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o ixALAui aZu JAN 4 1963 PUBLIC LIBR..... DECEM BER 1963 VOL. 86 NO. Work History of the Unemployed Unfunded Private Pension Plans Union Contract Developments in 1964 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS E wan Clague, Commissioner of Labor Statistics R obert J. M yers, H . M . D outy, Associate Commissioner for Program Planning and Publications W . D u ane E vans, P aul R. Deputy Commissioner of Labor Statistics. Associate Commissioner for Systems Analysis and Economic Growth K erschbaum, Associate Commissioner for Management and Field Operations J ack Alterman, Deputy Associate Commissioner for Economic Growth Gertrude B ancroft, Special Assistant to the Commissioner Arnold E. C hase, Assistant Commissioner for Prices and Living Conditions J oseph P. Goldberg, Special Assistant to the Commissioner H arold Goldstein, Assistant Commissioner for Manpower and Employment Statistics L eon Greenberg , Assistant Commissioner for Productivity and Technological Developments P eter H enle , Special Assistant to the Commissioner R ichard F. J ones, Deputy Associate Commissioner for Management W alter G. K eim , Deputy Associate Commissioner for Field Operations L awrence R. Klein , Chief, Division of Publications H yman L. L ewis , Economic Consultant to the Commissioner L eonard R. L insenmayer , Assistant Commissioner for Wages and Industrial Relations F rank S. M cE lroy, Chief, Division of Industrial Hazards A be R othman, Deputy Associate Commissioner for Systems Analysis W illiam C. S helton, Chief, Division of Foreign Labor Conditions K enneth G. Van A uken, Special Assistant to the Commissioner Regional Offices and Directors NEW ENGLAND REGION W endell D. M acD onald 18 Oliver Street Boston, Mass. 02110 Connecticut M aine Massachusetts N ew Hampshire Rhode Island Vermont N O R TH C E N TRA L REGION Adolph O. B erger 105 West Adams Street Chicago, 111. 60603 Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Minnesota Missouri Nebraska North Dakota South Dakota Wisconsin M ID D L E ATLANTIC REGION H erbert Bienstock 341 Ninth Avenue New York, N.Y. 10001 Delaware Maryland N ew Jersey New York Pennsylvania District of Columbia SOUTHERN REGION Brunswick A. B agdon 1371 Peachtree Street NE. Atlanta, Ga. 30309 Alabama Arkansas Florida Georgia Louisiana M ississippi North Carolina Oklahoma South Carolina Tennessee Texas Virginia EAST C E N TRA L REGION J ohn W. L ehman 1365 Ontario Street Cleveland, Ohio 44114 Kentucky Michigan Ohio West Virginia WESTERN REGION M ax D. K ossoris 630 Sansome Street San Francisco, Calif. 94111 Alaska A ri sona California Colorado Hawaii Idaho Montana Nevada N ew Mexico Oregon Utah Washington Wyoming The Monthly Labor Review is for sale by the regional offices listed above and by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D .C., 20402. Subscription price per year—$7.50 domestic; $9.00 foreign. Price 75 cents a copy. The distribution of subscription copies is bandied by the Superintendent of Documents. should be addressed to the editor-in-chief. Communications on editorial matters Use of fund» for printing this publication approved by the Director of the Bureau of the Budget (October 31,1962). https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Monthly Labor Review UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR • BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS L a w ren ce R . K l e in , Editor-in-Chief CONTENTS Special Articles 1383 1394 1398 1405 Major Agreement Expirations and Reopenings in 1964 Deferred Increases Due in 1964 and Wage Escalation Labor in 1963 Special Labor Force Report: Work History, Attitudes, and Income of the Unemployed Summaries of Studies and Reports 1414 1421 1426 1432 1436 1439 1442 Unfunded Private Pension Plans The Relationship of Unemployment to Mortgage Foreclosures Occupational Wage Relationships in Metropolitan Areas, 1961-62 Workmen’s Compensation Enactments in 1963 Earnings in the Dress Manufacturing Industry, March-April 1963 Earnings in the Machinery Industries, March-May 1963 Wage Chronology: Sinclair Oil Companies—Supplement No. 3—1963 Departments hi 1444 1447 1449 1456 1467 1505 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis The Labor Month in Review Significant Decisions in Labor Cases Chronology of Recent Labor Events Developments in Industrial Relations Book Reviews and Notes Current Labor Statistics Index to Volume 86 December 1963 • Vol. 86 • No. 12 M a jo r W age Developments in 1962 PERCENT OF WORKERS No wage change H a lf of the nearly 8 m illion workers under major agreements collective (those Increases in w a ges under 1% p i bargaining covering 1% and under 2% 1,000 2% and under 2¡4% workers or more) received wage in 214% an d under 3% creases averaging 21/f> but less than 41/2 percent, including deferred in creases and cost-of-living 09 , 3% an d unde r 314% 314% and under 4% adjust 4% and under 414% ments. The 27 percent whose wages 414% an d under 5% were not changed included about 1 m illion workers under contracts not subject to negotiation or where bar gaining efforts were not made or not completed during the year. 5% and under 6% 6% and under 7% 7% and over Not specified or computed Decreases in wages Note: Because of rounding, sum of individual items may not equal TOO. The chart previews findings from the Bureau of Labor Statistics annual study of wage develop ments under major union contracts in manufacturing and selected nonmanufacturing industries (construction, service trades, finance, and government are excluded). presented in the January issue of the Review. a https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis The detailed study will be The Labor Month in Review T he U.S. S upreme C ourt extended one of the few areas in which the States may act in the labor relations field when it held on December 2 that Florida could enjoin the enforcement of a collec tive bargaining agreement that violated right-towork provisions of the State law. The issue in Retail Clerks v. Schermerhorn was whether the State courts or the National Labor Relations Board had jurisdiction, to enforce the State’s prohibition of agency shop clauses in collective bargaining agreements, a question that the Court had reserved judgment on when it had held last June that the agency shop is a lawful form of union security under the Taft-Hartley Act, but that a State may prohibit such an arrangement under section 14(b) of the act. Justice Douglas, writing the unanimous opinion on the December 2 decision said: . .w e con clude that Congress in 1947 did not deprive the States of any and all power to enforce their laws restricting the execution and enforcement of union-security agreements. Since it is plain that Congress left the States free to legislate in that field, we can only assume that it intended to leave unaffected the power to enforce those laws . . . .” The Retail Clerks Union had argued that if there is a violation of a State union security law authorized by section 14(b), it is a Federal unfair labor practice and that the Federal remedy is the exclusive one. The Retail Clerks and unions which joined in its support had stated that this course was necessary to avoid a wide variety in penalties that might be imposed by the State courts, pointing out that there is already considerable variety in the scope of the statutes. The Court held that Congress rejected uni formity in this field: “Section 14(b) gives the States power to outlaw even a union-security agreement that passes muster by Federal stand ards. Where Congress gives State policy that degree of overriding authority, we are reluctant https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis to conclude that it is nonetheless enforceable by the Federal agency in Washington.” The Court distinguished this case from the 1959 Garmon decision which held that where action is “ arguably subject to section 7 or 8 of the act [unfair labor practices and right to organize] the States as well as the Federal courts must defer to the exclusive competence of the NLRB.” Justice Douglas pointed out that Garmon “ does not state a constitutional principle, it merely rationalizes the problems of coexistence between Federal and State regulatory schemes in the field of labor relations; and it did not present the problems posed by section 14(b), viz., whether the Congress had precluded State enforcement of select State laws adopted pursuant to its authority. The purpose of Congress is the ultimate touchstone. Congress under the Commerce Clause may displace State power . . . or it may even by silence indicate a purpose to let State regulation be imposed on the Federal regime.” T he legal aspects of the Schermerhorn case will be discussed in greater detail in the January issue of the Review, but in view of the U.S. Supreme Court’s opinion that after the Schermerhorn decision “ there will arise a wide variety of situa tions presenting problems of the accommodation of State and Federal jurisdiction in the unionsecurity field,” it seems appropriate to review here some of the background from which such cases might arise. All right-to-work laws ban the union shop and some ban the agency shop, a device borrowed from Canada to promote union security in States where the union shop was made illegal by right-towork laws. The first Supreme Court decision in the Schermerhorn case had held on June 3, 1963, that the Florida ban on the agency shop was law ful. On the other hand, the Court noted that the Indiana law prohibiting the union shop did not make lesser forms of union security illegal. Liti gation on whether some other State laws do or do not prohibit the agency shop is pending. Although the agency shop has been in litigation almost from its first use, and there has been other litigation to determine the outposts of right-towork legislation, the number of agency shop and union shop cases reported under the right-to-work laws have been relatively few. m IV The first right-to-work law was passed in Florida in 1944. By the time section 14(b) was enacted in 1947, 12 States had legislation outlaw ing or restricting the closed shop and related de vices, but several States that enacted laws in 1947 repealed them in 1949. The next wave of right-to-work activity came in 1938. In that year, right-to-work proposals appeared on the ballot or in the legislation of 10 States. Only Kansas adopted a law. Right-to-work campaigns in the following years were unsuccessful until this year when Wyoming enacted a law. On the other hand, recent efforts to remove such laws have not made the grade either. Twenty States now have right-to-work provi sions in their statutes or their constitutions. (In addition, Louisiana has a law which applies only to agricultural workers and workers engaged in processing certain agricultural products.) Gen erally speaking, these States are among the less highly industrialized and the less highly organized ones. In 1962, 40 percent of the States with right-to-work laws accounted for about 15 percent of the total AFL-CIO membership. A third of the members in right-to-work States were in Indiana and Texas. T he 19 S tates with right-to-work laws in effect during a 1958-59 Bureau of Labor Statistics study of union-security agreements accounted for only 10 percent of the major contracts studied and only slightly over 5 percent of all workers. The BLS study found that the proportion of agreements without any form of union security had not changed in the country as a whole since 1954, when the last study was made. The major development was the changing of maintenance of membership provisions to the union shop. The 1959 study found that 74 percent of the workers were covered by union shop provisions and 7 percent by maintenance of membership. Exclud ing the right-to-work States, the coverage was about 78 percent. Agency shop provisions were found in 15 of the 1,631 agreements studied. Colorado and Wisconsin, which do not prohibit union security provisions, do require an election before a collectively bargained security agreement can become effective. In 1951, after 97 percent of the elections were found to favor the union shop, the Federal election requirement enacted in 1947 was removed. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, DECEMBER 1963 T he Schermerhorn decision may not only result, as anticipated by the Supreme Court, in more litiga tion in the States as a result of the States’ author ity to develop their own legal patterns in this area, but it also may add to a renewed effort by the protagonists in the right-to-work arena. The National Right-to-Work Committee, which began operation in 1955, said the Schermerhorn decision would “accelerate the nationwide rightto-work movement.” The AFL-CIO promised continued work toward repeal of the Taft-Hartley provisions allowing State union-security provisions to prevail. Right-to-work laws have thus become a symbol in labor-management relations ideology, but little objective study has been made of their actual effects. One of the few detailed analyses of a State law concludes in fact that “ the real meaning of the [Texas] statute seems to be symbolic.” Begin ning his study with the “ two sharply counterposed conceptions of how to defend the rights of industrial man,” Professor Frederic Meyers says: To the sincere advocate of the legislation, the freedom of the individual worker was put in its simplest terms: the worker should have the unrestricted right to join or refrain from joining a union, without coercion from either union or employer, or union and employer jointly. Fur thermore, the individual worker, having made up his mind whether or not to join a union, should have the right, either individually or collectively, to bargain with his employer. On its face, the law is wholly consistent in protecting the freedom of the individual. But the view of the labor movement is that, taken in its total effects, the statute infringes important freedoms of the individual and of workers collectively in their unions. The labor movement believes that workers can not deal freely and effectively with their employers other than collectively. If the statute, despite its declaration of the right of employees to bargain collectively, impedes the exercise of that right, it infringes highly valuable freedoms. If the statute is used as an effective bar to deter workers in unorganized plants from joining unions or if some workers in organized plants refrain from mem bership and “ride free” on the efforts of their union fellowworkers, the effective freedom of all to bargain with employers and to have a meaningful voice in the determina tion of their conditions of work is impaired. Professor Meyers found that in Texas “ the claims of effectiveness which its advocates derive from their conception of freedom have not been upheld in practice, but neither have the apprehen sions of its opponents.” Major Agreement Expirations and Reopenings in 1964 C ordelia T. W ard * E ditor ’s N ote .'— This article and the one on deferred wage increases and cost-of-living esca lator clauses on pages 1894.-1397 complement each other, but differ some in coverage. This article covers agreements affecting 5,000 workers or more, except in government; the second covers situations affecting 1,000 workers or more but excludes the service trades, finance, and government. I n t h e y e a r a h e a d , major attention is likely to focus on trucking and automobile industry negotiations. Beginning with the Central States trucking agreements in January, areawide Team ster contracts will expire throughout the year. (See table 1.) In the automobile industry, Big Three contracts will be in effect through August. Major meatpacking agreements also terminate in the same month. Other months to note are September for fabricated metal, machinery, and longshoring; January and May for ladies’ apparel; and May and June for construction contracts. At least 119 agreements for major bargaining units of 5,000 workers or more each, affecting a total of 1.9 million workers, are due to expire in 1964. Most of the remaining major contracts provide for previously agreed upon wage reopenings, possible cost-of-living adjustments, deferred in creases, or combinations of these provisions. ♦Of the Division of Industrial and Labor Relations, Bureau of Labor Statistics. 1 Although the Bureau does not collect railroad and airline agreements (they are filed with the National Mediation Board, as required by the Rail way Labor Act), information for key bargaining situations in these industries has been included in this study. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis The Bureau of Labor Statistics had information in its file of agreements, or from published reports, on 353 collective bargaining contracts covering 5,000 workers or more each.1 These agreements, representing virtually all contracts of this size in the United States, cover nearly 6 million workers, or about a third of all workers under collective bargaining. This article deals with 307 agree ments known to be in effect on January 1, 1964, involving 4.5 million workers. Forty-six agree ments were to expire by December 31, 1963, and settlements had not been reached at the time this article was completed. Of the 307 agreements, over two-thirds, covering over 3 million workers, provide for possible wage adjustments in 1964 in the form of deferred wage increases or escalator clauses or by permitting wage reopenings either at a fixed date or under specified conditions. Frequently, more than one T a b l e 1. E x p i r a t i o n D a t e s S p e c i f i e d i n 307 A g r e e m e n t s C o v e r i n g 5,000 W o r k e r s o r M o r e 1 Year and month Num ber of agree ments Num ber of workers (thou sands) Total........................ 307 4,463.2 1964..........-............... 119 1,889.1 January........— 9 281.5 February-------March_______ April......... ........ M ay........ .......... June.......... ........ July_________ August----------- 8 10 9 18 12 16 112.7 80.5 79.7 187.3 171.5 36.0 617.1 September__ _ 11 148.6 October -------November____ December____ 1965--___ _______ 8 6 8 116 77.2 46.7 50.3 1,413.1 January_____ February_____ March_______ April________ M ay........ .......... June_________ July____ _____ August.............. September____ October______ November____ December____ 1966_____________ 8 5 6 27 19 14 7 8 4 4 7 7 54 89.3 45.5 50.2 457.6 173.1 156.6 80.9 61.6 97.0 33.5 78.8 89.0 814.4 January-June.July-December. 1967_____________ 22 32 9 367.9 446.5 205.0 1969_____________ Open end 2_______ 3 6 30.9 110.7 4 Significant contract expirations Apparel (women’s dresses); truck ing. Apparel; construction. Construction; trucking. Meatpacking; machinery; automo biles; trucking. . . , Longshoring; machinery; fabri cated metals. Rubber; steel; construction. Rubber; aluminum; construction. Shipbuilding; construction. Aircraft. Machinery. Aircraft. Aircraft. Apparel (men’s clothing); lumber. Communications. Construction; hotels arid restau rants. Maritime. 1 Based on agreements known to be in effect on Jan. 1,1964. For 46 situa tions covering 1,125,700 workers, agreements effective in 1964 were not avail able. 2 Subject to negotiation at any time. 1383 1384 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, DECEMBER 1963 type of possible wage adjustment is stipulated, as the following tabulation indicates: Agree ments Wage reopening only_______________ Escalator clause only _ __ _________ Deferred wage increase only__ ______ Wage reopening and escalator clause. _ Wage reopening and deferred wage in crease _________ _________________ Escalator clause and deferred wage in crease___ ________________________ Wage reopening, escalator clause, and deferred wage increase___ ______ __ 63 26 93 3 Workers (ithousands) 851. 716. 1, 134. 31. 2 6 8 5 5 97. 4 19 228. 5 3 41. 0 Over half the workers scheduled to receive a deferred wage increase in 1964 under these agree ments are in the transportation equipment (air T a b l e 2. P r e v a len c e of P r ov isio n s craft and shipbuilding) and construction industries (table 2). The transportation equipment in dustry also accounts for more than three-fifths of the workers whose wages may be affected through escalator clauses by changes in the BLS Consumer Price Index. Most of these workers are in the automobile industry. Possible wage adjustment during the year may result from contract reopenings provided in 79 agreements. Under 36 of these agreements, wage negotiations may occur in event of a stipulated change in the purchasing power of the dollar or other significant economic changes. The other 43 establish a specific reopening date or the date at which a wage increase, if agreed upon, is to go into effect. Included in this category are most of the for R en eg o t ia t io n and W age A d ju st m e n t 5,000 W orkers or M or e , by I n d u st r y in 1964 in A g r ee m e n t s C o v ering [Workers in thousands] Agreements with provisions in 1964 for- Industry Current agree ments avail able 1 Wage reopening Termination Specific wage reopening Possible wage reopening cost-of-living review increase Current agree ments not available Agree Work Agree- Work- Agree- Work- Agree- Work- Agree- Work- Agree- Work- Agree- Workers ers ments ers 8 ments ers ments ments ers ments ments ers ments ers All industries_________________________ 307 4,463.2 Manufacturing__________________ Ordnance and accessories_______________ Food and kindred products_____________ Tobacco manufactures_________________ Textile mill products__________________ Apparel and related products___________ Lumber and wood products, except furni ture_____ ___________ _____________ Paper and allied products______________ Printing, publishing, and allied industries.. Chemicals and allied products___________ Petroleum refining and related industries... Rubber and miscellaneous plastic products. Leather and leather products____________ Stone, clay, and glass products........ ........... . Prim ary metal industries............................... Fabricated metal products______________ Machinery, except electrical____________ Electrical machinery, equipment, and sup plies............................................................. . Transportation equipment______________ Instruments and related products________ Miscellaneous manufacturing industries__ Nonmanufacturing_______________ Mining, crude petroleum, and natural gas production_________________________ T ransportation...____ ________________ Railroads and airlines 8_________________ Communications______________________ Utilities: Electric and gas______________ Wholesale and retail trade______________ H otels and restaurants_________________ Services______________________________ Construction_________________________ 2,479. 4 4 18 1 4 16 4 2 3 2 2 4 5 42.6 161.9 5.8 35.0 347.6 62.2 34.0 18.2 13.7 14.1 71.5 51.0 70.5 399.9 41.0 119 1,889.1 51 1,086.2 11 1 1 8 1 115.4 58 10 0 166.0 12 553.5 207.7 36 528.1 51 1,017.6 18 152.6 40 910.6 4 6 42.6 41.4 1 5.0 1 8.5 3 137.1 2 6 19.0 43.0 21.0 2 14.1 3 28.0 2 2 1 2 7 22 0 13.0 5.0 29.0 lflfi R 1 50 1 12.5 22.3 558 2 5. 7 6.0 5 1 49.6 6.0 2 21.5 6.0 2 11 1 1 1 6.0 158 1,983.8 68 802.9 31 345.8 18 22 3 4 1 9 4 4 21 372.4 25. 1 71.3 5.0 87. 7 36.0 36.8 168.6 13 6 22 4 9 11 29 2 1 120.8 175.9 793.0 14.7 85.9 478.3 25.1 300. 1 70.3 119.2 112.8 137.8 654.3 1 Sums of individual wage provisions may exceed totals, since agreements frequently provided for more than one wage action. Possible wage reopen ings, automatic cost-of-living reviews, and deferred increases scheduled prior to termination date are counted for contracts terminating in 1964. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 43 1 5.0 2 25.0 18 3 228.8 21.3 3 2 3 20.3 24.0 26.4 4 1 1 6.6 117 1,449.2 46 1,125.7 52 594.2 13 133.2 3 6 36.3 41.5 1 1 7.5 9.5 1 3 8.0 33.0 2 26.0 4 1 3 2 62.2 13.0 18.2 13.7 1 1 5.0 5.0 4 3 71.5 32.0 1 1 5.0 7.0 1 1 7.2 6.0 1 6 7.0 101.8 1 20 1 8.0 697. 5 5.7 1 18 1 8.0 235.8 9.0 5 67.0 375.5 11 107.0 65 855.0 33 992.5 313.5 9 89.0 8 1 136.3 5.5 18.0 44.0 55.5 56.5 46.0 511.2 53.1 733.9 142.8 2 3 6 4 3 40 4 8 11 3 16.7 1 6 6.5 39.5 54.0 8.0 8 Refers to all workers covered by agreements, including Instances where deferred Increases were granted to specific groups or occupations only. 8 See text footnote 1. MAJOR AGREEMENT EXPIRATIONS AND REOPENINGS major agreements in the communications industry. The Labor Management Relations (Taft-Hartley) Act of 1947 requires that a party to an agreement desiring to terminate or modify it shall serve written notice upon the other party 60 days before the expiration date. In the absence of such notice, many agreements provide for the automatic con tinuation of the agreement, frequently for yearly periods. Listing of Selected Agreements Table 3 contains a list of 145 selected major bargaining situations, covering in all 2.6 million workers. Space limitations preclude the listing of all major contracts covering 5,000 workers or more under which some action in 1964 is scheduled. The selection was designed to cover a broad range of industries and key bargaining situations; contracts in the construction industry are not listed. Many of the selected bargaining agreements expire or may be reopened for wage negotiations between January 1 and December 31, 1964. (The effective dates of these actions are printed in bold face type in the appropriate columns of the table.) Other agreements provide for wage reviews based upon changes in living costs or specify deferred wage increases payable during 1964. (Table 3 begins on the following page.) Most contracts specify a fixed period of notice, usually 60 days, prior to the expiration date, in the event either party desires to modify or terminate the agreement on expiration. In both open-end and term contracts, provision is generally made for advance notice by either party of intention to modify or cancel the agreement. In the absence of a specified requirement for notice, it can be assumed that conferences on the contract would be initiated on the request of either party. Some agreements distinguish between requests for termination and for modification or amendment, and usually require a longer period of notice for termination. The notice requirement is designed in order to give each party adequate time to study the issues, consider the other party’s position, and to prepare its case. Under many agreements, the notice must state the changes desired, if the intention is to modify rather than to terminate the agreement. Some agreements specify that negotiations on the proposed changes must be initiated immediately upon the giving of notice, so that a work stoppage may be avoided between agreements. Others do not require negotiations to begin until a specified period after notice is given. — From Collective Bargaining Provisions (BLS Bulletin 908-19), 1950, p. 35. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1385 1386 T a ble 3. MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, DECEMBER 1963 E x p ir a t io n , R e o p e n in g , and W age -A d ju st m e n t P r o v isio n s in a t io n s , J a n u a r y - D e c e m b e r 1964 S elected C ollective B a r g a in in g S iu t 1 Order of Listing Manufacturing 1. Automobiles Nonmanufacturing, exclusive of construction 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 2. Aircraft 3. Shipbuilding 4. Ordnance and accessories 6. Controlling instruments 6. Fabricated metal products 7. Machinery 8. Electrical products 9. Rubber 10. Chemicals Company or association * Union 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. Approx imate number ofemployees covered Mining Airlines Local transit Trucking and warehousing Maritime Telephone and telegraph Electric and gas utilities Wholesale and retail trade Finance, insurance, and real estate Hotels and restaurants Provisions effective January-December 1964 for— Contract term 4 Wage reopening Automatic cost- Deferred wage increase (hourly of-living review « rate unless otherwise specified) 1. Automobiles American Motors Corp. (Kenosha and Milwau kee, Wis.). Budd Co............................. Auto Workers__ Chrysler Corp. (produc tion and maintenance). Ford Motor Co_________ General Motors Corp____ ___do------------ 318,000 Studebaker Corp. (South Bend, Ind.). ___d o .............. 7,000 21,900 Sept. 1961 to Oct. 1964. .do______ 11,300 -do______ 46,000 . d o . . ......... 120,000 Nov. 1961 to Oct. 1964. Nov. 1961 to Aug. 1964. Oct. 1961 to Aug. 1984. Sept. 1961 to Aug. 1964. Feb. 1962 to Oct. 1964. Quarterly (Mar., June, Sept., Dee.), do ___ do _ ___ do___ do ___ do__ Effective first full pay period in Jan. 1964; 6 cents—base rates. 2. Aircraft Bendix Corp. Auto Workers__ 12,000 Jan. 1962 to Oct. 1964. Boeing Co_____________ Machinists_____ 40,000 Douglas Aircraft Co., Inc., ....... do..... ............. Missiles and Space Sys tems Division (Santa Monica, Calif.). Douglas Aircraft Co., Inc., Auto Workers__ (Long Beach, Calif.). Lockheed Aircraft Corp., Machinists____ Lockheed California Di vision (Los Angeles County, Calif.). Lockheed Aircraft Corp., ....... d o ._ ............... Loekheed-Georgia Divi sion (Marietta, Ga.). McDonnell Aircraft Corp.. ------do_................ 9,000 May 1963 to Sept. 1965. July 1962 to July 1965. North American Aviation, Inc. Auto Workers__ Republic Aviation Corp. Machinists (Farmingdale, N.Y.). United Aircraft Corp., ___ do__............... P ratt and Whitney Air craft Division (East Hartford and M an chester, Conn.). 6,700 16,200 July 1962 to July 1965. Jan. 1963 to July 1965. 10,000 Sept. 1962 to July 1965. 13,400 Nov. 1962 to Nov. 1965. Sept. 1962 to Sept. 1965 35,000 9,200 15,500 Quarterly (Mar., June, Sept., Dec.). S ept 16 1964 Quarterly (Feb., May, Aug., Nov.). _do- Apr. 1962 to Apr. 1965. Dec. 1962 to Nov. 1965. Sept. 16,1964; 5.5-9 cents. July 6, 1964; 6-8 cents. July 6, 1964; 6-8 cents. Quarterly (Jan., Apr., July, Oct.). July 20, 1964; 6-9 cents. Quarterly (Mar., June, Sept., Dec.). July 20,1964; 5-11 cents. Nov. 2, 1964; 2.5 percent. Quarterly (Jan., Apr., July, Oct.). do Sept. 27, 1964; 6-14 cents. Apr. 6, 1964; 6-12 cents. Dec. 7, 1964; 6-11 cents. 3. Shipbuilding Bethlehem Steel Co., East Coast Shipbuilding Di vision. General Dynamics Corp., Electric Boat Division (Groton, Conn.). Marine and Ship building Work ers. Metal Trades Council of New London County. Newport News Shipbuild Peninsula Ship ing and Dry Dock Co. builders’ Asso (Newport News, Va.). ciation (Ind.). Pacific Coast Shipbuilders. Metal Trades; 10 craft unions including Teamsters (Ind.). See footnotes at end of table. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 15,000 Aug. 1963 to July 1966.« Aug. 1, 1964; 5 cents. 8,500 Aug. 1962 to June 1965. July 1, 1964; 9 cents. 17,000 June 1962 to June 1965. June 8,1964; 3 percent. 12,000 July 1962 to June 1965. July 1, 1964; 10 cents. MAJOR AGREEMENT EXPIRATIONS AND REOPENINGS T a b l e 3. 1387 E x p ir a t io n , R e o p e n in g , a n d W age -A d ju stm e n t P r o v isio n s in S elected a t io n s , J a n u a r y —D e c e m b e r 1964 1— Continued Company or association > Union J Approx imate number of em ployees covered C ollective B a r g a in in g S it u Provisions effective January-December 1964 for— Contract term 4 Wage reopening Automatic cost- Deferred wage increase (hourly of-living review » rate unless otherwise specified) 4. Ordnance and Accessories A ero jet-G en eral Corp. (Sacramento, Calif.). Machinists.......... 6,300 General Dynamics Corp., ....... do................. General Dynamics As tronautics Division. Lockheed Aircraft Corp., ....... do................... Lockheed Missiles and Space Division. 16,800 Oct. 1962 to Oct. 1965. 14,000 Jan. 1963 to July 1965. May 1962 to May 1965. Quarterly (Mar., June, Sept., Dec.). ___ do____ Quarterly (Jan., Apr., July, Oct.). July 27,1964; 2.6 percent. July 26, 1964; 6-9 cents. 5. Controlling Instruments M inneapolis-H oneyw ell Regulator Co. (Minneapolis-St Paul, Minn.). Sperry Rand Corp., Sperry G y ro sco p e D iv isio n (Great Neck, N.Y., area). Teamsters (Ind.). 9,000 Feb. 1962 to Jan. 1966. International Union of Elec trical Workers. 5,700 May 1961 to May, 1964 Feb. 1,1964; 7-14 cents. Quarterly (Feb., May, Aug., Nov.). 6. Fabricated Metal Products American Can Co Steelworkers____ 16,000 California Metal Trades Machinists_____ Association (San Fran cisco, Calif., area). Continental Can Co., Inc.. Steelworkers........ 7,000 Oct. 1962 to Sept. 1964. Apr. 1963 to Mar. 1965. 13,000 Oct. 1962 to Sept. 1964. Oct. 1, 1964 Apr. 1, 1964; 7-12 cent«. 7. Machinery Allis Chalmers Manufac Auto Workers__ turing Co. (West Allis, Wis.). Caterpillar Tractor Co. ....... do_________ (Peoria, Morton, and Moss ville, 111.). Deere and Co. (Iowa and ....... do................. Illinois). General Motors Corp____ International Union of Elec trical Workers. International Harvester Auto Workers__ Co. (production and maintenance). 6,200 Mar. 1962 to Nov. 1964. 13.000 Nov. 1961 to Sept. 1964. 15,100 25.000 Oct. 1961 to Sept. 1964. Sept. 1961 to Aug. 1964. 30.000 Oct. 1961 to Sept. 1964. Quarterly (Mar., June, Sept., Dec.), do do ___do ____ do 8. Electrical Products Electric Auto-Lite Co____ Hughes Aircraft Co. (California). Western Electric Co. Inc. (Kearny, N.J.). Zenith Radio Corp. (Chi cago, 111.). Auto Workers__ 8,000 Mar. 1962 to F eb. 1965. Carpenters........... 10,000 International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers. Independent Rad ionic W orkers of America (Ind..). 13,500 Nov. 1961 to Nov. 1964. Oct. 1963 to Dec. 1966.8 In event of wage stabilization order by U.S. Government. 1964; month not specified____ 6,600 July 1962 to June 1965. July 1, 1964, on 60 days’ notice. Quarterly (Mar., June, Sept., Dec.). Mar. 1, 1964; 4 cents. 9. Rubber Firestone Tire and Rubber Co. Rubber Workers. 17,000 Apr. 1963 to Apr. 1965. B. F. Goodrich Co.............. ___ do.................. 11,000 Apr. 1963 to Apr. 1965.6 See footnotes at end of table. 713- 154— 63— — 2 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis May 11, 1964; 6-6.5 cents at 3 locations. June 8, 1964; 6.5-7 cents at 5 locations. May 11, 1964; 6.5 cents at nontire manufacturing plants. June 8, 1964; 7 cents at tire manufacturing plants. MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, DECEMBER 1963 1388 T a ble 3. E x p ir a t io n , R e o p e n in g , Company or association8 and W age -A d ju st m e n t P r o visions in S elected a t io n s , J a n u a r y - D e c em ber 1964 1— Continued U nion8 Approximate number of em ployees covered C ollective B a r g a in in g S it u Provisions effective January-December 1964 for— Contract term 4 Wage reopening Automatic cost- Deferred wage increase (hourly of-living review 8 rate unless otherwise specified) 9. Rubber—Continued Goodyear Tire and Rubber Co. Rubber Workers. do 20,500 Apr. 1963 to Apr. 1965. 23,000 June 1963 to May 1965. May 11, 1964; 6.5 cents at 6 locations. June 8, 1964; 7 cents at 5 loca tions. May It, 1964; 6.5 cents at 13 locations. June 8, 1964; 7 cents at 5 loca tions. 10. Chemicals American Viscose Corp., Fibers Division. Dow Chemical Co. (Midland, Mich.). Textile Workers Union. Mine Workers, District 50 (Ind.). 7,100 6,600 ___________ ____ June 1, 1964; 5 cents. June 1962 to June 1965. Mar. 1962 to Mar. 1965. Quarterly (Jan., Apr., July, Oct.). Mar. 9, 1964; 6 cents. 11. Petroleum Atlantic Refining Co. Sinclair Oil Corp. Atlantic Inde pendent Union (Ind.). Oil Chemical and Atomic Workers. 7,600 Apr. 1963 to Mar. 1965. At any time. 6, 500 Jan. 1963 to open end. At anytime. 12. Stone, Clay, and Glass Products Corning Glass Works (Corning, Big Flats, Horseheads, and Science Park at Erwin, N.Y.). Glass Container Manu facturers Institute, Inc., National Automatic Ma chine Department. Glass Container Manu facturers Institute, Inc., (production and main tenance—West Coast). Glass Container Manu facturers Institute, Inc., (production and main tenance-excluding West Coast). Pittsburgh Plate Glass Co., plate and window glass operations. Flint Glass W orkers 5,000 Dec. 1962 to Jan. 1964. Glass Bottle Blowers. 7,000 Mar. 1962 to Feb. 1965. Mar. 1, 1964; 3 percent. 8,000 Apr. 1962 to Mar. 1965. Apr. 1, 1964; 5-10 cents. 37,500 Apr. 1962 to Jan. 1965. Apr. 1, 1964; 3 percent. 8,000 Feb. 1962 to Feb. 1964. Glass and Ce ramic Workers 13. Lumber Georgia-Pacific Corp. (Cal ifornia, Oregon, and Wash ington). Timber Operators’ Coun cil (Oregon and Wash ington). Weyerhaeuser Co. (Ore gon and Washington). 7,200 June 1963 to May 1966.8 June 1, 1964; 7 cents. do 40,000 June 1963 to May 1966.8 June 1, 1964; 6 cents. do 10,000 Carpenters; and Woodworkers. June 1,1964; 6 cents. May 1966.8 14. Paper International Paper Co., Southern Kraft Divi sion. Pacific Coast Association of Pulp and Paper M an ufacturers. Papermakers and Paperworkers; Pulp and Sulphite Workers; and International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers. Papermakers and Paperworkers; and Pulp and Sul phite Workers See footnotes at end of table. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 13,000 June 1963 to May 1965.8 21,000 June 1962 to May 1964. June 1, 1964; 3 percent (7-cent minimum). 1389 MAJOR AGREEMENT EXPIRATIONS AND REOPENINGS T a b l e 3. E x p ir a t io n , R e o p e n in g , and W age -A d ju stm e n t P r o v isio n s in S elected a t io n s , J a n u a r y - D ec e m b e r 1964 1— Continued Company or association3 Union « Approx imate number of em ployees covered C ollective B a r g a in in g S it u Provisions effective January-December 1964 for— Contract term 1 Wage reopening Automatic cost- Deferred wage increase (hourly of-living review « rate unless otherwise specified) 15. Printing and Publishing Metropolitan Lithographers Association, Inc., and independent shops (New York district). New York Employing Printers Association, Printers League Section (Metropolitan New York, N.Y., area). Lithographers (Ind.). 8,000 May 1962 to Apr. 1965. May 1, 1964; $5 per week (except “miscellaneous lith ographic” jobs—$4 per week). Bookbinders... 5,000 July 1960 to Aug. 1966. Jan 1, 1964; $2.50 per week for journeymen operatorscutters. Sept. 1, 1964; in crease based on wage changes under Printers League-Ty pographical Union No. 6 contract made subsequent to Oct. 17, 1961, and prior to above date. 16. Textiles Dyeing and finishing com panies (New York and New Jersey). United Knitwear Manu facturers League, Inc. (New York, N.Y.). Textile Workers Union. Oct. 1963 to Sept. 1966.« Ladies’ Garment Workers. July 1961 to July 1964. 1964; 8 cents. In event of increase or decrease in cost of living or change in purchasing power of the dollar from July 15,1961. 17. Apparel Allied Underwear Associa tion, Inc.; Lingerie Man ufacturers Association of New York, Inc.; Negli gee Manufacturers Asso ciation of New York, Inc.; and United Under wear Contractors Associ ation (Metropolitan New York area). Cluett Peabody & Co____ Ladies’ Garment Workers. 16,000 Clothing Work ers. 6,100 June 1962 to Aug. 1965. Cotton garment and allied .......do................_. industries agreement (Philadelphia, Pa.). Eastern Women’s Head- H atters________ wear Associai ion, Inc. (New York, N.Y., area). Infants’ and Children’s Ladies’ Garment Coat Association, Inc.; Workers. and Manufacturers of Snowsuits, Novelty Wear, and Infants’ Coats, Inc. New York Coat and Suit ___do_________ Association, Inc. Popular Priced Dress ___do................... Manufacturers Group, Inc.; United Popular Dress Manufacturers As sociation, Inc.; United Better Dress Manufac turers Association, Inc.; National Dress Manufac turers Association, Inc.; and Affiliated Dress Manufacturers, Inc. 6,000 June 1962 to Aug. 1965. 10,000 Jan. 1963 to Dec. 1965. 8,500 June 1961 to May 1964. 35.000 Apr. 1961 to May 1964. Mar. 1961 to Jan. 1964. 88.000 Aug. 1963 to July 1966.« July 1, 1964; 5 cents in hourly minimum of weekwork op erators. Notice on or before Apr. 1, 1964, modifications to be come effective Sept. 1, 1964. do In event of increase in cost of living. Jan. 1, 1964: $2.50 per week for week workers; 2.5 percent for pieceworkers. 18. Leather and Leather Producta International Shoe Co____ Boot and Shoe Workers; and United Shoe Workers. Ladies’ handbag and Leather Goods... leather novelty compa nies (New York and New Jersey). Massachusetts Shoe Man- United Shoe ufacturers (Massachu Workers. setts). See footnotes at end of table. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 13.000 Oct. 1962 to Sept. 1964. 11.000 Aug. 1962 to July 1965. 10,000 Jan. 1963 to Jan. 1965. Jan. 1, 1964; 3 cents. By union, in event of inflation or further rise in cost of living. Jan. 1,1964; 3 cents. 1390 T a ble 3. MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, DECEMBER 1963 E x p ir a t io n , R e o p e n in g , Company or association2 a n d W age -A d ju st m e n t P r ov isio n s in S elected a t io n s , J a n u a r y - D ec e m b e r 1964 1— Continued Union 3 Approx imate number of em ployees covered C ollective B a r g a in in g S it u Provisions effective January-December 1964 for— Contract term * Wage reopening Automatic cost- Deferred wage increase (hourly of-living review « rate unless otherwise specified) 19. Food Products Brewers Board of Trade, Teamsters (Ind.). Inc. (New York, N.Y.). Brewery Proprietors of Brewery Workers. Milwaukee. California Fish Canners Seafarers............. Association, Inc. (Los Angeles Harbor District, Calif.). California Processors and Teamsters (Ind.). Growers, Inc. D rie d F r u i t I n d u s t r y ___ do_____ ____ (California). Frozen Food Employers ___ do..... ............. (California). National Biscuit C o ......... American Bakery and Confectionery Workers. P i n e a p p l e c o m p a n ie s Longshoremen and Ware (Hawaii). housemen (Ind.). Sugar Plantation Com ___ do_________ p a n i e s ’ N e g o tia tin g Committee (Honolulu, Hawaii, area). Armour and Co_________ Packinghouse Workers. Swift & Co_____________ ___ do............ . Do. Do. Wilson and Co., Inc. National Brotherhood of Packinghouse Workers (Ind.). Meat Cutters___ Packinghouse Workers. 5.500 5.500 5.000 50.000 5.000 5.000 9.000 June 1962 to May 1964. June 1963 to May 1965. Apr. 1962 to Sept. 1965. Mar. 1962 to Feb. 1964. Apr. 1962 to Mar. 1964. July 1963 to June 1965. Sept. 1963 to Aug. 1965.« June 1, 1964; 10 cents. Aug. 30, 1964: 4-5.5 cents; also increase in piece rates. July 1,1964, on 60 days’ notice. 1964; 10 cents. 6.000 Apr. 1962 to Jan. 1965. Feb. 1 and July 1, 1964; I S cents. 11.000 F e b .1963 to Jan. 1965. Feb. 1, 1964; 8 cents. Addi tional 2 cents for labor grades 5-10. 10,400 Sept. 1961 to Aug. 1964. Sept. 1961 to Aug. 1964. Sept. 1961 to Aug. 1964. 10,000 6,000 5,000 5,000 Semiannually (Jan. and July). ___ do___ ______ ___ do___ ______ .do. Sept. 1961 to Aug. 1964. Sept. 1961 to Aug. 1964. .do. 20. Tobacco Manufactures American Tobacco Co. (North Carolina and Virginia). Tobacco Workers. 5,800 Jan. 1962 to Dec. 1964. 21. Mining A n t h r a c i t e o p e r a to r s Mine Workers (Ind.). (Pennsylvania). Bituminous coal operators. __ do . . __ 5,900 80,000 Jan. 1960 to open end. Dec. 1959 to open end. 22. Airlines American Airlines, Inc., mechanics and other ground service personnel. Pan American World Air ways. Pan American World Air ways, mechanics and g r o u n d s e r v ic e e m ployees. Transport Workers. Railway and Steamship Clerks. Transport Workers. 10,000 Apr. 1962 to Apr. 1964.« 5,500 June 1963 to Dec. 1964. 9,600 Oct. 1962 to May 1964. Feb. 1, 1964; 6-15 cents. 23. Local Transit 8,800 Dec. 1962 to Nov. 1965. Quarterly (Mar,, June, Sept., Dec.). Greyhound Corp., Eastern ___ do_________ Greyhound Lines. 6,000 Nov. 1962 to Oct. 1964. Greyhound Corp., West ___ do_________ ern Greyhound Lines. 5,500 Mar. 1962 to Feb. 1964. Quarterly (Feb., May, Aug., Nov.). Chicago Transit Authority (Chicago, 111.) Street, Electric Railway Em ployes. See footnotes at end of table. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis In event of declaration of war by the United States. Dec. 1, 1964: 7 cents—hourly rated; various monthly in creases to salaried employees. MAJOR AGREEMENT EXPIRATIONS AND REOPENINGS T able 3. 1391 E x p ir a t io n , R e o p e n in g , a n d W a g e - A d j u s t m e n t P r o v is io n s in S e l e c t e d C o l l e c t iv e B a r g a in in g S it u a t i o n s , J a n u a r y - D e c e m b e r 1964 1— Continued Company or association * Union * Approx imate number of em ployees covered Provisions effective January-December 1964 for— Contract term * Wage reopening Automatic cost- Deferred wage increase (hourly of-living review « rate unless otherwise specified) 23. Local Transit—Continued Philadelphia Transporta Transport tion Co. (Philadelphia, Workers. Pa.). Public Service Coordinated Street, Electric Transport Co. (New Railway Em Jersey). ployes. 5,500 Jan. 1963 to Jan. 1965. 5,200 Feb. 1962 to Feb. 1964. Jan. 15,1964; 10 cents. Quarterly (Feb., May, Aug., Nov.). 24. Tracking and Warehousing Automobile Carrier Truck - Teamsters (Ind.). 15,000 away and Automobile Carrier Driveaway Agree ments. California Trucking Asso ....... do................... 9,000 ciations, Inc.; and Dray men’s Association of San Francisco. Central States Area, Local -...... do___ _____ 100,000 Cartage Agreement. Central States Area, Overtbe-Road Motor Freight Agreement. Empire State Highway Transportation Associa tion, Inc., General Truck ing Agreement (New York, N.Y.). Labor Relations Advisory Association, Central States Area, T ank Truck Agreement. New England Freight Agreement. Mar. 1961 to Feb. 1964. In event of war, declaration of emergency, or imposition of economic controls. July 1961 to June 1964. Feb. 1961 to Jan. 1964. Semiannually (Feb. and Aug.). In event of war, declaration of emergency, or imposition of civilian controls. ....... do......................................... ------do................... 55,000 Feb. 1961 to Jan. 1964. ----- do.......... ........ 8,000 Sept. 1962 to Aug. 1964. ....... do................... 5,000 Nov. 1961 to Nov. 1964. In event of war, declaration of emergency, or imposition of economic controls. Annually (Feb. 1). ------do................... 16,000 Apr. 1961 to Jan. 1967. In event of war, declaration of national emergency, or im position of civilian econo mic controls. New Jersey-New York ___ do..... ............. Area, General Trucking Agreement. 14,000 Sept. 1962 to Aug. 1964. Southeastern Area Motor Carriers’ Labor Relations A s s o c i a t i o n — L o cal F re ig h t F o rw a rd in g Pickup and Delivery; and Over-the-Road Mo tor Freight Agreements. Trucking Companies, Lo cal Cartage Agreement (Upstate New York). T ru c k in g C om panies, Over-the-Road Motor Freight Agreement (Up state New York). Western States Area, Mas ter Freight Agreement. ....... do................... 13,000 Feb. 1961 to Jan. 1964. In event of war, declaration of national emergency .or imposition of economic con trols. Annually (Apr. 11). Apr. 11, 1904; 5 cents to straight-time hourly rates. (Amendmentseffectivc Feb. 1, 1964. negotiated forthe Central States Agreements shall be incorporated into this agree ment and become effective Apr. 11,1964.) Tnnft 1, I9fi4 ....... do................... 12,000 Aug. 1961 to July 1964. ....... do_____ ____ 6,000 ....... do................... 60,000 In event of war, declaration of emergency, or imposition of economic controls. Aug. 1961 to ____do____________________ July 1964. July 1961 to June 1964. ___ do___________________ 25. Maritime American Maritime As sociation, Freightship Agreement. Galveston Maritime Asso ciation, Inc.; Houston Maritime Association; and Master Stevedores Association of Texas (Ports of Texas; and Lake Charles, La.). Seafarers.............. 9,200 June 1962 to June 1964. Longshoremen Association. 5,500 Oct. 1962 to Sept. 1964. See footnotes at end of table. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Feb. 1, 1964; 6 cents to hourly rates only. Effective dates and amount of increases specified in supple mental agreements, some of which go into effect after expiration date of Master Freight Agreement. MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, DECEMBER 1963 1392 T a ble 3. E x p ir a t io n , R e o p e n in g , Company or association * and W age -A d ju st m e n t P r o v isio n s in S elected a t io n s , J a n u a r y - D ec em ber 1964 1— Continued Union * Approx imate number of em ployees covered C ollective B a r g a in in g S it u Provisions eflective January-December 1964 for— Contract term * Wage reopening Automatic cost- Deferred wage increase (hourly of-living review » rate unless otherwise specified) Maritime—Continued New Orleans Steamship Association, Deep Sea Agreement (Port of New Orleans, La.). New York Shipping As sociation (Port of Greater New York and vicinity). Pacific Maritime Associa tion. 6,000 Oct. 1962 to Sept. 1964. 27,000 Oct. 1962 to Sept. 1964. Association. and Ware housemen (Ind.). June 15, 1964; 13 cents. 15,000 June 1961 to June 1966. 26. Telephone and Telegraph Bell Telephone Company of Pennsylvania, Traffic Department. Michigan Bell Telephone Co., Plant and Traffic Departments. Mountain States Tele phone and Telegraph Co., Plant and Traffic Departments. New Jersey Bell Telephone Co., Plant and Engineer ing Departments. In te rn a tio n a l Brotherhood of Electrical Workers. Communications Workers. International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers. New Jersey Bell Telephone Communica tions Workers. Co., Traffic Department. New York Telephone Co., ___ do.......... ....... Downstate and Upstate Plant Departments. New York Telephone Co., Telephone Traffic Union Downstate Traffic De (Ind.). partment. Northwestern Bell Tele Communica tions Workers. phone Co. Ohio Bell Telephone Co---- ___ do________ Pacific Telephone and __ do_______ Telegraph Co. (northern California); and Bell Telephone Co. of Ne vada, Plant and Traffic Departments. Southern Bell Telephone ___ do.................. and Telegraph Co. Western Electric Co., In ___ do....... ........... stallation Division. Western Union Telegraph Telegraphers___ Co. 9,500 Jan. 1961 to Jan. 1964. 14,400 July 1963 to Sept. 1966. 14.000 Sept. 1963 to Nnv 1964, on 60 days’notice _ _ Nov. 1966. « Sept. 9,1964, on 60 days’ notice_ 7,600 July 1963 to Sept. 1966. Sept. 28, 1964, on 60 days’ notice. 7,000 July 1963 to Sept. 1966. May 1961 to Feb. 1964. Sept. 26, 1964, on 60 days’ notice. 24.000 15.000 Apr. 1961 to Mar. 1964. 17,500 Sept 1964, on fiOdays' notice __ July 1963 to Sept. 1986. « Sept. 14, 1964, on 60 days’ July 1963 to notice. Sept. 1966. r w 1964, on 60 d a y s ’ no tice Aug. 1903 to Oct. 1966. • 15.000 17.000 51.000 17,700 22,800 Sept. 1963 to Nov 1964 on 60 days’notice _ Nov. 1966. « Ju ly 2.4,1964, on 60 days’ notice. Apr. 1963 to July 1966. June 1962 to May 1964. 27. Electric and Gas Utilities Commonwealth Edison Co., Public Service Di vision (Illinois). International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers. Utility Workers.. Consolidated Edison Com pany of New York, Inc. (New York City and Westchester County, N.Y.). Consumers Power Co. ___ do_______ (Michigan). Niagara Mohawk Power International Brotherhood Co. (New York). of Electrical Workers. Pacific Gas and Electric ___ do.......... ... Co. (California). See footnotes at end of table. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Mar. 31, 1964, on 60 days’ notice. 9.000 Apr. 1963 to Mar. 1965. 21,000 Dec. 1962 to Nov. 1965. Jan. 5, 1964; 5 cents. July 5, 1964; 2.5-5 cents. 7.000 Mar. 1962 to Feb. 1964. June 1963 to May 1965.« June 1, 1964; 3 percent. 16,000 July 1963 to July 1966.9 5.000 July 1, 1964; 3.25 percent. 1393 MAJOR AGREEMENT EXPIRATIONS AND REOPENINGS T a b l e 3. E x p ir a t io n , R e o p e n in g , Company or association2 and W age -A d ju st m e n t P r o visions in S elected a t io n s , J a n u a r y - D ec em ber 1964 1— Continued Union > Approx imate number of em ployees covered C ollective B a r g a in in g S i t u Provisions effective January-December 1964 for— Contract term 4 Wage reopening Automatic cost- Deferred wage increase (hourly of-living review 8 rate unless ot herwisc specified) 28. Wholesale and Retail Trade Retail Clerks___ 15.000 Nov. 1961 to Nov. 1964. May 24, 1964; 7.5 cents. M eat Cutters___ 9.000 Feb. 1962 to Aug. 1964. Jan. 6, 1964; $2 per week for full-time female checkers, wrappers, and cashiers. Food Employers Council, Retail Clerks___ Inc., and Independent Retail Operators (Los Angeles, Calif.). Food Employers Council, ___ d o ................. Inc., and Independent Retail Operators (Long Beach, Calif.). Great Atlantic and Pacific Meat Cutters___ Tea Co., Inc. (New Jer sey and New York). Meat Markets (Chicago, ___ d o ......... ........ 111., area). Philadelphia Food Store Retail Clerks----Employers Labor Coun cil. 13.000 Apr. 1959 to Mar. 1964. 7.000 Apr. 1959 to Mar. 1964. 18,500 June 1962 to June 1964. 10.000 Oct. 1961 to Oct. 1964. June 1962 to Mar. 1965. Associated Food Retailers of Greater Chicago, and the Retail Chain Food Stores (Illinois and Indi ana). First National Stores, Inc. (New England area). 12,000 Semiannually (Jan. and July). Apr. 5, 1964; $5-$6 per week (12.5 cents per hour for parttime clerks and checkers). 29. Finance, Insurance, and Real Estate John Hancock M utual Life Insurance Co. Metropolitan Life Insur ance Co. Realty Advisory Board on Labor Relations, Inc., Office Buildings (New York, N.Y.). Realty Advisory Board on Labor Relations, Inc., Apartment Buildings (New York, N.Y.). Insurance W orkers. Building Service Employees. do 6,300 6,000 July 1962 to June 1964. May 1962 to Mar. 1964. 21,000 ■Tan. 1963 f.o 10,000 Apr. 1961 to Apr. 1964. Jan. 1, 1964; 6 cents. Dec. 1965. 30. Hotels and Restaurants Chicago Restaurants (Chi cago, 111., area). Golden Gate Restaurant Association and Inde pendent companies (San Francisco, Calif.). Hotel Association of New York City, Inc. Hotel and Res taurant Employees. ___ d o --.......... New York Hotel Trades Coun cil. Nevada Industrial Coun Hotel and Res taurant Em cil, Resort Hotels (Las ployees. Vegas, Nev.). Southern Florida Hotel ___ do---------and Motel Association (Miami Beach, Fla.). 10,000 Dec. 1962 to Nov. 1965. 14,000 Sept. 1959 to Aug. 1964. 32,000 June 1962 to May 1967. 6,000 Mar. 1961 to Mar. 1964. 5,300 Sept. 1959 to Aug. 1969. Dec. 1, 1964; ineresse varies by occupation. June 1, 1964; $l-$3.50 per week (except for specified classi fications which receive re duced hours at same pay). Sept. 15, 1964, on 60 days’ notice; issues are subject to arbitration. 1 Contracts on file with the Bureau of Labor Statistics, Oct. IS, 1963, except where foot-note indicates that information is from newspaper source. 2 Interstate unless otherwise specified. * Unions affiliated with the AFL-CIO. except where noted as independent. * Refers to the date the contract is to go into effect, not the date of signing. Where a contract has been amended or modified and the original termination date extended. the effective date of the changes becomes the new effective date of the agreement. For purposes of this listing, the expiration is the formal termination date established by the agreement. In general, it is the earliest date on which https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis termination of the contract could be effective, except for special provisions for termination as in the case of disagreement arising out of a wage reopening. Many agreements provide for automatic renewal at the expiration date unless notice of termination is given. The Labor Management Relations (TaftHartley) Act of 1947 requires that a party to an agreement desiring to termi nate or modify it shall serve written notice upon the other party 60 days prior to the expiration date. 8 Date shown indicates the month in which adjustment is to be made, not the month of the Consumer Price Index on which adjustment is based. 0 Information is from newspaper account of settlement. As of January 1964, approximately 2 million workers under major collective bargaining agree ments will be covered by cost-of-living escalator clauses. This represents an increase of more than 100,000 since January 1963. Deferred Increases Due in 1964 and Wage Escalation1 Deferred Wage Increases G eorge R u b e n * F ewer workers are scheduled to receive deferred wage increases in 1964 than in any year since the Bureau of Labor Statistics began to compile a summary of such changes in 1957. Of the 2.3 million workers covered by major collective bargaining agreements 2 within the scope of the study who are scheduled for deferred increases, 1.1 million are in manufacturing, about 775,000 in the construction trades, and 450,000 in the other nonmanufacturing industries. The number of workers scheduled for deferred increases since 1957 are as follows: Number of workers 1964___ ______ 1963___ ______ 1962___ ______ 1961___ ______ Cinmillions) 2. 3 3. 3 2. 4 2 .9 N um ber of workers millions) (iin 1960______ 1959______ 1958 ___ 1957______ 2 .6 2 .9 4 .0 5 .0 This summary does not include government employees although pay increases for State and local government employees often are made effective at the beginning of a calendar year. In January 1964, approximately 1.6 million Federal Government—Postal Field Service, and white-collar—employees are scheduled to receive salary increases. The increases for the Postal Field Service workers will average about 2.6 percent and those for government, executive, administrative, professional, and clerical will average about 4.1 percent. 1394 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Fluctuations from year to year in the number of workers due for deferred wage increases do not necessarily indicate corresponding changes in labor-management attitudes toward deferred in creases; much of the change results from chance factors, such as the timing and length of contracts (and, hence, of deferred increases) in industries with relatively large numbers of workers. The low 1964 total can be primarily attributed to the expiration of agreements in the automobile, automobile parts, farm equipment, and trucking industries. However, the fact that no deferred wage increases were provided by either the 1962 or 1963 settlements in basic steel and related in dustries reduced the number of workers scheduled to receive deferred increases in these industries in both 1963 and 1964. In January 1964, com panies in these industries are scheduled to in crease their payments into vacation funds by 9y2 cents an hour but wage rates will not change. All Industries Studied, Except Construction. Most oi the 1.5 million workers in industries other than construction3 (discussed in a separate section) who are scheduled to receive deferred increases in 1964 are in the food, lumber, aerospace and other metalworking industries, and retail trade. As in 1963, the largest concentration of increases will be •Of the Division of Wage Economics, Bureau of Labor Statistics. 1 See Editor’s Note on “Major Agreement Expirations and Reopenings in 1964,” p. 1333. 2 This summary is limited to settlements affecting 1,000 workers or more in all industries except the service trades, finance, and government. The information—based in part on secondary sources—relates to settlements summarized in the Bureau of Labor Statistics monthly report on Current Wage Developments. A deferred increase is defined for this summary as one resulting from a contract that was negotiated in an earlier year. Such increases most com monly are spaced in 1-year intervals after the effective date of the contract. Thus, a 3-year contract beginning in July 1963 typically provides deferred increases in July of both 1964 and 1965. Notably in the construction in dustry, workers sometimes receive two adjustments or more within a year. Only changes in wage rates are discussed in this summary; changes in supplementary benefits are excluded. Most benefit changes become effective at the time new contracts are negotiated or within a few months thereafter. 8 Because information is less complete for the construction industry than for other industries, data for construction are presented in a separate section of this summary. 1395 DEFERRED INCREASES DUE IN 1964 AND WAGE ESCALATION T a b l e 1. D ist r ib u t io n op W or k er s by A m ount of D e f e r r e d W age I n c r e a se s 1 D u e in 1964 in in M a n u fa c t u r in g a nd S elected N on m a n ufac t u rin g I n d u s t r ie s 2 M ajor S it u a t io n s Approximate number of workers affected (thousands) Average deferred wage increase (cents per hour)i Num ber of situa All in tions dustries studied1 Total manu factur ing 4 Food and kin dred prod ucts Chem Lum ber P rint icals and ing and and furni pub allied ture lishing prod ucts Rub ber Stone, Leather clay, and and leather glass prod prod ucts ucts Total Ware non- housing, Metal- manu- whole Trans Public work factur- sale and porta utili ing retail ing 4 tion ties stud trade ied 4 Total____________ 469 1,540 1,078 85 101 43 42 88 51 76 529 462 192 193 TTnHor 5 but less than 6 cents__ fi hut. less than 7 cents 7 hut less than 8 cents 8 hut less than 9 cents 9 hut less than 10 cents 10 hut less than 11 cents 11 hut less t-ha.n 12 cents 12 hut less than IS cents 13 but less than 14 cents 14 Cpnts and nver Not specified or not computed 8 75 67 95 79 35 27 43 14 H 5 10 204 190 341 353 118 69 125 48 13 30 37 121 114 325 276 77 45 67 10 9 18 7 1 9 20 3 3 6 33 3 2 70 15 2 2 2 8 1 3 2 1 6 2 l(p 4 6 12 13 7 1 2 1 49 76 11 2 3 4 5 56 4 2 47 59 126 177 49 28 31 2 82 76 16 77 41 23 58 38 5 12 30 48 12 7 56 11 7 19 S 4 12 11 34 61 9 20 6 6 28 9 1 8 13 9 3 5 2 2 2 3 2 3 2 7 4 72 1 25 10 10 24 19 1 1 i Average increase for all workers covered by a settlement. For additional information regarding definitions, see text footnote 2. s Excludes construction, the service trades, finance, and government. * Includes a few settlements in the following industry groups for which separate data are not shown: Paper and allied products (28,150), apparel (25,400), textiles (6,000), and miscellaneous manufacturing (5,050). 4 Includes 265,000 workers in the aerospace industry and 65,000 in ship building. 4 Includes 5,600 workers in mining for which separate data are not shown. 6 Insufficient information to compute amount of increase. N ote: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals. at the 7-8-cent interval,4which accounts for about 350.000 workers. (See table 1.) Included are 130.000 aerospace and 55,000 glass workers. Almost as frequent are increases of 6-7 cents. Of the 340,000 due average increases of this magni tude, 75,000 are in aerospace, 70,000 are in West Coast lumber and plywood production, and 75.000 are in the rubber industry.5 In manufacturing considered separately, the predominant intervals were reversed, with about 325.000 workers at 6-7 cents and 275,000 at 7-8 cents. In addition to the lumber, rubber, aero space, and glass workers already mentioned, about 45.000 shoe workers will receive 3-cent increases in January 1964. In the food industry, 10,000 sugar plantation workers in Hawaii will receive 10-cent increases early in the year. Included in the 65,000 shipbuilding workers who will receive increases are 15,000 on the West Coast who will receive 10-cent increases and 45,000 on the East Coast (19,000 at 5 cents and 26,000 at 9-10 cents). Only about 450,000 workers in the nonmanu facturing industries studied (other than construc- tion) will receive deferred increases in 1964, compared with almost 900,000 in 1963. The drop is essentially accounted for by contract expirations in the trucking industry. Since de ferred increases negotiated in trucking are usually higher than increases for most other nonmanu facturing workers, the size of deferred increases due for nonmanufacturing workers will be smaller in 1964 than in earlier years. Thus, in 1964, about 30 percent of nonmanufacturing workers will receive at least 10 cents compared with 10 percent in manufacturing. In 1963, when most 4 For ease of reading, in this summary the limits of the class intervals are designated, for example, as 6-7 cents instead of the more precise terminology “6 but less than 7 cents,” etc. 4 Actually, tire workers employed by major rubber companies will receive 7-cent increases while employees making other rubber products will receive %y2 cents. The two groups combined will have an average increase of slightly less than 7 cents and are included in the tabulations in the 6- but less than 7-cent bracket. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis T a b l e 2. T im ing of D e fe r r e d W age I n c r e a se s D u e in 1964 in M ajor S it u a t io n s in M a n u fa c t u r in g and S elected N o n m a n ufac tu rin g I n d u s t r i e s 1 Effective month Approximate number of workers affected (thousands) Total............ « 1.540 January................. February............... M arch__________ April____ ____ M ay....................... June...... ................ July........................ August____ ____ September............. October_________ November........ ___ December_______ Month not known. 229 102 133 123 148 298 242 61 120 35 33 66 3 Principal industries affected , Leather and trucking. Metalworking and trade. Flat glass. Metalworking, trade, and transportation. Trade. Lumber and rubber. Aerospace and other metalworking. Metalworking. Do. None. Metalworking and trade. Metalworking. None. 1 See text footnote 2 and table 1, footnote 2. 2 This total is smaller than the sum of the individual items since 40,800 employees will receive two deferred increases and 1,200 will receive three in creases in 1964. MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, DECEMBER 1963 1396 truckers received deferred increases, the respective percentages were 50 and 7. For the month in which workers in selected industries will receive deferred increases, see table 2. Constrvdion. About 775,000 workers employed under major construction contracts for which in formation was available will receive deferred in creases in 1964.6 (See table 3.) As is customary, most increases will go into effect during the first half of the year, but wage scales for 226,000 work ers are to be raised in the second half. Of these, 143,000 will also receive scale increases during the first 6 months of 1964. For the year as a whole, increases will range from 3b to 45 cents, with concentrations at 10, 15, 20, and 25 cents. Scales for more than 95 percent of the workers due raises will advance at least 10 cents, compared with 16 percent of the workers in the industries summarized earlier. Almost 25 percent of the construction workers whose rate increases are already determined will receive 25 cents or more. The higher cents-per-hour wage increases in construction reflect the high proportion of skilled workers, the rarity of cost-of-living escalator clauses to supplement other wage increases and, possibly, the intermittent nature of construction work. Cost-of-Living Escalator Clauses As of January 1964, about 2 million workers will be under major collective bargaining con tracts with cost-of-living escalator clauses—an inT a ble 3. D e f e r r e d I n cr ea ses in U nton S cales D u e in 1964 in M ajor S itu a t io n s in C onstructio n Hourly increase effective during period Approximate number of workers affected (thousands) Total i Total 3 but less than 5 cents_____________ 6 but. less than 7 cents 7 but less than 9 cents______ ______ 9 but less than 11 cents__ __________ 11 but less than 13 cents___________ 13 but less than IS cents_____ _____ 15 but less than 17 cents___________ 17 but less than 19 cents 19 but less than 21 cents___________ 21 but less than 23 cents 23 but less than 25 cents_____ _____ 25 cents and over_________________ January 1 to J une 30 July 1 to December 31 773 690 226 2 16 47 21 68 136 83 175 22 26 178 5 24 139 20 69 104 7 40 3 28 5 2 90 154 22 25 53 2 1 49 1 The total is smaller than the sum of the figures for the two 6-month periods, since 143,000 employees will receive one deferred increase or more in each of the periods. N ote: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis T a b l e 4. P r e v a l e n c e o f C o s t - o f - L iv in g E s c a l a t io n in M a j o r C o n t r a c t s i n M a n u f a c t u r in g a n d S e l e c t e d N o n m a n u f a c t u r in g I n d u s t r i e s 1 P r o v i d in g D e f e r r e d W a g e I n c r e a s e s i n 1964 Item All situations with deferred increases......... Approximate number of workers due to receive de ferred wage increases (thousands) Percent of workers cov ered by costof living esca lator clauses 1,540 27 204 190 341 353 118 69 125 48 13 30 37 13 21 37 36 42 20 Manufacturing «........ .................. ................ Food and kindred products.................. Chemicals and allied products............. Metalworking____________________ 1,078 85 42 529 27 4 20 54 Nonmanufacturing 4__________________ Transportation__ _ _____________ 462 193 27 65 A verage D eferred Wage I ncreases3 Under 5 cents________________________ 5 but less than 6 cents_________________ 6 but less than 7 c e n t s ..______________ 7 but less than 8 cents_________________ 8 but less than 9 cents_________________ 9 but less than 10 cents________________ 10 but less than 11 cents_______________ 11 but less than 12 cents............................... 12 but less than 13 cents _ 13 but less than 14 cents ... 14 cents and over _______________ Not specified or not computed 3........... ...... 3 15 12 Industry Group (Selected) 1 See footnote 2, table 1. 2 See footnote 1, table 1. 8 Insufficient information to compute amount of increase. < For specific industries included in the total, see table 1. N ote: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals. crease of more than 100,000 since January 1963. (See table 4.) The increase is caused largely by establishment of a few escalator clauses, including a clause covering 40,000 employees of The Boeing Co., as well as employment changes in establish ments where escalation was in effect on both dates. Of the 1.5 million workers scheduled to receive deferred increases in 1964, only about one-fourth (425,000) are covered by provisions for escalator reviews during the year. Included are 225,000 aerospace workers, 60,000 in other metalworking industries, and 125,000 truckers and transit work ers. Most of the 1.1 million who will receive de ferred increases but are not covered by escalation are in metalworking, trade, food, lumber and furniture, utilities, rubber, leather, and printing. e The totals for construction for 1964 are not strictly comparable with the information for earlier years when sources of information for this industry were largely limited to collective bargaining settlements affecting 3,000 work ers or more. In 1964, the cutoff was reduced to 1,000 workers or more to make it comparable with that for the other industries studied. Since this is the first year in which a systematic effort has been made to extend coverage in construction, it is possible that the coverage in this industry is still less com plete than for other industries. i In addition, at least 200,000 unorganized workers—usually in establish ments where unionized production workers have escalator clauses—are cov ered by provisions for cost-of-living escalation. It is also estimated that approximately 400,000 production workers in nonunion and smaller unionized establishments in manufacturing are under cost-of-living escalator clauses. DEFERRED INCREASES DUE IN 1964 AND WAGE ESCALATION Because escalator clauses are now heavily con centrated in the automobile, farm and construction equipment, trucking, and meatpacking industries where contracts expire in 1964, an unusually large number of workers covered by escalator clauses are not scheduled for deferred increases in 1964—about 8 Included in the almost 1.6 million are a small number of workers covered by agreements that were being renegotiated at the time this article was pre pared and that presumably will continue escalation. * Since cost-of-living escalator clauses are set up in terms of brackets, small changes in the Consumer Price Index may or may not result in any change in the cost-of-living allowance, depending on whether they carry the Index into another bracket. For example, the escalator clauses in the automobile industry, which provide for quarterly review of the cost-of-living allowance on the basis of the Indexes for January, April, July, and October, set the allow ance at 9 cents when the Index was 129.7-130.1 (on a 1947-49 base) and 10 cents when it was 130.2-130.6. The Index for October 1962 was 130.1 and it was necessary for it to increase only 0.1 point to raise the allowance from 9 to 10 cents; this increase occurred with the April 1963 Index of 130.3. In contrast, a much larger Index rise of 0.9 points (from 128.2 tol29.1) between January and April 1962 also resulted in a 1-cent increase in the allowance, since the bracket for a 6-cent allowance was 128.2-12S.6 and for a 7-cent allowance from 128.7129.1. The 1962 annual escalator increases in trucking were low relative to 1963 because they were tied to the C PI change during 1961, when the C PI rose at a slower rate than in either 1962 or 1963. 1.6 million compared with 275,000 in 1963.8 Most of these clauses provide for one or two reviews of their cost-of-living allowance in 1964 before contracts are renegotiated. Although the Consumer Price Index rose at a slightly slower rate from October 1962 to October 1963 than it did from October 1961 to October 1962 (1.1 percent compared with 1.3 percent), costof-living increases during 1963 were about the same as in 1962.9 Automobile workers received 3 cents in both 1963 and 1962; for farm and con struction equipment workers, the 1963 increase was 3 or 4 cents, depending on the firm, compared with 3 cents in 1962. Aerospace workers received 3 or 4 cents in 1963 and 3 cents in 1962. Most truckers were scheduled to receive a 4-cent annual adjustment in 1963, but the parties agreed to divert 1 or 2 cents into health and welfare funds; in 1962, they received a 1-cent increase.10 Meat packing workers received 3 cents in 1963 and 2 cents in 1962. ADDENDUM The preceding article was prepared late in November, and hence does not reflect settlements reached during December. By mid-December, when this article went to press, the Bureau had recorded settlements affecting an addi tional 101,000 workers that provided deferred wage increases for 1964. Of these, approximately 30,000 were in warehousing and retail trade, 25,000 in metalworking, 15,000 in construction, 7,000 each in printing and glass, 5,000 in paper, 4,000 in utilities, 3,000 each in food industries and public transit, and 1,000 each in the lumber and tobacco industries. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1397 Labor in 1963 J ack F. S trickland * the year began , New York City and Cleveland newspapers were on strike and members of the International Longshoremen’s Association, having waited out the expiration of a Taft-Hartley injunction, had again hung up their hooks in a coastwide tieup of the maritime shipping industry. In aerospace, the Boeing and Lockheed companies remained deadlocked with the Machinists on the issue of union security. Court action had fore stalled the precipitation of a nationwide railroad strike until such time as the Supreme Court had decided whether the Railway Labor Act permitted the carriers to impose rules changes unilaterally. Within the first months of the year, all of the above disputes had been resolved except the stub born railroad dispute, which persisted through the year. An award rendered under a special rail road arbitration law by a tripartite panel would not be binding until January 1964. It would resolve only two of the issues in the dispute. The remainder are subject to continuing negotiation between the parties. Between the beginning and end of the year, several significant settlements had been reached with a minimum of crisis bargaining. In the steel and electric machinery industries, techniques for reducing the atmosphere of deadline and strike threat had contributed to successful settlement, and these techniques had proliferated by the year’s end into other industries. Government varied its role in particular bargaining circumstances during the year; in many negotiations, the parties may have tailored their own bargaining strategy so as to take into account possible government postures. Most signs appeared to point to continuing public involvement in industrial relations decisions— and in more forms. The Congress tabled a com pulsory arbitration bill for the maritime shipping industry, but its earlier railroad arbitration law demonstrated the existence of limits to its tolerance for economic sanctions in critical industries. W hen 1398 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis During the year’s bargaining, organized labor continued to shore up member and organizational security by new devices for insuring jobs and income, shortening work time, and protecting jurisdiction. These devices were often purchased for a price consisting of limiting the cost package or giving management a free hand to introduce new machines and methods. In the electric machinery industry, the cost of an agreement included union consent to constrict the scope of the grievance procedure. Failure to agree on the amount of premiums played a large part in the railroad, newspaper, and longshore disputes. Agreement on a second consecutive waiver of a wage increase played a large part in the steel settlement, which concentrated instead on a system for the distribution of available work. Underlying the bargaining structure, economic conditions tilted the issues away from the test of wage and price stability toward job security. American workers in 1963 dealt with an economy which was climbing to new high output levels while using just about the same percentage of the civilian population as it had in 1962. Labor force and employment both grew by about a million over the year. Led by durable goods manu facturing, trade, services, and State and local government sectors, all major industry divisions but mining shared in the rise of 1.3 million in payroll employment over the 56.9 million of September 1962. The number of the unemployed averaged 4 / million persons for the first 10 months of 1963, and the seasonally adjusted rate ranged between 5.5 and 6.1 percent, with no evidence of definite upward or downward trend. Long-term unemployment of 15 weeks or more did not vary significantly, on a seasonally adjusted basis, from the 1.5 percent January level. Teenagers, non whites, and persons in unskilled occupations continued to sustain unemployment rates sub stantially higher than the averages for all persons. The Negro worker, attaching as much im portance to employment opportunity as to civil rights, demanded access to jobs and union member ship in a series of demonstrations across the country. At the end of the year, legislation to provide fair employment practices for Negroes and broader opportunities for youth were still the subject of congressional hearings. o * * Of the Division of Publications, Bureau of Labor Statistics. 1 LABOR IN 1963 Government Policy Price stability through most of the year and increasing output per man-hour accounted in part for a shift in public attention from anti inflation policies toward manpower utilization policies. The first. Manpower Report of the President, transmitted to Congress on March 11 did more than supplement the full employment and price stability policies contained in the Janu ary Economic Report. The manpower report appeared at a time when the behavior of the economy was demonstrating that growth alone is not enough. By assessing the waste in resources stemming from the failure of available skills to mesh with needed skills, the report enlarged the full employment objective to include the fully effective use of the Nation’s potential job talent— an idea inherent in the Manpower Development and Training Act of 1962. The President’s Advisory Committee on LaborManagement Relations late in 1962 issued recom mendations on fiscal and monetary policy which endorsed corporate and personal income tax cuts, and in 1963 a subcommittee reported to the Presi dent on the final positions of the parties in the railroad dispute. On May 25, the President re activated the dormant (since 1950) advisory committee to the Federal Mediation and Concilia tion Service called for by the Labor-Management Relations Act by naming six labor and six manage ment members for 1- to 3-year terms. The Federal Government also advanced the range of collective bargaining for its own em ployees during the year. The President ordered the checkoff made available to unions of Federal employees effective in January 1964, and on May 21, promulgated standards of conduct which unions must meet in order to be eligible for recognition and a Code of Fair Labor Practices which imposes bargaining obligations on Federal administrators. Collective Bargaining Despite its command of headline attention, no worktime was lost during the year from the i Locomotive Engineers v. Baltimore <fc Ohio R .R ., 83 S. Ct. 691. See M onthly Labor Review, May, pp. 549-550. s For a summary of the Board’s report to the President, see Monthly Labor Review, May, pp. iii-iv. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1399 4-year-old railroad dispute and no changes had been made in existing working conditions when the parties were legislated into arbitration hearings in September. The railroads had first announced their intention to put changes into effect without agreement in August 1962. On March 4, 1963, the U.S. Supreme Court, on the unions’ appeal from two adverse lower decisions, relegated the parties to self-help, leaving the creation of an emergency board the only step before B.ailway Labor Act procedures were exhausted.1 On April 3, President Kennedy appointed Judge Samuel Rosenman, Clark Kerr, and Nathan Feinsinger to the board—nominally a factfinding assignment. By then, the carriers had announced a new April 4 date for unilateral work rule changes and furlough of 40,000 firemen, but the board appointment automatically froze such action for 60 days. On May 13, the emergency board reported that it had made progress in mediating the dispute and recommended guidelines for settling the issues of elimination of firemen in road freight and yard service and the consist of crews. It proposed voluntary arbitration for unresolved matters.2 Negotiations continued during the next weeks with no further progress toward resolution or agreement on a method for achieving resolution. During this period, Secretary of Labor W. Willard Wirtz proposed a method combining mediation and arbitration. President Kennedy suggested Supreme Court Justice Arthur Goldberg as arbitrator. Both suggestions were unacceptable to the unions. Management set new dates for the promulgation of new work rules, then delayed once more at the President’s request. Before transmitting the dispute to Congress for resolution, the President requested an additional assessment from a six-man subcommittee of his Advisory Committee on Labor-Management Policy, which reported on July 19 that although proposals had been exchanged following the emergency board report, and tentative agreement reached on methods for determining manning adequacy differences persisted between the parties in the scope of application of the methods. The carriers demanded national guidelines, but the organiza tions insisted on local determination. The unions, in addition, wished to discuss general pay changes and protections from some of the adverse effects of the new manning proposals, but the 1400 carriers declined to discuss these issues until satisfied on the others. The President then recommended to the Congress that the Interstate Commerce Commission be empowered to make interim decisions on proposed rules changes, sub ject to any bargained agreement. Using an advisory panel to assist it in making awards, the ICC was to consider findings of previous commis sions and boards in its deliberations. In con gressional hearings, the carriers appeared to accept legislative settlement and were agreeable to the President’s method, but the unions steadily urged their opposal to any arrangement that led to arbitration without their consent.3 AFL-CIO President George Meany suggested that bargain ing be continued with the assistance of a con gressional committee. As the hearings progressed, negotiations resumed and, at the request of the Congress, the carriers established a new date of August 29 for the rules change. These last negotiations appeared to have produced agreement to arbitrate the two key issues, then collapsed over the question of whether negotiations on other issues were to precede or follow arbitration; Congress then passed the Arbitration Law4 which consigned the dispute to a seven-man arbitration board com prised of two members selected by each party and three named by the partisan members. Members not named by the parties were to be named by the President. The board was to convene within 10 days, begin hearings within 30 days, and render an award within 90 days. After 60 more days, the award was to bind the parties for 2 years. As in the President’s proposal, the award was to be superseded by any negotiated agreement. Public members of the panel, named by the President, were Ralph Seward, chairman, Benjamin Aaron, and James Healy. Pending the board’s decision, management was not to make any changes in existing work practices and there was to be no strike or lockout. Since the award would cover only the two issues, the law directed carriers and unions to resume talks on other controverted matters. Reluctant to force any arbitration arrangement on the parties, the Congress limited the law to a 180-day life; nevertheless, this joint resolution ventured into new paths of settlement law and was skeptically scrutinized as a possible precedent outside the industry. