glass.............................. ..........
Glass and glassware, pressed or
blown___ ___________________
Cement, hydraulic_____________
Structural clay products..............
Pottery and related products_____
Concrete, gypsum, and plaster
products________________ ____
Other stone and mineral products..

$105.25 $104.50 $104.33 $104.33 $104.41 $103.07 $101.11 $99. 47 $97. 36 $97. 36 $97.84 $100. 53 $100. 67 $98. 57 $95. 24
138.31 133.00 133.45 139.40 133. 51 131. 66 130.65 127. 92 129. 26 130. 42 133.00 127. 59 126.01 122. 68

Prim ary metal industries.......................
Blast furnace and basic steel products_______ ____ _____ _____ _
Iron and steel foundries.............. .
Nonferrous smelting and refining ..
Nonferrous rolliug, drawing, and
extruding........................................
Nonferrous foundries____________
Miscellaneous primary metal industries_____________________

122.31 123. 73 123.02 125.77 129. 55 127.30 127.82 122. 91 122. 21 120.80 120.39 117. 91 116. 92 119. 80 114. 84

101.40 98.85 100. 90 100. 25 101.00 100.10 98.00 100. 40 100.65 100.15 99.14 99.38 98. 49 98. 33 95. 44
117.16 118.28 116. 47 118.86 116.05 116. 48 119. 99 112. 87 111.63 112.16 111.50 115. 21 114. 26 112. 75 106. 52
91.32 90.45 90.69 90. 71 90. 92 90. 71 90. 27 86. 67 84. 77 85. 41 85. 41 86.90 87. 56 86. 69 84. 45
88.62 87.85 89.01 90.16 90. 46 88.37 89. 31 88.14 87. 69 88.88 89. 65 89. 87 86.85 82.13
112.80 111. 75 111. 15 110.45 110.01 108. 62 103. 92 99. 48
103.09 104.00 103.25 104.00 102.92 102. 26 100. 61 100.12

93.93
99. 23

94. 40
98.00

95. 60 102. 96 105. 36 100. 96
98. 74 99.06 99.14 98. 33

97. 10
95. 24

127. 53 130.02 130. 2S 135. 20 140. 70 138. 28 141.70 131. 27 129. 89 128. 44 126.68 123. 39 122. 42 127. 40 122.92
115.21 114.39 111.49 111.78 115. 45 112.98 110.15 110.15 110. 83 108.14 109.88 107. 73 106. 52 106. 52 98.81
119.55 120.54 119.11 118.12 117. 45 118.43 120.12 117.31 116.33 116. 20 117. 32 116. 75 114.80 114. 95 110. 16
118.16 119.43 118.44 119.00 120.83 118. 72 115.23 116. 34 116. 34 116. 89 118.43 116.62 115.09 116. 05 111.76
107.94 107.42 106.71 105.41 107.38 106. 45 105.01 106. 45 106. 45 107.38 106.81 105. 01 105. 41 104. 55 100. 75
129.07 129. 79 125.56 128.44 129.16 127.10 125.05 126. 99 127. 60 129. 98 129. 25 125.14 123. 49 124.50 117.16
Average weekly hours

Stone, clay, and glass products_______
Flat glass_____________________
Glass and glassware, pressed or
blown__
Cement, hydraulic_____________
Structural clay products_________
Pottery and related products____
Concrete, gypsum, and plaster
products__________________ _
Other stone and mineral products...

42.1

41.8
40.8

41.9
39.7

41.9
39.6

42.1
41.0

41.9
39.5

41.1
39.3

40.6
39.0

39.9
38.3

39.9
38.7

40.1
38. 7

41.2
39.6

41.6
38.9

40.9
38.3

40.7
38.7

40.4
41.4
41.7

39.7
41.5
41.3
38.7

40.2
41.3
41.6
38. 7

40.1
42.0
41.8
38.7

40.4
41.3
41.9
39.2

40.2
41.6
41.8
39.5

39.2
42.1
41.6
39.1

40.0
40.6
40.5
39.0

40.1
40.3
39.8
39.0

39.9
40.2
40.1
38.8

40.3
40.4
40.1
39.5

40.4
41.0
40.8
40.2

40.2
41.1
41.3
40.3

40.3
41.0
40. 7
39.3

40.1
40.5
40.6
38.2

45.3
41.4

44.7
41.6

45.0
41.3

44.9
41.6

44.9
41.5

44.7
41.4

43.3
40.9

41.8
40.7

39.8
40.5

40.0
40.0

40.0
40.3

42.9
40.6

43.9
40.8

42.6
40.8

42.4
40.7

Primary metal industries___________
Blast furnace and basic steel
products__________________ . . .
Iron and steel foundries_________
Nonferrous smelting and refining...
Nonferrous rolliug, drawing, and
extruding____________________
Nonferrous foundries____________
Miscellaneous primary metal' industries_____________________

40.5

40.7

40.6

41.1

42.2

41.6

41.5

40.7

40.6

40.4

40.4

39.7

39.5

40.2

39.6

39.0
42.2
41.8

39.4
41.9
42.0

39.6
41.6
41.5

40.6
41.4
41.3

42.0
42.6
41.5

41.4
42.0
41.7

41.8
41.1
42.0

39.9
41.1
41.6

39.6
41.2
41.4

39.4
40.5
41.5

39.1
41.0
41.9

38.2
40.5
41.4

37.9
40. 5
41.0

39.2
40.5
41.2

38.9
38.9
40.8

42.2
41.2

42.5
41.0

42.3
41.2

42.5
40.7

43.0
41.3

42.4
41.1

41.6
40.7

42.0
41.1

42.0
41.1

42.2
41.3

42.6
41.4

42.1
40.7

41.7
40.7

42.2
41.0

41.7
40.3

41.5

41.6

40.9

41.3

41.8

41.4

41.0

41.5

41.7

42.2

42.1

41.3

41.3

41.5

40.4

Average hourly earnings
Stone, clay, and glass products............ .
Flat glass...........................................
Glass' and glassware, pressed or
blown_______________________
Cement, hydraulic_____________
Structural clay products_________
Pottery and related products____
Concrete, gypsum, * and plaster
pro d u cts.......................................
Other stone and mineral products..

$2.50

$2. 50
3.39

$2.49
3.35

$2.49
3.37

2. 51
2.83
2. IE

2.49
2.85
2.19
2.29

2.51
2.82
2.18
2.27

2.5C
2.83
2.17
2.3C

2. 5C
2. 81
2.17
2. 3C

2.49
2.49

2.5C
2.50

2.47
2.50

2.46
2. 50

2.45
2. 48

Primary metal industries........... ..........
Blast furnace and basic steel
products____________________
Iron and steel foundries...................
Nonferrous smelting and refining...
Nonferrous rolling, drawing, and
extruding____________________
Nonferrous foundries____________
Miscellaneous primary metal industries.........................................

3.02

3.04

3.03

3.06

3.07

3.06

3.27
2.72
2.86

3.3C
2. 73
2.87

3.29
2.68
2.87

3.33
2.7C
2.86

3. 35
2. 71
2.83

3. 34
2. 69
2. 84

2.80
2.62

2.81
2.62

2.8C
2.59

2. 80
2. 59

2. 81
2.6C

2.8C
2.59

3.11

3.12

3.07

3.11

3.09

3. 07

See footnotes at end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

$2. 48 $2. 46
3. 4C 3.38

$2. 46
3.35

$2. 45
3.35

$2. 44
3. 34

$2. 44
3. 34

$2.44
3. 37

$2. 44
3. 36

$2. 42
3. 28

$2.41
3. 29

$2. 34
3.17

2. 49
2. 8C
2.17
2. 29

2.5C
2. 85
2.17
2. 26

2.51
2. 78
2.14
2. 29

2.51
2. 77
2.13
2. 26

2.51
2. 79
2.13
2. 26

2. 46
2. 76
2. 13
2. 25

2. 46
2. 81
2. IS
2. 23

2. 45
2. 78
2.12
2. 23

2. 44
2. 75
2. IS
2. 21

2. 38
2 63
2. 08
2.15

2.43
2. 47

2. 4C
2.46

2. 38
2. 46

2. 36
2. 45

2. 36
2. 45

2. 3E
2. 45

2. 4C
2. 44

2. 4C
2. 43

2. 37
2.41

2. 29
2. 34

3.08

3. 02

3.01

2.99

2.98

2. 97

2. 96

2.98

2.90

3. 39
2. 68
2. 86

3. 29
2.68
2.82

3.28
2.69
2. 81

3. 26
2. 67
2.80

3. 24
2. 68
2.80

3. 23
2. 66
2. 82

3. 23
2. 63
2.80

3. 25
2. 6S
2. 79

3.16
2. 54
2. 70

2. 77
2. 58

2. 77
2. 59

2. 77
2. 59

2. 77
2. 6C

2. 78
2. 58

2. 77
2.58

2.76
2. 59

2. 75
2. 55

2. 68
2.50

3.05

3.06

3.00

3.03

3. 07

3.03

2.99

3.00

2. 90

O.—EARNINGS AND HOURS
T able

1485

C -l. Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry—Continued
Revised series; see box, p. 1476.
1963

In d u s try
O c t.8

J

S e p t.8

Aug.

J u ly

Ju n e

Annual
a v e ra g e

1962

M ay

A p r.

M a r.

Feb.

Jan.

D ec.

N ov.

O c t.

1962

1961

A v e r a g e w e e k ly e a r n in g s
M a n u f a c t u r i n g — C o n t in u e d

Durable goods—

C o n t in u e d

Fabricated metal products.....................
Metal cans____________________
Cutlery, hand tools, and general
hardware............................. .........
Heating equipment and plumbing
fixtures_____________________
Fabricated structural metal products.
Screw machine products, bolts, etc.
Metal stampings...................... ........
Coating, engraving, and allied services.
Miscellaneous fabricated wire
products.............. ..........................
Miscellaneous fabricated metal
products_____________________

$109.62 $110 . 20 $108.32 $107. 53 $108.84 $108.32 $104. 75 $105. 67 $105. 01 $105. 52 $106. 30 $105. 22 $105. 73 $104. 81 $100. 85
124.73 132.44 135.39 132.07 131.94 128. 65 125.14 122.59 120 . 88 122.29 122. 48 119.99 123. 26 126.30 121.80
105.47 105.22 101.50 100. 35 103.98 104. 24 99. 70 101. 75 101.59 102.59 103.09 102. 51 100.86 99.14 93. 53

M achinery..................................... ..........
Engines and turbines.............. .......
Farm machinery and equipment__
Construction and related machinery..
Metalworking machinery and
equipm ent.................... ............ .
Special industry machinery______
General industrial machinery____
Office, computing, and accounting
machines........... ............................
Service industry machines_______
Miscellaneous machinery________

1 1 2 . 88 113. 01 107. 42
1 2 1 . 20 119. 88 114. 80
108. 41 107. 59 102 . 66

104.70
109.78
110.50
118.13
97.21

104.04
109. 52
109. 91
118. 40
97.86

102 . 82
109. 78
108.45
112.74
94.89

102. 47
108. 58
106. 75
113. 98
93. 73

103. 22
108. 84
108. 80
116. 75
95.63

100.15 97. 86 98.60 98. 95 98.95 98. 60 99 20 101. 09 98.55 94. 95
107. 53 104. 64 104.12 103. 60 103. 46 104. 64 104. 34 105. 78 104. 60 102.06
108. 38 105. 08 106. 26 107.19 108. 46 108. 46 106. 09 104. 75 106. 00 98. 49
116. 47 112 . 06 113. 57 113. 15 113. 01 113. 82 113. 55 112. 56 111. 76 105. 41
95.63 92.80 94.12 91.53 92.39 93.98 92. 70 93.79 93.34 90.32

97.23 98.53 96. 52 96. 22 97.64 97.58 95.51 97.34 96.93 98. 06 97. 70 95. 76
106.34 108. 47 106.08 105. 71 105.93 106. 45 104.23 104.86 104. 09 104. 75 105. 67 105. 01
117.04 117.32 115. 23 115.51 117. 04 115. 79 113.85 115. 51 114. 82 114. 40 114. 53 112. 75
121.50 124.14 121.50 122 . 21 123. 73 122. 41 119. 30 124. 23 123. 11 120. 99 122. 40 1 2 1 . 20
112.61 110.16 liO. 28 111 79 109. 07 111.6 6 1 12 . 61 113.16 1 1 1 66 110. 43 108.14
116.33 116.20 116.20 115. 93 117.18 115. 93 113.57 113.85 113. 44 112. 75 112 . 88 1 1 1 . 66

96. 64

96. 64

94.07

105. 41 103. 53 100.19

112. 75 112. 34 106.52
128.30 127.71 125.83 128. 30 130. 52 128. 90 128.17 130. 52 128. 76 127. 01 126. 87 123. 25 122. 69 125. 57 117. 04
110.14 111.09 108. 52 109. 20 110. 33 109. 13 107.17 108. 88 107. 94 108. 71 109. 31 106. 68 106. 68 108. 77 101. 43
117. 46 117.46 114.40 113.16 114. 54 112.61 110.16 110.98 110. 70 110. 43 112.06 111. 52 111.38 110.83 105. 04
119.77 119.77 116.97 117.14 116. 57 115. 59 114. 33 115. 30 114. 90 114. 21 114. 49 112. 84 112.72 113.15 111.24
105.11 104.70 104. 60 103. 22 103. 57 103.98 101.15 102. 31 100. 90 100. 90 100. 35 101.15 99. 94 100.12 95.84
112.46 112. 46 110.83 110. 56 112.99 112. 04 109. 36 110. 72 109. 62 111. 09 112.14 no. 14 110. 24 109.13 104. 00
Average weekly hours

Fabricated metal products.....................
Metal cans________ ___________
Cutlery, hand tools, and general
hardware_________ __________
Heating equipment and plumbing
fixtures...... ........... ........................
Fabricated structural metal products.
Screw machine products, bolts, etc.
Metal stampings.............................
Coating, engraving, and allied services.
Miscellaneous fabricated wire
p r o d u c t s ......................... .................................

Miscellaneous fabricated metal
products_____________________
Machinery............................................ .
Engines and turbines.......................
Farm machinery and equipm ent...
Construction and related machinery..
Metalworking machinery and
equipment___ _______________
Special industry machinery______
General industrial machinery____
Office, computing, and accounting
machines........................................
Service industry machines_______
Miscellaneous machinery________

41.8
41.3

41.9
43.0

41.5
44.1

41.2
43.3

41.7
43.4

41.5
42.6

40.6
41.3

40.8
41.0

40.7
40.7

40.9
40.9

41.2
41.1

41.1
40.4

41.3
41.5

41.1
42.1

40.5
42.0

41.2

41.1

40.6

40.3

41.1

41.2

40.2

40.7

40.8

41.2

41.4

41.5

41.0

40.8

39.8

40.9
41.9
42.5
42.8
41.9

40.8
41.8
42.6
42.9
42.0

40.8
41.9
42.2
41.6
40.9

40.5
41.6
41.7
41.6
40.4

40.8
41. 7
42.5
42.3
41.4

39.9
41.2
42.5
42.2
41.4

39.3
40.4
41. 7
41.2
40.7

39.6
40.2
42.0
41. 6
41.1

39.9
40.0
42.2
41.6
40.5

39.9
40.1
42. 7
41.7
40.7

39.6
40.4
42.7
42. 0
41.4

40.0
40. 6
42.1
41.9
41.2

40.6
41.0
41.9
42.0
41.5

39.9
40. 7
42.4
41. 7
41.3

39.4
40.5
40.7
40.7
40.5

41.2

41.4

40.9

40.6

41.2

41.0

40.3

40.9

40.9

41.2

41.4

41.1

41.3

41.3

40.9

40.9
41.8
40.1
41.4

41.4
41.9
40.7
40.8
41.5

40.8
41.6
40.1
40.5
41.5

40.5
41.7
40.6
40.1
41.7

40.9
42.1
40.7
40.8
42.0

41.1
41.8
40.4
40.1
41.7

40.4
41.4
39. 9
40.9
41.0

40.8
41.7
41.0
41.1
41.1

40.5
41.6
40.9
41.3
41.1

40.6
41.6
40.6
40.9
41.0

40.8
41.8
40.8
40.6
40.9

40.7
41.3
40.4
40.2
40.9

40.7
41.5
40.4
40.3
41.3

40.6
41.7
40.5
40.6
41.3

40.4
41.0
40.0
40.1
40.5

43.2
42.2
41.8

43.0
42.4
41.8

42.8
41.9
41.3

43.2
42.0
41.0

43.8
42.6
41.5

43.4
42.3
41.1

43.3
41.7
40.5

43.8
42.2
40.8

43.5
42.0
40.7

43.2
42.3
40.9

43.3 . 42.5
42.7
42.0
41.2
41.0

42.6
42.0
41.1

43.3
42.2
41.2

41.8
41.4
40.4

41.3
40.9
42.6

41.3
40.9
42.6

40.9
40.7
42.3

41.1
40. 8
42.2

40.9
41.1
42.8

40.7
41. 1
42.6

40.4
40.3
41.9

40.6
40.6
42.1

40.6
40.2
42.0

40.5
40.2
42.4

40.6
40.3
42.8

40.3
40.3
42.2

40.4
40.3
42.4

40.7
40.7
42.3

41.2
40.1
41.6

$2.62
3.02

$2. 63
3.08

$2.61
3.07

$2.61
3.05

$2 . 61
3.04

$2.61
3.02

$2.58
2.99

$2.58
2.98

$2.56
2.97

$2. 56
2. 97

$2.55
3.00

$2.49
2.90

2.56

2. 56

2. 50

2.49

2. 53

2.53

2.48

2. 50

2.49

2.49

2.49

2.47

2.46

2.43

2.35

2. 56
2.62
2.60
2.76
2.32

2.55
2.62
2.58
2.76
2.33

2.52
2.62
2. 57
2.71
2.32

2. 53
2.61
2. 56
2. 74
2.32

2. 53
2.61
2. 56
2. 76
2.31

2. 51
2.61
2. 55
2. 76
2.31

2.49
2.59
2. 52
2. 72
2.28

2.49
2.59
2.53
2. 73
2. 29

2.48
2.59
2.54
2. 72
2.26

2.48
2. 58
2.54
2.71
2.27

2.49
2.59
2.54
2.71
2.27

2. 48
2. 57
2.52
2.71
2.25

2. 49
2.58
2.50

2.47
2. 57
2.50

2.36

2.38

2.36

2. 37

2.37

2.38

2.37

2.38

2.37

2.38

2.36

2.60
2.80
3.03
2.81

2.62
2.80
3.05
2. 76
2.80

2.60
2.77
3.03
2.72
2.80

2.61
2. 77
3.01
2.75
2. 78

2. 59
2. 78
3.04
2. 74
2.79

2. 59
2.77
3.03
2.72
2.78

2.58
2.75
2. 99
2. 73
2.77

2.57
2. 77
3.03
2. 74
2.77

2. 57
2.76
3.01
2. 74
2.76

2.58
2.75
2.98
2. 73
2.75

2. 59
2. 74
3.00
2. 72
2.76

2.97
2 . 61
2.81

2.97
2 . 62
2.81

2.94
2.59
2.77

2. 97
2.60
2. 76

2.98
2. 59
2.76

2.97
2. 58
2.74

2. 96
2.57
2. 72

2. 98
2.58
2.72

2. 96
2. 57
2. 72

2. 94
2. 57
2.70

2.93
2. 56
2.72

2.90
2. 54
2.72

2.90
2. 57
2.64

2.90
2. 56
2.64

2 . 86
2. 57
2.62

2 . 62

2. 85
2. 53

2.85
2. 52
2.64

2. 84
2. 53
2.63

2.83
2. 51
2.61

2.84
2. 52
2.63

2.83
2.51
2.61

2.82
2. 51
2.62

2.82
2. 49
2.62

2.80
2.51
2.61

Average hourly earnings
Fabricated metal products__________
Metal cans______ _____________
Cutlery, hand tools, and general
hardware_____ ______________
Heating equipment and plumbing
fixtures________________ _____
Fabricated structural metal nroducts.
Screw machine products, bolts, etc.
Metal stampings....... .............. ........
Coating, engraving, and allied services.
Miscellaneous fabricated wire
products____________________
Miscellaneous fabricated metal
products____________________
Machinery_________ ______________
Engines and turbines___________
Farm machinery and equipment...
Construction and related machinery..
Metalworking machinery and
equipment....... .............................
Special industry machinery______
General industrial machinery....... .
Office, computing, and accounting
machines.________ __________
Service industry machines_______
Miscellaneous machinery....... ........
See fo o tn o te s

a t e n d o f t a b le .


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

$2. 58
3.03

$2.59
2. 99

$2. 58
2.97

2.26

2.68

2.68
2 . 26

2. 41
2. 52
2.42
2. 59
2.23

2.33

2.34

2.34

2.30

2.58
2.73
3.00
2. 69
2. 73

2. 59
2. 72
3. 00
2.69
2. 73

2. 55
2.71
2. 96
2.65
2.72

2.48
2.62
2.87
2.56
2.63

2.88

2. 54
2.71

2.90
2. 53
2.69

2.80
2.45
2.60

2.79
2.48

2.78
2.46
2. 58

2.70
2. 39
2. 50

2 . 60

1486

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, DECEMBER 1963
T able C - l .

Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry—Continued
Revised series; see bos, p. 1476.
1963

1962

Annual
average

Industry
Oct.» Sept.3 Aug.

July

June

May

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

1962

$98. 66
104. 75
102 56
105. 01

$98. 49
104. 60
102. 66
105 26

$97. 44 $94.47
102.87 101.00
102 00 98.58
104.23 101.30

1961

Average weekly earnings
Manufacturing—Continued
Durable goods— Continued

Electrical equipment and supplies___ $100.19 $100.69 $98. 74 $98.89
Electric distribution equipment__ 109.98 108. 92 109. 18 106. 11
Electrical Industrial apparatus___ 105. 78 106. 55 104.04 105. 63
Household appliances_____ ____
106. 25 110.39 107. 71 110.68
Electric lighting and wiring equipmerit________ ______
94. 77 95. 24 93. 32 92 86
Radio and TV receiving s e ts ___
87. 47 86. 94 85. 72 86. 76
Communication equipment______ 108. 81 108. 40 106. 67 105. 60
Electronic components and accesseries____ _
84.80 83.16 82. 37 81.72
M Iscellaneous electrical equipment
and supplies_________________ 108.39 109.03 100.40 106.49
Transportation equipment.
Motor vehicles and equipment___
Aircraft and parts..___ _________
Ship and boat building and repairing_________ ____________
Railroad equipm ent_____ _____
Other transportation equipm ent...

130.17 127.38
137.58 132.09
123. 97 124.27
121.29 121.69
126. 16
........... 95.57

$99.88
107. 98
105.73
111.22

$98. 74
106.11
104. 81
108. 39

$96. 87
103 34
102 36
106. 25

$97. 84
104 78
102 97
107. 71

$98. 09
104.23
104. 14
104. 52

$97.93 $100.21
102. 91 107.12
102. 82 102. 97
103. 74 107.94

94 02 93 09 90 00
86.33 86. 46 83. 00 85 36 86.02 84.92 86.72 85. 06 87 23 85. 75 82.11
106. 92 105. 99 103. 88 106. 11 107.30 107.27 109.15 107. 53 107.27 106. 97 102. 72
82.76

82.97

82. 14

83. 58

82.35

82.37

83. 20

82. 59

82.40

82.00

80. 40

109. 82 106.23 102.94 103.34 107.27 110. 72 111.41 108.42 109. 62 106. 66 97.11
121.58 125.58 126.90 125. 76 121 54 123. 85 123. 14 124 74 129. 73 128.27 126.10 122.22 113 40
122. 51 130. 54 132. 62 131.89 125 44 128. 29 127 38 129. 63 138. 40 136. 89 132.54 127. 67 114 69
122.84 122.13 121. 72 120. 30 118. 90 120.18 121. 76 122. 64 123. 94 123.09 122. 80 119.97 114.68
122.10 120.39 121.77 122. 01 119.25 119.95 118. 55 118. 61 119. 72 116.18 116. 76 114.97 111.20
116. 79 125.36 122 91 119 80 119 10 12! 88
94.02 94.02 93. 86 93.21 91.17 88.66 87. 60 85! 46 86! 72 84. 24 88.29 86. 22 83. 71
Average weekly hours

Electrical equipment and supplies___
Electric distribution equipment__
Electrical industrial apparatus____
Household appliances____ _
Electric lighting and wiring equipmerit . ______
Radio and TV receiving sets__
Communication equipment
Electronic components and accessorles. ..
M iscellaneous electrical equipment
and supplies_________________
Transportation equipment_________
Motor vehicles and equipment
Aircraft and parts__
Ship and boat building and repairing................. .......
Railroad equipm ent_________
Other transportation equipm ent..

40.4
41.5
41.0
40.4

40.6
41. 1
41.3
41.5

40.3
41.2
40.8
40.8

40.2
40. 5
41.1
41.3

40.6
40.9
41.3
41.5

40.3
40.5
41.1
40.9

39. 7
39.9
40.3
40.4

40 1
40.3
40. 7
40.8

40.2
40.4
41.0
40.2

40.3
40.2
40.8
39.9

40.9
41.2
40.7
41.2

40.6
40.6
40. 7
40. 7

40. 7
40. 7
40.9
40.8

40.6
40. 5
40. 8
40.4

40.2
40,4
40.4
40.2

40.5
39.4
40.6

40.7
39.7
40.6

40.4
39.5
40.1

40.2
39.8
40.0

40.7
39 6
40.5

40.3
39.3
40.3

39 3
37.9
39.8

39.8
38.8
40.5

39 6
39. 1
40.8

39.7
38 6
41.1

40.4
39.6
41.5

40.4
39.2
41.2

40.2
40.2
41.1

40.2
39. 7
41.3

39.6
39.1
40. 6

40.0

39.6

39.6

39.1

39.6

39.7

39.3

39.8

39.4

39.6

40.0

39.9

40.0

40.0

40.2

40.9

41.3

40.0

40.8

41.6

40.7

39.9

39.9

41.1

42.1

42.2

41.7

42.0

41.5

39.8

42.4
43.4
41.6

41.9
42.2
41.7

40.8
40.3
41.5

42.0
42.8
41.4

42.3
43.2
41.4

42.2
43 1
41.2

41.2
41.4
41.0

41.7
42.2
41.3

41.6
41.9
41.7

42.0
42.5
42.0

43 1
44.5
42.3

42.9
44 3
42.3

42.8
43 6
42.2

42.0
42. 7
41.8

40.5
40.1
41.4

40.7

40.7
41.5
42.1

40.7
38.8
41.6

40.4
41.1
41.6

41.0
40.7
41.9

41.5
40.2
41.8

40.7
40. 1
40.7

40.8
40.9
40.3

40.6
39.4
40.0

40.9
40.3
39.2

41.0
39 3
39.6

40.2
39. 2
39.0

40.4
39. 5
40.5

40.2
39.9
40.1

40.0
38.2
39.3

___

Average hourly earnings
Electrical equipment and supplies____
Electric distribution equipment.__
Electrical industrial apparatus___
Household appliances____ _____
Electric lighting and wiring equipm ent..........................................
Radio and TV receiving sets
Communication equipment....... .
Electronic components and accessories. ___
Miscellaneous electrical equipment
and supplies_________________

$2.48
2. 65
2.58
2.63

$2. 48
2. 65
2. 58
2. 66

$2. 45
2. 65
2. 55
2. 64

$2.46
2.62
2.57
2.68

$2.46
2.64
2.56
2.68

$2. 45
2. 62
2. 55
2.65

$2. 44
2.59
2 54
2.63

$2. 44
2.60
2. 53
2.64

$2.44
2. 58
2. 54
2.60

$2.43
2.56
2.52
2.60

$2.45
2.60
2. 53
2 62

$2. 43
2.58
2. 52
2. 58

$2. 42
2. 57
2 51
2 58

$2. 40
2. 54
2. 50
2 58

$2.35
2 50
2 44
2 52

2.34
2.22
2.68

2.34
2. 19
2.67

2.31
2.17
2. 66

2.31
2.18
2.64

2. 31
2. 18
2.64

2 31
2.20
2.63

2 29
2. 19
2.61

2. 29
2.20
2.62

2.28
2.20
2.63

2.28
2.20
2.61

2.29
2.19
2. 63

2. 29
2 17
2.61

2.28
2. 17
2 61

2.26
2. 16
2. 59

2 22
2 10
2 53

2.12

2.10

2.08

2.09

2. 09

2.09

2.09

2.10

2. 09

2.08

2. 08

2.07

2 06

2.05

2 00

2.65

2.64

2. 51

2.61

2.64

2.61

2.58

2. 59

2.61

2.63

2.64

2.60

2.61

2. 57

2.44

Transportation equipment
Motor vehicles and equipment .
A ircraft and parts..........................
Ship and boat building and repairing_________ ____________
Railroad equipm ent____________
Other transportation equipment.

