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Monthly
Labor
Review
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
D EC EM BER 1957 VOL. 80 N O .
Two Studies of a Labor Surplus Area:
I. Worker Mobility
II. Youth Leaving School
Labor Force Projections, 1955 to 1975
W ages in 1958—Deferred Increases and Escalation
UNITED STATES DEPARTM ENT OF LABOR
BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR
James P. M itchell, Secretary
BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS
Commissioner
E w an C laque,
H enry
W.
J.
F it z g e r a l d ,
B.
Assistant Commissioner
B yer,
Assistant Commissioner
D u a n e E vans,
Assistant Commissioner
H erm an
P h il ip A h n o w ,
Assistant Commissioner
Arnold E. C hase, Chief, Division of Construction Statistics
H. M . D outy, Chief, Division of Wages and Industrial Relations
J o s e p h P . G o l d b e r g , Special Assistant to the Commissioner
L eon Greenberg , Chief, Division of Productivity and Technological Developments
R ichard P. J ones, Chief, Office of Management
W alter G. K eim , Chief, Division of Field Service
P aul R. K erschbaum, Chief, Office of Program Planning
L awrence R. K lein , Chief, Office of Publications
F rank S. M cE lroy, Chief, Division of Industrial Hazards
H. E. R iley , Chief, Division of Prices and Cost of Living
Oscar W eigert, Special Assistant to the Commissioner
M orris W eisz, Chief, Division of Foreign Labor Conditions
F aith M. W illiams, Chief, Office of Labor Economics
S eymour L. W olfbein , Chief, Division of Manpower and Employment Statistics
Regional Offices and Directors
N E W E N G L A N D REG IO N
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Use o f fu n d s for p r in tin g th is p u b lic a tio n a p p ro v e d bg th e D irec to r o f th e B u reau o f th e B u d g e t (O c to b e r 11, 1956),
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Monthly Labor Review
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR
BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS
Editor-in-Chief
Executive Editor
L a w r e n c e R . K l e in ,
M ary
S.
B edell,
CONTENTS
Special Articles
1443 Labor Force Projections to 1975
1451 Worker Mobility in a Labor Surplus Area
1457 Education and Work of Young People in a Labor Surplus Area
Summaries of Studies and Reports
1464
1467
1472
1476
1484
Deferred Wage Increases in 1958 and Wage Escalator Clauses
Comparative Job Performance by Age
State Labor Legislation in 1957
State Unemployment Insurance Legislation in 1957
Earnings in Fabricated Structural Steel, March 1957
Technical Note
1489 Recurring Dwelling Unit Surveys for the Consumer Price Index
Departments
hi
1492
1495
1497
1504
1511
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
The Labor Month in Review
Significant Decisions in Labor Cases
Chronology of Recent Labor Events
Developments in Industrial Relations
Book Reviews and Notes
Current Labor Statistics
December 1957 • Voi. 80 • No. 12
The 1957 Trade Union Directory Is Available
A com pletely rev ised edition, th e first since No
v em b er 1955, p u b lish ed in co m p act form, in easy-tore a d type, w ith easy-to-find listings.
Includes, for th e first time, d a ta on w hite-collar
m em bership in n a tio n a l a n d in tern atio n al unions
a n d in d u strial distribution of m em bership.
Its 6 4 p a g e s tell you, for e a c h in tern atio n al union
a n d S tate organization, th e following:
it
Name, headquarters address, phone number
it
Elected officials
it
Key staff members
it
Convention dates
it
Number of locals
it
Total membership
In addition . .
V alu ab le descriptive a n d historical inform ation
on th e tra d e union m ovem ent in th e U nited States,
a n an a ly sis of m em bership figures, a n d m an y other
features.
Order as BLS Bulletin 1222 and send check or money order to any of these Bureau of Labor Statistics
regional offices:
341 9th A ve.
New York 1, N. Y .
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or to the Superintendent of Documents, Washington 25, D. C.
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The Labor Month
in Review
F or the first time in more than a half century,
the Teamsters union was not on the convention
roll call of the country’s largest trade union fed
eration. Under suspension when the AFL-CIO
second biennial convention opened December 5,
it was later expelled with the Bakers and the
Laundry Workers; the Distillery Workers union
was placed on probation and the United Textile
Workers union was restored to good standing.
All had been charged with corrupt practices.
Total membership of the ousted three was 1.8
million.
Secretary of Labor James P. Mitchell presented
the Administration’s labor-management relations
legislative program, including measures to protect
the individual worker from abuses. Included were
(1) reporting and public disclosure of all welfare
and pension plans, general union financial affairs,
payments involving conflicts of interest by labor
or management, and constitutional practices of
unions; (2) liability to suit of officers responsible
for union funds and property for failure to dis
charge their responsibility; (3) secret ballot for
local officers or delegates electing national officers;
(4) restriction of certain types of illegitimate
picketing; (5) clarification of secondary boycotts
and Federal-State jurisdiction; and (6) voting by
economic strikers in representation elections. He
pledged no “union busting” proposals.
All officers were reeiected. Plumber’s president
Peter T. Schoemann and Paperworker president
Paul L. Phillips succeeded Teamster John F.
English and Baker Herman Winter on the Execu
tive Council.
T he AFL-CIO C o nvention over, considerable
interest was directed to a special convention of
the United Automobile Workers in Detroit,
scheduled for January 22-24. Contracts with the
major auto companies expire during the spring
and summer months, and the specific purpose of
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the 3-day meeting is to establish formal bargaining
demands. UAW contract terms are frequently
emulated, and because establishment of a shorter
workweek has been vigorously promoted by the
union during 1957, the convention has acquired
additional significance. However, the economic
situation in which bargaining will ultimately take
place will probably not be fully apparent by the
time of the convention.
As the year ended, most Government and
private economists were agreed that the downturn
in factory jobs and the rise in unemployment
would continue at least into the winter months,
resulting variously from previous curtailment of
defense orders, the cessation of the capital goods
boom, and a general adjustment of inventories.
Curtailed consumer buying did not appear to be
a major factor in the adverse trend, although
unemployment had begun to rise more than
seasonally in late fall, especially in aircraft and
metalworking centers.
With the UAW demands in the offing, the
Machinists announced wage increase objectives for
nearly 250,000 members in aircraft and missile
companies, following a meeting in Chicago late
in November. Basic hourly wage increases of at
least 26 cents will be sought, based on past costof-living increases plus a general across-the-board
increase of 6 percent. Relocation and severance
pay, increased apprenticeship rates, and improved
fringe benefits are also included.
In another collective bargaining development,
the Sante Fe Railroad and 15 nonoperating rail
unions on November 19 signed a union shop
agreement only 3 days before a strike deadline
which would have affected more than 40,000
workers. The line was the only major carrier
without the union shop.
One day after a 56-day bus and trolley strike
ended in Pittsburgh on December 8, a walkout
disrupted service on New York City’s subway
system. The Pittsburgh settlement included a
2-year contract providing for a 6-cent-an-hour
increase retroactive to September 1, an additional
8 cents on the date of settlement, and a total of
12 more cents during the next 15 months, bringing
the basic rate to $2.40.
In the New York City situation, the strike was
led by the independent Motormen’s Benevolent
Association and joined in by several other craft
in
IV
unions of towermen, signalmen, repairmen, and
conductors. Strike leaders were jailed under
suspended sentences received for violating an
injunction during a brief strike in 1956. The
issue was separate craft representation for bar
gaining purposes. Recently, a fact-finding board
had recommended to the New York Transit
Authority that a single-unit cross-system bar
gaining representation election be held among
the more than 32,000 employees of the Authority,
without regard to craft. This would ensure sole
representation to the Transport Workers Union,
which is not supporting the strike. About 4.7
million persons patronize the subways daily.
Although merger of former AFL and CIO
bodies at the State and local level has lagged in
the large industrial areas (plans collapsed during
November in New Jersey and Massachusetts),
merger was achieved in West Virginia (the 33d
State) and in Puerto Rico. A Los Angeles
County merger embracing seven separate local
groups representing 750,000 organized workers
is scheduled for January 17. The Marine Engi
neers on November 23 became the first former
CIO union to affiliate with the AFL-CIO Mari
time Trades Department, leaving the National
Maritime Union and the American Radio Asso
ciation as the only two shipping unions outside
the department.
Unions have sponsored awards of various types
in recent weeks. On November 28, the AFL-CIO
announced availability of a year’s internship in its
research department for a university graduate
student under 26 years old. Minimum stipend
is $5,000, with selection to be made by April 1958.
Earlier in the month, the Textile Workers Union
of America posted $1,000 in prize money for
essays dealing with means to halt the decline and
promote the growth of the textile industry. On
November 21, the International Ladies, Garment
Workers’ Union provided for 10 college scholar
ships a year, each worth $2,000 and granted on a
competitive basis to children of members. Local
3 of the Brotherhood of Electrical Workers and
New York contractors are offering opportunities
to electricians to spend short periods of study at
full pay learning rudiments of logic, psychology,
semantics, economics, and history. Senator Paul
H. Douglas of Illinois received the Sidney Hillman
Public Service Award of $1,000, established in
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, DECEMBER 1957
memory of the late president of the Amalgamated
Clothing Workers.
“H ot cargo ” clauses in union contracts (which
permit employees to refuse to handle goods from
struck or nonunion plants) are prima facie evi
dence of secondary boycott encouragement and
thus violate the Taft-Hartley Act, according to a
4-1 ruling of the National Labor Relations Board
on November 12.
A Federal district court jury has declared that
strike benefits are gifts and not subject to Federal
income tax. The Government has moved to set
aside the verdict, which relates to benefits paid a
Kohler striker.
On December 9, the United States Supreme
Court in a 6-3 decision upheld an Arkansas State
court injunction against actions which might pro
voke violence during a strike conducted by the
Amalgamated Clothing Workers against Rainfair,
Inc. Those portions of the injunction banning
peaceful picketing, however, were vacated by the
Court as an invasion of the jurisdiction of the
National Labor Relations Board.
The Court on the same day unanimously de
clared that wiretapping violated Federal law even
though sanctioned by State statute, and that evi
dence thus obtained is inadmissible in Federal
courts. The decision may result in dismissal (in
an unrelated case) of a perjury indictment against
James R. Hoffa, Teamster president-elect. Evi
dence in the case rested primarily upon tapped
telephones.
Three weeks earlier, the Supreme Court had
held unanimously that Negro workers who had
complained that the Brotherhood of Railway
Clerks had discriminated against them in connec
tion with their employment on the Texas and New
Orleans Railroad were entitled to seek relief in a
Federal district court. The union has exclusive
bargaining rights for clerical employees of the rail
road. A Federal district court had rejected the
suit on grounds that the National Railroad Ad
justment Board had jurisdiction.
O v e r se a s , British employers on November 21 re
jected a demand of the 40-union Confederation of
Shipbuilding and Engineering Unions for a 40-hour
week with no reduction in pay. In Hungary,
workers’ councils, the right to which was won
during the 1956 revolt, were abolished.
Labor Force Projections to 1975
The Influence of the Changing Composition of
The Population in the Next Two Decades on the
Numbers of Part-Time and Full-Time Workers
Sophia Cooper*
T h e c o m p o s i t i o n of the labor force has experienced
a number of important changes in recent years.
The proportion of young workers has declined; the
number and proportion of older workers have
risen despite a tendency for earlier retirement.
A most dramatic change has been the tremendous
increase in the number and proportion of women
workers. An equally dramatic change in the
structure of the labor force has been the sharp
rise in the number of part-time workers. Between
1947 and 1956, the number of part-time workers
(defined as persons working 1-34 hours a week)
increased by more than 3 million—a gain of 40
percent compared with less than 10 percent for full
time workers. Most of the increase in part-time
workers has come from women and young people.
This development, which has implications for
labor input and other qualitative aspects of the
labor force, takes on particular importance in labor
force projections because women and youngsters
will comprise most of the additions to the labor
force in the years ahead. The changes in the
number of part-time workers, as well as the other
trends, have been taken into account by the U. S.
Department of Labor’s Bureau of Labor Statistics
in recently prepared projections. In a labor force
expansion of 10% million expected between 1955
and 1965, according to these projections, 3%
million will be part-time workers.
The expected future size of our population and
labor force are basic to many kinds of planning.
They are used to estimate demand for products,
develop marketing plans, and evaluate expansion
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
programs. Government officials responsible for
the national welfare and economic policy take
account of expected population and labor force
growth in estimating tax receipts and expenditures
for various programs, in assessing the Nation’s
potential productive capacity, and in planning
ahead for expected manpower needs. The U. S.
Department of Labor is particularly concerned
with the relationship between expected labor
supply and the need for the various skills and
training created by our changing technology.
The labor force projections presented in this
article fall within the range of those prepared by
the U. S. Bureau of the Census,1 both as to the
total increase in the labor force and the numbers
projected for the various age-sex groups. As a
basis for these projections, it is assumed that the
economy will continue to operate at full employ
ment levels and that there will be no significant
change in the size of the Armed Forces from 1957
levels.
The major contribution of the Bureau of Labor
Statistics labor force projections is the addition
of another dimension—the growth of the labor
force in terms of full-time and part-time workers.
This is an extremely important consideration
because it not only affects gross labor input but
has implications for worker training and labor
turnover.
*Of the Division of Manpower and Employment Statistics, Bureau of
Labor Statistics.
1
Projections of the Labor Force in the United States, 1955 to 1975, Current
Population Reports, Series P-50, Mo. 69, U. S. Bureau of the Census.
1443
1444
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, DECEMBER 1957
In the Bureau’s labor force projections, the
size of the labor force was obtained by multiplying
the estimated population of each age group for
each year projected by its estimated labor force
participation rate and adding the components to
provide the total for each age group. Because of
the changes in marital and child-status groups
among women and in school enrollment of young
people, each with different levels of labor force par
ticipation rates, separate projections were made by
the Bureau for these categories within the relevant
age groups of the population.
years has been the increase in work activity of
women. Over the last several decades, a combina
tion of factors has been responsible for this
trend—some demographic, some of them socio
economic. The shift of population from rural to
urban areas has placed more women in geographic
locations where job opportunities were expanding
in manufacturing and in clerical, sales, and serv
ice occupations. Furthermore, taking care of the
home and family has become a less time-consuming
effort as a result of the availability of readymade
clothing, packaged foods, laborsaving home equip
ment, etc. At the same time, or perhaps because
of these developments, employment of women also
has become more acceptable to the community.
The manpower needs of World War II acceler
ated the increasing labor force activity of women.
They were hired to perform many more kinds of
work, and a great many women of all ages gained
work experience. Since the war, the generally high
levels of production and employment have pro
vided sufficient job opportunities to continue the
rise in the labor force activity of women. Most of
this increase has been among married women over
35 years of age, whose children are of school age
or older.
The labor force participation rates for married
women with young children are very much lower
than for women whose youngsters have reached
school age. The rates for the former have shown
only a slight increase, whereas rates for women of
the same age who have no children under 5 years
have increased. Because of these differences, sep
arate population projections of the number of
women with and without children under 5 years
for each age group from 20 to 44 were made by
the Bureau within the framework of the Census
Bureau’s projected estimate of the number mar
ried for each age.
For married women over 44, where presence of
young children is no longer a significant factor, the
important demographic factor associated with dif
ferent levels of labor force rates is their marital
status: married women with husbands present
tend to have a lower proportion in the labor force
than do women who are widowed, divorced, or
separated—-a reflection of greater need for selfsupport as well as differences in home responsibil-
Adult Women. Perhaps the most widely publicized
development in labor force participation in recent
2
Based, on Revised Projections of the Population of the United States,
by Age and Sex: 1960 to 1975, Series A, Current Population Reports, P-25,
No. 123, U. S. Bureau of the Census.
Population Trends
The basic materials used in the Bureau’s, as
in other labor force projections, are population
data by age and sex and rates of labor force partici
pation, i. e., the percent of each group who will be
in the labor force. The size and age-sex composi
tion of the population of working age (14 years
and over) are fairly clear up to 1975, since most
of these people are already born and because
mortality rates and the volume of immigration
change rather slowly. Only the size of the young
est group (14-19 years) in 1975 is dependent
upon future birthrates, which are the most diffi
cult of the demographic factors to project.
The major changes in population groups ex
pected between 1955 and 1965 are a sharp rise in
the two youngest age groups, 14-19 and 20-24;
almost no change in the number of young adults
aged 25-44, with a reduction in the 25-34 group
offset by growth in the 35-44 age group; and sub
stantial growth in the numbers 45 years and over.2
Between 1965 and 1975, the pattern mil be some
what altered. The sharpest relative increase will
occur among persons 25 to 34 as the cohort born
during the 1930’s is replaced by a much more
numerous group born during the 1940’s. People
born in the 1930’s will be the 35-44-year-olds in
1975 and, therefore, this age group will show a
decline. The group under 25 will continue to
increase in numbers but not nearly as sharply as
in the preceding decade; the over-45 group will
also continue to increase.
Labor Force Projections, 1955-65
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1445
LABOR FORCE PROJECTIONS TO 1975
Young People. The labor force rate of the teenage population has been declining over a long pe
riod of time. The historical movement of popu
lation away from farms has diminished employ
ment opportunities for this group. On the farms,
youngsters provided some of the seasonal man
power needed during the peaks of farm operations;
in the cities, they have not been employed in
equally large proportions. The enactment of laws
barring the employment of children and requiring
school attendance of youth below a minimum age,
and the increased tendency to attain higher levels
of education have contributed toward reducing
proportions of youngsters who are working.
At the present time, the effect of the farm-tourban movement on work activity of youngsters
has become less important. The demographic
factor bearing most on the extent of labor-market
activity of teen-agers and of men aged 20-24 is
school enrollment, since the rates for those in
school are much lower than for nonstudents of the
same age. However, there has been some up
trend in work activity among students of college
age which is undoubtedly related to the general
ities. In order to take account of the different
labor force participation rates and trends for these
groups, separate projections of rates for ages over
44 were made for married women with husband
present, and for women who were widowed,
divorced, or separated.
On the basis of projected trends, women 35
years and over will contribute over 4 million of
the total labor force growth of 10K million be
tween 1955 and 1965 (table 1). The number of
women 25-34 in the labor force will probably
show no change since the slight rise in the labor
force rate will be offset by the decline in popula
tion; women 20-24 will increase by about a half
million because of sharply rising numbers in the
population. Such projections assume continued
expansion in the industries which in the past have
employed large numbers of women, as well as in
those which will offer new employment opportu
nities in the future. If employment in these in
dustries does not continue to increase substanti
ally, the participation rates for women may not
rise as much as projected and the growth of the
labor force will be smaller.
T able
1.
P o p u l a t i o n , to ta l la b o r f o r c e , a n d la b o r f o r c e p a r t i c i p a t i o n r a te s , b y a g e a n d se x , a c tu a l 1 9 5 5 a n d p r o je c te d 1 9 6 5
and 1975
Total labor force, annual averages (thousands)
Total population, July
(thousands)
Total, 14 years and over-----------------------
N et change
Total
Age and sex
92, 623
10, 479
13, 245
58.0
57.9
58.3
52, 860
10, 927
5,015
2, 540
2, 475
5, 912
22, 201
10, 746
11, 455
19, 732
10, 159
6, 981
2,592
60, 926
13, 781
5, 381
2,630
2, 751
8,400
25, 782
15, 064
10. 718
21, 363
10, 709
7,960
2,694
4,820
2, 717
1,637
844
793
1, 080
—96
—716
620
2,199
1, 280
852
67
8,066
2, 854
366
90
276
2, 488
3, 581
4,316
—737
1,631
550
979
102
82.3
66.8
49.0
36.1
76.5
89.5
96.7
96.5
96.9
76.3
95.1
86.4
38.5
79.2
62.7
47.2
34.9
73.7
87.0
96.7
96.5
96.9
74.8
95.1
86.4
34.0
79.0
64.8
46.8
34.2
72.1
86.0
96.7
96.5
96.9
73.3
95.1
86.4
31.0
26, 518
5, 902
2,882
1, 441
1,441
3, 020
4,303
16, 313
5, 595
5,940
3,638
1,140
31, 697
7, 368
3,068
1, 504
1, 564
4, 300
6, 025
18, 304
5, 332
6,735
4,729
1, 508
5, 659
1, 457
895
542
353
562
37
4,165
781
1,780
1, 244
360
5,179
1, 466
186
63
123
1, 280
1, 722
1,991
-263
795
1, 091
368
34.5
36.9
29.7
19.8
50.9
45.8
34.8
33.6
41.4
43.5
32.2
10.3
37.7
34.9
28.2
20.6
44.7
45.3
38.7
38.5
45. 5
52.1
40.6
11.7
38.8
35.9
27.8
20.4
42.7
45.2
39.1
40.0
47.9
56.0
44.4
12.6
1975
158, 844
68, 899
79, 378
66, 773
17, 431
10. 636
7,278
3, 358
6, 795
22, 957
11,136
11,821
26, 385
10, 682
8,080
7,623
77,108
21, 274
11, 507
7.691
3, 816
9,767
26, 671
15, 610
11,061
29,163
11, 261
9,213
8,689
48, 040
8,210
3, 378
1,696
1,682
4,832
22, 297
11,462
10, 835
17, 533
8, 879
6,129
2,525
70, 414
16, 887
10, 221
6,997
3, 224
6,666
11,119
42, 408
12, 297
11, 401
8,962
9,748
81, 736
20, 551
11,037
7, 375
3,662
9,514
15, 409
45, 776
11,132
12, 027
10, 651
11, 966
20, 859
4, 445
1, 987
899
1, 088
2,458
4,266
12,148
4,814
4.160
2,394
780
1975
118,846
137,187
58, 344
12, 295
6, 896
4,696
2, 200
5, 399
23, 060
11, 878
11,182
22, 989
9, 336
7,094
6,559
60, 502
12,049
6,682
4,542
2,140
5, 367
12, 258
36, 194
11, 627
9,564
7,435
7,568
1955
1975
1965-75
1965
1965
1965
1955-65
1955
1955
Labor force participation
rates annual averages
(percent)
Male
14 years and o v e r ____________________
14-24 years ______________________
14-19 years ___________________
14-17 years _____ __________
18-19 years — ____________
20-24 years
__ ______________
25-44 years _______ -- _________
25-34 years
_ ____________
35-44 years _______ _________
45 years and over _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
45-54 years
_______ _______
55-64 y e a r s _____________ ____
65 years and o v e r _____
____
Female
14 years and over_________________
_
14-24 years_______ ___ ___________
14-19 years
_ ___ ___ _ ___
14-17 years _ ___ - 18-19 years „ ________ -20- 24 years _
_ _ __ - - 25-34 years _____
- ______
35 years and over ___ ___________
35-44 years ____- __ ____ ____
45-54 y e a r s _________ _______ 55-64 years
- ______________
65 years and over____ __________
N ote : Because of rounding, sums of individual items do not necessarily
equal totals.
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Source: Population, Bureau of the Census release P-25, No. 123, Series A;
1955 labor force, Census release P-50, No. 69, 1965 and 1975 projections, Bu
reau of Labor Statistics.
1446
availability of jobs and to the higher costs of edu
cation as well as to the fact that a considerable
number of college students are married.3
Despite some increase in labor force participa
tion rates for students and the unchanged rates
for nonstudents, the overall worker rates for teen
agers have declined because of greater proportions
in school. In order to evaluate the labor force
effect of expected increases in proportions enrolled
in school, projections of school enrollment for age
groups 14 through 24 and of labor force partici
pation rates for students and nonstudents were
prepared.4 For women nonstudents, additional
factors of marital status and presence of young
children were incorporated to pin down, as much
as possible, the effects of trends in these demo
graphic factors on the future labor force. The
total labor forces for each age group were derived
as sums of the component parts and the overall
rates were based on these totals. (See chart 1.
While the rates of labor force participation for
ages 14-24 are expected to decline somewhat be
cause of increasing school attendance and con
tinued early marriage and family formation, the
growth in population of these ages will result in a
large labor force increase of more than 4 million
between 1955 and 1965. (This includes the half
million young women 20 to 24 mentioned earlier.)
Such projections are based on the assumption
that there will be available the physical plant and
teaching staff necessary for the additional numbers
of students who will desire to continue their
education.
Another development affecting the
composition of the labor force has been a down
ward trend in the rate of labor force participation
of men 65 years and older resulting partly from
the shift from a rural to a highly industrialized
economy where employment opportunities for
this group are more limited. Superimposed on
this were the effects of the long depression which
caused a sharp drop in labor force activity of older
men between 1930 and 1940. (Their rate of par
ticipation increased temporarily during World
War II but has since resumed its long-term down
trend.) To this has been added the further
factor of retirement made possible by the social
security law and by the increase in private pension
plans.
A d u lt M e n .
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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, DECEMBER 1957
Farm employment, although it has declined, is
still important for men 65 and over, and consti
tutes more than one-fourth of the labor force in
this age group. In the last few years, the propor
tion of men 65 and over in farm employment has
held constant and the drop in labor force activity
of men in that group has been primarily in the
nonfarm sector. Because of this difference in
movement, the percent of the male population 65
and over in nonfarm and in farm work were
separately extrapolated to 1975 on the basis of
past trends. If the projected decline in labor
force participation rates is achieved, the number
of men 65 and over in the labor force will not in
crease significantly between 1955 and 1965 despite
a substantial increase in population.
There is no reason to assume any change in
labor force rates for men in ages 25 through 54,
virtually all of whom are in the work force. The
rate for men 55-64 was also held constant on the
basis of past trends, although this rate could be
affected by changes in the age of retirement or in
the incidence of disabling illness. By 1965, the
number of men 25-44 in the labor force will show
no change because of relative stability in the
population size in that age group. In the decade
ending in 1965, the growth in population for ages
45-64 will be responsible for all of the 2.1 million
increase in the labor force in this age group.
Labor Force Projections, 1965-75
While the labor force increase between 1955 and
1965 will be highlighted by large additions of
young people and women, the situation in the
following 10 years, 1965-75, will be considerably
different. In that decade, the labor force is ex
pected to increase by about 13 million workers to
92% million. Unlike the labor force changes of
the previous decade, there will be a substantial
increase of 3% million in the number of men
workers 25-44 years of age. About 1% million
men 45 years and over will also be added.
5
In 1956, 43 percent of male college students aged 20 to 34 years were mar
ried. See School Enrollment: 1956, Current Population Reports, Series
P-20, No. 74, U. S. Bureau of the Census.
4
These computations were made on an October basis because Census data
on employment of students are available for that month. To convert to an
annual average basis, the change in the labor force participation rate for each
age group from October 1955 to October 1960 (and each 5-year period to 1975)
was added to the annual average 1955 rate.
LABOR FORCE PROJECTIONS TO 1975
Chart 1.
1447
School Enrollment and Labor Force Status of Population, by Selected A g e Groups and
Sex, October 1955 to 1975
Millions
Millions
Millions
Millions
Source: Bureau of the Census and
Bureau of Labor Statistics
4 4 7 6 7 9 -5 7 -
2
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1448
At the same time, the increase in the number of
adult women workers will probably be smaller
than in the period 1955-65. Their labor force
rates are expected to rise, but it seems unlikely
that the gains will continue at the same rate as
previously. For one thing, their rates will be
quite high by 1965 and will have been raised to
that point by the addition of many women whose
work activity is marginal in the sense of not being
full time or full year and depends to some extent
upon labor demand rather than on economic
necessity alone. How much greater a proportion
of women can be expected to be in the work force
will depend upon many factors such as availability
of jobs, location of jobs, and hours of work.
Moreover, the competition of growing numbers of
young adult men (not true in 1955-65) could well
have a dampening effect on the rate of increase for
women.
The number of young workers under 25 years
of age will continue to increase by about the same
amount as in the preceding 10 years—over 4
Chart 2. Projected Changes in Number of Full-Time
and Part-Time Workers, by A ge Groups and Sex,
1955-65 and 1965-75
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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, DECEMBER 1957
T a b l e 2.
H o u r s d i s t r i b u ti o n o f p e r s o n s a t w o r k , b y a g e a n d
se x , a n n u a l a v e r a g e 1 9 5 5
Percentage distribution by hours worked
Age and sex
Total, 14 years and
over____________
Number
at work
(thousands)
Part time
Total
Full time
(35 hours
or more) Total
15-34
hours
1-14
hours
60,262
100.0
82.9
17.1
12.9
4.3
41, 430
2, 581
2,896
28,199
5,501
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
87.4
51.0
86.4
91.7
88.2
12.6
49.0
13.6
8.3
11.8
9.7
29.2
10.7
7.2
9.6
2.9
19.8
2 8
1.1
2.1
2,257
100.0
73.3
26.7
18.3
8.4
18,829
1.749
2,208
3,836
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
73.0
56.3
81.1
76.5
27.0
43.7
18.9
23. 5
19.8
21.7
14.7
18.4
7.3
22.0
4.2
5.1
11,039
100.0
72.7
27.3
20.9
6.4
Male
14 years and o v e r...
14-19 years____
20-24 years ___
2.5—54 years___
S5-64 years
65 years and
over________
Female
14 years and o v e r ...
14-19 years____
20-24 years___
25-34 years . . .
35 years and
over________
N ote: Because of rounding, sums of individual items do not necessarily
equal totals.
Source: U. S. Bureau of the Census.
million. However, they will not represent as
large a proportion of the total growth as in the
preceding 10 years.
Part-Time Workers to 1975
Since the increase in the labor force projected
to 1975 will consist to a large extent of younger
workers and adult women among whom part-time
work is quite prevalent, the trends in part-time
employment were projected to assess the effect
on the total amount of labor input to be expected
from the future labor force.
Weekly hours worked differ markedly among
the various groups. In 1955, for example, less
than 10 percent of men in the central ages 25-54
worked part time, compared with almost 50
percent of teen-agers, and 25 percent of women
over 35 and of men over 65 (table 2). Moreover,
part-time work has been increasing in recent years.
Between 1947 and 1956, a period when the number
of persons at work increased by 6.3 million, parttime workers increased by more than 3 million.
This trend will probably continue because of the
following factors:
1.
The proportion of young workers who are
also attending school is expected to increase
because many more boys and girls are finishing
high school and going to college. Since these
student workers are primarily part-time workers,
LABOR FORCE PROJECTIONS TO 1975
the increased weighting of the school group will
undoubtedly increase the proportion of part-time
workers in the young ages.
2. Participation rates of adult women have been
increasing steadily beyond the peak reached
during World War II, with a resulting increase in
part-time work for that population group. The
proportion of women 35 and over in nonagricultural work who work less than 35 hours a week
has increased from 23.4 percent in 1947 to 26.4
percent in 1956.5 Census information indicates
that most of the part-time work is on a voluntary
basis, and it is, therefore, reasonable to assume
that many of the adult women who are expected
to enter the labor force will be able to do so
only on a part-time basis because of home
responsibilities.
3. Continued liberalization in social security
benefits may also induce more men over 65 and
women over 62 to work part year and part time.
The law was recently amended to raise the maxi
mum earnings allowed to retired workers before
benefits under social security are suspended.
This amendment, in effect, permits more of them
to work part time.
Projections of hours worked were made sepa
rately for each age-sex group for which the
Bureau’s labor force projections were made. The
numbers of persons working 1-14 hours, 15-34,
and 35 or more were computed as percents of the
total population for 1948 to 1956.® Since both
labor force participation rates and the hours dis
tribution were based on population, it was possible
to keep the hours-of-work projections consistent
with the changes projected in labor force rates.
The distributions by hours were charted and the
trends projected to 1975. The projected distribu
tions were then applied to the projected popula
tions by age and sex to obtain the number of each
of the groups 1-14, 15-34, and 35 hours or more.
These projections take account of known trends
in the hours worked by each age-sex group, and
the increase expected in each age-sex group in the
labor force. No allowance was made for any
general change in the workweek such as could
5
Women Past Thirty-five in the Labor Force: 1947 to 1956, Current
Population Reports, Series P-50, No. 75, U. S. Bureau of the Census.
9
October data were used primarily because hours ere available by student
status only in that month. To convert the October projections to an annual
average basis, the change in the hours distribution for each age group from
October 1955 to October 1960 (and each 5-year period to 1975) was added to the
annual average 1955 hours distribution.
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1449
result from agreements reached by collective
bargaining or from the enactment of legislation.
The increase in the number of part-time workers
between 1955 and 1965 will be about 3% million
out of a total labor force increase of 10^ million
(table 3). Young workers will make the heaviest
contribution to the part-time labor force—almost 2
million; women over 35 will provide almost all
the rest of the part-time workers—about 1.3
million. (See chart 2.)
Between 1965 and 1975, the growth in the
number of full-time and part-time workers in the
labor force will reflect the larger increases in the
T able 3.
P e r s o n s a t w o r k ,1 b y f u l l - t i m e a n d -p a rt-tim e
s ta tu s , b y a g e a n d se x , a n n u a l a v e r a g e s , 1 9 5 5 a n d p r o je c te d
1965 and 1975
[Millions]
Sex, age, and hours worked
1955
1965
1975
N et change
195.5-65 1965-75
Both sexes
Total at w ork.. ______________
Full tim e_________________
Part tim e______ - - ---15-34 h o u rs__________
1-14 hours____________
60.3
49.9
10.3
7.8
2.6
70.3
56.3
14.0
10.2
3.7
82.4
65.5
16.9
12.3
4.6
10.0
6.4
3.7
2.4
1.1
12.1
9.2
2.9
2.1
.9
41.4
36.2
5.2
4.0
1.2
5.5
3.8
1.7
1.1
.6
20.0
18.4
1.6
1.4
.2
15.9
14.0
2.0
1.6
.4
46.1
39.3
6.8
5.1
1.7
8.2
5.3
2.9
2.0
.9
20.0
18.4
1.6
1.4
.2
17.9
15.6
2.3
1.8
.5
53.5
45.4
8.1
6.1
2.0
10.8
7.2
3.6
2.5
1.1
23.3
21.5
1.9
1.6
.2
19.4
16.8
2 6
2.0
.6
4.7
3.1
1.6
1.1
.5
2.7
1.5
1.2
.9
.3
0
0
0
0
0
2.0
1.6
.3
.2
.1
7.4
6.1
1.3
1.0
.3
2.6
1.9
.7
.5
.2
3.3
3.1
.3
.2
0
1.5
1.2
.3
.2
.1
18.8
13.7
5.1
3.7
1.4
4.0
2.8
1.2
.7
.5
3.8
2.9
.9
.7
.2
11.0
8.0
3.0
2.3
.7
24.2
17.0
7.2
5.1
2.1
5.3
3.4
1.9
1.1
.8
4.0
2.9
1.0
.8
.2
15.0
10.7
4.3
3.2
1.0
28.9
20.1
8.8
6.2
2.6
6.6
4.2
2.4
1.4
1.0
5.5
4.1
1.4
1.1
.4
16.8
11.9
4.9
3.7
1.2
5.4
3.3
2.1
1.4
.7
1.3
.6
.7
.4
.3
.2
0
.1
.1
0
4.0
2.7
1.3
.9
.3
4.7
3.1
1.6
1.1
.5
1.3
.8
.5
.3
.2
1.5
1.2
.4
.3
.2
1.8
1.2
.6
.5
.2
Male
14 years and over--------------- ----Full tim e______________
Part tim e----------------- ------ 15-34 hours___ ______ .
1-14 hours____
_____
14-24 years.. ____ . . .
Full time _______________
Part tim e_________________
15-34 hours.. _________
1-14 hours_____________
25-44 years.- . ------- -- --------Full time --------- .
-----Part tim e--- --------------------15-34 hours
________
1-14 hours_____________
45 years and over--------------------Full tim e. . _____ ______
Part tim e_________________
15-34 hours____________
1-14 hours_____________
Female
14 years and over— _________
F u l l t i m e . ___ _____ . . .
Part tim e----------------- . . ...
15-34 hours____________
1-14 hours____ _______
14-24 years_______
. _____
Full tim e_________________
Part tim e________________
15-34 hours______ _ . . .
1-14 hours _________ _
25-34 years_______ __________
F u llt im e ... . . . ______ . . .
Part tim e____ ... ____ . .
15-34 hours.. . . . .
1-14 hours _ ____ __ _.
35 years and over... __________
Full tim e___ __________ . .
Part tim e________ ____ .
15-34 hours____
... .
1-14 hours_____ _____ _
1 Excludes members of the Armed Forces, unemployed persons, and those
with a job but not at work for reasons such as vacation or illness.
N ote: Because of rounding, sums of individual items do not necessarily
equal totals.
Source: U. S. Bureau of the Census and Bureau of Labor Statistics.
1450
number of adult male workers who are primarily
full-time workers. On the basis of projected
trends, the number of additional part-time
workers in the labor force will be held down to
less than 3 million, while the labor force is expected
to increase by some 13 million. The increase in
part-time workers will be composed of 1.2 million
young workers and about 1 million women over 25.
The rest will come from adult men.
Implications
How will these changes affect the quality, labor
input, and job turnover of the work force in the
years to come? Between 1955 and 1965, the lack
of increase in the number of male workers 25-44
years of age may mean a scarcity of skilled workers
to fill the ever-expanding needs created by ad
vancing technology and to replace the older men
who retire or die. At the same time, a large
number of adult women and young people under 25
will become available for work. Many of these
workers will be inexperienced and will be seeking
jobs at entry levels of occupations. Because
there will be such a large wave of young people
reaching working age, there will be much competi
tion among them for jobs. Employers will have a
wide choice in selecting their new workers but
many will be inexperienced and will require train
ing. Many adult women will be reentering the
labor force, but they may also require training in
some kinds of work.
While a majority will be seeking work on a full
time basis in the 1955-65 period, a substantial
number will want part-time jobs. Employers
who will be able to tailor their job openings to a
less than full-week basis will be in an advan
tageous position. Service and trade establish
ments, where much of the recent increase in
part-time employment has occurred, will probably
absorb a substantial part of the increase in the
part-time work force. This assumes, of course, a
continuing rapid expansion in this sector of the
economy.
If a sufficient number of part-time jobs is not
available, the increase in labor force activity of
married women may be dampened and the labor
force may not increase as much as is anticipated
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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, DECEMBER 1957
in these projections. Similarly, the degree of
labor force activity on the part of young people
who are still in school is dependent upon the
availability of part-time jobs. If the number of
such jobs does not keep pace with the labor offered
on those terms, the proportion of students in the
labor force may decline. Moreover, the number
who will be able to afford the high cost of college
education may be reduced.
Another implication of the increased number
and proportion of part-time workers will be, of
course, the effect of these structural changes on
overall average weekly hours of work and therefore
on man-hours of input. A rough computation of
the effects of this factor alone on average weekly
hours indicates a reduction of about one-half hour
on average weekly hours of work between 1955 and
1965. In the following 10 years, the effect of
structural changes in the labor force on average
weekly hours will be negligible, a reduction of
about one-tenth hour.
The addition of so many young workers and
women in the years ahead will undoubtedly cause
an increase in labor force turnover. Young work
ers tend to move from job to job in the period of
settling into a permanent career, and both the
youth and women frequently move into and out
of the labor force as their personal circumstances
change. This contrasts sharply with the tendency
of adult men to remain in the labor force once they
have entered on a full-time basis. Census Bureau
data7 on monthly movements into and out of the
labor force indicate that only about 1 out of 100
men workers between ages 25 and 64 enter or
leave the labor force each month. Even for
those in ages over 64, less than 10 percent leave
or reenter the work force. In contrast, almost 20
percent of teen-agers who were in the work force
in an average month were not in the labor force
in the previous month, and about the same pro
portion of teen-age workers withdraw each month.
While the proportionate movement for adult
women is not quite so high-—about 10 percent—
it still represents a very large amount of labor
force turnover.
7
Annual Report on the Labor Force, 1952, Current Population Reports,
Series P-50, No. 45, U . S. Bureau of the Census.
Worker Mobility
in a Labor
Surplus Area
V incent F. Gegan and
Samuel H. T hompson*
H igh ratios of unemployment have persisted in
some local areas over considerable periods in spite
of the overall national economic progress. This
situation has aroused deep concern among local,
State, and national leaders. The primary causes
of this concern are the financial and social hard
ships inflicted on the unemployed and their de
pendents, the deterioration and waste of commu
nity facilities, and the economic loss to the Nation
of unused manpower.
Remedial action by government and private
agencies has been urgently proposed for such
areas and limited measures have been adopted
with varying degrees of success. These measures
have usually been directed toward bringing or
restoring employment opportunities to the problem
area by encouraging new business activities based
on local resources of material or manpower. De
pletion of manpower resources by migration away
from the area is an especially grave problem. Is it
wiser public policy to discourage such migration,
or to assist and guide it for best use of manpower
and best opportunity for the individual’s economic
security? In either case, concrete information on
workers who have migrated and those who stayed
would be useful for shaping both public and private
policy.
Many mobility studies have been based on per
sonal interviews with those who have migrated.
The obvious costs entailed in contacting such
migrants have placed serious limitations on this
type of study: in the size of the area, the period of
time, and the number of workers which can be
efficiently covered.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
The Bureau of Labor Statistics of the U. S.
Department of Labor has recently undertaken a
program to develop methods for studying labor
mobility based on information obtained from the
records of the Bureau of Old-Age and Survivors
Insurance and the State unemployment insurance
agency. This approach has several advantages
over the personal interview type of study, although
the latter is the only available method for such
important purposes as studies of attitudes and
motivation. Both types of study supply informa
tion on identical workers over periods of time, but
the method used in the present study is much
less costly; it is more objective since it does not
depend on the respondent’s memory; it makes
possible the coverage of greater numbers of workers;
and gives accurate earnings information. One of
the most important advantages of the method is
that it eliminates the nonresponse bias. The
results are limited, of course, to the data available
in the operating records. Old-Age and Survivors
Insurance (OASI) records yield such information
as age, sex, industry attachment, and industry
shifts, all of which can be matched with the un
employment insurance (U I) records of the same
individual workers.
To develop and test these procedures, the Bu
reau conducted a pilot study in Harrison County,
W. Va., covering the period from the first
quarter 1953 through the first quarter 1955.
Description of Study
The study of Harrison
County was conducted with the close cooperation
of the Bureau of Old-Age and Survivors Insurance
and the West Virginia Department of Employ
ment Security, the governmental agencies from
which the data were obtained.1
Basic materials used were, first, the OASI
quarterly wage and employment records for indi
vidual workers who were employed in Harrison
County and for whom records by county were
available in both terminal quarters of the period
M ethod a n d Scope o f S tu d y.
*Of the Division of Manpower and Employment Statistics, Bureau of
Labor Statistics.
1
Records of the Bureau of Old-Age and Survivors Insurance contain an
entry for each quarter in which a worker earns $1 or more in covered employ
ment. Unemployment insurance records were maintained in West Virginia
in iy53 on workers employed in covered firms with 8 or more employees.
1451
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, DECEMBER 1957
1452
T able
1.
W o r k e r s s tu d ie d b y m a jo r c la s s if ic a tio n , f i r s t
q u a r te r s 1 9 5 8 a n d 1 9 5 5
Sample
Classification
U ni
verse
Num - Percent
ber
of uni
verse
26, 472
5,301
20.0
Employed in Harrison County in 1953 and 1955... 15, 006
Nonmigrants without industry change__________ 12,803
2,203
Nonmigrants with industry change---------- ---------
1,914
1, 633
281
12.7
12.7
12.7
Employed in Harrison County in 1953 but not in
1955-----------------------------------------------------------Outmigrants--------- ---------------------------------------Others---------------- ------ -------- ---------------------------
7,092
4,024
3,068
2, 617
1, 485
1,132
36.9
36.9
36.9
Employed in Harrison County in 1955 but not in
1953_______ _______ - .....................................- ..........
New entrants................................................................ .
Inmigrants........................................................- ............
Reentrants................................................................... .
4,374
914
1, 500
1, 960
770
161
264
345
17.6
17.6
17.6
17.6
Total________________________________________
i Includes 509 deaths, disabled, and retired, and 2,559 persons otherwise
w ith d ra w n from th e civ ilian la b o r force, e m p lo y ed in n o n co v e re d w o rk , or
unemployed.
studied. This coverage, estimated to be somewhat
more than 75 percent of total wage and salary
employment, included workers in nonagricultural
establishments with one or more employees, except
railroads, government, and a few minor groups.
The information included sex, age, earnings, and
industrial attachment as well as employment
status and location of employment during each of
the terminal periods. Second, State unemploy
ment insurance records were used to obtain data
on the unemployment benefits received in West
Virginia by the individuals being studied during
the period covered.
Control totals from the OASI records were
established by complete count for the first and
last quarters of the study. Three groups—(1)
those who left employment in Harrison County
and found covered employment elsewhere; (2) those
who remained in covered employment in the
county; and (3) those who entered into covered
employment in the county after first quarter 1953
(table 1)—were identified by social security number.
These classifications were made on the basis of
location of employment, not residence. Samples
were then designed according to the size of the
major group and the detail desired. Finally, all
workers in these samples were checked by social
security number against the insured unemploy
ment records in West Virginia for the period of
the study.
C ounty. Harrison County, W. Va.,
located in the north central part of the State,
H a rriso n
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registered a slight increase in population between
1940 and 1950, as the number of residents in
creased from 82,900 in the earlier year to 85,300
in the latter. Estimates of the West Virginia
Department of Health, Bureau of Vital Statistics,
indicate that population in the county decreased
from 1950 through 1954. The population of
Clarksburg, the county seat and principal city of
the area, was 32,014 in 1950, a small change from
30,579 in 1940, and 28,866 in 1930. Six other
communities in the county ranged in size from
2,000 to 3,000 persons for a total of about 14,000
in 1950. There are no metropolitan centers within
commuting distance of the area. Wheeling,
W. Va., and Pittsburgh, Pa., the nearest, are 60
and 90 air miles from Clarksburg, respectively.
Despite outmigration, unemployment in Har
rison County has ranged from 4 to 11 percent of
the labor force since 1950 and has been consistently
higher than the national average. In April and
October 1954, the unemployment rate in the area
was estimated to be twice the national rate.
From March 1954 through September 1955, unem
ployment remained above 6 percent and the county
was classified by the U. S. Department of Labor,
Bureau of Employment Security, as an “area of
substantial labor surplus.” Since October 1955,
however, the unemployment rate has remained
below the 6-percent level.
From 1940 to 1950, the number of nonagri
cultural wage and salary workers employed in
creased from 18,882 to 25,338. During the period
covered by this study, the employment of such
workers registered an almost constant decline,
dropping from 25,300 in March 1953 to 23,700 in
April 1955. These general figures contain differing
changes among industry groups. Mining employ
ment, nearly all in bituminous coal, had grown by
45 percent between 1940 and 1950, after which it
declined; sharply from 1950 to 1953, and slowly
thereafter. Construction increased about 10 per
cent from 1953 to 1955. Employment in the
manufacturing groups increased sharply enough
between 1950 and 1953 to offset the drop in mining
employment, but slipped down about 10 percent
between 1953 and 1955. Employment in other
major industry groups—public utilities, trade,
finance, service, and government—remained al
most stationary from March 1953 to April 1955.
The continuous level of high unemployment,
therefore, portrays a general decline rather than
WORKER MOBILITY IN A LABOR SURLPUS AREA
a catastrophe, such as the shutdown of a major
plant in a one-industry town. In the 2-year
period studied, there were 367 business deaths and
204 business births, for a net loss of 163 OASI
covered establishments which had provided about
900 jobs.
Covered Workers
In the first quarter of 1953, workers in OASI
covered employment in Harrison County who were
within the scope of this study numbered 22,098.
Two years later, 15,006 of these were still in
covered employment in Harrison County and
4,024, or 18 percent of the total, had migrated and
had had their most recent covered employment
outside Harrison County. The remaining 3,068
were not in covered employment anywhere in
first quarter 1955. They may have been unem
ployed, employed in noncovered establishments,
or out of the civilian labor force and some had died.
In the first quarter of 1955, there were 19,380
workers in covered employment in Harrison
County—the 15,006 survivors from 1953, and
4,374 others. These others comprised 1,500
“inmigrants,” persons who had been in covered
employment in first quarter 1953 outside Harrison
County, 914 “new entrants” who entered covered
employment for the first time after that quarter
in Harrison County, and 1,960 “reentrants” who
were not in covered employment anywhere in
first quarter 1953 but had been previously, either
in Harrison County or elsewhere.
Young people, that is those in the two age
groups under 25, migrated in substantially higher
proportions than did older groups. (See table 2.)
General loss from the county of men under 25 is
probably understated because the young men
entering military service after first quarter 1953
T able 2.
D i s t r i b u t io n o f a ll w o r k e r s i n c o v e re d e m p lo y
m e n t in f i r s t q u a r te r 1 9 5 3 a n d p e r c e n t w h o m ig r a te d , b y ag e
a n d sex
Age groups, first
quarter 1953
Covered workers, first
quarter 1953
Total
Male
Under 20 years _______ 1,157
2, 127
20-24 years___________
5, 902
25-34 years. ___ ______
35-44 years____________ 5,231
45 years and over______ 7,681
•v*
Total: P e r c e n t.............. 100.0
N um ber______________ 22,098
635
1,113
4, 521
4,021
6, 367
522
1, 014
1, 381
1,210
1,314
100.0
16, 657
100.0
5,441
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Percent who later
became migrants
Female Total
Male
Female
28.1
24.4
21.4
17. 6
13.0
30.7
29.0
21.5
19.5
14.1
24.9
19.2
21.0
11.2
7.8
18.2
4,024
19.0
3,171
15.7
853
1453
T able 3.
D i s t r i b u t io n o f o u tm ig r a n ts a n d n o n m ig r a n ts b y
ag e a n d sex
Age groups, first
quarter 1953
Under 20 years________
20-24 years_______ ____
25-34 years................ .......
35-44 years____________
45-64 years___ ________
65 years and over______
Outmigrants
Nonmigrants
Total
Male
8.1
12.9
31. 4
22.9
23.0
1.8
6.1
10.2
30.7
24.8
26.2
2.0
15.2
22.9
34.0
15.9
11.1
.9
Female Total
4.6
8.9
25. 7
23.8
32.9
4.0
Male
Female
3.3
59
26.3
24.0
35.8
4.8
8.5
17.9
23.8
23. 4
24.7
1.7
Total___________
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
Total number..................
Median age____ ______
4,024
34
3,171
36
853
28
18,074
40
13, 487
41
4,587
35
N ote: Because of rounding, percentages may not add to 100.
were not counted among the “outmigrants,”
since they would not have been found in covered
employment after that date. After age 24, the
proportions of all migrants dropped rather con
sistently for each older age group, with the largest
drop occurring after age 44. The proportion of
men who migrated was higher than women in all
age groups, but their proportions were practically
the same in the 25-34-year age group. After
age 34, the proportion of working women who
migrated and got jobs outside of Harrison County
fell off sharply.
One of the most significant findings is that as
many as one-fifth of the men between 35 and 44
became migrants. Normally, one assumes that
men in this age group will have found a firm place
in the community, but in Harrison County, the
proportion of men between 35 and 44 who mi
grated was only 2 percent less than between 25
and 34.
Because a higher proportion of younger workers
moved, there was a considerable difference between
the age patterns of the migrants and nonmigrants.
About 75 percent of the outmigrants were under 45
compared with 63 percent of nonmigrants. These
relationships are summarized in table 3.
Of the 4,024 out
migrants from Harrison County, 42 percent stayed
in West Virginia, including 15 percent in adjacent
and nearby counties. No doubt, family ties and
acquaintanceships, together with better awareness
of job openings, held many of the migrants to
West Virginia. An additional 31 percent went
to the neighboring States of Ohio (17.9 percent),
Pennsylvania (7.3), Maryland (3.1), and Virginia
(2.4), while 3.9 percent migrated to Michigan.
D estination o f O utm igrants.
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, DECEMBER 1957
1454
Data presented in table 4
reveal that the majority of workers included in
the survey were concentrated in four industry
groups in both terminal quarters of the study.
Nearly three-quarters of all migrants (both those
in and not in covered work in 1955) came from
these groups: coal mining (20 percent), manu
facturing (20 percent), retail trade (21 percent),
and public utilities (14 percent). Although twothirds of the outmigrants who were working in
OASI covered employment during the first quarter
1955 were still found in these 4 industry groups,
nearly 67 percent of them had changed industry,
compared with only 15 percent of the nonmigrants.
Nearly 60 percent of all 1953 covered workers
were still employed in the same industry in Har
rison County in 1955.
The high percentage of industry changes among
the outmigrants is not surprising. In the first
place, every one of them had changed jobs at
least once. In changing from one job to another,
workers tend to look for the same kind of work
but do not necessarily confine their search to the
industry they left. The greatest shifts (88 per
cent) took place among manufacturing workers,
presumably because of the much greater volume
In d u stria l A ttachm ents.
T able 4.
I n d u s t r y m o b i l i ty o f n o n m ig r a n ts a n d o u t
m ig r a n ts w o r k in g i n c o v e re d e m p lo y m e n t i n b o th te r m in a l
q u a r te r s
Nonmigrants
Industry
Outmigrants
Industry
Industry
First
change by
First
change by
quarter first quarter quarter first quarter
1953
1955
1953
1955
indus
indus
try
try
N um Rate
N um Rate
(per
(per
ber cent)
ber cent)
Total........ ............... . .................. 115, 006 12,203
14.7
Coal mining________________
Conti act construction_______
Manufacturing_____________
Durable goods____________
Stone, clay, and glass____
Primary metal (iron and
steel).. ______________
Fabricated metals_______
Machinery (except electrical)_____ ___________
Electrical machinery____
Other durable goods_____
Nondurable goods________
Transportation, communication, and other public
utilities__________ ______
Wholesale trade_______ ____
Retail trade________________
Finance, insurance, and real
estate______ _____ ________
Service___ _________________
Other______________________
1 2, 780 >1, 861
66.9
1,201
392
5, 693
5,050
3, 873
267
63
801
730
118
22.2
16.1
14.1
14.4
3.0
607
176
593
474
179
328
114
524
427
168
54.0
64.8
88.4
90.1
93.9
31
267
8
196
25.8
73.4
5
198
5
187
100.0
94.4
212
212
455
643
149 70.3
212 100. 0
47 10.3
71 11.0
57
35
61.4
35
119
32
97
91.4
81.5
2, 281
933
2, 563
86
141
431
3.8
15.1
16.8
274
146
588
185
111
350
67.5
76.0
59.5
353
1, 301
290
24
220
172
6.8
16.9
59.3
106
244
46
52
163
35
49.1
66.8
76.1
i Because weights were used in deriving the industry estimates, the sub
totals may not add to the total.
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and range of opportunity within the general
manufacturing field. In those industry groups
where particular skills have a closer identification
with a specific industry, such as construction and
mining, the proportion that shifted was sub
stantially lower. Even here much shifting oc
curred: 54 percent of the workers formerly in
mining shifted industry as did 65 percent in
construction. Surprisingly, only about 4 percent
of the outmigrants went into automobile, rubber,
and iron and steel manufacturing—less than might
be expected when so many went to Ohio, Penn
sylvania, and Michigan.
There was a wide difference in industry mobility
between the migrants and the nonmigrants, mainly
because of two factors: (1) every migrant changed
jobs but many of the nonmigrants were presum
ably in the same jobs throughout the period;
(2) generally, the nonmigrants were the ones who
were doing relatively well in Harrison County in
1953 and, therefore, had less incentive to change.
Comparative E a rnings. A comparison between the
first quarter 1953 earnings of those who later be
came migrants and those who did not makes ap
parent one cogent reason why workers left Har
rison County. Of all those who were working in
both quarters, those who later migrated had re
ceived considerably lower earnings in first quarter
1953 than those who stayed in Harrison County.
Median incomes for these groups were $511 and
$826, respectively (table 5). Assuming the same
amount of earnings in all 4 quarters, this would
mean a difference of $1,260 in annual income.
Seventy percent of those who became outmi
grants were at work in covered employment in the
first quarter of 1955. These migrants were earn
ing much higher incomes than they had earned in
Harrison County 2 years earlier. The median
quarterly earnings for the whole group had in
creased from $511, or an average of $39 per week,
to $723, or $56 per week. Those who migrated
outside West Virginia did much better than those
who went only to other parts of their home State,
i. e., although the out-of-State migrants began the
period studied with average earnings considerably
lower than those who moved elsewhere within
West Virginia, they ended with higher earnings.
The nonmigrants who maintained their 1953
industry connection were much better off in both
terminal quarters then any of the other three
WORKER MOBILITY IN A LABOR SURLPUS AREA
T able 5.
M e d i a n e a r n in g s o f o u tm ig r a n ts a n d n o n
m i g r a n ts a n d 'p ercen ta g e c h a n g e , f i r s t q u a r te r s 1 9 5 3 a n d
1955 i
Median earnings
M obility group
First quarter
1953
Outmigrants____ __________ _
To West Virginia_________ _
To other States____ _____ _
N onm igrants.. _____
W ithout industry change_____ ____
W ith industry change______
$511
561
483
826
858
536
1955
$723
675
739
829
894
475
Percent
change
41.3
20.3
53.0
4.2
-1 1 .4
1 Includes workers earning $50 or more in old-age and survivors insurance
covered employment in both terminal quarters.
groups, even though their earnings increased only
a little during the period. Their greater experience
and seniority may well have accounted for their
higher earnings in both 1953 and 1955.
Nonmigrants who changed industry, on the
other hand, were the second lowest earners to
begin with and actually lost ground in average
earnings over the 2-year period. They were
younger and, in this respect, similar to the out
migrants. However, though they remained in
Harrison County, in preference to migrating, they
had apparently failed to gain a good foothold in
the deteriorating employment situation. In an
earlier study of labor mobility using OASI data,
this relationship was shown to be reversed; both
mobile groups suffered a loss after their move, but
the migrants lost more than the nonmigrants who
changed industry.2
In a more recent study, that of a plant shut
down and mass layoff in Mt. Vernon, 111., in
1953-54,3 the earnings story is much like that of
the Harrison County study—those who either
moved to other areas or took jobs outside the Mt.