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, DECEMBER 1963 In negotiations contrasting with the bitter railroad controversy and consummated, in ad vance of reopening dates, on June 20, the Joint Human Relations Committee of the steel industry produced a job-saving agreement without formally reopening their contracts. The 11 major steel producing companies and the United Steelworkers extended a vacation fund established in their 1962 agreements to increase leaves to 13 weeks for long-term employees—an approach modeled on the 1962 container industry settlements. The union passed up a wage increase, as it had in 1962, but obtained additional protection by the com panies’ agreement—on an experimental basis—to limit production and maintenance work by supervisors and contractors. For the senior half of each company’s workers, the vacation plan added to the established 3- or 4-week paid leave 9 or 10 more weeks every 5 years. All employees were to receive additional weeks on the basis of cycles of varying duration. Precise cycle length was to be determined by the level of the fund. Composed in sheltered negotiations, this pro posal emerged whole from the committee in the form of a recommendation to the industry and the union wage policy committee and was quickly adopted by both and ratified. During subsequent months, the plan was extended with minor variations through the industry; it was also modified and carried by the union into the aluminum industry in July negotiations there and extended with minor variation by the companies to employees outside the bargaining unit. In January, the Steelworkers and Kaiser Steel Corp. adopted a plan constructed of other elements but reached by similar informal bargaining and study by its tripartite Long Range Committee. Beginning with a guarantee to match benefits produced in later industry negotiations, the committee went on to add an intricate formula for distributing production savings resulting from technological or methods improvement. The employees’ 32K-percent share of total material and supply savings and of increased output projected past experience; their individual stake in future methods improvements was secured by a guarantee of a job. Premised on a joint 3 Excerpts from the Labor-Management Committee Report and the President’s arbitration proposal were carried in the August issue of the M onthly Labor Review, pp. iii-iv. * Reproduced in full in M onthly Labor Review, October, pp. 1187-1188. LABOR IN 1963 commitment to rapid introduction of change, the plan continued to pay dividends during the year and its operation was praised by both parties.5 The goals of the parties remained obscure de spite wide publicity in the prolonged newspaper strike in New York City that eluded the efforts of many mediators and most of the techniques of bringing public pressures to bear on the dispu tants. It was not settled until 114 days of time had been lost, and its toll in circulation losses was not regained during the remainder of the year. The settlement was finally achieved with the as sistance of Mayor Robert Wagner, and provided about $12.63 in weekly gains for the typographical crafts for a 2-year term. Involving the News paper Guild, which had already settled its agree ments, the strike was aimed at four papers on December 8 by the Typographical Union. Five more dailies immediately locked out, and editorial comment throughout the country questioned whether this ought not to rate as a national emer gency. The papers’ use of punched-tape typeset ting and the alinement of expiration dates were at issue, in addition to the economic items. The parties remained deadlocked for several weeks, an investigating panel reporting that in 15 negotiat ing sessions, “neither party moved.” The test continued until the New York Post broke ranks with the Publishers’ Association and resumed publication. But another month was required for negotiation with the other crafts—and renegoti ation of the Guild agreement—before enough of an agreement had been achieved to permit a return to work. On October 16, the New York Mirror terminated publication, citing strike costs as a factor. Observers generally agreed that there were many more. In its last stages, the New York City newspaper strike was prolonged by members’ reluctance to ratify proposals recommended by negotiating committees. An increasing unwillingness on the part of union members to settle was cited as a com plicating factor in many negotiations during the year by William Simkin, director of the Federal Mediation and Conciliation Service. Member dis satisfaction required retailoring of the Boeing settlement, and in the rubber industry, a proposed settlement was not ratified by the membership at F «A le ngthy excerpt ol thejplan was published in the Monthly Labor Redew, February, pp. 154-160. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1401 Goodyear until it had been resubmitted after other major units had agreed. (A small turnout contributed to membership rejections in both the rubber and newspaper negotiations.) The rubber settlements provided an elaborate package of tra ditional income security provisions, ranging from short-work guarantees and supplemental unem ployment benefit improvements to supplements for workmen’s compensation, in addition to 16 cents in basic wages over the 2-year term. The rubber agreements also franchised committees to undertake joint review of technological change. The refusal of the International Longshore men’s Association to relinquish any of its estab lished conditions became the core of a strike which tied up Atlantic and Gulf coast waterfronts for 34 days after the expiration of an 80-day Taft-Hartley injunction. Taking the initiative at the opportunity afforded by the reopening of their agreement with the ILA, the New York Shipping Association had proposed to reduce gang size. The employers’ position was partly supported by a special presidential board chaired by Senator Wayne Morse, which reported that the industry must solve its manpower problems simply to support existing wage and benefit levels. The January 25 shipping settlement incor porated Secretary of Labor Wirtz’ proposal tabling the major issue by making manning the subject of a Labor Department study, which the parties were to use as the basis for further bargain ing; if negotiations produced no agreement by July 31, 1964, the manning question was to go to an impartial panel, whose function would be limited to making recommendations. Monetary issues were settled on the basis of a proposal made by Senator Morse and estimated by him to cost 37 cents an hour over the agreement’s 2-year term. It improved the welfare and pension plans and added a holiday and 24 cents in wages. Although this agreement was speedily ratified and put into effect in all affected ports, conduct of the negotiations was at issue in the union’s July convention, where delegates elected Thomas Gleason new president of the organization over incumbent William Bradley. During the strike and at the convention, Gleason urged that the union yield no ground on work practices. During the year, settlements affecting large groups of workers were reached smoothly in the electrical machinery industry and in the telephone 1402 industry, but in the northwest lumber industry, a strike in June at operations of two large com panies by the newly reconciled Lumber and Sawmill Workers and the International Wood workers spread primarily to other major com panies by lockout and was not settled until August. At the end of the year, exploratory informal talks in advance of 1964 expiration dates were being conducted in the automobile and agricultural implement industry and the unions in the aerospace industry were working out a joint program of bargaining in preparation for 1965 negotiations. Union Policy Actions United States membership in American Federa tion of Labor-Congress of Industrial Organiza tions unions decreased between 1960 and 1962, according to a Bureau of Labor Statistics survey released late in 1963, from 14.1 million to 13.7 million. The 52 interstate unaffiliated unions added to the 134 AFL-CIO national affiliates and directly affiliated locals brought the U.S. membership total to 16.5 million. Early in the year, a pilot organizing effort coordinated by the national federation began in southern California. By the end of April, the Federation’s organization director reported that the campaign had resulted in representation rights in 38 establishments with petitions filed for elections in 46 more. By June 30, about half the $144,000 donated to the organizing fund had been spent and affiliates had pledged another $130,000 to continue the campaign. Plans were announced in May for a similar drive in the Washington, D.C.-Baltimore area. In the 3month period ending September 30, unions won bargaining rights in 1,126 elections conducted by the NLRB for 75,362 employees—winning a high 60 percent of the contests. Contributing to this total, the Industrial Union Department coordinated a series of organizing drives beginning in February. Area campaigns were begun in Boston, Chicago, North and South Carolina, and Houston, Fort Worth, and Dallas; efforts were also directed toward the furniture, wood and textile industries, and the office, pro fessional and technical occupations. IUD Presi dent Walter Reuther reported to the Department’s https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, DECEMBER 1963 constitutional convention in November that these drives had resulted in 128 NLRB elections through October, with bargaining rights won in 80 for 14,827 workers. Before convening its fifth biennial convention in New York City in November, the merged Federation called a special executive council session and resolved a year-old internal dispute over representation on the council by naming John J. Grogan, president of the Marine and Ship building Workers Union, a former CIO affiliate, to succeed retired L. S. Buckmaster of the Rubber Workers. Led by UAW President Walter Reuther, former CIO affiliates had supported Ralph Helstein, president of the Packinghouse Workers for the seat. Helstein, however, was unacceptable to Federation President George Meany. Throughout the year, the Federation continued to urge affiliates to seek shorter hours in collective bargaining and it set up legislative and bargaining steering committees. Labor’s legislative program included support for tax cuts concentrated in lower- and middleincome groups, medical care for the aged, youth employment programs, urban renewal, increase of minimum wages, extension of the Fair Labor Standards Act to presently excluded worker groups, equal pay, and fair employment. At its August meeting, the executive council re duced contributions to the International Con federation of Free Trade Unions Solidarity Fund to $716,000 from the $1,250,000 contributed in the year ending June 30, 1963. Contributions to the American Institute for Free Labor Develop ment, amounting to $200,000 last year, are to be raised. Merger proposals were the subject of conven tion action or discussion in a number of national unions meeting during the year. Merger was prominent on the agenda in the printing trades and railroad union conventions, principal officers of several organizations contending that such amalgamation would enable better alinement of established jurisdictional boundaries to cope with technological change. The unaffiliated Lithogra phers and the Photo Engravers (AFL-CIO) had ob tained membership approval for a merger proposal by the year’s end. Activity under the internal disputes procedure declined during the year. LABOR IN 1963 Job Discrimination Reaching a peak in the spring and summer, cases of alleged discrimination within the labor movement, especially in the building trades, brought picketing and other protests by various Negro organizations. Focal point of demonstra tions in Philadelphia, New York, and elsewhere was admittance to apprenticeship. In Cleveland, following the NAACP’s announced intention of picketing, entry of journeymen pipefitters was secured in August. Following a meeting with President Kennedy in June, the labor federation began to establish community biracial commit tees to work with local unions on equal employ ment programs. On June 21, the AFL-CIO Building and Construction Trades Department urged its 18 member unions to take immediate steps to eliminate discrimination in apprentice ship, membership, and work referral. The joint labor-management conference board of the con struction industry in September adopted detailed procedures for assuring equal access to apprentice ship programs in the industry, including measures to test and conform existing applicant lists. In October, the Department of Labor issued new nondiscrimination standards for registration of apprenticeship programs with the Department’s Bureau of Apprenticeship and Training. The AFL-CIO formally supported the aims of the civil rights demonstration in Washington, D.C., on August 28, referring the question of participa tion to individual national unions, several of which did send delegations. Labor in Court Deciding that agency shop clauses requiring employees to pay fees in lieu of dues and initiation fees constitute a form of union security permitted under the Labor Management Relations Act, the United States Supreme Court ruled in one case that it was unlawful for an employer to refuse to bargain over such a clause.6 In a companion case, the Court ruled that the States were free to outlaw • N L R B , v. General Motors Corp. (U.S. Sup. Ct., June 3,1963); see Monthly Labor Review, August, p. 963. 7Retail Clerks International Association, Local 1625 v . Schermerhorn (U.S. Sup. Ct., June 3, 1963); Ibid., p. 954. 8Brotherhood of Railway and Steamship Clerks v. A llen (U.S. Sup. Ct., May 13, 1963), Monthly Labor Review, July, p. 824. » N L R B v. Erie Resistor Corp. (U.S. Sup. Ct., May 13,1963). See Monthly Labor Review, July, p. 824. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1403 such clauses.7 In the first situation, the National Labor Relations Board had ordered the General Motors Corp. to bargain over an agency shop proposal made by the United Auto Workers for the company’s Indiana plants, where State law makes the union shop illegal but permits lesser forms of union security. The company argued that the Federal act prohibited such an arrange ment and refused to bargain on it. Reversing a circuit court decision, the Supreme Court upheld the Board order. In the second case, the Retail Clerks Associa tion sought to prove that its contract with the Food Fair Markets in Florida provided a different kind of union security than that sought in the General Motors case, since the fees were to be used exclusively to defray the costs of collective bargaining. The Supreme Court, however, would not distinguish the contested clause from the proposal made to General Motors and held that Florida was entitled to outlaw such arrange ments under the Labor Management Relations Act. During its fall term, the Court heard further argument over whether tiie Florida act makes the agency shop an unfair labor practice under the Federal law, and if so, whether the State courts or the NLRB have jurisdiction to enjoin them. In a July decision,8 the Supreme Court ruled that where members under union shop clauses protest the use of part of their dues for political purposes of which they disapprove, they are entitled to recover that portion being used for political causes, and to have their future dues reduced by a corresponding amount. The case arose under the Railway Labor Act, which was amended in 1954 to permit the negotiation of union shop clauses requiring membership as a condition of employment. Upholding an NLRB ruling that the employer’s purpose in granting superseniority to strike breakers was not relevant in reaching a decision on the legality of the grant, the Supreme Court in May supported the Board’s finding that the Erie Resistor Corp. had engaged in an unfair labor practice when it gave 20 years layoff seniority to employees returning to work during the strike and to replacements for strikers.9 The company argued that the grant of superseniority was necessary to keep its business running and that its right to offer the extra inducement was a corollary of its recognized legal right to replace economic strikers. 1404 The Supreme Court concurred in the Board’s finding that granting superseniority was signifi cantly different from replacing strikers, since replacement does not affect those who come back to work when the strike is over, but superseniority affects all strikers and thus creates a permanent breach between the two groups. In a February decision, N LRB v. Sociedad Na cional de Marineros,10 the Supreme Court rebuffed the Board’s attempt to assert jurisdiction over vessels registered in foreign countries. NLRB Decisions During the year, the National Labor Relations Board had occasion to review a series of contract clauses entered into between the Teamsters’ Union and two employers and it declared that they were illegal hot-cargo agreements. In the Patton Warehouse and Brown Transport cases,11 the agreements provided that the employers would not discharge or discipline employees who refused to cross a picket line or work on properties involved in a labor dispute. Additional clauses in both agreements provided that the employer would not subcontract with firms who did not observe the contract conditions of the union having jurisdic tion over the work. In the Brown Transport agreement, another clause would have required the employer to provide triple wages and insurance coverage for workers who were ordered by a court or other tribunal to work at struck premises. The NLRB found that the clauses insulating the workers from discipline went beyond the protec tion permitted under the Taft-Hartley Act for individual refusals to cross picket lines or work on struck premises. The Board also found the sub contracting clauses illegal methods for preserving jobs. The triple penalties provided in the Brown Transport case were struck down as violations of the secondary boycott provisions. Later in the year, the NLRB reviewed clauses written by the Teamsters and The Wilson Co. in Chicago and decided that the battery of protective language constituted an illegal attempt to control the employer’s selection of firms with whom he did business, rather than a legal attempt to pre serve the existing jobs of members of the union, as the Teamsters claimed.12 In assigning new work to three competing unions where the usual basis for work awards were miss https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, DECEMBER 1963 ing, the members of the NLRB were unable to agree on how such assignments should be made.13 The American Newspaper Guild, the Photoen gravers Union, and the Typographers all claimed jurisdiction over a new phototypesetting process installed by the Philadelphia Inquirer. In April, the Board awarded the work to the individual typographers, but 2 of the 3 members who made up the majority stressed that a major reason for their award was to avoid depriving the typog raphers of work they had done under the old process and were trained to do under the new one, while the third majority member would have relied upon the employer’s original assignment of the work to them. Both dissenting members would have awarded the work to the photographers, one member arguing that the new photographic process was similar to the photographers’ usual duties, the other member strongly rejecting both criteria relied on by the two majority members. In deciding a series of recent cases involving employer decisions to subcontract out all or part of the work performed by his own employees, the NLRB has uniformly held that the employer was required to bargain with the union before the sub contract was let, regardless of his reasons. Dur ing 1963, several Board rulings on subcontracting were scrutinized by circuit courts which rendered conflicting decisions. In July, the Washington, D.C., appellate court upheld the Board’s ruling in a case involving the Fibreboard Corp. and ordered the company to reinstate discharged maintenance employees with backpay.14 In a case decided in the fall, however, a Board order was rejected in a circuit which ruled that unless the Board was able to establish an antiunion motive on the part of the employer, the bargaining obligation only extended to the treatment of the discharged employees. The decision itself, the circuit ruled, did not have to be bargained out.15 10 M onthly Labor Review, April p., 421. 11 Local MO, Teamsters Union and Patton Warehouse, Inc., 140 NLRB No. 136 (Feb. 26, 1963); Local 728, Teamsters Union and Brown Transport Corp., 140 NLRB No. 137 (Feb. 26, 1963). See Monthly Labor Review, May, pp. 548-549. 12 Teamsters Union Local 710 v nd Wilson & Co., Inc., 143 NLRB No. 117 (Aug. 6, 1963); See Monthly Labor Review. October, pp. 1)97-1198. 13 Local 2, Philadelphia Typographical Union and Philadelphia Inquirer, 142 NLRB No. 1 (Apr. 16, 1963). See Monthly Labor Review, June, p. 703. h Fibreboard Paper Products Corp., N L R B (O.A., D.C., July 3, 1963). See Monthly Labor Review, September, p. 1073. n N L R B v. Adam s Dairy. Special Labor Force Report E ditor’s N ote.— Other articles in this series cover such subjects as the work experience oj the population, multiple jobholders, and the employment oj high school graduates and students, and include the annual report on the labor jorce. Reprints oj all articles in the series, including in most cases additional detailed tables and an explanatory note, are available upon reguest to the Bureau or to any oj its regional offices (listed on the inside jront cover oj this issue). Work History, Attitudes, and Income of the Unemployed R obert L. S tein * I n A pril 1962, a detailed survey of the charac teristics of the unemployed was conducted. For the first time, factual evidence was provided on many of the controversial issues that relate to the nature of unemployment in the United States. Although there is still room for wide differences of interpretation, the new facts gathered and pre sented in this article make it more difficult to cling to extreme positions. The unemployed were found to be a very diverse group of workers with significant variations in financial resources, need for work, attachment to the labor force, and qualifications and prospects for steady employ ment in the future. In general, they cannot be regarded as personally responsible for their own difficulties, unwilling to accept suitable jobs, more or less voluntarily unemployed, and only casually interested in an occasional job. The basis for these generalizations is a Bureau of Labor Statis tics survey of an estimated 9.6 million workers 18 years old or older who experienced at least 5 full weeks of unemployment in 19611 (counting all spells). This nationwide study, conducted to obtain infor mation not readily available from the regular monthly surveys of the labor force, also included a 5-year labor force history of these unemployed workers for the period 1957-61. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Of the 9.6 million unemployed, nearly 70 per cent were men—the vast majority in the prime working years of 20 to 64 (table 1). Family heads accounted for three-fifths of the unemployed, and nonwhite workers for one-fifth. A fourth of the group suffered more than 6 months of unemploy ment in 1961. Only a third of the unemployed, compared with over half the civilian labor force, were high school graduates.2 Work History Labor Force Attachment. In April 1962, 67 percent of the 9.6 million workers who were unemployed 5 weeks or more in 1961 were back at work,3 while another 26 percent were looking for work. Only 7 percent had left the labor force. As the tabula tion on the following page indicates, the propor tion of women who were no longer working or seeking work was larger than that of men—15 percent compared with 3 percent. *Of the Division of Employment and Unemployment Analysis, Bureau of Labor Statistics. » The survey included persons unemployed 5 weeks or more in 1961 who were 18 years old or older in April 1962, able to work, not in school, and who had some prior work experience. Collection and processing of the data were conducted by the Bureau of the Census under contract with the BLS. About 3,000 personal interviews with sample respondents were completed. In each case, the person who actually experienced the unemployment was interviewed. For a more detailed account of this survey, see Monthly Report on the Labor Force, March, May, and August 1963, pp. xiv-xxi, 16-24, and 15-27, respectively. 2 See “Educational Attainment of Workers, March 1962,” M onthly Labor Review, May 1963, pp. 504-515. 2 The fact that a high proportion of the unemployed were back at work should be interpreted with caution because this status relates only to a single week. Preliminary data for a subsample of 1,000 persons interviewed in both 1962 and 1963 about their unemployment experience in 1961 and 1962 revealed that some 52 percent had at least a month or more of unemployment In both years. 1405 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, DECEMBER 1963 1406 T able 2. L abor F orce A ttachm ent D u r in g 1957-61 of P e r so n s U nem plo yed 5 W e e k s or M ore in 1961,1 B y S e x a n d D u r a tio n of E m ploym ent in 1961 Employment status in A p ril 1961 Percent of workers M en Women Total In civilian labor force__ __ Employed. _ Unemployed _ ___ Not in labor force__________ _ T o ta l._ _______ ______ __ Number of workers (thousands)__ ____________ 93. 2 66. 9 26. 3 6. 8 97. 71. 26. 2. 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 9, 617 6, 606 3, Oil 1 0 1 9 84. 58. 26. 15. 7 2 5 3 N ote: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal 100. Even among men 45 years old and over who were jobless for more than 6 months during 1961, only 6 percent were not in the labor force at the time of the survey. Of the 650,000 workers who had left the labor force, half reported that they intended to look for work again—most of them within a month of the survey interview date. Thirty-six percent did not plan to rejoin the labor force, mainly because of ill health or household responsibilities, and 13 percent were undecided as to whether they would seek employment. The proportion of those not planning to look for a job because they thought no work was available amounted to only 3 percent of those not in the labor force in April 1962 and was a negligible fraction (two-tenths of one percent) of the total with a month or more of unemployment in 1961.4 T a ble 1. P er c e n t ployed 5 W e e k s C h a r ac ter istic s , D ist r ib u t io n of P e r so n s U n e m or M ore in 1961,1 by S elec ted A pril 1962 Characteristic 9, 617 Number of persons (thousands). Percent of persons-................ . M en........................... 18 and 19 years... 20 to 24 years....... 25 to 34 years___ 35 to 44 years....... 45 to 54 years___ 55 to 64 years___ 65 years and over. A ge and 100.0 Sex 7.7 31.3 3.0 4.9 6.2 7.1 5.9 3.6 .6 of 79.8 20.2 U nemployment in 1961 76.4 23.6 1 Includes persons 18 years old or older in April 1962 who were able to work, not in school, and who had some prior work experience. N ote: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal 100. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Labor force attachment Total Number of persons (thousands)___ 9,617 Percent of persons..............— ........... 100.0 Men Wornen Duration of unemployment in 1961 27 5 to 26 weeks weeks or more 6,606 100.0 3, Oil 100.0 7,345 100.0 2,272 100.0 84.0 68.9 55.3 9.8 3.8 5.0 64.2 41.2 28.1 6.9 6.2 7.6 74.4 58.3 46.0 8.1 4.2 5.6 89.8 67.5 50.2 11.6 5.7 6.7 In labor force all year 2 1961_______ In labor force every year, 1957-60All year, every year_______ All year, 3 years__________ A11 year, 2 years or less - Out of labor force 1 year, 1957-60. Out of labor force 2 years or more, 1957-60______________ 77.9 60.4 46.9 8.9 4.6 5.8 11.7 10.1 15.3 10.5 15.7 In labor force part year, 1961___ . . . In labor force every year, 1957-60Out of labor force 1 year, 1957-60. Out of labor force 2 years or more, 1957-60______________ 22.1 12. 0 2.2 16.0 9.9 1.6 35.8 16. 6 3.6 25.6 13. 6 2.5 10.2 6.5 1.3 7.9 4.4 15.7 9.5 2.4 1 See footnote 1, table 1. 2 “All year’’ is defined as 50 to 52 weeks. N ote: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal 100. To determine whether the unemployed were regular or occasional members of the labor force, the survey attempted to obtain a 5-year work history of these workers. The data indicate that this group’s attachment to the labor force was relatively strong. Nearly 80 percent were either employed or seeking employment all year (defined as 50 to 52 weeks) during 1961 (table 2). Over the 5-year period, nearly half the group were in the labor force all year every year.5 These findings must be considered only rough approximations, however, since many persons were unable to re call accurately the details of their employment and unemployment over this period, particularly those who worked irregularly and moved into and out of the work force. Futhermore, some of the unemployed in 1961 were too young to have 2.6 Color W h ite ......... ...................................... Nonwhite............................................ 5 to 26 AVeeks___ 27 weeks or more. 68.7 4.2 10.7 16.0 14.9 12.6 W om en..___ _____ 18 and 19 years__ 20 to 24 years___ 25 to 34 years___ 35 to 44 years___ 45 to 54 years....... 55 to 64 years___ 65 years and over. D uration Percent [Percent distribution] 4 Persons who reported “ no work available” or “ could not find work” were so classified, regardless of other reasons reported. «A study of persons claiming benefits under the Temporary Extended Unemployment Compensation Program (TEUC), conducted by the Bureau of Employment Security of the U.S. Department of Labor in 1961 and 1962, found that 75 percent had been in the labor force continuously for the past 3 years. The difference results from several factors: (1) since the period covered by the BLS study was longer, a lower proportion Avith continuous labor force activity would be expected, (2) a much larger proportion of the BLS sample of all unemployed were under 25 years of age—23 percent com pared xvith 12 percent of the TEUC recipients—and had therefore entered the labor force only recently, (3) certain unemployed workers not covered by the unemployment insurance system and not eligible for TEUC (agricul tural and domestic workers) are much more likely to move into and out of the labor force, and (4) unemployed workers with insufficient wage credits in covered employment to qualify for benefits would typically be intermittent members of the labor force. WORK HISTORY, ATTITUDES, AND INCOME OF THE UNEMPLOYED worked during part of the period ; 23 percent were under 25 years of age and 8 percent, under 20. About 55 percent of the men were in the labor force all year each year, whereas only 28 percent of the women reported such consistent participa tion. Conversely, only 21 percent of the men, compared with 42 percent of the women, were out of the labor force completely during 1 or more of the 5 years. Separate data for men who were 45 years old and over in April 1962 (2.2 million of the 9.6 million covered) and who were therefore at least 39 years old in January 1957 show that two-thirds were in the labor force all year every year. Only 8 percent were out altogether for one full year or more. It should be noted that only participation in the civilian labor force was measured in this survey; time spent in the Armed Forces was counted as not in the labor force. In the case of older men, probably a more important factor keeping them out of the civilian labor force was illness or dis ability. In addition, time spent in institutions or out of the country was also counted as out of the labor force. Unemployment Record. Unemployment was evi dently not a new experience for most of the persons covered by the detailed survey. Only about a third reported no unemployment during 1957-60. At the other extreme, over one-fifth of the workers surveyed had some unemployment in each year. Moreover, nearly half of the workers had some unemployment in a majority of the years under study (including those who were out of work part of every year). Partly because of their stronger labor force attachment, men suffered more un employment than women. As shown in the fol lowing tabulation, 25 percent of the men, but only 15 percent of the women, reported unemployment in each year: 1407 Those with long spells of unemployment in 1961 had a record of somewhat more unemployment in previous years; in addition, they were twice as likely to be out of work in April 1962 as were the others. Nearly half the persons with 6 months of unemployment in 1961 were also unemployed in April 1962. About 3.2 million of the 9.6 million unemployed in 1961 had no job in April 1962; 80 percent of these people were looking for work, and only 20 percent—mostly women—had stopped looking. Of the 3.2 million workers without a job, 73 percent indicated conditions such as slack work, work not available, or job completed as the prin cipal reasons why they were no longer at their last jobs (table 3). Proportionately, these economic conditions affected the job status of men more than women (80 percent compared with 63 percent). Occupational and Industrial Experience. In terms of movement between occupations and industries, the 9.6 million workers included in this study were relatively mobile. A comparison of first and last jobs 6 shows that about 40 percent were in a different major occupation group (and 40 percent in a different industry group) at the end of the 5-year period. About 20 percent of the workers reported an occupation other than their last as « Last job relates to the current job for those employed at the time of the survey. T a b l e 3. R e a so n s fo b S e pa r a t io n F rom L a st J o b , G iv e n b y P er so n s U n em plo yed 5 W e e k s or M ore in 1961 1 and U nem plo yed or on L ayo ff in A pril 1962, B y S e x a n d D u ration of U nem plo ym ent in 1961 [Percent distribution] Reason Total Percent o] workers who experienced specified u n employment during 1957-60 No unemployment____________ Unemployment in 1 year only__ Unemployment in 2 years______ Unemployment in 3 years______ Unemployment in each year___ Total _ __ ________ Number of workers (thousands)________ _____ __ Total M en 31. 0 21. 0 15. 8 10. 5 21. 8 100. 0 27. 1 19. 9 16. 8 11. 5 24. 7 100. 0 39. 9 23. 4 13. 6 8. 0 15. 0 100. 0 9,617 6, 606 3, 011 Women N ote: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal 100. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Duration of unemploy ment in 1961 Men Number of persons (thou sands)............ ....................... 3,175 Percent of persons.............. 100.0 Wom en 18 to 44 years old 45 years old and over 1,058 1Ó0.0 861 100. 0 1,256 100.0 2.023 100.0 1,152 1Ò0.0 5 to 27 26 weeks weeks or more Economic reasons__________ Slack work, no work, etc.. Seasonal job ended ___ Other_______ _________ 72.6 22.4 24.0 26.3 78.3 27.8 26.4 24.2 80.5 21.9 30.1 28.4 62.8 18.4 17.9 26.5 71.3 24.6 23.4 23.3 74.9 18.7 24.9 31.3 Noneconomic reasons_______ Medical_____ _________ Other____________ ____ 27.4 9.4 17.9 21.7 3.6 18.1 19.5 7.5 12.0 37.2 15.4 21.8 28.7 9.9 18.8 25.1 8.6 16.5 1 See footnote 1, table 1. N ote: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal 100. 1408 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, DECEMBER 1963 their best job—as defined by the respondent. The figures for industry groups were fairly similar. Despite this extensive occupational and indus trial turnover, however, the distributions of first, best, and last jobs held by these workers were remarkably similar (table 4). Apparently a sub stantial part of the shifting was offsetting rather than in one consistent direction. Between best and last jobs, a slight downgrading tendency could be observed in movement out of clerical, skilled crafts, and operative jobs into laboring and service jobs. Similarly, a slight movement from con struction and manufacturing to trade and service industries could also be detected. These shifts were probably mainly responsible for the decline in average weekly earnings 7 from $76 on the best job to $68 on the last, during a period when earn ings for virtually all categories of employed work ers were rising. The occupational distributions of these jobs point up one aspect of the unemployment prob lem. Only 22 percent of the 9.6 million workers T a ble 4. O ccupational and I n d u st r y D ist r ib u t io n s of P e r so n s U n em plo yed 5 W e e k s or M ore in 1961,1 b y S elec ted J o bs , 1957-62 Occupation and industry group First job Best job Current or last job Occupation Group White-collar workers.-- ---------------------- --------Professional, technical, and kindred workers... Managers, officials, and proprietors, except f a rm ________________________________ Clerical and kindred workers_____________ Sales workers___________________ ____ 20.0 2.2 21.8 2.9 20.4 2.8 2.6 10.2 4.9 3.8 11.9 3.2 3.2 10.9 3.5 Blue-collar workers_________ ________ _______ Craftsmen, foremen, and kindred workers---Operatives and kindred workers____ ______ Laborers, except farm and mine------------------ 60.2 15.5 31.7 13.1 63.7 18.2 33.3 12.2 61.6 16.7 31.8 13.0 Service workers------ ------ -----------------------------Private household w orkers________ ______ Service workers, except private household------ 14.5 3.6 10.9 11.5 2.4 9.1 13.7 3.4 10.3 5.3 3.0 4.2 100.0 100.0 100.0 Goods-producing industries.......... .......................... Agriculture, forestry, and fisheries....... ..........M in in g ___ ___________________ ________ Construction-----------------------------------------Manufacturing......... ....................... .................. 55.9 6.5 2.3 13.7 33.4 58.3 4.2 2.1 16.8 35.1 56.1 5.4 2.0 15.3 33.5 Service-producing industries____ _____________ Transportation and public utilities_________ Wholesale and retail trade............................. . Finance, insurance, and real estate_________ Service industries.___ _____ ___________ Public administration____________________ 44.1 5.7 18.8 2.4 15.5 1.8 41.7 6.3 16.6 2.3 14.2 2.3 43.9 5.0 17.6 2.4 16.7 2.1 Farm workers. . ---------------- -----------------------T o ta l______________________________ Industry Group Total________________________________ Number of persons (thousands)___ . . . 100.0 100.0 100.0 9, 617 9, 617 9, 617 i See footnote 1, table 1. N ote: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal 100- https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis reported a white-collar occupation even for their best job, whereas over 40 percent of all employed workers in each year from 1957 to 1962 were in these occupations. Moreover, between first and last jobs, there was no rise in the proportion in white-collar occupations among the 9.6 million, whereas for employed workers it has been steadily rising. Responses to Unemployment Methods Used to Find Work. The work-seeking activities of unemployed persons are sometimes taken as an index of the intensity and seriousness with which they are job hunting. All persons in this survey reported use of at least one standard method, and 87 percent used two or more. Over 75 percent of all the unemployed checked with a State employment office and with local em ployers—the methods most frequently used. Re sorted to somewhat less frequently were the placing or answering of ads and the writing of letters of application. Checking with friends and with a union or a private employment agency were not often used. Job Attachment and Goals. This survey attempted to probe the attitudes of persons not employed at the time of the survey, their hopes regarding recall to their last job, their willingness to accept another job with a different company, and their willingness to move to another area to accept work. Expectation of Recall. Of the 3.2 million persons not employed at the time of the survey, 1 million stated they anticipated recall to their last job. Half of the workers expected to re turn within a month, and an additional third expected to return within 1 to 3 months. Eightythree percent said it depended on an increase in business activity; half were seasonal workers awaiting a seasonal pickup. Duration of un employment apparently had only a minor effect on expectations of recall. The proportion of those with over 6 months of unemployment who anticipated recall (28 percent) was nearly as high as for those with shorter periods (34 percent). r Earnings figures are medians; they reflect usual earnings on a particular job, excluding occasional overtime. WORK HISTORY, ATTITUDES, AND INCOME OF THE UNEMPLOYED Type of Job Sought, A very high proportion of the unemployed, including over four-fifths of those expecting to be recalled, looked for another job— a full-time job in almost all instances. Almost half of those who had not looked for another job were women, most of whom had withdrawn from the labor force. By and large, the unemployed were seeking jobs with relatively low skill requirements. About two-thirds reported they were looking for jobs in the semiskilled operative, service, or unskilled laborer categories (including those who stated they wanted “general work in a factory” or “any kind of work”). Only 12 percent sought jobs as skilled craftsmen, while 20 percent wanted white-collar jobs (mostly in the clerical field). These latter proportions were not far out of line with the pro portions whose last jobs were in these occupations, as indicated in the following tabulation: Job sought by persons without a job in A p ril 1962 who looked for work Last job of all persons without a job in A p ril 1962 (Percent distribution) Professional, technical, and kindred workers__________________________ Managers, officials, and proprietors___ Clerical and kindred workers________ Sales workers______________________ Private household workers__________ Service workers, except private house hold_____________________________ Craftsmen, foremen, and kindred work ers______________________________ Operatives and kindred workers_____ Laborers, except mine 1______________ General work in factory_____________ Any kind of work__________________ Total_______________________ Number of workers (thousands). 2.1 .9 13. 0 3. 7 1.4 2. 8 10. 9 4. 7 4. 3 4. 4 10.5 13. 7 12. 3 13. 7 18. 9 29. 5 11. 5 18. 9 2. 6 ______ 20. 1 ______ 100. 0 100. 0 2,869 3,175 1 Includes a small proportion of farm workers. N ote: Because of rounding, sums of individual items m ay not equal 100. Although these data are in terms of broad oc cupation groups, they nevertheless suggest that the jobs desired by the unemployed were reason ably related to the workers’ own experience and qualifications. The figures also suggest a slight tendency to look for poorer jobs. For example, 34.4 percent had white-collar or crafts jobs in the past, but only 32.0 percent were seeking such https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1409 jobs. There also appeared to be a willingness for former semiskilled operatives to settle for less desirable opportunities, although this is uncertain because of the vagueness of many of the replies as to type of job sought. Wages desired by persons not at work were moderate. The median was slightly over $60 per week, about the same as the amount they earned on their last job. Persons not expecting recall wanted a weekly wage of less than $60; on the average those expecting recall sought jobs paying $70, about the same as recorded for the 6.4 million persons employed at the time the survey was taken. Potential Mobility. Much interest has centered in the last few years on the relationship between high rates of unemployment and the mobility of persons seeking work, both with respect to changing residence from one geographic area to another and to changing employers in the same area. To determine the -extent of attachment to their former employer and community, persons not employed were asked whether they would accept another job (at the same pay as their last job) either in their own area or in a different one. Among the group who anticipated recall, po tential mobility seemed high; 80 percent indicated they would definitely accept another job in their home area (table 5). In marked contrast, if the job were in another part of the country, only 26 percent would definitely take it. The 2.2 million persons who did not expect to return to their last job had similar attitudes toward accept ing employment away from home. Only 27 per cent of this group would, without qualification, accept a job in another part of the country. The proportion definitely willing to move was highest among men under 45 years of age who were not expecting recall (37 percent). Most persons who would not accept a new job elsewhere gave family and home ties in their present community as the reason. Persons whose unemployment was of long duration indicated a slightly greater willingness to move to another area than persons whose unemployment was of shorter duration. Income and Living Standards Government statistics on unemployment meas ure the extent of unutilized labor immediately available in the economy; they have never been 1410 [MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, DECEMBER 1963 intended as a measure of financial need or hardship. There is considerable diversity in the extent to which unemployment affects the total economic situation of workers and their families, depending on such factors as the position of the unemployed person in the family, the duration of his unem ployment, and his eligibility for unemployment insurance. In any case, unemployment neces sarily has some effect on the welfare of each person and family involved. In the April 1962 survey of the work history of the unemployed, an attempt was made to measure the seriousness of unem ployment in terms of its effect on income and living standards. Respondents were asked ques tions relating to individual and family income, dependency, and methods used to meet living expenses while unemployed. Personal Income. The average income from all sources for the 9.6 million persons unemployed a month or longer in 1961 was $2,300. This was nearly 40 percent below the $3,700 average for all other persons with income who had some work experience during the year.8 Moreover, the $3,700 average would have been higher and the differ ence greater if it had been possible to exclude all T able 5. W i l l i n g n e s s o f P e r s o n s U n e m p l o y e d 5 W e e k s o r M o r e i n 1961 1 W h o W e r e U n e m p l o y e d o r o n L a y o f f in A p r i l 1962 t o A c c e p t a J o b S im il a r t o L a s t J o b in S a m e a n d A n o t h e r A r e a , B y S e x a n d D u r a t io n o f U n e m p l o y m e n t i n 1961 [Percent distribution] Duration of unemploy ment in 1961 Men Job area and response Total Persons expecting recall (thousands)_____________ Wo 45 men 18 to 44 years years old and over old 27 5 to 26 weeks or weeks more 1.014 419 263 330 689 325 Job in same area: Total-- 100.0 100.0 100.0 100 0 100.0 100.0 Yes, definitely............ 80.4 Yes, it depends_____ 11.1 8.5 N o_______________ Job in another area: Total. 100.0 87.3 9.9 2.8 100.0 78.9 11.1 10.0 100.0 72.5 12.8 14.7 100.0 78.7 11.7 9.6 100.0 83.8 9.9 6.3 100.0 Yes, definitely.......... . 26.0 Yes, it depends_____ 21.7 No_____ __________ 52.3 Persons not expecting recall (thousands)------------ ------- 2.161 Job in another area: Total. 100.0 35.4 29.9 34.7 28.6 26.4 45.1 12.2 7.8 80.0 22.4 21.6 56.0 33.1 22.0 44.9 640 100.0 598 100.0 926 100.0 1,334 100.0 827 100.0 Yes. definitely.......... . Yes, it depends........... N o ...____ ________ 37.4 17.6 45.0 36.8 27.9 35.3 13.3 11.5 75.2 24.2 18.6 57.2 30.4 16.4 53.2 26.7 17.7 55.6 i See footnote 1, table 1. N ote : Because of rounding, sums of items m ay not equal totals. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis students, persons under 18, and those currently unable to work, all of whom were omitted from the survey of the unemployed. As expected, the duration of unemployment had a strong effect on individual income. The median income of the long-term unemployed was only about $1,400, or a little over half that of those un employed from 1 to 6 months (table 6). Persons employed all year primarily at full-time jobs averaged $5,000; but only 1 out of every 8 unemployed persons had an income of that size or greater. However, only part of this difference can be ascribed directly to the loss of income re sulting from unemployment; another substantial part reflects the fact that even when the jobless were employed, their average weekly earnings were considerably lower than those of year-round full-time workers. On their current or last job, the 9.6 million unemployed earned about $70 a week; the comparable weekly wage or salary for year-round full-time workers during 1961 was roughly $95. This gap arises from the lower educational levels of the unemployed, their greater concentration in the less skilled and lower paying occupations, and their more frequent part-time workweeks. In addition, their average yearly income was lowered even further when slightly over a fifth of the 9.6 million left the labor force entirely part of the year. Despite the effects of unemployment, about 80 percent of the income received by unemployed persons in 1961 came from their own wages and salaries. Another significant but much smaller proportion—12 percent—was derived from un employment insurance. The remaining 8 percent was obtained from all other sources combined, principally from welfare and pension programs established by legislation or collective bargaining agreements. Wage and Salary Income. During 1961, wage and salary income of the 9.6 million unemployed averaged about $1,900, compared with nearly $5,000 for year-round full-time workers. Never theless, even for persons with unemployment, wages and salaries were the most important source of income; 95 percent received at least some wage income during 1961, whereas only 69 percent 8 Averages in this discussion are medians based on distributions of persons with income. Comparative income data were derived from “ Income of Families and Persons in the United States: 1961,” Current Population R e ports, Series P-60, No. 39 (U.S. Bureau of the Census). WORK HISTORY, ATTITUDES, AND INCOME OF THE UNEMPLOYED T a b l e 6. M ore I ncome 1961,1 in of by P e r so n s U n em plo yed 5 W e e k s or D ura tio n of U nem plo ym ent 2 [Percent distribution] Income Total Duration of unem ployment in 1961 5 to 26 weeks Total_________________ 27 weeks or more 100.0 100.0 100.0 Under $1,000_________ _________ ____ $1,000 to $1,999________________________ $2,000 to $2,999______ _____ ___________ $3,000 to $3,999_____ _____________ ... . $4,000 to $4,999____________________ $5,000 to $5,999___________________ $6,000 and over_____________________ . 22.4 21.9 19.0 13.4 10.7 6.4 6.1 18.5 19.4 20.0 14.6 12.3 7.8 7.4 36.1 30.7 15.7 9.2 5.1 1.8 1.4 Number of persons (thousands) with in come.- _________ _________________ Median income______________________ 9,430 $2,300 7,267 $2,607 2,163 $1,443 1 See footnote 1, table 1. 2 Based on distributions of persons with income. N ote: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal 100. received income from other sources.9 The average wage income was 3%times larger than the average income from other sources. Conversely, although nearly 90 percent of the long-term unemployed had at least some wage income during the year, the amount received was actually smaller than the $950 median income received from other sources by the 75 percent who had some nonwage income. In the aggregate, a little over half the total income of the long-term unemployed came from wages and salaries. Unemployment Insurance. Unemployment in surance was an important, although only partial, offset to the loss of wage income during 1961. Slightly more than half (5.3 million) of the unem ployed reported that they received unemployment insurance benefit payments.10 Of those who did not receive these payments, most had not applied for them, presumably because they were not eligible. The median weekly benefit was about $36. The median period for those receiving com9 The proportion of the unemployed who received other types of income was considerably larger than for the population as a whole (49 percent), but smaller than the proportion receiving wage income. These statistics on the number receiving unemployment insurance and on the length and amount of benefits are based on personal interviews and are subject to sampling variability and errors of reporting. For this reason and because of differences in coverage, the data are not entirely consistent w ith administrative records from the unemployment insurance systems. 11 These payments were not necessarily received during a period of unemployment; the income data relate to amounts received at any time during the calendar year. 12 A study of persons claiming benefits under the TEUC program, con ducted by the Bureau of Employment Security in 1961 and 1962, found that 62 percent were primary earners. Of these, 14 percent lived alone. Primary earners are persons who, when queried, stated they usually provided the main support for their families. 713- 154— 63- -3 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1411 pensation was about 14 weeks, half of the maxi mum duration allowable in most States (not counting temporary extensions, such as those provided in 1958 and 1961). Most of the unem ployed apparently found jobs before the expiration of their right to regular and extended benefits; however, one-fifth did exhaust their benefits during 1961. Among those jobless 27 weeks or more in 1961, unemployment insurance benefits were of great significance, averaging almost 10 percent more than their 1961 earnings from wages and salaries. In fact, 1 out of 9 of the long-term jobless had no wage or salary income in 1961, compared with only 1 out of 40 of those unemployed 5 to 26 weeks. Income from Other Sources. The combination of all other types of nonwage income contributed less to the aggregate income of the unemployed than did unemployment insurance alone. The proportion of unemployed persons receiving such income ranged from the 8 percent who obtained supplementary unemployment benefits to the 1% percent who received private pensions. About 4%percent of the 9.6 million with unemployment received income from social security which aver aged close to $700 annually—the largest amount from any single source other than wages.11 In fact, income from all sources other than wages and salaries averaged only a little over $500 during 1961. Moreover, not only were these average income amounts relatively small, but they were calculated on the base of those who received $1 or more of such income. Thirty percent had no such income at all. Even for the long-term unemployed, wages and unemployment insurance were by far the most important sources of income. For this group, however, social security benefits and public assistance were relatively more significant than for those unemployed for shorter periods of time. Dependency Status. Although concern for the well-being of the family unit is raised whenever a member becomes unemployed, the situation is most serious if the unemployed person has others dependent on him. The majority (55 percent) of the jobless were family heads, financially responsible for other persons.12 Another 25 per cent were unrelated individuals or family members who took care of their own living expenses. MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, DECEMBER 1963 1412 T able 7. F amily S ta tus of P e r so n s U nem plo yed 5 W e e k s or M ore in 1961,1 B y S e x a nd D u ra tio n of U nem plo ym ent in 1961, A pr il 1962 [Percent distribution] Duration of unemployment in 1961 Men Family status Total Number of persons (thousands)............ ....................... 9, 617 Percent of persons-------- ------ 100.0 Heads, spouse present2-------- 48.8 Heads, other marital sta tu s2— 6.3 16.8 19.5 Other relatives-----------------Provided for own living 16.7 expenses------------------Did not provide for own 2.8 living expenses ...... ...... 8.5 Unrelated individuals.-......... 18 to 44 years old 45 years old and over 4,404 100.0 2. 202 100.0 66.3 1.9 80.5 3.7 26.5 22.9 3.6 5.3 Wom en 27 5 to weeks or 26 weeks more 3, Oil 100.0 7,345 100.0 2,272 100.0 4.6 14.8 53.8 20.3 51.0 5.9 17.3 18.4 41.8 7.8 15.2 23.1 4.3 16.8 15.8 19.7 .4 11.2 3.5 11.1 2.6 7.4 3.4 12.1 • See footnote 1, table 1. • Includes heads of subfamilies. N ote: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals. The remainder were mostly wives of family heads (17 percent); a very small proportion (only about 3 percent) were family members who did not provide for their own living expenses (table 7). About three-fifths of the 1.6 million married women who were unemployed had children under 18; in the estimation of the number of unemployed with dependents, these women were not included, although the children obviously benefited from their mothers’ earnings. The effect of unemployment of the family head on the family situation was mitigated some what in those families in which other members had jobs. In one-third of the 4.8 million families which included a wife or other relative 18 years old or over, someone else in the family was em ployed at the time the family head suffered his first stretch of unemployment in 1961; in most instances his wife was the other worker. Only to a small extent did the unemployment of the family head induce other family members to enter the labor force. In 12 percent of the fami lies, another member 18 years old or older (usually the wife) looked for or took a job as a direct result of the unemployment status of the head. Family Income and Living Standards. In 1961, the average family income of the 8.8 million unemployed persons 13 in families was $4,400. In addition, there were 800,000 unrelated in https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis dividuals with unemployment whose incomes averaged about $1,800. The 8.8 million in families included 5.3 million family heads—almost 90 percent of them married men, wife present. Most of the following discussion deals with families in which the unemployed person was the head. The average income of these families was $4,100, compared with $5,700 for all families and $6,900 for families in which the head was a year-round full-time worker. While these figures provide a measure of the differences in the level of living of families with unemployment and of families where the head worked steadily, the differences cannot be taken as an indication of the effect of the head’s unemployment alone. As noted earlier, the weekly earnings of all persons with unemployment (when employed during 1961) were $25 lower than those of year-round workers; if a similar gap is assumed for family heads, it would imply an annual difference of $1,300, apart from the effects of unemployment. Assuming further that the weekly earnings of unemployed family heads ($75-$80 a week) were somewhat higher than for the unemployed as a whole, their average loss of potential earnings through un employment could be estimated at about $1,100 to $1,300,14 since their average duration of un employment was about 15 to 16 weeks. Roughly two-fifths of this loss was offset by unemployment compensation for the 3.4 million heads who received these benefits. Despite his loss of earnings through unemploy ment, the family head’s wage income was a major component of his family’s income. During 1961, the head’s wage income ($2,700) accounted for nearly three-fifths of aggregate family income for these 5.3 million families. At the same time, however, the nonwage income of the head, prin cipally from unemployment insurance benefits, and the earnings of other family members were is The unit of measurement in this analysis is the unemployed person by the characteristics of his family. In a small number of cases, more than one person in the same family was unemployed a month or longer during 1961; thus, the total number of families involved is slightly smaller than the number of family members. H Precise data on the average weekly wage and salary earnings during 1961 of heads with and without unemployment are not available. On their current or last joo, all persons with unemployment averaged $70 in weekly earnings. Average duration of unemployment for family heads jobless more than 5 weeks during 1961 was estimated from Work E xpo ience of the Popula tion in 1981, Bureau of Labor Statistics Special Labor Force Report No. 25, table C -l. WORK HISTORY, ATTITUDES, AND INCOME OF THE UNEMPLOYED important contributions to family income—ac counting for two-fifths of the aggregate income. Since the earning ability of the head tends to exceed that of other family members, his unem ployment strikes a much greater blow at the family’s financial solvency than does the jobless ness of other members. Among the 3.5 million families in which the unemployed person was the wife or other relative, family income averaged $800 more than for the 5.3 million families in which the head was unemployed. No doubt in many families, the head continued to work and to receive his regular earnings while family members were seeking work, as indicated by the fact that the personal incomes of wives and relatives with unemployment averaged less than one-third of their total family income. This low ratio, how ever, was partly the result of unemployment itself. On the other hand, in about one-fourth of the 3.5 million families in which the unemployed person was the wife or other relative, these family members provided more than half the family’s v!*age or salary income in spite of their unemploy ment. Of course, their loss of income while un employed had a serious effect upon the financial structure of their families. Number oj Dependents. Sharing the total in come of families with an unemployed head were an estimated 19 million persons (over 10 percent T a b l e 8. M e t h o d s U s e d b t F a m il y t o M e e t L iv in g E x p e n s e s D u r in g U n e m p l o y m e n t , B y F a m il y P o s i t io n of U n e m p l o y e d P e r s o n 1 a n d D u r a t io n o f U n e m p l o y m e n t , 1961 [Percent distribution] Family position of unemployed person Method Total Heads Used savings__________ Median amount____ Borrowed money_______ Median am ount____ Moved to cheaper housing_............................... . Sold property.................... Received help from friends or relatives outside the household_____ ______ Received cash assistance from public or private welfare agencies______ Received other public assistance.................... ...... Wives and other relatives Duration of unemploy ment in 1961 Unre 27 5 to 26 lated weeks indi weeks or viduals more 46.9 $396 22.6 $308 51 0 $441 26.9 $347 36.9 $201 16.8 $288 52.5 $356 12.7 $195 49.1 $378 23.7 $315 39.9 $443 18.8 $281 9.5 4.3 11.2 4.3 6.6 4.7 8.5 3.4 8.8 4.3 12.0 4.5 19.1 19.8 15.3 27.5 18.0 22.5 7.4 7.7 7.2 6.8 5.6 13.2 11.4 13.9 8.0 5.5 9.1 18.7 1 See footnote 1, table 1. N ote: Sum of percents adds to more than 100 because many families resorted to more than one method. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1413 of the country’s total population in April, 1962). These included 5.3 million family heads, 4.7 million wives, 8.5 million children under 18 years old, and 600,000 dependent relatives and other persons. Families with an unemployed head not only had incomes about one-fourth lower than for all families and two-fifths lower than for families whose heads had steady full-time employment, but they were also faced with the need to distribute their lower income among relatively more con sumers. For example, among the families affected by the head’s unemployment, some 26 percent had 3 children or more under 18 (including 14 percent with 4 or more), whereas among other families, 22 percent had 3 children or more (including 11 percent with 4 or more). Conversely, while 36 percent of the families hit by unemployment had no young children, 41 percent of the other families were in this position. Among the families with an unemployed head, the total income available rose as family size increased, up to five persons. This reflects the contribution of additional earners plus the fact that the head’s earning power reaches a peak in his late thirties and early forties. However, in families with more than five persons the increases in income were slight and per capita income dropped sharply. How Living Expenses Were Met. In a, high proportion of families, total income apparently was insufficient to maintain living standards with out resorting to other means, such as using sa vings, borrowing money, or turning to friends and relatives for help. Use of most of these methods was much more likely if the unemployed person was the family head or was jobless over half the year. The most usual method of replacing some of the missing income was by the use of savings. Almost half the families withdrew from their savings, averaging $400 (table 8). Nearly one-quarter of the families borrowed money, with half of the borrowers obtaining $300 or more. Other means of meeting living expenses in times of unemploy ment included cash assistance and surplus! food from public and private welfare agencies and moving to cheaper housing. Each of these meth ods was resorted to in proportionately more families where the jobless person was unemployed more than 26 weeks. Summaries of Studies and Reports Unfunded Private Pension Plans A bout 1 . 4 million workers—7 percent of all workers covered by private retirement plans— belonged to 851 unfunded pension plans covering 26 workers or more in effect in 1960. Less than a half million workers were included in 677 basic plans that provided old-age pensions. The remain ing workers were in 174 supplementary plans that provided disability retirement, death benefits, and other benefits, which typically supplemented separate funded retirement plans providing oldage pensions. In 1960, unfunded plans paid $115 million in benefits—an amount proportionate to their share of total retirement plan coverage. Basic plans paid $51 million chiefly for normal, early, and disability pensions, and death benefits, and the supplementary plans paid $64 million, primarily for disability retirement and death benefits. This article summarizes the Bureau of Labor Statistics study of the major provisions, coverage, and types and levels of benefits of unfunded pension plans filed with the Department of Labor pursuant to the Welfare and Pension Plans Disclosure Act.1 The essential difference between funded and unfunded plans lies in the method of paying for benefits. The benefits of unfunded plans are paid, like wages, directly from an employer’s general assets, often as a payroll item. On the other hand, the benefits of funded plans are paid from special funds, irretrievably segregated from the general assets of the firm and administered by trustees or insurance companies. Funded plans afford the worker greater intrinsic assurance that benefits will be paid when due because once they are fully funded, benefits are paid entirely from a separate fund. Their payment does not depend, as it does in an unfunded plan, upon the employer’s willingness and ability to fulfill the terms of the plan. 1414 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis From the employer’s viewpoint, funded basic plans have some advantages. Employers may currently reduce their Federal income taxes by obtaining tax credits as they make contri butions instead of waiting until the pensions are paid. Furthermore, the earnings of the pension trust fund are exempt from income taxes. Owners actively engaged in operating a business and high paid employees the owners wish to attract and retain may also prefer a funded plan because of its tax advantages to them and their families. The chief disadvantage of a funded basic pension plan is that contributions to a separate fund divert assets (chiefly cash) from the business. Where the earnings of the tax-free pension trusS fund are substantially lower than the earnings of the business after payment of taxes (or the net cost, after taxes, of borrowing the funds needed to replace the contributions), this disadvantage may be great. Another drawback, in the eyes of some employers, is that a funded plan must meet the nondiscrimination test and other require ments of the Internal Revenue Service. The relative advantages and disadvantages to employers of funding supplementary pension plans are not as great as those of funding a basic plan because supplementary plans cost far less. Moreover, some companies consider it best to treat certain benefits, such as those payable for deaths prior to retirement, as current expense items rather than as deferred charges. And, furthermore, because some benefits are payable only temporarily, the advantages of funding are 1 The study was undertaken at the request of, and with the support of, the Social Security Administration. The data for unfunded plans exclude plans not required to report under the Welfare and Pension Plans Disclosure Act (i.e., those covering less than 26 workers and those sponsored by non profit organizations) and plans failing to file financial reports for 1960. The coverage and financial data are from the 1960 financial reports (Form D-2) filed with the U.S. Department of Labor; the other data are from the plan descriptions (Form D -l) on file in the spring of 1962. Details of the sampling procedure, as well as further information about the plans, are given in the Bureau’s forthcoming bulletin Unfunded Private Pension Plans, Spring 196SThe assistance and cooperation of the staff of the Office of Labor-Manage ment and Welfare-Pension Reports is gratefully acknowledged. 1415 UNFUNDED PRIVATE PENSION PLANS T a b l e 1. U n f u n d e d P e n s io n P l a n s , b y N u m b e r o f W o r k e r s C o v e r e d a n d T y p e o f P l a n , S p r i n g 1962 [Workers in thousands] Item Supplementary Basic Plans Workers 1 Plans Workers 1 All plans___ ________ ______ 677 462 174 904 26-99 workers ___________________ 100-299 workers__________________ 300-499 workers__________________ 500-999 workers- ________________ 1,000-4,999 workers_______________ 5,000-9.999 workers_______________ 10,000-24,999 workers_____________ 25,000-49,999 workers_____________ 50,000 workers or more- __________ 313 187 27 76 62 5 4 3 18 33 12 51 131 38 62 118 50 25 20 13 36 12 5 8 5 3 7 6 9 84 88 73 261 373 1 Includes both active and retired workers covered in 1960. N ote: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals. shortlived; others are so unpredictable that they are difficult to fund appropriately. Prevalence and Characteristics Most unfunded pension plans, like most funded plans, were established after World War II. Four but of 5 plans reporting their date of establish ment commenced operating after 1944. However, supplementary plans in the telephone industry, each now covering a large number of workers, have been operating for almost half a century. The following tabulation shows the date of estab lishment of both types of plan: Supplementary Basic plans plans Number Workers1 Num ber W orkers1 Cthou(thou sands) sands) All plans____________________ Plans not reporting year of establish m ent......... . ........................ ...... ...... _ Plans reporting year of establishment__ Before 1920___________ ____ ___ 1920 through 1944___________ .. 1945 through 1959_________ _____ 677 462 174 904 Basic Plans Despite the important difference in method of financing, basic unfunded plans closely resemble funded plans in types and levels of benefits provided. Normal, early, and disability retire ment benefits and the death benefits offered by basic unfunded plans are described in this section. Normal Retirement. In over 6 out of 7 basic plans covering 9 out of 10 workers, the normal retirement age2 was 65, the same as in nearly T a b l e 2. U n f u n d e d P e n sio n P l a n s , b y I n d u st r y G r o u p a n d T ype o f P l a n , S pr in g 1962 [Workers in thousands] Type of plan 218 459 11 73 375 114 348 98 47 204 23 151 17 21 113 141 763 515 84 164 Most basic plans were small; only a fourth within the scope of this study covered over 300 workers and just over a tenth covered more than 1,000 (table 1). However, 3 out of 8 workers belonged to one of the seven basic plans with over 10,000 workers each. On the other hand, the 18 supplementary plans which covered over 10,000 workers each accounted lor more than three-fourths of the coverage of supple mentary plans. 2 Normal retirement age is the earliest age at which a worker, having otherwise qualified, may retire at his own volition and receive immediately the full amount of benefits to which he is entitled under the normal benefit formula. Supplementary Basic Industry group Plans Workers 1 Plans Workers 1 All industries 2____________________ Manufacturing____ -- .......... 1 Includes both active and retired workers covered in 1960. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Three-fifths of all unfunded plans were in manufacturing industries, chiefly in chemicals, textiles, and other nondurable goods (table 2). Telephone, railroad, and gas and electric com panies accounted for most of the plans in non manufacturing industries. Less than half of the plans were referred to in collective bargaining agreements, but those that were included 7 out of 10 workers under unfunded plans because the large supplementary plans in the telephone industry were covered by collective agreements. Durable goods____________________ Stone, clay, and glass products....... Primary metal industries________ Fabricated metal products_______ Other durable goods____________ Nondurable goods_________________ Food and kindred products______ Textile mill products___________ Printing, publishing, and allied industries___ _____ _______ Chemicals and allied products- -Petroleum refining and related Industries__________________ Other nondurable goods.................Nonmanufacturing----------------Railroad transportation____________ Motor transportation__________ ____ Communications--------------------------Utilities: Electric and gas___________ Wholesale and retail trade -- --------Finance, insurance, and real estate___ Other nonmanufacturing industries---- 677 462 174 904 404 188 92 226 136 31 22 37 4 46 268 17 56 81 6 41 9 24 107 18 9 32 22 85 14 29 0 9 12 11 60 54 0 17 9 28 172 0 0 0 0 (J) 5 0 82 37 25 30 60 31 263 274 81 642 28 30 25 51 21 46 62 144 20 11 21 52 20 7 0 88 0 (•) 0 18 22 2 27 12 0 0 520 70 30 8 14 1 Includes both active and retired workers covered in 1960. 2 Includes 11 plans, covering 36,000 workers, (not shown) in both manu facturing and nonmanufacturing industries. 3 Included in other durable goods. 4 Includes some plans covering firms in both durable and nondurable goods industries. 8 Included in other nondurable goods. 6 Included in other nonmanufacturing industries. N ote: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals. 1416 all private funded plans and in the Social Secu rity Act. Most plans also required the fulfill ment of 10 years of service or more with the employer.3 Only 1 out of 7 plans covering about 10 percent of the workers required less than 10 years of service. Three out of 5 workers belonged to plans requiring either 15 or 20 years of service. The benefit formulas of unfunded plans were similar in pattern to funded plans. About twofifths (269 plans) had two formulas for determin ing normal retirement benefits: (1) A basic formula, by which benefits are usually computed, and (2) an alternative or minimum formula, guaranteeing certain benefits for specified service and/or earnings used for workers with especially low earnings, long service, or both. However, 9 out of 10 plans without specific minimum formu las implicitly established a guaranteed base in their basic formulas by specifying minimum serv ice requirements for eligibility for normal retire ment benefits. The basic benefits payable by 3 out of 10 plans were based on service, by 1 out of 15 on earnings, and 1 out of 2 on both service and earnings.4 Two out of three plans (258) in which benefits varied by earnings and service or by earnings alone considered earnings for all the years in which the worker belonged to the plan (i.e., ca reer, average, or total earnings). The remaining third of the plans, with two-fifths of the workers, based their benefits on earnings in selected years— usually on average earnings in the last 5 or 10 years. Approximately 2 out of 5 plans with almost 2 out of 3 workers integrated their benefits with Federal social security or railroad retirement bene fits. Integrated plans commonly based benefits on both service and earnings while those that were not integrated usually based their benefits solely on years of service. Unfunded plans were integrated with Federal programs by the same three methods as are funded plans: By offset, by applying 2 percentage factors and by excluding earnings.5 Three out of 8 workers under integrated plans were covered by formulas that deducted all Federal benefits from the basic formula amount. Smaller offsets were used in plans covering almost 30 percent of the workers. All other integrated plans used the 2-percentage-factor method except for plans in the https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis ¡MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, DECEMBER 1963 T a ble 3. N ormal R e t ir e m e n t B e n e f it s P aya ble by U n f u n d e d P e n sio n P la ns to W or k er s E a r n in g $4,800 a Y e a r for 30 Y ea r s of F u t u r e S e r v ic e , S p r in g 1962 [Workers in thousands] Railroad Total Monthly benefit All basic plans_______ Plans for which benefit could not be competed__ ______ Plans for which benefit was computed_______________ No benefit provided *_______ $1 and less than $25____ ____ $25 and less than $50_______ $50 and less than $75_______ $75 and less than $100______ $100 and less than $125______ $125 and less than $150______ $150 and less than $175______ $175 and less than $200 _____ $200 and less than $225______ $225 and less than $250______ $250 and over____ ________ Average benefit*______ Other Plans Work Plans Work Plans Work ers 1 ers 1 ers1 677 462 59 11 618 48 12 99 187 82 103 48 5 7 12 5 10 451 78 50 56 67 70 63 61 (4) 2 2 i 28 144 28 23 2 2 1 144 71 50 21 3 (9 $C4.40 $10.00 649 318 » 59 11 590 25 10 97 186 82 103 48 5 7 12 5 10 307 7 (9 (9 (9 35 64 70 63 61 2 2 1 $S8.90 1 Includes both active and retired workers covered in 1960. * Includes 15 plans, covering 3,000 workers, for which a lump-sum benefit was payable; 10 plans, covering 1,000 workers, for which other forms of benefits were payable; and 34 plans covering 7,000 workers, for which information was not available. 3 No plan benefit was provided under assumed conditions because of tjie deduction of social security or railroad retirement benefits. These plans do, however, pay benefits to workers entitled to less than the Federal benefit payable under the assumed conditions. ♦ Fewer than 500 workers. ‘ Weighted by number of workers. N ote: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals. railroad industry, earnings. which excluded certain Level of Benefits. To ascertain the level of normal retirement benefits relative to previous earnings and service, hypothetical benefits payable by each plan were computed under the following assumptions:8 1. Retirement at age 65. 2. Thirty years of credited service. * The term “service” as used here refers to the years of employment required to qualify for benefits, regardless of the definition of service in the plan. * The term “earnings” as used here refers to that part of the cash income derived from employment with a company that is used in computing the worker’s pension benefit. Such earnings may be termed “total,” “career,” “terminal,” “credited,” “average,” etc., and may exclude certain earnings, such as the first $4,800 earned each year or overtime and other premium pay. « These methods are fully described in Normal Retirement, Early and Disability Retirement, Fall 1959 (BLS Bulletin 1284), pp. 6-8. Under the oflset method, all or part of the Federal social security benefits payable to the worker are deducted from the amount calculated under the private plan. Under the percentage factor method, a larger percentage factor is applied to earnings in excess of a specified amount (usually the maximum considered in computing Federal benefits) than those below that amount. Under the excluded earning3 method, only earnings in excess of a specified amount (usually the maximum considered in computing Federal benefits) are used to compute private benefits. 6 The computations were based on the formula for current service. How ever, the amounts currently payable to eligible workers are often less because they are based, at least in part, on past service benefit formulas. See BLS Bulletin 1284, p. 5. UNFUNDED PRIVATE PENSION PLANS 3. Annual earnings of $4,800. Since this earn ings level was assumed to be constant throughout the worker’s career, an important difference between plans basing benefits on career earnings and those basing them on terminal earnings was arbitrarily eliminated. 4. Each pensioner will receive the Federal retirement benefits currently payable to unmarried workers retiring under the above assumptions (i.e., the maximum primary social security benefit of $127 a month or the railroad retirement benefit of $251 a month). The benefits provided by plans in the railroad industry were considered separately from those provided by other plans because the former supplement much larger Federal benefits than the latter, particularly for workers with long service. Unfunded plans in the railroad industry provided much smaller benefits; those covering half the workers paid no benefits under the assumed conditions, and the rest paid only small benefits averaging less than $20 a month. By contrast, 7 out of 10 plans outside the railroad industry, covering 5 out of 6 workers, under these assump tions, provided benefits between $50 and $150 a month (table 3).7 The normal benefits payable to the hypothetical worker by unfunded plans outside the railroad industry average almost $89 a month. Total pension benefits (private plus Federal) were, on the average, much greater for retired railroad workers than for other pensioners ($261 a month as compared with $216), chiefly because, under the assumed conditions, railroad retirement benefits are nearly twice social security benefits. As a result, the combined average benefit was nearly two-thirds of preretirement earnings for railroad men and somewhat more than half for others.8 1417 Early Retirement. Early retirement provisions were less prevalent in unfunded than in funded plans and eligibility requirements were frequently more restrictive, but early retirement benefits were provided by more than half the unfunded plans (358) and covered three-fifths of the workers.9 About 9 out of 10 of these workers were in plans with both age and service require ments for early retirement. Five out of 6 covered workers belonged to plans that required 15 years of service or more and 2 out of 5 to plans that required 30 years. Workers with sufficient service could retire 5 years before the normal retirement age (which was almost always 65) under the terms of all but one plan. Only a few workers, however, were per mitted to retire more than 10 years earlier. Three out of 5 workers belonged to plans per mitting employees meeting the age and service requirements to retire early at their own volition. However, the employer’s consent was required by many of these plans if the worker wished to retire even earlier after meeting alternative age and service requirements. In addition, 1 out of 6 workers belonged to plans under which they could be involuntarily retired.10 Disability Retirement. A disability retirement provision was the most prevalent benefit, apart from normal retirement, included in basic un funded plans.11 It was provided by 432 plans covT a ble 4. B e n e f it s P r o v id ed by U n f u n d e d P e n sio n P l a n s , by T ype of P l a n , S pr in g 1962 [Workers in thousands] Supplementary Basic Benefit Plans Workers 1 Plans Workers * All p la n s ___________________ 677 462 174: 904 462 Normal retirement _____________ 677 1 28 282 Unrlv retirement _ - ______________ 358 i Excluded 59 plans for which no benefit could be computed. 752 73 432 375 Disability retirement_______________ 8 Under the assumed conditions, primary social security and railroad 64 57 Vesting _______ retirement benefits are 31.75 and 62.75 percent, respectively, of preretirement 604 34 116 88 Death benefits____________________ 107 Survivor options ___ ____ ___ 107 earnings. 33 15 Special early retirement » Fifteen plans also contained a "special” early retirement provision that 19 18 Special vacation pay _ - _____ permitted the employer to compel early retirement. Inasmuch as the 124 42 Additional benefit, amounts 42 47 Supplement __________________ worker’s retirement was of an involuntary nature, he was afforded a greater 93 29 Minimum _ _ __________ benefit than the regular early retirement benefit. 20 35 Past service _ _ _________ 10 Excludes the special early retirement provision under which the em Social security adjustment allow49 13 ployer could require retirement if he provided a larger-than-usual pension. ance ___________________ 77 8 Other _ ____________________ ii For this study, a disability retirement provision required that the worker be totally and permanently disabled in addition to meeting age and/or service i Includes both active and retired workers covered in 1960. requirements. However, considerable variation existed among the plans as to what constituted total and permanent disability. Qualified workers N ote : Because many plans provide more than one benefit, the totals are less than the sums of the individual itemsgenerally received benefits after a 6-month waiting period. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1418 ering more than four-fifths of the workers—about as frequent as in funded plans. In addition, 96 plans without disability retirement made early re tirement benefits available to the disabled—a partial substitute for older workers. Age requirements were waived for disability benefits by almost four-fifths of the plans covering seven-eighths of the workers. The remaining plans usually had a minimum age of 50 years. However, this waiver was often qualified by long service requirements. More than nine-tenths of the workers belonged to plans with service require ments that ranged from 10 to 30 years—most often 15 years of service. Almost four-fifths of the workers belonged to plans paying the same disability benefits for com parable earnings and service as for normal retire ment. Plans with about half the remaining workers modified their normal benefit formulas to provide greater benefits and the rest modified them to pay less. Benefits were integrated with social security disability or railroad retirement disability benefits by one-fourth of the plans, covering 45 percent of the workers.12 All but one used the offset method. Most of these plans, covering three-fifths of the workers, deducted the entire Federal benefit. An additional one-sixth of the workers belonged to plans that deducted one-half of the social security disability benefit. To ascertain the level of disability benefits relative to preretirement earnings, hypothetical disability retirement benefits were computed under the following assumptions:13 1. Retirement at age 50. 2. Twenty years of credited service. 3. Annual earnings of $4,800. 4. Receipt of maximum social security dis ability benefits of $127 a month or of railroad retirement disability benefits of $167 a month. These calculations showed that the most prevalent benefit was between $50 and $60 a month,14 applying to one-fourth of the workers under plans for which hypothetical benefits could be computed. Plans with about two-fifths of the workers provided over $60 a month. The average disability benefits payable, weighted by the number of workers covered, was about $56 a month. The total monthly benefit amount, including Federal benefits, ranged from $127 to over $265, https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, DECEMBER 1963 or from less than one-third to more than twothirds of preretirement earnings. The weighted average benefit was just over $190 a month, or nearly half the assumed preretirement earnings. Death Benefits. Death benefits were provided by 116 basic plans covering 88,000 workers. The survivors of over 95 percent of the covered workers were eligible for benefits if death occurred after retirement and of more than 70 percent if death occurred before retirement—approximately the same prevalence as in single employer non contributory funded plans under collective bargaining.15 Three types of death benefits were provided. Lump-sum payments were included in over two-fifths of the plans covering about 7 out of 10 workers belonging to plans with death benefits; payment-certain guarantees16 by as many plans covering 2 out of 10 workers and widow’s bene fits17 by the few remaining plans. All workers with payment-certain guarantees were employed in manufacturing industries, while 70 percent of those covered by a lump-sum provision were in nonmanufacturing. With a few exceptions, all workers under plans with a widow’s benefit were employed by railroads. Supplementary Plans Plans that supplement funded pension plans and, in a few instances, also supplement unfunded plans accounted for 2 out of 3 workers belonging to all unfunded pension plans.18 Although the 12 Social security disability benefits are payable to disabled workers, regard less of age, with 5 years of social security credit in the 10 years preceding dis ablement. The benefits are the same as those payable for old-age retirement at age 65. Railroad retirement disability benefits are payable to disabled workers regardless of age with 20 years of service or at age 60 with 10 years of service. Like social security, benefits are computed in the same way as those for old-age retirement. 