3.07
3.17
2.98

3.04
3.13
2. 98

2. 98
3. 04
2. 96

2.99
3.05
2.95

3.00
3.07
2.94

2.98
3. 06
2.92

2.95
3.03
2.90

2.97
3.04
2.91

2.96
3. 04
2. 92

2.97
3.05
2.92

3. 01
3.11
2.93

2.99
3.09
2.91

2. 96
3.04
2. 91

2.91
2.99
2. 87

2 80
2.86
2 77

2.98

2.99
3.04
2. 27

3.00
3.01
2.26

2.98
3.05
2.26

2.97
3.02
2.24

2.94
2.98
2.23

2.93
2.97
2.24

2. 94
2.98
2.20

2.92
2.94
2.19

2.90
2.95
2.18

2.92
2.94
2.19

2.89
2.92
2.16

2.89
2.92
2.18

2.86
2 96
2.15

2. 78
2 83
2.13

See footnotes at end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

____

0.—EARNINGS AND HOURS
T able

1487

C -l. Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry—Continued
Revised series; see box, p. 1476.
Annual
average

1962

1963
Industry
Oct. * Sept. * Aug.

July

June

May

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

1962

1961

Average weekly earnings
Manufacturing—Continued
Durable goods— Continued

Instruments and related products____
Engineering and scientific instrumerits .................................. ........
M chanlca! measuring and control
devices .......... _.............................
Optical and ophthalmic goods ___
Surgical, medical, and dental
eq u ip m en t....................................
Photographic equipment and supplies ..............................................
Watches and clocks_____________
Miscellaneous manufacturing Indus
tries - - ................................................
Jewelry, silverware, and plated
ware.................................... ...........
Tovs, amusement, and sporting
goods................................ .............
Pens, pencils, office and art
materials........................................
Costume jewelry, buttons, and
notions. . . ................... .............
Other manufacturing Industries__

$102.25 $102. 75 $101.34 $100.94 $101.84 $100. 94 $99.14 $101.18 $101 18 $99. 88 $101.52 $101.35 $99. 96 $99. fiO $96.87
119. 07 118. 94 116.85 119 11 115. 87 114.86 118. 69 119.26 117.29 117.88 118.16 117. 88 115. 64 112 07
102.41 104 49 102.41 101.50 103. 07 102 56 100 10 101.09
95. 37 94.50 92. 32 92.13 93.44 94.08 93.02 93. 66
86.46

87.10

85. 22

85.65

86. 30

84.21

82. 58

83.39

99.70
93.02

98 74 101 68 100 44
92.80 92.80 90. 42

99.38
91.08

98. 98
89. 62

95 91
86 92

83. 79

82.97

84.44

83. 41

84. 45

81.81

84.85

115.62 116. 47 113.70 114.80 113.40 113 15 111.78 114 26 115 51 113 44 116.06 117 17 113.16 114.26 110 09
........... 83.39 83. 35 82.32 82.50 84. 14 82.50 83.53 83. 74 82.29 83. 13 83.82 83. 79 83.37 80.58
81.81

80.60

79.60

79.18

80 19

79. 40

79. 17

80. 39

80.19

79. 58

80. 19

78.41

78.41

78. 21

75. 84

94.98

90. 20

87. 23

86.29

88.70

87.02

85. 54

86. 40

85. 36

85.60

91. 56

88. 97

86. 67

84. 82

81.81

73.08

71. 74

71.42

72.17

72.37

71. 63

73 14

73.34

73. 15

71.44

70 98

72.47

71.37

70.17

__

76.44

79. 38

77.81

79.38

77.41

76.43

77.02

78. 59

76. 44

76. 76

75. 98

75. 55

74. 82

72. 86

87.85

74. 03
87.82

86. 80

73.23

71.16
86.15

86. 58

72 89

71 97
85.10

86. 40

73 05

72 65
85. 97

71 39
85. 14

86. 22

72 47

69 30
85. 20

70. 59
85.01

71. 68
84. 82

68. 78
81.78

40.7

74 19

86.00

Average weekly hours
Instruments and related products____
Engineering and scientific instruincuts ................................... ........
Mechanical measuring and control
devices
.....................................Optical and ophthalmic goods ___
Surgical, medical, and dental
equipment .............. .....................
Photogruphic equipment and supplies ...............................................
Watches and clocks_____________
Miscellaneous manufacturing Industries____ _____________ __________
Jewelry, silverware, and plated
ware___ ____________________
Toys, amusement, and sporting
goods_______________ _______
Pens, pencils, office and art
materials_______ _____ ______
Costume jewelry, buttons, and
notions______ ________ _____
Other manufacturing industries___

40.9

40.8
42.2

41.1

40.7

40.7

40.9

40.7

40.3

40 8

40.8

40. 6

41.1

41.2

40.8

40. 9

41.2

41.3

41.0

41.5

40.8

40.3

41. 5

41.7

41.3

41.8

41.9

41.8

41.3

40.9

41.3
42.0

40.8
41.4

40 6
41.5

40.9
41.9

40.7
42.0

40.2
41.9

40.6
42.0

40.2
41.9

40.3
41.8

41.0
41.8

40. 5
41. 1

40.4
41.4

40.4
41.3

40 3
41 0

40.4

40.7

40.2

40.4

40.9

40.1

39.7

39 9

39.9

39 7

40 4

40.6

40.1

40.6

40.3

41.0

41.3
39.9

40.9
39.5

41.0
39.2

40.5
39.1

40.7
39. 5

40 5
39. 1

41. 1
39. 4

41 4
39. 5

41 1
39.0

41 9
39.4

42 3
40.3

41 3
39.9

41.7
39.7

41.7
39.5

40.3

39.9

39.8

39.2

39.7

39. 5

39.0

39. 0

39.5

39. 2

39.7

39.6

39.8

39. 7

39.5

41.8

41.0

40.2

39. 4

40. 5

40. 1

39. 6

40. 0

39. 7

40. 0

42. 0

41 0

40. 5

40.2

40.3

39. 5

39.2

38.4

38. 8

38. 7

38. 1

38. 7

38. 4

38 3

38.0

39. 0

39.6

39.0

39.2

39.0

40.5

39.7

40. 5

39.9

39.6

39.7

40 3

39 4

40 4

40.2

40 4

39.8

39.6

38. 9
39.4

39. 7
40.0

38. 8
39.6

39.6
40. 1

38.5
40.0

39. C
40. 1

39.6
40.2

39.3
39.7

40.3

39. 8
40.1

39.8
40.0

39.1
39.7

40.1
39.9

39. 4
40.0

39. 7
39.8

Average hourly earnings
Instruments and related products____
Engineering and scientific Instruments____ _ ______________
Mechanical measuring and control
devices___ ______________ . ..
Optical and ophthalmic goods____
Surgical, medical, and dental
equipment___________________
Photographic equipment and supplies________________ ______

$2. 50

$2.49

$2.48

$2. 49

$2. 48

$2. 46

$2. 48

$2. 48

$2. 46

$2. 47

$2. 46

$2. 45

$2. 44

$2.38

2.89

2.88

2.85

2.87

2.84

2.85

2 . 86

2 . 86

2. 84

2 . 82

2.82

2 . 82

2.8C

2.74

2. 51
2 . 26

2. 53
2.25

2.51
2.23

2.50

2. 52
2.24

2.49
2 . 22

2. 49
2.23

2. 48
2 . 22

2.45
2 . 22

2. 48

2.48

2. 46

2.22

2.20

2.20

2. 45
2.17

2.38

2.22

2. 52
2. 23

2.14

2.14

2 .1 2

2 .12

2 .1 1

2.10

2 . OS

2.09

2.10

2.09

2.09

2.09

2.08

2.08

2.03

2.82

2.82
2.09

2. 78

2.80

2.80

2. 76

2. 7$

2. 7S

2.10

2 .1 1

2 .1 1

2 .1 2

2 .1 2

2.76
2 . 11

2.77

2 .1 1

2. 78
2.13

2.77
2. OS

2. 74
2. 1 C

2. 74
2.1C

2.64
2. 04

2.03

2.02

2.00

2.02

2 . 02

2.0 1

2.03

2.03

2.03

2.03

2.02

1.98

1. 97

1.97

1.92

2.23

2.20

2.17

2.19

2. IS

2.17

2.16

2.16

2.15

2.14

2.18

2.17

2.14

2 . 11

2.03

1.85
1.96

1.83
1.96

1.86

1.86

1. 87
1.94

1 . 88
1. 93

1. 89
1.94

1.91
1.95

1.91
1. 94

1.88

1.90

1 . 82
1.89

1 . 83

1. 96

1. 87

183
188

1. 79
1.84

1.86

1.84
2.17

1.82
2.17

1. 85
2.17

1. 85
2.15

1. 85
2.16

1.84
2.16

1.83
2.16

1.84
2. 15

1.83
2.15

1 . 8C
2.13

1 . 81
2 .1 2

1 . 81
2 . 11

1. 75
2.06

$2. 50

W a tc h e s a n d c lo c k s

Miscellaneous manufacturing Industries____ _______________________
Jewelry, silverware, and plated
ware___________ ___________ _
Toys, amusement, and sporting
goods
Pens, pencils, office and art materials.
Costume jewelry, buttons, and
notions_______ ____ _________
O t h e r m a n u f a c t u r in g I n d u s t r ie s ____

See footnotes at end of table.
7 1 3 - 1 5 4 — 6 3 --------9


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

2.18

2.19

1.96

2 .1 1

2 .1 2

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, DECEMBER 1963

1488
T able

C -l. Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry—Continued
Revised seríes; see box, p. 1476.
1963

Industry
Oct.* Sept.* Aug.

July

June

Annual
average

1962

May

Manufacturing—Continued

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

1962

1961

Average weekly earnings

Nondurable goods

Food and kindred products_________ $94.07
Meat products_________________ 102. 51
Dairy products................................. 99.25
Canned and preserved food, except
meats
Grain mill products_____________ 108.05
Bakery products_______________ 93. 83
Sugar
Confectionery and related products- 79. 60
Beverages____ ________________ 107.06
Miscellaneous food and kindred
products......................................... 95. 04
Tobacco manufactures______________ 71.50
Cigarettes_____ _ ____
Cigars. _
Textile mill products_______________ 71.04
Cotton broad woven fabrics........... 70.47
Silk and synthetic broad woven
fabrics............................................. 76.04
Weaving and finishing broad
woolens__________ _______ _ _ 74.57
Narrow fabrics and smallwares... 72.28
Knitting
65. 35
Finishing textiles, except wool and
knit________________________ 81.51
Floor covering___________ _ .
Yarn and thread________________ 64.46
Miscellaneous textile goods_______ 82.12
Food and kindred products_________
Meat products_________________
Dairy products________________
Canned and preserved food, except
meats_________________
Grain mill products_____________
Bakery products_______________
Sugar____________________
Confectionery and related products.
Beverages_____________ ______
Miscellaneous food and kindred
products____________________
Tobacco manufactures___
Cigarettes_________________ . . .
Cigars__________________
Textile mill products............ ............
Cotton broad woven fabrics______
Silk and synthetic broad woven
fabrics______________________
Weaving and finishing broad
woolens..... ....................... .............
Narrow fabrics and smallwares___
Knitting........................... ................
Finishing textiles, except wool and
knit................................................
Floor covering_________________
Yarn and thread_____
Miscellaneous textile goods______

$88.75
96.52
93.08

80.20 78.38 75.08 73 06 74 03 72 96 74 84 73 26 73 13 71 99 70 12 72 77 73 53
107. 58 105.73 107. 87 105.33 103.01 99.49 101.99 102.93 103.64 104. 58 105.30 103. 74 101.92
95.18 94.37 96.17 95.53 94.19 92.00 91.37 91.31 90. 68 92.29 93.61 92.11 91.30
104.23 107. 87 107.26 104 49 110 14 106 18 104 76 101 18 96 93 96 30 96 93 88 26 97. 76
82.20 79.79 79.60 81.00 77.62 75.64 77.62 76. 64 76.44 77.59 77.18 78.14 76. 61
106.92 108. 73 112.25 111.25 107.30 106.11 105.46 102.05 101.79 104.41 103.88 103.46 103.31

70.67
99.01
88.04
95.27
73.42
99.85

94. 55
71.68
93.06
61.85
69. 83
67.40

94.53
73.57
97.06
61.69
69.19
67. 65

93. 66
78. 76
93.37
60.42
68. 68
60. 66

92.57
81.81
98 76
61 44
69. 70
67.32

92.60
78. 17
96 29
68 46
69.02
66. 99

90.67
68.71
82 96
63 72
67.26
66.50

91.76
73.11
88 22
68 66
68.51
66.33

92.86
69.70
86 61
68 99
68.00
65.84

92.65
73.15
90 32
69 67
67.26
66.66

74.47

74.04

73.10

74.39

74.91

72.49

73.35

73.35

73.35

74.85
71.40
64.80

73.89
70.47
63.90

76. 49
71.28
62. 76

77.04
72.04
63.41

76.31
71.28
62.37

74.21
69.26
59.94

76. 86
69. 77
61.07

76.49
70.18
60. 59

75. 35
70. 69
59.94

78.73
77. 83
63.67
80.95

78.02
75.60
63.43
80.75

75.89
73. 75
63.90
80.95

80.89
75 30
64.53
83.95

79.29
72.67
63.65
80. 95

78.35 80.09 79.15
71. 73 76 60 74 80
62.16 62.56 61. 54
78.76 79. 73 79.73
Average weekly hours

75.48
71 86
60.61
78.98

41.5
42.1
42.4

41.4
41.0
42.4

41.4
41.2
42.7

41.2
41.4
42.7

40.8
41.1
42.2

40.0
39.7
42.0

40.4
39.7
42.2

40.1
39.3
41.9

40.1
45.2
40.5
40. 4
41.1
40.5

40.4
44.8
40.5
42.3
40.3
41.5

38. 9
45.9
41.1
41.9
39.6
42.2

36. 9
45.4
41.0
41.3
40.5
42.3

37.2
44.4
40.6
42.2
39.2
40.8

36 3
42.7
40.0
40 3
38.2
40.5

37 8
43.4
39.9
41 9
39.6
40.1

41.3
42.2

42.4
39.6
39.6
38. 9
40.6
40.6

42.2
40.2
41.3
38.8
40.7
41.0

42.0
38.8
39.9
38.0
40.4
40.4

41.7
40.3
42.2
38 4
41.0
40.8

41.9
38.7
40 8
37 n
40.6
40.6

41.4
34.7
36 6
34 0
39.8
40.3

43.7

42.8

42.8

42.5

43.0

43.3

41.2
41.3
38.9

40.9
40.8
38.8

40.6
40.5
39.2

41.8
41.2
38.5

42.1
41.4
38.9

41.7
41.2
38.5

42.9

42.1
43.0
40.3
41.3

41.5
42.0
40.4
41.2

40.8
41. 2
40.7
41.3

42.8
41. 6
41.1
42.4

42.4
40. 6
40.8
41.3

$2. 30
2.49
2.37

$2.27
2.42
2.33

$2.31
2.45
2. 34

$2.31
2.45
2.34

$2.32
2.46
2.33

$2.31
2.46
2.31

$2.31
2.49
2.31

2. 00
2.38
2.35
2.58
2.00
2.64

1.94
2.36
2.33
2. 55
1.98
2. 62

1.93
2.35
2.34
2. 56
2. 01
2. 66

1 98
2.32
2.33
2 53
2.00
2.63

1 99
2.32
2.32
2 61
1.98
2.63

2 01
2.33
2.30
2 61
1.98
2.62

2.23
1.81
2.35
1. 59
1.72
1.66

2. 24
1.83
2.35
1. 59
1.70
1.65

2.23
2.03
2. 34
1. 59
1.70
1.65

2.22
2.03
2 34
1 60
1.70
1.65

2.21
2.02
2 36
1 68
1.70
1.65

2.19
1.98
2 33
1 68
1.69
1.65

40.9
41.5
41.7
45.4
40.1
40.2
40.4
43.2
39.5

40.8
41.9

Food and kindred products.
$2. 30
Meat products______ ________
2.47
Dairy products______
2.38
Canned and preserved food, except
meats____ _____________
Grain mill products______
2.38
Bakery products__________ _____ 2.34
Sugar_________________ _____
Confectionery and related products. 1.98
Beverages________________
2.65
Miscellaneous food and kindred
products____________________
2.20
Tobacco manufactures______________ 1.81
Cigarettes____ ___________
Cigars__________ _____ ______
Textile mill products...............
1.72
Cotton broad woven fabrics______ 1.67
Silk and synthetic broad woven
fabrics____ ___________ .
1.74
Weaving and finishing broad
woolens______________ ______
1.81
Narrow fabrics and smallwares__
1.75
Knitting_____ _____
1.68
Finishing textiles, except wool and
k n it..___ _______________
1.90
Floor covering_______________
Yarn and thread___________
1.58
M iscellaneous textile goods______
1. 96
See footnotes at end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

$95.45 $93.98 $95.63 $95.17 $94.66 $92.40 $93.32 $92.63 $92.52 $93.71 $92.89 $90.98 $91.62
104.83 99.22 100.94 101.43 101.11 97.66 98.85 97.46 100.19 102.26 102.09 99.39 98.66
100.49 98. 79 99.92 99.92 98.33 97.02 97.48 96.79 97.29 97.33 96.64 96.22 96.05

92.88
72.35
96 94
61 23
68.45
67.16

91.37
68. 40
86 66
60 60
68.45
67.16

91.38
71.41
89 64
67. 82
68.21
66.75

87.34
69.42
85.72
56.02
65.04
63.20

74.99

74.47

74.47

73.44

68.72

74.80
70. 69
60.16

73.67
70.07
61.82

70. 07
61.99

77.17
70.93
61.44

72.28
68.11
59.21

80.46
76 47
61.29
80. 73

80.04
76 46
61.69
81.12

77.98
76 11
62.00
79. 73

78.07
73.04
62.22
78.91

74.70
71.05
59.55
75.36

40.4
40.4
42.3

41.1
41.4
42.5

41.1
41.5
42.2

40.8
40.9
42.2

40.9
40.6
42.5

40.9
40.9
42.5

37 0
43.8
39.7
40 8
39.3
39.4

37. 5
44. i
39.6
40 9
39.4
39.3

37 3
44.5
40.3
46 3
40.2
39.7

37 3
45.0
40.7
46 6
40.2
39.8

38 3
45.3
40.4
40.3
40.7
40.1

38 7
44.7
40.4
42. 5
39.9
40.2

38.2
44.8
40.2
43.5
39.9
40.1

41.9
37.3
37 7
37 3
40.3
40.2

42.4
36.3
36 7
37 1
40.0
39.9

42.5
38.5
39 1
37 7
39.8
40.4

43.0
40.0
41 0
38 4
40.5
40.9

43.4
38.9
41 0
39 0
40.5
40.7

43.1
40.0
37 8
38 6
40.5
40.7

42.7
38.6
39 1
37 3
40.6
40.7

42.4
39.0
39. 5
37.6
39.9
40.0

41.9

42.4

42.4

42.4

43.1

42.8

42.8

42.7

41.4

41.0
40.5
37.0

42.0
40.8
37.7

41.8
40.8
37.4

41.4
41.1
37.0

41.1
41.1
37.6

40.7
40.5
38.4

40.9
40.5
38.5

42.4
41.0
38.4

41.3
40.3
38.2

40.8
40 6
39.1
40.5

42.8
42 4
39.8
41.4

42.8
43 2
39.8
41.6

41.7
43 0
40.0
41.1

42.2
41 5
40.4
41.1

41.5
40.6
39.7
40.3

$2.31
2.48
2.31

$2.29
2.48
2.30

$2.28
2.47
2.29

$2.26
2.46
2.29

$2.23
2.43
2.28

$2.24
2.43
2.26

$2.17
2.36
2.19

1 08
2.35
2.29
2 60
1.96
2. 63

1 98
2.35
2.30
2 48
1.95
2.59

1 96
2.35
2.29
2 37
1.94
2.59

1 93
2.35
2.29
2 08
1.93
2.63

1 88
2.34
2.30
2 08
1.92
2.61

1 90
2.29
2.28
2 19
1.92
2.58

1 90
2.28
2.26
2 30
1.92
2.57

1 86
2.21
2.19
2 IQ
1.84
2.49

2.19
1.96
2 34

2.19
1.92
2 33
1 69
1.70
1.65

2.18
1.90
2 31
1 68
1.69
1.65

2.16
1.88
2 33
1 64
1.69
1.65

2.14
1.86
2 34
1 67
1.69
1.65

2.12
1.71
2 29
1 67
1.69
1.65

2.14
1.85
2 2Q
1 66
1.68
1. 64

2.06
1.78

42.1
41.9
42.6
40.3
42 6 42 6
40.1
40.1
39.7
41.1
40.6
41.1
Average hourly earnings

1.70
1.65

92.88
75.20
96 63
69 14
68.45
67.49

1 4Q
1.63
1.58

1.74

1.73

1.72

1.73

1.73

1.73

1.73

1.73

1.73

1.74

1.74

1.74

1.72

1.66

1.83
1.75
1.67

1.82
1.74
1.63

1.83
1 73
1.63

1.83
1.74
1.63

1.83
1.73
1.62

1.81
1.71
1.62

1.83
1.71
1.62

1.83
1.72
1.62

1.82
1.72
1.62

1.82
1.72
1.60

1.81
1.73
1.61

1.82
1.73
1.61

1.82
1.73
1.60

1.75
1.69
1.55

1.87
1.81
1.58
1.96

1.88
1. 80
1.57
1.96

1.86
1. 79
1.57
1.96

1.89
1. 81
1.57
1.98

1.87
1 79
1.56
1.96

1.87
1 78
1.55
1.94

1.88
1 80
1.56
1.94

1.88
1 76
1.55
1.94

1.85
1 77
1.55
1.95

1.88
1 78
1.54
1.95

1.87
1 77
1.55
1.95

1.87
1 77
1.55
1.94

1.85
1 70
1.54
1.92

1.80
1 76
1.50
1.87

C.—EARNINGS AND HOURS
T able

1489

C -l. Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry—Continued
Revised series; see box, p. 1476.
1963

Industry
Oct. « Sept.1 Aug.*

July

June

May

Manufacturing—Continued
Nondurable goods—Continued
Apparel and related products________
Men’s and boys’ suits and co a ts ...
M en’s and boys’ furnishings_____
Women’s, misses’, and juniors’
outerwear____________________
Women’s and children’s undergar­
ments__ ____________________
Hats, caps, and millinery________
Girls’ and children’s outerwear.......
Fur goods and miscellaneous ap­
parel................................................
Miscellaneous fabricated textile
products____________________
Paper and allied products___________
Paper and pulp________________
Paperboard........................................
Converted paper and paperboard
products____________________
Paper board containers and boxes. .
Printing, publishing, and allied indus­
tries________ ___________________
Newspaper publ Ish Ingand printing.
Periodical publishing and printing.
Books___ ____ ________________
Commercial printing.......... .............
Bookbinding and related industries.
Other publishing and printing in­
dustries............ .............................

Annual
average

1962
Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

1962

1961

Average weekly earnings
$64.07 $64.07 $63.30 $61.71 $61.35 $61.52 $60.16 $62. 59 $61. 54 $60.35 $60.31 $61.18 $60.67 $61.18
76.17 76.74 77.07 74.37 78.17 74.03 70.76 73. 48 72. 93 71. 57 73.13 72.54 71. 57 72.54
55.87 56.17 55.01 54.58 54.05 53.91 52.48 53.28 52.91 52.85 52.82 53. 77 53. 77 53.53

$58.06
67.78
49.87

66.44

66.98

66.97

65.17

62.68

64.33

64.67

68.35

66.28

63. 65

62.79

63. 50

62.65

64.45

60.96

60.26
66.91
56.96

58.59
68.07
56. 27

55.94
66.79
56.15

56.00
64. 79
56.61

56.15
62. 48
55.85

53. 86
60 16
52.44

56. 52
69 38
55. 54

55.02
66 76
55.85

54.11
63 70
54.67

55.33
64 97
52. 50

57.38
62 11
53.45

56. 70
63 70
53.35

55.48

54.02

54.72

5Z75

66.61

65.87

64.62

64.80

63.19

58 47

62 83

61 OR 63 19

67 16

67 71

66 07

64 98

62 65

69.24 70.17 66.78 64.53 66.85 66.47 64.90 65.02 64.47 64.18 65.88 66.43 66.39 64. 26
108. 43 107.75 107.32 106.82 106. 21 104. 55 102.24 104.13 102. 97 103.21 104. 43 103. 28 103. 28 102.00
120.05 11907 119. 34 120.42 117. 31 116. 87 114. 23 116. 42 115. 02 115.46 115 46 114.23 113 45 112. 92
1 2 1 .1 1 1 2 1 .1 1 121.04 122.03 119.97 117.48 115.01 117.40 115.02 114.93 119.08 115.01 113.45 114.22

62.75
99.45
109 69
109.44

58.28

95.08
100.54

95.76
99.64

94.92
97.67

92.74
96.05

93.60
97.44

111.94 112.71 111. 27
114.98 113.98 112.89
___ 119.60 116.98
108. 36 108. 52
113.97 115.34 112.71
88.01 88.01 88.08

111.91
118.78
105.78
112.03
87.40

110.02

110.69
113.20
115. 49
105. 97
112.32
88.24

91.84
94.99

91.43
94.30

90.98
92. 97

91.84
92. 80

92. 77
94.66

90.61
94.69

91.24
96.22

90.64
94.24

87. 54
91.10

110 .21 108.97 110 .21
113.52 111.19 109. 74
112.58 113. 58 116. 18
106 14 103 28 103 57
112.22 110.58 113.18
88. 69 87.17 88.01

108.20
108.42
112.97
100 98
110. 87
85.95

107.16
107.16
106.65
100 84
109.52
86. 71

109.24
113.22
113.15
100 04
111.50
87.01

108.49
113. 09
111 15
97 64
109.98
85.19

107. 82
111. 13
113.43
98 11
109. 70
85.86

107.62
110. 35
111.95
99 85
110.15
85.91

105.05
107.45
109.81
99 06
106.20
82.35

113.19 114.73 114.94 113.37 112.60 112.0 1 111.81 115. 71 114.55 113.68 112.23 11 0 .1 1 109. 54 110.59
Average weekly hours
36.2
Apparel and related products............... 36.2
36.8
36.3
36.3
36.4
35.6
36.2
35.9
36.2
35.9
36.6
35.5
36.2
36.2
36.7
Men’s and boys’ suits and coats__ 36.1
36.1
37.4
37.2
36.1
37.3
37.4
37.2
36.7
37.5
36.7
37.2
37.2
Men’s and boys’ furnishings........ . 37.0
38.2 37.9
37.8
37.6
37.7
37.0
37.0
37.2
37.6
36.7
36.7
37.7
Women’s, misses’, and juniors’
33.9
outerwear___________________
34.0
34.7
34.3
34.4
33.7
34.4
33.5
33.6
35.6
34.7
33.4
32.8
34.1
Women’s and children’s undergar­
ments___ ___________________ 38.1
37.9
37.8
36.8
36.6
36.7
36.4
37.5
37.3
35.2
36.7
36.2
35.6
36.5
35.4
36.4
Hats, caps, and millinery___
36.1
36.4
35.7
33.8
37.1
35.7
35.0
36.5
34.7
35.0
36.2
Girls’ and children’s outerwear....... 36.2
35.6
36.3
36.7
37.0
36.3
35.0
35.4
35.1
36.5
34.5
36.5
35.5
36.0
F ur goods and miscellaneous ap­
parel________________________
36.2
36.8
35.9
36.0
35.5
34. 6
35 7 35.5
35. 7 36.3
36.6
36.3
36 1
Miscellaneous fabricated textile
products____________________
38.9
39.2
38.6
37.3
38.2
38.4
38.2
37.3
37.8
38.3
38.6
37.7
37.1
37. 8
Paper and allied products________
43.2
43.1
43.1
42.9
43.0
42.5
41.9
42.5
42.3
42.5
42. 5 42. 5
42.2
42.8
Paper and pulp............................. ”
44.1
44.3
44.2
44.6
44.1
44.1
43.6
44.1
43.9
43.9
43.9
43.6
43.3
43.6
Paperboard____________________ 44.2
44.2
44.5
44.7
44.6
44.0
43.4
44.3
43.9
43.4
43.3
44.1
43.7
44.6
Converted paper and paperboard
products____________________
41.7
42.0
42.0
41.4
41.0
40.4
41.0
41.0
41.1
41.6
41.0
41.6
41.2
40.8
42.6
42.4
Paperboard containers and boxes
42.1
41.4
42.0
41.9
42.2
41.3
40.5
41.0
41.7
40.6
40.7
41.7
Printing, publishing, and allied indus­
tries ......... ........... ............ ................. 38.6
38.6
38.5 38.2
38.3
38.4
38.4
38.0
38.6
38.2
38.1
38.1
38.1
38. 3
36.3
36.3
36.1
36.6
36.2
36.4
36. 5 36.1
35.9
35.6
37.0
36.3
Newspaper publishingandprlnting. 36.5
36.1
40.0
40.2
40.4
Periodical publishing and printing40.1
39. 7
39.5
39.3
40.2
39.5
38.5
39.0
39.8
39.7
Books________________________
41.2
41.9
41.0
39. 7 38.9
39.4
40. 6 41.3
40. 5 40.3
40.1
39.6
39.7
Commercial printing________
39.3
39.5
39.0 38.9
39.0
39.1
39.0
38.9
39.2
39.3
38.9
38.7
39.4
38.8
Bookbinding and related industries. 38.6
38.6
38.8 38.5
38.7
38.9
38.4
38.6
38.2
38.2
38.5
38.2
38.5
38. 7
Other publishing and printing in­
dustries_____________ _______
38.5
38.5
38.7 38.3
38.3
37.9
38.5
38.3
38.7
38.7
38.8
38.7
38.4
38.1
Average hourly earnings
Apparel and related products................ $1.77 $1.77 $1.72 $1.70 $1.69 $1.69 $1.69 $1.71 $1.70 $1.70 $1.68 $1.69 $1.69 $1.69
2
.1
1
2
.12
2.10
2.06
Men’s and boys’ suits and coats__
2.09
1.99
1.95
1.95
1.95
1.95
1.95
1.96
1.95
1.97
1.51
1.51
1.44
Men’s and boys’ furnishings_____
1.44
1.43
1.43
1.43
1.43
1.43
1.43
1. 44
1.42
1.42
1.44
Women’s, misses’, and juniors’
outerwear___________________
1.96
1.90
1.97
1.93
1.89
1.91
1.89
1.86
1.92
1.91
1.90
1.88
1.87
1.88
Women’s and children’s undergar­
ments..... ........................................ 1.60
1.59
1.52
1.55
1.52
1.53
1.52
1.53
1.53
1.53
1.54
1.52
1.52
1.52
Hats, caps, and millinery................
1.89
1.87
1.79
1.82
1.85
1.82
1.78
1.81
1. 78 1.75
1. 78 1.87
1.87
1.60
1.52
1.52
Girls’ and children’s outerwear___ 1.61
1.55
1.53
1.53
1.54
1.51
1.53
1.52
1.53
1.53
1.50
Fur goods and miscellaneous ap­
parel.......... ...................................
1.84
1.85
1.82
1.80
1.79
1.80
1.80
1.69
1.77
1.85
1.78
1.76
1.72
Miscellaneous fabricated textile
1.70
products......................................... 1.78
1.79
1.73
1.73
1.73
1.72
1.72
1.73
1.74
1.75
1.74
1.72
1.71
2.43
2. 40
2.50
Paper and allied products___________ 2.51
2.49
2. 49 2. 47 2. 46 2. 44 2.45
2.44
2. 44 2. 43
2. 44
2.70
2. 59
Paper and pulp................... ............. 2.71
2. 70 2.70
2.63
2. 63 2 . 62 2.62
2.66
2. 65 2.62
2.64
2.62
Paperboard____________________ 2.74
2.74
2.72
2. 73 2.69
2.63
2.62
2.59
2.62
2.67
2.65
2.67
2. 65 2.65
Converted paper and paperboard
2 .2 1
2.22
2.20
products........................................ 2.28
2.28
2.23
2.24
2.23
2.26
2.24
2.24
2.23
2.23
2.25
2.28
2.26
2.26
2.35
2.32
2.32
2. 30 2.29
2.30
2.29
2.28
2.27
Paperboard containers and boxes.. 2.36
2. 32
Printing, publishing, and allied indus­
2 . as
2.84
2.83
2.81
tries ..................................................... 2.90
2.92
2.89
2.89
2.84
2.82
2.88
2.87
2.86
2.87
3.10
3. 06
3. 09 3. 07 3.04
3.14
3.02
3.01
Newspaper publishing and printing. 3.15
3.11
3.11
3.11
3.08
3. 04
2. 85 2.82
2.85
2.91
2.94
2 . 86
2. 77 2. 85
Periodical publishing and printing.
2.99
2 . 88
2. 85 2. 89 2. 89
2.51
2.49
2. 49
2.59
2. 54 2.52
Books.................................................
2.63
2. 58 2.61
2. 57 2. 55 2. 57 2.55
2.83
2.82
2.81
2.82
Commercial printing................. ...... 2.90
2.85
2.83
2.92
2.89
2. 87 2.85
2.88
2.88
2.88
2.23
2.23
2.22
2.26
2.28
2. 25 2.27
Bookbinding and related industries. 2.28
2.28
2.27
2.27
2.28
2.28
2.27
Other publishing and printing in­
2.86
2.86
2.88
2.96
2.93
2.94
2.94
2.99
2.90
dustries..................................... .
2.94
2.98
2.97
2.96
2.95
See footnotes at end of table.