Vernon area improved their earnings position,
while for those who remained in the Mt. Vernon
area and, perforce, changed industry, the earnings
situation worsened.
2
Donald J. Bogue, A Methodological Study of Migration and Labor
M obility in Michigan and Ohio in 1947 (Scripps Foundation for Research in
Population Problems, Miami University, Oxford, Ohio, Studies In Popula
tion Distribution, Number 4, June 1952).
The area of the Bogue study, however, was much larger (Michigan and
Ohio) and more diversified; and the period studied, the year 1947 was shorter
and very different. In the Bogue study, the nonmigrants who changed
industry had a much wider range of choice and shifted industry within 2
large and prosperous States during a period of dynamic change just after
World War II.
2
See Richard C. Wilcock, Employment Effects of a Plant Shutdown in a
Depressed Area (in M onthly Labor Review, September 1957, pp. 10471052).
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1455
Unemployment and Migration
Examination of data on the unemployment ex
perience of the migrants while in West Virginia
reveals that a great many of them had had spells
of unemployment as well as lower earnings.
More than twice as high a proportion of those
who became outmigrants as those who remained
received benefits for total unemployment in West
Virginia at some time during the 2-year period,
i. e., 20 percent as compared with 9 percent.
This is undoubtedly an understatement of the
unemployment for two reasons: (1) UI data were
not obtained from other States so that unemploy
ment experienced by migrants outside West
Virginia would be unaccounted for, and (2) since,
at the time of the study, only firms employing 8
or more workers were covered by West Virginia’s
unemployment insurance law, workers who had
been employed in firms employing 7 persons or
less were not included in the figures.
Although a much higher proportion of outmi
grants than nonmigrants received benefits for
total unemployment in West Virginia, the average
number of weeks of benefits was not so different
for the 2 groups, i. e., 20 for outmigrants compared
with 19 for nonmigrants. These figures do not
include the 1-week required waiting period. A
higher proportion of the outmigrant beneficiaries,
however, exhausted their benefit rights than did
the nonmigrant unemployed, as indicated below:
Percent exhausting
benehts
Outmigrants----------------------------------------Nonmigrants___________________________
196S
50. 0
40. 8
1954
51. 7
47. 2
This difference is particularly striking when one
considers that the nonmigrants were an older
group and might have been expected to experience
more difficulty in finding new jobs.
Again, data from the Mt. Vernon, 111., study
show an interesting similarity. The average
numbers of weeks of benefits was 20 for all the
laid-off workers who drew benefits, and the pro
portion of those who exhausted their benefits—
54 percent—was only slightly higher than that for
outmigrants in Harrison County.
The impact of unemployment on the Harrison
County outmigrants is further shown by thenquarters of coverage over the entire 2-year
period in firms covered by the OASI program.
These records contain an entry for every quarter
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, DECEMBER 1957
1456
in which a worker earns $50 or more in covered
employment. The maximum possible quarters of
coverage during the period studied were 9 (first
quarter 1953 through first quarter 1955). Only
41 percent of the outmigrants, however, had 9
quarters of coverage compared with 65 percent of
the nonmigrants. Although those outmigrants
who were working in both terminal quarters had
greatly improved their earnings situation, 30 per
cent of the outmigrant group were in noncovered
employment, unemployed, withdrawn from the
labor force, or had earned less than $50 in covered
employment in the final period. The correspond
ing ratio among the nonmigrants was 17 percent.
Summary
This study revealed that in the 2-year period
from the first quarter 1953 through the first quar
ter 1955, over 18 percent of the workers left
Harrison County, including 15.7 percent of the
women and 19.0 percent of the men. Over twothirds of the outmigrant men were under age 45
and about three-fourths of the women were under
35. The study further showed that the outmi
grants were less firmly established in the work
force than those who stayed in Harrison County:
They had lower earnings at the beginning of the
period; relatively many more of them drew unem
ployment insurance benefits; and a much lower
proportion of them had continuous employment
during the period studied. Although outmi
grants who were employed at both the beginning
and end of the period had definitely improved
their earnings, the nonmigrants who had main
tained their 1953 industry attachments through
the first quarter of 1955 retained a wage advantage
over all other groups.
There exists at least one development group in practically every labor sur
plus area. . . . In addition to the economic-development activities at State
level, hundreds of communities throughout the country have their own devel
opment agencies. Most metropolitan areas and many smaller centers have
planning commissions, economic development councils, or industrial develop
ment boards. Supplementing the work of the official city bodies are about
2,000 privately sponsored community industrial development corporations or
foundations, usually supported by local chambers of commerce, organized
labor, civic groups, independent business establishments, and private citizens.
The basic function of these development organizations is to strengthen and
expand the economic base of their communities by attracting new industries,
helping local industries expand operations, or assisting local men in starting
new industrial ventures. Practically every one of the labor-surplus areas in
the country has one or more of these organizations.
The industrial development techniques employed by these groups vary from
time to time and from place to place to suit local conditions. Some operate on
a profit basis, while others perform their services at cost or gratis. Never
theless, all the development corporations are motivated by the same objec
tive—the creation of new jobs in the community.
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—Sar A. Levitan, Federal Assistance to Labor Surplus Areas, a report prepared at
the request of the chairman of the Committee on Banking and Currency, U. S.
House of Representatives, 85th Cong., 1st sess., 1957, pp. 60-61.
Education and Work
of Young People in
a Labor Surplus Area
N aomi R iches *
our modern industrial society , technological
changes keep increasing the tempo of demand for
skilled workers. At the same time, the need for
those who can do only unskilled work is decreasing.
In such a situation, it becomes ever more impor
tant to know the extent to which high school grad
uates make a better adjustment than school drop
outs to present-day job requirements, whether
vocational education makes a substantial differ
ence in this adjustment, and whether success or
lack of success in school is repeated in the world
of work. Additionally, we need to explore the
effect of the nature of the community, for example,
one with limited employment opportunities, on
successful adjustment to work.
Because unemployment rates are usually highest
among young workers, a special study was made
of the school background and work experience
of young people in the high unemployment area
of Harrison County, W. Va.,1 who might be
expected to become available during their late
teens for entry into the labor force.2 This study
included all of those who graduated from second
ary schools between 1952 and 1955, but did not
go on to college the following autumn, and all
those enrolled in the 8th to 12th grades from 1951
to May 1955 who dropped out before graduating.
For purposes of the study, the term “school
leavers” has been adopted for these groups.
To throw added light on some of the factors
which affect the labor force experience of young
people, two types of data were obtained for
Harrison County school leavers. First, basic
data including sex, age at leaving school, reason
for leaving school, highest grade completed, IQ,
In
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and number of vocational courses completed, were
transcribed from the school records for all students
covered by the terms of the survey who termi
nated their schooling between September 1951 and
May 1955.3 The number of young people for
whom these data were collected included 2,106
graduates not going to college and 1,199 dropouts,
a total of 3,305 or an average of over 800 young
persons per year who were potential addditions to
the labor force of Harrison County. The actual
numbers of graduates and dropouts did not vary
greatly from year to year.
The second type of data, which was obtained
from personal interviews with a representative
sample of these school leavers, related primarily
to their work experience between the time they
left school and the midsummer of 1956.4 The
sample constituted 25 percent of the graduates
not going to college and 33 percent of the drop
outs.5 In addition, the dropouts were asked
their reason for leaving school before graduating.
If a direct personal interview with the school
leaver was not possible because he was no longer
residing in the county, a family member or, failing
this, a neighbor was briefly interviewed to find
out chiefly the school leaver’s reason for out
migration, his present employment status, and
whether or not he had worked in Harrison County
before he left the area. Data presented here
relate to Harrison County only and should not be
assumed to represent the country as a whole.
The demographic characteristics of Harrison
County show no factors which would make prob*Of the Division of Manpower and Employment Statistics, Bureau of
Labor Statistics.
1 For a detailed description of the economic background of Harrison
County, see Worker M obility in a Labor Surplus Area, p. 1452 of this issue.
2 This article presents a portion of the data which will be available in a
larger study to be published by the Bureau of Labor Statistics.
Similar studies are in progress in a number of widely separated areas of
the country with varying rates of unemployment; namely, Phoenix, Ariz.;
Evansville, Ind.; Port Huron-Saginaw, Mich.; Providence, R. 1.; and Utica,
N . Y.
2
This was done with the cooperation of the County School Superintendent,
Arthur V. G. Upton, and the principals of the schools.
4 Personal interviews were conducted by staff and graduate students
of West Virginia University, under contract with the Bureau of Labor
Statistics.
4 From the original sample of 940 names, 86fi completed interviews were
obtained. There were no refusals of interviews by school leavers, family
members, or neighbors when they could be found. The shrinkage was caused
for the most part by inability to locate 40 school leavers in the sample or any
family member or neighbor who could give information about them. Be
cause such an intensive effort was made by the interviewers to locate each
individual or a family member, it was assumed that these 40 had probably
left the county. The information from the interview schedules was later
cross-tabula ted with the school background data of the same individuals.
1457
1458
lems of adjustment to the labor force especially or
peculiarly difficult. Its people are 98 percent
white and 97 percent native born. Its economy
does not require migratory labor for agricultural
work, nor is it an area of heavy inmigration.
Similarly the pattern of education does not
depart markedly from the average. The propor
tion of high school graduates in the county who
entered college on a full-time basis in the autumn
following their graduation—32 percent—was al
most exactly the national average. Harrison
County’s secondary school ‘‘retention rate” was
in the neighborhood of 70 percent, compared with
the 63-percent rate recently computed by the
Office of Education for 11 large cities with popula
tions of 200,000 to 1,000,000.6
It should be noted that a school’s retention rate
is not the complement of its dropout rate, i. e.,
its “voluntary withdrawals.” 7 Not all students
who do not complete high school in 4 years are
dropouts. For example, some leave a school
because their families move away from the area
and their subsequent school status is not known,
a few die, and some become institutionalized. In
the Harrison County study, dropouts included
those students who left school for such known
reasons as to go to work, because they were needed
at home, because of personal ill health, to enlist in
military service, or to marry, or found school
attendance so distasteful that they quit. No one
was considered a dropout who merely transferred
from one school to another in Harrison County,
or who left school for other than voluntary reasons.
Personal Characteristics and School Background
The sex distribution of the school-leaving
group becomes economically important because of
its bearing on the kinds of jobs a community needs
to provide in order to absorb its new young labor
supply. In Harrison County, the sex distribution
of the school leavers resulted in an initial excess
of girls over boys, i. e., 53 percent of the group
being studied were girls. This is accounted for,
in part, by the fact that higher proportions and
numbers of boys than of girls went on to college.
Of every 100 who graduated and did not enter
college, the sex distribution was 57 girls and 43
boys, but of every 100 dropouts, 56 were boys and
44 were girls. This follows the general pattern
noted in school reports for other areas. Since
Sex.
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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, DECEMBER 1957
T a b l e 1. P e r c e n ta g e d i s t r i b u ti o n o f a ll sc h o o l le a v e r s , b y
a g e a t t im e o f le a v in g sc h o o l a n d b y se x , 1 9 5 1 - 5 5
Dropouts
Graduates
Age
Total
14 years
__________
15 years
___________
16 years
___________
17 years______________
18 years________ _____ 19 years______________
20 years and over______
11
63
20
6
Boys
9
57
25
9
Girls
13
66
17
4
Total
2
7
34
29
20
6
2
Boys
2
7
31
28
23
7
2
Girls
2
9
37
30
16
4
2
Total: Percent__
100
100
100
100
100
100
Number________ _____
2,106
896
1, 210
1,199
668
531
there were substantially larger numbers of gradu
ates than of dropouts in the county over the
period studied, there were 1,741 girls and 1,564
boys who presumably became available for work
during this period. (See table 1.)
Another very important factor influencing the
sex distribution of school leavers who might be
come available for work in Harrison County was
the heavy outmigration among this age group
after the end of their schooling. Fifty percent
of all the school leavers in the sample had, by July
1956, left the county, and over three-fifths of these
outmigrants were boys. More than two-thirds of
the group who remained were girls, thus intensify
ing the excess of young women over young men in
the community. The effect of this situation on
the job market was reduced, however, by the high
marriage rate among the girls, and their sub
sequent nonparticipation in the labor force. For
example, in July 1956, 67 percent of all the married
girls in the group interviewed were out of the
labor force. Nevertheless, of all the school leavers
who were in the labor force in Harrison County
at that time, 56 percent were female. At approxi
mately the same time, nationwide, women con« Retention in High Schools in Large Cities, Ü. S. Department of Health,
Education, and Welfare, Office of Education, Bulletin 15,1957. That study
develops a new method of calculating a school’s retention rate by following
only the identical students enrolled in the 9th grade to graduation 4 years
later. This method, therefore, differs from the former generally used method
which included accessions to the school population in the intervening 4
years between the 9th and the 12th grade and merely made a gross compari
son between the total numbers entering the 9th grade and the total numbers
completing the 12th grade 4 years later. The 70-percent retention rate for
Harrison County was computed by the new method, although the data are
not precisely comparable with data used in the Office of Education study.
7
The classification used here corresponds very closely but not precisely
with the “ voluntary withdrawal” concept of the Office of Education study
cited above. Over the 4-year period 1951-55, Harrison County lost 26 percent
of its senior high school enrollment by voluntary withdrawal, i. e., by drop
ping out, compared with a 29-percent loss in the 11 cities in the Office of
Education study.
YOUNG PEOPLE IN A LABOR SURPLUS AREA
stituted only 43 percent of the total labor force
of this same age group, i. e., 18-24.
The heavy outmigration of young men, which
contributed so substantially to the excess of young
women workers in Harrison County, prompts an
inquiry into the circumstances of their leaving.
Definite reasons for leaving the county are known
for 91 percent of the boy graduates and over 85
percent of the boy dropouts. Military service,
including draft and voluntary enlistment, was
given by a family member or neighbor as the
reason for leaving the county for about threefourths of both groups, whereas only about onefourth were reported to have left to look for work,
take work, or to have moved away with their
parents or other close relatives who were seeking
work. Emphasizing the pull of military service
is the additional fact that those who were actually
in military service in the summer of 1956 con
stituted 44 percent of all the boys in the sample,
more than twice the proportion (20 percent) of
young men between 17 and 21 who were in mili
tary service that summer for the entire Nation.
Why was there such heavy outmigration of the
boys? Data available from the interviews sug
gest that lack of job opportunities may well have
stimulated voluntary enlistment. Over threefifths of all outmigrant boys had never been em
ployed before leaving the county, and for 27 per
cent of those in military service in July 1956, a
family member or neighbor volunteered the in
formation that the boy was either unemployed at
the time of entering the service or felt that the
prospects for satisfactory future employment in
Harrison County were poor. If the boys who
enlisted in the service had remained in Harrison
County, it seems likely that they would have
greatly increased the unemployment rate for this
age group as a whole, which, in spite of the heavy
outmigration, was 13 percent as of July 1956,
compared with a national average of 8 percent for
this same date and age group.
In making the transition from school to
work, a person’s age at leaving school is important.
In West Virginia, work permits are required for
non-high-school graduates under 16. The age
distribution of the Harrison County school leavers
shows that extreme youthfulness could not have
been a work handicap to many of the more than
A ge.
• Op. cit.
p. 16.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1459
3,300 young people studied. Almost two-thirds
of the graduates were 18 when they finished school
and 26 percent were 19 or older. None was under
17. Only 9.5 percent of the dropouts left school
at less than 16 years, which, except in special
circumstances, is the legal school-leaving age in
West Virginia. However, one-third of all the
dropouts did leave school as soon as they reached
the age when school attendance was no longer re
quired by law. On the other hand, 28 percent
were 18 or over when they dropped out; old
enough to work in hazardous occupations.
Girls dropped out at somewhat earlier ages than
boys. Nearly half of all girl dropouts left school
at age 16 or younger but many did not enter the
labor force. One-third of all the girl dropouts
interviewed gave marriage as the reason for leaving
school, and even in the group who had dropped
out at age 16, one-fourth gave marriage as having
been the reason for leaving.
Lack of achievement during
the years in school rather than extreme youth was
the important characteristics of dropouts. Twothirds left school at grades which are considered
normal for students a year or more younger.
Sixty-nine percent of all dropouts had com
pleted no year at the senior high school level
(10th grade and above) and 41 percent had com
pleted no year beyond the 8th grade. The study,
Retention in High Schools in Large Cities,8 sum
marizes the situation with respect to age at leaving
school in the cities included in that study thus:
“It is not a particular problem that youth does
not attend school long enough. Actually, drop
outs stay in school, in number of years, almost as
long as high school graduates.” This was also
found to be the case in Harrison County.
This lack of achievement correlates with the
results of the Otis Mental Ability Group Test
which was customarily given in Harrison County
in the 9th grade. Since the test was not repeated
during the year, however, for those students who
were absent on the day it was given, and since
not all the young people studied reached the
9th grade level, no scores were available for
12 percent of the graduates and 33 percent of the
dropouts in the universe, and for 12 percent of the
graduates and 32 percent of the dropouts in the
sample (table 2). Among those for whom scores
were available, and on whom the distribution is
School Achievem ent.
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, DECEMBER 1957
1460
based, little difference was found by sex except
that there were somewhat more boys than girls in
the low ranges among both graduates and drop
outs. Also, the girl graduates did better in keeping
up with their normal grade than the boys, and
only one-fifth of the girl graduates were age 19 or
older when they completed school, compared with
one-third of the boy graduates.
There was a difference, however, between the
scores of most graduates and most dropouts.
Two-thirds of all graduates not going to college,
compared with 82 percent of the dropouts, had
scores below 100. If IQ 110 is taken as the mini
mum for potential completion of college, only
9 percent of all graduates not going to college and
only 4 percent of all dropouts might have been
successful there. More than half of the dropouts
were “slow learners’’ (less than IQ 90) and over
one-third had a real handicap for high school
graduation—IQ’s of less than 85, which is regarded
by many educators as the point below which
successful completion of most high school subjects
is extremely difficult. Some students with IQ’s of
this level do finish high school, however, as
indicated by the fact that 14 percent of the
graduates not going to college had recorded IQ’s
of less than 85.
Vocational Education in^School
In evaluating the relationship between labor
force adjustment and school experience and
achievement, the kind and amount of vocational
education offered by the high schools becomes a
matter of interest. Harrison County’s secondary
schools offer a wide variety of vocational courses,
such as typing, shorthand, bookkeeping, shop
courses in woodworking and metal, auto mechanics,
welding, printing, and distributive education
(12th-grade training for retail trade). Their im
portance in the curriculum is indicated by the fact
that all but 10 of the 2,106 graduates not going to
college had completed at least 1 of these voca
tional courses. Ninety percent of all graduates
taking vocational courses had completed 1 or
more commercial courses, and of these, 18 percent
had taken 3 such courses and another 40 percent,
4 or more. Also, 90 percent of all graduates taking
vocational courses had taken 1 or more industrial
arts courses; of these, 18 percent had 3 such
courses and another 27 percent had completed
4 or more.
The dropouts, however, were not nearly as well
equipped. Thirty-six percent of all the dropouts
who finished more than the 7th grade had com
pleted no vocational courses of any kind. Of those
dropouts who did complete some vocational
courses, 43 percent had taken some commercial
courses, only 10 percent of whom had completed
3 courses and another 4 percent, 4 or more.
Ninety-two percent of the dropouts with any
completed vocational courses had 1 or more in
dustrial courses, but only 7 percent of these had
completed 3 such courses and another 3 percent
had 4 or more. Of the girl dropouts who had com
pleted any industrial courses, 69 percent had taken
only one, and it was probably the elementary
course in home economics, which was classified as
an industrial course. Thus, the vocational educa
tion of most dropouts was obviously either non
existent or very elementary.
Work Experience of School Leavers
T able 2.
P e r c e n ta g e d i s t r i b u ti o n o f r e c o r d e d I Q ’s 1 o f
g r a d u a te s n o t g o in g to c o lleg e a n d o f d r o p o u ts
Sample
Universe
IQ rating
Graduates
Under 75______________
75-84__________________
85-89__________________
90-94__________________
95-99__________________
100-104________________
105-109________________
110-114________________
115 and over___________
Total: Percent____
Number..........................
Graduates
1
13
14
20
18
14
11
5
4
Dropouts
6
27
21
16
12
7
5
2
4
1
13
16
20
17
14
10
5
4
6
29
19
16
13
7
6
2
2
100
100
100
100
1, 881
798
443
247
i Otis Mental A bility Group Test.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Dropouts
Most of the boys who were interviewed, drop
outs as well as graduates, were in the labor force
in some capacity at some time during the 5 years
covered by the survey. The labor force partici
pation of the girls, however, was lower, especially
among the dropouts, primarily because of their
high marriage rate. (See table 3.) Of all girl
school leavers interviewed, 52 percent were mar
ried by July 1956—47 percent of the graduates and
66 percent of the dropouts. Many of these did
not consider themselves in the labor force.
How promptly did school leavers who regarded
themselves as in the labor force start looking for
YOUNG PEOPLE IN A LABOR SURPLUS AREA
T able 3.
1461
L a b o r f o r c e p a r t i c i p a t i o n i n 1 9 5 1 - 5 6 o f sc h o o l
le a v e r s i n te r v ie w e d ,1 b y se x
Boys
Item
Graduates
Girls
Dropouts
Graduates
Dropouts
N um Per N um Per N um Per Num Per
ber cent ber cent ber cent ber cent
In countv, Julv 1956...
Ever in labor for e ___
Found regular jobs s
Looked but did not
find regular job___
80
79
76
Ï55
96
67
63
58
100
92
202
184
180
100
98
99
54
50
100
93
3
4
5
8
4
2
4
7
1 Exclude? outmigrants.
* A regular job was defined as one held for a month or longer, full- or
part-time.
jobs, what methods did they use, how long did it
take them to get regular jobs, and what kind of
jobs were they? The data presented are for
those 448 in the county in July 1956 with whom
direct interviews were possible. Of the boy
graduates who looked for work, 81 percent started
looking within a month of graduation, and 54
percent of all who found jobs did so within a week
from the time they started looking. Of the girl
graduates who regarded themselves as in the labor
force, 72 percent started looking within a month
of graduation, and 48 percent of all who found
regular jobs had them within a week from the time
they started looking.
It might have been expected that those dropping
out of school would start looking for jobs even
more promptly than the graduates. However,
only 70 percent of the boy dropouts who regarded
themselves as in the labor force started looking
for work within a month after leaving school.
Only 37 percent of all who ever found regular jobs
found them in less than a week after starting to
look. It took from 10 weeks to more than a year
for another 37 percent to find regular jobs. Of
the girl dropouts who regarded themselves as in
the labor force, only half started looking within
a month of dropping out, and 53 percent of all
who ever got jobs found them within a week after
starting to look. The slowness of both boy and
girl dropouts in starting to look for work corre
lates with the fact that only 21 percent of the boys
and 5 percent of the girls interviewed gave “work”
as their reason for having dropped out of school.
This is only a small deviation from 24 percent
shown in the school records for the boys, but con
siderably less than the 13 percent shown in the
school records for the girls, as the reason for
leaving school.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
The fact that such a high proportion of those
who got regular jobs—both the graduates and the
dropouts—had found them within a week after
starting to look might make it seem that jobs
were waiting for applicants. However, it is
possible that the boys and girls did not report
themselves as having been technically “looking
for work” until they had actually heard of a job
or that a local firm was hiring.
Limited use of the public employment service
is perhaps characteristic of a small community
where knowledge of the labor market and per
sonal contacts play more prominent parts in lo
cating jobs. Of the graduates employed in July
1956, 59 percent had obtained their current job
by direct personal application or through relatives
or friends, and 19 percent through the public em
ployment service. Of the dropouts employed in
July 1956, 43 percent had obtained their current
jobs through relatives and friends, one-third by
personal application, and 16 percent through the
public employment service.
The first jobs of the school leavers in general are
about what might be expected in a labor market
with limited opportunities for inexperienced young
T able 4.
P e r c e n ta g e d i s t r i b u ti o n o f f i r s t j o b s a n d j o b s
h e ld i n J u l y 1 9 5 6 o f sc h o o l le a v e r s i n th e s a m p le w h o
f o u n d r e g u la r j o b s 1
Graduates
Dropouts
lobs
First
job
July
1956
First
job
Julv
1956
Boys
Unskilled labor (errand boys, stockroom
boys, janitors, etc.).................. ..................
Pilling station workers, car washers____
Salesclerks_______________________ ____
Semiskilled (painters helpers, carpenters
helpers, etc.!________________________
Factory operatives____ ____ __________
Other___________ ____ ________________
46
16
12
45
14
11
61
14
2
36
11
9
12
5
9
11
9
10
5
2
16
15
6
23
Total: Percent__________________
100
100
100
100
Number_________________________ ____
76
70
57
47
12
19
4
2
27
Girls
Unskilled labor (kitchen help, cleaners,
etc.)_______________________________
Salesclerks__________ _______________
Typists, stenographers, bookkeepers____
Factory operatives....................... ................
Waitresses___________________ _____ _
Domestics and babysitters_____________
Other___________ _________ - ____ _____
3
37
30
11
9
11
16
34
21
5
10
Total: Percent__________________
Number_____ ________________________
9
37
13
19
7
9
32
9
14
100
100
100
100
180
123
51
22
1 Covers those leaving school during entire period of survey.
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, DECEMBER 1957
1462
workers. Forty-six percent of the boy graduates
and about three-fifths of the boy dropouts found
their first employment in such miscellaneous un
skilled jobs as janitors, cleanup men in factories,
stock boys and errand boys (table 4). Sixteen
percent of the boy graduates and 14 percent of the
boy dropouts found employment as filling station
attendants, car washers, and in other unskilled
work connected with automobile transportation.
On the other hand, the advantage of high school
graduation and vocational education was clearly
noticeable among the girls in the labor force.
Nearly one-third of the girl graduates compared
with only 4 percent of the girl dropouts had first
jobs as typists, stenographers, or bookkeepers.
Almost 40 percent of the girl graduates found their
first jobs as salesclerks, while about the same per
centage of the girl dropouts found their first jobs
as waitresses.
The distribution of present jobs, i. e., in July
1956, is intended as descriptive of the employment
situation at that time, and not as a basis for com
parison with “first” jobs. It is not intended to
show progress or lack of progress in job types for
the same individuals. For example, by the sum
mer of 1956, many of the girls, especially the
dropouts and girls from the earlier classes, had
withdrawn from the labor force because of mar
riage. However, the limited employment oppor
tunities in the county and the lack of training of
many of these young people would preclude much
moving up to skilled jobs in the few years during
which most of them had been in the labor force.
For example, for 43 percent of the boy graduates
employed in July 1956, the job then held and the
first job were identical. This is true for 41 per
cent of the girl graduates employed, for 30 percent
of the boy dropouts, and for 36 percent of the girl
dropouts. These percentages are undoubtedly
heavily weighted by the recent school leavers
whose opportunities for changing jobs were
T able 5.
P e r c e n t o f sc h o o l le a v e r s in te r v ie w e d w h o h a ve
b e e n c o n tin u o u s ly e m p lo y e d f r o m th e d a te o f le a v in g sc h o o l
to J u l y 1 9 5 6 , b y y e a r o f le a v in g a n d se x
Boys
Girls
.Date of leaving school
1951-52,...............................
1052-53________________
1953-54________________
1954-55________________
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Graduates
Dropouts
Graduates
40
76
61
65
20
47
33
40
23
60
63
62
Dropouts
20
33
25
20
T able 6.
P e r c e n ta g e d i s t r i b u ti o n o f sc h o o l le a v e r s in te r v ie w e d ,
b y w e e k ly w a g e i n jo b h e ld i n J u l y 1 9 5 6 a n d se x
Girls
Boys
Weekly wage
Graduates
Less than $30__________
$30-$39 _______________
$40-$49 ________________
$50-$59 _______________
$60-$69 _______________
$70- $79
$80-$89
Total: Percent____
Median wage__________
1
3
17
19
21
13
7
19
Dropouts
4
15
27
19
9
9
11
6
Graduates
20
16
30
20
7
5
2
Dropouts
63
14
9
5
9
100
100
100
100
$65
$52
$44
$26
inevitably limited by the brief time that they had
actually been in the labor market.
Not only the type of job held but stability of
employment over a period of time is an important
factor in evaluating labor market adjustment. A
higher proportion of graduates than of dropouts
were continuously employed from the time they
finished school up to the summer of 1956 (table 5).
In the earlier classes, a higher proportion of boy
graduates than of girl graduates were continuously
employed, probably as a result of the high marriage
rate among the girls in the group, but in the two
most recent classes, the proportions continuously
employed were about the same for both boys and
girls. A break of 2 weeks or less between different
jobs or different employers was not counted as a
break in employment in these calculations.
In addition to questions on work experience,
all school leavers, whether or not they were in the
labor force at the moment, were asked what kind
of work they would most like to do. Their
replies were, for the most part, realistic. Only 2
boys and 5 girls of the 448 young people inter
viewed chose medicine or allied fields. Nursing
was counted separately and was chosen by 10 of
the 302 girl school leavers. Only 6 school leavers
aspired to teaching and 6 to self-employment.
The glamorous occupations, such as those con
nected with radio, television, and the stage,
seemed to have had little attraction, nor did
anyone mention airline hostess or airplane pilot
as job aspirations. Among the boys, 56 percent
of the graduates and 53 percent of the dropouts
would like to do skilled mechanical work of
various types. Among the girls, 49 percent of
the graduates and 25 percent of the dropouts
would prefer secretarial work. These figures omit
YOUNG PEOPLE IN A LABOR SURPLUS AREA
those girls who preferred to be housewives rather
than take paid employment.
Wage information was obtained only for the
jobs held in July 1956 (table 6). For some in the
group, the recent entrants to the labor force, these
wages were first-job wages. For others, they re
flect a few years of work experience. Neverthe
less, as in other studies, it is clear that high school
graduation does make a difference in earnings.
The boy graduates had a median wage of $65 a
week and the boy dropouts a median wage of $52.
There was an even larger difference in the median
wage of the girl graduates and the girl dropouts,
$44 for the graduates and $26 for the dropouts.
About 40 percent of the boy graduates and 26 per
cent of the boy dropouts were earning $70 or more
a week. Only 7 percent of the girl graduates and
none of the girl dropouts were earning this much.
The greatest difference in wages, however, was
between the boys as a group and the girls as a
group. Not only the boy graduates but also the
boy dropouts were earning more than the girl
graduates, and the median wage of the boy drop
outs was twice as high as that of the girl dropouts.
The wages of this latter group may have been
somewhat understated since about one-third of
them were waitresses, and it may be that tips
were underreported in their income. In addition,
the low median wage of $26 was influenced by the
fact that 18 percent of the girl dropouts employed
in July 1956 worked part time (less than 35 hours
a week) as compared with 9 percent of both boy
dropouts and girl graduates. Only one boy grad
uate worked part time. On the other hand, of all
who worked full time (35 hours or more a week),
35 percent of the boy graduates, 30 percent of the
girl graduates, 63 percent of the boy dropouts,
and 78 percent of the girl dropouts worked more
than 40 hours. Significant proportions of both
girl and boy dropouts worked 49 hours or more.
Summary
From the school records for all and on the basis
of interviews with about one-fourth of those who
left school between September 1951 and May
1955, certain salient facts emerge which may
furnish a benchmark for comparison with studies
being made in other areas:
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1463
1. Ninety-six percent of all school leavers were
16 years of age or older when they terminated
their schooling; two-thirds were old enough to
work even in hazardous occupations.
2. Almost every graduate had had some voca
tional education, compared with less than twothirds of the dropouts. Since nearly 70 percent
of the dropouts left school before completing as
much as the 10th grade, their opportunities for
other than the most elementary vocational educa
tion were automatically curtailed.
3. About two-thirds of the dropouts left school
at grade levels lower than normal for their age.
Comparatively small proportions of either grad
uates or dropouts for whom IQ’s were recorded
were found to be at an IQ level which would in
dicate successful completion of college.
4. By the summer of 1956, half of all school
leavers in the sample had left the county. Among
those for whom a reason for leaving was definitely
known, three-fourths of the boys had left to enter
military service and one-fourth for work reasons.
5. Of the group found in the Harrison County
labor force in the summer of 1956, girls exceeded
boys in spite of the fact that high proportions of
all female school leavers were married and out of
the labor force.
6. Almost all the boys had looked for work after
they left school, although the dropouts were not
as prompt as the graduates in beginning the search.
However, almost all had found jobs at some time
after leaving school; high proportions of these jobs
were unskilled. The differentiation between the
types of job held by the boy graduates and boy
dropouts was not sharp. Conversely, the com
mercial courses taken by the girl graduates enabled
about one-third of them to get jobs for which they
were trained. By and large, the girl dropouts
were in less skilled work.
7. Even though there was considerable simi
larity in the type of jobs held by boy graduates
and boy dropouts, the graduates were earning
definitely higher wages, and, as shown by wage
studies generally, girls earned substantially less
than boys.
8. Among all school leavers in the county in
the summer of 1956, 13 percent were unemployed,
a substantially higher proportion than in the Na
tion as a whole for this age group.
Summaries of Studies and Reports
Deferred Wage Increases in 1958
and Wage Escalator Clauses
A pproximately 4 million workers in about 530
major bargaining situations will have their pay
increased in 1958 by amounts specified in agree
ments negotiated in earlier years.1 The corre
sponding numbers for 1957 were approximately
5 million workers and more than 550 contract
situations. The reduction in the number of work
ers due to receive deferred wage adjustments in
1958, as compared with 1957, should not be taken
to represent a shift from long-term contracts.
Indeed, such agreements were extended to new
situations in 1957. The decline results simply
from the fact that relatively few long-term agree
ments with annual improvement factors or other
deferred increase provisions were subject to
negotiation in 1957, whereas in 1958, long-term
contracts affecting 1.6 million workers, mostly in
the automobile, farm-equipment, aircraft, and
trucking 2 industries, will expire or be subject to
reopening on wages. These contract situations
are, therefore, not included in the tabulations of
deferred adjustments for 1958.
Although the number of workers scheduled to
receive deferred increases will be lower than in
1957, the number covered by cost-of-living
escalator clauses will remain at its alltime peak,
subject only to such modifications as may emerge
from contract negotiations during the year. At
the beginning of 1958, almost 10 years after the
first agreement between General Motors and the
United Automobile Workers to provide annual
improvement factor increases and cost-of-living
escalation,3 more than 4.3 million workers will be
covered by cost-of-living escalator clauses. To a
substantial degree, these same workers are also
scheduled to receive deferred increases, since
the majority of the workers covered by contracts
incorporating provisions for deferred increases are
also covered by automatic cost-of-living escalator
1464
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clauses. Some agreements, however, including
most of those in the construction industry, trade,
and in nonferrous metal mining, smelting, and
refining, contain only deferred wage increase
provisions; conversely, the wages of most of the
workers covered by the long-term agreements that
are subject to negotiation in 1958 still will be
subject to at least one cost-of-living review in 1958
and are, therefore, included in the estimate of
worker coverage under escalator clauses.
Deferred Increases in 1958
Tables 1 and. 2 summarize the
deferred increases scheduled to become effective
in 1958.4 These data do not, of course, reflect
the possible effect of the cost-of-living escalator
clauses found in most long-term agreements
except construction, trade, and nonferrous mining.
The increases for the great majority of workers in
manufacturing industries scheduled to receive
deferred adjustments in 1958 will average either
7 but less than 8 cents an hour or 9 but less than
10 cents. These amounts account for about
one-third and two-fifths, respectively, of all manu
facturing workers due to receive deferred adjust
ments in 1958. Three out of 8 workers in
S ize of Increases.
1 These estimates are based on settlements negotiated in 1957 and earlier
years and coming to the attention of the U . S. Department of Labor’s Bureau
of Labor Statistics by the beginning of Deeembei 1957. The summary covers
major contracts (defined as those involving 1,000 or more workers), and is
based on collective bargaining settlements summarized in the Bureau’s
monthly report on Current Wage Developments, supplemented by informa
tion on some of the major construction agreements. The information used in
compiling the current wage report, as well as that on construction settlements,
is based primarily on secondary sources.
The industries covered, in addition to construction, are manufacturing,
mining, transportation, utilities, and trade. Estimates for construction are
included in the totals in the text, but are not incorporated in any tables,
except table 2, because data are less complete for construction than for the
industries regularly included in the current wage report.
2 As indicated later, some trucking agreements specify deferred wage
increases for 1958.
3 For a description of the provisions for deferred wage increases in 1957 and a
brief history of such provisions in recent years, see M onthly Labor Review,
January 1957 (pp. 50-52).
1
Increases presented here are averages for all workers affected by a settle
ment. Actually, as pointed out later, many settlements provide for varying
the cents-per-hour increase among occupations so that not all workers receive
the average.
WAGE ADJUSTMENT PROVISIONS IN 1958
1465
construction, where cost-of-living escalators are
infrequent, will receive 15-cent increases and more
than 1 out of 5 will receive 10-cent raises; while
in other nonmanufacturing industries, about 3 out
of 4 workers due deferred increases will receive
7 cents an hour. Year-to-year comparisons of
deferred increases are not presented; they have
little if any significance as an indication of bar
gaining trends, since the industries affected vary
so widely from year to year. By the very nature
of long-term agreements, some of the industries
where increases in a given year were determined
in advance will have their rates of pay established
by negotiation in the following year.5
In d u strie s A ffected. As in 1957, deferred wage
increases will be concentrated in the metalworking,
transportation, construction, and food industries.
However, with the scheduled renegotiation of the
automobile contracts, metalworking industries
will account for about three-eighths of all workers
due deferred increases in 1958, contrasted with
about half in 1957. The transportation industries,
with most trucking agreements subject to
reopening in 1958 but with some additional rail
road workers having come under long-term
deferred increase contracts, will have about 1.2
1
It should also be recognized that deferred increases are frequently some
what smaller than the comparable first-year increases. Moreover, nonwage
items, notably supplementary benefits, generally become applicable during
the first contract year and consequently further enhance the value of the
initial package increase as compared with subsequent years.
T able 1.
million workers receiving such raises in 1958,
compared with about 1.1 million in 1957. These
will account for a third of all workers scheduled
to receive deferred adjustments during the coming
year. In the mining industries, the number of
workers affected will be smaller than in 1957
because part of the increase provided by the 1956
negotiations in coal mining became effective
in 1957.
Within metalworking, the largest group ot
workers scheduled to receive wage adjustments
will be in basic steel, where pay will be raised an
average of about 8 or 9 cents an hour. Other
automatic increases in pay will go into effect in
electrical and aluminum manufacturing, where the
increase will amount to about 3% percent and
about 9y2 cents an hour, respectively, and in other
nonferrous metal smelting and refining, where
increases will average about 7 or 8 cents. The
changes in iron mining and nonferrous mining will
be roughly comparable to those in basic steel and
nonferrous smelting and refining, respectively.
Most railroad workers will receive 7-cent-anhour deferred increases in 1958. In the food
group, meatpacking employees will receive a basic
7}2-cent-an-hour increase and groups of canning
employees are due to receive 5 cents an hour. As
indicated previously, 3 out of 8 construction
workers for whom increases are already scheduled
for 1958 will get a 15-cent-an-hour increase in
scales with 10 cents being next most frequent in
these trades (table 2).
D e f e r r e d w a g e in c r e a s e s s c h e d u le d to go in to effect i n 1 9 5 8 i n s i t u a t i o n s a f fe c tin g 1 ,0 0 0 o r m o r e w o r k e r s i n m a n u f a c tu r in g a n d s e le c te d n o n m a n u f a c tu r in g i n d u s t r i e s 1
Approximate number of workers affected (in thousands)
Average deferred wage increase
N um
ber of
situa
tions
All in
dustries
studied
Total
manu
factur
ing 3
Food
and
kindred
products
T otal________________________
486
3,300
1,819
227
25
36
48
1,422
1,481
169
1,234
28
Under 5 c e n ts ___ _
______
5 but less than 6 cents___ . . . _
6 but less than 7 cen ts____ ___
7 but less than 8 cents_________
8 but less than 9 cents ... ___ .
9 but less than 10 cents________
10 but less than 11 cen ts_____ _
11 but less than 12 cents_______
12 but less than 13 cents______
13 cents and over__ _ _ ___ ...
Amount not specified or not
computed 4___ _____ _ _
39
58
81
109
68
71
34
8
3
7
87
218
148
1,700
238
741
99
36
4
12
71
107
115
577
175
701
36
20
2
10
2
66
6
125
1
12
7
5
2
1
4
1
1
3
10
25
6
4
2
11
7
19
97
433
151
681
23
9
26
112
33
1,123
63
39
63
16
2
2
9
37
26
34
12
4
43
7
59
2
1,089
46
5
14
1
5
6
15
1
1
8
18
5
1
12
2
10
1
Printing Chemi
Stone,
and
cals and clay, and
allied
publish
glass
ing
products products
1 Excludes certain industries, notably construction, as indicated in text
footnote 1.
2 Includes a few settlements in the following industry groups for which
separate data are not provided: Tobacco (1,000 workers), textiles (4,000),
apparel (13,000), lumber and furniture (10.000), paper (7,000), petroleum and
rubber (1,000 each), leather (15,000), and miscellaneous manufacturing (9,000).
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1
2
7
7
2
6
12
4
1
M etal
work
ing
1
1
Total
Warehous
nonmanu ing. whole Transpor Public
facturing sale, and
tation utilities
studied 3 retail trade
2
3 Includes a few settlements in some industries for which separate data
are not provided; the largest group consists of iron and load mining with about
35,000 workers. Data on copper mining are included with metalworking.
4 Insufficient information to compute cents-per-hour increases.
N ote: Because of rounding, sums of individual items do not necessarily
equal totals.
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, DECEMBER 1957
1466
T able 2.
D e f e r r e d in c r e a s e s i n u n i o n s c a le s s c h e d u le d to
go in to e ffe c t i n 1 9 5 8 i n m a jo r s i t u a t i o n s i n c o n s tr u c tio n
A pproxlmate
number of
workers
affected
Increases
___ _________
584,000
5 and under 7 cents_____ _ __________________________7 and under 9 cents .
__ _ _____________________ ____
9 and under 11 cents____ ___ _______ _________
_ _
____
11 and under 13 cents__ _ ___ _
13 and under 15 cents
_________________
____ ____
15 and under 17 cents__ _________________________________
17 and under 19 cents_____ - _____________ _ __
. ____
19 and under 21 cents_______ - ___________ _____ ___ ___ __
21 and under 23 cents___
________________________ _____
25 cents and over
______________ ___ - ______________ -
9, 500
19.000
119, 500
30.000
14.000
215, 500
84.000
33,500
22, 500
36, 500
Total _ ______________
_______-
N ote: Because of rounding, sum of individual items does not necessarily
equal total.
T im in g o f A d ju stm e n ts. Increases will become
effective for some groups of workers in every
month of 1958 (table 3). The construction changes
will be heavily concentrated in January, May, and
July and those in other industries in July, Sep
tember, and November. About 725,000 workers
in industries other than construction are scheduled
to receive pay hikes in July; included are basic steel,
copper smelting and refining, iron and nonferrous
mining, and refractory workers. About 420,000
will receive raises in September. Approximately
1,100,000 workers, practically all in the railroad
industry, will receive deferred adjustments in
November.
In a substantial proportion
of the situations with long-term contracts, the
increases will be larger, in cents-per-hour terms,
for skilled than for unskilled workers. Thus, the
basic steel and aluminum agreements both provide
for widening the cents increment among labor
grades. In electrical manufacturing, the adjust
ments consist of percentage increases combined
with a minimum cents-per-hour change. In the
railroad industry, most workers will receive a
uniform cents-per-hour raise, but some of the
operating crafts will receive larger increases.
F orm o f A d ju stm en ts.
Cost-of-Living Escalator Clauses
At the end of 1957, cost-of-living escalator pro
visions covered a greater number of workers than
at any previous period. These cost-of-living
escalator clauses will remain in effect during at
least part of 1958. It is estimated that by Decem
ber 1957, the pay of at least 4 million workers
employed under union agreements and more than
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300,000 unorganized workers (mainly office and
other employees in companies where some plant
workers are under collective agreements) were
subject to cost-of-living escalator adjustments.
The 4.3 million total includes most of the workers
due to receive deferred increases in 1958 (table 4),
together with workers whose existing contracts
provide for at least one cost-of-living wage review
to 1958 prior to contract renegotiations. In terms
of industrial attachment, all railroad, basic steel,
aluminum, meatpacking, and iron mining em
ployees due deferred increases are also covered by
cost-of-living clauses. The major groups subject
in deferred but not to cost-of-living escalator
adjustments are, as previously noted, the con
struction workers and trade employees, where
only a few workers are affected by cost-of-living
escalators, and nonferrous metal mining, smelting,
and refining employees.
As previous summaries have indicated,6 most
cost-of-living escalator adjustments are made on
a quarterly or semiannual basis, although some are
annual and a few are monthly. The exact formulas
used in relating wage-rate changes to changes in
the Bureau of Labor Statistics Consumer Price
Index vary from industry to industry and, to
4
For a discussion'of previous wage escalation developments, see M onthly
Labor Review, February 1953 (pp. 126-129), March 1955 (pp. 315-318), and
January 1957 (p. 52).
T able 3.
D e f e r r e d w a g e in c r e a s e s d u e i n 1 9 5 8 , i n s i t u a t i o n s
a f fe c tin g 1 ,0 0 0 o r m o r e w o r k e r s , b y e ffe c tiv e m o n th
Month
Total
___
Approximate
number of
workers
affected
(in
thousands)
Major industries affected 1
2 3, 321
J a n u a ry .___
February____ _ _
March____ _ . . .
A p r il_____
M ay________ _
June___
July _____________
147
62
115
77
104
61
724
August ______ _ _
September_____
October . . _ __ _
126
422
287
November_____ ___
December..
__
Month not k n ow n ...
1,117
3 30
50
No major group.
Trucking.
Canning, chemicals, and trade.
Trade.
Aircraft and trade.
Various metalworking.
Steel, copper, refractories, and metal
mining.
Aluminum.
Meatpacking and electrical equipment.
Electrical equipment, metal containers,
and longshoring.
Railroads.
1 Excludes certain industries, notably construction, as indicated in text
footnote 1.
2 21,000 employees are counted twice in this total, since they will receive 2
deferred increases in 1958.
3 Based on settlements concluded prior to December 1957. Presumably
some settlements concluded in that month would provide deferred increases
due in December 1958.
N ote: Because of rounding, sum of individual items does not necessarily
equal total.
WAGE ADJUSTMENT PROVISIONS IN 1958
1467
T able 4.
P r e v a le n c e o f c o s t- o f - liv in g e s c a la to r p r o v is io n s i n
s i t u a t i o n s p r o v id in g d e f e r r e d in c r e a s e s i n 1 9 5 8 1
Approximate
number of
workers due
to receive
deferred
increases
(in thousands)
Item
All situations with deferred increases... .
Performance by Age
Percent of
workers in
column 1 also
covered by
cost-of-living
escalator
clauses
3,300
78
87
218
148
1, 700
'238
741
99
36
4
12
18
26
13
47
90
68
97
25
20
0
1,819
78
227
25
36
48
1,422
37
42
88
1,481
77
169
1,234
28
6
90
0
Average deferred wage increase
Under 5 cents___________
5 cents and under 6 cents
6 cents and under 7 cents______
7 cents and under 8 cents____
8 cents and under 9 c e n t s .______
9 cents and under 10 c e n ts ___
10 cents and under 11 cents __ .
11 cents and under 12 cents_____
12 cents and under 13 cents. .
13 cents and over__________
Amount not specified or not computed
0
26
Industry group (selected)
Manufacturing 8________
Food and kindred products___
Printing and publishing___________
Chemicals and allied products___ .
Stone, clay, and glass products_______
M etalworking____ ______
Nonmanufacturing 4____________
Warehousing, wholesale, and retail
tr a d e _______________________
Transportation_____________ .
Public utilities____________ ______
3
0
1 Excludes certain industries, notably construction, as indicated in text
footnote l.
2 insufficient information to compute cents-per-hour increases.
8 See footnote 2, table 1.
4,.See footnote 3, table 1.
some extent, from contract to contract within an
industry. However, the most common current
adjustments are a 1-cent change in wage rates for
a 0.5-point change in the Consumer Price Index, or
2 cents for a 0.9-point change.
During 1957, cost-of-living escalator clauses
were a significant source of increasing money
rates of pay. Most railroad workers received a
greater increase in money wages from these ad
justments than from deferred increases—8 and 7
cents, respectively. In the case of the auto work
ers, the cost-of-living adjustments were 6 cents
per hour compared with annual improvement ad
justments averaging slightly more than 6 cents.
Workers in the basic steel industry received 7
cents in cost-of-living adjustments and an average
of about 9 cents in deferred increases.7
— L il y M
ary
D
a v id a n d
D
o n a ld
T h e difficulties faced by older men and women
in securing and retaining employment constitute
a national problem which is becoming more
pressing as the number of older persons in the
labor force rises. There are many factors which
contribute to these difficulties, but in part, they
result from unfavorable attitudes regarding the
relative performance of older workers. To ex
amine the validity of these views, the Bureau of
Labor Statistics investigated the relationship
between job performance and age for production
workers in establishments in two selected manu
facturing industries.
Scope
Utilizing methods developed for a pilot study
of comparative job performances1, data on output
per man-hour, attendance, and continuity of
service were obtained for production workers in
1956 and 1957 in 22 establishments—41 in the
wooden household furniture (upholstered and
unupholstered) industry and 11 in the men’s
footwear industry. All the establishments were
fairly largo, generally employing over 300 workers
paid on an incentive basis. Although they were
selected from a roster of all large firms with incen
tive workers in the two industries, they may not
necessarily be representative of these firms.
Other establishments were excluded because of an
unwillingness to cooperate or a lack of suitable
plant records. In order to furnish a broader base
for the findings, comparable output per man-hour
data for workers in four footwear establishments
included in the pilot investigation were incor
porated with the data for output per man-hour.
The footwear and furniture industries were
selected for study because they show a distribution
of men and women workers throughout all age
groups which is similar to manufacturing as a
whole and because they involve wide use of incen-
L. H elm
Division of Wages and Industrial Relations
2
A more complete analysis of deferred and cost-of-living adjustments in
1957 will be contained in a summary of major wage developments during the
year, to be published in a forthcoming issue of the M onthly Labor Review.
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Comparative Job
1
A description of the methods as well as the results of a pilot study of agejob performance relationships were published in Job Performance and Age:
A Study in Measurement (BLS Bull. 1203). The study was summarized in
Measurement of Job Performance and Age (in the M onthly Labor Review,
December 1956,pp. 1410-1414). Fora full report on the extended investiga
tion, see Comparative Job Performance by Age: Large Plants in M en’s Foot
wear and Household Furniture Industries (forthcoming BLS Bull. 1223).
1468
tive systems of payment. This latter character
istic is essential for it furnishes a means to measure
individual output.
The three indicators of job performance—out
put per man-hour, attendance, and continuity of
service—were selected because they afforded
objective measures for which data were directly
available from plant records. Output data are
presented for over 5,100 production workers,
attendance data for about 9,400, and continuity
of service data for almost 10,000.
Concepts and Limitations
Output per man-hour was nearly always meas
ured by comparing the average straight-time
hourly piece-rate earnings of individuals. In some
cases, it was measured in terms of the number of
standard units produced per hour. In this way,
some employees who were working under other
than individual incentive systems could be
included in the sample. Data were obtained for
a full production period of from 4 to 12 weeks.
No means were found to measure the output of
timeworkers or of skilled craftsmen since they are
usually not paid according to production by the
piece. Direct comparisons of output per man
hour were limited to those workers who were per
forming the same operations.
Percent of Workers A ge 45 and Over With Output
per Man-Hour Greater Than the Average for A ge
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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, DECEMBER 1957
T a b l e 1. I n d e x e s o f o u tp u t p e r m a n - h o u r f o r in c e n tiv e
w o r k e r s i n 1 5 m e n ’s f o o tw e a r a n d 11 h o u s e h o ld f u r n i t u r e
e s ta b lis h m e n ts , b y se x a n d a g e g r o u p
[Age group 35-44=100]
Women
Men
Age group
N um
ber of Index
workers
N um
Coeffi
cient of ber of Index
variation workers
(percent)
Coeffi
cient of
variation
(percent)
Establishments manufacturing men’s footwear
Under 25 years____
25-34 years______ 35-44 years________
45-54 years______ _
55-64 years________
65 years and o v e r ...
98
278
484
460
322
75
93.8
100.3
100.0
97.7
92.5
81.1
17.9
16.3
13.8
14.1
14.5
16.6
111
292
589
534
219
34
94.4
102.8
100.0
98.8
94.1
88.0
17.1
17.5
15. 2
15.6
13.1
20.7
Establishments manufacturing household furniture
Under 25 years____
25-34 years________
35-44 years________
45-54 years-----------55-64 years-----------65 years and o v e r ...
214
436
372
218
96
20
98.5
101.5
100.0
96.1
94.5
93.6
16.3
15.1
11.8
11.0
11.8
11.6
22
79
97
63
33
1
101.4
107.4
100.0
98.7
85. 6
0)
18.8
19. 4
17.8
16.0
18.6
(')
i Data were considered insufficient for deriving the measures.
It is recognized that the performance of in
centive workers may not be entirely representative
of all production workers. Some of the factors in
fluencing the output per man-hour of incentive
workers may be different from those influencing
the rate of output of industrial workers as a whole,
and these differences may not apply uniformly to
all age groups. For example, incentive jobs may,
on the average, place greater emphasis on speed,
agility, and other characteristics which are gen
erally assumed to deteriorate with age. If this is
so, then output data limited to these workers
would tend to show older workers in a less favor
able light than would be the case if all industrial
workers were included.
It is also possible that because only employed
persons were included in the study, the older
workers who were still present in the occupation
studied actually represented a select group, since
many workers originally in these occupations had
left for other jobs. However, there are actually
two types of selection operating here, which may
be expected to cancel each other to some extent:
the exceptionally superior workers may be assumed
to have gone into better paying jobs; the marginal
workers who could not maintain minimum stand
ards required for their jobs would also have left to
enter other occupations. Thus, the older workers’
average output rates would be influenced by the
COMPARATIVE JOB PERFORMANCE BY AGE
T able
2.
1469
I n d e x e s o f o u tp u t p e r m a n - h o u r f o r m e n a n d w o m e n in c e n tiv e w o r k e r s i n h ig h e r a n d lo w e r p a i d o c c u p a tio n s a n d i n
m a c h in e a n d h a n d o p e r a tio n s i n 1 5 m e n ’s f o o tw e a r e s ta b lis h m e n ts , b y se x a n d a g e g r o u p
[Age group 35-44=100]
Men
Age group
Number
of
workers
Index
Coefficient of Number
variation
of
(percent) workers
Higher paid occupations
Under 25 years______________
25-34 years_________________
35-44 years____________ ____ _
45-54 years_________________
55-64 years_______________
65 years and over___________
59
212
353
386
271
50
94.8
100.5
18.7
16.5
13.9
13.9
14.9
17.6
100.0
97.4
92.2
79.1
81
228
419
424
296
63
93.4
99.6
97.4
93.0
81.8
39
90.4
99.5
66
17.4
15.6
13.2
15.3
12.9
15.2
100.0
131
74
51
25
98.8
93.3
97.9
Hand operations
16.9
16.2
13.2
14.0
14.6
16.6
100.0
Coefficient of Number
variation
of
(percent) workers
Index
Lower paid occupations
Machine operations
Under 25 years______________
25-34 years_________________
35-44 years_________________
45-54 years_________________
55-64 years___________ _____
65 years and over........................
Women
17
50
65
36
26
97.0
105.4
12
75.8
Coefficient of Number
variation
of
(percent) workers
Higher paid occupations
72
202
92.7
103. 6
22
99.1
93.3
84.0
377
357
131
17.2
13.5
17.8
15.7
16.4
23.3
100.0
82
199
242
182
72
17
12.9
8.9
11.3
98.6
94.4
94.7
Coefficient of
variation
(percent)
39
90
212
177
88
12
97.6
15.3
101.1
100.0
21.0
16.6
14.0
13.9
4.4
98.1
95.5
95.4
Hand operations
11.0
97.0
100.3
100.0
Index
Lower paid occupations
Machine operations
20.3
16.5
17.0
16.0
13.5
16.6
100.0
99.8
88.6
Index
11.2
9.0
132
237
130
36
24
3
100.5
103. 2
18.4
16.4
15.5
9.0
13.3
100.0
92.6
94.7
(')
(9
i Data were considered insufficient for deriving the measures.
removal of these two extremes and, therefore,
would be comparable with those of younger groups.
Despite these limitations, since the bulk of pro
duction workers are in semiskilled jobs, many of
them covered by piecework plans, the findings are
useful to illustrate the age-output relationships for
an important group of workers.
Attendance was defined as the ratio of days
worked to days scheduled, and data were obtained
T able 3.
for periods ranging from 3 months to 1 year.
Attendance, which is the complement of absen
teeism, was selected to represent an individual’s
dependability because the proportion of scheduled
time an employee is on the job is more realistic for
analysis than the proportion of time he is off.
Small differences in absenteeism rates tend to
exaggerate the relative differences in the perform
ance of workers. For example, a worker who was
I n d e x e s o f o u tp u t p e r m a n -h o u r f o r m e n a n d w o m e n in c e n tiv e w o r k e r s i n h ig h e r a n d lo w e r p a i d o c c u p a tio n s a n d i n
m a c h in e a n d h a n d o p e r a tio n s i n 11 h o u s e h o ld f u r n i t u r e e s ta b lis h m e n ts , b y se x a n d a g e g r o u p
,
[Age group 35-44=100]
Men
Age group
Number
of
workers
Index
Coefficient of Number
variation
of
(percent) workers
Higher paid occupations
Under 25 years________ . . . .
25-34 years_______________ . .