13 See footnote 6, p. 1416. 14 Benefit amounts could not be computed for 195 plans covering 3 out of 7 workers. They included 94 plans with minimum age or service require ments greater than those assumed for this study and 101 plans with formulas that could not be calculated because of unspecified actuarial reductions, unknown amounts of integrated funded benefits, and unavailability of formula information. 15 Special tabulation of unpublished data analyzed for Pension Plans Under Collective Bargaining: Benefits for Survivors, Winter 1960-61 (BLS Bulletin 1334, 1962). 18 A payment-certain guarantee assures a plan member and his beneficiary that they jointly will receive a minimum number of monthly benefit pay* ments regardless of when the member dies. 17 A widow’s benefit continues all or part of the deceased member’s benefit to his widow for the rest of her life or until she remarries. 18 These supplementary plans have been treated as pension plans because their administrators reported them as such and because of the close relation ship of the types and amounts of their benefits to those provided by the funded pension and profit-sharing plans covering the same workers. UNFUNDED PRIVATE PENSION PLANS 1419 174 supplementary plans provided a wide variety of benefits, only three benefits—disability retire ment, death benefits, and additional benefit amounts—were applicable to a significant number of workers (table 4). Disability Retirement. Slightly more than twofifths of the supplementary plans, covering over four-fifths of the workers in such plans, provided disability retirement benefits. Most of the cov ered workers were employed by telephone com panies. There were also significant numbers employed in chemicals (70,000), in electric and gas utilities (48,000), and in petroleum refining (35,000). Disabled workers had to have at least 15 years of service to qualify for benefits, but in contrast with many basic plans (both funded and unfunded), only six plans had an age require ment. As under basic plans (both funded and un funded), disability benefits were based, at least in 19 In 1963, the telephone companies announced that the offset would be reduced to one-third of primary social security benefits. 20 Benefit amounts were computed for 62 plans covering nine-tenths of the Workers in the 73 plans that provided for disability retirement. Benefits could not be computed for 21 plans, principally for the same reasons they could not be computed for basic plans. See footnote 14. 21 Basic plans under the Railroad Retirement Act have been excluded from this and subsequent comparisons because no plans in the railroad industry provided supplementary benefits. T a b l e 5. part, on the normal retirement formula. Plans covering 9 out of 10 workers provided a benefit equal to or greater than the normal retirement benefit for workers with the same earnings and service by the associated funded basic plan. Half the plans, covering four-fifths of the workers, integrated their benefits with social security disability benefits. Almost all used the offset method, which provides larger benefits to workers who are eligible for private plan benefits but not for social security benefits than do the other methods. Most plans, including the large telephone plans, offset half the public benefit—the same offset used in their normal benefit formula.19 The level of disability benefits was much lower in supplementary than in basic unfunded plans. Plans covering more than three-fourths of the workers provided disability benefits of $20 to $30 a month to disabled workers with the same age, service, and earnings assumed in computing disa bility benefits under basic plans (table 5).20 Bene fits would be larger under nearly all of the remain ing plans. The weighted average benefit of about $30 a month was about half the average disability benefit computed under the same conditions for basic unfunded plans.21 The average was largely determined by the telephone plans which provided $21.50 a month under the assumed conditions. D isa b il it y R e t ir e m e n t B e n e f it s P a y a b l e by U n f u n d e d P e n sio n P l a n s to W or k er s R e t ir in g at A ge 50 a n d E a r n in g $4,800 a Y ea r for 20 Y ea r s of F u t u r e S e r v ic e , by T y pe of P l a n , S pr in g 1962 [Workers in thousands] Basic Total M onthly benefit Total Supplementary 4 Railroad Other Plans W orkers2 Plans Workers 2 Plans W orkers2 Plans Workers 2 Plans Workers 1 All clans with a disability retirement provision 505 1,127 432 375 28 144 404 231 73 752 Plans for which benefit could not be computed. Plans for which benefit was computed No benefit provided 2__ ___ $1 and less than $20______ _______ $20 and less than $30__ _ _____ $30 and less than $40_____ _ __ ___ ___ $40 and less than $50. _ _______ $50 and less than $60___ $60 and less than $70______ _____ $70 and less than $80__ _ $80 and less than $90____ _ __ ____ $90 and less than $100___ _____ ______ $100 and less than $110.. __ _ _ _ _ _ $110 and less than $130___ _____ ___ $130 and less than $140__ $140 and over__ ___ _ ________ 216 289 10 2 46 39 23 53 14 1 48 22 12 16 1 2 245 882 45 10 559 31 12 74 14 8 78 13 20 3 3 10 195 237 4 1 23 28 21 47 13 1 47 22 12 16 1 1 165 210 15 5 28 18 10 52 12 8 20 13 20 3 3 1 22 6 4 109 36 15 173 231 57 174 2 20 1 21 28 21 47 13 1 47 22 12 16 1 1 5 8 18 10 52 12 8 20 13 20 3 3 1 21 52 6 1 23 U 2 6 i 80 672 30 5 531 13 2 22 3 1 58 1 8 Average benefit 4_ ____ ________________ _____ $36.00 1 Includes only nonrailroad plans. 2 Includes both active and retired workers covered in 1960. 2 No plan benefit was provided under assumed conditions because of the maximum deduction of social security or railroad retirement disability 7 1 3 - 1 5 4 — 63- 4 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis $56.40 $14.20 $65.10 $29.70 benefits. These plans do, however, pay benefits to workers entitled to less than the maximum Federal benefit payable under the assumed conditions. 4 Weighted by number of workers. ^ . ,. . , N ote: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals. 1420 Total monthly benefits, including maximum social security disability benefits, would range from $127 (the social security benefit) to $270; from less than one-third to more than two-thirds of preretirement earnings. The weighted average benefit would be about $157 (two-fifths of prere tirement earnings), or about four-fifths of the average total benefit amount payable by the basic plans. Chiefly because the large telephone com pany plans would provide $148.50 a month (in cluding social security), plans covering 70 percent of the workers would provide $140 to $150 a month. Death Benefits. Although only 34 plans granted death benefits, they covered two-thirds of the workers under supplementary plans. Nearly all plans provided benefits for both active and retired workers, and all but two made lump-sum pay ments. Lump-sum payments were paid by 18 plans in the communications industry (520,000 workers) and by 14 small plans, all but one of which were in manufacturing industries. A 1-year payment-certain guarantee was provided by a petroleum refining company (35,000 workers) and a widow’s benefit by an electric utility (28,000 workers). The amount of the lump-sum benefit paid by the telephone pension plans depends on when the worker dies.22 If he dies before he retires, the benefit equals 4 months’ earnings for 6 months but less than 2 years of service, increased by 2 months’ earnings for each additional year of serv ice to 12 months’ earnings for 5 or more years, or $250, whichever is greater. If he dies after re22 Additional benefits are usually payable under the company’s life insur ance plans, cf. Digest of One-Hundred Selected Health and Insurance Plans Under Collective Bargaining, Winter 1961-62 (BLS Bulletin 1330, June 1962), pp. 168-173, summarized on pp. 1266-1274 of the November 1963 M onthly Labor Review. 28 If the minimum was applicable only to unfunded benefits, it was classi fied as part of the unfunded benefit to which it applied rather than here. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis ¿MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, DECEMBER 1963 tiring, the benefit is the greater of his annual earnings at retirement reduced 10 percent for each full year elapsed since retirement and his annual pension. Additional Benefits. Some unfunded plans sup plemented the benefits under funded plans and, to lesser extent, by unfunded plans, by paying additional benefits for the same cause (e.g., nor mal retirement or disability retirement). These additional payments, provided by 2 out of 3 supplementary plans covering 1 out of 3 workers under such plans, increased the amount of benefits payable to a beneficiary but, unlike the supple mentary plans previously described, did not affect the number of different types of benefits provided. The additional benefit amounts were provided in several different ways. The plans with the largest number of workers (93,000) guaranteed a minimum retirement benefit applicable to specified funded benefits or often to all benefits, funded and unfunded.23 Other plans supplemented their funded benefits by granting pensioners additional benefits, such as cost-of-living allowances. Pen sions (normal, early, and disability) based on service prior to the adoption of a funded pension plan were provided by a number of unfunded plans. Still others supplemented funded plans by paying pensions to workers who retired before a specified date—usually the effective date of the associated funded plan—or to workers who were ineligible for benefits under the funded plan, such as retired workers with insufficient service to qualify for a funded pension. And, finally, a small number of plans paid allowances to workers retiring early under a funded plan until they were eligible for social security benefits. — H a r r y L . L e v in Division of Industrial and Labor Relations RELATIONSHIP OF UNEMPLOYMENT TO MORTGAGE FORECLOSURES The Relationship of Unemployment to Mortgage Foreclosures A nalyses of the recent rise in residential mortgage foreclosures have generally emphasized liberaliza tion of mortgage credit terms and the cessation of inflation in housing prices. There is no doubt that these factors are significant. A new study by the Housing and Home Finance Agency 1 indicates, however, that much greater emphasis should be given to the relationships between curtailment of borrower income through unemployment and fore closures. The HHFA study is based on a sample survey for foreclosure cases of single-family owneroccupied homes, financed with FHA-insured, YAguaranteed, and conventional mortgage loans in six metropolitan areas. The areas were New York, Philadelphia, Chicago, Detroit, Dallas, and Los Angeles.2 Reasons for Foreclosure Curtailment of income was the main reason for foreclosure given by 35 percent of all FHA bor rowers and by 40 percent of the YA borrowers in all six areas. Borrowers with conventional loans most frequently cited curtailment of income as the primary reason in each area, the frequency vary ing within a range of 22 percent in Dallas to GO percent in Detroit. The second and third pri mary reasons most often cited by FHA and VA borrowers were “death or illness in family” and “marital difficulties.” These were also frequently mentioned as reasons for foreclosure by the con ventional loan borrowers in the six individual areas. The leading reasons cited by borrowers were found less frequently in lenders’ or FHA and YA files. Reasons such as improper regard for obli gations or excessive obligations were among lead ing primary reasons found in the files, although curtailment of income, marital difficulties, and death or illness had also been recorded in a signifi cant percentage of the case files. Secondary rea sons given by the borrowers, as well as information on income changes, unemployment, and occupa tion, tend to confirm the validity of the distribu tion of reasons cited by the borrowers. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1421 Layoffs and a cut in workweek or wages were the main factors contributing to curtailment of income according to responding FHA and YA borrowers, but the leading income curtailment factor cited by the conventional loan borrowers was business loss or failure. Death or illness added up to the second major category among multiple reasons listed by FHA and YA borrowers. The multiple reasons given by the conventional borrowers, however, gener ally showed increased housing costs as the second most important category of reasons for foreclo sure, while this was the third leading category 1 M o rtg a g e F o reclosu res in S ix M e tr o p o lita n A re a s ( J u n e 1 9 6 3 ) , fr o m w h ic h t h is a r t ic le w a s e x c e r p te d , w it h m in o r s t y le m o d i fic a t io n s b u t m a jo r c h a n g e s in t h e o r d e r o f p r e s e n t a t io n . V ir t u a lly a ll o f th e m a t e r ia l in th e r e p o r t t h a t d e a ls w it h m o r tg a g e c r e d it u n d e r w r it in g h a s b een o m it te d . 2 S ta n d a r d M e t r o p o lita n S t a t i s t i c a l A r e a s , e x c e p t N e w Y o r k , w h e r e o n ly th e c o u n t ie s in N e w Y o rk S t a t e w e r e in c lu d e d . T h e F H A a n d V A p r o v id e d d a t a fr o m t h e ir file s o n t h e fin a n c in g t r a n s a c t io n s a n d o n h o m e o w n e r s o f f o r e c lo s e d p r o p e r tie s a s o f th e tim e o f o r ig in a t io n . T h e B u r e a u o f t h e C e n su s, w h ic h d id a ll o f th e fie ld w o r k u n d e r c o n t r a c t f o r H H F A , o b t a in e d s im ila r in f o r m a t io n a s o f t im e o f lo a n o r ig in a t io n fr o m r e c o r d s t h a t w e r e m a d e a v a ila b le b y le n d e r s o f c o n v e n t io n a l m o r tg a g e lo a n s . F o r a ll t y p e s o f c a s e s , a s m u ch in f o r m a t io n a s o f tim e o f fo r e c lo s u r e a s w a s a v a ila b le fr o m t h e r e c o r d s w a s a ls o o b t a in e d . T h e B u r e a u o f th e C e n su s a ls o lo c a t e d a n d o b t a in e d d a t a a s o f th e tim e o f f o r e c lo s u r e fr o m a s m a n y o f th e f o r m e r h o m e o w n e r s a s p o s s ib le th r o u g h a b o r r o w e r s c h e d u le fille d in a n d r e t u r n e d b y m a il o r d u r in g a n in t e r v ie w . I n a ll s ix c it ie s , d a t a w e r e o b t a in e d fr o m r e c o r d s f o r a t o t a l o f a b o u t 2 ,7 0 0 f o r e c lo s u r e c a s e s , in c lu d in g 2 ,4 4 2 t h a t in v o lv e d o w n e r -o c c u p ie d 1 - f a m ily h o m e s , a n d b o r r o w e r s c h e d u le s w e r e c o m p le te d f o r 9 5 7 f a m ilie s w h o s e h o m e s h a d b e e n fo r e c lo s e d . T h e d is t r ib u t io n s o f a ll F H A , V A , a n d c o n v e n t io n a l c a s e s a n d o f t h e F H A , V A , a n d c o n v e n t io n a l b o r r o w e r s c h e d u le c a s e s f o r e a c h m e t r o p o lit a n a r e a , b y v a r io u s f a m ily a n d m o r tg a g e lo a n c h a r a c t e r is t ic s , a r e q u ite s im ila r , s u g g e s t i n g t h a t th e in f o r m a t io n o b t a in e d fr o m th e c o m p le te d b o r r o w e r s c h e d u le s i s to a la r g e e x t e n t d e s c r ip t iv e o f a ll t h e s a m e t y p e c a s e s ( i.e ., F H A , V A , o r c o n v e n t io n a l) in e a c h a r e a . T h e s a m p le s f o r F H A a n d V A c a s e s w e r e d r a w n a t r a n d o m fr o m a ll F H A a n d V A f o r e c lo s u r e s a n d “ d eed in lie u o f f o r e c lo s u r e ” p r o p e r ty s u r r e n d e r s ( in w h ic h th e h o m e o w n e r v o lu n t a r ily c o n v e y s t h e d e e d to th e p r o p e r ty to t h e m o r tg a g e h o ld e r , so t h a t t h e la t t e r d o e s n o t h a v e to p u r s u e a f o r e c lo s u r e t h r o u g h th e c o u r t s ) in e a c h s t u d y a r e a d u r in g th e p e r io d A p r il 1, 1 9 6 1 , to M a rc h 3 1 , 1 9 6 2 . T h e s a m p le r a t io r a n g e d fr o m 9 p e r c e n t in h e a v y c a s e lo a d a r e a s to 3 2 p e r c e n t a n d e v e n to 5 1 p e r c e n t w h e r e t h e t o t a l c a s e lo a d w a s s m a ll. T h e r a n d o m s e le c t io n y ie ld e d s a m p le s w h o s e d is t r ib u t io n o f fo r e c lo s u r e c a s e c h a r a c t e r is t ic s w a s s im ila r to c o m p a r a b le d is t r ib u t io n s in a r e c e n t F H A s t u d y o f i t s f o r e c lo s u r e e x p e r ie n c e a n d in a V A s t u d y o f i t s m o r tg a g e lo a n d e f a u lt e x p e r ie n c e . S in c e th e F H A a n d V A s a m p le c a s e s u s e d in th e H H F A s t u d y w e r e r e p r e s e n t a t iv e o f a ll F I I A a n d V A fo r e c lo s u r e a n d d e e d in lie u o f f o r e c lo s u r e c a s e s in e a c h a r e a d u r in g th e s t u d y p e r io d , a n d t h e t o t a l n u m b e r o f c a s e s in e a c h a r e a w a s k n o w n , r a t io s w e re a p p lie d t o s a m p le c a s e s , b y t y p e o f lo a n , fo r a n a r e a a n d a r e a t o t a l s d e r iv e d f o r th e v a r io u s c h a r a c t e r is t ic s o f th e f o r e c lo s u r e s . T h e s e d e t a ile d d a t a fo r e a c h a r e a w e r e th e n a d d ed to p r o v id e s ix - a r e a t o t a ls . T h e F H A a n d V A f o r e c lo s u r e e x p e r ie n c e c a n t h e r e f o r e b e d is c u s s e d in te r m s o f th e c o m b in e d e x p e r ie n c e fo r a ll s ix S M S A ’s, a s w e ll a s f o r e a c h S M S A . T h e fig u r e s p r e s e n t e d f o r e a c h S M S A , h o w e v e r , r e p r e s e n t th e s u m o f t h e s a m p le c a s e s in e a c h S M S A . 1422 among FHA and YA borrowers. The main sub sidiary reasons under increased housing costs were increases in property taxes and house maintenance and repair expenses. Unsatisfactory property,3 increases in nonhousing costs, and financial overextension were other major reasons that were men tioned frequently. The information obtained from the mortgagors on number of weeks worked during 1961, which included the first 9 months in the foreclosure study period, is consistent with the reasons given for curtailment of income. The proportion of bor rowers with each type of loan that had worked less than 40 weeks, including those that had not worked at all in 1961, shows a reasonably con sistent pattern within each area, except for Dallas. (See accompanying table.) Thus, the samples, though small, were representative of the employ ment conditions encountered by foreclosed bor rowers in each area. The high rate of full or partial unemployment during 1961 among those whose homes were fore closed is related to the occupations in which many of them were employed. The proportion of bor rowers in the three manual labor occupations at time of foreclosure ranged between 41 and 64 per cent for FHA borrowers; between 35 and 69 per cent for YA borrowers; and between 50 and 58 percent for conventional borrowers. The data indicate an interrelated set of economic circumstances among occupations, unemploy ment, and curtailment of income which appar ently triggered a significant proportion of the mortgage loan defaults and foreclosures. On the other hand, certain foreclosures arose from de velopments that are practically unpredictable dur ing the mortgage term in most instances, such as marital difficulties, serious illness, or death. Also, unexpected increases in housing costs and overextension of other financial obligations contributed to a significant proportion of the Chicago fore closures during the April 1961-March 1962 period. A similar combination of circumstances was gen erally found in the other areas. Changes in Income The high frequency of income curtailment as a cause of foreclosure is confirmed by the income data obtained. Whether dealing with FHA, YA, or conventional foreclosures, in five out of six areas https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis .MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, DECEMBER 1963 one-half or more of the interviewed borrowers re ported a lower income at time of foreclosure than at time of mortgage origination or assumption, when the house was purchased. In all areas, at least 44 percent of the former FHA, YA, or con ventional loan borrowers had experienced income reductions between time of purchase and time of foreclosure. Despite the relatively small number of bor rower questionnaires for each type of loan in each area, similar proportions of borrowers with different types of loans suffered a substantial cur tailment of income, more than 30 percent, between the time of purchase and time of foreclosure. The proportion of FHA borrowers whose income re portedly was curtailed more than 30 percent ranged between 35 and 50 percent. Among YA borrowers, the comparable proportion—suffering over 30 percent income curtailment—ranged be tween 27 and 44 percent in five areas, and was 73 percent in the sixth area. A comparable range of 35 to 50 percent encompassed three areas with respect to conventional borrowers; in the other three, the proportions were 22 percent, 57 percent, and 60 percent. Even if there is some unreliability in the data, the differences between incomes reported as of time of loan origination and time of foreclosure are so great that a high frequency of income cur tailment among mortgagors whose homes were foreclosed must be accepted as a valid finding. For the FHA foreclosures in the six areas com bined, almost one-half of the borrowers had family incomes of $5,000-$6,999 at the time the loan was originated (or assumed), about one-fifth had in comes of $4,000-$4,999, and another one-fifth had incomes of $7,000-$8,999, while 6 percent had in comes under $4,000 and 8 percent had incomes of $9,000 or more. There were higher proportions of the VA than FHA foreclosures in the under $4,000 and the $4,000-$4,999 income classes. Among the conventional loan foreclosure cases (including those with no borrower interview), from about one-fifth to one-third of the fore closures involved borrowers who had incomes of $5,000-$6,999. The other foreclosure cases were rather widely scattered among other income classes except in New York, where about four-fifths of 3 I n c lu d e s r e a s o n s s u c h a s n e ig h b o r h o o d u n s a t i s f a c t o r y , p lu m b in g o r h e a t in g f a il u r e s , p o o r d r a in a g e , a n d f o u n d a t io n f a ilu r e . RELATIONSHIP OF UNEMPLOYMENT TO MORTGAGE FORECLOSURES I nco m e , E m ploym ent , 1423 H o u sin g E x p e n s e o f S el ec ted H om eo w n ers W ho se M ortgages W e r e F oreclosed D u r in g A pril 1 9 6 1 -M arch 1962, b y T ype o f L o a n , S ix A r e a s 1 and Chicago Dallas Detroit Los Angeles New York Philadelphia Item F H i Vi Number of foreclosures.......... Number in sample of lenders.......... Borrower interview or questionnaire completed*.. 5, 61 28 12 , 14 68 Con Con ConCon Con Con ven F H i V i ven F H i V i ven- F H i V i ven- F H i V i ven- F H i V i ven tions tions tiona tiona tiona tions (*) 20£ 117 33 9 3 24, 4< 21 (*) 1,301 207« ID 18( 81 3" 5C 8£ (*) 15C 5" 22 « 125 5C 22 ( 2C 10 - (2) 29( lit 20« 235 7, r 7, H (») 7 lf 15i 198 3« 6( <*> 255 75 Percent of interviewed borrowers reporting * Income at origination: 4 Under $4,000............................. $4,000-$4,999. ................ $5,000-$6,999................... . .. $7,000-$8,999........................ $9,000 or more............................. Income at foreclosure as percent of income at origi nation: 4 100 percent or more___________ 90-99 percent.......... ............ ........ 80-89 percent..... ....................... 70-79 percent..... ........ ................... 60-69 percent_____________ . 60-59 percent.......... ..................... Under 50 p ercen t.......................... Occupation at origination: Professional or technical workers___ Farmer or farm laborer................. Manager, official, proprietor, nonfarm ... Clerical worker__________ Sales worker__________ Craftsman or foreman______ Operative______________ . . Service worker_________ Laborer, except farm or m ine............. Unemployed.......................... Occupation at foreclosure: Professional or technical worker___ Farmer or farm laborer_____ Manager, official, proprietor, nonfarm Clerical worker...... ...................... Sales w o r k e r ________________ Craftsman or foreman______ Operative_________________ Service worker____________ Laborer, except farm or mine .. Unemployed__________ Weeks worked in 1961: 40-52.......................................... 27-39.......................... 1-27............................. None_________________ Housing expense * as percent oi income— At origination: Under 20 percent______ 20-24 percent___________ 25-29 percent____________ 30-39 percent____________ 40 percent or more________ At foreclosure: Under 20 percent___________ 20-24 percent___________ . 25-29 percent_____________ 30-39 percent_____________ 40 percent or more_______ Increase in housing costs: Taxes............................... Repairs and improvements______ Utilities and heat______ Other....................................... 7 19 38 17 19 19 4f 1£ 50 5 4 7 13 5 16 43 g 3 5 13 14 14 4 6 3 3 9 14 3 19 14 43 14 29 K 47 43 7 52 4 9 7 29 14 3 9 15 7 7 43 29 14 22 7 8 6 49 23 2 4 7 54 8 38 21 14 29 29 7 14 14 22 50 29 7 h 12 8 30 25 3 3 7 22 11 13 5 56 1C 37 25 42 2 6 8 8 9 14 8 10 6 14 34 4 8 13 1 14 59 5 5 32 32 9 4 12 10 16 2 10 22 “ ÎÔ 30 14 22 “ “ 11 45 68 81 30 25 25 72 15 12 1 10 23 13 17 8 8 3 10 32 32 10 23 23 1 1 25 42 5 14 26 54 32 18 4 3 31 23 5 5 12 20 10 2 14 33 33 21 25 6 18 ~45 9 23 6 14 21 22 14 28 14 22 9 ' “ Ï8 73 8 18 72 61 22 11 20 6 2O ß O 10 4 10 12 0 7 15 11 18 23 5 10 9 30 23 0 0 5 35 12 lu 29 15 5 g 12 10 2 12 6 12 10 12 1 7 7 5 25 Oß 0 6 6 5 7 27 5 5 1n 32 16 16 8 10 20 14 58 16 29 37 3 8 11 6 2 1 0 ö 9n g g 0 91 19 18 26 11 an ßß 00 14 141 1o 74 K lu zy 92 1inU 17 16 37 18 g g 22 5 g on ZU 3 8 ÖO Ö ly 19 74 12 OK on 42 2 OK 2Q 08 65 2 o iy lo OZ 6 4 h zy on Kn ou 16 7 2 12 OO 6 zo 13 6 19 1Z 110K 42 92 Zu iy 92 o27 i 12 6 K7 Dt 14 22 2ß OO / 7i 74 33 Oile O O ZR o cc 91 ZI 1 U 0q KA 0*1 3 2 O zo 6 6 13 10 11 KU n O 3 K Q oz 4 h Q O 8 8 13 O K zu ZO 2 O 8 K 3 74 K O 23 2 Oß ZIl zo O zo o4 10 K 8 16 34 3 i 12 74 Q O zy 18 11 74 4 zo 74 3 0, 3 3 7 3 18 28 7 5 74 74 37 OO 11 8 110o 26 6 8 8 16 27 15 12 10 8 OO zo 7 3 ¿07 4 18 OQ ZO Z4 44 80 5 12 25 19 1 10K 02 Z O 110K 10 Öc 02 ZO 10 OQ Zö 10 68 10 20 oz 1K 10 OZ O Z 17 14 12 10 91 ZI 21 Ol 1K 10 14 15 g 74 74 15 1ß 10 21 01 lo ZO 64 Kn ou 72 6 12 6 6 19 25 18 15 1 IC 2f 12 10 — 91I Z 10 An 0 1Q 21 11 4 13 25 iy 31 12 4 2*tJ3 U 7 0 12 6 na 6 0 n li u 10 6 2 13 12 4 lo 27 8 4 1Q 22 4 4 h AQ 20 12 6 10 30 30 4 12 12 9 9 16 25 27 19 6 3 5 5 13 13 25 31 0 2 27 34 52 13 24 2 fi 2 K 21 20 2 12 15 IC AA 16 26 52 2 5 26 U 25 4 23 8 2 3 Yl 18 35 24 14 7 5 18 11 29 27 17 23 17 23 41 ß g 11 29 31 14 ß ß 18 5 14 20 46 7 g 3 5 5 3 49 4 7 44 11 ß 7 3 19 47 4 4 21 3 8 32 3 7 5 34 6 32 14 8 45 8 7 14 17 4C 27 7 26 9 3 13 30 9 9 5 15 3 38 24 7 7 9 15 50 30 5 6 11 9 11 8 39 17 19 17 33 g 23 2 6 1Ü 28 36 15 9 12 22 3 For description of the sample and survey methods, see text footnote. This table is limited to individual area figures on certain borrower characteristics based on interviews with borrowers or questionnaires completed by them. Data from lenders generally pertained to the larger total number of sample cases, but were not available for items shown here except income at origination. Similarly, averages for the 6 areas are omitted because they were typically published only for VA loans, in view of the small number of FHA cases and the lack of weighting information for conventional loans. s Not available. . s Number of usable returns, some of which omitted information on certain items; for example, only 13 of the 14 FHA borrowers in Chicago gave informa tion on the number of weeks worked in 1961. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 14 25 28 3 6 7 43 29 14 6 12 38 18 37 3f 8 Iß 1Ö 4fi 40 13 g ß 13 13 Oß zo 43 18 18 6 10 4 59 7 15 19 OO Z4 1/ 1Q iy IQ lo 10 15 10 19 1Z K2 OO 12 8 3 J 4 Borrowers were asked to report family income after Federal and State income tax deductions at both the time of foreclosure and the time the fore closed mortgage was placed or assumed. One-fourth or more of the borrowers interviewed had assumed mortgages only in the following cases; FHA and conventional in Dallas; all 3 types in Los Angeles; and conventional in New York. • Includes payments for interest and principal on the first and junior mortgages; mortgage insurance premiums; property insurance premiums; property taxes; recurring special assessment payments; utility and heating fuel costs; ground rent, if any; property maintenance expenses (e.g., painting and decorating); and repair expenses. 1424 the foreclosed borrowers had incomes of $9,000 or more, and in Philadelphia, where about threetenths of the foreclosed borrowers had incomes of less than $4,000. Kelatively more FHA and VA than conven tional loan foreclosures involved borrowers’ in comes of $5,000-$6,999, and relatively less in the $9,000 or more income class. Among the FHA foreclosures, a slightly larger proportion of the borrower interview foreclosures than of total fore closures involved families with incomes of under $4,000 and $7,000-$8,999, and a smaller proportion involved families with incomes of $5,000-$6,999. For the VA foreclosures, this situation was largely reversed. Smaller proportions of the borrowers among the low-income borrowers had experienced substantial losses of income between origination and fore closure than for the higher income foreclosed bor rowers. For lower income families, foreclosures may have resulted even with small or moderate losses in income, whereas for the higher income families, foreclosures may have resulted relatively more frequently after more substantial losses of income had occurred. In the six areas combined, among FHA fore closures 15 percent of the borrowers with incomes of $4,000-$4,999 had incomes at foreclosure which were less than one-half of their incomes at loan origination, compared with 30 percent of the fore closed borrowers with incomes of $5,000-$6,999 and 38 percent of the foreclosed borrowers with incomes of $7,000-$8,999. Among VA foreclosures, 32 percent of the bor rowers with incomes of less than $4,000 had suf fered losses of more than one-half of their incomes, compared with 21 percent of the foreclosed bor rowers with incomes of $4,000-$4,999, 18 percent for the $5,000-$6,999 income group, 29 percent for the $7,000-$8,999 income group, and 40 percent for the $9,000 or more income group. Housing Costs About two-thirds or more of the FHA fore closures and also of the VA foreclosures in the three middle income classes involved home pur chases in the $10,000-$14,999 range. Plowever, of the VA foreclosures in the borrower income range of under $4,000, more than one-half of the homes were purchased for less than $10,000, while in the https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, DECEMBER 1963 borrower income class of $9,000 or more, about two-fifths were in the $10,000-$14,999 price group and another two-fifths were in the $15,000-$19,999 group. I t is surprising, in view of the apparent high ratio of income to purchase price, that of the FHA foreclosures with borrower incomes of $7,000$8,999,13 percent were homes with purchase prices of less than $10,000, and that of the VA fore closures with borrower incomes of $9,000 or more, 7 percent were homes with purchase prices of less than $10,000. Such foreclosure cases lend em phasis to the effects of changing circumstances of the borrower after loan origination upon fore closure incidence. Although ua bad loan is never made,” as the mortgage lending industry adage goes, subsequent changes in income, health, or marital relations of the borrower can turn a good loan into a poor one. Substantially larger proportions of the fore closures in each of the lower income groups had housing expense-to-income ratios of 30 percent or more than was the case for higher income families. While loans made to lower income families gen erally involve housing expense-to-income ratios which exceed those for higher income families, it is doubtful whether the differences generally are as large as indicated by these foreclosure cases. Among the FHA foreclosures which involved borrower incomes of $4,000-$4,999,12 percent had housing expense-to-income ratios of 40 percent or more and 34 percent had ratios of 30-39 percent. For foreclosures involving incomes of $5,000$6,999, the comparable percentages were 5 and 30. In contrast, of the foreclosures involving family incomes of $7,000-$8,999, there were none with housing expense-to-income ratios of 40 percent or more, and only 4 percent had ratios of 30-39 percent. For those VA foreclosures which involved bor rower incomes in the under $4,000 group, 38 per cent had housing expense-to-income ratios of 40 percent or more and a similar portion had ratios of 30-39 percent. Also, for the foreclosed borrowers with incomes of $4,000-$4,999, the comparable percentages were 23 and 47, and for the foreclosed borrowers with incomes of $5,000-$6,999, 5 and 23. In contrast, among the foreclosed borrowers with incomes of $7,000-$8,999, as well as among those with incomes of $9,000 or more, only 5 and 3 per cent, respectively, had ratios of 30-39 percent. RELATIONSHIP OF UNEMPLOYMENT TO MORTGAGE FORECLOSURES The curtailment of income and increased hous ing expenses, both of which were cited as reasons for foreclosure in a significant proportion of sam ple cases, are reflected in the increase in housing expense-to-income ratios between loan origination and foreclosure. The increases in these ratios are indicated by the percentage of borrowers that had housing expense-to-income ratios of 30-39 percent or 40 percent and over at time of loan origination and at time of foreclosure, as shown in the follow ing tabulation. Housing expense Percent H ousing expense as a peras a percent o f Percent of of centage of income at foreclosure income at origtotal at N u m - total a t --------------------------------------ination (or origiber fore- Under SO- SB- SO- 40 or assum ption ) nation closure SO S4 89 39 more FHA total__ Under 20...................... 20-24............................. 25-29............................. 30-39...................... 40 or more______ 100 973 15 150 26 250 26 251 21 205 12 117 100 13 9 100 42 5 100 16 27 100 4 5 100 7 ___ 100 ................ 13 7 10 23 13 5 16 18 9 9 40 3 49 28 38 59 40 92 VA total......... Under 20............... 20-24............................. 25-29............................. 30-39............................. 40 or more............. 100 2,077 309 18 382 26 536 28 576 13 274 7 100 22 100 15 100 1 100 3 100 ___ 16 25 17 21 10 3 25 18 24 16 41 23 40 29 21 47 42 62 15 100 12 6 23 15 4 12 In addition to the striking differences between housing expense-to-income ratios at time of loan origination and time of foreclosure, the frequency of high ratios at time of loan origination is note worthy. Borrowers gave increase in housing costs as a reason for foreclosure in 30 percent of the YA cases and 24 percent of the FHA cases. Among conven tional foreclosure cases, it was mentioned by 64 percent of the conventional mortgagors in Chicago, 50 percent in New York, 36 percent in Los Angeles, 24 percent in Detroit and Philadelphia, and 11 percent in Dallas. Among the specific items of in creased housing costs listed, taxes and repairs and improvements were most frequently mentioned. A number of borrowers overextended themselves as a result of purchases of such home improvement items as storm windows, a freezer, landscaping, patio—or of consumer goods. When unemploy ment struck, they could not meet their obligations. They admitted that they had used poor judgment and that credit was too easy to obtain. Some said that they should have budgeted their expenditures. Borrowers frequently complained that rising real estate taxes contributed to foreclosure. Some times this occurred because real estate taxes were understated initially, but more importantly, the https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1425 borrowers felt that they had not been made aware of the possibility that taxes would continue to increase. Even among loans with low housing expense-toincome ratios at origination, changes in housing expenses or income can contribute significantly to foreclosure. In a significant proportion of the foreclosures, however, the housing expense-toincome ratios either remained in the sarnie ratio class or declined to a lower ratio class. These foreclosures most likely occurred because of rea sons other than changes in housing expenses or incomes. Recommendations Studies should be undertaken to see whether a system of mortgage unemployment insurance can be developed to help prevent foreclosures result ing from a high incidence of temporary unemploy ment in an economy of rapid technological change. Insurance to provide for payment of interest, taxes, and hazard insurance, while principal re payment is deferred, could help in reducing the incidence of foreclosure related to unemployment. There is need for continuous reexamination of the basis for estimating future taxes and mainte nance and repair expenses to assure that recogni tion is given in credit underwriting to the upward trend of property taxes and to necessary expendi tures for maintenance and repair. Furthermore, the borrower should be made aware of these potential increases. Future increases in income might also be considered, but would be difficult to estimate on a reliable basis. Educational efforts are needed to assist home buyers in proper financial planning for home pur chase and for subsequent purchases of home extras and equipment items, as well as for nonhousing items. Such an educational program would be helpful in keeping borrowers from overextending themselves or using costly junior mortgage financing. Steps should be taken to discourage purchases of existing homes under mortgage assumptions by buyers who are overextending themselves finan cially. Consideration should be given to possible development of acceptable mortgage contract pro visions that would permit a review of the credit status of prospective purchasers of a home subject to an outstanding mortgage loan. 1426 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, DECEMBER 1963 Occupational Wage Relationships in Metropolitan Areas, 1961-62 S kill differentials among plant jobs as shown by pay relatives constructed from recent Bureau of Labor Statistics occupational wage surveys varied widely among and within industries. Dif ferences among plant jobs were lowest in public utilities, followed by manufacturing, wholesale trade, retail trade, and the service industries. One dimension of the wage structure of an establishment is the series of wage rates, estab lished unilaterally by the employer or negotiated through collective bargaining, for the variety of skills and other characteristics of jobs on the payroll. A majority of American workers are employed in jobs assigned either a single rate or a range of rates; lower rates are commonly pro vided for probationary workers. Special rates T able 1. O c c u p a t io n a l may also apply to such situations as part-time, seasonal, or handicapped workers. Separate struc tures usually apply to plant and office. This article summarizes the occupational wage relationships found within individual establish ments included in the labor market wage surveys conducted by the Bureau of Labor Statistics during the year ending in June 1962. The rela tive pay positions of plant and office occupations are examined by broad industry division and region and within selected industries in manu facturing and nonmanufacturing.1 Method Average straight-time hourly earnings of workers in each plant and office job studied within an establishment were related to the earnings of the 1 Data in this study relate to all 188 Standard Metropolitan Statistical Areas in the United States, excluding Alaska and Hawaii, as established by the Bureau of the Budget through 1959. Data were collected in 80 of the areas, but these were selected as a sample designed to represent all areas. A v e r a g e H o u r l y E a r n in g s a s P e r c e n t a g e s 1 o f A v e r a g e s M e t r o p o l i t a n A r e a s , b y I n d u s t r y D i v i s i o n , 1 961-62 for M en J a n it o r s in Median establishment percentages in— Sex and occupation Manuiring M aintenance and N onmanufacturing Total Public utilities s Wholesale trade 122 136 145 146 Retail trade Services P owerplant » Carpenters, maintenance____________________________ Electricians, maintenance____________ . _______________ Engineers, stationary_______________________________ Firemen, stationary boiler___________________________ Helpers, maintenance trades_________________________ Machine-tool operators, toolroom_____________________ Machinists, maintenance____________________________ Mechanics, automotive (maintenance)_________________ Mechanics, maintenance_____________________________ Millwrights__________________________________ ____ Oilers_____ ________________________________________ Painters, maintenance____________ ______ ______ ____ _ Pipefitters, maintenance_____________________________ Plumbers, maintenance______________________________ Sheet-metal workers, maintenance________ ____________ Tool and die makers__________________________ _____ 134 139 137 119 112 138 143 132 137 133 112 128 134 138 134 155 164 156 176 131 115 109 145 150 145 140 145 140 127 161 141 156 128 122 122 134 137 112 143 140 130 128 189 188 183 140 120 176 196 206 146 128 157 146 188 186 187 178 191 194 100 100 112 C ustodial and M aterial M ovement M en Elevator operators, passenger...________________________ Guards______________________________________________ Laborers, material handling_____________________________ Order fillers__________________________________________ Packers, shipping__________ _____________ ____________ Receiving clerks______________________________________ Shipping clerks______________ _____ ______________ _____ Truckdrivers: Truckdrivers, light (under VA tons)__________________ Truckdrivers, medium (1A to and including 4 tons)____ Truckdrivers, heavy (over 4 tons, trailer type)_________ Truckdrivers, heavy (over 4 tons, other than trailer type) Truckers, power (forklift)______________________________ Truckers, power (other than forklift)_____________________ W atchm en....________________________________________ 100 106 104 112 109 119 126 114 117 125 100 111 109 115 109 126 131 100 114 109 112 107 113 116 110 121 129 116 126 148 139 109 119 129 144 139 118 107 111 138 139 116 100 100 100 93 96 91 91 98 93 91 120 110 105 107 107 111 121 108 133 137 104 136 121 130 154 100 102 103 90 90 90 94 97 93 120 131 145 145 131 123 Women Elevator operators, passenger_____________ Janitors, porters, and cleaners_____________ Packers, shipping_______________________ See footnotes at end of table. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 101 OCCUPATIONAL WAGE RELATIONSHIPS IN METROPOLITAN AREAS T able 1. 1427 O c c u p a t io n a l A v e r a g e H o u r l y E a r n i n g s a s P e r c e n t a g e s 1 o f A v e r a g e s M e t r o p o l it a n A r e a s , b y I n d u s t r y D i v i s i o n , 1961-62 — Continued fo r M en J a n it o r s in Median establishment percentages in— Sex and occupation N onmanufactur ing iring Total Public Wholesale utilities 3 trade Retail trade Finance 4 Services Office C lerical M en Clerks, accounting, class A________________________ Clerks, accounting, class B ..... ........... ............ .............. __ Clerks, order____________________________________ Clerks, payroll___________________________ Office boys...................................................... ............ . . " Tabulating-machine operators, class A_______________ Tabulating-machine operators, class B........................ . Tabulating-machine operators, class C................... ......... 135 108 132 82 135 116 146 119 129 128 93 153 130 101 111 120 131 117 124 95 139 118 109 153 118 131 130 92 138 129 107 112 106 101 101 158 124 125 138 90 158 130 160 120 95 166 136 113 164 125 140 100 137 Women Billers, machine (billing machine)..................................... . Billers, machine (bookkeeping machine)_____________ Bookkeeping-machine operators, class A................ ......... . Bookkeeping-machine operators, class B _____________ Clerks, accounting class A_________________________ Clerks, accounting, class B ....................................... ........... Clerks, file, class A.......... .................................................. . Clerks, file, class B ............................................................. . Clerks, file, class C______________________ _________ Clerks, order_____________________________________ Clerks, payroll....................................................................... Comptometer operators____________________________ Duplicating-machine operators: (Mimeograph or D itto).................................................. Keypunch operators, class A._............................... ............. Keypunch operators, class B................................................ Office girls__________ ______ __________________ ___ Secretaries............................................................ ................. Stenographers, general......................................................... Stenographers, senior........................................................... Switch board operator-receptionists________ _____ ____ Tabulating-machine operators, class A...... ..................... . Tabulating-machine operators, class B ......... ..................... Tabulating-machine operators, class C ................ ............ . Transcribing-machine operators, general...... .................. Typists, class A....... .............................................................. Typists, class B.................................................................... 105 106 117 102 123 102 98 88 83 106 no 97 88 101 91 78 123 100 108 102 128 115 105 110 129 109 135 111 113 95 92 102 118 105 131 105 105 90 88 no 109 137 114 137 111 105 97 92 95 121 129 144 129 148 134 129 104 140 109 119 97 93 104 108 122 125 108 117 109 105 106 120 139 113 138 129 100 97 107 108 107 104 97 118 106 91 141 115 128 95 118 103 113 88 100 86 113 103 138 110 123 110 143 122 95 97 89 106 105 108 98 191 152 118 119 199 160 126 138 102 102 118 109 123 107 113 93 87 128 106 117 107 136 115 95 no 106 92 121 88 129 106 119 107 124 102 105 93 111 116 104 97 104 86 143 109 128 119 144 128 112 85 156 125 146 115 no 105 115 100 114 101 112 189 142 144 145 P rofessional and T echnical 3 Draftsmen, leader_________________________________ Draftsmen, senior_________________________________ Draftsmen, junior_________________________________ Nurses, industrial (registered) (w om en)................... ...... i These percentages show the relationship between straight-time average hourly earnings for selected occupations in establishments with total employ ment of 100 or more. In each such establishment studied, the average earn ings for men janitors was used as a base (100); average earnings for other occupations were converted to a percentage of that base. The median indicates the midpoint in the array of establishment percentages for the same occupation. establishment’s men janitors.2 Earnings of men janitors were assigned a base of 100, and average hourly earnings for workers in other classifications were converted to a percentage of that base. 3 Straight-time hourly earnings for office occupations were obtained by dividing weekly earnings by standard weekly hours for which straight-time salaries are paid. These were related to the janitors’ straight-time hourly earnings to obtain a ratio, thus enabling comparisons of both plant and office jobs. 3 The comparisons were made in establishments employing 100 or more workers that employed men janitors and workers in at least one of the other jobs studied; the number of establishments involved varied for d i f f e r e n t occupations. 4 The approximate wage relationship between any two occupations shown for the same region or industry grouping may be computed by using the percentages shown as absolute numbers. For example, as the median per centages for maintenance electricians and receiving clerks in manufacturing are 139 and 119, respectively, the average wage relationship of electricians to receiving clerks will be found to be 117 percent (139/119 X 100). https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 184 145 120 135 175 127 175 128 3 Transportation, communication, and other public utilities. 3 Limited to men workers except where otherwise indicated. 4 Finance, insurance, and real estate. N ote: Dashes indicate insufficient data to w arrant presentation Janitors were selected because they are employed in most establishments and because their position is at or near the bottom of the pay scale, Percentage differentials between wages of janitors and jobs averaging higher pay can be computed readily by subtracting 100 from the percentages shown in the accompanying tables. Establishment indexes for each occupation were arrayed for the United States and for each region and industry grouping for all of the estab lishments in which that occupation was found.3 The array medians (or mid-points) served to compare occupational differentials.4 Differences among establishments are shown in the accom panying chart as the range within which the middle 50 percent of the establishments fell. MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, DECEMBER 1963 1428 T a ble 2. O c cupational A v er a g e H ourly E a r n in g s as P er ce n t a g e s 1 of A v e r a g e s for M e n J a n it o r s for S elected I n d u s t r ie s in M etropo litan A r e a s , 196 1 -6 2 ______________________________________ Median establishment percentages forStandard Industrial Classifica Carpen tion Codea ters, main tenance Industry* M anufacturing Meat products..................................... ................................. Dairy products-------------------------- -------------------------Fluid milk....................................................................... Bakery products.---------------------------------------- ---------Beverage industries------------- ------ ---------------------------M alt liquors........................... ...................................... Paper mills, except building paper mills............................ Paperboard containers and boxes.----------------------------Newspapers: publishing and printing...................... ......... Commercial printing................................—......................... Industrial inorganic and organic chemicals........................ Petroleum refining................................. .............................. Glass and glassware, pressed or blown................ . . . . .. Blast furnaces, steel works, and rolling and fininshmg mills-------------------- ------------------------------------------Iron and steel foundries...................................................... Rolling, drawing and extruding of nonferrous m etals....... Fabricated structural metal products................................. Farm machinery and equipment----------------------------Construction, mining, and material-handling machinery and equipment--------------------- ------- --------------------Metalworking machinery and equipment------------------Special industry machinery (except metalworking).......... General industrial machinery and equipment.......... ........ Electric transmission and distribution equipment........... Electrical industrial apparatus--------------------------------Communication equipment------------ _------- ---------------Motor vehicles and motor vehicle equipment-------------Aircraft and parts............. - ................ - ............................... 201 Electri cians, main tenance 126 131 127 149 166 131 136 148 160 131 147 198 185 138 130 142 202 2026 205 208 2082 262 265 271 275 281 291 322 175 131 130 127 331 332 335 344 352 134 127 127 136 140 133 142 138 141 353 354 355 356 361 362 366 371 372 118 137 144 133 133 132 135 141 134 151 142 151 136 143 401 411 481 491 492 531 541 701 115 122 131 Machin Mechanics, Mechanics, main Engineers, ists, main (automo stationary tenance tive) main tenance tenance 135 137 150 142 138 169 171 131 133 159 147 160 129 148 196 163 134 129 156 131 143 139 137 137 137 Painters, main tenance 123 119 127 127 133 127 144 153 128 123 136 130 138 171 156 144 208 158 133 132 127 129 137 131 137 133 139 137 141 128 137 137 143 137 135 143 136 154 137 139 156 136 147 132 130 119 121 122 121 Ï32 136 128 149 152 118 128 145 129 125 N (^MANUFACTURING Railroads------------------------------------- ---------------------Local and suburban passenger transportation.................. Telephone communication (wire or radio).----------------Electric companies and systems-------------------- ----------Gas companies and systems------------------------------------Department stores------------------------------- ------- --------Grocery stores___________________________________ Hotels and motels....................... - ....................................... 150 1 See footnote 1, table 1. . , . ,, ,, , * The 1957 revised edition of the Standard Industrial Classification M anual was usod in classifying establishments by 3- and 4-digit industry groups. Nationwide Pay Relatives As shown in table 1, the differential for mainte nance electricians amounted to 96 percent in services and 88 percent in retail trade, compared with 34 and 39 percent, respectively, in public utilities and manufacturing. Interindustry differences in pay levels were much smaller between electricians than between janitors. Nationwide average hourly earnings drawn from the same surveys are shown below: Electricians, maintenance Janitors ____ ......... ......... Interindustry difference................... $3.09 3.14 2.91 3.03 3.16 2.81 .35 $2.03 1.96 1.73 1.41 1.67 1.54 .62 In view of the substantial differences among the industry divisions in the relative wage spread between the skilled trades and janitorial workers, https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 155 155 204 169 209 195 147 205 154 124 189 154 215 115 123 156 146 126 173 147 151 136 189 134 197 145 189 N ote : Dashes indicate insufficient data to warrant presentation. it is to be expected that pay relatives for inter mediate jobs would also vary substantially. Median pay relatives for truck drivers operating light delivery trucks ranged from 107 in wholesale trade to 130 in the service industries. Positioning of men in selected office and plant occupations on the same scale for the manufactur ing division is indicated below: Pay Relative Office 152-155.......... Senior draftsmen. 134-135......... Clerks, accounting, class A. Tabulating-machine operators, class A. 120...............- Payroll clerks. Plant Tool and die makers. Carpenters, maintenance. Pipefitters, maintenance, Truckdrivers, heavy (other than trailer). 100-101_____ Tabulating-machine operators. Elevator operators. Janitors. class C. With few exceptions, pay relatives for men exceeded those for women in the same jobs and industry division. Differences in length of service or experience and minor variations in duties and responsibilities may be reflected in these estimates. Furthermore, the median values relate to the pairing of each job with men janitors, and the 1429 OCCUPATIONAL WAGE RELATIONSHIPS IN METROPOLITAN AREAS medians for men and women are not drawn from the same array of establishments. Entry-level office workers (office boys and girls, clerks doing routine filing work) generally held a pay position below that of men janitors. Office workers in nonmanufacturing held a more favor able position, relative to janitor pay, than those in manufacturing. General stenographers, for example, had a pay relative of 100 in manufac turing and from 106 to 125 among the 5 non manufacturing divisions. Differentials also varied widely within each of the broad industry groups. Wage relationships are shown in table 2 for seven skilled trades in selected manufacturing and nonmanufacturing industries. The lowest medians for these trades in manufacturing were usually in petroleum re fining, paper mills, industrial chemicals, and in Relationships Between Earnings of Men Janitors and Maintenance Electricians, Selected Manufacturing Industries, A ll Metropolitan Areas, 1961-62 Median Percentage and Middle Range W ithin Which One-Half of Establishments Fell Men Janitors=IOO INDUSTRY Newspapers: 100 publishing and printing Commercial printing Malt liquors Electric transmission and distribution equipment Communication equipment Paperboard containers and boxes A irc raft end parts Glass and glassware, pressed or blown Farm machinery and equipment Blast furnaces, steel works, and rolling and finishing mills Iron and steel foundries Industrial organic and inorganic chemicals Bakery products Motor vehicles and motor-vehicle equipment General industrial machinery and equipment Construction, mining, cind materials handling machinery and equipment Paper mills (except building paper) Meat products Petroleum refining https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, DECEMBER 1963 1430 firms manufacturing dairy products. The greatest spreads among the manufacturing firms were recorded in newspaper publishing and printing and in the malt liquor establishments. Overall, the smallest wage differentials were found in railroads and the greatest in hotels and motels. Average earnings for carpenters in railroads were only 15 percent above the rates for janitors. In hotels and motels, the earnings of carpenters were more than double (109 percent) the earnings of men janitors. Among the seven jobs for which relationships are shown in table 2, differences between the lowest and highest industry medians ranged from 52 points for automotive mechanics to 96 points for stationary engineers. Industries with a high degree of interplant simi larity in wage differentials were meatpacking, petroleum refining, basic steel, motor vehicles, and railroads. Greatest variations occurred in malt liquors, newspapers, commercial printing, department stores, and hotels and motels. T a b l e 3. as One of the factors to be considered in com paring the pattern of occupational wage relation ships between industries is the type of collective bargaining employed. More uniform wage rela tionships usually result when interplant bargain ing is industrywide, rather than with individual employers; and a more systematic structure is typically found within establishments when bargaining is with one organization. Regional Pay Relatives As shown in table 3, average skill differentials in metropolitan areas did not vary greatly from one region to another except that in the South they were much greater than elsewhere. Average earnings for workers in the maintenance trades and office clerical jobs in the South compared more favorably with prevailing levels in other regions than did rates for man janitors. The following tabulation presents pay levels for these O c cupational A vera g e H ourly E a r n in g s in M a n u fa c t u r in g a n d N o n m a n u fa c t u r in g E st a b l ish m e n t s P er cen ta g es 1 of A v er a g es for M en J a nit o r s in M etropo litan A r e a s , by R e g io n ,2 1 9 61-62 Median establishment percentages in— Manufacturing Sex and occupation M aintenance and and South North Central 133 140 137 119 111 139 142 129 137 134 111 126 134 138 134 154 141 148 142 117 113 147 148 139 148 141 113 131 139 145 139 159 130 136 135 119 114 136 141 129 134 131 112 127 131 132 133 154 136 139 137 120 111 143 143 132 135 136 111 129 133 100 105 105 112 112 118 126 111 102 113 109 126 138 104 105 110 108 117 124 105 105 108 107 119 121 115 120 132 120 114 115 124 119 110 108 100 121 124 132 109 100 110 112 120 118 110 108 100 96 100 98 102 95 100 100 West M en 134 156 111 118 111 109 100 Women Elevator operators, passenger____ _ ___________ _______________________ Janitors, porters, and cleaners__________ ___ _____________________________ Packers, shipping______________________________________________ ______ https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis South North Central 151 148 153 134 111 184 193 201 127 121 170 163 172 131 118 144 143 141 172 166 169 140 146 142 146 148 138 123 189 167 143 176 172 100 105 106 115 108 121 132 100 121 106 114 108 136 135 100 110 112 118 112 124 128 100 114 114 117 104 125 130 129 134 146 141 119 114 122 147 117 126 133 116 101 101 120 135 145 147 126 108 100 92 88 92 96 95 101 87 87 96 90 94 West 170 155 168 109 145 M aterial M ovement Elevator operators, passenger___________________________________________ Guards _____ _________________________________________________ Laborers, material handling_______________________________ ____________ Order fillers. _______ _ . . _________________________ - _____ - - _____ Packers, shipping.. ________________________ ________________________ Receiving clerks _ ___________________________________________________ Shipping clerks _ _ _____ __________________________ _______ _______ Truckdrivers; Truckdrivers, light (under A tons)___________________________________ Truckdriversj medium (1A to and including 4 tons)_____________________ Truckdrivers, heavy (over 4 tons, trailer type)________ _______________ Truckdrivers! heavy (over 4 tons! other than trailer type)_______ _______ Truckers, power (forklift)___ _ _ _____________________________________ Truckers, power (other than f o r k l i f t ) „ „ Watchmen _____ ______________________ . . . . _____________________ See footnotes at end of table. North east P ower P lant 3 Carpenters, maintenance___________ _______________________________ -Electricians, maintenance_____________________________________ ________ Engineers, stationary__ _______________________________________________ Firemen, stationary boiler______________________________________________ Helpers, maintenance trades____________________________________________ Machine-tool operators, toolroom _____ ____ _ _ ___ ... Machinists, maintenance_________ _____________________________________ Mechanics, automative (maintenance)_______ __________________________ Mechanics, maintenance_______________________________________________ Millwrights _ ________________________________________________ Oilers . _ ____________________________________________________ Painters, m aintenance._____________ _________________________________ Pipefitters, maintenance___________________________ _________________ . Plumbers, maintenance________________________________________________ Sheet-metal workers, maintenance_______________________________________ Tool and die m akers... _________ ___________________ ________________ Custodial N onmanufacturing North east 115 100 1431 OCCUPATIONAL WAGE RELATIONSHIPS IN METROPOLITAN AREAS T a b l e 3. O c c u p a t io n a l A v e r a g e H o u r l y E a r n i n g s a s P e r c e n t a g e s 1 o f A v e r a g e s f o r M e n J a n it o r s in in M a n u f a c t u r in g a n d N o n m a n u f a c t u r in g E s t a b l is h m e n t s M e t r o p o l it a n A r e a s , b y R e g i o n ,2 1961-62— Continued Median establishment percentages in— Manufacturing Sex and occupation North east South North Central 136 104 136 119 80 135 114 100 150 122 139 134 92 154 132 117 133 106 130 119 80 132 113 100 103 108 120 104 123 103 100 88 87 108 111 102 91 101 93 82 126 103 112 106 128 113 105 97 97 92 117 126 139 117 137 116 114 104 91 120 122 114 98 109 104 83 138 113 122 111 137 117 114 108 100 102 90 113 98 119 97 95 86 80 102 107 91 84 100 86 76 117 94 103 95 122 111 98 91 94 84 197 159 119 121 221 168 131 129 181 146 114 112 N onmanufacturing North east South North Central 126 103 126 110 85 131 113 141 117 124 134 89 145 128 104 165 129 150 133 100 181 149 127 143 115 140 123 93 146 123 105 106 91 96 86 104 109 132 103 129 107 110 94 88 96 120 108 101 108 99 81 135 106 117 111 135 116 99 100 107 95 117 119 139 121 156 125 123 106 101 115 138 117 105 129 112 100 154 120 145 122 160 131 121 117 123 109 96 107 117 103 129 105 109 88 81 95 119 103 96 106 99 82 130 102 117 105 134 123 104 103 103 92 174 143 117 121 207 160 124 137 238 179 140 166 188 148 122 133 West West O f f ic e C ler ic al M en Clerks, accounting, class A___ ____ Clerks, accounting, class B ___ . . _ _ Clerks, order_______________ _________________ Clerks, payroll___________ _______________________ . _ Office boys_____ _____________ __ ___________ Tabulating-machine operators, class A........ .................................._ Tabulating-machine operators, class B____ _____ _____ __ ____ Tabulating-machine operators, class 0 _____ _ ............. . ____ 127 113 122 91 150 128 Women Billers, machine (billing machine)___________ ________ ___________ Billers, machine (bookkeeping m achine).. _ Bookkeeping-machine operators, class A Bookkeeping-machine operators, class B __ _____ . . . . . Clerks, accounting, class A_____ . . . . . . __ Clerks, accounting, class B ___ . . . . _ Clerks, file, class A........... ............. . ____ __ Clerks, file, class B____. . . . . . ... . . Clerks, file, class C .. ______. . . Clerks, order___ ____________________ Clerks, payroll_____ _______ ___________________ Comptometer operators______ _ _ ______________ Duplicating-machine operators (Mimeograph or Ditto)______ Keypunch operators, class A____ ____ .............. __ ___ ________ Keypunch operators, class B __________ . . . . . ______ Office girls... . . . . _____ _____ Secretaries______________ __________ . . . . . . _____ __________ Stenographers, general________ _______ _ _ . . . . . . . Stenographers, senior _ ___ . ______ _ . ____ . . ___ _ Switchboard operator—recep tio n ists...____ ___ _______ Tabulating-machine operators, class A____ __ . . . . . . . ____ Tabulating-machine operators! class B ____ _______ ____ _ ..................... Tabulating-machine operators, class C____ ___ . . ___ ________ Transcribing-machine operators, general.____ _ . _______ . . . Typists, class A___ . _ . . . . Typists, class B __ . ________ _ . . . _ _ ____ P rofessional and T echnical8 Draftsmen, leader______ _________ Draftsmen! senior............. ........ ...... _ _ Draftsmen, junior__ _ __ . . __________ _ N u r s e s , in d u s tr ia l ('registered') ('women') 114 96 120 99 91 101 108 93 94 100 89 73 115 95 107 95 113 98 95 113 109 125 102 104 87 88 95 121 99 106 98 84 126 103 114 96 110 97 102 88 143 131 1 See footnote 1, table 1. 2 The regions are defined as follows: Northeast— Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South —Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; North Central— Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West—Arizona, California, Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. 8 Limited to men workers except where otherwise indicated. N ote: Dashes indicate insufficient data to warrant presentation. three groups in each of the regions, expressed as percentages of national all-industry pay levels.5 The greater differentials in the South are trace able to the lower rates paid to janitors. percent in 1945-47, and 37 percent in 1953.6 Limiting the comparisons to the same areas and jobs as were used in 1953, the skill differential averaged 37 percent in the current study.7 The 1953 report suggested that the problem of main taining skill differentials was being increasingly recognized in labor-management negotiations, and the period of stability since then measures the extent to which such differentials have been maintained. Percent of nationwide average North North east South Central West Office clerical workers. ... . Skilled maintenance workers__ Janitors (men) _ __ ____ 99 96 101 93 96 78 102 103 109 106 105 108 Long Term Trends After a long period of narrowing differentials, percentage differences in pay between skilled and unskilled jobs in manufacturing industries have remained about the same over the last decade. Earlier Bureau studies have noted a decline from 105 percent in 1907 to 80 percent in 1931-32, 55 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis — D o n a l d J. B lack m o re Division of Occupational Pay 5 Based on aggregates obtained by multiplying occupational averages for 19 office jobs and, in the case of skilled maintenance, for 8 trades by the nation wide employment in each job. 6 See “ Occupational Wage Differentials, 1907-1947,” M onthly Labor Review, August 1948 (p. 127), and “ Occupational Wage Relationships in Manufactur ing,” Monthly Labor Review, November 1953 (p. 1171). 7 These estimates relate to the median in an array of citywide average differentials between 12 skilled jobs and janitors in manufacturing. 1432 Workmen’s Compensation Enactments in 1963 M ore than 200 amendments in 46 States were made to workmen’s compensation laws in 1963. Of special significance were amendments providing unlimited benefits for total disability in New Hampshire; full medical benefits in Iowa; broad subsequent injury coverage in Arizona and Mary land; removal of time limits for compensability in cases of occupational diseases in Missouri and Nebraska, and in cases of radiation-induced dis ability in Iowa and South Carolina. In all, 23 States raised cash benefits, 15 strengthened medi cal provisions, 3 increased rehabilitation benefits, 7 liberalized time limits for filing claims, and numerous States extended coverage to additional occupations or groups of workers, such as specified public employees or hazardous occupations. Cash Benefits Of the 23 States which raised cash benefits, 17 did so for all types of disability and for death. The remaining six—Nevada, North Dakota, Oklahoma, Ohio, Massachusetts, and New Mexico— raised some types of benefits but not all. Colorado reduced benefits to some extent by re pealing the provision for a lump-sum payment in case of remarriage of the widow or widower of a deceased employee. Altogether, 22 States raised maximum weekly benefits for the most common type of disability— temporary total—as shown in the table. Weekly increases ranged from $1.50 to $3.50 in 13 States, up to $6 in Iowa, and to $7 in Georgia and (for the first 12 weeks) in Ohio. The laws of 16 States and the District of Columbia, as well as the Federal Employees’ Compensation Act and the Longshoremen’s and Harbor Workers’ Com pensation Act now allow maximum benefits for temporary total disability of $55 or more a week; 19 pay $40 or more but less than $55, and 15 and Puerto Rico pay less than $40. A new provision in Rhode Island made the amount of benefits contingent upon whether the worker is receiving benefits under the State temporary disability insurance law. If he is, his workmen’s compensation benefits remain un changed ($40 maximum), but if he has exhausted https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, DECEMBER 1963 or is not entitled to temporary disability in surance payments, the maximum is raised to $45, plus $3 for each dependent child up to a total of $12. Colorado also made the amount of its benefits contingent upon whether the worker is getting certain other benefits. If periodic disability benefits are payable to a worker under the Federal old-age, survivors, and disability insurance pro gram, his workmen’s compensation weekly bene fits are reduced (but not below zero) by an amount approximating one-half the Federal benefits for a given week. If disability benefits are payable under an employer pension plan, workmen’s com pensation benefits shall be reduced proportion ately to the employer’s total contributions to the plan. Minimum weekly benefits were set for the first time in Arizona—$30 for total disability, $25.38 for permanent partial disability, and $16.15 to $30.77 for death, applicable to persons 21 years of age or over. Weekly minimums were raised in 10 States for one or more types of disability, usually by $2 or $3, although Nebraska raised its by $6 and Alabama by $10. Hawaii raised its minimum from $18 to $35 for schedule injuries. On the other hand, New Hampshire lowered its minimum from $20 to $15. Where aggregate totals are set by law, 13 States raised them for one or more types of disability. New Hampshire removed its maximum of 341 weeks and $14,322 for total disability, to provide that after benefits have been paid for 6 years they may be continued by annual determination of the labor commissioner. Five States made changes in the number of weeks that payments may be made for schedule injuries. Georgia extended the benefit period for loss of one hand, one foot, or hearing in one ear by 10 weeks each, and payments in such cases may now be made for 160, 135, and 60 weeks, respectively. Alabama extended the duration of benefits for about half of its schedule injuries, and Rhode Island for most of its schedule. In cluded in such changes were increases in benefit weeks for the loss of a foot, which was raised to 139 weeks in Alabama and to 205 in Rhode Island; loss of one eye, raised to 124 in Alabama and to 160 in Rhode Island; and loss of hearing in both ears, to 163 in Alabama and to 200 in Rhode Island. In Indiana, the only change was 1433 WORKMEN’S COMPENSATION ENACTMENTS IN 1963 in connection with loss of sight. For loss of vision by enucleation of one eye, 175 weeks is now provided; for less than total enucleation, compensation is to be paid for a period propor tional to the degree of permanent reduction of sight. In New Hampshire, certain injuries formerly deemed by the law to be permanent total have been added to the list of schedule permanent par tial injuries. These are loss of sight in both eyes, loss of both feet, loss of both hands, and loss of one foot plus one hand. The period of payments for all these injuries has been set at 341 weeks, whereas permanent total benefits are limited to 312 weeks, but with further payments as deter mined by the labor commissioner. Nine States raised burial benefits. Georgia, Tennessee, New Mexico, and Wisconsin increased theirs from $350 to $500, Iowa and Vermont from $300 to $500, Nebraska from $350 to $400, In diana from $500 to $750, and New Hampshire from $500 to $800. Now the laws of 34 States and the Federal Employees’ Compensation Act pro vide for burial benefits of $500 or more. In Georgia, the former limitation of $100 for burial expenses if the worker died from an occupational disease was eliminated, and the new $500 maxi mum applies both in cases of accident and occu pational disease. A Rhode Island amendment granted triple rather than double compensation to a minor in jured while illegally employed. By amending their waiting periods, Georgia and Maine provided for additional benefits to workers in some cases. Benefits are now payable from the first day of incapacity if the disability continues for 21 days in Maine, and 28 days in Georgia. Medical Benefits and Rehabilitation Fifteen States strengthened the medical benefit provisions of them compensation laws in 1963. An Iowa amendment providing for full, rather than limited, medical benefits brought to 38 the number of States—in addition to the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, and the two Federal stat utes—that provide unlimited benefits. The Iowa amendment raised the initial benefits from $3,000 to $7,500, with further payments to be made if the labor commissioner deems them necessary. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis M a x im u m W e e k l y T em po r a r y T otal D B e n e f i t s I n c r e a s e d in 1963 State Former maximum Alabama______ Colorado______ Georgia......... . Idaho.................. Indiana_______ Iowa................... Kansas............... Maine________ Massachusetts- $33.00 40.25 30.00 2 28.00-48.00 39.00 2 32.00-44.00 38.00 39.00 50.00 plus $6.00 for each child. 1 3 7 .0 0 -.._____________ l 27.50________________ 2 41.25-57.12 42.00 35.00 2 42.00-57.00 49.00 Nevada......... . NewHampshire. North CarolinaNorth D akota... Ohio................... Oklahoma_____ Rhode Island— South D akota... Tennessee........... U ta h ................ Vermont______ Wisconsin.......... 35.00 40.00 35.00 34.00 239.00-52.75 36.00 plus $2. 00 for each child. 60.00 is a b il it y New maximum $38.00 i 43. 75 37.00 2 32.00-52.00 42.00 2 34.00-50.00 42.00 42.00 53.00 plus $6.00 for each child. 40.00 first 300 weeks 32.00 thereafter 45. OO- 2 62.31 45.00 37.50 2 45.00-60.00 56.00 first 12 weeks (there after same as before, $49.00). 37. 50 3 4 5.00-57.00 plus $3.00 for each child up to a total of $12 . 00. 38.00 36.00 2 40.00-54.25 39.00 plus $2.50 for each child. 64.00 1 This amount is reduced if the employee receives certain other disability benefits. 2 Including dependents. 3 Applies only if the worker is not getting benefits under the Temporary Total Disability Act. It also added the services of special nurses, pros thetic devices, and ambulance charges to the medical benefits under the law. Georgia elimi nated the $500 limitation on medical benefits in cases of occupational diseases, so that now these benefits equal those for accidental injuries. New Hampshire extended to 6 months the initial period for medical benefits, after which the labor commissioner may extend the period. The Florida, Indiana, and Maine statutes now provide unlimited benefits; formerly these three States had full benefits, but limited the initial period of time or the monetary benefits, with additional services authorized in individual cases by the commissioner. Previously, Florida pro vided an initial amount of $1,000; Indiana, a period of 180 days; and Maine, 30 days and $100. In Indiana, the employer is now required also to pay necessary travel expenses to an employee who must go to another county for treatment. Of the 12 States that now limit medical bene fits during 1963, 7 increased either the period of time during which benefits may be paid, or the monetary amounts, or both. Alabama extended the time to 2 years, and the amount to $2,400; Kansas eliminated its time limitation and raised the monetary benefits to $6,000. Colorado raised its initial benefits to $2,500, and permitted an 1434 additional amount—up to $1,000—if the Indus trial Commission finds that the employee’s con dition would thus be materially improved. South Dakota raised its initial amount to $1,700 and the additional amount to $1,200. Tennessee spec ified that in addition to the $1,800 already per mitted, an extra $700 may be awarded for “un usual medical expenses.” Georgia increased the initial sum to $2,000 and the additional sum to $500. New Mexico raised the monetary benefits to $3,000, and also removed the former limitation of $250 for a hernia operation. An Alaska amendment added eye glasses, hear ing aids, dentures, and similar devices and appli ances to the list of prosthetic devices that may be furnished an injured worker. Alaska and New Mexico added dentists and optometrists to the definition of doctor. Hawaii provided for free choice of a physician where the services of a specialist are needed, and Illinois authorized the services of an accredited practitioner of a recognized church if the em ployee and his employer so agree in writing and the employee submits to all physical examinations required under the law. Hawaii, Utah, and Alaska increased rehabilita tion benefits. Hawaii added necessary traveling expenses, living expenses up to $35 a week, and the cost of books, tuition, and necessary training equipment up to a total of $5,000 per person—all to be allowed if the person is demonstrating coopera tion and satisfactory progress. Utah raised from $39 to $40 the weekly payment during the 10 weeks an employee suffering from an occupational disease is in active rehabilitation training; it also increased the amount from $735 to $753 to be paid toward the rehabilitation of a person per manently and totally disabled, whether from acci dent or disease. The Alaska amendment provided additional benefits up to one-half of those allowed for temporary total disability for workers being rehabilitated who are no longer entitled to temporary benefits. Coverage Several States extended coverage of their work men’s compensation law to various categories of public employees or those under public supervi https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, DECEMBER 1963 sion. For instance, Colorado and Montana ex tended such coverage to recipients of general relief who are performing work on county or city proj ects; Oregon, to prison inmates injured while em ployed on authorized work projects; California, to persons—including prisoners—engaged in fight ing a fire at the request of a public officer, and persons engaged in law enforcement activities or in assisting any peace officer; Wisconsin, to mem bers of any legally organized rescue squad; Iowa, to the county board of education; and West Virginia, to employees of county development authorities. A special Oregon act provided coverage for mentally retarded minors who are injured or killed while participating in a special on-the-job training program of the school district in which they are enrolled. Benefits to such minors or their beneficiaries will be paid in the same manner as to injured workmen. However, no benefits will be paid for temporary partial disability, and the maximum amount payable for any one claim may not exceed $7,500, including medical expenses and rehabilitation. A special injury fund was created to provide payments under this act, with an appropriation of $15,000. North Carolina and Arkansas added to coverage under their laws exposure to ionizing radiation, in addition to the previously covered X-rays and radioactive substances. North Carolina also added to its schedule coverage infection or inflam mation of any internal or external organs of the body due to irritating oils, cutting compounds, or similar substances. Wyoming added certain categories of employees to the list of extra-hazardous occupations for which compulsory coverage is provided, including driver license examiners and field supervisors of the motor vehicle department; sanitary engineers of the public health department; public health nurses and public school nurses; and professional nurses employed in hospitals (exclusive of private duty nurses). Nevada added a provision that a person engaged in selling or delivering newspapers and periodicals directly to the public, acting under the control of a publisher or distributor, shall be deemed an employee of such publisher or distributor for purposes of the workmen’s compensation act. WORKMEN’S COMPENSATION ENACTMENTS IN 1963 Occupational Diseases A number of States made changes applying specifically to occupational diseases. Colorado increased compensation for death or disability re sulting from an occupational disease. For in stance, the maximum for partial disability was increased from $2,500 to $2,717.36, and the maxi mum in cases where an occupational disease re sults in two or more disabilities was increased from $5,000 to $5,434.78. The maximum compensation for silicosis and asbestosis was increased from $4,000 to $6,000 in Vermont payable at the end of a transitional period. During the transition, such benefits start at $400 and increase by $50 each month up to a maximum of $6,000. The act also deleted the former maximum of $2,000 payable to persons signing waivers for occupational diseases, and pro vided instead that compensation payable shall not exceed 60 percent of the total benefits payable under this act. Until July 1, 1965, supplemental compensation up to $3,000 may be paid under the Nevada law to claimants or dependents who have received the maximum benefits payable for disability or death from silicosis. Nebraska and Missouri removed requirements that to be compensable, death—and in Nebraska, disability also—due to occupational diseases must occur within a specified time period following the injury. Iowa and South Carolina deleted similar limitations for disability and death due to ionizing radiation. Time Limits for Filing Radiation Claims Seven States liberalized time limits for filing radiation claims. Four States based the new time limit on knowledge of the disablement: Georgia, Kansas, and North Carolina set 1 year, and Arkansas 2 years, from the date the employee first suffered disability and either knew or should have known that the disease was caused by his present or prior employment. Arkansas and Kansas also exempted radiation diseases from the requirement that the disability due to an occupational disease had to manifest itself within 1 year after the last exposure. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1435 The other three States made other changes affecting the time limits for filing claims. South Carolina exempted radiation claims from the time limit of 1 year from last exposure applying to other occupational diseases. Wisconsin removed the 25-year limitation previously set for the right to apply for radiation compensation, retaining the time limit for claims of 2 years from knowledge. Under an Illinois amendment, an employee now has 15 years after the last exposure in which to file a claim for radiation injury. Another Illinois amendment made radiation disease compensable if it occurs within 15 years after last exposure, retaining the time limit for filing claim of 1 year after disablement. Subsequent Injury Fund and Other Amendments Maryland and Arizona changed their sub sequent injury coverage from limited to broad coverage. The preexisting injury in both States now includes any impairment due to a disease or disabling condition whether or not caused by an industrial injury. The combined disability in Arizona must be permanent total disability or a continuing disability equal to 40 percent or more of general functional disability, and in Maryland permanent disability substantially greater than would have resulted from the subsequent injury alone and which exceeds 50 percent of the body as a whole. Idaho and Washington legislatures authorized reciprocal agreements with other States and the Provinces of Canada regarding workmen’s com pensation claims when the injury is suffered in another State or a Province. Washington made an appropriation of up to $1,750,000 from its accident and medical aid funds to establish at the University of Washington School of Medicine an occupational and environ mental research facility for testing, training, and other services in the fields of industrial health, the prevention of occupational disease, the promo tion of safer working environments, and the dissemination of information. -—N o r e n e M. D ia m o n d Bureau of Labor Standards 1436 Earnings in the Dress Manufacturing Industry, March-April 1963 A verage straight- time hourly earnings of production workers in women's and misses' dress manufacturing shops ranged from $2.49 in New York City to $1.50 in Dallas, among the 12 im portant dress manufacturing areas studied by the Bureau of Labor Statistics in March-April 1963.1 These 12 areas accounted for about 93,000 pro duction workers; nearly three-fifths of these were employed in New York City.2 Individual earnings in each area were widely dispersed, reflecting such industry characteristics as the extensive use of incentive wage systems and differences in types of work. Earnings informa tion was obtained separately for selected occupa tions. Approximately nine-tenths of the production workers covered by the study were employed in shops having agreements with the International Ladies’ Garment Workers' Union. These agree ments included provisions for paid vacations, paid holidays, various types of health and welfare benefits, and retirement pension plans. Earnings Average hourly earnings were highest in New York City ($2.49) and exceeded $2 in four addi tional areas—Boston, Los Angeles-Long Beach, Newark and Jersey City, and Paterson-CliftonPassaic. (See table 1.) Earnings averaged $1.50 an hour in Dallas, $1.54 in Cleveland, and ranged from $1.73 to $1.96 in the remaining five areas.3 Variations in area wage averages for production workers were partly due to differences in manufac turing methods and processes. For example, in 4 of the 5 areas with average earnings over $2 an hour, a large majority of the workers were em ployed in shops using the single-hand (tailor) system of sewing;4 the section system was pre dominant in both Dallas and Cleveland, the areas with lowest average earnings. Contract shops which manufacture dresses from materials owned by others accounted for twothirds of the workers in New York City and ninetenths or more in Fall River and New Bedford, Newark and Jersey City, Paterson-Clifton-Pas https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, DECEMBER 1963 saic, and Wilkes-Barre-Hazleton areas. In each of the other areas studied, regular (inside) shops were predominant. In New York City, the only area for which data were tabulated separately for the two types of shops, workers in contract shops averaged $2.39 an hour, compared with $2.68 in regular shops. Approximately three-fourths of the workers in the dress manufacturing industry in New York City were women; in the other areas studied, the proportions ranged from five-sixths in Boston to more than nine-tenths in six other areas. Men's average earnings exceeded women's earnings by amounts varying from more than 60 percent in two areas to less than 10 percent in two other areas. Men were usually employed as cutters and markers, pressers, and in the custodial and main tenance jobs, while sewing operations were largely performed by women. Incentive-paid workers (nearly always individ ual piecework) accounted for almost two-thirds of the production workers in the 12 areas studied. The proportion of workers paid on this basis varied from slightly more than one-half in Boston to fourfifths in Paterson-Clifton-Passaic and in most other areas was within a range of three-fifths to seven-tenths. Earnings of individual workers were widely dis persed in each area and, as indicated in table 2, the proportion of workers at different earnings levels differed among the areas. For example, a fourth of the workers in New York City received $3 an hour or more, and less than 3 percent re ceived under $1.25, whereas in Cleveland and Dallas, the proportions were almost the reverse. Sewing machine operators accounted for approx imately half of the production workers in eight areas; in Fall River and New Bedford, Newark • The survey included establishments primarily engaged in manufacturing women’s, misses’, and Juniors’ dresses, except house dresses (part of industry 2335, as defined in the 1957 edition of the Standard Industrial Classification M anual prepared by the U.S. Bureau of the Budget). Establishments with fewer than eight workers were excluded. The term “ production workers,” as used in this study, includes working foremen and all nonsupervisory workers engaged in nonoffice functions. Administrative, executive, and professional workers were excluded. A more comprehensive account of the study will be presented in a forth coming BLS bulletin. Individual area releases are available on request. 3 For definition of areas, see footnote 2, table 1. 3 At the time of the Bureau’s previous study, in August 1960, average hourly earnings in the 12 areas ranged from $1.39 in Dallas to $2.48 in New York City. See “ Wages in the Dress Manufacturing Industry, August 1960,” Monthly Labor Review, July 1961, pp. 743-748. 4 In the single-hand (tailor) system of sewing, a sewing machine operator performs all or most of the sewing operations required on a garment; section system operators sew a specific part (o, parts) of a garment 1437 EARNINGS IN THE DRESS MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY higher than the average for section-system oper ators. Cutters and markers, an occupation predomi nantly composed of men and paid on a time-rate basis, had the highest earnings among the occu pations for which data are shown in most areas. Their average earnings ranged from $2.07 an hour in Dallas to $3.51 in Paterson-Clifton-Passaic. Thread trimmers, nearly all women, usually had the lowest average hourly earnings, ranging from $1.23 in Dallas to $1.72 in St. Louis. Earnings of individual workers varied greatly within the same job and area, especially among and Jersey City, P'aterson-Clifton-Passaic, and Wilkes-Barre-Hazleton, three-fifths or more were employed in this occupation. Average hourly earnings of single-hand system operators ranged from $1.51 in Cleveland to $2.49 in New York City; earnings of section-system operators ranged from $1.49 in Cleveland to $2.40 in PatersonClifton-Passaic. In New York City, single-hand (tailor) system operators averaged 29 cents an hour more than section-system operators; in most of the other areas for which data are shown for both types of operators, average hourly earnings of single-hand system operators were at least 20 cents T a b l e 1. N u m b e r a n d A v e r a g e S t r a ig h t - T im e H o u r l y E a r n i n g s 1 o f W o r k e r s i n S e l e c t e d P r o d u c t io n O c c u p a t io n s i n W o m e n ’ s a n d M i s s e s ’ D r e s s M a n u f a c t u r in g E s t a b l i s h m e n t s , 12 S e l e c t e d A r e a s ,2 M a r c h - A p r i l 1963 Boston Chicago Cleveland Fall River and New Bedford Dallas Los AngelesLong Beach Newark and Jersey City Occupation A ll production workers___________ M en____ _______ ___________ W omen.._____ ______________ Workers Earn ings 1 Work ers Earn ings 1 Work ers Earn ings 1 Work ers Earn ings 1 Work ers Earn ings 1 Work ers Earn ings 1 Work ers 2,073 342 1,731 $2 .1 1 3.12 1.91 2,753 402 2, 351 $1.96 2.74 1.82 723 73 650 $1.54 2.03 1.49 2,650 233 2, 417 $1.50 1.78 1.47 5, 560 335 5,225 $1.77 5,812 675 5,137 $2.01 2.62 1.93 4,492 299 4,193 $2.07 3.07 99 $3.19 1.45 3.39 3. 77 1.59 175 38 216 $3.08 1.77 36 $2.41 110 2.68 55 1.51 $3.26 1.46 3. 38 7 1.38 85 $2.64 1.34 1.93 2.27 1.39 36 95 350 1.82 33 69 528 36 162 316 95 427 225 $2.07 1.25 1.45 1.72 1.37 $3.15 135 16 149 507 1.66 317 1.63 285 1.93 699 1.71 324 1.49 1,269 1.51 3,385 1.89 429 1.84 1,938 2.05 643 42 23 2.27 1.38 1.43 682 44 38 2.07 1.46 1.44 72 26 1.51 1.40 1.48 106 52 55 1.68 470 133 1.37 1.46 2,288 213 2.09 1.27 1.46 858 249 2.33 1.35 1.88 1.76 Earn ings 1 2.00 Selected Occupations > Cutters and m ark ers____________ Inspectors, final (examiners) Pressers, hand_____________ _____ Pressprs machina Sewers, hand___ _____ __________ Sewing machine operators, section system.......................................— Sewing machine operators, singlehand (tailor) system Thread trimmers (cleaners)_______ Work distributors........... ............ 21 22 New York City All shops Regular shops 4 Contract shops 104 204 22 1.23 1.36 PatersonClifton-Passaic Philadelphia 8 1.66 2.28 St. Louis Wilkes-BarreHazleton Earnings 1 Workers Earnings 1 Workers Earnings 1 Workers Earnings 1 Workers Earnings 1 Workers Earnings 1 Workers Earnings 1 Workers 53,171 M en..................... ........................ 13, 021 Women...... .................................. 40,150 $2. 49 3. 27 2.24 18,183 8,380 9,803 $2.68 2.95 2.45 34, 988 4. 641 30, 347 $2.39 3.84 2.17 2,001 200 $2.37 4.33 2.15 4, 323 520 3,803 $1.93 2.42 1.87 2,240 207 2,033 $1.89 2.33 1.84 6, 561 3,745 1.055 3,594 78 5,149 $3.38 1.72 4. 55 5. 77 1.80 3, 418 558 615 42 1,067 $3.37 1.83 4.60 6.96 2.04 327 497 2,979 $3.46 1.60 4.54 25 164 11 $3. 51 1.59 4.59 197 127 321 $3.17 1.51 2.28 90 47 138 4,082 1.73 168 1.63 201 1.56 95 $2.83 1.55 2.32 1.85 1.64 168 1.48 2,324 2.20 2,066 2.18 388 2.40 2,117 1.91 921 1.95 4,231 1.79 24 32ß 1,641 160 2.49 1.42 1.56 20,185 1,360 2.40 1.41 1.52 945 94 2.29 1.39 288 153 2.14 1.46 1.44 207 44 60 2.19 1.72 1.44 450 1.36 1.49 A ll production workers....................... 1,801 7,110 549 $1.73 1.82 1.72 80 69 505 $2.45 1. 39 Selected Occupations » Cutters and markers___ __________ Inspectors, final (examiners)_______ Pressers, h a n d .___ _____________ Sewers, hand____________________ Sewing machine operators, section s y s te m ______________________ Sewing machine operators, singleThread trimmers (cleaners)............... Work distributors......... .................. . 4 141 281 40 2.93 1.46 1.65 i Excludes premium pay for overtime and for work on weekends, holidays, and late shifts. » Standard Metropolitan Statistical Areas as defined by the Bureau of the Budget, except: Chicago (Cook County, 111.); New York City (the 5 boroughs); and Philadelphia (Philadelphia and Delaware Counties, Pa., and Camden County, N.J.). The Fall River and New Bedford and Newark and Jersey City areas are combinations of Standard Metropolitan Statistical Areas. s Data relate to all workers in the selected occupations. Cutters and markers in all areas and pressers in a few areas, were predominantly men; https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 120 21 10 102 2.22 women were predominant in the remaining occupations shown. The forth coming bulletin will include separate wage data for men and women in these occupations wherever publication criteria are met. «Includes jobbing shops performing some manufacturing operations, such as cutting and packing and shipping, in addition to regular (inside) shops. N ote : Dashes indicate no data reported or data that do not meet publi cation criteria. 1438 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, DECEMBER 1963 T able 2. P e r c en t D ist r ib u t io n of A ll P roduction W orkers in W om en ’s and M is s e s ’ D r e ss M a n u fa c tur ing E st a b l ish m e n t s , b y A v erage S tr aigh t T ime H o urly E a r n in g s ,1 12 S elec ted A r e a s ,2 M arch - A pril 1963 Percent of workers receiving hourly earnings Area 2 $1.25 $1.50 $2.00 $2.50 Under and and and and $1.25 under under under under $1.50 $2.00 $2.50 $3.00 Boston________ ______ ____ C h i c a g o . _______________ Cleveland_____ _______ _ Dallas____________________ Fall River and New BedfordLos Angeles-Long Beach____ Newark and Jersey City____ New York City...................... Paterson-C lifton-Passaic____ Philadelphia______________ St. L ouis.. ______________ Wilkes-Barre-Hazleton........... 7.1 4.4 20.0 22.4 4.7 8.3 6.2 2.3 1.3 3.9 3.3 7.2 21.8 22.7 39.6 37.6 32.6 17.3 22.9 11.7 10.9 28.0 23.8 37.2 26.6 36.3 28.2 29.3 36.8 32.4 29.6 25.0 28.8 33.0 39.9 32.4 19.2 19.4 6.7 8.4 16.7 18.5 17.6 19.2 24.3 17.0 18.5 15.6 12.4 8.9 4.7 1.8 6.6 12.0 10.5 15.6 18.8 9.6 9.8 4.9 $3.00 and over 12.7 8.2 .9 .5 2.7 11.4 13.2 26.0 14.9 8.5 5.0 2.9 i See footnote 1, table 1. 2See footnote 2, table 1. N ote: Because of rounding, sums of individual items m ay not equal 100. piecework jobs. The following tabulation indi cates the number of incentive-paid women sewing machine operators, single-hand system, in New York City with specified hourly earnings. Hourly earnings Under $1.50____________________________ $1.50 and under $2.00___________________ $2.00 and under $2.50___________________ $2.50 and under $3.00___________________ $3.00 and under $3.50___________________ $3.50 and under $4.00___________________ $4.00 and over_________________________ Total number of workers__________ Average hourly earnings__________ Num ber of workers 1, 827 5, 308 5, 764 4, 523 2, 566 1, 371 743 22, 102 $2. 44 Establishment Practices Work schedules of 35 hours a week were in effect in March-April 1963 in shops employing at least nine-tenths of the production workers in six areas and more than four-fifths of those in four other areas. In Dallas and Los Angeles-Long Beach, nearly nine-tenths of the workers were employed by establishments reporting a 40-hour workweek. Paid holiday provisions varied among the areas and, in some instances, differed among establish ments within the same area and for time and incen tive-paid workers within an establishment. Pre dominant provisions ranged from 4 days a year in Cleveland to 6% days in Fall River and New Bedford, New York City, Newark and Jersey City, Paterson-Clifton-Passaic, and Wilkes-BarreHazleton. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Health and welfare benefits, vacation payments, pension plans, and supplementary unemployment benefits were provided for in agreements with the International Ladies’ Garment Workers’ Union. These contracts were in effect in establishments employing four-fifths or more of the workers in all areas except Dallas and Los Angeles-Long Beach, where the proportions were about one-tenth. The contract provisions included payment of health and welfare benefits in all areas and vacation bene fits in all except four areas,5 from a fund to which employers contributed a stipulated percentage of payrolls for workers covered by the agreements. The amount of employer contributions and bene fits provided differed among the areas. In some areas, vacation payments were based on the worker’s earnings in the previous year while in other areas they varied according to craft. Other benefits commonly provided from the health and welfare funds included hospitalization, surgery, maternity, and eyeglass benefits, services at the union health center, and death benefits. Retirement pension benefits (other than those available under Federal old-age, survivors, and disability insurance) were provided through em ployer contributions to a retirement fund. In nearly all areas, qualified workers were eligible for payments from this fund of $50 a month at age 65 and their beneficiaries were entitled to a $500 lump-sum death benefit. Supplementary unemployment benefits for quali fied workers whose employers go out of business were provided from a national severance fund to which employers contributed one-half percent of their couered payrolls. This fund, administered jointly by the union and employers, provides both a lump-snm severance benefit up to $400 and supplemental unemployment benefits ranging up to $25 for as long as 48 weeks to qualified workers, depending on earnings and length of service. In New York City, Newark and Jersey City, and Paterson-Clifton-Passaic, the contracts pro vided for payment of the full cost, including work ers’ contributions, of temporary disability benefits stipulated under their respective State disability benefits laws. — F r e d W. M ohr Division of Occupational Pay 5 Workers received vacation payments directly from their employers in Chicago, Cleveland, Dallas, and St. Louis. EARNINGS IN THE MACHINERY INDUSTRIES Earnings in the Machinery Industries, March-May 1963 A v e r a g e s t r a i g h t - t i m e h o u r l y e a r n i n g s of pro duction and related workers in the nonelectrical machinery industries rose by 2.7 percent between March-June 1962 and March-May 1963 in 21 metropolitan areas studied by the Bureau of Labor Statistics.1 Detroit and San Francisco-Oakland led in pay levels for machinery workers. Tool and die makers were the highest paid occupational group studied in most areas, as in previous surveys. Industry Characteristics Employment in the nonelectrical machinery industries in the 21 areas totaled approximately 525,000—more than a third of the nationwide total for these industries. The number of workers within scope of the survey in the respective areas is shown in the following tabulation : Num ber of workers Chicago---------------------------------------------------------Detroit----------------------------------------------------------Milwaukee___________________________________ Los Angeles-LongBeach_______________________ Cleveland____________________________________ Philadelphia__________________________________ Newark and JerseyCity________________________ Hartford--------------------------------------------------------Minneapolis-St. Paul__________________________ New York C ity----------------------------------------------Boston----------------------------------------------------------St. Louis--------------------------------------------------------Houston______________________________________ Pittsburgh____________________________________ Buffalo--------------------------------------------------------San Francisco-Oakland________________________ Dallas-------------------------------------------------------------Baltimore-------------------------------------------------------Worcester_____________________________________ Portland (Oreg.)----------------------------------------------Denver------------------------------------------------------------ 77, 000 64,700 46, 600 4 3 ,800 34 (900 3 ^ 700 31, 100 30 ,800 22 ,200 21 ,300 20 ,900 15 ,700 14 ; 14 t400 11,500 10 ,600 8, 8, 8 100 3’ 3, The principal types of machinery manufactured differed among the areas. For example, a major ity of the workers in Worcester and more than two-fifths in Cleveland, Detroit, and Pittsburgh were employed in establishments primarily manu facturing metalworking machinery and equip ment; a majority of those in Denver and Houston https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1439 were in construction, mining, and material-han dling machinery establishments; and approxi mately two-fifths in Buffalo and Hartford were in establishments making general industrial ma chinery and equipment. Other types of machin ery manufacture covered by the study included engines and turbines ; farm machinery and equip ment; special industry machinery; office, com puting, and accounting machines ; service industry machines ; and miscellaneous machinery . Establishments with fewer than 250 workers ac counted for nearly two-fifths of the workers with in the scope of the survey; establishments with 250 to 2,499 workers, a slightly larger proportion ; and establishments with 2,500 or more, nearly an other fifth. A majority of the workers in Denver, Los Angeles-Long Beach, New York City, and San Francisco-Oakland were in establishments with fewer than 250 workers. Hartford and Mil waukee were the only areas in which more than half of the workers were in establishments with 2,500 or more employees. Average Hourly Earnings Trends. Average straight-time hourly earnings of production workers in the 21 areas studied rose 2.7 percent between March-June 1962 and MarchMay 1963, compared with an increase of 2.8 per cent between March-May 1961 and March-June 1962 (table 1). Baltimore had the greatest in crease (4.9 percent) between the 1962 and 1963 survey periods, with increases exceeding 3 per cent in seven additional areas. Houston, Phila delphia, and Pittsburgh were the only areas in 900 1 T h e s t u d y in c lu d e d e s t a b lis h m e n t s c la s s if ie d in in d u s t r y g r o u p 3 5 , a s d e fin ed in th e 1 9 5 7 e d it io n o f t h e S ta n d a r d I n d u s tr ia l C900 la ssifica tio n M a n u a l p r e p a r e d b y th e U .S . B u r e a u o f t h e B u d g e t . O m itte d fr o m th e s u r v e y w e r e ( 1 ) e s t a b lis h m e n t s e m p lo y in g 800 f e w e r t h a n 8 w o r k e r s a n d p r im a r ily e n g a g e d in m a n u f a c t u r in g s p e c ia l d ie s a n d t o o ls , d ie s e t s , j ig s , fix t u r e s , m a c h in e t o o l a c c e s s o600 r ie s a n d m e a s u r in g d e v ic e s , a n d ( 2 ) o t h e r n o n e le c t r ic a l m a c h in e ry 500e s t a b lis h m e n t s e m p lo y in g f e w e r t h a n 2 0 w o r k e r s . A m o re c o m p r e h e n s iv e a c c o u n t o f t h e s u r v e y w ill b e p r e s e n t e d in a fo r t h c o m in g b u lle t in . I n d iv id u a l a r e a r e le a s e s p r o v id in g m o r e d e t a ile d w a g e d a t a f o r s e le c t e d o c c u p a t io n s a r e a v a ila b le o n r e q u e st. W a g e s in t h e m a c h in e r y m a n u f a c t u r in g in d u s t r ie s a r e s tu d ie d e a c h y e a r a s p a r t o f th e B u r e a u ’s p r o g r a m o f o c c u p a t io n a l w a g e s u r v e y s , b u t th e d a t a c o n c e r n in g u n io n iz a t io n , th e p r e v a le n c e o f in c e n t i v e w a g e p a y m e n t s , w o r k s c h e d u le s , a n d s u p p le m e n ta r y w a g e b e n e fits a r e s u r v e y e d o n a 2 -y e a r c y c le . T h e la te s t d a ta a v a ila b le o n t h e s e it e m s a r e p r e s e n t e d in “ E a r n in g s in t h e M a c h in e r y I n d u s t r ie s , M a r c h - J u n e 1 9 6 2 ,” M o n th ly L a b o r R e v ie w , D e c e m b e r 1 9 6 2 , pp . 1 3 7 9 - 1 3 8 2 . MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, DECEMBER 1963 1440 which the rate of increase averaged less than 2 percent. General wage changes usually account for much of the year-to-year movement in wages, although other factors such as labor turnover, in centive earnings, and changes in employment in establishments with different pay levels also affect the trend in wages. Wage movement also varied between the skilled and unskilled jobs studied. Average hourly earn ings of tool and die makers (other than jobbing) in all areas combined rose 2.4 percent (about 8 cents) while earnings of material-handling labor ers increased 2.9 percent (approximately 6 cents). Since 1945, when the Bureau started this series of occupational wage relationship studies for the ma chinery industries, average earnings for these oc cupations have increased 138 and 184 percent, re spectively. The difference between the rates of increase was much greater between 1945 and 1955 than it has been since 1955, due largely to uniform cents-per-hour increases granted during the earlier period. Twice in the past 4 years (between 1959 and 1960 and between 1961 and 1962), the percent increase was slightly greater for tool and die mak ers than for laborers. Occupational Earnings, March-May 1963. Among the occupational groups studied, tool and die makers generally had the highest average hourly earnings in March-May 1963. Men pro ducing or maintaining tools and dies used in the establishments in which they were employed (i.e., other than jobbing) had average hourly earnings ranging from $2.80 in Dallas and $2.84 in Wor cester to $3.71 in San Francisco-Oakland (table 2). In seven areas, their average earnings ex ceeded $3.25 an hour. Among the 14 areas for which data are shown for tool and die makers T a b l e 1. I n d e x e s 1 o f A v e r a g e S t r a ig h t - T im e H o u r l y E a r n in g s 2 o f P r o d u c t io n W o r k e r s i n M a n u f a c t u r in g in S e l e c t e d A r e a s 3 a n d O c c u p a t io n s , M a r c h - M a y 1963 a n d M a r c h - J u n e 1962, C h a n g e in S e l e c t e d P e r io d s 4 Percent increase from— Indexes (1958-59=100) Area and occupation Mar .-May 1963 Mar .-June 1962 M a c h in e r y P ercent and Mar .-June 1962 to M ar-M ay 1963 M ar.-M ay 1961 to M ar.-June 1962 Jan. 1960 to M ar.-M ay 1961 Jan. 1959 to Jan. 1960 Jan. 1958 to Jan. 1959 Jan. 1945 to M ar.-M ay 1963 A reas All areas combined....................... 115.1 1 1 2 .1 2.7 2.8 3.1 4.1 3.3 155.9 Baltimore____________________ _— Boston.........................-......................... . Buffalo__________________________ 118.0 118.7 114.9 114.6 117.6 113.8 112.5 115.4 4.9 1.9 3.0 1.9 3.0 3.8 4.3 4.3 4.0 1.5 2.8 6 .1 1.8 5.5 3.2 3.5 8.5 3.4 168.5 161.5 144.8 158.9 144.8 121.3 161.2 132.5 164.4 138.2 136.7 179.0 157.1 140.0 146.3 155.5 176.7 148.4 194.3 151.0 174.1 3.4 3.9 4.7 4.1 184.1 138.4 Chicago..................................................... . Cleveland-----------------------------------Dallas----------------------------------------Denver__________________________ Detroit__________________________ Hartford-------------------------------------Houston.....................-............................ Los Angeles-Long Beach................. — Milwaukee ---------- ----------------------Minneapolis-St. Paul.--------------------Newark and Jersey City------------------New York City___________________ Philadelphia........................................... . Pittsburgh_______________________ Portland (Oreg.)---------------------------St. Louis..................-............................ San Francisco-Oakland-------------------Worcester............... ...............—............ 1 12 .2 113.0 117.7 112 .0 115.2 115.3 116.4 114.1 115.1 114.1 111.0 120.4 119.7 116.3 115.9 2.8 1 1 1 .1 1 1 1 .1 3.5 3.1 2.7 1 1 1 .8 1 1 1 .1 1 11.8 2.5 2.4 3.2 1.9 3.1 2.5 2.5 2.7 3.0 112 .6 1 1 1 .8 2.9 3.4 3.3 3.7 3.5 5.1 2.5 2.7 112.5 112.7 2.9 2.4 2.3 2.7 114.5 110.9 109.4 110.4 114.0 109.9 112.5 113.6 112.7 110.3 117.0 115.7 2.6 1 .2 .6 2 .1 3.1 3.2 2.6 1 .1 2.0 2.8 2 .1 » -.2 2.4 3.2 3.0 2.0 3.0 3.7 2.4 1.6 4.7 3.0 3.5 5.9 4.1 4.0 3.2 2.9 2 .1 4.4 3.0 5.2 5.1 3.4 4.3 6.8 3.0 3.6 4.1 4.7 7.4 4.0 3.9 3.9 1.4 2.9 4.2 2.8 9.1 3.7 2.5 4.6 2.7 3.8 2 .1 3.5 2.3 2.3 3.1 .9 2.5 3.3 2.7 4.4 1.3 6.0 Occupation Laborers, material handling........... . . . . Tool and die makers (other than jobbing) 115.8 115.4 1 Appendix A of the forthcoming bulletin will include a description of the method used in constructing the indexes. . . . . . 2 Excludes premium pay for overtime and for work on weekends, holidays, and late shifts. ^ „ . .. 2 Standard Metropolitan Statistical Areas except Chicago (Cook County), Hartford (Hartford and New Britain Standard Metropolitan Statistical Areas and Bristol, Conn.); New York City (the 5 boroughs); Newark and Jersey City (a combination of the 2 Standard Metropolitan Statistical Areas); https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 4.0 3.6 Philadelphia (Philadelphia and Delaware Counties, Pa., and Camden County, N.J.); and Worcester (Worcester Standard Metropolitan Statistical Area, except Northbridge). 4 Data for periods shown as January cover various months of the winter. 5 This decrease was due to changes in incentive earnings and in the propor tions of workers in some job classifications in establishments of different pay levels. EARNINGS IN THE MACHINERY INDUSTRIES T a b l e 2. A vera g e 1441 S traigh t -T im e H ourly E a r n i n g s 1 of M en in S elected P roduction M a c h in e r y M a n u fa c t u r in g in 21 A r e a s , M arch - M ay 1963 New England Middle Atlantic Occupation Assemblers, class A_______ ______ ___________ Assemblers, class B___________________ _____ _ Assemblers, class 0 ________ _________ . Electricians, maintenance_________________ ____ Inspectors, class A________ _____. . . . . . . . . . Inspectors, class B .............. ........ ..................... .......... Inspectors, class C____________ _______________ Janitors, porters, and cleaners_______ ____ Laboreis, material handling________ ___________ Machine tool operators, production, class A_____ Machine tool operators, production, dass B_______ Machine tool operators, production, class C______ Machine tool operators, toolroom______________ Machinists, production. ....... ........................ . Tool and die makers (jobbing)___ ____ _________ Tool and die makers (other than jobbing)................. Welders, hand, class A_______ ______ _ . Welders, hand, class B............................................. Boston H art ford $2. 77 2. 48 2.27 2.87 2.82 2. S3 $2.81 2.36 2.17 3.01 2 64 2. 45 2.39 2.08 2. 09 2.22 1.84 2.14 2. 77 2.39 1.98 2.69 2.79 3.03 ?. 05 2. 70 Worces Buffalo ter $2. 74 2. 46 2.34 2.81 2.66 2. 50 1.96 2.14 2. 70 2.49 2 . 12 2 . 68 2.71 2.86 2.64 2.62 2.99 2. 96 3.09 3.07 2.32 2.84 2.87 2.51 $2.94 2. 59 2.34 2.89 3.02 2. 76 2.34 2. 14 2.36 2.80 2.54 2.38 2. 91 3.04 3.03 2. 89 2.53 Newark and Jersey City $2.96 2.39 2.25 3.09 2 86 2. 58 2.47 1.92 2.16 2.89 2. 74 2.28 2. 94 2.89 3.14 3.23 3.05 New York City $2.83 2.34 1.99 2.94 3.02 2. 56 1.91 1.87 2.08 2. 85 2. 47 2.04 2 . 80 3. 01 3.05 3.17 3.20 2.48 Occupation Phila delphia P itts burgh Balti more Dallas Houston $2.79 2.43 $3.18 2 . 82 2.49 3.10 3.30 2. 74 $3.32 2. 59 2 . 01 2.90 2. 92 2. 63 2 19 1.74 $2.34 1.89 1.47 2. 54 2. 54 2.07 $2 . 61 2.44 2.13 3 08 2 93 2. 79 1. 49 1.56 2.49 2 . 06 1 04 9 Or 2. 51 1.89 1. 93 2.85 2.63 9 ?7 9 09 2.99 2.80 2.34 1.89 3.15 2. 73 2.65 3.05 2.82 2.91 2. 45 2.04 2. 25 2.87 2.85 3.01 2. 78 3.21 3.22 2.83 2.29 2.41 3.07 2 76 2. 59 3. 25 2. 95 2. 73 Detroit Milwaukee $3.02 2. 65 $3.11 $3.36 2.78 2.60 3. 48 3.28 $3.15 2.91 2. 76 3 21 3.03 2. 93 2. 56 2.29 $2.70 2.37 2.13 3.13 2. 76 $2.93 2. 70 2.32 3 31 3.14 2 . 60 3.13 2.84 2 . 61 3.21 2 . 80 2. 04 2.27 2 . 11 2. 23 3.41 2. 75 2.43 3.32 3.41 3. 66 3. 55 2.91 2.47 3.30 2. 98 2 . 68 2. 43 2 .1 1 2.15 3.07 2 71 2.18 3.28 3.29 3. 71 3. 14 3.08 2.55 2.01 2.88 2.42 3.00 2. 83 2.42 3. 07 2. 79 2. 41 2 . 60 3.34 2.83 2. 64 3.61 3.23 3.28 2.94 2. 65 3. 69 3.52 3.14 2.77 2.20 1See footnote 2, table 1. producing tools and dies for sale (jobbing), their average hourly earnings ranged from $2.83 in Baltimore to $3.71 in Chicago. In most of these areas the difference in average hourly earnings for tool and die makers (jobbing and other than jobbing) amounted to less than 5 percent. 2 The forthcoming bulletin which will be published for this industry will include separate data for various types of machine tool operators, such as engine-lathe operators and grinding ma chine operators. Data were also tabulated for the special dies and tools industry in Cleveland and the special dies and tools and machine tool accessories Industries in Boston, Chicago, Detroit, Hartford, Los Angeles-Long Beach, Milwaukee, New York City, and Newark and Jersey City. Separate information is also included for time and incentive workers in a few jobs and for women workers in some of the more routine occupations in several areas. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis MinneapolisSt. Paul Cleveland 2.49 3.10 2.99 2.84 2.70 2.38 3.49 3.43 3.00 2.85 2.88 2. 40 2 02 2.89 2. 83 2.98 2 82 2. 56 Far West Chicago 2 .2 1 in South Middle Wrest Assemblers, class A......... ................ .................. ......... Assemblers, class B ___ __________ . __________ Assemblers, class C________ _______ _____ Electricians, maintenance______________________ Inspectors, class A__________________ __________ Inspectors, class B.................................... ................... Inspectors, class C___________ _____________ Janitors, porters, and cleaners_____________ ____ Laborers, material handling____________________ Machine tool operators, production, class A........ . Machine tool operators, production, class B.......... Machine tool operators, production, class C_______ Machine tool operators, toolroom_______________ Machinists, production................................................ Too! and die makers (jobbing)__________________ Tool and die makers (other than jobbing)............ Welder.«, hand, class A__ V'elders, hand, class B____ ______ ____________ O c cu pa t io n s 2. 52 1 92 2.93 2. 91 3.37 3.18 2. 73 2 . 61 St. Louis Denver $2. 77 2. 43 2 .2 1 2.91 2. 55 2.05 3.03 2.44 2.31 2.90 3.03 2.81 2.56 Los AngelesLong Beach $2.85 2.41 2.07 3 07 3. 05 2. .54 2.36 Portland San FranciscoOakland $3.11 2.80 2.51 3 03 3.11 $3.26 2. 84 2.53 2 .10 2 20 2. 43 3.04 2.48 2 . 21 3. 12 3 09 3.31 3.27 3.03 2. 63 3.11 2. 73 3.25 3.09 2.40 9 *>Q 3.31 2.83 2 08 3.40 3.27 3.07 3 71 3. 29 2 00 3! 23 N ote- Dashes indicate no data reported or data that dc not meet pub lication criteria. Average hourly earnings of men machine tool operators (class A), who set up their own ma chines and perform a variety of machining opera tions to close tolerances, ranged from $2.49 in Dallas to $3.41 in St. Louis; in 10 areas, their earnings averaged $3 or more.2 Area averages for men in the intermediate group of machine tool operators (class B) ranged from $2.06 to $2.85 an hour; the range for those who performed more routine, repetitive machining operations (class C) was from $1.64 to $2.64. Janitors, porters, and cleaners, the lowest paid of the men’s occupations studied in most areas, had average earnings ranging from $1.49 an hour in Dallas to $2.40 in San Francisco-Oakland, $2.41 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, DECEMBER 1963 1442 in Detroit, and $2.43 in Portland; their average earnings exceeded $2 an hour in 14 areas. Mate rial-handling laborers’ earnings averaged less than $2 an hour in two areas and more than $2.50 in three areas. The following tabulation, in which area aver age earnings for production workers are expressed as a percent of the average for Chicago,3 shows that wage levels were highest in Detroit and San Francisco-Oakl and and lowest in Dallas. Relative area pay levels ( Chicago=100) Detroit________________________________________ San Francisco-Oakland_________________________ St. Louis______________________________________ Milwaukee____________________________________ Portland______________________________________ Pittsburgh_____________________________________ Cleveland_____________________________________ Chicago_______________________________________ Los Angeles-Long B each------------------------------------Newark and JerseyCity-------------------------------------Philadelphia___________________________________ Buffalo________________________________________ Denver________________________________________ Hartford______________________________________ Baltimore_____________________________________ New York C ity________________________________ Houston_______________________________________ Minneapolis—St. Paul___________________________ Worcester_____________________________________ Boston-----------------------------Dallas_________________________________________ 109 109 105 105 104 103 102 100 97 97 97 95 95 95 94 93 93 92 91 90 78 Pay levels in all areas except Dallas were within 10 percent of the Chicago average, ranging from 2 percent to 9 percent above the Chicago level in 7 areas and from 3 to 10 percent below in 12 areas. — F r e d W. M ohr D ivision of Occupational Pay 8 T e n m e n ’s jo b s c o m m o n t o e a c h o f t h e a r e a s w e r e u s e d in c o m p u tin g t h e in d e x . I n o r d e r to m in im iz e in t e r a r e a d iffe r e n c e s in o c c u p a tio n a l c o m p o s itio n , w e ig h t s e x p r e s s in g c o n s t a n t e m p lo y m e n t r e l a t io n s h ip s b a s e d on t o t a l e m p lo y m e n t in t h e r e s p e c t iv e jo b s in a ll 2 1 a r e a s w e r e u s e d . A g g r e g a t e s w e r e c o m p u te d fo r e a c h a r e a b y m u lt ip ly in g t h e s t r a ig h t - t im e h o u r ly e a r n in g s fo r e a c h jo b b y th e s e w e ig h t s a n d t o t a lin g . T h e r a t io o f t h e s e a g g r e g a t e s fo r m e d t h e b a s is f o r t h e in d e x . https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Wage Chronology: Sinclair Oil Companies 1 Supplement No. 3— 1963 * F o llo w ing w a g e s e t t l e m e n t s in petroleum refining in the winter of 1960-61, no major bargaining over wages occurred in the industry until the second half of 1962. In June of that year, the National Bargaining Policy Committee of the Oil, Chemical and Atomic Workers Interna tional Union set as a bargaining goal a 6%-percent increase in earnings and/or benefits, with a mini mum increase of 17 cents an hour. The proposal was approved by the union membership in the following month. The union sought also a com mon termination date of December 31, 1963, for all of its contracts. In December 1962, as a result of West Coast settlements in the industry, the committee voted to reduce its wage demand and to approve the pattern of 5-percent wage increases that had developed in those settlements. Negotiations with the Sinclair Companies began on January 3, 1963, after preliminary discussions in October 1962. A 5-percent wage increase in a 1-year contract was agreed to on January 11, 1963, retroactive to January 1. Some 6,500 Sinclair refinery, pipeline, production, and research employees were covered. The sickness and acci dent benefit and the employees savings plan agree ments were each extended without change for a 3-year period, beginning February 1. To meet increases in hospital costs, the parties worked out a new schedule of employee contributions— averaging $5.33 a month—to the hospital and surgical plan, which was extended without other changes for 2 years, also beginning February 1. The following tables summarize the provisions of the January 1963 OCAW agreement with the Sinclair Companies. ♦Prepared in the Division of Wage Economics, Bureau of Labor Statistics. i For basic chronology and Supplements 1 and 2, see M onthly Labor Review, November 1952, pp. 535-544; February 1957, pp. 194-198; and February 1962, pp. 161-166. 1443 WAGE CHRONOLOGY: SINCLAIR OIL COMPANIES A—General Wage Changes Applications, exceptions, and other related matters Provision Effective date Jan. 1. 1963 (Memorandum of Understanding dated Jan. 11, 1963). 5-percent increase, averaging 15 cents an hour. B—Basic Hourly Rates Paid for Selected Refinery Occupations, 1960 and 1963 1 Jan. , 1963 Dec. 19,1960 Occupation Corpus Christi, Tex. 2 B oilermakers____________________ _________ __._____ ___ Boilermakers' helpers Firemen. _ _ _ _ . __ _ ___________ Light oil treaters_______ __ ___________ _______________ Laborers, entrance______________________ ______________ Laborers, skilled................................... ..................................... . Machinists...... ............................ ............... ................ ................ Machinists' helpers P ipefitters..._________ _______________________________ Pipefitters’ helpers......... ............................................ ................ Pumpers__________________________ __________________ S tillm en ...____ ___________________________ ________ — Stillmen’s helpers.................................................... ..................... East Houston, Marcus Hook, Chicago, Tex. Pa. Ind. $3.375 2. 765 2.27 2. 36 3.27 2.765 3. 27 2. 765 3.30 3. 50 3. 09 1 Since application of the 5-percent general wage increase resulted in fractions of a cent adjustments, the agreement provided that basic hourly rates $3.22 2.875 2.995 3.485 2.48 2.61 3. 21 2.865 3.21 2. 865 3.485 3.485 3.195 $3. 27 2.775 3.005 3.455 2.27 2.36 3. 27 2. 775 3.27 2. 775 3.30 3.50 3.09 $3. 305 2.90 3.42 2.435 2.56 3. 32 2.90 3.305 2.90 3.28 3. 625 3.205 Sinclair, Wyo. $3. 215 3. 11 3.30 2.435 2.535 3.215 3.215 2.84 3.30 3.44 3.11 East H ouston, Marcus Hook, Chicago, Tex. Pa. Ind. $3.38 3.02 3.145 3.66 2.605 2.74 3.38 3.02 3. 38 3.02 3. 66 3. 66 3. 355 $3.435 2. 915 3.155 3.63 2.385 2.48 3.435 2.915 3.435 2.915 3.465 3.675 3.245 Sinclair, Wyo. $3. 47 3. 045 3.59 2.555 2.69 3.485 3.045 3. 47 3.045 3.445 3.805 3.365 $3.375 3.265 3.465 2.555 2.66 3.375 3. 375 2.98 3.465 3.61 3.265 of pay would he increased or decreased to the nearest tt-cent. 2 The Corpus Christi refinery was sold by Sinclair on June 1, 1962. C—Related Wage Practices Applications, exceptions, and other related matters Provision Effective date Employees Hospital and Surgical Plan 1 Feb. 1, 1963 (Memorandum of Understanding dated Jan. 11, 1963). i Prior to 1955, Employees Benefit Plan. 7 1 3 - 1 5 4 — 63- 5 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Increased: Monthly contribution of active employee to $2.25 for personal coverage; $5.45 to include children; and $6.02 to include wife or wife and children. Monthly contribution of employees retir ing on or after Feb. 1, 1963, to $1.70 for personal coverage; $4.40 to include children; and $4.97 to include wife or wife and children. Significant Decisions in Labor Cases Labor Relations Hot-Cargo. A U.S. court of appeals held 1 that picketing of construction sites to obtain an agree ment whose provisions would extend to sub contract work is permitted under the construc tion-industry exception to the hot-cargo ban of the Labor Management Relations Act. The union picketed the job sites of a general contractor to secure a contract clause extending the contract’s provisions to work given to sub contractors. At each of the sites the employer had existing contracts with nonunion subcon tractors for construction work which would be covered by the proposed extension. The Na tional Labor Relations Board held that the picketing was unlawful under sections 8(b)(4)(A) and (B) of the act, which ban activities designed to obtain hot-cargo agreements and proscribe secondary boycotts. The court reversed the Board and held that such conduct was legal where a construction union was seeking to obtain a subcontracting agreement, as distinguished from attempts to enforce an already existing agreement. Picketing to obtain a hot-cargo agreement is prohibited by section 8(b)(4)(A) where the agree ment would be unlawful under section 8(e)—the provision outlawing such agreements. The court pointed out, however, that section 8(e) excepts from the ban the construction and garment in dustries. Since the agreement sought by the union in this case was covered by the exception, the picketing to secure the agreement was not prohibited. The court pointed out that section 8(b)(4)(B) of the act makes it unlawful—except in the garment industry—to enforce a subcontracting agreement. (That section prohibits forcing any person to stop doing business with any other person.) However, since the present case in 1444 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis volved picketing to secure a subcontracting agreement, the court held that 8(b)(4)(B) was inapplicable. There are, the court summarized, three degrees of permissibility for picketing under the LMRA hot-cargo provisions: (1) in the garment industry, picketing to secure and to enforce is permissible; (2) in the construction industry, picketing to secure is permissible but that to enforce is pro scribed; (3) in all other industries, picketing both to secure and to enforce is proscribed. S ec o n d a r y B oycott Case 1. The NLRB held 2 that a union did not violate the LMRA by picketing the premises of neutral employers at which employees of the struck employer were working, even though those employees were absent from some of the picketed premises for substantial periods of time. Such absences, the Board stated, must be evalu ated along with other factors in determining whether the struck employer is then engaged in his normal business at the common situs. When the employer, an electrical contractor, re placed his unionized electricians with nonunion personnel, the union began a campaign to organize the nonunion workers and induced a majority of them to strike for recognition of the union as their bargaining agent. The strikers picketed the contractor’s headquarters and the apartment buildings where the company was engaged in re wiring work. The picketing of the apartments continued even during periods when no employees of the contractor worked at some of them, although they did appear intermittently to work or to check on the sites. In deciding that the picketing was a lawful primary activity despite occasional absence of company employees from the picketed sites, the *Prepared in the U.S. Department of Labor, Office of the Solicitor. The cases covered in this article represent a selection of the significant decisions believed to be of special interest. No attem pt has been made to reflect all recent judicial and administrative developments in the field of labor law or to indicate the effect of particular decisions in jurisdictions in which contrary results may be reached based upon local statutory provisions, the existence of local precedents, or a different approach by the courts to the issue presented. 1Construction, Production & Maintenance Laborers’ Union, Local 388 v. N L R B (C.A. 9, Sept. 26,1963). 2Local 8, International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers, A F L -C IO and N ew Power Wire and Electric Corp., 144 NLRB No. 100 (Oct. 14,1963). DECISIONS IN LABOR CASES Board held that the mere absence of employees “does not require a finding that the company is not engaged in its normal business at the common situs or that the common situs is not the situs of the primary dispute.” The Board held that such absence must be evaluated in the light of other evidence and listed nine additional factors 3 it had considered in reaching its decision, all of which indicated that the apartment buildings were in deed the sites of the dispute and of the company’s primary operations (or would have been but for the strike) during the picketing. Thus, the Board majority concluded, the picketing in this case complied substantially with the rules for permis sible primary activity laid down in the Moore Dry Dock case.4 Member Leedom dissented, finding that the absence of the contractor’s employees from the picketed apartments established that the picketing was unlawful secondary activity intended to in duce employees other than those of the primary employer to cease work, and other employers to cease doing business with the contractor. Case 2. A Federal district court ruled 5 that a secondary employer doing work previously per formed by workers of a lawfully picketed plant, who cannot work because of picketing, may also be lawfully picketed under the “ally doctrine” exception to the LMRA’s secondary-boycott ban. A New York local of the Teamsters struck the Long Island plant and later, in support of the 8 The nine factors were: The contractor’s contractual obligation to perform the rewiring work at each of the picketed apartments; the facts that the con tractor was engaged in performance of his contracts at each of the sites and that employees of the contractor were working at the sites when the picketing started; the visits to the sites made almost daily by the contractor’s super visors; the fact that the work was intermittently resumed at each of the sites; the company’s efforts to recruit new employees to work at the sites; the cessation of picketing when the contractor completed the work at a particular site; the fact that the picketing occurred during a normal workday; the fact that the picketing was not conducted at a construction site where substantial complements of other employers’ employees were working; and the fact that the absence of the contractor’s employees was attributable to a majority of them being on the picket line. 4 Sailors’ Union of the Pacific, A F L and Moore Pry Pock Company, 92 NLRB 547 (1950). The conditions are: The picketing is strictly limited to times when the situs of dispute is located on the secondary employer’s prem ises; at the time of the picketing the primary employer is engaged in its normal business at the situs; the picketing is limited to places reasonably close to the location of the situs; and the picketing discloses clearly that the dispute is with the primary employer. sMadden v. Steel, Metals, Alloys and Hardware Fabricators and Ware housemen, Local 810, I B T (D.C., N.D., 111., Oct. 24, 1963). 6N L R B v. Business Machine and Office Appliance, etc., Local 459, 228 F. 2d 553 (1955); cert, denied, 351 U.S. 962 (1956). 7Blades Manufacturing Corp. and International Association of Machinists, 144 NLRB No. 54 (Sept. 16, 1963). 7 1 3 - 1 5 4 — 6 3 --------6 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1445 strike, picketed the Chicago plant of the same employer. No employees of the Chicago plant participated in the picketing; but since the picketing effectively prevented the flow of goods and materials to that location, the employees were unable to perform their normal duties. The manufacturer then contracted with a warehousing company to handle materials formerly handled by its employees. When the secondary employer rejected the union’s demands that it terminate dealings with the manufacturer, the union began to picket the warehousing facilities as well. As a result, employees of various motor carriers refused to handle shipments going to and coming from the warehousing company. Secondary-boycott charges were filed against the union, and the NLRB petitioned for an injunction against the picketing pending disposition of the charges. The petition for injunction was denied on the grounds that the warehousing company was an “ally” of the primary employer. Ordinarily, the “ally doctrine” exception applies when a secondary employer “knowingly does work which would otherwise be done by the striking employees of the primary employer.” 6 The Chicago plant was not on strike; but the court reasoned that the picketing of that plant was a lawful byproduct of the Long Island strike, and subcontracting of the work previously done by the Chicago plant’s employees put the secondary employer clearly within the “ally doctrine” exception to the act’s secondary-boycott ban. The court extended the doctrine by explaining that: “A secondary employer is an ‘ally’ and is en gaged in ‘struck work’ when it performs service or work previously performed by employees of a law fully picketed plant even though such employees are not on strike but are prevented from per forming such services or work by such lawful picketing.” Duty to Bargain. The NLRB ruled 7 that a dis charge of employees for sporadic walkouts was unlawful, because each of the walkouts was a separate protected concerted activity protesting the employer’s refusal to discuss employee griev ances with a union whose certification the employer would not recognize. The trial examiner found that a representation election lost by the union at the employer’s plant should not have been set aside; that a second elec- 1446 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, DECEMBER 1963 tion, held within 12 months of the first and won by the union, was invalid; and that the employer was under no duty to bargain with the newly certified union. Relying on the Supreme Court’s Briggs & Stratton decision,8the trial examiner also found that the discharge of employees for staging walkouts each time the company refused to deal with the union regarding a grievance was lawful. The walkouts were unprotected strike activity, the trial examiner said. The Board disagreed with the trial examiner. It determined that the first election was invalid because, in the week preceding the election, the employer held antiunion discussions with indi vidual employees and threatened that the plant would be moved if the union were voted in. The Board further held that the discharging of the employees who had walked out was an unfair labor practice. It distinguished the present case from Briggs cfc Stratton by pointing out that here there was a clear indication to the employer why the men were walking out and what the employer could do to meet the employees’ demands. The Board described each walkout as a protected activity, each in response to a new grievance re sulting from the employer’s repeated unlawful denial of their statutory right to have their certi fied bargaining agent represent them in the settle ment of grievances. In the alternative, the Board said, should it be assumed that the employees engaged in partial or intermittent strike activity that was unprotected, such activity does not preclude an order reinstating the employees since it was provoked by the em ployer’s unfair labor practices. Applying the principle of the Thayer case,9 the Board ordered reinstatement to effectuate the policies of the LMRA. 8 International Union, U A W , Local 282 v. Wisconsin Employm ent Relations Board, 336 U.S. 245 (1949). In this case the union adopted the strategy, in order to exert pressure on the employer, of calling union meetings at irregular times during working hours, without notice to the employer as to what specific demands these meetings were designed to enforce or what concessions the employer should make to avoid them. The Supreme Court held that the State of Wisconsin could lawfully prohibit such conduct. 9N L R B v. Thayer Co., 213 F. 2d 748 (1954). A U.S. court of appeals ruled there that “ . . . where collective action is precipitated by an unfair labor practice, a finding that action is not protected under section 7 does not, ipso facto, preclude an order reinstating employees who have been discharged because of their participation in the unprotected activity.” In the light of labor movement history, the purpose of the quoted provision of the [National Labor Relations] statute becomes clear. The most effective legal weapon against the struggling labor union was the doctrine that con certed activities were conspiracies, and for that reason illegal. Section 7 of the National Labor Relations Act took this conspiracy weapon away from the employer in employment relations which affect interstate commerce. No longer can any state, as to relations within reach of the Act, treat otherwise lawful activities to aid unionization as an illegal conspiracy merely because they are undertaken by many persons acting in concert. But because legal conduct may not be made illegal by concert, it does not mean that otherwise illegal action is made legal by concert. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis — From United States Supreme Court Decision in Automobile Workers Union v, Wisconsin Employment Relations Board, February 28, 1949. Chronology of Recent Labor Events October 2, 1963 A b il l gra ntin g 14.4-percent pay increases to most mem bers of the armed forces was signed by President John F. Kennedy. Increases ranged from $8 to $120 a month, effective October 1. Pay of 2-year volunteers and 742,000 low-ranking draftees was not changed. (See also MLR, November 1963, p. 1331.) October 7 P r e sid e n t J ohn F. K e n n e d y signed into law a bill increas ing each employee’s taxable earnings base to $450 from $400 per month in the railroad retirement and unemployment insurance systems. The law, agreed on between railroad labor and management, requires the Treasury to pay an interest rate equal to the average paid on all its outstanding obligations or 3 percent, whichever is higher. Previously, the interest rate had been 3 percent. October 8 J ohn J. G rogan , president of the Marine and Shipbuilding Workers union and mayor of Hoboken, N.J., was elected to the Executive Council of the AFL-CIO. He filled the vacancy left by the resignation of Leland Buckmaster in 1962. President of the Industrial Union Department Walter Reuther had supported another candidate for the position, contending that council members representing former CIO unions had the right to fill vacancies in their own ranks. (See also p. 1455 of this issue.) October 9 A 3-y e ar contract containing a 32-cent package increase was signed by 250 shops represented by the Textile Printers and Dyers Labor Relations Institute, the Metro politan Textile Processors Association, and other employer groups and eight locals of the Textile Workers Union, for about 8,000 textile dyeing and finishing workers in New York and New Jersey after rejection of an earlier offer. Under the new agreement, a 12-cent-per-hour increase was provided immediately, and increases of 8 and 7 cents, re spectively, were to be made in 1964 and 1965. Pension benefits were also improved and a third week of vacation was permitted after 10 years of service. (See also p. 1451 of this issue.) https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis October 14 T h e N a tio na l L a bo r R e l a tio ns B oard dismissed a secondary boycott charge against Local 3 of the Electrical Workers, even though employees of New Power Wire and Electric Co. were absent for substantial periods of time from the picketed apartment buildings. The Board found that the picketing was primary, since but for it the employ er would have been engaged in normal operations at the site. The Board ruled, however, that the union was in violation of the Labor Management Relations Act’s prohibitions against coercive conduct, since pickets had destroyed employer property and threatened nonstrikers. (See also pp. 1444-1445 of this issue.) October 17 T he Ca n a d ia n P a r l ia m e n t passed the Maritime Trans portation Unions Trustees Act providing for appointment of three trustees to oversee four Canadian maritime unions and the Seafarers International Union of Canada, which has been engaged in a jurisdictional dispute on the Great Lakes with the Canadian Maritime Union. Author ity was granted the trustees to do "all things necessary or advisable” to insure that responsible officers control the unions. They may recommend constitutional and bylaws changes, remove or appoint officers or employees, assume all duties of union officers, and under certain circumstances, designate contract negotiators and advise bargaining com mittees. Named trustees on October 23 were Justice Victor Leonard Dryer, chairman; Charles Millard, Toronto; and René Lippé, Montreal. October 20 S ecretary of L a b o r W. Willard Wirtz issued revised standards and compliance procedures to eliminate dis crimination in federally registered apprenticeship programs. Selection of apprentices must be based on qualifications alone, action must be taken to remove the effects of previous practices under which discriminatory patterns of employment may have resulted, and discrimination during employment must be eliminated. The new regulation changes or omits language appearing in the original July 26 document which had been interpreted by some industry and union sources as requiring preferential treatment for Negroes. (See also pp. 1454-1455 of this issue.) October 23 u n d e r pr o v isio n s of the Walsh-Healey Public Contracts Act, Secretary of Labor W. Willard Wirtz set a minimum wage in the Engines and Turbines Industry of $1.71 an hour for the steam engines, turbines, and turbine generator sets branch, and $1.69 for the internal combus tion engines branch. There had been no previous determi nation made specifically for the industry. A cting 1447 1448 October 24 A F e d er a l D istrict C ou r t rejected an NLRB petition to enjoin picketing at a storage plant, ruling that the storage plant management made itself an ally of a primary em ployer when it knowingly accepted work from a lawfully picketed plant. Employees of the primary employer first struck their New York plant, then picketed another plant of the employer in Illinois, and finally picketed the storage firm when the employer gave work normally performed by its Illinois employees to the storage firm. The case was Madden v. Steel Fabricators, Local 810. October 25 (MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, DECEMBER 1963 increase in the maximum monthly pension and death benefits. (See also p. 1451 of this issue.) October 26 T he E lectrical W orkers (IUE)-Westinghouse con ference board voted to accept a contract offer covering wages for 3 years and vacations, insurance, and pensions for 5 years. Wages for 36,000 workers were increased 6Yi cents an hour immediately, and another 5-to-10 cent increase becomes effective April 19, 1965. Among other improvements were: vacations, hospital benefits, layoff income, and early retirement. (See also p. 1449 of this issue.) October 29 was reached between the Greater New York and Northern New Jersey Milk Dealers Labor Committee representing approximately 300 milk distributors and Locals 584, 602, and 607 of the Teamsters on a 2-year contract covering 9,000 workers. Plant employees re ceived a $5.50-a-week increase, while drivers and other routemen got increases of $4.50 a week. Other provisions included the addition of 2 paid holidays, severance pay, an A greement https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis e x e m pt io n from the bonding requirements of the Welfare and Pension Plans Disclosure Act was granted to firms acceptable as reinsurers on Federal bonds. If a firm subsequently is dropped from the Treasury Depart ment’s list of acceptable sureties, the administrator of a plan insured with such a company must secure a new bond with another acceptable surety company. An Developments in Industrial Relations* Wages and Collective Bargaining Metalworking. Wage or salary increases averag ing about 6% cents an hour for more than 75,000 Westinghouse Electric Corp. employees were nego tiated or announced in October and early Novem ber. The Federation of Westinghouse Independ ent Salaried Unions, representing about 15,000 employees, accepted a company offer on October 12 that included immediate $2.60-a-week increases to nonexempt clerical and technical employees on a 40-hour schedule (with proportionate increases to those working fewer hours) and a 2.3-percent raise to professional and administrative employees. Additional $2- to $4-a-week and 2.5-percent increases for the two groups, respectively, were scheduled for April 19, 1965. Employees were to receive 3 weeks’ vacation after 10 years’ service, rather than after 15, and those with 15 years would receive an additional day’s vacation for each additional year up to 20 years’ service. Insurance improvements included 180 days instead of the former 120 days hospitalization, with daily room and board benefits to go from $22 to $25 imme diately and then to $28 on November 1, 1966, and increases of $50 in the surgical benefit schedule, of $100 in miscellaneous hospital service, and $5,000 in the lifetime major medical benefit (to $20,000). Future retirees were allowed to retain one-third of the life insurance they carried as active employees—with a minimum of $2,500; previously they had been guaranteed one-fourth, with a $2,000 floor. Early retirement provisions were liberalized to provide unreduced pensions at age 62 after 30 years or reduced pensions at age 60 after 10 years with one-third percent reduction for each month under age 65 and a supplemental payment until age 62. Monthly pension benefit levels were raised. The layoff income and benefits plan which was started in 1960 and which provides 1 week’s pay for each year’s service to employees with 3 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis years’ service, with an option of weekly benefits rather than a lump sum, was liberalized. Weekly payments were raised to 60 percent of weekly pay from the former 50 percent, and waiting periods (after exhaustion of unemployment compensation benefits) were eliminated. Computation of service credit for pension benefits was also liberalized. The same salary and benefit package effective October 14 was announced by Westinghouse for about 25,000 unorganized nonmanagement employees. On October 26, the International Union of Electrical Workers, for 36,000 workers at 34 locations, accepted the company’s proposal of an immediate 6K-cent-an-hour wage increase, a 7-cent average increase on April 19, 1965, and other benefits similar to those in the agreement with the Federation of Westinghouse Independent Salaried Unions. Under a supplement to the agreement, transfers of long-service employees to other plants were limited until 1966. Workers at relatively new plants had objected to a com panywide seniority plan. As in the General Electric agreement, the union agreed to language limiting the scope of the grievance procedure. Settlement with the International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers incorporating changes in wages, vacations, pensions, and health and welfare benefits similar to those negotiated or announced for the other -workers was announced on November 4. This master agreement covers about 1,000 employees in 21 plants, while an additional 11,000 in 23 other establishments also represented by IBEW were expected to negotiate similar agreements after ratification of this contract. A 38-month contract between Western Electric Co. facilities in northern New Jersey and the International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers for 14,000 employees was ratified by a vote of 1,396 to 1,043 on Sunday, October 13. The contract was similar to those negotiated in the telephone industry and was effective October 16. It provided an average wage increase of 9% cents with a wage, paid vacation, and paid holiday reopener in December 1964 and a wage reopener in December 1965. Three weeks’ paid vacation after 10 years, a 25-percent company contribution ‘ Prepared in the Division of Wage Economics, Bureau of Labor Statistics, on the basis of published material available in early November. 1449 1450 to hospitalization and surgical insurance (pre viously paid for in full by the employees), increased group life insurance, and pension benefits (by discontinuance of the Social Security deduction from pensions) were included. The union estimated the package cost at 16.7 cents an hour. About 1,500 workers, represented by the International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers on October 15 returned to work at 15 plants of the Gould-National Battery Corp. after ratifying a 30-month contract. The agreement ended a strike and boycott which began on May 22 at Leavenworth, Kans., and spread to other locations throughout the country. A master contract replaced individual plant agreements and provided wage increases of 10 cents an hour in 1963 at all plants and 10 cents on January 15, 1965, except at the Nicad unit in St. Paul, where workers will receive 13 cents. Other changes included additional increases in some job classifications; an eighth paid holiday (the worker’s birthday); and improved health and welfare benefits. In late September, the Bath Iron Works Corp. and the Industrial Union of Marine and Ship building Workers agreed on a 3-year contract inaugurating a new pension plan that provided 1,850 workers in Bath and Brunswick, Maine, monthly benefits equal to 75 percent of their average hourly pay for the past 10 years multi plied by their years of service. The minimum service requirement was set at 5 years for em ployees actively employed as of December 31,1963. and 15 years for employees hired after that date. Early retirement at age 60 with reduced benefits was provided and compulsory retirement was set at age 65 for employees hired after December 31, 1963. The pact provided no wage increase in 1963 or 1964 but effective October 18, 1965, wages will be increased 5 cents an hour for all time workers with rates of $2.25 or above and 4 cents for all lower paid workers. At that time, piecework rates are to be increased 1.75 percent. In addi tion, one-fourth of the workers in the skilled classifications will receive 4 cents an hour for superior work performance. The Friday after Thanksgiving was substituted for Veterans Day as an eighth paid holiday and weekly sickness and accident benefits were increased to $42 from $40. On September 30, the Bridgeport Brass Co., a division of the National Distillers and Chemical https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, DECEMBER 1963 Corp., and a federal labor union agreed on a 1-year contract providing no wage increase for about 1,700 workers in Bridgeport, Conn., but improving supplementary benefits at an estimated cost of 7 cents an hour. A fourth week of vacation after 20 years’ service was established, life in surance was increased to $4,000 from $3,000, and weekly sickness and accident benefits were raised to $50 from $45. Improvements in holiday provisions, recall rights, and union security were also negotiated. In mid-October, the Erie Forge & Steel Corp. and two locals of the United Steelworkers of America, representing 1,200 workers in Erie, Pa., agreed on a contract that substantially reduced labor costs. The settlement, negotiated under a wage reopening provision of a contract scheduled to expire August 31, 1964, ended a strike of about 6 weeks and reportedly halted company plans to close its operations because of heavy financial losses. The contract suspended a 17-cent-an-hour cost-of-living allowance and suspended until Jan uary 1, 1965, the company’s obligation to pay 4^ cents of the existing 9%-cent contribution to the supplemental unemployment benefit fund and 3 cents an hour for the savings-vacation plan. The provision of the existing agreement whereby workers ate on the job “with a minimum amount of time lost” was replaced by a half hour unpaid lunch period for workers on one- and two-shift operations. A 20-minute paid lunch period was provided for thrqe-shift operations. The workers had rejected a similar proposal by a 3 to 2 mar gin on October 7. The company and union also agreed that they would work jointly to agree on contract changes that would lower manufacturing costs, with any savings from these joint efforts used to restore part of the cost-of-living allow ance on a month-to-month basis. Any balance of this allowance was to be restored along with the supplemental unemployment benefits and savings-vacation plan contributions on January 1, 1965. The Barber-Colman Co., a major producer of air-conditioning equipment, and the Sheet Metal Workers agreed on a first union contract cover ing 2,700 workers in Rockford and Loves Park, 111., and Milton Junction, Wis. The Sheet Metal Workers won a National Labor Relations Board representation election at the company in Febru ary. The 8-month pact, ratified by union inem- DEVELOPMENTS IN INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS bers on October 9, provided a 2.4-percent wage increase, extended Christmas Eve from a half holiday to a full holiday, and provided time and one-half for all Saturday work. In addition, accord was reached on grievance procedure and seniority rights. Two steel companies announced in October establishment of extended vacation plans for their salaried employees. Early in the month, Inland Steel Co. announced that salaried employees with 12 years or more continuous service, except for corporate officers, would receive extra 2-week vacations each year from 1964 through 1968. Those with 2 but less than 12 years’ service were to receive 1 week of extra vacation beginning in 1965. Employees were to have the option of extra pay instead of tune off and those with 12 years’ service could take 1 week’s pay and 1 week of time off. These benefits supplemented regular vacations for salaried employees of 1 week after 6 months’ service, 2 weeks after 1 year, 3 weeks after 5 years, and 4 weeks after 19 years. National Steel Corp. announced on October 17 that effective in 1964 all salaried employees with 2 years or more service were to receive an ex tended vacation, with the option of taking all or part of it in equivalent pay. Employees with over 20 years’ service were to receive 9 extra weeks; those with 14 but less than 20 years, 7 weeks; those with 8 but less than 14 years’ service, 5 weeks, and those with shorter service were to get 4 extra weeks. Textiles. On Friday, October 25, 1963, President Charles F. Myers of Burlington Industries (the Nation’s largest textile manufacturer) stated “We believe that conditions justify wage advances in many areas of our operations, and we asked our division managers to work out appropriate rate increases on the basis of studies now being made.” Deering Milliken, Inc., with 23 plants, and Pacolet Industries, whose 11 plants sell through Deering Milliken, were the first companies to announce a definite increase—5 percent effective November 4. The announcement was made on Saturday October 26. Other increases spreading throughout the southern textile industry report edly amount to about 5 percent, but as in past southern textile wage movements, the increases varied among the plants. The southern textile industry is largely unorganized and the increases https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1451 put into effect during the first part of November were mostly in North and South Carolina and Georgia. Union officials at Dan River Mills, Danville, Va., were contacted by the companies regarding negotiations on wages under terms of their agreement reached early in September which had provided for a wage reopening at any time. That contract replaced one expiring May 31, 1963, and is to run until May 31, 1965. It provides supplemental jury duty pay and establishes a 12month insurance extension for workers laid off because of lack of work and a reopener on fringe benefits in 1964. Eight locals of the United Textile Workers Union and 250 shops represented by various employer groups agreed on October 9, 1963, to a 3-year contract containing a 32-cent package increase for about 8,000 textile dyeing and finishing workers in New York and New Jersey. Late in September, the union negotiating com mittee had accepted a 25-cent package which was rejected by union members, most of whom then went on strike for 10 days. The new agree ment provided wage-rate increases of 12 cents an hour immediately, 8 cents in 1964, and another 7 cents in 1965. Maintenance department em ployees received an additional 5-cent-an-hour increase in the first year. Vacation and pension benefits were reportedly increased. Other manufacturing. An immediate $4.50-a-week increase to drivers and other routemen and $5.50 a week to plant workers was provided by a 2-year contract agreed to on October 25, 1963, by the Greater New York Milk Dealers Labor Com mittee, representing approximately 300 milk distributors, and Locals 584, 602, and 607 of the International Brotherhood of Teamsters, rep resenting about 9,000 workers. Under the con tract that expired October 24, the average weekly wage was $125 for routemen and $110.50 for plant workers. Maximum monthly pensions were increased to $175 from $150, seventh and eighth paid holidays were added, severance pay for employees with 10 years’ service or more was established for those not eligible for pensions, and death benefits were improved up to $10,500. The chief negotiator for the industry estimated that the package cost about $10.50 a week. A somewhat similar settlement was agreed to on October 31 for about 3,000 workers repre- 1452 sented by Local 680 of the Teamsters and northern New Jersey Milk Dealers. A strike that began October 1, 1963, called by the International Longshoremen’s Association, who represent 1,100 workers at two American Sugar Co. refineries in Brooklyn and Philadelphia, ended October 28 with a 2-year agreement pro viding a 5-percent general wage increase, lib eralized vacations, and a guarantee of 51 weeks’ work a year. The vacation changes consisted of reduction in the years of service required for a 4-week vacation to 15 from 20 years; provision for 4 weeks and 3 days’ vacation after 20 years’ employment; and, to the senior half of the work force, a 9-week "sabbatical” leave, including the worker’s regular vacation, every 5 years. The total 2-year package was estimated by a union official to be worth about 32 cents an hour. A 2-year contract, retroactive to November 1, between Local 9 of the United Glass and Ceramic Workers Union and Libbey-Owens-Ford Glass Co. with plants in Toledo, Ohio; Charleston, W. Va.; Shreveport, La., and Ottawa, 111., did not provide a wage increase for most of approximately 8,000 employees, during the first year, but provided a 5-cent general wage increase in the second year. Maintenance and production workers not covered by bonus provisions will receive wage increases of from 3 cents to 6 cents per hour during the first year and 2 to 4 cents per hour in addition to the 5-cent general increase in the second year. Other benefits effective the first year included improved pension and insurance provisions and a new severance pay plan. Trade and Services. A. & P. Food Stores in western Pennsylvania, West Virginia, and eastern Ohio, and the Meat Cutters and Butcher Work men, Local 590, reached agreement on 2-year contracts covering some 4,500 employees. Hourly wages were increased 10 cents, effective in Septem ber 1963, and additional 5-cent increases will go into effect in September 1964 and again in March 1965. A personal holiday, to be taken any time between January 1 and April 30, brought the total number of holidays to eight. Also provided was 4 weeks’ vacation after 18 instead of 20 years. Two daily rest breaks were increased to 15 minutes each from 10. A union-management committee was established to find jobs for full-time employees who were laid off or reduced to part-time status. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, DECEMBER 1963 A new seniority provision permits bumping anywhere within the 206 stores in the Pitts burgh, Altoona, and Youngstown areas. A similar agreement was announced in Pitts burgh on October 1 by the Kroger Co. and the same union for about 1,600 employees. Weekly wage rates were increased $3 to $5 the first year, with $2 increases to be effective in October 1964 and in April 1965 by a 2-year agreement between the Cleveland Food Industry Committee and Local 427 of the Meat Cutters and Butcher Workmen. The agreement, ratified on October 12 and affecting 3,200 workers, also provided 4 weeks’ vacation after 18 years’ service and an eighth paid holiday. Rest periods were increased to 15 minutes and job security was strengthened. The agreement was expected to set a pattern for other food industry groups in several Ohio counties. Increases of $5 a week in wages or guarantees were granted to about 4,000 salary or commission salesmen and to nonselling personnel, retroactive to September 1, by a 3-year agreement between Local 340, Amalgamated Clothing Workers, and two groups of men’s apparel stores in the New York metropolitan area. Commission rates for furnishings salesmen were raised a quarter percent. An additional weekly increase of $2 was to become effective September 1, 1964, for nonselling em ployees. Effective a year later, all members will receive a third week of vacation after 5 instead of the existing 15 years’ service. Other benefits were increased hospitalization coverage, maternity benefits, and an allowance for X-rays. Agreement was also reached by the ACWA and the same groups of stores on a 3-year contract that granted weekly increases of $7 to 2,500 bushelmen (fitters) and $4 to 1,500 office workers, retroactive to October 1. An additional $2-aweek increase for office workers will be effective on October 1, 1965, and the ACWA’s pension plan was extended to those not previously covered with company payments to begin January 1, 1964. Bushelmen employed by Fifth Ave. stores were to receive an additional $3 a week. The Laundry and Linen Supply Board of Trade and Local 26 of the Laundry Workers union in mid-October announced agreement on a 26-month contract affecting about 3,000 workers in San Francisco. It provided a 10-cent-an-hour wage increase October 15, 1963, and an additional 5 1453 DEVELOPMENTS IN INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS cents an hour May 15, 1964, for washhouse employees and increases of 6% cents and 6 cents on the same dates for other workers. The agree ment also established a third week of vacation after 10 years’ service and set up a training program for new employees. Transportation and Utilities. A deferred income plan that will deposit between $40 to $50 monthly into an account for each of about 6,000 members of the Sailors Union of the Pacific went into effect on October 1, 1963. The union and the Pacific Maritime Association reached agreement in Sep tember on the disposition of an adjustment amounting to 7.85 percent of current basic wages called for by the contract signed in June 1962. Under the plan, a member will receive the money when he retires or leaves the industry. The Cincinnati Transit Co. and the Street, Electric Railway and Motor Coach Employes Union on October 13 signed a 25-month contract providing a total 18-cent-an-hour wage increase for 1,200 workers. A 3-cent-an-hour increase was made effective October 1, 1963, 6 cents on April 1, 1964, 7 cents on April 1, 1965, and 2 cents on August 1, 1965. The contract, the only one of the last four to be settled without arbitration, also provided a new pension fund to which the company was to contribute 14 cents and the employees 7 cents an hour. Those retiring on or after January 1, 1964, were to receive $75 monthly benefits and those already retired were to receive $63 monthly beginning January 1, 1964, and $65 beginning June 1, 1965. Pensions had been $60 a month under the old plan. Weekly wage-rate increases of $2 to $5, with additional increases varying from 50 cents to $3 a week depending upon the type of work, location, or place on the job schedule were agreed to on September 19 by Pacific Telephone and Telegraph Co. and the Communications Workers of America in two 38-month contracts covering 11,000 plant and 1,500 accounting department employees in southern California. Supplemental benefits were similar to those in the Michigan Bell settlement.1 The United Fuel Gas Co. and affiliated com panies and the Oil, Chemical and Atomic Workers reached agreement October 7 on a 3-year contract covering about 1,700 employees in Virginia, West Virginia, Ohio, Maryland, and Kentucky. 1See Monthly Labor Review, September 1963, pp. 1080-1081. 713-154—63---- -7 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Wages were increased 3 percent effective October 1, 1963, with increases of 3K percent effective 1 year later and 4% percent on October 1, 1965. Shift differentials were to increase in 1965 and vacations were to be improved in 1966. Construction. Local 134 of the International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers and the Elec trical Contractors Association of Chicago announced on October 3 amendment of their present contract expiring in June 1964 to provide a paid 2-week vacation beginning in 1964 for about 5,400 journeymen and 200 fourth-year apprentices. Michael J. Kennedy, business mana ger of the local, said the plan was intended to provide jobs for some 500 members who had been unemployed during the last two winters. In the winter of 1961-62 there were about 1,000 un employed electricians but a 7-hour day adopted in November 1962 cut that number by half during the winter of 1962-63. Government Actions. About 5,000 clerical and related employees of the State of Virginia received increases amounting to slightly less than 10 percent for most of them beginning October 1, 1963. Governor Albertis S. Harrison, Jr., an nounced the action in mid-September and said the increase would cost about $1.5 million the first year. The new schedule provided the lowest paid clerk a range of $2,520 to $3,024 instead of $2,400 to $2,760, and a top graded accounting machine operator a scale of $5,880 to $7,680 instead of $5,640 to $7,032. About 19,300 city employees of Philadelphia were to receive increases amounting to more than 7 percent for most workers beginning January 1, 1964, under an agreement announced on October 7 by District Council 33 of the American Federa tion of State, County, and Municipal Employees and the city’s Personnel Director. A $400 annual raise was to go to about 16,500 workers earning $5,615 or less and a $200 raise to about 2,800 workers in higher pay brackets. Union Conventions and Conferences The Machinists and the United Automobile Workers held their third joint aerospace conference in El Segundo, Calif., October 2-4. Items on the agenda included appraisal of recently con- 1454 eluded aerospace negotiations, a survey of current contract administration problems, a study of changing aerospace manpower requirements, an examination of the possible impact of the atomic test ban treaty on the industry, and preparations for 1965 negotiations. President Thomas E. McNett of District 727 of the International Association of Machinists reported to the delegates that under the union security plan negotiated with Lockheed Aircraft Corp. last January,2 1,100 employees had joined the union. According to McNett, 90 to 95 percent of all new employees had joined the union after being solicited by union stewards. The National Maritime Union held its 13th convention in New York City October 8 through 12. President Joseph Curran reported maritime unions were near agreement on jurisdictional matters including the principle of fleetwide bargaining and transfer of union jurisdiction when ships are sold or transferred. Curran also urged reinstatement of the Teamsters in the AFL-CIO. Convention resolutions called for a variety of government actions including adoption of a policy requiring all foreign aid shipments be transported in U.S. vessels, centralization of administration of cargo preference regulations in the Maritime Administration, and a requirement that sub sidized lines solicit bulk as well as general cargo. The delegates also resolved that strategic com modities be imported in U.S. vessels, that govern ment construction and operating subsidies be increased, and that a formal training and upgrad ing program be established under joint unionemployer auspices to help cope with automation and update members’ skills. Initiation fees were raised to $150 from $100 and dues were increased to $30 per quarter from $25 and the office of patrolman was made appoint ive rather than elective. The convention took no action on the layup of the U.S. Lines’ luxury liner “America” whose September 14 and subsequent voyages had been canceled because NMU members quit work rather than sail with Louis Neurohr, 1st assistant engineer on the America, whom they accused of racial and religious bigotry and abuse of authority. The industry-NMU umpire, Theodore Kheel, had recommended that Neurohr be transferred to another ship but, on October 14, Donald Shaughnessy, arbitrator under the Marine Engineers https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, DECEMBER 1963 Beneficial Association contract dismissed charges against Neurohr. Curran had suggested prior to the convention that arbitration procedures be set up to decide disputes between two unions whose members were employed by the same company. The Utility Workers Union at its 13th conven tion in Chicago October 24-26 reelected William J. Pachler president along with other incumbents. Their terms of office were lengthened to 4 years by constitutional amendment. The delegates ap proved a resolution to retain a consulting firm to study the industry. In recommending the project to the delegates, Pachler stated that nuclear power plants, automation, high voltage transmission grids, and the sharing of resources among adjoining power companies have all seriously affected collective bargaining. At its quadrennial convention, the United Brick and Clay Workers in Louisville, Ky., September 29 through October 2, attributed a decline in membership to automation, plant shutdowns, im ports, and substitute materials. An expanded organizing drive was authorized. A legislative program called for cutting the social security re tirement age, an improved unemployment com pensation program, repeal of Section 14(b) of the Taft-Hartley Act, hospital care for the aged through social security, and improved workmen’s compensation laws. President William L. Grif fith and Secretary-Treasurer Herbert R. Flegal had been reelected to office prior to the convention by referendum. The American Train Dispatchers Association’s 19th general assembly at Chicago October 14-16 reelected President R. C. Coutts and other incum bents. The delegates approved a hospital-surgical plan for retired members and raised dues $1 a month to an annual total of $60. Delegates urged that dispute processing by the Railroad Adjustment Board be expedited. Civil Rights Secretary of Labor W. Willard Wirtz on Octo ber 23 proposed compliance procedures to insure equality of opportunity in the Nation’s appren ticeship system. Standards had originally been issued in July. Following criticism of the original language, standards and procedures were pub2See Monthly Labor Review, March 1963, p. 311. DEVELOPMENTS IN INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS lished on October 23, and interested persons or groups had 15 days to make recommendations regarding them. Failure of an apprenticeship program to meet the standards would mean loss of Federal registration; contractors on Federal construction projects may pay apprentices less than the journeyman rate only if they are being trained under a federally registered program.3 Three Negro postal employees, reportedly the first to be promoted to supervisory positions in the Dallas, Tex., Post Office, were reassigned to nonsupervisory work at no loss in pay in October.4 The United Federation of Postal Clerks had charged the Post Office Department with pro moting without regard to merit registers. The Post Office Department determined that Assistant Postmaster General Richard J. Murphy did not have authority to make the special appointments. Other Developments The Canadian government late in October pro tested to the United States over the refusal of American longshoremen to load and unload Canadian ships in Great Lakes ports after the Canadian Government had placed four Canadian maritime unions and the Canadian branch of the Seafarers’ International Union of America in trusteeship. The Canadian Parliament had au thorized the 3-year trusteeship after a govern ment inquiry accused the head of the Canadian branch of the SIU of running an undemocratic union and of using violence to dominate Great Lakes maritime workers, and following failure of United States-Canadian efforts to set up a private trustee system. The American boycott was re portedly directed primarily at the Upper Great Lakes Shipping Company whose workers had formerly been organized by the SIU but which negotiated a contract with the Canadian Maritime Union. The latter union was set up by the Canadian Labor Congress after it expelled the Seafarers. Delegates to the New York State 3See M onthly Labor Review, September 1863, p. 1084. 