108. 98


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

90.09
92.75

61.61

35.4
35.3
36.4
33.3
36.5
35.7
35.4
35.8
37.8
42.5
43.7
43.6
41.1
41.6
38.2
36.3
39.5
40.6
38.9
38.3
38.5
$1.64
1.92
1.37
1.85
1.48
1.77
1.49
1.75
1.66
2. 34
2.51
2. 51
2.13
2.19
2.75
2.96
2. 73
2. 44
2. 73
2.15
2.83

1490

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, DECEMBER 1963

T able C -l. Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry—Continued
Revised series; see box, p. 1476.
1963

Industry
Oct.2 Sept.1 Aug.
Manufacturing—Continued
Nondurable goods—Continued
Chemicals and allied products______
Industrial chemicals____________
Plastics and synthetics, except
glass_______________________
D rugs__ _____________ _______
Soap, cleaners, and toilet goods___
Paints, varnishes, and allied prodAgricultural chemicals__________
Other chemical products________

July

June

Annual
average

1962

May

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

1962

1961

Average weekly earnings
$113.85 $113. 71 $113.02 $113.98 $113. 42 $112. 59 $113. 40 $111.37 $110. 83 $1 1 1 . 10 $112.17 $110.95 $110. 54 $109. 98 $106. 81
128. 24 129.27 127. 71 128.33 127. 60 126. 58 130.82 126. 46 126. 16 126.05 127. 56 126. 65 125. 63 124. 68 120.93
1 12 . 88 112. 47 112.32 114.09 113. 94 111.76 113. 55 110.27 109. 33 109. 59 111. 19 109. 45 108. 77 109. 52 107.07
ICO.94 100. 53 99. 63 99. 54 100.04 99. 38 98. 98 100 70 100. 45 100. 85 101 02 100. 53 100. 60 98. 40 94. 37
106.49 108. 21 107. 68 106.75 107. 27 105. 41 103. 83 104. 49 103. 86 103.97 104. 70 104. 55 104. 70 103. 89 100. 45

107.38 105.88 105. 98 107.84 106. 50 108. 36 103 48 103. 38 102. 21 101.71 102 31 101 . 66 100. 75 101 59 97. 85
95. 25 94.37 91.10 91.74 92. 44 97.83 99. 70 91 08 89. 68 89. 68 90.30 89. 46 89. 25 88. 39 84. 38
109.41 109.52 108.68 109.56 107.94 107. 59 105. 37 104. 45 104. 65 105. 83 107.10 105.25 105. 16 103. 75 100.77

P e t r o le u m r e f in in g a n d r e la t e d in d u s ­
t r ie s _________________ _________________
P e t r o le u m r e f i n i n g ..............................

132. 51 135. 58 130. 21 133.98 133. 25 131. 57 133. 77 128. 61 126. 36 130. 62 126. 99 127 71 127. 19 126. 88 124. 31
137. 61 141.46 134. 39 138.94 138 53 137.03 140.95 134. 97 132. 68 137. 52 132. 48 132. 57 130. 88 131 43 129. 24
Other petroleum and coal products. 114.40 113.70 115.20 115.26 113.09 110 .12 104.83 99. 10 97.96 102.25 105. 34 108.03 113.03 107. 75 102.10

Rubber and miscellaneous plastic prod­
ucts .............................. .........................
Tires and Inner tubes___________
Other rubber products____ _____
Miscellaneous plastic products___
Leather and leather products________
Leather tanning and finishing____
Footwear, except rubl>er________
Other leather products__________

101.93 102. 42 100. 86 100.04 100. 53 99.23 98. 25 100. 12 99. 88 100. 37 101. 76 100. 61 100. 21 100.04 96.15
134. 94 134. 97 132. 84 130.73 128 88 124. 66 126. 88 129. 36 128, 32 129. 52 134. 55 132. 75 132. 11 130. 47 121.88
98.81 98.81 96. 63 94.40 97.27 96. 22 94. 40 96 22 96 22 96. 29 97 23 96. 59 95.71 95. 53 91. 53
88.40 89.25 88. 62 87.76 87. 56 87. 13 85. 24 87. 13 86.51 86. 72 88.51 85. 26 85. 48 85.90 83.03
67.48
93. 94
63.84
67. 90

67.13
91.94
64.21
66. 47

67.41
90. 23
65.15
65.49

66.12

90.23
64.39
63.07

66. 70
93. 75
64. 30
64. 09

64.42
91. 76
61 20
62. 56

62. 13
89.38
59. 33
60. 52

64. 58
88 58
61 88
63.04

64.70
88. 36
62. 33
62. 87

65.60

88. 84

63. 54
62.70

88 84
62. 66

88. 04

62.42

64.03
87. 78
60. 67
63. 67

59.30
61.79

64. 67
87. 42
62. 66
62. 58

62 83
84.35
60. 15
61.07

65. 05

62. 63

Average weekly hours
Chemicals and allied products_______
Industrial chemicals____________
Plastics and synthetics, except
glass________________________
D rugs................................................
Soap, cleaners, and toilet goods__
Paints, varnishes, and allied prod­
ucts................................................
Agricultural chemicals__________
Other chemical products________

41.4
41.5

41.5
41.7

41.4
41.6

41.6
41.8

41.7
41.7

41.7
41.5

42.0
42.2

41.4
41.6

41.2
41.5

41.3
41.6

41.7
42. 1

41.4
41.8

41.4
41.6

41. 5
41.7

41.4
41.7

41.5
40.7
40.8

41.5
40.7
41.3

41.6
40.5
41.1

42.1
40.3
40.9

42.2
40. 5
41. 1

41.7
40.4
40.7

41.9
40. 4
40.4

41 3
41. 1
40.5

41. 1
41.0
40. 1

41.2
41. 5
40.3

41.8
41. 4
40.9

41.3
41.2
41.0

41.2
41.4
40.9

41.8
410
40.9

41.5
40. 5
41.0

41.3
43.1
41.6

41.2
42.7
41.8

41.4
41.6
41.8

41.8
41.7
42.3

41.6
42. 6
42.0

42.0
45.5
41.7

40.9
48.4
41.0

40.7
44 0
40.8

40.4
42. 5
41.2

40 2
42 3
41.5

40.6
42 0
42.0

40. 5
42. 0
41.6

40.3
42. 5
41.4

40.8
42.7
41.5

40.6
42.4
41.3

Petroleum refining and related indus­
tries____________ ______________
Petroleum refining_____________
Other petroleum and coal products.

41.8
41.2
44.0

42.5
42.1
43.9

41.6
40.6
45.0

42.4
41.6
45.2

42.3
41. 6
44.7

41.9
41.4
43.7

42. 2
42.2
42.1

40.7
40.9
39.8

40.5
40.7
39.5

41. 6
41.8
40.9

41. 5
41. 4
41.8

41. 6
41.3
42.7

41.7
40 9
44.5

41. 6
412
43. 1

41.3
40.9
42.9

Rubber and miscellaneous plastic prod­
ucts...................................................... .
Tires and inner tubes___________
Other rubber products____ _____
Miscellaneous plastic products___

41.1
40.4
41.0
41.7

41.3
40.9
41.0
41.9

41.0
40.5
40.6
41.8

40.5
40.1
40.0
41.2

40.7
39.9
40.7
41.3

40.5
39.2
40.6
41.1

40.1
39.9
40.0
40.4

40.7
40.3
40.6
41.1

40.6
40. 1
40.6
41.0

40.8
40. 1
40.8
41. 1

41.2
41.4
41.2
41.0

40.9
41.1
41.1
40.6

40.9
40 9
40 9
40.9

410
40.9
41.0
41. 1

40.4
39.7
40.5
40.7

Leather and leather products_______
Leather tanning and finishing___
Footwear, except rubber________
Other leather products_________

37.7
41.2
36.9
38.8

37.5
40.5
36.9
38.2

38.3
40.1
38.1
38.3

38.0
40.1
38.1
37.1

37.9
41.3
37.6
37.7

36.6
40.6
36.0
36.8

35. 5
39.9
34.9
35.6

36.9
39.9
36.4
37.3

37. 4
39.8
37.1
37.2

37. 1
40.2
37 6
37.1

37.6
40.2
37 3
37.6

36 8
39. 9
35 9
37.9

30.2
40 2
35 3
37.0

37 6
40. 1
37 3
37.7

37.4
39 6
36.9
37.7

$2.69
3.03

$2.69
3.03

$2.68
3.03

$2.67
3.02

$2. 65
2.99

$2.58
2. 90

Average hourly earnings
Chemicals and allied products_______
Industrial chemicals____________
Plastics and synthetics, except
glass............................. ............ .
Drugs............................................... .
Soap, cleaners, and toilet goods__
Paints, varnishes and allied prod­
ucts___ ____________________
Agricultural chemicals__________
Other chemical products________
Petroleum refining and related indus­
tries______ ____________________
Petroleum refining______________
Other petroleum and coal products
Rubber and miscellaneous plastic
products________ _______________
Tires and inner tubes___________
Other rubber products__________
Miscellaneous plastic products___
Leather and leather products________
Leather tanning and finishing____
Footwear, excepl rubber________
Other leather products__________
See footnotes at end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

$2.75
3.09

$2. 74
3.10

$2.73
3.07

$2.74
3.07

$2.72
3.06

$2.70
3.05

$2.70
3.10

$2. 69
3.04

$2. 69
3.04

2.72
2. 48
2.61

2.71
2.47
2.62

2.70
2.46

2.71
2.47
2.61

2.70
2. 47
2 . 61

2 . 68

2. 46
2.59

2. 71
2. 45
2.57

2. 67
2. 45
2. 58

2. 45
2. 59

2.66

2. 43
2. 58

2 . 66

2. 44
2.56

2. 65
2. 44
2. 55

2.64
2. 43
2.56

2 . 62

2.02

2. 40
2.54

2.58
2.33
2.45

2.56
2.19
2.60

2.58

2.58
2.15
2.58

2.53
2.06
2.57

2. 54
2.07
2. 56

2.53

2.59

2.56
2.17
2.57

2.53

2.62

2 .11

2 .1 2

2. 55

2.52
2.15
2.55

2. 51
2.13
2. 53

2.50
2 . 10
2. 54

2. 49
2.07
2.50

2.41
1.99
2.44

3.17
3. 34
2.60

3.19
3.36
2.59

3.13
3.31
2.56

3.16
3.34
2.55

3.15
3.33
2.53

3.14
3. 31
2.52

3.17
3. 34
2.49

3.16
3.30
2.49

3.12
3.26
2.48

3.14
3.29
2.50

3.06
3. 20
2.52

3.07
3.21
2.53

3.05
3.20
2.54

3.05
3.19
2.50

3.01
3.16
2.38

2.48
3. 34
2.41
2 .1 2

2.48
3. 30
2.41
2.13

2.46
3. 28
2.38
2 .12

2.47
3.26
2.36
2.13

2. 47
3.23
2.39

2.45
3.18
2.37

2 .1 2

2 .1 2

2.45
3.18
2. 36

2.46
3. 21
2.37

2. 46
3.20
2. 37

2 .1 2

2.47
3. 25
2.36

2.46
3.23
2.35

2 .1 1

2. 46
3. 23
2.36

2 .1 1

2 .1 1

2 .11

2.10

2.45
3. 23
2.34
2.09

2.44
3.19
2.33
2.09

2.38
3. 07
2.26
2.04

1.79
2 . 28
1.73
1.75

1.79
2.27
1.74
1.74

1.76
2.25
1.71
1.71

1.74
2.25
1.69
1.70

1.76
2. 27
1.71
1.70

1.76
2 . 26
1.70
1.70

1.75
2. 24
1.70
1.70

1.75
2 . 22
1.70
1.69

1.73
2 . 22

1.74

1.73

1.74

2.21

2.21
1.68
1.66

2.20

1.73
2. 19

1.68

1.67

2.60

2 .2 1

2.63

2.57
2 .2 1

2.20

2.66

2.54

1.68

1.69

1.69
1.69

1.69

1.68

1.72

2 . 18
1.68
1.66

1.68

2.13
1.63
1.62

O.—EARNINGS AND HOURS
T able

1491

C -l. Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry—Continued
Revised series; see box, p. 1476.
1963

1962

Annual
average

Industry
Oct.» Sept.» Aug.

July

June

May

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

1962

1961

Average weekly earnings
Transportation and public utilities:
Railroad transportation:
Class I railroads8. . . ........................
Local and Interurban passenger transit:
Local and suburban transportation.
Intercity and rural buslines____
Motor freight transportation and storape........................... .............................
Pipeline transportation...........................
Communication:
Telephone communication_______
Telegraph communication *______
Radio and television broadcasting.
Electric, gas, and sanitary services.......
Electric companies and systems__
Gas companies and systems______
Combined utility systems...............
Water, steam, and sanitary systerns................................................

$116. 48 $119.46 $118. 25 $114. 96 $121.67 $118. 25 $116. 48 $117.85 $117.94 $115.87 $112.94
$101.26 8103. 28 $103 09 103. 63 102. 48 100. 38 99. 72 100. 32 98 83 100. 01 100. 25 100.01 100 11 98 24
138.70 134.06 133. 44 124. 27 122. 69 123.12 118. 29 121.39 123. 52 115. 51 116. 48 118. 15 118 40 110 76
120 .12 119.71 118. 85 118.58 117.31 115.36 114. 95 114.39 111 93 115. 23 113 30 113 98 113. 30 108 58
140. 56 134.94 138. 65 140. 56 137.16 138. 45 135. 94 138. 63 138. 58 139. 52 131. 78 130.07 132. 76 131. 45

104.64
112. 59
136.28
123. 37
123. 71
116. 33
134.92

102 . 26 102. 36 102 . 00 101. 24

112.71
132. 10
121.42
123.26
111.93
132.07

112. 98
132. 10
121. 13
124.09
111.93
130.19

113. 25
132. 10
121 42
123. 55
112. 74
131.14

97.82

97.88

97.64

97.41

99. 94 100. 58
110. 30 108. 16 107. 38
131.66 135. 04 131 99
119. 72 119.31 119.02
121.66 120. 42 120 13
1 12 . 20 111. 24 112. 07
129.15 129.05 128. 43
95. 94

96.70

96.93

101.09
108.05
131.93
119. 60
119. 43
113. 44
129. 68

99. 94
108.05
134. 30
119 19
120. 42
111. 38
128. 64

101. 35
106. 97
130 93
120 77
121 . 60
113. 98
130. 94

103.07
105. 78
132 78
119 07
119.89
110. 70
129. 27

102. 06

107. 74
131. 14
118. 78
120 30
110. 29
128. 23

98.95
107. 78
127. 20
116. 85
118. 24
108. 53
126. 59

93 38
104 33
120 . 12
112. 07
112. 75
104. 19
121 77

98.06

97.23

96.29

96. 93

95.06

94.66

92.62

Average weekly hours
Transportation and public utilities:
Railroad transportation:
Class I railroads 8_______ ____ ___
Local and Interurban passenger transit:
Local and suburban transportation
Intercity and rural buslines______
Motor freight transportation and storape...........................................................
Pipeline transportation...........................
Communication:
Telephone communication_______
Telegraph communication 4......... .
Radio and television broadcasting
Electric, gas. and sanitarv services__
Electric companies and svstems__
Gas companies and svstems______
Combined utilitv system s_______
Water, steam, and sanitary systerns________________________

41.9

43.6

43.0

41. 5

43.3

43.0

41.9

42. 7

43.2

42.6

42.3

41.5
46.7

42.5
45.6

42.6
45.7

43.0
43.3

42.7
42.9

42.0
42.9

41.9
41.8

41.8
43.2

41.7
43.8

42.2
41.4

42.3
41.6

42. 2
42.5

42.6
42.9

42.9
42.6

42.0
41.1

42.3
40.4

41.7
40.9

42.2
41.1

41.6
40.7

41.2
40.6

41.2
40.1

41.0
40.3

40.7
41.0

41.6
41.4

41. 2
40.3

41.6
39.9

4L 5
40.6

41.6
40.2

40.4
41.7
39.5
41.4
41.1
41.4
41.9

40.1
41.9
39.2
41.3
41.5
40.7
41.4

40.3
42.0
39.2
41.2
41.5
40. 7
41.2

40.0
42.1
39.2
41.3
41.6
40.7
41.5

39.7
42.1
39.3
41.0
41 1
40.8
41.0

39.5
41.6
39.6
41.0
41.1
40.6
41.1

39.6
41.3
39 4
40.9
41.0
40 9
40.9

39.8
4L 4
39.5
4L 1
40.9
4L 1
41.3

39.5
41 4
39.5
41.1
4L 1
4L 1
41.1

39.9
41.3
39.2
41 5
41.5
41 6
41.7

40.9
41.0
39.4
41.2
41.2
41.0
41.3

40.5
41.6
39.5
4L !
41.2
41.0
4L 1

39.9
42.1
38.9
41.0
41.2
40.8
4L 1

39.4
41.9
38.5
40.9
41.0
40.7
41.0

41.1

41.3

41.2

41.1

41.0

40.8

40.9

41.2

41.2

40.8

40.9

40.8

40.8

40.8

Average hourly earnings
Transportation and public utilities:
Railroad transportation:
Class I railroads 8 _____________
Local and interurban passenger transit:
Local and suburban transportation
Intercity and rural b uslines...........
Motor freight transportation and storape . ...................__..............................
Pi|X'line transportation_____________
Communication:
Telephone communication_______
Telegraph communication 4............
Radio and television broadcasting..
Electric, gas. and sanitarv services___
Electric companies and svstems__
Gas companies and svstems______
Combined utilitv sv stem s.............
Water, steam, and sanitary systerns................................................
See footnotes at end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

$2.78

$2. 74

$2.75

$2. 77

$2.81

$2 .75

$2. 78

$2. 76

$2.73

$2.72

$2.67

$2.44
2.97

$2. 43
2.94

$2. 42
2.92

2.41
2. 87

2. 40

2.86

2.39
2.87

2.38
2.83

2. 40
2.81

2. 37
2.82

2. 37
2. 79

2 37
2.80

2.37
2. 78

2.35
2. 76

2.29
2.60

2.86

3.42

2.83
3.34

2. 85
3 39

2.81
3. 42

2.82
3.37

2.80
3.41

2. 79
3.39

2.79
3. 44

2. 75
3.38

2. 77
3.37

2. 75
3.27

2. 74
3.26

2. 73
3.27

2.61
3.27

2.59
2. 70
3.45
2.98
3.01
2 . 81
3.22

2. 55
2.69
3.37
2 94
2.97
2. 75
3.19

2.54
2.69
3. 37
2. 94
2. 99
2. 75
3.16

2. 55
2.69
3.37
2. 94
2. 97
2. 77
3.16

2.55
2 62
3 35
2.92
2 96
2. 75
3.15

2. 53
2.60
3.41
2. 91
2.93
2. 74
3.14

2. 54
2.60
3.35
2.91
2.93
2. 74
3.14

2. 54
2 . 61
3 34
2. 91
2.92
2. 76
3.14

2.53
2.61
3. 40
2.90
2.93
2.71
3.13

2.54
2.59
3.34
2 91
2.93
2. 74
3.14

2.52
2 58
3.37
2 89
2 91
2.70
3. 13

2 52
2 59
3.32
2.89
2 92
2. 69
3.12

2.48
2 . 56
3.27
2. 85
2 87
2 . 66
3.08

2. 37
2. 49
3. 12
2. 74
2. 75
2 56
2.97

2.38

2.37

2.37

2.37

2.34

2.37

2.37

2.38

2.36

2.36

2.37

2.33

2.32

2.27

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, DECEMBER 1963

1492
T able

C -l. Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry—Continued
Revised series; see box, p. 1476.
1963

Annual
average

1962

Industry
Oct. 4 Sept. 4 Aug.

July

June

May

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

1962

1961

Average weekly earnings
Wholesale and retail trade *_____________
$78. 36
Wholesale trade___________________
100.53
Motor vehicles and automotive
96.33
eq u ip m en t__________________
Drugs,* chemicals, and allied prod­
102.36
ucts
. . _________________
Dry goods and apparel__________
93.48
Groceries and related products___
94.66
104. 52
Electrical goods________________
Hardware, plumbing, and heating
goods_______________________
97.34
Machinery, equipment, and sup­
110.00
plies . ____________________
68.61
___________
Retail tra d e 4
.
General merchandise stores______
54.70
Department stores__________ ........... 60.00
40.13
Limited price variety stores__
66.66
Food stores____________________
Grocery, meat, and vegetable
68.25
stores___________________
54.24
Apparel and accessories stores __
66.97
* Men’s and bovs’ apparel stores.
48.38
Women’s ready-to-wear stores53.35
Family clothing stores_______
54. 52
Shoe stores_________________

$78.79 $78. 79 $78.19 $77.39 $76. 62 $76. 42 $76. 03 $76.03 $75.47 $75.26 $75.46 $75.08
99.72 99. 55 100.12 99.47 98.58 98. 58 97.93 97.36 98.74 97.44 97.03 96.22
95.11

$72. 56
93.56

92.82

89.46

100. 65 100. 60 100.65 99.75 99. 50 99.75 99.75 98.65 99.29 99.94 98.80 97.84
92.37 90. 86 90.86 90.64 92.38 91.48 91.96 91.10 92.83 92.37 92. 37 92. 48
93.83 94. 75 94.47 93.38 92.51 91.65 90. 58 90.64 92.00 91. 54 90.47 89. 86
103.06 102.40 102. 77 101.85 101.71 102.21 102.87 102.56 103.48 102.97 102.97 101.59

94.24
92.72
86.53
97. 53

95.82

94.89

94.66

94.24

93.15

92.96

94.54

93.86

94. 60

89.91

69. 50
55. 77

68. 96

49. 27
55.34
56.45

68.74
54.70
67.28
48. 76
54.32
54.15

66.82
54.06
66.06
48.33
53.40
54. 78

95.00

66.66

55.36

66.39

49.13
54.01
58.35

66. 47

53.35
64.40
47. 52
52.10
55.26

93.50

66.12

53.85
65.15
47. 71
53.44
55.44

95.30

93.41

101. 59
64.01
50.52
55.04
37. 28
63.01

95.65

94.66

93.83

92.97

96.05

93.96

92.74

108. 50 107. 68 109.06 108.09 107.16 107.16 106.49 106.34 108.65 106.60 105.37 104.14
69.30 69.30 68. 96 67 68 67.48 66. 75 66. 75 66.93 66.29 66.38 66.18 65.95
55.22 55. 38 54. 79 53. 51 53. 28 53.01 52.51 53.01 53. 70 51.68 52.67 52. 59
60.03 60.03 59.68 58.31 57.80 57.12 56.45 57.12 57.70 55. 61 57.80 57.10
41.50 41.08 40.22 39. 48 39. 48 39.36 39.16 38. 96 39.67 38.32 38.32 38.91
67.68 67.68 66.93 65. 58 65.26 65.24 64.73 64. 91 65.31 65.66 64.94 64.78
69.14
55.11
67.82
48.56
54.62
56.11

95.65

94.66

66.69
55.20
66.77
48.67
53.82
56.28

66.36
55.89
67.23
49.84
54.87
57.61

67.45
53.38
64.06
47. 57
52. 44
54.44

66.53
53.20
64.59
47.52
51.90
53.94

53. 63
65. 82
47. 46
52.45
55.61

66.22

64.44
51.90
64. 67
45.77
51.91
52.97

38.4
40.4

38.9
40.8

38.4
40.6

38.5
40.6

38.7
40.6

38.8
40.5

Average weekly hours
Wholesale and retail trade 5_____________
Wholesale trade-............................. ........
Motor vehicles and automotive
equipment___________________
Drugs, chemicals, and allied prodDry goods and apparel__________
Groceries and related products.......
Electrical goods................................
Hardware, plumbing, and heating
goods________ _________ _____
Machinery, equipment, and supRetail trade 5______________________
General merchandise stores.............
Department stores__________
Limited price variety stores___
Food stores______________ _____
Grocery, meat, and vegetable
stores____________________
Apparel and accessories stores........
M en’s and boys’ apparel stores.
Women’s ready-to-wear stores.
Eamily clothing stores........... .
Shoe stores_________________

38.6
40.7

39.2
40.7

39.2
40.8

38.9
40.7

41.7

41.9

41.8

41.7

40.3
38.0
41.7
40.2

40.1
37.7
41.7
40.1

40.4
37.7
42.3
40.0

40.1
37.7
41.8
40.3

40.9

40.6

40.7

40.7

41.2
37.7
34.4
33.9
32.1
34.9

41.1
38.5
35.4
34.7
33.2
36.0

41.1
38.5
35.5
34.7
33.4
36.0

41.0
38.1
34.9
34.3
32.7
35.6

35.0
33.9
37.0
33.6
34.2
31.7

36.2
35.1
38.1
34.2
35.7
33.8

36.2
35.3
38.1
34.7
35.7
33.8

35 8
34.4
37.8
34.1
35.5
31.3

34.8
34.0
36.7
33.8
34.9
31.3

38.5
40.4

3S.4
40.4

38.4
40.3

41.7

41.7

41.4

41.4

41.5

41.7

41.7

41.9

42.0

42.0

39.9
37.3
41.5
40.1

39.8
37.4
41.3
40.2

39.9
37.8
41.1
40.4

39.9
38.0
40.8
40.5

40.1
37.8
41.2
40.7

40.2
38.2
42.2
40.9

40.3
37.7
41.8
40.7

40.0
37.7
41.5
40.7

40.1
37.9
41.6
40.8

40.1
38.0
41.4
40.3

40.7

40.6

40.5

40.3

40.8

40.9

40.4

40.6

40.6

40.5

41.1
37.6
34.3
33.9
32.1
34.7

40.9
37.7
34.6
34.2
32.9
34.9

40.9
37.5
34.2
33.8
32.0
34.7

40.8
37.5
34.1
33.6
32.1
34.8

40.9
37.6
34.2
33.6
32.2
34.9

41.0
38.1
35.8
35.4
34.2
35.3

41.0
37.5
34.0
33.5
32.2
35.3

41.0
37.6
34.2
34.0
32.2
35.1

41.0
37.9
34.6
34.4
32.7
35.4

40.8
38.1
34.6
34.4
32.7
35.8

34.9
34.6
37.3
34.6
35.3
32.6

34.8
34.2
36.8
33.7
34.5
32.7

34.8
34.3
36.6
33.6
34.7
33.6

35.1
34.5
37.3
33.8
34.5
33.5

35.3
35.6
38.2
35.1
36.1
33.3

35.5
34.0
36.4
33.5
34.5
32.6

35.2
34. 1
36.7
33.7
34.6
32.3

35.6
34.6
37.4
33.9
35.2
33.3

36.0
34.6
37.6
33.9
35.8
32.9

$1.98
2.41

$1.94
2.42

$1.96
2.40

$1.96
2.39

$1.94
2. 37

$1.87
2.31

38.5
40.6

Average hourly earnings
Wholesale and retail trad e5. . . .....................
Wholesale trade.......................................
Motor vehicles and automotive
equipment........................ ............
Drugs, chemicals, and allied prod­
ucts..... ............................................
Dry goods and apparel............... .
Groceries and related products____
Electrical goods________________
Hardware, plumbing, and heating
goods_______________________
Machinery, equipment, and sup­
plies........................................ ........
Retail trade 4............................................
General merchandise stores______
Department stores__________
Limited price variety stores...
Food stores.......................................
Grocery, meat, and vegetable
stores......... .............................
Apparel and accessories stores.......
M en’s and boys’ apparel stores.
Women’s ready-to-wear stores..
Family clothing stores_______
Shoe stores..................................
S e e f o o t n o t e s a t e n d o f ta b le .