35-44 years________ _______
45-54 years_________________
55-64 years____ ____________
65 years and over_____ ______
182
361
279
146
60
10
99.1
100.9
16.8
14.3
100.0
94.9
94.7
94.3
12.8
9.3
8.7
(9
Machine operations
Under 25 years______________
25-34 years________ _______
35-44 years____ _ _________
45-54 years_________________
55-64 years . .
____________
65 years and over____ _______
82
199
242
182
72
17
11.0
98.6
94.4
94.7
11.2
12.9
8.9
11.3
9.0
i Data were considered insufficient for deriving the measures.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Index
Coefficient of Number
variation
of
(percent) workers
Lower paid occupations
32
75
93
72
36
10
96.5
103.3
100.0
99.9
93.9
91.5
11.7
18.8
7.3
13.6
14.0
11.6
Hand operations
97.0
100.3
100.0
Women
132
237
130
36
24
3
100.5
103.2
100.0
92.6
94.7
0)
Index
Coefficient of Number
variation
of
(percent) workers
Higher paid occupations
16
61
55
34
13
106.8
105.9
18.0
18.8
18.0
16.0
14.4
100.0
98.6
84.1
Machine operations
18.4
16.4
15.5
9.0
13.3
(9
9
27
71
46
32
1
105.0
109.3
100.0
97.3
88.9
(9
Index
Coefficient of
variation
(percent)
Lower paid occupations
6
18
42
29
20
1
92.5
109.7
100.0
98.8
88.1
(9
20.4
21.9
16. 6
16.0
20.3
(9
Hand operations
25.6
22.7
17.8
17.7
18.6
(9
13
52
26
17
1
94.8
104.2
100.0
101.0
(9
16.1
17.8
15.8
(9
6.8
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, DECEMBER 1957
1470
absent 2 days in 100 scheduled workdays, cannot
realistically be considered twice as dependable as
a worker absent 4 days in 100.
It was not necessary in the case of attendance to
restrict the analysis to workers paid according to
an incentive system. Consequently, the findings
include data for timeworkers also.
Continuity of service, the third aspect of job
performance examined, was defined as the propor
tion of total workers who remained on the job, i. e.,
did not quit, get discharged, or retire during a
1-year period. Employees who were separated as
a result of production layoff were not considered
as separations.
The data on continuity of service rather than on
separations were included because small differ
ences in the separation rate would tend to exag
gerate differences between age groups.
Findings
With respect to output per man-hour, the differ
ences between age groups through the 55-64
group are, for the most part, small (with only
1 exception they are within 8 percentage points
of the 35-44 age group), and the differences in
average output per man-hour between adjacent
groups, also with 1 exception, are relatively small.
A pattern emerges showing the productivity of
men and women in establishments in both inT able 4.
I n d e x e s o f a tte n d a n c e f o r p r o d u c tio n w o r k e r s i n
I t m e n ’s f o o tw e a r a n d 11 h o u s e h o ld f u r n i t u r e e s ta b lis h
m e n ts , b y se x a n d a g e g r o u p
[Age group 35-44=100]
Women
Men
Age group
Number of
workers
Index
Number of
workers
Index
Establishments manufacturing men’s footwear
Under 25 years---------- 25-34 years__________ 35-44 years_____________
45-54 years... -------------55-64 years_____________
65 years and over----------
251
381
447
530
442
125
99.8
99.9
100.0
100.1
99.9
99.7
100.5
206
420
724
804
396
54
101.0
100.0
101.2
101.2
101.2
Establishments manufacturing household
furniture
Under 25 years_________
25-34 years.. ------ -----35-44 vears---- --------------45-54 years------- -- ------55-64 years____ ____ . . .
65 years and over-----------
562
1,122
1,010
770
433
149
101.3
102.4
100.0
100.9
101.5
98.6
54
140
197
148
71
4
1 Data were considered insufficient for deriving the indexes.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
99.9
98.9
100.0
0
99.8
97.6
dustries rising somewhat from the under-25 age
group to the 25-34 age group, with a gradual
decline for subsequent age groups which is some
what more marked for the 55-64 age group. For
the footwear plants, at the 65 and over level, a
sharper decline occurs; however, the men in furni
ture plants in this age group did not show this
sharp decline. But it must be remembered that
these conclusions refer to the average indexes of
the age groups. This information, although
useful, by itself is of limited value. What is
necessary is some measure of how closely the
rate of output of individual workers conforms to
the group average.
The measure used to provide this information
on individual variability is the coefficient of varia
tion, which reflects the difference between group
averages and the scores of individuals.2
As can be seen in table 1, the variability meas
ures for the age groups do not show any consistent
tendency to vary with age. The coefficients do,
however, indicate that within each age group
individual variability is quite large, with many
individuals performing far above and far below
the average for the group. Variations in the
output of persons in the same age group are
greater than differences in the average output per
man-hour between age brackets. Consequently,
substantial proportions of workers in the older
age groups perform better than the average for
other younger groups. For example, as illustrated
in the chart, 47 percent of the women aged 45-54
in both industries have higher scores than the
35-44 age group average.3 Even in the 55-64
age group, in most cases about one-third of the
workers perform better than the average for the
35-44 age group. This wide variability within
age groups coupled with the generally small differ
ences between age group averages minimizes the
significance of any inferences which can be drawn
solely about age-output patterns.
2
The coefficient of variation expresses the relative variability of groups
of data and is calculated by dividing the standard deviation by the mean.
It indicates the relationship between the value of the mean and the distance
from the mean within which any specified proportion of the observations will
lie, if the distribution is approximately normal. For example, if the average
index of an age group were 100 and the coefficient of variation 10 percent, then
two-thirds of the individual index would be between 90 and 110. There is
evidence supporting the view that the distribution of output per man-hour
scores of individuals is normal. See Individual Productivity Differences,
BLS Serial No. R 1040, February 1940 (pp. 18 and 19).
s These proportions were derived using the average index and coefficient
of variation with the assumption that the distribution of the output per
man-hour of individuals is normal.
COMPARATIVE JOB PERFORMANCE BY AGE
1471
T able 5.
I n d e x e s o f c o n t i n u it y o f s e r v ic e o f p r o d u c tio n
w o r k e r s i n 11 m e n ’s f o o tw e a r a n d 11 h o u s e h o ld f u r n i t u r e
e s ta b lis h m e n ts , b y se x a n d a g e g r o u p
[Age group 35-44=100]
M en
Women
Age group
Number of
workers
Indexes
Number of
workers
Indexes
Establishments manufacturing men’s footwear
Under 25 years-. __
25-34 y e a r s ..______
35-44 years_______
45-54 years_____
55-64 y ears... . . .
65 years and over___
245
418
478
589
509
158
83.9
96.7
100.0
101.5
100. 4
90.4
238
438
749
838
393
59
88.2
97. 6
100.0
102.1
101. 4
97.5
Establishments manufacturing household
furniture
Under 25 years________
25-34 years_________
35-44 years______
45-54 years______
55-64 years_____
65 years and over___
561
1,179
1,017
783
440
168
87.7
94.1
100.0
101.3
103.7
87.6
58
141
206
152
75
6
61 1
93 0
100.0
102.3
105 1
47.7
An analysis of the relationships between age and
output per man-hour when workers are classified
and compared by type of operation or by pay level
(hand operators versus machine operators, workers
in higher versus workers in lower paid occupa
tions4), for the most part reveals the same basic
pattern as shown for all classifications combined
within the industry, i. e., generally small differ
ences between age groups up to 64 with wide
variability within age groups (tables 2 and 3).
These results indicate that an individual evalu
ation of a worker is far more important than any
general ideas concerning the relationship between
age and productivity, and that any attempt to
establish formal age limits for various classes of
jobs, even where the job content is clearly defined,
fails to take into account the wide variability of
ability levels shown by persons of the same age.
With regard to attendance, the data obtained
for all workers in these plants refute current ideas
that there are striking differences between age
groups as to regularity of attendance at work. As
can be seen in table 4, differences in attendance
rates between one age group and another are ex
tremely small. In the footwear plants, the in
dexes of attendance vary by less than 1 percent
for the men and 1.2 percent for the women; and
in the furniture plants, by less than 4 percent for
both men and women. The absence of any trend
4 4 7 6 7 9 — 57-------- 3
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in relation to age and the apparently random
manner in which the insignificant differences be
tween these age groups are distributed, suggest
that age as a factor relating to a worker’s attend
ance can be ignored.
With regard to individual differences, the indi
vidual attendance rates within comparison groups
showed remarkable consistency, and it became
evident at an early stage that no purpose could
be served in deriving the coefficients of variation
of these rates. The individual differences about
the average indexes were so small that they played
no role in the comparisons.
No age attendance patterns emerge from the
indexes of workers classified according to method
of payment, length of service, and occupational
pay levels.
The results for continuity of service, as shown
in table 5, indicate that the percent of workers
who remain on the job is highest for ages 45
through 64. As might be expected, both the
youngest and oldest age groups have the highest
percent of separations. The decline in the continuity-of-service indexes for the 65 and over age
group largely reflects the influence of retirement.
Yet, in the footwear plants the influence of retire
ment on the oldest age groups is not as great as
the influence on the youngest age group of other
factors causing separations.
Conclusion
It is apparent that the relationship between age
and job performance is by no means simple. For
each of the three aspects of job performance exam
ined here, a different pattern emerged. In the case
of attendance, no relationship was found; for out
put per man-hour, although there were changes
on the average associated with age, there was wide
variability about the averages; and for continuity
of service with the exception of the oldest group
as age increased, the indexes generally increased.
— J er o m e
A.
M ark
Division of Productivity and Technological Developments
4
To classify each occupation as higher paid or lower paid, specific average
hourly earnings criteria were determined separately by region, industry, sex,
and method of payment (incentive or timework). The occupations
were then designated as higher paid if the average of the hourly earnings of
workers in that category equaled or exceeded the predetermined criterion,
and lower paid if it did not.
1472
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, DECEMBER 1957
sioner may now bring an action on behalf of an
employee to recover “unpaid minimum wages.”
An Idaho amendment provided that “wages” for
in 1957
the purpose of complying with the statutory min
imum
wage shall not include tips.
T h e y e a r 1957 saw significant enactments in
Wage
payment and wage collection laws were
several areas of labor law by the legislatures of
strengthened
in a number of States. Amend
45 States and 3 Territories meeting in regular
ments,
dealing
with the time of payment of wages
session. The greatest amount of legislation con
when
an
employee
quits or is discharged, were
cerned, as usual, workmen’s compensation and un
passed
in
California,
Oregon, and Maine. The
employment insurance.1 There were also a num
Maine
amendment
also
required vacation pay on
ber of laws relating to wages. Minimum-wage
termination
of
employment,
if the employment
laws were strengthened in 8 jurisdictions, and 1
agreement
included
such
pay.
The coverage of
State enacted a minimum-wage law for the first
wage
payment
provisions
was
broadened
in Texas
time. “Prevailing wage” laws were enacted in two
and
Maine.
The
Texas
law
was
made
applicable
States. Other legislation of importance to workers
to every person employing one or more persons
included the establishment of a mediation and con
as well as to types of business already specified
ciliation service in one State, and laws in several
in the law. Certain provisions of the Maine law
States looking toward protection of workers from
were extended to logging and lumbering opera
radiation hazards. In two States, laws prohibit
tions. A Hawaii act required the wages of all
ing discrimination in employment were changed
employees to be paid within 15 days after the
from voluntary to mandatory acts. A few laws
end of the pay period. Utah increased from $200
were passed affecting union activities, including a
to $400 the amount of a wage claim which the
“right to work” act in one State.
Industrial Commissioner may take for collection.
Bonds to secure the payment of wages were
Wage Standards
required of certain employers in two States: in
California, those engaged in logging or sawmilling
Vermont enacted a minimum-wage law for the
operations; and in Wyoming, out-of-State em
first time. This law covers men, women, and mi
ployers having employees within the State. In
nors, sets a statutory minimum rate of 75 cents an
addition, Oklahoma increased the amount of such
hour, and provides for wage board procedure to
a bond that must be posted by coal-mining
determine such matters as allowances for tips or
businesses.
for board or lodging and other items provided by
Five States raised the maximum amount of
the employer.
wages exempt from garnishment. In Alabama,
Six jurisdictions raised statutory minimum
the amount was raised to 75 percent of wages;
rates. Rhode Island raised the rate from 90
in Illinois, to $40 a week; in Michigan, to $50 a
cents to $1 an hour, and Connecticut from 75
week; in New Mexico, to $80 a month; and in
cents to $1. Hawaii set a rate of 90 cents, rather
Oregon, to $175 a month. In addition, Iowa
than 75 cents, in the city and county of Honolulu
established a set amount exempt from garnish
and 85 cents, rather than 65 cents, in other coun
ment ($35 a week plus allowances for dependents),
ties. After July 1, 1958, the rate will be $1 an
and repealed the former provision that exempted
hour throughout Hawaii. New Mexico raised
earnings from garnishment for a limited period.
the rate for “service employees” as defined in
The Ohio Legislature requested the Legislative
the law from 50 cents to 65 cents, retaining the
Service Commission to consider limits on wage
75-cent minimum for work in general employment.
garnishment as part of a study for revision of
The statutory minimum applies to men, women,
laws relating to creditor-debtor relationships.
and minors in all these jurisdictions. The rates
Laws requiring payment of “prevailing wages”
in Nevada were increased from 87 % cents to $1
to
workmen on public works were adopted this
an hour for women, and from 75 cents to 87%
cents for girls under 18.
i
For articles, respectively, on workmen’s compensation and unem ploy
Two other States strengthened their laws in
ment insurance legislation enacted in 1957, see M onthly Labor Review,
October (pp. 1229-1232), and p. 1476 of this issue.
other ways. In Wyoming, the Labor Commis
State Labor Legislation
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STATE LABOR LEGISLATION IN 1957
year in two States not having such laws—Minne
sota and Missouri. The labor department in
each State is to determine from time to time the
prevailing wages which must be paid under the
law. The Minnesota law applies to roadwork
under State contract, or under local contract if
Federal funds are involved; but it does not cover
Highway Commission contracts for trunk highway
work. The Missouri law applies to public works
generally.
An amendment to the Illinois prevailing-wage
law authorized the labor department to determine
prevailing rates, upon request of the public body
awarding the contract, whereas formerly the con
tracting agency had made such determinations.
A Montana law specified that contracts for work
on State highways shall, when applicable, contain
prevailing rates as set by collective barganing
agreements in the area. In Hawaii, the applica
tion of the law requiring payment of minimum
wages to laborers and mechanics on public works,
previously affecting all such government contracts,
was restricted to contracts in excess of $2,000.
Several other States made procedural, administra
tive, or clarifying changes in their prevailing wage
laws.
Industrial Relations
Significant developments in this area concerned
provision for mediation services and regulation of
health and welfare funds. Several States also
adopted legislation affecting union activities.
Florida established a mediation and conciliation
service under the jurisdiction of the Governor,
which may offer assistance in settling disputes,
upon the request of either party, or upon its
own motion in the event of an existing or im
minent work stoppage. Oregon established a
conciliation service within the labor department,
with the labor conciliator empowered to offer
assistance on his own motion, and abolished the
former independent board of conciliation which
could give service on the request of the parties or
certain public officials.
California, Connecticut, Massachusetts, and
Wisconsin this year enacted laws requiring regis
tration of certain health and welfare funds and
2
Alabama, Arizona, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Indiana, Iowa, Missis
sippi, Nebraska, Nevada, North Carolina, North Dakota, South Carolina,
South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, Utah, and Virginia.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1473
annual reports by the fund trustees. Similar
laws had been passed in Washington in 1955 and
in New York in 1956. The Connecticut act
covers funds established jointly by employers and
unions; the Wisconsin and Massachusetts laws
cover funds established jointly and also those
established singly by an employer or union; and
the California law covers health and welfare
programs “created by or on account of contracts
between labor organizations and employers.”
The California, Connecticut, and Wisconsin acts
are to be administered by the State insurance
commissioners, and the Massachusetts act by a
board composed of the commissioner of insurance,
the commissioner of banks, and the commissioner
of labor and industries.
A “right to work” act was passed in Indiana.
This act prohibited the making of contracts or
agreements which discriminate in employment
against any person because of membership or
nonmembership in a labor union. Eighteen
States, including Indiana, now have right-to-work
laws of general application,2 and Louisiana has a
right-to-work law limited to agricultural laborers
and workers engaged in the processing of certain
agricultural products. The Kansas Legislature
adopted a resolution to submit to the voters at the
1958 general election a constitutional amendment
providing that no person shall be denied the op
portunity to obtain or retain employment because
of membership or nonmembership in a union.
Other types of laws affecting union activities
were enacted in Connecticut, South Carolina, and
North Carolina. The Connecticut law required
labor unions having 25 members or more to file
an annual report, including financial data, with
the secretary of state, and to furnish copies of the
financial information to individual members.
South Carolina passed eight laws, each applicable
to a particular county, requiring officers or paid
employees of unions and other organizations that
collect dues to obtain permits from county officials
before soliciting members within the county.
The laws provide that permits shall be effective
for 60 days and may be refused at the discretion
of the issuing officer for “any just reason and for
the peace and good order of the citizens.” A
North Carolina law applying likewise to one
county required that dues-collecting organizations,
or persons soliciting members for such an organiza
tion, must register with the Superior Court.
1474
Occupational Health and Safety
Several States passed laws reflecting the current
interest in nuclear energy and concern over radia
tion hazards. Agencies to coordinate atomic de
velopment activities were established or authorized
in Arkansas, Florida, Ohio, and Tennessee. The
Arkansas and Ohio laws call for various State
agencies, including the labor department and the
workmen’s compensation agency, to make studies
as to the need for changes in the laws and regula
tions which they administer. The Tennessee law
authorizes the Governor to order State depart
ments to make studies of needed changes with
respect to health and safety, working conditions,
and other matters. The Florida law authorizes a
nuclear development commission, created by the
act, to work with other groups in the State on
problems of safety and other matters. In South
Dakota and Connecticut, the State health depart
ment was given rulemaking authority for protec
tion against radiation hazards. Both of these acts
require registration by persons producing, storing,
using, or otherwise dealing with radioactive ma
terials. Laws in Illinois and North Dakota also
require registration with the State health depart
ment of activities involving radiation hazards.
Several States amended or supplemented exist
ing occupational safety laws in particular respects.
For example, in Alaska, general rulemaking au
thority for occupational safety at places of em
ployment was transferred from the Commissioner
of Labor to a newly established Executive Board
in the Alaska Safety Council, set up in 1955.
Pennsylvania established safety rules governing
the use of explosives in blasting and specified that
its labor department should issue such additional
rules as it deemed necessary. A New York law
raised standards for employees working under
compressed air; deleted certain statutory standards
for decompression; and empowered the board of
standards and appeals to fix higher standards for
work under compressed air and to issue rules
covering decompression.
A Florida law specified that the safety devices
which must be furnished by the employer shall not
include personal apparel normally worn by em
ployees during regular working hours. The same
law provided that when an employee is injured
through willful refusal to use a safety device or
observe a safety rule, his workmen’s compensation
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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, DECEMBER 1957
benefits are not to be cut off entirely as before,
but shall be reduced 25 percent.
In Ohio, the legislative service commission was
requested to study the possibility of consolidating
the administration of the laws on industrial safety
and hygiene. A commission was created in Texas
to study the incidence of occupational injuries
and ways for the State to improve its safety
functions.
Child Labor and School Attendance
Florida and Missouri made substantial advances
in their child-labor laws. Florida, which already
had a 16-year minimum for factory work, raised
from 14 to 16 the minimum age for nonfactory
work during school hours. The law also restored
the minimum age of 12 for work outside school
hours, which had been reduced to 10 in 1953;
provided for application of the hazardous occupa
tions provisions to agriculture; and prohibited
minors under 16 from working more than 3 hours
on a schoolday if there is school the next day.
The law also permitted children 14 and 15 years
of age to work until 10 p. m. when there is no
school the following day, retaining the 8 p. m.
limit for nights preceding schooldays.
Missouri extended coverage of its law to agri
cultural work and domestic service, added certain
hazardous occupations to those already prohibited
for children under 16, and reduced the maximum
hours of work for children under 16 from 48 to 40.
As in Florida, nightwork was permitted until 10
p. m. for children 14 and 15 if there is no school
the next day; but the former 7 p. m. limit was
retained for nights preceding schooldays.
Changes in particular provisions were made in
a few States. New Hampshire, for example, ex
tended to farmwork and domestic service the
hours-of-work standards for minors under 16. On
the other hand, Oregon exempted children under
16 employed in agriculture, in youth camps, or as
newspaper carriers or vendors, from the prohibi
tion of work between 6 p. m. and 7 a. m. Ten
nessee extended coverage of the child-labor act to
“farm labor on or in plants processing farm prod
ucts,” by removing the previous exemption for
such work.
A few changes were made in school attendance
provisions. Nevada reduced the upper age for
compulsory school attendance from 18 to 17 years.
STATE LABOR LEGISLATION IN 1957
A legislative commission was created in Massa
chusetts to study the labor laws relating to women
and children with a view both to consolidation of
statutes and provision of better working condi
tions. New Jersey continued the commission ap
pointed in 1955 to study and suggest moderniza
tion of child-labor laws.
Discrimination in Employment
Colorado and Wisconsin this year amended their
laws against discrimination in employment (on
account of race, creed, color, national origin, or
ancestry) to make them mandatory, rather than
voluntary. That is, the agency administering the
law was authorized to issue orders—enforceable in
the courts—to cease discrimination, if attempts at
voluntary settlement of the matter fail. At pres
ent, 13 States and Alaska have mandatory acts
(or fair employment practice acts), and 2 States
have voluntary antidiscrimination acts.3
Fair employment practice acts were amended in
three States. Coverage under the Alaska act was
extended by repealing the former exemption for
employers of less than 10. An amendment to the
Oregon law authorized the State attorney general,
as well as any person claiming to be aggrieved, to
file a complaint. Washington extended coverage
to certain nonprofit organizations, made it an un
fair employment practice to advertise or make an
inquiry in such a way as to express any discrimi
nation, and amended procedures.
In addition, New York passed a separate act
relating to standards for apprenticeship agree
ments. The amendment prohibited discrimina
tion as to race, creed, color, or national origin in
such agreements.
Agricultural Workers
Laws for the protection of agricultural workers,
particularly migrants, were enacted in several
States. California required that motor vehicles
used to transport agricultural workers be registered
with the labor commissioner, and that operators
of such vehicles must be licensed as chauffeurs.
New York strengthened the requirements for
registration of farm labor contractors and crew
leaders, by prohibiting employers from using the
services of such persons if they are not registered.
The Wisconsin law requiring registration of labor
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1475
camps was strengthened, for example, by providing
for suspension as well as for revocation of certifi
cates of compliance with standards, and requiring
the immediate closing of noncertified camps.
Oregon created a legislative committee to study
migrant labor problems. Texas established a
council on migrant labor, representing interested
State agencies, to work for improved travel and
living conditions for migrants.
On the other hand, agricultural workers were
exempted from the Nevada minimum-wage law.
This was one of the few laws which had heretofore
covered such workers.
Extension of child-labor standards to children
working in agriculture—and in one State an
exemption from nightwork standards for agricul
tural work—is discussed under child labor.
Other Significant Legislation
In Iowa, the law regulating private employment
agencies was extended to cover professional occu
pations, formerly exempted. The maximum
placement fees which an agency may charge were
raised to 5 percent of annual gross earnings in
Iowa and 50 percent of the first full week's wages
in Maine. New York increased the bond to be
posted before a license to operate a private em
ployment agency may be issued.
Colorado and West Virginia made it unlawful
for any employer to require an employee or appli
cant to pay the cost of a medical examination
required by the employer as a condition of em
ployment. Similar laws were already in effect in
Alaska and 21 States.4
California made a number of clarifying and
strengthening changes in its industrial homework
law. For example, “employer" was defined as
one who “employs an industrial homeworker"
whereas formerly the definition was in narrower
terms of “delivering" materials to homeworkers;
and the definition of “home" was broadened to
include “outbuildings," such as a garage.
— B e a t r ic e M cC o n n e l l
Bureau of Labor Standards
3These States have mandatory acts: Colorado, Connecticut, Massachu
setts, Michigan, Minnesota, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York, Oregon,
Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Washington, and Wisconsin.
Indiana and Kansas have voluntary acts.
4Arkansas, Illinois, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maine, Massachusetts, Michi
gan, Minnesota, Montana, New Hampshire, New Jersey, North Carolina,
North Dakota, Ohio, Oklahoma, South Dakota, Utah, Vermont, Virginia,
Washington, and Wisconsin.
1476_____________________________________
State Unemployment Insurance
Legislation in 1957*
enacted
during 1957 continued the trend toward higher
maximum weekly benefit amounts. Amendments
to the unemployment insurance laws were intro
duced into the legislatures of 44 States,1 Alaska,
and Hawaii and in the United States Congress for
the District of Columbia. Forty States 2 and the
Territories amended their unemployment insur
ance laws. Significant benefit provisions as of
October 1957, including the legislative changes of
1957, are summarized in the accompanying table.3
U nemployment in su r a n c e legislation
Coverage
The State legislation concerning unemployment
insurance coverage during 1957 differed from that
of 1955.4 The 1955 legislatures emphasized lower
ing the size-of-firm restrictions in order to con
form with amendments to the Federal law. In
1957, activity in this field was concerned with
extension of coverage to State and local govern
mental workers; four States were successful in
having such legislation enacted. There are now
28 States which cover or permit election of cover
age for some State and local government employees ;
8 of these provide for mandatory coverage of
substantially all State Government workers.
Several State laws were amended to restrict
coverage in other areas. It is estimated that
few workers will be adversely affected.
A brief description follows of amendments to
the various State laws affecting coverage.
State a n d M u n ic ip a l E m ployees. Minnesota, New
Hampshire, and Oregon extended coverage to
employees of the State and its instrumentalities,
with specified exceptions,5 on a mandatory basis
and will permit the election of coverage by political
subdivisions and their instrumentalities.
Benefits paid to State employees in the three
States will be on a reimbursable rather than a
contributory basis. That is, each agency will
pay to the employment security department the
amount paid out in benefits to its employees who
become entitled to them.
In Vermont, election of coverage will be per
mitted for political subdivisions of the State and
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, DECEMBER 1957
their instrumentalities (but not employees of the
State), beginning with January 1, 1958.
Michigan extended coverage of its State em
ployees on a mandatory basis and permitted the
election of coverage for its political subdivisions
and instrumentalities during the 1956 legislative
session, also on a reimbursable basis. This year
the Michigan law was further amended to exclude
from such coverage temporary work of less than 8
months for the State or any of its agencies.
Other E xtensions. Idaho extended coverage to
service performed in the employ of irrigation and
soil conservation districts.
Vermont employers may elect coverage for
their workers in excluded employment. There are
now only three States (Alabama, Massachusetts,
and New York) which do not permit such election.
Maine amended its definition of agricultural
labor by narrowing the exclusions, so that some
services hitherto exempt will now be covered.
Oregon now covers the “brining of cherries.”
The first law covering agricultural workers was
enacted by Hawaii during the past session.6
Although separate from the employment security
law, the agricultural unemployment compensation
law will be administered by the Hawaii Bureau of
Employment Security. The new law will provide
unemployment insurance protection for only a
portion of the workers in agriculture because of
the restrictive definitions of “agricultural em
ployer” and “agricultural employee.” The law
limits coverage to employers of agricultural labor
who (1) are also subject to the employment secu*Prepared in the Legislation Branch, Bureau of Employm ent Security,
U. S. Department of Labor.
1The legislatures of Kentucky, Mississippi, and Virginia did not meet in
1957, and the Louisiana session was confined to budget and fiscal matters.
2
3
Arizona, N ew Mexico, Ohio, Rhode Island, and the District of Columbia
did not adopt any changes.
Puerto Rico adopted in 1956 a general unemployment security law,
providing for contributions to commence January 1, 1957, w ith payment
of benefits to commence 2 years later. This system is not now part of the
Federal-State unemployment insurance program.
For a summary of 1955 actions, see State Unemployment Insurance
Legislation in 1955 (in M onthly Labor Review, January 1956, pp. 34-40).
Minnesota excludes elected officials and nonclassified employees ap
pointed for a definite term; N ew Hampshire, employees not in the classified
service and services performed by seasonal or temporary employees as defined;
Oregon excludes (1) elected or appointed State officials; (2) officials paid on a
fee or per diem basis; (3) members of faculties of State and public schools,
colleges, or universities; (4) persons employed in emergency work such as fire
fighting, flood control, snow removal, or other public disaster relief work;
(5) physicians, dentists, student nurses, or other professional specialists in
institutions or attached to departments of the go vernment employed on a
part-time or irregular basis; and (6) individuals in the military service or
under the military control of the State.
See Unemployment Insurance for Hawaiian Agricultural Workers (in
M onthly Labor Review, M ay 1957, pp. 586-588).
4
3
6
1477
STATE UNEMPLOYMENT INSURANCE LEGISLATION
rity law, and (2) who employ 20 or more individ
uals in agricultural employment for some portion
of the day on 24 days in each calendar quarter
after June 30, 1957. Furthermore, contributions
are not payable on wages of a worker who does not
work for some portion of a day on each of 24 days
in a calendar quarter. Agricultural employers
may elect coverage of their agricultural workers
under the employment security law; if they do so,
they are exempt from the provisions of the agricul
tural law.
Benefits are payable only to “agricultural em
ployees.” An agricultural employee is defined as
one who was regularly employed by the same
agricultural employer during the 12 consecutive
calendar months immediately preceding applica
tion for benefits. An individual is “regularly
employed” if for some portion of a day in each of
30 or more different weeks during a consecutive
12-month period, he was engaged in agricultural
employment for the same employer. The weekly
benefit amount and number of weeks for which
an eligible individual may draw benefits is the
same under the agricultural law as under the
employment security law. However, a worker
who has been employed in both industrial and
agricultural employment, and who is entitled to
qualify for benefits under the employment secu
rity law, will be eligible to receive under the
agricultural law an amount equal to the difference
between the benefit amount based on the aggregate
of his industrial and agricultural wages and the
benefit amount based solely on industrial wages.
R estrictions o j Coverage. The laws of eight States
were amended to restrict coverage in some
respects. However, the reduction in the number
of individuals covered will be insignificant in each
State.
Qualifying Requirements
Thirteen States and Alaska changed the qualify
ing requirement in the 1957 legislative session as
compared with 19 States in 1955. In line with
rising wage levels, amendments in 13 States
S ig n if ic a n t -p ro v is io n s o j S ta te u n e m p lo y m e n t in s u r a n c e la w s , O c to b e r 1 9 5 7
Duration in 52-week period
Weekly benefit amount
State
AlabamaA laska...
Arizona—.
Arkansas.
California.
Colorado__
Connecticut.
Size of firm
(minimum
number of em
ployees and/or
size of payroll)
Wage or employment
qualification (num
ber times weekly
benefit amount, un
less otherwise in
dicated)
4 in 20 weeks___ 35; and $112.01 in 1
quarter.
1 at any tim e__ 1)4 times high-quarter
wages but not less
than $500.
3 in 20 weeks___ 30; and wages in 2
quarters.
1 in 10 days------ 30__________________
1 and over $100 30; but not less than
$600 nor more than
in any quar
ter.
$750.
4 in 20 weeks___ 30__________________
3 in 13 weeks___ $300, and wages in 2
quarters.
Delaware________ 1 in 20 weeks___ 30________ ____ _____
District of Colum 1 at any tim e— 1)4 times high-quarter
wages but not less
bia
than $276; and $130
in 1 quarter.
1)4
times high-quarter
4
in
20
weeks
or
Florida.
wages but not less
4 in 8 weeks
andover$6,000
than $200.
in any quar
ter.
4 in 20 weeks___ 40-45; and $150 in 1
Georgia.
quarter.
1 at any tim e__ 30__________________
H aw aii.
1 and $150 in 31+-38+; $300 in 1
Idaho—.
quarter and wages
any quarter.
in 2 quarters.
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Computation of week
ly benefit amount
(fraction of highquarter wages, unless otherwise in
dicated) 2
1 .8- 1.1 percent of an-
nual wages, plus $5
for each dependent
up to lesser of wba
or $25.
y, 5
Amount of
earnings
Statutory range for
total unemploy
disregarded
Proportion
in computing
ment
of wages in
weekly benefit
base period 5
for partial
unemployment4
M ini
M axi
mum 3
mum 3
wba.
M ini Maxi
mum 6 mum
$6
$28
$6 ___________
H ______ . . . . .
11+
20
3 10-15
345-70
Greater of $10
or V basic
wba.
30-29 percent5.
15
26
5
30
$ 5 __________
V ___________
10
26
7
26
40
$5 _ _____
$3___________
H ___________
V ___________
10
2 26
18
26
$3
$3
______
Vt___________ 310-26
6 12
v ___________
26
26
$2
_________
« 11
11+
26
26
10
Ve, plus $4 for each
dependent up to Vi
Weeks of
benefits
for total
unemployment
14
10-14
3 35-44
40-60
3 30
Y> w ba______
10
30
$5___________
5
16
_____
7
30
$5___________
Uniform__ _ 320-22
320-22
35
40
$2
y>2-He ----------------- -
5
15
U niform ..
32-29 percent 5_
20
10
20
26
ys
. .
35
26 percent . _
H -----------------
7
8-9
J4 3 , plus $1 for each
dependent up to
$3.3
Vi w ba______
1478
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, DECEMBER 1957
-Continued
S ig n if ic a n t p r o v is io n s o f S ta te
Weekly benefit amount i
Illinois............. ....... 4 in 20 weeks___
$600; and $150 outside
high quarter.
Indiana.. ______
4 in 20 weeks___ $250; and $150 in last
2 quarters.
Iowa___________
Kansas _______
4 in 20 weeks___ 20
_______________
4 in 20 weeks or $400, or $200 in 2
25 in 1 week.
quarters.
Louisiana_______
M aine__________
4 in 20 weeks or
4in3quarters
of preceding
year, with
wages of $50
each in each
quarter.
4 in 20 w eek s...
4 in 20 weeks__
Maryland_______
1 at any tim e—
M assachusetts___
1 in 13 weeks. ..
Michigan_____
_
M innesota,........ .
Mississippi
_ .
Missouri________
M ontana________
Nebraska_______
N evada--------------
New Hampshire..
New Jersey______
New Mexico_____
New York______
North Carolina.. .
North Dakota___
Ohio..
________
O klahom a______
$450
30
$300
_____________
36; and $192.01 in 1
quarter and wages
in 2 quarters.
$500
___________
M ini
mum 3
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
unemployment4
M ini Maxi
mum 8 mum
lowance for claim
ants with high-quar
ter wages of more
than $639.00 and 1-4
dependents.
V b-------------------------------------------
10
30-45
$7___________
36-32 percent5.
321+
10
33
U -----------------
6+
Vo------------ ------------- --------------^ 5 up to V of State
5
5
30
34
$3 from other
than baseperiod
employer.
$3___________
___________
$8
V ___________
v ___________
6+
813+
24
8
32
}s wages_____
Uniform
___
26
26
5
7
25
33
$3___________
$5___________
V ___________
Uniform.
26
26
10-12
35-43
$7___________
Uniform. . __
26
26
335 $10__________
34 percent____
817
26
Vo, plus $0.50-$15 al
average weekly
wage but not more
than $34.
1.7-1.3 percent of
annual wages.
V o------------------------2.21.1 percent of
annual wages.
V i, plus $2 for each
dependent up to $8.
Vo~Ho, plus $4 for
10-14
each dependent but
total may not ex
ceed average
weekly wage.
4 in 20 weeks___ 14 weeks of employ63-41 percent of aver
ment at more than
age weekly wage,
plus allowance of
$15.
$l-$25 depending
on average weekly
wage and number
of dependents.
1 in 20 weeks or $520_________________ 2.21.3 percent of
4 in 20 weeks.2
annual wages.
4 in 20 weeks___ 30
- 3
Ve--------------------- --------------4 in 20 weeks___ IV times highVh------------ ----------------------------quarter wages; and
$200 in 1 quarter.
1 in 20 weeks or IV times highV&-V2-...................
over $500 in a
quarter wages; and
year.
$170 in 1 quarter.
4 in 20 weeks or $400 in 2 quarters
Vl~Vo-------- ---$10,000 in any
with at least $100
quarter.
in each of such
quarters; and $200
in high quarter.
1 and $225 in
_______________ V b, plus $5 for each
30
any quarter.
dependent up to
$20 but total may
not exceed 6 per
cent of highquarter wages.
4 in 20 weeks___ $400________________ 2.0-1.2 percent of
9
annual wages.
4 in 20 weeks___ 17 weeks of employ% of average weekly
ment at $15 or
wage up to $45 and
more.
Vb of average
weekly wage above
$45.
1 and $450 in
30; and $156 in 1
Ve-----------------------------------------any quarter
quarter.
or 2 in 13
weeks.
2 at any time___ 20 weeks of employ67-51 percent of aver
ment at average of
age weekly wage.
$15 or more.
4 in 20 weeks___ $500_________________ 2.0-1.1 percent of
annual wages.
4 in 20 weeks___ 36; and wages in 2
V i, plus $1—$3 per
7-10
quarters.
dependent, by
schedule $3-$9.
3 at any tim e___ 20 weeks of employV v~V b, plus $3 for
10-13
ment and $240.
each dependent up
to $6.
4 in 20 weeks___ 20; and wages in 2
Vo-.- ................... - ....................... .
quarters.
See footnotes at end of table.
Maxi
mum 3
Weeks of
benefits
for total
unemployment
Proportion
of wages in
310-12
30-55
10
26
20
20
20
Up to v
wba.4
% weeks of
$6___________
$2___________
42-33 percent..
18
26
Uniform_____
V _________
20
12+
26
Uniform___
22
22
20
9V
employment.
26
12
38
8
30
33
$4___________
10
32
(9)
10
32
Up to V
wba.4
V -------------------
CO
Kentucky . . . . .
Computation of week
ly benefit amount
(fraction of highquarter wages, un
less otherwise in
dicated)2
Duration in 52-week period
Amount of
Statutory range for
earnings
total unemploy
disregarded
ment
in computing
weekly benefit
37.5057. 50
$5___________
V _____
10
26
8-12
.
St
Size of firm
(minimum
number of employees and/or
size of payroll)
State
Wage or employment
qualification (number times weekly
benefit amount, unless otherwise indicated)
20
32
$3___________
Uniform__ _
26
26
10
35
Up to V
wba.4
% weeks of
employment.
13
26
10
30
$ 3 _________
% „
12
24
10
36
0°)
Uniform_____
26
26
11
10
32
$2___________
U niform .. . . .
26
26
26-35
$3___________
Uniform
20
20
33-39
$2___________
V ________
28
$7___________
V ________
___
812
6+
26
26
STATE UNEMPLOYMENT INSURANCE LEGISLATION
1479
S ig n if ic a n t 'p r o v is io n s o f S ta te u n e m p lo y m e n t in s u r a n c e la w s , O c to b e r 1 9 5 7 — Continued
Weekly benefit am ou nt1
State
Size of firm
(minimum
number of employees and/or
size of payroll)
Wage or employment
qualification (number times weekly
benefit amount, un
less otherwise indicated)
Oregon__________ 2 in 6 weeks in
37; but not less than
any quarter
$700.
and $1,800 in
a year.
Pennsylvania____ 1 at any time___ 32-42; and $120 in 1
quarter.
Rhode Island____ 1 at any time. .. 30_________________
South Carolina__ 4 in 20 weeks___ 1)6 times highquarter wages but
not less than $240;
and $120 in 1
quarter.
South Dakota
4 in 20 weeks or $600 and $250 in 1
$24,000 in a
quarter; and wages
year.
in 2 quarters.
Tennessee______
4 in 20 w eek s... 40, 50 and 60; and
$182 in 1 quarter.
Texas___________ 4 in 20 weeks___ $375 with $250 in 1
quarter and $125 in
another or $450
with $50 in each of
3 quarters or $1,000
in 1 quarter.
U tah_____ _
__ 1 and $140 in
19 weeks of employany quarter.
ment and $400.
_____ 4 in 20 w eeks.. _ 30 with
of wages in
last 2 quarters; and
$200 in 1 quarter.
Virginia_______ - 4 in 20 weeks___ 30 ($250 for minimum
weekly benefit
amount;
Washington_____ 1 at any tim e__ $800________________
Vermont.-
Computation of weekly benefit amount
(fraction of highquarter wages, unless otherwise in
dicated)2
J-26____
- ____
)6s or )i of full-time
15
40
Proportion
of wages in
base period 5
Weeks of
benefits
for total
unemployment
Mini- Maximum 6 mum
H
«15+
26
weekly wage, if
greater.
Ho
________
)6i-)6e
__
10
35
$6_____
Uniform.
30
30
10
8
30
26
$5
35-27 percent..
10+
10
26
22
Yii-)6i ..........
12
28
$3
27-22 percent..
«13+
20
...........
H
H4“H6- ____________
8
30
$5
22
22
H e . _____-
7
28
Greater of $5
or J4 wba.
H
« 16+
24
$10
$37
$6 from other
than regular
employer.
« 15
26
10
28
$3
Weighted
schedule of
base-period
wages in re
lation to
high-quarter
wages.
26
26
8
28
$3
U
$8
26-29 percent «_
)ie up to )6 of State
average weekly
wage.
H2“H6 -
______
H s________
2.0-1.1 percent of
annual wages.
4 in 20 weeks . _ $500_________________ 1.8-1.0 percent of
annual wages.
W isconsin.. . . . 4 in 20 weeks or 14 weeks of employ63-51 percent of aver$10,000 in any
ment at average of
age weekly wage.
quarter or
$16 or more.
$6,000 in any
year.
W yom ing... _ .... 1 and $500 in
1)6 times high-quarter )6s up to 55 percent
any year.
wages; and $250 in
of average weekly
1 quarter.
wage in covered em
ployment in the
State, plus $3 for
each dependent up
to $6.
West Virginia___
Duration in 52-week period
Amount of
Statutory range for
earnings
total unemploydisregarded
ment
in computing
weekly benefit
for partial
unemployment
MiniMaxim um 3
mum 3
17
35
10
30
11
38
10-13
41-47
Up to )6 w b a4. 7
A o weeks of
employment.
18
12
26
24
24
10
26H
12
26
1 Weekly benefit amount abbreviated in columns as wba.
« Figure shown applies to claimants with minimum weekly benefit and
2 When State uses a weighted high-quarter formula, annual-wage formula,
minimum qualifying wages. In Delaware and Utah, statutory minimum.
or average-weekly-wage formula, approximate fractions or percentages are
In Texas, alternative qualifying wages of $250 in high quarter and $125 in
figured at midpoint of lowest and highest normal wage brackets. When
another quarter may yield benefits of $10 per week for 9 + weeks. In other
dependents’ allowances are provided, the fraction applies to the basic benefit
States noted, if qualifying wages are concentrated largely or wholly in high
amount.
quarter, weekly benefit for claimants with minimum qualifying wages may
2
When 2 amounts are given, higher includes dependents’ allowances, ex be above minimum weekly amount and consequently weeks of benefits may
cept in Colorado and Georgia. In Colorado, higher amount includes 25
be less than the minimum duration shown.
percent additional for claimants employed in Colorado by covered employers
7 Because of high qualifying wages, minimum duration is high for claimants
for 5 consecutive calendar years with wages in excess of $1,000 per year and no
with low benefit amounts; minimum duration for claimants at other level
benefits received; duration for all such claimants is increased to 26 weeks;
is 15 weeks in California and 10 (by statute) in Illinois.
in Georgia, higher figure applies to claimants whose base-period wages are
8 Employers of fewer than 4 (not subject to the Federal Unemployment
equal to 4 times minimum high-quarter wages for each wage bracket.
Tax Act) outside the corporate limits of 22 cities of 10,000 population or more
Higher figure for minimum weekly benefit amount includes maximum al
are not liable for contributions.
lowance for 1 dependent; in Michigan, for 1 dependent child or 2 dependents
9 No partial benefits paid, but earnings not exceeding the greater of $15 or 1
other than a child. In the District of Columbia, same maximum with or
day’s work of 8 hours, plus any overtime immediately following such 8 hours,
without dependents. Maximum augmented payment in Massachusetts
are disregarded for total unemployment.
not shown, since any figure presented would be based on an assumed maxi
i° Partial benefits are one-fourth of weekly benefit amount for each of 1
mum number of dependent children at $4 each, up to average weekly wage.
to 3 effective days. An “effective day” is the fourth and each subsequent
In Alaska, the maximum for interstate claimants is $25 and no dependents’
day of total unemployment in a week for which not more than $36 is paid.
allowances are paid.
4 In States noted, full weekly benefit is paid if earnings are less than oneN ote : Because of the impossibility of giving qualifications and alternatives
half weekly benefit; and one-half weekly benefit amount is paid if wages are
in brief summary form, the State law and State employment security agency
one-half weekly benefit but less than weekly benefit.
should be consulted for authoritative information. In general, the State
5 In States with weighted schedules, the percent of benefits is figured at
laws cover employment in most types of business and industry, except em
the bottom of the lowest and of the highest wage brackets; in States noted,
ployment for railroads which is covered by a separate Federal law.
the percentages at other brackets are higher and/or lower than the percentages
shown.
Source: U. S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Employment Security.
447679 — 57-4
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1480
increased the amount of wages required to qualify
for benefits at some or all levels. One of these
States (Missouri) also enacted, effective October
1, 1959, a qualifying requirement expressed in
terms of “weeks of employment.” Wages of at
least $15 in each of at least 17 weeks in the base
period will then be required to qualify for benefits.
The minimum amount of wages needed to qualify
a worker for benefits was raised substantially in
6 States by amounts ranging from $180 to $375
and in 7 others by from $42 to $120. In 5 of the
13 States, the increase in minimum qualifying
wages resulted from an increase in the minimum
weekly benefit amount.
Montana relaxed its qualifying requirement by
providing an unlimited stepdown; i. e., if an
individual is found to be ineligible under the nor
mal qualifying requirement for his computed
weekly benefit amount,7 he may be eligible for
any lower benefit amount for which his baseperiod wages would entitle him. Tennessee, on
the other hand, receded from an unlimited stepdown by providing that an individual who has
insufficient base-period wages to qualify under the
normal qualifying requirement for his computed
benefit amount, but has base-period wages of at
least one and one-half times his high-quarter
wages, is eligible for the lower benefit amount to
which such wages would entitle him. In the case
of a low-wage earner, this provision limits the
stepdown to 1 step; in case of claimants higher up
on the wage scale, however, it may involve up
to 6 or 7 stepdowns.
Maryland provided a stepdown which permits
an individual to qualify for an amount $1 lower
than his computed weekly benefit amount if his
base-period wages are sufficient to qualify him for
such amount.
Benefits
The emphasis
in the 1957 legislatures continued to be on increas
ing the maximum weekly benefit amount, rather
than extending the duration of benefits. Twentyone States, as compared with 32 States in 1955,
increased the maximum basic weekly benefit by
amounts ranging from $2 to $11. The increase in
10 States varied from $2 to $4 and in 10 States
from $5 to $10. The Wyoming legislature enacted
a flexible maximum expressed as 55 percent of the
M a x im u m W eekly B enefit A m o u n t.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, DECEMBER 1957
average weekly wage in covered employment in
the State; this resulted in a current increase of $11.
In Utah, the operation of the flexible maximum,
expressed as 50 percent of the average weekly wage
in covered employment in the State, and enacted
in 1955, increased the maximum from $35 to $37
in July 1957.
Maximum basic weekly benefits (i. e., without
dependents’ allowances) now range from $25 in
Louisiana to $41 in Wyoming and to $45 for intra
state claimants 8 in Alaska. At the close of the
comparable 1955 legislative year, the range was
from $24 to $36 and to $45 in Alaska.
As a result of the changes enacted in 1957,
41 States, with 88.3 percent of the covered work
ers, will have maximum basic weekly benefits of
$30 or more as compared with 32 States and 69.7
percent of the covered workers in 1955. Nineteen
of these, with 49.3 percent of the covered workers,
will have a basic maximum of $35 or over as com
pared with 10 States and 32.4 percent of the cov
ered workers in 1955. Of significance is the fact
that 5 States and Alaska, with 12.4 percent of the
covered workers, now have a maximum basic
weekly benefit of $40 or over; at the close of the
1955 legislative sessions, only Alaska, with 0.1
percent of the covered employment, had a basic
maximum of over $40.
Following is a tabulation of maximum weekly
benefit amounts by the number of jurisdictions:
Maximum
basic weekly
benefit amount
Over $40 __
$40______
$38______
$37.50____
$37______
$36______
$35______
$34______
$33______
$32______
$30______
$28______
$26______
$25______
Number
of
jurisdictions
2
4
2
1
1
1
8
1
4
5
12
6
3
1
Rising wage levels are reflected in the fact that
even with the higher maximum weekly benefits
7 The weekly benefit amount is computed as a fraction of the wages the
individual earned in that quarter of his 4-quarter base period in which his
wages were highest.
8 Intrastate claimants are those whose qualifying employment is entirely
within the jurisdiction in which the claim is filed.
STATE UNEMPLOYMENT INSURANCE LEGISLATION
enacted during this year’s legislative sessions,
there are still only 7 States where the maximum
basic benefit is 50 percent or more of the statewide
average weekly wage in covered employment.
The 7 States which provide such a maximum in
1957 have only 4.4 percent of the covered workers
compared to 12.4 percent in the 7 States where the
maximum was 50 percent of the average weekly
wage after the 1955 sessions.
D ependents’ A llow ances. During 1957 legislative
sessions, no State added provisions for dependents’
allowances. Connecticut and Massachusetts in
creased the allowance for each dependent from $3
to $4. Under the Connecticut law, the maximum
allowance for claimants with dependents is onehalf of the basic weekly benefit amount; with the
increase in the basic benefit to $40, the maximum
weekly augmented benefit amount is now $60.
In Massachusetts, the total augmented benefit
amount may not exceed the claimant’s average
weekly wage. Illinois increased the basic weekly
benefit amount to $30. Claimants whose weekly
benefit amounts exceed $30 are eligible for what is
in effect a dependents’ allowance, if they have the
required high-quarter earnings and 1 to 4 depend
ents. Claimants with high-quarter earnings of
$1,117.51 and over, with 4 or more children, can
receive an augmented weekly benefit of $45.
Michigan extended the benefit schedule to provide
a $l-increase for claimants with dependents; the
maximum weekly benefit for claimants with the
maximum number of dependents is now $55. The
maximum augmented weekly benefit amount was
increased in Maryland, Nevada, and Wyoming as a
result of the increase in the maximum basic benefit
amount.
Ten of the 21
jurisdictions which increased the maximum basic
weekly benefit amount also increased the minimum
weekly benefit by amounts varying from $1 to
$7.50 and 1 other State increased the minimum
by $3. The minimum weekly benefits in State
laws now vary from $3 to $17. Twenty-two
States have a minimum weekly benefit amount of
$10; 8 others have higher minimums.
M in im u m W eekly B enefit A m o u n t.
Four States and
Alaska increased the amount of earnings disre
garded in computing the weekly benefit for partial
P a rtia l E a rn in g s Allow ance.
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1481
unemployment. Alaska and Texas both changed
from a uniform dollar amount to the greater of a
specified dollar amount and a fraction of the in
dividual’s weekly benefit amount; in Alaska, from
$10 to the greater of $10 and one-half the weekly
benefit; in Texas, from $3 to the greater of $5 and
one-fourth of the weekly benefit. Thus, for claim
ants with the maximum weekly benefit amount,
$22.50 will be disregarded in Alaska, and $7 in
Texas. Three other States increased the allow
ance by amounts ranging from $2 to $6.
Maximum Weeks of Duration
Six States liberalized their duration provisions.
Most significant was the Maryland change from
a 26-week variable to a 26-week uniform period.
Two States with uniform duration increased the
period; Maine, from 23 to 26 weeks and Montana,
from 20 to 22 weeks. Three States with variable
duration increased the maximum by 2 to 6 weeks.
Eight States, with 26.3 percent of the covered
workers, now have a uniform duration period of
26 weeks or more for all eligible claimants.
Twenty-three others, with variable duration and
50.2 percent of the covered workers, have a maxi
mum duration period of 26 weeks or more. Thus,
31 States, with 76.5 percent of the covered
workers, have a maximum potential duration of
26 weeks or more, as compared with 27 States and
73.3 percent of the covered workers at the close
of the 1955 sessions.
Eligibility and Disqualifications
Only five States made any
significant changes in their eligibility requirements
during 1957. Legislation in additional States
amended qualifying earnings requirements.
Alaska amended the availability-for-work pro
vision to hold that noncommercial fishing and
hunting, necessary for the survival of a claimant
and his dependents during an uninterrupted period
of unemployment after the filing of a compensable
claim, would not affect his eligibility for benefits
if no suitable work has been offered. Maine added
a provision that the eligibility of a claimant who
becomes ill or disabled after filing a claim and
registering for work would not be affected if no
suitable work is offered after the illness or dis
ability begins.
A va ila b ility fo r W ork.
1482
Maryland amended its “active search for work”
clause to exempt persons 65 years of age or over
who have been temporarily furloughed from work
and are subject to recall. Missouri amended a
similar clause to require that claimant must be
earnestly, as well as actively, seeking work. Under
a new Illinois provision, an individual will be con
sidered unavailable for work when his principal
occupation is that of a student.
Only a third of the States
amended their disqualification provisions in 1957.
Most of the amendments liberalized disqualifi
cation provisions. Several States, however, made
them more severe.
Thirteen States made 1 or more changes in the
3 major causes for disqualification—voluntary
leaving, discharge for misconduct, and refusal of
suitable work. Changes in 7 States liberalized
these disqualification provisions, while in 5 others
they were made more severe. In one other State,
the disqualifications were made less severe in some
respects and more severe in others.
D isqualifications.
V o lu n ta ry Leaving. The period of disqualification
for voluntarily leaving work was reduced in four
States. The most significant reduction occurred
in Colorado which changed its variable disqualify
ing periods to 1 to 10 weeks with a corresponding
reduction in maximum benefits. Previously, Colo
rado had imposed a variable disqualification of
1 to 20 weeks, with a like reduction in maximum
benefits. Wyoming, which had imposed disquali
fication for the duration of the unemployment and
until claimant had been reemployed for a week,
limited disqualification to 3 weeks following the
week of the disqualifying act. Maryland replaced
disqualification—for the duration of the unem
ployment and until claimant had earned 10 times
his weekly benefit amount—with variable periods
of 1 to 9 weeks. Montana reduced the maximum
period by 1 week and removed the limitation that
good cause for leaving must be attributable to the
employment.
Three States lengthened or postponed the period
of disqualification. Indiana, which had imposed
a 6 weeks’ disqualification (including the week of
the disqualifying act) with a corresponding reduc
tion in total benefits, substituted a provision
imposing disqualification for the duration of the
unemployment and until the claimant earns 10
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, DECEMBER 1957
times his weekly benefit amount in covered
employment. The minimum period of disquali
fication was raised in California from variable
periods of 2 to 5 weeks to a fixed period of 5 weeks.
In requiring the period to begin with the week
following instead of the week in which claim is
filed, Texas postponed the satisfying of a disquali
fication by 1 week.
Changes in other aspects of the disqualification
for voluntary leaving were made in five States.
Vermont repealed the provision requiring reduc
tion of the duration of benefits by the length of
the disqualification. Vermont also limited the
application of the disqualification to voluntarily
leaving the last employer instead of any previous
employer. Missouri provided that quitting a
temporary job to return to a regular employer
would not be disqualifying. Maine added a pro
vision exempting from disqualification an indi
vidual whose separation is caused by illness or
disability and who takes reasonable precautions to
protect employment status and requests reem
ployment in the same job upon recovery. Earn
ings necessary to satisfy a disqualification were
confined to earnings in covered employment in
New Hampshire and to covered work or employ
ment subject to the Federal Insurance Contri
butions Act in Illinois.
Three States reduced
the period of disqualification for discharge for
misconduct. Colorado and Wyoming made the
same reductions as were made for voluntary
leaving. Montana reduced the maximum period
of disqualification by 5 weeks, making the variable
period the same as for voluntary leaving—1 to 4
weeks. California, Indiana, and Texas made the
same changes in lengthening or postponing the
period of disqualification as were made for volun
tary leaving.
Changes other than in the length of the period
were made in five States. Oregon repealed the
provision reducing total benefits (by 4 to 8 weeks)
and Maryland repealed the cancellation of wage
credits for discharge for committing a dishonest
or criminal act. Missouri added suspension from
work to its provision as a cause for disqualification.
Illinois and Vermont made the same changes in
their provisions for disqualification for discharge
for misconduct as they made in their disqualifi
cation for voluntary leaving provisions.
Discharge fo r M isconduct.
1483
STATE UNEMPLOYMENT INSURANCE LEGISLATION
Four States reduced
the period of disqualification for refusal of suitable
work. Maryland substituted a variable period of
1 to 10 weeks immediately following the week of
refusal for a former provision requiring disquali
fication for the duration of the unemployment and
until the claimant had earned 10 times his weekly
benefit amount. Colorado, Montana, and Wyo
ming made the same reductions in the disquali
fying period as they made in the period of
disqualification for voluntary leaving. Likewise,
Indiana made the same change in lengthening the
period of disqualification.
Two States made changes other than in the
length of the disqualifying period. Both Oregon
and Vermont repealed their provisions for re
ducing total benefits—by 4 to 8 weeks in the
former; by the number of weeks of the disquali
fication in the latter.
R efu sa l o f Suitable W ork.
Only six States
amended the provisions of their laws imposing
penalties for fraudulent misrepresentation or non
disclosure to obtain benefits. Wisconsin in
creased minimum and maximum criminal pen
alties. Alaska, Maryland, South Carolina, and
Wyoming tightened their administrative penalties.
Maryland and Nevada extended their penalties
for fraudulent misrepresentation or nondisclosure
to acts committed under the laws of any other
State.9
P enalties fo r Im p ro p er P a ym en t.