4See M onthly Labor Review, October 1963, p. 1207. 3 Ibid., p. 1208. 6 See Monthly Labor Review, January 1963, p. 67. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1455 AFL-CIO convention in October approved a reso lution condemning the trusteeship. The U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals in Boston on October 17 postponed an order of the Civil Aero nautics Board that Northeast Airlines discontinue its New York-Florida run and confine its opera tions to New England 5 until at least April 30, 1964 to permit the court to review the ruling. Petitions filed by employee groups and competing airlines to participate in the case as interested parties were denied. Six officers of the International Union of Mine, Mill and Smelter Workers (Ind.) found guilty September 20 in the Federal District Court in Denver, Colo., of filing false non-Communist affidavits with the National Labor Relations Board under since repealed provisions of the TaftHartley Act, reportedly planned to appeal the ruling. They were President A. C. Skinner, Secretary-Treasurer Irving Dichter, Administra tive Assistant Harold Sanderson, District 4 Board Member Raymond Dennis, International Repre sentative Charles H. Wilson, and former SecretaryTreasurer Maurice E. Travis. International Representative Jess R. Van Camp was found not guilty. John J. Grogan, president of the Industrial Union of Marine and Shipbuilding Workers of America, was elected October 8 a member of the AFL-CIO Executive Council and Federation vice president, succeeding Leland S. Buckmaster, pres ident emeritus of the United Rubber, Cork, Linoleum and Plastic Workers, who resigned in February 1962.6 Grogan, president of his union since 1951, is also mayor of Hoboken, N.J. UAW president Walter Reuther had nominated Ralph Helstein, president of the United Packinghouse, Food and Allied Workers, for the council vacancy but AFL-CIO President George Meany had op posed the nomination on grounds that Helstein’s union had been Communist-tainted. Reuther claimed that both former CIO unions and former AFL unions had the right to name new members to the Executive Council as a condition of the 1955 merger of the AFL and CIO, and together with four other members, he abstained from voting on Grogan’s selection. Book Reviews and Notes E ditor’s N ote.—Listing of a publication in this section is for record and reference only and does not constitute an endorsement of point of view or advocacy of use. Special Reviews National Labor Movements in the Postwar World. Edited by Everett M. Kassalow. Evanston, 111., Northwestern University Press, 1963. 256 pp. $6.95. This volume had its origins in a seminar on comparative labor movements held in Washing ton, D.C., under the auspices of the National Institute of Labor Education. It includes essays by a distinguished group of experts: David J. Saposs and Arnold L. Steinbach on the inter national labor movement; George Lichtblau on Communist labor tactics in former colonial coun tries; Paul Fisher on unions in the development process; Bruce Millen on the Norwegian labor movement; Val R. Lorwin on Belgium and France; Robert J. Alexander on Bolivia; Solomon B. Levine on Japan; and Stephen Low on Africa. Everett M. Kassalow, who organized the seminar has a concluding summary chapter. The essays are almost uniformly interesting and informative. Each reader will naturally find that some provide him with more new ideas than others, reflecting his own interests and knowledge. I was particularly intrigued by Yal Lorwin’s elegant paper on the Belgian and French labor move ments, partly because so little has been written about the Belgian scene, and partly because the comparative method is used to such good effect. Lorwin cites a number of factors which he feels account for the relative success of the Belgian unions vis-a-vis their French neighbors: The earlier and more complete industrialization of the French economy; the postwar spirit of coopera tion between Belgian labor and management resulting from the events of the Nazi occupation; and differences in the position of the Catholic 1456 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Church in the two countries, in the attitudes of Belgian and French workers toward the legitimacy of state power, and in national values. George Lichtblau provides a useful summary of the untiring efforts by the World Federation of Trade Unions to win friends and influence people in the new countries. He points out that the WFTU has been a major instrument of Soviet policy aimed at detaching other nations from the West through “tactical and technical guidance, training of cadres, and financial assistance to a growing number of labor movements, helping them thereby to transform their societies into socioeconomic structures resembling those of the ‘peoples democracies’.” Fisher, Low, and Kassalow address themselves most directly to the main theme of the volume— the role of organized labor in economic develop ment. Mr. Low, surveying the African scene, observes that the trade unions there cater to a relatively small proportion of the population (and, it might be added, to groups whose per capita income is apt to be several times greater than the average for the nation as a whole); and that they tend to rely more heavily on political action, through government directly or their close ties with the dominant political party, than on col lective bargaining. Mr. Fisher argues that far from impeding development by diverting invest ment resources to consumption, unions can make a major contribution to economic change and social stability by helping overcome con servative traditional attitudes and by disci plining the labor force. Mr. Kassalow makes the point, inter alia, that investment in social overhead may be as important as building up physical capital, and argues strongly that genuinely inde pendent trade unions (there is an interesting discussion of what is meant by “independent”) are indispensable for the success of development programs conducted under democratic auspices. This volume is a useful addition to the growing literature on the social aspects of development. An “impure” blending of pure economic growth theory and the pure politics of new nation building, this burgeoning area of study may in the end provide some of the crucial pieces in the devel opment puzzle. —W alter Galenson Institute of Industrial Relations University of California, Berkeley BOOK REVIEWS AND NOTES The Reluctant Job Changer: Studies in Work Attachments and Aspirations. By Gladys L. Palmer and others. Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania Press, 1962. 225 pp. $7.50. As suggested by its title, this volume, in contrast to most research in the field of labor mobility, has as its focus the “stable” worker—the worker who is likely to stay put in spite of either economic pressures to change jobs (e.g., threats of layoffs) or of economic incentives to move (e.g., offers of higher wages). From the vantage point of the personnel manager, the stable worker, if also productive, is the “ideal” worker. The manpower economist tends, however, to view him with some concern if his attachments are to a declining industry or trade. Whether approached from these or other perspectives, the collection of four studies in this volume, and Gladys Palmer’s synthesis of their findings, provide additional insights to an aspect of labor market behavior about which our collective knowledge is still very spotty. Although the four studies are concerned with the general theme of attachment, or lack of attachment, to the individual’s job, firm, or occupation, they vary considerably in design and specific objectives. The first study, by Palmer, Parnes, and Wilcock, attempts—through intensive interview techniques—to measure and compare degrees of attachment to the firm and to the occupation on the part of workers in two skilled trades (machinists, linemen) and in two semiskilled trades (welders, machine operators). The second study, by Parnes, also uses the attitude survey method to attempt to isolate the effects of pension plans upon worker stability. Carol Brainerd, in the third study, reaches backward in time to measure trends in job changing of Philadelphia toolmakers over several decades, tapping, for this purpose, results of three different work experience studies (1924, 1936, 1956) for that trade. Finally, Mary Herman, relying mainly on the analytical tools of the sociologist, focuses on measures of class identification, occupational aspirations, and job satisfaction drawn from a number of local surveys conducted during the past decade in the United States and abroad. Because of their emphasis on depth, rather than breadth the studies do not lend themselves https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1457 to facile generalization. The pervasive theme, highlighted by Gladys Palmer in her concluding chapter, is the increased importance attached by the American worker to formalized seniority rights. These rights represent a range of entitle ments, such as promotion chances, choice of vacation periods, and pension benefits, but, above all else, are identified with economic security. This concern with seniority and job security is offered as an explanation for the greater degree of attachment shown by workers to their firm than to their occupation, and for the apparent long-term decline in mobility of the Philadelphia toolmakers, historically a highly mobile occupational group. Among the more interesting insights offered by this volume is the attempt to isolate the influence of private pensions as a specific factor affecting job attachment. In a survey limited to male production workers, aged 35 to 50, in two plants (one pension, one nonpension; but similar in other respects) Parnes finds very little difference in job attachments among workers in both plants, and a general lack of specific knowl edge about pension rights among the workers in the plant with a pension system. The authors, properly, avoid overgeneralization from this limited sample. It is quite possible, for example, that the “holding power” of pension plans, per se, is greater for white-collar workers than for produc tion workers; and, most likely, would be greater among men closer to retirement age. The findings do, however, reinforce observations elsewhere in recent literature on the high discount rates by the average worker of future benefits, as against more tangible short-term returns. — H arold W ool Office of the Assistant Secretary of Defense for Manpower U.S. Department of Defense The American Worker in the Twentieth Century: A History Through Autobiographies. By Eli Ginzberg and Hyman Berman. New York, Free Press of Glencoe, 1963. 368 pp. $7.50. For Ginzberg and Berman, a history of the American worker since 1900 can be best ap proached through autobiographies of workers. The result is a highly interesting, vivid, and impressionistic account of the life, work, and 1458 aspirations of American workers in the twentieth century as seen through their own eyes and stated in their own idiom. With major emphasis on the industrial wage earner, the 93 autobiographies selected are culled largely from: . . . personal accounts written by workers and published in periodicals and books, most of them obscure and out of print; testimony given by workers before Federal and State legislative and administrative bodies; recorded materials in the depositories of oral history projects; and unpub lished interviews with workers collected in the course of scientific investigations. Illuminating the autobiographies are valuable summaries of prior approaches to American labor history, and of the transformations that have affected labor organizations and their members as well as the unorganized workers. What emerges is a portrait of the American worker of the twentieth century, encountering and being buffeted by wars and depressions and mighty social changes. Whether native or foreign born, organized or unorganized, the worker was am bitious, hopeful, optimistic, hardy, and extremely productive and often appreciative of the notable opportunities spread before him and his children in a land of unexampled opportunities and re sources. Social evils at various periods, including child labor at extremely young ages and the exploitation of women, are not, however, over looked or minimized. The authors use judgment samples rather than random samples based on probability considera tions but the quest for adequate range and repre sentativeness of the life histories selected has been generally successful. The emphasis on the individual worker is certainly refreshing and makes for an unusually readable volume. One wonders, however, whether the average reader, with little knowledge of the subject matter, should not be counseled to read general histories of labor and of American economic history before turning to this volume. Although Ginzberg and Berman do not claim that their product is a substitute for such histories, they do exude too much optimism that an "instant history” is on the market that can be absorbed painlessly and with little effort. In the final analysis, there https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, DECEMBER 1963 is no royal road to any field of learning, including the study and understanding of the American worker since 1900. Whatever the shortcomings of the work, there can be no doubt of the courage and skill of the authors in embarking on this difficult, but rewarding, enterprise. Their volume is one more illustration, and a truly outstanding one, of the eternal quest of historians and other social scientists for novel and more significant approaches to their source material. — H arris P roschansky New York Regional Office Wage and Hour and Public Contracts Divisions Why People Work: Changing Incentives in a Troubled World. By Aaron Levenstein. New York, Crowell-Collier Press, 1962. 320 pp., bibliography. $3.95. Professor Levenstein has written a sprightly little book on problems of work incentives. The changing motives for working are interesting from a social and economic point of view. The author has adroitly mixed good economic, sociological, and political sense into a monograph that is an interesting exposition of the changing incentives. As the world changes, the work force is shifting its composition. The skills demanded by modern production are changing and better educated and better trained personnel are required. We must provide appropriate incentives for workers to respond to the call of industry for more skills. Levenstein finds no single cause, but a host of factors, creating the present attitudes toward work. He reminds us that the technology of work has been so completely revolutionized that the old attitude of the artisan is no longer appropriate and that "we must be concerned, but not frightened, as human attitudes change.” After an interesting exposition of the reasons for changing attitudes toward work, the author points out the well-known order of job satisfaction factors that begin with security, interest, oppor tunity for advancement—noting, as many before him have, that wages are far from the first in the list. He advises management to realize that a corporation or a large plant is more than an economic unit. It is also a social institution and must provide for the development of all partici- 1459 BOOK REVIEWS AND NOTES pants in the production process, not just the management sector. “Management, buffeted by decades of change, is afraid of the new society that its technology has created.” Pointing to the precepts of a mana gerial individualism, whose end was visible as soon as the corporate concept was born, business refuses to accept the existence of interdependence. Thus, Levenstein exhorts management to come to a complete understanding of its responsibilities and to shoulder them. With a more skilled and more highly trained work force, more and more persons are capable of decisionmaking and the base of decisionmaking must be broadened to take into account the aspirations and abilities of the newly emerging work force of a society subject to continuous technological change. Work is the link between the worker and society and it offers him more than protection against deprivation. It offers him economic and psycho logical stability in a constantly and rapidly churning process of change. The worker can never return to the days of the artisan who started a task and could finish it and find satisfaction in the completed work of his hands. He is destined to be only a part of the whole and to make a part of the whole. While there is little that is new in Professor Levenstein’s work, it is refreshingly and fiowingly stated and will make interesting reading, especially for trade union leaders and persons engaged in the management and supervision of other people. — M a n u el E ber Office of Manpower, Automation and Training Manpower Administration John R. Commons: His Assault on Laissez-Faire. By Lafayette G. Harter, Jr. Corvallis, Oregon State University Press, 1962. 283 pp., bibliography. $4.95. In his introduction Mr. Harter describes John II. Commons as “Nominally—an economist—but of the institutional school. Like others of this school, he rebelled against the prevailing doctrines of his day. But more important than his eco nomic protestantism was the fact that he was a https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis reformer. His impact as a theoretical economist has remained small, but the reforms in which he participated have become important institutions. They, more than his or any other economist's theories, have contributed to a radical change in American thought. Because the reforms were imcompatible with the prevailing conceptions of the social order, they slowly undermind it.” The point of view reflected in this statement pervades the remainder of Mr. Harter’s biogra phy. The concluding chapters disclose the au thor’s disbelief in the vitality of the institutional school, as well as the substance of an economic theory embodied in that “school,” of which Commons was a part. In between, the reader is provided with an account of the economic and social environment Commons faced, and his response to it. These chapters portray the story of Commons’ prag matic approach to economic problems, with em phasis on the inductive method. They provide a straightforward description of Commons’ in fluence on social legislation—particularly public utility regulation, workmen’s compensation, min imum wage, and unemployment compensation. His effective use of students to assist in the de velopment of factual material embodied in his studies (and their enthusiastic response) is com mended. His contribution to economic theory is regarded as minimal. Harter’s book provides a convenient resume of the more important contributions of Commons: The development of commissions to study and report on social problems, the use of the negotia ting process to promote acceptance of new methods of dealing with economic problems, the necessity to recognize that economic institutions change and that these changes must be acknowledged in the formulation of economic doctrine. It is doubtful that students of Commons will be contented with Harter’s appraisal. Biogra phers might wish that Commons’ warm personality had been more fully portrayed. The bibliography is excellent and extensive. — P .R . K erschbaum Associate Commissioner for Management and Field Operations, Bureau of Labor Statistics 1460 The Italian Labor Movement. By Daniel L. Horowitz. Cambridge, Mass., Harvard Uni versity Press, 1963. 356 pp., bibliography. (Wertheim Publications in Industrial Rela tions.) $7.50. The key problem for postwar Italy, as for post war France, has been its inability to attain what Horowitz calls a “congruence” among its social and economic structure, political forces, and trade unions. In both cases, this national majority consensus necessary to a viable balance has been frustrated by the active presence of a large Communist Party and a dominating Communistcontrolled labor federation. This has rendered the left majority in each country inoperative and has thus frustrated the reconstructing of the social and economic life of the country which seemed the promise of the liberation period. In his study of what this has meant in Italy, Horowitz considers the development of trade unions against the evolution of that country’s social, political, and economic institutions. Al most half the volume is devoted to an incisive review of the roots of the movement and the forces which shaped it until the Fascist debacle and World War II. The remainder of the book details the attempts to fill the vacuum left by the Fascist state and the evolution of the forces that emerged. Horowitz makes clear that no congruence has yet been found which offers the democratic stability that can ensure economic progress with a large measure of social justice. However, unlike the study of 2 years ago by Maurice Neufeld, Italy: School for Awakening Countries, which covered much of the same ground, Horowitz ends on a cautiously optimistic note. The difference lies not so much in evaluation as in events of the last 2 years. The Horowitz book was completed as the “opening to the left” was being put into effect and the Italian economy was exhibiting a new, and in some respects, astonishing dynamism. Although these developments have undoubtedly contributed to the diminution of the influence of the Communist-controlled General Italian Con federation of Labor (CGIL), it continues to com mand the allegiance of the most significant seg ments of organized Italian workers. Until Nenni feels he can (with minimum risk) break with the https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, DECEMBER 1963 mystique of working class unity on the trade union front and attempt to direct his followers to the non-Communist groups, further progress, though possible, will undoubtedly be slow. However, new factors are constantly emerging, notably at this time, the internal effect on Com munist organizations of the Soviet-Sino conflict, and the impact of the Common Market. These, coupled with those noted above, may have the effect of forcing the emergence of a drastic political realinement which will strongly influence trade union evolution. This is a valuable addition to the limited litera ture on the Italian unions and Italian social de velopment. It happily escapes the turgid prose of many academic volumes and is able to clarify enormously complicated internal political gyra tions of the unions. Its thoroughness and highly competent scholarship will probably make it the standard text for those having interest in European labor. One element of some significance in the struc turing of the post-Fascist labor movement is neither recorded or evaluated in the book: the programs of the American government agencies, particularly the work of Colonel Thomas Lane as labor attache during the crucial postwar years. The political and economic role of the Marshall Plan is also not discussed. Perhaps these will have to wait for a study devoted entirely to the post war period and written by someone without official connections. Horowitz is a pioneer American labor attache, having served in Chile, New Delhi, and Paris. The fact that his “on the ground” research took place during two different periods, 4 years apart, undoubtedly add to the authority of the volume, letting time aid him in establishing the validity of his judgments. — K enneth D outy European Area Specialist Bureau of International Labor Affairs The Contrasting Economies: A Study of Modern Economic Systems. By Lynn Turgeon. Bos ton, Allyn and Bacon, Inc., 1963. 382 pp., bibliographies. $4.50, paper. Students of comparative economic systems will welcome Professor Turgeon’s fresh approach to the study of organizational, operational, and pol- BOOK REVIEWS AND NOTES 1461 icy aspects of “capitalist” and “noncapitalistoriented” systems, with the Soviet economy typi fying the latter category. The study is organized along functional lines, weaving the contrast be tween Turgeon’s two groupings with reference to key sectors (agriculture, labor, foreign trade, and others), allocative and distributive problems (con sumption and investment, living standards), and to topics of special operational significance, such as decisionmaking processes. One particularly welcomes the forthright intro ductory statement on the widely debated question of the extent to which Khrushchev’s Russia is becoming more “capitalistically” oriented. Turgeon rightly labels this reasoning a “misreading of the facts,” on the sound grounds that the motiva tion behind adaptations in planned economies, which superficially resemble “capitalist-oriented” practices, is fundamentally different. While the book is impressive, the treatment of the major theme is somewhat uneven. Turgeon incorporates a survey of Soviet economic affairs that can take its place alongside the best general works now in use. His emphasis on the Soviet economy as the principal “noncapitalist-oriented” system is valuable analytically, but one questions whether the preoccupation with the U.S.-U.S.S.R. confrontation yields the most satisfactory study of comparative systems. Moreover, the “capi talist-oriented” analysis contrasts markedly with the richness and depth of his coverage of Soviet themes. On the whole, such criticism detracts little from this reviewer’s high opinion of the book, which is recommended particularly for all serious students of the Soviet economy. — P aul G ekker Federal Reserve Board Economic Trends in the Soviet Union. Edited by Abram Bergson and Simon Kuznets. Cam bridge, Mass., Harvard University Press, 1963. 392 pp. $9.75. This collective study is the product of an unusually successful conference on the subject of Soviet economic growth. The conference, held at Princeton University in May 1961, was planned and executed under the deft leadership of the same two scholars who appear as the editors of the pub https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis lished volume. For Professor Bergson, his appear ance in the guise of chairman and editor is, in a sense, a repeat performance, since he had also presided over a previous conference on the same subject, which resulted in a pioneer study in this area of research, published in 1953 under the title Soviet Economic Growth. In presenting its collective analysis of the statis tical record of Soviet economic growth, the present study examines its subject matter under eight broad topics: Labor force (Eason), capital stock (Kaplan), industrial production (Powell), agri cultural production (Johnson), consumption (Chapman), foreign trade (Holzman), national income (Bergson), and a comparative appraisal (Kuznets). The result is an impressively erudite collection of carefully drafted and edited chapters, each a compressed monograph on the topic. As designed by the editors, this examination of U .8.S.R. growth trends is an attempt to provide an added dimension for viewing the subject by weaving into the presentation, where appropriate, some relevant comparisons with the more familiar economic trends and policies of other countries. Most often, of course, such comparisons are made with the United States. It is also illuminating to find among the specific comparisons presented in this volume something on the allocative devices used by the Soviet Union for the purpose of gaining ground in its economic race against the market economies. Soviet planners are shown as wont to channel a high pro portion of the available nonfarm labor into mate rial production rather than into services. As a, result, figures calculated from Soviet sources show that in 1959 as much as 40 percent of the Soviet non farm labor force was employed in industry, as compared with 33 percent in the United States. In commerce, by contrast, the Soviet proportion is 8 percent as against a proportion of 22 percent in the case of our nonfarm manpower. In addition to the comparative data contained in the individual essays, the present volume makes a unique and welcome contribution in its con cluding chapter, which places the overall Soviet experience in economic growth within an inter national setting. What emerges from this highly expert comparative appraisal by Professor Kuznets is a more conservative assessment of the Soviet 1462 record of economic growth than has been the tendency heretofore for the majority of specialists in the field. Kuznets finds, for example, that the rate of growth of the net national product of the U.S.S.R. over a period of some 20 ‘'normal” years (excluding the disturbed decade 1940-50) amounted to 5.2 percent per year—a rate that is high but not un precedented. Rates as high as this, his compari sons show, were equaled or exceeded over long periods of time in other countries: In the United States during the 1870’s and 1880’s, in Australia, in Japan, and in South Africa. Other countries that have come quite close to this level are Sweden, Canada, and Argentina. In some of these coun tries, moreover, the rate of growth on a percapita basis was also equal to that of the U.S.S.R. Sweden, in particular, has shown a high rate of growth in per capita terms. Turning to the period since World War II, Kuznets finds that the Soviet economy has indeed expanded at an impressive rate—6.8 percent. However, for this period, too, he finds that rates of such magnitude, both higher and lower by small margins, have been experienced by several countries in Europe, Asia, Africa, and Latin America. On the basis of these comparisons, Kuznets concludes that “The high and quickening rate of growth by the U.S.S.R. in the post-World War II years is thus shared by a number of other countries in which World War II formed, as it were, a watershed.” As may be expected, the editors are fully aware that the Soviet economy is an evolving social organism that cannot be made to remain under the microscope for a period of time without under going further change. Such a change has inevi tably taken place during the 3 years that elapsed between the drafting of the original chapters and the time of their publication. In the preface, therefore, the editors indicate that after 1958 most official indexes in the U.S.S.R. witnessed a per ceptible decline in growth. In the case of national income, for example, even the growth rate shown by the official index dropped from 10.9 percent per annum for the period 1950-58 to a rate of 7.6 percent for the years 1958-61. Another uniquely useful chapter, contributed by Mrs. Janet Chapman, undertakes a comparison of the level and pattern of consumption in the Soviet https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis MONTHLY LABOR REVIEiW, DECEMBER 1963 Union with those of the United States. [A sum mary of portions of this study was published in the Monthly Labor Review, January 1963, pp. 11-13.] The author develops a two-stage juxtaposition in which Soviet consumption per capita today in a number of standard categories is compared to that of the United States in two periods in its develop ment—1890 and the present. A comparison of this sort helps to identify the particular social terrain on which the Soviet leadership has chosen to challenge the more affluent societies of the West. — L eon M. H erm an Legislative Reference Service Library of Congress Government and Labor: The Role of Government in Union-Management Relations. By Herbert R. Northrup and Gordon F. Bloom. Homewood, 111., Richard D. Irwin, Inc., 1963. 507 pp. $10.60. To properly evaluate the merit of Government and Labor, one must pay particular attention to the audience for which it was written. “Student, teacher, and practitioner,” as the preface spells out the readership, represent a heterogeneous audience in terms of sophistication, knowledge, and interest. It is doubtful that advanced students in labor law or labor economics or well-informed, working specialists are going to find that this volume contains materials or problems with which they are unfamiliar. For the undergraduate, for the personnel man (rather than the labor relations expert), for teachers in allied fields, however, the book has much to recommend it. Northrup and Bloom are to be praised for their succinct and well-organized presentation of labor law and its implementation via government in the field of labor relations. Parts II (Govern ment Control of Union-Management Relations) and III (Intervention in Labor Disputes) provide the reader with a rapid and complete background of knowledge for evaluating the historical bases and current conditions governing labor-manage ment relations. And what is perhaps even more important, the authors present these materials honestly, as an often ambiguous and contradictory set of policies and practices—not as legalistic absolutes to be cherished by the uninitiated. Moreover, the authors delve deeply into the genesis BOOK REVIEWS AND NOTES 1463 of the law and the reasons for its vague and often contradictory aspects. By and large, the authors live up to their promise of presenting ‘'conflicting views and ideas objec tively and thoroughly.” This is particularly true on issues where union and management ideologi cally, at least, are in opposition. With respect to government intervention, however, although they go to great lengths to present all sides of the picture, they leave this reviewer with the impres sion that they consider increased government control of labor-management disputes and their settlement undesirable within a political democ racy. In taking such a stand (although they are extremely cautious in committing themselves directly even with regard to this point), they are in harmony with the active participants’ point of view, if not with some segments of the public who feel that the cost of labor-management disputes necessitates more vigorous intervention. Unfor tunately, whether or not the fear of government control implicitly expressed in the volume is valid will not be determined by reading this work. Much of the evidence presented (through no fault of the authors) is speculative rather than defini tive. The data available often seem to be more appropriate for value judgments than for objec tive appraisal. In spite of this one departure from the ulet the reader decide” approach, the authors’ faithful adherence to their imposed code is laudatory. The reader will find in the final chapter, instead of crystal gazing, a masterpiece of synthesis and a tough-minded evaluation of whether or not one can indeed make valid speculations considering the nature of the data available. Although Northrup and Bloom conclude that their effort has produced questions rather than answers, their integration of the vast and complex data they have compiled is well worth the price of the volume. Their “bdsic tenets underlying na tional labor policy” and their discussion of them is as perceptive and scholarly an effort as one will find in the social science literature. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis — H jalmar R osen Department of Psychology Wayne State University Education and Training Business Simulation in Industrial and University Education. By Paul S. Greenlaw, Lowell W. Herron, Richard H. Rawdon. Englewood Cliffs, N.J., Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1962. 356 pp., bibliography. $10. Rehabilitating the Aging Disabled Worker— [A Symposium]. (In Rehabilitation Record, U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Vocational Re habilitation Administration, Washington, SeptemberOctober 1963, pp. 2-16.) Retraining of Industrial Personnel. By Walter J. McNamara. (In Personnel Psychology: A Journal of Applied Research, Durham, N.C., Autumn 1963, pp. 2 3 3-247. $2.50.) Your Future in the Automotive Industry. By Dawson Taylor. New York, Richards Rosen Press, 1963. 160 pp., bibliography. $2.95. Health and Safety Vital and Health Statistics Data From the National Health Survey: Disability Days, United States, July 1961June 1962. Washington, U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Public Health Service, 1963. 52 pp. (Publication 1000— Series 10— No. 4.) 40 cents, Superintendent of Documents, Washington. Health Services for Civilian Governmental Employees. By John F. Kilgus, Jr., M.D. (In Archives of Environmental Health, Chicago, October 1963, pp. 4 7 7-480. $1.25.) Handbook [of the Federal Safety Council]. Washington, U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Standards, Federal Safety Council, 1963. 63 pp. Psychological Complications in Industrial Injuries. By John C. Nemiah, M.D. (In Archives of Environ mental Health, Chicago, October 1963, pp. 481-486. $1.25.) Disabling Work-Injury Experience of the Oil Industry (All Activities) and the Natural Cas Industry (Excluding Distribution Activities) in the United States, 1962. Washington, U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Mines, 1963. 14 pp. (Mineral Industry Surveys.) California Work Injuries, 1961. San Francisco, California Department of Industrial Relations, Division of Labor Statistics and Research, 1963. 49 pp. Annual Report of the Chief Inspector of Factories on In dustrial Health, 1962. London, Ministry of Labor, 1963. 58 pp. (Cmnd. 2129.) 4s., H.M. Stationery Office, London. MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, DECEMBER 1963 1464 Industrial Relations The Impact of Atlantic-Gulf Unionism on the Relative Earnings of Unlicensed Merchant Seamen. By Leonard A. Rapping. (In Industrial and Labor Relations Review, Ithaca, N.Y., October 1963, pp. 75-95. $1.75.) Strategy and Collective Bargaining Negotiation. By Carl M. Stevens. New York, McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc., 1963. 192 pp., bibliography. $6.95. Collective Bargaining and the National Interest. By Joseph A. Raffaele. (In Labor Law Journal, Chicago, June 1963, pp. 514-526. $1.) Our National Lahor Policy— Collective Bargaining or Authoritarianism? By James L. McGuigan. (In Labor Law Journal, Chicago, June 1963, pp. 527-531. $ 1 .) Collective Bargaining at the Crossroads. By Allan Weisen feld. (In Labor Law Journal, Chicago, June 1963, pp. 508-513. $1.) Collective Bargaining Settlements in New York State— 1962 Annual Report. New York, State Depart ment of Labor, Division of Research and Statistics, 1963. 24 pp. Fact-Finding in Lahor Disputes: The States’ Experience. By Herbert R. Northrup. (In Industrial and Labor Relations Review, Ithaca, N.Y., October 1963, pp. 114-134. $1.75.) Developing Standards for Determining Arbitrability of Lahor Disputes by Federal Courts. By Gilbert A. Cornfield. (In Labor Law Journal, Chicago, June 1963, pp. 564-577. $1.) Labor’s Right to Technical Data. By Theodore St. Antoine and Bert Gottlieb. (In American Federationist, AFL-CIO, Washington, October 1963, pp. 19-22.) Labor Force Mobilizing to Meet Municipal Manpower Challenges. By Frank P. Zeidler. (In Public Personnel Review, Chicago, October 1963, pp. 226-232. $2.) Manpower for Medical Research Requirements and Resources, 1965-1970. Washington, U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Public Health Service, 1963. 72 pp. (Resources for Medical Research Report 3.) 55 cents, Superintendent of Documents, Washington. Britain, The Netherlands, Sweden. New York, State Department of Labor, Division of Employment, 1963. 119 pp. Conditions of Employment in Air Traffic Control Service. By Jacob Schenkman. (In International Labor Review, Geneva, September 1963, pp. 221-261. 75 cents. Distributed in United States by Washington Branch of ILO.) The Rich and the Poor: Employment in an Age of Auto mation. By Arnold R. Weber. (In Social Service Review, University of Chicago Press, Chicago, September 1963, pp. 249-262. $2.25.) The Geographic Mobility of Labor: A First Report. By John B. Lansing and others. Ann Arbor, University of Michigan, Survey Research Center, 1963. 315 pp., bibliography. The Erosion of Jobs and Skills. (In American Federationist, AFL-CIO, Washington, October 1963, pp. 6-12.) The Hired Farm Working Force of 1961. Washington, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service, 1963. 57 pp. (Agricultural Economic Re port 36.) The Hidden Force: A Report of the International Conference on Middle Level Manpower, San Juan, Puerto Rico, October 10-12, 1962. By Francis W. Godwin, Richard N. Goodwin, William F. Haddad. New York, Harper & Row, Publishers, 1963. xvi, 203 pp., bibliography. II Lavoro in Italia net 1962. (In Rassenga di Statistiche del Lavoro, Confederazione General della Industria Italiana, Rome, May-June 1963, pp. 210-232.) Labor Organisations Directory of Labor Organizations: Asia and Australasia, Volumes I and II. Washington, U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of International Labor Affairs and Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1963. 502 and 490 pp., respectively. Revised March 1963. $7 per set, Superintendent of Documents, Washington. Labor Organizations in Canada, 1963. Ottawa, Canadian Department of Labor, Economics and Research Branch, 1963. 98 pp. 50 cents, Queen’s Printer, Ottawa. Union Trusteeships and Section 304(a) of the LandrumGriffin Act. By Daniel L. Shneidman. (In Labor Law Journal, Chicago, June 1963, pp. 553-563. $1.) Petroleum and Gas Industries Manpower Requirements, 1962, and List of Key Occupations in the Petroleum and Natural Gas Industries. Washington, Natural Petroleum Council, 1963. 112 pp. Union Structure and Public Policy: The Control of Union Racial Practices. By Ray Marshall. (In Political Science Quarterly, Columbia University, New York, September 1963, pp. 444-458. $1.50.) A Study and Appraisal of Manpower Programs as Related to a Policy of Full Employment in France, Great Fiduciary Obligations of Union Officers Under Section 501 of the Lab or-Management Reporting and Disclosure Act https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis BOOK REVIEWS AND NOTES of 1959. By Charles R. Katz. (In Labor Law Journal, Chicago, June 1963, pp. 542-552. $1.) Social Democracy and the St. Petersburg Labor Movement, 1885-1897. By Richard Pipes. Cambridge, Mass., Harvard University, 1963. 154 pp., bibliography. (Russian Research Center Study 46.) $4.25, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Mass. Personnel Management Readings in Personnel Management From Fortune. Edited by William M. Fox. New York, Holt, Rinehart and Winston, Inc., 1963. 134 pp. Rev. ed. $1.95. Performance Appraisal: Research and Practice. Edited by Thomas L. Whisler and Shirley F. Harper. New York, Holt, Rinehart and Winston, Inc., 1962. 593 pp. $8.50. Motion and Time Study: Design and Measurement of Work. By Ralph M. Barnes. New York, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1963. 739 pp., bibliography. 5th ed. $8.95. Role Development and Interpersonal Competence: An Ex perimental Study of Role Performances in Problem Solving Groups. By David Moment and Abraham Zaleznik. Boston, Harvard University, Graduate School of Business Administration, 1963. 346 pp., bibliography. $6. Scientific Selection of Personnel. By Joseph Zeidner. Waterford, Conn., National Foremen’s Institute, Bureau of Business Practice, 1963. 122 pp. Prices and Consumption Economics Price Theory: A Provisionl Text. By Milton Friedman. Chicago, Aldine Publishing Co., 1962. 285 pp. $6, paper. Survey of Inflation Theory. By Martin Bronfenbrenner and Franklyn D. Holzman. (In American Economic Review, Menasha, Wis., September 1963, pp. 593-661. $ 2 .) Problems of Worker Groups How to Get an Executive Job After 40 . By Charles S. Miner. New York, Harper & Row, Publishers, 1963. 183 pp. $4.50. Progress in Serving the Handicapped [A Symposium], (In Employment Security Review, U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Employment Security, Washington, August-September 1963, pp. 3-26. 30 cents, Super intendent of Documents, Washington.) Youth Without a Future. By Eli Ginzberg. (In Challenge, New York, October 1963, pp. 31-34. 40 cents.) https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1465 Economic and Social Consequences of Racial Discriminatory Practices [in Africa]. New York, United Nations, Economic Commission for Africa, 1963. 84 pp. (Sales No.: 63.II.K.1.) $1. Production and Productivity The Impact of Technological Change: The American Ex perience. By William Haber, Louis A. Ferman, James R. Hudson. Kalamazoo, Mich., W. E. Upjohn Institute for Employment Research, 1963. 62 pp., bibliography. Automation [Office]: Our Greatest Asset— Our Greatest Problem? By Leon C. Megginson. (In Academy of Management Journal, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Mich., September 1963, pp. 232-244. $1.50.) Industrialization and Society. (Proceedings of the Chicago Conference on Social Implications of Industrialization and Technical Change, Sept. 15-22, 1960.) Edited by Bert F. Hoselitz and Wilbert E. Moore. New York, United Nations, Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, 1963. 437 pp. Social Security Social Welfare Opportunities and Necessities Attendant on Disarmament. By Ida C. Merriam. (In Social Security Bulletin, U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Social Security Admin istration, Washington, October 1963, pp. 10-14. 25 cents, Superintendent of Documents, Washington.) TEC Claimants in Illinois, 1961-1962. Chicago, Illinois, Department of Labor, Division of Unemployment Compensation, 1963. 135 pp. Wages and Hours National Survey of Professional, Administrative, Technical, and Clerical Pay, February-March 1963. Washington, U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1963. 55 pp. (Bulletin 1387.) 40 cents, Superin tendent of Documents, Washington. Industry Wage Survey: Electric and Gas Utilities, July 1962 (Bulletin 1374, 88 pp., 50 cents); Bituminous Coal Mining: Pt. I, Underground Mines, Pt. II, Surface Mines, November 1962 (Bulletin 1383, 71 pp., 45 cents). By Frederick L. Bauer. Washington, U.S. Depart ment of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1963. Available from Superintendent of Documents, Washington. Wage Chronology: Armour and Co., 1941-63. Washington, U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1963. 31 pp. (BLS Report 187, rev.) 1466 A Further Consideration of Wages, Unemployment, and Prices in the United States, 1948-1958. By Kenneth M. McCaffree. (In Industrial and Labor Relations Review, Ithaca, N.Y., October 1963, pp. 60-74. $1.75.) Wage Rates, Salaries, and Hours of Labor, October 1962. Ottawa, Canadian Department of Labor, Economics and Research Branch, 1963. 400 pp. (Annual Report 45.) In English and French. $1.30, Queen’s Printer, Ottawa. The Shorter Workweek. By Marcia L. Greenbaum. Ithaca, N.Y., Cornell University, New York State School of Industrial and Labor Relations, 1963. 52 pp., bibliography. (Bulletin 50.) 50 cents; free to New York State residents. MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, DECEMBER 1963 Organizations: Structure and Behavior. By Joseph A. Litterer. New York, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1963. 418 pp. $8.75. Managerial Economics— Analysis and Cases. By William Warren Haynes. Homewood, 111., Dorsey Press, Inc., 1963. 618 pp. Linear Programming— Methods and Cases. By Thomas H. Naylor and Eugene T. Byrne. Belmont, Calif., Wadsworth Publishing Co., 1963. 183 pp. $2.95. The Factory Movement, 1830-1855. By J. T. Ward. London, Macmillan & Co., Ltd., 1962. 515 pp. $12, St. Martin’s Press, New York. Miscellaneous Professional Achievement for Engineers and Scientists: How to Earn More Money and Greater Success in Engineering and Science. By Tyler G. Hicks. New York, McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc., 1963. 372 pp., bibliography. $7.95. The Evolution of Economic Thought. By Jacob Oser. New York, Harcourt, Brace & World, Inc., 1963. 399 pp., bibliography. $6.50. Sixty-Five Plus: The Joy and Challenge of the Years of Retirement. By Clarence B. Randall. Boston, Little, Brown and Co., 1963. 210 pp. $4.75. Introduction to International Economics. By Delbert A. Snider. Homewood, 111., Richard D. Irwin, Inc., 1963. 607 pp., bibliography. 3d ed. $11.35. The Path to European Union: From the Marshall Plan to the Common Market. By Hans A. Schmitt. Baton Rouge, Louisiana State University Press, 1962. 272 pp., bibliography. $6. Statistics: An Introduction to Quantitative Economic Re search. By Daniel D. Suits. Chicago, Rand McNally & Co., 1963. 260 pp. $6.50. Human Elements of Administration— Cases, Readings, Simulation Exercises. By Harry R. Knudson, Jr. New York, Holt, Rinehart and Winston, Inc., 1963. 490 pp. $7.95. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis The Politics of Small Business. By Harmon Zeigler. Washington, Public Affairs Press, 1961. 150 pp. $3.25. Labor Conditions in Communist Cuba. Coral Gables, Fla., University of Miami, Cuban Economic Research Project, 1963. 158 pp. $2.95. Current Labor Statistics TABLES A.— A.—Employment 1468 1469 1473 1477 A -l. A-2. A-3. A-4. Estimated total labor force classified by employment status and sex Employees in nonagricultural establishments, by industry Production or nonsupervisory workers in nonagricultural establishments, by industry Employees in nonagricultural establishments, by industry division and selected groups, seasonally adjusted 1477 A-5. Production workers in manufacturing industries, by major industry group, seasonally adjusted 1478 A-6. Unemployment insurance and employment service program operations B.— iabor Turnover 1479 B -l. Labor turnover rates, by major industry group G— 1482 C -l. 1494 C-2. 1494 C-3. 1495 0-4. 1497 C-5. 1497 C-6. Average hourly earnings excluding overtime of production workers in manufacturing, by major industry group Average overtime hours of production workers in manufacturing, by industry Indexes of aggregate weekly man-hours and payrolls in industrial and construction activities Gross and spendable average weekly earnings of production workers in manufacturing D.—Consumer and Wholesale Prices 1498 D -l. 1499 1500 1502 1503 D-2. D-3. D-4. D-5. groups of items Consumer Price Index—All items and food indexes, by city Indexes of wholesale prices, by group and subgroup of commodities Indexes of wholesale prices for special commodity groupings Indexes of wholesale prices, by stage of processing and durability of product E.— 1504 E -l. F.—Work Injuries F - l . Injury-frequency rates for selected manufacturing industries 1 * T h is table is included in the January, April, Ju ly, and October issues of the Review. N ote: W ith the exceptions noted , th e statistical series here from th e Bureau of Labor Statistics are described in Techniques of Preparing Afajcr B L S Statistical Series (B L S B u lletin 1168,1954), and cover th e U n ited States w ith ou t Alaska and H aw aii. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1467 MONTHLY LABOR REVIE;W, DECEMBER 1963 1468 A.—Employment T able A -l. Estimated total labor force classified by employment status and sex [In thousands] Estimated number of persons 14 years of age and over 1 Oct. Sept. Aug. July June Annual aver age 1962 1963 Employment status May Apr. Mar. Feb. Jan. Dec. Nov. Oct. 1961 1960 Total, both sexes Total labor force_________________ _____ 76,086 75,811 77,167 77,917 77,901. 75,864 74, 897 74,382 73, 999 73,323 74,142 74, 532 74, 923 74,175 73,126 75,173 75,165 73,127 72,161 71,650 71,275 70,607 71,378 71,782 72,187 71,603 4,322 4, 846 4,066 4, 063 4, 501 4, 918 4,672 3,817 3, 801 3,294 4, 806 70,612 3,931 Civilian labor force........................................ 73,344 73,062 74,418 Unemployment______ ____ _____ _____ 3,453 3, 516 3,857 Unemployment rate seasonally ad5.6 5.5 5.5 justed2________ ____ ____________ Unemployed 4 weeks or less................... 1,623 1,682 1,670 662 617 806 Unemployed 5-10 weeks......................... 332 430 251 Unemployed 11-14 weeks___________ 382 443 439 Unemployed 15-26 w eeks.................— 476 503 510 Unemployed over 26 weeks.................... Employment. ................................. .......... 69,891 69, 546 70, 561 Nonagricultural--------------------------- 64,541 64,220 65, 065 Worked 35 hours or more__________ 50,960 50, 462 47,678 Worked 15-34 hours____________ . . 7,402 7,124 6, 985 Worked 1-14 hours_______________ 3,893 3,645 3,261 With a job but not at work 3_______ 2,288 2,990 7,142 Agricultural ___________ __________ 5,350 5,326 5,496 Worked 35 hours or m ore.___ _____ 3,716 3, 619 3, 702 Worked 15-34 hours______________ 1,094 1,170 1,155 442 424 444 Worked 1-14 hours_______ _____ 112 196 98 With a job but not at w ork3__ ____ 5.6 1,907 1,221 5.7 2,802 806 222 260 5.9 1,833 679 262 502 649 376 557 514 643 70, 851 70,319 69,061 64, 882 64,365 63, 883 47,214 49, 804 50,383 6, 556 7,015 7,261 3,332 3, 580 4,144 7, 780 3,966 2,093 5,969 5,954 5,178 4,130 4,199 3,489 1,237 1,226 1,196 413 415 466 137 119 80 6-1 5.7 1,597 672 5.6 1,553 963 1,814 1,315 5.8 1,996 1,162 5.6 1,697 840 371 598 485 361 300 5.8 1,960 684 292 469 684 612 525 743 696 397 541 453 691 619 681 68,097 67,148 66, 358 65, 935 67, 561 67, 981 63, 424 62, 812 62,309 61, 730 63, 495 63,098 46, 505 48, 669 47, 063 48, 480 49,175 45,107 10, 455 7,588 8,573 7,235 7, 932 11,894 3,856 4,119 4,238 3, 845 4,143 4,074 2,608 2,436 2,432 2,172 2,243 2,021 4,673 4,337 4,049 4,206 4,066 4, 883 3,198 2,587 2,261 2, 522 2,352 3,262 907 1,069 1,041 1,042 1,040 987 444 398 305 483 490 467 153 241 249 316 129 267 5.5 5.6 6.7 1,799 1,546 1,897 823 654 964 411 353 229 502 418 728 454 447 804 68, 893 66, 796 66,681 63, 418 61,333 60, 958 48,047 47,257 46,388 8,249 9, 426 7,522 3,279 3,811 3,610 3,042 2,133 2,946 5,723 5, 475 5,463 3,811 3,688 3,540 1,279 1,232 1,245 444 477 426 129 200 190 Males Total labor force.................................... ........ 50,368 50, 602 52,060 52,477 52,204 50,483 50,010 49,675 49, 503 49,269 49,574 49, 719 49,974 49,918 ■Civilian labor force____ ________________ Unem ploym ent..._______ ___________ Employment _____________ _____ ___ N onagricultural__________________ Worked 35 hours or more__________ Worked 15-34 hours______________ Worked 1-14 hours___________ ____ With a job but not at work 3_______ A gricultural_______ ______________ Worked 35 hours or more____ _____ Worked 15-34 hours____ ____ _____ W’orked 1-14 h o u rs............ ............ With a job but not at work 3............ 47,657 1,874 45,784 41,644 35,387 3,238 1,610 1,410 4,139 3,121 626 309 84 47,884 1,902 45,983 41,880 35,317 3,205 1,552 1,808 4,103 3,067 631 301 49,342 2,224 47,118 42, 733 34,007 3,345 1,441 3,941 4,385 3,232 669 315 102 168 49, 765 2,516 47,249 42, 538 33, 791 3,060 1,437 4,250 4,711 3, 591 681 329 111 49, 500 2,779 46,722 42,078 35,283 3,256 1,551 1,988 4,644 3,634 637 276 96 47,778 2,434 45,345 41,205 35,055 3,161 1,795 1,193 4,140 3,071 702 296 68 47,306 2,600 44,706 40, 762 32, 806 4, 941 1,658 1,357 3, 945 2,888 700 247 112 46,975 3,013 43. 962 40,251 33,648 3, 439 1,688 1,476 3.711 2.383 730 384 216 46, 816 3,293 43,523 39, 994 32, 710 4,026 1,779 1,481 3,529 2,074 786 423 246 46,585 3,080 43, 505 39,839 33,648 3,251 1,593 1,351 3,666 2,281 751 400 232 46,841 2,522 44,319 40, 782 33, 946 3, 612 1,760 1,461 3, 537 2,181 656 424 276 47,001 2,259 44, 743 40, 703 31,704 6,130 1,618 1,250 4,040 2,908 692 307 133 47,269 1,881 45,387 41,131 33, 774 4, 428 1,628 1,302 4,256 3,168 694 281 114 49,507 47,378 47,025 3, 060 2, 541 44,318 44,485 39, 811 39,807 32, 984 32,511 4,100 3, 587 1,360 1,511 1,729 1,836 4, 508 4, 678 3,132 3,365 792 827 348 370 172 179 Females Total labor force____ _____________ ____ 25,718 25,209 25,108 25, 440 25,697 25,381 24,886 24, 707 24,492 24,054 24, 568 24, 812 24, 949 24.257 Civilian labor force.___________________ U nemploy ment_______ ______________ Employment_______ ______ _________ N onagricultural___________________ Worked 35 hours or more________ _ Worked 15-34 hours____ _________ Worked 1-14 hours________ ____ _ With a job but not at work 3 _ . . A g ricu ltu ral....... ...................... ........... Worked 35 hours or more........... ........ Worked 15-34 hours___ ___________ Worked 1-14 hours.. _____________ With a job but not at work 3_______ 25,178 25,076 1,615 1,633 23,563 23, 443 22,340 22,332 15,147 13,672 3,921 3, 640 2.092 1,819 1,183 3,202 1,210 1.223 1,111 551 597 467 467 537 485 134 122 129 15 10 28 25,687 1,580 24,107 22,897 15, 572 4,164 2,282 879 25, 408 1,806 23.602 22,344 13; 424 3, 496 1,895 3, 529 1,258 539 556 137 26 25, 665 2,067 23, 598 22,287 14, 522 3, 760 2,029 1,978 1,310 564 590 135 23 1Estimates are based on information obtained from a sample of households and are subject to sampling variability. Data relate to the calendar week ■ending nearest the 15th day of the month. The employed total includes all wage and salary workers, self-employed persons, and unpaid workers in family-operated enterprises. Persons in institutions are not included. Because of rounding, sums of individual items do not necessarily equal totals. 2Unemployment as a percent of labor force. 3Includes persons who had a job or business but who did not work during the survey week because of illness, bad weather, vacation, or labor dispute. Prior to January 1957, also included were persons on layoff with definite instructions to return to work within 30 days of layoff and persons who had https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 25,349 1,632 23, 717 22, 679 15,327 4,099 2,352 900 1,038 418 493 117 24, 854 1,463 23,391 22,663 13,699 5,515 2,198 1,251 728 311 341 59 12 17 24,675 1,489 23,186 22, 560 15,022 4,149 2, 430 960 625 204 312 83 26 24, 460 1,625 22, 835 22,315 14, 356 4, 547 2, 459 950 520 187 255 57 20 24,022 1,592 22, 430 21, 890 14, 835 3, 983 2,252 820 540 243 236 44 17 24, 537 1,295 23,242 22,714 15,228 4,319 2,383 782 528 172 252 24,781 1,543 23,238 22, 395 13,404 5, 763 2, 457 771 843 355 377 66 91 27 40 24,918 1,413 23, 505 22,287 14,273 4,998 2,184 832 1,219 520 538 145 15 23,619 24,225 23, 587 1,747 1,390 22, 478 22,196 21, 523 21,151 14,273 13, 877 4,149 3, 934 1,919 2,098 1,206 1,217 1,045 955 408 445 486 419 107 96 17 22 new jobs to which they were scheduled to report within 30 days. Most of the persons in these groups have, since that time, been classified as unem ployed. N ote: For a description of these series, see Explanatory Notes (in Em ploy ment and Earnings, U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, current issues). Figures for periods prior to April 1962 are not strictly comparable with current data because of the introduction of 1960 Census data into the esti mation procedure. The change primarily affected the labor force and em ployment totals, which were reduced by about 200,000. The unemployment totals were virtually unchanged. 1469 A.—EMPLOYMENT T able A-2. Employees in nonagricultural establishments, by industry 1 Revised series; see box, p. 1476. tin thousands] 1962 1963 Annual average Industry Oct.2 Sept.2 Aug. July June May Apr. Mar. Feb. Jan. Dec. Nov. Oct. 1962 1961 Total employees.......................... .................. 58,320 58,210 57,651 57,422 57, 609 56, 967 56,505 55, 714 55, 374 55, 409 57,044 56,828 56,953 55,841 54,224 Mining __ . _ ____ __ ___ _____________ Metal mining_______________________ Iron ores_________________________ Copper ores_______________________ 650 84. C 26.9 27.9 643 83. C 26.5 27.9 632 81.5 24.4 28.5 616 78.7 23.1 28.0 618 79.5 22.9 28.0 622 77. f 21.5 28.0 634 76. f 22.4 28.0 644 77.5 23.1 27.8 652 78.0 23.9 27. 7 652 82.8 25. 5 28.5 135 1 124. 5 125 9 138.8 114 5 128.0 141.5 130.5 142.8 131.9 141.7 130.5 147.3 135.8 148.1 136.6 147.9 136.2 150.0 138.1 151.5 139.8 151.7 139.8 161 295. 8 163.7 132.1 297 9 166.5 131.4 302 2 300.3 295.0 289.7 167.5 166.3 163.0 162.9 134.7 134. C 132. C 126. S 288.1 162.3 125.8 287.8 163.1 124.7 289.1 163.4 125.7 295.6 163.7 131. £ 294.5 164.3 130.2 297.4 165.0 132.4 299. 2 167.4 133.8 303 1 126.6 128.2 128.5 107.7 103.8 106.8 113.2 121.9 124.9 118. 7 119 8 641 84.4 27.8 27.5 646 84. 7 28.1 27.5 Bituminous_______________________ 134.2 123.5 Crude petroleum and natural gas______ Crude petroleum and natural gas fields. Oil and gas field services____________ Quarrying and nonmetallie mining_____ 638 f in a l m in in g 641 84.4 27.9 27.5 127.0 123.3 118.1 672 87 4 26 9 29 O & 147 1 171.3 131 8 Contract construction____ _ 3,312 3,365 3,437 3,364 3,232 3,049 2,846 2,556 2,470 2,584 2,776 3,057 3,195 2,909 2,816 General building contractors__________ 1.021.4 1,055.9 1,033.5 984.6 916.0 864.0 768.6 741.7 781.2 837.8 916.7 944.9 881.1 874.9 Heavy construction................. .............. . 722.0 735.5 718.4 691. C 635.7 551.0 451. C 420.7 448.4 511.4 620.3 690.0 593.8 583. 3 Highway and street construction_____ 399.6 404.6 392.3 377.6 341.5 274.9 203.8 181.9 197.7 239.2 317.3 367.1 298.1 291.5 Other heavy construction___________ 322. 4 330.9 326.1 313.4 294.2 276.1 247.2 238.8 250.7 272.2 303.0 322.9 295. 7 291 8 Special trade contractors........................... — 1, 621.7 1,645. 2 1,612.0 1, 556.1 1, 497.2 1,430.9 1,336. 5 1,308.0 1,354.2 1,427.0 1,520.2 1,559. 6 1,434.5 1,357.9 Manufacturing. _____________________ 17,330 17,394 17,199 17,050 17,111 16,960 16,845 16,756 16,683 16,687 16,862 17,023 17,157 16,859 16,327 Durable goods_____________________ 9,801 9,798 9,609 9,666 9,738 9, 673 9,593 9,508 9, 474 9,481 9,546 9,606 9,633 9,493 9,072 Nondurable goods_________________ 7,529 7,596 7, 590 7,384 7,373 7,287 7,252 7,248 7,209 7,206 7,316 7,417 7,524 7,367 7,255 Durable goods Ordnance and accessories....................... Ammunition, except for small arms___ Sighting and fire control equipment__ Other ordnance and accessories______ 275.7 191.1 26.1 58.5 276.2 191.1 26. 6 58.5 275.5 189.3 27.7 58.5 274.5 187.7 28.6 58.2 273.9 186.9 29.4 57.6 277.9 189.8 30.1 58.0 279.2 190.6 30.9 57.7 279.8 190.2 31.5 58.1 280.7 191.0 31.5 58.2 281.0 190.8 31.9 58.3 279.4 189.8 31.9 57.7 270.7 183.4 32.1 55.1 234.7 153.3 59.6 276.7 192.7 25.2 58.8 604.6 89.5 259.0 613.0 92.0 261.8 608.8 89.9 263.1 589.4 82.8 256.2 584.9 78.5 255.4 594.6 82.4 257.1 571.9 74.1 248.3 560.9 71.1 244.9 556.1 72.6 241.8 561.2 74.7 244.0 572.5 78.5 246.4 589.8 84.3 253.9 601.5 87.3 258.7 583.7 83.0 255.7 582.9 84.6 257.9 156.9 35.0 64.2 158.4 35.8 65.0 154.7 36.5 64.6 150.6 36.4 63.4 149.9 36.6 64.5 155.1 36.0 64.0 151.7 35.0 62.8 148.0 34.3 62.6 146.4 34.0 61.3 147.3 34.2 61.0 150.8 35.2 61.6 154.1 35.6 61.9 156. 6 36.4 62.5 151.9 36.4 61.8 143.2 38.4 59.0 Furniture and fixtures________________ Household furniture___________ ____ Office furniture____________________ Partitions; office and store fixtures____ Other furniture and fixtures____ _____ 401.9 399. 6 289.5 27. 4 40.7 42.0 396. 7 286.7 27.3 40.9 41.8 386.5 279.4 25 8 40.4 40.9 387.7 280.7 26.9 39.0 41.1 382. 8 278.0 26.6 38.2 40.0 382.6 278.9 26.8 37.8 39.1 383.0 278.6 27.0 38.7 38.7 382.3 277.3 27.2 38.9 38.9 384.2 276.7 28.3 39.6 39.6 387.8 279.8 28.9 39.0 40.1 391.8 282.1 29.0 39.9 40.8 393.1 283.1 27.0 42.1 40.9 385.1 276.0 27.8 40.6 40.7 367.5 262.0 26 6 38. 2 40.7 Stone, clay, and glass products................. Flat glass_______________________ . Glass and glassware, pressed or blown. . Cement, hydraulic_________________ Structural clay products____________ Pottery and related products________ Concrete, gypsum, and plaster products. Other stone and mineral products......... 626.5 630.0 626.8 30 3 30.2 116.1 115.6 42.3 42.7 71.1 71.3 43. 7 43.5 184.0 183.3 122.4 121.3 615.3 30.1 113.6 41.0 69.8 43.7 177.3 120.3 599.6 29.9 574.1 29.3 110.9 36.3 63.9 43.0 154.8 116.5 563.2 29.5 109.5 35.4 62.9 42.7 148.6 115.5 567.7 29.7 107.6 37.0 64.2 42.8 150.8 116.2 583.1 30.7 108.7 38.7 601.9 31.5 109.4 41.1 43.2 157.9 117.7 44.2 168.2 119.0 612.0 31.0 110.9 41.6 69.6 45.0 174.4 119.8 594.0 30. 4 109.6 40.1 68.3 43.8 164.4 118.9 582.0 29 9 106. 6 40.2 70.4 42. 9 158.5 116.4 Lumber and wood products, except furniture____________ ___________ Logging camps and logging contractors. Sawmills and planing mills__________ Millwork, plywood, and related products................................................. Wooden containers_________________ Miscellaneous wood products................ 278.4 194.2 292.6 42.0 115.0 41.0 68.6 181.4 121.5 631.1 635.6 31. 5 31 3 116.2 116.7 42.0 42.6 70.1 72.0 44.9 44.4 183.9 185.4 121.9 122.8 112.6 40.0 67.7 43.6 168.0 118.5 66.8 68.8 33 6 47.8 Primary metal industries........................... 1,149.9 1,166.5 1,170.8 1,195.9 1,209.1 1,191.6 1,174.8 1,151.9 1,136. 4 1,123.0 1,123. 2 1,117.4 1.122.3 1,163.8 1,142.7 Blast furnace and basic steel products.. 571.6 581.8 593.2 615.9 623.9 612.2 597.9 578.5 564.3 550.6 550.3 545.8 550.1 591. 9 595.5 Iron and steel foundries_____________ 199.5 201.6 196.2 198.4 200.5 198.4 197.2 195.1 194.4 193.4 193.5 193.0 193.8 193.6 186.7 Nonferrous smelting and refining_____ 70.2 67.6 70.3 69.6 68.4 66.7 66.5 69.8 67.0 68.3 70.3 67.8 68.8 68.1 66.6 Nonferrous rolling, drawing, and extruding_______________________ 181.5 183.3 183.5 183.0 185.4 183.1 182.0 181.4 181.0 180.9 180.9 180.9 181.6 181.3 174.4 Nonferrous foundries______________ 71.5 71.1 70.4 71.3 71.5 71.9 71.9 69.8 71.5 70.8 70.6 70.9 71.4 63.7 70.0 Miscellaneous primary metal industries. 58.5 57.7 57.2 58.3 58.2 58.6 58.7 58.7 59.2 58.8 58.6 57.4 57.4 68.9 55.7 Fabricated metal products........................ 1,180. 2 1,178.0 1,160. 5 1,149.1 1,163.0 1,147. 6 1,133. 7 1,121.5 1,119. 7 1,123. 0 1,133.8 1,140.5 1,145.0 1,127.5 1,084.5 Metal cans________________________ 64.2 65.5 64.6 61.1 62.0 60.2 58.8 58.1 57.4 57.7 60.7 65.0 63.0 61.3 59.9 Cutlery, handtools, and general hardw are............. ...................................... 139.3 137.7 132.6 130.5 135.5 134.6 134.8 134.8 135.7 136.2 137.0 137.3 136.1 134. 8 127.7 Heating equipment and plumbing fixtures_______________ _________ 73.4 75.9 74.8 74.3 74.4 75.3 79.0 79.1 79.0 77.5 77.0 74.5 76.4 74.9 73. 2 Fabricated structural metal products. 345.3 350.8 352.0 346.6 344.3 335. 9 327.5 320.8 319.7 322.6 328.0 332.0 336.6 331.5 332.7 Screw machine products, bolts, etc___ 89.4 89.4 89.1 88.3 88.9 88. 7 87.6 88.5 88.8 88.4 88.5 88.4 88.2 87.9 82.1 Metal stamping’s__________________ 203.5 198.6 187.4 189.0 196.8 196.1 194.4 192.7 193.1 196.1 197.9 197.1 197.1 190.4 177.2 72.1 70.3 Coating, engraving, and allied services. 73.7 70.2 69.7 68.7 66.9 67.1 66.8 67.9 70.4 69.8 67.2 62.5 69.1 Miscellaneous fabricated wire products. 60.3 58.4 58.0 57.9 57.7 57.3 56.8 57.0 57.7 56.7 57.3 58.0 58.2 53.3 57.0 Miscellaneous fabricated metal products.. 128.6 127.7 127.0 126.81 127.6 126.2 125.9 125.6 125.2 124.4 125.0 124.3 121.9 122. 9 115. 8; See footnotes at end of table. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1470 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, DECEMBER 1963 T able A-2. Employees in nonagricultural establishments, by industry1—Continued Revised series; see box, p. 1476. [in thousands] 1963 1962 Annual average Industry Oct. s Sept.8 Aug. July June May Apr. Mar. Feb. Jan. Dec. Nov. Oct. 1962 1961 Manufacturing—Continued Durable goods—Continued Machinery.......................... ..................... . 1,523. 2 1, 523.9 1, 516. 4 1,512.4 1,523.1 1,516.4 1, 518.8 1,514.4 1, 506.4 1, 501.8 1,496. 8 1,495.9 1,495.1 1,489. 8 1, 419.0 86.1 85.4 84.7 84.5 84.4 85.7 85.7 85.9 86.2 84.9 84.3 84.6 84.0 79.3 Engines and turbines______________ 85.9 116.4 115.1 117.3 120.0 122. 6 125.0 125.1 123. 4 118.5 114. 5 111.4 112. 0 112 4 108 8 Farm machinery and equipm ent... . . Construction and related m achinery... 216.8 217.7 216.6 214.6 215.1 212.3 211.6 210.8 210.4 210.3 210.8 210.5 210.0 210.7 200.9 Metalworking machinery and equip270.7 270.9 269.1 268.3 271.0 269.4 269.4 268.4 266.8 265.7 265.3 263.8 261.5 261.7 247.5 m ent____ __________ ______ ____ Special industry machinery............ ...... 167.3 167.7 166.9 166.8 168.5 168.0 168.5 168.1 167.5 168.0 169.0 169.0 169.8 169.0 161.6 General industrial machinery________ 232.3 233.1 232.2 231.0 231.1 229.2 229 5 229.3 228.6 229.7 227.9 230.0 230.7 227.6 217.2 Office, computing, and accounting 154.8 153.9 153.6 152.8 153.0 152.3 153.5 153.9 153.8 154.8 155.1 155.5 155.6 156.3 152.0 machines_______________________ 99.7 Service industry machines..................... 100.5 98.7 101.2 102.9 103.3 101.9 100.1 98.8 98.4 99.2 99.3 100.8 95.4 98.3 Miscellaneous machinery....................... 177.8 178.4 178.8 175.7 177.0 174.9 173.7 173.0 171. 2 170.3 170.9 172.2 171.6 167.4 156.4 Electrical equipment and supplies........... 1,590. 2 1,589.0 1,571.7 1,566.3 1, 580.4 1, 572.8 1, 572. 4 1,577.4 1,586.9 1, 597.3 1,610.4 1,614. 3 1,613.6 1,579.2 1, 474.7 168.5 168.9 170.5 168.6 168.5 167. 8 167.6 167.4 168.0 168.9 170.3 170.6 170.4 167.8 162.8 Electric distribution equipment.......... Electrical industrial apparatus.............. 188.4 187.1 187.8 187.8 188.2 186.8 186.1 185.7 186.3 186.6 187.5 187.6 187.1 185. 4 176.6 158.8 156.8 153.9 152.6 155.0 153.4 151.9 149.2 149.8 150.0 150.8 150.7 151.7 150.2 148.2 Household appliances__ ___________ Electric lighting and wiring equipment. 154.3 153.0 150. 2 146.5 147.4 146.0 147.0 147.2 146.7 146.1 146.9 147.2 147.6 143.2 135.6 Radio and TV receiving sets. 120.9 121.8 118. 3 113.5 112.1 106.9 103.7 104.9 106.3 108.7 112.1 116.1 118.4 110.7 102.8 425.5 425.6 425.5 427.1 432.0 435.8 441.0 447.1 452.1 455.5 458.6 456.8 453.8 445.0 404.7 Communication equipment_________ Electronic components and accessories. 262.1 264.2 265.7 261.6 265.7 265.2 264.7 265.5 265.9 268.9 271.0 272.1 272.0 266.8 243.0 Miscellaneous electrical equipment 111.7 111.6 99.8 108.6 111.5 110.9 110.4 110.4 111.8 112.6 113.2 113.2 112.6 110.0 101.0 and supplies____________________ Transportation equipment______ _____ 1,646.9 1,626.0 1, 487.0 1,600.4 1,620.7 1, 620.4 1,616. 5 1,603.7 1,607.5 1,612.7 1,609. 2 1,600.2 1, 590. 2 1, 542.3 1,458.8 Motor vehicles and equipment_______ 775.7 754.4 617.6 732.1 747.0 745.8 738.9 727.4 730.8 740.3 741.5 734.7 726.8 691.6 633.1 650.0 048.8 644.5 643.3 644.9 644.5 647.6 649.4 653. 0 655.1 653.7 650. 7 644.6 634.6 619 7 Aircraft and parts......................... Ship and boat building and repairing. _ 136.7 138.6 141.6 141.8 144.0 148.9 149.4 149.3 147.2 145.6 142.4 141.5 143.3 141.3 141.2 44.6 Railroad equipment________________ ___ 44.1 44.3 44.7 42.3 39.3 39.4 40.0 40.5 43.0 42.3 41.6 34.6 40.6 39.6 39.2 38.9 Other transportation equipm ent-......... 40.1 38.9 33.9 37.6 31. 7 32.3 35.0 34 2 30.3 35 3 34.9 Instruments and related products______ Engineering and scientific instruments. Mechanical measuring and control ___ devices._________________ Optical and ophthalmic goods_______ Surgical, medical, and dental equipm ent___________ ________ _ Photographic equipment and supplies. Watches and clocks________________ Miscellaneous manufacturing industries. Jewelry, silverware, and plated w are... Toys, amusement, and sporting goods Pens, pencils, office and art materials Costume jewelry, buttons, and notions. Other manufacturing industries______ 376.8 375.4 73.1 376.2 73.9 372.0 73.1 373.5 73.9 368.1 73.4 367.3 73.6 366.0 74.1 364.8 74.1 364.8 75.2 365.3 75.3 365.3 75.2 364.8 75.2 360.4 73.9 347.4 74.4 97.6 42.0 97.0 42.0 98.0 .1.2 97.9 41.1 97.9 42.0 97.0 41.5 97.4 41.0 97.5 40.9 97.3 40.9 96.8 40.4 96.3 40.5 96.0 40.4 95.5 40.7 95.0 40.6 89.7 39.2 53.8 78.3 54.0 77.8 31.5 53.8 78.3 31.0 52.3 77.7 29.9 53.6 76.0 30.1 53.0 74.3 28.9 52.7 73.8 28.8 52.3 73.1 28.1 52.1 72.7 27.7 51.7 72.9 27.8 51.4 73.4 28.4 51.4 73.5 28.8 51.2 73.4 28.8 50.1 72.4 28.3 48.1 69.4 26.4 421.9 43.6 419.2 43.3 163.9 32.6 60.0 163.1 409.3 41.9 116.0 32.0 59.9 159.5 388.2 38.8 106.3 31.3 56.5 155.3 393.2 41.7 105.2 31.9 58.0 156.4 388.7 41.5 103. 6 32 1 56.1 155.4 381.2 41.6 96.8 31 7 55.2 155.9 377.0 41.5 92 3 31 4 56.1 155.7 371.6 41.9 86 7 30 8 56.4 155.8 365.7 41.7 82. 2 30.9 55.8 155.1 383.1 42.6 92.4 31.6 58.3 158.2 407.7 43.6 111. 5 32 2 60.1 160.3 416.3 43.4 118.1 32 4 59.9 162.5 391.2 42.3 102 5 31 0 57.8 157.6 378.2 42.4 97.7 30.0 56.7 151.4 — 120.2 Nondurable goods Food and kindred products................ 1,816.1 1,871.6 1, 864. 6 1,779.5 1,732.0 1,679.9 1,659. 4 1,658. 2 1,648. 7 1,671.1 1,724.0 1,764.3 1,842.2 1,759.9 1, 775.2 Meat products______ 314. 7 313.5 312.9 310.7 307.8 303.6 300.6 299.1 301.8 305.4 313.1 318.0 318.2 312.9 319.5 Dairy products......... ......................... 293.1 299.3 305.8 307.9 305.2 297.5 294.2 292.0 290.6 291.4 294.6 296.3 299.9 303.4 310.5 Canned and preserved foods, except m e a ts _______ _________ 352.0 341.6 264.3 227. 4 203.2 197 5 197 4 190 1 196 3 210 6 234 9 304 7 253 7 249. 7 Grain mill products______ 134.1 135.0 136.1 135.9 134.1 131.1 127.8 128.6 127.6 128.4 128.8 128.5 132.4 130.8 131.0 Bakery products.............. ........... 292.1 293.4 295.1 296.0 294.0 290.7 289.4 290.6 289.7 290.8 294.2 296.4 296.1 293.6 285.9 Sugar_________ .. 33.6 31.4 30.7 30.9 30. 6 28 9 28, 4 29 8 36.2 47.1 48. 7 46 5 35 3 30. 4 Confectionery and related products___ 80.6 82.8 69.9 76.3 72.6 70.8 71.3 75.4 76.6 80.6 75.0 83.8 81.7 75.4 76.9 Beverages.......... .................. 220.5 220.1 223.9 223.9 219.9 213.2 209.5 206.7 202.4 204.6 210.3 211.8 215.6 212.3 213.1 Miscellaneous food and kindred products................................ 146.8 144.1 141.5 140.2 140.1 139.2 140.2 140.4 141.3 141.4 144.7 145.9 147.1 142.4 142.3 Tobacco manufactures.. Cigarettes.......................... Cigars................................. 105.3 Textile mill products_________ Cotton broad woven fabrics___ Silk and synthetic broad woven fabrics. Weaving and finishing broad woolens.. Narrow fabrics and smallwares... Knitting__________ _________ Finishing textiles, except wool and knit. Floor covering _________ Y am and thread__________ Miscellaneous textile goods........ . 836.0 895.7 233.7 233.7 84.4 83.7 47.1 47.8 27.2 27.2 220. C 219. 6 74. 4 74.6 37. 8 105.5 105. 5 65.8 66.0 See footnotes at end of table. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 106.0 38.6 23.4 100.5 38 6 23. 0 74.9 38.2 21.9 896.5 234. C 84.1 49.0 27.0 219.5 74.3 37. 8 105.7 65.1 884.0 232.4 82.5 49.5 26.1 216.4 73.6 37.0 101.9 64.6 86.1 89.1 37.4 23. 2 94.8 37. 5 24 2 96.7 37.3 24.0 111.2 37 3 23 6 91.0 37 5 23 9 90.7 38. 0 25 5 881.2 233.4 81.9 50.7 26.8 212.1 208.8 74.4 74.1 37. 7 38. £ 102.4 102.4 65.3 64.8 881.4 234. f 82. £ 49.1 26.9 207.1 74. £ 38. 6 893.1 236.8 82.8 49.3 27.5 212.5 75.3 38.9 103.4 901.9 237.7 82.3 50.1 27.8 219.7 75.1 39.0 103.4 906.4 237.8 82.0 51.3 27.5 223.6 75.1 38. 5 103.9 66.7 902.6 240.4 81.7 51.8 27.6 219.4 74.9 37.4 103.3 66.3 893.4 243.6 82.6 51.9 26.6 214.3 73.4 35. 7 99.3 65.9 75.6 38 1 76.5 37. 5 78.6 37 6 23 0 80.8 37 6 23 3 895.1 233. C 83.6 50.4 27.2 218.3 74.5 37.1 104.9 887.6 232.5 82.6 50.2 26. i 215.3 74.3 37.1 103.6 65.3 886.9 233.0 82.1 50.7 26.8 213.3 74.5 37 7 103.1 65.7 884.8 233.5 81.9 50.8 26.7 22.8 22. 8 66.1 37 1 23 3 102.2 66.0 66.6 66.8 1471 A.—EMPLOYMENT T able A-2. Employees in nonagricultural establishments, by industry1—Continued Revised series; see box, p, 1476. [in thousands] 1962 1963 Annual average Industry Oct.» Sept.» Aug. July June May Apr. Mar. Feb. Jan. Dec. Nov. Oct. 1962 1961 Manufacturing—Continued Nondurable poods—Continued Apparel and related products__________ 1,324. 7 1,329. 7 1, 331. 9 1,280.0 1, 289.2 1, 288. 2 1,280. 2 1,301.2 1, 284. 0 1, 251.2 1,267.8 1, 284.8 1,290.3 1, 266. 7 1,214. 5 M en’s and boys’ suits and coats..... ...... 114.5 116.2 116.6 113.9 118. S 117. S 116.3 117.7 117.9 117. 9 118.5 117.9 118.7 117. 2 114.3 M en’s and boys’ furnishings............... 334.1 336.2 340.2 330.2 334.1 330.3 326.8 323.6 322.5 319.4 323.6 326.8 327.1 319. () 296.3 Women’s, misses’, and juniors’ outerwear____ _____ _________________ 393.0 400.3 404.5 384.9 380.2 388.4 390.5 404.8 396.0 375.1 376.7 379. 8 378.3 381. 7 368.6 Women’s and children’s undergarments_______________ _____ _____ 125.6 122.9 120.8 113.4 116.0 116.1 116.4 116. 5 115.8 114. 5 117.7 120. 2 120.8 116. 5 114.3 31.2 29. 9 32.7 32. 3 32.4 29.5 35.4 33.2 31.2 Hats, caps, and millinery___________ 35.8 33.1 34. 7 32 6 30.7 76.6 78.4 82.3 80.6 79.0 79.6 75.4 81.3 77.8 78. 4 Girls’ and children's outerwear______ 76.1 81.0 79.7 81.3 81.2 73.9 78.0 78.8 71.0 71. 5 69.4 67. 8 73.7 73. C 71.4 Fur goods and miscellaneous apparel—. 71.6 77.3 75. 6 72.7 Miscellaneous fabricated textile prod165.5 164.0 158.2 151.1 154.1 155.0 152.6 150.0 146.4 145.5 149. 8 153.8 154.9 147. 2 140.9 ucts— _________________________ 613. 2 609.9 67.4 67.2 613. 0 214.1 67.5 618.2 215.4 67.4 618.9 216.3 67.1 621.4 217.5 67.1 614.5 217.3 65.3 601.3 219.6 66.3 147.5 187.3 146. 6 187.0 145. 2 185.3 145.2 186.2 146.3 139.1 145.8 189.7 146.6 190.2 144. 5 186.9 137.1 178.3 927.9 323.4 69.9 74.1 296.8 50.4 925.3 321.3 70.3 73.7 296.5 50.1 907.7 903.3 303.0 302.2 71.0 71.2 72.4 72.8 297. 5 295.2 49. 7 49.0 906.0 302.1 71.7 72.7 297.3 49.3 913.7 938.0 305.4 329.1 71.3 71.6 72.6 73.0 300.6 299.5 49. 7 49.5 936.9 327.6 70.8 73.2 299.1 49.8 924.9 917.3 324. 1 325.9 70. 3 70.7 72. 5 70.9 296. 0 292.4 49. 1 47. 7 113.3 113.4 113.5 113.5 112.9 114.1 118.4 113.0 109.6 46.0 82.1 870.2 287.6 170.9 116.8 99.2 65.3 48.9 81.5 869.4 285.2 168. 7 115.4 97.7 64.1 56.8 81.5 870.1 284.6 166.0 115.1 98.3 63.6 61.3 81.2 858.1 283.2 164. 7 114.6 98.2 62.8 53.4 81.2 850.1 282.2 164.2 114.0 97.6 62.4 49.3 80.4 846.2 282. 2 164. 4 113.4 97.3 61.8 47.3 79.8 846.4 847.8 849.8 282.5 282.8 282.6 163. 7 164. 0 163.6 113. 4 112.8 112.2 98.0 99.0 99. 6 62.2 63.0 61.9 45.8 45.0 46.6 81.1 82.0 82.2 846. 0 283.4 161.2 111.3 96.9 62.9 48.3 81.9 827.2 281.8 153.4 108.5 94.5 62.1 46.9 80.0 193.1 155.8 37.3 191.1 154.4 38.7 190.4 153.9 36.5 188.9 153.4 35.5 187.0 153.6 33.4 185.7 154.3 31.4 185.6 153.7 31.9 184.8 152.1 32.7 186.2 152. 5 33. 7 188.4 153.4 35.0 190.0 153.9 36.1 195.0 160.5 34.5 201.9 168. 4 33.6 409.5 91.4 161.7 156.4 405.0 91.3 159.8 153.9 400.5 96.0 155.7 148.8 412.4 98.7 162.1 151.6 410.4 98.4 161.1 150.9 408.1 98.3 160.6 149.2 406.6 98.1 160.9 147.6 406.0 98.4 161.3 146.3 412. 1 413.1 99.8 99.3 163.7 164.2 149.1 149.1 416.0 99.0 164.3 152.1 417.8 99.8 164.5 153.5 405.8 99.2 160.5 146.0 375.3 97.7 148. 6 128.9 349.7 31.5 230.7 87.5 352. 5 31.5 234.2 357.9 31.5 239.0 87.4 350.6 30.7 236.2 83.7 350.7 31.5 235. 7 83.5 342.6 30.9 232.3 79.4 342.0 30.6 232.1 79.3 351.5 30.8 237.4 83.3 353.9 31.2 239.9 82.8 350.9 32.0 238.4 80.5 358.5 32.2 240.7 85.6 359.7 32.2 237.9 89.6 357.7 32.1 235. 6 90.0 360.3 31.9 241.2 87.2 358.2 32.3 239.6 86.3 3,962 3,979 3,976 780. 2 791.2 685. 8 696. 9 273.7 258.3 3,975 78Q ft 3,954 788.9 694.7 268.9 87.7 111.7 42.7 912.3 210.7 189.5 20.4 302.4 831.5 691.8 34.1 101.3 619.1 249.2 156.9 173.8 39.2 3,897 779.7 684.5 274.4 3,859 768.9 674.4 273.2 87.3 113.9 40.5 868.3 208.4 186.7 3,847 761.0 666.9 275.7 87.8 116.9 39.7 858.6 207.8 186. 5 3,844 757.3 664.4 276.6 87.8 117.6 39.9 856.7 207.3 186.6 3,775 755.4 663.4 277.4 3,914 783.2 681.6 276.4 88.4 116.3 40.8 893.0 205.9 185.4 294.0 823.7 684.5 35.0 99.9 602.8 240.9 153. 1 170.8 38.0 297.9 821.2 683.1 35.0 98.8 605.2 244.7 152.9 170.4 37.2 819.2 681.0 35.3 98.6 605.0 244.7 153.0 170.5 36.8 3,912 778.3 683.1 273.9 88.7 113.7 40.9 906.4 205.3 184.6 20.7 295.3 823.8 685.7 36.4 97.4 608.4 244.9 154.6 172.0 36.9 3,935 788.9 692.8 273.7 89.1 112.4 41.4 915.2 208.9 185.8 20.9 294. 2 825.4 686.5 36.4 98.2 609.9 245.5 154.7 172.6 37.1 3,903 3,903 797.1 816.8 700.2 717. 5 271.1 276.9 90.5 98.5 113.2 114.3 41.4 40.9 879.9 845.1 200.5 195.7 179.5 175. 4 21.3 22.2 297.1 303.5 824.7 828.9 687.7 693.3 37.0 37.5 95.8 93.9 611.1 613.7 246. 5 248.6 155. 1 155. 6 172. 7 175.0 36.7 34.5 627.1 215. 0 67.9 628.9 216.7 68.0 629.3 219.6 68.3 620.6 217.2 67.9 624.1 217.8 67.9 615.8 213.6 67.7 614.5 212.9 212.2 212.2 151.3 192.9 151. 7 192. 5 150.8 190.6 147.6 187.9 147.9 190.5 146. 7 187.8 942.4 325.5 301. 5 50.4 938.2 325.1 70.3 76.7 300.0 50.7 935.1 325.8 69.1 76.2 297.2 51.7 118.2 115.4 115.1 930.5 932.8 325.9 325. 9 fis 3 68.8 74 1 74.4 296.2 297.7 51.6 51.5 114.5 114.4 Chemicals and allied products_________ Industrial chemicals________________ Plastics and synthetics, except glass__ Drugs-------------------------------- ---------Soap, cleaners, and toilet goods______ Paints, varnishes, and allied products.. Agricultural chemicals___________ .. Other chemical products____________ 889.5 285. 4 173.0 117.7 100.7 64.4 48.5 79.8 872.3 287.0 172.8 117.2 100.9 65.1 47.8 81.5 875.9 289.4 172.9 118.3 81.6 Petroleum refining and related industries. Petroleum refining______________ .. Other petroleum and coal products___ 187.9 152.3 35.6 191.3 154.7 36.6 Rubber and miscellaneous plastic products................. ....................... - ........... Tires and inner tubes_______________ Other rubber products______________ Miscellaneous plastic products_______ 410.5 81.8 161. 8 156.9 Leather and leather products__________ Leather tanning and fin ish in g ...____ Footwear, except rubber____________ Other leather products______________ Transportation and public utilities___ . _ Railroad transportation____________ . Class I railroads__ __ ___ _ ___ Local and interurban passenger transit__ Local and suburban transportation___ T axicabs__________ ____________ Paper and allied products_____________ Paper and pulp'____________________ Paperboard.______________________ Converted paper and paperboard p ro d u cts___ __________________ Paperboard containers and boxes_____ Printing, publishing, and allied industries____________________________ Newspaper publishing and printing__ Periodical publishing and printing___ Books............... ... ............ ............1____ Commercial printing__ . _________ Bookbinding and related industries___ Other publishing and printing industries______________________ ____ _ I n t e r c i t y a n d r u r a l b u s lin e s Motor freight transportation and storage. Air transportation____ ___________ Air transportation, common carriers _ . Pipeline transportation .. ___ _____ Other transportation____________ ___ C o m m u n ic a tio n Telephone communication__________ Telegraph communication___________ Radio and television broadcasting____ Electric, gas, and sanitary services____ Electric companies and systems__ _ G a s c o m p a n ie s a n d s y s te m s Combined utility systems___ ____ Water, steam, and sanitary systems__ See footnotes at end of table https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 86.8 101.6 66.1 66.1 46.0 88.0 86.8 112. 0 111. 1 43.3 932.4 211.8 191.9 20.1 307.0 835.4 693.4 33.6 104.1 618.1 248.8 155.8 174.5 39.0 872.3 288.4 172.6 117.6 99.5 43. 6 921.1 212.4 191.9 20.4 305.6 840.0 698.8 33.6 103.3 626.5 251.7 158.4 176.6 39.8 fiQS 0 258 4 87 0 111 4 43 7 920.1 211 8 191 3 20 5 305 7 842 4 701.4 34.0 102.7 625.9 251. 5 158.3 176.3 39.8 8 8 .1 112.7 41.6 877.3 209.4 187.8 19.9 305.6 824.4 685.8 34.7 99.6 606.7 243.8 153. 5 171.0 38.4 66.8 20.0 20.0 20.0 302.2 8 8 .2 117.0 41.1 853.8 207.7 187.0 20.3 236.0 819.2 681.6 35.6 97.7 605.6 244.7 153.3 170.9 36.7 20.6 304.8 822.9 684.1 36.3 98.2 607.4 244.8 154.0 171.7 36.9 115.3 1472 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, DECEMBER 1963 T able A-2. Employees in nonagricultural establishments, by industry 1—Continued Revised series; see box, p. 1476. [in thousands] Annual a v e ra g e 1962 1963 In d u s try * O c t.2 S e p t.2 Aug. J u ly Ju n e M ay A p r. M a r. Feb. Jan. D éc. W h o le s a le a n d r e t a il t r a d e ............................. 12,028 11,953 11,878 11,832 11,848 11,720 11,740 11,497 11,433 11,535 12,420 3,196 3,196 3 ,132 3,085 3,075 3 ,069 3,065 3,073 W h o le s a le t r a d e ............................... ............. 3 ,2Ô8 3,118 3 ,1 6 8 M o t o r v e h ic le s and a u t o m o t iv e 237.1 237. 3 2 36.7 234. 1 2 32.6 2 32.0 2 31.2 231.7 e q u ip m e n t ___________________________ 2 29.8 237.5 D r u g s , c h e m ic a ls , a n d a llie d p ro d 192.1 u c t s __________________________________ 192.1 189.1 189. 2 190.5 190.2 188. 5 188. 8 188. 5 190.7 133.8 134.9 134.1 131.9 131. 7 131.9 131.5 132. 2 132. 7 D r y g o o d s a n d a p p a r e l_______________ 134.8 G r o c e r ie s a n d r e la t e d p r o d u c t s . _____ 514.3 512.5 472. 4 476.9 474.4 4 7 7 .9 497.1 475.6 4 89.0 508.5 23 0 .6 232.0 227.4 2 26.4 224.6 224.4 223.9 2 23.0 E l e c t r i c a l g o o d s ...........I ________________ 2 28.6 23 1 .0 H a r d w a r e , p lu m b i n g a n d h e a t in g 146.5 147.2 g o o d s ______ _____ ______ _____ ____ . . . 144.1 144.1 142.9 142.3 142.1 143.0 147.3 145.8 M a c h i n e r y , e q u ip m e n t , a n d s u p 552.1 521.4 p lie s . _____ __ ______________________ 550.1 538. 9 532.1 528. 3 525. 8 521. 7 547.2 533. 5 8,682 9,3 0 2 R e t a i l t r a d e ____________________________ 8 ,820 8, 757 8 ,716 8,635 8,6 6 5 8, 428 8,368 8 ,462 8,664 ____ 1 .6 5 6 .0 1 ,6 0 2 .0 1 ,5 3 7 .2 1,605. 