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

$2.03
2.47

$2.0 1
2.45

$2 . 01
2.44

$2.0 1
2.46

$2.01
2.45

2.31

2.27

2.27

2. 27

2.54
2.46
2. 27
2.60

2.51
2.45
2.25
2.57

2.49
2.41
2.24
2. 56

2. 51
2.41
2 . 26
2. 55

2.38

2.36

2.35

2.67
1.82
1.59
1.77
1.25
1.91

2.64
1.80
1.56
1.73
1.25

2.62
1.80
1. 56
1.73
1.23

1.88

1.95
1.60
1.81
1.44
1.56
1.72

1.91
1.57
1.78
1.42
1.53
1.66

$1.99
2.44

$1.99
2.44

2. 27

2.26

2. 25

2.24

2.24

2. 25

2.24

2.24

2 . 21

2.13

2. 50
2. 43
2. 25
2. 54

2.50
2. 47
2.24
2. 53

2.50
2. 42
2.23
2. 53

2. 50
2. 42
2 . 22
2.54

2. 46
2.41
2 . 20
2. 52

2.47
2 . 43
2.18
2. 53

2. 48
2. 45
2.19
2. 53

2. 47
2. 45
2.18
2.53

2. 44
2. 44
2.16
2. 49

2. 35
2. 44
2.09
2.42

2.36

2.35

2.34

2.32

2.32

2.32

2.33

2.34

2.33

2.29

2.22

2.66
1 . 81

2 . 62

1.79
1. 54
1. 69

2 . 61

1.66

1.88

1.86

2. 57
1.76
1.54
1.70
1.19
1.85

2. 54
1.74
1.52

1.88

2. 65
1. 74
1.50
1. 63
1.16
1.85

2. 49

1.78
1.54
1 . 68
1 . 22
1 . 86

2.60
1.78
1. 55
1.70
1 . 21
1 . 86

2 . 60

1.20

2.62
1. 78
1. 55
1.69
1.23

1.88

2.63
1.80
1.56
1. 72
1. 23
1.89

1.19
1. 83

1.46
1.60
1.14
1. 76

1.92
1.58
1.81
1.42
1.55
1.67

1.92
1.92
1.59
1. 59
1.78
1.80
1.43 1 1.43
1.53
1.53
1.73
1. 75

1.91
1.60
1.78
1.42
1.53
1.79

1.91
1.56
1.75
1.41
1.51
1.69

1.90
1. 57
1. 78
1.42
1. 54
1.65

1.90
1.60
1.79
1.44
1. 56
1 . 68

1.88

1.90
1. 57
1.76
1.42
1.52
1.67

1.89
1.56
1.76
1.41
1.50
1.67

1 . 86
1.55
1.76
1.40
1.49
1. 67

1.79
1.50
1.72
1.35
1.45
1.61

1.57
1.74
1.23

1.87

$1.98
2. 43

1.57
1.76
1.42
1.52
1.73

1.77
1. 52

1.66

1.19

1.68

1493

C.—EARNINGS AND HOURS
T able C - l.

Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry—Continued
Revised series; see box, p. 1476.

Oct.«

Sept.«

Aug.

July

June

Annual
average

1962

1963
Industry
May

j Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

1962

1961

Average weekly earnings
Wholesale and retail trade «—Continued
Retail trade «—Continued
Furniture and appliance stores___
Other retail trade______________
Motor vehicle dealers...............
Other vehicle and accessory
dealers......... ..........................
Drug stores...........-...................
Finance, insurance, and real estate:
B an k in g ...-------- -------------------------Security dealers and exchanges_______
Insurance carriers...................... ...........
Life insurance...................................
Accident and health insurance___
Fire, marine, and casualty in­
surance_______ ______________
Services and miscellaneous:
Hotels and lodging places:
Hotels, tourist courts, and m otels«.
Personal services:
Laundries, cleaning and dyeing
plants---------------------------------Motion pictures:
Motion picture filming and dis­
tributing.........................................

$84.46 $84.05 $82. 42 $82. 62 $81.40 $80. 60 $80. 79 $80. 40 $82. 21 $83. 63 $80. 98 $80. 57 $80. 75
78.25 79.19 79.19 78. 81 78. 06 77. 64 76. 63 76. 63 76. 63 77.19 76. 63 76. 22 75.76
94.18 97.90 98.11 98. 99 98. 33 97.45 94.18 93.30 92. 87 94. 61 95. 70 93. 52 93. 08
80.08
57. 41

78.32
55.80

75.14 74.40 74. 77 74. 40 74. 40 74. 23 74.23 74. 40 74.23 73.30 72. 72 72.54 71.80
121.19 115.80 118. 84 123.77 124.19 119.06 116. 34 119.10 117. 26 116.09 112 . 66 109.10 116. 95
96.65 96.66 96.65 96.13 95. 57 95. 44 05. 71 95. 69 95.38 94. 57 94.13 93.94 93.46
101.99 102.57 102.45 10 1.21 100. 25 100. 23 100. 83 100. 64 100.98 100.14 99. 57 99. 44 99. 08
82.37 81.84 81.86 82.06 81.97 81.36 81.18 81.58 81.82 80.22 79. 20 78. 24 78.33

69.38
133. 37
89.75
95. 12
74.39

83.22
59.13

83.10
60.54

84.23
60. 59

82. 65
60.10

82.16
58.08

81.22
58. 44

80. 85
58.08

81. 10
57. 88

82. 21
58. 24

81.84
58.30

78.58
57.31

79.82
57.67

$77. 64
73.57
88.44

92.26

91.55

91.64

92.20

92.07

91.80

91.70

91. 79

90.51

89.63

89.54

89.40

88. 61

85.08

48.14

48.31

47.96

47.36

47.86

46.08

46.85

47.23

46.85

47.23

47.60

47. 21

46.14

45.14

52.14

51.48

52.00

52.67

52.54

52.40

50.95

50.04

50. 69

50.57

50.70

50.83

50.57

49.28

132. 73 132.65 130.01 128.89 121.25 124.33 123. 98 125. 52 125. 74 130. 20 122.52 126. 60 122. 27

120. 50

Average weekly hours
Wholesale and retail trade «—Continued
Retail trade «—Continued
Furniture and appliance stores___
Other retail tra d e ............................
Motor vehicle dealers________
Other vehicle and accessory
dealers......................................
Drug stores.................................
Finance, insurance, and real estate:
Banking..................................................
Security dealers and exchanges---------Insurance carriers__________________
Life insurance__________________
Accident and health insurance___
Fire, marine, and casualty in­
surance_____ ________________
Services and miscellaneous:
Hotels and lodging places:
Hotels, tourist courts, and m otels«.
Personal services:
Laundries, cleaning and dyeing
plants_______________________
Motion pictures:
Motion picture filming and distrib­
uting........ ..........—------- -----------

40.8
41.4
43.4

41.0
41.9
43.9

40.8
41.9
43.8

40.9
41.7
43.8

40.7
41.3
43.7

40.5
41.3
43.7

40.6
41.2
43.6

40.4
41.2
43.6

40.7
41.2
43.6

41.4
41.5
43.8

40.9
41.2
43.7

40.9
41.2
43.7

41.2
41.4
43.7

41.3
41.8
44.0

43.8
36.5

44.2
37.6

44.1
37.4

44.2
37.1

43.7
36.3

43.9
36.3

43.7
36.3

43.6
36.4

44.2
36.4

44.0
36.9

43.9
36.5

44.1
36.5

44.0
36.8

44.5
37.2

37.2

37.2

37.2

37.2

37.2

37.3

37.3

37.2

37.3

37.4

37.1

37.2

37.2

37.1

40.8

40.6

40.3

38.5

38.6

38.4

38.4

38.4

38.4

38.4

38.7

38.7

39.1

39.6

39.2

39.0

39.1

39.6

39.5

39.4

38.6

38.2

38.4

38.6

38.7

39.1

38.9

38.8

Average hourly earnings
Wholesale and retail trade «—Continued
Retail trade «—Continued
Furniture and appliance stores__________ $2.07 $2.05 $2,02 $2.02 $2.00 $1.99 $1.99 $1.99 $2 . 02 $2 . 02 $1.98 $1.97 $1. 96 $1.88
1 . 86
1. 85
1.83
1.86
1. 76
1.86
1 . 88
1.86
1.88
1. 89
1.89
Other retail trade.................... ..................... 1.89
1.89
1.89
2.19
2.14
2.13
2.0 1
2.13
2.16
2.14
2.16
Motor vehicle dealers______________
2. 25 2.23
2.24
2.26
2.17
2.23
Other vehicle and accessory
1 . 81
1.82
1.86
1.86
1.79
1.76
1.86
1. 85
1.85
dealers________________________
1.88
1.88
1.91
1.87
1.90
1. 57
1.58
1.56
1. 50
1.60
1.58
1.59
1 . 61
1.60
1.60
Drug stores............................................. 1.62
1.62
1.62
1.61
Finance, insurance, and real estate:
1.
87
1.96
1.95
1.93
1.
99
1.96
2.00
1.99
1.99
2.00
Banking________________________________
2.00
2.02
2.00
2.0 1
Security dealers and exchanges-------------------Insurance carriers________________________
Life insurance________________________
Accident and health insurance__________
Fire, marine, and casualty in­
surance____________________________
Services and miscellaneous:
Hotels and lodging places:
1. 23
1 . 22
1.18
1.14
1 .2 2
1. 23
1 . 22
1.23
1.24
1.23
1.2 0
Hotels, tourist courts, and motels «_______ 1.18
1.19
1.19
Personal services:
Laundries, cleaning and dyeing
1. 31
1. 31
1.30
1.30
1. 27
1. 31
1. 32
1. 32
1.33
1.32
1.33
1.33
1.33
plants_____________________________
1.33
Motion pictures:
Motion picture filming and distributing..................... ........................... ..........
* Data relate to nonsupervisory employees except messengers.
1 For comparability of data with those published in issues prior to October
« Excludes eating and drinking places.
1963, see footnote 1, table A-2. For employees covered, see footnote 1, table
« Money payments only, additional value of board, room, uniforms, and
A-3.
8 Preliminary.
tips
not included.
* Based upon monthly data summarized in the M-300 report by the Inter­
state Commerce Commission, which relate to all employees who received pay
S
ource
. U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics for all
during the month, except executives, officials, and staff assistants (ICC
series except that for Class 1 railroads. (See footnote 3.)
Group I).


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1494

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, DECEMBER 1963

T able

C-2. Average weekly hours, seasonally adjusted, of production workers in selected industries1
Revised series; see box, p. 1476.
1963

Industry division and group
Oct.« Sept.«

Aug.

July

1962

June

May

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

Mining.................................... ...............................................

41.9

41.9

41.5

40.9

42.2

41.9

41.6

41.0

41.5

41.3

40.8

41.0

40.9

Contract construction____ _____ _____ ____________

37.7

37.3

37.2

37.3

37.6

37.5

37.5

37.3

36.1

37.0

36.1

36.8

36.8

Manufacturing...................................... .................................

40.6

40.7

40.3

40.4

40.5

40.5

40.1

40.5

40.3

40.4

40.2

40.4

40.2

Durable goods..................................................... .............
Ordnance and accessories____ _______________
Lumber and wood products, except furniture........
Furniture and fixtures
. . __________
Stone, clay, and glass products________________
Primary metal industries...........................................
Fabricated metal products......... ............................ .
Machinery .
.......................................................
Electrical equipment and supplies...... ....................
Transportation equipm ent.. _______ ______ ____
Instruments and related products...........................
Miscellaneous manufacturing industries________

41.1
41.1
40.0
40.6
41.6
40.7
41.6
41.9
40.1
42.0
40.8
39.9

41.3
41.4
40.1
40.8
41.3
40.7
41.4
42.1
40.2
42.0
41.1
39.8

41.0
41.3
40.0
40 9
41.2
40.9
41.1
41.7
40.3
41.5
40.7
39.8

41.2
41.0
40 4
41 2
41. 4
41 1
41.2
41. 7
40.6
42. 1
40.8
39.7

41.3
41.4
40. 1
40 9
41.5
41. 7
41.2
41. 7
40. 4
42.2
40. 7
39.5

41.1
40.9
39.5
40 9
41.6
41.6
41.4
41.5
40.4
41.9
40. 8
39.6

40.7
40. 4
39.9
40 fi
41.3
41.3
40.9
41.2
40. 1
41.4
40.5
39.2

41.0
40. 7
39.9
40 7
41. 4
40.5
41.2
41.6
40.3
41.8
41.0
39.6

41.0
41.4
40. 1

40.9
41. 2
39.9

41.1
41.2
39.9

40.9
41.1
39.9

40.8
41.0
39.5

40.9
40.6
41.3
41. 7
40.4
41.9
41. 1
39.8

40. 8
40.3
41.3
41.7
40.3
42.5
40.6
39.6

40.5
40.2
41.1
41.7
40. 4
42.4
40.8
39.4

41.0
40.0
41.1
41.6
40. 4
42.3
40.9
39.2

41.1
39.7
41.1
41.6
40.4
42.2
40. 7
39.4

Nondurable goods____________ __________________
Food and kindred products___________________

39.7
40.7
37.9
41.0
36.3
43.0
38.6
41.5
41.7
41.0
38.8

39.7
40.8
37. 1
40.7
36.5
42.7
38.4
41.5
41.8
41.1
38.3

39.6
41.0
39.9
40.5
35.9
42.7
38.4
41.5
41.6
40.8
37.8

39.5
40.8
39. 4
40.4
30.0
42. 7
38.3
41. 6
41. 7
40.2
37.0

39 6
41.0
39 7
40. 5
36 0
42. 7
38 3
41.4
41.9
40 1
37.3

39.7
40.8
39.0
40 6
36 4
42 6
38. 4
41.6
41 9
40 4
37.3

39 3
40 7
35. 6
40 2
35.9
42 2
38 3
41.8
42.3
40 7
36.8

39.8
41. 1
39.2
40. 7
36 5
42. 8
38. 4
416
41 3
41 1
36.9

39.7
40.9
37 6
40 3
36.3
42.7
38.4
41 4
41 3
41. 1
37.1

39.6
40.8
39 2
40 2
36.3
42. 7
3.8.2
41. 4
41. 7
41 0
36.8

39.4
41.0
38 8
40.3
36.0
42.8
38. 1
41.7
42.0
41.0
36.9

39.5
41.0
39. 2
40.0
36. 1
42. 5
38.1
41.4
41 6
40.8
37.0

39.3
40 6
38. 4
40.2
30 0
42.3
38.1
41. 5
41 8
40.8
37.2

38.6
40.6
37.7

38.7
40 6
37.8

38.7
40. 5
37.9

38 7
40 6
37.9

38 7
40 6
37.8

38 7
40 5
37.9

38 6
40 6
37.8

3ft 7
40 6
37.8

3ft fi
40 fi
37.8

3ft 7
40 fi
37 9

3ft 7
40 fi
37! 9

3ft 7

T o b a c c o m a n u fa c tu r e s______________________________

Textile mil! products.................................................
Apparel and related products_____ ____________
Paper and allied products____________________
Printing, publishing, and allied industries_______
Chemicals and allied products___ ______ ______
Petroleum refining and related Industries_______
Rubber and miscellaneous plastic products______
Leather and leather products__________________
Wholesale and retail trade 3__________________________
Wholesale trade________________________________
Retail trade*___________________________________
1 For employees covered, see footnote 1, table A-3.
! Preliminary.
• Excludes eating and drinking places.

T able

37.9

N ote: The seasonal adjustment method used is described in “ New
Seasonal Adjustment Factors for Labor Force Components,” Monthly Labor
Review, August 1960, pp. 822-827.

C-3. Average hourly earnings excluding overtime of production workers in manufacturing, by
major industry group 1
Revised series; see box, p. 1476.
1963

1962

Annual
average

Major industry group
Oct.« Sept.«

Aug.

July

June

May

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

1962

1961

Manufacturing_______________________

$2.38

$2.38

$2.35

$2.37

$2. 37

$2. 37

$2. 37

$2.36

$2.35

$2. 35

$2. 34

$2.33

$2. 31

$2.31

$2.25

Durable goods______ _______________

2.55

2. 55
2.84

2.52
2.82

2.54
2.82

2.54
2.79

2.54
2.80

2. 54
2.80

2.53
2.82

2. 52
2.81

2. 52
2.80

2.51
2.78

2. 49
2. 77

2. 48
2. 75

2. 48
2. 75

2. 42
2. 71

2.03
1.94
2. 38
2.95
2.52
2.69
2.41
2.92
2.42

1.99
1.92
2.37
2.94
2.51
2.67
2.39
2.87
2. 42

1.92
2. 37
2.96
2.51
2.67
2. 40
2.88
2.41

1.95

1. 93
1 92
2 37
2 96
2. 51
2 67
2 40
2 87
2. 42

1.94
1.92
2. 35
2 95
2 52
2.67
2. 40

1 91
1 91
2 36
2.98
2. 51
2 67

1.90
1.91
2 36
2.93
2 50

1.89
1.91
2.35
2. 92
2. 50
2.66

2.39

2.41

2. 41

2.41

2.86

2.86

2.86

1.92
1.90
2. 35
2.90
2. 49
2 65
2 38
2. 85
2.39

1.93
1.89
2. 34
2 89
2 47
2 64
2. 36
2. 84
2. 39

1.92
1 89
2 32

2.66

1.90
1.91
2. 36
2 91
2. 49
2. 65
2.38

1.96

1.95

1.97

1.97

1.96

1.98

1.97

1.98

1.98

1.96

1.92

2 16

2.13
2.18
1.80
1.64
1.69
2.36

2.15

2 14

2.14

2 22

2. 13

2.13

2 22

2.13

2.12

2 . 11

2 . 21

2. 14
2. 23
1.97
1.64

2 22

2 22

2 . 21

2. 17
1.8.3
1 63

2. 14

Ordnance and aecessoMes. ......................

Lumber and wood products, except

furniture................................... ............

Furniture and fixtures ............ ............

Slone, clay, and glass products_______
Primary metal industries____________

Fabricated metal products................... .
M achinery...................................... ........
Electrical equipment and supplies___
Transportation equipment............ .......
Instruments and related products........
Miscellaneous manufacturing indus­
tries_________________________
Nondurable goods__________________
Food and kindred products_________
Tobacco manufactures.............. ...........
Textile ndll products.. ___ _______
Apparel and related products_______
Paper and allied products.....................

Printing, publishing, and allied lndustries .................................................... .
Chemical* and allied p r o d u cts............
Petroleum refining and related indus­
tries .....................................................

Rubber and miscellaneous plastic
products............................................
Leather and leather products.............. .

2.16

2.20

1.78
1.65
1.74
2.37

1.99
1.64
1. 67
2.36

1.66

2. 35

2.00

1 63
1 65
2.34

2 86

1.66

2. 39

1 94
1.64
1. 68

2.41

2.39

1 90
1.64
1.67
2. 32

1.64
1.67
2.33

1 88

2. 34

2.33

(3)

(3)

(’)
2.62

2. 19
1. 85
1 63
1.66

2.32

1 66

1.88
1 86

2 25
2 84
2.41
2 54
2.29
2. 72
2.32

1.91

1.92

1.87

2 10

2.09
2. 15
1 83
1 62
1.65
2.29

2 05
2 09
1 75
1 58
1.62

2 88

2. 47
2. 63
2.35
2 83
2.38

1 68

1.63
1.66

2.31

2.31

( 3)

(3)

2. 57

(3)

2.22

(8)

2.66

(«)
2.65

(3>

2.66

(3)
2.64

2.62

2.60

2.61

(3)
2.62

2.61

2.61

<3)
2.60

3.09

3.04

3.05

3.05

3.04

3.08

3.09

3.06

3.07

2.99

2.98

2. 96

2.97

2.94

2.38
1.75

2.37
1.72

2.38
1. 71

2.39
1.73

2.38
1.73

2.38
1.73

2.38
1.72

2. 38
1.70

2.38
1.71

2.38
1.70

2.37
1.71

2. 36
1.70

2. 35
1.69

2.30
1.65

' For comparability of data with those published In Issues prior to October
1963, see footnote 1. table A-2. For employees covered, see footnote 1, table
A-3. Average hourly earnings excluding overtime are derived by assuming
that overtime hours are paid for at the rate of time and one-half.


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1 99
1.64

2.86

2 10

1.91
1.88

2 31
2 90
2 47
2 61
2. 34
2.80
2. 37

(s)

( 3)

2.51

* Preliminary.
• Not available because average overtime rates are significantly above
time and one-half. Inclusion of data for the group in the nondurable goods
total has little effect.

C.—EARNINGS AND HOURS

1495
T able C-4. Average overtime hours of production workers in manufacturing, by industry 1
Revised series; see box, p. 1476.
1963

Industry
Sept.3 Aug.
Manufacturing_______________________
Durable goods_____________________
Nondurable goods_________________

July

June

May

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

1962

3.1
3.2
3.0

2.9
3.0
2.8

2.9
2.9
2.8

3.0
32
2.8

2.8
2.9
2.6

24
2.5
2.4

2.6
2. 7
2.6

2.5
2.6
2.5

2.5
2.6
2.4

2.9
3.1
2.6

2.9
3.0
2.7

2. 8
2.9
2.7

2.8
2. 8
2. 7

2. 4
2.3
2.5

2.4
2.4
2. 3
2.5

2.7
2.8
2.0
2.6

2.4
2.8
.5
2.1

2.4
2.7
.7
2.4

2.2
2. 1
.9
2.6

1.6
1.6
1.2
1.6

2. 1
1.9
2. 1
2. 4

2.5
2.4
2. 2
2.6

2.6
24
2.9
2.9

2.9
2 7
4.0
2.9

2.4
2.0
3.4
2.7

2.3
2. 1
2.8
2.5

2.2
1.9
30
2.5

18
1. 6
2.2
2.1

3.5
3.5

4.0
3.9

3.7
3.8

3.9
3.9

3.2
3.2

2.9
3. 0

3.0
3.0

2.9
2.9

28
2.9

3.0
2.9

2.9
2.9

3.1
3.1

3. 2
3.1

2.9
2.9

3.5
3.2
3.3
3.7
3.9
2. 8
3.1
3.9
4.1
2. 4
3. 4
2. 2
3.3
2.3

4.2
3.7
3.2
3.5
3.4
2.7
3. 4
4.1
4.0
1.9
3.5
2.2
3.4
2.0

4.0
4.2
2.7
29
2.9
2.3
3. 1
3.0
4.0
2.2
3.4
2. 4
3.6
2.0

3.9
35
3.1
29
2.9
2.9
2.3
2.8
4.0
2 7
35
2.3
3. 5
1.9

35
3. 5
3.1
25
2.6
1.8
1.8
2.5
3.9
1.9
36
2 1
3.4
2.0

3 1
28
2.6
22
2.4
13
1.2
1.9
34
1.6
33
23
2.8
1.6

32
26
2.9
2.6
29
1.8
1.3
2. 1
3. 1
1.3
3.3
2.0
2.6
1.8

30
22
2. 7
2.5
2. 7
1.9
1. 7
2.0
28
1.5
3.3
1.7
2.5
1.6

2.8
1.9
2.5
25
2. 7
1.9
1.9
2. 1
2.8
1.5
3.3
16
2.4
1.7

33
2 4
2. 7
3.3
3.6
2.2
1.6
2.9
3.0
1.8
3.8
1.3
2.5
1.9

32
2 5
2.7
3.0
3.2
1.6
2.5
2.9
3.4
2 2
3.6
1. 7
2.9
2.1

32
2.8
3.0
3.3
3. 4
2 1
3. 7
2.8
3. 7
1. 5
3.5
1.8
3.0
2.3

3.3
29
2.9
29
3. 0
2. 1
3.0
2.6
3. 4
1.7
3. 5
1.8
2. 8
1.8

2.8
2. 5
2.6
24
24
20
2 4
26
32
2 1
3 6
1. 5
2 7
1.5

6.5
3.5
2.7
1.7
3. 8
3. 5

6.5
3.2
2.4
1. 5
3. ô
3.2

6.4
3.0
2.7
2.1
3.3
2.9

6.5
3. 1
3.3
2.7
4.3
2.9

6.2
3.0
3. 1
2.8
3.9
2.9

5. 6
2. 5
2.8
28
3 1
2.9

4.5
2.8
25
1.8
3 5
2.9

3.7
26
2.4
1. 5
36
2.8

3.5
2. 4
2.3
1.3
3 1
2.8

3.8
2.4
2.4
1. 1
3.5
3.0

5.0
2.7
2.1
1.0
3.0
2.8

6.0
2.8
2.0
.9
2.9
2.3

5. 4
2. 7
2. 3
1. 4
2.9
2. 7

5.0
2.3
19
1. 3
2 1
2.5

3.8
2.8

3.8
2.8

3.7
2.8

4.3
3.0

3.7
2.8

2. 5
2. 7

3.4
3. 1

3.3
3.0

3.5
3.2

3.9
3.3

38
2.9

3.4
2.9

3. 6
2.9

3.1
2.3

3.7
3.5
4.2

2.9
3.3
5.1

33
3.1
4.1

3.3
3.3
4.2

3.3
3.0
3.3

2. 7
2 1
3. 1

3.0
2. 7
2.3

3.0
2.6
2.5

3.4
2.7
2.7

3.9
2.9
2.4

3.2
3.0
2. 5

3.2
3.0
2.8

3.2
2 9
3. 5

2.4
2.4
3.2

Durable good»

Ordnance and accessories_____________
Ammunition, except for small arms___
Sighting and fire control equipment___
Other ordnance and accessories_______
Lumber and wood products, except
furniture_____________ __________
Sawmills and planing mills___ ______
Millwork, plywood, and related prod­
ucts._____ _____ _________________
Wooden containers._______________
Miscellaneous wood products________
Furniture and fixtures_______________
Household furniture_______________
Olfiee furniture____________________
Partitions; office and store fixtures___
Other furniture and fixtures_________
Stone, clay, and glass products________
Flat glass....... ........ ............ ...... ........... .
Olass and glassware, pressed or blown..
Cement, hydraulic_________________
Structural clay products____________
Pottery and related products________
Concrete, gypsum, and plaster prod­
ucts ............................................ ........ _
Other stone and mineral products.__
Primary metal industries___________ _
Blast furnace and basic steel products..
Iron and steel foundries............... ......
Nonferrous smelting and refining____
Nonferrous rolling, drawing and ex­
truding_________________________
Nonferrous foundries._____ ________
Miscellaneous primary metal Indus­
tries.............................. .........................
Fabricated metal products________ ____
Metal cans .............................................
Cutlery, hand tools, and general hard­
ware..... .................................................
Heating equipment and plumbing fix­
tures.............................................
Fabricated structural metal products..
Screw machine products, holts, etc___
Metal stampings ..................................
Coating, engraving, and allied services
Miscellaneous fabricated wire products
Miscellaneous fabricated metal prod­
ucts ........................................................
Machinery_________________________
Engines and turbines..............................
Farm machinery and equipment_____
Construction and related machinery...
Metalworking machinery and equip­
ment.......................................................
Special industry machinery_________
General Industrial machinery___ ____
Office, computing, and accounting ma­
chines___ ______________________
Service industry machines.....................
M Iscellaneous machinery____ ______
Electrical equipment and supplies_____
Electric distribution equipment...........
Electrical industrial apparatus_______
Household appliances______________
Electric lighting and wiring equipment.
Radio and TV receiving sets____ ____
Communication equipm ent.............. .
Electronic components and accessories
Miscellaneous electrical equipment
and supplies ......................................
Transportation equipment................. ........
Motor vehicles and equipment_______
Aircraft and parts
.............................
Ship and boat building and repairing..
Railroad equipment...............................
Other transportation equipment______
Instruments and related products______
Engineering and scientific instruments.
Mechanical measuring and control de­
vices.. . ..................................
Optical and ophthalmic goods. _
Surgical, medical, and dental equip­
ment ..................................................
Photographic equipment and supplies..
Watches and clocks________________
See footnotes at end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