Other D isqualifications. Four States added or
amended special provisions on disqualification
in connection with marital or family obligations or
pregnancy. Montana repealed its provision dis
qualifying women who leave work to change
residence in order to remain with their husband
and children. Vermont changed the disqualifi
cation period for pregnancy from the duration of
the unemployment due to pregnancy to 8 weeks
before and 4 weeks after childbirth. Missouri
added a disqualification for pregnancy to apply
for 3 months prior to and 4 weeks after childbirth.
North Dakota, which had imposed disqualifica
tion for pregnancy for 12 weeks before and 4
weeks after childbirth, increased the period to 4
months before the anticipated date of birth and
until claimant earns remuneration totaling 10
times her weekly benefit amount. In addition,
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
North Dakota imposed a similar disqualification
for leaving work because of marital obligations,
beginning with the date of leaving. Formerly,
disqualification continued until evidence of avail
ability other than registration for work was shown,
such as the fact that conditions which led to leav
ing work have terminated, arrangements have
been made for the care of the household by others,
or efforts have been made to secure work.
Maryland repealed a disqualification of 1 to 10
weeks for failure to search actively for work,
Alaska and Montana amended their provisions
concerning labor disputes to provide that no
disqualification would apply when the dispute is
caused by an employer’s failure to conform to
provisions of law pertaining to hours, wages, or
other conditions of work. Disqualification pro
visions for receipt of certain income were made
more liberal in 3 States and more restrictive in 3
others. One other State made such provisions
more liberal in some respects and less liberal in
others.
State Appropriations under the Reed Act
Reed A ct10 funds were first credited to the
States’ accounts on July 1, 1956. Sixteen legis
latures have, accordingly, passed appropriation
acts.11 In most instances, the appropriated funds
will be used to erect buildings for use of the em
ployment security agencies. In four instances,
they will be used for other administrative pur
poses, for example, to take care of a reduction in
the appropriation by Congress in the funds pro
vided to States for the administration of their
unemployment insurance laws.
• These provisions relate to claims under the Interstate Benefit Payment
Plan approved by the Interstate Conference of Unemployment Compensa
tion Agencies on October 22, 1937.
10 The Employm ent Security Administrative Financing Act of 1954 (P. L.
567, 83d Cong., 2d sess.), commonly referred to as the “ Reed A ct,” amended
the Social Security Act to reserve Federal unemployment tax collections for
employment security purposes. The excess of tax collections over employ
ment security administrative expenses is to be used to establish and main
tain a $200 million balance for advances to State unemployment insurance
reserve funds which are seriously depleted. Any excess over $200 million is to
be credited to the States’ accounts in the ratio that covered wages in each
State bear to total wages covered by all unemployment insurance laws.
Monies so credited m ay be used by the States for administrative purposes
provided their legislatures enact appropriation laws which meet specified
conditions; if no appropriation act is passed, the money w ill be used for the
payment of benefits.
11 Alabama, Arizona (2 acts, in 1956 and 1957), Georgia, Hawaii, Idaho,
Indiana, Kentucky (1956), Maine, Minnesota, Montana, Ohio, Oregon,
Tennessee, Texas, Utah, and Wisconsin.
1484
Earnings in Fabricated
Structural Steel, March 1957
in the fabri
cated structural steel industry averaged $2.05 an
hour, excluding overtime and shift premium pay
in March 1957, according to a survey conducted
by the U. S. Department of Labor’s Bureau of
Labor Statistics.1 Conducted on a nationwide
basis, with separate tabulations for broad regions
and selected areas, the study provides information
on the level and distribution of earnings of the
53,700 production workers within the scope of
the study. Information is presented separately
for a number of occupational classifications
selected for their numerical importance or their
representativeness of the entire job structure in
the industry. Summary data are also presented
for selected establishment practices, including
scheduled hours of work, holiday and vacation
provisions, and health, insurance, and pension
plans.
E arnings of production w orkers
Industry Characteristics
The fabricated structural steel industry occupies
an intermediate position between the rolling mills
which supply the structural shapes and plates
and the builders who require shaped and assembled
metal parts for use in buildings, bridges, and other
heavy construction. Manufacturing processes
include the cutting and shaping of parts and their
assembly by welding or riveting.
Virtually all of the production workers in the
industry are men. Earnings of nine-tenths of
these are based on time rates, with group piece
work or group bonus plans accounting for most
of the remainder.
Establishments with labor-management agree
ments covering a majority of their production
workers accounted for four-fifths of the industry’s
employment at the time of the study. Regionally,
these proportions ranged from more than ninetenths in the Great Lakes, Middle Atlantic, and
Pacific, to two-fifths in the Southeast.2 The
International Association of Bridge, Structural and
Ornamental Iron Workers and the United Steel
workers of America are the major labor organiza
tions in the industry.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, DECEMBER 1957
Two-fifths of the workers were employed in the
Middle Atlantic region with another fifth in the
Great Lakes region. The remainder were distri
buted throughout all other major sections of the
country. In most of the nine regions, employment
was concentrated mainly in the larger cities. On a
nationwide basis, nearly three-fourths of the
workers were employed in communities of more
than 100,000 population. Plant employment in
the industry averaged about 100 workers. A
few plants employed as many as 1,000 workers,
but such plants accounted for a sixth of the total
employment.
Average Hourly Earnings
Straight-time hourly earnings of production
workers within the scope of the survey averaged
$2.05 in March 1957 (table 1). Averages in the
Middle Atlantic and Great Lakes regions, where
the greatest number of workers were employed,
were $2.19 and $2.10, respectively. Highest
average hourly earnings were recorded in the
Pacific region ($2.27). In the remaining regions,
average earnings ranged from $1.64 in the South
east to $1.99 an hour in the Mountain region.
About 3 percent of the workers earned less than
$1.25 an hour; these were largely concentrated in
the Southeast, Southwest, and the Border regions
where the proportions with such earnings were
17, 10, and 5 percent, respectively. Approxi
mately a fourth of the workers earned $2.25 or
more an hour, with regional proportions ranging
from a half in the Pacific and a third in the Middle
Atlantic to less than 6 percent in the Southeast.
1 See Wage Structure: Fabricated Structural Steel, BLS Report 123. The
study covered establishments primarily engaged in the manufacture of fabri
cated iron and steel or other metal for structural purposes, classified on the
basis of annual value of sales. Specifically excluded were establishments
primarily engaged in the manufacture of ornamental metal work, prefabri
cated and portable metal buildings, bar joists, and concrete reinforcing
bars. The study was limited to establishments employing 21 or more workers
at the time the establishment lists were compiled.
The term “production workers,” as used in this study, includes working
foremen and all nonsupervisory workers engaged in nonoflice functions.
Workers of the covered establishments who were employed at a construc
tion site away from the shop were excluded.
2 The regions used in the study include: New England—Connecticut,
Maine, Massachusetts, N ew Hampshire, Rhode Island, and Vermont.
Middle Atlantic—N ew Jersey, New York, and Pennsylvania; Border States—
Delaware, District of Columbia, Kentucky, Maryland, Virginia, and West
Virginia; Southeast—Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Mississippi, North Carolina,
South Carolina, and Tennessee; Oreat Lakes—Illinois, Indiana, Michigan,
Minnesota, Ohio, and Wisconsin; Middle West—Iowa, Kansas, Missouri,
Nebraska, North Dakota, and South Dakota; Southwest—Arkansas, Loui
siana, Oklahoma, and Texas; Mountain—Arizona, Colorado, Idaho, M on
tana, N ew Mexico, Utah, and Wyoming; Pacific—California, Nevada,
Oregon, and Washington.
1485
WAGES IN FABRICATED STRUCTURAL STEEL
determined. The larger establishments were gen
erally located in the larger communities.
Data were tabulated separately for six areas
of industry concentration. Average hourly earn
ings of production workers in these areas were as
follows: Boston, $1.96; Birmingham, $2.01; Chi
cago, $2.15; San Francisco-Oakland, $2.25;
Detroit, $2.29; and Los Angeles-Long Beach,
$2.31.
Regionally, individual earnings varied not only
with respect to levels but also in degree of dis
persion. Thus, in the Middle Atlantic region,
earnings of the middle half of the workers were
within a 41-cent range compared with a 30- to
35-cent range in the Great Lakes, Middle West,
and New England regions. The greatest disper
sion of individual earnings was in the border and
the two southern regions where 50- to 60-cent
interquartile ranges were recorded.
Earnings data were also tabulated according to
size of establishment and size of community.
Nationwide, average earnings were 5 cents higher
in establishments with more than 100 employees
than in smaller plants, and 10 cents higher in
communities of 100,000 or more population than
in smaller communities. In some regions, how
ever, averages were higher in the small plant or
small community grouping. Moreover, the inter
relationship of these factors is such that their
exact influence on the level of wages cannot be
T able 1.
The occupational groups for which data are
presented in table 2 accounted for half of the
53,700 production workers within the scope of the
March 1957 study. The numerically most impor
tant occupations were hand welders, averaging
$2.20 an hour; structural fitters, $2.30; layout
men, $2.40; and electric-bridge-crane operators,
$2.10. Of the remaining selected occupations
studied, only two had industrywide average
P e r c e n ta g e d i s t r i b u ti o n o f p r o d u c tio n w o r k e r s i n f a b r i c a t e d s tr u c tu r a l s te e l e s ta b lis h m e n ts b y a v e r a g e s tr a ig h t- tim e
h o u r ly e a r n in g s ,1 U n ite d S ta le s a n d r e g io n s ,2 M a r c h 1 9 5 7
Average hourly earnings 1
(in cents)
United
States
linci nr 100
100 and under 105
105 and under 110
110 and under 115
115 and under 120
120 and under 125
125 and under 130
130 and under 135
135 and under 140
140 and under 145 _______ __
145 and under 150 _ ------------150 and under 155
155 and under 160_______ _
100 and under 165
165 and under 170_______ 170 and under 175____________
175 and under 180_____ _____
180 and under 185__________ 185 and under 190____ _
(3)
190 a n d u n d e r
195 a n d u n d e r
200 a n d u n d e r
205 a n d u n d e r
210 a n d u n d e r
215 a n d u n d e r
220 a n d u n d e r
225 a n d u n d e r
230 a n d u n d e r
235 a n d u n d e r
240 a n d u n d e r
245 a n d u n d e r
250 a n d u n d e r
260 an d u n d e r
270 a n d u n d e r
230 a n d u n d e r
290 an d u n d e r
300 an d over
Occupational Earnings
195.__ _ _ --------200_______
_ _
205____ _ _
2 1 0 ___ _ ___ __
215___________
220__ _____
225_______ _ _
230_______ _
235__________ __
240
245___ _ _ _ -------250____________
260
270
280_________ __
290
300
0.8
.2
.6
.4
.7
1.0
.9
.8
1.1
1.0
1.3
1.4
2.3
1.7
2.7
2.3
4.2
5.8
7.2
6.8
6.9
5.0
7.8
4.7
5.3
4.4
2.5
3.4
1.7
4.2
3.9
1.7
3.2
.6
.5
.9
New
England
Middle
Atlantic
Border
States
0.1
0.1
.7
.3
2. 2
1.3
2.4
2.8
2.9
2.6
2.7
10.3
1.3
16.1
2.1
4.5
2.3
5.1
29.4
.7
.4
.9
.8
.6
3.9
1.3
1.1
.1
.1
.4
.3
.2
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
.4
.1
.3
.1
.1
.4
.7
.3
.8
.9
3.7
7.2
9.0
6.4
6.5
6.5
8.6
5.9
6.7
4.3
3.8
4.2
2.3
3.6
4.6
1.5
6.9
1.0
1.0
1.9
(3)
(3)
Southeast
0.3
1.2
.4
1.3
.6
1.0
3.4
2.5
1.4
3.7
5.1
3.8
4.4
5.4
2.5
2.9
3.0
2.8
5.8
6.1
1.9
2.8
3.4
2.7
3.6
3.7
4.3
3.5
3.4
5.0
4.5
3.5
5.2
6.1
3.9
5.8
3.0
3.8
5.2
9.0
1.4
4.8
5.7
3.6
2.4
1.3
3.4
1.6
.9
.5
3.5
1.1
6.4
2.7
4.1
2.0
3.7
1.4
1.8
1.4
.2
1.1
.6
.5
.1
1.5
.3
Great
Lakes
(3)
.2
Middle
West
(3)
0.1
(3)
(3)
.7
.4
.2
1. 5
.6
.9
1.7
2.0
1.7
2.7
2.3
4.3
9.3
6.9
8.6
6.2
(3)
(3)
(3)
0.2
.1
.2
.3
.2
1.2
1.2
1.8
3.2
3.4
7.6
8.2
9.0
8.0
7.1
11.1
7.0
5.5
4.8
2.3
2.9
2.1
3.6
4.5
2.4
1.1
.4
.2
.3
Southwest
2.3
.3
2.5
.7
3.8
2.1
4.7
2.3
3.5
3.0
3.9
4.2
9.0
4.7
4.4
4.7
7.6
3.5
6.9
8.1
6.8
6.5
5.4
4.2
2.4
3.1
1.6
1.1
1.2
1.1
.7
.3
(3)
(3)
.9
.1
4.3
2.3
2.5
4.1
3.1
2.1
7.8
6.0
6.0
1.6
3.6
2.1
1.3
.8
2.5
1.1
.4
4.7
2.6
18.8
.4
10.8
3.4
17.1
.1
10.9
1.3
.9
.2
.1
(3)
Pacific
0.1
.4
1.0
5.8
.8
.9
.2
(3)
Mountain
.1
(3)
(3)
(3)
0.1
.1
.3
.5
1.9
1.9
7.5
8.9
3.6
10.8
2.9
5.1
13.3
3.5
8.5
2.5
10.7
11.7
2.4
1.4
.7
.3
.2
1.2
T o ta l________ __________
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
N u m b e r of w o rk ers. _____ ___
A verage h o u rly ea rn in g s 1...........
53, 703
$2.05
1,394
$1.81
21.102
$2.19
2,310
$1.85
4, 764
$1.64
10, 796
$2.10
2, 542
$1.89
4,709
$1.75
1,422
$1.99
4,664
$2. 27
i Excludes premium pay for overtime and for work on weekends, holidays,
Ijitp shifts
3 For regional definitions, see text footnote 2.
°
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
3 Less than 0.05 percent.
N °™ : Because
Anna
inn
of rounding, sums of individual items do not necessarily
1486
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, DECEMBER 1957
earnings below $1.70 an hour—janitors ($1.64)
and watchmen ($1.56).
Comparison of occupational averages among the
various regions indicates that earnings were gen
erally highest in the Pacific or Middle Atlantic
regions and lowest in the Southeast or Southwest.
east and Southwest regions where mínimums
ranging from $1 to $1.30 an hour were reported by
three-fourths of the establishments with the re
mainder reporting higher rates. Virtually all
establishments in the Pacific region reported en
trance rates of $1.80 to $2.10 an hour. Nation
wide, the‘median establishment entrance rate was
$1.64 with the middle half of the rates in an array
coming within the range $1.40 to $1.82.
Minimum rates of pay for workers who had ac
quired some experience on the job were also part of
the formal wage policy of virtually all establish
ments studied. In two-fifths of the establish
ments studied, minimum entrance and minimum
job rates were identical; in the remainder, mini
mum job rates were generally 5 to 10 cents an hour
above entry rates.
Establishment Practices
Data were also obtained on certain establish
ment practices: minimum wage rates; work sched
ules; and such supplementary benefits as vaca
tion pay, paid holidays, retirement plans, life in
surance, sickness and accident insurance, and
hospitalization and surgical benefits.
M in im u m E ntrance a n d Job R a tes .3
Virtually all
of the 279 establishments visited in the study had
established policies relating to the minimum
entrance rate for inexperienced workers. En
trance rates were generally lowest in the South
T able 2.
3
Minimum entrance and minimum job rates, for purposes of this study,
are defined as the lowest established rate for inexperienced and experienced
workers, respectively, in unskilled occupations, except watchmen, janitors
not working around machines while in operation, apprentices, and handi
capped and superannuated workers.
A v e r a g e s tr a ig h t- tim e h o u r ly e a r n in g s 1 o f w o r k e r s i n s e le c te d p r o d u c tio n o c c u p a tio n s ^ i n f a b r i c a t e d s tr u c tu r a l s te e l
e s ta b lis h m e n ts , U n ite d S ta te s a n d r e g io n s , M a r c h 1 9 5 7
U nited States
N ew England
Middle Atlantic
Border States
Southeast
Occupation
All production workers 3.......... .............. ..........
Buckers-up, hydraulic______________ ____
Buckers-up, pneumatic........................... .........
Carpenters, maintenance........ ....................... __
Crane operators, electric bridge3........................
Under 20 tons..............._........... ...............
20 tons and over........ .......... ............ ........
Electricians, maintenance_______ ______ __
Fitters, structural.... ........... ....... ....... ...........
Flame-cutting-machine operators.......................
Helpers, power-brake.................. ............... .....
Helpers, power-shear........................................
Helpers, punch-press........................... ...........
Inspectors, class A.......... ..................... ........ .
Inspectors, class B...... .......... .................... .....
Janitors.........................................................
Layout men, structural steel__________ ___
Machinists, maintenance..................................
Markers................................................ .......
Painters, rough, brush...... .......... ....................
Painters, rough, spray................. ....................
Planer operators, edge or rotary_____________
Power-brake operators, structural steel................
Power-shear operators.____ _______ _____ _
Punch-press operators, structural steel, class A___
Punch-press operators, structural steel, class B___
Riveters, hydraulic.......... .......... ................ .
Riveters, pneumatic.____ _______________
Stock clerks.................................. ........ .......
Ternplate makers........................... ....... .......
Truckdrivers 4........... ...... ................ ........ .
Light (under l)i tons)_________ _______
Medium (1)4 to and including 4 tons)...........
Heavy (over 4 tons, trailer type).............. .
Heavy (over 4 tons, other than trailer type)__
Truckers, power........ ...................................
Forklift...................................................
Other than forklift........................ ...........
Watchmen.... ................................................
Welders, hand....................... ................ ......
Welders, machine....... ....................................
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Number
of work
ers
Average
hourly
earnings
53. 703
$2.05
109
504
105
2,340
1, 601
459
326
3, 505
1, 484
194
597
843
374
103
605
2, 357
369
192
903
1, 072
248
278
839
961
876
156
581
205
753
1,076
56
379
352
180
248
152
96
350
5,473
799
2.02
1.99
2.30
2.10
2.08
2.17
2.32
2.30
2.13
1.78
1.79
1.80
2.42
2.13
1.64
2.40
2.40
1.96
1.87
1.89
2.24
2.09
2.05
2.20
2.01
2.17
2.24
1.89
2.38
1.97
1.74
1.85
1.96
2.18
2. 00
2. 03
1.96
1.56
2.20
2. 00
Number
of work
ers
Average
hourly
earnings
Number
of work
ers
Average
hourly
earnings
Number
of work
ers
Average
hourly
earnings
Number
of work
ers
1,394
$1.81
21,102
$2.19
2,310
$1.85
4, 764
$1.64
_
___
15
—
1.85
—
35
33
—
—
1.89
1.90
—
—
100
33
9
26
40
—
—
1.94
1.91
1.59
1.63
1.61
—
—
10
92
—
—
1.41
2.23
—
—
37
30
—
1.66
1.78
—
13
26
19
29
—
1.78
1.87
1.83
1.78
—
19
—
1.93
—
14
52
—
2.25
1.85
—
10
28
8
1.93
1.82
1.96
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
130
67
1.94
1.77
_
263
45
1,175
726
289
143
1, 488
674
46
226
381
179
_
248
796
143
50
549
320
162
63
284
412
415
38
308
58
368
324
12
87
99
83
88
43
45
161
1, 731
265
z
2.09
2.42
2.16
2.15
2.21
2.39
2.46
2.24
2.16
1.93
1.95
2. 46
__
1.75
2.71
2.61
2.04
1.95
2.07
2.31
2.37
2.23
2.38
2.16
2.49
2.36
2.01
2.45
2.31
2.33
2.20
2.28
2.38
2.05
2.01
2.09
1.62
2.34
2.18
Average
hourly
earnings
15
1.75
50
1.60
99
92
1.88
1.89
151
120
1.83
1.78
17
129
41
9
49
45
13
2.19
2.10
1.98
1.82
1.68
1.54
2. 57
21
122
18
1.33
2. 20
2.46
18
255
123
36
61
66
17
19
52
304
45
2.18
1.96
1.75
1.45
1.52
1.43
2.37
2.00
1.28
1.95
2.01
164
8
36
105
56
80
1.34
1.86
1.85
1.76
1.83
1.82
34
19
51
180
10
84
59
17
1.91
1.72
2.07
1.39
1.36
1.46
1.23
1.48
29
439
149
1.32
1.83
1.72
_
__
57
10
9
42
1.53
1.81
2.12
2.00
52
1.90
17
2.08
29
68
2.32
1.61
__
__
20
__
___
1.68
_
__
__
___
__
__
224
38
2.09
1.87
WAGES IN FABRICATED STRUCTURAL STEEL
T able 2.
1487
A v e r a g e s tr a ig h t- tim e h o u r ly e a r n in g s 1 o f w o r k e r s i n s e le c te d p r o d u c tio n o c c u p a tio n s
s te e l e s ta b lis h m e n ts , U n ite d S ta te s a n d r e g io n s , M a r c h 1 9 5 7 — Continued
Occupation
All production workers2______________
Buckers-up, hydraulic________ ______
Buckers-up, pneumatic__________________
Carpenters, maintenance___________
Crane operators, electric bridge 3 .
Under 20 tons. ___________ _______
20 tons and over_____________
_____
_. __
Electricians, maintenance____
Fitters, structural_______ ___ _
______
Flame-cutting-machine operators.. .
Helpers, power-brake___ _
Helpers, power-shear_______ ______
Helpers, punch-press______. . .
Inspectors, class A ___ ____ . . . . _____
Inspectors, class B _______________ __
Janitors. _________
_____ . . . . . .
Layout men, structural ste el.- . . . . . .
M achinists, maintenance_______________ .
Markers_______________ _____
Painters, rough, brush______________
Painters, rough, spray___________________
Planer operators, edge or rotary________
Power-brake operators, structural steel_______ . .
Power-shear operators_____________________
Punch-press operators, structural steel, class A . . .
Punch-press operators, structural steel, class B ___
Riveters, hydraulic____________________ _
Riveters, pneumatic________________________
Stock clerks_____________________
Template makers__________ _____
Truckdrivers 4. ________________
Light (under 1Yi tons)_________________
M edium (114 to and including 4 tons)________
H eavy (over 4 tons, trailer typo)____ ______
H eavy (over 4 tons, other than trailer typ e)___
Truckers, power___________________________
Forklift.. _ _ ________________
Other than forklift. __________________
W atchm en.. ___________________
Welders, hand__________ _____ ____
Welders, machine______________ _______
2
i n f a b r ic a te d s tr u c tu r a l
Great Lakes
Middle West
Southwest
M ountain
Pacific
Number Average
of work hourly
ers
earnings
Number Average
of work hourly
ers
earnings
Number Average
of work hourly
ers
earnings
Number Average
of work hourly
ers
earnings
Number Average
of work hourly
ers
earnings
10, 796
$2.10
2,542
$1.89
48
79
10
529
367
96
54
644
241
34
92
121
81
37
145
389
44
43
134
235
37
69
206
220
182
62
110
53
166
170
2. 03
2.06
2. 47
2.11
2.11
2.21
2. 40
2.31
2.17
1.95
1.90
1.94
2.38
2.19
1.79
2. 36
2. 41
2.23
1.94
2.01
2.20
2.18
2.11
2.17
2.01
2.22
2. 21
2.04
2. 41
2.22
18
25
1.79
1. 84
79
46
33
13
179
97
19
33
33
23
7
31
63
26
24
22
69
7
27
52
46
25
21
17
10
40
55
1.96
1.93
2.00
2.08
2. 08
1.95
1.66
1.66
1.72
2.27
2. 24
1.46
2.16
2.23
2.09
1.65
1.82
2. 01
1.97
1.90
2. 03
1.86
2.03
2. 04
1.67
2.29
1.83
19
22
1.84
1.86
—
69
49
19
81
59
22
66
1,255
58
—
2.14
2. 25
2. 22
2.11
2.09
2.14
1.59
2. 21
2.11
13
_
_
1.86
_
_
298
—
1.91
4,709
$1.75
_
1,422
$1.99
4, 664
117
69
1.89
2.03
26
26
2. 06
2.06
129
2.21
122
2 . 21
26
266
116
2.18
2.50
2. 50
2. 31
$2.27
2.08
46
332
113
38
73
105
28
2 14
2. 01
1.88
1. 55
1. 56
1. 46
2.37
56
154
61
1.30
2. 04
2. 27
15
153
85
53
1.43
1. 69
34
2 02
17
110
2.12
2.24
49
63
57
71
10
1 92
1. 71
1. 79
1. 63
1.92
27
20
2 07
2 08
8
34
108
2.25
2.21
2 22
11
9 29
34
30
107
18
55
30
1. 65
2. 00
1. 58
1 50
1. 60
1. 60
44
1 91
41
7
34
76
2.30
2. 06
2. 52
2.39
33
1 88
6
2. 27
2.43
2. 35
2.19
2.19
25
1.56
17
38
472
126
1. 62
1. 39
2.01
1.85
112
46
9 19
2 05
16
13
1 87
1 85
-
1 61
9 95
21
39
27
27
284
20
40
27
16
16
177
2 14
19
747
57
1.97
2 . 01
2. 52
1.88
2. 53
2. 53
1.83
2. 39
2. 40
1Excludes premium pay for overtime and for work on weekends, holidays,
and late shifts.
2Includes a small number of women. Data for the selected occupations,
however, relate only to men.
3 Includes all operators regardless of size of crane operated.
i Includes all drivers regardless of size and type of truck operated.
N ote: Dashes indicate no data or insufficient data to warrant presenta
tion.
Scheduled H o u rs a n d S h ift Practices. A work
schedule of 40 hours a week was in effect in estab
lishments with approximately four-fifths of the
production workers and was the most common
single schedule in each of the nine regions. Hours
in excess of 40 were reported in each region, with
24 percent of the workers in the Middle West and
19 percent in the Southwest scheduled to work
50 or more hours a week in March 1957.
Nationally, as well as in the Middle Atlantic,
Great Lakes, Southwest, and Pacific regions, ap
proximately 1 out of 6 workers was employed on a
second shift. Differentials over first-shift rates
were paid to virtually all second-shift workers;
for a majority, the extra pay was 6 cents an hour.
Third-shift operations accounted for less than 1
percent of the employment.
P a id H olidays. Practically all establishments
granted paid holidays. One-half of the produc
tion workers were employed in establishments
which provided 7 days a year and one-fourth, in
those which provided 6 days. The most common
provision in New England was 9 days; in the
Middle Atlantic, Border States, Great Lakes, and
Pacific regions, 7 days; and in the remaining
regions, 6 days. (See table 3.)
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Vacation pay was provided for
virtually all production workers with qualifying
service. Nine-tenths of the workers were em
ployed in establishments which granted 1 week
of vacation after 1 year of service and approxi
mately the same proportion were eligible for 2week vacations after 5 years. Establishments
P a id Vacations.
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, DECEMBER 1957
1488
T able 3.
P e r c e n t o f p r o d u c tio n iv o r k e r s e m p lo y e d i n f a b r i c a t e d s tr u c tu r a l ste e l e s ta b lis h m e n ts w ith f o r m a l p r o v is io n s f o r s e le c te d
s u p p l e m e n t a r y w a g e b e n e fits ,1 U n ite d S ta te s a n d r e g io n s , M a r c h 1 9 5 7
Selected benefits
Paid vacations 23 ______
- _______After 1 year of service-- . _____ . ________
Less than 1 week
_
_ _ __ ____
1 week ______ _______ ______________
Over 1 but less than 2 w e e k s ____________
2 weeks
_ __ _ _
____________
After 5 years of service____ - -- _____________
_________ _ __ _ _______
1 week
Over 1 but less than 2 weeks _
2 weeks _________ ____ ______________
Over 2 but less than 3 weeks
____________
3 weeks
_ __ _
After 15 years of service ________ _ ______
1 week
Over 1 but less than 2 weeks
2 weeks _ __ ______ __ ____
Over 2 but less than 3 weeks _____ _ _ __
3 weeks
_______________________ -- -Over 3 but less than 4 weeks
______
_____
4 weeks __ _ __ ____ _____ _____
Paid holidays 3 __ _______ __________________
3 days
_ _
____________ _ ___
4 days ___ _________ _
_ __ __
5 days
_
_ _________________
6 days ______ __ __ __ _____ _____ _______
6 days plus 1 half day
-- _________ ___ ___
6 days plus 2 half days
____ _______ _ __
7 days ___________ ________________________
7 days plus 1 half dav
8 days _____________________________ __ _ _
9 days
__
_ __ ______ ___
United
States
99
99
1
92
4
2
99
4
3
88
4
(4)
(4)
(4)
Health, insurance, and pension plans:5
Life insurance____________________ ______
Accidental death and dismemberment insurance _________ - ____ _ ________________
Sickness and accident insurance or sick leave 6.
Sickness and accident insurance -_ _____
Sick leave (full pay, no waiting period)___
Sick leave (partial pay or waiting period)-.
Hospitalization insurance _________ ________
_________ - ________
Surgical insurance
Medical insurance
_____________________ Catastrophe insurance
_ ___
Retirement pension __________ _______ - -No health, insurance, or pension plans
_____
99
3
N ew
England
Middle
Atlantic
Border
States
100
100
100
100
2
96
2
94
94
96
89
99
99
100
100
91
3
89
97
3
94
6
61
100
11
100
89
96
23
6
67
99
4
94
2
100
3
1
96
100
11
100
94
13
6
70
3
1
94
6
39
25
3
64
2
1
84
97
89
18
5
74
40
3
43
4
1
100
94
7
7
28
7
74
49
19
3
5
Southeast
96
23
43
Great
Lakes
(4)
3
93
4
(4)
(4)
30
91
1
11
15
53
99
Middle
West
Pacific
100
100
100
100
100
100
ion
100
65
24
100
100
100
3
98
6
100
100
19
10
4
85
36
3
32
21
49
34
78
51
66
99
94
80
100
100
25
2
17
52
3
1
69
5
63
69
4
25
13
87
95
82
96
94
92
97
91
70
84
83
2
1
95
95
45
1
51
2
72
72
72
64
98
98
3
77
77
77
63
70
67
79
94
94
1
53
84
84
100
99
87
99
99
43
82
1
98
98
46
1
45
1
80
80
33
10
80
78
36
7
25
6
12
(4)
Mountain
98
98
2
71
24
1
98
9
1
2
25
1
3
51
1
11
2
3
Southwest
11
67
20
29
98
76
100
70
75
70
67
18
18
88
53
48
5
60
60
60
100
100
88
11
24
12
(4)
3
96
96
37
48
2
5
9
13
86
86
12
1
27
2
1If formal provisions for supplementary benefits in an establishment were
applicable to half or more of the workers, the benefit was considered appli
cable to all workers. Because of length-of-service and other eligibility re
quirements, the proportion of workers currently receiving the benefits may
be smaller than estimated.
2Vacation payments such as percentage of annual earnings and flat-sum
amounts were converted to an equivalent time basis.
3Because of rounding, sums of individual items do not necessarily equal
totals.
4Less than 0.5 percent.
6Includes only those plans for which at least a part of the cost is borne
by the employer, and excludes legally required plans such as workmen’s
compensation and social security.
6Unduplicated total of workers receiving sick leave or sickness and acci
dent insurance shown separately.
with about two-thirds of the workers provided 3
weeks after 15 years of service. Vacation pay
provisions varied somewhat among the regions.
In New England, for example, a majority of
workers qualified for 2 weeks after 1 year of serv
ice but 3 weeks were provided to very few workers
regardless of length of service.
was also provided for a substantial proportion of
the workers.
Pensions—providing regular payments upon re
tirement for the remainder of the worker’s life—
were reported in establishments with one-half of
the production workers. Such plans were most
prevalent in the Middle Atlantic, Southeast, and
Great Lakes regions. This benefit was in addi
tion to benefits available under Federal old age,
survivors, and disability insurance.
Life, hos
pitalization, and surgical insurance, for which
employers paid at least part of the cost, were avail
able to 95 percent and sickness and accident in
surance to 83 percent of the production workers.
Accidental death and dismemberment insurance
H ealth, In surance, a n d P en sio n P la n s.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
— F red W . M
ohr
Division of Wages and Industrial Relations
Technical Note
Recurring Dwelling Unit Surveys
for the Consumer Price Index
One of the problems associated with construct
ing the Consumer Price Index (CPI) of the U. S.
Department of Labor’s Bureau of Labor Statistics
is that of maintaining the various samples for
which data are collected on a current basis so as
to truly typify the populations or universes they
are intended to represent. Such currency is of
particular importance in the case of the residential
rent component of the CPI 1because of significant
changes that occur from time to time in the com
position of the rental market. These changes are
the resultant of such forces as the withdrawal of
old and/or dilapidated units, the addition of newly
constructed units, shifts in tenure of one-family
houses between owner and tenant occupancy, and
geographical redefinition of city areas as the result
of annexation or development of neighboring terri
tories. To take account of such changes, the
Bureau inaugurated a program of recurring dwell
ing unit surveys, which is described in this article,
in connection with the comprehensive revision of
the CPI that was begun in 1949.
Concepts
The original rent samples for the 46 CPI cities
were obtained through the comprehensive dwelling
unit surveys of 1950 and 1952. These surveys pro
vided the data for the selection of master rent
samples of dwelling units selected to represent all
types of rental family dwellings in each city or
urbanized area. The sample dwellings were
selected from lists of all residential dwellings in
particular blocks which were selected from strati
fied lists of all blocks in the area. Stratification of
blocks was by location, i. e., city proper and
suburbs; block density (in terms of number of
dwelling units); and race or national origin of
occupant (in those cities where important).
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Within each stratum, the sampling was random,
with every dwelling unit given an equal oppor
tunity of being selected. The master samples were
then used for the periodic pricings of rents on which
the residential rent component of the CPI is based.
Because of the infrequency with which the costly
comprehensive dwelling unit surveys permitting
the selection of new master samples could be con
ducted, plans were formulated to keep the rent
samples current by conducting limited recurring
dwelling unit surveys, as previously indicated.
When the CPI revision was undertaken in 1949,
the recurring surveys were also directed toward
preventing the recurrence of the so-called “new
unit bias,” which had crept into the index during
the 1940’s. As a result of rent controls during
and after World War II, almost all additions to
the rental market (created by new construction
or conversion) came on the market at higher rents
than those for comparable dwelling units already
in existence. Because the index is based on the
change in the average rent for identical dwelling
units from one period to the next, it did not meas
ure the difference in rent between existing housing
and such new units. In 1950, a correction was
made in the rent component of the CPI for the
understatement that had accumulated as a result
of the new unit bias over the preceding 10 years.2
However, after the termination of Federal rent
controls in mid-1953 and the consequent decontrol
of the bulk of CPI cities, it was felt that there
would be no really significant, consistent differen
tial in prices between new rental units and com1
The Consumer Price Index measures average changes in prices of goods
and services usually purchased by urban families of wage earners and clerical
workers. The rent component is calculated from rental data collected by
Bureau agents from tenants in 46 city areas, selected to be representative of
all urban places in the United States. The rental data are collected on a
staggered basis every 2 months for the 5 largest areas (New York, Chicago,
Los Angeles, Detroit, and Philadelphia) and every 3 months for the remain
ing 41. The monthly United States rent index is based on data for cities
surveyed during the month. Individual city indexes for the 20 largest CPI
cities are published on a staggered basis bimonthly for the 5 largest and
trimonthly for the other 15.
2 See Correction of N ew Unit Bias in Rent Component of C PI (in M onthly
Labor Review, April 1951, pp. 437-444) and Interim Adjustment of Con
sumers’ Price Index, BLS Bull. 1039 (1951), pp. 1-10.
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1490
parable existing units. Consequently, the concept
of the recurring dwelling unit surveys was con
centrated almost exclusively on the broader and
more basic problem of insuring the continuance of
a truly representative rent sample.
In addition, the recurring dwelling unit surveys
enable the Bureau to maintain the rent samples
at the desired size; to change the respondents in
cluded in rent samples so that the same persons
will not be called upon to supply rent data year
after year. The surveys also provide current
tenure and occupancy data by urban area and
corollary vacancy data and offer a potential start
ing point for a variety of studies relating to the
rental and housing markets in general.
Recurring dwelling unit surveys are regularly
scheduled for the 30 CPI city areas with popula
tions of 30,500 or more (Stratum A, B, and C
cities3) on a continuing 3-year cycle. The re
maining 16 CPI cities, with populations between
2,500 and 30,500 (Stratum D cities), because of
their limited rental inventories and the intensity
with which their rental units were originally
sampled, are not included in the formal recurring
dwelling unit survey program, but are carefully
watched for significant changes in pattern and
new development by means of quarterly narrative
reports from field agents. When information in
the narrative reports on these small cities indi
cates the desirability of a resurvey or the repre
sentation of new major rental developments in
the sample, provision is made for “on the spot”
supervisory investigation and recommendation.
Methodology
Although the procedure and frequency of sched
uling for the recurring dwelling unit surveys were
revised with the changeover from a mail questions The 46 C PI city areas are classified into the following 4 population strata:
12 Stratum A city areas over 1,000,000; 9 Stratum B city areas, 240,000-1,000,000;
9 Stratum C city areas, 30,500-240,000; and 16 Stratum D city areas, 2,50030,500.
* Usable rent sample includes the rent pricing schedules composing the
selected rent sample minus those canceled because of conversion or demoli
tion of rental units, refusal of tenants to give further rent information, or
because of other inability to obtain the necessary rent data.
«Living quarters are defined as a room or group of rooms which are used
primarily for sleeping but which may be used also for eating or other activities.
Living quarters may or may not meet the Bureau’s definition of a dwelling
unit.
Dwelling units are defined as a group of rooms or a single room occupied
or intended for occupancy as separate living quarters by a family or other
group of persons living together or by a person living alone. To meet the
definition, a single room must have separate cooking equipment, and a group
of rooms must have separate cooking equipment or a separate entrance.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, DECEMBER 1957
naire to a persona] interview pricing of rents
beginning in mid-1956, the basic methodologies
have remained intact.
The surveys are designed to resurvey alternate
halves of the master rent sample in each of the
30 areas; each half is representative of the total
sample, being composed of approximately equal
numbers of units from each of the various strata
in the particular city area. In addition, an initial
survey is made of neighboring and/or nearby
areas annexed or developed since the previous
survey.
If at the time of a recurring survey, the usable
rent sample 4 is at the desired size—as determined
for each city-size stratum at the time of the
original comprehensive dwelling unit surveys—
the same city, block, and within-block sampling
ratios are applied. However, if, as is usually the
case, it is below the desired size, the sampling
ratios are adjusted accordingly.
Within the resurvey area, rent pricing schedules
for rental units on blocks to be resurveyed are
withdrawn from the active rent sample and sched
ules for the rental units on these blocks acquired
through the resurvey are linked into the sample
in their place. Thus, every 3 years, roughly half
of the tenants who have been supplying rental
data to the Bureau of Labor Statistics are replaced.
Blocks assigned for resurvey include not only
those having rental units being priced as part of
the current rent sample but also, equally im
portant, so-called “nonrent” and “zero” blocks.
Nonrent blocks are those which at the time the
master rent sample was selected had living quar
ters and/or dwelling units,5 but none that were
rented or for rent. Zero blocks are simply those
which had no living quarters or dwelling units of
any sort, e. g., vacant lots or commercial and
industrial buildings. The inclusion of former
nonrent blocks in the resurvey, in conjunction with
the rent blocks, provides information as to shifts
in tenure between owner and tenant occupancy
and insures that the rent sample reflects such
shifts in the composition of the rental inventory.
Dwelling unit data obtained from former zero
blocks give representation in the sample to addi
tions that may have been made to the rental
inventory within the previously delineated area.
In addition to the resurveyed area, all areas
officially annexed by the city proper and/or other
municipalities within the defined urban area are
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DWELLING UNIT SURVEYS FOR THE CPI
sampled, using separate stratifications for large
apartment projects and rental developments to
assure adequate representation. In this manner,
significant rental construction that has taken place
in outlying and newly developed areas is intro
duced into the rent sample.
Recurring dwelling unit surveys are conducted
much like the comprehensive dwelling unit surveys
from which the master rent samples were originally
selected, but on a much more limited scale. Field
agents of the Bureau of Labor Statistics make “on
the spot” listings of all living quarters on assigned
blocks and interview the occupants of all dwelling
units included in the sample to obtain detailed
data on such items as occupancy and tenure, the
existence of installed kitchen facilities, and facili
ties included in rent, e. g., furniture, light, water,
heat, cooking fuel and equipment, refrigeration,
and garage. For rental units, the agents obtain
the monthly rent for 2 months—the current one
and that 6 months ago—in order that they may
be “linked” into the rent sample. This procedure
is necessary because the fundamental concept of
the CPI requires that the rent index measure
changes in the rents of rental units of the same
specifications and quality, and it is almost im
possible to match specifications and quality of
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
housing without pricing identical rental units.
The linking thus permits the introduction of new
units into the sample without the very act of their
incorporation affecting the index level.
Uses of the Data
The recurring dwelling unit surveys furnish a
substantial body of information which is used not
only for maintaining the rent index but also for
such directly related purposes as sampling control
through analyses of changes in rent variances.
The information is also useful for general hous
ing and rental market analytical objectives. These
include comparisons of current vacancy rates with
those of earlier surveys, analyses of shifts in both
the quality and general composition of specific
rental and housing inventories, and general studies
and analyses of particular rental and housing
market areas. Also, comparison of data on the
listing sheets with those of earlier surveys permits
localized analyses of conversions and demolitions—
an area of housing research for which really ade
quate data are lacking.
— J o se p h H . F r e e m a n
Division of Prices and Cost of Living
Significant Decisions
in Labor Cases*
Labor Relations
U nio n R a cia l D iscrim in a tio n . A United States
district court held 1 that a union certified under
the Railway Labor Act as the bargaining agent of
railroad firemen is not required by the Fifth
Amendment’s due-process clause to admit Negro
firemen to membership.
This action was brought by a group of Negro
firemen employed by various southern railroads
to compel a union to admit them as members.
This union has previously been certified as ex
clusive bargaining representative for the railroad’s
firemen employees, although its constitution for
bids admission of Negroes to membership. The
plaintiffs alleged, primarily, that the union dis
criminated against them, in that it failed to repre
sent Negro firemen on equal terms with whites,
and therefore was guilty of conduct condemned
by the U. S. Supreme Court in Steele v. L ouisville
& N ashville R R .2 The court’s finding was, how
ever, that most named acts of discrimination were
not proven, and that those remaining resulted,
not from union action, but from the rule of the
railroads that Negroes may not become engineers.
Under this circumstance, the court held that Negro
membership in the union could not, of itself, pre
vent future discrimination.
Plaintiffs further argued that, as Congress made
no provision in the matter in the Railway Labor
Act, the duty of the court under the doctrine of
B ro w n v. B oard o f E d u c a tio n ,3 was to order cessa
tion of segregation in the federally authorized
union. The fundamental question, therefore,
became whether the certified union was a Federal
public facility, as schools supported by govern
mental funds were held to be in the B ro w n case.
If so, maintenance of the segregated union would
clearly become a denial of equal protection of the
Federal law from being deprived of life, liberty,
or property without due process, in violation of
the Fifth Amendment. The holding, however,
1492
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
was that the Railway Labor Act is “not sufficient
to change the character of the organization from
that of a private association to that of a govern
mental agency.”
U nion R estra in t o f Commerce. A Federal district
court held 4 that the Norris-LaGuardia and Clay
ton Acts give a union no immunity to antitrust
prosecutions when a conspiracy between union
and employer groups is alleged.
In this case, a union and an employer were ac
cused of restraining market competition in viola
tion of section 1 of the Sherman Antitrust Act.
The contention of the union and employer was
that the suit should be dismissed because the
complaint failed to state a cause of action and
because the court lacked jurisdiction. The con
tracts, cited in the complaints as illegal restraints
of trade within the meaning of section 1 of the
Sherman Act, compelled contractors and builders
in the Chicago area to pay additional sums to
union members whenever preglazed products were
used, under threat of work stoppage, unless those
preglazed products were made by the employer.
The court held the complaint proper, under the
Sherman Act, as it alleged both a restraint of trade
in glazing and a distinct effect resulting therefrom
upon prices and other advantages which the con
sumer derives from free competition. It said that
the effect of the agreements, moreover, was not
the “remote” effect upon the market which every
wage agreement is known to have, but an as
certainable curtailment of contractors’ use of
competing products. Moreover, the court found
it was unnecessary to allege that the union and
employer intended to restrain competition, when
restraint was the necessary effect of their contracts
and cited several U. S. Supreme Court decisions
to this effect.5
»Prepared in the U . S. Department of Labor, Office of the Solicitor. The
cases covered in this article represent a selection of the significant decisions
believed to be of special interest. N o attempt has been made to reflect all
recent judicial and administrative developments in the field of labor law or
to indicate the effect of particular decisions in jurisdictions in which contrary
results may be reached based upon local statutory provisions, the existence of
local precedents, or a different approach by the courts to the issue presented.
1Oliphantv. Brotherhood of Locomotive Firemen and Enginemen (U. S. D. C.,
N . D O h i o , Sept. 27, 1957).
323 U. S. 192 (1944); see M onthly Labor Review, February 1945, p. 339.
3 347 U. S. 483 (1954).
4United States v. Hamilton Glass Co. and Glaziers’ Local No. 27, Brother
hood of Painters, Decorators, and Paperhangers of America (TJ. S. D . C., N . D .,
111., Sept. 30, 1957).
s United States v. Griffith, 334 U. S. 100 (1948); United States v. Masonite
Corp., 316 U. S. 265 (1942); United States v. Patten, 226 U . S. 525 (1913).
2
1493
DECISIONS IN LABOR CASES
The union and employer were no more successful
in arguing that the court lacked jurisdiction of
this injunctive action because of the anti-injunc
tion provisions of the Clayton and Norris-LaGuardia Acts which were designed to protect
labor unions in certain activities necessary for con
structive collective bargaining. The court said that
the opinion in A lle n B radley Co. v. Local U nion
N o . 3, In tern a tio n a l Brotherhood o j Electrical
W o rkers 6 was applicable.
The holding in the
latter case was that union activities “are not
immunized by those acts when they are performed
pursuant to a conspiracy of both labor and non
labor groups to create business monopolies and to
control the marketing of goods and services.”
It noted that, although the agreements standing
alone would not have been violative of the Sher
man Act, it could not disregard the fact that they
were part of a program distinctly directed at
restraint of trade in glazing.
A New York Supreme Court
held 7 that an employer who has a collectively
bargained contract with one union may obtain a
temporary injunction against picketing by a
rival union, which claimed that the employer
had executed a “sweetheart contact” to avoid a
start of honest unionism among his employees.
The picketing union's affidavits did not outweigh
the presumption that the contract was valid.
The employer in this case, a manufacturer of
wrought-iron furniture, had entered a collective
bargaining agreement in May 1957. In August
1957, a union other than one with which he had
contracted demanded that he destroy that agree
ment, which it alleged was made corruptly and
collusively as a “sweetheart” agreement intended
to prevent any genuine and honest union activity
among his employees, and sign a new contract
with it. Upon the employer’s refusal to do so,
the defendant union persuaded a number of
employees to strike and picket the establishment.
The employer alleged that these pickets barred
ingress to and egress from the establishment and
R iva l P icketing.
8 325 U. S. 797 (1945); see M onthly Labor Review, August 1945, p. 288.
7 General Iron Corp. v. Livingston (N . Y . Sup. Ct., Kings County, Sept. 27,
1957).
8 Johnson v. Grand Rapids Building and Construction Trades Council (Mich.
Cir. Ct., Ottawa County, Sept. 7, 1957).
8 Guss v. Utah Labor Relations Board, 353 U. S. 1; Amalgamated Meat Cut
ters and Butcher Workmen v. Fairlawn Meats, Inc., 353 U. S. 20; and San
Diego Building Trades Council v. Garmon, 353 U. S. 26; see M onthly Labor
R eview, M ay 1957, p. 603.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
engaged in violence which effectively halted de
liveries and discouraged other employees from
working. He alleged further that the placards
carried by the pickets incorrectly led the public
to believe that a bona fide labor dispute existed,
while the actual problem was one of union rivalry
and that the total situation was causing him
“irreparable and incalculable” damage.
The court noted that a presumption of validity
attaches to every collectively bargained agree
ment and that affidavits such as those filed by
the defendant, without a trial of the action, are
insufficient to overcome that presumption. In
the meantime, until the collusive nature of the
original contract is ultimately proven, therefore,
the court declared that it was necessary to impose
its injunction to preserve the status quo.
A Michigan
circuit court held 8 that it has jurisdiction to
enjoin picketing which violates the National Labor
Relations Act when the National Labor Relations
Board has refused to hear the matter, because
any other holding would result in depriving the
employer of due process of law, in violation of the
Fifth Amendment to the Constitution.
In this case, a union unsuccessfully had at
tempted to organize the employees of a building
contractor. It had established pickets at the
construction sites where the contractor was en
gaged, in an alleged attempt to compel him to
interfere with the right of his employees to make
their own choice of a bargaining agent. After a
work stoppage had resulted, the contractor
obtained a temporary injunction against the
picketing.
In seeking to have the injunction dismissed,
the union argued that, as the Taft-Hartley Act
provided the exclusive remedy for parties to such
a dispute, the court lacked jurisdiction over it.
This argument relied upon U. S. Supreme Court
decisions,9 all of which held that the NLRB had
exclusive jurisdiction under such situations as
this unless the Board itself ceded jurisdiction to
a State agency under section 10 (a) of the act.
Such a referral has never been made.
The court noted that such exclusive jurisdiction,
when not exercised, raises questions under the
Fifth Amendment which were not argued in the
aforementioned cases. It said that the Fifth
Amendment provides that no person be deprived
State Ju risd ictio n and D ue Process.
1494
of life, liberty, or property without due process of
law and if the National Labor Relations Act is
interpreted to intend preemption of a field which
is not also to be occupied, the parties in such a
situation are “without legal process of any kind.”
The court further stated: “Nature abhors a
vacuum as does the law. Absence of any legal
process is anarchy.” Therefore, the employer
here cannot constitutionally be left without a
forum.
A Fed
eral district court held 10 that section 104 of the
Norris-LaGuardia Act, prohibiting Federal courts
from issuing any order to restrain employees in
volved in labor disputes from ceasing or refusing
to work, does not prohibit a Federal court from
granting an employer specific performance of the
no-strike clause in a collectively bargained con
tract, since section 301 (a) of the Taft-Hartley Act
provides that suits for violation of such collective
contracts may be brought in any Federal district
court having jurisdiction of the parties.
In June 1957, when a collective bargaining con
tract was at midterm, the union in this case had
served notice upon the employer to open negotia
tions for revision of wage terms and other monetary
provisions of the contract. These negotiations
were unsuccessful, and in August 1957, the union
called a strike, in disregard of the no-strike clause
as well as of the union’s contractual promise to
furnish competent personnel in ample time to
prevent delays in the employer’s vessel-departure
schedule. The employer contended that the
union entered the midterm negotiations in bad
faith, with hopes of undermining American
Coal Shipping, Inc.,11 which had recently gained
stock control of this company. The court, how
ever, held these allegations to be irrelevant.
In its opinion, the court first noted the provision
of the contract that “applications by either party
to open negotiations for changes in the wage scale
Specific P erform ance o f N o -S trik e Clause.
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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, DECEMBER 1957
or any monetary matters any time during the life
of this agreement shall not be deemed cause for
termination of this agreement,” and interpreted
the strike action as a breach of this provision of
the contract.
The court then moved to an examination of the
anti-injunction provision of the 1932 NorrisLaGuardia Act, in relation to the 1947 TaftHartley Act, which conferred jurisdiction upon
Federal courts to entertain all suits for contract
violation between labor organizations and em
ployers engaged in interstate commerce, regardless
of the usual criteria of Federal jurisdiction. The
two statutes were reconciled by noting that, while
the primary purpose of Norris-LaGuardia was to
assure workers the opportunity to organize them
selves for collective bargaining, the main objective
of the subsequent Taft-Hartley provision was to
make the contracts born of collective bargaining
sessions enforceable.
The rationale of the recent case of Textile
W orkers U nion v. L in co ln M ills ,12 in which a union
obtained injunctive relief to compel compliance by
the employer with the arbitration clause of their
contract, was followed and substantially expanded
by the instant decision. The essence of the L in
coln M ills decision, as quoted by the court, is that
“though a literal reading (of provisions of the
Norris-LaGuardia Act) might bring the dispute
within the terms of the act . . . we see no justi
fication in policy for restricting section 301 (a) to
damage suits, leaving specific performance of a
contract . . . to the inapposite procedural re
quirements of that act.”
lf>A. H. Bull Steamship Co. v. Seafarers’ International Union of North Amer
ica, Atlantic and Gulf District, A F L -C IO (U. S. D . C .,E . D .,N . Y ., Sept. 27,
1957).
11 This company was formed by the United Mine Workers and major coal
producers and railroads in 1956 to retain bituminous-coal export trade by
operating a fleet of ships and otherwise reducing costs. Subsequently, it
signed a collective bargaining contract with the U M W ’s District 50, covering
licensed personnel, and with the National Maritime Union, covering un
licensed personnel. The latter action was protested by the Seafarers’ Inter
nationa] Union as an unfair labor practice before the N L R B .
12 353 U . S. 448; see M onthly Labor Review, August 1957, p. 976.
Chronology of
Recent Labor Events
October 10
L ocal 3 of the Brotherhood of Electrical Workers in New
York City voted to exempt from dues all members earning
less than $1.25 an hour, without depriving them of the
standard union benefits. The action covers about 1,200
members, mostly Puerto Ricans, employed in newly organ
ized shops manufacturing lampshades and wire devices and
is in furtherance of the union drive to end exploitation of
Puerto Ricans by some employers and racketeer-controlled
labor organizations.
October 11
October 4, 1957
T he T eamsters convention at Miami Beach, Fla.,
elected James R. Hoffa president of the union, having
previously brushed aside the American Federation of
Labor-Congress of Industrial Organizations’ corruption
charges against him and other Teamster officials. The
voting followed by a few days the United States Chief Jus
tice’s refusal to uphold a lower court injunction, obtained
by 13 New York rank-and-file teamsters, forbidding the
convention to elect officers. (See Chron. item for Sept.
28, 1957, MLR, Nov. 1957.) Subsequently, the Senate
Select Committee on Improper Activities in the Labor or
Management Field subpenaed the records of the conven
tion’s Credentials Committee and ordered Teamster locals
to deliver to it all records on selection of convention dele
gates. (See also Chron. item for Oct. 24, 1957, and p.
1499 of this issue.)
On October 23, the Federal district court for the District
of Columbia, upon request of the 13 New York teamsters,
issued a preliminary injunction declaring the convention
of no effect and thus barring Hoffa and other newly elected
officials from taking office. The court, however, refused
to put the union under a master.
T he Pennsylvania Unemployment Compensation Board
of Review ruled that a 5-month strike by the International
Union of Electrical Workers against the Westinghouse
Corp. (see Chron. item for Mar. 20, 1956, MLR, May
1956) was converted into a lockout and the strikers became
eligible for unemployment compensation when the com
pany rejected, but the union accepted, the State Governor’s
proposal that the stoppage be ended and the dispute sub
mitted to arbitration. The ruling was made under a
Pennsylvania Supreme Court decision, which was denied
review by the Supreme Court of the United States last
March (see Chron. item for Mar. 4, 1957, MLR, May
1957) , that the State UC agency could not legally pay
benefits to the claimants in this case before the claims
were reviewed on their merits.
October 13
T he Communications W orkers and the Western Electric
Co. signed a 3-year contract, retroactive to October 7,
which included wage increases of 6 to 14 cents an hour,
reopenings on wages and vacations, and health and welfare
benefits for about 6,000 workers in 3 plants in the Haverhill-Lawrence, Mass., area. (See also p. 1498 of this issue.)
October 8
October 15
P resident E isenhower appointed Newell Brown, the
administrator of the Labor Department’s Wage and Hour
and Public Contracts Divisions, Assistant Secretary of
Labor to succeed Rocco C. Siciliano, recently named spe
cial aide to the President (see Chron. item for Sept. 16,
1957, MLR, Nov. 1957).
A bout 50,000 employees of New York City women’s coat
and suit manufacturers were granted a cost-of-living wage
increase averaging 15 cents an hour. (See also p. 1497 of
this issue.)
October 9
A National Labor Relations Board examiner ruled that
the United Auto Workers’ strike against the Kohler Co.,
Kohler, Wis., in progress since April 5, 1954, was originally
called for economic reasons but was eventually converted
into an unfair labor practice strike by a series of company
actions, the first of which was a unilateral wage increase
on or about June 1, 1954. The examiner recommended
reinstatement of strikers who had not been permanently
replaced by that date, with back pay for workers to begin
5 days after application for reinstatement, but upheld the
discharge of 13 strike committee members and those who
had engaged in misconduct during the strike.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
T he J. Radley Metzger Co. of Bronx, N. Y., which liqui
dated its business last month under conditions of a protest
strike against alleged labor exploitation (see Chron. item
for Sept. 18, 1957, MLR, Nov. 1957), was absolved of the
charges by Local 485 of the International Union of Elec
trical Workers which had organized the strike. In a
stipulation signed in a New York supreme court, Local
485 stated that the concern had entered into a substandard
contract with the allegedly racketeer-controlled Local 229
of the United Textile Workers in the “ genuine belief” that
it was dealing with a bona fide labor organization.
October 18
A n employer- and employee-requested 2-day decertifica
tion election at the Winchester, Va., plant of the O’Sullivan
1495
1496
Rubber Corp., struck by the United Rubber Workers
since May 13, 1956, resulted in a 288-to-5 vote against the
union as the employees’ bargaining agent. (See also p. 1502
of this issue.)