4 1 ,6 1 7 .5 1,514. 5 1 ,5 8 8 .6 2,112. 3 1 ,5 8 3 .8 1, 590. 2 G e n e r a l m e r c h a n d is e s t o r e s __________ 963.7 932.0 9 49.4 903.3 923.2 932.0 889.5 9 43.9 1, 282. 0 D e p a r t m e n t s t o r e s ...................... ......... _____ 9 40.0 325.3 309.9 414.2 L i m i t e d p r ic e v a r ie t y s to re s ________ 306.0 311. 2 312.0 328.1 307.5 300. 2 311. 2 Nov. O c t. 1962 1961 11,856 11,704 11,582 11,337 3 ,1 0 0 3,1 0 9 3.001 2,9 9 3 2 30.9 231.2 228.2 218.6 190. 5 132.6 488. 6 222.2 189. 8 133. 2 493.1 221.4 187.0 131.5 487.1 218.1 181.5 129. 4 48 5 .6 21 1 .0 143.3 1 44.0 142.3 1 40.4 518.7 5 18.2 5 11.8 486, 4 8, 756 8,595 8,521 8,3 4 4 1,757. 5 1 ,6 4 5 .1 1 ,6 2 7 .0 1, 578.1 1,046. 2 9 6 5 .8 9 59.6 9 2 4 .6 346.5 328.9 325. 3 323.4 1,414.5 1,400.2 1,403.8 1,402. 8 1,395. 2 1, 401. 3 1.393.1 1,396. 6 1,385.1 1,415. 2 1, 393. 9 1,380. 5 1, 371. 4 1. 354. 6 Food stores . . . _________ 1,244.1 1,229.7 1, 236. 4 1,222. 7 1,212.8 1,202. 9 1,183.1 Grocery, meat, and vegetable stores. 1,233.3 1,230. 5 1, 222. 7 1, 221. 7 1,222.5 1, 221. 2 1,215. 8 613.4 589. 4 583. 6 610. 7 608. 5 665. 7 586. 5 576. 9 602. 8 731. 4 636. 2 618. 9 617. 2 611. 8 Apparel and accessories stores_____ Men's and boys' apparel stores___ 98.5 97.0 97. 7 104. 4 130.3 104.4 98.9 100. 5 97.3 97.6 101.8 97. 5 100. 7 95.6 228.7 223.1 218.3 228. 2 229. 3 238. 6 221. 9 215. 4 223.3 269.6 238. 3 231. 6 229. 3 228. 5 Women’s ready-to-wear stores. 91.8 8 6.8 94.6 Family clothing stores...... .............. 87.5 91.2 90.0 92.9 88.9 88.5 94.3 121.0 98.9 96.1 95.8 126.5 119.6 118.5 122.6 124.1 156. 4 115.2 111. 7 114.6 132.9 120.1 120.7 120.9 118.3 Shoe stores____________________ _____ 392.7 392.4 390.3 389. 7 387.2 387. 5 388. 9 386. 8 390. 2 405. 4 393. 7 389. 5 389.5 389.0 Furniture and appliance stores_____ Eating and drinking places________ 1, 788.5 1,801. 5 1,809. 9 1,817. 9 1,789. 2 1,743. 9 1,713. 7 1,698. 7 1,693. 4 1,736.5 1, 742. 4 1,752. 6 1,722.8 1,664. 8 2,891. 4 2,896. 4 2,892.8 2,889. 6 2, 864. 2 2,849. 2 2, 808. 5 2, 794. 7 2,801. 5 2,901.1 2, 831. 9 2,807. 9 2, 792. 5 2,745. 2 __________ Other retail trade. 678. 8 680.0 679.4 676. 8 671. 8 669. 6 ' 666. 8 665. 9 662. 5 657.7 654. 4 650. 2 642. 0 628. 8 Motor vehicle dealers. _________ 166.3 168. 7 168.3 167. 9 163. 4 161. 7 155. 6 153. 8 155. 9 164.5 159. 9 154. 4 152. 7 146.6 Other vehicle and accessory dealers.. 381.9 379.3 379.2 377.0 377.4 378.1 376.8 373.6 377.0 396.1 380. 5 378.1 374.3 368.7 Drug stores............ ............. ................ 2,883 2,887 2,919 2,916 2,885 2,858 2,842 2,825 2,813 2,806 2,811 2,813 2,814 2, 79S 2,731 F i n a n c e , in s u r a n c e , a n d r e a l e s t a te -----------743.5 752.1 749.7 739.3 730. 8 730. 6 729.2 727.3 723.1 723. 8 721. 4 720. 4 714.0 693.5 Banking. ____________________ 294.4 295.4 295.6 291. 6 289. 3 288. 0 286.3 285. 6 284.9 284. 3 282. 3 280. 6 279. 4 270. 9 Credit agencies other than banks_____ 88.3 89.1 Savings and loan associations____ 89.4 84. 4 84.1 84. 3 83.1 82. 7 82.3 81. 0 87. 0 85. 4 85.1 75.3 155.2 155.3 155.5 154.9 154.4 153.8 153. 3 153.1 152.0 152.7 151.2 150.1 150.8 151.1 Personal credit institutions— ........... ___ 123.3 125.3 125.7 124. 3 123. 5 123.0 123.6 122. 9 122. 0 123.1 123. 8 125. 6 131. 8 128.5 Security dealers and exchanges_______ 870.2 878.4 874.2 865. 3 861. 6 860. 0 861.3 859. 3 855. 7 856. 5 856.0 854. 4 851. 4 843.7 Insurance carriers.________________ 465.5 468.5 466.0 461. 2 460. 0 459.0 460.1 458.9 457. 2 456.2 455. 9 455.1 454.1 455.6 Life insurance _ . _____________ 52.2 52.6 51.3 51.4 Accident and health insurance_____ 51.3 51.1 51. 3 52.6 51.9 51. 4 51. 4 51.4 51.1 50.1 310.9 314.9 313.5 310.8 309.3 308.8 309.0 308.3 306.8 308.3 308.1 307. 4 305. 7 298.5 Fire, marine, and casualty insurance. 219.3 222.4 221.3 219.2 217.4 216.6 216.1 216.1 215.0 215. 0 214.7 213.2 211.9 203.9 Insurance agents, brokers, and services. 559. 0 568.4 571.3 569. 2 559. 5 548. 2 533. 3 526. 9 529. 9 532. 4 538. 7 542. 8 532. 9 514.3 Real estate _________________ 55.7 58.4 Operative b uilders.......... ............ . 46.8 50.0 51.9 57.9 57.3 55.2 53.0 49.8 46.5 48.1 48.1 42.8 Other finance, insurance, and real 76.7 77.0 76.4 75.6 77.0 76.9 76.2 estate . ____________________ 77.8 76. 4 76.1 75. 4 75.4 75.1 76.1 8,443 8,432 8,457 8,474 8,423 8,294 8,199 8,076 7,997 7,956 8,014 8,047 8,084 7,949 7,610 S e r v ic e s a n d m i s c e ll a n e o u s _________________ Hotels and lodging places___________ _____ 672.2 766.1 766.3 692.7 626.0 6Ó0.2 586.5 581. 4 575.3 575.5 582.7 594.3 596.5 577.3 615.2 659.9 662.0 633.8 575.7 554.7 545.1 540.7 534.8 532.2 538.7 547.3 539.9 521.2 Hotels, tourist courts, and motels___ Personal services: Laundries, cleaning and dyeing 511.7 513.8 517.7 519.9 513.6 511.1 501.7 498.9 504.5 506.3 510.1 515.4 516.2 517.2 plants____ ____ Miscellaneous business services: Advertising 108. 6 108.9 108.9 107. 6 108.1 107 7 108.0 107.3 108.1 108.6 108.6 107.9 107.9 107.2 176.4 184.2 181.1 177.6 171.2 170.2 162.4 160.1 162.6 166.0 169.3 175.2 176.3 186.5 Motion pictures________ ________ Motion picture filming and distrib38.2 uting___ ___ ___ ______ .. . 37.1 32.9 35.0 35.8 38.8 38. 5 38.4 39.4 36.4 34.3 33.0 37.7 46.8 139.3 146.0 144.7 143.3 138.2 137.3 127.4 124.3 124.9 127.2 130.8 136.8 136.9 139.7 Motion picture theaters and services. Medical services: Hospitals 1,310. 4 1,312. 0 1,312.6 1,302.9 1,290. 7 1,289.0 1,287.1 1,280. 4 1,268. 5 1,265. 3 1,266.2 1,260.4 1,246.7 1,188.9 9,724 9,559 9,139 9,170 9,506 9,546 9,542 9,541 9,516 9,444 9,613 9,476 9,412 9,188 8,828 G o v e rn m e n t.. . . — ___— 2,340 2, 342 2,367 2,375 2,365 2, 340 2,344 2,334 2, 332 2,327 2,492 2,348 2,333 2,340 2, 279 Federal Government3_________ 2,312. 4 2,337. 0 2,344.5 2,334. 4 2 311.0 2,314.7 2, 304.3 2,302.3 2,297. 5 2,462. 4 2,318. 8 2,303. 7 2,310. 6 2,250.9 Executive.. _. _. . . _ . . Department of Defense____ . . . 943.0 951.3 953.9 951. 5 949.9 951.9 951.8 957.0 959.1 961.9 965.1 963. 9 963.3 943.7 586.3 588.7 588.7 585.7 582.8 583.3 582.2 580.6 582.5 742.7 587.8 583.9 597.2 596.7 Post Office Departm ent_________ 783.1 797.0 801. Ç 797.2 778.3 779. 5 770.3 764. 7 755. 9 757.8 765.9 755.9 750.2 710.5 Other agencies_________ Legislative 24. S 24.5 23.9 23 8 23.6 23.7 24. C 23 7 23.2 24. 6 24 4 23 7 23. 8 23.8 .Tndieial 5. 7 5. 7 5.6 5.6 5.6 5. 6 5.1 5. 7 5. 6 56 5.7 5.6 5. 5 5. 7 7,384 7,217 6, 772 6,795 7,141 7,206 7,198 7,207 7,184 7,117 7,121 7,128 7,079 6,849 6. 548 State and local government4.. 1,812.6 1, 744. 8 1,751.7 1, 790. 7 1,808. 7 1,805.0 1, 803. 6 1,800.0 1,786. 8 1, 784. 2 1,786.2 1, 779.9 1, 726.4 1, 663. 6 State government_________ __ 596.9 521. 3 528.3 588.0 634.8 631.9 636.5 627.6 619.2 619.7 625.1 615.1 567. 7 530.8 State education________________ O th er State, g o v e r n m e n t 1,215.7 1,223. 5 1,223.4 1,202. 7 1,173.9 1,173.1 1.167.1 1,172. 4 1,167. 6 1,164.5 1,161.1 1,164. 8 1,158.8 1,132.8 5,403.9 5,026. 7 5,043.3 5,349.9 5,397.3 5,393. 2 5.403.2 5, 383.6 5, 330.2 5 , 336.3 5,342.0 5,299. 0 5,122.1 4,884. 5 Local g o v ern m en t.__ Local education________________ _____ 3,031. 4 2,590. 7 2,601. 1 2, 961. 7 3,076. 3 3,087. 4 3.110.2 3,095.5 3.050.0 3,054.8 3, 051.9 3,013.9 2, 832.3 2, 644.2 2,372.5 2,436. 0 2,442.2 2,388.2 2,321.0 2,305. 8 2,293.0 2,288.1 2,280.2 ¡2,281.5 2,290.1 2,285.1 2.289.8 2. 240.3 Other local government. _______ i Beginning with the October 1963 issue, figures differ from those previously published. The industry series have been adjusted to March 1962 bench marks (comprehensive counts of employment). For comparable back data, see Employment and Earnings Statistics for the United States, 1909-69, (BLS Bulletin 1312—1). Statistics from April 1962 forward are subject to further revision when new benchmarks become available. These series are based upon establishment reports which cover all fulland part-time employees in nonagricultural establishments who worked during, or received pay for, any part of the pay period ending nearest the 16th of the month. Therefore, persons who worked in more than 1 establishment during the reporting period are counted more than once. Proprietors, selfemployed persons, unpaid family workers, and domestic servants are ex cluded. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 2Preliminary. 3Data relate to civilian employees who worked on, or received pay for, the last day of the month. 4State and local government data exclude, as nominal employees, elected officials of small local units and paid volunteer firemen. Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics for all series except those for the Federal Government, which is prepared by the U.S. Civil Service Commission, and that for Class I railroads, which is prepared by the U.S. Interstate Commerce Commission. A.—EMPLOYMENT T able 1473 A-3. Production or nonsupervisory workers in nonagricultural establishments, by industry1 Revised series; see box, p. 1476. [ in th o u s a n d s ] 1963 O ct.2 Mining__________ 1962 Annual a vera g e 1 I n d u s try _______________ _ S e p t .2 Aug. J u ly Ju n e M ay A p r. M a r. Feb. Jan. D ec. Nov. O c t. 1962 1961 M e t a l m i n i n g ______________________________ I r o n o re s _____________________ _____ _____ C o p p e r o re s ........ .................... ....... ............... 505 7 0 .5 2 3 .9 2 2 .8 508 70.2 24.1 2 2 .4 505 70.1 24 .0 22 .3 512 6 9 .8 23.1 2 2 .7 506 68.9 22 .6 2 2 .9 496 67.3 2 0 .5 2 3 .4 481 64.5 1 9 .2 2 2 .9 482 64.9 19 .0 22 .9 485 63 .2 17 .6 2 2 .9 498 6 2 .4 1 8 .4 2 3 .0 508 6 3 .2 19.1 2 2 .8 514 63.3 1 9 .9 2 2 .6 514 67.9 21.3 23.4 532 71.7 22.3 23.8 C o a l m i n i n g _________________ _____ ______ B i t u m i n o u s ______________________________ 118.4 1 09.0 119.0 1 09.6 111.5 101.3 122.3 112.7 124.0 114.3 125.8 116.1 1 24.7 114.9 129.8 119.7 1 30.6 120.5 130.3 1 20.0 132.1 1 21.6 1 33.5 123.1 133.4 123.0 141.8 129.3 C r u d e p e t r o le u m a n d n a t u r a l g a s ________ C r u d e p e t r o le u m a n d n a t u r a l g a s f ie ld s . ---------O i l a n d g a s f ie ld s e r v ic e s ............................ 2 10.3 211.7 95.6 114.7 97.8 113.9 215.6 2 14.5 210.4 2 05.2 98.1 116.4 95.8 114.6 2 04.5 95.9 109.3 2 03.8 205.1 96.1 108.4 211.5 96.6 107.2 96.7 108.4 210. 5 212. 5 96.9 114.6 97.4 113.1 97.8 114.7 214 0 99. 7 114.3 218 8 104 5 114.3 Q u a r r y in g a n d n o n m e t a lli c m i n i n g — _____ 105.4 Contract construction__ 106.7 107.3 105.8 102.7 87.3 97.7 86.4 83.5 93.4 102.0 104.6 98.6 99.5 2,911 2,977 2,908 2,777 2,600 2,398 2,114 2,029 2,142 2,331 2,611 2,746 2,468 2,390 890.1 923.9 902.0 855.3 787.7 735.4 641.5 613.9 653.3 710.0 789.1 817.3 754.9 752.6 643.6 656.4 639.3 613.1 558.6 474.0 376.1 346.2 372.8 434.6 542. 7 611.1 515.3 505. 7 366.1 370.9 359.3 345.4 309.8 243.5 173. 4 151.9 167.8 208.9 286.6 335.7 267.7 261.2 277.5 285.5 280.0 267.7 248.8 230.5 202.7 194.3 205.0 225.7 256.1 275. 4 247. 6 244 5 1,377. 4 1,397. 0 1,364.6 1,308. 6 1,253. 5 1,188. 5 1,096. 7 1, 069. 3 1,115. 8 1,186. 2 1,279. 4 1,317.3 1,197. 5 1,131.3 . . . . . . G e n e r a l b u i l d i n g c o n t r a c t o r s _____________ — H e a v y c o n s t r u c t io n _______________________ H i g h w a y a n d s t r e e t c o n s t r u c t io n ______ O t h e r h e a v y c o n s t r u c t io n ______________ S p e c ia l t r a d e c o n t r a c t o r s __________________ — Manufacturing__ ____. . . __ ... D u r a b le g o o d s _________________________ N o n d u r a b le g o o d s _______________ _____ 98.5 117.1 12,864 12,923 12.705 12,571 12,652 12,526 12.426 12,344 12,276 12,286 12,459 12,613 12,753 12,494 12,085 7,197 7,195 6,995 7,056 7,138 7,083 7, 010 6,919 6, 884 6,896 6,962 7, 026 7, 059 6,946 6, 620 5,667 5,728 5, 710 5,515 5, 514 5,443 5, 416 5, 425 5,392 5,390 5,497 5,587 5; 694 5; 548 5,464 Durable goods 120.6 69.6 41.0 119.4 69.1 10.1 40.2 118.0 67.8 10.5 39.7 118.2 67.6 10.7 39.9 118.4 67.0 11.4 40.0 118.1 66.4 11.8 39.9 117.5 65.7 12.4 39.4 119.8 67.3 12.8 39.7 120.3 67.8 13.0 39.5 121.4 68.0 13.4 40.0 122.7 69.1 13.3 40.3 123.3 69.3 13.6 40. 4 122.4 68.9 13. 5 40.0 119 7 68.2 13 5 38.0 106 8 58.9 14 8 542.7 84.2 237.0 550.9 86.6 240.0 547.1 85.1 241.0 527.5 78.0 234.4 522.9 73.3 233.4 532.9 77.3 235.3 511.0 68.9 227.0 500.5 66.5 223.3 496.0 67.9 220.3 500.9 69.9 222.5 511.6 73.7 224.8 528.6 79.9 231.9 539.6 82. 9 236.2 526.2 78 2 233.0 518 4 78 7 233.5 134.3 31.7 55.5 135.3 32.5 56.5 131. 6 33.3 56.1 126.9 33.3 54.9 126.7 33.4 56.1 132.0 32.8 55.5 128.7 31.9 54.5 125.3 31.1 54.3 124.0 30.8 53.0 124.9 30.9 52.7 127.9 31.9 53.3 130.9 32.2 53.7 133.1 33.1 54.3 128. 6 33 0 53.5 120.9 34 7 50.7 F u r n i t u r e a n d f i x t u r e s . . . ............................ .. H o u s e h o ld f u r n i t u r e ............. ............. ......... O ffic e f u r n i t u r e __________________________ P a r t it io n s ; o ffic e a n d s to re f ix t u r e s _____ O t h e r f u r n it u r e a n d f ix t u r e s ____ _______ 336.2 251. 4 334.3 248.6 21.9 31.1 32.7 331.0 245.7 21.7 31.1 32.5 321.3 238.9 20.5 30.4 31.5 322.5 240. 0 21.3 29.3 31.9 317.3 237.4 20.9 28.4 30.6 317.8 238.7 21.2 28.0 29.9 317.7 238.0 21.4 28.7 29.6 316'. 7 236.4 21.5 29.0 29.8 319.0 236.1 22.7 29. 8 30.4 322.7 239.2 23.2 29. 4 30.9 326.2 241.2 23.4 30.1 31.5 327.7 242.5 21.4 32. 2 31.6 319. 7 303 9 235. 7 223.5 22.3 21.0 30 5 28 2 31.3 31.2 S t o n e , c la y , a n d g la s s p r o d u c t s ___________ F l a t g la s s . ______________________________ G la s s a n d g la s s w a r e , p re s s e d o r b l o w n __ C e m e n t , h y d r a u l i c ______________________ S t r u c t u r a l c la y p r o d u c t s _____ ____ ______ P o t t e r y a n d r e la t e d p r o d u c t s ___________ C o n c r e t e , g y p s u m , a n d p la s t e r p r o d u c t s ____________________________________ O t h e r s to n e a n d m i n e r a l p r o d u c t s _____ 507. 0 99.5 32.8 58.0 511.6 25.6 100.6 33.8 59.8 38.2 516.3 25.2 101.2 34.4 61.4 37.8 512.1 24.5 100.6 34.4 60.9 37.1 508.1 24.5 100.1 34.0 60.7 36.9 496.7 24.3 98.0 32.7 59.6 37.1 482.4 24.2 96.9 31.8 57.4 37.2 457.7 23.6 95.0 28.4 54.1 36.4 447.2 23.9 93.6 27.5 53.0 36.0 451. 8 24.2 91.8 29.1 54.0 36.2 466.7 25.2 92.6 30. 7 56.9 36.4 486.0 26.0 93. 6 33.1 59.0 37.4 495.9 25. 6 94.8 33. 6 59.6 38.3 479.1 25. 2 93. 2 32.1 58.3 37.2 469. 4 25. 5 89 5 32 3 60.2 36.4 143.7 90.9 145.7 91.1 147.8 91.8 147.6 91.2 145.6 90.5 139.8 89.3 131.1 88.0 118.2 86.1 112.4 85.2 114.7 85.9 121.6 87.3 131.9 88.7 137.8 89.8 128. 9 88.8 124 7 86.8 P r i m a r y m e t a l i n d u s t r ie s _______ _________ B l a s t fu r n a c e a n d b a s ic s te e l p r o d u c t s . . . I r o n a n d s te e l f o u n d r ie s _________________ N o n f e r r o u s s m e lt in g a n d r e f in in g N o n f e r r o u s r o l lin g , d r a w in g , a n d ext r a d i n g ______________ _________________ N o n f e r r o u s f o u n d r ie s _______ ________ __ M is c e lla n e o u s p r i m a r y m e t a l in d u s t r i e s ____________________________________ 927.7 463.4 169.3 53.7 942.4 472.2 171.4 54.3 945.6 482.6 166.0 54.2 970.0 505.0 168.3 54.3 984.4 513.0 170.4 54.0 969.6 503.1 168.6 52.8 952.6 488.7 167.4 52.2 929.2 468.6 165.2 51.4 914.1 454.5 164.5 51.1 899.8 439.8 163.7 51.5 899.3 438.2 163.7 52.5 893.3 433.5 163.0 52.8 896. 7 436. 7 163.6 53.4 935.8 475.5 163.7 52.6 914 6 478. 4 156 6 51.0 137.8 57.9 139. 5 58.9 139.5 58.4 138.7 58.8 141.8 59.3 140.0 59.2 138.8 59.3 138.3 59.4 138.0 59.5 138.3 59.7 138.3 59.9 138.5 58.9 139.0 58.7 139.1 58.1 132.5 52.3 45.6 46.1 44.9 44.9 45.9 45.9 46.2 46.3 46.5 46.8 46.7 46.6 45.3 46.7 43.7 F a b r ic a t e d m e t a l p r o d u c t s ............. ............. . M e t a l c a n s __________________________ ____ C u t l e r y , h a n d t o o ls , a n d g e n e r a l h a r d w a r e ___________________________________ H e a t in g e q u ip m e n t a n d p l u m b i n g fix t u r e s _________ . ____________________ F a b r ic a t e d s t r u c t u r a l m e t a l p r o d u c t s . . . S c r e w m a c h in e p r o d u c t s , b o lt s , e t c ____ M e t a l s t a m p in g s ________________________ C o a t in g , e n g r a v in g , a n d a llie d s e r v ic e s . . M is c e lla n e o u s f a b r ic a t e d w ir e p r o d u c t s . M is c e lla n e o u s f a b r ic a t e d m e t a l p r o d u c t s . 910.0 51.3 908.2 54.0 889.2 55.3 878.7 54.7 893.9 54.4 880.0 52.8 867.6 51.8 855.4 49.8 853.6 48.5 857.2 47.7 868.7 47.1 874.1 47.3 880.1 50.2 863.8 51.2 826.0 51.1 110.0 108.2 103.2 101.4 106.4 105.6 105.9 105.9 106.5 107.0 108.4 108.6 107.5 106.2 99.8 59.8 247.5 69.9 165.9 61.6 48.5 95.5 60.0 253.0 70.3 160.8 60.4 46. 7 94.8 59.5 252.7 69.6 150.1 58.5 46.3 94.0 5S.3 247.7 68.7 151.3 57.4 45.4 93.8 57.9 245.9 70.1 159.4 58.3 46.3 95.2 56.8 239.0 69.8 158.9 57.6 45.8 93.7 55.9 230.7 69.7 157.4 56.9 45.5 93.8 55.8 224.1 70.1 155. 7 55.3 45.4 93.3 55.7 223.1 70.2 155.9 55.4 45.0 93.3 54. 6 226.0 69.9 158.9 55.5 45.1 92.5 55.4 231.1 69.9 160.8 56.7 46. 0 93.3 56.3 234.0 69.7 160.0 59.0 46. 4 92.8 57.3 239.5 69. 6 159. 7 58.6 46. 6 91.1 55. 6 234.7 69. 4 153.8 56.1 45.1 91.8 54.0 235.6 64.1 142.0 51.8 41.9 85.7 O r d n a n c e a n d a c c e s s o rie s ______ ____ ______ A m m u n i t i o n , e x c e p t fo r s m a ll a r m s ____ S ig h t in g a n d f ir e c o n t r o l e q u ip m e n t ___ O t h e r o r d n a n c e a n d a c c e s s o r ie s _________ L u m b e r a n d w o o d p ro d u c ts , e xce p t fu rn i t u r e __________________________________ L o g g in g c a m p s a n d lo g g in g c o n t r a c t o r s . S a w m ills a n d p la n in g m i l l s _____________ M i l l w o r k , p ly w o o d , a n d r e la t e d p r o d u c t s — ____________________ _______ _ W o o d e n c o n t a in e r s ....................................... M is c e lla n e o u s w o o d p r o d u c t s __________ Se e f o o tn o te s a t e n d o f t a b le . https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 32.7 33 .1 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, DECEMBER 1963 1474 T able A-3. Production or nonsupervisory workers in nonagricultural establishments, by industry 1—Continued Revised Series; see box, p. 1476. [in thousands] 1962 1963 A nnual average Industry Oct. 2 Sept. 2 A ug. Ju ly June M ay Apr. Mar. Feb. Jan. D ec. N ov. Oct. 1962 Manufacturing—Continued Durable goods— Continued Machinery................................................... 1,054.5 1,055.3 1,043.8 1,040.9 1, 054. 8 1, 052.1 1, 055.5 1, 050.8 1, 046.1 1,043.2 1, 039.8 1,039.0 1, 040.0 1,036.0 57.2 56.2 55.4 55.4 56.9 55.6 56.7 56.7 56.9 56.2 57.5 55.7 56.0 55.7 Engines and turbines--------- -----------84.1 83.9 81.3 89.6 90.4 86.7 91.9 91.9 86.4 82.6 79.7 80.3 80.5 Farm machinery and equipment-......... Construction and related machinery.. . 146.2 146.7 144.8 142.7 144.1 141.6 141.0 140.2 139.4 139.6 139.7 139.5 138.9 139.6 Metalworking machinery and equip m ent—................................................... 201.5 201.6 199.9 199.1 202.4 201.3 201.4 199.5 199.2 197.9 197.9 196.8 195.2 195.4 114.7 115.1 113.6 113.8 115.6 115.3 116.0 115.4 114 9 115. 5 116.9 116.8 117.8 116.8 Special industry machinery_________ General industrial m achinery............... 154.1 154.8 153.5 153.3 153.8 152.8 153.2 153.3 153.1 154.3 152.5 155.1 155.8 153.8 Office, computing and accounting ma 90.0 89.0 92.1 90.4 88.5 90.3 93.0 93.5 94.9 95.7 96.2 89.8 96.4 97.4 chines__________________________ 67.5 66.8 71.3 68.7 67.3 66.2 66.5 66.9 68.0 70.7 69.8 68.0 67.5 69.0 Service industry machines---------------Miscellaneous machinery....................... 138.3 138. 5 138.7 135.1 136.3 134.5 133.4 132.8 131.4 130.9 131.8 132.3 132.1 128.0 Electrical equipment and supplies-------- 1,070.3 1,067.1 1,048.3 1,040.2 1,056.9 1, 048. 8 1, 047. 7 1,049.9 1, 057. 7 1, 069.1 1, 080. 0 1, 086. 5 1,087. 7 1, 060.3 111.2 111.7 112.8 111.1 111.4 110.8 110.9 110.4 111.1 112.3 113.3 113.9 113.6 111.3 Electric distribution equipm ent........ . Electrical industrial apparatus.............. 129.3 128.5 128.0 128.1 128.5 127.8 127.3 126.5 127.1 127.3 128.0 128.3 127.6 126.7 Household appliances................. - ........ 122.2 121.2 117.9 116.2 119.1 117.8 116.5 113.9 114.5 114.9 115.6 115.6 116.5 114.8 Electric lighting and wiring equip m ent------------ ---------------------------- 120.7 119.6 117.1 113.6 115.0 113.4 114.4 114.4 114.3 114.0 114.7 115.0 115.4 111.6 91.1 93.5 76.4 94.9 86.0 78.7 75.2 77.6 83.7 84.8 79.9 87.8 90.0 82.8 Radio and TV receiving sets.................. Communication equipment................... 215.2 214.6 214.8 214.3 218.8 221.9 226.2 230.3 233.5 236.6 237.8 237.3 236.3 230.4 Electronic components and accessories.. 192.1 193.1 194.0 189.4 194.9 194.3 193.8 194.6 194.9 197.9 200.4 201.8 202.2 198.8 Miscellaneous electrical equipment and 84.9 72.6 84.1 83.4 83.4 84.7 81.5 84.4 84.7 86.2 86.5 86.8 86.1 84.0 supplies-..........................- .................... Transportation equipment........................ 1,144.9 1,124.8 Motor vehicles and equipment.............. 606.6 585.5 Aircraft and p arts................................. 358.2 357.6 Ship and boat building and repairing.. 114.1 115.6 33.5 Railroad equipment-----------------------32.6 Other transportation equipment........... 984.1 1,098.9 1,121.1 1,120. 7 1,118.0 1,104.4 1,104.8 1,112. 5 1,111.7 1,104.5 1,096.0 1,060.7 449.6 564.8 581.2 580.5 574. 6 563.6 567.2 576.4 579.3 573.3 565.4 534.1 351.0 349.8 352.1 350.3 353.3 352.8 354.7 358.8 358.3 356.2 351.8 350.6 118.4 118.8 121.0 126.3 127.1 127.5 124.0 122.8 119.5 118.8 120.5 118.6 33.4 33.0 31.6 32.3 31.7 30.9 29.3 28.8 28.9 33.8 30.0 29.9 32.1 32.0 32.1 30.7 28.8 25.2 25.8 27.3 28.3 33.0 28.0 27.6 1961 976.7 50.3 76 2 129.9 182.9 111.9 146.6 96.3 64,7 117.9 980.5 106.7 119.1 112.9 105.1 75.4 209.0 176.7 75.7 997.1 479.7 351. 5 117.6 24. 0 24 3 Instruments and related products.......... Engineering and scientific Instruments. Mechanical measuring and control de vices___________________________ Optical and ophthalmic goods............... Surgical, medical, and dental equip m ent___________________________ Photographic equipment and supplies.. Watches and clocks......... ..................... . 240.6 239.7 38.4 239.5 38.5 236.6 38.2 238.8 39.2 234.8 38.8 234.5 38.9 233.1 39.4 232.4 39.3 232.3 40.1 233.3 40.3 233.6 40.3 233.7 40.2 230.4 39.3 223.1 40.7 63.5 30.2 63.1 30.0 63.4 29.4 63.7 29.3 64.0 29.8 63.3 29.5 63.7 29.6 63.7 29.5 63.7 29.5 63.3 29.1 63.0 29.3 62.8 29.2 62.5 29.7 62.1 29.6 58.7 29.1 37.7 44.4 37.9 44.3 26.0 37.8 45.1 25.3 36.8 44.2 24.4 37.6 43.7 24. 5 37.4 42.3 23.5 37.2 41.8 23.3 36.8 41.2 22.5 36.6 41.1 22.2 36.1 41.3 22.4 35.8 42.2 22.7 35.9 42.2 23.2 35.7 42.3 23.3 34.9 41.6 22. 9 33.4 40.2 20. 9 Miscellaneous manufacturing industries.. Jewelry, silverware, and plated ware__ Toys, amusement, and sporting goods. . Pens, pencils, office and art materials. . Costume jewelry, buttons, and notions. Other manufacturing industries............ 342.9 33.6 341.2 33.6 102.8 24.9 49.9 130.0 331.9 32.3 98.7 24.3 50.0 126.6 311.7 29.7 88.7 23.7 47.0 122.6 316.3 32.0 88.2 24.3 48.2 123.6 312.0 31.9 87.1 24.1 46.4 122.5 304.9 32.3 80.1 23.8 45.6 123.1 300.3 31.9 75.5 23.6 46.3 123.0 294.6 32.4 70.1 22.9 46.6 122.6 288.6 32.3 65.4 22. 8 46.1 122.0 305. 5 33.1 75.0 23.7 48.3 125.4 331.0 34. 1 94. 7 24.3 50.3 127.6 339.5 34.0 100.9 24.6 49.9 130.1 314.6 32.9 85.5 23. 2 48.0 125.0 303.5 33.2 81.6 22 1 46.8 119.8 131.0 Nondurable goods Food and kindred products............... ........ 1,231.1 1,283. 5 1,271.5 1,188.2 1,145. 8 1,097. 7 1,080. 5 1,080.9 1,072.0 1,093. 5 1,143. 4 1,182. 4 1, 258. 7 1,175. 5 1,191. 4 255.4 253.8 252.4 250.6 247.5 243.0 240.3 239.0 241.3 244.6 253.0 257.0 257. 4 251.6 256.8 M eat products____________________ Dairy products____ ______ ________ 144.2 147.9 153.4 154.9 153.6 147.3 145.4 143.0 142.0 142.4 144.5 145.9 148.2 152.2 161.4 Canned and preserved food, except 312.5 301.5 225.0 189.4 165.6 159.8 159.8 152.9 158.8 172.7 196.9 266.2 214.9 211.7 m eats..____ ____________________ 94.9 89.1 90.2 93.4 94.8 96.1 94.2 91.9 88.9 89.6 89.6 89.8 91.5 95.6 91.4 Grain mill products................................. 169.4 170.3 171.4 172.1 170.9 167.3 165.9 167.2 165.9 166.5 169.4 171.5 172.2 168.4 169.1 Bakery products___________________ 26.9 24.4 24.0 22.5 22.5 23.9 30.4 41.3 43.0 40.3 29. 4 24.0 23.8 30.3 Sugar........................................................ 65.5 67.9 57.4 55.7 59.7 60.1 61.1 66.5 61.0 55.0 56.1 65.0 68.1 60.1 60.4 Confectionery and related products___ 117.4 115.3 117.8 118.8 116.5 111.2 109.1 107.1 102.6 105.9 110.2 111.6 114.8 111.7 113.9 Beverages________________________ Miscellaneous food and kindred prod 94.2 96.4 91.7 92.5 93.0 97.1 98.8 99.7 99.3 93.5 92.4 92.3 94.0 95.8 96.5 ucts............... ...... .......................... . . . . Tobacco manufactures_______________ Cigarettes-......................... ..................... Cigars....................................................... 92.8 93.4 32.2 21.8 87.8 31.9 21.4 63.1 31.5 20.4 63.8 31. 5 21.2 64.8 31.0 21.2 66.9 31.2 21.4 68.8 31.2 21.6 74.1 31.0 21.6 77.2 31.3 21. 5 82.7 31.4 22.3 84.6 31.1 22.3 98.9 31. 1 21.9 79.1 31. 4 22.2 79.6 32.4 23.6 Textile mill products................................. Cotton broad woven fabrics.................. Silk and synthetic broad woven fabrics. Weaving and finishing broad woolens. . Narrow fabrics and smallwares_______ Knitting_____ ____________________ Finishing textiles, except wool and knit. Floor covering____________________ Yarn and thread___ _______________ Miscellaneous textile goods__________ 802.1 216.2 75.9 41.2 24.0 197.4 63.9 802.7 216.6 75.5 41.9 23.9 197.2 63.7 31.4 97.3 55.2 803.1 216.5 75.7 43.1 23.7 197.4 63.5 31.4 97.3 54.5 791.6 215.2 74.3 43.6 22.8 194.8 62.8 30.6 93.5 54.0 802.5 215.8 75.4 44.5 23.8 196.7 63.6 30.6 96. 6 55.5 796.0 215.4 74.5 44.4 23.6 194. 0 63. 2 30. 7 95. 2 55.0 795.3 215.6 74.0 44.7 23.5 192. 2 63.6 31. 4 94.9 55.4 793.6 216.3 73.8 45.0 23.4 191.0 63.4 31. 3 94.4 55.0 790.1 216.4 73.9 44.9 23.4 187.6 63.3 31.7 94.4 54.5 790.1 218.1 74.3 43.2 23.6 185.7 63.4 32.0 94.2 55.6 801.6 219.8 74.8 43.4 24.2 190.9 64.3 32. 5 95.6 56.1 810.4 220. 4 74.5 44.2 24.4 197.9 64.3 32. 7 95.6 56.4 814.9 220.5 74.0 45.3 24.2 201.9 64.3 32.2 96. 1 56.4 812.4 223. 4 73.9 45.9 24.2 198.1 64.3 31.2 95.6 55.9 805.0 227.7 74.7 45.8 23.2 193.8 63.1 30.0 91.9 54.8 See footnotes at end of table. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 97.2 55.0 A.—EMPLOYMENT T able 1475 A-3. Production or nonsupervisory workers in nonagricultural establishments, by industry 1—Continued Revised series; see box, p. 1476. [In th o u sa n d s] 1963 1962 Annual a v e ra g e I n d u s try ?r------O c t.» S e p t. Aug. July Ju n e May Apr. Mar. Feb. Jan. D ec. Nov. O c t. 1962 1961 Manufacturing—Continued Nondurable goods— C o n t in u e d P a p e r a n d a llie d p r o d u c t s ............................ P a p e r a n d p u l p ________________________ P a p e r b o a r d ........................ ........................... C o n v e rte d p a p e r a n d p a p e rb o a rd p ro d u c t s — ........................................................ P a p e r b o a r d c o n t a in e r s a n d b o x e s ______ P r i n t i n g , p u b lis h in g a n d a llie d in d u s t r i e s ___________________________________ N e w s p a p e r p u b lis h in g a n d p r i n t i n g — P e r io d ic a l p u b lis h in g a n d p r i n t i n g ____ B o o k s ____________________________________ C o m m e r c ia l p r i n t i n g ................................. . B o o k b in d in g a n d r e la t e d i n d u s t r ie s ___ O t h e r p u b lis h in g a n d p r i n t i n g in d u s t r i e s _________________________________ 1,177. , 180.5 1,182.9 1,132.9 1,139.6 1,141.7 i, 135.; 1,157.2 1,141.2 1,109. 0 1,125. 1,141.4 1,146.2 103.8 104.5 102. C 106.2 105.4 103. £ 105.] 105. < 105.6 105. 105.3 105.9 305.5 309.4 299. S 303.3 300.2 297. 294.1 292.6 290.1 293.f 296.7 297.4 351. 356.7 361.2 342.6 336.8 346.1 349. 364.2 356.0 335.0 337.3 339.6 337.4 112. 109.2 107.0 99.9 102.5 102.5 102. 102.1 102.8 101.1 104.2 106.3 106.9 28. 30. 6 28.6 27.0 26.0 27.3 31.9 31.; 29.2 27.5 26.3 28.9 72." 71.2 72.6 72.4 73.6 71.1 66.9 72.6 72.4 69.3 68.6 70.3 70.8 67.3 65.5 62.8 62.9 61.4 61.2 62.1 60.3 58.3 64.0 67.9 68.9 139. 137.9 132.1 124.8 127.3 129.0 126.9 124.4 121.1 120.4 124.6 129.0 130.0 493.9 495.1 495.4 487.1 491.5 484.3 483.0 482.3 479.6 482.7 487.7 488.8 492.0 173.2 174.2 176. 8 174. 5 175.6 172.1 171.3 170.5 170.8 172.4 173.8 174.5 175.6 54.4 54.4 54. 6 54.1 54.3 54.1 53.1 53.7 53.6 54.0 54.0 53.8 53.9 102. 303. 1 , 125. - 1 079 6 104.! 102 4 289. f 268.4 CO $ A p p a r e l a n d r e la t e d p r o d u c t s ...............___ M e n ’ s a n d b o y s ’ s u i t s a n d c oa ts............ M e n ’ s a n d b o y s ’ f u r n is h in g s ................... W o m e n ’ s, m is s e s ’ , a n d j u n io r s ’ o u t e r w e a r . . . .................................................... W o m e n ’ s a n d c h ild r e n ’ s u n d e r g a r m e n t s _______________________________ H a t s , c a p s , a n d m i l l i n e r y ______________ G i r l s ’ a n d c h i l d r e n ’ s o u t e r w e a r _______ F u r g o o d s a n d m is c e lla n e o u s a p p a r e l M is c e lla n e o u s f a b r ic a t e d t e x t ile p r o d u c t s ...... ..................... ......... ............ 331.8 103.1 29.2 70.2 63.9 101 5 29 0 68. O 61.9 122.4 116.7 486.0 175.2 52.9 478 0177 6 53.6 112.4 153. 113.2 153.3 112.5 151. 5 109.6 148.9 151.5 109.2 148.9 109.9 148.7 109.7 148.4 108.2 147.0 108.2 148.1 109.0 150.9 108.8 151.7 152.5 110.0 108.5 149.4 104.3 142.6 599.8 164.8 597.7 164.7 28.0 46.9 235.6 40.9 592.4 163. 7 26.8 45. 7 232. 6 41. 9 588.9 592.4 163. 6 163.9 26.4 27.0 45.2 44.3 231.9 233.2 41.5 41.6 589.8 163.1 27.9 45.0 232.5 40.8 588.4 161.7 28.6 44.7 232.2 40.4 579.3 151.9 28.9 44.3 233.7 39.9 575.5 150.9 28.8 44.2 231.6 39.3 578.1 151.2 28.8 44.2 233. 7 39.7 586.3 154.1 28.8 44.1 237.3 40.0 602.3 169.5 29.0 44.5 236.4 40.1 603.3 168.8 28.9 45.0 236.4 40.2 594.0 166.5 28.5 44.3 233.8 39.6 591. t 168.2 29. 5 43 i 232 2 38.5 235.7 40.6 110.1 82.6 81.6 81.7 81.2 81.6 80.5 80.8 80.6 80.7 80.5 82.0 82.8 84.0 81.4 80.3 525.8 163.4 116.2 63.7 62.5 36.7 32.1 51.2 527.7 164.5 116.1 63.2 62.8 37.1 31.4 52.6 527.5 165. 8 115.5 63. 8 62. 0 38.0 29. 5 52.9 524.7 165.5 115.1 63.4 60.1 38.1 29. 1 53.4 527.3 166.5 115.0 63.2 59.7 37.6 32.3 53.0 530.0 165.1 113.5 62.5 58.7 36.8 40.3 53.1 531.9 164.8 111.3 62.2 59.3 36.4 521.5 163.9 110.7 61.5 59.6 35.6 515.9 163.0 518.1 163.7 111.8 517.2 165.0 111.6 110. 0 3 7.4 3 3 .4 52.8 52.6 513.6 163.3 111.3 61.0 59.5 34.9 30.2 53.4 516.0 163.9 53.0 513.8 163.3 111.7 61.1 58.9 34.9 31.5 52.4 60. 0 58.6 36. 0 32.9 54.6 504 3 163.3 103.6 59.1 56. 7 35.4 32.2 54.0 P e t r o le u m r e f in in g a n d r e la t e d i n d u s t r i e s ___________________________________ P e t r o le u m r e f in in g _____________________ O t h e r p e t r o le u m a n d c o a l p r o d u c t s ____ 120.4 94.9 25.5 121.7 95.5 26.2 123.3 96. 5 26. 8 122.1 121.7 95. 5 26.2 120.6 95.2 25.4 119.1 95.8 23.3 117.4 96.1 21.3 117.3 95.5 116.9 94.3 118.5 94.9 23.6 1 20.0 95.2 24.8 120.9 95.3 25.6 125.3 100.9 24.3 129. 8 106.1 23.8 R u b b e r a n d m is c e lla n e o u s p la s t ic p r o d u c t s ____________________________________ T i r e s a n d in n e r t u b e s __________________ O t h e r r u b b e r p r o d u c t s _________________ M is c e lla n e o u s p la s t ic p r o d u c t s _________ 316.4 65.2 126.4 124.8 315.2 64.4 126.7 124.1 310.1 64. 0 124.6 121. 5 306.7 68.9 117.0 319.1 71.9 127.3 119.9 317.0 71.5 126.2 119.3 315. 2 71.4 125.9 117.9 313.9 71.3 126.1 116.5 313.1 71.4 126.5 115.2 318.9 72.3 129.1 117.5 320.2 72.6 129.7 117.9 323.2 72.4 130.1 120.7 325.4 72.5 130.6 122.3 314.3 72.1 126.6 115. 6 288. 3 70.6 116. 6 L e a t h e r a n d le a t h e r p r o d u c t s ____________ L e a t h e r t a n n in g a n d f in i s h in g _________ F o o t w e a r , e x c e p t r u b b e r _______________ O t h e r le a t h e r p r o d u c t s _________________ 307.6 27.7 204.5 75.4 310.9 27.6 208.2 75.1 316.0 27. 6 213. 0 75. 4 309.3 26.8 210.5 72.0 309.8 27.7 210.3 71.8 301.4 27.0 206.6 67.8 300.5 206.2 67.5 310.0 27.0 211.5 71.5 312.7 27.5 214.0 71.2 310.0 28.1 213.2 68.7 317.0 28.5 215.2 73.3 318.0 28.3 212.3 77.4 316.0 28.3 210.0 7 7 .7 318.6 28.0 215. 7 74.9 316.4 28.3 214.0 74.1 83.7 40.2 849.1 17.2 82.6 82.7 40. 6 40. 6 838.9 837.9 17. 6 17.6 83.3 39.8 829.6 17.6 83.9 38.5 796.0 17.1 83.0 37.5 787.2 17.2 83.7 36.8 777.9 17.2 83.9 36.8 775.9 17.1 84.3 38.2 773.7 17.4 84.6 37.8 814.1 17.7 84.8 37.9 828.4 17.8 85.2 38.4 837.6 17.9 86.3 38.5 803.9 18.2 93.3 38. 2 772.9 18.7 560.3 24.0 85.8 539.7 564.4 23.9 85. 3 548. 0 215. 0 139.9 158.1 35. 0 559.5 24.3 83.6 541.3 213.0 138.7 155.3 34. 31 555.3 24.7 81.5 529.5 207.8 135.4 152.7 33.6 554.1 24.9 81.3 526.4 205.6 135.2 152.3 552.8 25.1 81.2 528.5 209.2 135.0 151.9 32.4 551.9 25.3 80.9 528.8 209.2 135.2 152. 3 32.1 552.5 555.4 25.7 20.3 80. 4 80.3 530.2 532.8 209.3 209.8 135. 5 136.5 153.3 154.4 32.1 32.1 556.8 26.4 80.8 534.3 557.6 26.5 81.9 536.0 137.0 155.0 32.1 137.0 155.7 32.5 559.5 26.9 79.9 537.1 211.4 137.6 156. 2 32.0 567.5 27.2 79.5 541.3 213.6 138.6 159.1 C h e m ic a ls a n d a llie d p r o d u c t s __________ I n d u s t r i a l c h e m ic a ls ___________________ P la s t i c s a n d s y n t h e t ic s , e x c e p t g la s s — D r u g s ___________________________ _______ S o a p , c le a n e rs , a n d t o ile t g o o d s .............. P a i n t s , v a r n is h e s , a n d a llie d p r o d u c t s . A g r i c u l t u r a l c h e m ic a ls .............................. Other chemical products___________ 95.7 26.4 120.8 4 4 .9 20.8 111.0 61.4 59.3 35.2 21.8 22.6 60.8 60.3 35.3 29.6 54.3 60.1 60.9 35.9 31.2 54.7 101.1 Transportation and public utilities; L o c a l a n d in t e r u r b a n p a s s e n g e r t r a n s it : L o c a l a n d s u b u r b a n t r a n s p o r t a t io n ____ I n t e r c i t y a n d r u r a l b u s li n e s ____________ M o t o r f r e ig h t t r a n s p o r t a t io n a n d s to ra g e . P i p e l i n e t r a n s p o r t a t io n ___________________ C o m m u n ic a t io n : T e le p h o n e c o m m u n ic a t io n _____________ T e le g r a p h c o m m u n ic a t io n »____________ R a d io a n d t e le v is io n b r o a d c a s t in g _____ E l e c t r i c , g a s, a n d s a n it a r y s e r v ic e s _______ E l e c t r i c c o m p a n ie s a n d s y s t e m s ________ G a s c o m p a n ie s a n d s y s t e m s ____________ C o m b in e d u t i l i t y s y s t e m s ______________ W a t e r , s t e a m , a n d s a n it a r y s y s t e m s ___ S e e f o o tn o te s a t e n d o f t a b le . https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 212.2 137.2 156.1 34.2 566.5 24.1 84.4 547.8 214.9 140.0 157.9 35.0 3 3 .3 210.2 210.8 2 9 .9 1476 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, DECEMBER 1963 T able A-3. Production or nonsupervisory workers in nonagricultural establishments, by industry 1—Continued Revised series; see box below. [ in th o u sa n d s] 1963 S e p t .2 Aug. J u ly Ju n e 1962 M ay Wholesale and retail trade 4____________ Wholesale trade.................... .............. ...... Motor vehicles and automotive equip ment_________________________ Drugs, chemicals, and allied products.. Dry goods and apparel......................... Groceries and related products______ Electrical goods............................... ........ Hardware, plumbing and heating goods_____________ _____ _____ Machinery, equipment, and supplies.. Retail trade 4_........................ ........... ........ General merchandise stores_________ Department stores_______________ Limited price variety stores______ Food stores_____________________ _ Grocery, meat, and vegetable stores.. Apparel and accessories stores______ Men’s and boys’ apparel stores_____ Women’s ready-to-wear stores.......... Family clothing stores.___ _______ Shoe stores_____________ _____ _ Furniture and appliance stores_______ Other retail trade__________________ Motor vehicle dealers_____________ Other vehicle and accessory dealers.. Drug stores_________________ ____ 2 0 0 .9 1 59.2 1 10.6 45 3 .8 197.8 201.3 159. f 111.9 452.7 200.1 201.8 158.2 111.7 448.8 199.3 201.0 157.8 110. f 437.8 197.9 198.3 156.5 109.0 418.4 197.0 1 26.8 470.8 6,305 1 ,5 1 7 .3 88 1 .4 302.1 1,318. 2 1 ,156.1 553.5 8 8 .8 207. 2 85 .0 111.5 34 8 .4 2,567. 8 590.3 142.5 353.2 127.5 46 8 .8 6,227 1,466. a 852.7 28 6 .8 1 ,3 0 5 .4 1,143. 4 531.6 87 .3 202.7 8 0 .3 105.2 3 49.0 2, 575.1 592. 2 144.4 351.6 127.8 466.4 6,200 1 ,4 4 8 .7 8 43.6 2 83.1 1,3 0 8 .5 1,1 4 6 .4 525.2 87 .9 197.2 8 1 .0 104.1 347.3 2 ,5 7 0 .4 591.7 143.8 3 50.8 126.3 458.1 6,246 1, 469. 4 8 60.3 2 88.2 1 ,3 0 8 .6 1 ,1 4 4 .6 552.1 92 .4 207.1 8 4 .4 108.2 34 6 .7 2, 568.8 589.1 143.6 34 8 .8 124.7 452.9 6 ,193 1 ,4 5 3 .0 8 51.7 2 89.2 1 ,3 0 1 .3 1 ,1 3 7 .2 550.5 8 8 .2 2 08.4 83 .4 110.0 343.8 2, 544. 5 585.2 140.0 349.6 Finance, insurance, and real estate: Banking___________________________ Security dealers and exchanges_______I. Insurance carriers____________________ Life^ insurance_______________ ______ Accident and health insurance_______ Fire, marine, and casualty insurance.. 629.2 113.2 7 78.4 419.5 46.5 2 76.7 6 37.8 115.2 787.2 422.9 4 7 .0 2 80.8 636.2 115.6 783.8 4 20.8 4 6 .9 279.8 Services and miscellaneous: Hotels and lodging places: Hotels, tourist courts, and motels____ Personal services: Laundries, cleaning and dyeing plants. Motion pictures: Motion picture filming and distribution.. A p r. M a r. Feb. Jan. D ec. Annual a v e ra g e Nov. O c t. 1962 1961 9,0 4 2 8,966 8,926 8,829 8,914 8 ,898 8,687 8,646 8,760 9,601 9,039 8,886 8,805 8,674 2 ,7 3 7 2,739 2,680 2 ,714 2,636 2, 630 2 ,625 2,621 2,633 2, 681 2 ,665 2, 674 2 ,630 2, 584 6 26.3 114.3 775.3 4 16.4 4 6 .2 277.1 61 8 .2 113.4 772.6 415.6 45 .8 276.1 197.1 157.1 108.8 415.9 196.7 196.3 157.1 109.3 4 20.2 195.6 195.5 156.8 108.3 418.5 195.5 194.3 156.5 109.2 421.8 195.3 195. 7 158.8 110. C 433.5 195.1 195.2 159.0 110.2 433. C 194.4 195.7 158.4 111.0 43 6 .2 193.5 192.8 156.4 109.6 431.1 191.0 184.7 153.0 110.0 4 30.2 185.0 1 24.7 123.8 452. 5 448.6 6, 062 6,2 6 8 1,4 8 0 .1 1 ,4 0 1 .2 869.9 824.1 304.2 2 83.2 1,305. 6 1, 296. 5 1 ,1 3 5 .2 1 ,1 3 5 .2 6 08.0 5 28.8 91 .4 86 .2 217.9 201.6 8 6 .0 82 .0 142.6 101.4 3 45.3 3 44.0 2, 530. 7 2,490. 5 5 82.2 580.8 137.9 132.0 3 48.5 349.7 123.4 445.6 6 ,025 1, 379. 6 81 0 .7 2 76.8 1,301. 3 1,134. 6 519.7 8 8 .5 194.9 81.6 98 .2 3 43.8 2, 480.9 579.7 130.0 34 6 .7 123.0 4 44.2 6 ,127 1, 4 53.4 8 63.7 2 87.8 1 ,2 9 1 .1 1,130. 6 5 45.6 95.1 20 3 .2 87 .3 100.9 34 6 .8 2,489. 9 577.3 131.8 3 50.0 124.0 444.4 6,920 1 ,9 7 2 .1 1, 200. 4 388.1 1,319. 5 1 ,1 5 0 .0 672.9 120.5 248.9 113.8 119.3 363.1 2, 592. 5 573.4 142.4 3 68.6 124.3 442.7 6 ,374 1, 618. 8 9 64.5 3 21.7 1, 298. 6 1,136. 7 578.8 9 4 .9 2 17.8 92 .0 106.6 3 51.0 2, 526. 7 570.6 137.1 3 53.5 124.5 4 42.8 6, 212 1, 512.4 886.3 307.4 1 ,2 8 7 .2 1 ,1 2 8 .2 561.2 8 9 .6 2 10.8 87.6 107.2 3 46.6 2, 504, 9 5 67.5 131.5 3 51.3 123.2 436.5 6,175 1, 496. 8 881.4 304.1 1, 2 80.2 1,120. 5 560.3 91 .4 209.0 88 .9 107.6 347.2 2,490. 5 559.9 129.6 348.0 122.1 416.5 6 ,090 1 ,4 5 3 .9 850.4 303.2 1 ,2 6 9 .9 1 ,1 0 6 .0 556.3 88 .5 209.1 88 .8 104.9 3 49.4 2, 460. 3 552.0 124.7 3 44.5 61 8 .2 112.9 770.9 414.5 4 5 .6 275.6 617.1 113.6 773.4 416.2 4 5 .8 276.1 615.0 113.0 771.4 415.1 45 .6 2 75.6 6 11.7 112.2 768.5 4 13.8 45 .5 274.1 614.1 113.1 770.4 41 3 .7 45.6 275.9 61 2 .3 114.0 770.4 413.1 46 .0 2 76.0 611.7 115.9 769.0 41 2 .7 4 5 .9 275.1 6 0 6 .7 122.3 7 68.0 413.0 45 .8 273.9 591.1 120.6 765.2 417.1 44.9 268.3 58 0 .2 6 22.7 624.4 597.4 54 1 .8 521.5 512.7 509.1 502.5 5 00.7 507.2 516.4 5 09.2 494.0 375.5 37 8 .0 3 81.1 3 82.2 376.0 374.4 3 65.6 3 64.0 3 69.0 370.0 3 73.7 377.1 377.7 383.1 2 3 .6 2 3 .9 2 3 .6 22 .6 21 .6 2 0 .8 2 1 .6 22.1 2 3 .7 25 .2 2 4 .2 24 .4 2 4 .6 29.1 1 1 F o r c o m p a r a b ilit y o f d a t a w i t h th o s e p u b lis h e d i n is s u e s p r i o r t o O c to b e r 1963, a n d c o v e ra g e o f th e s e s e rie s, see f o o tn o te 1, t a b le A - 2 . F o r m in in g , m a n u f a c t u r in g , a n d la u n d r ie s , c le a n in g a n d d y e in g p la n t s , d a t a re fe r to p r o d u c t io n a n d r e la t e d w o r k e rs ; fo r c o n t r a c t c o n s t r u c t io n , to c o n s t r u c t io n w o r k e rs ; a n d fo r a l l o t h e r in d u s t r ie s , to n o n s u p e r v is o r y w o r k e rs . Production and related workers in c lu d e w o r k in g fo re m e n a n d a ll n o n s u p e r v is o r y w o r k e r s ( in c lu d in g le a d m a n a n d t ra in e e s ) e n g a g e d i n f a b r ic a t in g , p ro c e s s in g , a s s e m b lin g , in s p e c t io n , r e c e iv in g , s to ra g e , h a n d lin g , p a c k in g , w a r e h o u s in g , s h ip p in g , m a in te n a n c e , r e p a ir , j a n i t o r i a l a n d w a t c h m e n s e rv ic e s , p r o d u c t d e v e lo p m e n t , a u x i l i a r y p r o d u c t io n fo r p l a n t ’ s o w n u se (e.g., p o w e r p la n t ) , a n d r e c o r d k e e p in g a n d o t h e r s e r v ic e s c lo s e ly a s s o c ia te d w i t h t h e a b o v e p r o d u c t io n o p e r a t io n s . Construction workers i n c lu d e w o r k in g fo re m e n , jo u r n e y m e n , m e c h a n ic s , a p p r e n t ic e s , la b o r e r s , e tc ., e n g a g e d i n n e w w o r k , a lt e r a t io n s , d e m o lit io n , r e p a ir , a n d m a in te n a n c e , e tc ., a t t h e s it e o f c o n s t r u c t io n o r w o r k in g i n s h o p o r y a r d s a t jo b s ( s u c h as p r e c u t t in g a n d p re a s s e m b lin g ) o r d i n a r i l y p e r f o r m e d b y m e m b e r s o f t h e c o n s t r u c t io n tra d e s . Nonsupervisory workers in c lu d e e m p lo y e e s ( n o t a b o v e t h e w o r k in g s u p e r v is o r y le v e l) s u c h as o ffic e a n d c le r ic a l w o r k e r s , r e p a ir m e n , s a le s p e rs o n s , o p e ra to rs , d r iv e r s , a t t e n d a n t s , s e r v ic e e m p lo y e e s , lin e m e n , la b o r e r s , ja n it o r s , w a t c h m e n , a n d s im ila r o c c u p a t io n a l le v e ls , a n d o t h e r e m p lo y e e s w h o s e s e rv ic e s a re c lo s e ly a s s o c ia te d w i t h th o s e o f t h e e m p lo y e e s lis t e d . 2 P r e lim in a r y . 2 D a t a r e la t e t o n o n s u p e r v is o r y e m p lo y e e s e x c e p t m e s s e n g e rs . 4 E x c lu d e s e a tin g a n d d r i n k i n g p la c e s . Caution The revised series on employment, hours and earnings, and labor turnover in non agricultural establishments should not be compared with those published in issues prior to October 1963. (See footnote 1, table A-2, and “Technical Note, Revision of Establish ment Employment Statistics, 1963,” appearing in the October 1963 M o n t h l y L a b o r R e v i e w , p. 1194.) Moreover, when the figures are again adjusted to new benchmarks, the data presented in this issue should not be compared with those in later issues which reflect the adjustments. Comparable data for earlier periods are published in E m p l o y m e n t a n d E a r n i n g s S t a t i s t i c s f o r t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s , 1909—62 (BLS Bulletin 1312-1), which is available at depository libraries or which may be purchased from the Superintendent of Documents for $3.50. For an individual industry, earlier data may be obtained upon request to the Bureau. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis À.—EMPLOYMENT T able 1477 A-4. Employees in nonagricultural establishments, by industry division and selected groups, seasonally adjusted 1 Revised series; see box, p. 1476. [in thousands] 1963 Industry division and group Oct.2 Sept.2 Aug. Total_______________________________ Mining______ _______________ Contract construction__________ __ July June ______ 57,544 57,452 57,344 57,340 57,194 1962 May Apr. M ar. Feb. Jan. Dec. Nov. Oct. 57,060 56, 873 56, 706 56.458 56,333 56,211 56,205 56,195 630 632 635 640 639 640 639 631 631 631 633 640 644 _______________ 3,047 3,059 3,083 3,069 3,046 3,019 3,005 2,928 2,920 2,967 2,913 2,942 2,939 ____ _____ 17,083 17,071 17,033 17,103 17,075 17,095 17,037 16,948 16,872 16,871 16,851 16,858 16, 910 9,708 9,702 9,652 9,701 9,685 9,683 9,660 9,586 9,546 9,542 9,518 9, 509 9, 543 278 276 275 277 278 276 274 278 279 280 279 280 280 588 587 578 564 559 592 588 597 590 593 586 588 585 393 393 393 392 390 388 387 388 386 389 386 386 384 614 611 616 615 612 597 590 612 607 595 591 596 599 1,152 1,165 1,176 1,208 1,202 1,184 1,174 1,145 1,133 1,124 1,126 1,121 1,125 1,161 1,164 1,162 1,159 1,156 1.151 1,148 1,136 1,131 1,125 1,127 1,125 1,127 1,540 1,530 1,525 1,512 1,508 1,506 1,504 1,501 1,499 1, 503 1,501 1,513 1,512 1,567 1,572 1,574 1,587 1,593 1,597 1,595 1, 589 1,589 1,593 1,595 1,586 1, 590 1,644 1,634 1,580 1,618 1,623 1,614 1,623 1, 597 1,595 1,586 1, 574 1,561 1,587 374 372 375 375 375 370 366 370 368 365 364 362 362 397 398 398 394 389 390 389 393 390 388 389 391 392 Nondurable goods.............. ................................................ 7,375 7,369 7,381 7,402 7,390 7,412 7, 377 7, 362 7,326 7,329 7,333 7,349 7, 367 Food and kindred products..... ................................... . 1,726 1,722 1, 728 1,730 1, 732 1,743 1, 738 1, 757 1,747 1,752 1,756 1,745 1,751 91 88 84 87 89 89 89 88 90 89 Tobacco manufactures_________________ ______ 92 91 93 887 886 889 892 Textile mill products_________________________ _ 888 891 889 890 891 891 893 896 898 1,307 1,306 1,302 1,317 1,306 1,317 1,296 1,286 1,273 1,268 1,265 1,266 1,273 Apparel and related products___________ _______ 621 623 622 623 620 619 620 618 617 617 Paper and allied products _____ _______________ 615 616 616 934 937 935 935 936 934 929 910 907 910 Printing, publishing, and allied industries_______ 928 929 908 871 870 869 870 868 864 862 859 853 Chemicals’ and allied products_________________ . 856 851 851 851 189 188 190 188 Petroleum refining and related industries________ 187 188 188 188 188 187 189 190 190 404 401 403 414 411 Rubber and miscellaneous plastic products....... . . 408 416 411 417 408 409 408 408 350 351 352 Leather and leather products____________ _____ . 353 350 349 351 351 351 351 356 357 358 Transportation and public utilities__________ _____ ___ 3,931 3,947 3,941 3,936 3,919 3,909 3,890 3,894 3,899 3,821 3,898 3,896 3,904 Mannfact urine _____________ __ __________ Durable goods . Ordnance and accessories,. _ _ Lumber and wood products, except furniture Furniture and fixtures__ _ _____________ ___ Stone, clay, and glass products____ _ Primary metal industries____ ________________ Fabricated metal products____ ____ TV1aehinerv Electrical equipment and supplies. _ . . . . _____ Transportation equipment__ . instruments and related products_______ . . Miscellaneous manufacturing industries.................... Wholesale and retail trade______________________ ____ 11,949 11,933 11,907 11,884 11,864 11, 825 11,784 11, 795 11, 729 11,685 11,629 11,637 11,627 3,173 3,167 3,155 3,159 3,148 3,129 3,119 3,106 3,093 3,085 3,072 3,069 3,075 Wholesale trade________________________ _______ Retail trade............................... ...................................... 8,776 8,766 8, 752 8,725 8, 716 8,696 8,665 8,689 8,636 8,600 8, 557 8,568 8,552 Finance, insurance, and real estate___________________ 2,886 2,873 2,873 2,870 2,865 2,864 2,853 2,848 2,839 2,834 2,822 2,821 2,817 8,401 8,373 8,373 8,349 8, 282 8,228 8,199 8,207 8,144 8,110 8,079 8,063 8,044 Service and miscellaneous_________________________ Government____________ _____ ___________ _______ Federal ______________________________________ State and local___________ ____________________ 9,617 2,349 7,268 9,564 2,347 7,217 9,499 2,348 7,151 1 For coverage of the series, see footnote 1, table A-2. 2 Preliminary. T able 9,489 2,351 7,138 9, 504 2,349 7,155 9, 480 2, 345 7,135 9,466 2,339 7,127 9,455 2,340 7,115 9,424 2, 332 7,092 9,414 2,353 7,061 9,386 2,349 7,037 9,348 2,353 6,995 9,310 2, 342 6,968 N ote: The seasonal adjustment method used is described in “ New Seasonal Adjustment Factors for Labor Force Components,” Monthly Labor Review, August 1960, pp. 822-827. A-5. Production workers in manufacturing industries, by major industry group, seasonally adjusted 1 Revised series; see box, p. 1476. [inthousands] 1963 Major industry group Oct.2 Sept.2 Aug. Manufacturing______ _____ __________ _____________ Durable goods__________________________________ Ordnance and accessories________ _ __________ Lumber and wood products, except furniture. Furniture and fixtures___ __________ _______ Stone, clay, and glass p ro d u cts______________ Primary metal industries______________ ____ Fabricated metal products____________________ Machinery_____ " . . _____ _______ __________ Electrical equipment and supplies_____________ Transportation equipm ent..’.* ..___ __________ Instruments and related products_______ ______ Miscellaneous manufacturing industries______ _ 12,621 12,614 7,104 7,098 119 121 525 526 326 327 492 494 939 930 894 892 1,072 1,061 1,047 1,049 1,139 1,136 237 238 320 318 Nondurable g o o d s ...________ . _ . ____ 5,517 Food and kindred products. _________________ 1,143 76 Tobacco manufactures___ ____ _______________ 793 Textile mill products__________ ______________ Apparel and’related products__________________ 1,161 489 Paper and allied products____________________ P r in tin g , p u b lish in g , and a llied in d u s tr ie s 592 527 Chemicals and allied products . Petroleum refining and related industries_______ 120 R u b b e r and m is c e lla n e o u s p la s tic p r o d u c ts 307 Leather and leather products. * ........ 309 » For definition of production w orkers, see footnote 1, table A -3. tPrelim inary. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 5,516 1,142 72 793 1,160 488 594 527 121 309 310 July June May 1962 Apr. Mar. Feb. Jan. Dec. Nov. Oct. 12,575 12,650 12,628 12,647 12,604 12,521 12,455 12,453 12,443 12,452 12,509 7,051 7,103 7,086 7,081 7,070 6,994 6, 956 6,950 6,935 6,932 6,967 119 119 120 119 119 120 121 118 121 122 122 517 503 530 533 498 528 538 531 525 523 527 326 326 323 326 323 322 322 321 321 320 319 496 498 493 492 489 480 474 476 474 480 483 953 984 900 977 962 952 922 911 901 899 897 891 888 883 868 864 860 862 859 891 881 863 1,058 1,045 1,042 1,040 1,041 1, 038 1,038 1,045 1,044 1,054 1, 057 1,051 1.061 1,069 1,068 1,067 1,061 1,059 1,063 1,065 1,062 1,064 1,079 1,118 1,122 1,112 1,123 1,099 1,094 1,085 1,080 1,066 1,091 240 241 236 234 233 233 231 240 237 230 231 321 311 313 313 311 311 317 312 315 315 315 5,524 5, 547 1,149 1,148 79 75 793 798 1,154 1,169 490 490 594 594 527 527 120 120 310 315 308 311 5, 542 1,151 75 797 1,160 489 594 527 119 321 309 5, 566 1,158 77 798 1,171 488 595 525 120 324 310 5,534 1,152 78 800 1,153 486 591 524 120 323 307 5,527 1,172 77 800 1,141 488 582 521 119 318 310 5,499 1,163 77 799 1,130 486 579 521 119 315 310 5, 503 1,167 77 800 1,125 487 582 519 118 318 310 5, 508 1,170 79 802 1,123 486 581 516 121 315 315 5, 520 1, 162 80 804 1,125 484 594 518 121 316 316 5,542 1,169 81 806 1,130 487 596 519 121 316 317 N ote: The seasonal adjustment method used is described in “ New Sea- sonal Adjustment Factors for Labor Force Components,” Monthly Labor Review, August 1960, pp. 822-827. 1478 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, DECEMBER 1963 T able A-6. Unemployment insurance and employment service program operations 1 [All Items except average benefit amounts are In thousands] 1963 Item Sept. Employment service:2 New applications for work........................ Nonfarm placements_______________ 878 663 Aug. 829 611 July 928 572 June 1,096 577 1962 May Apr. 911 612 Mar. 904 581 Feb. 861 496 Jan. 904 423 1,097 '459 Dec. 766 434 Nov. 907 533 Oct. 948 643 Sept. 856 652 State unemployment insurance programs: Initial claims 8<_________________ 957 1,086 1,351 973 1,079 1,216 1.127 1,308 2,102 1,747 1,353 1,267 956 Insured unemployment5(average weekly volume)____________________ _ 1,261 1,419 1,493 1, 468 1,624 1, 918 2,298 2,546 2,591 2,063 1, 625 1,385 1,331 Rate of insured unem ploym ent6_______ 3.0 3.4 3.6 3.5 3.9 4.7 5.6 6.2 34 33 6.3 5.1 40 Weeks of unemployment compensated__ 4,650 5,368 5, 695 5,308 6, 732 7,919 9,091 9,025 10,002 6,307 5,702 5, 207 4,695 Average weekly benefit amount for total unemployment_________________ $34. 93 $34.67 $34. 43 $34. 34 $34. 91 $35. 54 $35. 80 $35. 70 $35. 62 $35.11 $34. 95 $34.69 $34. 42 Total benefits paid_______________ $163,126 $186,814 $195, 632 $188,189 $235,851 $274, 798 $316, 422 $313,272 $342, 411 $214,203 $193,551 $176,608 $160, 559 Unemployment compensation for ex-service men: 7 8 Initial claims *_........... ........ ........... Insured unemployment5(average weekly volume)............................... Weeks of unemployment compensated, __ Total benefits paid................ ................... 28 29 31 22 20 23 42 170 $5,727 45 184 $6,202 44 176 $5,909 42 181 $6, 269 47 203 $6,760 58 267 $8, 797 Unemployment compensation for Federal civilian employees:1 « Initial claims 8................................ Insured unemployment 1 (average weekly volume)_____________ . Weeks of unemployment compensated... Total benefits paid______________ 12 12 19 12 11 13 11 12 20 12 12 14 10 28 114 $4,540 29 123 $4,844 30 110 $4,387 26 113 $4, 941 28 119 $4,678 31 137 $5, 241 35 150 $5, 591 38 148 $5,433 37 156 $5, 744 31 116 $4, 262 29 115 $4, 282 27 111 $4,182 25 98 $3, 797 Railroad unemployment insurance: Applications 70_______________ Insured unemployment (average weekly volume)_________________ Number of payments 77____ ______ . Average amount of benefit paym ent72__ Total benefits paid 78___________ 15 15 46 11 4 4 5 7 19 12 16 16 32 41 85 $76.90 $6,416 37 90 $77. 96 $6, 906 39 79 $76.07 $5,852 32 77 $73. 87 $5, 563 39 99 $74. 44 $7,333 1,408 1, 568 1, 651 1,628 1,799 All programs: 74 Insured unem plovm ent8 1 Includes data for Puerto Rico, beginning January 1961 when the com monwealth’s program became part of the Federal-State UI system. 2 Includes Guam and the Virgin Islands. 8 Initial claims are notices filed by workers to indicate they are starting periods of unemployment. Excludes transitional claims. 4 Includes interstate claims for the Virgin Islands. * Number of workers reporting the completion of at least 1 week of unem ployment. 8 The rate is the number of insured unemployed expressed as a percent of the average covered employment in a 12-month period. 7 Excludes data on claims and payments made jointly with other programs. 8 Includes the Virgin Islands. 3 Excludes data on claims and payments made jointly with State programs. 10 An application for benefits is filed by a railroad worker at the beginning of his first period of unemployment in a benefit year; no application is re quired for subsequent periods in the same year. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 25 27 39 31 29 31 27 71 77 77 303 306 338 $9, 932 $10,027 $11,100 65 235 $7.679 57 222 $7,298 52 214 $7,019 200 $6, 549 49 57 64 fis 73 61 61 60 118 138 137 173 132 133 124 148 $77.11 $80. 24 $80. 58 $79. 97 $79. 56 $78. 73 $74. 47 $83. 26 $9,005 $11,004 $10, 881 $13,732 $10, 358 $10, 373 $11,081 $10,134 2,089 2, 465 2,726 2,778 2,223 1,780 1, 539 1,497 11 Payments are for unemployment in 14-day registration periods. 12 The average amount is an average for all compensable periods, not adjusted for recovery of overpayments or settlement of underpayments. 78 Adjusted for recovery of overpayments and settlement of underpay ments. 34 Represents an unduplicated count of insured unemployment under the State, Ex-servicemen and U CFE programs and the Railroad Unemployment Insurance Act. Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Employment Security for all items except railroad unemployment insurance, which is prepared by the U.S. Railroad Retirement Board. B.—LABOR TURNOVER 1479 B.—Labor Turnover T able B -l. Labor turnover rates, by major industry group 1 Revised series; see box, p. 1476. [Per 100 employees] 1963 Major industry group Sept. 2 Aug. July June May 1962 J Apr. Mar. Feb. Jan. Annual average Dec. Nov. Oct. Sept. 1962 1961 Accessions: Total Manufacturing: Actual ........ .... 4.5 Seasonally adjusted ................................ . S.G 3.7 4.3 4.0 3.9 3.S 3.9 4.1 3 8 3. 9 3.6 3. 7 2.4 8 3.0 5. 8 4.9 3 9 Jt. 0 4.1 4.1 Durable goods........__........... ............ ........ Ordnance and accessories....................... Lumber and wood products, except furniture............................. ................. Furniture and fix tu res............... .......... Stone, clay, and glass products_______ Primary metal Industries..................... Fabricated metal products..................... M achinery.................... ................... Electrical equipment and supplies........ Transportation equipment................... Instruments and related products____ Miscellaneous manufacturing Industrles........................................................ Nondurable goods_____ ____________ Food and kindred products_________ Tobacco manufactures______________ Textile mill products_______ _______ Apparel and related products........... . Paper and allied products___________ Printing, publishing and allied industries...................................... ........... ..... Chemicals and allied products_______ Petroleum refining arid related industries....................... ............................... Rubber and miscellaneous plastic products................. ..................... ........ Leather and leather products________ 4.3 2.4 4.2 2.7 3.7 2.6 4.2 2.9 3.8 2.5 3.8 2.3 3.5 2.1 3.2 2.2 3.5 2.5 2.3 1.7 2.8 1.9 3.6 2.6 4.5 2.6 3.8 2.9 3.9 2.9 5.9 5.6 3.2 2.4 4.4 3. 1 3.7 7.1 3.3 6.8 5.9 3.8 2.4 4.9 3.0 3.7 5.5 3.1 5.7 55 4.2 2.4 4.3 2.9 3.2 3.6 3.4 7.9 4.8 5. 1 3.3 4.9 3.4 3.6 4.1 3.9 7.3 4.5 4.4 3.5 4.2 2.7 2.9 3.8 3.1 6.6 4.4 5.7 3.8 4.3 2.7 2.9 3.8 2.6 6.0 3.8 4.7 3.6 3.8 2.6 2.7 3.5 2.5 4.4 3.9 3.5 3.6 3.2 2.7 2.7 3.3 2.4 4.6 4. 1 3.6 3.4 3.7 3.0 3.0 3.8 2.7 2.4 2.6 1.9 2.3 2.5 2.0 2. 1 2.9 1.7 3.2 3.3 2.4 2.5 3.0 2.4 2.8 3.5 2.4 4.5 4.3 2.8 2.7 3.9 2.9 3.5 4.5 2.6 5.4 5.0 3.4 2.7 4.5 2.9 3.8 8. 1 2.6 5.5 4. 5 3.8 2.8 4 1 3.0 3.6 4.7 2.7 5.3 4l 3.7 3.4 4.4 3. 1 3.6 4.7 2.8 6.4 6.6 7.0 5.5 5.2 5.7 5.1 5.0 6.2 2.4 3.7 5.8 6.7 5.6 5.6 4.7 7.2 12.5 4.2 4.9 3.0 5.4 9. 1 24. 5 4.3 5.8 2.9 5.1 7.5 8.3 4.0 7. 1 2.9 5.5 8.9 3.1 4.0 5.7 4.0 4.2 5.6 2.4 3.9 5.9 2.7 3.9 4.9 1.8 3.6 5.1 2.7 3.5 4.3 2.6 3.5 4.7 2.4 3.4 3.8 2.6 3.3 5.4 2.2 3.7 4.2 3.6 3.3 5.9 2.3 2.5 3.3 6.0 1.9 3.1 1.0 3.2 4.0 5.6 2.7 4.4 1.9 4.3 6.5 4.4 3.5 5.3 2.4 5.4 9.4 16.6 3.8 5.2 2.8 4.3 6.4 6.4 3.6 5.5 2.6 4.2 6.0 5. 9 3.5 5.7 2.6 3.4 2.1 3.2 1.9 3.2 2.2 4.0 3.3 2.8 2.0 2.8 2.6 2.6 2.4 2.6 1.9 2.9 2.0 20 1.3 2.5 1.4 3.2 1.9 3.7 2.1 3.0 2.1 2.9 2.1 Nonmanufacturing: Metal mining_______________________ Coal mining________________________ 4.8 4.8 4.0 3.5 3.3 S. 3.9 1.3 1.3 1.9 3.0 2.0 2.1 1.6 .9 1.3 .0 .8 1.2 1.5 1.4 1.3 3.7 5.0 4.3 5.4 4.5 6.6 4.0 6.3 3.7 5.6 3.8 4.4 3.4 4.1 3.0 4.2 3.2 5.9 2.3 3.5 3.1 4.4 3.8 4.8 4.7 4.7 3.8 5.0 3.9 5.0 2.2 2.0 2.8 2.9 2.7 2.1 3.8 1.5 3.6 2.1 5.7 2.2 2.9 2.5 2.8 2.2 3.2 2.2 2.0 1.4 2.9 1.5 2.7 1.7 2.9 2.5 2.9 1.7 2.7 2.2 1.8 2.5 3.1 2.3 2.3 2.5 2.2 Accessions: New hires Manufacturing: Actual___________________________ Seasonally adjusted _________________ Durable goods............................................ Ordnance and accessories........ ............... Lumber and wood products, except furniture-_______________________ Furniture and fixtures................. .......... Stone, clay, and glass products_____ Prim ary metal industries___________ Fabricated metal products__________ Machinery.............................................. Electrical equipment and supplies____ Transportation equipment..................... Instruments and related products____ Miscellaneous manufacturing industries____________________________ Nondurable goods...................................... Food and kindred products_________ Tobacco manufactures______________ Textile mill products______ ________ Apparel and related products________ Paper and allied products................. . Printing, publishing, and allied industries......................................... ............. Chemicals and allied products........... . Petroleum refining arid related industries.......................................... ............ Rubber and miscellaneous plastic products.____ _______ __________ Leather and leather products________ Nonmanufacturing: Metal mining....................................... ....... Coal mining....................................... ....... See footnotes at end of table. 713-154— 63------ 8 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 2.3 3.2 2.4 2.7 2.4 3.3 2.4 2.5 2.4 2.3 S.8 2.0 2. 4 2.3 2.3 2.2 2.3 2.7 1.6 2.6 1.9 2.3 1.7 2.9 1.9 2.3 1.4 2.2 1.3 1.8 1.1 1.7 1.3 1.7 1.4 1.1 1.0 1.6 1.2 2.2 1.7 2.6 1.9 2.3 2.0 1.9 2.1 5.0 4.8 2.2 1.3 3.4 2.2 2.5 2.5 2.3 5.9 4.9 2.8 1.2 3.2 1.9 2.3 1.9 2.1 4.7 4.4 3.0 1.2 2.8 1.9 1.9 1.8 2.2 6.3 4.0 3.7 2.1 3.2 2.5 2.4 2.4 3.1 5.5 3.5 2.8 1.7 2.6 1.9 1.7 1.8 2.0 4.6 3.3 2.8 1.4 2.4 1.9 1.6 1.9 1.8 3.7 2.7 2.1 1.0 2.0 1.8 1.5 1.7 1.7 2.9 2.7 1.6 .9 1.8 1.8 1.5 1.6 1.6 2.6 2.7 1.3 .9 1.9 1.9 1.6 1.6 1.9 1.7 1.5 .9 .6 1.3 1.1 1.2 1.2 1.1 2.5 2.5 1.3 .7 1.9 1.4 1.7 1.7 1.6 3.6 3.5 1.8 .9 2.6 1.8 2.3 2.3 2.0 4.4 4.3 2.2 1.0 3.0 1.9 2.7 2.9 2.0 3.9 3.5 2.2 1.1 2.4 2.0 2.3 2.1 2.0 3.3 2.8 1.8 .9 2.1 1.6 2.1 16 1.7 3.0 1.8 1.9 1.2 4.9 4.8 4.1 3.7 3.2 3.2 2.6 2.7 2.6 1.5 2.5 4.3 5.3 3.8 3.6 3.3 4.9 7.9 3. 1 3.5 2.4 3.8 6.5 14. 4 3.2 3.9 2.2 3.2 4.6 3.3 2.8 4.0 2.1 3.8 5.9 1.8 3.0 3.6 3.1 2.7 3.5 1.3 2.8 3.6 1.9 2.4 2.8 1.1 2.5 3.4 1.7 2.2 2.2 1.6 2.2 3.2 1.5 2.0 1.9 1. 1 2.0 3.1 1.3 2.1 2. 1 1.9 1.9 3.2 1.3 1.3 1.7 3.4 1.2 1.5 .9 1.9 2.3 2.4 1.8 2.7 1.2 2.9 4. 1 3.1 2.5 3.5 1.8 3.8 6.2 10.9 2.7 3.8 2.2 2.8 3.8 3.2 2.5 3.5 1.8 2.5 3.4 3.1 2.2 3.1 1.7 2.7 1.5 2.5 1.4 2.5 1.6 3.0 2.6 2.1 1.4 2.0 1.8 1.9 1.6 1.8 1.2 2.1 1.2 1.3 .7 1.9 .9 2.6 1.3 3.1 1.5 2.3 1.5 2.1 1.4 1.0 1.0 1.6 2.4 1.5 1.3 .9 .5 .7 .4 .6 .9 1.1 1.0 .9 2.6 3.7 2.9 3.9 2.6 4.2 2.7 3.9 2.4 3.2 2.1 2.6 1.9 2.3 1.8 2.4 1.7 3.3 1.2 2.1 1.8 2.7 2.6 3.2 3.5 3.2 2.4 3.1 2.0 2.8 1.8 1.2 1.8 1.1 1.5 .9 2.7 .7 1.6 .8 1.7 .8 1.5 .8 1.4 .9 1.7 .6 1.2 .4 1.3 .6 1.5 .8 1.4 .7 1.5 .5 1.2 .6 1480 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, DECEMBER 1963 T able B -l. Labor turnover rates, by major industry group 1—Continued Revised series; see box, p. 1476. [Per 100 employees] 1963 Annual average 1962 Major Industry group Sept.s Aug. July June May Apr. Mar. Feb. Jan. Dec. Nov. Oct. Sept. 1962 4.1 4.0 1961 Separations: Total Manufacturing: Actual..................... 3.9 4.7 4. ¡2 4.1 3.4 S.8 3.6 3.6 10 i.o 3.8 3.7 i.o 4.4 i.o 3.8 3.9 5.0 i.o i .o Durable goods_______ ______________ Ordnance and accessories____ _______ Lumber and wood products, except furniture............................................ Furniture and fixtures______________ Stone, clay, and glass products______ Primary metal industries___________ Fabricated metal products__________ Machinery__________________ ____ Electrical equipment and supplies....... Transportation equipment.................... Instruments and related products....... . Miscellaneous manufacturing indus tries................................................. 4.2 2.8 4.7 2.8 4.0 2.2 3.2 2.4 3.3 2.3 3.3 2.4 3.3 4.2 3.1 3.1 3.7 3.2 3.4 2.0 3.6 2.7 3.9 2.8 4.3 3.5 3.8 2.7 3.9 2.3 6.6 4.9 4.4 3.9 4.8 3.3 3.9 4.0 3.5 7.3 5.3 4.3 4.1 4.5 3.4 3.6 7.5 3.0 5.2 4.3 3.3 3.6 4.6 2.8 3.2 5.9 3.0 5.1 4.2 3.2 2.0 3.5 2.8 3.1 3.5 2.3 5.0 4.4 3.1 2. 1 3.7 3.0 3.0 3.7 2.7 5.2 4.5 3.0 2. 1 3.5 2.6 3.1 3.9 2.3 5.4 4.5 2.9 2.1 3.8 2.5 3.6 3.5 2.4 4.7 3.9 3.4 2.2 3.6 2.3 3.1 3.3 2.4 5.0 4.5 4.9 2.6 4.2 2.8 3.7 3.7 2.9 5.5 3.7 5.2 2.5 3.5 2.1 2.8 3.2 2.1 6.1 4.3 4.1 2.9 3.9 2.6 3.1 3. 5 2.6 5.6 4.6 4.2 3.5 4.7 2.9 3.4 3.9 3.0 6.7 5.2 5.0 3.8 4.9 3.5 4.0 4.1 3.3 5.6 4.6 4.1 3.3 4.2 2.8 3.3 4.6 2.6 5.4 4.3 3.8 2.8 4.6 3.2 3.3 5.0 2.5 5.4 5.5 5.2 4.2 4.5 4.8 4.2 3.8 5.5 11.5 7.8 5.5 5.6 6.0 5.8 Nondurable goods___ _______________ Food and kindred products_________ Tobacco manufactures_____________ Textile mill products_____ _________ Apparel and related products________ Paper and allied products.................... . Printing, publishing and allied indus tries................................................... Chemicals and allied products_______ Petroleum refining and related indus tr ie s ................................................ Rubber and miscellaneous plastic prod ucts................. .................................. Leather and leather products________ 5.5 9.0 4.3 4.4 5.7 4.0 4.8 6.5 4.3 4.6 5.8 3.4 4,3 5.8 2.6 3.8 6.4 2.5 3.8 4.8 2.2 3.3 5.6 2.2 4.0 4.6 4.0 3.9 5.8 2.5 3.9 4.8 3.9 3.7 6.0 2.5 3.7 4.9 7.0 3.5 4.8 2.5 3.4 4.7 9.2 3. 1 4.2 2.3 4.3 6.4 6.8 3.9 5. 5 2.9 4.3 6.3 11.0 3.4 5.9 2.5 4.6 7.1 17. 1 3.7 5.2 2.7 5.0 8.3 10.8 3.8 5.7 2.8 5.8 9.5 5. 5 4.5 6.0 4.3 4.4 6.2 6.7 3.7 5.8 2.8 4.2 6.0 5.7 3.4 5.8 2.7 3.7 3.2 3.5 2.5 2.6 1.8 3.0 2.1 3.0 2.6 2.6 1.9 2.7 1.7 2.3 1.4 3.0 1.7 2.7 1.6 2.9 2.0 3.1 1.8 4.1 3.1 2.9 2.1 2.9 »2.0 2.9 2.1 1.7 1.8 1.7 1.6 1.8 1.9 1.8 2.1 2.2 1.8 2.7 1.8 1.7 4.1 5.9 4.1 5.9 4.3 5.6 3.3 4.1 3.5 4.9 3.2 5.9 3.7 4.7 3.0 3.8 3.6 5.2 2.9 5.4 3.6 4.5 4.0 5.4 4.6 5.9 3.6 5.2 3.6 5.0 3.9 1.6 2.9 1.8 2.6 2.6 2.5 1.8 3.1 2.2 3.0 2.8 3.1 2.5 2.6 2.0 3.6 2.1 5.5 1.8 3.8 3.2 3.6 2.6 6.0 2.1 3.5 2.8 3.1 2.7 1.4 1.2 Seasonally adjusted. N on manu fae tu rin g: Metal mining___ Coal mining.......... 4.8 3.5 3.2 4.0 3.8 4.0 Separations: Quits Manufacturing: A ctual................... Seasonally adjusted. 2.3 1.3 1.4 1.4 1.5 l.i l.i l.i l.i 1.5 1.3 l.i 1.3 l.i 1.5 2.4 l.i 1.3 .9 .7 .7 1.0 .8 1.3 1.1 2.0 1.9 1.2 1.2 1.0 1.1 1.9 1.6 .8 .4 .9 .8 1.1 .7 1.0 2.5 2.1 1.2 .5 1.3 .9 1.3 2.4 2.1 1.2 .6 1.3 1.0 1.4 1.4 4.2 3.0 2.1 .9 2.2 1.5 2.2 1.6 1.9 1.9 1.5 1.0 .5 .7 1.1 1.3 1.1 .6 .3 .7 .6 .8 .5 .8 2.1 1.4 1.3 1.2 1.0 1.1 0.3 1.1 Durable goods________ _____________ Ordnance and accessories .................... Lumber and wood products, except furniture_____________________ Furniture and fixtures_____________ Stone, clay, and glass products.......... Primary metal industries___________ Fabricated metal products_________ M achinery..____ _____________ Electrical equipment and supplies____ Transportation equipment..... ............. Instruments and related products___ Miscellaneous manufacturing Indus tries_____________________ 2.1 1.6 1.8 1.3 1.2 1.0 1.2 1.0 1.3 1.0 1.1 .8 1.0 .9 .9 .9 1.0 4.1 3.0 2.1 1.4 2.3 1.7 2.0 1.6 1.9 4.9 3.1 1.9 1.1 1.9 1.4 1.7 1.2 1.6 2.9 2.1 1.3 .7 1.2 .9 1.2 .9 1.2 3.0 1.9 1.3 .6 1.2 .9 1.2 .9 1.1 3.0 2.3 1.3 .7 1.3 1.0 1.2 .9 1.3 2.6 2.2 1.1 .6 1.2 1.0 1.5 .7 .4 .8 .7 1.7 1.7 .8 .4 .9 .8 1.0 1.0 1.0 2.2 1.9 .9 .5 1.1 .9 1.1 .8 1.0 1.2 .8 1.2 .8 1.0 3.1 2.9 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.6 1.5 1.3 1.3 1.0 1.6 2.2 3.0 2.0 1.8 Nondurable goods............................. ...... Food and kindred products_________ Tobacco manufactures_____________ Textile mill products______________ Apparel and related products_______ Paper and allied products__________ Printing, publishing, and allied indus tries_________________________ Chemicals and allied products.. -....... Petroleum refining and related indus tries................................. ................. Rubber and miscellaneous plastic prod ucts___________________ ______ Leather and leather products............... 2.7 3.6 1.2 2.8 2.7 2.5 2.4 2.8 1.5 2.8 3.1 1.9 1.7 1.9 .8 2.1 2.5 1.0 1.6 1.7 .7 1.9 2.2 1.7 1.6 .8 2.1 2.4 1.0 1.0 1.5 1.4 .8 2.0 2.3 1.0 1.4 1.4 .7 1.7 2.0 .9 1.2 1.2 .7 1.4 1.8 .7 1.3 1.3 .9 1.6 2.0 .8 1.0 1.1 .6 1.1 1.4 .6 1.3 1.3 .8 1.6 1.9 .8 1.8 2.2 .9 2.0 2.4 1.1 2.9 4.1 2.1 2.6 3.0 2.5 1.7 1.9 .9 1.9 2.3 1.1 1.5 1.6 .9 1.6 2.0 1.0 2.2 1.8 2.0 1.3 1.3 .7 1.5 .7 1.5 .8 1.3 .7 1.2 .6 1.1 .5 1.2 .6 .9 .5 1.3 .5 1.5 .7 2.5 1.8 1.5 .8 1.4 .7 N onmanu factu ring: Metal mining___ Coal mining____ See footnotes at end of table, https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1.0 1.1 .8 .7 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.5 1.1 .7 .8 .7 .6 .5 .5 .4 .4 .6 .7 1.4 .7 .5 2.0 3.3 2.0 3.3 1.4 2.5 1.4 2.2 1.4 2.4 1.3 2.3 1.1 2.0 1.0 1.6 1.1 2.0 .8 1.5 1.1 1.9 1.5 2.5 2.3 3.1 1.4 2.3 1.2 2.0 2.2 .6 1.9 .6 1.3 .5 1.4 .3 1.5 .4 1.4 .5 1.2 .4 1.2 .3 1.2 .3 .8 .3 .9 .3 1.1 .5 2.3 .5 1.2 .4 1.0 .4 1481 B.—LABOR TURNOVER T able B - l. Labor turnover rates, by major industry group 1—Continued Revised series; see box, p. 1476. [Per 1 0 0 employees] 1963 Annual average 1962 Major industry group Sept.2 Aug. July June May Apr. Mar. Feb. Jan. Dec. Nov. Oct. Sept. 1962 2.0 2.2 1961 Separations: Layoffs Manufacturing: Actual___________________________ Seasonally adjusted________________ Durable goods..................... ...................... Ordnance and accessories___________ Lumber and wood products, except furniture...___ ________________ Furniture and fixtures............................ Stone, clay, and glass products.............. Primary metal industries___________ Fabricated metal products_________ Machinery________________________ Electrical equipment and supplies____ Transportation equipment___ _____ Instruments and related products......... Miscellaneous manufacturing industries................................................... Nondurable goods____ ______________ Food and kindred products_________ Tobacco manufactures______________ Textile mill products____ ___________ Apparel and related products________ Paper and allied products...................... Printing, publishing, and allied industries.................. ................................. Chemicals and allied products............... Petroleum refining and related industries.................................................... Rubber and miscellaneous plastic products______________________ Leather and leather products________ Nonmanufacturing: Metal mining_______________ _______ Coal mining________________________ 1.7 1.9 1.6 2.2 2.5 2.3 2.2 1.9 2.0 1.9 1.7 1.8 1.6 1.7 1.7 1.8 1.8 1.8 2.0 2.0 1.9 2.0 1.9 1.4 .8 2.1 .9 2.1 .7 1.3 .9 1.3 .8 1.4 1.1 1.6 2.7 1.6 1.8 2.0 1.7 2.2 1.0 2.0 1.3 1.8 1.1 1.6 1.1 1.9 .9 2.2 .7 1.6 1.1 1.6 2.0 1.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 .9 1.4 1.3 1.6 2.3 1.7 1.3 1.1 5.4 .8 1.5 1.4 1.2 2.2 2.6 1.3 1.3 4.0 1.3 1.2 1.6 1.2 .7 1.5 1.2 1.1 1.7 .6 1.1 1.3 1.2 .8 1.7 1.4 1.2 1.9 .7 1.8 1.5 1.2 .8 1.7 1.0 1.3 2.2 .7 2.5 1.8 1.4 2.6 2.1 3.4 1.4 2.5 1.3 1.8 2.1 3.6 2.0 4.0 1.7 2.3 1.7 1.9 .7 2.3 1.7 2.1 1.1 2.1 .9 1.4 1.9 .9 2.1 1.7 2.3 2.4 2.6 1.3 1.3 1.9 .9 1.6 1.4 2.2 2.3 2.0 1.3 1.0 1.4 1.9 .8 3.5 2.1 2.8 2.0 2.4 1.2 1.3 1.9 1.1 1.9 .7 2.4 1.8 2.2 2.1 2.2 1.2 1.1 2.8 .7 2.8 2.1 2.2 1.7 2.9 1.7 1.4 3.6 .9 1.7 1.7 2.6 1.7 2.0 2.4 2.0 1.8 3.6 9.9 5.5 2.4 1.6 3.1 3.2 1.9 3.2 1.3 1.7 2.4 2.7 1.1 2.6 .9 1.8 2.8 2.6 3.0 .8 1.5 2.5 1.2 .8 2.6 .6 3.0 .9 1.7 2.9 5.8 1.2 2.1 1.1 1.6 2.9 8.1 1.1 1.8 1.2 2.4 4.4 5.4 1.7 2.7 1.5 2.8 4.7 9.9 1.9 4.1 1.4 2.7 5.2 15.9 1.7 2.7 1.3 2.6 5.4 9.2 1.2 2.6 1.2 2.2 4.6 2.6 1.2 2.3 1.2 2.1 3.7 5.3 1.2 2.7 1.0 2.2 3.9 4.4 1.3 3.1 1.1 1.3 .7 1.3 .8 1.2 1.1 1.2 .8 1.1 .8 1.0 1.0 .9 2.2 4.8 2.6 .9 2.2 .9 1.7 2.9 2.2 1.1 1.9 .9 1.0 1.0 2.0 1.1 1.4 1. 1 1.0 2.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 .7 .8 .7 .9 .9 1.1 1.4 .9 .8 1.0 .8 .6 .8 .5 .7 .6 .4 .3 .5 .5 .7 .9 .8 .9 1.0 .6 .7 .6 .6 1.6 3.4 1.9 2.0 1.7 2.3 1.5 2.0 1.5 2.1 1.8 2.2 4.1 1.1 2.2 2.2 1.7 1.7 2.9 1.0 1.5 1.9 1.4 1.9 1.3 1.8 1.4 1.6 2.1 2.3 1.2 1.1 1.3 1.7 1.2 2.9 1.8 2.0 1.3 1.6 1.8 2.5 1.1 .8 .5 .7 .6 1.6 .4 1.0 .8 1.4 .9 1.8 1.4 1.6 .9 1.3 1.3 1.4 i Por comparability of data with those published in issues prior to October 1963, see footnote 1, table A-2. Month-to-month changes in total employment in manufacturing and nonmanufacturing industries as indicated by labor turnover rates are not comparable with the changes shown by the Bureau’s employment series for the following reasons: (1) the labor turnover series measures changes https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1.5 .8 during the calendar month, while the employment series measures changes from midmonth to midmonth; and (2) the turnover series excludes personnel changes caused by strikes, but the employment series reflects the influence of such stoppages. * Preliminary. 1482 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, DECEMBER 1963 C.—Earnings and Hours T able C -l. Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry Revised series; see box, p. 1476. 1963 1962 Annual average Industry Oct.» Sept.» Aug. July June May Apr. Mar. Feb. Jan. Dec. Nov. Oct. 1962 1961 Average weekly earnings Mining. ..................... Metal m ining... Iron o re s __ Copper ores.. $117.32 $115 08 $112 06 $117.85 $114.39 $112. 75 $110 97 $112.48 $111.66 $111.66 $110.02 $111. 78 8110 70 $106.92 121.35 118 08 116 o9 118. 85 117. 71 117. 50 118.37 117.14 116 16 116. 85 116. 31 116. 44 117 45 113 44 129. 27 119.65 119.50 124. 14 120.08 117 80 110.73 116.05 118. 95 115. 36 119.50 117 87 122 19 115.50 124.23 125.27 121.98 122. 69 122. 55 124. 12 125. 71 121. 69 121.12 121.41 120.13 119. 14 120. 70 119.03 Coal mining. _______________ ____ Bituminous___________________ 124.03 118. IS 108.19 128. 74 122.14 117. 73 113. 77 121.29 120. 43 119.11 110. 77 113. 28 120.25 119.32 110.21 130.60 124.66 119. 81 114.56 122.77 120.90 119.88 111.24 114. 76 113.67 113.32 112.36 113.36 110.62 111. 45 110. 77 110. 51 110.09 111.61 109.30 109. 46 122. 48 119.31 120.30 123.31 117 74 120. 30 118.26 118.15 121.09 119.11 115.18 114. 09 106.39 107. 56 105. 46 105.04 104. 49 103. 52 104. 25 103. 76 100.43 105.71 104.40 105. 90 113. 58 114.33 113.83 112.91 110.32 106. 56 102.00 98.77 100.14 98.25 106. 76 110. 40 Crude petroleum and natural gas____ Crude petroleum and natural gas Helds __________________________ O il and gas Held services________ Quarrying and nonmetallic mining___ Contract construction. ................. ........... General building contractors.............. Heavy construction............................. Highway and street construction. O th er heavy construction............ Special trade contractors......... ........... M anufacturing................................. Durable goods ......... ........ Nondurable goods_______ 132. 52 121. 51 136.53 136. 40 137 03 138. 01 132.70 122. 02 137. 03 134. 67 140.68 137.25 130.90 120. 62 135.22 133.62 136 92 136.14 129. 79 118 58 132 13 130.09 134.60 135. 75 128.06 117.85 126. 96 123 68 131.02 134. 67 124. 58 115. 84 122. 36 117. 74 127 98 131. 40 122. 72 113.34 117.30 109. 42 123. 80 130.31 118.33 108 85 110. 70 99. 72 119. 19 125. 93 121.07 111 11 115.82 107. 54 123.13 128.47 118.67 108. 55 112.00 104. 60 118. 24 127. 40 121.61 113.34 118 99 115.02 123. 56 127.80 127. 25 117. 12 127 98 126. 42 130. 38 133. 91 113 09 110.62 114. 50 112.01 109. 20 105. 75 115 46 113.96 103. 03 98.44 105. 43 100.09 122 47 118.08 112. 50 108. 83 122 31 120 09 1 is. 37 113. 81 126 48 127.12 128. 50 123.44 Í100. 53 100. 53 98.42 99.23 100.37 99.23 97. .36 98.09 97. 20 97.44 98. 01 97. 36 96. 32 96 56 92.34 109.45 109.45 107 01 108. 09 109. 82 108. 36 106. 37 106. 49 106.23 105. 82 107. 53 105. 78 105. 37 104. 70 100. 35 89.15 89.38 88.40 88.36 88.36 87.52 85. 97 86.68 85.85 86. 24 86.94 86.33 85. 50 85. 54 82.92 Average weekly hours M ining..................... Metal m ining... Iron ores__ Copper ores. 42.2 41.7 41.7 42.4 42.0 41.0 39. 1 42.9 Coal mining___ Bituininous. 39.5 39.7 38.0 38.0 Crude petroleum and natural gas......... ........... Crude petroleum and natural gas fields........................................... Oil and gas field services.......... . 42.1 42.6 42.4 41.1 42.9 41.0 43.9 41.2 43.4 Quarrying and nonmetallic mining. 45.8 46.1 45.9 45.9 Contract con“truction................................... General building contractors________ Heavy construction................................ Highway and street construction.. Oilier heavy construction....... ........ Special trade contractors___ ________ 38.3 36 6 42.8 44.0 41 4 37.3 38.8 37.2 43. 5 44.3 42.5 37. 5 38.5 37.0 43.2 44.1 42.0 37.4 38.4 36.6 42.9 43.8 41.8 37.5 40.7 41.3 39.9 40.5 41.0 40.0 40.5 41.1 39.8 40.8 41.6 39.8 — Manufacturing _______ __________ Durable goods____________ Nondurable goods................ 40.7 41.3 39.8 41.2 40.8 38.8 42.8 42.7 41.7 40.7 42.9 41 9 41.3 39 5 43.0 41.3 40.8 38.0 43 4 40.5 41. 1 37 9 43.8 40.9 41. 1 37.8 43.0 40.9 40.9 39.0 42.8 40.9 41.0 37.7 42.9 40.9 41.1 39.2 42.6 41 4 41.0 38.9 42.1 41 0 41 5 39 8 42.8 40 5 41 4 38 5 43.6 41.0 41.2 39.4 39.7 38.1 38.4 36.7 36.6 39 0 39.1 39 1 39.0 38.3 38.3 36.2 36.0 36.9 36.9 36.6 36.7 35 8 35.9 42.3 41.9 41.9 41.8 41.7 41.7 42.6 42.2 42.1 42.0 41.8 41.8 42.7 40.6 43.0 41.2 42.6 40. 5 42.9 40.6 42.7 41.9 41.5 41.5 43.5 40.7 43.5 40. 6 43.4 40 8 43.0 40 7 42.8 45.4 44.4 42.5 41.5 41.9 40.6 44.3 46.0 44.3 43.9 38.0 36.6 41.9 42.5 41.2 37.1 37.3 36.2 41.2 41.9 40. 5 36.5 36.2 35.2 39 1 38.8 39.3 35.8 34.7 33.7 36.9 36.0 37.6 34.5 35.4 34.4 38.1 37.6 38.6 35.1 34.8 33.4 36.6 35.7 37.3 35.0 36.3 35.2 39.4 39.8 39. 1 35.6 38. 1 36 6 42 1 43.0 41.0 37.3 37.0 35 6 40 5 41.1 39. 9 36.3 36 9 35 8 40 3 40 5 40 l 36.2 40.5 41.2 39.6 39.9 40.6 38.9 40.2 40.8 39.4 40.0 40.7 39.2 40.1 40.7 39.2 40.5 41.2 39.7 40 4 41.0 39.6 40. 3 41.0 39.4 40 4 40 9 39.6 39 8 40 3 39.3 Average hourly earnings Mining............................................................ Meta! mining_____________________ Iron ores______________________ Copper ores___________________ $2.78 2. SI 3. 10 2.93 $2.74 2.88 3. 06 2.92 Coal m ining___ Bituminous. 3. 14 3. 18 3.11 3.14 Crude pe‘roleum and natural gas......... Crude petroleum and natural gas fields.............................................. Oil and gas field services......... ........ ........... Quarrying and nonmetallic mining___ ........... 2.70 2.66 2.65 2.98 2.48 2.91 2.45 2.92 2.43 2.48 2.48 2.48 2. 46 2.43 2.40 2.40 2.38 2.39 2.42 2.41 2. 40 2.38 2.28 Contract construction.................... .......... General building contractors_________ — Heavy construction................................ — Highway and street construction... — Other heavy construction________ — Special trade contractors____________ ........... Manufacturing__________________ $2.47 Durable goods____________ 2.65 Nondurable goods_________ 2.24 3. 46 3. 32 3. 10 3. 10 3.31 3. 70 3. 42 3.28 3.15 3. 04 3.31 3.66 3. 40 3.26 3.13 3.03 3.26 3.64 3.38 3.24 3.08 2. 97 3.22 3.62 3.37 3.22 3.03 2. 91 3.18 3.63 3. 34 3.20 2. 97 2.81 3. 16 3.60 3.39 3. 22 3.00 2 82 3. 15 3.64 3.41 3. 23 3. 00 2. 77 3.17 3.65 3. 42 3.23 3.04 2. 86 3.19 3. 66 3.41 3.25 3. 06 2. 93 3. 17 3. 64 3.35 3. 22 3 02 2. 89 3.16 3.59 3.34 3. 20 3.04 2. 94 3. 18 3. 59 3. 31 3. 16 3. 02 2. 88 3. 17 3. 54 3 20 3 04 2 98 2 81 3 17 3.41 2.47 2.65 2.24 2.43 2.61 2.21 2.45 2.63 2.22 2.46 2.64 2.22 2.45 2.63 2.21 2.44 2.62 2.21 2.44 2.61 2.20 2.43 2.61 2.19 2.43 2.60 2. 20 2.42 2.61 2.19 2.41 2.58 2.18 2.39 2. 57 2.17 2 39 2. 56 2.16 2 32 2 49 2.11 See footnotes at end of table. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis — $2. 72 2.86 3.08 2.85 $2. 76 2. 85 3.05 2.86 $2. 73 2. 85 3.04 2. 85 $2. 73 2.88 3.10 2.86 $2. 74 2.88 3.08 2.87 $2. 75 2. 85 3 07 2.83 $2. 73 2. 84 3.05 2.83 $2. 73 2. 85 3.06 2.83 $2. 69 2 83 3 05 2.82 $2. 70 2. 94 3. 03 2.83 $2 70 2 83 3 07 2.82 $2 64 2 74 3 on 2.73 3.14 3.17 3.10 3.14 3.09 3.12 3.10 3.13 3.11 3.14 3.08 3.10 3.11 3.13 3.06 3.09 3.07 3.11 3.09 3. 12 3 09 3.12 2.68 2. 64 2. 66 2.65 2.65 2.64 2.62 2.59 2.60 2.60 2.53 2. 95 2.46 2.90 2. 43 2.92 2.43 2. 92 2.43 2.01 2. 43 2.89 2.42 2. 87 2. 43 2. 83 2. 40 2. 81 2.44 2 83 2.41 2 80 2.30 0.—EARNINGS AND HOURS T able 1483 C -l. Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry—Continued Revised series; see box, p. 1476. 1963 1962 Annual average Industry Oct.» Sept.» Aug. July June May Apr. Mar. Feb. Jan. Dec. Nov. Oct. 1962 1961 Average weekly earnings Manufacturing—Continued Durable goods Ordnance and accessories___________ $120.42 $121.01 $119.31 $117. 74 $118. 24 $117. 67 $115.14 $118. 20 $119. 65 $119. 65 $120.10 $117. 71 $116. 03 $116. 31 $113.29 Amrnunition, except for small arms. 122. 48 121.77 121. 95 118. 96 119. 65 117. 50 116. 24 117. 86 119. 31 119. 02 120. 06 118. 37 116. 69 116.69 115. 49 Sighting and Are control equipnient.......................................... . 129.36 123. 83 191 09 120 1C 122 ni 1 IQ 9,0 Other ordnance and accessories___ 115.62 116.90 114.24 114.93 115.36 116.90 112.19 116105 117.59 ' 1Ï7. 74 116. 06 113. 44 111. 79 112.3» 108. 39 Lumber and wood products, except furniture____________ ___________ Sawmills and planing mills______ Millwork, plywood, and related products............................... ........ . Wooden containers_____________ Miscellaneous wood products_____ Furniture and fixtures________ _____ Household furniture____________ Office furniture......... ..................... Partitions, officeand store fixtures.. Other furniture and fixtures______ 85. 05 77. 57 80 28 79. 56 84 45 77.36 74Ì 96 76. 07 73! 97 71.82 71.16 70.62 70 98 71.23 72.31 72.98 79 20 71. 71 /O. M 68 99 89.54 71.38 75.89 90. 61 70.18 76.26 90.06 69. 64 74. 89 89. 66 70 14 74.48 90.29 69.14 74.85 90. 07 68. 31 73.89 87. 94 66. 73 72. 36 87 94 65 01 73.12 86. 88 64.91 72.90 87.10 64. 02 73. 08 87. 94 64.29 72.80 87. 53 65. 76 73. 71 86.88 66. 66 73. 44 87.12 66 17 72. 54 84 44 63 12 69.77 78 01 79.19 79.19 79. 00 74. 21 75. 36 74. 96 74.19 92 03 93 15 98. 39 1 0 1 2 0 100. 58 loi. 85 81.19 79.98 81.18 80. 78 81.58 78. 02 80.16 76.63 81. 76 77. 38 79. 37 75 07 76. 40 71 46 83. 83 79. 65 84. 23 83.20 81 19 81. 39 79 60 79.84 78. 62 76. 52 76. 70 74. 99 98. 94 96. 23 94 71 96 93 94 71 107.12 109.10 107. 64 105. 37 101.75 84.66 86.32 85. 90 82. 21 82.82 82. 42 99 04 100. 65 107. 01 103.57 lòfi 53 81.81 81.20 81. 61 81.41 79.99 Average weekly hours Ordnance and accessories......... .......... Amrnun ition, except for small arms. Sighting and fire control equipm ent__________ _____________ Other ordnance and accessories___ Lumber and wood products, except furniture.......... ......... .............. ........... Sawmills and planing mills______ Millwork, plywood, and related products______ ______________ Wooden containers___ _____ _____ Miscellaneous wood products____ Furniture and fixtures______________ Household furniture____________ Office furniture__________ ___ _ Partitions, office and store fixtures.. Other furniture and fixtures______ 41.1 41.1 41.3 41.0 41.0 41.2 40.6 40.6 41.2 41.4 41. 0 40.8 40. 4 40. 5 40.9 40 5 41. 4 41.0 41. 4 40.9 41.7 41. 4 41.3 41.1 41. 0 40.8 41.1 40. 8 40.9 41.1 41.0 42 0 41.6 40 0 40.8 30 7 40.9 39 9 41.2 40 4 41.6 3Q 0 40.5 49 1 4ll 3 41.7 41.9 41.6 41.1 41.1 41.3 40.9 40.5 40.4 40.7 40.8 40.6 40.5 40.6 40.3 40.9 40.9 39.9 40.2 39.6 39.9 39.3 39.1 39.4 38.8 39.3 39.0 39.2 38.5 39. 5 39.3 40.0 40 1 39.8 39.4 39 4 39.2 40.7 41.5 40.8 41.0 40.8 41.0 41.5 41.7 40.7 41. 7 42.0 40. 7 41.8 41. 4 40.9 41. 7 41.4 40.6 40 9 40.2 40.2 40.9 39 4 40.4 40 6 39. 1 40.5 40.7 38. 8 40.6 40.9 39.2 40.0 40.9 40. 1 40.5 40.6 40 4 40.8 40.9 40.1 40 3 40.4 39. 7 40.1 41.5 41.7 41.7 41.8 42 1 41.2 41.5 41.6 41.6 41 3 41. 8 41.9 40 8 40 7 41 0 41 4 40.3 40.9 40.8 41 0 41 0 40.8 40.2 40. 1 41 0 39 9 40.4 39.8 39.9 40 2 40.3 40.2 40.3 40 3 40. 1 40.1 40 Q 40 1 41.2 41.5 40.9 41 2 41 5 41.6 40 7 40.8 40.0 39. 7 39.6 39.6 3Q 3 40.3 40 1 40.2 41 8 40.4 41 1 40.3 40 7 39.4 40.7 39 2 39.8 40.4 Average hourly earnings Ordnance and accessories___________ Ammunition,except for small arms. Sighting and fire control equipm ent...... ........................................ Other ordnance and accessories....... Lumber and wood products, except furniture................................................ Sawmills and planing mills______ Millwork, plywood, and related products______ ______________ Wooden containers._____ _______ Miscellaneous wood products____ Furniture and fixtures________ Household furniture........... ............. Office furniture_________________ Partitions, office and store fixtures.. Other furniture and fixtures............ See footnotes at end of table. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis $2.93 2.98 $2.93 2. 97 $2. 91 2.96 $2.90 2.93 $2. 87 2. 89 $2.87 2.88 $2. 85 2.87 $2.89 2.91 $2. 89 2.91 $2. 89 2.91 $2.88 2. 90 $2.85 2.88 $2.83 2. 86 $2. 83 2.86 $2. 77 2.81 2.82 3 08 2.81 3 05 2.80 3 05 2.81 3 91 2.80 3 02 2.81 3 01 2.77 3 04 2.81 2.82 2.81 2.79 9 00 2. 76 2. 72 2.72 2.65 2.10 1.92 2.12 1.95 2.08 1.91 2. 03 1.86 2.02 1.86 2.02 1.84 1. 98 1.80 1.98 1.82 1.96 1.82 1.96 1.82 2.00 1.85 2.00 1.84 1.99 1.82 1.99 1.82 1. 95 1.76 2.20 1.72 1.86 2.21 1.72 1.86 2.17 1.67 1.84 2.15 1.67 1.83 2.15 1.67 1.83 2.16 1.65 1.82 2.15 1.66 1.80 2.15 1.65 1.81 2.14 1.66 1.80 2.14 1.65 1.80 2.15 1.64 1.82 2.14 1.64 1.82 2.14 1.65 1.80 2.13 1. 65 1.80 2.09 1.59 1.74 2.02 1.91 2.02 1.91 2. 35 2. 60 2.08 2.00 1.89 2.33 2.61 2.05 1.99 1.88 2.31 2.60 2.04 1.99 1.88 2.33 2. 57 2.03 1.98 1.87 2. 31 2. 55 2.04 1.96 1 86 2. 31 2. 51 2.04 1.97 1.87 2.30 2. 53 2.03 1.97 1.86 2 29 2. 54 2.05 1.97 1.85 2. 30 2. 54 2.04 1.98 1.88 2. 31 2. 52 2.03 1 96 1.86 2. 30 2. 51 2.02 1.97 1.86 2.24 2. 56 2.02 1.95 1.84 2.28 2.52 2.02 1.91 1.80 2.23 2.47 1.98 2.08 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, DECEMBER 1963 1484 T able C -l. Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry—Continued Revised series; see box, p. 1476. 1963 1962 Annual average Industry Oct.» Sept. » Aug. July June May Apr. Mar. Feb. Jan. Dec. Nov. Oct. 1962 1961 Average weekly earnings M anufacturlng—C ontinued Durable goods—Continued Stone, clay, and glass products__ ____ Flat glass.............................. .......... Glass and glassware, pressed or blown___ ___________________ Cement, hydraulic_____________ Structural clay products.............. Pottery and related products_____ Concrete, gypsum, and plaster products________________ ____ Other stone and mineral products.. $105.25 $104.50 $104.33 $104.33 $104.41 $103.07 $101.11 $99. 47 $97. 36 $97. 36 $97.84 $100. 53 $100. 67 $98. 57 $95. 24 138.31 133.00 133.45 139.40 133. 51 131. 66 130.65 127. 92 129. 26 130. 42 133.00 127. 59 126.01 122. 68 Prim ary metal industries....................... Blast furnace and basic steel products_______ ____ _____ _____ _ Iron and steel foundries.............. . Nonferrous smelting and refining .. Nonferrous rolliug, drawing, and extruding........................................ Nonferrous foundries____________ Miscellaneous primary metal industries_____________________ 122.31 123. 73 123.02 125.77 129. 55 127.30 127.82 122. 91 122. 21 120.80 120.39 117. 91 116. 92 119. 80 114. 84 101.40 98.85 100. 90 100. 25 101.00 100.10 98.00 100. 40 100.65 100.15 99.14 99.38 98. 49 98. 33 95. 44 117.16 118.28 116. 47 118.86 116.05 116. 48 119. 99 112. 87 111.63 112.16 111.50 115. 21 114. 26 112. 75 106. 52 91.32 90.45 90.69 90. 71 90. 92 90. 71 90. 27 86. 67 84. 77 85. 41 85. 41 86.90 87. 56 86. 69 84. 45 88.62 87.85 89.01 90.16 90. 46 88.37 89. 31 88.14 87. 69 88.88 89. 65 89. 87 86.85 82.13 112.80 111. 75 111. 15 110.45 110.01 108. 62 103. 92 99. 48 103.09 104.00 103.25 104.00 102.92 102. 26 100. 61 100.12 93.93 99. 23 94. 40 98.00 95. 60 102. 96 105. 36 100. 96 98. 74 99.06 99.14 98. 33 97. 10 95. 24 127. 53 130.02 130. 2S 135. 20 140. 70 138. 28 141.70 131. 27 129. 89 128. 44 126.68 123. 39 122. 42 127. 40 122.92 115.21 114.39 111.49 111.78 115. 45 112.98 110.15 110.15 110. 83 108.14 109.88 107. 73 106. 52 106. 52 98.81 119.55 120.54 119.11 118.12 117. 45 118.43 120.12 117.31 116.33 116. 20 117. 32 116. 75 114.80 114. 95 110. 16 118.16 119.43 118.44 119.00 120.83 118. 72 115.23 116. 34 116. 34 116. 89 118.43 116.62 115.09 116. 05 111.76 107.94 107.42 106.71 105.41 107.38 106. 