A nnual
average

1962

1961

2.8

2.4

2.1

2.8

3.0

2.0

2.6

2.5

2.8

3.1

3.1

2.4

2. 5

2.1

2.4
3. 4
3. 9
4. 4
4. 4
3.4

2.4
3.4
3. 6
3. ö
3.6
3.2

2.3
33
34
36
3.3
2.8

2. 5
3 1
3. 0
3.9
36
2.9

2.0
2 7
3.8
3. 7
3.3
2.8

13
2.0
3 1
30
2.6
2. 2

1.7
2.2
3. 5
3.3
3. 1
2.8

1.8
2. 1
3.9
3.2
2.8
2.8

1.9
2.0
4. 0
3 4
3. 2
2.9

2. 1
2.3
4. 3
3.6
3.5
3.0

1.9
2.5
3.7
3. 8
33
2.8

2. 5
26
3. 6
3. 8
3. 6
3.1

1.9
2. 5
4.0
3 5
3 3
3 0

1. 5
23
26
2. 9
2. 8
2.7

3.0
3.3
2. 2
2.3
3.1

2.6
3.2
2. 1
1.9
3.0

2.4
3.2
2.4
2 1
2.8

2.5
3. 4
2.6
2. 1
3 1

2.7
3. 1
2. 2
2 1
27

2. 2
2.8
1. 8
22
2. 2

2.6
3.2
2. 7
26
2. 4

2.3
30
2.6
2. 5
2.3

2.4
29
20
2.0
2.2

2.7
3. 1
2. 5
19
2.3

2.7
2.8
1.9
1.6
2.2

2.8
2.9
1.9
1.8
2.5

2. 6
3 1
2. 2
2. 1
2.6

2.3
2. 5
1. 8
1. 6
1.9

4.3
3. 6
3.2

4.6
3.3
3.0

4.9
3.5
2.9

5. 2
3.7
2.9

49
3.4
2.4

4. 6
3. 1
2.0

5. 1
35
2. 4

47
3 5
2.3

44
3. 5
2.2

4. 7
3.7
2.6

43
33
2.5

4 1
33
2. 7

4. 7
3 5
2. 8

3. 4
2. 8
2.0

2.2
2.2
4.1
2.3
2. 7
26
2.6
2. 4
2.1
2.1
1.8

1.8
2.5
4.0
2. 1
2.5
2.3
2.4
2.1
2.0
1.8
1.7

1.5
2.2
4.0
2.0
2. 1
2 5
27
2.0
20
1.5
1.7

1. 7
2. 5
44
2. 2
2.4
2. 4
2. 7
2 1
2.0
1.8
1.8

1.6
2.3
4.2
1.9
1.9
2. 3
2.0
1.9
1. 7
16
1.8

1.3
1. 7
3. 5
15
1.5
19
1.5
1.5
.8
13
1.6

1. 7
2.3
4. 1
19
18
2.2
2.2
1. 7
1. 4
1.9
1.9

1.5
1. 8
3.9
2.0
18
2 1
1.6
1.6
14
2. 1
1.9

1.3
1.6
4. 1
1.9
15
2. 1
13
1. 7
1. 1
22
1.7

1.5
1. 7
4. 3
2. 4
2. 5
2.3
2.3
20
2.0
2 5
2.0

1.3
16
4 2
2.3
2. 2
2.3
2.0
2 1
1. 7
2.5
2. 1

1. 4
1.8
4.3
2. 3
23
23
1.8
2. 1
22
2. 5
1.9

1.5
2. 0
4 1
2 2
20
2. 2
1. 9
1.9
1. 9
2. 5
2.0

2.2
16
3.5
1.9
1.8
1. 9
1. 9
1.6
1. 6
2.2
1.9

2.7
3.6
4.2
2.8
3.0
2.7
3.9
2.6
2.7

1.9
3.1
3.5
2.6
2.5
2.0
3.2
2.3
2.3

2.2
3.3
4.0
25
2.4
2.5
3.8
2.2
2.1

3.0
3 7
4.5
2 5
3.3
23
3.7
2.4
2.5

2. 4
35
43
2 2
3.5
19
35
2.3
2.2

1.6
2. 7
33
19
28
2.0
2. 7
1.9
1.8

1.8
3. 1
3 7
2.3
2.9
23
28
2.3
2.5

2.7
3 1
3. 3
2. 7
3 1
16
2.6
2.2
2.4

3 4
33
3 8
29
3 1
1.6
1.8
2.2
2.8

3.9
4. 7
6. 1
33
3. 5
1. 5
2. 1
2.6
3.1

3.7
4.5
5.9
3.2
3 1
1.2
1.9
2.5
2.8

3.6
4.0
4.9
3.2
2.9
1.7
2.7
2.5
2.8

3.2
3.5
4. 1
2.9
2. 8
2.0
2. 5
2.4
2.6

2.2
2. 5
26
2. 5
26
.9
1.8
2.1
2.2

2.6
2.9

2.5
2.1

2.6
2.3

2.5
2.5

2.3
2.4

1.9
2.1

2.1
2.5

1.9
2.3

1.9
2.0

2.6
2.1

2.5
1.7

2.3
2.5

2.2
2.2

1.9
2.0

2.3
2.8
2.2

2.1
2.0
2.2

19
2.4
1.9

2.4
2.4
1.9

2.0
2.8
1.9

1.6
2.3
1.4

2.1
2.9
1.7

1.9
3.2
1.7

1.6
3. 1
1.5

2.2
3.0
1.8

2.2
3.4
2.0

2.3
2.7
2.1

2.3
2.9
1.9

2.1
2.9
1.5

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, DECEMBER 1963
1496
T able C-4. Average overtime hours of production workers in manufacturing, by industry1 Continued
Revised series; see box, p. 1476.
Annual
average

1962

1963
Industry
Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

1962

2.0
2.5
1.7
1.9
1.7
2.3

2.4
4.2
1.5
2.1
2.2
2.6

2.4
á. 5
2.0
1.8
1.9
2.5

2.6
3.4
2.3
3.1
2.0
2.6

2.3
3.0
1.9
2.0
2.2
2.5

2.2
3.0
1.9
1.8
1.9
2.3

3.0
2.9
3.0

3.1
3.3
3.1

3.4
4.2
3.2

3.6
4. 5
3.2

3.4
3.8
3.2

3.4
3.6
3.4

3.3
3.7
3.1

2.3
5.4
2.8
3.3
2.3
2.8
3.6
.8
1.0
.8
3.1
3.0
3.9
3.6
3.0
1.8
4.6
4.8
3.1
3.3
1.4
1.3
1.1

2.2
5.6
2.7
3.1
2.3
2.3
4.0
.7
.5
1.1
3.0
2.9
3.9
3.7
3.0
1.7
4.2
4.9
2.8
3.4
1.3
1.3
1.0

2.2
5.8
2.5
3.1
2.3
2.3
3.8
.6
.5
.7
2.8
3.0
4.0
3.4
3.3
1.6
3.1
3.3
2. 5
3.2
1.0
1.1
.9

2.2
6.1
2.9
2.7
3.0
2.4
4.2
1.1
1.2
1.0
3.0
3.0
4.3
3.1
3.2
1.7
4.4
4.4
2.6
3.7
1.2
1.3
1.0

2.1
6.4
3.3
3.9
3.1
2.4
4.2
1.3
1.5
1.6
3.3
3.2
4. 5
3.2
3.3
2.1
4.7
5.0
2.8
3.8
1.4
1.1
1.3

2.4
7.0
3.1
2.8
3.3
2.5
4.1
1.2
1.0
1. 4
3.2
3.1
4. 4
3.4
3.4
2.3
4. 2
5.0
3.1
à. 5
1.4
1.3
1.3

2.6
6.3
3.1
3.7
2.5
2.8
3.9
1.0
.9
.9
3.2
3.2
4.3
4.2
3.3
2.2
4.2
4.1
3.2
3. 6
1.3
1.2
1.2

2.4
6.2
2.9
4.3
2.5
2.7
3.9
1.1
1.2
1.0
2.7
2.7
3.2
3.3
2.9
2.0
3.7
3.3
2.7
2.9
1.1
.8
.9

1.4

1.8

1.5

1.1

1.2

1.3

1.2

1.4

1.1

1.1
1.7
1.2
.8

.9
1.1
.8
.8

1.2
1.2
.7
1.2

1.8
1.2
.9
1.4

1.8
1. 5
1.1
1.4

1.3
1. 5
1.2
1.2

1.4
1.5
1.3
1.2

Oct* Sept.*

Aug.

July

June

May

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

2.6
3.5
2.4
2.9
2.5
2.6

2.2
2.7
2.1
2.2
2.2
2.1

1.9
2.4
1.6
1.8
2.0
2.0

2.1
2.7
1.6
2.1
2.4
2.3

2.0
2.8
1.6
1.7
2.1
2.2

1.9
2.4
1.5
1.4
2.0
2.0

2.2
2.7
1.7
1.8
2.3
2.5

2.1
2.6
1.7
2.0
2.3
2.3

3.9
4.7
3.3

3.5
3.5
3.2

3.8
3.8
3.6

3.7
3.9
3.5

3.4
3.6
3.3

2.9
2.9
3.2

3.1
3.2
3.2

3.3
7.2
3.4
4.1
3.4
3.2
3.9
1.3
1.6
1.4
3.3
3.4
4.4
3.5
2.7
2.3
4.0
5.2
3.0
3.4
1.4
.9
1.3

2.8
6.6
3.2
3.5
2.5
3.6
4.1
1.4
1.9
1.3
3.3
3.4
4.3
3.3
2.7
2.4
3.7
4.5
3.1
3.7
1.5
1.1
1.5

2.5
7.5
3.5
3.8
2.1
4.4
4.0
1.4
1.8
1.1
3.1
2.9
3.9
3.8
3.2
2.4
33
4.1
3.1
3.5
1.3
.8
1.3

2.3
6.9
3.4
3.5
2.6
4.1
3.8
1.5
2.0
1.2
3.4
3.1
4.4
4.0
3.1
2.4
4.5
4.2
3.5
4.2
1.3
1.0
1.3

2.3
6.3
3.2
4.4
1.8
3.2
3.8
1.0
1.3
.9
3.2
3.2
4.4
3.7
3.4
2.0
4.1
3.5
3.2
3.3
1.3
1.1
1.2

1.9
4.7
2.9
3.9
1.7
2.9
3.4
.3
.4
.1
2.8
3.0
3.7
3.0
2.9
1.6
3.8
3.6
2.9
2.8
1.1
.9
.9

1.3

1.4

1.4

1.3

1.4

Jan.

1961

Manufacturing—Continued
Durable goods— Continued

Miscellaneous manufacturing industries
Toys, amusement, and sporting goods..
Pens, pencils, office and art m aterials.. ...........
Costume jewelry, buttons, and notions.
Other manufacturing industries--------Nondurable goods

Meat- products
Dairy products
Canned and preserved food, except
meats
___________
forain in ill products
___
Bakery products___________________
Rugar
_ ______________
Confectionery and related products___ ...........
Beverages _
___________________
Miscellaneous food and kindred products.
Tobacco manufactures
C igarettes_______________________
Cigars
_____________
Tevt.ile mill products
__
Cotton broad woven fabrics_________
Silk and synthetic broad woven fabrics. ...........
Weavin0, and finishing broad woolens
TfTnitting
_________ _
Finishing textiles, except wool and knit.
Floor covering
_______________
Yam and thread
Miscellaneous textile goods.................... ...........
Apparel and related products
___
M en’s and bovs’ suits and coats _
M en’s and bovs’ furnishings
Women’s, misses’, and juniors’ outerwear
_ _______________
Women’s and children’s undergarments__ ______________________
__
TTats caps, and millinery _________
Girls’ and children’s outerwear______
Fur goods and miscellaneous'apparel...
Miscellaneous fabricated textile products
______________________
Paper and allied products
Paper and pulp
Paperboard
______________
Converted paper and paperboard
prod nets
Printing, publishing and allied industries
_________________
Newspaper publishing and printing—
Periodical publishing and printing.......
Books
- - _______
Commercial printing
Bookbinding and related industries---Other publishing and printing indus­
tries ______________________ . -Chemicals and allied products . ___ _
Industrial chemicals
Plastics and synthetics, except glass—
"Drugs
_ ______________

2.0
1.5
1.2
1.1

1.6
1.6
1.5
1.2

1.4
1.4
1.5
1.0

1.2
1.0
1.5
.9

1.3
1.2
1.3
1.0

1.0
1.0
.7
.7

1.4
2.0
1.2
.9

2.2
4.9
5.7
6.2

1.9
4.8
5.6
6.4

1.5
4.8
5.9
6.8

1.8
4.6
5.4
6.3

1.8
4.3
5.3
5.5

1.5
3.8
4.8
5.0

1.5
4.3
5.4
5.9

1.4
4.1
5.2
5.6

1.3
4.1
5.3
5.4

1.8
4.5
5.2
6.3

2.1
4.4
5.2
6.0

2.3
4.5
5.1
5. 5

1.7
4.4
5.2
5.9

1.6
4.2
5. 0
5.6

3.7
4.4

3.6
4.1

3.2
3.8

3.2
4.1

2.9
3.6

2.6
3.1

2.9
3.3

2.9
3.2

2.9
3.2

3.3
3.8

2.8
4.1

3.0
4.4

3.0
3.9

3.0
3.7

3.0
2. 5
3.8
4.2
3.4
2.3

2.8
2.2
3.3
4.5
2.9
2.1

2.6
23
33
3.9
2.7
2.1

2.7
2.6
2.8
3.5
2.8
2.4

2.8
2.7
2.7
3.9
2.9
2.2

2.4
2.0
3.0
3.1
2.7
2.1

2.8
2.0
4.0
3.6
3.2
2.2

2.5
1.8
3.2
2.8
2.8
1.8

2.4
1.7
2.2
2.6
2.7
2.2

3.0
3.0
3.2
2.8
3.1
2.1

2.8
2.9
3.5
2.8
2.9
2.3

2.8
2.7
3.7
3.0
3.0
2.5

2.8
2. 5
3.1
3.4
3.0
2.4

2.7
2.4
3.1
3.7
2.9
2.1

2.6
2.6
2.5
2.4
1.8
2.9
2.4
3.9
3.1

2.9
2.5
2.6
2.3
1.8
2.7
2.6
2.9
3.1

2.4
2.6
2.6
2. 5
2.2
2.3
2. 9
3.0
2.9

2.4
2.6
2.5
2.7
2.2
2.4
2.8
3.6
2.8

2.1
2.6
2.2
2.1
2.0
2.1
3.1
6.8
2.6

1.9
3.1
2.8
2.6
2.0
2.2
2.0
9.6
2.2

2.5
2.5
2.3
2.0
2.6
2.4
2.0
5.6
2.4

2.7
2.4
2.4
2.0
2.5
2.5
1.7
3.7
2.5

2.4
2.2
2.2
1.9
2.4
2.3
1.5
3.3
2.6

2.6
2.4
2.5
2.1
2.4
2.4
1.6
3.4
2.8

2.5
2.3
2.4
1.9
2.5
2.5
1.5
3.1
2.6

2.7
2.5
2.5
2.0
2.6
2.9
1.8
3.5
2.7

2.6
2.5
2.5
2.3
2.4
2.7
2.1
4.1
2.6

2.5
2.3
2.3
2.0
1.9
2.6
1.9
3.8
2.6

2.7
1.9
5.6

2.6
1.9
5.1

2.5
2.1
4.0

1.7
1.5
2.5

1.6
1.4
2.6

2.0
1.7
3.1

2.0
1.5
3.9

2.5
1.9
4.8

2.5
1.6
5.9

2.3
1.6
4.8

2.0
1.5
4.4

Paints, varnishes and allied products...
Agricultural chemicals _ ___________
Other chemical products _
Petroleum refining and related indus2.4
2.8
2.9
tries
1.4
2.0
2.0
Petroleum refining____________ _____
—
6.1
5.6
6.2
Other petroleum and coal products.......
Rubber and miscellaneous plastic prod3.2
3.5
2.9
nets
3.3
4.1
3.2
Tires and inner tubes
2.5
2.9
2.3
Other rubber products
3.8
3.8
3.5
Miscellaneous'plastic products_______ —
1.3
1.7
1.7
Leather and leather products....................
3.1
2.7
2.6
Leather tanning and finishing_______
1.2
1.4
1.5
Footwear, except rubber____________
1.9
2.0
1.3
Other leather products___ __________
i For comparability of data with those published in issues prior to October
1963, see footnote 1, table A-2. For employees covered, see footnote 1,
table A-3.
n ^
J
^ J
These series cover premium overtime hours of production and related
workers during the pay period ending nearest the 15th of the month. Over­
time hours are those paid for at premium rates because (1) they exceeded


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

2.9
2.8
2.6
3.3
1.4
3.2
1.2
1.4

2.6
3.1
3.1
3.1
3.0
2.9
2.9
2.8
2.4
2.5
2.7
3.3
3.5
3.3
3.3
2.9
2.8
2.1
2.3
2.8
2.4
2.8
2.9
3.0
2.6
2.6
3.0
2.2
2.5
2.3
2.9
3.2
3.2
3.1
3.2
3.1
3.4
3.0
2.5
3.1
1.4
1.4
1.4
1.3
1.2
1.3
1.5
.9
1.3
1.1
2.3
2.6
2.7
2.4
2.5
2.5
2.4
2.5
2.4
2.8
1.1
.9
1.1
1.1
1.0
1.2
1.3
1.1
.7
.9
1.7
1.8
2.1
1.8
1.2
1.6
1.4
1.7
.9
1.0
either the straight-time workday or workweek or (2) they occurred on week­
ends or holidays or outside regularly scheduled hours. Hours for which
only shift differential, hazard, incentive, or other similar types of premiums
were paid are excluded.
2 Preliminary.

C.—EARNINGS AND HOURS
T able

1497

C-5. Indexes of aggregate weekly man-hours and payrolls in industrial and construction
activities 1
Revised series; see box p. 1476.

[1957-59=100]
1963

1962

Annual
average

Activity
Oct.2 Sept.» Aug.

July

June

May

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

1962

1961

Man-hours
Total.................................................... ........... 106.1
Mining......... .................................................. 84.2
Contract construction___ ______________ 121.3
Manufacturing................................. ............. 104.5
Durable goods.................. ......................
Ordnance and accessories................
Lumber and wood products, except furniture..___ ___________
Furniture and fixtures__________
Stone, clay, and glass products___
Primary metal industries________
Fabricated metal products_______
Machinery.........................................
Electrical equipment and supplies.
Transportation equipm ent..............
Instruments and related products..
Miscellaneous manufacturing industries________________ _____
Nondurable goods..................................
Food and kindred products.............
Tobacco manufactures__________
Textile mill products____________
Apparel and related products____
Paper and allied products________
Printing, publishing, and allied
industries............ ...........................
Chemicals and allied products___
Petroleum refining and related
industries.......................................
Rubber and miscellaneous plastic
products______ ______________
Leather and leather products_____

106.6
84.5
121.4
105.0

105.4
84.7
125.6
102.8

103.9
82.6
121.9
101.7

104.4
86.7
116.1
103.1

101.6
84.2
107. 6
101.3

98.0
81.3
97.4
99.0

95.8
77.4
83.3
99.0

94.1
78.2
76.5
98.1

95.1
78.8
82.6
98.2

98.0
80.8
88.3
100.6

101.0
82.5
103.2
101.5

103.5
84.5
114.0
102.5

99.8
83. 6
99. 3
100. 6

95.7
85.6
96.1
96.1

105.0
151.3

104.9
150.4

101.1
147.6

102.4
146.5

104.7
148.8

103.1
147.8

100.5
144. 8

99.6
149.6

98.9
151.8

99.2
153.4

100.9
156.1

101.4
155.4

102.0
153.2

100. 3
150.3

94.1
133.4

98.1
112.2
109.2
95.1
107.7
104.1
116.7
97.2
107.9

100.2
112.2
109.3
97.1
107.8
104.4
118.7
94.3
108.1

99.2
110.8
110.6
97.3
104.7
102.4
113.5
80.3
106.9

95.6
105.3
109.8
101.0
102.7
102.3
112.6
92.4
105.4

95.3
106.0
109. 3
105.2
105.7
104.9
115. 5
95.0
106.9

94.9
102. 6
106.4
102.3
103.4
103.8
113.7
94.7
104.7

90.2
101.8
101. 4
100.2
99.8
103.0
111.8
92.2
103.5

87.8
102.7
94.9
95.8
98.9
103.5
113. 4
92.2
104.2

87.1
102.4
91.2
94.0
98. 5
102.7
114.5
92.0
103.8

87.8
102.9
92.1
92.1
99.4
102. 4
115.9
93.7
103.3

89.5
106. 9
95.8
92.1
101.3
102. 4
118.7
94.5
105.2

93.2
107.3
102.3
90.0
101.8
101.3
118. 6
93.5
105.4

96.4
109.4
105. 4
89.8
102.9
101.7
119.1
92.0
104.6

93.3
104. 8
100. 3
95. 3
100. 6
101.9
115.8
88. 7
103. 2

91.2
97.7
97.7
91.7
94.8
94.4
105.9
80.8
99.4

112.7

111.1

107.8

99.9

102.6

100.7

97.2

97.2

95.0

92.4

99.2

107.1

110. 5

102.1

98.0

103.8
99.8
111.6
97.9
111.8
108.8

105.0
105.4
112.8
96.3
112.2
108.9

104.9
104.2
107.7
96.6
114.1
108.9

100.8
97.5
74.6
94.4
107.7
106.7

101.0
93.4
78.4
97.1
108. 5
107.8

99.0
88.7
76.5
95.5
108.9
105.1

97.0
85.5
70.9
93.5
105.9
103.3

98.3
86.4
78.3
94.4
110.9
104.5

97.0
85.1
82.0
93.4
108.2
103.3

97.0
87.6
90.5
92.8
103.2
104.1

100.3
93.0
100.9
95.8
106.0
106.5

101.7
96.3
100.3
97.1
108.4
105.9

103.2
101.8
120.6
97.4
107.9
106.6

101.1
95. 3
93.2
97. 4
106.9
105. 6

98.7
96.5
94.6
94.8
100.2
103.6

106.3
104.9

105.9
105.5

104.8
105.3

103.5
105.2

104.4
105.9

104.1
106.4

102.9
107.7

102.3
103.9

100.8
102.3

100.8
102.2

104.1
103.1

105. 8
103.0

105. 7
103.2

104. 7
103. 5

104.0
100.5

83.1

85.4

84.6

85.5

84.9

83.4

83.0

78.9

78.4

80.4

81.2

82.4

83.2

86.1

88.5

114.4
95.0

114.6
95.5

111.9
99.1

109.2
90.3

114.3
96.2

112.9
90.2

111.3
87.3

112.4
93.6

111.8
95.6

114.3
95.7

116.0
97.6

116.3
95.6

117.1
93.6

113.4
98.1

102.3
96.7

86. 2
92.4
112.6

86. 5
99.9
112.8

88. 5
106.8
115.4

89.0
122.5
115.7

91.3
135.0
116.1

90. 5
116. 4
113.7

90.6
108.8
105.4

Payrolls
Mining______________________________
Contract construction__________________
Manufacturing_______________________ 122.0

94,2
149.0
122.6

93.1
152.2
118.2

90. 2
146.8
118.1

95. 9
138.9
119.9

i For comparability of data with those published in issues prior to October
1963, see footnote 1, table A-2.
For mining and manufacturing, data refer to production and related

T able

92.1
1:28.3
117.4

89. 2
115. 5
114.4

85.0
100. 2
114.1

workers and for contract construction, to construction workers, as defined
in footnote 1, table A-3.
2 Preliminary.

C-6. Gross and spendable average weekly earnings of production workers in manufacturing 1
Revised series; see box p. 1476.

[In current and 1957-59 dollars]1
1963

Annual
average

1962

Item
Sept.2 Aug.

July

June

May

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

Sept.

1962

1961

M anufacturing

Gross average weekly earnings:
Current dollars____________________
1957-59 dollars........ ....................... ..........
Spendable average weekly earnings:
Worker with no dependents:
Current dollars________________
1957-59 d o llars.._______________
Worker with 3 dependents:
Current dollars________________
1957-59 d o lla rs.................................

$100.53 $98.42 $99. 23 $100.37 $99. 23 $97. 36 $98. 09 $97. 20 $97. 44 $98.01 $97. 36 $96. 32 $97. 27 $96. 56
93.87 91.90 92.65 94.16 93. 44 91.68 92.36 91.61 91.92 92. 64 91. 85 90.87 91.68 91.61
80. 51
75.17

78.89
73.66

79. 51
74.24

80. 38
75. 40

79. 51
74.87

78.04
73. 48

78.63
74.04

77. 92
73. 44

78.11
73. 69

79.02
74. 69

78.50
74.06

77. 67
73. 27

78.43
73.92

77. 86
73.87

74.60
71.59

88.31
82.40

86.58
80.84

87. 25
81.47

88.18
82.72

87. 25
82.16

85. 72
80. 72

86.31
81.27

85. 58
80. 66

85.78
80. 92

86. 72
81.97

86.19
81.31

85.33
SO. 50

86.11
81.16

85.53
81.15

82.18
78. 87

1 For comparability of data with those published in issues prior to October
1963, see footnote 1, table A-2. For employees covered, see footnote 1, table
A-3.
Spendable average weekly earnings are based on gross average weekly
earnings as published in table C-l less the estimated amount of the workers’
Federal social security and income tax liability. Since the amount of tax
liability depends on the number of dependents supported by the worker as
well as on the level of his gross income, spendable earnings have been com­


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

$92. 34
88.62

puted for 2 types of income receivers: (1) A worker with no dependents
and (2) a worker with 3 dependents.
The earnings expressed in 1957-59 dollars have been adjusted for changes
in purchasing power as measured by the Bureau’s Consumer Price index.
2 Preliminary
N ote: These series are described in ‘The Calculation and Uses of the
Spendable Earnings Series ” Monthly Labor Review, January 1959, pp. 50-54.

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, DECEMBER 1963

1498

D.—Consumer and Wholesale Prices
T able D - l. Consumer Price Indexx—All-city average: *A11 items, groups, subgroups, and special

groups of items
[1957-59=100]

Annual
average

1962

1963
Group
Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

July

June

May

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dee.

Nov.

Oct.

1962

1961
104.2

All items_____________________________ 107.2

107.1

107.1

107.1

106.6

106.2

106.2

106.2

106.1

106.0

105 8

106 0

106.0

105.4

Food 1 _ ______________________ - ___
Food at home ____________________
Cereals and bakery products.........
Meats, poultry, and fish_________
Dairy products________________
Fruits and vegetables----------------Other foods at home 8-----------------

104.9
103.2
109.1
100.4
104.6
106.3
99.6

105. 4
103 8
109. 1
101.5
104. 3
108. 1
99.5

106.0
104.5
109. 1
101. 4
104. 2
114. 2
98.0

106. 2
104.8
109 2
100. 2
103.3
118.7
97.8

105.0
103. 4
109 2
98.4
102. 8
115.6
96.9

104.3
102. 5
109. 3
98.0
102.8
113.9
94.5

104. 2
102.6
109.2
98.3
102.9
112.0
96.2

104.6
103.0
109.1
100. 7
103.5
109.6
96.7

105.0 104.7
103.5 103.2
109. 2 108.7
102. 1 102. 5
103 6 103.8
109.4 106. 4
97.6
97.1

103. 5
101.9
108. 2
102. 5
103. 9
100. 2
97.2

104 1 104 3
102. 6 102.9
108 4 108. 0
103. 5 104 1
104. 2 104.3
102. 1 102.0
97. 2 98. 1

103.6
102 2
107. 6
101. 7
104.1
105.0
96.1

102.6
101 5
105. 4
99. 3
104 8
104. 2
97.6

Housing * ___________________________
_______________ _________
Rent
Gas and electricity___ _____________
Solid and petroleum fuels----------------Housefurnishings__________________
Household operation_______________

106.3
107.1
108.1
104. 5
98.7
110.5

106. 2
107.0
108.0
103. 7
98.6
110.7

106.0
106. 8
107.2
102.6
98.3
110.6

106.0
106. 7
108. 1
102. 3
98.5
110.3

105.9 105.7
106. 7 106. 6
108. 1 107.4
102. 1 102. 4
98.4
98.5
110.2 110.0

105.8
106. 5
107.5
104. 2
98.5
109.9

105.7
106. 4
108.0
104.8
98.6
109.7

105.4
106. 4
108.0
104. 8
98.3
109.3

105. 4
106.3
108. 2
104.9
97.9
109.3

105.2
106. 2
108. 1
104.8
98.6
108. 1

105.1
106. 2
108. 1
103 6
98. 7
107.8

105.0
106.1
108.0
102. 4
98. 8
107.6

104.8
105.7
107.9
102. 1
98. 9
107.4

103.9
104. 4
107. 9
101. 6
99. 5
105.9

Apparel....................................... - ................
Men’s and boys’___________________
Women’s and girls’________________
Footwear_________________________
Other apparel8............................. - ........

105.4
105. 7
103. 5
110.9
101.8

104.8
105.2
102.5
110. 7
101. 4

104.0
104.7
101.2
110.6
101. 1

103.9
104.5
101 2
110.5
101.1

103.9
104.4
101. 2
110.6
101.0

103.7
104.2
101. 1
110.3
100.9

103.8
104. 1
101.4
110. 2
100.9

103.6
103.9
101.1
110.0
101.1

103.3
103.7
100.7
109.9
100.9

103.0
103.5
100. 2
109. 8
100.3

103.9
104.3
101. 5
109.9
101.3

104.3
104. 3
102.5
109.7
101.1

104.9
104. 2
104. 0
109.6
101.6

103.2
103.3
100.9
109.3
100.6

102.8
102.8
101.0
107.8
100.9

Transportation_______________________
P rivate__________________________
Public___________________________

109.0
107. 7
117.6

107.9
106. 5
117.1

108.3
106.9
117.1

107.8
106.4
116.6

107.4
106. 1
116.6

107.4
106.0
116.5

107.0
105. 5
116.5

107.0
105. 6
116.4

106.8
105.3
116.3

106.6
105.3
115.7

108 0
106.8
115.7

108.3
107.2
115.4

108.1
106. 9
116.0

107.2
105. 9
115. 4

105.0
104.0
111.7

Medical care_____________________ ____ 117.4

117.2

117.1

116.9

116.8

116.4

116.1

115.8

115.6

115.5

115.3

115.0

114.9

114.2

111.3

108.4

108.2

108.0

108.0

107.8

107.8

107.6

107.3

107.3

107.4

107.6

107.1

106.9

106.5

104.6

Reading and recreation--------------- —- ........ 112.7

112.3

112.1

111.5

110.9

110.7

111.0

110.1

110.0

110.2

110.0

110.1

109.5

109.6

107.2

Other goods and services_______________

108.2

108.0

108.0

108.0

107.6

106.0

105.8

105.7

105.7

105.7

105.6

105.6

105.6

105.3

104.6

Special
All
All
All

groups:
items less food____________ _____
items less shelter_______________
commodities less food-----------------

108.1
107.2
104.3

107.8
107. 1
103.8

107.6
107.2
103.6

107.5
107.1
103.5

107.3
106. 6
103.3

107.0 107.0
106. 1 106. 1
103.0 103.0

106.8
106.1
102.9

106.6
106.1
102.7

106.5
105.9
102.6

106.7
105. 8
103. 4

106.7
106.0
103.5

106.7
106. 1
103.6

106.1
105. 4
102.8

104.8
104. 2
102.1

All commodities______ ____________
Nondurables 8_________________
Nondurables less food___________
Nondurables less food and apparel.
Durables 7____________________
Durables less cars......................