October 19
P resident J oseph O’N eill and four vice presidents of the
Distillery Workers resigned in conformance with an AFLCIO monitor’s recommendation that all officers of the
union quit their posts and that a special convention be
held at which the resignees would stand for reelection. (See
also p. 1500 of this issue.)
October 21
A Federal district court in New York City enjoined the
Masters, Mates and Pilots and the Marine Engineers from
picketing the Bull Line’s terminal in Brooklyn, N. Y.,
thus stopping the strike that began August 19. Earlier,
the court had similarly enjoined the Seafarers, who were
first to walk out. (See p. 1494 of this issue.) The strike
had stemmed from a prolonged controversy between the
unions and American Coal Shipping, Inc. (see MLR, Jan.
1957, p. 83), which has stock control in the Bull Line, over
the corporation’s contract with the United Mine Workers
District 50 to supply officers for its ships.
October 22
T he S enate Select Committee on Improper Activities in
the Labor or Management Field resumed hearings, shift
ing its attention from organized labor to management,
with the spotlight centered on a Chicago “ union busting”
consultant firm, Labor Relations Associates, Inc., and its
president, Nathan W. Shefferman. (See also p. 1501 of
this issue.)
A 90-minute strike of 1,100 members of the Masters, Mates
and Pilots against 11 railroads operating ferryboats and
tugs in New York Harbor ended in an agreement, effective
November 1, providing daily wage increases of $6.10, $2.50,
and $1.78 for captains, mates, and deckhands, respectively,
plus additional fringe benefits. The union claimed that the
gains exceeded the recommendations of the presidential
emergency board which had investigated the dispute (see
Chron. item for Aug. 6, 1957, MLR, Oct. 1957).
October 24
T he AFL-CIO Executive Council, by a vote of 25 to 4,
suspended the Teamsters union from the federation for
ignoring the council’s cleanup directive of last month
(see Chron. item for Sept. 24, 1957, MLR, Nov. 1957)
and warned the union that its expulsion will be recom
mended to the forthcoming AFL-CIO convention unless
it complies with the directive. The following day, the
council ordered the Bakery and Confectionery Workers
and the United Textile Workers to take certain measures
to clean up their organizations by November 15, or stand
suspended and also face expulsion by the AFL-CIO con
vention. (See also p. 1499 of this issue.)
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, DECEMBER 1957
During the 2-day session, the council also lifted the
1-year probation imposed upon the Allied Industrial
Workers last May (see Chron. item for May 20, 1957,
MLR, July 1957), acting upon a report of the AFL-CIOappointed monitor that the union has since taken satis
factory steps to insure compliance with the council’s order.
October 25
T he Transport Workers Union ended its 6-day convention
in New York City, having reelected Michael J. Quill as
president. One of the convention’s resolutions, adopted
unanimously, requested the AFL-CIO “ to eliminate from
the [ethical practices] code any provisions which may tend
to reflect adversely on the historic rights and privileges of
the Fifth Amendment.” (See also p. 1501 of this issue.)
October 27
T he Secretary of Labor announced the resignation of
Paul E. Gurske as director of the Bureau of Labor Stand
ards. Mr. Gurske had headed the Bureau since April
1954.
October 28
T he Federal court of appeals for the District of Columbia,
in T r u c k D r iv e r s a n d H e lp e r s L o c a l U n io n 7 2 8 v. N L R B ,
upheld an NLRB decision that a union violated the
Taft-Hartley Act when it pressured secondary employers
who refused to honor its request to cease doing business
with a struck firm, by picketing the places of business
shared by the primary and secondary firms’ employees,
without informing the neutral employees that the picketing
was not aimed at their employers. The earlier NLRB
decision (see Chron. item for Dec. 8, 1955, MLR, Feb.
1956), that it was illegal for a union to picket secondary
employers where the primary employer’s premises were
available, had been remanded to the Board by the appel
late court on the theory that the governing consideration
was whether the picketing was for a lawful purpose.
October 30
I n a precedent-setting 4-1 decision, the NLRB ruled that
a union which represented only a minority of the em
ployees involved violated the Taft-Hartley Act by picketing
an employer for recognition as their exclusive bargaining
agent. The case was D r iv e r s , C h a u f fe u r s & H e lp e r s L o c a l
6 3 9 , I n t e r n a t i o n a l B r o th e r h o o d o f T e a m s te r s and C u r tis
B r o th e r s , I n c .
On r e m a n d from the U. S. Supreme Court (see Chron. item
for May 6, 1957, MLR, July 1957), the NLRB reversed
its no-jurisdiction stand in a case involving a union as
employer and found certain Teamster organizations guilty
of coercion and discrimination against their office employees
by preventing them from joining a union. The case was
O r e g o n T e a m s te r s ' S e c u r ity P l a n O ffice and L o c a l 1 1 , O ffice
E m p lo y e e s I n t e r n a t i o n a l U n io n .
Developments in
Industrial Relations
o v in g resolutely ahead in its determination to
rid the labor movement of corrupt influences, the
American Federation of Labor and Congress of
Industrial Organizations Executive Council in
October suspended its largest affiliate, the Inter
national Brotherhood of Teamsters, and ordered
two other long-established affiliates, the Bakery
and Confectionery Workers and the United Textile
Workers, to purge themselves by November 15 or
face similar action. These events transpired as
the courts barred the newly elected Teamster
officers from assuming their posts and as the U. S.
Senate Select Committee on Improper Activities
in the Labor or Management Field turned its
attention to the disclosure of questionable
employer practices reportedly designed to deter
or frustrate trade union activities.
Automatic increases in pay ranging from 1 to
5 cents an hour for almost 1% million workers
followed in the wake of the announcement of the
U. S. Bureau of Labor Statistics Consumer Price
Index for September, which again moved to a
new record point. For more than a million
railroad workers, the semiannual cost-of-living
adjustment amounted to 5 cents an hour; these
workers will also receive a deferred increase (7
cents in most instances) in November—at the
time the cost-of-living allowance becomes effective.
The continued rise in living costs also led to wage
increases for 50,000 garment workers in New
York City. Pay increases were negotiated in
the communications industry, but in general the
tempo of collective bargaining was slow.
M
Wage Developments and Collective Bargaining
A wage increase averaging 15
cents an hour was to go into effect December 16
for 50,000 members of the International Ladies’
Garment Workers’ Union employed by firms
manufacturing women’s coats and suits in the
M a n u fa c tu rin g .
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
New York metropolitan area. The increase—the
first since 1953—was awarded by an impartial
chairman on October 15 under a wage reopening
clause which permitted discussion of wages if the
cost of living increased by 5 percent from its May
15, 1953, level. Under the award, the 4 employing
associations (Industrial Council of Cloak, Suit and
Skirt Manufacturers, Inc.; Infants’ and Children’s
Coat Association, Inc.; Merchants’ Ladies Gar
ment Association, Inc.; and the American Cloak
and Suit Manufacturers Association, Inc.) in
creased pay for timeworkers by $3.50 to $5.50 a
week ($3.50 for floor workers, $4.50 for finishers’
helpers, $5.00 for operators and finishers in
section shops and examiners, and $5.50 for other
operators and finishers, cutters, and sample
tailors). Pieceworkers received proportionate
increases, and the minimum wage rates for section
workers were increased by 14 cents an hour.
Negotiations were concluded in late September
between the Bakery and Confectionery Workers’
International Union and the National Biscuit Co.
The agreement, affecting 10,500 employees in 16
States, provided a 13-cent-an-hour wage increase
retroactive to September 1 (with some workers
receiving additional increases based on job reclassi
fications) and an additional 9 cents a year later.
In addition to a fourth week of vacation after 25
years, the company agreed to contribute 80 cents
a day per employee into the union’s national
pension fund which will provide $100 a month
pensions (exclusive of social security benefits) at
age 65 after 25 years’ service, and early retirement
benefits at age 55 after 15 years’ service. Em
ployees were previously covered by a company
pension plan.
Wage rates were raised by 6 to 17 cents an hour
by a 1-year contract negotiated in late September
between the American Tobacco Co. and a local of
the Retail, Wholesale and Department Store
Union, covering about 1,350 employees at the firm’s
cigar plant in Charleston, S. C. A key issue of the
negotiations—automation of plant operations—
was resolved by a plan that will provide an option
to workers replaced by automation of choosing a
2-year top preference for rehiring, or severance
pay ranging from 1 to 7 weeks’ wages, depending
on seniority.
‘ Prepared in the Division of Wages and Industrial Relations of the Bureau
of Labor Statistics, on the basis of currently available published material.
1497
1498
Members of the United Automobile Workers
on October 11 ratified a 1-year contract with
Pratt & Whitney Co., Inc., of West Hartford,
Conn. Affecting some 3,000 employees, the agree
ment included a wage advance of 3 percent (aver
aging around 6% cents), a major medical and
insurance program costing the company an esti
mated 1.5 cents per man-hour, and continuation
of the cost-of-living escalator clause, with 7 cents
of the current 12-cent allowance incorporated into
base wage rates.
Pay raises were negotiated for about 27,000
workers employed at various Western Electric Co.
plants in Massachusetts, New Jersey, and North
Carolina. Under a wage reopening clause, the
International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers
agreed upon a pay raise averaging 10.1 cents an
hour effective October 16, 1957, for about 15,000
hourly, salaried, and skilled trades employees at
the company’s plants in northern New Jersey.
Wage increases ranging from 6 to 14 cents (includ
ing 12- and 14-cent increases for skilled trades)
retroactive to October 7 were negotiated in a
3-year contract signed by Western Electric Co.
and the Communications Workers of America for
approximately 6,000 workers in 3 plants in the
Haverhill-Lawrence, Mass., area. In addition,
the agreement provides for two reopenings on
wages and vacations, and reopenings at any time
on hospitalization, health, and group life insur
ance. A similar pay raise effective October 29
for about 6,000 workers at the company’s plants
in Winston-Salem, Greensboro, and Burlington,
N. C., was also negotiated with the same union.
This settlement was negotiated under a wage re
opening clause of a 3-year contract signed in 1956.1
The company also announced that its nonproduc
tion employees at the Massachusetts and North
Carolina plants, who are not organized, would
receive an approximately 5-percent increase in
pay effective October 1.
On October 1, the New York
Telephone Co. and the independent Telephone
Traffic Union announced wage increases ranging
from $2 to $3 a week for 18,000 operators and
other traffic department employees. The agree
ment, affecting workers in New York City and in
Nassau, Suffolk, Westchester, Putnam, and Rock
land Counties, was negotiated under a wage
reopening clause.
N o n m a n u fa ctu rin g .
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, DECEMBER 1957
The Pacific Telephone and Telegraph Co. an
nounced on October 5 that it had agreed, under a
wage reopening clause, upon a weekly wage
increase of $2.50 for its 12,000 telephone operators
in southern California represented by the Federa
tion of Women Telephone Workers. Some
operators received higher increases because of
reclassification.
Wage and welfare benefits of about $7 or $8 a
week were won for almost 13,000 delivery and
processing workers employed by 294 milk com
panies in the New York metropolitan area. The
tentative agreement, reached on October 31 be
tween representatives of 5 Teamster locals and the
Greater New York-Northern New Jersey Milk
Dealers Labor Committee, included a weekly
wage advance of $4.30 for drivers working on a
commission basis and $5.30 for inside workers and
drivers not on commission. Other provisions of
the 2-year agreement called for a fourth week of
vacation after 15 years’ service, improved welfare
benefits, and a wage reopening after 1 year.
A 5-percent wage increase for 7,500 workers
represented by the International Brotherhood of
Electrical Workers was agreed to by the Niagara
Mohawk Power Corp. on September 30. Retro
active to September 1, the increase was negotiated
under a wage reopening clause of an agreement
due to expire May 31, 1958.
New 14-month contracts, retroactive to Octo
ber 1, were concluded by the Transport Workers
Union and Pan American World Airways. Affect
ing 8,500 ground maintenance, flight service, and
guided-missile employees and port stewards, the
agreements provided hourly rated employees with
an 18-cent-an-hour increase, while rates for flight
service personnel were increased by an average of
$35 a month. Effective January 1, 1958, an addi
tional advance of 6 cents (total 24 cents) an hour
was negotiated by the same union for about 1,200
guided-missile workers at the Air Force testing
base at Cocoa, Fla., operated by Pan American.
The same company also came to terms with the
Flight Engineers’ International Association.
Under the 3-year agreement signed October 25,
flight engineers on jet airliners, scheduled to go
into operation in 1959, will receive 20 percent
more pay—with a minimum total monthly rate of
$1,210 a month—than those now flying on the
i See M onthly Labor R eview, December 1956, p. 1455.
DEVELOPMENTS IN INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS
DC-7C planes, fastest piston-powered aircraft used
by Pan American. The agreement also included a
provision that the engineers may serve on jet
flights, even though they might not have pilot
training. (The Air Line Pilots Association has
advocated that engineers on jet flights be qualified
to fly the planes as an additional safety measure in
emergencies.) Flight engineers on the DC-7C
planes received a 10-percent increase in pay
retroactive to June 1, 1957, bringing their monthly
rates to $1,010. About 700 engineers are affected.
Union Action on Ethical Practices
Team sters. By a vote of 25 to 4, the AFL-CIO
Executive Council, on October 24, suspended the
Teamsters union from the federation,2 and a day
later took corrective action against the Bakery and
Confectionery Workers and the United Textile
Workers.
Actions at the recent Teamsters convention, the
Executive Council resolution said, ‘‘imply an ad
herence to the principles of corrupt rather than
the principles of free and honest trade unionism.”
Unless two conditions were “promptly” met, the
Executive Council said, it would recommend to
the December 5 convention of the AFL-CIO that
the Teamsters be expelled from the federation.
The conditions were (1) that the Teamsters “re
move and bar from office . . . those named by
this Executive Council in its September 25 report
as being responsible for the abuses referred to in
that report” ; 3 and (2) “that a special committee
appointed by the Executive Council . . . be
given authority . . . to correct the abuses set
forth in the report of the [AFL-CIO] Ethical
Practices Committee; [and] to eliminate all other
corrupt influences from the international brother
hood.” The resolution concluded that “the
suspension can be lifted at any time that the union
2 Those voting against the suspension resolution were John F. English
(secretary-treasurer of the Teamsters), Herman Winter (president emeritus
of the Bakery Workers), and Maurice A. Hutcheson and William O. Doherty
(presidents of the Carpenters and Letter Carriers, respectively).
s Dave Beck, James R. Hoffa, Frank Brewster, and Sidney L. Brennan.
See also M onthly Labor Review, November 1957, pp. 1338 and 1381.
4
in September, these members had filed a suit against the international
union, charging that the majority of the delegates to the convention were
improperly chosen. See M onthly Labor Review, November 1957, p. 1382.
J For details of the convention proceedings, see The 17th Convention of
the Teamsters Union (in M onthly Labor Review, November 1957, pp. 13351338).
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1499
complies with the counciPs directive to eliminate
corrupt influences from positions of leadership.”
In their appearance before the council, 10
members of the Teamsters 13-man Executive
Board asked for a year in which to clean their own
house. Their statement, read by Administrative
Vice President Einar O. Mohn, asserted that the
suit filed by 13 rank-and-file members, charging
that the election of officers at the Teamsters con
vention had been rigged, had delayed some re
form moves.4 Furthermore, the Teamsters state
ment noted that other unions facing similar
charges had been granted 90 days to comply with
cleanup directives. Since the Teamsters union
is so large—about 1.4 million members—Mr.
Mohn suggested that the union be given a year.
The following week, President Dave Beck
announced for the Executive Board of the Team
sters that the union would appeal its suspension
to the convention of the AFL-CIO in December.
Immediately following the October 4 election
of James R. Hoffa and other officers, the Senate
select committee subpenaed Teamster convention
records to determine if the delegates accepted by
the union’s credentials committee had been im
properly chosen. Senator John L. McClellan,
chairman of the Senate committee, charged that
some of the records obtained revealed “some
situations which are just plain scandalous.” He
went on to say that the committee found “several
instances where Mr. Dave Beck . . . instructed
the credentials committee to disregard the Team
sters constitution [and] without this dictatorial
action . . . Mr. Hoffa . . . could not have been
elected president of the Teamsters.” 5
Meanwhile, 13 rank-and-file members of the
Teamsters continued their efforts to prevent
James R. Hoffa from becoming president of the
union. On October 23, Federal District Court
Judge F. Dickinson Letts signed a preliminary
injunction temporarily barring Hoffa and other
newly elected officers from assuming office, receiv
ing salary, or putting into effect policies adopted
at the Miami Beach, Fla., convention that would
be “in violation” of the Teamsters 1952 constitu
tion.
On November 4, an appellate court upheld
Judge Letts’ injunction. The higher court or
dered that a trial be expedited with “due dili
gence” to determine if Hoffa’s election was in
violation of the 1952 constitution.
1500
Textile a n d B a ke ry W orkers. Late in October, the
AFL-CIO Executive Council told the United
Textile Workers that the union would face suspen
sion unless, by November 15, it ousted from office
“those responsible for the abuses referred to in
[the Ethical Practices Committee] report/’ can
celed the $104,000 severance pay agreement ($100
a week for 20 years) with Lloyd Klenert, former
secretary-treasurer who had resigned earlier in
the month, accepted a special monitor, and held
a special election of new officers.6
A few days after the AFL-CIO Executive
Council’s order, local 2207 of the Textile Workers
(representing 3,500 members working in 2 plants
of Beaunit Mills in Elizabethton, Tenn., and
reportedly the largest local in the union) an
nounced that it would withhold all dues and other
payments from the international union until “we
have assurances that no severance pay will be
paid to any international officer.” William H.
Howell, president of the local, said he regretted
making the announcement public but the UTWA
Executive Council “has shown so little desire to
protect the rank-and-file members that we have
no alternative but to publicly denounce those
voting for any issue detrimental to our organ
ization.”
The AFL-CIO Executive Council also moved
against the Bakery and Confectionery Workers’
International Union, ordering it to restore former
Secretary-Treasurer Curtis Sims to office and to
call a special convention within 90 days to
elect new officers. The directive stated that
none of the officers named in the corruption charges
leveled against the Bakers (including president
James G. Cross) would be eligible for reelection
to office.7 Unless these conditions were agreed
to by November 15, the council warned, the
Bakers would also be suspended from the
federation.
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, DECEMBER 1957
said that he and the vice presidents would run
for reelection at the convention.
A llie d In d u stria l W orkers. On October 24, the
AFL-CIO Executive Council reinstated the Allied
Industrial Workers which last May, had been
placed on probation.9 Their 1-year probation
period was cut short after the special monitor,
Peter McGavin, reported “diligent adherence to
Ethical Practices Codes.”
New Senate Investigations
The Senate select committee headed by Senator
John L. McClellan resumed its hearings on October
22, this time shifting emphasis from corrupt union
activities to the field of “illegal and improper
activities of management against unions.” Sena
tor McClellan said the center of the inquiry would
be spotlighted on the “far-flung operations of
Nathan W. Shefferman,” a Chicago labor consult
ant (and head of Labor Relations Associates,
Inc.).10
Opening day testimony included charges that
the Morton Frozen Food Co. of Webster City,
Iowa (now a division of Continental Baking Co.),
had employed the services of a Shefferman agent
to help keep the Packinghouse Workers union out
of the Iowa plant. Later, another Shefferman
employee was engaged to help the same company
organize its employees under the Bakery Workers
union with which the company allegedly obtained
a much more favorable contract than the Packing
house union proposed.
George Faunce, Jr., a vice president and general
counsel of the Continental Baking Co., accused
the committee’s counsel, Robert F. Kennedy, of
implying “improper motives” for the sudden
change in the company’s attitude toward unions.
6
D istillery W orkers. On October 19, Joseph O’Neill,
president of the Distillery, Rectifying and Wine
Workers’ International Union announced his
resignation and those of four vice presidents.
This action followed recommendations of Peter
M. McGavin (assigned as monitor to this union 8),
in order that delegates to a special November
convention “can be apprised of all the charges
of the Ethical Practices Committee.” Mr. O’Neill
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
At a meeting of the Executive Board on November 2, Mr. Valente followed
Mr. Klenert in resigning from office. In other steps, the board decided to
call a special convention “as soon as possible” to elect new officers and
rescinded the severance pay agreement with Lloyd Klenert.
A few days earlier, on October 20, about 300 delegates (claiming to repre
sent 96 of the 350 locals of the Bakers) met in Cleveland, Ohio, and passed a
resolution supporting the actions of Mr. Cross. While the meeting was in
progress, however, approximately 100 union members (claiming to represent
between 40 and 45 locals which were not invited to send representatives to the
meeting) picketed in protest.
The union has been under a 1-year probationary period since last M ay
upon charges by the A FL-C IO that it was dominated by corrupt influences.
See M onthly Labor Review, July 1957, p. 856.
See M onthly Labor Review, July 1957, p. 856.
See M onthly Labor Review, July 1957, p. 856.
7
8
9
10
DEVELOPMENTS IN INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS
Mr. Faunce explained that Continental had ac
quired the Morton Co. in the interval between the
rejection of one union and the welcoming of
another and that the company had allowed the
Bakery and Confectionery Workers to organize the
plant because “a company with 80 plants organized
by a union should accept organization by that
union in an 81st.”
The Senate committee also revealed a link be
tween the Shefferman organization and Sears,
Roebuck & Co. in the Boston, Mass., area.11
Wallace W. Tudor, a company vice president, told
the committee that efforts to block labor unions
from Sears stores in the Boston area were “in
excusable, unnecessary, and disgraceful,” and
“that Boston and other scattered Labor Relations
Associates excesses were isolated episodes, contrary
in principle and practice to the employee relations
program of Sears.” The fact that only 14,000 of
205,000 Sears employees belong to unions was
attributed, Mr. Tudor said, to the employees'
belief that “unions would bring them no advantage
above and beyond those already provided by long
standing company policy.” Later testimony
revealed that the mail-order firm paid the Shefferman concern for entertaining top Teamster
officials over a period of years.
Mr. Shefferman’s firm was also involved in
labor-management relationships at the Whirlpool
Corp.’s plant in Marion, Ohio. According to a
statement read before the committee, Dr. Louis
Checov, a representative of the Shefferman con
cern, was engaged by the company “to interview
prospective employees . . . and to screen out
workers with prounion sentiment.” The “indus
trial psychologist,” however, had gone to Van
couver, British Columbia, and refused to return
to testify at the hearings. Theodore Hufert,
director of industrial relations at the Marion
division testified, on the other hand, that Checov
did nothing more for the company than to give
“human equation” tests to prospective employees
as part of the company’s hiring procedure.
On October 29, the Senate investigating com
mittee turned its attention to the Englander Co.,
manufacturer of mattresses. Michael Katz testi
fied that he was an organizer for the Upholsterers’
11
Mr. Shefferman had worked for Sears until 1948; he then set up his own
agency, with Sears as one of his principal clients until April 1955.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1501
Union in 1951 when the union joined with the
Teamsters in establishing a picket line around a
yet unorganized Englander plant in California.
Katz said that Joseph M. Dillon, warehouse di
rector for the Western Conference of Teamsters,
later approached him and said that the Teamster
“powers that be” desired sole jurisdiction of the
work force at the plant, and consequently Katz,
withdrew his pickets. In earlier testimony, Dillon
had said that Nathan Shefferman (returning from
a trip to Hawaii with Dave Beck) had informed
him that the company was willing to recognize one
union at the plant but did not want several.
Additional information coming to the commit
tee’s attention revealed that after the Englander
West Coast plant had been organized by the
Teamsters, the company recognized the union at
other still unorganized plants and signed a “mas
ter” contract without consulting local workers as
to whether they wanted to be represented by the
Teamsters or were in favor of the contract.
Union Meetings and Conventions
At the opening session of the Transport Workers
Union’s 10th biennial convention on October 21,
President Michael J. Quill pointedly warned the
delegates that they “must put [their] house in
order unless you want a Government committee
to do it for you.” Delegates voted to amend the
constitution to permit an immediate audit of a
local’s books and accounts at the first hint of fail
ure by the officers to maintain the highest ethical
practices in the handling of union funds. This ac
tion followed charges of financial irregularities by
the officers and Executive Board of Philadelphia
local 234 of the Transport "Workers Union which
had led officers of the international to put the local
under trusteeship. On October 18, Paul W.
O’Rourke and John J. Donnelly (president and
secretary-treasurer of Philadelphia local 234, re
spectively) were ousted by the International Exec
utive Board on charges of misuse of local finances.
The convention reelected Mr. Quill and other
international officers without opposition. The
president’s salary was raised from $12,000 to
$14,820, while the secretary-treasurer and the di
rector of organization had their yearly salaries
increased to $12,740 and $11,700, respectively.
A resolution calling for a convention every 4 years
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, DECEMBER 1957
1502
instead of the current 2 years was passed after a
lengthy floor debate.12
Other convention actions included a resolution
applauding the house-cleaning efforts of organized
labor but, on the other hand, urging the AFL-CIO
Executive Council “to eliminate from the [ethical
practices] code any provisions which may tend to
reflect adversely on the historic rights and
privileges of the Fifth Amendment.” 13
At the National Maritime Union’s 11th biennial
convention on October 7—11, Joseph Curran,
president of the union since 1937, announced his
plans to run for reelection in January. Delegates
to the convention approved resolutions calling
for conventions every 3 years, instead of 2 years
as in the past, and for a dues hike from $60 to $80
a year, with the added revenue to be used for new
union buildings. Both resolutions were subject
to membership referendum.
Contract improvements other than wage in
creases, according to Mr. Curran, will form the
basis for new demands when contracts with major
shipping companies expire next June. In its
program for 1958, the union will press for legisla
tion and for proper administration of the present
law to prevent the transfer of American-flag ships
to foreign registry". Also adopted was a resolution
calling for the AFL-CIO to “develop a program
. . . designed to bring the [independent Inter
national Longshoremen’s Association] into com
pliance with our union principles and into the
AFL-CIO.”
At the 14th annual convention of the Inter
national Chemical Workers Union held in Detroit,
Mich., from October 15 to 19, delegates of the
85,000-member union voted for a monthly strike
fund levy of 25 cents to provide benefits of up to
$10 a week to striking members from the third
through the seventh weeks of a strike. Thereafter,
benefits will be paid on the basis of need. In
another action, Walter L. Mitchell, president of the
union, called upon the Oil, Chemical and Atomic
Workers, District 50 of the Mine Workers, and
other unions in the chemical industry to join with
the ICW in a definite bargaining program in
forthcoming contract negotiations.
The International Typographical Union an
nounced that its members had voted by refer
endum to raise their strike benefit fund by in
creasing the member assessments by 1 percent
of total earnings for a 3-month period. (A similar
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
proposal had been defeated in May 1957 and
December 1956.14) For the third time, however,
a proposal was rejected to raise from $1 to $1.50
a month the per capita dues for the international
headquarters and the printers’ home in Colorado
Springs, Colo.
Other Developments
In October, a special arbitration board 15handed
down a ruling designed to provide employees of
major steel companies in Indiana and Virginia
with layoff benefits without at the same time
violating State laws that prohibit simultaneous
payment of private and public unemployment
compensation. Under the arrangement, payments
from the funds will be made in two stages.
Initially workers will receive full benefits of the
plan (that is, approximately 65 percent of takehome pay), including payment from the private
fund of the equivalent of any State benefits they
would have received. The second stage will
become effective if the additional benefit amounts
paid from the funds equal or exceed 2 percent of
the contributions which the companies would
have made if all States permitted supplementa
tion. At such time, payments will be made only
for every fourth week of layoff, and during the other
3 weeks, workers will be eligible to receive State
unemployment benefits.
A trial examiner of the National Labor Relations
Board ruled that the Kohler Co., Kohler, Wis.,
had engaged in unfair labor practices in the 3%year-old dispute with the United Automobile
Workers. He found that after the work stoppage
over contract terms began on April 5, 1954, the
company’s actions had converted it to an unfair
labor practice strike, thus entitling some of the
strikers to reinstatement and back pay.
In another case involving a long-term dispute,
the NLRB decertified the United Rubber Workers,
Local 511, as bargaining agent at the O’Sullivan
Rubber Corp., Winchester, Va. Under the TaftHartley Act, none of the workers who had been
12
In M ay of this year, the AFL-C IO Executive Council adopted a code on
democratic procedures, which among other things, urged “each affili
ated . . . union [to] hold regular conventions at stated intervals, which
should be not more than 4 years.” See M onthly Labor Review, July 1957,
p. 840.
See M onthly Labor Review, March 1957, pp. 352-353,
u See M onthly Labor Review, July 1957, p. 859.
See M onthly Labor Review, November 1957, p. 1385.
12
12
1503
DEVELOPMENTS IN INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS
out on strike and permanently replaced since the
strike began in May 1956 was allowed to vote
in the election. Employees of the company voted
288 to 5 to decertify the union local. Previously,
unfair labor charges against the company had
been dismissed by the NLRB.
In an issue growing out of last winter’s contract
negotiations in the East Coast longshoring indus
try,16 the NLRB ruled in early October that the
independent Longshoremen’s Association must
post a notice stating that it will not “demand
that any agreement reached with the New York
Shipping Association, Inc., cover longshoremen in
any port other than in the port of greater New
York and vicinity . .
The Board also ordered
the union not to “resort to economic pressure,
including strike action, or threat of such action,
to force the [association] to agree that any agree
ment . . . cover longshoremen in ports other
than in the port of greater New York . . . so long
as . . . the New York Shipping Association, Inc.,
insists upon confining the negotiations to the unit
found appropriate . . .”
The NLRB also ruled, in a case involving a
Teamsters local and Curtis Brothers, Inc., that a
union supported by only a minority of employees
violated the Taft-Hartley Act by picketing for
recognition as bargaining agent. (The Board
pointed out that it was not ruling on whether
picketing by a minority union only for organizing
purposes violated the act.)
On October 31, the Marine Engineers Beneficial
Association and the Brotherhood of Marine Engi
neers revealed that they had agreed to a prelimin
ary period of “trial” association preparatory to a
formal merger scheduled for January 1, 1960.
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During the trial period, each union will keep its
identity and autonomy: The Brotherhood of
Marine Engineers (which represents about 1,000
members compared to 11,000 for MEBA) will
affiliate with the MEBA as an autonomous division
but will retain its ties with its parent organization,
the Seafarers’ International Union.
The number of State AFL-CIO labor groups
that have merged since December 1955 was
brought to 32 in October. Delaware became the
30th State to merge its AFL and CIO central bodies
as the Delaware State Labor Council was formed.
Delegates to the merger convention elected Clem
ent J. Lemon (former head of the State Federa
tion of Labor) as president and James J. LaPenta,
Jr. (former president of the State Industrial Union
Council), as vice president.
In New Hampshire, the New Hampshire State
Labor Council was formed with a constitution
that reportedly contains the first requirement that
not only must delegates be members in good
standing with a local union affiliated with the
State group but also the local itself must be in
good standing with the AFL-CIO. Thomas Pitarys and Joseph Moriarty (respective former
heads of the State CIO and AFL groups) were
elected to the posts of president and executive
vice president.
Officers elected to the North Dakota AFL-CIO
Federation of Labor included the former president
and secretary-treasurer of the AFL group. They
were elected to similar posts, while former officials
of the State Industrial Union Council became
vice presidents.
See M onthly Labor Review, April 1957, p.19'2.
Book Reviews
and Notes
o t e .'—Listing of a ‘
publication in this
section is for record and reference only and does
not constitute an endorsement of point of view
or advocacy of use.
E d it o r ’s N
Special Reviews
The Demand and Supply of Scientific Personnel.
By David M. Blank and George J. Stigler.
New York, National Bureau of Economic
Research, Inc., 1957. 200 pp. (General
Series, 62.) $4.
Dr. Blank’s and Professor Stigler’s book is
primarily a study of the methods by which move
ments in the supply of and demand for scientific
personnel can be explained. Although not for
the casual reader, it is one of the better studies on
scientific and engineering manpower. The authors
have carefully assembled and analyzed Census
data and other statistics on these professions,
displaying considerable understanding of the
limitations of the available information.
Although the authors have shied away from
suggesting a method for estimating long-run
demand for technical personnel, their criticisms of
existing methods and their analysis of factors
which influence demand will be useful for those
interested in making such estimates. For ex
ample, one of their major criticisms of the most
commonly used method of estimating long-run
demand for engineers—calculating the ratios of
United States engineers to total labor force or a
major portion of it for past years, predicting future
labor force, and extrapolating the ratio of engi
neers to labor force—is that different industries
vary considerably in their relative use of engineers.
Thus, changes in the industrial structure, such as
a more rapid rate of growth in industries which
1504
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employ relatively large numbers of technical per
sonnel, can have a substantial effect on any longrun estimate of engineering or scientific employ
ment. Clearly, estimates could be vastly im
proved if sufficient data were available for an
industry-by-industry analysis. Moreover, the im
pact of other factors discussed by the authors,
such as changes in the technology of production
which may have increased the relative demand for
highly trained personnel and the possibility that
reductions in the relative cost of college trained
personnel have led to their substitution for skilled
or semiskilled workers, can also be best analyzed
on an individual industry basis.
The most serious shortcoming of this book, and
one which has been commented on by many man
power analysts, is the authors’ methods of analysis
leading to the conclusion that there is no evidence
of a shortage of engineers. According to Dr.
Blank and Professor Stigler, “a shortage exists
when the number of workers available (the sup
ply) increases less rapidly than the number
demanded at the salaries paid in the recent past.”
They state that when such a “shortage” exists in
a particular occupation, salaries of workers in the
occupation will rise relative to earnings of other
workers. The authors themselves state that their
concept of a shortage is only one of many, and
that it would be desirable if their conclusions
could rest on fuller data. Nevertheless, they rely
upon an analysis of trends in earnings of engineers
over a period of time to indicate whether there has
been a shortage of engineers in recent decades.
The implications of the narrow economic concept
of shortage and the free market assumption on
which the conclusion is based, are passed over
much too lightly and even the statistics used for
comparison are very weak.
Despite its shortcomings, this book merits the
attention of students of scientific manpower
problems. Even the controversial “no shortage”
conclusion serves a useful purpose—principally
because it calls attention to the often overlooked
fact that the term “shortage” may mean different
things to different people.
— B e r n a r d M ic h a e l
Bureau of Labor Statistics
BOOK REVIEWS AND NOTES
Samuel Gompers—American Statesman. By Flor
ence Calvert Thorne. New York, Philosoph
ical Library, Inc., 1957. 175 pp. $3.75.
The A. F. of L. in the Time of Gompers. By
Philip Taft. New York, Harper & Brothers,
1957. xx, 508 pp. $6.75.
Each of these volumes constitutes, in quite
different fashion, a testimonial to the energy, the
integrity, the industry, and the wisdom of Samuel
Gompers, as well as to the decisive influence he
exercised upon the cast of thought and the struc
ture of the American labor movement.
Florence Thorne, for many years Director of
Research of the American Federation of Labor,
first met Gompers in 1910 in Chicago, when she
interviewed the president of the AFL in connec
tion with a paper she was writing for Robert F.
Hoxie on the AFL in politics. She became one
of his dedicated and loyal coworkers and had, as
she remarks, “an unusual opportunity to study
Gompers’ mind and learn why he did what he did.”
Her modest volume offers a straightforward and
uncritical account of Gompers’ central beliefs and
principles and of the manner in which these de
termined his leadership role in the organized labor
movement. For Florence Thorne, this role was
not only “constructive” in that it made possible
the growth of unionism as a stable institution,
but it was also “conservative” and distinctively
American.
Samuel Gompers—American Statesman is largely
a compilation of excerpts from Gompers’ writings,
official papers, speeches, and testimony at official
hearings. These are thematically organized under
simple subject headings—-Pure and Simple Trade
Unionism, Strikes, and Economic versus Legisla
tive Methods—and are presented with a minimum
of comment and explanation. The result is a co
herent and usable collection of source materials,
more selective and readable than the two volumes
compiled by Hayes Robbins almost four decades
ago—-Labor and the Common Welfare and Labor
and the Employer. The volume reminds one of
Gompers’ intellectual capacities, his polemical
skill, and the fact that he wrote and spoke with
a vigor and spirit which few American labor
leaders have matched.
Philip Taft’s The A. F. of L. in the Time of
Gompers represents a notable addition to the lit
erature of American labor history. It supplements
and, in many respects, supplants the accounts of
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1505
various aspects of the Federation’s history from
its foundation to Gompers’ death in 1924 provided
by the works of John R. Commons, Norman Ware,
Louis Lorwin, Selig Perlman, and others. Basic
ally, Philip Taft’s view of the AFL is in no way at
odds with that which he and Perlman developed in
the volume they published in 1935 (History of Labor
in the United States, 1896-1932, Vol. IV, Labor
Movements). The approach and the emphases of
the present study, however, are significantly differ
ent, for, as Professor Taft writes, it “examines the
evolution of policy and programs within the Fed
eration and seeks to describe the problems, con
flicts, and activities of the AFL as an independent
institution and the spokesman for the major seg
ment of the organized workers of the United
States and Canada.”
The result is a richly detailed institutional
history of the Federation which casts fresh light
on the way in which it grew in authority, in spite
of—or even because of—the principle of trade
authority; its efforts to organize the unorganized;
its changing relationship with its affiliates; prob
lems of union structure and jurisdiction; the
shaping and freezing of key policies; and other
matters. The internal history of the Federation
which the author has fashioned would not have
been possible without his industrious search for
and use of unpublished manuscript materials.
What he has gleaned from these materials gives
his volume genuine significance.
One can take Professor Taft to task for being
too ardent a champion of the Federation, for
hastening to the defense of Gompers when the
latter’s behavior is questioned or criticized, for
abstracting the Federation and its problems and
policies from the larger societal setting, and for
some pages of pedestrian writing. None of these
critical comments, however, should be taken to
minimize the substantial contribution he has made
to a better understanding of a major phase in
American labor history.
— H e n r y D a v id
Columbia University
Social Responsibilities of Organized Labor. By
John A. Fitch. New York, Harper &
Brothers, 1957. xxv, 237 pp. $3.50.
It is not often that a brief and readable book
contains as much food for thought as does this
volume. It is part of a series on ethics and
1506
economic life initiated by the National Council of
Churches. Mr. Fitch is professor emeritus of
the New York School of Social Work and for many
years was industrial editor of Survey, when that
journal was renowned for its reporting of the
social scene.
The author has relied on a careful reading of
current developments in labor-management rela
tions, as well as 50 years of experience as a sym
pathetic student of the “labor problem” and the
growth of trade union organization into a powerful
institution. Within the framework of the realities
of economic relationships and an acceptance of
trade unionism and collective bargaining, Mr.
Fitch raises a number of crucial ethical and social
questions.
The author believes that trade unionism “with
its method of collective bargaining is a commonsense way of dealing with the problems that arise
out of the business of earning wages—as sensible
and necessary as the joining together of other
interests in corporations or chambers of com
merce.” He feels that union leaders keep their
guard up, not only because of memories of the
past, but also “because there are elements in
industry which, although apparently accepting
the permanence of unionism, seem constantly
poised for attack, as is made manifest by speeches,
interviews, and widely distributed pamphlets.
More important in its effect on union tactics is
the existence of uncompromising and ruthless
opposition to unionism in regions where organiza
tion has made little headway.” The resultant
defensive attitude, as Mr. Fitch views it, “weak
ens the mood for action against recognized evils
and tolerates within the labor movement persons
who do it no good.”
Among policies and practices that the author
finds questionable are insistance on union security,
featherbedding, and “middle-class tastes and am
bitions to be noted in labor officialdom.” He does
not lecture from Olympian heights, however, and
he usually reveals keen observations and insights
into the conditions that give rise to practices,
the wisdom of which he questions.
“If labor is criticized for sharing some of the less
desirable qualities of the society in which it
functions,” Mr. Fitch writes, “it is because the
higher purposes of unionism justify the expectation
of adherence to higher standards than prevail
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, DECEMBER 1957
among those whose main objective is financial
gain.”
Neither trade unionists, management, nor stu
dents will fully accept Mr. Fitch’s views. All of
them, however, would do well to give some thought
to his discussion of social and ethical problems.
—N
at
G o l d f in g e r
American Federation of Labor and
Congress of Industrial Organizations
Econom ic Concentration and the M o n o p o ly P rob
lem. By Edward S. Mason. Cambridge,
Mass., Harvard University Press, 1957. xvi,
411 pp. (Harvard Economic Studies, 100.)
$6.
For more than 20 years, Professor Mason of
Harvard has not been able to keep away for long
from the monopoly question as it relates to anti
trust and general economic policy. This volume
is a collection of his writings on this matter,
beginning in 1936 with Industrial Concentration
and the Decline of Competition and ending in
1956 with Market Power and Business Conduct:
Some Comments on the Report of the Attorney
General’s Committee on Anti-Trust Policy. He
sees some change, generally for the better, in
antitrust policy in practice. He is less sanguine
as to what we have learned or can do with respect
to price behavior as an element in business cycle
policy.
Professor Mason has spent much effort on the
statistical data purporting to demonstrate increas
ing industrial concentration and decreasing flex
ibility of prices. Thanks to Chamberlain and
Robinson, we have become more conscious of
significant traces of monopoly everywhere and a
lack of correspondence between the competitive
model of economists and the reality of industrial
life. But that there is any secular tendency to
ward concentration or price inflexibility, other
than that accounted for by the smaller weight
of agriculture in the economy, is not in Professor
Mason’s view shown by the available data.
Writing in 1937, Professor Mason felt that the
new emphasis in economic thinking, whatever
its merit, had little impact on the Congress or
the courts. The law was interested in predatory,
anticompetitive behavior, which was illegal as
such. The economists were interested in the
phenomena of market power. The breach between
BOOK REVIEWS AND NOTES
the two, he believed, was widening. His conclu
sions were premature, for shortly thereafter, ac
cording to the later essays, he found the courts
seemingly striving to develop a theory of permis
sible power in recognition of “inescapable limita
tions to the process of atomization and because
power is needed to do the job the American public
expects of its industrial machine.”
Many of the essays deal with the efforts of
economists to substitute a model of workable
competition (or as Mason’s students often think,
workable monopoly) for pure competition. Such
a model of market structure and market behavior
would permit ready inferences as to permissible
conduct, extending the illicit per se rules while
not carrying tests of reasonableness to the point
of stalemate in the enforcement of the statute.
So far, the various formulations of workable com
petition have not been translated into operational
terms. A recurring emphasis is that antitrust
policy must give weight to economic performance.
He quotes Schumpeter approvingly: A system
which at any moment allocates resources op
timally does not necessarily produce maximum
long-run results. In the absence of predatory
practices, the ultimate test may not be the
number of firms, or their undoubted power to set
prices, but a showing of economic efficiency
evidenced, for example, by product or process
innovation.
Professor Mason also sees little progress in
theory or in reducing to operational terms the
requirements of a pricing policy that would be
helpful in dealing with the business cycle—the
new emphasis on continuity in the use of resources
as against mere optimum allocation of resources
in an equilibrium situation. What he does see
is that given the power to set prices, employers
in the industrial sector can pass on wage increases,
and concludes therefrom that we must necessarily
forego the full measure of the goals of the Em
ployment Act of 1946 or suffer inflation. Except
for full-employment monetary and fiscal policy,
which in effect in his view bails out the parties,
the cost of strikes to unions might be an effective
deterrent to wage demands incommensurate with
productivity. Otherwise, the power to set prices
in the industrial sector would in itself be a sta
bilizing and anti-inflationary factor, although this
he grants is debatable.
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Not only the Employment Act but the growing
power of unions are viewed as portentous new
facts in American economic life. As evidence of
monopoly power, Professor Mason is unimpressed
by the statistical data proving or disproving that
unions raise wages above what they would be in
the absence of union influence. He takes it for
granted that unions are monopolies of some kind
and to some degree, and are intended to be so.
But such conclusions have “no necessary rele
vance to a public interest finding of ‘unreasonable’
power or ‘abuse of power’.” Presumably, both
collective bargaining and restraint of monopoly
are aims of public policy. Professor Mason’s in
stinct for reconciling policy and reality leads him to
believe that monopolistic excesses by unions can
be avoided without significant impairment of the
processes of collective bargaining.
— C h a r l e s D. S t e w a r t
Deputy Assistant Secretary for Research and
Development, U. S. Department of Labor
Automation
A u to m a tio n : W h a t I t I s , H o w I t W o rk s, W h o C a n U se I t.
By Carl Dreher. New York, W. W. Norton & Co.,
Inc., 1957. 128 pp. $2.95.
S tu d ie s o f A u t o m a t i c T e c h n o lo g y : A C a s e S t u d y o f a M o d
e r n iz e d P e tr o le u m R e fin e r y . By Edgar Weinberg and
Herman J. Rotbberg. Washington, U. S. Department
of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, [1957]. 44 pp.,
bibliography. (BLS Report 120.) Free.
*
T h e E c o n o m ic a n d S o c ia l E ff e c ts o f A u t o m a t i o n a s S e e n b y
th e G e r m a n T r a d e U n io n s . By Hans Matthoefer. (I n
Free Labor World, International Confederation of
Free Trade Unions, Brussels, July 1957, pp. 13-18.)
T h e O ffice i n T r a n s i t i o n : M e e tin g th e P r o b le m s o f A u t o m a t i o n .
By Esther R. Becker and Eugene F. Murphy. New
York, Harper & Brothers, 1957. 190 pp. $3.50.
E le c tr o n ic s i n A c ti o n : T h e C u r r e n t P r a c t i c a l i t y o f E le c tr o n ic
D a t a P r o c e s s in g . New York, American Management
Association, 1957. 156 pp. (Special Report 22.)
$3.75; $2.75 to AMA members.
Edited by
Valentino Foti. (In Politica e Società, Rivista trime
strale di studi e ricerche, numeri 5-8, Torino, Italy,
June 1957. 248 pp., bibliographies. Lire 1000.)
U A u t o m a z io n e e le s u e C o n s e g u e n z e S o c ia li.
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, DECEMBER 1957
1508
Collective Bargaining
S to p p a g e s in
C a lif o r n ia , 1 9 5 6 .
{In
California
Industrial Relations Reports, Department of Indus
trial Relations, Division of Labor Statistics and
Research, San Francisco, September 1957, pp. 3L-45.)
W ork
C o lle c tiv e B a r g a i n i n g i n th e T r u c k in g I n d u s t r y a n d P o li c y
R e c o m m e n d a tio n s o f E x e c u tiv e C o m m itte e o f A m e r i c a
Washington, The Asso
Free.
T r u c k in g A s s o c ia tio n s , I n c .
ciation, [1957].
35 pp.
By Dena G.
Weiss. Washington, U. S. Department of Labor,
Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1957. 28 pp. (Bull. 1216.)
25 cents, Superintendent of Documents, Washington.
By Gerald G.
Somers. Morgantown, West Virginia University,
College of Commerce, Bureau of Business Research,
1957. 31 pp.
W o r k S to p p a g e s i n W e s t V i r g i n ia , 1 9 5 1 - 5 5 .
C o lle c tiv e B a r g a i n i n g C la u s e s : D i s m i s s a l P a y .
By R. W. Fleming. { I n
Labor Law Journal, Chicago, September 1957, pp.
614-622. $1.)
C o lle c tiv e B a r g a i n i n g i n 1 9 5 8 .
By James J. Barnbrick, Jr., and Albert A. Blum. { I n Management
Record, National Industrial Conference Board, Inc.,
New York, October 1957, pp. 352-359.)
Labor Organizations
T ra d e
W ir ts c h a f tlic h e B e d e u tu n g d e r A llg e m e in v e r b in d lic h e r k lä r u n g
von
G e s a m ta r b e its v e r tr ä g e n
in
der
S c h w e iz .
By Alfred Nydegger. Zürich, Polygraphischer Verlag
Ag, 1957. 190 pp. (Handels-Hochschule St. Gallen,
Reihe A, Heft 48.)
Labor Legislation
The
D em ocracy— A
T ra d e
U n io n s
and
NATO.
Treaty Organization, 1957.
C o m p a r a tiv e S t u d y
of
Paris, North Atlantic
41 pp.
Y e a r b o o k o f th e I n t e r n a t i o n a l F r e e T r a d e U n io n M o v e m e n t,
1 9 5 7 -5 8 .
London, Lincolns-Prager International
Yearbook Publishing Co., Ltd., 1957. 622 pp.
Manpower
S c ie n tif ic
M anpow er
in
th e
F ed era l
1954•
G o v e r n m e n t,
Washington, National Science Foundation, 1957.
pp. (NSF-57-32.)
C o m p a r is o n o f T e m p o r a r y D i s a b i l i t y I n s u r a n c e L a w s , J u l y
Washington, U. S. Department of Labor,
Bureau of Employment Security, Unemployment
Insurance Service, 1957. 4 pp. Free.
and
By
James B. Carey and others. Washington, National
Planning Association, 1957. xi, 90 pp. (Planning
Pamphlet 100.) $1.75.
P r o d u c t i v i t y a n d W a g e N e g o tia tio n s .
D ie
U n io n s
U . S . , F r e n c h , I t a l i a n , a n d W e s t G e r m a n U n io n s .
1957.
A
S t u d y o f th e S u p p l y a n d D e m a n d f o r
233
C e r ta in S e le c te d
S k i l l s , 1 9 5 6 - 6 1 , i n F iv e M e ta lw o r k in g I n d u s t r i e s , S t.
Labor L aw s and
3 9 th
T h e ir A d m i n i s t r a t i o n : P r o c e e d in g s o f th e
C o n v e n tio n
o f th e
G o v e r n m e n ta l L a b o r
I n te r n a tio n a l
O ffic ia ls ,
M ia m i
A s s o c ia tio n
B each,
of
F la .,
Washington, U. S. Depart
ment of Labor, Bureau of Labor Standards, 1957.
198 pp. (Bull. 191.) 60 cents, Superintendent of
Documents, Washington.
N ovem ber 2 7 -3 0 , 1956.
L a b o r L a w s o f I n d ia n a : A
R e la tin g
to
C o m p ila tio n o f I n d i a n a L a w s
E m p lo y m e n t
and
I n d ia n a
I n d u s tr ia l
Indianapolis, Indiana
285 pp.
H e a lth a n d S a f e t y C o d e s, 1 9 5 7 .
Division of Labor, 1957.
L e g is la tio n E n a c te d b y P a r l i a m e n t o f C a n a d a D u r i n g 1 9 5 7
S e s s io n .
{ I n Labor Gazette, Canadian Department
of Labor, Ottawa, September 1957, pp. 1079-1083.
50 cents; 25 cents in Canada.)
W o r k m e n ’s
C o m p e n s a tio n
in
Canada— A
C o m p a r is o n
of
Ottawa, Canadian
Department of Labor, Legislation Branch, 1957.
39 pp. 25 cents.
P r o v in c ia l L a w s, D ece m b e r 1 9 5 6 .
Labor-Management Relations
N ew
Y o r k S t a t e ’s L a b o r - I n d u s t r y P r o b le m s i n a C h a n g in g
W o r ld : R e p o r t o f th e [ S ta te ] J o i n t L e g is la tiv e C o m m itte e
on
I n d u s tr ia l
and
Labor
C o n d itio n s
[Albany], New York,
(Legislative Doc., 1957, No. 7.)
1 9 5 6 -5 7 .
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fo r
1957.
th e
173
Y ear
pp.
L o u is S u rv e y A r e a .
Prepared by School of Business
and Public Administration, Washington University,
St. Louis. Jefferson City, Missouri Division of Em
ployment Security, 1957. 83 pp.
E ffe c tiv e U t i l i z a t i o n o f E n g in e e r in g M a n p o w e r — A
S u rvey
By Herbert S. Parnes. Washing
ton, President’s Committee on Scientists and Engi
neers, [1957]. 29 pp., bibliography.
o f th e L ite r a tu r e .
By George St. J. Perott
and Maryland Y. Pennell. Washington, U. S. De
partment of Health, Education, and Welfare, Public
Health Service, 1957. 57 pp. (Publication 511.)
25 cents, Superintendent of Documents, Washington.
H e a lth M a n p o w e r C h a r t B o o k .
Occupations
T h e B e h a v io r a l S c i e n t i s t s a n d R e s e a r c h i n th e H e a lth F ie ld —
By Odin W. Anderson and
Milvoy Seacat. New York, Health Information
Foundation, 1957. 15 pp. (Research Series, 1.)
A Q u e s tio n n a ir e S u r v e y .
W o r k W i t h th e B l i n d .
By Margaret L.
Plunkett. { I n Occupational Outlook, U. S. De
partment of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, Octo
ber 1957, pp. 13-16. 30 cents, Superintendent of
Documents, Washington.)
O c c u p a tio n s i n
1509
BOOK REVIEWS AND NOTES
Services in Public Assistance: The Role of the Caseworker.
By Helen B. Foster. Washington, U. S. Department
of Health, Education, and Welfare, Social Security
Administration, 1957. 34 pp. (Public Assistance
Report 30.) 20 cents.
Patterns of Recent Price Changes. By Louis J. Paradiso.
(In Survey of Current Business, U. S. Department of
Commerce, Office of Business Economics, Washington,
October 1957, pp. 13-20. 30 cents, Superintendent of
Documents, Washington.)
Age Structure in the Engineering Industry [in Great Britain ]:
A Preliminary Study. By K. F. H. Murrell, S. Griew,
W. A. Tucker. (In Occupational Psychology, Na
tional Institute of Industrial Psychology, London,
July 1957, pp. 150-168, bibliography.)
Production and Productivity of Labor
Personnel Management and Practices
Productivity, Prices, and Wages. By Jean Fourastie.
Paris, Organization for European Economic Coopera
tion, European Productivity Agency, 1957. 115 pp.
(Project 235.)
Guidebook to a Modern Personnel Program. New York,
Mutual Life Insurance Co. of New York, 1957. 60
pp. Free.
Employee Job Satisfaction. Washington, Bureau of
National Affairs, Inc., 1957. 12 pp. (Personnel
Policies Forum Survey 43.) $1.
Job Rotation: A Study and
Chicago, University of
Center, 1957. 16 pp.
agement, Organization,
Program. By James Morris.
Chicago, Industrial Relations
(Occasional Papers in Man
Industrial Relations, 11.)
Attitudes Toward Work in an Industrial Community. By
Gladys L. Palmer. (In American Journal of Sociology,
University of Chicago Press, Chicago, July 1957, pp.
17-26. $1.75.)
Supervisory Responsibility and Authority. By Chester E.
Evans. New York, American Management Associa
tion, 1957. 63 pp., bibliography. (Research Report
30.) $3; $2 to AMA members.
Life Insurance Sales Management. Edited by Dan M.
McGill. Homewood, 111., Richard D. Irwin, Inc.
(for S. S. Huebner Foundation for Insurance Educa
tion, University of Pennsylvania), 1957. xvii, 301
pp. $5.
Communicating on Labor Relations: A Survey of Company
Practices. By George Haas and Hermine Zagat.
(In Personnel, American Management Association,
New York, July-August 1957, pp. 84-89. $1.75;
$1.25 to AMA members.)
Management and the Manpower Outlook. By John R.
Steelman. Berkeley, California Personnel Manage
ment Association, Research Division, [1957]. 12 pp.
(Management Report 234.) $1.
Prices
Retail Prices of Food, 1955-56— Indexes and Average Prices.
By Maynard C. Heins. Washington, U. S. Depart
ment of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1957. 35
pp. (Bull. 1217.) 30 cents, Superintendent of
Documents, Washington.
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Foreign Labor Information: Soviet Attitudes and Policies
Toward Increasing Output of Workers. By Edmund
Nash. Washington, U. S. Department of Labor,
Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1957. 17 pp. Free.
ILO Productivity Missions to Underdeveloped Countries— I,
[Israel, India]; II, [Egypt, Pakistan ]. (In Interna
tional Labor Review, Geneva, July and August 1957,
pp. 1-29; 139-166. 60 cents each. Distributed in
United States by Washington Branch of ILO.)
Unemployment Insurance and Benefit Plans
Supplemental Unemployment Benefit Plans and Unemploy
ment Insurance. By Harper R. Fortune and Reginald
D. Tumbleson. Washington, U. S. Department of
Labor, Bureau of Employment Security, Unemploy
ment Insurance Service, 1957. 35 pp., bibliography.
(BES Report U-172.)
Unemployment Insurance. By Margaret S. Gordon and
Ralph W. Amerson. Berkeley, University of Cali
fornia, Institute of Industrial Relations, 1957. 87
pp. 50 cents.
Dependents’ Allowances for Insured Claimants. By Thurza
J. Brannon. (In Labor Market and Employment
Security, U. S. Department of Labor, Bureau of
Employment Security, Washington, August 1957, pp.
4-9. 30 cents, Superintendent of Documents, Wash
ington.)
Wages, Salaries, and Hours of Work
Earnings and Supplementary Benefits in Hospitals: Atlanta,
Ga., September 1956 (Bull. 1210-11, 18 pp., 20 cents);
Memphis, Tenn., December 1956 (Bull. 1210-12, 20
pp., 20 cents); San Francisco-Oakland, Calif., Novem
ber 1956 (Bull. 1210-18, 20 pp., 20 cents); Los AngelesLong Beach, Calif., January 1957 (Bull. 1210-14, 80
pp., 20 cents); Minneapolis-St. Paul, Minn., March
1957 (Bull. 1210-15, 20 pp., 20 cents); New York,
N. Y., February 1957 (Bull. 1210-16, 22 pp., 25 cents).
Washington, U. S. Department of Labor, Bureau of
Labor Statistics, 1957. Available from Superintend
ent of Documents, Washington.
Rebuilding Human Lives: The Rehabilitation of the Handi
capped— I, Trained Rehabilitation Workers: How Much
Are They P aid? New York, Seventh Co., Inc., 1957.
64 pp.
1510
Fringe Benefit Programs and Salaries in 49 Colleges and
Universities. By Oscar N. Serbein. (In Higher Edu
cation, U. S. Department of Health, Education, and
Welfare, Office of Education, October 1957, pp. 17-22.