45 105.01 106. 45 106. 45 107.38 106.81 105. 01 105. 41 104. 55 100. 75 129.07 129. 79 125.56 128.44 129.16 127.10 125.05 126. 99 127. 60 129. 98 129. 25 125.14 123. 49 124.50 117.16 Average weekly hours Stone, clay, and glass products_______ Flat glass_____________________ Glass and glassware, pressed or blown__ Cement, hydraulic_____________ Structural clay products_________ Pottery and related products____ Concrete, gypsum, and plaster products__________________ _ Other stone and mineral products... 42.1 41.8 40.8 41.9 39.7 41.9 39.6 42.1 41.0 41.9 39.5 41.1 39.3 40.6 39.0 39.9 38.3 39.9 38.7 40.1 38. 7 41.2 39.6 41.6 38.9 40.9 38.3 40.7 38.7 40.4 41.4 41.7 39.7 41.5 41.3 38.7 40.2 41.3 41.6 38. 7 40.1 42.0 41.8 38.7 40.4 41.3 41.9 39.2 40.2 41.6 41.8 39.5 39.2 42.1 41.6 39.1 40.0 40.6 40.5 39.0 40.1 40.3 39.8 39.0 39.9 40.2 40.1 38.8 40.3 40.4 40.1 39.5 40.4 41.0 40.8 40.2 40.2 41.1 41.3 40.3 40.3 41.0 40. 7 39.3 40.1 40.5 40.6 38.2 45.3 41.4 44.7 41.6 45.0 41.3 44.9 41.6 44.9 41.5 44.7 41.4 43.3 40.9 41.8 40.7 39.8 40.5 40.0 40.0 40.0 40.3 42.9 40.6 43.9 40.8 42.6 40.8 42.4 40.7 Primary metal industries___________ Blast furnace and basic steel products__________________ . . . Iron and steel foundries_________ Nonferrous smelting and refining... Nonferrous rolliug, drawing, and extruding____________________ Nonferrous foundries____________ Miscellaneous primary metal' industries_____________________ 40.5 40.7 40.6 41.1 42.2 41.6 41.5 40.7 40.6 40.4 40.4 39.7 39.5 40.2 39.6 39.0 42.2 41.8 39.4 41.9 42.0 39.6 41.6 41.5 40.6 41.4 41.3 42.0 42.6 41.5 41.4 42.0 41.7 41.8 41.1 42.0 39.9 41.1 41.6 39.6 41.2 41.4 39.4 40.5 41.5 39.1 41.0 41.9 38.2 40.5 41.4 37.9 40. 5 41.0 39.2 40.5 41.2 38.9 38.9 40.8 42.2 41.2 42.5 41.0 42.3 41.2 42.5 40.7 43.0 41.3 42.4 41.1 41.6 40.7 42.0 41.1 42.0 41.1 42.2 41.3 42.6 41.4 42.1 40.7 41.7 40.7 42.2 41.0 41.7 40.3 41.5 41.6 40.9 41.3 41.8 41.4 41.0 41.5 41.7 42.2 42.1 41.3 41.3 41.5 40.4 Average hourly earnings Stone, clay, and glass products............ . Flat glass........................................... Glass' and glassware, pressed or blown_______________________ Cement, hydraulic_____________ Structural clay products_________ Pottery and related products____ Concrete, gypsum, * and plaster pro d u cts....................................... Other stone and mineral products.. $2.50 $2. 50 3.39 $2.49 3.35 $2.49 3.37 2. 51 2.83 2. IE 2.49 2.85 2.19 2.29 2.51 2.82 2.18 2.27 2.5C 2.83 2.17 2.3C 2. 5C 2. 81 2.17 2. 3C 2.49 2.49 2.5C 2.50 2.47 2.50 2.46 2. 50 2.45 2. 48 Primary metal industries........... .......... Blast furnace and basic steel products____________________ Iron and steel foundries................... Nonferrous smelting and refining... Nonferrous rolling, drawing, and extruding____________________ Nonferrous foundries____________ Miscellaneous primary metal industries......................................... 3.02 3.04 3.03 3.06 3.07 3.06 3.27 2.72 2.86 3.3C 2. 73 2.87 3.29 2.68 2.87 3.33 2.7C 2.86 3. 35 2. 71 2.83 3. 34 2. 69 2. 84 2.80 2.62 2.81 2.62 2.8C 2.59 2. 80 2. 59 2. 81 2.6C 2.8C 2.59 3.11 3.12 3.07 3.11 3.09 3. 07 See footnotes at end of table. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis $2. 48 $2. 46 3. 4C 3.38 $2. 46 3.35 $2. 45 3.35 $2. 44 3. 34 $2. 44 3. 34 $2.44 3. 37 $2. 44 3. 36 $2. 42 3. 28 $2.41 3. 29 $2. 34 3.17 2. 49 2. 8C 2.17 2. 29 2.5C 2. 85 2.17 2. 26 2.51 2. 78 2.14 2. 29 2.51 2. 77 2.13 2. 26 2.51 2. 79 2.13 2. 26 2. 46 2. 76 2. 13 2. 25 2. 46 2. 81 2. IS 2. 23 2. 45 2. 78 2.12 2. 23 2. 44 2. 75 2. IS 2. 21 2. 38 2 63 2. 08 2.15 2.43 2. 47 2. 4C 2.46 2. 38 2. 46 2. 36 2. 45 2. 36 2. 45 2. 3E 2. 45 2. 4C 2. 44 2. 4C 2. 43 2. 37 2.41 2. 29 2. 34 3.08 3. 02 3.01 2.99 2.98 2. 97 2. 96 2.98 2.90 3. 39 2. 68 2. 86 3. 29 2.68 2.82 3.28 2.69 2. 81 3. 26 2. 67 2.80 3. 24 2. 68 2.80 3. 23 2. 66 2. 82 3. 23 2. 63 2.80 3. 25 2. 6S 2. 79 3.16 2. 54 2. 70 2. 77 2. 58 2. 77 2. 59 2. 77 2. 59 2. 77 2. 6C 2. 78 2. 58 2. 77 2.58 2.76 2. 59 2. 75 2. 55 2. 68 2.50 3.05 3.06 3.00 3.03 3. 07 3.03 2.99 3.00 2. 90 O.—EARNINGS AND HOURS T able 1485 C -l. Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry—Continued Revised series; see box, p. 1476. 1963 In d u s try O c t.8 J S e p t.8 Aug. J u ly Ju n e Annual a v e ra g e 1962 M ay A p r. M a r. Feb. Jan. D ec. N ov. O c t. 1962 1961 A v e r a g e w e e k ly e a r n in g s M a n u f a c t u r i n g — C o n t in u e d Durable goods— C o n t in u e d Fabricated metal products..................... Metal cans____________________ Cutlery, hand tools, and general hardware............................. ......... Heating equipment and plumbing fixtures_____________________ Fabricated structural metal products. Screw machine products, bolts, etc. Metal stampings...................... ........ Coating, engraving, and allied services. Miscellaneous fabricated wire products.............. .......................... Miscellaneous fabricated metal products_____________________ $109.62 $110 . 20 $108.32 $107. 53 $108.84 $108.32 $104. 75 $105. 67 $105. 01 $105. 52 $106. 30 $105. 22 $105. 73 $104. 81 $100. 85 124.73 132.44 135.39 132.07 131.94 128. 65 125.14 122.59 120 . 88 122.29 122. 48 119.99 123. 26 126.30 121.80 105.47 105.22 101.50 100. 35 103.98 104. 24 99. 70 101. 75 101.59 102.59 103.09 102. 51 100.86 99.14 93. 53 M achinery..................................... .......... Engines and turbines.............. ....... Farm machinery and equipment__ Construction and related machinery.. Metalworking machinery and equipm ent.................... ............ . Special industry machinery______ General industrial machinery____ Office, computing, and accounting machines........... ............................ Service industry machines_______ Miscellaneous machinery________ 1 1 2 . 88 113. 01 107. 42 1 2 1 . 20 119. 88 114. 80 108. 41 107. 59 102 . 66 104.70 109.78 110.50 118.13 97.21 104.04 109. 52 109. 91 118. 40 97.86 102 . 82 109. 78 108.45 112.74 94.89 102. 47 108. 58 106. 75 113. 98 93. 73 103. 22 108. 84 108. 80 116. 75 95.63 100.15 97. 86 98.60 98. 95 98.95 98. 60 99 20 101. 09 98.55 94. 95 107. 53 104. 64 104.12 103. 60 103. 46 104. 64 104. 34 105. 78 104. 60 102.06 108. 38 105. 08 106. 26 107.19 108. 46 108. 46 106. 09 104. 75 106. 00 98. 49 116. 47 112 . 06 113. 57 113. 15 113. 01 113. 82 113. 55 112. 56 111. 76 105. 41 95.63 92.80 94.12 91.53 92.39 93.98 92. 70 93.79 93.34 90.32 97.23 98.53 96. 52 96. 22 97.64 97.58 95.51 97.34 96.93 98. 06 97. 70 95. 76 106.34 108. 47 106.08 105. 71 105.93 106. 45 104.23 104.86 104. 09 104. 75 105. 67 105. 01 117.04 117.32 115. 23 115.51 117. 04 115. 79 113.85 115. 51 114. 82 114. 40 114. 53 112. 75 121.50 124.14 121.50 122 . 21 123. 73 122. 41 119. 30 124. 23 123. 11 120. 99 122. 40 1 2 1 . 20 112.61 110.16 liO. 28 111 79 109. 07 111.6 6 1 12 . 61 113.16 1 1 1 66 110. 43 108.14 116.33 116.20 116.20 115. 93 117.18 115. 93 113.57 113.85 113. 44 112. 75 112 . 88 1 1 1 . 66 96. 64 96. 64 94.07 105. 41 103. 53 100.19 112. 75 112. 34 106.52 128.30 127.71 125.83 128. 30 130. 52 128. 90 128.17 130. 52 128. 76 127. 01 126. 87 123. 25 122. 69 125. 57 117. 04 110.14 111.09 108. 52 109. 20 110. 33 109. 13 107.17 108. 88 107. 94 108. 71 109. 31 106. 68 106. 68 108. 77 101. 43 117. 46 117.46 114.40 113.16 114. 54 112.61 110.16 110.98 110. 70 110. 43 112.06 111. 52 111.38 110.83 105. 04 119.77 119.77 116.97 117.14 116. 57 115. 59 114. 33 115. 30 114. 90 114. 21 114. 49 112. 84 112.72 113.15 111.24 105.11 104.70 104. 60 103. 22 103. 57 103.98 101.15 102. 31 100. 90 100. 90 100. 35 101.15 99. 94 100.12 95.84 112.46 112. 46 110.83 110. 56 112.99 112. 04 109. 36 110. 72 109. 62 111. 09 112.14 no. 14 110. 24 109.13 104. 00 Average weekly hours Fabricated metal products..................... Metal cans________ ___________ Cutlery, hand tools, and general hardware_________ __________ Heating equipment and plumbing fixtures...... ........... ........................ Fabricated structural metal products. Screw machine products, bolts, etc. Metal stampings............................. Coating, engraving, and allied services. Miscellaneous fabricated wire p r o d u c t s ......................... ................................. Miscellaneous fabricated metal products_____________________ Machinery............................................ . Engines and turbines....................... Farm machinery and equipm ent... Construction and related machinery.. Metalworking machinery and equipment___ _______________ Special industry machinery______ General industrial machinery____ Office, computing, and accounting machines........................................ Service industry machines_______ Miscellaneous machinery________ 41.8 41.3 41.9 43.0 41.5 44.1 41.2 43.3 41.7 43.4 41.5 42.6 40.6 41.3 40.8 41.0 40.7 40.7 40.9 40.9 41.2 41.1 41.1 40.4 41.3 41.5 41.1 42.1 40.5 42.0 41.2 41.1 40.6 40.3 41.1 41.2 40.2 40.7 40.8 41.2 41.4 41.5 41.0 40.8 39.8 40.9 41.9 42.5 42.8 41.9 40.8 41.8 42.6 42.9 42.0 40.8 41.9 42.2 41.6 40.9 40.5 41.6 41.7 41.6 40.4 40.8 41. 7 42.5 42.3 41.4 39.9 41.2 42.5 42.2 41.4 39.3 40.4 41. 7 41.2 40.7 39.6 40.2 42.0 41. 6 41.1 39.9 40.0 42.2 41.6 40.5 39.9 40.1 42. 7 41.7 40.7 39.6 40.4 42.7 42. 0 41.4 40.0 40. 6 42.1 41.9 41.2 40.6 41.0 41.9 42.0 41.5 39.9 40. 7 42.4 41. 7 41.3 39.4 40.5 40.7 40.7 40.5 41.2 41.4 40.9 40.6 41.2 41.0 40.3 40.9 40.9 41.2 41.4 41.1 41.3 41.3 40.9 40.9 41.8 40.1 41.4 41.4 41.9 40.7 40.8 41.5 40.8 41.6 40.1 40.5 41.5 40.5 41.7 40.6 40.1 41.7 40.9 42.1 40.7 40.8 42.0 41.1 41.8 40.4 40.1 41.7 40.4 41.4 39. 9 40.9 41.0 40.8 41.7 41.0 41.1 41.1 40.5 41.6 40.9 41.3 41.1 40.6 41.6 40.6 40.9 41.0 40.8 41.8 40.8 40.6 40.9 40.7 41.3 40.4 40.2 40.9 40.7 41.5 40.4 40.3 41.3 40.6 41.7 40.5 40.6 41.3 40.4 41.0 40.0 40.1 40.5 43.2 42.2 41.8 43.0 42.4 41.8 42.8 41.9 41.3 43.2 42.0 41.0 43.8 42.6 41.5 43.4 42.3 41.1 43.3 41.7 40.5 43.8 42.2 40.8 43.5 42.0 40.7 43.2 42.3 40.9 43.3 . 42.5 42.7 42.0 41.2 41.0 42.6 42.0 41.1 43.3 42.2 41.2 41.8 41.4 40.4 41.3 40.9 42.6 41.3 40.9 42.6 40.9 40.7 42.3 41.1 40. 8 42.2 40.9 41.1 42.8 40.7 41. 1 42.6 40.4 40.3 41.9 40.6 40.6 42.1 40.6 40.2 42.0 40.5 40.2 42.4 40.6 40.3 42.8 40.3 40.3 42.2 40.4 40.3 42.4 40.7 40.7 42.3 41.2 40.1 41.6 $2.62 3.02 $2. 63 3.08 $2.61 3.07 $2.61 3.05 $2 . 61 3.04 $2.61 3.02 $2.58 2.99 $2.58 2.98 $2.56 2.97 $2. 56 2. 97 $2.55 3.00 $2.49 2.90 2.56 2. 56 2. 50 2.49 2. 53 2.53 2.48 2. 50 2.49 2.49 2.49 2.47 2.46 2.43 2.35 2. 56 2.62 2.60 2.76 2.32 2.55 2.62 2.58 2.76 2.33 2.52 2.62 2. 57 2.71 2.32 2. 53 2.61 2. 56 2. 74 2.32 2. 53 2.61 2. 56 2. 76 2.31 2. 51 2.61 2. 55 2. 76 2.31 2.49 2.59 2. 52 2. 72 2.28 2.49 2.59 2.53 2. 73 2. 29 2.48 2.59 2.54 2. 72 2.26 2.48 2. 58 2.54 2.71 2.27 2.49 2.59 2.54 2.71 2.27 2. 48 2. 57 2.52 2.71 2.25 2. 49 2.58 2.50 2.47 2. 57 2.50 2.36 2.38 2.36 2. 37 2.37 2.38 2.37 2.38 2.37 2.38 2.36 2.60 2.80 3.03 2.81 2.62 2.80 3.05 2. 76 2.80 2.60 2.77 3.03 2.72 2.80 2.61 2. 77 3.01 2.75 2. 78 2. 59 2. 78 3.04 2. 74 2.79 2. 59 2.77 3.03 2.72 2.78 2.58 2.75 2. 99 2. 73 2.77 2.57 2. 77 3.03 2. 74 2.77 2. 57 2.76 3.01 2. 74 2.76 2.58 2.75 2.98 2. 73 2.75 2. 59 2. 74 3.00 2. 72 2.76 2.97 2 . 61 2.81 2.97 2 . 62 2.81 2.94 2.59 2.77 2. 97 2.60 2. 76 2.98 2. 59 2.76 2.97 2. 58 2.74 2. 96 2.57 2. 72 2. 98 2.58 2.72 2. 96 2. 57 2. 72 2. 94 2. 57 2.70 2.93 2. 56 2.72 2.90 2. 54 2.72 2.90 2. 57 2.64 2.90 2. 56 2.64 2 . 86 2. 57 2.62 2 . 62 2. 85 2. 53 2.85 2. 52 2.64 2. 84 2. 53 2.63 2.83 2. 51 2.61 2.84 2. 52 2.63 2.83 2.51 2.61 2.82 2. 51 2.62 2.82 2. 49 2.62 2.80 2.51 2.61 Average hourly earnings Fabricated metal products__________ Metal cans______ _____________ Cutlery, hand tools, and general hardware_____ ______________ Heating equipment and plumbing fixtures________________ _____ Fabricated structural metal nroducts. Screw machine products, bolts, etc. Metal stampings....... .............. ........ Coating, engraving, and allied services. Miscellaneous fabricated wire products____________________ Miscellaneous fabricated metal products____________________ Machinery_________ ______________ Engines and turbines___________ Farm machinery and equipment... Construction and related machinery.. Metalworking machinery and equipment....... ............................. Special industry machinery______ General industrial machinery....... . Office, computing, and accounting machines.________ __________ Service industry machines_______ Miscellaneous machinery....... ........ See fo o tn o te s a t e n d o f t a b le . https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis $2. 58 3.03 $2.59 2. 99 $2. 58 2.97 2.26 2.68 2.68 2 . 26 2. 41 2. 52 2.42 2. 59 2.23 2.33 2.34 2.34 2.30 2.58 2.73 3.00 2. 69 2. 73 2. 59 2. 72 3. 00 2.69 2. 73 2. 55 2.71 2. 96 2.65 2.72 2.48 2.62 2.87 2.56 2.63 2.88 2. 54 2.71 2.90 2. 53 2.69 2.80 2.45 2.60 2.79 2.48 2.78 2.46 2. 58 2.70 2. 39 2. 50 2 . 60 1486 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, DECEMBER 1963 T able C - l . Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry—Continued Revised series; see bos, p. 1476. 1963 1962 Annual average Industry Oct.» Sept.3 Aug. July June May Apr. Mar. Feb. Jan. Dec. Nov. Oct. 1962 $98. 66 104. 75 102 56 105. 01 $98. 49 104. 60 102. 66 105 26 $97. 44 $94.47 102.87 101.00 102 00 98.58 104.23 101.30 1961 Average weekly earnings Manufacturing—Continued Durable goods— Continued Electrical equipment and supplies___ $100.19 $100.69 $98. 74 $98.89 Electric distribution equipment__ 109.98 108. 92 109. 18 106. 11 Electrical Industrial apparatus___ 105. 78 106. 55 104.04 105. 63 Household appliances_____ ____ 106. 25 110.39 107. 71 110.68 Electric lighting and wiring equipmerit________ ______ 94. 77 95. 24 93. 32 92 86 Radio and TV receiving s e ts ___ 87. 47 86. 94 85. 72 86. 76 Communication equipment______ 108. 81 108. 40 106. 67 105. 60 Electronic components and accesseries____ _ 84.80 83.16 82. 37 81.72 M Iscellaneous electrical equipment and supplies_________________ 108.39 109.03 100.40 106.49 Transportation equipment. Motor vehicles and equipment___ Aircraft and parts..___ _________ Ship and boat building and repairing_________ ____________ Railroad equipm ent_____ _____ Other transportation equipm ent... 130.17 127.38 137.58 132.09 123. 97 124.27 121.29 121.69 126. 16 ........... 95.57 $99.88 107. 98 105.73 111.22 $98. 74 106.11 104. 81 108. 39 $96. 87 103 34 102 36 106. 25 $97. 84 104 78 102 97 107. 71 $98. 09 104.23 104. 14 104. 52 $97.93 $100.21 102. 91 107.12 102. 82 102. 97 103. 74 107.94 94 02 93 09 90 00 86.33 86. 46 83. 00 85 36 86.02 84.92 86.72 85. 06 87 23 85. 75 82.11 106. 92 105. 99 103. 88 106. 11 107.30 107.27 109.15 107. 53 107.27 106. 97 102. 72 82.76 82.97 82. 14 83. 58 82.35 82.37 83. 20 82. 59 82.40 82.00 80. 40 109. 82 106.23 102.94 103.34 107.27 110. 72 111.41 108.42 109. 62 106. 66 97.11 121.58 125.58 126.90 125. 76 121 54 123. 85 123. 14 124 74 129. 73 128.27 126.10 122.22 113 40 122. 51 130. 54 132. 62 131.89 125 44 128. 29 127 38 129. 63 138. 40 136. 89 132.54 127. 67 114 69 122.84 122.13 121. 72 120. 30 118. 90 120.18 121. 76 122. 64 123. 94 123.09 122. 80 119.97 114.68 122.10 120.39 121.77 122. 01 119.25 119.95 118. 55 118. 61 119. 72 116.18 116. 76 114.97 111.20 116. 79 125.36 122 91 119 80 119 10 12! 88 94.02 94.02 93. 86 93.21 91.17 88.66 87. 60 85! 46 86! 72 84. 24 88.29 86. 22 83. 71 Average weekly hours Electrical equipment and supplies___ Electric distribution equipment__ Electrical industrial apparatus____ Household appliances____ _ Electric lighting and wiring equipmerit . ______ Radio and TV receiving sets__ Communication equipment Electronic components and accessorles. .. M iscellaneous electrical equipment and supplies_________________ Transportation equipment_________ Motor vehicles and equipment Aircraft and parts__ Ship and boat building and repairing................. ....... Railroad equipm ent_________ Other transportation equipm ent.. 40.4 41.5 41.0 40.4 40.6 41. 1 41.3 41.5 40.3 41.2 40.8 40.8 40.2 40. 5 41.1 41.3 40.6 40.9 41.3 41.5 40.3 40.5 41.1 40.9 39. 7 39.9 40.3 40.4 40 1 40.3 40. 7 40.8 40.2 40.4 41.0 40.2 40.3 40.2 40.8 39.9 40.9 41.2 40.7 41.2 40.6 40.6 40. 7 40. 7 40. 7 40. 7 40.9 40.8 40.6 40. 5 40. 8 40.4 40.2 40,4 40.4 40.2 40.5 39.4 40.6 40.7 39.7 40.6 40.4 39.5 40.1 40.2 39.8 40.0 40.7 39 6 40.5 40.3 39.3 40.3 39 3 37.9 39.8 39.8 38.8 40.5 39 6 39. 1 40.8 39.7 38 6 41.1 40.4 39.6 41.5 40.4 39.2 41.2 40.2 40.2 41.1 40.2 39. 7 41.3 39.6 39.1 40. 6 40.0 39.6 39.6 39.1 39.6 39.7 39.3 39.8 39.4 39.6 40.0 39.9 40.0 40.0 40.2 40.9 41.3 40.0 40.8 41.6 40.7 39.9 39.9 41.1 42.1 42.2 41.7 42.0 41.5 39.8 42.4 43.4 41.6 41.9 42.2 41.7 40.8 40.3 41.5 42.0 42.8 41.4 42.3 43.2 41.4 42.2 43 1 41.2 41.2 41.4 41.0 41.7 42.2 41.3 41.6 41.9 41.7 42.0 42.5 42.0 43 1 44.5 42.3 42.9 44 3 42.3 42.8 43 6 42.2 42.0 42. 7 41.8 40.5 40.1 41.4 40.7 40.7 41.5 42.1 40.7 38.8 41.6 40.4 41.1 41.6 41.0 40.7 41.9 41.5 40.2 41.8 40.7 40. 1 40.7 40.8 40.9 40.3 40.6 39.4 40.0 40.9 40.3 39.2 41.0 39 3 39.6 40.2 39. 2 39.0 40.4 39. 5 40.5 40.2 39.9 40.1 40.0 38.2 39.3 ___ Average hourly earnings Electrical equipment and supplies____ Electric distribution equipment.__ Electrical industrial apparatus___ Household appliances____ _____ Electric lighting and wiring equipm ent.......................................... Radio and TV receiving sets Communication equipment....... . Electronic components and accessories. ___ Miscellaneous electrical equipment and supplies_________________ $2.48 2. 65 2.58 2.63 $2. 48 2. 65 2. 58 2. 66 $2. 45 2. 65 2. 55 2. 64 $2.46 2.62 2.57 2.68 $2.46 2.64 2.56 2.68 $2. 45 2. 62 2. 55 2.65 $2. 44 2.59 2 54 2.63 $2. 44 2.60 2. 53 2.64 $2.44 2. 58 2. 54 2.60 $2.43 2.56 2.52 2.60 $2.45 2.60 2. 53 2 62 $2. 43 2.58 2. 52 2. 58 $2. 42 2. 57 2 51 2 58 $2. 40 2. 54 2. 50 2 58 $2.35 2 50 2 44 2 52 2.34 2.22 2.68 2.34 2. 19 2.67 2.31 2.17 2. 66 2.31 2.18 2.64 2. 31 2. 18 2.64 2 31 2.20 2.63 2 29 2. 19 2.61 2. 29 2.20 2.62 2.28 2.20 2.63 2.28 2.20 2.61 2.29 2.19 2. 63 2. 29 2 17 2.61 2.28 2. 17 2 61 2.26 2. 16 2. 59 2 22 2 10 2 53 2.12 2.10 2.08 2.09 2. 09 2.09 2.09 2.10 2. 09 2.08 2. 08 2.07 2 06 2.05 2 00 2.65 2.64 2. 51 2.61 2.64 2.61 2.58 2. 59 2.61 2.63 2.64 2.60 2.61 2. 57 2.44 Transportation equipment Motor vehicles and equipment . A ircraft and parts.......................... Ship and boat building and repairing_________ ____________ Railroad equipm ent____________ Other transportation equipment. 3.07 3.17 2.98 3.04 3.13 2. 98 2. 98 3. 04 2. 96 2.99 3.05 2.95 3.00 3.07 2.94 2.98 3. 06 2.92 2.95 3.03 2.90 2.97 3.04 2.91 2.96 3. 04 2. 92 2.97 3.05 2.92 3. 01 3.11 2.93 2.99 3.09 2.91 2. 96 3.04 2. 91 2.91 2.99 2. 87 2 80 2.86 2 77 2.98 2.99 3.04 2. 27 3.00 3.01 2.26 2.98 3.05 2.26 2.97 3.02 2.24 2.94 2.98 2.23 2.93 2.97 2.24 2. 94 2.98 2.20 2.92 2.94 2.19 2.90 2.95 2.18 2.92 2.94 2.19 2.89 2.92 2.16 2.89 2.92 2.18 2.86 2 96 2.15 2. 78 2 83 2.13 See footnotes at end of table. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis ____ 0.—EARNINGS AND HOURS T able 1487 C -l. Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry—Continued Revised series; see box, p. 1476. Annual average 1962 1963 Industry Oct. * Sept. * Aug. July June May Apr. Mar. Feb. Jan. Dec. Nov. Oct. 1962 1961 Average weekly earnings Manufacturing—Continued Durable goods— Continued Instruments and related products____ Engineering and scientific instrumerits .................................. ........ M chanlca! measuring and control devices .......... _............................. Optical and ophthalmic goods ___ Surgical, medical, and dental eq u ip m en t.................................... Photographic equipment and supplies .............................................. Watches and clocks_____________ Miscellaneous manufacturing Indus tries - - ................................................ Jewelry, silverware, and plated ware.................................... ........... Tovs, amusement, and sporting goods................................ ............. Pens, pencils, office and art materials........................................ Costume jewelry, buttons, and notions. . . ................... ............. Other manufacturing Industries__ $102.25 $102. 75 $101.34 $100.94 $101.84 $100. 94 $99.14 $101.18 $101 18 $99. 88 $101.52 $101.35 $99. 96 $99. fiO $96.87 119. 07 118. 94 116.85 119 11 115. 87 114.86 118. 69 119.26 117.29 117.88 118.16 117. 88 115. 64 112 07 102.41 104 49 102.41 101.50 103. 07 102 56 100 10 101.09 95. 37 94.50 92. 32 92.13 93.44 94.08 93.02 93. 66 86.46 87.10 85. 22 85.65 86. 30 84.21 82. 58 83.39 99.70 93.02 98 74 101 68 100 44 92.80 92.80 90. 42 99.38 91.08 98. 98 89. 62 95 91 86 92 83. 79 82.97 84.44 83. 41 84. 45 81.81 84.85 115.62 116. 47 113.70 114.80 113.40 113 15 111.78 114 26 115 51 113 44 116.06 117 17 113.16 114.26 110 09 ........... 83.39 83. 35 82.32 82.50 84. 14 82.50 83.53 83. 74 82.29 83. 13 83.82 83. 79 83.37 80.58 81.81 80.60 79.60 79.18 80 19 79. 40 79. 17 80. 39 80.19 79. 58 80. 19 78.41 78.41 78. 21 75. 84 94.98 90. 20 87. 23 86.29 88.70 87.02 85. 54 86. 40 85. 36 85.60 91. 56 88. 97 86. 67 84. 82 81.81 73.08 71. 74 71.42 72.17 72.37 71. 63 73 14 73.34 73. 15 71.44 70 98 72.47 71.37 70.17 __ 76.44 79. 38 77.81 79.38 77.41 76.43 77.02 78. 59 76. 44 76. 76 75. 98 75. 55 74. 82 72. 86 87.85 74. 03 87.82 86. 80 73.23 71.16 86.15 86. 58 72 89 71 97 85.10 86. 40 73 05 72 65 85. 97 71 39 85. 14 86. 22 72 47 69 30 85. 20 70. 59 85.01 71. 68 84. 82 68. 78 81.78 40.7 74 19 86.00 Average weekly hours Instruments and related products____ Engineering and scientific instruincuts ................................... ........ Mechanical measuring and control devices .....................................Optical and ophthalmic goods ___ Surgical, medical, and dental equipment .............. ..................... Photogruphic equipment and supplies ............................................... Watches and clocks_____________ Miscellaneous manufacturing Industries____ _____________ __________ Jewelry, silverware, and plated ware___ ____________________ Toys, amusement, and sporting goods_______________ _______ Pens, pencils, office and art materials_______ _____ ______ Costume jewelry, buttons, and notions______ ________ _____ Other manufacturing industries___ 40.9 40.8 42.2 41.1 40.7 40.7 40.9 40.7 40.3 40 8 40.8 40. 6 41.1 41.2 40.8 40. 9 41.2 41.3 41.0 41.5 40.8 40.3 41. 5 41.7 41.3 41.8 41.9 41.8 41.3 40.9 41.3 42.0 40.8 41.4 40 6 41.5 40.9 41.9 40.7 42.0 40.2 41.9 40.6 42.0 40.2 41.9 40.3 41.8 41.0 41.8 40. 5 41. 1 40.4 41.4 40.4 41.3 40 3 41 0 40.4 40.7 40.2 40.4 40.9 40.1 39.7 39 9 39.9 39 7 40 4 40.6 40.1 40.6 40.3 41.0 41.3 39.9 40.9 39.5 41.0 39.2 40.5 39.1 40.7 39. 5 40 5 39. 1 41. 1 39. 4 41 4 39. 5 41 1 39.0 41 9 39.4 42 3 40.3 41 3 39.9 41.7 39.7 41.7 39.5 40.3 39.9 39.8 39.2 39.7 39. 5 39.0 39. 0 39.5 39. 2 39.7 39.6 39.8 39. 7 39.5 41.8 41.0 40.2 39. 4 40. 5 40. 1 39. 6 40. 0 39. 7 40. 0 42. 0 41 0 40. 5 40.2 40.3 39. 5 39.2 38.4 38. 8 38. 7 38. 1 38. 7 38. 4 38 3 38.0 39. 0 39.6 39.0 39.2 39.0 40.5 39.7 40. 5 39.9 39.6 39.7 40 3 39 4 40 4 40.2 40 4 39.8 39.6 38. 9 39.4 39. 7 40.0 38. 8 39.6 39.6 40. 1 38.5 40.0 39. C 40. 1 39.6 40.2 39.3 39.7 40.3 39. 8 40.1 39.8 40.0 39.1 39.7 40.1 39.9 39. 4 40.0 39. 7 39.8 Average hourly earnings Instruments and related products____ Engineering and scientific Instruments____ _ ______________ Mechanical measuring and control devices___ ______________ . .. Optical and ophthalmic goods____ Surgical, medical, and dental equipment___________________ Photographic equipment and supplies________________ ______ $2. 50 $2.49 $2.48 $2. 49 $2. 48 $2. 46 $2. 48 $2. 48 $2. 46 $2. 47 $2. 46 $2. 45 $2. 44 $2.38 2.89 2.88 2.85 2.87 2.84 2.85 2 . 86 2 . 86 2. 84 2 . 82 2.82 2 . 82 2.8C 2.74 2. 51 2 . 26 2. 53 2.25 2.51 2.23 2.50 2. 52 2.24 2.49 2 . 22 2. 49 2.23 2. 48 2 . 22 2.45 2 . 22 2. 48 2.48 2. 46 2.22 2.20 2.20 2. 45 2.17 2.38 2.22 2. 52 2. 23 2.14 2.14 2 .1 2 2 .12 2 .1 1 2.10 2 . OS 2.09 2.10 2.09 2.09 2.09 2.08 2.08 2.03 2.82 2.82 2.09 2. 78 2.80 2.80 2. 76 2. 7$ 2. 7S 2.10 2 .1 1 2 .1 1 2 .1 2 2 .1 2 2.76 2 . 11 2.77 2 .1 1 2. 78 2.13 2.77 2. OS 2. 74 2. 1 C 2. 74 2.1C 2.64 2. 04 2.03 2.02 2.00 2.02 2 . 02 2.0 1 2.03 2.03 2.03 2.03 2.02 1.98 1. 97 1.97 1.92 2.23 2.20 2.17 2.19 2. IS 2.17 2.16 2.16 2.15 2.14 2.18 2.17 2.14 2 . 11 2.03 1.85 1.96 1.83 1.96 1.86 1.86 1. 87 1.94 1 . 88 1. 93 1. 89 1.94 1.91 1.95 1.91 1. 94 1.88 1.90 1 . 82 1.89 1 . 83 1. 96 1. 87 183 188 1. 79 1.84 1.86 1.84 2.17 1.82 2.17 1. 85 2.17 1. 85 2.15 1. 85 2.16 1.84 2.16 1.83 2.16 1.84 2. 15 1.83 2.15 1 . 8C 2.13 1 . 81 2 .1 2 1 . 81 2 . 11 1. 75 2.06 $2. 50 W a tc h e s a n d c lo c k s Miscellaneous manufacturing Industries____ _______________________ Jewelry, silverware, and plated ware___________ ___________ _ Toys, amusement, and sporting goods Pens, pencils, office and art materials. Costume jewelry, buttons, and notions_______ ____ _________ O t h e r m a n u f a c t u r in g I n d u s t r ie s ____ See footnotes at end of table. 7 1 3 - 1 5 4 — 6 3 --------9 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 2.18 2.19 1.96 2 .1 1 2 .1 2 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, DECEMBER 1963 1488 T able C -l. Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry—Continued Revised seríes; see box, p. 1476. 1963 Industry Oct.* Sept.* Aug. July June Annual average 1962 May Manufacturing—Continued Apr. Mar. Feb. Jan. Dec. Nov. Oct. 1962 1961 Average weekly earnings Nondurable goods Food and kindred products_________ $94.07 Meat products_________________ 102. 51 Dairy products................................. 99.25 Canned and preserved food, except meats Grain mill products_____________ 108.05 Bakery products_______________ 93. 83 Sugar Confectionery and related products- 79. 60 Beverages____ ________________ 107.06 Miscellaneous food and kindred products......................................... 95. 04 Tobacco manufactures______________ 71.50 Cigarettes_____ _ ____ Cigars. _ Textile mill products_______________ 71.04 Cotton broad woven fabrics........... 70.47 Silk and synthetic broad woven fabrics............................................. 76.04 Weaving and finishing broad woolens__________ _______ _ _ 74.57 Narrow fabrics and smallwares... 72.28 Knitting 65. 35 Finishing textiles, except wool and knit________________________ 81.51 Floor covering___________ _ . Yarn and thread________________ 64.46 Miscellaneous textile goods_______ 82.12 Food and kindred products_________ Meat products_________________ Dairy products________________ Canned and preserved food, except meats_________________ Grain mill products_____________ Bakery products_______________ Sugar____________________ Confectionery and related products. Beverages_____________ ______ Miscellaneous food and kindred products____________________ Tobacco manufactures___ Cigarettes_________________ . . . Cigars__________________ Textile mill products............ ............ Cotton broad woven fabrics______ Silk and synthetic broad woven fabrics______________________ Weaving and finishing broad woolens..... ....................... ............. Narrow fabrics and smallwares___ Knitting........................... ................ Finishing textiles, except wool and knit................................................ Floor covering_________________ Yarn and thread_____ Miscellaneous textile goods______ $88.75 96.52 93.08 80.20 78.38 75.08 73 06 74 03 72 96 74 84 73 26 73 13 71 99 70 12 72 77 73 53 107. 58 105.73 107. 87 105.33 103.01 99.49 101.99 102.93 103.64 104. 58 105.30 103. 74 101.92 95.18 94.37 96.17 95.53 94.19 92.00 91.37 91.31 90. 68 92.29 93.61 92.11 91.30 104.23 107. 87 107.26 104 49 110 14 106 18 104 76 101 18 96 93 96 30 96 93 88 26 97. 76 82.20 79.79 79.60 81.00 77.62 75.64 77.62 76. 64 76.44 77.59 77.18 78.14 76. 61 106.92 108. 73 112.25 111.25 107.30 106.11 105.46 102.05 101.79 104.41 103.88 103.46 103.31 70.67 99.01 88.04 95.27 73.42 99.85 94. 55 71.68 93.06 61.85 69. 83 67.40 94.53 73.57 97.06 61.69 69.19 67. 65 93. 66 78. 76 93.37 60.42 68. 68 60. 66 92.57 81.81 98 76 61 44 69. 70 67.32 92.60 78. 17 96 29 68 46 69.02 66. 99 90.67 68.71 82 96 63 72 67.26 66.50 91.76 73.11 88 22 68 66 68.51 66.33 92.86 69.70 86 61 68 99 68.00 65.84 92.65 73.15 90 32 69 67 67.26 66.66 74.47 74.04 73.10 74.39 74.91 72.49 73.35 73.35 73.35 74.85 71.40 64.80 73.89 70.47 63.90 76. 49 71.28 62. 76 77.04 72.04 63.41 76.31 71.28 62.37 74.21 69.26 59.94 76. 86 69. 77 61.07 76.49 70.18 60. 59 75. 35 70. 69 59.94 78.73 77. 83 63.67 80.95 78.02 75.60 63.43 80.75 75.89 73. 75 63.90 80.95 80.89 75 30 64.53 83.95 79.29 72.67 63.65 80. 95 78.35 80.09 79.15 71. 73 76 60 74 80 62.16 62.56 61. 54 78.76 79. 73 79.73 Average weekly hours 75.48 71 86 60.61 78.98 41.5 42.1 42.4 41.4 41.0 42.4 41.4 41.2 42.7 41.2 41.4 42.7 40.8 41.1 42.2 40.0 39.7 42.0 40.4 39.7 42.2 40.1 39.3 41.9 40.1 45.2 40.5 40. 4 41.1 40.5 40.4 44.8 40.5 42.3 40.3 41.5 38. 9 45.9 41.1 41.9 39.6 42.2 36. 9 45.4 41.0 41.3 40.5 42.3 37.2 44.4 40.6 42.2 39.2 40.8 36 3 42.7 40.0 40 3 38.2 40.5 37 8 43.4 39.9 41 9 39.6 40.1 41.3 42.2 42.4 39.6 39.6 38. 9 40.6 40.6 42.2 40.2 41.3 38.8 40.7 41.0 42.0 38.8 39.9 38.0 40.4 40.4 41.7 40.3 42.2 38 4 41.0 40.8 41.9 38.7 40 8 37 n 40.6 40.6 41.4 34.7 36 6 34 0 39.8 40.3 43.7 42.8 42.8 42.5 43.0 43.3 41.2 41.3 38.9 40.9 40.8 38.8 40.6 40.5 39.2 41.8 41.2 38.5 42.1 41.4 38.9 41.7 41.2 38.5 42.9 42.1 43.0 40.3 41.3 41.5 42.0 40.4 41.2 40.8 41. 2 40.7 41.3 42.8 41. 6 41.1 42.4 42.4 40. 6 40.8 41.3 $2. 30 2.49 2.37 $2.27 2.42 2.33 $2.31 2.45 2. 34 $2.31 2.45 2.34 $2.32 2.46 2.33 $2.31 2.46 2.31 $2.31 2.49 2.31 2. 00 2.38 2.35 2.58 2.00 2.64 1.94 2.36 2.33 2. 55 1.98 2. 62 1.93 2.35 2.34 2. 56 2. 01 2. 66 1 98 2.32 2.33 2 53 2.00 2.63 1 99 2.32 2.32 2 61 1.98 2.63 2 01 2.33 2.30 2 61 1.98 2.62 2.23 1.81 2.35 1. 59 1.72 1.66 2. 24 1.83 2.35 1. 59 1.70 1.65 2.23 2.03 2. 34 1. 59 1.70 1.65 2.22 2.03 2 34 1 60 1.70 1.65 2.21 2.02 2 36 1 68 1.70 1.65 2.19 1.98 2 33 1 68 1.69 1.65 40.9 41.5 41.7 45.4 40.1 40.2 40.4 43.2 39.5 40.8 41.9 Food and kindred products. $2. 30 Meat products______ ________ 2.47 Dairy products______ 2.38 Canned and preserved food, except meats____ _____________ Grain mill products______ 2.38 Bakery products__________ _____ 2.34 Sugar_________________ _____ Confectionery and related products. 1.98 Beverages________________ 2.65 Miscellaneous food and kindred products____________________ 2.20 Tobacco manufactures______________ 1.81 Cigarettes____ ___________ Cigars__________ _____ ______ Textile mill products............... 1.72 Cotton broad woven fabrics______ 1.67 Silk and synthetic broad woven fabrics____ ___________ . 1.74 Weaving and finishing broad woolens______________ ______ 1.81 Narrow fabrics and smallwares__ 1.75 Knitting_____ _____ 1.68 Finishing textiles, except wool and k n it..___ _______________ 1.90 Floor covering_______________ Yarn and thread___________ 1.58 M iscellaneous textile goods______ 1. 96 See footnotes at end of table. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis $95.45 $93.98 $95.63 $95.17 $94.66 $92.40 $93.32 $92.63 $92.52 $93.71 $92.89 $90.98 $91.62 104.83 99.22 100.94 101.43 101.11 97.66 98.85 97.46 100.19 102.26 102.09 99.39 98.66 100.49 98. 79 99.92 99.92 98.33 97.02 97.48 96.79 97.29 97.33 96.64 96.22 96.05 92.88 72.35 96 94 61 23 68.45 67.16 91.37 68. 40 86 66 60 60 68.45 67.16 91.38 71.41 89 64 67. 82 68.21 66.75 87.34 69.42 85.72 56.02 65.04 63.20 74.99 74.47 74.47 73.44 68.72 74.80 70. 69 60.16 73.67 70.07 61.82 70. 07 61.99 77.17 70.93 61.44 72.28 68.11 59.21 80.46 76 47 61.29 80. 73 80.04 76 46 61.69 81.12 77.98 76 11 62.00 79. 73 78.07 73.04 62.22 78.91 74.70 71.05 59.55 75.36 40.4 40.4 42.3 41.1 41.4 42.5 41.1 41.5 42.2 40.8 40.9 42.2 40.9 40.6 42.5 40.9 40.9 42.5 37 0 43.8 39.7 40 8 39.3 39.4 37. 5 44. i 39.6 40 9 39.4 39.3 37 3 44.5 40.3 46 3 40.2 39.7 37 3 45.0 40.7 46 6 40.2 39.8 38 3 45.3 40.4 40.3 40.7 40.1 38 7 44.7 40.4 42. 5 39.9 40.2 38.2 44.8 40.2 43.5 39.9 40.1 41.9 37.3 37 7 37 3 40.3 40.2 42.4 36.3 36 7 37 1 40.0 39.9 42.5 38.5 39 1 37 7 39.8 40.4 43.0 40.0 41 0 38 4 40.5 40.9 43.4 38.9 41 0 39 0 40.5 40.7 43.1 40.0 37 8 38 6 40.5 40.7 42.7 38.6 39 1 37 3 40.6 40.7 42.4 39.0 39. 5 37.6 39.9 40.0 41.9 42.4 42.4 42.4 43.1 42.8 42.8 42.7 41.4 41.0 40.5 37.0 42.0 40.8 37.7 41.8 40.8 37.4 41.4 41.1 37.0 41.1 41.1 37.6 40.7 40.5 38.4 40.9 40.5 38.5 42.4 41.0 38.4 41.3 40.3 38.2 40.8 40 6 39.1 40.5 42.8 42 4 39.8 41.4 42.8 43 2 39.8 41.6 41.7 43 0 40.0 41.1 42.2 41 5 40.4 41.1 41.5 40.6 39.7 40.3 $2.31 2.48 2.31 $2.29 2.48 2.30 $2.28 2.47 2.29 $2.26 2.46 2.29 $2.23 2.43 2.28 $2.24 2.43 2.26 $2.17 2.36 2.19 1 08 2.35 2.29 2 60 1.96 2. 63 1 98 2.35 2.30 2 48 1.95 2.59 1 96 2.35 2.29 2 37 1.94 2.59 1 93 2.35 2.29 2 08 1.93 2.63 1 88 2.34 2.30 2 08 1.92 2.61 1 90 2.29 2.28 2 19 1.92 2.58 1 90 2.28 2.26 2 30 1.92 2.57 1 86 2.21 2.19 2 IQ 1.84 2.49 2.19 1.96 2 34 2.19 1.92 2 33 1 69 1.70 1.65 2.18 1.90 2 31 1 68 1.69 1.65 2.16 1.88 2 33 1 64 1.69 1.65 2.14 1.86 2 34 1 67 1.69 1.65 2.12 1.71 2 29 1 67 1.69 1.65 2.14 1.85 2 2Q 1 66 1.68 1. 64 2.06 1.78 42.1 41.9 42.6 40.3 42 6 42 6 40.1 40.1 39.7 41.1 40.6 41.1 Average hourly earnings 1.70 1.65 92.88 75.20 96 63 69 14 68.45 67.49 1 4Q 1.63 1.58 1.74 1.73 1.72 1.73 1.73 1.73 1.73 1.73 1.73 1.74 1.74 1.74 1.72 1.66 1.83 1.75 1.67 1.82 1.74 1.63 1.83 1 73 1.63 1.83 1.74 1.63 1.83 1.73 1.62 1.81 1.71 1.62 1.83 1.71 1.62 1.83 1.72 1.62 1.82 1.72 1.62 1.82 1.72 1.60 1.81 1.73 1.61 1.82 1.73 1.61 1.82 1.73 1.60 1.75 1.69 1.55 1.87 1.81 1.58 1.96 1.88 1. 80 1.57 1.96 1.86 1. 79 1.57 1.96 1.89 1. 81 1.57 1.98 1.87 1 79 1.56 1.96 1.87 1 78 1.55 1.94 1.88 1 80 1.56 1.94 1.88 1 76 1.55 1.94 1.85 1 77 1.55 1.95 1.88 1 78 1.54 1.95 1.87 1 77 1.55 1.95 1.87 1 77 1.55 1.94 1.85 1 70 1.54 1.92 1.80 1 76 1.50 1.87 C.—EARNINGS AND HOURS T able 1489 C -l. Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry—Continued Revised series; see box, p. 1476. 1963 Industry Oct. « Sept.1 Aug.* July June May Manufacturing—Continued Nondurable goods—Continued Apparel and related products________ Men’s and boys’ suits and co a ts ... M en’s and boys’ furnishings_____ Women’s, misses’, and juniors’ outerwear____________________ Women’s and children’s undergar ments__ ____________________ Hats, caps, and millinery________ Girls’ and children’s outerwear....... Fur goods and miscellaneous ap parel................................................ Miscellaneous fabricated textile products____________________ Paper and allied products___________ Paper and pulp________________ Paperboard........................................ Converted paper and paperboard products____________________ Paper board containers and boxes. . Printing, publishing, and allied indus tries________ ___________________ Newspaper publ Ish Ingand printing. Periodical publishing and printing. Books___ ____ ________________ Commercial printing.......... ............. Bookbinding and related industries. Other publishing and printing in dustries............ ............................. Annual average 1962 Apr. Mar. Feb. Jan. Dec. Nov. Oct. 1962 1961 Average weekly earnings $64.07 $64.07 $63.30 $61.71 $61.35 $61.52 $60.16 $62. 59 $61. 54 $60.35 $60.31 $61.18 $60.67 $61.18 76.17 76.74 77.07 74.37 78.17 74.03 70.76 73. 48 72. 93 71. 57 73.13 72.54 71. 57 72.54 55.87 56.17 55.01 54.58 54.05 53.91 52.48 53.28 52.91 52.85 52.82 53. 77 53. 77 53.53 $58.06 67.78 49.87 66.44 66.98 66.97 65.17 62.68 64.33 64.67 68.35 66.28 63. 65 62.79 63. 50 62.65 64.45 60.96 60.26 66.91 56.96 58.59 68.07 56. 27 55.94 66.79 56.15 56.00 64. 79 56.61 56.15 62. 48 55.85 53. 86 60 16 52.44 56. 52 69 38 55. 54 55.02 66 76 55.85 54.11 63 70 54.67 55.33 64 97 52. 50 57.38 62 11 53.45 56. 70 63 70 53.35 55.48 54.02 54.72 5Z75 66.61 65.87 64.62 64.80 63.19 58 47 62 83 61 OR 63 19 67 16 67 71 66 07 64 98 62 65 69.24 70.17 66.78 64.53 66.85 66.47 64.90 65.02 64.47 64.18 65.88 66.43 66.39 64. 26 108. 43 107.75 107.32 106.82 106. 21 104. 55 102.24 104.13 102. 97 103.21 104. 43 103. 28 103. 28 102.00 120.05 11907 119. 34 120.42 117. 31 116. 87 114. 23 116. 42 115. 02 115.46 115 46 114.23 113 45 112. 92 1 2 1 .1 1 1 2 1 .1 1 121.04 122.03 119.97 117.48 115.01 117.40 115.02 114.93 119.08 115.01 113.45 114.22 62.75 99.45 109 69 109.44 58.28 95.08 100.54 95.76 99.64 94.92 97.67 92.74 96.05 93.60 97.44 111.94 112.71 111. 27 114.98 113.98 112.89 ___ 119.60 116.98 108. 36 108. 52 113.97 115.34 112.71 88.01 88.01 88.08 111.91 118.78 105.78 112.03 87.40 110.02 110.69 113.20 115. 49 105. 97 112.32 88.24 91.84 94.99 91.43 94.30 90.98 92. 97 91.84 92. 80 92. 77 94.66 90.61 94.69 91.24 96.22 90.64 94.24 87. 54 91.10 110 .21 108.97 110 .21 113.52 111.19 109. 74 112.58 113. 58 116. 18 106 14 103 28 103 57 112.22 110.58 113.18 88. 69 87.17 88.01 108.20 108.42 112.97 100 98 110. 87 85.95 107.16 107.16 106.65 100 84 109.52 86. 71 109.24 113.22 113.15 100 04 111.50 87.01 108.49 113. 09 111 15 97 64 109.98 85.19 107. 82 111. 13 113.43 98 11 109. 70 85.86 107.62 110. 35 111.95 99 85 110.15 85.91 105.05 107.45 109.81 99 06 106.20 82.35 113.19 114.73 114.94 113.37 112.60 112.0 1 111.81 115. 71 114.55 113.68 112.23 11 0 .1 1 109. 54 110.59 Average weekly hours 36.2 Apparel and related products............... 36.2 36.8 36.3 36.3 36.4 35.6 36.2 35.9 36.2 35.9 36.6 35.5 36.2 36.2 36.7 Men’s and boys’ suits and coats__ 36.1 36.1 37.4 37.2 36.1 37.3 37.4 37.2 36.7 37.5 36.7 37.2 37.2 Men’s and boys’ furnishings........ . 37.0 38.2 37.9 37.8 37.6 37.7 37.0 37.0 37.2 37.6 36.7 36.7 37.7 Women’s, misses’, and juniors’ 33.9 outerwear___________________ 34.0 34.7 34.3 34.4 33.7 34.4 33.5 33.6 35.6 34.7 33.4 32.8 34.1 Women’s and children’s undergar ments___ ___________________ 38.1 37.9 37.8 36.8 36.6 36.7 36.4 37.5 37.3 35.2 36.7 36.2 35.6 36.5 35.4 36.4 Hats, caps, and millinery___ 36.1 36.4 35.7 33.8 37.1 35.7 35.0 36.5 34.7 35.0 36.2 Girls’ and children’s outerwear....... 36.2 35.6 36.3 36.7 37.0 36.3 35.0 35.4 35.1 36.5 34.5 36.5 35.5 36.0 F ur goods and miscellaneous ap parel________________________ 36.2 36.8 35.9 36.0 35.5 34. 6 35 7 35.5 35. 7 36.3 36.6 36.3 36 1 Miscellaneous fabricated textile products____________________ 38.9 39.2 38.6 37.3 38.2 38.4 38.2 37.3 37.8 38.3 38.6 37.7 37.1 37. 8 Paper and allied products________ 43.2 43.1 43.1 42.9 43.0 42.5 41.9 42.5 42.3 42.5 42. 5 42. 5 42.2 42.8 Paper and pulp............................. ” 44.1 44.3 44.2 44.6 44.1 44.1 43.6 44.1 43.9 43.9 43.9 43.6 43.3 43.6 Paperboard____________________ 44.2 44.2 44.5 44.7 44.6 44.0 43.4 44.3 43.9 43.4 43.3 44.1 43.7 44.6 Converted paper and paperboard products____________________ 41.7 42.0 42.0 41.4 41.0 40.4 41.0 41.0 41.1 41.6 41.0 41.6 41.2 40.8 42.6 42.4 Paperboard containers and boxes 42.1 41.4 42.0 41.9 42.2 41.3 40.5 41.0 41.7 40.6 40.7 41.7 Printing, publishing, and allied indus tries ......... ........... ............ ................. 38.6 38.6 38.5 38.2 38.3 38.4 38.4 38.0 38.6 38.2 38.1 38.1 38.1 38. 3 36.3 36.3 36.1 36.6 36.2 36.4 36. 5 36.1 35.9 35.6 37.0 36.3 Newspaper publishingandprlnting. 36.5 36.1 40.0 40.2 40.4 Periodical publishing and printing40.1 39. 7 39.5 39.3 40.2 39.5 38.5 39.0 39.8 39.7 Books________________________ 41.2 41.9 41.0 39. 7 38.9 39.4 40. 6 41.3 40. 5 40.3 40.1 39.6 39.7 Commercial printing________ 39.3 39.5 39.0 38.9 39.0 39.1 39.0 38.9 39.2 39.3 38.9 38.7 39.4 38.8 Bookbinding and related industries. 38.6 38.6 38.8 38.5 38.7 38.9 38.4 38.6 38.2 38.2 38.5 38.2 38.5 38. 7 Other publishing and printing in dustries_____________ _______ 38.5 38.5 38.7 38.3 38.3 37.9 38.5 38.3 38.7 38.7 38.8 38.7 38.4 38.1 Average hourly earnings Apparel and related products................ $1.77 $1.77 $1.72 $1.70 $1.69 $1.69 $1.69 $1.71 $1.70 $1.70 $1.68 $1.69 $1.69 $1.69 2 .1 1 2 .12 2.10 2.06 Men’s and boys’ suits and coats__ 2.09 1.99 1.95 1.95 1.95 1.95 1.95 1.96 1.95 1.97 1.51 1.51 1.44 Men’s and boys’ furnishings_____ 1.44 1.43 1.43 1.43 1.43 1.43 1.43 1. 44 1.42 1.42 1.44 Women’s, misses’, and juniors’ outerwear___________________ 1.96 1.90 1.97 1.93 1.89 1.91 1.89 1.86 1.92 1.91 1.90 1.88 1.87 1.88 Women’s and children’s undergar ments..... ........................................ 1.60 1.59 1.52 1.55 1.52 1.53 1.52 1.53 1.53 1.53 1.54 1.52 1.52 1.52 Hats, caps, and millinery................ 1.89 1.87 1.79 1.82 1.85 1.82 1.78 1.81 1. 78 1.75 1. 78 1.87 1.87 1.60 1.52 1.52 Girls’ and children’s outerwear___ 1.61 1.55 1.53 1.53 1.54 1.51 1.53 1.52 1.53 1.53 1.50 Fur goods and miscellaneous ap parel.......... ................................... 1.84 1.85 1.82 1.80 1.79 1.80 1.80 1.69 1.77 1.85 1.78 1.76 1.72 Miscellaneous fabricated textile 1.70 products......................................... 1.78 1.79 1.73 1.73 1.73 1.72 1.72 1.73 1.74 1.75 1.74 1.72 1.71 2.43 2. 40 2.50 Paper and allied products___________ 2.51 2.49 2. 49 2. 47 2. 46 2. 44 2.45 2.44 2. 44 2. 43 2. 44 2.70 2. 59 Paper and pulp................... ............. 2.71 2. 70 2.70 2.63 2. 63 2 . 62 2.62 2.66 2. 65 2.62 2.64 2.62 Paperboard____________________ 2.74 2.74 2.72 2. 73 2.69 2.63 2.62 2.59 2.62 2.67 2.65 2.67 2. 65 2.65 Converted paper and paperboard 2 .2 1 2.22 2.20 products........................................ 2.28 2.28 2.23 2.24 2.23 2.26 2.24 2.24 2.23 2.23 2.25 2.28 2.26 2.26 2.35 2.32 2.32 2. 30 2.29 2.30 2.29 2.28 2.27 Paperboard containers and boxes.. 2.36 2. 32 Printing, publishing, and allied indus 2 . as 2.84 2.83 2.81 tries ..................................................... 2.90 2.92 2.89 2.89 2.84 2.82 2.88 2.87 2.86 2.87 3.10 3. 06 3. 09 3. 07 3.04 3.14 3.02 3.01 Newspaper publishing and printing. 3.15 3.11 3.11 3.11 3.08 3. 04 2. 85 2.82 2.85 2.91 2.94 2 . 86 2. 77 2. 85 Periodical publishing and printing. 2.99 2 . 88 2. 85 2. 89 2. 89 2.51 2.49 2. 49 2.59 2. 54 2.52 Books................................................. 2.63 2. 58 2.61 2. 57 2. 55 2. 57 2.55 2.83 2.82 2.81 2.82 Commercial printing................. ...... 2.90 2.85 2.83 2.92 2.89 2. 87 2.85 2.88 2.88 2.88 2.23 2.23 2.22 2.26 2.28 2. 25 2.27 Bookbinding and related industries. 2.28 2.28 2.27 2.27 2.28 2.28 2.27 Other publishing and printing in 2.86 2.86 2.88 2.96 2.93 2.94 2.94 2.99 2.90 dustries..................................... . 2.94 2.98 2.97 2.96 2.95 See footnotes at end of table. 108. 98 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 90.09 92.75 61.61 35.4 35.3 36.4 33.3 36.5 35.7 35.4 35.8 37.8 42.5 43.7 43.6 41.1 41.6 38.2 36.3 39.5 40.6 38.9 38.3 38.5 $1.64 1.92 1.37 1.85 1.48 1.77 1.49 1.75 1.66 2. 34 2.51 2. 51 2.13 2.19 2.75 2.96 2. 73 2. 44 2. 73 2.15 2.83 1490 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, DECEMBER 1963 T able C -l. Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry—Continued Revised series; see box, p. 1476. 1963 Industry Oct.2 Sept.1 Aug. Manufacturing—Continued Nondurable goods—Continued Chemicals and allied products______ Industrial chemicals____________ Plastics and synthetics, except glass_______________________ D rugs__ _____________ _______ Soap, cleaners, and toilet goods___ Paints, varnishes, and allied prodAgricultural chemicals__________ Other chemical products________ July June Annual average 1962 May Apr. Mar. Feb. Jan. Dec. Nov. Oct. 1962 1961 Average weekly earnings $113.85 $113. 71 $113.02 $113.98 $113. 42 $112. 59 $113. 40 $111.37 $110. 83 $1 1 1 . 10 $112.17 $110.95 $110. 54 $109. 98 $106. 81 128. 24 129.27 127. 71 128.33 127. 60 126. 58 130.82 126. 46 126. 16 126.05 127. 56 126. 65 125. 63 124. 68 120.93 1 12 . 88 112. 47 112.32 114.09 113. 94 111.76 113. 55 110.27 109. 33 109. 59 111. 19 109. 45 108. 77 109. 52 107.07 ICO.94 100. 53 99. 63 99. 54 100.04 99. 38 98. 98 100 70 100. 45 100. 85 101 02 100. 53 100. 60 98. 40 94. 37 106.49 108. 21 107. 68 106.75 107. 27 105. 41 103. 83 104. 49 103. 86 103.97 104. 70 104. 55 104. 70 103. 89 100. 45 107.38 105.88 105. 98 107.84 106. 50 108. 36 103 48 103. 38 102. 21 101.71 102 31 101 . 66 100. 75 101 59 97. 85 95. 25 94.37 91.10 91.74 92. 44 97.83 99. 70 91 08 89. 68 89. 68 90.30 89. 46 89. 25 88. 39 84. 38 109.41 109.52 108.68 109.56 107.94 107. 59 105. 37 104. 45 104. 65 105. 83 107.10 105.25 105. 16 103. 75 100.77 P e t r o le u m r e f in in g a n d r e la t e d in d u s t r ie s _________________ _________________ P e t r o le u m r e f i n i n g .............................. 132. 51 135. 58 130. 21 133.98 133. 25 131. 57 133. 77 128. 61 126. 36 130. 62 126. 99 127 71 127. 19 126. 88 124. 31 137. 61 141.46 134. 39 138.94 138 53 137.03 140.95 134. 97 132. 68 137. 52 132. 48 132. 57 130. 88 131 43 129. 24 Other petroleum and coal products. 114.40 113.70 115.20 115.26 113.09 110 .12 104.83 99. 10 97.96 102.25 105. 34 108.03 113.03 107. 75 102.10 Rubber and miscellaneous plastic prod ucts .............................. ......................... Tires and Inner tubes___________ Other rubber products____ _____ Miscellaneous plastic products___ Leather and leather products________ Leather tanning and finishing____ Footwear, except rubl>er________ Other leather products__________ 101.93 102. 42 100. 86 100.04 100. 53 99.23 98. 25 100. 12 99. 88 100. 37 101. 76 100. 61 100. 21 100.04 96.15 134. 94 134. 97 132. 84 130.73 128 88 124. 66 126. 88 129. 36 128, 32 129. 52 134. 55 132. 75 132. 11 130. 47 121.88 98.81 98.81 96. 63 94.40 97.27 96. 22 94. 40 96 22 96 22 96. 29 97 23 96. 59 95.71 95. 53 91. 53 88.40 89.25 88. 62 87.76 87. 56 87. 13 85. 24 87. 13 86.51 86. 72 88.51 85. 26 85. 48 85.90 83.03 67.48 93. 94 63.84 67. 90 67.13 91.94 64.21 66. 47 67.41 90. 23 65.15 65.49 66.12 90.23 64.39 63.07 66. 70 93. 75 64. 30 64. 09 64.42 91. 76 61 20 62. 56 62. 13 89.38 59. 33 60. 52 64. 58 88 58 61 88 63.04 64.70 88. 36 62. 33 62. 87 65.60 88. 84 63. 54 62.70 88 84 62. 66 88. 04 62.42 64.03 87. 78 60. 67 63. 67 59.30 61.79 64. 67 87. 42 62. 66 62. 58 62 83 84.35 60. 15 61.07 65. 05 62. 63 Average weekly hours Chemicals and allied products_______ Industrial chemicals____________ Plastics and synthetics, except glass________________________ D rugs................................................ Soap, cleaners, and toilet goods__ Paints, varnishes, and allied prod ucts................................................ Agricultural chemicals__________ Other chemical products________ 41.4 41.5 41.5 41.7 41.4 41.6 41.6 41.8 41.7 41.7 41.7 41.5 42.0 42.2 41.4 41.6 41.2 41.5 41.3 41.6 41.7 42. 1 41.4 41.8 41.4 41.6 41. 5 41.7 41.4 41.7 41.5 40.7 40.8 41.5 40.7 41.3 41.6 40.5 41.1 42.1 40.3 40.9 42.2 40. 5 41. 1 41.7 40.4 40.7 41.9 40. 4 40.4 41 3 41. 1 40.5 41. 1 41.0 40. 1 41.2 41. 5 40.3 41.8 41. 4 40.9 41.3 41.2 41.0 41.2 41.4 40.9 41.8 410 40.9 41.5 40. 5 41.0 41.3 43.1 41.6 41.2 42.7 41.8 41.4 41.6 41.8 41.8 41.7 42.3 41.6 42. 6 42.0 42.0 45.5 41.7 40.9 48.4 41.0 40.7 44 0 40.8 40.4 42. 5 41.2 40 2 42 3 41.5 40.6 42 0 42.0 40. 5 42. 0 41.6 40.3 42. 5 41.4 40.8 42.7 41.5 40.6 42.4 41.3 Petroleum refining and related indus tries____________ ______________ Petroleum refining_____________ Other petroleum and coal products. 41.8 41.2 44.0 42.5 42.1 43.9 41.6 40.6 45.0 42.4 41.6 45.2 42.3 41. 6 44.7 41.9 41.4 43.7 42. 2 42.2 42.1 40.7 40.9 39.8 40.5 40.7 39.5 41. 6 41.8 40.9 41. 5 41. 4 41.8 41. 6 41.3 42.7 41.7 40 9 44.5 41. 6 412 43. 1 41.3 40.9 42.9 Rubber and miscellaneous plastic prod ucts...................................................... . Tires and inner tubes___________ Other rubber products____ _____ Miscellaneous plastic products___ 41.1 40.4 41.0 41.7 41.3 40.9 41.0 41.9 41.0 40.5 40.6 41.8 40.5 40.1 40.0 41.2 40.7 39.9 40.7 41.3 40.5 39.2 40.6 41.1 40.1 39.9 40.0 40.4 40.7 40.3 40.6 41.1 40.6 40. 1 40.6 41.0 40.8 40. 1 40.8 41. 1 41.2 41.4 41.2 41.0 40.9 41.1 41.1 40.6 40.9 40 9 40 9 40.9 410 40.9 41.0 41. 1 40.4 39.7 40.5 40.7 Leather and leather products_______ Leather tanning and finishing___ Footwear, except rubber________ Other leather products_________ 37.7 41.2 36.9 38.8 37.5 40.5 36.9 38.2 38.3 40.1 38.1 38.3 38.0 40.1 38.1 37.1 37.9 41.3 37.6 37.7 36.6 40.6 36.0 36.8 35. 5 39.9 34.9 35.6 36.9 39.9 36.4 37.3 37. 4 39.8 37.1 37.2 37. 1 40.2 37 6 37.1 37.6 40.2 37 3 37.6 36 8 39. 9 35 9 37.9 30.2 40 2 35 3 37.0 37 6 40. 1 37 3 37.7 37.4 39 6 36.9 37.7 $2.69 3.03 $2.69 3.03 $2.68 3.03 $2.67 3.02 $2. 65 2.99 $2.58 2. 90 Average hourly earnings Chemicals and allied products_______ Industrial chemicals____________ Plastics and synthetics, except glass............................. ............ . Drugs............................................... . Soap, cleaners, and toilet goods__ Paints, varnishes and allied prod ucts___ ____________________ Agricultural chemicals__________ Other chemical products________ Petroleum refining and related indus tries______ ____________________ Petroleum refining______________ Other petroleum and coal products Rubber and miscellaneous plastic products________ _______________ Tires and inner tubes___________ Other rubber products__________ Miscellaneous plastic products___ Leather and leather products________ Leather tanning and finishing____ Footwear, excepl rubber________ Other leather products__________ See footnotes at end of table. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis $2.75 3.09 $2. 74 3.10 $2.73 3.07 $2.74 3.07 $2.72 3.06 $2.70 3.05 $2.70 3.10 $2. 69 3.04 $2. 69 3.04 2.72 2. 48 2.61 2.71 2.47 2.62 2.70 2.46 2.71 2.47 2.61 2.70 2. 47 2 . 61 2 . 68 2. 46 2.59 2. 71 2. 45 2.57 2. 67 2. 45 2. 58 2. 45 2. 59 2.66 2. 43 2. 58 2 . 66 2. 44 2.56 2. 65 2. 44 2. 55 2.64 2. 43 2.56 2 . 62 2.02 2. 40 2.54 2.58 2.33 2.45 2.56 2.19 2.60 2.58 2.58 2.15 2.58 2.53 2.06 2.57 2. 54 2.07 2. 56 2.53 2.59 2.56 2.17 2.57 2.53 2.62 2 .11 2 .1 2 2. 55 2.52 2.15 2.55 2. 51 2.13 2. 53 2.50 2 . 10 2. 54 2. 49 2.07 2.50 2.41 1.99 2.44 3.17 3. 34 2.60 3.19 3.36 2.59 3.13 3.31 2.56 3.16 3.34 2.55 3.15 3.33 2.53 3.14 3. 31 2.52 3.17 3. 34 2.49 3.16 3.30 2.49 3.12 3.26 2.48 3.14 3.29 2.50 3.06 3. 20 2.52 3.07 3.21 2.53 3.05 3.20 2.54 3.05 3.19 2.50 3.01 3.16 2.38 2.48 3. 34 2.41 2 .1 2 2.48 3. 30 2.41 2.13 2.46 3. 28 2.38 2 .12 2.47 3.26 2.36 2.13 2. 47 3.23 2.39 2.45 3.18 2.37 2 .1 2 2 .1 2 2.45 3.18 2. 36 2.46 3. 21 2.37 2. 46 3.20 2. 37 2 .1 2 2.47 3. 25 2.36 2.46 3.23 2.35 2 .1 1 2. 46 3. 23 2.36 2 .1 1 2 .1 1 2 .11 2.10 2.45 3. 23 2.34 2.09 2.44 3.19 2.33 2.09 2.38 3. 07 2.26 2.04 1.79 2 . 28 1.73 1.75 1.79 2.27 1.74 1.74 1.76 2.25 1.71 1.71 1.74 2.25 1.69 1.70 1.76 2. 27 1.71 1.70 1.76 2 . 26 1.70 1.70 1.75 2. 24 1.70 1.70 1.75 2 . 22 1.70 1.69 1.73 2 . 22 1.74 1.73 1.74 2.21 2.21 1.68 1.66 2.20 1.73 2. 19 1.68 1.67 2.60 2 .2 1 2.63 2.57 2 .2 1 2.20 2.66 2.54 1.68 1.69 1.69 1.69 1.69 1.68 1.72 2 . 18 1.68 1.66 1.68 2.13 1.63 1.62 O.—EARNINGS AND HOURS T able 1491 C -l. Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry—Continued Revised series; see box, p. 1476. 1963 1962 Annual average Industry Oct.» Sept.» Aug. July June May Apr. Mar. Feb. Jan. Dec. Nov. Oct. 1962 1961 Average weekly earnings Transportation and public utilities: Railroad transportation: Class I railroads8. . . ........................ Local and Interurban passenger transit: Local and suburban transportation. Intercity and rural buslines____ Motor freight transportation and storape........................... ............................. Pipeline transportation........................... Communication: Telephone communication_______ Telegraph communication *______ Radio and television broadcasting. Electric, gas, and sanitary services....... Electric companies and systems__ Gas companies and systems______ Combined utility systems............... Water, steam, and sanitary systerns................................................ $116. 48 $119.46 $118. 25 $114. 96 $121.67 $118. 25 $116. 48 $117.85 $117.94 $115.87 $112.94 $101.26 8103. 28 $103 09 103. 63 102. 48 100. 38 99. 72 100. 32 98 83 100. 01 100. 25 100.01 100 11 98 24 138.70 134.06 133. 44 124. 27 122. 69 123.12 118. 29 121.39 123. 52 115. 51 116. 48 118. 15 118 40 110 76 120 .12 119.71 118. 85 118.58 117.31 115.36 114. 95 114.39 111 93 115. 23 113 30 113 98 113. 30 108 58 140. 56 134.94 138. 65 140. 56 137.16 138. 45 135. 94 138. 63 138. 58 139. 52 131. 78 130.07 132. 76 131. 45 104.64 112. 59 136.28 123. 37 123. 71 116. 33 134.92 102 . 26 102. 36 102 . 00 101. 24 112.71 132. 10 121.42 123.26 111.93 132.07 112. 98 132. 10 121. 13 124.09 111.93 130.19 113. 25 132. 10 121 42 123. 55 112. 74 131.14 97.82 97.88 97.64 97.41 99. 94 100. 58 110. 30 108. 16 107. 38 131.66 135. 04 131 99 119. 72 119.31 119.02 121.66 120. 42 120 13 1 12 . 20 111. 24 112. 07 129.15 129.05 128. 43 95. 94 96.70 96.93 101.09 108.05 131.93 119. 60 119. 43 113. 44 129. 68 99. 94 108.05 134. 30 119 19 120. 42 111. 38 128. 64 101. 35 106. 97 130 93 120 77 121 . 60 113. 98 130. 94 103.07 105. 78 132 78 119 07 119.89 110. 70 129. 27 102. 06 107. 74 131. 14 118. 78 120 30 110. 29 128. 23 98.95 107. 78 127. 20 116. 85 118. 24 108. 53 126. 59 93 38 104 33 120 . 12 112. 07 112. 75 104. 19 121 77 98.06 97.23 96.29 96. 93 95.06 94.66 92.62 Average weekly hours Transportation and public utilities: Railroad transportation: Class I railroads 8_______ ____ ___ Local and Interurban passenger transit: Local and suburban transportation Intercity and rural buslines______ Motor freight transportation and storape........................................................... Pipeline transportation........................... Communication: Telephone communication_______ Telegraph communication 4......... . Radio and television broadcasting Electric, gas. and sanitarv services__ Electric companies and svstems__ Gas companies and svstems______ Combined utilitv system s_______ Water, steam, and sanitary systerns________________________ 41.9 43.6 43.0 41. 5 43.3 43.0 41.9 42. 7 43.2 42.6 42.3 41.5 46.7 42.5 45.6 42.6 45.7 43.0 43.3 42.7 42.9 42.0 42.9 41.9 41.8 41.8 43.2 41.7 43.8 42.2 41.4 42.3 41.6 42. 2 42.5 42.6 42.9 42.9 42.6 42.0 41.1 42.3 40.4 41.7 40.9 42.2 41.1 41.6 40.7 41.2 40.6 41.2 40.1 41.0 40.3 40.7 41.0 41.6 41.4 41. 2 40.3 41.6 39.9 4L 5 40.6 41.6 40.2 40.4 41.7 39.5 41.4 41.1 41.4 41.9 40.1 41.9 39.2 41.3 41.5 40.7 41.4 40.3 42.0 39.2 41.2 41.5 40. 7 41.2 40.0 42.1 39.2 41.3 41.6 40.7 41.5 39.7 42.1 39.3 41.0 41 1 40.8 41.0 39.5 41.6 39.6 41.0 41.1 40.6 41.1 39.6 41.3 39 4 40.9 41.0 40 9 40.9 39.8 4L 4 39.5 4L 1 40.9 4L 1 41.3 39.5 41 4 39.5 41.1 4L 1 4L 1 41.1 39.9 41.3 39.2 41 5 41.5 41 6 41.7 40.9 41.0 39.4 41.2 41.2 41.0 41.3 40.5 41.6 39.5 4L ! 41.2 41.0 4L 1 39.9 42.1 38.9 41.0 41.2 40.8 4L 1 39.4 41.9 38.5 40.9 41.0 40.7 41.0 41.1 41.3 41.2 41.1 41.0 40.8 40.9 41.2 41.2 40.8 40.9 40.8 40.8 40.8 Average hourly earnings Transportation and public utilities: Railroad transportation: Class I railroads 8 _____________ Local and interurban passenger transit: Local and suburban transportation Intercity and rural b uslines........... Motor freight transportation and storape . ...................__.............................. Pi|X'line transportation_____________ Communication: Telephone communication_______ Telegraph communication 4............ Radio and television broadcasting.. Electric, gas. and sanitarv services___ Electric companies and svstems__ Gas companies and svstems______ Combined utilitv sv stem s............. Water, steam, and sanitary systerns................................................ See footnotes at end of table. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis $2.78 $2. 74 $2.75 $2. 77 $2.81 $2 .75 $2. 78 $2. 76 $2.73 $2.72 $2.67 $2.44 2.97 $2. 43 2.94 $2. 42 2.92 2.41 2. 87 2. 40 2.86 2.39 2.87 2.38 2.83 2. 40 2.81 2. 37 2.82 2. 37 2. 79 2 37 2.80 2.37 2. 78 2.35 2. 76 2.29 2.60 2.86 3.42 2.83 3.34 2. 85 3 39 2.81 3. 42 2.82 3.37 2.80 3.41 2. 79 3.39 2.79 3. 44 2. 75 3.38 2. 77 3.37 2. 75 3.27 2. 74 3.26 2. 73 3.27 2.61 3.27 2.59 2. 70 3.45 2.98 3.01 2 . 81 3.22 2. 55 2.69 3.37 2 94 2.97 2. 75 3.19 2.54 2.69 3. 37 2. 94 2. 99 2. 75 3.16 2. 55 2.69 3.37 2. 94 2. 97 2. 77 3.16 2.55 2 62 3 35 2.92 2 96 2. 75 3.15 2. 53 2.60 3.41 2. 91 2.93 2. 74 3.14 2. 54 2.60 3.35 2.91 2.93 2. 74 3.14 2. 54 2 . 61 3 34 2. 91 2.92 2. 76 3.14 2.53 2.61 3. 40 2.90 2.93 2.71 3.13 2.54 2.59 3.34 2 91 2.93 2. 74 3.14 2.52 2 58 3.37 2 89 2 91 2.70 3. 13 2 52 2 59 3.32 2.89 2 92 2. 69 3.12 2.48 2 . 56 3.27 2. 85 2 87 2 . 66 3.08 2. 37 2. 49 3. 12 2. 74 2. 75 2 56 2.97 2.38 2.37 2.37 2.37 2.34 2.37 2.37 2.38 2.36 2.36 2.37 2.33 2.32 2.27 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, DECEMBER 1963 1492 T able C -l. Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry—Continued Revised series; see box, p. 1476. 1963 Annual average 1962 Industry Oct. 4 Sept. 4 Aug. July June May Apr. Mar. Feb. Jan. Dec. Nov. Oct. 1962 1961 Average weekly earnings Wholesale and retail trade *_____________ $78. 36 Wholesale trade___________________ 100.53 Motor vehicles and automotive 96.33 eq u ip m en t__________________ Drugs,* chemicals, and allied prod 102.36 ucts . . _________________ Dry goods and apparel__________ 93.48 Groceries and related products___ 94.66 104. 52 Electrical goods________________ Hardware, plumbing, and heating goods_______________________ 97.34 Machinery, equipment, and sup 110.00 plies . ____________________ 68.61 ___________ Retail tra d e 4 . General merchandise stores______ 54.70 Department stores__________ ........... 60.00 40.13 Limited price variety stores__ 66.66 Food stores____________________ Grocery, meat, and vegetable 68.25 stores___________________ 54.24 Apparel and accessories stores __ 66.97 * Men’s and bovs’ apparel stores. 48.38 Women’s ready-to-wear stores53.35 Family clothing stores_______ 54. 52 Shoe stores_________________ $78.79 $78. 79 $78.19 $77.39 $76. 62 $76. 42 $76. 03 $76.03 $75.47 $75.26 $75.46 $75.08 99.72 99. 55 100.12 99.47 98.58 98. 58 97.93 97.36 98.74 97.44 97.03 96.22 95.11 $72. 56 93.56 92.82 89.46 100. 65 100. 60 100.65 99.75 99. 50 99.75 99.75 98.65 99.29 99.94 98.80 97.84 92.37 90. 86 90.86 90.64 92.38 91.48 91.96 91.10 92.83 92.37 92. 37 92. 48 93.83 94. 75 94.47 93.38 92.51 91.65 90. 58 90.64 92.00 91. 54 90.47 89. 86 103.06 102.40 102. 77 101.85 101.71 102.21 102.87 102.56 103.48 102.97 102.97 101.59 94.24 92.72 86.53 97. 53 95.82 94.89 94.66 94.24 93.15 92.96 94.54 93.86 94. 60 89.91 69. 50 55. 77 68. 96 49. 27 55.34 56.45 68.74 54.70 67.28 48. 76 54.32 54.15 66.82 54.06 66.06 48.33 53.40 54. 78 95.00 66.66 55.36 66.39 49.13 54.01 58.35 66. 47 53.35 64.40 47. 52 52.10 55.26 93.50 66.12 53.85 65.15 47. 71 53.44 55.44 95.30 93.41 101. 59 64.01 50.52 55.04 37. 28 63.01 95.65 94.66 93.83 92.97 96.05 93.96 92.74 108. 50 107. 68 109.06 108.09 107.16 107.16 106.49 106.34 108.65 106.60 105.37 104.14 69.30 69.30 68. 96 67 68 67.48 66. 75 66. 75 66.93 66.29 66.38 66.18 65.95 55.22 55. 38 54. 79 53. 51 53. 28 53.01 52.51 53.01 53. 70 51.68 52.67 52. 59 60.03 60.03 59.68 58.31 57.80 57.12 56.45 57.12 57.70 55. 61 57.80 57.10 41.50 41.08 40.22 39. 48 39. 48 39.36 39.16 38. 96 39.67 38.32 38.32 38.91 67.68 67.68 66.93 65. 58 65.26 65.24 64.73 64. 91 65.31 65.66 64.94 64.78 69.14 55.11 67.82 48.56 54.62 56.11 95.65 94.66 66.69 55.20 66.77 48.67 53.82 56.28 66.36 55.89 67.23 49.84 54.87 57.61 67.45 53.38 64.06 47. 57 52. 44 54.44 66.53 53.20 64.59 47.52 51.90 53.94 53. 63 65. 82 47. 46 52.45 55.61 66.22 64.44 51.90 64. 67 45.77 51.91 52.97 38.4 40.4 38.9 40.8 38.4 40.6 38.5 40.6 38.7 40.6 38.8 40.5 Average weekly hours Wholesale and retail trade 5_____________ Wholesale trade-............................. ........ Motor vehicles and automotive equipment___________________ Drugs, chemicals, and allied prodDry goods and apparel__________ Groceries and related products....... Electrical goods................................ Hardware, plumbing, and heating goods________ _________ _____ Machinery, equipment, and supRetail trade 5______________________ General merchandise stores............. Department stores__________ Limited price variety stores___ Food stores______________ _____ Grocery, meat, and vegetable stores____________________ Apparel and accessories stores........ M en’s and boys’ apparel stores. Women’s ready-to-wear stores. Eamily clothing stores........... . Shoe stores_________________ 38.6 40.7 39.2 40.7 39.2 40.8 38.9 40.7 41.7 41.9 41.8 41.7 40.3 38.0 41.7 40.2 40.1 37.7 41.7 40.1 40.4 37.7 42.3 40.0 40.1 37.7 41.8 40.3 40.9 40.6 40.7 40.7 41.2 37.7 34.4 33.9 32.1 34.9 41.1 38.5 35.4 34.7 33.2 36.0 41.1 38.5 35.5 34.7 33.4 36.0 41.0 38.1 34.9 34.3 32.7 35.6 35.0 33.9 37.0 33.6 34.2 31.7 36.2 35.1 38.1 34.2 35.7 33.8 36.2 35.3 38.1 34.7 35.7 33.8 35 8 34.4 37.8 34.1 35.5 31.3 34.8 34.0 36.7 33.8 34.9 31.3 38.5 40.4 3S.4 40.4 38.4 40.3 41.7 41.7 41.4 41.4 41.5 41.7 41.7 41.9 42.0 42.0 39.9 37.3 41.5 40.1 39.8 37.4 41.3 40.2 39.9 37.8 41.1 40.4 39.9 38.0 40.8 40.5 40.1 37.8 41.2 40.7 40.2 38.2 42.2 40.9 40.3 37.7 41.8 40.7 40.0 37.7 41.5 40.7 40.1 37.9 41.6 40.8 40.1 38.0 41.4 40.3 40.7 40.6 40.5 40.3 40.8 40.9 40.4 40.6 40.6 40.5 41.1 37.6 34.3 33.9 32.1 34.7 40.9 37.7 34.6 34.2 32.9 34.9 40.9 37.5 34.2 33.8 32.0 34.7 40.8 37.5 34.1 33.6 32.1 34.8 40.9 37.6 34.2 33.6 32.2 34.9 41.0 38.1 35.8 35.4 34.2 35.3 41.0 37.5 34.0 33.5 32.2 35.3 41.0 37.6 34.2 34.0 32.2 35.1 41.0 37.9 34.6 34.4 32.7 35.4 40.8 38.1 34.6 34.4 32.7 35.8 34.9 34.6 37.3 34.6 35.3 32.6 34.8 34.2 36.8 33.7 34.5 32.7 34.8 34.3 36.6 33.6 34.7 33.6 35.1 34.5 37.3 33.8 34.5 33.5 35.3 35.6 38.2 35.1 36.1 33.3 35.5 34.0 36.4 33.5 34.5 32.6 35.2 34. 1 36.7 33.7 34.6 32.3 35.6 34.6 37.4 33.9 35.2 33.3 36.0 34.6 37.6 33.9 35.8 32.9 $1.98 2.41 $1.94 2.42 $1.96 2.40 $1.96 2.39 $1.94 2. 37 $1.87 2.31 38.5 40.6 Average hourly earnings Wholesale and retail trad e5. . . ..................... Wholesale trade....................................... Motor vehicles and automotive equipment........................ ............ Drugs, chemicals, and allied prod ucts..... ............................................ Dry goods and apparel............... . Groceries and related products____ Electrical goods________________ Hardware, plumbing, and heating goods_______________________ Machinery, equipment, and sup plies........................................ ........ Retail trade 4............................................ General merchandise stores______ Department stores__________ Limited price variety stores... Food stores....................................... Grocery, meat, and vegetable stores......... ............................. Apparel and accessories stores....... M en’s and boys’ apparel stores. Women’s ready-to-wear stores.. Family clothing stores_______ Shoe stores.................................. S e e f o o t n o t e s a t e n d o f ta b le . https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis $2.03 2.47 $2.0 1 2.45 $2 . 01 2.44 $2.0 1 2.46 $2.01 2.45 2.31 2.27 2.27 2. 27 2.54 2.46 2. 27 2.60 2.51 2.45 2.25 2.57 2.49 2.41 2.24 2. 56 2. 51 2.41 2 . 26 2. 55 2.38 2.36 2.35 2.67 1.82 1.59 1.77 1.25 1.91 2.64 1.80 1.56 1.73 1.25 2.62 1.80 1. 56 1.73 1.23 1.88 1.95 1.60 1.81 1.44 1.56 1.72 1.91 1.57 1.78 1.42 1.53 1.66 $1.99 2.44 $1.99 2.44 2. 27 2.26 2. 25 2.24 2.24 2. 25 2.24 2.24 2 . 21 2.13 2. 50 2. 43 2. 25 2. 54 2.50 2. 47 2.24 2. 53 2.50 2. 42 2.23 2. 53 2. 50 2. 42 2 . 22 2.54 2. 46 2.41 2 . 20 2. 52 2.47 2 . 43 2.18 2. 53 2. 48 2. 45 2.19 2. 53 2. 47 2. 45 2.18 2.53 2. 44 2. 44 2.16 2. 49 2. 35 2. 44 2.09 2.42 2.36 2.35 2.34 2.32 2.32 2.32 2.33 2.34 2.33 2.29 2.22 2.66 1 . 81 2 . 62 1.79 1. 54 1. 69 2 . 61 1.66 1.88 1.86 2. 57 1.76 1.54 1.70 1.19 1.85 2. 54 1.74 1.52 1.88 2. 65 1. 74 1.50 1. 63 1.16 1.85 2. 49 1.78 1.54 1 . 68 1 . 22 1 . 86 2.60 1.78 1. 55 1.70 1 . 21 1 . 86 2 . 60 1.20 2.62 1. 78 1. 55 1.69 1.23 1.88 2.63 1.80 1.56 1. 72 1. 23 1.89 1.19 1. 83 1.46 1.60 1.14 1. 76 1.92 1.58 1.81 1.42 1.55 1.67 1.92 1.92 1.59 1. 59 1.78 1.80 1.43 1 1.43 1.53 1.53 1.73 1. 75 1.91 1.60 1.78 1.42 1.53 1.79 1.91 1.56 1.75 1.41 1.51 1.69 1.90 1. 57 1. 78 1.42 1. 54 1.65 1.90 1.60 1.79 1.44 1. 56 1 . 68 1.88 1.90 1. 57 1.76 1.42 1.52 1.67 1.89 1.56 1.76 1.41 1.50 1.67 1 . 86 1.55 1.76 1.40 1.49 1. 67 1.79 1.50 1.72 1.35 1.45 1.61 1.57 1.74 1.23 1.87 $1.98 2. 43 1.57 1.76 1.42 1.52 1.73 1.77 1. 52 1.66 1.19 1.68 1493 C.—EARNINGS AND HOURS T able C - l. Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry—Continued Revised series; see box, p. 1476. Oct.« Sept.« Aug. July June Annual average 1962 1963 Industry May j Apr. Mar. Feb. Jan. Dec. Nov. Oct. 1962 1961 Average weekly earnings Wholesale and retail trade «—Continued Retail trade «—Continued Furniture and appliance stores___ Other retail trade______________ Motor vehicle dealers............... Other vehicle and accessory dealers......... .......................... Drug stores...........-................... Finance, insurance, and real estate: B an k in g ...-------- -------------------------Security dealers and exchanges_______ Insurance carriers...................... ........... Life insurance................................... Accident and health insurance___ Fire, marine, and casualty in surance_______ ______________ Services and miscellaneous: Hotels and lodging places: Hotels, tourist courts, and m otels«. Personal services: Laundries, cleaning and dyeing plants---------------------------------Motion pictures: Motion picture filming and dis tributing......................................... $84.46 $84.05 $82. 42 $82. 62 $81.40 $80. 60 $80. 79 $80. 40 $82. 21 $83. 63 $80. 98 $80. 57 $80. 75 78.25 79.19 79.19 78. 81 78. 06 77. 64 76. 63 76. 63 76. 63 77.19 76. 63 76. 22 75.76 94.18 97.90 98.11 98. 99 98. 33 97.45 94.18 93.30 92. 87 94. 61 95. 70 93. 52 93. 08 80.08 57. 41 78.32 55.80 75.14 74.40 74. 77 74. 40 74. 40 74. 23 74.23 74. 40 74.23 73.30 72. 72 72.54 71.80 121.19 115.80 118. 84 123.77 124.19 119.06 116. 34 119.10 117. 26 116.09 112 . 66 109.10 116. 95 96.65 96.66 96.65 96.13 95. 57 95. 44 05. 71 95. 69 95.38 94. 57 94.13 93.94 93.46 101.99 102.57 102.45 10 1.21 100. 25 100. 23 100. 83 100. 64 100.98 100.14 99. 57 99. 44 99. 08 82.37 81.84 81.86 82.06 81.97 81.36 81.18 81.58 81.82 80.22 79. 20 78. 24 78.33 69.38 133. 37 89.75 95. 12 74.39 83.22 59.13 83.10 60.54 84.23 60. 59 82. 65 60.10 82.16 58.08 81.22 58. 44 80. 85 58.08 81. 10 57. 88 82. 21 58. 24 81.84 58.30 78.58 57.31 79.82 57.67 $77. 64 73.57 88.44 92.26 91.55 91.64 92.20 92.07 91.80 91.70 91. 79 90.51 89.63 89.54 89.40 88. 61 85.08 48.14 48.31 47.96 47.36 47.86 46.08 46.85 47.23 46.85 47.23 47.60 47. 21 46.14 45.14 52.14 51.48 52.00 52.67 52.54 52.40 50.95 50.04 50. 69 50.57 50.70 50.83 50.57 49.28 132. 73 132.65 130.01 128.89 121.25 124.33 123. 98 125. 52 125. 74 130. 20 122.52 126. 60 122. 27 120. 50 Average weekly hours Wholesale and retail trade «—Continued Retail trade «—Continued Furniture and appliance stores___ Other retail tra d e ............................ Motor vehicle dealers________ Other vehicle and accessory dealers...................................... Drug stores................................. Finance, insurance, and real estate: Banking.................................................. Security dealers and exchanges---------Insurance carriers__________________ Life insurance__________________ Accident and health insurance___ Fire, marine, and casualty in surance_____ ________________ Services and miscellaneous: Hotels and lodging places: Hotels, tourist courts, and m otels«. Personal services: Laundries, cleaning and dyeing plants_______________________ Motion pictures: Motion picture filming and distrib uting........ ..........—------- ----------- 40.8 41.4 43.4 41.0 41.9 43.9 40.8 41.9 43.8 40.9 41.7 43.8 40.7 41.3 43.7 40.5 41.3 43.7 40.6 41.2 43.6 40.4 41.2 43.6 40.7 41.2 43.6 41.4 41.5 43.8 40.9 41.2 43.7 40.9 41.2 43.7 41.2 41.4 43.7 41.3 41.8 44.0 43.8 36.5 44.2 37.6 44.1 37.4 44.2 37.1 43.7 36.3 43.9 36.3 43.7 36.3 43.6 36.4 44.2 36.4 44.0 36.9 43.9 36.5 44.1 36.5 44.0 36.8 44.5 37.2 37.2 37.2 37.2 37.2 37.2 37.3 37.3 37.2 37.3 37.4 37.1 37.2 37.2 37.1 40.8 40.6 40.3 38.5 38.6 38.4 38.4 38.4 38.4 38.4 38.7 38.7 39.1 39.6 39.2 39.0 39.1 39.6 39.5 39.4 38.6 38.2 38.4 38.6 38.7 39.1 38.9 38.8 Average hourly earnings Wholesale and retail trade «—Continued Retail trade «—Continued Furniture and appliance stores__________ $2.07 $2.05 $2,02 $2.02 $2.00 $1.99 $1.99 $1.99 $2 . 02 $2 . 02 $1.98 $1.97 $1. 96 $1.88 1 . 86 1. 85 1.83 1.86 1. 76 1.86 1 . 88 1.86 1.88 1. 89 1.89 Other retail trade.................... ..................... 1.89 1.89 1.89 2.19 2.14 2.13 2.0 1 2.13 2.16 2.14 2.16 Motor vehicle dealers______________ 2. 25 2.23 2.24 2.26 2.17 2.23 Other vehicle and accessory 1 . 81 1.82 1.86 1.86 1.79 1.76 1.86 1. 85 1.85 dealers________________________ 1.88 1.88 1.91 1.87 1.90 1. 57 1.58 1.56 1. 50 1.60 1.58 1.59 1 . 61 1.60 1.60 Drug stores............................................. 1.62 1.62 1.62 1.61 Finance, insurance, and real estate: 1. 87 1.96 1.95 1.93 1. 99 1.96 2.00 1.99 1.99 2.00 Banking________________________________ 2.00 2.02 2.00 2.0 1 Security dealers and exchanges-------------------Insurance carriers________________________ Life insurance________________________ Accident and health insurance__________ Fire, marine, and casualty in surance____________________________ Services and miscellaneous: Hotels and lodging places: 1. 23 1 . 22 1.18 1.14 1 .2 2 1. 23 1 . 22 1.23 1.24 1.23 1.2 0 Hotels, tourist courts, and motels «_______ 1.18 1.19 1.19 Personal services: Laundries, cleaning and dyeing 1. 31 1. 31 1.30 1.30 1. 27 1. 31 1. 32 1. 32 1.33 1.32 1.33 1.33 1.33 plants_____________________________ 1.33 Motion pictures: Motion picture filming and distributing..................... ........................... .......... * Data relate to nonsupervisory employees except messengers. 1 For comparability of data with those published in issues prior to October « Excludes eating and drinking places. 1963, see footnote 1, table A-2. For employees covered, see footnote 1, table « Money payments only, additional value of board, room, uniforms, and A-3. 8 Preliminary. tips not included. * Based upon monthly data summarized in the M-300 report by the Inter state Commerce Commission, which relate to all employees who received pay S ource . U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics for all during the month, except executives, officials, and staff assistants (ICC series except that for Class 1 railroads. (See footnote 3.) Group I). https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1494 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, DECEMBER 1963 T able C-2. Average weekly hours, seasonally adjusted, of production workers in selected industries1 Revised series; see box, p. 1476. 1963 Industry division and group Oct.« Sept.« Aug. July 1962 June May Apr. Mar. Feb. Jan. Dec. Nov. Oct. Mining.................................... ............................................... 41.9 41.9 41.5 40.9 42.2 41.9 41.6 41.0 41.5 41.3 40.8 41.0 40.9 Contract construction____ _____ _____ ____________ 37.7 37.3 37.2 37.3 37.6 37.5 37.5 37.3 36.1 37.0 36.1 36.8 36.8 Manufacturing...................................... ................................. 40.6 40.7 40.3 40.4 40.5 40.5 40.1 40.5 40.3 40.4 40.2 40.4 40.2 Durable goods..................................................... ............. Ordnance and accessories____ _______________ Lumber and wood products, except furniture........ Furniture and fixtures . . __________ Stone, clay, and glass products________________ Primary metal industries........................................... Fabricated metal products......... ............................ . Machinery . ....................................................... Electrical equipment and supplies...... .................... Transportation equipm ent.. _______ ______ ____ Instruments and related products........................... Miscellaneous manufacturing industries________ 41.1 41.1 40.0 40.6 41.6 40.7 41.6 41.9 40.1 42.0 40.8 39.9 41.3 41.4 40.1 40.8 41.3 40.7 41.4 42.1 40.2 42.0 41.1 39.8 41.0 41.3 40.0 40 9 41.2 40.9 41.1 41.7 40.3 41.5 40.7 39.8 41.2 41.0 40 4 41 2 41. 4 41 1 41.2 41. 7 40.6 42. 1 40.8 39.7 41.3 41.4 40. 1 40 9 41.5 41. 7 41.2 41. 7 40. 4 42.2 40. 7 39.5 41.1 40.9 39.5 40 9 41.6 41.6 41.4 41.5 40.4 41.9 40. 8 39.6 40.7 40. 4 39.9 40 fi 41.3 41.3 40.9 41.2 40. 1 41.4 40.5 39.2 41.0 40. 7 39.9 40 7 41. 4 40.5 41.2 41.6 40.3 41.8 41.0 39.6 41.0 41.4 40. 1 40.9 41. 2 39.9 41.1 41.2 39.9 40.9 41.1 39.9 40.8 41.0 39.5 40.9 40.6 41.3 41. 7 40.4 41.9 41. 1 39.8 40. 8 40.3 41.3 41.7 40.3 42.5 40.6 39.6 40.5 40.2 41.1 41.7 40. 4 42.4 40.8 39.4 41.0 40.0 41.1 41.6 40. 4 42.3 40.9 39.2 41.1 39.7 41.1 41.6 40.4 42.2 40. 7 39.4 Nondurable goods____________ __________________ Food and kindred products___________________ 39.7 40.7 37.9 41.0 36.3 43.0 38.6 41.5 41.7 41.0 38.8 39.7 40.8 37. 1 40.7 36.5 42.7 38.4 41.5 41.8 41.1 38.3 39.6 41.0 39.9 40.5 35.9 42.7 38.4 41.5 41.6 40.8 37.8 39.5 40.8 39. 4 40.4 30.0 42. 7 38.3 41. 6 41. 7 40.2 37.0 39 6 41.0 39 7 40. 5 36 0 42. 7 38 3 41.4 41.9 40 1 37.3 39.7 40.8 39.0 40 6 36 4 42 6 38. 4 41.6 41 9 40 4 37.3 39 3 40 7 35. 6 40 2 35.9 42 2 38 3 41.8 42.3 40 7 36.8 39.8 41. 1 39.2 40. 7 36 5 42. 8 38. 4 416 41 3 41 1 36.9 39.7 40.9 37 6 40 3 36.3 42.7 38.4 41 4 41 3 41. 1 37.1 39.6 40.8 39 2 40 2 36.3 42. 7 3.8.2 41. 4 41. 7 41 0 36.8 39.4 41.0 38 8 40.3 36.0 42.8 38. 1 41.7 42.0 41.0 36.9 39.5 41.0 39. 2 40.0 36. 1 42. 5 38.1 41.4 41 6 40.8 37.0 39.3 40 6 38. 4 40.2 30 0 42.3 38.1 41. 5 41 8 40.8 37.2 38.6 40.6 37.7 38.7 40 6 37.8 38.7 40. 5 37.9 38 7 40 6 37.9 38 7 40 6 37.8 38 7 40 5 37.9 38 6 40 6 37.8 3ft 7 40 6 37.8 3ft fi 40 fi 37.8 3ft 7 40 fi 37 9 3ft 7 40 fi 37! 9 3ft 7 T o b a c c o m a n u fa c tu r e s______________________________ Textile mil! products................................................. Apparel and related products_____ ____________ Paper and allied products____________________ Printing, publishing, and allied industries_______ Chemicals and allied products___ ______ ______ Petroleum refining and related Industries_______ Rubber and miscellaneous plastic products______ Leather and leather products__________________ Wholesale and retail trade 3__________________________ Wholesale trade________________________________ Retail trade*___________________________________ 1 For employees covered, see footnote 1, table A-3. ! Preliminary. • Excludes eating and drinking places. T able 37.9 N ote: The seasonal adjustment method used is described in “ New Seasonal Adjustment Factors for Labor Force Components,” Monthly Labor Review, August 1960, pp. 822-827. C-3. Average hourly earnings excluding overtime of production workers in manufacturing, by major industry group 1 Revised series; see box, p. 1476. 1963 1962 Annual average Major industry group Oct.« Sept.« Aug. July June May Apr. Mar. Feb. Jan. Dec. Nov. Oct. 1962 1961 Manufacturing_______________________ $2.38 $2.38 $2.35 $2.37 $2. 37 $2. 37 $2. 37 $2.36 $2.35 $2. 35 $2. 34 $2.33 $2. 31 $2.31 $2.25 Durable goods______ _______________ 2.55 2. 55 2.84 2.52 2.82 2.54 2.82 2.54 2.79 2.54 2.80 2. 54 2.80 2.53 2.82 2. 52 2.81 2. 52 2.80 2.51 2.78 2. 49 2. 77 2. 48 2. 75 2. 48 2. 75 2. 42 2. 71 2.03 1.94 2. 38 2.95 2.52 2.69 2.41 2.92 2.42 1.99 1.92 2.37 2.94 2.51 2.67 2.39 2.87 2. 42 1.92 2. 37 2.96 2.51 2.67 2. 40 2.88 2.41 1.95 1. 93 1 92 2 37 2 96 2. 51 2 67 2 40 2 87 2. 42 1.94 1.92 2. 35 2 95 2 52 2.67 2. 40 1 91 1 91 2 36 2.98 2. 51 2 67 1.90 1.91 2 36 2.93 2 50 1.89 1.91 2.35 2. 92 2. 50 2.66 2.39 2.41 2. 41 2.41 2.86 2.86 2.86 1.92 1.90 2. 35 2.90 2. 49 2 65 2 38 2. 85 2.39 1.93 1.89 2. 34 2 89 2 47 2 64 2. 36 2. 84 2. 39 1.92 1 89 2 32 2.66 1.90 1.91 2. 36 2 91 2. 49 2. 65 2.38 1.96 1.95 1.97 1.97 1.96 1.98 1.97 1.98 1.98 1.96 1.92 2 16 2.13 2.18 1.80 1.64 1.69 2.36 2.15 2 14 2.14 2 22 2. 13 2.13 2 22 2.13 2.12 2 . 11 2 . 21 2. 14 2. 23 1.97 1.64 2 22 2 22 2 . 21 2. 17 1.8.3 1 63 2. 14 Ordnance and aecessoMes. ...................... Lumber and wood products, except furniture................................... ............ Furniture and fixtures ............ ............ Slone, clay, and glass products_______ Primary metal industries____________ Fabricated metal products................... . M achinery...................................... ........ Electrical equipment and supplies___ Transportation equipment............ ....... Instruments and related products........ Miscellaneous manufacturing indus tries_________________________ Nondurable goods__________________ Food and kindred products_________ Tobacco manufactures.............. ........... Textile ndll products.. ___ _______ Apparel and related products_______ Paper and allied products..................... Printing, publishing, and allied lndustries .................................................... . Chemical* and allied p r o d u cts............ Petroleum refining and related indus tries ..................................................... Rubber and miscellaneous plastic products............................................ Leather and leather products.............. . 2.16 2.20 1.78 1.65 1.74 2.37 1.99 1.64 1. 67 2.36 1.66 2. 35 2.00 1 63 1 65 2.34 2 86 1.66 2. 39 1 94 1.64 1. 68 2.41 2.39 1 90 1.64 1.67 2. 32 1.64 1.67 2.33 1 88 2. 34 2.33 (3) (3) (’) 2.62 2. 19 1. 85 1 63 1.66 2.32 1 66 1.88 1 86 2 25 2 84 2.41 2 54 2.29 2. 72 2.32 1.91 1.92 1.87 2 10 2.09 2. 15 1 83 1 62 1.65 2.29 2 05 2 09 1 75 1 58 1.62 2 88 2. 47 2. 63 2.35 2 83 2.38 1 68 1.63 1.66 2.31 2.31 ( 3) (3) 2. 57 (3) 2.22 (8) 2.66 («) 2.65 (3> 2.66 (3) 2.64 2.62 2.60 2.61 (3) 2.62 2.61 2.61 <3) 2.60 3.09 3.04 3.05 3.05 3.04 3.08 3.09 3.06 3.07 2.99 2.98 2. 96 2.97 2.94 2.38 1.75 2.37 1.72 2.38 1. 71 2.39 1.73 2.38 1.73 2.38 1.73 2.38 1.72 2. 38 1.70 2.38 1.71 2.38 1.70 2.37 1.71 2. 36 1.70 2. 35 1.69 2.30 1.65 ' For comparability of data with those published In Issues prior to October 1963, see footnote 1. table A-2. For employees covered, see footnote 1, table A-3. Average hourly earnings excluding overtime are derived by assuming that overtime hours are paid for at the rate of time and one-half. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1 99 1.64 2.86 2 10 1.91 1.88 2 31 2 90 2 47 2 61 2. 34 2.80 2. 37 (s) ( 3) 2.51 * Preliminary. • Not available because average overtime rates are significantly above time and one-half. Inclusion of data for the group in the nondurable goods total has little effect. C.—EARNINGS AND HOURS 1495 T able C-4. Average overtime hours of production workers in manufacturing, by industry 1 Revised series; see box, p. 1476. 1963 Industry Sept.3 Aug. Manufacturing_______________________ Durable goods_____________________ Nondurable goods_________________ July June May Apr. Mar. Feb. Jan. Dec. Nov. Oct. 1962 3.1 3.2 3.0 2.9 3.0 2.8 2.9 2.9 2.8 3.0 32 2.8 2.8 2.9 2.6 24 2.5 2.4 2.6 2. 7 2.6 2.5 2.6 2.5 2.5 2.6 2.4 2.9 3.1 2.6 2.9 3.0 2.7 2. 8 2.9 2.7 2.8 2. 8 2. 7 2. 4 2.3 2.5 2.4 2.4 2. 3 2.5 2.7 2.8 2.0 2.6 2.4 2.8 .5 2.1 2.4 2.7 .7 2.4 2.2 2. 1 .9 2.6 1.6 1.6 1.2 1.6 2. 1 1.9 2. 1 2. 4 2.5 2.4 2. 2 2.6 2.6 24 2.9 2.9 2.9 2 7 4.0 2.9 2.4 2.0 3.4 2.7 2.3 2. 1 2.8 2.5 2.2 1.9 30 2.5 18 1. 6 2.2 2.1 3.5 3.5 4.0 3.9 3.7 3.8 3.9 3.9 3.2 3.2 2.9 3. 0 3.0 3.0 2.9 2.9 28 2.9 3.0 2.9 2.9 2.9 3.1 3.1 3. 2 3.1 2.9 2.9 3.5 3.2 3.3 3.7 3.9 2. 8 3.1 3.9 4.1 2. 4 3. 4 2. 2 3.3 2.3 4.2 3.7 3.2 3.5 3.4 2.7 3. 4 4.1 4.0 1.9 3.5 2.2 3.4 2.0 4.0 4.2 2.7 29 2.9 2.3 3. 1 3.0 4.0 2.2 3.4 2. 4 3.6 2.0 3.9 35 3.1 29 2.9 2.9 2.3 2.8 4.0 2 7 35 2.3 3. 5 1.9 35 3. 5 3.1 25 2.6 1.8 1.8 2.5 3.9 1.9 36 2 1 3.4 2.0 3 1 28 2.6 22 2.4 13 1.2 1.9 34 1.6 33 23 2.8 1.6 32 26 2.9 2.6 29 1.8 1.3 2. 1 3. 1 1.3 3.3 2.0 2.6 1.8 30 22 2. 7 2.5 2. 7 1.9 1. 7 2.0 28 1.5 3.3 1.7 2.5 1.6 2.8 1.9 2.5 25 2. 7 1.9 1.9 2. 1 2.8 1.5 3.3 16 2.4 1.7 33 2 4 2. 7 3.3 3.6 2.2 1.6 2.9 3.0 1.8 3.8 1.3 2.5 1.9 32 2 5 2.7 3.0 3.2 1.6 2.5 2.9 3.4 2 2 3.6 1. 7 2.9 2.1 32 2.8 3.0 3.3 3. 4 2 1 3. 7 2.8 3. 7 1. 5 3.5 1.8 3.0 2.3 3.3 29 2.9 29 3. 0 2. 1 3.0 2.6 3. 4 1.7 3. 5 1.8 2. 8 1.8 2.8 2. 5 2.6 24 24 20 2 4 26 32 2 1 3 6 1. 5 2 7 1.5 6.5 3.5 2.7 1.7 3. 8 3. 5 6.5 3.2 2.4 1. 5 3. ô 3.2 6.4 3.0 2.7 2.1 3.3 2.9 6.5 3. 1 3.3 2.7 4.3 2.9 6.2 3.0 3. 1 2.8 3.9 2.9 5. 6 2. 5 2.8 28 3 1 2.9 4.5 2.8 25 1.8 3 5 2.9 3.7 26 2.4 1. 5 36 2.8 3.5 2. 4 2.3 1.3 3 1 2.8 3.8 2.4 2.4 1. 1 3.5 3.0 5.0 2.7 2.1 1.0 3.0 2.8 6.0 2.8 2.0 .9 2.9 2.3 5. 4 2. 7 2. 3 1. 4 2.9 2. 7 5.0 2.3 19 1. 3 2 1 2.5 3.8 2.8 3.8 2.8 3.7 2.8 4.3 3.0 3.7 2.8 2. 5 2. 7 3.4 3. 1 3.3 3.0 3.5 3.2 3.9 3.3 38 2.9 3.4 2.9 3. 6 2.9 3.1 2.3 3.7 3.5 4.2 2.9 3.3 5.1 33 3.1 4.1 3.3 3.3 4.2 3.3 3.0 3.3 2. 7 2 1 3. 1 3.0 2. 7 2.3 3.0 2.6 2.5 3.4 2.7 2.7 3.9 2.9 2.4 3.2 3.0 2. 5 3.2 3.0 2.8 3.2 2 9 3. 5 2.4 2.4 3.2 Durable good» Ordnance and accessories_____________ Ammunition, except for small arms___ Sighting and fire control equipment___ Other ordnance and accessories_______ Lumber and wood products, except furniture_____________ __________ Sawmills and planing mills___ ______ Millwork, plywood, and related prod ucts._____ _____ _________________ Wooden containers._______________ Miscellaneous wood products________ Furniture and fixtures_______________ Household furniture_______________ Olfiee furniture____________________ Partitions; office and store fixtures___ Other furniture and fixtures_________ Stone, clay, and glass products________ Flat glass....... ........ ............ ...... ........... . Olass and glassware, pressed or blown.. Cement, hydraulic_________________ Structural clay products____________ Pottery and related products________ Concrete, gypsum, and plaster prod ucts ............................................ ........ _ Other stone and mineral products.__ Primary metal industries___________ _ Blast furnace and basic steel products.. Iron and steel foundries............... ...... Nonferrous smelting and refining____ Nonferrous rolling, drawing and ex truding_________________________ Nonferrous foundries._____ ________ Miscellaneous primary metal Indus tries.............................. ......................... Fabricated metal products________ ____ Metal cans ............................................. Cutlery, hand tools, and general hard ware..... ................................................. Heating equipment and plumbing fix tures............................................. Fabricated structural metal products.. Screw machine products, holts, etc___ Metal stampings .................................. Coating, engraving, and allied services Miscellaneous fabricated wire products Miscellaneous fabricated metal prod ucts ........................................................ Machinery_________________________ Engines and turbines.............................. Farm machinery and equipment_____ Construction and related machinery... Metalworking machinery and equip ment....................................................... Special industry machinery_________ General Industrial machinery___ ____ Office, computing, and accounting ma chines___ ______________________ Service industry machines..................... M Iscellaneous machinery____ ______ Electrical equipment and supplies_____ Electric distribution equipment........... Electrical industrial apparatus_______ Household appliances______________ Electric lighting and wiring equipment. Radio and TV receiving sets____ ____ Communication equipm ent.............. . Electronic components and accessories Miscellaneous electrical equipment and supplies ...................................... Transportation equipment................. ........ Motor vehicles and equipment_______ Aircraft and parts ............................. Ship and boat building and repairing.. Railroad equipment............................... Other transportation equipment______ Instruments and related products______ Engineering and scientific instruments. Mechanical measuring and control de vices.. . .................................. Optical and ophthalmic goods. _ Surgical, medical, and dental equip ment .................................................. Photographic equipment and supplies.. Watches and clocks________________ See footnotes at end of table. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis A nnual average 1962 1961 2.8 2.4 2.1 2.8 3.0 2.0 2.6 2.5 2.8 3.1 3.1 2.4 2. 5 2.1 2.4 3. 4 3. 9 4. 4 4. 4 3.4 2.4 3.4 3. 6 3. ö 3.6 3.2 2.3 33 34 36 3.3 2.8 2. 5 3 1 3. 0 3.9 36 2.9 2.0 2 7 3.8 3. 7 3.3 2.8 13 2.0 3 1 30 2.6 2. 2 1.7 2.2 3. 5 3.3 3. 1 2.8 1.8 2. 1 3.9 3.2 2.8 2.8 1.9 2.0 4. 0 3 4 3. 2 2.9 2. 1 2.3 4. 3 3.6 3.5 3.0 1.9 2.5 3.7 3. 8 33 2.8 2. 5 26 3. 6 3. 8 3. 6 3.1 1.9 2. 5 4.0 3 5 3 3 3 0 1. 5 23 26 2. 9 2. 8 2.7 3.0 3.3 2. 2 2.3 3.1 2.6 3.2 2. 1 1.9 3.0 2.4 3.2 2.4 2 1 2.8 2.5 3. 4 2.6 2. 1 3 1 2.7 3. 1 2. 2 2 1 27 2. 2 2.8 1. 8 22 2. 2 2.6 3.2 2. 7 26 2. 4 2.3 30 2.6 2. 5 2.3 2.4 29 20 2.0 2.2 2.7 3. 1 2. 5 19 2.3 2.7 2.8 1.9 1.6 2.2 2.8 2.9 1.9 1.8 2.5 2. 6 3 1 2. 2 2. 1 2.6 2.3 2. 5 1. 8 1. 6 1.9 4.3 3. 6 3.2 4.6 3.3 3.0 4.9 3.5 2.9 5. 2 3.7 2.9 49 3.4 2.4 4. 6 3. 1 2.0 5. 1 35 2. 4 47 3 5 2.3 44 3. 5 2.2 4. 7 3.7 2.6 43 33 2.5 4 1 33 2. 7 4. 7 3 5 2. 8 3. 4 2. 8 2.0 2.2 2.2 4.1 2.3 2. 7 26 2.6 2. 4 2.1 2.1 1.8 1.8 2.5 4.0 2. 1 2.5 2.3 2.4 2.1 2.0 1.8 1.7 1.5 2.2 4.0 2.0 2. 1 2 5 27 2.0 20 1.5 1.7 1. 7 2. 5 44 2. 2 2.4 2. 4 2. 7 2 1 2.0 1.8 1.8 1.6 2.3 4.2 1.9 1.9 2. 3 2.0 1.9 1. 7 16 1.8 1.3 1. 7 3. 5 15 1.5 19 1.5 1.5 .8 13 1.6 1. 7 2.3 4. 1 19 18 2.2 2.2 1. 7 1. 4 1.9 1.9 1.5 1. 8 3.9 2.0 18 2 1 1.6 1.6 14 2. 1 1.9 1.3 1.6 4. 1 1.9 15 2. 1 13 1. 7 1. 1 22 1.7 1.5 1. 7 4. 3 2. 4 2. 5 2.3 2.3 20 2.0 2 5 2.0 1.3 16 4 2 2.3 2. 2 2.3 2.0 2 1 1. 7 2.5 2. 1 1. 4 1.8 4.3 2. 3 23 23 1.8 2. 1 22 2. 5 1.9 1.5 2. 0 4 1 2 2 20 2. 2 1. 9 1.9 1. 9 2. 5 2.0 2.2 16 3.5 1.9 1.8 1. 9 1. 9 1.6 1. 6 2.2 1.9 2.7 3.6 4.2 2.8 3.0 2.7 3.9 2.6 2.7 1.9 3.1 3.5 2.6 2.5 2.0 3.2 2.3 2.3 2.2 3.3 4.0 25 2.4 2.5 3.8 2.2 2.1 3.0 3 7 4.5 2 5 3.3 23 3.7 2.4 2.5 2. 4 35 43 2 2 3.5 19 35 2.3 2.2 1.6 2. 7 33 19 28 2.0 2. 7 1.9 1.8 1.8 3. 1 3 7 2.3 2.9 23 28 2.3 2.5 2.7 3 1 3. 3 2. 7 3 1 16 2.6 2.2 2.4 3 4 33 3 8 29 3 1 1.6 1.8 2.2 2.8 3.9 4. 7 6. 1 33 3. 5 1. 5 2. 1 2.6 3.1 3.7 4.5 5.9 3.2 3 1 1.2 1.9 2.5 2.8 3.6 4.0 4.9 3.2 2.9 1.7 2.7 2.5 2.8 3.2 3.5 4. 1 2.9 2. 8 2.0 2. 5 2.4 2.6 2.2 2. 5 26 2. 5 26 .9 1.8 2.1 2.2 2.6 2.9 2.5 2.1 2.6 2.3 2.5 2.5 2.3 2.4 1.9 2.1 2.1 2.5 1.9 2.3 1.9 2.0 2.6 2.1 2.5 1.7 2.3 2.5 2.2 2.2 1.9 2.0 2.3 2.8 2.2 2.1 2.0 2.2 19 2.4 1.9 2.4 2.4 1.9 2.0 2.8 1.9 1.6 2.3 1.4 2.1 2.9 1.7 1.9 3.2 1.7 1.6 3. 1 1.5 2.2 3.0 1.8 2.2 3.4 2.0 2.3 2.7 2.1 2.3 2.9 1.9 2.1 2.9 1.5 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, DECEMBER 1963 1496 T able C-4. Average overtime hours of production workers in manufacturing, by industry1 Continued Revised series; see box, p. 1476. Annual average 1962 1963 Industry Dec. Nov. Oct. 1962 2.0 2.5 1.7 1.9 1.7 2.3 2.4 4.2 1.5 2.1 2.2 2.6 2.4 á. 5 2.0 1.8 1.9 2.5 2.6 3.4 2.3 3.1 2.0 2.6 2.3 3.0 1.9 2.0 2.2 2.5 2.2 3.0 1.9 1.8 1.9 2.3 3.0 2.9 3.0 3.1 3.3 3.1 3.4 4.2 3.2 3.6 4. 5 3.2 3.4 3.8 3.2 3.4 3.6 3.4 3.3 3.7 3.1 2.3 5.4 2.8 3.3 2.3 2.8 3.6 .8 1.0 .8 3.1 3.0 3.9 3.6 3.0 1.8 4.6 4.8 3.1 3.3 1.4 1.3 1.1 2.2 5.6 2.7 3.1 2.3 2.3 4.0 .7 .5 1.1 3.0 2.9 3.9 3.7 3.0 1.7 4.2 4.9 2.8 3.4 1.3 1.3 1.0 2.2 5.8 2.5 3.1 2.3 2.3 3.8 .6 .5 .7 2.8 3.0 4.0 3.4 3.3 1.6 3.1 3.3 2. 5 3.2 1.0 1.1 .9 2.2 6.1 2.9 2.7 3.0 2.4 4.2 1.1 1.2 1.0 3.0 3.0 4.3 3.1 3.2 1.7 4.4 4.4 2.6 3.7 1.2 1.3 1.0 2.1 6.4 3.3 3.9 3.1 2.4 4.2 1.3 1.5 1.6 3.3 3.2 4. 5 3.2 3.3 2.1 4.7 5.0 2.8 3.8 1.4 1.1 1.3 2.4 7.0 3.1 2.8 3.3 2.5 4.1 1.2 1.0 1. 4 3.2 3.1 4. 4 3.4 3.4 2.3 4. 2 5.0 3.1 à. 5 1.4 1.3 1.3 2.6 6.3 3.1 3.7 2.5 2.8 3.9 1.0 .9 .9 3.2 3.2 4.3 4.2 3.3 2.2 4.2 4.1 3.2 3. 6 1.3 1.2 1.2 2.4 6.2 2.9 4.3 2.5 2.7 3.9 1.1 1.2 1.0 2.7 2.7 3.2 3.3 2.9 2.0 3.7 3.3 2.7 2.9 1.1 .8 .9 1.4 1.8 1.5 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.2 1.4 1.1 1.1 1.7 1.2 .8 .9 1.1 .8 .8 1.2 1.2 .7 1.2 1.8 1.2 .9 1.4 1.8 1. 5 1.1 1.4 1.3 1. 5 1.2 1.2 1.4 1.5 1.3 1.2 Oct* Sept.* Aug. July June May Apr. Mar. Feb. 2.6 3.5 2.4 2.9 2.5 2.6 2.2 2.7 2.1 2.2 2.2 2.1 1.9 2.