104.7
105. 2
105. 6
105. 8
102.2
98.7

104.6
105. 3
105.2
105. 5
101.5
98.6

104.7
105. 5
105.0
105. 7
101.4
98.5

104.7
105. 5
104.8
105.5
101.3
98.5

104.1
104.8
104.5
105. 0
101.3
98.4

103.6
104. 2
104. 2
104. 7
101.0
98.3

103. 6
104. 2
104.3
104. 7
100. 9
98.4

103.7
104. 4
104.2
104. 7
100. 8
98.5

103.8
104.5
104.1
104.6
100. 6
98.4

103.6
104.3
104.0
104. 7
100.4
98.5

103.6
104.0
104.6
105. 1
101.7
98.6

103. 9
104. 2
104. 4
104. 5
102. 2
98.6

104.0
104. 4
104. 6
104 5
102. 0
98.6

103.2
103. 6
103.8
104. 2
101. 5
98.8

102.4
102. 8
103. 2
103.3
100. 5
98.9

All services 8______________________ 112.1
All services loss re n t........................ 112.9
Household operation services,
g:is, and electricity........ ........ 111.0
Transportation services______ 113.1
Medical care services________ 120.7
Other services______________ 111.5

111.9
112.8

111.7
112.6

111.5
112.4

111.3
112. 2

111.1
111.9

111. 1
111.9

110.8
111.6

110.5
111.2

110.5
111.2

110.1
110.8

110.0
110.6

109.8
110.5

109.5
110. 2

107.6
108.3

111. 1
112.9
120.5
111.3

110.7
112. 7
120.4
111.2

110.7
112.4
120.2
110.9

110.6
112.3
120. 1
110. 5

110.2
112. 2
119.5
110.3

110.2
112.0
119.2
110.5

110.2
111.8
118.9
110.0

109.9
111.4
118.7
109.6

109.9
111. 1
118.5
109.7

109. 1
110.9
118.2
109.3

108.8
110.7
118.0
109.3

108.7
110.8
117.8
109.1

108. 5
111 2
116. 8
108. 7

107.2
109.5
113.1
106.8

Personal care........ - ...............- ..........- ...........

•The Consumer Price Index for October 1963 calculated from a 1947-49
•=100 hose was 131.5.
i The Consumer Price Index measures the average change in prices of
goods and services purchased by urban wage-earner and clerical-worker
families Data for 46 large, medium-size, and small cities are combined for
the all-city average.
J In addition to subgroups shown here, total food includes restaurant meals
and other food bought and eaten away from home.
> Includes eggs, fats and oils, sugar and sweets, beverages (nonalcoholic),
and other miscellaneous foods.
* In addition to subgroups shown here, total housing includes the purchase
price of homes and other homeowner costs.
* Includes yard goods, diapers, and miscellaneous items.
« Includes food, house paint, solid fuels, fuel oil, textile housefurnishings,
household paper, electric light bulbs, laundry soap and detergents, apparel


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

(except shop repairs), gasoline, motor oil, prescriptions and drugs, toilet
goods, nondurable toys, newspaper, cigarettes, cigars, beer, and whiskey.
7 Includes water heaters, central heating furnaces, kitchen sinks, sink
faucets, porch flooring, household appliances, furniture ami bedding, floor
covering, dinnerwure, automobiles, tires, radio and television sets, durable
toys, and sporting goods.
»Includes rent, home purchase, real estate taxes, mortgage interest, prop­
erty insurance, repainting garage, repainting rooms, reshingling roof, reflnislilng floors, gas, electricity, dry cleaning, laundry service, domestic
service, telephone, water, postage, shoe repairs, auto repairs, auto insurance,
auto registration, transit fares, railroad fares, professional medical services,
hospital services, hospitalization and surgical insurance, barber and beauty
shop services, television repairs, and motion picture admissions.

1499

D.—CONSUMER AND WHOLESALE PRICES

T able D-2. Consumer Price Index 1—All items and food indexes, by city
[1957-59=100]

Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

July

June

May

Annual
average

1962

1963

City

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

1963
(194749=100)

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

1962

1961

Oct.

All Items
All-city average2____

107.2

107.1

107.1

107.1

106.6

106.2

106.2

106.2

106.1

106.0

105.8

106.0

106.0

105.4

104.2

131.5

Atlanta, Oa
Baltimore, Md_____
Boston, Mass
Chicago, 111.. . . . __
Cincinnati, Ohio____

0
0)
110.0
105. 7
0

105.2
107. 1
0
105 6
105.1

0
0
0
105.7
0

0
0
109 8
106.0
0

104 9
106 8
0
105.2
104.6

0
0
0
105.0
0

0
0
109 2
105.0
0

104.9
106 2
0
105 2
104.6

0
0
0
104. 7
0

0
0
108.6
104.7
0

104. 5
105. 7
0
104. 7
104.0

0
0
0
105.0
0

0
0
108 2
105.0
0

104 1
105.2
107 4
104 6
103 6

103. 2
104. 4
105 1
103. 6
102.6

0
0
136.3
133.3
0

Cleveland, Ohio____
Detroit, M ich...
Houston, Tex___
Kansas City, Mo___
Los Angeles, Caiif___

(»)
103 5
(3)
108. 7
109. 1

0
103.3
0
0
108.6

105. 1
104. 4
106.2
0
108.4

0
103.9
0
107 1
108.0

0
103.5
0
0
107.4

104 3
102 4
104.4
0
107.6

0
102. 1
0
106 4
108.0

0
102.6
0
0
107.7

104.3
102 6
105.0
0
107.8

0
102. 5
0
105 9
107.3

0
102.5
0
0
107.2

103 7
102 6
104.5
0
107.1

0
102.8
0
107 1
107.2

103.5
102 2
104 6
106 1
106.6

103.2
101 9
102 6
104 5
105. 4

0
127.6
0
134. 5
136.0

Minneapolis, M in n ..
New York, N .Y ___
Philadelphia, Pa___
Pittsburgh, Pa
Portland, Oreg_____

107.4
109 4
108. 2
107. 4
107.1

0
109. 3
107. 6
0
0

0
109 3
107.5
0
0

107 7
109 2
107 4
107 9
106.8

0
108 7
107 2
0
0

0
107 8
106.2
0
0

106 5
107 9
106 4
106 3
106.2

0
107 6
106. 4
0
0

0
107 6
106 2
0
0

106 0
107 5
105 9
106. 5
105. 7

0
106 9
105 7
0
0

0
107. 1
105 8
0
0

105. 9
107.2
105. 8
106 3
105.3

105. 5
lOf. 4
105.2
105. 9
104.6

104.2
104. 8
104.4
105 0
104. 1

132.9
131.8
132.9
132.3
132.7

St. Louis. Mo......... .
San Francisco, Calif.
Scranton. Pa_______
Seattle, W ash.. . _
Washington, D .C ___

(3)
0
(3)
0
0

106. 5
109. 2
0
0
0

0
0
107.6
109. 1
106. 8

105 6
108.9
0
0
0

0
0
106. 7
107.4
106.1

105 8
108 4
0
0
0

0
0
106 9
107.2
105. 6

106 0
107.8
0
0
0

0
0
106 5
107.0
105. 3

105.1
107.4
105 9
106.5
104.6

103.9
105. 8
104. 1
104.9
103.7

0
0
0
0
0

0
0
0
0
0

0
0
0
(3)
0

0
0
0
0
0

0
0
0
0
0

Food
All-city average2

104.9

105.4

106.0

106.2

105. 0

104.2

104. 3

104.6

105.0

104.7

103.5

104.1

104.3

103.6

102.6

Atlanta. Oa
Baltimore, Md.
Boston, Muss
Chicago, III ...........
Cincinnati. Ohio___

104. 0
104. 7
108. 1
105. 8
102. 6

104. 1
105.4
108. 1
106. 1
103.2

104 8
105 7
109. 0
107 6
103.7

105. 0
106.0
108 6
107. 5
103. 5

103. 7
104. 8
106 6
105. 9
102.9

102 3
103 5
106 2
104 7
102.3

102
103
106
105
102

103
103
106
105
102

8
7
5
7
6

101.2
103. 9
106 3
105. 4
103. 7

104.0
104 6
106. 4
105 6
103. 1

102. 7
103.4
105. 7
104. 3
101.7

103.1
103.6
106. 4
105. 7
102.8

103.9
104. 2
105. 7
105. 7
103. 0

103 0
103. 3
104.6
105. 3
101.9

Cleveland, Ohio
Detroit, Mich
Houston, Tex
Kansas City. Mo
Los Angeles, Calif__

101 7
100. 7
104. 8
105. 1
107. 5

102.2
101.3
105 3
105.0
107. 0

103. 6
103. 0
101. 7
105. 2
107. 1

102. 6
103 4
104.6
105. 1
107.7

101 6
102 0
103 1
103 9
106.3

100 7
100 7
102.0
102. 1
105.9

100 8
100 8
101 8
103 3
106.6

101 7
101 1
1(12 3
103 6
106. 8

102. 2
101.7
103.0
10t. 3
107.8

101.7
101.3
103.2
103.2
106.8

100. 8
100. 6
102.4
103.2
105.6

101.3
101.6
102,8
104.4
105. 3

101.7
101.5
103.6
104. 5
105.6

101.0
101.1
102.9
103.3
1.05. 5

101.8
102.4
102 4
103.2
101.8 ............
100.9
101.4
101.3
101.9
104.5

Minneapolis, .Minn
New York, N.Y. . .
Philad-lphiu. P a ...
Pittsburgh, Pa
Portland, Oreg.

103. 2
106.9
104.3
102. 9
105. 2

102.9
107. 4
104.3
103. 6
105. 5

102. 4
108. 1
105. 2
104 4
106. 2

103.7
108.2
105. 1
104. 6
105. 8

102. 1
106. 9
104. 5
103 7
104. 8

101.7
106 3
103 2
103 2
104.1

102
106
103
103
104

101
106
104
104
104

8
6
1
1
6

101.7
106. 8
104. 4
104 3
105. 2

101.5
106 6
104 5
103 2
105 3

100.8
104.9
103.0
101 7
103. 9

100.9
105.8
103. 5
102. 5
104.1

101.5
106.3
104.8
102.8
104.5

101.8
104.9
103.1
102.4
103.8

101.2
102.9
101.9
102 3
103.0

St. Louis, Mo
San Francisco, Calif.
Scranton Pa
Sesittlo, Wash
Washington, D C __

105. 1
106.6
104. 4
107. 4
104. 6

105. 3
107.2
104.8
107.6
105.0

105 5
107 1
104. 4
107. 8
105. 5

105 7
107.6
105 0
107 8
105. 5

104 9
107 0
104 6
107. 1
104.6

103 1
105 9
103 1
106 7
103.3

104 0
106 5
103 1
107 3
102. 9

104 5
106 9
103 3
107 3
103.6

105 0
107 0
104 4
106 9
103. 2

104 9
106 7
104 1
106. 3
103.9

104 6
105. 6
102 9
105. 9
101.8

104. 5
105. 8
103. 6
105. 9
102.1

103.8
105.6
101.1
105. 9
103.4

103.0
105. 4
103.1
105.7
102.0

102.0
104.0
101.3
104. 5
101.6

1 See footnote 1, tahle D-l. Indexes measure time-to-time changes In
prices of goods and services purchased by urban wage-earner and clericalworker families. They do not indicate whether it costs more to live in one
city than in another.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

7
5
6
0
2

0
3
1
1
5

2 Average of 46 cities.
»AH items indexes are computed monthly for 5 cities and once every 3
months on a rotating cycle for 15 other cities.

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, DECEMBER 1963

1500

T able D -3. Indexes of wholesale prices,1 by group and subgroup of commodities
[1957-69=100, unless otherwise specified]»
1962

1963

Annual
Average

Commodity group
Oct.»

Sept.

Aug.

July

June

May

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

1962»

1961

All commodities.................. .......................... 100.5

100.3

100.4

100.6

100.3

100.0

99.7

99.9

100.2

100.5

100.4

100.7

100.6

100.6

100.3

99.1

98.5

98.9

99.8

99.1

98.4

97.6

97.4

98.7

99.8

99.3

100.4

100.3

99.6

98.6

95.1 4 95. 5
89.2
88.0
101.8 102.9
88.0
88.6
99.4
99.4
102.4 *101.8
97.9 107.8
114.1 110.5
90.4 4 89.0
102.2 100.9
107.7 107.0
94.2
93.1
107.4 108.0

96.3
92.5
98.5
93.5
99.6
100.6
96.0
111.3
88.4
100.9
106.0
95.2
107.9

96.8
97.0
99.5
94.4
100.2
99.8
87.5
111.1
89.1
102.2
106.4
96.3
107.3

94.9
97.1
101.4
89.3
101.4
97.9
79.2
113.8
89.3
102.4
107.0
94.1
106.6

94.4
99.8
102.9
86.8
101.7
97.3
77.1
112.5
89.5
101.7
107.6
91.9
106.8

95.4
99.6
105.1
88.2
102.0
98.3
81.3
110.7
89.4
99.3
108.1
90.3
106.9

95.4
99.0
103.7
85.6
101.8
99.6
99.8
113.8
89.0
99.0
108.0
91.8
107.1

96.5
96.5
103.0
89.5
100.8
101.1
99.1
113.5
89.1
100.5
108.6
95.6
108.0

98.5
104.0
102.0
94.1
99.3
101.3
100.1
111.9
87.4
100.8
107.4
97.9
107.8

97.3
88.5
101.1
96.2
98.1
101.9
99.3
108.2
89.0
100.9
107.6
99.4
108.1

99.3
96.4
99.5
98.3
97.6
102.4
112.4
106.9
90.1
101.3
107.7
100.1
108.0

98.7
97.5
98.5
98.6
97.5
102.5
103.1
103.1
89.7
101.5
107.6
100.0
107.7

97.7
97.7
98.8
96.2
98.4
101.2
95.2
105.4
91.8
101.2
107.6
99.1
106.9

96.0
93.7
95.6
92.5
94.8
103.9
99.0
107.2
93.2
100.7
105.1
95.4
107.5

106.0
125.4
81.8
89.7
84.8
82.3
86.0
108.7
101.1
100.9
100.7
100.2
100.6
94.2
126.1
102.4
116.8

4105.3
4112.5
80.9
84.1
78.6
80.8
<86.2
106.5
100.8
4100.7
100.5
4 99.9
100.6
94.0
130.1
102.3
116.9

104.8
111.2
80.9
84.3
77.4
79.6
86.1
106.5
100.8
100.8
100.4
99.7
100.6
93.9
136. 6
102.2
116.5

105.7
120.3
81.1
82.7
83.6
84.3
87.0
104.5
101.1
100.8
100.4
99.8
100.5
93.7
134.5
102.2
115.1

104.6
132.1
81.1
79.2
83.3
84.4
87.0
103.9
101.0
100.7
100.3
99.7
100.8
93.8
148.0
102.0
117.4

103.4
133.6
80.9
77.2
84.2
85.8
87.0
101.8
100.7
100.5
100.2
99.7
100.6
93.8
144.4
101. 6
118.2

102.9
113.0
80.9
79.1
83.3
84.1
87.2
101.4
100.2
100.4
100.1
100.1
100.8
93.8
150.9
101.3
116.3

101.3
106.1
79.1
80.0
83.8
90.0
90.5
101.5
100.4
100. 6
100.2
100.2
100.8
93.8
150.9
101.4
114.9

99.8
105.1
79.1
86.0
82.5
89.2
91.9
101.5
100.6
100.6
100.3
100.5
100.7
93.7
151.1
101.4
118.2

100.0
105.0
79.1
82.8
81.0
88.4
91.9
100.2
100.7
100.7
100.4
100.6
100.7
93.7
149.8
101.3
123.3

95.7
102.8
79.1
85.2
78.9
90.0
91.8
100.4
100.8
100.7
100.6
100.8
100.2
93.7
143.3
101.7
127.9

96.3
102.5
79.1
92.2
79.8
88.7
91.8
101.2
100.8
100.7
100.5
100.7
100.1
93.6
130.3
101.7
127.8

96.4
103.0
79.1
95.2
80.9
86.2
90.9
104.6
100.8
100.7
100.5
101.0
99.6
93.6
129.5
101.7
121.6

98.0
102. 2
81.9
88.4
84.5
93.1
97.3
101.8
100.9
100.8
100.6
101.7
99.1
93.9
125.9
101.5
122.4

101.7
101.2
83.7
94.4
102.6
108.3
102.7
105.8
100.8
100.8
99.7
100.4
97.1
93.4
113.2
101.0
123.4

103.4
80.5
99.5
108.4
103.3
98.7
97.8
103.6
121.2
101.4
(s)
95.6
96.1
94.2
103.9
90.8
94.9
88.6
103.8
97.1
98.9
94.2
91.5
91.7
97.9
99.2
99.3
106.2
92.4
99.4
95.0
90.7
102.6
96.6

103.1
77.3
99.5
108.4
103.4
99.0
97.2
103.6
4121.7
101.8
(8)
95.9
96.0
94.5
103.9
89.2
91.9
81.3
103.8
97.2
98.9
93.4
88.9
91.7
97.2
«99.9
4100. 7
105.6
4 92.6
499.1
91.7
90.9
102.2
94.1

103.6 104.3
80.5
83.5
100.1 102.2
108.4 108.4
103.5 104.0
98.9 100.4
96.2
95.8
103.6 103.6
120.9 121. 2
101.9 102.0
(*)
(8)
96.1
98.7
96.0
96.0
94.6
94.7
103.9 103.0
89.2
89.0
95.1
95.0
81.4
81.7
103.6 103.6
99.8
96.9
98.9
98.7
93.0
93.7
91.6
90.7
91.2
89.1
97.5
97.5
102.6 101.6
102.7 102.1
104.9 104.2
104.1 100.9
99.0
99.1
91.7
91.7
91.4
91.2
102.2 102.2
94.1
94.1

104.5
85.8
102.5
108.2
104.3
100.9
94.9
103.6
120.3
102.2
(8)
99.9
96.3
95.0
103.0
91.1
95.2
80.6
103.6
100.8
98.6
93.1
92.5
89.1
97.5
98.3
99.2
103.0
92.6
99.4
91.3
90.8
102.2
94.1

104.8
87.4
103.2
108.2
104.4
100.4
94.2
103.6
120.1
102.2
(8)
99.1
96.4
95.0
103.0
91.7
95.2
78.6
103.6
102.3
98.6
93.2
92.6
89.1
97.5
97.5
98.4
102.4
90.9
99.1
91.3
89.8
102.2
94.1

104.5
85.0
102.8
108.2
104.5
100.3
95.0
103.6
124.1
102.4
<8)
98.2
96.3
95.0
103.7
91.5
95.1
77.7
103.7
102. 3
98.6
94.1
92.8
89.0
99.8
97.0
97.6
102.4
91.0
99.0
91.3
92.5
102.2
94.1

105.1
88.4
103.7
108.3
104.7
100.8
98.1
103.6
127.8
102.4
(*)
98.2
96.8
95.4
103.7
93.0
95.2
74.5
103.6
102.3
99.5
94.1
92.7
89.0
99.8
96.5
96.6
102. 5
91.2
99.0
89.4
96.6
102.2
94.1

105.1
85.9
104. 7
108.3
104.8
100.3
98.4
103.6
127.8
102.5
(8)
97.1
96.7
95.2
103.8
93.0
95.1
72.7
103.6
102.3
99.5
94.2
93.7
89.0
99.7
96.1
96.2
102.3
90.5
99.1
89.4
96.1
102. 2
94.1

106.0 106.9 107.3
95.2 101.6 107.1
105.2 106.1 106.8
108.3 108.5 108.4
104.9 105.5 105.0
100.4 100.8 100.7
98.3
98.3
97.7
103.6 103.6 103. 6
120.8 123.1 122.3
102.5 102.7 102.7
98.1
98.1
(8)
98.6
98.6
98.2
97.0
96.9
96.8
96.0
95.9
95.9
103.8 103.8 103.8
93.9
93.0
92.9
95.2
94.8
95.1
75.9
71.7
72.8
103.0 102.8 103.1
99.2
99.6
100.8
99.6
99.5
99.5
94.4
94.3
93.7
94.1
94.7
92.8
89.0
89.0
88.0
99.7
99.7
99.7
96.3
95.9
95.8
96.3
95.9
95.8
102.3 102.1 102.3
90.4
90.5
91.5
99.0
99.0
99.1
89.4
89.4
89.4
94.6
94.7
96.0
102.2 102.2 102.2
94.1
94.1
94.1

107.4
108.8
106.5
108.4
104.8
100.8
97.2
103.6
122.7
102.7
98.1
98.9
97.1
96.1
103.8
93.9
95.1
76.7
103. 4
99.0
99.5
93.1
92.7
86.4
100.0
96.6
96.7
102.3
91.9
99.3
91.3
96.1
102.3
94.0

107.4
106.2
108.5
108.7
104.3
100.2
96.8
103.6
119. 2
102.8
98.1
98.2
97.5
96.3
103.8
95.6
96.0
76.3
103.8
101.9
99.4
93.3
93.6
87.1
99.4
96.5
96.5
101.8
92.4
100.0
93.2
97.5
102.6
93.1

106.2
107.9
106.0
107.4
103.2
100.7
97.7
103.6
118.7
102.4
98.0
99.3
99.1
98.4
103.6
99.6
98.3
87.5
102.6
104.3
99.2
96.1
96.3
92.4
100.0
95.9
94.7
101.9
95.7
98.8
95.0
80.5
102.2
92.5

99.6 100.3
97.5 1 97.5

99.9
96.2

99.7
95.5

99.7
94.1

99.9
95.5

100.0
96,3

101.0
97.2

99.5
100.8

Farm products and processed foods..............
Farm products......................... .................
Fresh and dried fruits and vegetables- Grains......................................................
Livestock and live poultry............ ........
Plant and animal fibers_____________
Fluid m ilk............................................. .
Eggs
Hay, hayseeds, and oilseeds_________
Other farm products_______________
Processed foods...........................................
Cereal and bakery products_________
Meats, poultry arid fish—......................
Dairy products and ice cream..... ..........
Canned and frozen fruits and vegetables__________________________
Sugar and confectionery_____________
Packaged beverage materials_________
Animal fats and oils________________
Crude vegetable oils____ ___________
Refined vegetable oils______________
Vegetable oil end products................... .
Miscellaneous processed foods 5 ____
All commodities except farm products____
All commodities except farm and foods___
Textile products arid apparel__________
Cotton products___________________
Wool products____________________
Manmade fiber textile products.............
Silk products_____________________
Apparel........ ........... ...............................
Miscellaneous textile products 6....... .
Hides, skins, leather, and leather products........... ............................................
Hides and skins_____________ _____
Leather__________________________
Footwear____ ______ _____________
Other leather products_____________
Fuel and related products, and power___
Coal__
Coke____________________________
Gas fuels 7________________________
Electric power 7___________________
Crude petroleum and natural gasoline..
Petroleum products, refined_________
Chemicals arid allied products..................
Industrial chemicals_______________ _
Prepared paint___ _________________
Paint m aterials..___ ______________
Drugs and pharmaceuticals.............. .
Fats and oils, inedible______________
Mixed fertilizer____________________
Fertilizer materials.________________
Other chemicals and allied products...
Rubber and rubber products__________
Crude rubber_____________________
Tires and tubes___ ________________
Miscellaneous rubber productse............
Lumber and wood products
Lumber__________________________
Millwork_________________________
Plywood_________________________
Pulp, paper, and allied products................
Woodpulp________________________
Waste paper______________________
P aper____________________________
Paperboard_______________________
Converted paper and paperboard produ c ts..___ ________ ______ _____
Building paper and b oard.....................
See footnotes at end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

99.4 4 99.8
96.9
97.6

99.8
97.5

99.6
95.6

99.6
99.7
96.2 I 96.6

1501

D.—CONSUMER AND WHOLESALE PRICES
T able

D-3. Indexes of wholesale prices,1 by group and subgroup of commodities—Continued
[1957-59=100, unless otherwise specified1]
1963

1962

Arnual
Average

Commodity group

All commodities except farm and foods—
Continued
Metals and metal products........................
Iron and steeL_____ _______________
Nonferrous metals_________________
Metal containers.....................................
Hardware_________
_______ ____
Plumbing fixtures and brass fittings___
Heating equipment.................................
Fabricated structural metal products..
Fabricated nonstructural metal prod­
ucts______________________ ____
Machinery and motive products_______
Agricultural machinery and equipment.
Construction machinery and equip­
m ent___ _________ ____________
Metalworking machinery and equip­
m en t.............. ..................................
General purpose machinery and equip­
m ent________ _______________
Miscellaneous machinery__________
Special industry machinery and equip­
ment 10. ____ _____________ _____
Electrical machinery and equipment. . .
Motor vehicles....................................... .
Transportation equipment, railroad
rolling stock 18_________ ____ ____
Furniture and other household durables
Household furniture________________
Commercial furniture______________
Floor coverings______ _____________
Household appliances______________
Television, radio receivers, and phono­
graphs________________________
Other household durable goods.............
Nonmetallic mineral products____ _____
Flat glass_________________________
Concrete ingredients................. ............
Concrete products_________________
Structural clay products____________
Gypsum products................................ .
Prepared asphalt roofing............ ...........
Other nometallic minerals.......... ...........
Tobacco products and bottled beverages..
Tobacco products__________________
Alcoholic beverages________________
Nonalcoholic beverages_____________
Miscellaneous products_______________
Toys, sporting goods, small arms, am­
munition______________________
Manufactured animal feeds__________
Notions and accessories________ _____
Jewelry, watches and photographic
equipment____________________
Other miscellaneous products________

Oct.8 Sept.

Aug.

July

June

May

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

1962«

1961

100.9 <100.3
99.9
99.1
100.0
99.6
104.6 104.7
104.3 104.2
100.6 100.6
93.1 <93.1
98.7 <98.7

100.1
99.0
99.4
105.0
104.1
100.6
93.1
98.4

100.0
99.0
99.0
105.0
104.1
100.6
93.3
98.3

100.0
99.0
98.7
104.9
104.0
100.6
93.3
98.2

99.9
99.3
98.7
104.6
103.9
100. 8
93.0
98.2

99.4
98.5
98.2
104. 5
103.9
100 8
92.9
97.6

99.4
98.4
98.1
104. 5
103.9
101.3
92.6
97.8

99.4
98.6
98.0
104.5
104.0
101.1
92.4
98.0

99.5
98.8
98.0
104. 5
103. 8
97.5
92.5
98.1

99.3
98.7
97.7
103. 7
103.8
97.5
93.3
98.1

99.3
98 4
98.3
103.7
103.8
97. 5
92.8
98.1

99.4
98.7
97.9
103.7
103. 7
97.2
92.7
98.2

100.0
99. 3
99. 2
103. 7
104.0
100. 1
93.2
98. 2

100.7
100.7
100.4
102.0
103. 8
103.2
94.6
99.0

107.0 105.0
102.3 102.2
111.8 <110.9

105 0
102.1
110.9

105.0
102.1
110.9

104 9
102.0
111.0

104.0
102.0
110. 9

103.8
101.9
110.9

103.7
102.0
111.0

103.7
102.2
110.8

103.7
102.3
110.8

103.8
102.3
110.5

103.9 103.8
102.2 <102.4
110. 2 109.6

103. 9
102. 3
109. 5

103.1
102.3
107.4

110.3

110.1

110.0

109.7

109.6

109.2

108.8

108.8

108.5

108.3

108.3

108.2

108.0

107.8

107.5

110.3 <110.2

110.2

109.9

109.6

109.4

109.4

109.1

109.1

109.2

109.3

109.3

109.3

109. 3

107.0

104.3 104.3
103.6 <103.5

103.9
103.4

103.9
103.4

103.5
103. 4

103.4
103.3

103.4
103.4

103.4
103.7

103. 6
103.4

103.9
103.4

103.8
103.4

103.7
103.3

103.7
103.3

103.3
103. 4

102.8
102.8

104.7 <104.6 104.2
97.2 <97.2
97.2
99. b 99.5
99.7

104.1
97.2
99.8

103.9 103.9
97. 7 <97.5
99.3
99.8

103.9 103.1
97.0 <96.9
100.2 100.7

103.1 102.9
97.8 <97 8
100.8 100.8

102.8
98.1
100.8

102.5
98.1
100.8

102.2
98.4
100.7

101.9
98.4
100.8

100.4
100.0
100.8

100.5 100.5
98.1
98.1
104.8 <104.8
103.1 103.0
97.4 <96.8
91.3
91.4

100.5
98.1
104.6
103.0
96.6
91.7

100.5
98.0
104.5
102.8
96.6
91.7

100.5
98.1
104. 5
102.8
95.9
91.9

100.5
98.0
104. 4
102.3
95.7
92.0

100.5
98.1
104.4
102.3
95.9
92.1

100. 5
98 2
104.6
102.3
96.0
92.3

100. 5
98.2
104.5
102.3
95.9
92.3

100.5
98.3
104. 5
102.3
96.2
92.3

100.5
98. 4
104.2
102.3
96.4
93.0

100.5
98. 6
104.1
102. 5
96.8
93.1

100.5
98.5
104.0
102.5
96.8
93.0

100. 6
98. 8
103.8
102. 3
97. 0
94.0

100.2
99.5
102.8
101.8
99.3
95.2

87.8
87.8
103.4 103.5
101.4 101.1
102.3 100.0
103.0 103.0
101.4 101.3
103. 4 103.4
106.1 106.1
87.4
88.2
101.4 100.9
107.4 <107.5
105.7 105.7
100.9 101.0
127.7 127.7
111.3 111.8

87.7
103.3
101.0
98.9
103.0
101.2
103. 6
105.8
88.2
100.7
107. 5
105.7
101. 0
127.7
111.1

87.7
103.4
100.9
96.6
103.2
101.2
103. 5
105.0
88.2
101. 2
107.5
105. 7
101.0
127.7
110.4

88.9
103.2
101.2
96.6
103.2
101.9
104.0
105. 0
89.1
101 3
105. 8
105.7
101.0
118.2
108.1

88.9
102.9
101.3
96.6
103.0
101.9
104.0
105.0
92.7
101.4
105.2
104. 5
101.0
117.4
107.6

89.4
103.0
101. 5
96.6
103.0
102.2
103.8
105.0
94.1
101.4
104.4
102.3
101.1
117.4
108.0

89.4
102.8
101. 5
96.6
103.0
102.2
103.6
105.0
94.1
101. 5
104. 3
102.2
101.1
117.4
110.8

90.1
102.8
101.5
96.6
103.0
102. 2
103. 6
105.0
94.1
101.5
104.3
102.2
101.1
117.4
111.5

90.1
102.8
101.4
96.6
102. 7
102.5
103. 7
105.0
89.4
102. 2
104. 3
102.2
101.1
117.4
111.6

90.4
102.8
101.5
96.6
103.2
102. 5
103.5
105.0
89.4
102.4
104, 3
102.2
101.1
117.4
110.2

90.4
102.9
101.6
96.6
103.3
102.8
103. 4
105.0
89.4
102.4
104. 5
102.2
101.5
117. 4
109.8

90.7
102.9
101.6
96.6
103. 3
102.7
103.4
105.0
89.4
102.2
104. 5
102.2
101.5
117.4
108.7

91.1
103.1
101.8
97 0
103. 2
102. 6
103. 5
105.0
94.8
102. 2
104.1
102.1
101.0
116. 9
107. 3

95.3
102.5
101.8
96.8
102.8
102.5
103. 2
103.8
98.6
102.2
103.2
102.0
100.6
112.8
103.9

101.1 <101.4
118.1 119.0
99.1
99.1

101.2
117.7
98.7

101.0
116.3
98.7

100.7
112.1
98.7

100.7
111.2
98.7

100.7
111.9
98.7

100.5
117.1
98.7

101.1
118.2
98.7

101.3
118.3
98.7

101.3
115.7
98.7

101.2
114.9
98.7

101 2
112.8
98.7

100 8
no. 6
98. 7

100.9
104.6
98.9

103.5 <103.4
101.2 101.1

103.5
101.1

103.9
100.9

103.8
101.3

103.9
101.4

103.8
101.4

103.9
101.7

104.0
101.7

104.0
101.8

104.4
101.5

104.4
101. 7

104.4
101.6

104. 2
101.3

103.5
101.2

1 As of January 1961, new weights reflecting 1958 values were introduced
into the index. See “ Weight Revisions in the Wholesale Price Index 18901960,” M onthly Labor Review , February 1962, pp. 175-182.
2 As of January 1962, the indexes were converted from the former base of
1947-49=100 to the new base of 1957-59=100. Technical details and earlier
data on the 1957-59 base furnished upon request to the Bureau.
8 Preliminary.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

< Revised.
* Formerly titled “ other processed foods.”
8 Formerly titled “other textile products.”
1 January 1958=100.
* Discontinued.
8 Formerly titled “other rubber products.”
18 January 1961=100.