10 cents.)
Studies of the Effects of the $1 Minimum Wage— Spartan
burg, South Carolina, February and April 1956.
Washington, U. S. Department of Labor, Bureau of
Labor Statistics, 1957. 18 pp. (BLS Report 114—
10.) Free.
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, DECEMBER 1957
session, 1958.) $1. Distributed in United States by
Washington Branch of ILO.
Miscellaneous
Economics of American Industry. By E. B. Alderfer and
H. E. Michl. New York, McGraw-Hill Book Co.,
Inc., 1957. 710 pp. 3d ed. $7.
International and Interregional Economics. By Seymour
E. Harris. New York, McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc.,
1957. 564 pp. (Economics Handbook Series.) $7.
Recent Trends in Industrial Wages, [1953-56]. (In Inter
national Labor Review, Geneva, August 1957, pp.
194^200. 60 cents. Distributed in United States by
Washington Branch of ILO.)
The Conditions of Economic Progress. By Colin Clark.
London, Macmillan & Co., Ltd., 1957. xv, 720 pp.
3d ed. $12.50, St. Martin’s Press, New York.
Introducing a New Wage Structure into Coal-Mining [in
Great Britain]. By W. H. Sales and J. L. Davies.
(In Bulletin of the Oxford University of Statistics,
Oxford, August 1957, pp. 201-224. 10s. 6d.)
Historical and Descriptive Supplement to Economic Indi
cators, 1957. Washington, U. S. Congress, Joint
Economic Committee, 1957. (Joint Committee Print,
85th Cong., 1st sess.) 40 cents, Superintendent of
Documents, Washington.
Work injuries and Accident Prevention
Injury Experience in the Oil and Gas Industry of the United
States, 1956. By Nell B. Bradley, Dora D. Rice,
Nina L. Jones. Washington, U. S. Department of
the Interior, Bureau of Mines, 1957. 9 pp. (Mineral
Industry Surveys, HSS 458.)
U. S. A. in New Dimensions: The Measure and Promise of
America's Resources. By Thomas R. Carskadon,
George Soule, Rudolf Modley. New York, Twen
tieth Century Fund, 1957. 124 pp. $1.50, Mac
millan Co., New York.
California Work Injuries, 1956. By Jean Powers. San
Francisco, California Department of Industrial Rela
tions, Division of Labor Statistics and Research, 1957.
52 pp.
U. S. Consumption and Output Patterns— A Methodological
Study. College Park, University of Maryland,
Bureau of Business and Economic Research, 1957.
12 pp. (Studies in Business and Economics, Voi.
XI, No. 2.)
Work Injuries in California Agriculture, 1956. San Fran
cisco, California Department of Industrial Relations,
Division of Labor Statistics and Research, 1957. 34
pp.
Statistics of National Product and Expenditure, No. 2, 1938
and I 947 to 1955. Paris, Organization for European
Economic Cooperation, 1957. 211 pp. $2.50,
OEEC Mission, Washington.
The Prevention of Occupational Accidents in the United
States— Role of the Human Factor. Paris, Organiza
tion for European Economic Cooperation, European
Productivity Agency, 1957. 93 pp. (Project 338.)
$1, OEEC Mission, Washington.
Working Conditions
Conditions of Work of Fishermen. Geneva, International
Labor Office, 1957. 71 pp. (Report VII (1) pre
pared for International Labor Conference, 42d ses
sion, 1958.) 50 cents. Distributed in United States
by Washington Branch of ILO.
Conditions of Employment of Plantation Workers. Geneva,
International Labor Office, 1957. 94 pp. (Report V
(1) prepared for International Labor Conference, 42d
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Trends in N LRB Decisions, 1955-56. By Chester A.
Morgan. Iowa City, State University of Iowa,
College of Commerce, Bureau of Labor and Manage
ment, 1957. 45 pp. (Research Series, 19.) 25 cents.
Annual Report of Waterfront Commission of Nerv York
Harbor, for Year Ended June 30, 1957. [New York],
1957. 40 pp.
Some Observations on Soviet Industrial Growth. By G.
Warren Nutter. New York, National Bureau of
Economic Research, Inc., 1957. 13 pp. (Occasional
Paper 55; reprinted from American Economic Review,
May 1957.) 50 cents.
Staiisticki Godisnjak F N R J [Statistical Yearbook of the
Federal People’s Republic of Yugoslavia], 1957.
Belgrade, Federal Statistical Office, 1957. 633 pp.;
key in English, 194 pp. $4.
Current Labor Statistics
CONTENTS
A.—Employment and Payrolls
1513 Table
A - l.
1514 Table A-2.
1518 Table A-3.
1521 Table A-4.
1521
1522
1523
1524
Table
Table
Table
Table
A-5.
A-6.
A-7.
A-8.
1525 Table A-9.
Estimated total labor force classified by employment status, hours
worked, and sex
Employees in nonagricultural establishments, by industry
Production workers in mining and manufacturing industries
Indexes of production-worker employment and weekly payrolls in
manufacturing
Government civilian employment and Federal military personnel
Employees in nonagricultural establishments for selected States 1
Employees in manufacturing industries, by State 1
Insured unemployment under State programs and the program of
unemployment compensation for Federal employees, by geographic
division and State
Unemployment insurance and employment service programs, se
lected operations
B.— Labor Turnover
1526 Table B -l.
1527 Table B-2.
Labor turnover rates in manufacturing
Labor turnover rates in selected industries
C.—Earnings and Hours
1529 Table C -l.
1545 Table C-2.
1545 Table C-3.
1546 Table C-4.
1547 Table C-5.
1548 Table C-6.
Hours and gross earnings of production workers or nonsupervisory
employees
Average weekly earnings, gross and net spendable, of production
workers in manufacturing industries, in current and 1947-49
dollars
Indexes of aggregate weekly man-hours in industrial and construc
tion activity
Average hourly earnings, gross and excluding overtime, of production
workers in manufacturing, by major industry group
Gross average weekly hours and average overtime hours of produc
tion workers in manufacturing, by major industry group
Hours and gross earnings of production workers in manufacturing
industries for selected States and areas 1
1This table is included in the March, June, September, and December issues of the Review.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1511
1512
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, DECEMBER 1957
CONTENTS—Continued
D.—Consumer and Wholesale Prices
1556 Table D -l.
1557 Table D-2.
1557 Table D-3.
1558 Table D-4.
1559
1560
1561
1562
1564
1564
Table D-5.
Table D-6.
Table D-7.
Table D-8.
Table D-9.
Table D-10.
Consumer Price Index—United States city average: All items and
major groups of items
Consumer Price Index—United States city average: Food, housing,
apparel, transportation, and their subgroups
Consumer Price Index—United States city average: Special groups of
items
Consumer Price Index—United States city average: Retail prices
and indexes of selected foods
Consumer Price Index—All items indexes for selected dates, by city
Consumer Price Index—Food and its subgroups, by city
Indexes of wholesale prices, by major groups
Indexes of wholesale prices, by group and subgroup of commodities
Indexes of wholesale prices, by economic sectors
Indexes of wholesale prices for special commodity groupings
E.—Work Stoppages
1565 Table E -l.
Work stoppages resulting from labor-management disputes
P.—Building and Construction
1566 Table F -l.
1567 Table F-2.
1568 Table F-3.
1568 Table F-4.
1569 Table F-5.
1570 Table F-6.
Expenditures for new construction
Contract awards: Public construction, by ownership and type of
construction
Building permit activity: Valuation, by private-public ownership,
class of construction, and type of building
Building permit activity: Valuation, by class of construction and
geographic region
Building permit activity: Valuation, by metropolitan-nonmetro
politan location and State
Number of new permanent nonfarm dwelling units started, by owner
ship and location, and construction cost
G.—Work Injuries
Table G -l. Injury-frequency rates for selected manufacturing industries 2
* This table is included in the January, April, July, and October issues of the Review.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1513
A: EMPLOYMENT AND PAYROLLS
A.—Employment and Payrolls
T able A - l ; Estimated total labor force classified by employment status, hours worked, and sex
[In thousands]
Estimated number of persons 14 years of age and over 1
1957»
Annual average
1956
Employment status
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
May
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
Nov.»
Oct.
1956
1955
70,387
68,896
67, 530
2, 551
1, 214
594
Total, both sexes
Total labor force_____ _______________ 71,299 71,044 71,833 73,051 72,661 70, 714 69, 771 69, 562 69,128 68,638 69, 855 70,560 70,905
68
68
68
66
68
67, 732
, 082
2,463 1, 909
964
1,401
408
443
182
117
209
233
204
65,269 66,174
59, 076 59,000
43,158 46, 867
11,164 7,305
2, 775 2, 646
1,980 2,182
6,192 7,173
4,163 5, 384
1,445 1,305
350
433
134
151
301
232
64, 979
58, 394
46, 062
6,715
2,648
2, 969
6,585
4, 577
1,399
416
192
65,847
2,654
1,138
598
217
367
336
63,193
56, 464
45, 046
6,422
, 261
2,736
6,730
4,887
1,332
314
196
48,503 48, 620 49, 745 50,307 50,160 48, 657 48, 214 48, 006 47, 692 47,498 47,927 48, 303 48,340
, 994
, 225
Civilian labor force. ________________ , 513
U nem ploym ent____________ ______ 2, 508 2,552 2,609
Unemployed 4 weeks or less____ 1,272 1,438 1,386
506
Unemployed 5-10 weeks ______
538
448
247
Unemployed 11-14 weeks ........ .
175
Unemployed 15-26 weeks ............
268
263
238
232
255
193
Unemployed over 26 weeks ____
E m p loym en t......................... ............... 66,005 65,674 66,385
N onagricultural__ _____ _______ 59,168 59,156 59, 562
Worked 35 hours or m ore. . . 47,051 47, 652 45, 992
6,784
, 207 5, 637
Worked 15-34 hours ...........
Worked 1-14 hours_________ 2,934 2, 664
W ith a job but not at work *_ 2,399 2, 632 5, 823
. 518 6,823
Agricultural. .................................. 6,837
Worked 35 hours or more. . . 4,893 4,318 4,918
Worked 15-34 hours................ 1,383 1, 633 1,364
Worked 1-14 h o u r s ..______
390
421
317
172
224
With a job but not at work *.
146
210
6
2,110
6
70, 228 69,842
3,007 3,337
1, 582 2,028
731
620
182
234
261
260
247
67, 221 66,504
59, 449 58,970
44, 272 46,988
5, 969 6,241
2,345 2,498
, 863 3,243
7, 772 7,534
5, 742 5,402
1,514 1,622
366
396
150
115
201
6
67,893
2, 715
1,398
520
161
377
260
65,178
58, 519
47,116
6,576
2,942
1,886
6, 659
4, 616
1, 523
351
170
66,951
, 746 66,311
2,690 2,882 3,121
1, 251 1,167 1,335
684
883
507
224
368
288
439
410
390
267
227
253
64,261 63,865 63,190
58, 506 58, 431 57, 996
47, 230 46, 989 46,183
6,671 6,699 7,134
2,920 3,065 2,894
1,684 1, 678 1,787
5,755 5, 434 5,195
3,851 3,492 3. 254
1,411 1,352 1,264
364
454
356
137
225
222
65,821
3, 244
1,645
808
292
312
188
62, 578
57,643
46, 638
6,612
2,672
1,721
4,935
3,032
1,162
471
270
67,029
2,479
1, 231
580
183
238
247
64,550
59, 440
48, 309
6,555
2,804
1, 772
5,110
3,245
1,175
460
229
211
211
2
Males
Total labor force.
Civilian labor force__________________ 45,751
Unemployment—.............. j .................... 1,594
Em ploym ent.......... ................................. 44,156
Nonagricultural_______________ 38, 865
Worked 35 hours or more----- 32,773
Worked 15-34 hours................. 3,317
Worked 1-14 hours—........ ....... 1,240
With a job but not at work <_ 1,534
Agricultural—. ................................ 5,292
Worked 35 hours or more----- 4,111
Worked 15-34 hours________
758
270
Worked 1-14 hours_________
With a job but not at work *.
153
45,835
1, 565
44, 270
39,155
33,371
2,992
1,162
1, 630
5,115
3, 779
925
282
128
46, 940
1,596
45,344
39, 953
32, 992
2, 711
950
3,299
5,391
4,221
741
231
198
47, 517
1,803
45, 713
39, 738
31, 823
2, 891
1, 010
4,015
5,975
4,862
754
238
121
48, 579
48,054
45,550
1,124
44,426
39,007
33,036
3,482
1,123
1,366
5,419
4,374
691
226
128
45, 756
1,608
44,148
38,870
32, 536
3,388
1,135
1,810
5, 278
3,993
806
308
171
45,041
1, 752
43,290
37,803
31,897
3, 257
967
1,681
5,487
4,298
777
233
177
22,500 22,056 21, 556 21, 557 21,436 21,140 21,928 22,258 22, 565
21,808
20,842
21, 774
943
20, 831
19, 524
13, 526
3,327
1,513
1,158
1,307
585
594
108
20,806
903
19,904
18, 661
13,147
3,164
1,294
1,055
1,243
589
555
81
19
47,375
2,054
45,321
39,647
33,713
2,984
1,096
1,854
5,674
4,499
820
260
96
45,870
1, 665
44, 205
38,982
33, 251
3,165
1,309
1,257
5, 222
4,006
815
249
152
45,428
1,809
43, 620
38, 747
33, 027
3,350
1,248
1,122
4,872
3,560
912
282
118
45,223
1,950
43,273
38,635
33,046
3,260
, 218
1
1,111
4,638
3, 279
856
309
194
44. 908
2,095
42,813
38,331
32,439
3,424
1,228
1,240
4,482
3,076
867
354
185
44, 714
2,150
42, 564
38,244
32, 619
3,291
1,143
1,190
4,320
2,854
825
400
240
45, 508
1,466
44,042
39,020
30,422
6,232
1,126
1,240
5, 022
3,741
837
307
210
137
45,135
1, 665
43,470
39,112
33, 620
3,080
1,219
1,193
4, 358
2,998
773
378
Females
Total labor force__________ _______ _
22,796 22, 424 22,088
22,745
Civilian labor force _________ _______ 22,763 22, 390 22,054 22, 711
914
986 1,013 1,203
Unemployment-------- --------- ----------Employm ent____ _________________ 21,849 21, 404 21,041 21, 508
19, 609 19, 711
Nonagricultural..______________ 20,303
Worked 35 hours or more . . 14,278 14, 281 12,999 12,449
Worked 15-34 h o u r s .............. 3,467 3,215 2,926 3, 078
Worked 1-14 hours. . . . . 1,694 1, 502 1,159 1,335
2, 524 2, 849
864
With a job but not at work »_
Agricultural- _ ____________ . . 1, 546 1,403 1,433 1, 797
782
539
697
879
Worked 35 hours or more . . .
760
623
625
708
Worked 15-34 hours............ .
139
129
Worked 1-14 hours... . . .
26
29
19
With a job but not at work *.
17
20,001
1,002
120
86
22,467
1,283
21,183
19,323
13,275
3,257
1,402
1,389
1,860
902
802
137
19
i Estimates are based on information obtained from a sample of households
and are subject to sampling variability. Data relate to the calendar week
ending nearest the 15th day of the month. The employed total includes all
wage and salary workers, self-employed persons, and unpaid workers in
family-operated enterprises. Persons in institutions are not included.
Because of rounding, sums of individual items do not necessarily equal
totals.
* Beginning with January 1957, two groups numbering between 200,000 and
300,000 which were formerly classified as employed (under “with a job but
not at work”) were assigned to different classifications, mostly to the unem
ployed. For a full explanation, see M onthly Report on the Labor Force,
4 4 7 6 7 9 -5 7 -
-7
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
22,023
1,050
20,974
19, 537
13,865
3,411
1,632
628
1,437
609
708
21, 523
882
20, 641
19, 758
14, 203
3, 322
1, 672
562
883
291
499
74
19
18
101
21, 524
932
20, 592
19, 796
13,943
3,439
1,847
567
796
213
496
56
31
21,403
1,026
20, 377
19, 665
13, 745
3, 710
1,666
544
712
178
398
100
36
21,107
1,094
20,013
19,399
14,018
3,321
1,529
531
614
178
337
71
30
21,894
814
21,080
20,327
14, 689
3,475
1,585
579
752
248
403
82
20
22, 224
997
21, 227
20, 056
12, 736
4,932
1,649
740
1,171
422
608
126
14
22, 532
785
21, 748
19, 994
13,831
3,823
1, 523
817
1, 754
1,010
614
124
6
21
February 1957 (Current Population Reports, Labor Force, Series P-57,
N o. 176).
» Survey week contained legal holiday.
* Includes persons who had a job or business but who did not work during
the survey week because of illness, bad weather, vacation, or labor dispute.
Prior to January 1957, also included were persons on layoff with definite
instructions to return to work within 30 days of layoff and persons who had
new jobs to which they were scheduled to report within 30 days. M ost of
the persons in these groups have, since that time, been classified as
unemployed.
Soubce: U. S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census.
1514
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, DECEMBER 1957
T able A-2: Employees in nonagricultural establishments, by industry 1
[In thousands]
1957
1956
Annual
average
Industry
Oct.2 Sept.2 Aug.
Total employees_________________
Mining_______________________
Metal.............................................
Iron______________________
Copper.........................................
Lead and zinc.................. ..............
Anthracite___ ________________
Bituminous-coal________________
Crude-petroleum and natural-gas pro
duction......................................
Petroleum and natural-gas production
(except contract services)...............
Nonmetallic mining and quarrying___
Contract construction______________
Nonbuilding construction..................
Highway and street___ _________
Other nonbuilding construction____
Building construction____________
General contractors____________
Special-trade contractors_________
Plumbing and heating_________
Painting and decorating................
Electrical work______ _______
Other special-trade contractors____
Manufacturing__________________
Durable goods 3___________
Nondurable goods *________
Ordnance and accessories__________
Food and kindred products________
Meat products________________
Dairy products_______________
Canning and preserving_________
Grain-mill products____________
Bakery products______________
Sugar...........................................
Confectionery and related products__
Beverages___________________
Miscellaneous food products_______
Tobacco manufactures____________
Cigarettes____________ ______
Cigars_____________________
Tobacco and snuff................. .........
Tobacco stemming and redrying____
Textile-mill products_____________
Scouring and combing plants______
Yarn and thread mills___________
Broad-woven fabric mills_________
Narrow fabrics and small wares____
Knitting mills_____ _______ ___
Dyeing and finishing textiles______
Carpets, rugs, other floor coverings.....
Hats (except cloth and millinery)___
Miscellaneous textile goods________
Apparel and other finished textile prod
ucts_____________ ______ _
Men’s and boys’ suits and coats..... .
Men’s and boys’furnishings and work
clothing___________________
Women’s outerwear____________
Women’s, children's undergarments,..
Millinery.......................................
Children’s outerwear...... ................
Fur goods..... ................................
Miscellaneous apparel and accessories..
Other fabricated textile products____
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
July
June
M ay
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
N ov.
Oct.
1956
1955
53,078 53,132 52,891 52, 605 52,881 52, 482 52,270 51,919 51,704 51,716 53, 639 53,007 52,952 51. 878 50,056
848
106.1
238.9
—
121.7
3,205
855
110.5
39.7
32.4
15.3
112.2
857
113.4
39.3
33.4
16.8
858
112.4
38.9
33.4
17.5
835
111. 9
38.2
33.0
17.4
833
831
833
832
837
40.1
32.8
15.9
110.8 110.2 110.2 110.2 111.1
36.1
33.5
18.2
34.8
33.9
18.3
34.9
33.7
18.3
35.1
33.6
18.3
35.7
33.7
18.3
837
111.3
36.5
33.7
18.1
836
112.4
38.0
33.6
17.7
816
108.3
34.6
33.3
17.4
777
101.4
34.2
28.9
16.6
28.3
237.1
27.2
237.9
31.0
231.3
30.6
241.9
26.6
238.7
28.5
239.0
30.4
240.1
30.8
242.9
31.1
242.0
31.8
242.4
30.6
240,7
30.3
240.6
29.7
230.8
31.3
218.7
356.0
363.1
362.0
354.8
340.0
339.8
338.8
338.7
336.5
336.1
335.4
333.1
330.8
317.1
213.2
217.6
217.6
212.0
203.6
204.0
202.3
197.6
197.6
197.3
196.4
189.0
123.3
121.3
119.2
118.7
118.2
115.3
115.7
118.7
119.9
116.2
108.3
862
201.8 200.4
111.8 110.0 111.8
3,287 3,305 3,275 3,232 3,082 2,906 2,756 2,673 2,667 2,997 3,174 3,296 2.993 2,759
732
738
714
496
728
663 572
514
502
647
580
698
606
516
334.3 340.4 331.0 321. 5 296.2 237.3 199. 9 184.9 191.5 233.3 274.1 309. 7 263.3 232.4
397.5 397.4 397.4 392.0 366.8 334.7 314.1 310.6 310.4 346.9 372.8 388. 5 342. 6 284.0
2, 555 2, 567 2,547
2,518 2,419 2,334 2,242 2,177 2,165 2,417 2, 527 2,598 2.387 2, 243
1,009. 6 1,030. 2 1,039. 8 1,005. 5 977. 5 944.6 898.7 878.2 885.7 ,001.6 1,054. 7 1,099.1 995.1 922.6
1, 545.1 1, 537.0 1, 507.1 1,512.5 1.441.1 1, 389. 5 1,343. 3 1, 298. 5 1, 279. 5 1, 415. 5 1,472. 5 1, 498. 7 1, 391. 8 1, 320.8
351.7 344.2 332.6 342.7 333.7 334.6 331.8 331. 5 335.1 345.7 351.1 355.9 334.0 317.0
226.6 226. 5 205.2 190.5 176.5 159. C 148.9 151.5 176.4 192.0 203.8 179.5 162.3
239.7 242.7 241.2 237.2 223.5 218.2 219.5
223.2 228.7 226.4 226.4 198.1 168.4
732.6 723.5 700.8 727.4 693.4 660.2 633.0 597.1 569.7 664.7 703.0 712.6 680.2 673.1
1
221.1
—
221.0
16,767 16,884 16,955 16,710 16,852 16, 762 16,822 16,933 16,945 16,959 17,159 17,180 17,238 16,905 16,563
9,679 9,695 9,802 9, 756
9,913 9,895 9, 927 9, 976 9,992 9,990 10,067 10,071 9,999 9,825 9, 549
7,088 7,189 7,153 6,954
,939
, 895
, 867
,957
.953 6,969 7,088 7,113 7,239 7,080 7,014
119.0
123.7
126.5
126.2
6
6
6
6
6
126.7
127.6
129.4
130.0
130.6
132.0
132.9
131.7
131.0
130.6
139.2
1,595.0 1, 666. 7 1,654.6 1, 578.9 1,510.7 1,451.8 1, 433.1 1,430.8 1,429. 2 1, 459.0 1, 521.8 1, 573.0 1, 659.3 1, 552.0 1. 536.9
329.5 327.0 328.9 325.7 320.7 320.3 323.1 325.4 338.2 350.8 353.1 347.9 337.4 325.9
104.1 109.1
109.8 104.3 101.5
99.4
98.7
103.8 105.7 107.6 109.3 112.7
339.9 326.7 253.9 197.1 168.2 166.1 158.0 159.5 164.9 183.0 215.8 300.7 231.1 227.4
117.9 118.2 115.1 113.2 113. 5 114.4 116.1 116.3 116.5 117.0 116.8
118.7 121.3
291.2 292.4 292.2 289. 5 287.6 286.5 285.9 286.2 286.3 290.8 292.1 293.1 289.1 285.9
29.9
28.7
27.9
27.1
25.4
25.0
25.2
25.9
30.4
42.7
46.8
44.6
31.8
32.4
83.6
78.8
71.3
73.8
73.5
75.6
77.4
79.1
81.1
87.2
79.3
79.8
227.3 229.9 234.4 229.4 218.8 207.4 209.0 202.7 204.2
218.1 218.2 215.3
143.3 143.8 144.1 145.1 140.2 135.9 136.7 135.4 134.8 136.0 138.0 139.9 140.0 140.4
100.9 107.1
80.1
82.5
81.9
82.8
85.9
92.6
97.3 101.7 104.7 112.4
97.3
35.5
35.7
34.2
34.3
33.7
33.7
33.7
34.2
33.7
34.3
34.6
34.2
34.2
33.0
32.4
32.0
30.1
32.6
32.9
33.4
33.4
33.7
33.1
34.4
34.1
34.7
34.5
38.1
6.3
6.7
6.7
6.7
6.7
6.7
7.0
7.4
—
32. 6
25.7
9.5
9.0
8.7
9.0
.1.
18.5
23.3
26.3
28.6
37.3
23.7
996.4 1,003.1 ,002.3 986.2 1,004. 2 1,003.6 ,012.1 ,020.1 1,024. 5 1,026.9 1,039.3 1,046. 7 1, 049. 5 1,057.3 1,077.0
.4
6.4
6.9
6.4
6.7
6.9
6.9
118.2 116.1 114.9 117.7 118.1 118.5 119.2 120.5 120.7
121.5 120.5 123.0 129.9
426. 6 427.5 423.1 428.4 429.2 434. 5 437.4 441.5 444.9 448.1 449.9 451.0 457.2 467.4
29.3
29.1
29.0
28.5
29. 4
29.2
29.6
29.8
29.6
29.2
29.8
29.9
29.8
30.5
216.2 217.2
216.2 213.2 211.7
209.6 208.9 215.6 221.7 224.7
221.9
.4
87.9
88.9
89.1
89.3
89.6
90.6
90.8
90.6
91.7
91.0
50.6
49.9
49.4
49.0
51.1
52.8
55.2
54.3
54.0
53.8
53.5
53.7
54.2
53.1
9. 7
10.9
11.5
11.5
11.7
11.3
12.3
13.1
—
57.7
58.0
57.9
56.8
58.2
59.2
60.4
60.0
61.3
61.7
61.0
61.0
61.6
63.5
111.1
102.6
120.1
86.6 86.6
211.1
211.1
100.0
6.6
6
88
102.2
6.6
1
6.6
6.6
6.6
6.6
12
1
6.2
211.2
86.1 88.1 88.0
10.0 10.2 10.6 10.0
1
6.8
121.6
6.8
6.8
6.8
6.8
212.6
21.6
6.6
220.6
11.1 11.8
1, 206.1 1, 219.0 1, 219. 5 1,156.8 1,180. 5 1,173. 2 1,204. 5 1, 233.4 1, 228. 5 1, 209.2 1, 227.4 1, 226.9 1, 230.4 1,215.4 1,206.3
121.8 121.8 117.3 122.8 121.0 122.6 124.8 124.8 124.5 125.9 125.1 125.1 124.1 119.7
316.4
353.3
124.2
20.4
80.8
312.5
358. 4
19.7
80.4
303.9
328.4
115.8
16.1
78.9
129.6
60.9
123.5
122.0
12.0 11.6 12.0
64.0
63.5
126.1
309.4
336.1
119.2
14.1
79.6
12.5
61.7
125.1
304.9
337.2
121.1
15.3
75.4
11.7
60.3
126.3
307.2
357.9
123.8
20.5
72.5
9.8
61.2
129.0
310.1
372.6
124.8
22.4
76.5
9.8
62.7
129.7
309.0
372.1
123.6
21.9
78.4
9.5
61.1
128.1
303.3
368.1
120.7
18.9
75.8
305.6
371.0
60.2
127.7
62.8
134.0
121.8
18.6
74.9
10.0 12.8
311.1
359.0
125.0
16.6
75.1
13.1
65.3
136.6
317.8
353.0
124.5
19.5
77.0
13.2
66.5
133.8
315.4
356.4
121.6
18.7
74.8
11.6
63.4
129.4
309.7
358.0
119.7
20.2
73.0
12.3
61.4
132.3
A: EMPLOYMENT AND PAYROLLS
1515
T able A-2: Employees in nonagricultural establishments, by industry 1—Continued
[In th o u san d s]
1957
I
1956
Annual
average
In d u s try
Oct.2 Sept.2 Aug.
Manufacturing—Continued
Lumber and wood products (except
furniture)......................... .......... 686.3
Logging camps and contractors_____
Sawmills and planing mills...............
Millwork, plywood, and prefabricated
structural wood products...............
Wooden containers_____________
Miscellaneous wood products______
Furniture and fixtures........................ 378.1
Household furniture____________ —
Office, public-building, and profes
sional furniture______________
Partitions, shelving, lockers, and
fixtures_____ _________ ____
Screens, blinds, and miscellaneous
furniture and fixtures..................
Paper and allied products__________ 580.3
Pulp, paper, and paperboard mills___
Paperboard containers and boxes____
Other paper and allied products____
Printing, publishing, and allied Indus
tries_____________________ 876.6
Newspapers__________________
Periodicals_____ ____________
Books________ _____________
Commercial printing____________
Lithographing________________
Greeting cards____________ ___
Bookbinding and related industries__
Miscellaneous publishing and printing
services___________________
Chemicals and allied products_______ 830.5
Industrial inorganic chemicals.......... —
Industrial organic chemicals_______ —
Drugs and medicines____ _______
Soap, cleaning and polishing prepara
tions________________ ____
Paints, pigments, and fillers..............
Gum and wood chemicals.................
Fertilizers___________________
Vegetable and animal oils and fats___ —
Miscellaneous chemicals_________ —
Products of petroleumand coal______ 259.7
Petroleum refining............ .......... .
Coke, other petroleum and coal
products__________________
Rubber products..___ ___________ 266.2
Tires and inner tubes___________
Rubber footwear______________
Other rubber products___________
Leather and leather products_______ 376.4
Leather: tanned, curried, and finished- —
industrial leather belting and packing.. —
Boot and shoe cut stock and findings...
Footwear (except rubber)_________
Luggage..___________ ___ ___
Handbags and small leather goods___
Gloves and miscellaneous leather goods.
Stone, clay, and glass products______ 548.5
Flat glass__ ________________
Glass and glassware, pressed or blown. —
Glass products made of purchased glass.
Cement, hydraulic..........................
Structural clay products................... —
Pottery and related products___ ____
Concrete, gypsum, and plaster prod
ucts.................. ...... .................. .
Cut-stone and stone products............ . —
Miscellaneous nonmetallic mineral
products__________________ _
See footnotes a t end of ta b le
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
July
June
May
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
1956
1955
698.3
86. 6
369. 7
713.5
94.7
376.8
713.7 729.7
101.
110.9
373. C 377.3
708.1
100.6
368.4
680.0
83.2
359.5
660.0
75. ^
349.4
657.4
72. (
349.4
662.9
71.4
353.5
696.9
89.0
366.9
723.9
102.6
377.5
754.4
115.9
390.1
741.4
104.0
388.1
746. 6
103.0
393.1
134.5
50. f
56.7
135.5
50.0
56. 5
132.7
50.1
56.3
131.9
52.5
57.1
129.2
52.5
57.4
127.2
52.2
57.9
126.4
52. C
57.7
125.9
52.6
57.5
127.2
53. i
57.5
129.2
53.6
58.2
131.3
53.6
58.9
134.6
54.8
59.0
135.8
55.0
58.5
139.8
55.3
55.4
380.1
268. 5
378.2
266.6
369.6
259.1
371.8
261.0
368.6
259.1
372.5
263.2
373.1
263.1
373.9
263.1
373.0
261.5
380.4
267.4
381.0
268.4
386.0
271.2
379.0
266.4
368.2
259.3
47.2
47.7
47.0
47.5
47.1
47.6
47.1
47.9
47.4
48.0
48.2
48.9
48.1
44.2
39.0
38.8
38.8
38.6
38.1
37.7
37.6
37.6
38.3
38.5
37.7
39.1
37.9
37.7
25.4
25.1
24.7
24.7
24.3
24.0
25.0
25.3
25.8
26.5
26.7
26.8
26. 6
27.0
580.2
277.5
163. 6
139.1
576.0
278.4
159. 4
138.2
569.7
276.0
156.6
137.1
578. 7
281.5
158.8
138.4
573.1
277.8
157.1
138.2
575.0
278.8
157.1
139.1
574.6
279.1
156.7
138.8
573.1
279.6
155.9
137.6
575.7
280.9
157.6
137.2
580.1
282.5
160.5
137.1
577.0
279.2
161.9
135.9
577.2
279.6
161.2
136.4
569.9
278.0
156.7
135.2
550.0
271.2
148.3
130. 5
871.2
322.0
60. 7
53. 7
230.0
62. 7
17.9
46. 8
859.5
317.9
58.9
53. 4
228.9
62.2
17.3
45. 8
860.3
320.0
59.1
53.6
228.0
62.1
17.2
45.4
861.7
321.8
58.5
53.3
227.2
62. 5
17.6
46.1
859.5
320.5
59.2
53.4
227.0
62.1
16.6
45.9
863.8
320.0
59.7
54.0
227.6
62.6
16.4
46.4
864.4
319.5
60.5
55.0
227.9
62.7
16.3
45.9
861.0
318.8
61.0
54.7
225.8
62.1
16.2
45.9
862.2
317.3
61.5
54.4
228.1
62.2
17.2
46.2
874.8
321.0
66.5
54.4
228.9
64.0
18.7
46.5
868.6
316.7
65.6
54.0
227.3
64.5
20.0
46.1
867.8
317.7
65.0
53.6
226.5
64.3
20.3
46.7
852.5
313. 7
64.2
53. !
222.4
63.1
18.8
46.0
823. 6
302.1
64.0
51.1
214.2
62.0
18.9
42.9
77.4
75.1
74.9
74.7
74.8
77.1
76.6
76.5
75.3
74.8
74.4
73.7
71.2
68.4
834.2
107.2
313. 6
105. 9
832.5
107.6
315.1
105.5
829.4
107.7
316.0
104.4
831.8
108.1
315.8
102.6
837.8
108.0
314.7
101.5
841.8
107.7
316.4
101.5
840 1
107.7
317.1
101.4
835.7
107.6
317.4
100.9
834.5
107.8
318.8
100.3
834.4
107.8
318.0
100.5
832.6
107.7
316. 9
100.2
835. 5
108.3
316. 3
99.9
830.6
108.4
315. 7
97.7
810. 5
105.0
308.6
93.2
51.3
77.8
8. 7
33.3
38.8
97.6
51.2
78.6
8.8
31.0
36.3
98.4
50.6
79.0
8.8
30.5
35.5
96.9
50.7
77.9
8. 5
33.5
36.5
98.2
50.1
77.5
8.6
42.5
37.2
97.7
50.3
77.0
S. 7
44.9
38.0
97.3
50.6
76.6
8.7
42.0
39.4
96.6
50.6
76.6
8.6
36.7
40.6
96.7
50.2
76.4
8.5
34.4
41.2
96.9
50.1
76.2
8.5
33.3
42.1
97.9
50.3
76.5
8.4
32.2
42.7
97.7
50.6
76.4
8.4
33.7
43.3
98.6
50.3
76.2
8.4
36.0
40. 5
97.4
49.8
73.8
8.0
36.7
41.5
93.9
261.9
208.7
261.3
208.5
259.9
207.2
259.1
206.3
257.2
205.4
256.8
205.5
255.6
204.4
255.9
204.5
253.0
203.9
255. 2
203.9
256.0
203.9
257.0
204.0
254.3
202.6
252.8
201.3
53.2
52.8
52.7
52.8
51.8
51.3
51.2
51.4
49.1
51.3
52.1
53.0
51.7
51.5
266.6
111.6
22.1
132.9
264.7
111.3
22.0
131. 4
259.7
110.6
21.6
127.5
255.7
104.5
21.8
129.4
262.1
110.7
21.6
129.8
249.7
97.5
21.7
130.5
269.9
113.1
22.1
134.7
271.1
113.1
22.1
135.9
274.5
113. 6
22.6
138.3
274.3
113.6
22.9
137.8
251.6
94.6
23.3
133.7
273.1
112.3
23.8
137.0
269.2
111.5
24.1
133.6
271.9
115.4
22.5
134.0
378.5
40.7
5. 2
19. '6
242.2
17. 6
35. 7
17.8
382.9
41.0
5.1
19.9
246.8
17.6
34.7
17.8
372.5
40.3
5.0
20.0
243.2
17.0
29.9
17.1
373.9
41.0
5.0
19.9
243.6
17.1
30.2
17.1
366.3
40.4
5.1
19.7
238.4
16.8
29.2
16.7
375.3
40.7
5.2
19.9
243. 7
16.6
32.6
16.6
382.3
40.9
5.2
20.4
248.2
16.8
34.0
16.8
381.3
41.5
5.3
20.5
246. 5
16.5
35.0
16.0
376.6
41.7
5.3
20.2
245.8
15.9
33.0
14.7
378.9
42.2
5.3
20.4
244.2
16.3
33.9
16.6
376.1
42.2
5.2
20.1
239.6
16.4
35.2
17.4
376. 3
42.3
5.1
19.6
237.6
16.6
37.2
17.9
381. 5
42.7
5.2
20.0
246.3
16.6
33.7
17.0
382.9
44. 6
5.0
18.3
248.4
16.8
33.1
16.7
556.7
31. 4
98.2
16. 5
43.1
84. 0
50. 7
555.3
31.3
98.2
16.6
41.6
83.9
50.2
538.2
30.9
94.3
16.3
29.7
83 5
49.7
555.2
30.7
97.7
16.5
41.5
83.3
51.4
550.4
30.7
96.0
16.5
42.6
80.7
52.0
549.0
31.5
94.8
16.7
42.2
80.5
53.4
545.5
32.3
94.1
16.9
42.4
79.3
54.0
543.0
33.4
93.1
16.9
42.3
78.1
54.6
545.6
34.2
93.6
17.2
42.4
80.5
54.0
558.0
34.9
95.5
17.8
43.2
83.2
55.1
563.4
35.0
96.9
17.8
43.4
84.6
55.3
567.6
34.7
97.4
17.6
43.6
87.1
55.2
561.5
34.2
95.0
17.5
43.4
86.9
54.6
548.1
33.5
93.7
17.3
42.6
82.5
53.9
121.1
19.2
120. 9 ! 121.5
19. 2i 19.2
122.2
18.9
120.2
19.1
117. 6
19.2
114.8
18.9
113.3
18.8
112.9
18.8
116.1
19.2
118.3
19.4
119.9
19.4
117.6
19.5
111.7
19.8
93.0
92.61
93.1
92.8
92.6
92.0
93.0
92.7
92.7
92.8
93.1
92.5
93.41
93.1
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, DECEMBER 1957
1516
T able A-2: Employees in nonagricultural establishments, by industry 1—Continued
[In thousands]
Annual
average
1956
1957
Industry
Oct .2
Sept.® Aug.
July
June
M ay
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
1956
1955
Manufacturing—Continued
Primary metal industries........................... L,279. 7 L, 294. 5 1,306. 5 l, 302.7 L,318.9 1, 318. 7 1,328.0 1,338. 2 1,348.8 1, 355.4 1,357.3 1,353.6 1,350.6 1,311.0 1, 284.1
Blast furnaces, steel works, and rolling
643.7 648.4 648.9 652.1 651.5 654.6 659.5 662.2 661.8 663.7 663.5 663.8 630.6 635.3
mills
_________________________
225.4 224.3 229.0 229.8 231.5 234.9 240.4 241.8 242.9 240.9 241.0 241.0 230.5
Iron and steel foundries............................
Primary smelting and refining of non69.4
63.4
69.7
68.9
68.9
68.5
70.3
70.3
67.5
67.9
67.9
66.9
67.1
ferrous metals __________________
Secondary smelting and refining of
14.3
14.4
14.4
14.5
14.5
14.6
14.3
13.0
14.1
14.5
14.1
14.4
14.2
13.9
nonferrous metals___________ ______
Rolling, drawing, and alloying of non112.4 109.7
116.8 115.5 115.5 114.1 116.9 114.0
109.9 112.3
109.2
ferrous metals
_________________
83.3
83.5
82.8
77.5
79.6
82.3
82.6
83.8
79.6
76.4
77.0
77.4
75.9
75.3
Nonferrous foundries________________
Miscellaneous primary metal indus166.4
164.9
150.4
168.4
167.4
166.9
166.6
168.5
161.1
166.5
165.5
163.7
163.9
163.1
________________________
tries
221.8
66.0
112.2
112.2
111.6
Fabricated metal products (except ordnance, machinery, and transportstion equipm ent)...................................... ,122. 8 1,118.1 1,118.2 1,108.2 1,125.6 ,121.1 1,128. 2 1,134.1 1,138.8 1,137.8 1,141.8 1,142.2 1,140.6 1,116.6 1,108.6
63.4
57.4
55.4
53.3
58.5
58.3
59.9
54.7
53.8
57.7
58.4
58.7
60.6
56.6
Tin cans and other tinware......................
140.4 138.4 136.6 140.9 142.7 144.4 147.9 150.1 152.3 153.1 151.8 148.2 149.2 154.1
Cutlery, handtools, and hardware___
Heating apparatus (except electric) and
110.3 113.6 117.0
121.4 125.7
109.7 111.4 111.7 111.7 111.4
109.2
plumbers’ supplies----------------- -------337.4 335.4 332.4 334.2 327.5 323.4 322.1 320.2 317.0 316.7 316.0 315.8 303.4 278.2
Tahrirtatfid structural metal products
M etal stamping, coating, and engrav219.1
228.7 230.4 236.0 240.6 244.1 246.3 247.5 246.6 242.3 234.3 242.4
ing _____________________________
53.4
53.4
53.2
52.9
50.8
51.1
52.0
53.8
51.6
51.2
52.7
50.8
53.8
51.9
Tlighting fixtures ______________ - ___
64.9
59.4
62.1
65.0
65.1
64.0
61.1
60.4
62.8
63.8
61.9
59.0
60.6
Fabricated wire products____________
59.5
Miscellaneous fabricated metal prod140.5 139.5 136.8 140.5 140.4 141.2 141.2 140.9 139.9 138.7 139.1 137.7 137.9 137.2
ucts _____________________________
1
1
121.2
111.6
112.8
220.1 222.6
1
Machinery (except electrical)------ --------- 1,625.3 1, 657. 7 1,658. 7 , 686.4 1, 714.6 1, 728.4 1, 750.1 1, 764.0 1, 763.6 1,752.4 1, 740.5 1, 722. 2 1, 711.0 1, 716.4 1, 592.3
86.5
85.5
84.1
81.6
84.1
85.0
85.5
86.5
85.8
74.3
81.9
83.9
79.6
"Engines and turbines________________
82.6
Aericnlt.nral machinery and tractors__
142.2 142.4 143.2 146.6 147.7 154.2 157.3 154.7 149.4 144.9 139.2 134.4 149.5 154.3
148.2 149.6 151.2 152.1 153.9 155.2 155.4 156.9 154.6 154.7 153.1 154.0 151.9 132. 7
Construction and mining machinery__
275.7 277.3 283.5 289.1 290.9 292.3 293.5 291.7 290.7 289.5 286.9 284.4 282.5 262.9
Metalworking machinery-----------------Special-industry machinery (except
177.8 176.3 179.9 183.7 183.6 183.8 185.4 185.8 187.9 188.4 188. 2 187.4 188.1 179.0
metalworking machinery)— ..............
263.2 262.6 267.7 267.3 266.7 268.2 269.8 269.2 268.3 267.3 267.1 265.7 259. 6 236.8
General industrial m a ch in ery ...............
Office and store machines and devices..
131.4 132.2 131.3 134.9 135.2 136.0 136.4 136.0 134.5 131.4 130.0 127.9 124.7 109.8
Service-industry and household ma163.8 163.5 174.1 179.6 187.3 192.9 196.7 199.6 198.5 196.1 193.7 195.9 205.6 189.3
c h in e s______ - ____________________
Miscellaneous machinery parts
273. 5 272.2 273.9 277.4 279.0 282.5 284.0 283.2 282.7 281.7 278.5 277.2 274.9 253.2
1
1
1
1
1
Electrical machinery...................................... 1,242. 7 1,251.1 1,232. 8 1, 219.7 , 222.0 , 211. 2 , 216. 2 , 228. 2 1,232.0 1, 236. 2 1,250. 7 1,260.9 1, 251. 2 , 202.9 1,123.6
Electrical generating, transmission,
distribution, and "industrial appa414.7 410.5 413.7 417.6 419.6 424.1 428.6 430.1 433.0 433.2 432.0 432.0 415.9 383.4
ratus______ __________________- __
47.9
50.4
49.1
47.2
47.4
48.1
51.5
52.4
53.2
53.6
46.4
52.6
54.0
52.6
Electrical appliances. _______________
26.2
26.2
26.2
26.2
26.2
27.5
27.1
26.0
26.8
27.6
27.0
26.1
27.0
Insulated wire and cable-------------------72.6
74.4
77.2
73.6
75.3
79.1
79.4
74.1
72.6
71.8
79.6
78.6
73.9
80.3
Electrical equipment for vehicles_____
28.4
28.4
28.4
28.5
28.4
28.5
28.2
28.3
28.4
28.6
28.6
28.6
27.1
26.6
Electric lamps
_ _ ___________
607.1 596.9 580.9 578.6 568.0 562.4 564.9 565.5 566.1 579.7 592.1 585.2 557.7 515.7
Communication equipment---------------- ___
50.0
49.3
50.4
Miscellaneous electrical Droducts_____
51.2
51.2
50.3
49.3
48.9
49.0
50.0
50.3
49.6
48.4
48.8
22.8
1
Transportation equip m ent... -------------- 1, 838. 6 1, 771.0 1, 876. 5 , 888.3 1,925.9 1,941. 4 1, 950.8 1,980.1 1,984. 7 1,977.3 1, 971.0 1,928.1 1,839.0 1,830. 5 1,832.1
M o to r vehicles and eauimnent*______
680. C 772. 5 762.9 793.9 812.7 823. 4 853.1 863.6 872. 7 876.4 856.1 787.7 815.2 903.8
Airnraft, and parts___________________
866.5 885.8 902.0 905.6 906.9 909.1 908.6 904.8 891.5 884.6 870.7 853.4 814.4 740.5
527.8 542.4 553.9 556.2 558.3 557.0 557.2 554.9 546.8 540.0 531.6 522.1 499.1 466.6
Aircraft.. _
__ - __ ___________
169.9 173.0 176.9 178.9 179.7 183.3 184.2 183.8 181.0 181.1 177.7 173.9 165.6 147.1
Aircraft engines and parts__________
20.4
20.4
18.5
Aircraft propellers and parts-----------20.5
19.7
19.6
19.0
16.9
13.8
148.2 149.9 150.2 149.9 148.5 148.2 146.8 146.0 144.0 143.9 142.4 138. £ 132.8 113.0
Other aircraft parts and equipm ent..
147.6 146.5 146.6 148.7 146.5 143.6 145.2 142.3 139.6 137.6 132.3 127.1 128.9 123.0
Ship and boat building and repairing..
Shipbuilding and repairing...................
131.7 130.7 129.8 129.9 127.1 124.0 125.5 122.7 120.7 119.5 115.1
.C
16.8
19.4
19.6
15.9
17.2
Boatbuilding and repairing------------- _
15.8
19.7
18.9
18.1
16.5
18. £
18.8
19.6
67.2
65.3
65.6
58.4
59. Í
61.1
67.7
65.2
63.6
62.1
Railroad equipment------ -------- ------ --64. C 65.0
55.8
9.6
9.4
Other transportation eauipm ent______
10.7
9. £
9.7
9.2
9.0
8.3
11. C
9.0
.C
21.0 20.6
20.6
66.2
Instruments and related products______
Laboratory, scientific, and engineering
instruments___________________ ___
Mechanical measuring and controlling
instruments___ ____ ______________
Optical instruments and lenses_______
Surgical, medical, and dental instruments____________________________
Ophthalmic goods___________________
Photographic apparatus_____________
Watches and clocks...... ............................
Miscellaneous manufacturing industries.
Jewelry, silverware, and plated ware
M u sical in s tru m e n ts an d p a rts
Toys and sporting goods._ ____
333.2
—
504.5
P e n s , pencils, o th e r office su p p lie s
fln s tn in e few elry, b u tto n s , n o tio n s
Fabricated plastics products_______
Other manufacturing industries_____
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
............
10.6
20.6
20.1
110.6 110
101.0
22.0
321.0
8.8 10.6
10
338.8
340.5
335.2
338.0
339.0
342.3
342.2
341.2
341.7
343.4
343.4
342.4
335.9
72.4
75.4
75.6
75.1
74. £
75.6
73. £
73.8
72.7
72.2
71. £
71.6
67.5
57.6
84.8
13.7
84.6
13.6
84.6
13.8
85.4
13.8
85.5
13.7
14.0
87. Í
14.1
86.3
14.1
87.5
14.0
14.1
14.0
87.2
13.9
85.5
13.9
82.4
13.8
41.7
24.3
70.1
31.8
41.3
24.0
70.4
31.2
41.5
23.5
70.0
26.2
42.2
24.0
69.4
28.1
42.2
24.0
68.5
30.3
42. f
24.2
42. C
24.5
42. C
24.7
69.0
31.3
41.7
24.7
69.2
31.9
41.5
24.9
69.3
33.2
41. Í
24.9
69.3
33.9
40.8
25.2
69.1
34. €
41. (
25.7
68.1
34.4
39.9
25.2
65.7
36.4
505.1
50.4
17.5
95.8
32.4
63.6
90.2
155.2
494.8
48. 5
16.9
94.3
32.6
62.5
468.0
45. £
16.5
83.8
31.4
57.4
485.0
47.2
16.9
88.9
31.9
59.5
480.6
47.2
17.1
151.4
147.0
151.8
479.4 477.6
48. S
50.1
17.8
18.0
79.1
80.8
30.7
30. 7
60.3
60.4
89. £
89.6
151.1] 149.7
475.5
50.Í
18.1
76.1
31.4
60.8
89.6
149.2
498.5
51.6
18.9
85.0
32.3
62. 2
90.7
157.8
516.7
52. (
18.9
97.3
33.0
64.1
91.4
160.0
525.5
52.f
18.
104.
33.:
65. £
90.
160.3
499.3
50.3
18.3
93.2
31. £
63.3
.f
154.3
485.2
52.3
17.7
86.9
30.7
64.9
81.5
151.2
86.4
68.6 68.8
31.2
480.1
47.;
17.3
84.9
31.1
31.0
58.1
59.0
. C 87.9
150.9 152.3
88.2
88.6 86.0 88.8 88
31.6
88.2 88.1
86
1517
A: EMPLOYMENT AND PAYROLLS
T able A-2: Employees in nonagricultural establishments, by industry 1—Continued
[In thousands]
1956
1957
Annual
average
Industry
Oct. 2 Sept.2 Aug.
July
June
M ay
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
N ov.
Oct.
1956
1955
4,157 4,206 4,215 4,199 4,181 4,156 4,153 4,147 4,120 4,126 4,194 4,184 4,189 4,157 4,062
Transportation and public utilities________
Transportation____ ____________ ______ 2, 747 2,783 2, 776 2, 760 2, 762 2,749 2, 747 2,746 2, 723 2, 733 2,797 2,785 2, 792 2, 768 2, 727
1,135.8 1,148. 6 1,139.8 1,144. 5 1,137.1 1,136.0 1,132.0 1,132.5 1,139.0 1,172. 5 1,174.1 1,188.1 1,190. 5 1, 205.3
Interstate railroads__________________
994.8 1,007. 2 1,007. 7 1,011.9 1,004.4 992. 4 988.0 988.7 996.1 1,016.0 1,027.7 1,041.1 1,042. 6 1,057. 2
Class I railroads___________________
107.5 107.7 107.7 ' 108. 0 108.4 108.4 108.6 108.5 108.2 108.6 108.6 109.0 110.6 116.1
Local railways and buslines,...................
Trucking and warehousing___________ ______ 854.6 838.3 833.4 829.2 821.0 821.1 820.2 819.3 817.0 842.8 838.6 832.6 807.5 764.9
684.6 681.0 678.8 679.8 682.6 681.4 685.2 662.3 669.0 672.9 663.2 661.8 658.9 640.7
Other transportation and services_____
45.8
46.2
45.7
43.2
42.5
41.8
42.0
42.5
43.6
45.1
42.6
42.3
42.4
44.0
Buslines, except local______________
148.2 147.6 147.0 146.1 145.2 144.7 143.1 141.8 141.2 137.9 136.3 135.2 130.5 114.3
Air transportation (common carrier).
814
824
824
802
810
809
799
803
801
Communication.............................................
813
810
806
803
795
750
772.1 782.0 781.6 770.0 767.1 766.3 763.8 760.9 756.9 759.4 760.1 757.9 751.2 706.7
T elephone.___
41.5
42.4
41.5
41.9
42.1
42.1
42.6
41.9
41.4
41.9
41.8
42.6
42.3
Telegraph ____ _____________________
41.7
609
615
600
615
596
596
606
697
594
593
595
594
585
597
595
Other public utilities......... ...........................
584.7 589.8 589.6 581.5 573.3 572.5 570.7 569.9 569.6 571.0 571.8 572.1 570.1 562.1
Gas and electric utilities................ ........... ___
254.9 256.9 256.6 253.0 249.3 248.8 247.9 247.1 246.6 247.2 247.3 247.4 247.8 248.7
Electric light and power utilities
146.2 147.5 147.7 146.1 143.7 143.6 143.1 143.4 143.8 144.5 145.2 145.4 144.2 140.8
Gas utilities
Electric light and gas utilities com183. 6 185.4 185.3 182.4 180.3 180.1 179.7 179.4 179.2 179.3 179.3 179.3 178.1 172.6
bined
24.9
Tinp.nl nt.111t.tas, not elsewhere classified
24.5
24.9
23.8
24.4
23.9
24.0
23.6
23.6
23.8
24.0
23.0
23.9
24.0
Wholesale and retail trade_______________
Wholesale trade. . __________________
Wholesalers, full-service and limited
fu n c tio n __
Automotive
Groceries, food specialties, beer,
wines, and liquors.............. ................
Electrical goods, machinery, hardware, and plumbing equipment___
Other full-service and limited-function wholesalers
Wholesale distributors, other_________
Retail trade_____ ____ _ ____________
General merchandise stores........ .............
Department stores and general mailorder houses___ _____ _______
Other general merchandise stores
Food and liquor stores................ ............
Grocery, meat, and vegetable markets
Dairy product stores and dealers
Other fond and liquor stores
Automotive and accessories dealers___
Apparel and accessories stores________
Other retail trade_____ ____________
Furniture and appliance stores
Drug stores
11,729 11,617 11,499 11,493 11,505 11,411 11,428 11,265 11,225 11,298 12,260 11,657 11,445 11,292 10,846
3,204 3,184 3,179 3,166 3,140 3,113 3,114 3,117 3,114 3 ,1Ó6 3,149 3,119 3,090 3,032 2, 873
Finance, insurance, and real e sta te .............
Banks and trust companies____________
Security dealers and exchanges ___ ___
Insurance carriers and agents___________
Other finance agencies and real estate___
___
___
Service and miscellaneous................ . . . .
Hotels and lodging p la ces...........................
Personal services:
Tsundries
Cleaning and dyeing plants.....................
Motion pictures
____________
1,840. 8 1,831.2 1, 825.3 1, 807. 9 1, 795.8 1,796.3 1,800.9 1,800.6 1,803.2 1, 837.5 1,811.2 1,795.7 1,767. 5 1,679.4
126.0 125.8 125.1 ' 123. 7 121.6 121.6 120.3 119.8 119.5 119.5 119.1 119.5 ' 118.8 113.4
_________
324.6
320.6
321.2
319.3
315.2
318.4
319.2
317.8
316.4
322.3
318.1
313.4
310.2
298.4
466.3
467.4
466.3
464.4
460.9
461.4
462.8
462.7
462.4
464.8
464.1
461.5
456.9
432.2
923.9 917.4 917.2 900.5 898.1 894.9 898.6 900.3 904.9 930.9 909.9 901.3 881.6 835.4
1, 343. 6 1,347. 7 1,340.3 1, 332.0 1,317.3 1,317. 6 1,315.9 1,313.6 1,302. 7 1,311.8 1,307.6 1, 294.0 1,264.9 1,193.9
8,525 8,433 8,320 8, 327 8, 365 8,298 8,314 8', 148 8,111 8,192 9, 111 8, 538 8,355 8,260 7,973
1, 458. 2 1,415.9 1,351.6 1, 346.9 1,379. 8 1,382.2 1, 401.9 1,343.0 1,333. 2 1,387.7 1,969.6 1,600. 2 1,475.9 1,450.7 1,430.9
905.4 874.1 871.1 888.4 885.0 890.5 862.0 859.2 899.4 1, 266.8 1,049.1 955.0 938.8 912.7
510.5 477.5 475.8 491.4 497.2 511.4 481.0 474.0 488.3 702.8 ' 551.1 520.9 511.9 518.2
1,627. 7 1,611.6 1, 599. 7 1, 605.8 1,606.9 1,600. 7 1, 602. 6 1, 590.8 1, 586.8 1, 575. 2 1,612.2 1,587.9 1,567. 5 1, 553. 6 1,486.4
1,138. 8 1,120.9 1,126. 5 1,127.6 1,126. 2 1,124.7 1,123. 5 1,118. 5 1,113.3 1,137.0 1,119.0 1,102.1 1,086.4 1,034. 2
238.3 244.4 245.4 241. 9 237.3 234.0 230.3 227.3 226.7 227.4 228.8 229.5 231.9 ' 226. 6
234.5 234.4 233.9 237.4 237.2 243.9 237.0 241.0 235.2 247.8 240.1 235.9 235.3 225.6
797.5 799.5 805.2 806.5 803.6 798.2 795.8 796.0 793.2 794.1 816.6 804.1 795.5 808.7 803.0
»? 636. 9 614.2 571.6 580.7 619.8 621.7 657.9 592.4 581.2 608.2 758.5 655.8 633.4 616.0 596.8
4,004. 5 3, 991. 6 3,992. 2 3,987.4 3, 955. 1 3, 895. 5 3, 855.6 3,826.1 3, 816. 2 3,827.1 3,954. 2 3,889. 5 3,883.1 3,831.0 3,655.9
392.2 392.4 392.6 392.8 392.2 394.7 395.3 395.1 394.2 415.7 402.8 397.1 395. 8 384.7
373.5 374.1 376.5 372.4 360.9 364.2 354.7 352.2 360.1 378.7 354.9 354.7 345.6 328.5
2,351
2,360
621.3
84.2
861.4
792.7
2,389
629.6
85.6
867.7
805.8
2,390
626.0
85.3
865.0
814.0
2,359
614.4
83.8
853.1
807.8
2,329
606.7
82.8
845.8
793.4
2,320
606.9
83.0
845.6
784.3
2,310
6Ó5.2
83.6
842.5
779.1
2,301
602.3
82.7
837.0
779.1
2,293
596.5
82.6
830.3
783.1
2,308
597.2
83.0
829.9
797.6
2,314
594.9
82.9
828. 5
807.9
2,315
590.4
82.7
826.0
815.7
2,306
581.9
82.4
821.7
820.1
2,219
549.3
77.6
795.4
796.8
6,550
6,540
526.9
6,509
597.7
6,524
598.0
6,551
539.7
6,520
512.6
6,432
499.0
6,317
482.3
6,273
480.7
6,239
473.6
6,295
482.0
6,327
488.2
6,343
494.8
6,231
518.0
5,916
498.7
329.5
160.7
232.2
333.2
156.1
230.5
337.9
162.7
229.3
336.5
167.6
228.9
333.5
168.0
227.0
328.5
164.0
224.1
328.2
160.3
216.5
328.0
158.9
212.3
329.6
160.6
211.6
330.2
162.9
214. S
331.7
163.8
220.2
332.9
165.7
228.8
333.5
164.8
226.6
332.1
163.4
231.6
—
_________
___
Government---------------- ------ ------------------- 7,471 7,383 7,157 7,157 7,343 7,387 7,376 7,360 7,334 7,302 7,589 7,334 7,290 7,178 6,914
Federal8______ ____ ____________ _____ 2,148 2,180 2, 212 2, 219 2, 211 2,202 2,205 2, 203 2,200 2,196 2,483 2 ,2Ó1 2,202 2,209 2,187
State and local6............................................... 5,323 5,203 4, 945 4,938 5,132 5,185 5,171 5,157 5,134 5,106 5,106 5,133 5,088 4,969 4, 727
1 Beginning with the July 1957 issue, the data for 1955-56 shown in this
table are not comparable with those published in previous issues. They have
been revised because of adjustment to first quarter 1956 benchmark levels indi
cated by data from government social insurance programs. Comparable data
for earlier years are available upon request. Data for 1956 and 1957 are sub
ject to revision when new benchmarks become available.