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.0 2.1 2.7 1.6 2.1 2.4 2.3 2.0 2.8 1.6 1.7 2.1 2.2 1.9 2.4 1.5 1.4 2.0 2.0 2.2 2.7 1.7 1.8 2.3 2.5 2.1 2.6 1.7 2.0 2.3 2.3 3.9 4.7 3.3 3.5 3.5 3.2 3.8 3.8 3.6 3.7 3.9 3.5 3.4 3.6 3.3 2.9 2.9 3.2 3.1 3.2 3.2 3.3 7.2 3.4 4.1 3.4 3.2 3.9 1.3 1.6 1.4 3.3 3.4 4.4 3.5 2.7 2.3 4.0 5.2 3.0 3.4 1.4 .9 1.3 2.8 6.6 3.2 3.5 2.5 3.6 4.1 1.4 1.9 1.3 3.3 3.4 4.3 3.3 2.7 2.4 3.7 4.5 3.1 3.7 1.5 1.1 1.5 2.5 7.5 3.5 3.8 2.1 4.4 4.0 1.4 1.8 1.1 3.1 2.9 3.9 3.8 3.2 2.4 33 4.1 3.1 3.5 1.3 .8 1.3 2.3 6.9 3.4 3.5 2.6 4.1 3.8 1.5 2.0 1.2 3.4 3.1 4.4 4.0 3.1 2.4 4.5 4.2 3.5 4.2 1.3 1.0 1.3 2.3 6.3 3.2 4.4 1.8 3.2 3.8 1.0 1.3 .9 3.2 3.2 4.4 3.7 3.4 2.0 4.1 3.5 3.2 3.3 1.3 1.1 1.2 1.9 4.7 2.9 3.9 1.7 2.9 3.4 .3 .4 .1 2.8 3.0 3.7 3.0 2.9 1.6 3.8 3.6 2.9 2.8 1.1 .9 .9 1.3 1.4 1.4 1.3 1.4 Jan. 1961 Manufacturing—Continued Durable goods— Continued Miscellaneous manufacturing industries Toys, amusement, and sporting goods.. Pens, pencils, office and art m aterials.. ........... Costume jewelry, buttons, and notions. Other manufacturing industries--------Nondurable goods Meat- products Dairy products Canned and preserved food, except meats ___________ forain in ill products ___ Bakery products___________________ Rugar _ ______________ Confectionery and related products___ ........... Beverages _ ___________________ Miscellaneous food and kindred products. Tobacco manufactures C igarettes_______________________ Cigars _____________ Tevt.ile mill products __ Cotton broad woven fabrics_________ Silk and synthetic broad woven fabrics. ........... Weavin0, and finishing broad woolens TfTnitting _________ _ Finishing textiles, except wool and knit. Floor covering _______________ Yam and thread Miscellaneous textile goods.................... ........... Apparel and related products ___ M en’s and bovs’ suits and coats _ M en’s and bovs’ furnishings Women’s, misses’, and juniors’ outerwear _ _______________ Women’s and children’s undergarments__ ______________________ __ TTats caps, and millinery _________ Girls’ and children’s outerwear______ Fur goods and miscellaneous'apparel... Miscellaneous fabricated textile products ______________________ Paper and allied products Paper and pulp Paperboard ______________ Converted paper and paperboard prod nets Printing, publishing and allied industries _________________ Newspaper publishing and printing— Periodical publishing and printing....... Books - - _______ Commercial printing Bookbinding and related industries---Other publishing and printing indus tries ______________________ . -Chemicals and allied products . ___ _ Industrial chemicals Plastics and synthetics, except glass— "Drugs _ ______________ 2.0 1.5 1.2 1.1 1.6 1.6 1.5 1.2 1.4 1.4 1.5 1.0 1.2 1.0 1.5 .9 1.3 1.2 1.3 1.0 1.0 1.0 .7 .7 1.4 2.0 1.2 .9 2.2 4.9 5.7 6.2 1.9 4.8 5.6 6.4 1.5 4.8 5.9 6.8 1.8 4.6 5.4 6.3 1.8 4.3 5.3 5.5 1.5 3.8 4.8 5.0 1.5 4.3 5.4 5.9 1.4 4.1 5.2 5.6 1.3 4.1 5.3 5.4 1.8 4.5 5.2 6.3 2.1 4.4 5.2 6.0 2.3 4.5 5.1 5. 5 1.7 4.4 5.2 5.9 1.6 4.2 5. 0 5.6 3.7 4.4 3.6 4.1 3.2 3.8 3.2 4.1 2.9 3.6 2.6 3.1 2.9 3.3 2.9 3.2 2.9 3.2 3.3 3.8 2.8 4.1 3.0 4.4 3.0 3.9 3.0 3.7 3.0 2. 5 3.8 4.2 3.4 2.3 2.8 2.2 3.3 4.5 2.9 2.1 2.6 23 33 3.9 2.7 2.1 2.7 2.6 2.8 3.5 2.8 2.4 2.8 2.7 2.7 3.9 2.9 2.2 2.4 2.0 3.0 3.1 2.7 2.1 2.8 2.0 4.0 3.6 3.2 2.2 2.5 1.8 3.2 2.8 2.8 1.8 2.4 1.7 2.2 2.6 2.7 2.2 3.0 3.0 3.2 2.8 3.1 2.1 2.8 2.9 3.5 2.8 2.9 2.3 2.8 2.7 3.7 3.0 3.0 2.5 2.8 2. 5 3.1 3.4 3.0 2.4 2.7 2.4 3.1 3.7 2.9 2.1 2.6 2.6 2.5 2.4 1.8 2.9 2.4 3.9 3.1 2.9 2.5 2.6 2.3 1.8 2.7 2.6 2.9 3.1 2.4 2.6 2.6 2. 5 2.2 2.3 2. 9 3.0 2.9 2.4 2.6 2.5 2.7 2.2 2.4 2.8 3.6 2.8 2.1 2.6 2.2 2.1 2.0 2.1 3.1 6.8 2.6 1.9 3.1 2.8 2.6 2.0 2.2 2.0 9.6 2.2 2.5 2.5 2.3 2.0 2.6 2.4 2.0 5.6 2.4 2.7 2.4 2.4 2.0 2.5 2.5 1.7 3.7 2.5 2.4 2.2 2.2 1.9 2.4 2.3 1.5 3.3 2.6 2.6 2.4 2.5 2.1 2.4 2.4 1.6 3.4 2.8 2.5 2.3 2.4 1.9 2.5 2.5 1.5 3.1 2.6 2.7 2.5 2.5 2.0 2.6 2.9 1.8 3.5 2.7 2.6 2.5 2.5 2.3 2.4 2.7 2.1 4.1 2.6 2.5 2.3 2.3 2.0 1.9 2.6 1.9 3.8 2.6 2.7 1.9 5.6 2.6 1.9 5.1 2.5 2.1 4.0 1.7 1.5 2.5 1.6 1.4 2.6 2.0 1.7 3.1 2.0 1.5 3.9 2.5 1.9 4.8 2.5 1.6 5.9 2.3 1.6 4.8 2.0 1.5 4.4 Paints, varnishes and allied products... Agricultural chemicals _ ___________ Other chemical products _ Petroleum refining and related indus2.4 2.8 2.9 tries 1.4 2.0 2.0 Petroleum refining____________ _____ — 6.1 5.6 6.2 Other petroleum and coal products....... Rubber and miscellaneous plastic prod3.2 3.5 2.9 nets 3.3 4.1 3.2 Tires and inner tubes 2.5 2.9 2.3 Other rubber products 3.8 3.8 3.5 Miscellaneous'plastic products_______ — 1.3 1.7 1.7 Leather and leather products.................... 3.1 2.7 2.6 Leather tanning and finishing_______ 1.2 1.4 1.5 Footwear, except rubber____________ 1.9 2.0 1.3 Other leather products___ __________ i For comparability of data with those published in issues prior to October 1963, see footnote 1, table A-2. For employees covered, see footnote 1, table A-3. n ^ J ^ J These series cover premium overtime hours of production and related workers during the pay period ending nearest the 15th of the month. Over time hours are those paid for at premium rates because (1) they exceeded https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 2.9 2.8 2.6 3.3 1.4 3.2 1.2 1.4 2.6 3.1 3.1 3.1 3.0 2.9 2.9 2.8 2.4 2.5 2.7 3.3 3.5 3.3 3.3 2.9 2.8 2.1 2.3 2.8 2.4 2.8 2.9 3.0 2.6 2.6 3.0 2.2 2.5 2.3 2.9 3.2 3.2 3.1 3.2 3.1 3.4 3.0 2.5 3.1 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.3 1.2 1.3 1.5 .9 1.3 1.1 2.3 2.6 2.7 2.4 2.5 2.5 2.4 2.5 2.4 2.8 1.1 .9 1.1 1.1 1.0 1.2 1.3 1.1 .7 .9 1.7 1.8 2.1 1.8 1.2 1.6 1.4 1.7 .9 1.0 either the straight-time workday or workweek or (2) they occurred on week ends or holidays or outside regularly scheduled hours. Hours for which only shift differential, hazard, incentive, or other similar types of premiums were paid are excluded. 2 Preliminary. C.—EARNINGS AND HOURS T able 1497 C-5. Indexes of aggregate weekly man-hours and payrolls in industrial and construction activities 1 Revised series; see box p. 1476. [1957-59=100] 1963 1962 Annual average Activity Oct.2 Sept.» Aug. July June May Apr. Mar. Feb. Jan. Dec. Nov. Oct. 1962 1961 Man-hours Total.................................................... ........... 106.1 Mining......... .................................................. 84.2 Contract construction___ ______________ 121.3 Manufacturing................................. ............. 104.5 Durable goods.................. ...................... Ordnance and accessories................ Lumber and wood products, except furniture..___ ___________ Furniture and fixtures__________ Stone, clay, and glass products___ Primary metal industries________ Fabricated metal products_______ Machinery......................................... Electrical equipment and supplies. Transportation equipm ent.............. Instruments and related products.. Miscellaneous manufacturing industries________________ _____ Nondurable goods.................................. Food and kindred products............. Tobacco manufactures__________ Textile mill products____________ Apparel and related products____ Paper and allied products________ Printing, publishing, and allied industries............ ........................... Chemicals and allied products___ Petroleum refining and related industries....................................... Rubber and miscellaneous plastic products______ ______________ Leather and leather products_____ 106.6 84.5 121.4 105.0 105.4 84.7 125.6 102.8 103.9 82.6 121.9 101.7 104.4 86.7 116.1 103.1 101.6 84.2 107. 6 101.3 98.0 81.3 97.4 99.0 95.8 77.4 83.3 99.0 94.1 78.2 76.5 98.1 95.1 78.8 82.6 98.2 98.0 80.8 88.3 100.6 101.0 82.5 103.2 101.5 103.5 84.5 114.0 102.5 99.8 83. 6 99. 3 100. 6 95.7 85.6 96.1 96.1 105.0 151.3 104.9 150.4 101.1 147.6 102.4 146.5 104.7 148.8 103.1 147.8 100.5 144. 8 99.6 149.6 98.9 151.8 99.2 153.4 100.9 156.1 101.4 155.4 102.0 153.2 100. 3 150.3 94.1 133.4 98.1 112.2 109.2 95.1 107.7 104.1 116.7 97.2 107.9 100.2 112.2 109.3 97.1 107.8 104.4 118.7 94.3 108.1 99.2 110.8 110.6 97.3 104.7 102.4 113.5 80.3 106.9 95.6 105.3 109.8 101.0 102.7 102.3 112.6 92.4 105.4 95.3 106.0 109. 3 105.2 105.7 104.9 115. 5 95.0 106.9 94.9 102. 6 106.4 102.3 103.4 103.8 113.7 94.7 104.7 90.2 101.8 101. 4 100.2 99.8 103.0 111.8 92.2 103.5 87.8 102.7 94.9 95.8 98.9 103.5 113. 4 92.2 104.2 87.1 102.4 91.2 94.0 98. 5 102.7 114.5 92.0 103.8 87.8 102.9 92.1 92.1 99.4 102. 4 115.9 93.7 103.3 89.5 106. 9 95.8 92.1 101.3 102. 4 118.7 94.5 105.2 93.2 107.3 102.3 90.0 101.8 101.3 118. 6 93.5 105.4 96.4 109.4 105. 4 89.8 102.9 101.7 119.1 92.0 104.6 93.3 104. 8 100. 3 95. 3 100. 6 101.9 115.8 88. 7 103. 2 91.2 97.7 97.7 91.7 94.8 94.4 105.9 80.8 99.4 112.7 111.1 107.8 99.9 102.6 100.7 97.2 97.2 95.0 92.4 99.2 107.1 110. 5 102.1 98.0 103.8 99.8 111.6 97.9 111.8 108.8 105.0 105.4 112.8 96.3 112.2 108.9 104.9 104.2 107.7 96.6 114.1 108.9 100.8 97.5 74.6 94.4 107.7 106.7 101.0 93.4 78.4 97.1 108. 5 107.8 99.0 88.7 76.5 95.5 108.9 105.1 97.0 85.5 70.9 93.5 105.9 103.3 98.3 86.4 78.3 94.4 110.9 104.5 97.0 85.1 82.0 93.4 108.2 103.3 97.0 87.6 90.5 92.8 103.2 104.1 100.3 93.0 100.9 95.8 106.0 106.5 101.7 96.3 100.3 97.1 108.4 105.9 103.2 101.8 120.6 97.4 107.9 106.6 101.1 95. 3 93.2 97. 4 106.9 105. 6 98.7 96.5 94.6 94.8 100.2 103.6 106.3 104.9 105.9 105.5 104.8 105.3 103.5 105.2 104.4 105.9 104.1 106.4 102.9 107.7 102.3 103.9 100.8 102.3 100.8 102.2 104.1 103.1 105. 8 103.0 105. 7 103.2 104. 7 103. 5 104.0 100.5 83.1 85.4 84.6 85.5 84.9 83.4 83.0 78.9 78.4 80.4 81.2 82.4 83.2 86.1 88.5 114.4 95.0 114.6 95.5 111.9 99.1 109.2 90.3 114.3 96.2 112.9 90.2 111.3 87.3 112.4 93.6 111.8 95.6 114.3 95.7 116.0 97.6 116.3 95.6 117.1 93.6 113.4 98.1 102.3 96.7 86. 2 92.4 112.6 86. 5 99.9 112.8 88. 5 106.8 115.4 89.0 122.5 115.7 91.3 135.0 116.1 90. 5 116. 4 113.7 90.6 108.8 105.4 Payrolls Mining______________________________ Contract construction__________________ Manufacturing_______________________ 122.0 94,2 149.0 122.6 93.1 152.2 118.2 90. 2 146.8 118.1 95. 9 138.9 119.9 i For comparability of data with those published in issues prior to October 1963, see footnote 1, table A-2. For mining and manufacturing, data refer to production and related T able 92.1 1:28.3 117.4 89. 2 115. 5 114.4 85.0 100. 2 114.1 workers and for contract construction, to construction workers, as defined in footnote 1, table A-3. 2 Preliminary. C-6. Gross and spendable average weekly earnings of production workers in manufacturing 1 Revised series; see box p. 1476. [In current and 1957-59 dollars]1 1963 Annual average 1962 Item Sept.2 Aug. July June May Apr. Mar. Feb. Jan. Dec. Nov. Oct. Sept. 1962 1961 M anufacturing Gross average weekly earnings: Current dollars____________________ 1957-59 dollars........ ....................... .......... Spendable average weekly earnings: Worker with no dependents: Current dollars________________ 1957-59 d o llars.._______________ Worker with 3 dependents: Current dollars________________ 1957-59 d o lla rs................................. $100.53 $98.42 $99. 23 $100.37 $99. 23 $97. 36 $98. 09 $97. 20 $97. 44 $98.01 $97. 36 $96. 32 $97. 27 $96. 56 93.87 91.90 92.65 94.16 93. 44 91.68 92.36 91.61 91.92 92. 64 91. 85 90.87 91.68 91.61 80. 51 75.17 78.89 73.66 79. 51 74.24 80. 38 75. 40 79. 51 74.87 78.04 73. 48 78.63 74.04 77. 92 73. 44 78.11 73. 69 79.02 74. 69 78.50 74.06 77. 67 73. 27 78.43 73.92 77. 86 73.87 74.60 71.59 88.31 82.40 86.58 80.84 87. 25 81.47 88.18 82.72 87. 25 82.16 85. 72 80. 72 86.31 81.27 85. 58 80. 66 85.78 80. 92 86. 72 81.97 86.19 81.31 85.33 SO. 50 86.11 81.16 85.53 81.15 82.18 78. 87 1 For comparability of data with those published in issues prior to October 1963, see footnote 1, table A-2. For employees covered, see footnote 1, table A-3. Spendable average weekly earnings are based on gross average weekly earnings as published in table C-l less the estimated amount of the workers’ Federal social security and income tax liability. Since the amount of tax liability depends on the number of dependents supported by the worker as well as on the level of his gross income, spendable earnings have been com https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis $92. 34 88.62 puted for 2 types of income receivers: (1) A worker with no dependents and (2) a worker with 3 dependents. The earnings expressed in 1957-59 dollars have been adjusted for changes in purchasing power as measured by the Bureau’s Consumer Price index. 2 Preliminary N ote: These series are described in ‘The Calculation and Uses of the Spendable Earnings Series ” Monthly Labor Review, January 1959, pp. 50-54. MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, DECEMBER 1963 1498 D.—Consumer and Wholesale Prices T able D - l. Consumer Price Indexx—All-city average: *A11 items, groups, subgroups, and special groups of items [1957-59=100] Annual average 1962 1963 Group Oct. Sept. Aug. July June May Apr. Mar. Feb. Jan. Dee. Nov. Oct. 1962 1961 104.2 All items_____________________________ 107.2 107.1 107.1 107.1 106.6 106.2 106.2 106.2 106.1 106.0 105 8 106 0 106.0 105.4 Food 1 _ ______________________ - ___ Food at home ____________________ Cereals and bakery products......... Meats, poultry, and fish_________ Dairy products________________ Fruits and vegetables----------------Other foods at home 8----------------- 104.9 103.2 109.1 100.4 104.6 106.3 99.6 105. 4 103 8 109. 1 101.5 104. 3 108. 1 99.5 106.0 104.5 109. 1 101. 4 104. 2 114. 2 98.0 106. 2 104.8 109 2 100. 2 103.3 118.7 97.8 105.0 103. 4 109 2 98.4 102. 8 115.6 96.9 104.3 102. 5 109. 3 98.0 102.8 113.9 94.5 104. 2 102.6 109.2 98.3 102.9 112.0 96.2 104.6 103.0 109.1 100. 7 103.5 109.6 96.7 105.0 104.7 103.5 103.2 109. 2 108.7 102. 1 102. 5 103 6 103.8 109.4 106. 4 97.6 97.1 103. 5 101.9 108. 2 102. 5 103. 9 100. 2 97.2 104 1 104 3 102. 6 102.9 108 4 108. 0 103. 5 104 1 104. 2 104.3 102. 1 102.0 97. 2 98. 1 103.6 102 2 107. 6 101. 7 104.1 105.0 96.1 102.6 101 5 105. 4 99. 3 104 8 104. 2 97.6 Housing * ___________________________ _______________ _________ Rent Gas and electricity___ _____________ Solid and petroleum fuels----------------Housefurnishings__________________ Household operation_______________ 106.3 107.1 108.1 104. 5 98.7 110.5 106. 2 107.0 108.0 103. 7 98.6 110.7 106.0 106. 8 107.2 102.6 98.3 110.6 106.0 106. 7 108. 1 102. 3 98.5 110.3 105.9 105.7 106. 7 106. 6 108. 1 107.4 102. 1 102. 4 98.4 98.5 110.2 110.0 105.8 106. 5 107.5 104. 2 98.5 109.9 105.7 106. 4 108.0 104.8 98.6 109.7 105.4 106. 4 108.0 104. 8 98.3 109.3 105. 4 106.3 108. 2 104.9 97.9 109.3 105.2 106. 2 108. 1 104.8 98.6 108. 1 105.1 106. 2 108. 1 103 6 98. 7 107.8 105.0 106.1 108.0 102. 4 98. 8 107.6 104.8 105.7 107.9 102. 1 98. 9 107.4 103.9 104. 4 107. 9 101. 6 99. 5 105.9 Apparel....................................... - ................ Men’s and boys’___________________ Women’s and girls’________________ Footwear_________________________ Other apparel8............................. - ........ 105.4 105. 7 103. 5 110.9 101.8 104.8 105.2 102.5 110. 7 101. 4 104.0 104.7 101.2 110.6 101. 1 103.9 104.5 101 2 110.5 101.1 103.9 104.4 101. 2 110.6 101.0 103.7 104.2 101. 1 110.3 100.9 103.8 104. 1 101.4 110. 2 100.9 103.6 103.9 101.1 110.0 101.1 103.3 103.7 100.7 109.9 100.9 103.0 103.5 100. 2 109. 8 100.3 103.9 104.3 101. 5 109.9 101.3 104.3 104. 3 102.5 109.7 101.1 104.9 104. 2 104. 0 109.6 101.6 103.2 103.3 100.9 109.3 100.6 102.8 102.8 101.0 107.8 100.9 Transportation_______________________ P rivate__________________________ Public___________________________ 109.0 107. 7 117.6 107.9 106. 5 117.1 108.3 106.9 117.1 107.8 106.4 116.6 107.4 106. 1 116.6 107.4 106.0 116.5 107.0 105. 5 116.5 107.0 105. 6 116.4 106.8 105.3 116.3 106.6 105.3 115.7 108 0 106.8 115.7 108.3 107.2 115.4 108.1 106. 9 116.0 107.2 105. 9 115. 4 105.0 104.0 111.7 Medical care_____________________ ____ 117.4 117.2 117.1 116.9 116.8 116.4 116.1 115.8 115.6 115.5 115.3 115.0 114.9 114.2 111.3 108.4 108.2 108.0 108.0 107.8 107.8 107.6 107.3 107.3 107.4 107.6 107.1 106.9 106.5 104.6 Reading and recreation--------------- —- ........ 112.7 112.3 112.1 111.5 110.9 110.7 111.0 110.1 110.0 110.2 110.0 110.1 109.5 109.6 107.2 Other goods and services_______________ 108.2 108.0 108.0 108.0 107.6 106.0 105.8 105.7 105.7 105.7 105.6 105.6 105.6 105.3 104.6 Special All All All groups: items less food____________ _____ items less shelter_______________ commodities less food----------------- 108.1 107.2 104.3 107.8 107. 1 103.8 107.6 107.2 103.6 107.5 107.1 103.5 107.3 106. 6 103.3 107.0 107.0 106. 1 106. 1 103.0 103.0 106.8 106.1 102.9 106.6 106.1 102.7 106.5 105.9 102.6 106.7 105. 8 103. 4 106.7 106.0 103.5 106.7 106. 1 103.6 106.1 105. 4 102.8 104.8 104. 2 102.1 All commodities______ ____________ Nondurables 8_________________ Nondurables less food___________ Nondurables less food and apparel. Durables 7____________________ Durables less cars...................... 104.7 105. 2 105. 6 105. 8 102.2 98.7 104.6 105. 3 105.2 105. 5 101.5 98.6 104.7 105. 5 105.0 105. 7 101.4 98.5 104.7 105. 5 104.8 105.5 101.3 98.5 104.1 104.8 104.5 105. 0 101.3 98.4 103.6 104. 2 104. 2 104. 7 101.0 98.3 103. 6 104. 2 104.3 104. 7 100. 9 98.4 103.7 104. 4 104.2 104. 7 100. 8 98.5 103.8 104.5 104.1 104.6 100. 6 98.4 103.6 104.3 104.0 104. 7 100.4 98.5 103.6 104.0 104.6 105. 1 101.7 98.6 103. 9 104. 2 104. 4 104. 5 102. 2 98.6 104.0 104. 4 104. 6 104 5 102. 0 98.6 103.2 103. 6 103.8 104. 2 101. 5 98.8 102.4 102. 8 103. 2 103.3 100. 5 98.9 All services 8______________________ 112.1 All services loss re n t........................ 112.9 Household operation services, g:is, and electricity........ ........ 111.0 Transportation services______ 113.1 Medical care services________ 120.7 Other services______________ 111.5 111.9 112.8 111.7 112.6 111.5 112.4 111.3 112. 2 111.1 111.9 111. 1 111.9 110.8 111.6 110.5 111.2 110.5 111.2 110.1 110.8 110.0 110.6 109.8 110.5 109.5 110. 2 107.6 108.3 111. 1 112.9 120.5 111.3 110.7 112. 7 120.4 111.2 110.7 112.4 120.2 110.9 110.6 112.3 120. 1 110. 5 110.2 112. 2 119.5 110.3 110.2 112.0 119.2 110.5 110.2 111.8 118.9 110.0 109.9 111.4 118.7 109.6 109.9 111. 1 118.5 109.7 109. 1 110.9 118.2 109.3 108.8 110.7 118.0 109.3 108.7 110.8 117.8 109.1 108. 5 111 2 116. 8 108. 7 107.2 109.5 113.1 106.8 Personal care........ - ...............- ..........- ........... •The Consumer Price Index for October 1963 calculated from a 1947-49 •=100 hose was 131.5. i The Consumer Price Index measures the average change in prices of goods and services purchased by urban wage-earner and clerical-worker families Data for 46 large, medium-size, and small cities are combined for the all-city average. J In addition to subgroups shown here, total food includes restaurant meals and other food bought and eaten away from home. > Includes eggs, fats and oils, sugar and sweets, beverages (nonalcoholic), and other miscellaneous foods. * In addition to subgroups shown here, total housing includes the purchase price of homes and other homeowner costs. * Includes yard goods, diapers, and miscellaneous items. « Includes food, house paint, solid fuels, fuel oil, textile housefurnishings, household paper, electric light bulbs, laundry soap and detergents, apparel https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis (except shop repairs), gasoline, motor oil, prescriptions and drugs, toilet goods, nondurable toys, newspaper, cigarettes, cigars, beer, and whiskey. 7 Includes water heaters, central heating furnaces, kitchen sinks, sink faucets, porch flooring, household appliances, furniture ami bedding, floor covering, dinnerwure, automobiles, tires, radio and television sets, durable toys, and sporting goods. »Includes rent, home purchase, real estate taxes, mortgage interest, prop erty insurance, repainting garage, repainting rooms, reshingling roof, reflnislilng floors, gas, electricity, dry cleaning, laundry service, domestic service, telephone, water, postage, shoe repairs, auto repairs, auto insurance, auto registration, transit fares, railroad fares, professional medical services, hospital services, hospitalization and surgical insurance, barber and beauty shop services, television repairs, and motion picture admissions. 1499 D.—CONSUMER AND WHOLESALE PRICES T able D-2. Consumer Price Index 1—All items and food indexes, by city [1957-59=100] Oct. Sept. Aug. July June May Annual average 1962 1963 City Apr. Mar. Feb. 1963 (194749=100) Jan. Dec. Nov. Oct. 1962 1961 Oct. All Items All-city average2____ 107.2 107.1 107.1 107.1 106.6 106.2 106.2 106.2 106.1 106.0 105.8 106.0 106.0 105.4 104.2 131.5 Atlanta, Oa Baltimore, Md_____ Boston, Mass Chicago, 111.. . . . __ Cincinnati, Ohio____ 0 0) 110.0 105. 7 0 105.2 107. 1 0 105 6 105.1 0 0 0 105.7 0 0 0 109 8 106.0 0 104 9 106 8 0 105.2 104.6 0 0 0 105.0 0 0 0 109 2 105.0 0 104.9 106 2 0 105 2 104.6 0 0 0 104. 7 0 0 0 108.6 104.7 0 104. 5 105. 7 0 104. 7 104.0 0 0 0 105.0 0 0 0 108 2 105.0 0 104 1 105.2 107 4 104 6 103 6 103. 2 104. 4 105 1 103. 6 102.6 0 0 136.3 133.3 0 Cleveland, Ohio____ Detroit, M ich... Houston, Tex___ Kansas City, Mo___ Los Angeles, Caiif___ (») 103 5 (3) 108. 7 109. 1 0 103.3 0 0 108.6 105. 1 104. 4 106.2 0 108.4 0 103.9 0 107 1 108.0 0 103.5 0 0 107.4 104 3 102 4 104.4 0 107.6 0 102. 1 0 106 4 108.0 0 102.6 0 0 107.7 104.3 102 6 105.0 0 107.8 0 102. 5 0 105 9 107.3 0 102.5 0 0 107.2 103 7 102 6 104.5 0 107.1 0 102.8 0 107 1 107.2 103.5 102 2 104 6 106 1 106.6 103.2 101 9 102 6 104 5 105. 4 0 127.6 0 134. 5 136.0 Minneapolis, M in n .. New York, N .Y ___ Philadelphia, Pa___ Pittsburgh, Pa Portland, Oreg_____ 107.4 109 4 108. 2 107. 4 107.1 0 109. 3 107. 6 0 0 0 109 3 107.5 0 0 107 7 109 2 107 4 107 9 106.8 0 108 7 107 2 0 0 0 107 8 106.2 0 0 106 5 107 9 106 4 106 3 106.2 0 107 6 106. 4 0 0 0 107 6 106 2 0 0 106 0 107 5 105 9 106. 5 105. 7 0 106 9 105 7 0 0 0 107. 1 105 8 0 0 105. 9 107.2 105. 8 106 3 105.3 105. 5 lOf. 4 105.2 105. 9 104.6 104.2 104. 8 104.4 105 0 104. 1 132.9 131.8 132.9 132.3 132.7 St. Louis. Mo......... . San Francisco, Calif. Scranton. Pa_______ Seattle, W ash.. . _ Washington, D .C ___ (3) 0 (3) 0 0 106. 5 109. 2 0 0 0 0 0 107.6 109. 1 106. 8 105 6 108.9 0 0 0 0 0 106. 7 107.4 106.1 105 8 108 4 0 0 0 0 0 106 9 107.2 105. 6 106 0 107.8 0 0 0 0 0 106 5 107.0 105. 3 105.1 107.4 105 9 106.5 104.6 103.9 105. 8 104. 1 104.9 103.7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 (3) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Food All-city average2 104.9 105.4 106.0 106.2 105. 0 104.2 104. 3 104.6 105.0 104.7 103.5 104.1 104.3 103.6 102.6 Atlanta. Oa Baltimore, Md. Boston, Muss Chicago, III ........... Cincinnati. Ohio___ 104. 0 104. 7 108. 1 105. 8 102. 6 104. 1 105.4 108. 1 106. 1 103.2 104 8 105 7 109. 0 107 6 103.7 105. 0 106.0 108 6 107. 5 103. 5 103. 7 104. 8 106 6 105. 9 102.9 102 3 103 5 106 2 104 7 102.3 102 103 106 105 102 103 103 106 105 102 8 7 5 7 6 101.2 103. 9 106 3 105. 4 103. 7 104.0 104 6 106. 4 105 6 103. 1 102. 7 103.4 105. 7 104. 3 101.7 103.1 103.6 106. 4 105. 7 102.8 103.9 104. 2 105. 7 105. 7 103. 0 103 0 103. 3 104.6 105. 3 101.9 Cleveland, Ohio Detroit, Mich Houston, Tex Kansas City. Mo Los Angeles, Calif__ 101 7 100. 7 104. 8 105. 1 107. 5 102.2 101.3 105 3 105.0 107. 0 103. 6 103. 0 101. 7 105. 2 107. 1 102. 6 103 4 104.6 105. 1 107.7 101 6 102 0 103 1 103 9 106.3 100 7 100 7 102.0 102. 1 105.9 100 8 100 8 101 8 103 3 106.6 101 7 101 1 1(12 3 103 6 106. 8 102. 2 101.7 103.0 10t. 3 107.8 101.7 101.3 103.2 103.2 106.8 100. 8 100. 6 102.4 103.2 105.6 101.3 101.6 102,8 104.4 105. 3 101.7 101.5 103.6 104. 5 105.6 101.0 101.1 102.9 103.3 1.05. 5 101.8 102.4 102 4 103.2 101.8 ............ 100.9 101.4 101.3 101.9 104.5 Minneapolis, .Minn New York, N.Y. . . Philad-lphiu. P a ... Pittsburgh, Pa Portland, Oreg. 103. 2 106.9 104.3 102. 9 105. 2 102.9 107. 4 104.3 103. 6 105. 5 102. 4 108. 1 105. 2 104 4 106. 2 103.7 108.2 105. 1 104. 6 105. 8 102. 1 106. 9 104. 5 103 7 104. 8 101.7 106 3 103 2 103 2 104.1 102 106 103 103 104 101 106 104 104 104 8 6 1 1 6 101.7 106. 8 104. 4 104 3 105. 2 101.5 106 6 104 5 103 2 105 3 100.8 104.9 103.0 101 7 103. 9 100.9 105.8 103. 5 102. 5 104.1 101.5 106.3 104.8 102.8 104.5 101.8 104.9 103.1 102.4 103.8 101.2 102.9 101.9 102 3 103.0 St. Louis, Mo San Francisco, Calif. Scranton Pa Sesittlo, Wash Washington, D C __ 105. 1 106.6 104. 4 107. 4 104. 6 105. 3 107.2 104.8 107.6 105.0 105 5 107 1 104. 4 107. 8 105. 5 105 7 107.6 105 0 107 8 105. 5 104 9 107 0 104 6 107. 1 104.6 103 1 105 9 103 1 106 7 103.3 104 0 106 5 103 1 107 3 102. 9 104 5 106 9 103 3 107 3 103.6 105 0 107 0 104 4 106 9 103. 2 104 9 106 7 104 1 106. 3 103.9 104 6 105. 6 102 9 105. 9 101.8 104. 5 105. 8 103. 6 105. 9 102.1 103.8 105.6 101.1 105. 9 103.4 103.0 105. 4 103.1 105.7 102.0 102.0 104.0 101.3 104. 5 101.6 1 See footnote 1, tahle D-l. Indexes measure time-to-time changes In prices of goods and services purchased by urban wage-earner and clericalworker families. They do not indicate whether it costs more to live in one city than in another. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 7 5 6 0 2 0 3 1 1 5 2 Average of 46 cities. »AH items indexes are computed monthly for 5 cities and once every 3 months on a rotating cycle for 15 other cities. MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, DECEMBER 1963 1500 T able D -3. Indexes of wholesale prices,1 by group and subgroup of commodities [1957-69=100, unless otherwise specified]» 1962 1963 Annual Average Commodity group Oct.» Sept. Aug. July June May Apr. Mar. Feb. Jan. Dec. Nov. Oct. 1962» 1961 All commodities.................. .......................... 100.5 100.3 100.4 100.6 100.3 100.0 99.7 99.9 100.2 100.5 100.4 100.7 100.6 100.6 100.3 99.1 98.5 98.9 99.8 99.1 98.4 97.6 97.4 98.7 99.8 99.3 100.4 100.3 99.6 98.6 95.1 4 95. 5 89.2 88.0 101.8 102.9 88.0 88.6 99.4 99.4 102.4 *101.8 97.9 107.8 114.1 110.5 90.4 4 89.0 102.2 100.9 107.7 107.0 94.2 93.1 107.4 108.0 96.3 92.5 98.5 93.5 99.6 100.6 96.0 111.3 88.4 100.9 106.0 95.2 107.9 96.8 97.0 99.5 94.4 100.2 99.8 87.5 111.1 89.1 102.2 106.4 96.3 107.3 94.9 97.1 101.4 89.3 101.4 97.9 79.2 113.8 89.3 102.4 107.0 94.1 106.6 94.4 99.8 102.9 86.8 101.7 97.3 77.1 112.5 89.5 101.7 107.6 91.9 106.8 95.4 99.6 105.1 88.2 102.0 98.3 81.3 110.7 89.4 99.3 108.1 90.3 106.9 95.4 99.0 103.7 85.6 101.8 99.6 99.8 113.8 89.0 99.0 108.0 91.8 107.1 96.5 96.5 103.0 89.5 100.8 101.1 99.1 113.5 89.1 100.5 108.6 95.6 108.0 98.5 104.0 102.0 94.1 99.3 101.3 100.1 111.9 87.4 100.8 107.4 97.9 107.8 97.3 88.5 101.1 96.2 98.1 101.9 99.3 108.2 89.0 100.9 107.6 99.4 108.1 99.3 96.4 99.5 98.3 97.6 102.4 112.4 106.9 90.1 101.3 107.7 100.1 108.0 98.7 97.5 98.5 98.6 97.5 102.5 103.1 103.1 89.7 101.5 107.6 100.0 107.7 97.7 97.7 98.8 96.2 98.4 101.2 95.2 105.4 91.8 101.2 107.6 99.1 106.9 96.0 93.7 95.6 92.5 94.8 103.9 99.0 107.2 93.2 100.7 105.1 95.4 107.5 106.0 125.4 81.8 89.7 84.8 82.3 86.0 108.7 101.1 100.9 100.7 100.2 100.6 94.2 126.1 102.4 116.8 4105.3 4112.5 80.9 84.1 78.6 80.8 <86.2 106.5 100.8 4100.7 100.5 4 99.9 100.6 94.0 130.1 102.3 116.9 104.8 111.2 80.9 84.3 77.4 79.6 86.1 106.5 100.8 100.8 100.4 99.7 100.6 93.9 136. 6 102.2 116.5 105.7 120.3 81.1 82.7 83.6 84.3 87.0 104.5 101.1 100.8 100.4 99.8 100.5 93.7 134.5 102.2 115.1 104.6 132.1 81.1 79.2 83.3 84.4 87.0 103.9 101.0 100.7 100.3 99.7 100.8 93.8 148.0 102.0 117.4 103.4 133.6 80.9 77.2 84.2 85.8 87.0 101.8 100.7 100.5 100.2 99.7 100.6 93.8 144.4 101. 6 118.2 102.9 113.0 80.9 79.1 83.3 84.1 87.2 101.4 100.2 100.4 100.1 100.1 100.8 93.8 150.9 101.3 116.3 101.3 106.1 79.1 80.0 83.8 90.0 90.5 101.5 100.4 100. 6 100.2 100.2 100.8 93.8 150.9 101.4 114.9 99.8 105.1 79.1 86.0 82.5 89.2 91.9 101.5 100.6 100.6 100.3 100.5 100.7 93.7 151.1 101.4 118.2 100.0 105.0 79.1 82.8 81.0 88.4 91.9 100.2 100.7 100.7 100.4 100.6 100.7 93.7 149.8 101.3 123.3 95.7 102.8 79.1 85.2 78.9 90.0 91.8 100.4 100.8 100.7 100.6 100.8 100.2 93.7 143.3 101.7 127.9 96.3 102.5 79.1 92.2 79.8 88.7 91.8 101.2 100.8 100.7 100.5 100.7 100.1 93.6 130.3 101.7 127.8 96.4 103.0 79.1 95.2 80.9 86.2 90.9 104.6 100.8 100.7 100.5 101.0 99.6 93.6 129.5 101.7 121.6 98.0 102. 2 81.9 88.4 84.5 93.1 97.3 101.8 100.9 100.8 100.6 101.7 99.1 93.9 125.9 101.5 122.4 101.7 101.2 83.7 94.4 102.6 108.3 102.7 105.8 100.8 100.8 99.7 100.4 97.1 93.4 113.2 101.0 123.4 103.4 80.5 99.5 108.4 103.3 98.7 97.8 103.6 121.2 101.4 (s) 95.6 96.1 94.2 103.9 90.8 94.9 88.6 103.8 97.1 98.9 94.2 91.5 91.7 97.9 99.2 99.3 106.2 92.4 99.4 95.0 90.7 102.6 96.6 103.1 77.3 99.5 108.4 103.4 99.0 97.2 103.6 4121.7 101.8 (8) 95.9 96.0 94.5 103.9 89.2 91.9 81.3 103.8 97.2 98.9 93.4 88.9 91.7 97.2 «99.9 4100. 7 105.6 4 92.6 499.1 91.7 90.9 102.2 94.1 103.6 104.3 80.5 83.5 100.1 102.2 108.4 108.4 103.5 104.0 98.9 100.4 96.2 95.8 103.6 103.6 120.9 121. 2 101.9 102.0 (*) (8) 96.1 98.7 96.0 96.0 94.6 94.7 103.9 103.0 89.2 89.0 95.1 95.0 81.4 81.7 103.6 103.6 99.8 96.9 98.9 98.7 93.0 93.7 91.6 90.7 91.2 89.1 97.5 97.5 102.6 101.6 102.7 102.1 104.9 104.2 104.1 100.9 99.0 99.1 91.7 91.7 91.4 91.2 102.2 102.2 94.1 94.1 104.5 85.8 102.5 108.2 104.3 100.9 94.9 103.6 120.3 102.2 (8) 99.9 96.3 95.0 103.0 91.1 95.2 80.6 103.6 100.8 98.6 93.1 92.5 89.1 97.5 98.3 99.2 103.0 92.6 99.4 91.3 90.8 102.2 94.1 104.8 87.4 103.2 108.2 104.4 100.4 94.2 103.6 120.1 102.2 (8) 99.1 96.4 95.0 103.0 91.7 95.2 78.6 103.6 102.3 98.6 93.2 92.6 89.1 97.5 97.5 98.4 102.4 90.9 99.1 91.3 89.8 102.2 94.1 104.5 85.0 102.8 108.2 104.5 100.3 95.0 103.6 124.1 102.4 <8) 98.2 96.3 95.0 103.7 91.5 95.1 77.7 103.7 102. 3 98.6 94.1 92.8 89.0 99.8 97.0 97.6 102.4 91.0 99.0 91.3 92.5 102.2 94.1 105.1 88.4 103.7 108.3 104.7 100.8 98.1 103.6 127.8 102.4 (*) 98.2 96.8 95.4 103.7 93.0 95.2 74.5 103.6 102.3 99.5 94.1 92.7 89.0 99.8 96.5 96.6 102. 5 91.2 99.0 89.4 96.6 102.2 94.1 105.1 85.9 104. 7 108.3 104.8 100.3 98.4 103.6 127.8 102.5 (8) 97.1 96.7 95.2 103.8 93.0 95.1 72.7 103.6 102.3 99.5 94.2 93.7 89.0 99.7 96.1 96.2 102.3 90.5 99.1 89.4 96.1 102. 2 94.1 106.0 106.9 107.3 95.2 101.6 107.1 105.2 106.1 106.8 108.3 108.5 108.4 104.9 105.5 105.0 100.4 100.8 100.7 98.3 98.3 97.7 103.6 103.6 103. 6 120.8 123.1 122.3 102.5 102.7 102.7 98.1 98.1 (8) 98.6 98.6 98.2 97.0 96.9 96.8 96.0 95.9 95.9 103.8 103.8 103.8 93.9 93.0 92.9 95.2 94.8 95.1 75.9 71.7 72.8 103.0 102.8 103.1 99.2 99.6 100.8 99.6 99.5 99.5 94.4 94.3 93.7 94.1 94.7 92.8 89.0 89.0 88.0 99.7 99.7 99.7 96.3 95.9 95.8 96.3 95.9 95.8 102.3 102.1 102.3 90.4 90.5 91.5 99.0 99.0 99.1 89.4 89.4 89.4 94.6 94.7 96.0 102.2 102.2 102.2 94.1 94.1 94.1 107.4 108.8 106.5 108.4 104.8 100.8 97.2 103.6 122.7 102.7 98.1 98.9 97.1 96.1 103.8 93.9 95.1 76.7 103. 4 99.0 99.5 93.1 92.7 86.4 100.0 96.6 96.7 102.3 91.9 99.3 91.3 96.1 102.3 94.0 107.4 106.2 108.5 108.7 104.3 100.2 96.8 103.6 119. 2 102.8 98.1 98.2 97.5 96.3 103.8 95.6 96.0 76.3 103.8 101.9 99.4 93.3 93.6 87.1 99.4 96.5 96.5 101.8 92.4 100.0 93.2 97.5 102.6 93.1 106.2 107.9 106.0 107.4 103.2 100.7 97.7 103.6 118.7 102.4 98.0 99.3 99.1 98.4 103.6 99.6 98.3 87.5 102.6 104.3 99.2 96.1 96.3 92.4 100.0 95.9 94.7 101.9 95.7 98.8 95.0 80.5 102.2 92.5 99.6 100.3 97.5 1 97.5 99.9 96.2 99.7 95.5 99.7 94.1 99.9 95.5 100.0 96,3 101.0 97.2 99.5 100.8 Farm products and processed foods.............. Farm products......................... ................. Fresh and dried fruits and vegetables- Grains...................................................... Livestock and live poultry............ ........ Plant and animal fibers_____________ Fluid m ilk............................................. . Eggs Hay, hayseeds, and oilseeds_________ Other farm products_______________ Processed foods........................................... Cereal and bakery products_________ Meats, poultry arid fish—...................... Dairy products and ice cream..... .......... Canned and frozen fruits and vegetables__________________________ Sugar and confectionery_____________ Packaged beverage materials_________ Animal fats and oils________________ Crude vegetable oils____ ___________ Refined vegetable oils______________ Vegetable oil end products................... . Miscellaneous processed foods 5 ____ All commodities except farm products____ All commodities except farm and foods___ Textile products arid apparel__________ Cotton products___________________ Wool products____________________ Manmade fiber textile products............. Silk products_____________________ Apparel........ ........... ............................... Miscellaneous textile products 6....... . Hides, skins, leather, and leather products........... ............................................ Hides and skins_____________ _____ Leather__________________________ Footwear____ ______ _____________ Other leather products_____________ Fuel and related products, and power___ Coal__ Coke____________________________ Gas fuels 7________________________ Electric power 7___________________ Crude petroleum and natural gasoline.. Petroleum products, refined_________ Chemicals arid allied products.................. Industrial chemicals_______________ _ Prepared paint___ _________________ Paint m aterials..___ ______________ Drugs and pharmaceuticals.............. . Fats and oils, inedible______________ Mixed fertilizer____________________ Fertilizer materials.________________ Other chemicals and allied products... Rubber and rubber products__________ Crude rubber_____________________ Tires and tubes___ ________________ Miscellaneous rubber productse............ Lumber and wood products Lumber__________________________ Millwork_________________________ Plywood_________________________ Pulp, paper, and allied products................ Woodpulp________________________ Waste paper______________________ P aper____________________________ Paperboard_______________________ Converted paper and paperboard produ c ts..___ ________ ______ _____ Building paper and b oard..................... See footnotes at end of table. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 99.4 4 99.8 96.9 97.6 99.8 97.5 99.6 95.6 99.6 99.7 96.2 I 96.6 1501 D.—CONSUMER AND WHOLESALE PRICES T able D-3. Indexes of wholesale prices,1 by group and subgroup of commodities—Continued [1957-59=100, unless otherwise specified1] 1963 1962 Arnual Average Commodity group All commodities except farm and foods— Continued Metals and metal products........................ Iron and steeL_____ _______________ Nonferrous metals_________________ Metal containers..................................... Hardware_________ _______ ____ Plumbing fixtures and brass fittings___ Heating equipment................................. Fabricated structural metal products.. Fabricated nonstructural metal prod ucts______________________ ____ Machinery and motive products_______ Agricultural machinery and equipment. Construction machinery and equip m ent___ _________ ____________ Metalworking machinery and equip m en t.............. .................................. General purpose machinery and equip m ent________ _______________ Miscellaneous machinery__________ Special industry machinery and equip ment 10. ____ _____________ _____ Electrical machinery and equipment. . . Motor vehicles....................................... . Transportation equipment, railroad rolling stock 18_________ ____ ____ Furniture and other household durables Household furniture________________ Commercial furniture______________ Floor coverings______ _____________ Household appliances______________ Television, radio receivers, and phono graphs________________________ Other household durable goods............. Nonmetallic mineral products____ _____ Flat glass_________________________ Concrete ingredients................. ............ Concrete products_________________ Structural clay products____________ Gypsum products................................ . Prepared asphalt roofing............ ........... Other nometallic minerals.......... ........... Tobacco products and bottled beverages.. Tobacco products__________________ Alcoholic beverages________________ Nonalcoholic beverages_____________ Miscellaneous products_______________ Toys, sporting goods, small arms, am munition______________________ Manufactured animal feeds__________ Notions and accessories________ _____ Jewelry, watches and photographic equipment____________________ Other miscellaneous products________ Oct.8 Sept. Aug. July June May Apr. Mar. Feb. Jan. Dec. Nov. Oct. 1962« 1961 100.9 <100.3 99.9 99.1 100.0 99.6 104.6 104.7 104.3 104.2 100.6 100.6 93.1 <93.1 98.7 <98.7 100.1 99.0 99.4 105.0 104.1 100.6 93.1 98.4 100.0 99.0 99.0 105.0 104.1 100.6 93.3 98.3 100.0 99.0 98.7 104.9 104.0 100.6 93.3 98.2 99.9 99.3 98.7 104.6 103.9 100. 8 93.0 98.2 99.4 98.5 98.2 104. 5 103.9 100 8 92.9 97.6 99.4 98.4 98.1 104. 5 103.9 101.3 92.6 97.8 99.4 98.6 98.0 104.5 104.0 101.1 92.4 98.0 99.5 98.8 98.0 104. 5 103. 8 97.5 92.5 98.1 99.3 98.7 97.7 103. 7 103.8 97.5 93.3 98.1 99.3 98 4 98.3 103.7 103.8 97. 5 92.8 98.1 99.4 98.7 97.9 103.7 103. 7 97.2 92.7 98.2 100.0 99. 3 99. 2 103. 7 104.0 100. 1 93.2 98. 2 100.7 100.7 100.4 102.0 103. 8 103.2 94.6 99.0 107.0 105.0 102.3 102.2 111.8 <110.9 105 0 102.1 110.9 105.0 102.1 110.9 104 9 102.0 111.0 104.0 102.0 110. 9 103.8 101.9 110.9 103.7 102.0 111.0 103.7 102.2 110.8 103.7 102.3 110.8 103.8 102.3 110.5 103.9 103.8 102.2 <102.4 110. 2 109.6 103. 9 102. 3 109. 5 103.1 102.3 107.4 110.3 110.1 110.0 109.7 109.6 109.2 108.8 108.8 108.5 108.3 108.3 108.2 108.0 107.8 107.5 110.3 <110.2 110.2 109.9 109.6 109.4 109.4 109.1 109.1 109.2 109.3 109.3 109.3 109. 3 107.0 104.3 104.3 103.6 <103.5 103.9 103.4 103.9 103.4 103.5 103. 4 103.4 103.3 103.4 103.4 103.4 103.7 103. 6 103.4 103.9 103.4 103.8 103.4 103.7 103.3 103.7 103.3 103.3 103. 4 102.8 102.8 104.7 <104.6 104.2 97.2 <97.2 97.2 99. b 99.5 99.7 104.1 97.2 99.8 103.9 103.9 97. 7 <97.5 99.3 99.8 103.9 103.1 97.0 <96.9 100.2 100.7 103.1 102.9 97.8 <97 8 100.8 100.8 102.8 98.1 100.8 102.5 98.1 100.8 102.2 98.4 100.7 101.9 98.4 100.8 100.4 100.0 100.8 100.5 100.5 98.1 98.1 104.8 <104.8 103.1 103.0 97.4 <96.8 91.3 91.4 100.5 98.1 104.6 103.0 96.6 91.7 100.5 98.0 104.5 102.8 96.6 91.7 100.5 98.1 104. 5 102.8 95.9 91.9 100.5 98.0 104. 4 102.3 95.7 92.0 100.5 98.1 104.4 102.3 95.9 92.1 100. 5 98 2 104.6 102.3 96.0 92.3 100. 5 98.2 104.5 102.3 95.9 92.3 100.5 98.3 104. 5 102.3 96.2 92.3 100.5 98. 4 104.2 102.3 96.4 93.0 100.5 98. 6 104.1 102. 5 96.8 93.1 100.5 98.5 104.0 102.5 96.8 93.0 100. 6 98. 8 103.8 102. 3 97. 0 94.0 100.2 99.5 102.8 101.8 99.3 95.2 87.8 87.8 103.4 103.5 101.4 101.1 102.3 100.0 103.0 103.0 101.4 101.3 103. 4 103.4 106.1 106.1 87.4 88.2 101.4 100.9 107.4 <107.5 105.7 105.7 100.9 101.0 127.7 127.7 111.3 111.8 87.7 103.3 101.0 98.9 103.0 101.2 103. 6 105.8 88.2 100.7 107. 5 105.7 101. 0 127.7 111.1 87.7 103.4 100.9 96.6 103.2 101.2 103. 5 105.0 88.2 101. 2 107.5 105. 7 101.0 127.7 110.4 88.9 103.2 101.2 96.6 103.2 101.9 104.0 105. 0 89.1 101 3 105. 8 105.7 101.0 118.2 108.1 88.9 102.9 101.3 96.6 103.0 101.9 104.0 105.0 92.7 101.4 105.2 104. 5 101.0 117.4 107.6 89.4 103.0 101. 5 96.6 103.0 102.2 103.8 105.0 94.1 101.4 104.4 102.3 101.1 117.4 108.0 89.4 102.8 101. 5 96.6 103.0 102.2 103.6 105.0 94.1 101. 5 104. 3 102.2 101.1 117.4 110.8 90.1 102.8 101.5 96.6 103.0 102. 2 103. 6 105.0 94.1 101.5 104.3 102.2 101.1 117.4 111.5 90.1 102.8 101.4 96.6 102. 7 102.5 103. 7 105.0 89.4 102. 2 104. 3 102.2 101.1 117.4 111.6 90.4 102.8 101.5 96.6 103.2 102. 5 103.5 105.0 89.4 102.4 104, 3 102.2 101.1 117.4 110.2 90.4 102.9 101.6 96.6 103.3 102.8 103. 4 105.0 89.4 102.4 104. 5 102.2 101.5 117. 4 109.8 90.7 102.9 101.6 96.6 103. 3 102.7 103.4 105.0 89.4 102.2 104. 5 102.2 101.5 117.4 108.7 91.1 103.1 101.8 97 0 103. 2 102. 6 103. 5 105.0 94.8 102. 2 104.1 102.1 101.0 116. 9 107. 3 95.3 102.5 101.8 96.8 102.8 102.5 103. 2 103.8 98.6 102.2 103.2 102.0 100.6 112.8 103.9 101.1 <101.4 118.1 119.0 99.1 99.1 101.2 117.7 98.7 101.0 116.3 98.7 100.7 112.1 98.7 100.7 111.2 98.7 100.7 111.9 98.7 100.5 117.1 98.7 101.1 118.2 98.7 101.3 118.3 98.7 101.3 115.7 98.7 101.2 114.9 98.7 101 2 112.8 98.7 100 8 no. 6 98. 7 100.9 104.6 98.9 103.5 <103.4 101.2 101.1 103.5 101.1 103.9 100.9 103.8 101.3 103.9 101.4 103.8 101.4 103.9 101.7 104.0 101.7 104.0 101.8 104.4 101.5 104.4 101. 7 104.4 101.6 104. 2 101.3 103.5 101.2 1 As of January 1961, new weights reflecting 1958 values were introduced into the index. See “ Weight Revisions in the Wholesale Price Index 18901960,” M onthly Labor Review , February 1962, pp. 175-182. 2 As of January 1962, the indexes were converted from the former base of 1947-49=100 to the new base of 1957-59=100. Technical details and earlier data on the 1957-59 base furnished upon request to the Bureau. 8 Preliminary. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis < Revised. * Formerly titled “ other processed foods.” 8 Formerly titled “other textile products.” 1 January 1958=100. * Discontinued. 8 Formerly titled “other rubber products.” 18 January 1961=100. MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, DECEMBER 1963 1502 T able D -4. Indexes of wholesale prices for special commodity groupings 1 [1957-59=100, unless otherwise specified]* 1963 Annual average 1962 Commodity group Oct.* Sept. Aug. July June May Apr. Mar. Feb. All foods........................ ................. ................................. All Osh ............................................................................. All commodities except farm products............. ............. Textile products, excluding hard fiber products........... Bituminou- coal—dome-tic sizes______ ____ _______ Refined petroleum products______________________ East Coast markets___ ________ . . . ___________ Midcontinent markets____ _____ ____________ Gulf Coast markets__________________________ Pacific Coast markets_______________________ Midwest markets *__________________________ Soaps Synthetic det.pnzents Pharmaceutical preparations................................ .......... Ethlcai preparatIons •________________________ Anti-Infective« *_________________________ Antl arthrit.lcs *_________________________ Sedatives and hypnotics 1......... ........................ Ataractics « ............................................. ........... Antt-spasmodics and anti cholinergics ....... Cardiovasculars and anti-hypertensives 5____ I) la bet tes *______________________________ Hormones *_____________________________ Diuretics *____ _________________________ Dermatological? 1____________________ ____ Horrnatinies *____ ______ _______ _______ Anti-obesity preparations !________________ Cough and cold preparations ...................... V Ramins 1_____ ___________ ______________ Proprietary preparations 1_______ ________ ____ Vitamins *_ . . _________________________ Cough and cold preparations 1_____________ Laxatives and elimination aids *___________ Internal analgesics 8______________________ Tuipcs ami alteratives s___________________ External analgesics *_______________ _____ Antiseptics i __________ _______ __________ Antaeids J...... ........................................ ............. Lumber and wood products (excluding millwork)....... Softwood lumber ....... ........ .................................. Pulp, paper, and allied products (excluding building paper and hoard) .................... ............................. ............. Special metals and metal products*_______ _________ __ Steel mill products_____________________________ Machinerv and equipment ______________ _____________ Agricultural machinery (including tractors)................. Metalworking machinery......................................... ...... All tractors____ _______________________ ___ ___ Industrial valves_______________________________ Industrial fittings................................................ .......... Antifriction bearings and components........................... A bmsive grinding wheels . Construction materials__________________________ > Pee footnote 1, table l>-3. * Pee footnote 2, table D-3. • Preliminary. «Revised. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 101.0 100.2 100 1 105 6 107. 1 105. 5 101 1 100.8 100 8 98.3 98. 1 98.0 100 4 99.0 97 2 95.6 95.9 96 l 93 4 93.4 96. 2 96 8 99.7 95.4 95.4 95.4 97 1 89.2 89. 7 87 2 92 1 90 9 92 1 105 4 105 4 105 4 99 6 99 6 99. 6 96.7 96. 7 96 8 95. 5 95. 5 <95. 1 88 2 88 3 88 3 100 6 100 6 100 6 113 2 113 2 113 2 100 0 100 0 100 0 100 2 100 0 mo o 97 6 97 6 101 3 103 8 103 8 103 8 100 6 *100 6 <100.6 100 0 100 0 100 0 104. 3 104 3 104 3 108 8 108 8 108 8 101.8 101.8 101 8 100 0 100 0 100. 0 968 97.0 100. 4 87.7 87.7 87 7 101 6 101 5 * 100. 7 100 3 100.3 100. 3 99.2 98 6 98. 6 103. 8 103.8 103. 8 101 9 101.9 101 9 100 0 100 0 100. (] 102. 3 102 3 102. 3 104.9 «104. 9 102 9 98. S 98. 9 98. 9 97.8 <98.9 102. 8 98. 1 <99. S 102. 6 99. 5 < 9 9 .2 101 0 100 5 1 0 3 .0 102 0 103. E 1 0 3 .2 1 13. 1 112. 1 110 1 < 1 0 9 .1 111. J 11 2 . f 1 0 7 .3 < 1 0 7 .2 1 0 0 .0 9 9 .2 90 8 90 8 96 ' 96 : 9 8 .8 < 99. G 9 9 .2 100 4 102 103 112. 109 0 f 1 9 101 3 no j 101 1 97 9 96 3 98 7 96.2 99 7 100 1 88. 2 94 6 103 5 99 6 96 9 95 8 88 3 100 6 113. 2 100. 0 100. 0 101 3 103 8 mo. o 100 0 104 3 ins s 101 8 100 0 too 4 87 7 101 5 100 3 100 1 103. 8 101 9 100. 0 102. 3 102 9 98 ft 101 7 101 9 99 100. 102 103 112 10ft 111.2 110 106, 7 9 6 .! 0 0 .8 9 6 .: 9 9 .7 1117. 95. 90 96 99. 1 4 1 0 f 5 1 5 < 8 ' 3 101.1 114 4 101 0 98.0 94 2 99 9 96. 2 105 1 99 7 89 7 95. 8 103 5 99 6 96 8 95. 7 88 3 100 6 113 2 100 0 100 0 101 3 103 8 100. 0 100 0 ion 8 108.8 101 8 100 0 100. 4 88 1 101 5 100 3 100 1 103 8 101 9 too c 102. 3 102 9 98 9 97 7 9 8 .5 99 5 100 2 102 1 103 1 1 1 2 .2 100.7 115.9 100 7 98 0 92. 9 99 1 96 2 102 6 99. 7 90.7 93 3 103 5 99 6 96.9 95 7 88 5 100 6 113 2 100 0 100. 0 101 3 103 8 100 0 100 0 100. 8 108 8 101 8 100 0 100 7 88 1 101 6 100 3 100 1 103 8 101 9 100 0 102. 3 102 9 100 1 96. 7 97. 5 99 100. 102. 103. 112 108 2 2 f 0 2 f 100 1 111 5 111 1 107 9! 90. 8 96 3 98. 3 107. 4 91 1 90 8 96 4 9 8 .1 98.7 113 6 100 2 98 2 95 5 98 2 98 9 99 7 97 7 90. 7 94 5 103 5 99 6 96 8 95 7 88 5 100. 6 112 5 100 0 100. 0 ion 7 ¡03 8 99 6 100 0 100 8 108 8 101.8 100 0 100 7 88. 1 101 6 100 3 100 1 103 8 101 9 100 0 102. 3 102 9 100 1 96 1 96. 5 9 9 .2 io n . r 101 2 1 02. 7 112 1 in s. f n o 7 107 4 90. 9 90 8 96. 9 7 .8 99.0 117 3 100 4 98 3 100 6 98 2 98 9 98 6 97 7 90 7 95 5 103 5 99 6 96 8 95 7 88 5 ion 6 112. 5 100 0 100 0 100. 7 103 8 99 6 100 0 100. 8 108 8 mi. s mo o 100 7 88 1 101 6 100 3 100 1 103 8 101 9 loo o 102 3 102 9 100 1 95. 4 95. 6 99. 100 101 10 2 . 112. 108. n o 2 1 1 6 C 4 e 107. 4 90. 90. 97 97. 9 8 7 7 100. 1 118 4 100.6 98 4 101 5 97 1 98 9 88 6 97 9 90 7 98 0 103 5 99 6 96 6 95. 7 88 5 10° 6 112 5 100 0 100 0 100. 7 10.3 8 99 6 100. 0 100 8 108. 8 101 8 mo o 100 7 88 1 ini n ion 3 100 1 101 7 101 3 ion. (i 102. 3 102 0 100 1 94. 9 9 5 .3 9 0 .3 io n 2 101 E 102. ¥ 111 9 10 8 . 5 100 5 107 4 94 f 9 0 .8 97 7 97. 6 Jan. Dec. Nov. Oct. 101 l 121 9 ICO 7 98. 4 101 5 98 2 98. 9 94 4 97 9 91 7 97 6 103 5 99 6 96 6 95 7 88 5 100 6 112 5 too 0 100.0 too 7 103 8 99 6 100 0 100. 8 1"8. 8 mi r 100. 0 100 7 88. 1 100 9 too 3 90. 5 101. 7 101 3 100. (1 102 3 101 7 too 1 94. 6 99 9 120 9 100 8 98 5 101 5 98 6 100 1 97 5 97 4 91 7 97 7 103 5 99 6 96 1 95 0 86 6 100 6 112. 5 mo 0 100 0 98 7 103 8 99 6 100 0 mo. 8 108 5 101 8 100. 0 ion 6 88 1 100. 7 100 3 100 1 101 6 101 3 100 f 101 3 100. 9 98.9 94. 6 101 3 118.3 100. 8 98 3 100 4 98 6 98 9 101 4 95 6 91 7 98 3 103 5 99 6 96 4 95. 1 87 6 100 6 112 5 mo n 100 0 101 6 103 8 99 6 100 0 100, 8 108 5 mi 8 100. 0 100 6 88. 1 100 7 100 3 inn l 101 6 101 3 ion c 101 3 100 9 98 9 95. 2 95. C 95. 6 95 C 99 in n . 101 103. 1 2 3 f 111 8 10 8 . C no. 4 107. 8 94. 6 9 0 .8 97 7 9 7 .7 09 100 10 1 . 103 111 10 8 . 110. 108. 94. 90. 97 97 1 ! E ( 4 7 2 0 f 8 99 2 100. 1 10 1 . S 102. 8 111 3 108 7 no. ( 1 0 8 .0 94. 6 9 0 .8 97. 7 9 7 .9 1962 » 101.2 119 0 100 8 98. 4 99 1 98 9 97 8 101 4 97 9 91 4 97 2 103 5 09 8 96 3 95 4 87 6 100 6 112 5 100. 0 100 0 mo 9 103 8 99 6 inn. o 106 8 108 5 mi « ion o 100 6 88 1 100 5 99. 6 ion 1 101 6 101 3 100 0 ion 8 ion l 98 9 95 6 9 6 .1 99. 100 101 103. n o 108 10 9 . 108. 4 1 4 f 7 8 5 0 94 6 9 0 .8 97. 7 9 8 .0 mo 6 119 2 100 9 98 8 98 3 98 2 99 4 98 2 98 6 90 9 94 2 102 6 99 7 97 3 96 9 93 1 100 6 112 5 100 0 100 0 100 5 104 0 99 8 inn o mo 7 108 5 101 8 100.0 100 0 88 1 100. 5 10'> 1 100 0 101 1 101 2 100. (1 100. 8 100 2 99 6 95. 6 1961 100.0 107.9 100.8 97.7 09.9 99.3 100.9 99.8 101 2 89 9 93.5 101 4 100 8 98 9 99 3 99 3 100.3 102.6 100.0 100.0 100 5 101.9 100.0 100.0 mo 2 106.1 100. 9 100.0 99 4 95 0 100 1 100 0 100 0 99 8 100 4 100 0 100.0 100 0 100. 0 94.7 9 5 .9 9 3 .5 in o l 100 5 101 4 102. 9 110 5 1 0 8 .8 io n 4 107 4 93 f 90. 8 98 5 9 8 .3 9 8 .7 101 0 10 1 7 1 0 2 .9 1 0 8 .3 10 6 . 6 108. 0 1 0 8 .7 88. 2 9 2 .5 96 2 9 8 .0 • New series. January 1961=100. « Metals and metal products, agricultural machinery and equipment, and motor vehicles. D.—CONSUMER AND WHOLESALE PRICES 1503 T able D -5. Indexes of wholesale prices,1 by stage of processing and durability of product; [1957-59=100]» 1962 1963 Commodity group Oct.s Sept. Aug. July June May Apr. Mar. Feb. All commodities____________ _______________ . . . 100.5 100.3 100.4 100.6 100.3 100.0 99.7 Jan. Annual average Dec. Nov. Oct. 99.9 100. 2 100 5 100.4 100. 7 100.6 1962 ¡> 1961 100.6 100.3 97.1 96. 8 97. 4 96.1 94.9 97.9 Stage of-processing Crude materials for further processing__ __________ Crude foodstuffs and feedstuffs________________ Crude nonfood materials except fuel____________ Crude nonfood materials, except fuel, for manufacturing________ ___________ ____ Crude nonfood materials, except fuel, for con struction................................. ............ ........... Crude fuel.............................. ................................... Crude fuel for manufacturing______________ Crude fuel for nonmanufaciuring___________ 94.8 <94.8 93.7 94.0 96.1 95.6 95.7 95.4 95.6 96.1 96.1 95.9 94.8 93. 7 96.4 94.2 95.0 92.8 93.9 96. 6 96.5 94.5 92.8 96.7 95.6 96.8 94. 7 97.1 96.4 95.8 96.8 97.1 95.8 97.6 98.2 95.9 97.4 97.9 96.0 94.9 94.9 95.3 95.8 96.0 95.9 96.2 95.8 95.2 95.1 95.3 95.3 96,9 97.4 103.0 103.0 103.1 4102. E 103.0 4102. 8 103.3 4103.1 103.0 102.0 102.0 102.2 103. 2 101 9 101.8 102.1 103. 2 101 0 101 0 101.2 103.0 100. 5 100. 5 100.7 103.0 102.3 102.3 102.5 103,1 105. 1 105. 3 105.8 103.0 105 6 105. 5 106.0 102,7 103.3 103.2 103.5 103.2 104.0 103.9 104.3 103.3 103.4 103. 4 103.7 103.3 10.3. 2 10.3. 2 103.5 103. 2 101. 8 101 8 102 0 102.8 102 3 102.2 102.4 99.9 100.0 100.1 100.2 100.1 100.1 100.1 100.2 100.3 99 2 100,5 99.8 102.6 95.5 Intermediate materials, supplies, and components Intermediate materials and components for manu facturing..... ........... .............. ........ ............. ........... Intermediate materials for food manufacturingIntermediate materials for nondurable manu facturing......................... ................ ................ Intermediate materials for durable manu facturing.......... ................................................ Components for m anufacturing_________ . Materials and components for construction Processed fuels and lubricants,-.____ __________ Processed fuels and lubricants for manufac turing ............ ............................................... . Processed fuels and lubricants for nonmanu facturing.................................. ................ ........ Containers, nonreturnable___________ ________ Supplies __________ ______ _________________ Supplies for manufacturing:............................... Supplies for non manufacturing___ ____ _____ Manufactured animal feeds_______ _____ Other supplies............................................. 100.9 100.5 100.5 100.6 100.6 100.5 97.0 4 97. 6 100. 6 4100. E 106.5 4106. 6 105.4 105.1 106.3 4106. 6 111.3 112.2 101.4 4101.3 97.6 101.0 106.2 105.0 106. 1 110.9 101.3 99 7 100. 8 105. 8 105. 0 105. 6 109. 7 101.2 100.3 101. 4 105. 0 105 1 104 3 105. 6 101. 6 99. 7 101. 2 104. 7 105. 2 104. 0 104.8 101.6 98. 6 100 9 105. 1 105. 9 104 2 105. 4 101.6 98 4 101 1 106 4 105 7 106 1 110. 5 101.5 97. 6 101. 4 106 7 105, 8 106 5 111 4 101.5 98. 4 101 6 106. 6 105. 7 106. 4 111. 5 101.3 99 4 101. 5 10.5 9 105.9 105 3 109. 1 101.1 100 0 101 6 105. 6 105 9 104.9 108.3 101.0 100.4 101. 4 105 0 106. 1 104. 0 106.2 100.9 Finished goods (goods to users, including raw foods and fuels)___ __________ _____ ______ __________ Consumer finished goods_____________________ Consumer foods________ ________________ Consumer crude foods____ ____________ Consumer processed foods_____________ Consumer other nondurable goods_____ ____ Consumer durable goods____ _____________ Producer finished goods......................... .............. __ Producer finished goods for manufacturing . . . Producer finished goods for nonmanufacturing- 101.6 101. 5 100.9 100.8 100.4 4100.3 95.3 97.1 101.2 4100. 8 101.9 101.9 99 6 99 4 103.2 103.0 105.3 105.1 101.2 4100.9 101.4 100.8 100.3 95 7 101 0 101.9 99. 3 103. 0 105. 1 101.0 101 8 101. 2 101 0 95 4 101 9 102. 3 99. 4 103 0 105 0 101. 1 101. 5 100 8 100 1 92 5 101 3 102.1 99. 3 103. 0 104. 9 101.2 101 1 100 4 99 4 93 2 100 3 101.8 99. 4 102. 9 104. 7 101.1 100 8 99 9 98. 2 94.2 98.9 101 6 99. 5 102 9 104. 7 101. 2 101 1 100. 3 99.0 99. 5 98 9 101. 8 99. 7 102 9 104. 5 101.4 101. 5 101. 8 100. 9 101 2 100. 4 101 4 98.9 103 4 100. 7 101 1 101. 7 101. 7 99. 8 99. 8 103.0 103.0 104.6 104 7 101.4 4101.3 101 6 101 0 100. 7 95.9 101 4 101.8 99.9 103.0 104.7 101.4 102.0 101 5 102 1 102. 8 101 9 101 7 100 . o 102.9 104. 6 101.3 101.4 99.8 100. 9 101 7 100.2 98.3 90.7 98.8 101.2 99.6 100.8 101.5 100.0 98.2 90.0 98.7 101.1 100 1 101. 0 101. 5 100. 4 98 9 89.3 99.5 100.9 99.8 100. 8 101. 2 100. 2 98.2 89.3 98. 7 100 8 99. 4 100.4 101 1 99. 5 98. 4 89 9 98.9 100.6 99 0 100.0 100. 9 99 0 98. 4 89. 4 98.9 100.6 99 2 100. 2 100.9 99 3 98.3 88.7 98.9 100.7 99. 7 100. 4 101.0 99. 7 99 1 88.6 99. 7 100,7 100. 0 100. 6 101 1 100. 0 99.4 86. 4 100.1 100.7 100. 5 100 7 101 1 100 2 100 5 85 4 101. 4 100.1 99.1 99.1 99.4 99.7 99. 7 98.8 98 6 98. 7 98.8 108.8 4103. 7 102.9 106.4 109.8 110. 2 103.5 101.2 101.2 101.0 97.2 98.6 96.6 96.8 97.0 97.1 101.3 99.2 99. E 99.4 100.8 4 99. C 4 99. 8 99. E 101.0 98. 7 100.4 99.8 100.8 98 6 100 1 101. 4 100.4 98. 7 99 4 101.8 100 1 98. 6 99. 2 101.4 97.6 98 0 98.6 99. 6 99.7 99.8 100 0 99.9 100.1 100.1 98.2 98.2 98. 5 98 6 98.8 98. 6 98.6 99.0 98.9 98.9 98.8 98.9 99 0 99. 1 100.8 100.8 100.3 100. 6 101.4 101. 7 102.0 100 4 98.8 99.3 101.2 100.5 99.6 99.7 101.6 100.8 4101. 2 101.1 102.3 102.6 102.4 102.0 102.2 101.9 101.9 102.6 102. 7 102.9 102 3 102.5 99 4 102.2 104 5 105 7 103 5 104 1 101.3 100.1 100 9 102. 3 105. 2 100.6 97 5 100.5 101 9 101 5 101.9 100. 9 102 0 101.8 99 9 102. 8 104. 5 101.3 101 7 101 2 101 3 98 6 101 7 101.6 100.0 102 9 104. 4 101.4 101.4 100 9 100 4 97.6 100.8 101 5 100 5 102.5 103. 8 101.2 100.7 100 4 100. 7 101 1 100. 2 100. 2 86. 3 101.0 101 0 100. 1 100 8 101 3 100 1 99.5 89 2 100.1 101.3 99 6 100.7 101. 4 100 0 98.3 95.2 98.5 97.1 97.1 97.2 97.3 98.7 98.8 98.9 99.9 100.2 100.8 97.3 97.4 Durability of product Total durable goods....................... ........ ........................ Total nondurable goods_________________________ Total manufactures________ _____ ________________ Durable manufactures__ ________ ____________ Nondurable manufactures________ ___________ Total raw or slightly processed goods............................ Durable raw or slightly processed goods_____ Nondurable raw or slightly processed goods__ • See footnote 1, table D-3. » See footnote 2, table D-3. • Preliminary. • Revised. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 101.1 99.5 100. 7 101.4 99.9 98.0 90.5 98.5 100 7 100. 2 100. 6 101 1 100 0 100 2 87.9 100.9 N ote : For description of the series by stare of processing, see “ New BLS Economie Sector Indexes of Wholesale Prices,” Monthly Labor Review, December 1955, pp. 1448-1453; and by durability of product arid data beginning with 1947, see Wholesale Prices and Price Indexes, 1957, BLS Bul letin 1235 (1958). MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, DECEMBER 1963 1504 E.—Work Stoppages T able E - l. Work stoppages resulting from labor-management disputes 1 Workers involved in stoppages Number of stoppages Month and year Beginning in month or year In effect dur ing month Beginning in month or year In effect during month Man-days idle during month or year Number 16.900.000 39, 700,000 38.000. 000 116,000, 000 34, 600,000 34.100.000 50, 500, 000 38, 800, U00 22.900.000 59.100.000 28,300, 000 22, 600. 000 28, 200,000 33.100.000 16, 500, 000 23.900.000 69.000, 000 19.100.000 16.300.000 18.600.000 1.130.000 2,380, 000 3.470.000 4.600.000 2,170, 000 1.960.000 3.030. 000 2.410.000 Percent of estimated working time 0.27 .46 .47 1.43 .41 .37 .59 .44 .23 .57 .26 .21 .26 .29 .14 .22 .61 .17 .14 .16 1960 ........... . 1961 1962 ........ ....... . 2,862 3. 573 4, 750 4,985 3,693 3, 419 3.606 4,843 4, 737 5,117 5,091 3,468 4,320 3,825 3,673 3. 694 3, 708 3, 333 3,367 3,614 O ctober... November. December 261 230 133 506 442 331 98,800 81,000 45, 200 155.000 171.000 146.000 1,350,000 981,000 1,330, 000 .13 .10 .14 230 360 320 350 475 600 675 660 575 550 500 75.000 60.000 45.000 100, 000 125.000 135.000 115.000 75, 000 100, 000 95.000 185.000 2.340.000 120.000 1, 100, 000 1. 110.000 .23 .12 .12 .10 . 17 .18 .20 .15 .11 .13 1935-39 (average). 1947-49 (average). 1945 ....... . 1946 ....... . 1947 ........... . 1948 ....... . 1949.................... . 1950 ........ 1951 ........ 1952 ........ 1953 ....... . 1954 ....... . 1955 ........ 1956 ........ 1957 ........ 1958 ........ 1959 ........ 1962: 1963: January 2. . . February 2. . March 2___ A p ril2____ May 2 ____ June 2_____ July 2_........ A ugust2---September2. October 2__ 200 225 350 425 450 400 325 300 290 1 The data Include all known strikes or lockouts involving 6 workers or more and lasting a full day or shift or longer. Figures on workers involved and man-days idle cover all workers made idle for as long as 1 shift in estab lishments directly involved in a stoppage. They do not measure the indirect https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 2 . 220.000 3, 540,000 2, 400,000 1, 530,000 2.650.000 1.900.000 1.390.000 2 , 000,000 1,880, 000 1.320.000 1, 450. 000 1.230.000 90,000 130.000 165.000 190.000 220.000 185.000 155, 000 160.000 1,050 000 1.750.000 1, 740, 000 2.060.000 1,620,000 1, 100, 000 1,500,000 or secondary effect on other establishments or industries whose employees are made idle as a result of material or service shortage. 2 Preliminary. Index to Volume 86 January io December 1963 [Issues and page numbers in italics] ARTICLES AND TECHNICAL NOTES Industrial Relations Automation and Technological Change Impact of Office Automation in the Internal Revenue Service. Apr. 388-893. Collective Bargaining Agreements Employee benefits. Long Range Sharing Plan for Kaiser Steel Corp. Employees. Feb. 154-160. Major Agreement Expirations and Reopenings in 1964. Dec. 1888-1393. The use of Price Indexes in Escalator Contracts. 9^8-952. Aug. Foreign Labor Africa. Current Structure of African Trade Unionism. Feb. 172-178. Approaches to Union Security in Switzerland, Canada, and Colombia. Feb. 186-138. Asian Productivity Development. Mar. 802-804. British Guiana Strike Settlement. Sept. 1069-1070. British National Incomes Commission, A Note on. Sept. 1015-1019. Coal and Steel Communitv Policies for Averting Unem ployment. Oct. 1189-1144. Freedom of Association in Eight European Countries. Sept. 1020-1025. India. Collective Bargaining Contracts in India. 800-301. Mar. Israel. Vocational Training in Israel. Sept. 1067-1069. Sweden. Recommendation on Swedish Wage Policy. Feb. 171-172. Unit Labor Cost Comparisons: International Comparisons of Unit Labor Cost: Concepts and Methods. May 588-547. The Role of Labor Cost in Foreign Trade. May 485-490. U.S.S.R.: The Consumer in the Soviet Union and the United States. Jan. 11-13. Trends in Soviet Personal Income Components. Apr. 885-387. Western Europe: Cultural Activities of West European Organized Labor. Apr. 370-877. White-Collar Unionism in Western Europe. July 765-771 ; Aug. 889-896. General Economic Policy Sixth Annual Economic Conference of the NICB. 810-818. July Presidential Committee Report on Fiscal and Monetary Policy. Jan. 51. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Annual review: American Labor in 1962; A Retrospect. Jan.. 14-23. Labor in 1963. Dec. 1398-1404Automobiles. Interplant Transfers in the Automobile Industry. Mar. 276-278. Collective bargaining and technological change. The Union Agenda for Security. June 686-644Exportability of the American System of Industrial Relations. Mar. 268-270. Influences of Employer Bargaining Associations in Manu facturing. Mar. 272-278. Labor-management policies: Labor Monopoly Policy Reconsidered. Feb. 139. Management’s Adjustment to Change. June 680635. National Labor Relations Board, 1961-62 Operations of the. Sept. 1040-1044. New Problems for Collective Bargaining. Mar. 271. The Response to Change. June 620-621. Wage-price policy: Choosing the Objectives of National Wage-Price Policy. Mar. 274~275. Wage-Price Policy Approaches. Feb. 140. The Workers’ Search for Security. June 614-617. Labor Relations Aspects of Plant Relocation—The Legal Dilemma; Personnel Considerations. Apr. 415-418. The Strike and Discontent. June 645-651. The Union Agenda for Security. June 636-644Work stoppages: A Review of Work Stoppages During 1962. July 796801. Strikes of Government Employees, 1942-61. Jan. 52-54International Developments The ILO Director-General’s Speech on the South African Question. Aug. 920-924The International Labor Conference of 1963. Aug. 914919. Labor Ministers’ Conference on the Alliance for Progress. July 789-793. Labor Force Characteristics. Marital and Family Characteristics of Workers, March 1962. Jan. 24~36. Educational Attainment of Workers, March 1962. May 504-515. Employment: Geographic Changes in U.S. Employment From 1960 to 1960. Jan. 1-10. High School Graduates and Dropouts in 1962, Em ployment of. July 772-779. Labor Force and Employment, 1960-62. May 497508. 1505 1506 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, DECEMBER 1963 Employment—Continued Measurement. Revision of Establishment Employ ment Statistics, 1963. Oct. 1194-1195. School-age youth. Employment of School-Age Youth, October 1962. Aug. 907-913. Self-Employment in the United States, 1948-62. Jan. 37-43. Job Tenure of American Workers, January 1963. 1145-1152. Oct. Labor force and economic development: High-Level Manpower Development. Mar. 265-267. Population and Labor Force. Mar. 262-264. Manpower Resources and Use. Mar. 237-239. Mobility: Effects of Private Pension Plans on Labor Mobility. Mar. 285-288. Job Mobility in 1961. Aug. 897-906. Multiple Jobholders in May 1962. May 516-523. Nonwhite workers. Economic Status of Nonwhite Work ers, 1955-62. July 780-788. Older workers: Labor Market Experience of Unemployed Older Workers. Mar. 282-284. Older Workers’ Performance in Industrial Retraining Programs. Aug. 935-939. Projections: Aviation. Outlook and Trends in Civil Aviation Em ployment. Nov. 1290-1296. BLS Occupational Trend Projections: An Appraisal. Oct. 1135-1138. Electronics. Employment and Occupational Outlook in Electronics. Sept. 1026-1032. Employment Projections to 1975. Mar. 240-248. Scientists and Engineers, 1960-70: Supply and De mand. Nov. 1275-1282. Training: Digest of 1961 State Reports on Vocational Educa tion. Oct. 1162-1165. An Indiana Program of Job Training and Work Ex perience for Students. Feb. 161-163. Retraining. Older Workers’ Performance in Industrial Retraining Programs. Aug. 935-939. Unemployment: Recent Trends and Impact of Unemployment. Mar. 249-254. The Relationship of Unemployment to Mortgage Foreclosures. Dec. 1421-1425. Unemployment and Labor Market Policy. July 808- Labor Movement and Organizations The Dynamic Nature of Workers’ Goals. June 618-619. Internal affairs: Discrimination. Union Program for Eliminating Discrimination. Jan. 58-59. Union Disciplinary Powers and Procedures: I, Grounds for Trial of Members and Local Officers. Feb. 125-132; II, Trial Powers and Procedures at the Local Union Level. Mar. 255-261; III, Selected Due Process Safeguards and Appeals. Apr. 378-384; IV, Influence of the LMRDA on Constitutional Discipline Provisions. May 491496. Labor movement: American Labor in 1962; A Retrospect. Jan. 14-23. Labor in 1963. Dec. 1398-1404. The Security of Worker Institutions. June 652658. Membership: The Leadership Factor in Union Growth. 133-136. Unionism as a Social Choice: The Engineers’ Case. Apr. 365-369. Prices and Consumption Economics Appliances. Price Trends and the Postwar Market for Appliances. Nov. 1259-1265. The Consumer in the Soviet Union and the United States. Jan. 11-13. Consumer Price Index. Announcement of the 1964 Revision of the CPI. July 794-795. Food budget. Intercity Differences in Family Food Budget Costs. Oct. 1189-1194Livings standards. Workers’ Wealth and Family Living Standards. June 676-686. Price Indexes in Escalator Contracts, The Use of. Aug. 948-952. Social welfare. The Economic Base and Limits of Social Welfare. June 695-700. Production and Productivity Labor and Material Requirements: Highway Construc tion, 1958 and 1961. Apr. 394-398. Social Security 810. Work History, Attitudes, and Income of the Unem ployed. Dec. 1405-1413. Women: Marital and Family Characteristics of Workers, March 1962. Jan. 24-36. Progress of the Commission on the Status of Women. Feb. 141-144. Report of President’s Commission on the Status of Women. Oct. 1166-1169. Working Life for Men, 1960, Table of. July 820-823. Labor Law American Labor in 1962; A Retrospect. Jan. 14-33. Equal Pay Act of 1963. Aug. 947. The Individual and the Union. June 659-665. The Individual’s Legal Rights as an Employee. June 666-673. Labor in 1963. Dec. 1398-1404. Railroad Arbitration Act, 1963. Oct. 1187-1188. State Labor Legislation Enacted in 1963. Nov. 1297-1301. Workmen's Compensation Enactments in 1963. Dec. 1432-1435. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Feb. Canada. An Inquiry Into Canada’s Unemployment Insurance System. May 524-529. Measures of Workers’ Wealth and Welfare. June 674-675. Public Systems for Distributing Risks to Security. June 622-629. Social Expenditures and Worker Welfare. June 687-694. Wages and Working Conditions General: Deferred Increases Due in 1964 and Wage Escala tion. Dec. Health and Insurance Benefits for Salaried Employees. Nov. 1266-1274. Hours of Work in the United States and Abroad. Aug. 925-934. Metropolitan areas: Earnings in Selected Metropolitan Areas of the South, June 1961. Jan. 55-57; June 1962. Aug. 940—943. Job Pay Levels and Trends in Metropolitan Areas, 1962. Feb. 145-151. INDEX TO VOLUME 86 1507 General—Continued Metropolitan areas—Continued Occupational Wage Relationships in Metro politan Areas, 1961-62. Dec. 1426-1431. Supplementary Wage Benefits in Metropolitan Areas, 1961-62. Mar. 293-299. Nonmetropolitan Areas, Southern and North Central Regions, Wages in. Sept. 1033-1039. Pension funds. Unfunded Private Pension Plans. Worker Security (Articles in Anniversary Issue) The Dynamic Nature of Workers’ Goals. June 618-619. The Economic Base and Limits of Social Welfare. June 695- 700. The Individual and the Union. June 659-665. The Individual’s Legal Rights as an Employee. June 666-673. Dec. 1414-1420. Retail trade. Changes in Employee Earnings in Retail Trade, June 1961-June 1962. July 802- Management’s Adjustment to Change. June 630-635. Measures of Workers’ Wealth and Welfare. June 674~ Teachers. City Public School Teachers’ Salaries, 1959-61. Apr. 411-415. White-Collar Salaries, 1963 Survey of. Nov. 1283- 807. Public Systems for Distributing Risks to Security. June 1289. Working conditions. Retirement. Flexible Versus Compulsory Retirement Policies. Mar. 279-281. Chronologies: American Viscose Division, FMC Corp.—Supple ment No. 2-1959-63. Nov. 1302-1306. Armour and Co.—Supplement No. 7—1961-63. Apr. 399-408. Carolina Coach Co—Supplement No. 1—1954-63. 675. 622-629. The Response to Change. June 620-621. The Security of Worker Institutions. June 652-658. Social Expenditures and Worker Welfare. June 687-694. The Strike and Discontent. June 645-651. The Union Agenda for Security. June 636-644The Workers’ Search for Security. June 614-617. Workers’ Wealth and Family Living Standards. June 676-686. COURT DECISIONS Sept. 1058-1066. Commonwealth Edison Co. of Chicago—Supplement No. 2-1962-63. Oct. 1184-1186. General Motors Corp.—Supplement No. 5—1961-63. Oct. 1170-1183. International Shoe Co.—Supplement No. 4—1962-64. May 536-537. Railroads—Nonoperating Employees—Supplement No. 1-1961-62. Apr. 409-410. Sinclair Oil Companies—Supplement No. 3—1963. Dec. 1442-1443. Swift & Co.—Supplement No. 7—1961-63. Sept. 1048-1057. Western Union Telegraph Co.—Supplement No. y 3-1954-63. Nov. 1307-1322. Industry and occupation surveys: Bituminous Coal Mines, November 1962. Oct. 1153-1156. Communications Workers, 1962. Oct. 1157-1161. Dress Manufacturing Industry, March-April 1963. Dec. 1436-1438. Electric and Gas Utility Systems, July 1962. May 530-538. Fertilizer Plants, April 1962. Feb. 164-167. Footwear Manufacturing, April 1962. Feb. 168-170. Iron and Steel Foundries, November 1962. Sept. 1045-1047. Labor Management Relations Act Arbitration clauses: Arbitrability under expired agreement. Procter & Gamble Independent Union v. Procter & Gamble Manufacturing Co. (U.S. Ct. of App.). Feb 175. Procedural requirements. Livingston v. John Wiley & Sons (U.S. Ct. of App.). Mar. 306. Bargaining obligations: Marine and Shipbuilding Workers v. NLRB; Bethle hem Steel Co. v. Same (U.S. Ct. of App.). Oct. 1196. Plant closure. NLRB v. New England Web, Inc. (U.S. Ct. of App.). Jan. 62. Subcontracting: Fibreboard Paper Products Corp. v. NLRB (U.S. Ct. of App.). Sept. 1073. Hawaii Meat Co. v. NLRB (U.S. Ct. of App.). Oct. 1196-1197. Hot-cargo clause. Construction, Production & Maintenance Laborers Union, Local 383 v. NLRB (U.S. Ct. of App.). Dec. 1444Enforcement of agreements: Belk v. Allied Aviation Service Co. (U.S. Ct. of App.). June 703-704. Iron and Steel Industry, March 1962. Mar. 289- Smith v. Evening News Association (U.S. Sup. Ct.). Leather Tanning and Finishing, March 1963. Aug. Jurisdiction, Federal-State: Construction and General Laborers’ Union, Local 438 v. Curry (U.S. Sup. Ct.), Mar. 306-307. Iron Workers, Local 207 v. Perko (U.S. Sup. Ct.). 292. 944-946. Machinery Industries, March-MayT963. Dec. 1439- 1441. Retail Trade, June 1961. Jan. 44-31. Southern Sawmills and Planing Mills, June 1962. Feb. 151-153. Women’s and Misses’ Coat and Suit Industry, August 1962. July 817-819. Wood Household Furniture, July 1962. July 814816. Wool Yarn and Broadwoven Fabric Mills, June 1962. May 533-535. Work Injuries Preliminary Estimates of Work Injuries in 1962. 418-420. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Apr. Feb. 174-175. Aug. 954-956. Missouri v. Division 1287, Street, Electric Railway Employes (Mo. Sup. Ct.). Jan. 60-61; Street, Electric Railway Employes v. State of Missouri (U.S. Sup. Ct.). Sept. 1071. NLRB v. Reliance Fuel Oil Corp. (U.S. Sup. Ct.). Mar. 307. NLRB authority: Foreign registry. NLRB v. Sociedad Nacional de Marineros; NLRB v. Empresa Hondurena de Vapores S.A.; National Maritime Union v. Same (U.S. Sup. Ct.). Apr. 431-432. Plumbers and Pipefitters, Local 100 v. Borden (U.S. Sup. Ct.). Aug. 954-956. 1508 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, DECEMBER 1963 Secondary boycott: Madden v. Steel, Metals, Alloys and Hardware Fabricators and Warehousemen, Local 810, Team sters (111. Dist. Ct.). Dec. 1445. Superseniority for replacements. NLRB v. Erie Resistor Corp. (U.S. Sup. Ct.). July 824-825. Union security: Agency shop: NLRB v. General Motors Corp. (U.S. Sup. Ct.). Aug. 953-954. Retail Clerks, Local 1625 v. Schermerhorn (U.S. Sup. Ct.). Aug. 953-954. Labor-Management Reporting and Disclosure Act Immunity from prosecution. Certain Grand Jury Wit nesses, In re (Mich. Dist. Ct.). Feb. 176. Intraunion complaints. McGraw v. United Association (Tenn. Dist. Ct.). May 550-551. Railway Labor Act Enforcement of contract: Machinists v. Central Airlines (U.S. Sup. Ct.). June 704. Locomotive Engineers v. Louisville and Nashville R.R. Co. (U.S. Sup. Ct.). July 825-826. Management right to eliminate jobs. Locomotive Engineers v. Baltimore & Ohio R.R. Co. (U.S. Ct. of App.). Jan. 62- 63; (U.S. Sup. Ct.). May 549-550. Use of dues for political purposes. Railway Clerks v. Allen (U.S. Sup. Ct.). July 825. Unemployment Insurance Availability for work. Globe Democrat Publishing Co. v. Industrial Commission (Mo. Ct. of App.). Jan. 63- 64. Eligibility during trade dispute. Ruberoid Co. v. Cali fornia Unemployment Insurance Appeals Board. (Calif. Sup. Ct.). May 551-552. Miscellaneous Anti-trust laws. Los Angeles Meat and Provision Drivers Union, Local 626 v. United States (U.S. Sup. Ct.). Jan. 61-62. Fair employment practice act. Colorado Anti-Discrimina tion Commission v. Continental Air Lines; Green v. Same (U.S. Sup. Ct.). July 826-827. NATIONAL LABOR RELATIONS BOARD CASES Bargaining obligations: Blades Manufacturing Corp. and Machinists. (144 NLRB No. 54). Dec. 1445-1446. Hiring hall. Associated General Contractors of America, Inc., Houston Chapter and Construction and General Laborers Union, Local 18 (143 NLRB No. 43). Sept. 1072-1073. Discrimination. Pioneer Bus Co. and Transport Workers (140 NLRB No. 18). Feb. 175. Duty of fair representation: Miranda Fuel Co. and Lopuch (140 NLRB No. 7). Mar. 305-306. Pioneer Bus Co. and Transport Workers (140 NLRB No. 18). Feb. 175. Election propaganda: Steel Equipment Co. and United Automobile Workers (140 NLRB No. 122). Apr. 423. Plochman and Harrison-Cherry Lane Foods, Inc., and Local 738, Teamsters (140 NLRB No. 11). Feb. 176. Walgreen Co. and Local 717, Ice Cream and Frozen Custard Industry Employees (140 NLRB No. 121). Apr. 433. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Job assignment. _ Philadelphia Typographical Union, Local 2 and Philadelphia Inquirer (142 NLRB No. 1). June 703. Recognitional picketing: Operating Engineers, Local 542 and R. S. Noonan, Inc. (142 NLRB No. 131). Sept. 1071-1072. Electrical Workers, IBEW, Local 3 and Picoult (144 NLRB No. 9). Oct. 1198. Secondary boycott: Consumer picketing. Teamsters, Local 445 and Colony Liquor Distributors, Inc. (140 NLRB No. 105). Apr. 422-423. Electrical Workers, IBEW, Local 3 and New Power Wire and Electric Corp. (144 NLRB No. 100). Dec. 1444-1445. Hot cargo: Teamsters, Local 413 and Patton Warehouse, Inc. (140 NLRB No. 136). May 548-549. Teamsters, Local 728 and Brown Transport Corp. (140 NLRB No. 137). May 548. Hot cargo clauses. Teamsters Union, Local 710 and Wilson & Co., Inc.; Same and Frozen Food Ex press (143 NLRB No. 117). Oct. 1197-1198. DEPARTMENTS (regular features) Book Reviews and Notes. Each issue. See list of Book Reviews, pp. 1508-1510 of this index. Chronology of Recent Labor Events. Each issue. Decisions in Labor Cases, Significant. See list of case citations under Court Decisions and National Labor Relations Board Cases, pp. 1507-1508 of this index. Industrial Relations, Developments in. Ffach issue. Labor Month in Review. Each issue. Statistical Supplement, 1962, to Review. Issued as a separate report. Statistics, Current Labor. See Statistical Series, p. 1510 of this index. BOOK REVIEWS (listed by author of book) Adelman, Irma. Theories of Economic Growth and Development. Mar. 319-320. American Economic Association. The Journal of Eco nomic Abstracts. May 564. Argyris, Chris. Interpersonal Competence and Organi zational Effectiveness. Jan. 78-79. Asher, Robert E. and others. Development of the Emerg ing Countries: An Agenda for Research. Apr. 436-439. Avnet, Helen Hershfield. Psychiatric Insurance: Fi nancing Short-Term Ambulatory Treatment. Mar. 318. Ayusawa, Iwao. Organized Labor in Japan: Part I, Postwar Developments in Organized Labor, 1945-1952; Part II, Organized Labor in Present-Day Japan, 1953-1961.> Oct. 1210-1211. Barber, William J. The Economy of British Central Africa: A Case Study of Economic Development in a Dualistic^Society. May 567-568. Barbour, K. M. and R. M. Prothero, eds. Essays on African Population. Mar. 320-321. Bazelon, David T. The Paper Economy. Sept. 10861087. Beirne, Joseph A. New Horizons for American Labor. June 718. Belcher, David W. Mar. 321-322. Wage and Salary Administration. Benveniste, Guy and William E. Moran, Jr. Handbook of African Economic Development. Mar. 320-321. Bergson, Abram and Simon Kuznets, eds. Economic Trends in the Soviet Union. Dec. 1461-1462. Bornstein, Morris and Daniel R. Fusfeld, eds. The Soviet Economy—A Book of Readings. July 844-845. [British] Medical Services Review Committee. A Review of the Medical Services in Great Britain. June 722-723. Bunting, Robert L. Employer Concentration in Local Labor Markets. May 566-567. INDEX TO VOLUME 86 1509 Carlson, Valdemar. Economie Security in the United States. Apr. 439-440. Carter, M. P. Home, School and Work: A Study of the Education and Employment of Young People in Britain. Humphrey, Don D. The United States and the Common Market: A Background Study. Mar. 318-319. Hutchinson, John G. Managing A Fair Day’s Work: An Analysis of Work Standards in Operation. Nov. Catlin, Warren B. The Progress of Economics: A History of Economic Theory. Oct. 1213. Chang, Chung-li. The Income of the Chinese Gentry. Johnston, T. L. Collective Bargaining in Sweden: A Study of the Labor Market and Its Institutions. Oct. Aug. 968. May 668-569. Cheit, Earl F. and Margaret S. Gordon, eds. Occupa tional Disability and Public Policy. June 719-720. Clarkson, Geoffrey P. E. The Theory of Consumer Demand: A Critical Appraisal. Sept. 1088-1089. Cline, Howard F. Mexico—Revolution to Evolution, 1940-1960. Feb. 189-190. Cole, David L. The Quest for Industrial Peace. Sept. 1087-1088. Columbia University, School of Public Health and Ad ministrative Medicine. Family Medical Care Under Three Types of Health Insurance. June 721-722. de Grazia, Sebastian. Of Time, Work, and Leisure. Jan. 79-80. Donahue, Wilma and Clark Tibbitts, eds. Politics of Age: Proceedings of the University of Michigan 14th Annual Conference on Aging, Ann Arbor, Mich., June 19-20, 1961. Feb. 191-192. Dorfman, Joseph and others. Institutional Economics: Veblen, Commons, and Mitchell Reconsidered. Aug. 970. Dunlop, John T., ed. Automation and Technological Change. Jan. 77-78. Epstein, T. Scarlett. Economic Development and Social Change in South India. Feb. 190-191. Evans, Luther H., and George E. Arnstein, eds. Automa tion and the Challenge to Education. Feb. 187-188. Fanon, Frantz. Les Damnés de la Terre [The Wretched of the Earth]. Feb. 192-193. Foster, George M. Traditional Cultures and the Impact of Technological Change. Oct. 1211-1212. Galbraith, John Kenneth. Economic Development in Perspective. Apr. 436-439. Galenson, Walter, ed. Labor in Developing Economies. July 840-841. Gamba, Charles. The Origins of Trade Unionism in Ma laya: A Study in Colonial Labor Unrest. Feb. 193. Gaudet, Frederick J. Solving the Problems of Employee Absence. Sept. 1092-1093. Gerschenkron, Alexander. Economic Backwardness in Historical Perspective: A Book of Essays. July 842-843. Ginzberg, Eli and Hyman Berman. The American Worker in the Twentieth Century: A History Through Auto biographies. Dec. 1457-1458. Gitlow, Abraham L. Economics. Feb. 193-194. Goldsmith, Raymond W. The National Wealth in the United States in the Post-War Period. Jan. 74~75. Goslin, David A. The Search for Ability—Standardized Testing in Social Perspective. Nov. 1336. Gubbels, Robert. La grève, phénomène de civilisation. June 718-719. Hagen, Everett E. On the Theory of Social Change: How Economic Growth Begins. Apr. 436-439. Haire, Mason, ed. Organization Theory in Industrial Practice: A Symposium of the Foundation for Research on Human Behavior. Feb. 188-189. Harrington, Michael. The Retail Clerks. Apr. 4SI. Harter, Lafayette G., Jr. John R. Commons: His Assault on Laissez-Faire. Dec. 1459. Heilbroner, Robert L. The Great Ascent: The Struggle for Economic Development in Our Times. July 839840. Horowitz, Daniel L. The Italian Labor Movement. Dec 1460 . Horowitz, Morris A. The Structure and Government of the Carpenters’ Union. Apr. 431-432. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1335-1336. 1210 . Kahn, Hilda R. Salaries in the Public Services in England and Wales. Sept. 1091-1092. Kassalow, Everett M., ed. National Labor Movements in the Postwar World. Dec. 1453. Kauper, Paul G. Civil Liberties and the Constitution. Jan. 80-81. Kennedy, Thomas. Automation Funds and Displaced Workers. Feb. 186-187. Kindleberger, Charles P. Foreign Trade and the National Economy. July 843-844Kramer, Leo. Labor’s Paradox—The American Federa tion of State, County and Municipal Employees, AFLCIO. Apr. 432. Lampman, Robert J., ed. Social Security Perspectives— Essays bv Edwin É. Witte. June 716. Lanham, Elizabeth. Administration of Wages and Salaries. Nov. 1339-1340. Levenstein, Aaron. Why People Work: Changing In centives in a Troubled World. Dec. 1458-1459. Levinson, Harry and others. Men, Management, and Mental Health. June 720-721. Lewis, John P. Quiet Crisis in India: Economic Develop ment and American Policy. Apr. 436-439. Lewis, Wilfred, Jr. Federal Fiscal Policy in the Postwar Recession. May 567. Lipsey, Robert E. Price and Quantity Trends in the Foreign Trade of the United States. Nov. 1340-1341. London School of Economics and Political Science. British Journal of Industrial Relations. Mar. 316-317. Lundy, Robert F. The Economics of Loyalty-Incentive Rates in the Railroad Industry of the United States. Aug. 970-971. Lupton, T. On the Shop Floor: Two Studies of Workshop Organization and Output. Nov. 1337. MacIntyre, Duncan M. Voluntary Health Insurance and Rate Making. Mar. 317. Maynard, Geoffrey. Economic Development and the Price Level. July 841-842. Miernyk, William H. Trade Unions in the Age of Afflu ence. Apr. 440. Mill, John Stuart; edited by Gertrude Himmelfarb. Essays on Politics and Culture. Mar. 322. Morgan, James N., Martin II. David, Wilbur J. Cohen, Harvey E. Brazer. Income and Welfare in the United States. June 717-718. Municipal Manpower Commission. Governmental Man power for Tomorrow’s Cities. May 565. Munson, Fred C. Labor Relations in the Lithographic Industry. Nov. 1337-1338. Murad, Anatol. What Keynes Means: A Critical Clarifi cation of the Economic Theories of John Maynard Keynes. Oct. 1212-1213. National Safety Council. Safety Guide for Unions. July 845. Northrup, Herbert R. and Gordon F. Bloom. Govern ment and Labor: The Role of Government in UnionManagement Relations. Dec. 1462-1463. O’Connor, Harvey. World Crisis in Oil. Jan. 75-76. Odiorne, George S. Personnel Policy: Issues ar.d Prac tices. Sept. 1092. Ottieri, Ottiero. The Men at the Gate. Apr. 440-441Palmer, Gladys L. and others. The Reluctant Job Changer: Studies in Work Attachments and Aspira tions. Dec. 1457. Perlman, Mark. Democracy in the International Associa tion of Machinists. Apr. 433. MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, DECEMBER 1963 1510 Peterson, Florence. American Labor Unions—What They Are and How They Work. Aug. 967. Peterson, Wallace C. Income, Employment, and Eco nomic Growth. Feb. 193-194. Phelps Brown, E. H. The Economics of Labor. Oct. 1209. Philipson, Morris, ed. Automation—Implications for the Future. Feb. 185-186. RafTaele, Joseph A. Labor Leadership in Italy and Den mark. Sept. 1089-1090. Rideout, R. W. The Right to Membership of a Trade Union. Aug. 968-969. Römer, Ram. The International Brotherhood of Team sters: Its Government and Structure. Apr. 483-434Röpke, Wilhelm; translated by Patrick M. Boarman. Economics of a Free Society. Aug. 971-972. Rothbaum, Melvin. The Government of the Oil, Chemi cal and Atomic Workers Union. Apr. 434. Sayigh, Yusif A. Entrepreneurs of Lebanon: The Role of the Business Leader in a Developing Economy. Sept. 1090-1091. Schmidt, Folke. The Law of Labor Relations in Sweden. Mag 565-566. Seidman. Joel. The Brotherhood of Railroad Trainmen; The Internal Political Life of a National Union. Apr. 434- 435. Shils, Edward B. Automation and Industrial Relations. Oct. 1211. Shostak, Arthur B. America’s Forgotten Labor Organiza tion: A Survey of the Role of the Single-Firm Independ ent Union in American Industry. May 563-564Stieber, Jack. Governing the UAW. Apr. 485. Strauss, Anselm L. and Lee Rainwater. The Professional t Scientists—A Study of American Chemists. July 844Svenska Industritjanstemannaförbundet. Facts About SIF (The Swedish Union of Clerical and Technical Em ployees in Industry). Aug. 969-970. Sylos-Labini, Paolo. Oligopoly and Technical Progress. Jan. 76-77. Tinbergen, Jan. Shaping the World Economy: Sugges tions for an International Economic Policy. Mar. 318319. Turgeon, Lynn. The Contrasting Economies: A Study of Modern Economic Systems. Dec. 146O-I46I. Ulman, Lloyd. The Government of the Steel Workers’ Union. Apr. 436. University Industrial Relations Librarians, Committee of. A Standard List of Subject Headings in Industrial Rela tions. O.t. 1213-1214Werne, Benjamin. Administration of the Labor Con tract—Volumes I—II I. Nov. 1388-1339. Wickersham, Edward D. Detroit’s Insured Unemployed and Employable Welfare Recipients: Their Character istics, Labor Market Experience, and Attitudes. Sept. 1091. ■ 4 Wilcock, Richard C. and Walter H. Franke. Unwanted Workers: Permanent Layoffs and Long-Term Unem ployment. Aug. 966-967. Woytinsky, Emma S., ed. So Much Alive: The Life and Work of Wladimir S. Woytinsky. July 838-839. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis STATISTICAL SERIES (Most recent 13 months and 2 annual averages) Consumer and wholsesale prices: Consumer Price Index. All-city average: All items, groups, subgroups, and special groups of items. Table D-l, each issue. ----- . All items and food indexes, by city. Table D-2, each issue. Indexes of wholesale prices. By group and subgroup of commodities. Table D-3, each issue. ----- . For special commodity groupings. Table D-4, each issue. ----- . By stage of processing and durability of pro duct. Table D-5, each issue. 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Employees in nonagricultural establishments, by in dustry division and selected groups, seasonally ad justed. Table A-4, each issue. Production workers in manufacturing industries, by major industry group, seasonally adjusted. Table A-5, each issue. Unemployment insurance and employment service program operations. Table A-6, each issue. Labor turnover rates, by major industry group. Table B -l, each issue. Work injuries. Injury-frequency rates for selected manu facturing industries. (Most recent 10 quarters and 2 annual averages.) Table F -l, Jan., Apr., July, Oct. issues. Work stoppages resulting from labor-management dis putes. (13 most recent months, averages for 193539 and 1947-49, and annual averages from 1945 to 1962.) Table E -l, each issue. U . S . GOVERNMENT PRINTING O F F I C E : t 9 6 3 New Publications Available For Sale Order sale publications from the Superintendent of Documents, Government Printing Office, Wash ington, D.C., 20402. Send check or money order, payable to the Superintendent of Documents. Currency sent at sender’s risk. Copies may also be purchased from any of the Bureau’s regional offices. (See inside front cover for the addresses of these offices.) BLS Bulletin 1374: Industry Wage Survey, Electric and Gas Utilities, July 1962. 88 pp. 50 cents. BLS Bulletin 1383: Industry Wage Survey, Bituminous Coal Mining: Part I, Under ground Mines; Part II, Surface Mines. 71 pp. 45 cents. BLS Bulletin 1387: National Survey of Professional, Administrative, Technical, and Clerical Pay, February-March 1963. 55 pp. 40 cents. For Limited Free Distribution Single copies of the reports listed below are furnished without cost as long as supplies permit. Write to Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor, Washington, D.C., 20210, or to any of the Bureau’s regional offices. (See inside front cover for the addresses of these offices.) BLS Report 187: Wage Chronology: Armour and Co., 1941-63 (Revised 1963). 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