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, DECEMBER 1963

1502

T able D -4. Indexes of wholesale prices for special commodity groupings 1
[1957-59=100, unless otherwise specified]*
1963

Annual average

1962

Commodity group
Oct.* Sept. Aug. July June May Apr. Mar. Feb.
All foods........................ ................. .................................
All Osh .............................................................................
All commodities except farm products............. .............
Textile products, excluding hard fiber products...........
Bituminou- coal—dome-tic sizes______ ____ _______
Refined petroleum products______________________
East Coast markets___ ________ . . . ___________
Midcontinent markets____ _____ ____________
Gulf Coast markets__________________________
Pacific Coast markets_______________________
Midwest markets *__________________________
Soaps
Synthetic det.pnzents
Pharmaceutical preparations................................ ..........
Ethlcai preparatIons •________________________
Anti-Infective« *_________________________
Antl arthrit.lcs *_________________________
Sedatives and hypnotics 1......... ........................
Ataractics « ............................................. ...........
Antt-spasmodics and anti cholinergics
.......
Cardiovasculars and anti-hypertensives 5____
I) la bet tes *______________________________
Hormones *_____________________________
Diuretics *____ _________________________
Dermatological? 1____________________ ____
Horrnatinies *____ ______ _______ _______
Anti-obesity preparations !________________
Cough and cold preparations
......................
V Ramins 1_____ ___________ ______________
Proprietary preparations 1_______ ________ ____
Vitamins *_ . . _________________________
Cough and cold preparations 1_____________
Laxatives and elimination aids *___________
Internal analgesics 8______________________
Tuipcs ami alteratives s___________________
External analgesics *_______________ _____
Antiseptics i __________ _______ __________
Antaeids J...... ........................................ .............
Lumber and wood products (excluding millwork).......
Softwood lumber ....... ........ ..................................
Pulp, paper, and allied products (excluding building
paper and hoard) .................... ............................. .............
Special metals and metal products*_______ _________ __
Steel mill products_____________________________
Machinerv and equipment ______________ _____________
Agricultural machinery (including tractors).................
Metalworking machinery......................................... ......
All tractors____ _______________________ ___ ___
Industrial valves_______________________________
Industrial fittings................................................ ..........
Antifriction bearings and components...........................
A bmsive grinding wheels .
Construction materials__________________________
> Pee footnote 1, table l>-3.
* Pee footnote 2, table D-3.
• Preliminary.
«Revised.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

101.0 100.2 100 1
105 6 107. 1 105. 5
101 1 100.8 100 8
98.3 98. 1 98.0
100 4 99.0 97 2
95.6 95.9 96 l
93 4 93.4 96. 2
96 8 99.7 95.4
95.4 95.4 97 1
89.2 89. 7 87 2
92 1 90 9 92 1
105 4 105 4 105 4
99 6 99 6 99. 6
96.7 96. 7 96 8
95. 5 95. 5 <95. 1
88 2 88 3 88 3
100 6 100 6 100 6
113 2 113 2 113 2
100 0 100 0 100 0
100 2 100 0 mo o
97 6 97 6 101 3
103 8 103 8 103 8
100 6 *100 6 <100.6
100 0 100 0 100 0
104. 3 104 3 104 3
108 8 108 8 108 8
101.8 101.8 101 8
100 0 100 0 100. 0
968 97.0 100. 4
87.7 87.7 87 7
101 6 101 5 * 100. 7
100 3 100.3 100. 3
99.2 98 6 98. 6
103. 8 103.8 103. 8
101 9 101.9 101 9
100 0 100 0 100. (]
102. 3 102 3 102. 3
104.9 «104. 9 102 9
98. S 98. 9 98. 9
97.8 <98.9 102. 8
98. 1 <99. S 102. 6
99. 5 < 9 9 .2
101 0 100 5
1 0 3 .0 102 0
103. E 1 0 3 .2
1 13. 1 112. 1
110 1 < 1 0 9 .1
111. J
11 2 . f
1 0 7 .3 < 1 0 7 .2
1 0 0 .0
9 9 .2
90 8
90 8
96 '
96 :
9 8 .8 < 99. G

9 9 .2

100 4
102
103
112.
109

0
f
1
9

101 3
no j
101 1
97 9
96 3
98 7
96.2
99 7
100 1
88. 2
94 6
103 5
99 6
96 9
95 8
88 3
100 6
113. 2
100. 0
100. 0
101 3
103 8
mo. o
100 0
104 3
ins s
101 8
100 0
too 4
87 7
101 5
100 3
100 1
103. 8
101 9
100. 0
102. 3
102 9
98 ft
101 7
101 9
99
100.
102
103
112
10ft

111.2 110
106, 7
9 6 .!
0 0 .8
9 6 .:
9 9 .7

1117.
95.
90
96
99.

1
4
1
0
f
5
1
5
<
8
'
3

101.1
114 4
101 0
98.0
94 2
99 9
96. 2
105 1
99 7
89 7
95. 8
103 5
99 6
96 8
95. 7
88 3
100 6
113 2
100 0
100 0
101 3
103 8
100. 0
100 0
ion 8
108.8
101 8
100 0
100. 4
88 1
101 5
100 3
100 1
103 8
101 9
too c
102. 3
102 9
98 9
97 7
9 8 .5
99 5
100 2
102 1
103 1
1 1 2 .2

100.7
115.9
100 7
98 0
92. 9
99 1
96 2
102 6
99. 7
90.7
93 3
103 5
99 6
96.9
95 7
88 5
100 6
113 2
100 0
100. 0
101 3
103 8
100 0
100 0
100. 8
108 8
101 8
100 0
100 7
88 1
101 6
100 3
100 1
103 8
101 9
100 0
102. 3
102 9
100 1
96. 7
97. 5
99
100.
102.
103.
112
108

2
2
f
0
2
f

100 1
111 5 111 1
107
9!
90. 8
96 3
98. 3

107. 4
91 1
90 8
96 4
9 8 .1

98.7
113 6
100 2
98 2
95 5
98 2
98 9
99 7
97 7
90. 7
94 5
103 5
99 6
96 8
95 7
88 5
100. 6
112 5
100 0
100. 0
ion 7
¡03 8
99 6
100 0
100 8
108 8
101.8
100 0
100 7
88. 1
101 6
100 3
100 1
103 8
101 9
100 0
102. 3
102 9
100 1
96 1
96. 5
9 9 .2
io n . r
101 2
1 02. 7
112 1
in s. f
n o 7
107 4
90. 9
90 8
96.
9 7 .8

99.0
117 3
100 4
98 3
100 6
98 2
98 9
98 6
97 7
90 7
95 5
103 5
99 6
96 8
95 7
88 5
ion 6
112. 5
100 0
100 0
100. 7
103 8
99 6
100 0
100. 8
108 8
mi. s
mo o
100 7
88 1
101 6
100 3
100 1
103 8
101 9
loo o
102 3
102 9
100 1
95. 4
95. 6
99.
100
101
10 2 .
112.
108.
n o

2
1
1
6
C
4
e

107. 4
90.
90.
97
97.

9
8
7
7

100. 1
118 4
100.6
98 4
101 5
97 1
98 9
88 6
97 9
90 7
98 0
103 5
99 6
96 6
95. 7
88 5
10° 6
112 5
100 0
100 0
100. 7
10.3 8
99 6
100. 0
100 8
108. 8
101 8
mo o
100 7
88 1
ini n
ion 3
100 1
101 7
101 3
ion. (i
102. 3
102 0
100 1
94. 9
9 5 .3
9 0 .3
io n 2
101 E
102. ¥
111 9
10 8 . 5
100 5
107 4
94 f
9 0 .8
97 7
97. 6

Jan.

Dec. Nov. Oct.

101 l
121 9
ICO 7
98. 4
101 5
98 2
98. 9
94 4
97 9
91 7
97 6
103 5
99 6
96 6
95 7
88 5
100 6
112 5
too 0
100.0
too 7
103 8
99 6
100 0
100. 8
1"8. 8
mi r
100. 0
100 7
88. 1
100 9
too 3
90. 5
101. 7
101 3
100. (1
102 3
101 7
too 1
94. 6

99 9
120 9
100 8
98 5
101 5
98 6
100 1
97 5
97 4
91 7
97 7
103 5
99 6
96 1
95 0
86 6
100 6
112. 5
mo 0
100 0
98 7
103 8
99 6
100 0
mo. 8
108 5
101 8
100. 0
ion 6
88 1
100. 7
100 3
100 1
101 6
101 3
100 f
101 3
100. 9
98.9
94. 6

101 3
118.3
100. 8
98 3
100 4
98 6
98 9
101 4
95 6
91 7
98 3
103 5
99 6
96 4
95. 1
87 6
100 6
112 5
mo n
100 0
101 6
103 8
99 6
100 0
100, 8
108 5
mi 8
100. 0
100 6
88. 1
100 7
100 3
inn l
101 6
101 3
ion c
101 3
100 9
98 9
95. 2

95. C

95. 6

95 C
99
in n .
101
103.

1
2
3
f
111 8
10 8 . C
no. 4
107. 8

94. 6
9 0 .8
97 7
9 7 .7

09
100
10 1 .
103

111
10 8 .
110.
108.
94.
90.
97
97

1
!
E
(
4
7
2
0
f
8

99 2
100. 1
10 1 . S
102. 8
111 3
108 7
no. (
1 0 8 .0
94. 6
9 0 .8
97. 7
9 7 .9

1962 »

101.2
119 0
100 8
98. 4
99 1
98 9
97 8
101 4
97 9
91 4
97 2
103 5
09 8
96 3
95 4
87 6
100 6
112 5
100. 0
100 0
mo 9
103 8
99 6
inn. o
106 8
108 5
mi «
ion o
100 6
88 1
100 5
99. 6
ion 1
101 6
101 3
100 0
ion 8
ion l
98 9
95 6
9 6 .1
99.
100
101
103.
n o
108
10 9 .
108.

4
1
4
f
7
8
5
0

94 6

9 0 .8
97. 7
9 8 .0

mo 6
119 2
100 9
98 8
98 3
98 2
99 4
98 2
98 6
90 9
94 2
102 6
99 7
97 3
96 9
93 1
100 6
112 5
100 0
100 0
100 5
104 0
99 8
inn o
mo 7
108 5
101 8
100.0
100 0
88 1
100. 5
10'> 1
100 0
101 1
101 2
100. (1
100. 8
100 2
99 6
95. 6

1961
100.0
107.9
100.8
97.7
09.9
99.3
100.9
99.8
101 2
89 9
93.5
101 4
100 8
98 9
99 3
99 3
100.3
102.6
100.0
100.0
100 5
101.9
100.0
100.0
mo 2
106.1
100. 9
100.0
99 4
95 0
100 1
100 0
100 0
99 8
100 4
100 0
100.0
100 0
100. 0
94.7

9 5 .9

9 3 .5

in o l
100 5
101 4
102. 9
110 5
1 0 8 .8
io n 4
107 4
93 f
90. 8
98 5
9 8 .3

9 8 .7
101 0
10 1 7
1 0 2 .9
1 0 8 .3
10 6 . 6
108. 0
1 0 8 .7

88. 2

9 2 .5
96 2
9 8 .0

• New series. January 1961=100.
« Metals and metal products, agricultural machinery and equipment, and
motor vehicles.

D.—CONSUMER AND WHOLESALE PRICES

1503

T able D -5. Indexes of wholesale prices,1 by stage of processing and durability of product;
[1957-59=100]»
1962

1963

Commodity group

Oct.s Sept. Aug. July June May Apr. Mar. Feb.
All commodities____________ _______________ . . .

100.5 100.3 100.4 100.6 100.3 100.0

99.7

Jan.

Annual average

Dec. Nov. Oct.

99.9 100. 2 100 5 100.4 100. 7 100.6

1962 ¡>

1961

100.6

100.3

97.1
96. 8
97. 4

96.1
94.9
97.9

Stage of-processing

Crude materials for further processing__ __________
Crude foodstuffs and feedstuffs________________
Crude nonfood materials except fuel____________
Crude nonfood materials, except fuel, for
manufacturing________ ___________ ____
Crude nonfood materials, except fuel, for con­
struction................................. ............ ...........
Crude fuel.............................. ...................................
Crude fuel for manufacturing______________
Crude fuel for nonmanufaciuring___________

94.8 <94.8
93.7 94.0
96.1 95.6

95.7
95.4
95.6

96.1
96.1
95.9

94.8
93. 7
96.4

94.2 95.0
92.8 93.9
96. 6 96.5

94.5
92.8
96.7

95.6 96.8
94. 7 97.1
96.4 95.8

96.8
97.1
95.8

97.6
98.2
95.9

97.4
97.9
96.0

94.9

94.9

95.3

95.8

96.0

95.9

96.2

95.8

95.2

95.1

95.3

95.3

96,9

97.4

103.0 103.0
103.1 4102. E
103.0 4102. 8
103.3 4103.1

103.0
102.0
102.0
102.2

103. 2
101 9
101.8
102.1

103. 2
101 0
101 0
101.2

103.0
100. 5
100. 5
100.7

103.0
102.3
102.3
102.5

103,1
105. 1
105. 3
105.8

103.0
105 6
105. 5
106.0

102,7
103.3
103.2
103.5

103.2
104.0
103.9
104.3

103.3
103.4
103. 4
103.7

103.3
10.3. 2
10.3. 2
103.5

103. 2
101. 8
101 8
102 0

102.8
102 3
102.2
102.4

99.9 100.0 100.1 100.2 100.1 100.1 100.1

100.2

100.3

99 2
100,5

99.8
102.6

95.5

Intermediate materials, supplies, and components
Intermediate materials and components for manu­
facturing..... ........... .............. ........ ............. ...........
Intermediate materials for food manufacturingIntermediate materials for nondurable manu­
facturing......................... ................ ................
Intermediate materials for durable manu­
facturing.......... ................................................
Components for m anufacturing_________ .
Materials and components for construction
Processed fuels and lubricants,-.____ __________
Processed fuels and lubricants for manufac­
turing ............ ............................................... .
Processed fuels and lubricants for nonmanu­
facturing.................................. ................ ........
Containers, nonreturnable___________ ________
Supplies __________ ______ _________________
Supplies for manufacturing:...............................
Supplies for non manufacturing___ ____ _____
Manufactured animal feeds_______ _____
Other supplies.............................................

100.9 100.5 100.5 100.6 100.6 100.5

97.0 4 97. 6
100. 6 4100. E
106.5 4106. 6
105.4 105.1
106.3 4106. 6
111.3 112.2
101.4 4101.3

97.6
101.0
106.2
105.0
106. 1
110.9
101.3

99 7
100. 8
105. 8
105. 0
105. 6
109. 7
101.2

100.3
101. 4
105. 0
105 1
104 3
105. 6
101. 6

99. 7
101. 2
104. 7
105. 2
104. 0
104.8
101.6

98. 6
100 9
105. 1
105. 9
104 2
105. 4
101.6

98 4
101 1
106 4
105 7
106 1
110. 5
101.5

97. 6
101. 4
106 7
105, 8
106 5
111 4
101.5

98. 4
101 6
106. 6
105. 7
106. 4
111. 5
101.3

99 4
101. 5
10.5 9
105.9
105 3
109. 1
101.1

100 0
101 6
105. 6
105 9
104.9
108.3
101.0

100.4
101. 4
105 0
106. 1
104. 0
106.2
100.9

Finished goods (goods to users, including raw foods
and fuels)___ __________ _____ ______ __________
Consumer finished goods_____________________
Consumer foods________ ________________
Consumer crude foods____ ____________
Consumer processed foods_____________
Consumer other nondurable goods_____ ____
Consumer durable goods____ _____________
Producer finished goods......................... .............. __
Producer finished goods for manufacturing . . .
Producer finished goods for nonmanufacturing-

101.6 101. 5
100.9 100.8
100.4 4100.3
95.3 97.1
101.2 4100. 8
101.9 101.9
99 6 99 4
103.2 103.0
105.3 105.1
101.2 4100.9

101.4
100.8
100.3
95 7
101 0
101.9
99. 3
103. 0
105. 1
101.0

101 8
101. 2
101 0
95 4
101 9
102. 3
99. 4
103 0
105 0
101. 1

101. 5
100 8
100 1
92 5
101 3
102.1
99. 3
103. 0
104. 9
101.2

101 1
100 4
99 4
93 2
100 3
101.8
99. 4
102. 9
104. 7
101.1

100 8
99 9
98. 2
94.2
98.9
101 6
99. 5
102 9
104. 7
101. 2

101 1
100. 3
99.0
99. 5
98 9
101. 8
99. 7
102 9
104. 5
101.4

101. 5 101. 8
100. 9 101 2
100. 4 101 4
98.9 103 4
100. 7 101 1
101. 7 101. 7
99. 8 99. 8
103.0 103.0
104.6 104 7
101.4 4101.3

101 6
101 0
100. 7
95.9
101 4
101.8
99.9
103.0
104.7
101.4

102.0
101 5
102 1
102. 8
101 9
101 7
100 . o
102.9
104. 6
101.3

101.4
99.8
100. 9
101 7
100.2
98.3
90.7
98.8

101.2
99.6
100.8
101.5
100.0
98.2
90.0
98.7

101.1
100 1
101. 0
101. 5
100. 4
98 9
89.3
99.5

100.9
99.8
100. 8
101. 2
100. 2
98.2
89.3
98. 7

100 8
99. 4
100.4
101 1
99. 5
98. 4
89 9
98.9

100.6
99 0
100.0
100. 9
99 0
98. 4
89. 4
98.9

100.6
99 2
100. 2
100.9
99 3
98.3
88.7
98.9

100.7
99. 7
100. 4
101.0
99. 7
99 1
88.6
99. 7

100,7
100. 0
100. 6
101 1
100. 0
99.4
86. 4
100.1

100.7
100. 5
100 7
101 1
100 2
100 5
85 4
101. 4

100.1 99.1 99.1 99.4 99.7 99. 7 98.8 98 6 98. 7 98.8
108.8 4103. 7 102.9 106.4 109.8 110. 2 103.5 101.2 101.2 101.0
97.2

98.6

96.6

96.8

97.0

97.1

101.3
99.2
99. E
99.4

100.8
4 99. C
4 99. 8
99. E

101.0
98. 7
100.4
99.8

100.8
98 6
100 1
101. 4

100.4
98. 7
99 4
101.8

100 1
98. 6
99. 2
101.4

97.6

98 0

98.6

99. 6 99.7 99.8 100 0 99.9 100.1 100.1
98.2 98.2 98. 5 98 6 98.8 98. 6 98.6
99.0 98.9 98.9 98.8 98.9 99 0 99. 1
100.8 100.8 100.3 100. 6 101.4 101. 7 102.0

100 4
98.8
99.3
101.2

100.5
99.6
99.7
101.6

100.8 4101. 2 101.1 102.3 102.6 102.4 102.0 102.2 101.9 101.9 102.6 102. 7 102.9

102 3

102.5

99 4
102.2
104 5
105 7
103 5
104 1
101.3

100.1
100 9
102. 3
105. 2
100.6
97 5
100.5

101 9
101 5
101.9
100. 9
102 0
101.8
99 9
102. 8
104. 5
101.3

101 7
101 2
101 3
98 6
101 7
101.6
100.0
102 9
104. 4
101.4

101.4
100 9
100 4
97.6
100.8
101 5
100 5
102.5
103. 8
101.2

100.7
100 4
100. 7
101 1
100. 2
100. 2
86. 3
101.0

101 0
100. 1
100 8
101 3
100 1
99.5
89 2
100.1

101.3
99 6
100.7
101. 4
100 0
98.3
95.2
98.5

97.1

97.1

97.2

97.3

98.7 98.8 98.9
99.9 100.2 100.8
97.3

97.4

Durability of product

Total durable goods....................... ........ ........................
Total nondurable goods_________________________
Total manufactures________ _____ ________________
Durable manufactures__ ________ ____________
Nondurable manufactures________ ___________
Total raw or slightly processed goods............................
Durable raw or slightly processed goods_____
Nondurable raw or slightly processed goods__
• See footnote 1, table D-3.
» See footnote 2, table D-3.
• Preliminary.
• Revised.


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

101.1
99.5
100. 7
101.4
99.9
98.0
90.5
98.5

100 7
100. 2
100. 6
101 1
100 0
100 2
87.9
100.9

N ote : For description of the series by stare of processing, see “ New BLS
Economie Sector Indexes of Wholesale Prices,” Monthly Labor Review,
December 1955, pp. 1448-1453; and by durability of product arid data beginning with 1947, see Wholesale Prices and Price Indexes, 1957, BLS Bul­
letin 1235 (1958).

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, DECEMBER 1963

1504

E.—Work Stoppages
T able E - l. Work stoppages resulting from labor-management disputes 1
Workers involved in stoppages

Number of stoppages
Month and year

Beginning in
month or year

In effect dur­
ing month

Beginning in
month or year

In effect during month

Man-days idle during month
or year

Number

16.900.000
39, 700,000
38.000. 000
116,000, 000
34, 600,000
34.100.000
50, 500, 000
38, 800, U00
22.900.000
59.100.000
28,300, 000
22, 600. 000
28, 200,000
33.100.000
16, 500, 000
23.900.000
69.000, 000
19.100.000
16.300.000
18.600.000

1.130.000
2,380, 000
3.470.000
4.600.000
2,170, 000
1.960.000
3.030. 000
2.410.000

Percent of
estimated
working time
0.27
.46
.47
1.43
.41
.37
.59
.44
.23
.57
.26
.21
.26
.29
.14
.22
.61
.17
.14
.16

1960

........... .

1961
1962

........
....... .

2,862
3. 573
4, 750
4,985
3,693
3, 419
3.606
4,843
4, 737
5,117
5,091
3,468
4,320
3,825
3,673
3. 694
3, 708
3, 333
3,367
3,614

O ctober...
November.
December

261
230
133

506
442
331

98,800
81,000
45, 200

155.000
171.000
146.000

1,350,000
981,000
1,330, 000

.13
.10
.14

230

360
320
350
475
600
675
660
575
550
500

75.000
60.000
45.000
100, 000
125.000
135.000
115.000
75, 000
100, 000
95.000

185.000

2.340.000

120.000

1, 100, 000
1. 110.000

.23
.12
.12
.10
. 17
.18
.20
.15
.11
.13

1935-39 (average).
1947-49 (average).
1945
....... .
1946
....... .
1947

........... .

1948
....... .
1949.................... .
1950
........
1951
........
1952
........
1953
....... .
1954
....... .
1955
........
1956
........
1957
........
1958
........
1959
........

1962:

1963: January 2. . .
February 2. .
March 2___
A p ril2____
May 2 ____
June 2_____

July 2_........

A ugust2---September2.
October 2__

200

225
350
425
450
400
325
300
290

1 The data Include all known strikes or lockouts involving 6 workers or
more and lasting a full day or shift or longer. Figures on workers involved
and man-days idle cover all workers made idle for as long as 1 shift in estab­
lishments directly involved in a stoppage. They do not measure the indirect


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

2 . 220.000

3, 540,000
2, 400,000
1, 530,000
2.650.000
1.900.000
1.390.000
2 , 000,000

1,880, 000
1.320.000
1, 450. 000
1.230.000

90,000
130.000
165.000
190.000
220.000

185.000
155, 000
160.000

1,050 000
1.750.000
1, 740, 000
2.060.000
1,620,000
1, 100, 000

1,500,000

or secondary effect on other establishments or industries whose employees
are made idle as a result of material or service shortage.
2 Preliminary.

Index to Volume 86
January io December 1963
[Issues and page numbers in italics]

ARTICLES AND TECHNICAL NOTES

Industrial Relations

Automation and Technological Change

Impact of Office Automation in the Internal Revenue
Service. Apr. 388-893.
Collective Bargaining Agreements

Employee benefits. Long Range Sharing Plan for Kaiser
Steel Corp. Employees. Feb. 154-160.
Major Agreement Expirations and Reopenings in 1964.
Dec. 1888-1393.

The use of Price Indexes in Escalator Contracts.
9^8-952.

Aug.

Foreign Labor

Africa.

Current Structure of African Trade Unionism.

Feb. 172-178.

Approaches to Union Security in Switzerland, Canada,
and Colombia. Feb. 186-138.
Asian Productivity Development. Mar. 802-804.
British Guiana Strike Settlement. Sept. 1069-1070.
British National Incomes Commission, A Note on. Sept.
1015-1019.

Coal and Steel Communitv Policies for Averting Unem­
ployment. Oct. 1189-1144.
Freedom of Association in Eight European Countries.
Sept. 1020-1025.

India.

Collective Bargaining Contracts in India.

800-301.

Mar.

Israel. Vocational Training in Israel. Sept. 1067-1069.
Sweden. Recommendation on Swedish Wage Policy.
Feb. 171-172.

Unit Labor Cost Comparisons:
International Comparisons of Unit Labor Cost:
Concepts and Methods. May 588-547.
The Role of Labor Cost in Foreign Trade. May
485-490.

U.S.S.R.:
The Consumer in the Soviet Union and the United
States. Jan. 11-13.
Trends in Soviet Personal Income Components.
Apr. 885-387.

Western Europe:
Cultural Activities of West European Organized
Labor. Apr. 370-877.
White-Collar Unionism in Western Europe. July
765-771 ; Aug. 889-896.
General Economic Policy

Sixth Annual Economic Conference of the NICB.
810-818.

July

Presidential Committee Report on Fiscal and Monetary
Policy. Jan. 51.


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

Annual review:
American Labor in 1962; A Retrospect. Jan.. 14-23.
Labor in 1963. Dec. 1398-1404Automobiles. Interplant Transfers in the Automobile
Industry. Mar. 276-278.
Collective bargaining and technological change. The
Union Agenda for Security. June 686-644Exportability of the American System of Industrial
Relations. Mar. 268-270.
Influences of Employer Bargaining Associations in Manu­
facturing. Mar. 272-278.
Labor-management policies:
Labor Monopoly Policy Reconsidered. Feb. 139.
Management’s Adjustment to Change. June 680635.

National Labor Relations Board, 1961-62 Operations
of the. Sept. 1040-1044.
New Problems for Collective Bargaining. Mar. 271.
The Response to Change. June 620-621.
Wage-price policy:
Choosing the Objectives of National Wage-Price
Policy. Mar. 274~275.
Wage-Price Policy Approaches. Feb. 140.
The Workers’ Search for Security. June 614-617.
Labor Relations Aspects of Plant Relocation—The Legal
Dilemma; Personnel Considerations. Apr. 415-418.
The Strike and Discontent. June 645-651.
The Union Agenda for Security. June 636-644Work stoppages:
A Review of Work Stoppages During 1962. July 796801.

Strikes of Government Employees, 1942-61.

Jan.

52-54International Developments

The ILO Director-General’s Speech on the South African
Question. Aug. 920-924The International Labor Conference of 1963. Aug. 914919.

Labor Ministers’ Conference on the Alliance for Progress.
July 789-793.

Labor Force

Characteristics. Marital and Family Characteristics of
Workers, March 1962. Jan. 24~36.
Educational Attainment of Workers, March 1962. May
504-515.

Employment:
Geographic Changes in U.S. Employment From 1960
to 1960. Jan. 1-10.
High School Graduates and Dropouts in 1962, Em­
ployment of. July 772-779.
Labor Force and Employment, 1960-62. May 497508.

1505

1506

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, DECEMBER 1963

Employment—Continued
Measurement. Revision of Establishment Employ­
ment Statistics, 1963. Oct. 1194-1195.
School-age youth.
Employment of School-Age
Youth, October 1962. Aug. 907-913.
Self-Employment in the United States, 1948-62.
Jan. 37-43.

Job Tenure of American Workers, January 1963.
1145-1152.

Oct.

Labor force and economic development:
High-Level Manpower Development. Mar. 265-267.
Population and Labor Force. Mar. 262-264.
Manpower Resources and Use. Mar. 237-239.
Mobility:

Effects of Private Pension Plans on Labor Mobility.
Mar. 285-288.