These series are based on establishment reports which cover all full- and
part-time employees in nonagricultural establishments who worked during,
or received pay for, any part of the pay period ending nearest the 15th of the
month. Therefore, persons who worked in more than one establishment
during the reporting period are counted more than once. Proprietors, selfemployed persons, unpaid family workers, and domestic servants are ex
cluded.
2 Preliminary; subject to revision without notation.
* Durable goods include: Ordnance and accessories; lumber and wood
products (except furniture); furniture and fixtures; stone, clay, and glass
products; primary metal industries; fabricated metal products (except
ordnance, machinery, and transportation equipment); machinery (except
electrical); electrical machinery; transportation equipment; instruments and
related products; and miscellaneous manufacturing industries.
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4 Nondurable goods include: Food and kindred products; tobacco manu
factures; textile-mill products; apparel and other finished textile products;
paper and allied products; printing, publishing, and allied industries; chem
icals and allied products; products of petroleum and coal; rubber products;
and leather and leather products.
5 Data for Federal establishments refer to the continental United States;
they relate to civilian employees who worked on, or received pay for, the last
day of the month.
6 State and local government data exclude, as nominal employees, elected
officials of small local units and paid volunteer firemen.
•Formerly titled “ Automobiles.” Data not affected.
N o t e : For a description of these series, see Techniques of Preparing Major
BLS Statistical Series, BLS Bull. 1168 (1954).
Source: U . S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics for all
series except that for the Federal Government, which is prepared by the
U. S. Civil Service Commission, and that for Class I railroads, which is
prepared by the U. S. Interstate Commerce Commission.
1518
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, DECEMBER 1957
T able A-3: Production workers in mining and manufacturing industries 1
[In thousands]
1957
1956
Animal
average
Industry
Oct.3 S ept. 3 Aug.
Mining___ ___ _________ __ __________
M etal. _ ................... ..... ............
Iron________________________________
Copper.... ................. ............. .... ............
Lead and zinc
Anthracite.. ____ __________
Bituminous coal..... ................ .......
Crude-petroleum and natural-gas production___ ____ ______ ____
Petroleum and natural-gas production
(except contract services)......................
Nonmetallic mining and quarrying___
—
July
June
M ay
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
£Q£
eoc
QQA
G98
93.0
34.5
26.9
12.8
703
94. 5
35.0
27.2
13.3
699
95.8
34.3
27.7
14.2
704
95 5
34.2
28.0
14.8
686
95. 7
33.8
27.7
14.8
685
94 2
31 5
28 1
15. 5
686
93 9
30 3
28 6
15 6
689
94 5
30 6
28 6
15 7
689
94 6
30 8
28 5
15 6
696
95 2
31 5
28 5
15 6
Q*
32
28
15
26.2
214.1
25.2
214.8
28.9
208.6
28.3
218.9
24. 7
216. 7
26.6
217.4
28 4
218.4
28 9
221.8
28 9
221.4
29 4
222.0
28 2
07 7
220.5
220.3
7
2
7
4
95.9
28.4
10.
1956
1955
680
92. 5
30. C
28. ;
14.9
651
86.6
29.7
24.4
14.2
27.1
210.8
28.3
200.5
259.1
264.7
264. C 260.6
248. 5
248.8
249.7
250.5
249.4
250.7
250.2
249.8
243.1
134.6
137.7
137.9
136.3
129.5
130.1
130.1
131.0
130.3
129.0
128.8
128.8
130.7
129.4
105.4
103.3
101.5
100.9
100.8
98.0
95 2
93 4
95 0
99 0
101 8
1D9 n
99.5
92.7
Manufacturing _____________
12,907 12,976 13,024 12,788 12,955 12,894 12,960 13,085 13,114 13,150 13,350 13,392 13.465
13.061
Durable goods 3.................................. 7, 402 7,384 7, 476 7,432 7, 603 7,600 7,635 7, 693 7, 721 7, 740 7, 827 7,839 7, 788 7,13,196
659 7. 551
5, 505 5, 592 5, 548 5, 356 5, 352 5,294 5,325 5,392 5,393 5,410 5l 523 5, 553 5,677 5, 537
Nondurable goods 4________ ____
5, 510
69.9
73.1
Ordnance and accessories_____ _______
75.0
74.0
75.8
76.5
78.3
79.0
79.4
80.6
82.5
81.8
81.6
83.0
93.8
Food and kindred p rod u cts.................. 1,144. 2 1, 212. 2 1,194.3 1,120. 2 1,056.4 1, 004. 2 989.8 988.8 987.1 1,014.9 1,075. 6 1,125.2 1,209 3 1.105.3 1,097. 3
262.4 259.2 261.1 257.9 253. 2 252. 7 255 3 957 6 2.69 9 282 9 OQ‘i ft z/y. z
Meat products.................... ......................
269.1 255.9
71.0
75.3
Dairy products_______________ ____ _
77.1
71. 5
67 9
AQ A
76.0
66 8
65 3
68 5
67 9
/ 1 .1
7. 27
74.9
_____
305.6 292.2 220.8 164.3 136.2 135.1 127.2 128.6 134.3 152.0 184. 6 268. 3 199.6
Canning and preserving..........
196.3
83.2
82.9
Grain-mill products_________ .
79.2
77. 5
80 5
78. 4
78. 7
81 4
81 9
85.0
83.7
87.1
172.1 172.8 173.1 171.6 169.4 168 4 168 2
Bakery products_____________
168 3 172 5 t 7A 7 I/O. / 172.1 172.1
Sugar_________ __________
24.6
23.6
A(\ O 38.9
22.7
22.0
20 2
19.8
20 3
95 3
37 3
26.5
27.0
69.5
64.4
Confectionery and related products___ ______
57.4
59.9
59.6
61. 3
62'8
61.5
66.4
71.0
71. 7
72 2
64.8
65.5
______ 125.5 125.2 130.0 127.1 120.9 113.0 114.8 109.2 111.0 117.9 124. 2 123 8 120.
Beverages.......................
8
119.9
98.3
98.7
Miscellaneous food products_______
98.8 100.1
91 1
95.2
93 0
91 8
91. 8
92 2
94 1
yo. 1
96.0
98.6
91.5
90.4
Tobacco manufactures____
97.3
70.8
73.2
72.8
73.6
76.5
83.7
88.1
93.0
95.7 103. 5
88.7
93.8
31.1
Cigarettes........................................
31.0
29.6
Qn 0
29.8
29.3
29. 3
29 3
29 8
30 4
30 7
oU. /
30.7
30.0
Cigars___ __________________________
30.7
30.3
28.4
30.9
31.2
99 A
39 0
31 9
31.7
31 6
32 7
33 0
32.8
36.3
5
7
Tobacco and snuff___ _____________
5.6
5.5
5.3
5.6
5.6
56
5 6
5.7
57
5 7
O. /
5.9
6.3
Tobacco stemming and redrying
30.0
23.5
6.9
7.5
10 0
16 3
6.7
6.9
90 8
23 9
26 1
o4. /
19.3
21.2
Textile-mill products__________________ 905.3 911.8 911.4 895.4 912.9 911.2 919.4 928.5 932.7 934. 6 947.8 955.4 957. 9 965. 6
983.7
Scouring and combing plants............ . ______
5.7
6.0
5.8
6.2
5.9
5.5
5.8
6.1
6.2
6.3
6. 2
6 2
6.3
6.0
Yarn and thread mills
109 4 107.3 106.0 108. 7 109 2 109 5 n o 6
111 6 112 6 110 ^ 111 6 113.9 120.4
Broad-woven fabric mills..................
399. 6 400.2 396.0 401.4 401. 9 407 1 410 4
417 6 421 2 joon 423. 8 430.0 439. 6
Narrow fabrics and small wares__
25.8
25.4
24.8
25.4
25.6
25.8
26.0
26.2
26.0
26 .3
25.6
26 3
26.2
26.6
_____
Knitting mills_____ _______
196.0 197.2 191.2 196.7 193.2 191.5 192.7 189 5 188. 7 195.2 2 0 1 5 204 8 200.7
201.0
Dyeing and finishing textiles________ _____
77.2
75.2
77.0
76.7
76.5
77.4
77.5
77.8
78.2
79. 2
79.5
79 2
80.1
79.7
41. 5
41. 1
A
A
7
Carpets, rugs, other floor coverings___
40.3
40. 2
41. 9
43 7
45 3
46 9 45 2 45 1
45.6
44.8
Hats (except cloth and millinery)_____
8.6
8.9
9.0
in q 45.0
9.4
10 1
10 1
9 7
8. 8
96
10 5
y. 0
10.8
11
Miscellaneous textile goods....... ..............
48.0
48.3
47.1
48. 2
49 3
48. 2
50.1
50.8
51.4
52.1
01. z 52.0 54.06
51.6
Apparel and other finished textile prodnets____________ ____ _______ _____ 1,070.3 1,082. 7 1,083.5 1,023.8 1, 044. 7 1.039.0 1,068. 9 1,098.1 1,094. 5 1.075.5 1,092.8 1,092.1 1,096 4 1,083.3
1, 077.1
______ 108.9 108.8 104.7 110.0 108.1 110.0 112.2 112.5 112.3 113.2 112. 6 112 7
M en’s and boys’ suits and coats__
111.8 107.7
-,
M en’s and boys’ furnishings and work
clothing___ ______ __________ _____
288.9 286.0 277. 5 282. 2 278. 3 280 6 282 8 989 1 977 o 278 9 9QA A 901
9
AiJL. d
289.5
6
Women’s outerwear...................................
312.3 318.0 289.1 295. 8 296.9 316 5 331 9 331 9 397 8 399 7 Q1Q 1 olZ. 0 316.0 285.
Women’s, children’s undergarments___ ___
111.3 108.9 102.6 106.0 107.9 110.5 111.9 ml o 1071 5 108.9 1 1 1 .9 111 4 108.9 317.5
107.1
Millinerv____ __ ____ ____ _________
17.9
17.3
13.8
20 0
19 5
11 9
13.1
18 1
16 4
14.5
17.1
16.4
17.9
Children’s outerwear_____ __ ______
71.9
71.6
70.2
67 8
70. 6
66. 8
63 7
66 7
69.0
66.9
65 9
Fur goods________ _____ ___________
9.2
8.9
9.2
7 2
9 4
Q8 Dy.O. 00 10.
89
70
73
2
8.6
93
Miscellaneous apparel and accessories
57.9
57.2
54.7
56 3
55 2
54 0
54 9
53 6
59.8
57.0
54.9
104.4 106.8 102.0 103.6 105.0 107. 6 108.0 106.7 106.1 112 .5 115.3 110 « 108.2
Other fabricated textile produ cts..........
111.2
¥
Lumber and wood products (except
furniture)__________ ______________
618.1 629.6 644.6 645.3 658.9 638.0 611.8 592.6 589.0 594.3 627.8 654. 9 683 5 672.2 679.2
Logging camps and contractors_____ _
79.8
88. 2
OR 0 1U/. /
94.8 103 1
68 3
64 8
92. 6
76 3
64 5
81 6
96.6
96.3
Sawmills and planing mills___________
339.4 346.1 342.6 345. 5 337.6 329.2 3181 9 3181 9 322.9 335.9 346.8 358.4 358.0
364.5
Millwork, plywood, and prefabricated
______ 113.8 114.8 112.1 111.5 108.8 107.1 106.5 106.1 107.0 109.1 111.0 114 3 115.0
structural wood products_____
118.3
Wooden containers_________________
45.4
46.3
47 8
AO Q
45.8
48 2
48 2
47 9
49 3
50.5
50.0
51.0
Miscellaneous wood products________
50.3
50.1
51 3
51 1
50.0
50. 6
50. 8
51 9
oz. 0 52.0 49.1
Furniture and fixtures............ ...................... 317.6 318.6 316.6 308.6 311.0 307. 5 311.5 312.3 312.8 312.4 319.6 320.0 324 6 318.5
Household furniture____ ____________
231.6 229.9 222.9 225.0 222.5 226.9 226.6 226.5 225. 4 231.1 232.0 234 6 230.4 310.8
225.3
Office public-building, and professional
furniture........... ........................................
37.6
38.0
37.4
37.8
37.5
38.0
38.0
38.5
37.9
29 R
38.9
38 9
38.9
35.7
Partitions, shelving, lockers, and fixtures........................ ..................................
29.4
29.2
29.1
28.9
28.6
2 7 .9
28.1
28.0
28.7
29.0
¿ó. Z
29.6
28.6
29.1
Screens, blinds, and miscellaneous
furniture and fixtures______________
19.5
2 0 .0
19.2
19.3
18.9
18.7
19.6
19.8
20.4
2 0 .6
20.9
20.9
20.6
20.7
See footnotes at end of table.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
A: EMPLOYMENT AND PAYROLLS
1519
T a b l e A-3: Production workers in mining and manufacturing industries 1—Continued
[In th o u san d s]
1957
Industry
Oct. 2 Sept. * Aug.
Manufacturing—Continued
Paper and allied products...........................
Pulp, paper, and paperboard mills____
Paperboard containers and boxes_____
Other paper and allied products______
470.9
July
June
May
Apr.
Mar.
468.4
228. 4
131.1
108.9
465.1
229.1
128.2
107.8
459.0
226.6
125.6
106 8
468.9
232 8
128. 0
108.1
464.9
230 C
126 7
108 2
467.1
231 1
126. 6
109. 4
466.5
231 1
126 5
108 9
564.1
159.7
25.9
34.2
186.8
47.7
13.0
37.4
553.1
156.4
24.1
33. 5
185.0
47.2
12.5
36.6
552.2
157.1
24 1
33 7
184.4
47.0
12.3
36.3
556.0
159. 3
24. 2
34.1
184.1
47 4
12.6
37.1
554.9
159 3
24 9
34. 2
183.4
47 1
11.6
36 9
559.2
158. 7
25. 4
34. 8
184.2
47. 7
11.3
37.4
558.7
158 5
25 6
34 9
184.1
47 9
11. 2
37.2
59.4
57.8
57.3
57. 2
57. 5
59. 7
Chemicals and allied products__ _______ 537.0
Industrial inorganic chemicals________ _____
Industrial organic chemicals__ ___
Drugs and medicines___________
Soap, cleaning and polishing preparations— ___ ___
Paints, pigments, and fillers_____
Gum and wood chemicals........................
Fertilizers_______ _
Vegetable and animal oils and fats____ _____
Miscellaneous chemicals_____ ________
535.8
72.1
202.2
61.1
31.9
47.5
7.4
24.3
27.2
62.1
529.5
72.1
200. 9
60.3
31.5
48.0
7.5
22.2
24. 7
62.3
528.8
72.0
203 3
59 9
534.7
73.0
205 8
59 2
544.3
73.2
206 7
58 8
31 0
48. 5
7.4
21 6
23.7
61.4
30 7
47. 7
7.2
24 4
24.4
62.3
Products of petroleum and coal_________
Petroleum refining_________
Coke, other petroleum and coal products_______________________
173.4
176.1
134.0
175.1
133.4
174.8
133.0
175.3
133.3
42.1
41.7
41.8
42.0
41.1
40.7
Rubber products____ _______________
Tires and inner tubes_____
Rubber footwear . . ___
Other rubber products..............................
207.2
206.4
84.5
17.5
104.4
204.3
84.2
17.2
102.9
199.8
83 9
16 8
99.1
196.8
78. 2
17. 4
101.2
204.2
84 9
17 3
102.0
191.3
71.1
17. 5
102.7
Leather and leather products__________
Leather: tanned, curried, and finished.
Industrial leather belting and packing .
Boot and shoe cut stock and findings
Footwear (except rubber)____________
Luggage___
Handbags and small leather goods
Gloves and miscellaneous leather goods.
334.8
337.0
36.3
4.0
17.2
217.7
14. 9
31.3
15.6
341.1
36.8
3.9
17.7
221.8
14.9
30.3
15.7
331.6
36.0
3.8
17. 8
218.9
14. 2
25 7
15.2
332.7
36.7
3.9
17. 8
219.0
14. 4
25 8
15.1
324.8
36.0
3.9
17. 6
213.8
14. 1
24. 7
14.7
333.6
36.3
4.0
17. 7
218.9
14.0
28 1
14.6
460.8
27.8
83.9
13.8
36.1
73.7
44.1
459.3
27.5
83.8
13.9
34.8
73.7
43.5
442.6
27 2
79.9
13.7
23 0
73 4
42.8
459.3
27.1
83.0
13.8
34.6
73 3
44.5
456.2
27. 4
81. 7
13.8
35. 7
70 8
45.3
98.2
16.6
98.5
16.6
99 0
16 6
99.1
16. 4
66.6
67.0
67. 0
67. 5
Printing, publishing and allied industries„
Newspapers____________ _____ ______
Periodicals_________________ ______
Books________ _ ...................................
Commercial printing................................
Lithography________________________
Greeting cards.-. _ _ _______________
Bookbinding and related industries
Miscellaneous publishing and printing
services____ __________________ .
570.8
___
___
Stone, clay, and glass products_________ 454.0
Flat glass
. . .
Glass and glassware, pressed or blown .
Glass products made of purchased glass.
Cement, hydraulic . .
Structural clay products
Pottery and related products_________ _____
Concrete, gypsum, and plaster products___________________
Cut-stone and stone products
Miscellaneous nonmetallic mineral
products_______________
Annual
average
1956
Feb.
465.5
231 5
126 1
107 Q
555.3
Jan.
Dec.
467.8
232 0
127 8
108 0
472.2
233 9
130 7
107 6
557.1
Nov.
Oct.
1956
1955
469.9
230 6
132 6
106 7
470.2
231 0
465.2
230 4
128 0
106 8
452.5
227 4
121 7
103 4
563.7
158 7
28 0
34 0
184.1
49 2
14 3
563.4
158 9
28 1
33 fi
183.9
551.1
156 0
529.1
150 4
31 0
173.8
46.9
13 9
37.5
14 8
38.0
33 1
180.6
47 6
13 6
37.2
34.3
131 9
157 8
25 5
34 8
182.0
47 2
157 4
25 5
34 8
183.9
47 3
1 1 .2
37.2
119
37.6
665.9
160 8
27 5
34 5
185.0
48 9
13 3
37.8
59 3
59 6
58 7
58 1
57 9
57 4
55 3
52 1
549.1
73.2
208. 4
58.7
550.0
73.5
210 7
58.8
547.9
73.6
548.5
73.8
214 4
547.4
73.7
545.8
74.1
549 8
74.6
551.6
75.0
215 g
58! 3
57.8
546.0
74.1
215 Q
56.6
30 4
47 5
7.3
33 3
24.9
62.2
30. 7
47. 2
7.4
35. 8
25.9
61.8
30 9
46 9
7.4
33 1
27.5
61.2
31 0
47 2
27 8
28! 7
61.4
25 7
28.9
61.5
24 6
29! 8
62.6
23 4
30.1
62.8
47 1
LI
7 .1
6.8
63.9
28.3
62.8
28.7
60.3
174.0
132.9
173.4
132.7
172.8
132.0
173.4
132.3
171.8
132.8
174.3
133.1
175.9
133.9
176.2
133.2
173.8
132.2
173.8
132.2
40 8
41 1
39 0
41 2
42 0
43 0
41 6
211.4
86 9
17 8
106.7
212.6
216.0
87 4
18 3
215.8
87 3
18 6
109.9
194.4
70 i
18 9
ios! 4
214.5
86 0
2 1 1 .1
109.2
106.1
107.9
340.8
36.5
4.0
18 2
223.4
14 1
29 8
14.8
340.1
37.1
4.0
18 3
335.5
37.3
4.0
335.2
37.7
3.9
22 1.2
335.8
37.9
3.8
17 5
213! 6
14 1
33 0
15 ! 9
340.8
38.4
4.0
18 0
22Ü5
14 2
29 7
is!o
342.0
40.1
3.8
221.8
337.8
37.8
4.0
18 3
219.5
13 8
29 8
14.6
455.2
28 3
80.5
14.0
35 3
70 5
46.7
451.4
28 9
79.6
14.1
35 5
68 9
4L 2
449.0
30 0
78.4
14.2
35 4
68 1
47! 8
453.3
464.5
30 Q 31 3
79.1
81.0
14. 5
15.1
35 7
36 4
72 9
48.4
47! 3
470.4
31 4
82! 6
15.1
36 6
475.6
469.6
30 6
80.4
14.8
36 5
460.6
47.6
97 3
16 7
94 8
16.8
92 5
16.5
90 7
16.4
91 0
16.4
93 8
67 5
68 3
68 2
68 0
68 0
212 1
58.8
7.3
86 8
17 8
108.0
14 0
30 8
14!1
59.1
213 5
58.6
212 O
58! 7
30 6
47 3
30 4
47 1
•SO 5
47 i
7.2
110 .3
18 1
13 4
28 9
12.6
7 .1
7 .1
18 0
215.2
14 0
31 0
15.4
95 1
31!0
31 i
83! 1
15.0
36 8
214.7
88.6
223.6
14 4
14.4
79. 6
14.9
35.8
48.6
48.8
48.1
97 8
16.7
96 1
iô! 9
16! 9
96 3
17 ! 0
17.4
68 9
68 4
68 9
68 9
69 8
Primary metal industries._____________ 1,055.1 1,066. 9 1,077.3 1,075.3 1,092.5 1,092. 6 1,101.0 1 , 112.0 1,123.7 1,132. 7 1,135. 4 1,134.1 1,133. 5 1, 096.0 1,084.8
Blast furnaces, steelworks, and rolling
537.6 540.6 542. 5 546. 6 546 4 548 9 553 7 558 7 559 0 562 5 564 3 565 9 532 9 544 6
mills___________ ____________ . .
190.2 194.1 193 1 197.9 198.4 199.9 203] 3 208.3 210.4 2 1 1 .1 209! 8 209! 8 210 ! 0 202! 2
Iron and steel foundries
Primary smelting and refining of non51.9
52.7
ferrous m e ta ls _____
52 6
53. 5
53.9
54.7
54.6
54.5
56.5
56.5
56.0
55.8
54.2
51.1
Secondary smelting and refining of
10.6
10.3
nonferrous m e ta ls __ .
10 5
10. 7
10 5
10.8
10.8
10.8
10.9
10.8
10.7
11.0
10.7
9.8
Rolling, drawing, and alloying of non84.2
86.6
ferrous metals___________
85 1
87.4
87 2
85 5
87 2
91 1
90 6
90 6
90 O 92 6
87 5
91 2
61.9
62.3
Nonferrous foundries______
61. 5
63. 2
65. 6
63.3
68.0
68.3
69.3
69! 7
69.1
68.6
65.8
64! 4
Miscellaneous primary metal indus130.5 130.7 130.0 133.4 132.7 133.6 136.1 135.9 135.2 134.5 133.6 132.4 129.8 121.5
tries________
. .. ..
Fabricated metal products (except
ordnance, machinery, and transportation equipm ent)...........................
Tin cans and other tinware........ ............
Cutlery, handtools, and hardware
Heating apparatus (except electric)
and plumbers’ supplies_______ _ .
Fabricated structural metal products
Metal stamping, coating, and engraving
Lighting fixtures________________
Fabricated wire products............ ............
Miscellaneous fabricated metal products.
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
882.0
___
875.5
51.3
111.0
878.4
53.1
109.0
868.6
52.5
107 2
886.5
51.0
111. 4
882.9
49.3
113 4
889.4
50.2
114.9
898.0
48.3
118.5
902.4
47.5
121.2
903.7
46.8
123.2
907.8
46.2
124.1
910.5
46.3
122.9
910.3
51 2
119.6
83.7
251.4
176.6
41.8
47.7
112.0
86.7
249.7
179.7
40. 9
48.1
111.2
83.7
247.7
181.0
39.8
48.1
108.6
85. 2
249. 7
187.8
40. 2
48.8
112.4
85.3
243 4
189 1
40.6
49.2
112.6
85.1
239 5
193 9
41.4
50.7
113.7
84 5
239 6
199 6
42 0
51 3
114.2
84 5
237 6
202 6
42 7
52 5
113.8
83 5
235 5
205 2
42 7
53 6
113 !2
86
235
206
43
54
89 6
235 8
206 5
42 9
53 8
112 ! 7
93
236
202
42
4
8
0
2
1
11¿0
888.4
50.5
120.3
5
94 1
8 226 1
2 193 9
8
40 7
53 Q 51 2
111.2 11Ï! 6
893.6
51.0
126.5
98
209
203
41
9
0
5
7
50 9
112 ! 1
1520
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, DECEMBER 1957
T able A-3: Production workers in mining and manufacturing industries 1—Continued
[In thousands]
1957
Industry
1956
Annual
average
______
Oct. 2 Sept.2
Aug.
July
June
M ay
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
N ov.
Oct.
1956
1955
Manufacturing—Continued
Machinery (except electrical)___________1 , 159 .8 1,185. 3 1,180.3 1, 206.6 1,238.6 1,255. 4 1,277.3 1,291.1 1, 294.4 1, 287.4 1,277.2 1, 262.3 1,254. 6 1, 267.9 1,178.6
Engines and turbines____ _____ ______ ______
57.4
59.2
57.1
56.9
60.5
59.5
61.3
62.3
61.9
62.8
61.7
61.2
57.9
53.4
Agricultural machinery and tractors__ ______
100.0 100.1 101.4 104.3 106.5 111.8 114.3 112.4 107.8 103.2
98.6
92.9 108.0 114.4
Construction and mining m a c h in e r y ..._____
105.8 106.2 107.7 109.1 110.8 112.5 112.6 114.4 112.6 112.4 110.7 112.1 111.1
96.2
Metalworking m achinery....................... .............. 207.5 207.9 213.9 220.2 222.6 224.3 225.7 224.4 223.5 222.5 220.5 218.5 217.2 200.9
Special-industry machinery (except
metalworking machinery)__________ ______
123.3 121.0 124.3 127.9 128.0 128.4 129.7 130.2 132.0 132.5 132.8 132.4 133.5 127.0
General industrial machinery________ ______
170.3 169.2 172.6 174.1 174.5 175.8 178.3 178.6 178.7 178.5 178.3 177.5 174.3 159.6
Office and store machines and d e v ic e s.._____
97.2
92.7
99.8 100.2 101.2 100.5
92.9
98.5
92.7
98.5
97.9
96.7
94.2
85.4
Service-industry and household ma
chines____________________________ ______
119.2 118.4 127.4 133.4 140.6 146.4 149.6 152.0 150.8 148.2 145 6 148.0 157.4 143.7
Miscellaneous machinery parts_______ ______
209.4 207.4 209.5 213.2 214.4 217.8 219.4 218.9 219.6 218.6 216.2 215.3 214.3 198.0
Electrical machinery................. ................... 877.9 881.2 861.1 847.5 854.9 847.3 853.0 869.4 876.7 884.4 900.1 912.9 908.4 871.3 822.0
Electrical generating, transmission, dis
tribution, and industrial apparatus...
283.4 278.9 280.9 286.7 290.1 294.2 299.2 301.8 304.9 307.4 307.5 309.8 297.3 270.1
Electrical appliances_________________
37.2
35.6
35.9
38.7
35.3
36.6
39.9
41.1
41.1
41.6
42.0
42.7
41.8
37.3
Insulated wire and cable_____________
20.1
19.9
20.0
19.9
19.9
19.8
20.6
20.9
21.5
21.7
21.5
21.5
20.8
18.2
Electrical equipment for vehicles_____
58.2
57.6
56.3
56.5
59.5
55.8
63.2
63.9
64.3
63.6
62.4
59.5
59.0
65.6
Electric lamps______________________
24.5
24.3
24.5
24.5
24.7
24.8
24.7
24.8
24.9
24.8
25.1
25.1
23.9
23.2
Communication equipment__________
420.5 409.2 393.7 394.2 384.6 380.3 386.5 389.0 392.3 404.5 417.5 413.1 392.0 371.5
Miscellaneous electrical products_____
36.4
37.3
36.1
37.1
35.7
35.6
35.2
35.3
35.4
36.5
36.9
36.7
36.5
36.1
Transportation equipment___________
1, 337.4 1, 262.3 1,363.0 1,373.0 1, 415.2 1, 434. 8 1, 446.0 1,474.3 1,482. 2 1,480.8 1,477.8 1,438.4 1, 354.1 1,358.3 1,407.7
Motor vehicles and equipment*_____
517.2 610.3 602.6 632.4 651.9 663.0 689.2 699.8 709.7 714.6 693.7 627.6 651.8 746.4
Aircraft and parts...................................
559.3 573.5 585.0 593.9 598.3 601.6 603.1 602.6 595.2 589.2 579.2 564.0 540.8 506.6
Aircraft___________ ______________
340.4 351.4 357.8 363.2 366.8 366.5 367.2 367.3 362.6 358.0 351.9 343.0 329.8 319.3
Aircraft engines and parts___ ____
102.6 104.5 109.0 112.3 113.2 116.8 117.9 117.6 116.0 115.1 112.8 109.7 104.4
95.3
Aircraft propellers and parts______
14.0
14.2
13.9
14.4
14.1
13.9
13.9
13.6
13.3
13.2
12.4
12.8
11.3
9.4
Other aircraft parts and equipm ent...
102.3 103.7 103.8 104.2 104.4 104.2 104.1 104.1 103.3 102.9 101.7
98.9
95.3
82.6
Ship and boat building and repairing.
126.3 124.7 125.5 128.0 125.8 123.2 124.9 122.3 119.8 118.2 113.1 108.4 110.5 105.7
Shipbuilding and repairing_______
113.1 111.6 111.4 111.9 109.1 106.3 107.8 105.4 103.5 102.6
94.4
98.5
94.1
86.6
Boatbuilding and repairing...........
13.2
14.1
13.1
16.1
16.9
16.7
17.1
16.9
16.3
15.6
14.6
14.0
16.4
19.1
Railroad e q u ip m e n t............................
50.5
45.6
52.0
52.7
50.5
50.8
49.6
50.1
49.5
48.7
43.6
44.9
47.0
41.7
Other transportation equipment____
9.0
8.9
8.2
7.9
7.7
8.0
7.5
7.4
6.6
7.1
9.2
8.8
8.2
7.3
In s tru m e n ts a n d re la te d p ro d u c ts _______
224.1 225.7 225.2 220.6 224.0 226.1 229.5 230.6 230.2 231.4 233.3 234.6 234.4 230.3 223.8
L a b o ra to ry , scientific, a n d engineering
in s tru m e n ts ____ _____ ______________________
M ech an ical m e asu rin g a n d controlling
in s tru m e n ts _______ _____ ___________________
O p tic al in s tru m e n ts a n d len ses_______________
S urgical, m ed ical, a n d d e n ta l in s tru
m e n ts ______________________________________
O p h th a lm ic g o o d s ... .................................. ..............
P h o to g ra p h ic a p p a r a t u s . . ........................................
W a tch es a n d clocks...................................... ..............
M iscellaneous m a n u fa c tu rin g in d u s trie s .. 406.3
Jew elry , silverw are, a n d p la te d w a re __________
M u sic a l in s tru m e n ts a n d p a r ts ................ ...............
T o y s a n d sp o rtin g goods...........................................
P en s, pencils, o th e r office su p p lie s ____________
O o stu m e je w e lry , b u tto n s , n o tio n s ____________
F a b ric a te d p la stics p r o d u c t s ...................................
O th e r m a n u fa c tu rin g in d u s trie s _______________
39.9
41.0
42.0
42.2
42.3
44.3
42.3
42.6
42.2
41.9
41.9
41.5
39.1
34.0
58.1
10.2
57.7
10.1
57.7
10.2
58.3
10.2
58.5
10.2
58.5
10.4
60.6
10.5
59.5
10.6
61.0
10.5
61.6
10.5
61.9
10.5
61.6
10.5
59.9
10.6
58.5
10.6
28.4
19.0
43.7
26.4
28.0
18.7
43.9
25.8
28.4
18.3
43.5
20.5
29.0
18.7
43.5
22.1
29.1
18.8
42.9
24.3
29.4
18.9
42.9
25.1
29.3
19.2
43.2
25.5
29.2
19.3
43.5
25.5
28.9
19.3
43.7
25.8
28.8
19.5
44.1
26.9
28.8
19.6
44.3
27.6
28.5
19.9
44.2
28.2
28.5
20.3
43.9
28.0
27.6
20.0
43.3
29.8
405.3
39.6
15.1
81.5
24.7
51.4
70.2
122.8
394.9
38.0
14.5
79.6
24.7
50.5
68.3
119.3
369.4
35.7
13.7
69.7
23.5
45.7
65.8
115.3
386.1
36.8
14.0
74.5
24.0
47.6
69.2
120.0
382.7
36.7
14.3
73.4
23.2
46.6
68.8
119.7
382.3
37.1
14.4
70.1
23.2
47.5
68.9
121.1
382.0
38.2
14.9
66.2
23.1
48.5
71.2
119.9
380.7
39.6
15.1
64.7
23.0
48.5
71.4
118.4
379.0
40.0
15.2
62.1
23.1
48.9
71.4
118.3
401.0
41.1
16.0
70.8
24.0
50.1
72.8
126.2
418.8
41.3
16.1
82.7
24.7
51.6
73.5
128.9
427.2
42.0
15.9
88.7
25.0
53.3
72.9
129.4
403.5
40.6
15.5
78.3
23.8
51.7
69. 5
124.1
395.9
42.0
15.1
73.0
22.8
53.9
66.4
122.7
1 For coverage of the series and comparability of data with those published
in issues prior to July 1957, see footnote 1, table A-2.
Production and related workers include working foremen and all nonsupervisory workers (including leadmen and trainees) engaged in fabricating,
processing, assembling, inspection, receiving, storage, handling, packing,
warehousing, shipping, maintenance, repair, janitorial, watchman services,
product development, auxiliary production for plant’s own use (e. g., power
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
plant), and recordkeeping and other services closely associated with the
aforementioned production operations.
2 Preliminary; subject to revision without notation.
3 See footnote 3, table A-2.
4 See footnote 4, table A-2.
»Formerly titled “ Automobiles.” Data not aflected.
S ource: U. S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics.
A: EMPLOYMENT AND PAYROLLS
1521
T able A^4: Indexes of production-worker employment and weekly payrolls in manufacturing1
[1947-49=100]
Period
1939:
1940:
1941:
1942:
1943:
1944:
1945:
1946:
1947:
1948:
1949:
Average. . . ________
Average.. __________
Average_____________
A v e r a g e __ __________
Average. ___________
Average . __________
Average___ __________
Average. ___________
Average .........................
Average_____________
Average ................. .
Employ
ment
W eekly
payrolls
66.2
71.2
87.9
103.9
121.4
118.1
104.0
97.9
103.4
102.8
93.8
29.9
34.0
49.3
72.2
99.0
102.8
87.8
81.2
97.7
105.1
97.2
Period
1950:
1951:
1952:
1953:
1954:
1955:
1956:
Employ
ment
Average. ___________
Average_____________
Average_____________
Average_____________
Average. ______ _____
Average_____________
Average...........................
1956: October____ _______
N ovem ber.. . ______
December___________
1 For coverage of the series and comparability of data with those published
in issues prior to July 1957, see footnote 1, tables A-2 and A-3.
8 Preliminary.
Period
Weekly
payrolls
99.6
106.4
106.3
111.8
101.8
105.6
106.7
111.7
129.8
136.6
151.4
137. 7
152.9
161.4
108.9
108.3
107.9
169.0
168.2
171.4
Em ploy Weekly
ment
payrolls
January ___________
February____________
M arch..’_____________
April__ _____________
M ay______ ______ ___
June________________
July_________________
August .
September 2_________
October2_______ _____
106.3
106.0
105.8
104.8
104.2
104.7
103.4
105.3
104.9
104.3
165.5
165.0
164.3
161.5
161.0
163.8
160.5
164.7
164.9
161.9
N oth: For a description of these series, see Techniques of Preparing Major
BLS Statistical Series, BLS Bull. 1168 (1954).
Source: U. S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics.
T able A-5: Government civilian employment and Federal military personnel1
[In thousands]
1957
Item
Sept.
T o ta l c iv ilia n e m p lo y
ment 8_____ _____ _______ 7,383
Aug.
7,157
July
7,157
June
7,343
M ay
7,361
1956
Apr.
7,351
Mar.
7,335
Feb.
7,334
Jan.
7,302
Dec.
7,589
N ov.
7,334
Annual average
Oct.
7,290
Sept.
7,203
1956
7,178
2,212
2, 211
2,202
Federal employment______ 2,180
2,219
2,205
2,203
2,209
2,200
2,196
2,483
2,202
2,196
2,201
E x ec u tiv e ..... .................. 2,152.9 2,184. 7 2,192.0 2,184.4 2,175. 8 2,178. 6 2,176. 5 2,173.3 2,170.1 2,456. 2 2,174. 7 2,175.9 2,169.1 2,183.1
Department of Defense....................... 995.5 1,018.1 1,023.4 1,023.0 1,021.1 1, 025. 2 1,028. 7 1,031. 7 1,033. 5 1,034.8 1, 037.5 1, 041.0 1,038. 8 1, 034.1
Post Office Depart523.7
521.9
m e n t.. ________
521.4
518.7
522.3
521.8
521.9
520.4
519.1
518.9
511.4
535.3
805.3
514.0
632.4
644.7
647.2
642.7
Other agencies_____ 633.7
631.6
625.9
621.3
618.9
617.6
616.1
618.3
620.9
613.7
22.1
22.3
22.3
21.9
Legislative .....................
22.3
21.9
22.0
21.9
21.9
21.8
22.0
22.0
22.1
22.1
4.6
4.6
Judicial________ ______
4.6
4.6
4.5
4.5
4.5
4.5
4.5
4.4
4.4
4.4
4.3
4.5
District of Columbia 3___
Executive..... ............ .......
Department of Defense
Post Office Departm e n t __ ________
Other agencies_____
Legislative __________
Judicial ....................... ...
State and local employment A .................................
State ________________
Local_________________
Education____________
Other_______ _________
231.5
210.6
235.4
214.3
237.0
215.9
236.3
215.2
232.1
211.3
232.8
212.0
232.9
212.0
232.5
211.6
232.2
211.4
85.3
87.3
88.3
88.2
87.0
87.3
87.4
87.5
9.0
116.3
20.2
.7
8.9
118.1
20.4
.7
8.8
118.8
20.4
.7
8.9
118.1
20.4
.7
8.9
115.4
20.1
.7
9.0
115.7
20.1
.7
8.9
115.7
20.2
.7
8.9
115.2
20.2
.7
5,203
1,330.9
3, 871.6
2,293. 5
2,909.0
4,945
1, 288. 7
3, 656.3
1, 988. 9
2, 956.1
4,938
1, 298. 5
3, 639.8
1,982.3
2, 956.0
5,132
1,340.3
3, 791.3
2,216. 5
2, 915.1
5,159
1, 344. 7
3,814.2
2,342. 6
2, 816.3
5,146
1,340. 7
3, 804.9
2,350. 8
2,794. 8
5,132
1,333.4
3, 798. 6
2, 351.0
2, 781.0
2,819
2,839
2,826
2,820
2,821
2,821
Total military personnel *___ 2,787
Army________________
Air F o rce... _________
N avy ______ __________
Marine Corps ...............
Coast Guard. .................
980.3
916.7
662.2
197.4
30.4
992.4 1,001.3
922.2
920.8
674.7
685.5
199.1
200.7
30.5
30.5
998.0 1,000.2 1,001.1 1,001. 2
916.4
919.8
914.2
914.8
677.1
675.9
678.0
678.3
200.9
197.4
198.1
197.7
29.9
29. 5
29.3
29.7
1 For comparability of data with those published in issues prior to July
1957, see footnote 1, table A-2.
Data for Federal establishments relate to persons who worked on, or
received pay for, the last day of the month. Those for State and local govern
ment relate to employees who worked during, or received pay for, any part
of the pay period ending nearest the 15th of the month.
Because of rounding, the sums of individual items may not equal totals.
* Data refer to the continental United States only.
* Includes all Federal civilian employment in Washington Standard M et
ropolitan Area (District of Columbia and adjacent Maryland and Virginia
counties).
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1955
6,914
2,187
2,161. 7
1,027.9
530.0
603.8
21.6
4.1
239.4
218.5
231.4
210.4
231.2
210.1
230.3
209.2
231.2
210.3
230.1
209.6
88.0
88.0
88.1
88.3
88.2
88.6
89.3
8.9
114.5
20.1
.7
16.8
113.7
20.2
.7
8.8
113.5
20.3
.7
8.7
113.1
20.4
.7
8.6
112.4
20.4
.7
9.3
112.4
20.2
.7
9.3
111.0
19.8
.7
5,134
1,328. 5
3,805. 9
2,345. 5
2, 788. 9
5,106
1,323.9
3, 782. 3
2, 313. 9
2, 792. 3
5,106
1, 321. 5
3, 784. 7
2, 314. 3
2, 791.9
5,133
1,322. 7
3, 810. 2
2, 316. 4
2,816. 5
5,088
1, 319. 2
3, 769.0
2, 283.0
2,805.2
5,007
1, 279. 4
3, 728.0
2,159. 8
2,847. 6
4,969
1, 281. 5
3, 687. 3
2,178. 6
2, 790. 2
4,727
1, 215.4
3, 511. 2
2,060. 8
2, 665.8
2,817
2,816
2,809
2,827
2,829
2,824
2,848
3,024
997.3
915.3
676.4
198.9
29.1
993.4
918.4
676.0
199.6
29.0
992.3 1,002. 4 1,004.1 1,005. 6 1,030.1
918.3
911.5
916.1
914.6
916.0
672.7
673.1
675.0
677.7
676.9
202.1
200.4
200.8
202.8
201.5
28.6
28.7
28.8
28.8
28.8
1,165. 8
955.3
668.8
205.9
28.6
4 Excludes, as nominal employees, elected officials of small local units and
paid volunteer firemen.
* Data refer to the continental United States and elsewhere.
Source: Federal civilian employment, U. S. Civil Service Commission;
State and local government employment, U. S. Department of Labor, Bureau
of Labor Statistics; military personnel, U. S. Department of Defense, Office
of the Secretary.
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, DECEMBER 1957
1522
T able A-6: Employees in nonagricultural establishments for selected States 1
[In thousands]
1957
A n n u a l average
1956
■’ S ta te
S ept.
A ug.
J u ly
Ju n e
M ay
A p r.
M a r.
F eb .
Jan.
D ec.
N ov.
O ct.
S ep t.
1956
1955
737.4
734.4
739. 3
740.9
740.8
734.7
733.0
736.0
A la b a m a _______________ . .
734.8
739.0
744.8
738.5
739.0
720. 7
262. 8
A r iz o n a 2___________ _____
268.2
264.9
265. 7
265.7
265.5
266.7
265.8
262.5
259.6
257. 7
253.8
250. 9
246. 4
328.0
326.1
A rk an sas __________ ___
338.0
333.7
332.2
332. 5
331.1
321. 6
322.5
333. 8
334.1
335.0
327.9
334.8
C alifo rn ia------ --------------------- 4, 577. 7 4, 541. 4 4, 494. 7 4,511.0 4, 461. 6 4, 434. 9 4, 403.3 4, 392.3 4, 387. 0 4, 548.2 4, 469. 0 4, 486. 2 4, 475. 8 4,348. 0
454.1
484.1
481.4
478.9
468.3
458.1
454.9
452.3
455.6
469.0
466.5
472.2
473.2
C o lo ra d o ____________ _____
456.7
690.8
221.2
317.5
4, 087. 5
433.2
917.9
931.2
913.3
918.5
929.7
922.1
909.9
904.9
901.9
C o n n e c tic u t_______
930.3
914.7
912.2
910.4
903.8
154.3
150.8
150.2
D e la w a re 2. . . -------------------152.2
153.8
151.2
148.6
147.5
148.5
155. 4
155.1
154.7
159.1
153.8
505.4
509.0
509.9
505.6
503.2
501. 8
D is tric t of C o lu m b ia _______
508.8
510.3
500.8
516.5
505. 7
503.2
501.1
500.9
F lo r id a ____________________ 1, 097. 8 1, 085. 0 1,081. 6 1, 098. 4 1,109. 4 1,132. 7 1, 140. 4 1.141.0 1,133.6 1,128. 6 1, 079. 2 1, 039. 0 1,015.2 1, 044. 0
971.4
980.6
977.9
970.6
974.8
968.1
970.9
G e o r g i a . ---------------------------970.1
967.8
995.9
985.3
982.9
980.3
971.1
869.3
141.4
494.6
951.0
936.7
151.4
139.9
136. 0
149.3
149.7
148.1
142.8
134.6
137.3
145.4
146. 6
Id a h o 2---- ------------------------149.9
154.3
144.3
Illin o is-------- ------------- ----- 3, 532. 6 3,514.2 3,487. 7 3, 514. 5 3, 495.1 3, 500. 2 3,481. 9 3, 470. 3 3, 466. 3 3, 579. 9 3, 538. 8 3, 538. 5 3, 528.4 3.498. 8
In d ia n a ____________________ 1, 414. 8 1.412.4 1, 406. 3 1,411.7 1, 406. 9 1, 404.3 1, 399. 9 1, 393.2 1, 393. 5 1, 435. 3 1, 422. 9 1, 427. 0 1,424.2 1,413.2
137.5
3, 392. 7
Iowa--- ---------------Kansas 2____________
Louisiana_______ ..
___. . .
Maine .
Maryland-------Massachusetts 2---- __
Michigan___________
Minnesota 2_____ . . .
Mississippi _______ ...
Missouri_________ ...
Montana. __________
Nebraska. ---------------Nevada 2------ ----------New Hampshire 2___ .
New Jersey__________
New Mexico__________
New York_________ ...
North Carolina________
North Dakota________
Ohio_______________
Oklahoma....... ...............
Oregon_____________
Pennsylvania_________
Rhode Island_________
South Carolina_______
South Dakota________
Tennessee__ _ ______
Texas______________
Utah_______________
Vermont____________
Virginia_____________
Washington__________
West Virginia 2________
Wisconsin_______ ___
Wyoming 2___________
653.5
552.3
1, 393.2
641.3
547.5
783.9
771.6
775.5
783.0
778.8
781.1
768.3
767.3
767.3
787.8
776.1
769.7
765.6
756.1
266.2
283.7
289.2
288.6
287.0
273.8
268.0
271.6
273.3
284.4
283.7
287.2
289.3
281.7
886. 5
873. 5
866. 7
871.3
878.6
878.2
884.0
863. 2
862.1
897.1
888.2
883.7
885.1
863.0
1,850. 5 1, 852.1 1, 842.9 1, 859. 7 1, 845. 6 1, 842. 3 1, 822. 7 1,817.0 1, 817. 5 1, 893. 5 1. 859. 7 1, 862.2 1, 858.1 1, 845. 5
2, 269.1 2, 338. 0 2,334. 0 2, 365. 6 2,393. 4 2, 409. 9 2,423. 0 2,432. 0 2, 441. 4 2, 514. 5 2,482. 9 2, 452.3 2, 366. 6 2,437.9
711.1
3 274. 4
824.6
1, 800. 3
2, 479.2
939.4
918.3
892.6
951.8
933.9
909.6
876.0
873.3
874.2
917.4
918.6
930.5
940.3
899.7
370.2
362.1
361.4
363.7
361.0
359.6
360.8
361. 5
362.8
374.3
372.1
370.8
372.0
365.3
1,296. 8 1, 287. 9 1, 287. 5 1, 289. 4 1,283.9 1, 285.2 1, 287. 5 1, 280. 0 1, 279. 3 1, 322. 7 1, 301. 7 1. 299. 4 1,294. 5 1, 293.1
175.5
176.8
176.9
168.6
163.0
158.6
174.8
157.8
159.0
165. 2
167.9
173.6
176.9
166.7
359.8
355.3
352.1
355.8
358.3
353.5
349.0
358.4
346.1
343.0
359.0
361.2
359.7
356.9
872.0
355. 5
1, 277. 6
159.8
355.5
90.1
91.9
92.0
90.4
84.7
84.2
87.7
84.1
82.7
82.6
84.4
85.5
88.4
85.2
188.8
191.4
188.9
182.9
182.5
188.8
180.8
180.1
184. 7
180.1
184.2
186.7
187.9
183.6
1, 926. 0 1,934.3 1, 928. 8 1, 928. 6 1,913.1 1, 904.1 1, 904. 0 1, 893. 7 1, 895. 3 1, 957. 7 1, 944. 6 1, 940. 7 1, 942. 9 1, 918. 4
207.2
208. 7
205.3
202.0
199.0
205.8
202.7
196.8
196.7
202.3
200.5
200.4
197.4
193.6
6, 096.1 6, 070. 0 6, 032. 6 6, 045. 0 6, 023. 8 6, 019. 6 5, 989. 5 5, 961.4 5, 986.2 6, 233.2 6,171. 6 6,168.6 6,130.9 6,063. 8
84.0
180.2
1, 863. 7
181.6
5, 942.0
1,107.5 1, 092. 4 1. 074.9 1, 079. 2 1. 080. 6 1, 083. 7 1, 080. 8 1, 082.2 1, 090. 4 1,117.4 1,112. 5 1, 107.3 1.103. 7 1, 091. 5
124.3
122.9
122.4
121.2
119.3
115.3
111. 1
110.3
111.4
116.7
122.0
122.4
118.8
116.5
3,150. 2 3,142. 0 3,134. 6 3,153.1 3,146.4 3,130. 9 3,130. 0 3,124. 2 3,126. 8 3,233. 3 3, 194. 6 3, 203.2 3,195.9 3,153.6
574.8
574.9
567.4
572.8
571.5
566.3
566.6
566.7
567.0
577.4
576.3
575.8
577.7
572.7
512.9
511.3
505.8
506.2
490.5
480.2
467.1
464.0
466.3
487.9
509.5
493.5
524.0
492.8
1,049.1
113.5
3, 086.3
559.8
472.6
3, 811. 9 3, 802. 7 3, 792. 5 3,826. 2 3, 800. 5 3, 796. 4 3, 771. 3 3, 763. 6 3, 765. 7 3, 895. 7 3,855.3 3, 855. 8 3. 832.3 3. 777. 2
285.9
284.4
283.4
285.2
283.0
285.3
283.3
286.1
282.6
296.3
294.4
295.7
296. 7
294. 7
533.6
532.2
534.5
527.9
528.0
531.8
532.1
531.8
531. 4
542.8
535. 9
535.5
536.4
534.1
126.9
127.5
125.2
128.7
128.0
123.2
121.0
121.1
121.9
125.7
129.9
131.9
131.8
127.2
857.1
852.4
850.8
853.6
854.5
854.5
850.1
845.9
849.2
874.8
864.8
868.2
869.9
859.8
3, 700. 7
293.9
524.7
124.4
3 847.2
2, 493. 5 2, 489.1 2, 486. 8 2, 482. 6 2, 461.1 2, 456. 4 2, 445. 6 2,437. 4 2, 431.3 2, 497. 4 2, 458. 7 2, 450.3 2,442.3 2. 412.2
250.3
244.8
235.3
244.8
240.6
238.8
231.6
227.6
228.5
239.1
237.9
241.7
247.2
233.9
104.7
109.2
108.1
105.0
103.2
102.3
102.1
102.1
102.7
105.2
104.1
106.1
107.0
105.0
1,022.2 1, 013. 5 1, 009. 7 1,012.6 1. 007. 0 1, 002. 5
990.5
983.9 1,011.6
999. 6
985.8
997.0
989.5
972.4
820.8
800.6
828.0
822.0
817.0
786.2
776.4
761.8
768.4
794.2
790.4
799.6
804.9
771.8
2, 302.7
223.3
101. 9
920.4
756.4
503.3
502.4
494. 8
498.0
500.4
497.9
492.3
486. 6
488.3
509.3
504.6
502.2
498.7
494.8
1,162. 6 1,162.1 1,161.4 1,144. 4 1,135.7 1,129.7 1,122. 9 1,121.0 1,119. 6 1,158. 6 1,147.7 1,155.7 1,170.8 1,136. 4
92.5
96.8
85.5
95.8
93.1
81.5
80.1
82.8
80.8
85.8
85.8 89.1
93.4
87.8
473.3
1,103.5
85.8
663.8
437.1
656.2
433.4
655.7
433.4
660.4
429.1
655.5
426.4
654.9
422.6
1Data for earlier years are available upon request to the Bureau of Labor
Statistics or to the cooperating State agency. State agencies also make
available more detailed industry data. See table A-7 for addresses of co
operating State agencies.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
648.3
416.9
644.1
411.0
644.2
408.8
664.5
559.2
657.6
554.0
665.2
554.5
667.3
556.9
2Revised series; not comparable with data previously published.
3Not strictly comparable with data shown for later years,
1528
A: EMPLOYMENT AND PAYROLLS
T able A -7 : Employees in manufacturing industries by States 1
[In thousands]
1956
1957
State
Alabama_________________
Arizona2
______________
Arkansas. _______________
California________________
Colorado_________________
Connecticut. ____________
Delaware 2_____ ________
District of Columbia___. . .
Florida___________________
Georgia__________________
Idaho 2____ ____________
Illinois___________________
Indiana__________________
Iow a ... _________________
Kansas2 . . . ____________
K entucky. ______________
Louisiana------------------------M aine____________________
Maryland. _____________
M assachusetts____________
Michigan_________ _______
M innesota2_______
___
M ississippi_______________
M issouri... ______________
M ontana_________________
Nebraska_________________
N evad a2. _______________
New Ham pshire2_________
N ew Jersey_______________
N ew Mexico______________
N ew York________________
North Carolina___________
North D akota____________
Ohio_____________________
Oklahoma______________ .
_______________
Oregon.
Pennsylvania_____________
Rhode Island_______ ___
South Carolina_________ _
South Dakota. __________
Tennessee________________
Texas____________________
U tah... __________ _____ _
Verm ont.. ...........................
Virginia. ________________
Washington. ____________
West Virginia.. _________
W isconsin. _______ . . . .
W yom ing2 ___ ______ . .