Job Mobility in 1961. Aug. 897-906.
Multiple Jobholders in May 1962. May 516-523.
Nonwhite workers. Economic Status of Nonwhite Work­
ers, 1955-62. July 780-788.
Older workers:
Labor Market Experience of Unemployed Older
Workers. Mar. 282-284.
Older Workers’ Performance in Industrial Retraining
Programs. Aug. 935-939.
Projections:
Aviation. Outlook and Trends in Civil Aviation Em­
ployment. Nov. 1290-1296.
BLS Occupational Trend Projections: An Appraisal.
Oct. 1135-1138.

Electronics. Employment and Occupational Outlook
in Electronics. Sept. 1026-1032.
Employment Projections to 1975. Mar. 240-248.
Scientists and Engineers, 1960-70: Supply and De­
mand. Nov. 1275-1282.
Training:
Digest of 1961 State Reports on Vocational Educa­
tion. Oct. 1162-1165.
An Indiana Program of Job Training and Work Ex­
perience for Students. Feb. 161-163.
Retraining. Older Workers’ Performance in Industrial
Retraining Programs. Aug. 935-939.
Unemployment:
Recent Trends and Impact of Unemployment. Mar.
249-254.

The Relationship of Unemployment to Mortgage
Foreclosures. Dec. 1421-1425.
Unemployment and Labor Market Policy. July 808-

Labor Movement and Organizations

The Dynamic Nature of Workers’ Goals. June 618-619.
Internal affairs:
Discrimination. Union Program for Eliminating
Discrimination. Jan. 58-59.
Union Disciplinary Powers and Procedures: I,
Grounds for Trial of Members and Local Officers.
Feb. 125-132; II, Trial Powers and Procedures at
the Local Union Level. Mar. 255-261; III,
Selected Due Process Safeguards and Appeals.
Apr. 378-384; IV, Influence of the LMRDA on
Constitutional Discipline Provisions. May 491496.

Labor movement:
American Labor in 1962; A Retrospect. Jan. 14-23.
Labor in 1963. Dec. 1398-1404.
The Security of Worker Institutions. June 652658.

Membership:
The Leadership Factor in Union Growth.
133-136.

Unionism as a Social Choice: The Engineers’ Case.
Apr. 365-369.

Prices and Consumption Economics

Appliances. Price Trends and the Postwar Market for
Appliances. Nov. 1259-1265.
The Consumer in the Soviet Union and the United States.
Jan. 11-13.

Consumer Price Index. Announcement of the 1964
Revision of the CPI. July 794-795.
Food budget. Intercity Differences in Family Food
Budget Costs. Oct. 1189-1194Livings standards. Workers’ Wealth and Family Living
Standards. June 676-686.
Price Indexes in Escalator Contracts, The Use of. Aug.
948-952.

Social welfare. The Economic Base and Limits of Social
Welfare. June 695-700.
Production and Productivity

Labor and Material Requirements: Highway Construc­
tion, 1958 and 1961. Apr. 394-398.
Social Security

810.

Work History, Attitudes, and Income of the Unem­
ployed. Dec. 1405-1413.
Women:
Marital and Family Characteristics of Workers,
March 1962. Jan. 24-36.
Progress of the Commission on the Status of Women.
Feb. 141-144.

Report of President’s Commission on the Status of
Women. Oct. 1166-1169.
Working Life for Men, 1960, Table of. July 820-823.
Labor Law

American Labor in 1962; A Retrospect. Jan. 14-33.
Equal Pay Act of 1963. Aug. 947.
The Individual and the Union. June 659-665.
The Individual’s Legal Rights as an Employee. June
666-673.

Labor in 1963. Dec. 1398-1404.
Railroad Arbitration Act, 1963. Oct. 1187-1188.
State Labor Legislation Enacted in 1963. Nov. 1297-1301.
Workmen's Compensation Enactments in 1963. Dec.
1432-1435.


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

Feb.

Canada. An Inquiry Into Canada’s Unemployment
Insurance System. May 524-529.
Measures of Workers’ Wealth and Welfare. June
674-675.

Public Systems for Distributing Risks to Security. June
622-629.

Social Expenditures and Worker Welfare.

June 687-694.

Wages and Working Conditions

General:
Deferred Increases Due in 1964 and Wage Escala­
tion. Dec.
Health and Insurance Benefits for Salaried Employees.
Nov. 1266-1274.

Hours of Work in the United States and Abroad.
Aug. 925-934.

Metropolitan areas:
Earnings in Selected Metropolitan Areas of the
South, June 1961. Jan. 55-57; June 1962.
Aug. 940—943.

Job Pay Levels and Trends in Metropolitan
Areas, 1962. Feb. 145-151.

INDEX TO VOLUME 86

1507

General—Continued
Metropolitan areas—Continued
Occupational Wage Relationships in Metro­
politan Areas, 1961-62. Dec. 1426-1431.
Supplementary Wage Benefits in Metropolitan
Areas, 1961-62. Mar. 293-299.
Nonmetropolitan Areas, Southern and North Central
Regions, Wages in. Sept. 1033-1039.
Pension funds. Unfunded Private Pension Plans.

Worker Security
(Articles in Anniversary Issue)

The Dynamic Nature of Workers’ Goals. June 618-619.
The Economic Base and Limits of Social Welfare. June
695- 700.

The Individual and the Union. June 659-665.
The Individual’s Legal Rights as an Employee.

June

666-673.

Dec. 1414-1420.

Retail trade. Changes in Employee Earnings in
Retail Trade, June 1961-June 1962. July 802-

Management’s Adjustment to Change. June 630-635.
Measures of Workers’ Wealth and Welfare. June 674~

Teachers. City Public School Teachers’ Salaries,
1959-61. Apr. 411-415.
White-Collar Salaries, 1963 Survey of. Nov. 1283-

807.

Public Systems for Distributing Risks to Security. June

1289.

Working conditions. Retirement. Flexible Versus
Compulsory Retirement Policies. Mar. 279-281.
Chronologies:
American Viscose Division, FMC Corp.—Supple­
ment No. 2-1959-63. Nov. 1302-1306.
Armour and Co.—Supplement No. 7—1961-63.
Apr. 399-408.

Carolina Coach Co—Supplement No. 1—1954-63.

675.

622-629.

The Response to Change. June 620-621.
The Security of Worker Institutions. June 652-658.
Social Expenditures and Worker Welfare. June 687-694.
The Strike and Discontent. June 645-651.
The Union Agenda for Security. June 636-644The Workers’ Search for Security. June 614-617.
Workers’ Wealth and Family Living Standards. June
676-686.

COURT DECISIONS

Sept. 1058-1066.

Commonwealth Edison Co. of Chicago—Supplement
No. 2-1962-63. Oct. 1184-1186.
General Motors Corp.—Supplement No. 5—1961-63.
Oct. 1170-1183.

International Shoe Co.—Supplement No. 4—1962-64.
May 536-537.

Railroads—Nonoperating Employees—Supplement
No. 1-1961-62. Apr. 409-410.
Sinclair Oil Companies—Supplement No. 3—1963.
Dec. 1442-1443.

Swift & Co.—Supplement No. 7—1961-63. Sept.
1048-1057.

Western Union Telegraph Co.—Supplement No.
y 3-1954-63. Nov. 1307-1322.
Industry and occupation surveys:
Bituminous Coal Mines, November 1962. Oct.
1153-1156.

Communications Workers, 1962. Oct. 1157-1161.
Dress Manufacturing Industry, March-April 1963.
Dec. 1436-1438.

Electric and Gas Utility Systems, July 1962. May
530-538.

Fertilizer Plants, April 1962. Feb. 164-167.
Footwear Manufacturing, April 1962. Feb. 168-170.
Iron and Steel Foundries, November 1962. Sept.
1045-1047.

Labor Management Relations Act

Arbitration clauses:
Arbitrability under expired agreement. Procter &
Gamble Independent Union v. Procter & Gamble
Manufacturing Co. (U.S. Ct. of App.). Feb 175.
Procedural requirements. Livingston v. John Wiley
& Sons (U.S. Ct. of App.). Mar. 306.
Bargaining obligations:
Marine and Shipbuilding Workers v. NLRB; Bethle­
hem Steel Co. v. Same (U.S. Ct. of App.). Oct.
1196.

Plant closure. NLRB v. New England Web, Inc.
(U.S. Ct. of App.). Jan. 62.
Subcontracting:
Fibreboard Paper Products Corp. v. NLRB
(U.S. Ct. of App.). Sept. 1073.
Hawaii Meat Co. v. NLRB (U.S. Ct. of App.).
Oct. 1196-1197.

Hot-cargo clause. Construction, Production &
Maintenance Laborers Union, Local 383 v.
NLRB (U.S. Ct. of App.). Dec. 1444Enforcement of agreements:
Belk v. Allied Aviation Service Co. (U.S. Ct. of App.).
June 703-704.

Iron and Steel Industry, March 1962. Mar. 289-

Smith v. Evening News Association (U.S. Sup. Ct.).

Leather Tanning and Finishing, March 1963. Aug.

Jurisdiction, Federal-State:
Construction and General Laborers’ Union, Local
438 v. Curry (U.S. Sup. Ct.), Mar. 306-307.
Iron Workers, Local 207 v. Perko (U.S. Sup. Ct.).

292.

944-946.

Machinery Industries, March-MayT963.

Dec. 1439-

1441.

Retail Trade, June 1961. Jan. 44-31.
Southern Sawmills and Planing Mills, June 1962.
Feb. 151-153.

Women’s and Misses’ Coat and Suit Industry, August
1962. July 817-819.
Wood Household Furniture, July 1962. July 814816.

Wool Yarn and Broadwoven Fabric Mills, June 1962.
May 533-535.

Work Injuries

Preliminary Estimates of Work Injuries in 1962.
418-420.


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

Apr.

Feb. 174-175.

Aug. 954-956.

Missouri v. Division 1287, Street, Electric Railway
Employes (Mo. Sup. Ct.). Jan. 60-61; Street,
Electric Railway Employes v. State of Missouri
(U.S. Sup. Ct.). Sept. 1071.
NLRB v. Reliance Fuel Oil Corp. (U.S. Sup. Ct.).
Mar. 307.

NLRB authority:
Foreign registry. NLRB v. Sociedad Nacional de
Marineros; NLRB v. Empresa Hondurena de
Vapores S.A.; National Maritime Union v. Same
(U.S. Sup. Ct.). Apr. 431-432.
Plumbers and Pipefitters, Local 100 v. Borden (U.S.
Sup. Ct.). Aug. 954-956.

1508

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, DECEMBER 1963

Secondary boycott:
Madden v. Steel, Metals, Alloys and Hardware
Fabricators and Warehousemen, Local 810, Team­
sters (111. Dist. Ct.). Dec. 1445.
Superseniority for replacements. NLRB v. Erie
Resistor Corp. (U.S. Sup. Ct.). July 824-825.
Union security:
Agency shop:
NLRB v. General Motors Corp. (U.S. Sup. Ct.).
Aug. 953-954.

Retail Clerks, Local 1625 v. Schermerhorn (U.S.
Sup. Ct.). Aug. 953-954.
Labor-Management Reporting and Disclosure Act

Immunity from prosecution. Certain Grand Jury Wit­
nesses, In re (Mich. Dist. Ct.). Feb. 176.
Intraunion complaints. McGraw v. United Association
(Tenn. Dist. Ct.). May 550-551.
Railway Labor Act

Enforcement of contract:
Machinists v. Central Airlines (U.S. Sup. Ct.).

June

704.

Locomotive Engineers v. Louisville and Nashville R.R.
Co. (U.S. Sup. Ct.). July 825-826.
Management right to eliminate jobs. Locomotive Engineers
v. Baltimore & Ohio R.R. Co. (U.S. Ct. of App.). Jan.
62- 63; (U.S. Sup. Ct.). May 549-550.
Use of dues for political purposes. Railway Clerks v.
Allen (U.S. Sup. Ct.). July 825.
Unemployment Insurance

Availability for work. Globe Democrat Publishing Co.
v. Industrial Commission (Mo. Ct. of App.). Jan.
63- 64.

Eligibility during trade dispute. Ruberoid Co. v. Cali­
fornia Unemployment Insurance Appeals Board. (Calif.
Sup. Ct.). May 551-552.
Miscellaneous

Anti-trust laws. Los Angeles Meat and Provision Drivers
Union, Local 626 v. United States (U.S. Sup. Ct.).
Jan. 61-62.

Fair employment practice act. Colorado Anti-Discrimina­
tion Commission v. Continental Air Lines; Green v.
Same (U.S. Sup. Ct.). July 826-827.
NATIONAL LABOR RELATIONS BOARD CASES

Bargaining obligations:
Blades Manufacturing Corp. and Machinists. (144
NLRB No. 54). Dec. 1445-1446.
Hiring hall. Associated General Contractors of
America, Inc., Houston Chapter and Construction
and General Laborers Union, Local 18 (143 NLRB
No. 43). Sept. 1072-1073.
Discrimination. Pioneer Bus Co. and Transport Workers
(140 NLRB No. 18). Feb. 175.
Duty of fair representation:
Miranda Fuel Co. and Lopuch (140 NLRB No. 7).
Mar. 305-306.

Pioneer Bus Co. and Transport Workers (140 NLRB
No. 18). Feb. 175.
Election propaganda:
Steel Equipment Co. and United Automobile Workers
(140 NLRB No. 122). Apr. 423.
Plochman and Harrison-Cherry Lane Foods, Inc.,
and Local 738, Teamsters (140 NLRB No. 11).
Feb. 176.

Walgreen Co. and Local 717, Ice Cream and Frozen
Custard Industry Employees (140 NLRB No. 121).
Apr. 433.


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

Job assignment. _ Philadelphia Typographical Union,
Local 2 and Philadelphia Inquirer (142 NLRB No. 1).
June 703.

Recognitional picketing:
Operating Engineers, Local 542 and R. S. Noonan, Inc.
(142 NLRB No. 131). Sept. 1071-1072.
Electrical Workers, IBEW, Local 3 and Picoult (144
NLRB No. 9). Oct. 1198.
Secondary boycott:
Consumer picketing. Teamsters, Local 445 and
Colony Liquor Distributors, Inc. (140 NLRB No.
105). Apr. 422-423.
Electrical Workers, IBEW, Local 3 and New Power
Wire and Electric Corp. (144 NLRB No. 100).
Dec. 1444-1445.

Hot cargo:
Teamsters, Local 413 and Patton Warehouse, Inc.
(140 NLRB No. 136). May 548-549.
Teamsters, Local 728 and Brown Transport Corp.
(140 NLRB No. 137). May 548.
Hot cargo clauses. Teamsters Union, Local 710 and
Wilson & Co., Inc.; Same and Frozen Food Ex­
press (143 NLRB No. 117). Oct. 1197-1198.
DEPARTMENTS (regular features)

Book Reviews and Notes. Each issue. See list of Book
Reviews, pp. 1508-1510 of this index.
Chronology of Recent Labor Events. Each issue.
Decisions in Labor Cases, Significant. See list of case
citations under Court Decisions and National Labor
Relations Board Cases, pp. 1507-1508 of this index.
Industrial Relations, Developments in. Ffach issue.
Labor Month in Review. Each issue.
Statistical Supplement, 1962, to Review. Issued as a
separate report.
Statistics, Current Labor. See Statistical Series, p.
1510 of this index.

BOOK REVIEWS (listed by author of book)

Adelman, Irma. Theories of Economic Growth and
Development. Mar. 319-320.
American Economic Association. The Journal of Eco­
nomic Abstracts. May 564.
Argyris, Chris. Interpersonal Competence and Organi­
zational Effectiveness. Jan. 78-79.
Asher, Robert E. and others. Development of the Emerg­
ing Countries: An Agenda for Research. Apr. 436-439.
Avnet, Helen Hershfield. Psychiatric Insurance: Fi­
nancing Short-Term Ambulatory Treatment. Mar. 318.
Ayusawa, Iwao. Organized Labor in Japan: Part I,
Postwar Developments in Organized Labor, 1945-1952;
Part II, Organized Labor in Present-Day Japan,
1953-1961.> Oct. 1210-1211.
Barber, William J. The Economy of British Central
Africa: A Case Study of Economic Development in a
Dualistic^Society. May 567-568.
Barbour, K. M. and R. M. Prothero, eds. Essays on
African Population. Mar. 320-321.
Bazelon, David T. The Paper Economy. Sept. 10861087.

Beirne, Joseph A. New Horizons for American Labor.
June 718.

Belcher, David W.
Mar. 321-322.

Wage and Salary Administration.

Benveniste, Guy and William E. Moran, Jr. Handbook
of African Economic Development. Mar. 320-321.
Bergson, Abram and Simon Kuznets, eds. Economic
Trends in the Soviet Union. Dec. 1461-1462.
Bornstein, Morris and Daniel R. Fusfeld, eds. The
Soviet Economy—A Book of Readings. July 844-845.
[British] Medical Services Review Committee. A Review
of the Medical Services in Great Britain. June 722-723.
Bunting, Robert L. Employer Concentration in Local
Labor Markets. May 566-567.

INDEX TO VOLUME 86

1509

Carlson, Valdemar. Economie Security in the United
States. Apr. 439-440.
Carter, M. P. Home, School and Work: A Study of the
Education and Employment of Young People in Britain.

Humphrey, Don D. The United States and the Common
Market: A Background Study. Mar. 318-319.
Hutchinson, John G. Managing A Fair Day’s Work:
An Analysis of Work Standards in Operation. Nov.

Catlin, Warren B. The Progress of Economics: A
History of Economic Theory. Oct. 1213.
Chang, Chung-li. The Income of the Chinese Gentry.

Johnston, T. L. Collective Bargaining in Sweden: A
Study of the Labor Market and Its Institutions. Oct.

Aug. 968.

May 668-569.

Cheit, Earl F. and Margaret S. Gordon, eds. Occupa­
tional Disability and Public Policy. June 719-720.
Clarkson, Geoffrey P. E. The Theory of Consumer
Demand: A Critical Appraisal. Sept. 1088-1089.
Cline, Howard F. Mexico—Revolution to Evolution,
1940-1960. Feb. 189-190.
Cole, David L. The Quest for Industrial Peace. Sept.
1087-1088.

Columbia University, School of Public Health and Ad­
ministrative Medicine. Family Medical Care Under
Three Types of Health Insurance. June 721-722.
de Grazia, Sebastian. Of Time, Work, and Leisure.
Jan. 79-80.

Donahue, Wilma and Clark Tibbitts, eds. Politics of Age:
Proceedings of the University of Michigan 14th Annual
Conference on Aging, Ann Arbor, Mich., June 19-20,
1961. Feb. 191-192.
Dorfman, Joseph and others. Institutional Economics:
Veblen, Commons, and Mitchell Reconsidered. Aug. 970.
Dunlop, John T., ed. Automation and Technological
Change. Jan. 77-78.
Epstein, T. Scarlett. Economic Development and Social
Change in South India. Feb. 190-191.
Evans, Luther H., and George E. Arnstein, eds. Automa­
tion and the Challenge to Education. Feb. 187-188.
Fanon, Frantz. Les Damnés de la Terre [The Wretched of
the Earth]. Feb. 192-193.
Foster, George M. Traditional Cultures and the Impact
of Technological Change. Oct. 1211-1212.
Galbraith, John Kenneth. Economic Development in
Perspective. Apr. 436-439.
Galenson, Walter, ed. Labor in Developing Economies.
July 840-841.

Gamba, Charles. The Origins of Trade Unionism in Ma­
laya: A Study in Colonial Labor Unrest. Feb. 193.
Gaudet, Frederick J. Solving the Problems of Employee
Absence. Sept. 1092-1093.
Gerschenkron, Alexander. Economic Backwardness in
Historical Perspective: A Book of Essays. July 842-843.
Ginzberg, Eli and Hyman Berman. The American Worker
in the Twentieth Century: A History Through Auto­
biographies. Dec. 1457-1458.
Gitlow, Abraham L. Economics. Feb. 193-194.
Goldsmith, Raymond W. The National Wealth in the
United States in the Post-War Period. Jan. 74~75.
Goslin, David A. The Search for Ability—Standardized
Testing in Social Perspective. Nov. 1336.
Gubbels, Robert. La grève, phénomène de civilisation.
June 718-719.

Hagen, Everett E. On the Theory of Social Change:
How Economic Growth Begins. Apr. 436-439.
Haire, Mason, ed. Organization Theory in Industrial
Practice: A Symposium of the Foundation for Research
on Human Behavior. Feb. 188-189.
Harrington, Michael. The Retail Clerks. Apr. 4SI.
Harter, Lafayette G., Jr. John R. Commons: His Assault
on Laissez-Faire. Dec. 1459.
Heilbroner, Robert L. The Great Ascent: The Struggle
for Economic Development in Our Times. July 839840.

Horowitz, Daniel L. The Italian Labor Movement. Dec
1460 .

Horowitz, Morris A. The Structure and Government of
the Carpenters’ Union. Apr. 431-432.


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

1335-1336.

1210 .

Kahn, Hilda R. Salaries in the Public Services in England
and Wales. Sept. 1091-1092.
Kassalow, Everett M., ed. National Labor Movements in
the Postwar World. Dec. 1453.
Kauper, Paul G. Civil Liberties and the Constitution.
Jan. 80-81.

Kennedy, Thomas. Automation Funds and Displaced
Workers. Feb. 186-187.
Kindleberger, Charles P. Foreign Trade and the National
Economy. July 843-844Kramer, Leo. Labor’s Paradox—The American Federa­
tion of State, County and Municipal Employees, AFLCIO. Apr. 432.
Lampman, Robert J., ed. Social Security Perspectives—
Essays bv Edwin É. Witte. June 716.
Lanham, Elizabeth. Administration of Wages and
Salaries. Nov. 1339-1340.
Levenstein, Aaron. Why People Work: Changing In­
centives in a Troubled World. Dec. 1458-1459.
Levinson, Harry and others. Men, Management, and
Mental Health. June 720-721.
Lewis, John P. Quiet Crisis in India: Economic Develop­
ment and American Policy. Apr. 436-439.
Lewis, Wilfred, Jr. Federal Fiscal Policy in the Postwar
Recession. May 567.
Lipsey, Robert E. Price and Quantity Trends in the
Foreign Trade of the United States. Nov. 1340-1341.
London School of Economics and Political Science.
British Journal of Industrial Relations. Mar. 316-317.
Lundy, Robert F. The Economics of Loyalty-Incentive
Rates in the Railroad Industry of the United States.
Aug. 970-971.

Lupton, T. On the Shop Floor: Two Studies of Workshop
Organization and Output. Nov. 1337.
MacIntyre, Duncan M. Voluntary Health Insurance
and Rate Making. Mar. 317.
Maynard, Geoffrey. Economic Development and the
Price Level. July 841-842.
Miernyk, William H. Trade Unions in the Age of Afflu­
ence. Apr. 440.
Mill, John Stuart; edited by Gertrude Himmelfarb.
Essays on Politics and Culture. Mar. 322.
Morgan, James N., Martin II. David, Wilbur J. Cohen,
Harvey E. Brazer. Income and Welfare in the United
States. June 717-718.
Municipal Manpower Commission. Governmental Man­
power for Tomorrow’s Cities. May 565.
Munson, Fred C. Labor Relations in the Lithographic
Industry. Nov. 1337-1338.
Murad, Anatol. What Keynes Means: A Critical Clarifi­
cation of the Economic Theories of John Maynard
Keynes. Oct. 1212-1213.
National Safety Council. Safety Guide for Unions.
July 845.

Northrup, Herbert R. and Gordon F. Bloom. Govern­
ment and Labor: The Role of Government in UnionManagement Relations. Dec. 1462-1463.
O’Connor, Harvey. World Crisis in Oil. Jan. 75-76.
Odiorne, George S. Personnel Policy: Issues ar.d Prac­
tices. Sept. 1092.
Ottieri, Ottiero. The Men at the Gate. Apr. 440-441Palmer, Gladys L. and others. The Reluctant Job
Changer: Studies in Work Attachments and Aspira­
tions. Dec. 1457.
Perlman, Mark. Democracy in the International Associa­
tion of Machinists. Apr. 433.

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, DECEMBER 1963

1510
Peterson, Florence. American Labor Unions—What
They Are and How They Work. Aug. 967.
Peterson, Wallace C. Income, Employment, and Eco­
nomic Growth. Feb. 193-194.
Phelps Brown, E. H. The Economics of Labor. Oct. 1209.
Philipson, Morris, ed. Automation—Implications for the
Future. Feb. 185-186.
RafTaele, Joseph A. Labor Leadership in Italy and Den­
mark. Sept. 1089-1090.
Rideout, R. W. The Right to Membership of a Trade
Union. Aug. 968-969.
Römer, Ram. The International Brotherhood of Team­
sters: Its Government and Structure. Apr. 483-434Röpke, Wilhelm; translated by Patrick M. Boarman.
Economics of a Free Society. Aug. 971-972.
Rothbaum, Melvin. The Government of the Oil, Chemi­
cal and Atomic Workers Union. Apr. 434.
Sayigh, Yusif A. Entrepreneurs of Lebanon: The Role of
the Business Leader in a Developing Economy. Sept.
1090-1091.

Schmidt, Folke. The Law of Labor Relations in Sweden.
Mag 565-566.

Seidman. Joel. The Brotherhood of Railroad Trainmen;
The Internal Political Life of a National Union. Apr.
434- 435.

Shils, Edward B. Automation and Industrial Relations.
Oct. 1211.

Shostak, Arthur B. America’s Forgotten Labor Organiza­
tion: A Survey of the Role of the Single-Firm Independ­
ent Union in American Industry. May 563-564Stieber, Jack. Governing the UAW. Apr. 485.
Strauss, Anselm L. and Lee Rainwater. The Professional
t Scientists—A Study of American Chemists. July 844Svenska Industritjanstemannaförbundet. Facts About
SIF (The Swedish Union of Clerical and Technical Em­
ployees in Industry). Aug. 969-970.
Sylos-Labini, Paolo. Oligopoly and Technical Progress.
Jan. 76-77.

Tinbergen, Jan. Shaping the World Economy: Sugges­
tions for an International Economic Policy. Mar. 318319.

Turgeon, Lynn. The Contrasting Economies: A Study
of Modern Economic Systems. Dec. 146O-I46I.
Ulman, Lloyd. The Government of the Steel Workers’
Union. Apr. 436.
University Industrial Relations Librarians, Committee of.
A Standard List of Subject Headings in Industrial Rela­
tions. O.t. 1213-1214Werne, Benjamin. Administration of the Labor Con­
tract—Volumes I—II I. Nov. 1388-1339.
Wickersham, Edward D. Detroit’s Insured Unemployed
and Employable Welfare Recipients: Their Character­
istics, Labor Market Experience, and Attitudes. Sept.
1091.

■

4

Wilcock, Richard C. and Walter H. Franke. Unwanted
Workers: Permanent Layoffs and Long-Term Unem­
ployment. Aug. 966-967.
Woytinsky, Emma S., ed. So Much Alive: The Life and
Work of Wladimir S. Woytinsky. July 838-839.


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STATISTICAL SERIES
(Most recent 13 months and 2 annual averages)
Consumer and wholsesale prices:
Consumer Price Index. All-city average: All items,
groups, subgroups, and special groups of items.
Table D-l, each issue.
----- . All items and food indexes, by city. Table
D-2, each issue.
Indexes of wholesale prices. By group and subgroup
of commodities. Table D-3, each issue.
----- . For special commodity groupings. Table
D-4, each issue.
----- . By stage of processing and durability of pro­
duct. Table D-5, each issue.
Earnings and hours:
Gross hours and earnings of production workers, by
industry. Table C-l, each issue.
Average weekly hours, seasonally adjusted, of produc­
tion workers in selected industries. Table C-2,
each, issue.

Average hourly earnings excluding overtime of pro­
duction workers in manufacturing, by major in­
dustry group. Table C-3, each issue.
Average overtime hours of production workers in
manufacturing, by industry. Table C-4, each
issue.

Indexes of aggregate weekly man-hours and payrolls
in industrial and construction activities. Table
C-5, each issue.
Gross and spendable average weekly earnings of pro­
duction workers in manufacturing, in current and
1957-69 dollars. Table C-6, each issue.
Employment:
Estimated total labor force classified by employment
status and sex. Table A-l, each issue.
Employees in nonagricultural establishments, by
industry. Table A-2, each issue.
Production workers in nonagricultural establishments,
by industry. Table A-3, each issue.
Employees in nonagricultural establishments, by in­
dustry division and selected groups, seasonally ad­
justed. Table A-4, each issue.
Production workers in manufacturing industries, by
major industry group, seasonally adjusted. Table
A-5, each issue.
Unemployment insurance and employment service
program operations. Table A-6, each issue.
Labor turnover rates, by major industry group. Table
B -l, each issue.
Work injuries. Injury-frequency rates for selected manu­
facturing industries. (Most recent 10 quarters and 2
annual averages.) Table F -l, Jan., Apr., July, Oct.
issues.

Work stoppages resulting from labor-management dis­
putes. (13 most recent months, averages for 193539 and 1947-49, and annual averages from 1945 to
1962.) Table E -l, each issue.

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offices. (See inside front cover for the addresses of these offices.)

BLS Bulletin 1374: Industry Wage Survey, Electric and Gas Utilities, July 1962.
88 pp. 50 cents.
BLS Bulletin 1383: Industry Wage Survey, Bituminous Coal Mining: Part I, Under­
ground Mines; Part II, Surface Mines. 71 pp. 45 cents.
BLS Bulletin 1387: National Survey of Professional, Administrative, Technical, and
Clerical Pay, February-March 1963. 55 pp. 40 cents.

For Limited Free Distribution
Single copies of the reports listed below are furnished without cost as long as supplies permit. Write
to Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor, Washington, D.C., 20210, or to any of the
Bureau’s regional offices. (See inside front cover for the addresses of these offices.)

BLS Report 187: Wage Chronology: Armour and Co., 1941-63 (Revised 1963).
Survey of Consumer Expenditures, 1960-61:
Consumer Expenditures and Income
BLS Report—
237-56: Nashville, Tenn., 1961. 12 pp.
Supplement 1. 5 pp.
237-68: Hartford, Conn., 1961. 12 pp.
Supplement 1. 5 pp.
BLS Report 246: Labor in Indonesia, May 1963.


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