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
M ay
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
1956
245.8
39.7
88.9
1, 290. 8
78.3
427.4
62.0
16. 7
158. 0
328.9
28. 1
1, 268. 6
601. 7
166.9
131. 5
166.3
150.3
108.3
274.0
689.3
920.4
236. 6
108.9
393.4
22.0
57.5
5.3
83.5
800. 1
21.4
1, 918. 7
483. 6
6.4
1,315.3
87.6
147.8
1, 511.8
120.3
227. 6
11.7
292.3
486.0
40. 2
36. 2
264.8
239.3
132. 5
466.1
7 1
248.1
40.0
88.4
1, 303. 8
76. 2
413.7
63.0
16.6
155.8
328.9
27. 7
1, 263. 0
603.4
167.6
132.4
168.5
149. 1
110. 9
274.8
685.0
992.9
233. 5
108. 1
393. 9
22.2
57. 7
5.4
83.8
803.0
21.5
1, 899. 7
475.6
6. 5
1, 314. 0
87.1
153.1
1, 513. 7
118.8
228.4
11.8
293.7
489.0
37. 5
36. 9
261. 7
237.9
131. 5
465.6
7. 3
243. 7
41.0
87.7
1, 259. 4
75.9
419. 5
61. 5
16.6
154.8
326.3
27.3
1, 245. 5
598. 7
165.7
130.9
165.0
147. 8
109.8
272. 1
676.1
988.3
232.4
107.6
394.3
22.3
57. 1
5.6
82. 1
794.6
20.4
1,847. 8
457. 7
6.7
1, 309. 9
86.9
149.6
1, 501. 7
115. 9
224.4
11.9
290.0
488.8
38.3
36. 2
256.8
240.0
126. 7
467.0
7. 1
245.7
40.8
88. 5
1, 246. 8
72.3
430.6
62. 2
16. 5
159. 7
326.4
26. 2
1. 259. 6
601.5
166.0
129.3
166. 5
149. 7
110.6
275.3
694.4
1, 007. 4
222. 7
106.9
394.5
21. 7
57.0
5.6
83.9
803.2
20.9
1, 862. 8
460.6
6. 5
1, 323. 9
86.9
150.3
1, 516. 0
118.6
224.9
11.7
291.8
487.8
34.8
36.6
258. 5
237. 1
129. 9
452.0
6. 5
245.0
39.9
88. 5
1, 238. 4
72.5
430.8
61.3
16.5
161. 2
327.7
24.1
1, 256.1
600.5
164.6
128. 5
165.4
147. 5
102.0
273. 5
693.3
1, 034.1
221.0
104. 3
390.2
20.4
56.3
5.4
82.3
797. 2
20.3
1, 860. 3
458.8
6.3
1, 329. 7
86.4
140.6
1, 509. 3
117.6
226.4
11.2
292.9
486. 0
34.3
36.8
256. 7
226 7
128. 7
450.3
6 3
242.9
39.3
87.9
1, 236. 0
72.4
434.6
60.4
16. 5
162.7
329.9
23.0
1, 272.1
604.8
166.9
128. 1
164.5
147. 2
99.6
274.4
700. 6
1,057.3
219.8
106. 9
391.0
19. 7
55.7
5.4
84.8
794. 7
20.0
1,887. 8
463 0
6.3
1, 335. 7
85.8
134.3
1, 512.0
118.3
228. 1
11.2
294. 2
484.3
34.2
37. 5
258.3
215. 5
128. 7
454.0
6. 2
243.8
38.7
86.3
1, 229. 6
72.2
436.5
60. 2
16.4
164.1
331.4
22.1
1, 282.1
609. 1
168.8
127. 7
166.9
146.5
103.3
275.0
704.6
1,087. 5
219.0
106. 5
395. 5
19.4
55. 7
5. 5
84.4
815.9
19. 5
1, 912. 4
464.3
6.2
1, 359. 5
89.1
126.6
1, 516. 5
119. 9
228. 5
11.2
294. 8
484. 5
33. 7
37.8
257.6
214.4
126. 4
457. 7
6 0
243.1
38.2
85.6
1, 222. 7
72. 2
436. 5
59.4
16.4
165.1
332.0
22.4
1, 284. 9
609.9
167. 7
126. 7
168. 2
147. 7
107.0
275.4
707.8
1,102. 7
219.0
107.4
393.2
19.4
55.3
5. 5
84.3
818. 0
19.6
1,911. 2
467.3
6. 1
1, 369. 8
89. 7
125.1
1, 522. 3
121.2
229.4
11. 2
293. 5
483. 8
33 3
38. 1
258. 7
208.3
125. 7
457. 9
6 1
244.9
37.9
85.9
1, 219. 1
73.6
437.4
59. 5
16. 2
164.4
334.8
24. 2
1, 286. 8
612.0
168.0
126.2
172.5
146.6
107.0
274.6
705.3
1,110. 2
218.1
106. 5
392. 5
20.2
56. 1
5. 5
83. 6
814. 2
19.6
1,913.4
471. 7
6. 2
1, 374. 8
90.3
124.8
1, 522. 5
125.0
229. 9
11. 2
294.9
480.1
33. 9
38. 8
259.7
208.0
128 9
458. 5
6.3
246.2
37.8
87.0
1, 233. 8
75. 7
438.3
60. 5
16. 5
163.0
337.2
25.8
1, 294. 9
616. 5
169.5
127.6
175.7
152.6
108.3
276.4
715. 1
1, 116.0
222.1
106. 7
393.8
21.1
57.8
5.6
83.0
821.4
19.9
1, 956. 9
476.8
6.3
1, 380. 7
91.0
132.6
1, 532. 9
126.3
229.8
11.7
297.6
479. 3
35 8
39.0
262.3
211.6
130.6
462. 6
6 9
246.8
37.3
89. 2
1, 239. 0
76.5
435.1
60.3
16.4
157.6
337.7
27.9
1, 297. 3
613.4
168.3
126.3
169.9
155. 1
110.3
279.1
712.4
1,105. 4
222. 7
108. 5
391. 0
21.8
58. 1
5.6
83. 7
823. 7
19.8
1, 972. 7
481.8
6.6
1, 368. 2
92.0
141.1
1, 534. 2
127. 2
230.2
12.0
299. 7
479. 8
36. 5
38. 5
264.6
213.0
132.4
460. 5
7. 1
248.4
36. 7
90. 7
1, 269. 8
77.3
434.4
58.5
16. 4
148. 2
336.7
29. 2
1, 299. 3
615. 3
170. 2
123.8
169. 5
152. 1
112.3
279.0
713.5
1,065. 5
224. 7
109.0
388.8
22.8
59. 1
5. 7
83. 5
823. 1
20.0
1, 982. 0
479.4
6.6
1,378. 8
91.8
152.4
1. 540. 9
128. 3
231. 1
12.0
301.6
478. 5
38. 5
38.9
266.7
218.3
131.3
466. 2
7. 3
248.2
36.6
91.3
1, 267. 8
75. 5
434.4
61.8
16. 2
144.3
337.0
30.9
1,300. 1
609.8
171. 5
124. 5
169.5
150.7
112.6
279. 2
707. 7
989. 5
233. 1
108. 6
386.4
22.5
57.8
5.8
83.2
824.9
19.9
1, 963. 1
479.6
6. 7
1, 364. 8
91.0
162. 2
1, 532. 0
129. 1
232.6
11.7
302. 5
475.8
40. 5
39. 2
264. 1
222. 7
128. 7
480. 5
7. 1
240.8
35.9
89.5
1, 202. 6
71.3
434.0
60. 1
16.2
149.8
335.3
27.0
1, 291. 2
611.4
169.0
124. 2
170.3
149.6
110. 1
269.9
710.6
1,081.0
220.0
107. 4
389.4
21.2
57.9
5.8
83. 1
817.8
19.4
1, 929. 2
471.3
6. 5
1, 360. 9
90.8
147. 1
1, 503. 3
127.8
231.3
11. 7
299.6
471. 9
35.2
38.6
258.3
207. 5
130.1
463.8
6. 7
1 Data for earlier years are available upon request to the Bureau of Labor
Statistics or to the cooperating State agency. State agencies also make
C o o p e r a tin g
Alabama—Department of Industrial Relations, Montgomery 4.
Arizona—Unemployment Compensation Division, Employment Security
Commission, Phoenix.
Arkansas—Employment Security Division, Department of Labor, Little Rock.
California—Division of Labor Statistics and Research, Department of
Industrial Relations, San Francisco 1.
Colorado—U. S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Denver 2.
Connecticut—Employment Security Division, Department of Labor
Hartford 15.
Delaware—Unemployment Compensation Commission, W ilmington 99.
District of Columbia—U. S. Employment Service for D . C., Washington 25.
Florida—Industrial Commission, Tallahassee.
Georgia—Employment Security Agency, Department of Labor, Atlanta 3.
Idaho—Employment Security Agency, Boise.
Illinois—Division of Unemployment Compensation and State Employment
Service, Department of Labor, Chicago 6.
Indiana—Employment Security Division, Indianapolis 25.
Iowa—Employment Security Commission, Des Moines 8.
Kansas—Employment Security Division, Department of Labor, Topeka.
Kentucky—Bureau of Employment Security, Department of Economic
Security, Frankfort.
Louisiana—D ivision of Employment Security, Department of Labor, Baton
Rouge 4.
Maine—Employment Security Commission, Augusta.
Maryland—Department of Employment Security, Baltimore 1.
Massachusetts—D ivision of Statistics, Department of Labor and Industries,
Boston 8.
Michigan—Employment Security Commission, Detroit 2.
Minnesota—Department of Employment Security, St. Paul 1.
Mississippi—Employment Security Commission, Jackson.
Missouri—D ivision of Employment Security, Jefferson City.
Montana—Unemployment Compensation Commission, Helena.
Nebraska—D ivision of Employment Security, Department of Labor,
Lincoln 1.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Annual average
1955
235.4
31.3
85.7
1,121.0
67.1
419. 2
58.3
16. 2
138. 5
331.7
25.2
1, 257. 9
620.2
167.4
126.2
165. 7
149. 5
107.4
259.7
691.8
1,164. 2
210. 2
104.7
383.4
20.4
58. 7
5.7
82.2
800.5
18.1
1,913.0
460.4
6.4
1, 346. 8
87.9
143.3
1, 480. 9
130. 3
229. 8
11.6
292.4
446.4
33.4
36. 5
250.7
202.4
128.6
450.5
6.5
available more detailed industry data.
2 Revised series; not comparable with data previously published.
State Agencies
Nevada—Employment Security Department, Carson City.
New Hampshire—Division of Employment Security, Department of Labor,
Concord.
New Jersey—Bureau of Statistics and Records, Department of Labor and
Industry, Trenton 25.
New Mexico—Employment Security Commission, Albuquerque.
New York—Bureau of Research and Statistics, Division of Employment,
State Department of Labor, 500 Eighth Avenue, New York 18.
North Carolina—Division of Statistics, Department of Labor, Raleigh.
North Dakota—Unemployment Compensation Division, Workmen’s Com
pensation Bureau, Bismarck.
Ohio—Division of Research and Statistics, Bureau of Unemployment
Compensation, Columus 10.
Oklahoma—Employment Security Commission, Oklahoma City 2.
Oregon—Unemployment Compensation Commission, Salem.
Pennsylvania—Bureau of Employment Security, Department of Labor
and Industry, Harrisburg.
Rhode Island—D ivision of Statistics and Census, Department of Labor,
Providence 3.
South Carolina—Employment Security Commission, Columbia 1.
South Dakota—Employment Security Department, Aberdeen.
Tennessee—Department of Employment Security, Nashville 3.
Texas—Employment Commission, Austin 19.
Utah—Department of Employment Security, Industrial Commission,
Salt Lake City 10.
Vermont—Unemployment Compensation Commission, Montpelier.
Virginia—Division of Research and Statistics, Department of Labor and
Industry, Richmond 14.
Washington—Employment Security Department, Olympia.
West Virginia—Department of Employment Security, Charleston 5.
Wisconsin—Statistical Department, Industrial Commission, Madison 3.
Wyoming—Employment Security Commission, Casper.
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, DECEMBER 1957
1524
T able A-8: Insured unemployment under State programs and the program of unemployment compen
sation for Federal employees,1 by geographic division and State
[In thousands]
Sept.
Aug.
July
May
June
Annual average
1956
1957
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
N ov.
Oct.
Sept.
1956
1955
C5on tin entai United States __________ 1,166.7 1,150. 7 1, 284.6 1,251.2 1,349.7 1,475. 4 1, 592. 5 1,730.3 1,737.4 1,285.0 1,013.4
80.7
98.3 113.7 122.9 125.4 136.1 145.9 109.3
95.0
98.2 110.1
N ew "Engl and __
_ ________
7.3
10.0
10.2
10.6
11.7
7.6
13.3
11.0
7.8
7.7
8.8
Maine ____ _____________________
5.9
5.3
5.9
6.9
5.6
5.4
5.3
7.0
6.6
4.9
5.1
N ew Hampshire..................................
1.6
2.2
3.2
2.6
2.7
3.1
2.1
2.0
2.3
2.1
1.9
Vermont _____- ______________
59.4
42.9
72.1
79.9
50.2
64.7
57.2
59.8
53.4
47.6
45.9
Massachusetts__________________
8.9
12.8
19.8
18.9
19.8
14.3
18.9
17.2
17.2
11.0
13.8
Rhode Island- - ________________
14.7
25.9
19.0
24.5
21.2
22.0
18.8
19.5
24.2
20.4
24.0
Connecticut______________ _____ 377.9
292.7
511.9
441.6
481.6
429.4
405.2
390.3
411.6
Middle Atlantic_____________________ 326.7 343.7
132.4 140.7 183.1 183.8 190.5 191.7 195.2 217.8 231.5 176.3 125.6
N ew York______________________
68.2
57.1
91.3 101.5
83.1
71.2
77.2
81.1
63.0
66.7
77.1
N ew J ersey ,....................................... Pennsylvania,...................................... 131.2 136.3 145.1 135.3 143.9 156.5 163.3 172.6 178.9 133.4 110.0
878.4
66.0
4.8
5.1
1.3
34.0
8.2
12.7
988.3
64.8
5.1
6.0
1.2
31.5
8.0
13.0
1,225.2
86.7
8.2
6.4
1.8
41. 7
12.0
16.5
1,269.4
100.9
10.6
6.4
2.9
47.3
12.5
259.5
102.0
50.8
106.7
284.0
114.4
53.3
116.3
370.8
165.4
67.6
137.8
403.5
185. 5
67.1
150.9
21.1
East North C entral_________________
Ohio - _ ____________________
Indiana _______ _____
_____
Illinois. ______________________
M ichigan. _ ___ ____ ___ . __ _ _
W isconsin._____________________
277.8
52.3
26.9
52.7
129.8
16.2
234.4
50.7
26.5
61.1
79.2
16.9
248.7
52.6
28.0
63.1
87.1
17.8
252.3
54.0
28.7
70.5
81.2
17.8
254.8
55.3
31.8
67.0
81.4
19.3
272.3
62.4
33.7
68.1
84.8
23.3
283.8
65.8
33.7
74.9
82.7
26.7
304.2
70.7
41.6
79.6
82.8
29.5
308.5
69.1
43.8
85.3
80.4
30.0
228.3
51.4
29.3
56.0
67.8
23.9
193.0
38.4
24.4
51.4
58.9
19.8
195.4
30.7
23.0
45.8
83.8
12.2
274.0
35.2
29.5
53.9
142.7
12.6
257.5
47.5
31.3
59. 6
100.0
19.0
221.1
48.9
23.7
78.3
51.8
18.4
West North Central_________________
M in n eso ta_____________________
Iowa ________________________
Missouri______________________ North D akota__ _______________
South D a k o ta__________________
N e b r a sk a ._____________________
Kansas_________________________
46.5
9.8
5.0
22.9
.3
.4
2.4
5.6
45.2
11.3
5.8
19.8
.4
.5
2.6
4.9
51.1
12.1
6.2
23.1
.4
.5
3.0
5.8
58.8
13.5
6.3
28.3
.5
.5
3.1
6.6
69.6
18.7
7.2
29.9
1.0
.8
4.3
7.6
96.0
32.1
9.6
32.0
3.4
2.1
6.9
10.0
110.8
37.2
12.7
31.7
5.6
3.7
8.9
11.1
126.6
38.1
15.5
37.8
6.0
4.5
10.8
13.8
120.0
34.8
14.2
38.7
5.4
4.0
9.9
12.9
83.6
23.1
9.5
29.4
3.4
2.4
6.9
8.8
60.0
14.2
6.2
26.0
1.5
1.1
4.3
6.5
46.6
9.1
4.7
23.5
.4
.5
2.7
5.7
47.6
9.1
4. 6
26.0
.2
.4
2.6
4.6
71.9
19.8
7.8
27.9
2.2
1.6
5.1
7.6
75.9
22.3
6.7
29.3
2.7
1.5
4.2
9.2
South Atlantic______________ ______
Delaware ___________ __________
Maryland _____________________
District of Columbia— __________
Virginia________________________
West Virginia.— ________________
North Carolina__ ____________ —
South Carolina__________________
Georgia_________________________
Florida_________________________
139.8
2.9
16.6
4.5
11.4
11.3
28.8
13.4
24.8
26.0
145.6
2.5
16.7
4.8
14.2
11.9
30.5
13.8
24.9
26.3
166.1
2.8
17.1
4.8
16.9
13.1
40.9
16.7
29.8
24.1
148.8
2.4
15.5
4.4
15.9
12.1
40.7
14.8
26.8
16.3
148.3
2.5
16.9
4.4
12.3
12.2
44.5
14.6
26.8
14.0
146.5
3.0
15.3
5.1
11.1
12.7
44.9
14.9
26.5
13.0
154.3
3.7
14.0
6.1
14.2
13.9
45.8
15.3
27.2
14.1
163.2
4.2
17.3
7.2
15.5
15.7
45.9
15.3
27.6
14.5
162.6
3.7
17.9
6.3
13.9
15.0
43.9
16.8
30.1
15.1
116.4
2.6
12.2
4.6
9.4
10.3
30.1
12.7
21.6
13.0
100.8
1.9
8.7
4.0
7.1
8.3
25.2
12.4
19.1
14.1
96.6
2.2
8.1
3.7
6.0
7.8
20.5
12.1
18.1
18.1
109.7
1.7
9.3
3. 5
7.7
9.1
23.2
13.8
19.5
21.9
123.3
2.1
12.2
4. 4
11.3
11.0
31.3
13.0
21.9
16.0
133.8
2.2
16.5
4.9
12.9
17.2
30.8
11.5
21.1
16.6
East South Central____ _____________
Kentucky______________________
Tennessee______________________
Alabama_______________ _______
M ississippi_____________________
87.6
26.1
31.9
19.8
9.9
90.6
28.9
32.7
17.7
11.2
102.7
30.8
38.6
19.7
13.7
101.8
31.9
37.3
18.9
13.7
109.2
34.5
38.6
20.5
15.5
119.8
37.4
43.5
22.1
16.9
125.7
38.5
45.0
23.8
18.4
133.3
40.4
49.7
24.1
19.1
127.0
35.6
50.4
22.6
18.4
97.7
29.6
36.4
17.5
14.1
85.8
27.3
32.1
15.6
10.8
75.5
26.0
28.3
12.8
8.4
76.9
26.1
28.2
14.2
8.4
98.5
30.1
36.1
20.8
11.5
95.9
31.0
35.6
17.9
11.3
West South Central________________
Arkansas_______________________
L o u isia n a .____ _________________
Oklahoma_______ _______________
T e x a s .________________________
50.3
8.5
8.6
9.0
24.1
53.4
9.8
9.4
9.7
24.5
58.5
11.0
11.8
9.8
25. 9
62.5
11.4
12.3
11.4
27.4
72.6
14.3
14.2
13.1
31.0
81.5
18.2
15.9
14.0
33.5
85.7
19.3
16.7
14.9
34.7
94.2
23.0
17.8
17.4
36.0
86.5
21.6
16.5
15.8
32.7
65.3
15.0
11.2
12.3
26.8
51.7
10.6
8.8
9.8
22.5
42.5
7.6
7.5
8.1
19.4
42.9
7.1
8.6
7.8
19.4
57.9
11.6
12.4
10.5
23.5
63.6
11.8
16.4
11.3
24.1
M ountain_________________________
Montana_____________ _______ _
Idaho. _______________________
Wyoming__________________ ____
Colorado____________ __________
N ew Mexico____________________
A rizo n a ________________________
U t a h __________________________
Nevada_________ ______________
18.3
2.9
1.9
.4
2.8
2.0
4.5
1.9
1.9
19.4
2.7
2.2
.5
3.2
2.4
4.5
2.2
1.6
19.8
2.7
2.1
.6
3.5
2.7
4.2
2.5
1.5
20.4
2.9
1.9
.9
3.7
2.7
4. C
2.8
1.5
26.8
4.5
3.3
1.3
4.5
3.2
4.6
3.6
1.8
37.8
7.8
5.4
1. £
5.7
4.0
5.6
4. £
2.5
49.6
10.5
8.4
3. C
6.6
4.8
6.4
6.7
3.4
56.9
11.3
10.2
3.6
7.5
5.5
6.8
8.1
3. £
49.4
8.9
9. C
3.1
6.6
4.3
6. C
7.8
3.8
33.0
5.2
6.5
1.7
4.7
2.7
4.2
4.8
3.2
21.5
2.3
3.6
.9
3.4
2.1
3.5
3.1
2.7
13.5
.9
1.6
.4
2.2
1.5
3.1
1.8
2.1
12.5
.7
1.2
.3
2.0
1.5
3.1
1.8
1.9
26.5
3.7
3.9
1.4
3.6
2.7
4. 5
3.9
2.8
28.3
3.9
4.7
1.6
3.5
3.3
4. 5
4.6
2.1
Pacific_____________________________
Washington_________ __________
Oregon_________________________
California.. ___________________
124.7
23.9
15.6
85.3
120.1
20.0
11.9
88.2
122.3
16.4
11.3
94.7
118.0
13.3
9.1
95.7
143.1
18.3
13.1
111.7
169.1
26.6
20.7
121.8
215.5
38.8
30.0
146.6
234.2
51.4
35.6
147.2
225.4
52.2
37.5
135.8
173.5
41.8
28.8
102.9
127.3
30.6
19.3
77.5
82.8
19.5
10.1
53.2
75.9
15.0
6.4
54.6
132.2
28.1
16.2
87.8
146.5
30.9
17.1
98.4
1 Average of weekly data adjusted for spilt weeks In the month.
may not add to exact column totals because of rounding.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Figures
1
Source: U . S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Employment Security.
1525
A: EMPLOYMENT AND PAYROLLS
T able A-9: Unemployment insurance and employment service programs, selected operations1
[All Items except average benefit amounts are In thousands]
1955
1956
1957
Item
Sept.
Employment service:
New applications for w ork,........ .
Nonfarm placements......................
713
561
Aug.
672
536
July
738
533
June
832
528
M ay
740
534
709
480
691
425
747
387
N ov.
Dec.
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
898
433
612
410
674
474
Sept.
Oct.
683
599
608
State unemployment Insurance programs 3
761
834
973
1,229
1,565
1,002
897
881
1,001
1,099
1,267
842
1,032
Initial claim s»— .......... .................
Insured unem ploym ent4 (aver
988
878
1,013
1,285
1,737
1,592
1,730
1,350
1, 475
1,251
1,285
1,151
1,167
age weekly volum e)__________
2.3
2.6
3.3
4.4
4.3
4.0
3.3
3.6
3.1
3.1
2.8
2.8
Rate of insured unemployment *_
Weeks of unemployment com
3,556
3,461
3,503
3,950
6,118
6,680
6,302
5,766
5,517
4,883
4,686
4,095
4, 497
pensated.._______ __________
Average weekly benefit amount
$27.77
$27.
57
$27.
26
$27.42
$27.
73
$27.85
$27.
72
for total unemployment............ $28.64 $27.87 $27. 59 $27. 44 $27.47 $27. 72
Total benefits paid____________ $113,325 $121,333 $130,130 $123,540 $145,657 $154,329 $168, 841 $164,860 $177, 598 $104, 245 $91, 700 $91,476 $94,919
Unemployment compensation for
veterans:8
Initial claims 8. . . ______________
Insured unem ploym ent4 (aver
age weekly volum e)__________
Weeks of unemployment compensated
Total benefits paid L ._ ..................
18
Sept.
579
725
875
3,358
$26.11
24
16
21
20
24
16
18
21
23
31
23
21
18
29
35
34
33
31
39
47
49
45
35
28
24
33
47
169
$4, 499
247
142
$3,793
165
$4,406
165
$4, 539
138
$3, 710
156
$4,222
191
$5,155
218
$5,886
207
$5, 594
206
$5, 572
145
$3,883
118
$3,168
122
$3,258
16
18
54
33
16
10
9
11
19
17
21
12
11
u
28
65
«jibj 528
Railroad unemployment insurance:
Applications 8_......................... .......
Insured unemployment (average
weekly volum e)_____________
Number of payments 9_________
Average amount of benefit paym erit8
Total benefits paid 10.....................
45
92
43
113
50
94
36
86
42
109
53
125
60
151
67
138
68
165
59
119
49
98
37
89
41
94
$62.01
$5, 689
$58. 62
$6,660
$53. 50
$4, 960
$60.86
$5,109
$57.68
$6,211
$58.14
$7, 227
$59. 68
$8,973
$60.01
$8,252
$58. 65
$9, 772
$58.08
$6,868
$58.04
$5,637
$59.19
$5,197
$58.92
$5, 561
$55.30
$3, 466
All programs:11
Insured unem ploym ent4_______
1,240
1, 228
1,368
1,319
1,424
1, 565
1,700
1,846
1, 850
1,379
1,090
939
1,060
951
i Average weekly insured unemployment excludes territories; other items
Include them.
3
Data include activities under the program of Unemployment Compensa
tion for Federal Employees (U C FE ), which became efiective on January 1,
1956.
* An initial claim is a notice filed by a worker at the beginning of a period
of unemployment which establishes the starting date for any insured unem
ployment which may result if he is unemployed for 1 week or longer.
* Number of workers reporting the completion of at least 1 week of unem
ployment.
« The rate of insured unemployment is the number of insured unemployed
expressed as a percent of the average covered employment in a 12-month
period.
» Based on claims filed under the Veterans’ Readjustment Assistance Act
of 1952. Excludes claims filed by veterans to supplement State, U C FE , or
railroad unemployment insurance benefits.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
i Federal portion only of benefits paid jointly with other programs. Weekly
benefit amount for total unemployment is set by law at $26.
. .
8 An application for benefits is filed by a railroad worker at the beginning of
his first period of unemployment in a benefit year; no application is required
for subsequent periods in the same year.
9 Payments are for unemployment in 14 day registration periods; the aver
age amount is an average for all compensable periods. N ot adjusted for
recovery of overpayments or settlement of underpayments.
10 Adjusted for recovery of overpayments and settlement of underpayments.
n Represents an unduplicated count of insured unemployment under the
State, U C FE , and veterans’ programs, and that covered by the Railroad
Unemployment Insurance Act.
S o u r c e : U. S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Employment Security
for all items except railroad unemployment insurance, which are prepared
by the U. S. Railroad Retirement Board,
1526
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, DECEMBER 1957
B.—Labor Turnover
Table B -l: Labor turnover rates in manufacturing 1
[Per 100 employees]
Year
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
M ay
June
July
Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
N ov.
Dec.
Annual
average
Total accessions
1948.
1949.
1950.
1951.
1952.
1953.
1954.
1955.
1956.
1957.
4.6
3. 2
3.6
5. 2
4. 4
4. 4
2.8
3. 3
3.3
3. 2
3.9
2.9
3.2
4. 5
3. 9
4.2
2.5
3.2
3. 1
2.8
4.0
3.0
3.6
4.6
3.9
4.4
2.8
3.6
3.1
2.8
4.0
2.9
3.5
4.5
3.7
4.3
2.4
3.5
3.3
2.8
4.1
3.5
4.4
4.5
3.9
4.1
2.7
3.8
3.4
3.0
1948.
1949.
1950.
1951.
1952.
1953.
1954.
1955.
1956.
1957.
4.3
4. 6
3.1
4.1
4.0
3.8
4. 3
2. 9
3.6
3.3
4.7
4.1
3.0
3.8
3.9
3.6
3. 6
4.5
4.8
2.9
4.1
3.7
4.1
3. 7
3.0
3.5
3.3
4.7
4.8
2.8
4.6
4.1
4.3
3.8
3.1
3.4
3.3
4.3
5.2
3. 1
4.8
3.9
4.4
3.3
3.2
3.7
3.4
4.5
4.3
3.0
4.3
3.9
4.2
3.1
3. 2
3.4
3.0
1948.
1949.
1950.
1951 _
1952.
1953.
1954.
1955.
1956.
1957.
2.6
1. 7
1.1
2.1
1. 9
2.1
1.0
1. 4
1.3
1.3
1.2
2.8
1.6
1. 2
2. 5
2.0
2.5
1.0
1.3
1.4
1.3
3.0
1. 7
1.3
2.7
2.2
2.7
1.1
1.5
1.5
1.3
2.8
16
1.6
2.8
2. 2
2.7
1.0
1.5
1.6
1.4
2.9
3.5
1. 7
2.5
2. 2
2.6
1.1
1. 5
1.6
1.3
1948.
1949.
1950.
1951.
1952.
1953.
1954.
1955.
1956.
1957.
0.4
.3
.2
.3
.3
.3
.2
.2
.3
.2
0.4
.3
.2
.3
.3
.4
.2
.2
.3
.2
0.4
.3
.2
.3
.3
.4
.2
.2
.3
.2
0.4
.2
.2
.4
.3
.4
.2
.3
.3
.2
0.3
.2
,3
.4
.3
.4
.2
.3
.3
.3
0.4
.2
.3
.4
.3
.4
.2
.3
.3
.2
1948.
1949.
1950.
1951.
1952.
1953.
1954.
1955.
1956.
1957.
1.2
2. 5
1.7
1.0
1. 4
.9
2. 8
1. 5
1. 7
1. 5
1.7
2.3
1.7
.8
1.3
.8
2.2
1.1
1.8
1.4
1.2
2.8
1.4
.8
1.1
.8
2.3
1.3
1.6
1.4
1.2
2.8
1.2
1.0
1.3
.9
2.4
1.2
1.4
1.5
1.1
3.3
1.1
1.2
1.1
1.0
1.9
1.1
1.6
1.5
1.1
2.5
1948.
1949.
1950.
1951.
1952.
1953.
1954.
1955.
1956.
1957.
0.1
.1
.1
.7
.4
.4
.3
.3
.2
0.1
.1
.1
.6
.4
.4
.2
.2
.2
.3
.2
0.1
.1
.1
.5
.3
.3
.2
.2
.2
0.1
.1
.1
.5
.3
.3
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
5. 7
4.4
4.8
4.9
4.9
5. 1
3.5
4.3
4.2
3.9
4.7
3.5
4.7
4.2
4.4
4.1
2.9
3.4
3.3
3.2
5.0
4.4
6.6
4.5
5.9
4.3
3.3
4.5
3.8
3.2
5.1
4.1
5.7
4.3
5.6
4.0
3.4
4.4
4.1
2 3. 2
4.5
3.7
5.2
4.4
5.2
3.3
3.6
4.1
4.2
3.9
3.3
4.0
3.9
4.0
2. 7
3.3
3.3
3.0
2.7
3.2
3.0
3.0
3.3
2.1
2.5
2. 5
2. 2
4.4
3. 5
4.4
4.4
4.4
3.9
3.0
3. 7
3.4
5. 1
4.0
4.2
5.3
4.6
4.8
3.5
4.0
3 9
4.0
5.4
4.2
4.9
5.1
4.9
5.2
3.9
4. 4
44
2 4.2
4.5
4.1
4.3
4.7
4.2
4.5
3.3
3.5
3.5
4.1
4.0
3.8
4.3
3.5
4.2
3.0
3.1
3.3
4.3
3.2
3.6
3. 5
3.4
4.0
3.0
3.0
2.8
4.6
4.3
3.6
4. 4
4.1
4.3
3. 5
3.4
1.8
2 9
3. 1
3.0
2.9
1.4
2.2
2.2
1.9
3.9
2.1
3.4
3.1
3. 5
3.1
1.8
2.8
2.6
2 2.1
2.8
1.5
2.7
2.5
2.8
2.1
1.2
1.8
1.7
2.2
1.2
2.1
1.9
2.1
1. 5
1. 7
.9
1. 7
1.4
1. 7
1.4
1.3
.9
1.1
1.1
1.0
1.6
1.6
0.4
.3
.4
.4
.3
.4
.2
.3
.3
.3
0.4
.2
.4
.3
.4
.4
.2
.3
.3
2 .3
0.4
.2
.4
.4
.4
.4
.2
.3
.3
0.4
.2
.3
.3
.4
.3
.2
.3
.3
0.3
.2
.3
.3
.3
.2
.2
.2
.2
0.4
.2
.3
.3
.3
.4
.2
.3
.3
1.2
1.8
.6
1.4
1.0
1.3
1. 7
1.3
1.2
1.6
1.0
1.8
.7
1.3
.7
1.5
1.7
1.1
1.4
2 1.6
1.2
2.3
.8
1.4
1.8
1.6
1.2
1.3
1.4
2.5
1.1
1.7
.7
2.3
1.6
1.2
1.5
2.2
2.0
1.3
1.5
1.0
2.5
1. 7
1.4
1.4
1.3
2.4
1.1
1.2
1.1
1.3
1.9
1.2
1.6
0.1
.1
.2
.5
.3
.3
.2
.2
Total separations s
2. 5
3.6
3.0
4.4
3.8
2.9
4.4
5.0
4.3
3.1
3.4
3.2
3.1
3.3
3.6
Quits
1.1
2.5
1.4
1.0
2.1
1. 9
2. 2
1.0
1.0
2.9
1.4
1.8
2.4
2.2
2.5
1. 1
1.6
1.5
1.4
1.0
1.1
2.8
1.5
1.9
2.4
2.3
2.3
Diseharges
0.4
.2
.3
.3
.3
.4
.2
.3
.2
.2
Layoffs
.9
1.0
. 1
.9
1.7
1.2
1.3
1.1
1
1.0
2.1
.6
1.3
2.2
1.1
1.6
1.3
1.2
1.3
.7
M isc ellaneous sep ara ti o n s, in c lu d in g m i li t a r y
' Month-to-month changes in total employment in manufacturing indus
tries as indicated by labor turnover rates are not comparable with the changes
shown by the Bureau’s employment series for the following reasons:
(1) The labor turnover series measure changes during the calendar month,
while the employment series measure changes from midmonth to midmonth;
(2) Industry coverage is not identical, as the printing and publishing
industry and some seasonal industries are excluded from turnover;
(3) Turnover rates tend to be understated because small firms are not as
prominent in the turnover sample as in the employment sample; and
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
0.1
.1
.4
.3
.3
.2
.2
0.1
.1
.1
.4
.3
.3
.2
.2
.2
.3
0.1
.1
.2
.4
.3
.3
.2
.2
.2
.2
0.1
.1
.3
.4
.3
.3
.3
.2
.2
.2
0.1
.1
.4
.4
.3
.3
.3
.2
.2
.3
0.1
.1
.4
.4
.3
.3
.2
.2
.2
2 .2
0.1
.1
.3
.4
.3
.3
.1
.2
.2
0.1
.1
.3
.3
.3
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.1
.2
(4)
Reports from plants affected by work stoppages are excluded from the
turnover series, but the employment series reflect the influence of such
stoppages.
1 Preliminary.
8 Beginning with data for October 1952, components may not add to total
separation rates because of rounding.
N ote: Fora description of these series, see Techniques of Preparing Major
BBS Statistical Series, BLS Bull. 1168 (1954).
S o u r c e : U. S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics.
B : LABOR TURNOVER
1527
T able B-2: Labor turnover rates in selected industries1
[Per 100 employees]
Separations
Industry
Total accessions
Total
Sept.
1957
Aug.
1957
Sept.
1957
Quits
Aug.
1957
SeDt.
1957
Aug.
1957
Sept.
1957
Miscellaneous, in
cluding military
Layoffs
Discharges
Aug.
1957
Sept.
1957
Aug.
1957
Sept.
1957
Aug.
1957
Manufacturing
All manufacturing_______
Durable goods2______
Nondurable goods 2.......
Ordnance and accessories__
Food and kindred products..
Meat products_______
Qrain-mill products.......
Bakery products_____
Beverages:
Malt liquors.......... .
Tobacco manufactures____
Cigarettes.....................
Cigars_______ ____ _
Tobacco and snuff____
Textile-mill products_____ ____ ___
Yarn and thread mills__________
Broad-woven fabric mills________
Cotton, silk, synthetic fiber____
Woolen and worsted________
Knitting mills_______________
Full-fashioned hosiery.__ ____
Seamless hosiery___________
Knit underwear......................
Dyeing and finishing textiles_____
Carpets, rugs, other floor coverings...
Apparel and other finished textile prod
ucts____________________ ___
Men’s and boys’ suits and coats___
Men’s and boys’furnishings and work
clothing__________________
Lumber and wood products (except fur
niture)______________ _____ _
Logging camps and contractors____
Sawmills and planing mills_______
Millwork, plywood, and prefabricated
structural wood products........... .
Furniture and fixtures_____________
Household furniture___________
Other furniture and fixtures.............
Paper and allied products________
Pulp, paper, and paperboard mills.
Paperboard containers and boxes...
Chemicals and allied products_____
Industrial inorganic chemicals___
Industrial organic chemicals____
Synthetic fibers__________
Drugs and medicines_________
Paints, pigments, and fillers____
Products of petroleum and coal..........
Petroleum refining.....................
Rubber products________________
Tires and inner tubes__________
Rubber footwear..____________
Other rubber products__________
Leather and leather products________
Leather: tanned, curried, and finished.
Footwear (except rubber)...............
Stone, clay, and glass products_______
Glass and glass products.................
Cement, hydraulic........................
Structural clay products_________
Pottery and related products...........
Primary metal industries............... ......
Blast furnaces, steelworks, and rolling
mills_______ ___________
Iron and steel foundries___ ___ _
Gray-iron foundries.___ _____
Malleable-iron foundries______
Steel foundries.............. ..........
Primary smelting and refining of nonferrous metals:
Primary smelting and refining of
copper, lead, and zinc______
Rolling, drawing, and alloying of nonferrous metals:
Rolling, drawing, and alloying of
copper_____ ___ _______
Nonferrous foundries____ ______
Other primary metal industries:
Iron and steel forgings_______
See footnotes at end of table.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
3.2
3.3
3.1
2.2
3.7
2.3
3.3
4.5
3.2
3.1
3.3
1.9
3.7
3.1
2.6
3.6
4.2
4.4
3.8
4.6
4.5
3.8
3.7
4.0
4.0
4.1
3.8
3.1
4.9
4.5
4.8
4.1
2.1
2.1
2.3
1.6
2.2
1.2
2.2
2.8
1.9
1.8
2.1
1.3
2.0
1.1
1.9
2.4
0)
2.5
1.7
3.4
2.0
3.3
2.8
3.6
3.5
4.4
3.6
2.5
4.3
(4)
2.1
(4)
2.3
3.6
3.5
4.2
1.9
3.4
4.3
3.6
3.5
4.1
3.3
2.1
3.6
2.6
1.9
2.4
(4)
3.1
2.7
3.6
2.6
3.9
3.8
3.7
3.4
5.8
4.1
3.1
3.0
(4)
3.9
(4)
5.7
3.1
2.6
3.6
2.8
4.0
3.9
4.0
3.6
6.7
4.3
4.1
3.5
4.2
3.4
2.8
(4)
1.8
1.1
2.8
1.5
2.2
2.0
2.3
2.3
2.2
2.5
2.1
2.3
(4)
1.8
(4)
1.2
1.8
1.1
2.7
1.1
2.1
2.3
2.1
2.1
2.0
2.5
2.0
2.4
2.3
1.5
1.1
3.8
2.0
4.9
3.8
3.8
2.4
4.3
3.5
2.8
1.6
3.2
2.4
4.3
4.9
4.1
4.5
3.1
3.4
0.3
.3
.2
0.2
.3
.2
.2
.4
0.3
.3
.3
0. 2
.3
.2
.3
.4
1.6
1.8
1.2
1.5
2.4
2.9
2.1
1.0
0.2
.2
.2
0.2
.1
.2
.1
.1
0.3
.3
.2
0.1
.3
.4
.4
.2
.2
.1
.2
.1
.3
.2
.1
.2
.2
.1
.1
.1
.1
.3
.5
.1
.2
.3
.3
.3
.3
.3
.3
.2
.3
.3
.2
.2
.7
1.2
.4
(5)
1.4
1.4
1.0
.8
3.2
1.3
.7
.5
(4)
1.8
(4)
4.1
.8
.8
.7
1.2
1.4
1.2
1.5
1.0
4.3
1.4
1.7
.7
1.6
1.4
1.2
(4)
.2
.3
.1
.9
.1
.2
.1
.1
.1
.1
.1
(5)
(4)
.2
(4)
.2
.1
.2
.1
.7
.7
.8
.7
.1
.1
.3
.3
.7
.8
.1
.1
(4)
.3
.2
.4
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
(4)
1.6
1.8
1.1
2.7
2.0
2.3
1.1
.6
.2
(4)
(4)
(5)
(5)
.3
.3
.1
.2
4.2
5.2
3.7
4.0
4.0
3.9
5.8
6.5
5.8
6.1
10.4
5.4
3.5
4.6
3.4
3.0
4.1
3.1
.4
.2
.4
.3
.3
.3
1.8
1.6
1.7
2.6
5.7
1.8
.2
.1
.2
.2
.2
.2
3.8
3.5
3.7
3.1
¡3.0
[2.2
4.1
1.9
1.9
1.5
2.0
2.1
1.7
1.0
.6
2.3
1.3
3.5
3.0
3.9
3.1
4.0
2.7
3.4
1.8
2.2
3.3
1.8
4.3
4.5
4. 7
4.0
2.7
1.7
3.7
1.8
2.3
1.2
1.6
2.0
1.3
1.0
.6
2.8
1.5
3.6
3.8
4.0
3.0
4.2
3.2
4,4
3.0
2.5
3.4
1.7
6.0
4.3
4.1
4.8
4.0
3.4
4.3
2.8
3.3
1.9
1.3
2.7
3.6
2.7
2.5
2.5
1.8
3.6
3.0
5.0
3.2
5.3
2.7
2.6
2.6
3.0
2.9
3.1
4.2
4.4
4.2
4.9
3.2
2.4
3.6
2.3
2. 2
1.7
1.4
2.2
2.3
1.8
1.5
2.8
1.5
3.3
3.9
5.1
4.0
5.3
3.1
3.3
2.4
3.6
3.3
2.7
3.4
2.3
2.4
2.0
2.6
2.4
3.2
1.8
2.2
1.3
.7
2.1
2.2
1.9
1.8
1.4
1.0
2.3
1.5
3.0
1.4
3.3
1.7
1.5
2.0
2.0
1.6
1.2
2.4
2.4
2.5
2.0
2.0
1.4
2.7
1.3
1.3
.9
.5
1.7
1.4
1.1
.9
1.2
.7
2.3
1.6
2.8
1.2
3.1
1.6
1.7
1.5
2.0
1.7
1.0
.3
.4
.4
.4
.3
.1
.6
.1
.2
.1
.1
.1
.2
.1
.3
.5
.4
.5
.3
.2
.5
.i
.2
.1
.1
.2
.1
.1
1.4
1.4
1.0
2.1
.8
.7
.4
.6
.4
.6
.8
.2
.5
.4
.3
1.1
.5
.6
1.7
1.2
2.2
1.0
1.0
1.1
.3
.9
1.2
1.3
.2
.2
.1
.2
.2
.2
.1
.2
.2
.2
.2
.1
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.3
.2
.6
.4
.6
.2
.3
.1
.2
.1
.3
.1
.2
.2
.3
.2
.2
.2
.2
.3
.1
.1
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.6
.4
.6
.2
.2
.3
.3
.1
.2
1.3
2.5
2.5
2.3
2.6
1.3
2.2
2.2
2.6
2.1
2.9
3.2
3.4
2.9
3.2
1.9
3.7
3.8
2.5
4.2
1.1
1.3
1.3
1.3
1.3
2.1
1.4
3.8
2.7
1.3
5.4
1.3
3.2
1.8
5.1
1.6
1.7
3.6
.1
.1
.3
.2
.3
.2
.3
.2
.1
.3
.2
.3
.2
.2
.1
.2
.3
.4
.3
.5
.3
.2
.3
.4
.3
.2
2.1
1.5
1.2
2.1
.9
.7
.4
.7
.8
.4
.4
.4
1.0
.5
.5
.8
.4
.8
1.0
1.2
1.2
1.2
.6
.7
.2
.6
.9
1.4
.8
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.1
.1
.3
.2
.3
.4
.i
.3
.3
.2
.3
1.4
1.5
1.7
1.1
1.4
.8
1.9
2.0
.7
2.5
.4
.2
.2
.2
.1
.3
.2
.2
.2
.2
2.5
1.2
.2
.2
.9
1.1
.3
.2
1.6
6.1
.8
1.7
.6
1.5
.1
.3
.1
.4
.8
2.7
.6
3.8
.2
.3
.4
.3
2.4
1.4
1.0
.4
.3
1.5
.9
.3
.3
(5)
(5)
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, DECEMBER 1957
1528
T able B-2: Labor turnover rates in selected industries 1—Continued
[Per 100 employees]
Separations
Total accessions
Sept.
1957
Manufacturing—C ontinued
Fabricated metal products (except ord
nance, machinery, and transportation
e q u ip m e n t)......... ........................................
Cutlery, handtools, and hardware___
Cutlery and edge tools______________
Handtools_______ ______ ____ _
Hardware___________ . . ---------Heating apparatus (except electric)
and plumbers’ supplies-----------------Sanitary ware and plumbers’
supplies______________________
Oil burners, nonelectric heating
and cooking apparatus, not elsewhere classified.. __________ .
Fabricated structural metal products.
M etal stamping, coating, and engraving.......... . .......................... .
Machinery (except electrical).......................
Engines and turbines..............................
Agricultural machinery and tractors..
Construction and mining machinery..
Metalworking machinery___________
Machine tools__ ______________
Metalworking machinery (except
machine tools)________________
Machine-tool accessories_______
Special-industry machinery (except
metalworking machinery)_________
General industrial machinery_______
Office and store machines and devices
Service-industry and household mac h in e s_________ . . . ____________
Miscellaneous machinery p a r ts .........
Electrical machinery________ _____ _ . . .
Electrical generating, transmission,
distribution, and industrial apparatus___ _ _________________ ..
Communication equipment_______ .
Radios, phonographs, television
sets, and equipment__________
Telephone, telegraph, and related
equipment____________ _____
Electrical appliances, lamps, and miscellaneous products_____________ .
Transportation equipment______________
Motor vehicles and equipment*_____
Aircraft and parts_____________ ____
Aircraft_______________ ________
Aircraft engines and parts_____ .
Aircraft propellers and parts_____
Other aircraft parts and equipment______
. ... . ...
Ship and boat building and repairing.
Railroad equipment.......... .............. .......
Locomotives and parts__________
Railroad and street cars_________
Other transportation equipment_____
Instruments and related products...............
Photographic apparatus_____________
Watches and clocks. . _.
______ .
Professional and scientific instruments___________________________
Miscellaneous manufacturing industries...
Jewelry, silverware, and plated ware.
Aug.
1957
Sept.
1957
Aug.
1957
Sept.
1957
Aug.
1957
Sept.
1957
Miscellaneous, In
cluding military
Layoffs
Discharges
Quits
Total
Industry
Aug.
1957
Sept.
1957
Aug.
1957
Sept.
1957
Aug.
1957
2.4
.9
.4
1. 6
.7
0.2
.2
.3
.2
2.
1.1
1.4
.2
.2
.2
.2
4.2
3.7
3.7
2.2
4.3
3.9
3.2
3.5
2.9
3.3
4.6
3.4
3.0
3.5
3.4
4.8
3.3
2.4
3.4
3.5
2.1
1.8
1.6
1.4
2.0
1.8
1.7
1.6
1.3
2.0
0.3
.3
.3
.1
.4
0.4
.4
.3
.3
.5
2.0
1.0
.8
1.8
.8
4.2
4.0
3.5
4.2
1.9
2.0
.4
.5
0.3
.2
.1
.2
.3
3.6
2.8
2.5
3.0
1.4
1.2
.3
.3
.6
1.2
4.4
3.6
4.7
3.0
3.8
3.5
4.8
3.6
2.0
2.0
2.5
1.9
.4
.3
.6
.4
1.2
1.0
1.5
1.0
.2
.i
.2
.3
6.0
2.5
2.7
2.5
1.9
1.1
.9
5.2
2.0
1.8
2.4
1.7
1.2
1.0
6.7
3.6
3.3
2.5
5.0
3.9
4.4
7.5
3.4
5.3
2.8
3.3
3.6
3.4
2.0
1.6
1.2
1.2
1.7
1.4
1.4
1.6
1.3
1.1
1.1
1.4
1.3
1.2
.3
.2
.1
.1
.2
.2
.2
.3
.2
.1
.2
.3
.2
.1
4.1
1.6
1. 8
.7
2.7
2.1
2.6
5.2
1.7
3. 9
1.1
1. 4
1.9
1. 7
.3
.2
.1
.4
.3
.2
.3
.4
.3
.2
.4
.2
.3
.3
1.2
1.5
1.2
1.7
2.6
4.2
3.3
4.5
1.3
1.5
1.3
1.4
.2
.2
.2
.3
.9
2.4
1.6
2.6
,i
.2
.2
.3
2.0
2.0
2.6
1.9
2.1
2.5
3.1
3.6
2.4
3.3
3.2
3.4
1.6
1.9
1.8
1.5
1.4
1.4
.2
.2
.1
.2
.3
.1
1.1
1.2
.3
1.4
1. 3
1. 7
.2
.2
.1
.2
.2
.2
6.8
2.4
3.8
2.6
2.0
3.4
5.3
2.8
4.5
3.7
3.0
3.4
1.7
1.4
2.6
1.0
1.1
2.0
.2
.2
.3
.1
.2
.3
3.1
1.0
1.2
2.2
1.5
.9
.2
.2
.3
.3
.2
.3
2.4
2.0
4.2
3.6
2.4
4.0
2.1
1.3
2.6
.2
.2
.3
1.0
.7
.7
.2
.2
.3
.5
.3
.2
.2
.3
.4
.7
.2
.1
.2
.2
«
6.0
6.3
1.5
«
3.7
3.5
0
2.0
2.0
.8
0
3.2
«
4.8
4.5
5.0
4.9
2.7
0
(4)
0
3.7
3.3
3.2
2.0
2.0
1.5
2.0
3.3
10.5
3.7
3.9
3.5
7.4
2.2
1.6
4.9
5.3
5.1
6.1
3.6
5.3
4.8
4.6
4.8
3.6
4.3
5.0
4.5
7.1
0
8.3
0
6.4
3.0
9.1
5.4
3.1
0
0
3.4
4.8
2.6
0
0
0
5.1
10.0
10.6
8.5
11.5
5.2
2.8
1.9
4.0
2.0
2.2
0
2.8
2.9
1.7
0
3.1
0
1.0
.8
1.1
4.3
1.8
0
0)
1.6
1.7
1.0
2.1
2.2
1.5
1.3
2.4
3.8
1.1
1.0
1.1
3.9
1.5
1.1
1.4
2.7
5.2
4.5
2.1
5.9
3.9
3.7
4.2
3.0
2.9
5.3
2.0
2.1
2.5
2.3
1.8
2.9
1.5
1.4
.7
1.4
1.2
2.4
.8
2.3
1.0
1.4
1.2
3.1
1.4
4.8
3.9
4.4
.7
4.6
7.8
1.5
2.0
1.8
1.0
2.5
2.3
2.1
.4
2.6
1.9
.9
.5
.3
0
.3
.3
.2
.2
.2
.2
.1
.3
.3
0
.2
.2
.1
0
.6
.9
.3
.1
.4
1.0
.2
.1
.2
.6
0
0
0
.4
.4
3.2
1.8
0
0
.1
.2
.7
.2
0
0
.3
.4
.2
.9
1.0
.2
0
1.4
2.9
2.9
2.2
2.3
1.7
2.7
2.6
3.3
0
1.9
1.3
5.0
0)
4.7
1.5
7.3
.2
.9
0
0
.2
.5
.1
1.1
1.1
.2
.3
.8
.2
1.8
1.2
0
0
.1
.1
.2
0
.5
.6
.5
.2
.2
.1
.3
.5
.7
.4
.1
.2
.2
.2
.8
1.6
.2
.1
.2
.2
.1
.2
.2
1.7
.2
.1
.2
.3
.2
.2
.3
.1
.2
.2
2.0
5.0
8.8
6.7
9.6
.2
.9
.6
2.1
4.6
0
0
.1
0
0
0
Nonmanufacturing
Metal mining__________________________
Iron mining_______________________
Copper mining____________ _______
Lead and zinc mining_________ _____
Anthracite mining. ___________________
Bituminous-coal mining________________
Communication:
Telephone..................................................
Telegraph *________________________
0
1.0
0
0
1.6
1.6
0
1.8
0
0
1 See footnote 1 and Note, table B -l.
* For definition, see footnote 3, table A-2.
s For definition, see footnote 4, table A-2, except that the labor turnover
series excludes the printing, publishing, and allied industriesgroup, and the
following industries: canning and preserving; women’s, misses’, and children’s
outerwear; and fertilizer.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
2.3
2.3
0
.7
0
0
1.8
1.6
.3
0
.3
.2
0
.1
0
0
0
.3
.2
0
0
0
.9
.1
0
0
0
0
1.4
5.6
.4
1.3
.3
.4
0
.1
0
0
* N ot available.
» Less than 0.05.
6 Data relate to domestic employees except messengers.
•Formerly titled “ Automobiles.” Data not affected.
Source: U. S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics,
.1
.2
0 : EARNINGS AND HOURS
1529
C.—Earnings and Hours
T able
C-l: Hours and gross earnings of production workers or nonsupervisory employees 1
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn hours
ings
Year and month
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. w kly. w kly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. w kly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. w kly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
Mining
Metal
Total: Metal
1955: Average_____
1956: Average...........
September___
October______
November___
December____
1957: January..........
February____
March............ .
April________
M ay____ ____
June_________
July_________
August______
September___
$92. 42
96.83
100.30
97.39
96.00
99. 92
98.05
97.29
97.23
97.10
97. 58
98.81
100. 28
101.35
103. 83
42.2 $2.19 $92. 86
42.1
2.30 96.71
42.5
2. 36 103.41
41.8
2.33 97. 71
41.2
2.33 98.21
42.7
2.34 103.09
41.9
2.34 100. 90
41.4
2.35 99. 31
41.2
2. 36 99. 45
40.8
2.38 96. 26
41.0
2. 38 99. 58
2. 41 103.06
41.0
40.6
2. 47 109.61
41.2
2. 46 111.76
41.7
2. 49 114.63
Mining—Continued
Petroleum and natural-gas production (except contract services)
1955: Average...........
1956: Average_____
September___
October............
N ovem ber___
December........
1957: January............
February____
March..............
April________
M ay..................
Jun e________
J u ly .................
August______
September___
$94.19
101. 68
107. 70
101.09
101. 50
104. 58
104. 83
101.91
101.25
100. 75
104. 23
109.18
110.00
106. 52
112. 74
40.6
41.0
42.4
40.6
40.6
41.5
41.6
40.6
40.5
40.3
40.4
41.2
41.2
40.5
41.6
Coal
Iron
40.2
39.8
41.2
39.4
39.6
41.4
40.2
39.1
39.0
37.6
38.9
40.1
40.9
41.7
42.3
Copper
$2. 31
2. 43
2. 51
2.48
2.48
2.49
2.51
2.54
2. 55
2.56
2. 56
2.57
2.68
2.68
2. 71
Nonmetallic mining
and quarrying
$2.32 $80. 99
2.48 85.63
2. 54 89. 77
2. 49 89.83
2. 50 87.22
2.52 85.46
2. 52 82.32
2.51 84.05
2.50 84. 63
2.50 84.87
2. 58 87.71
2. 65 90.45
2.67 90. 70
2. 63 92.57
2. 71 91.84
44.5
44.6
45.8
45.6
44.5
43.6
42.0
43.1
43.4
43.3
44.3
45.0
44.9
45.6
44.8
$1.82
1.92
1.96
1.97
1.96
1.96
1.96
1.95
1.95
1.96
1.98
2.01
2.02
2.03
2.05
$95. 70
100.28
103.84
101.32
96.93
100.66
99. 68
98.37
98.94
99.83
99.17
98.88
98.00
97.20
98.90
44.1
43.6
44.0
43.3
41.6
43.2
42.6
42.4
42.1
42.3
42.2
41.2
40.0
40.0
40.7
$2.17 $83.82
2.30 89.24
2.36 89. 40
2.34 89. 25
2.33 88.37
2.33 91.14
2.34 89.44
2.32 88.78
2.35 90.25
2.36 91.10
2.35 90.03
2.40 89.60
2. 45 87. 85
2.43 88.75
2.43 89.60
1955: A verage_
1956: Average
September
O cto ber
N ovem ber
D ecem b er
1957: January
February
A pril
M ay
.Time
July
August
September___
- . .
Oilier special-tracie
contractors
1955: Average_____ $96. 21
35.5
1956: Average_____ 102. 39
35.8
September___ 107. 22
37.1
October______ 107. 67
37.0
November___ 103.08
35.3
December........ 104. 73
35.5
1957: January...........
95.93
32.3
February____ 104. 25
35.1
March______ 103.49
35.2
April________ 105.14
35.4
M ay________ 107.04
35.8
June__ . . . . .
36.4
108.84
July-------------- 108.60
36.2
August---------- 110. 60
36.5
September___ 110.88
36.0
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Bituminous
$2. 53
2.64
2.60
2.68
2. 69
2. 96
2. 94
2.98
2.87
2.96
2.88
2.93
$96.26
106.22
106.12
110. 38
106. 79
115.33
110.63
112. 51
109. 58
111. 74
107. 76
114.68
112.17
2. 91 110. 96
2.98 112.00
37.6
37.8
37.9
37.8
36.2
38.7
37.5
38.4
37.4
37.0
35.8
37.6
36.3
36.5
36.6
$2. 56
2.81
2.80
2.92
2.95
2.98
2.95
2.93
2.93
3.02
3.01
3.05
3.09
3.04
3.06
$95.94
101. 83
106.92
107.14
102.48
103. 78
98. 55
104.80
104. 23
104.88
106.39
108.11
109.15
111.07
110. 54
Total: Nonbuilding
construction
36.9 $2.60 $95.11
40.3
37.3
2.73 101. 59
40.8
38.6
2. 77 108. 28
42.8
38.4
2. 79 108.12
42.4
36.6
2.80 100.84
39.7
36.8
2.82 99.96
39.2
34.7
2.84 94. 86
37.2
36.9
2.84 101.38
39.6
36.7
2.84 100.47
39.4
36.8
2.85 100.88
39.1
37.2
39.8
2.86 103.88
37.8
2.86 106.63
40.7
37.9
2. 88 110. 77
41.8
38.3
2. 90 112.41
42.1
2. 94 109. 62
37.6
40.6
Building construction
$2. 36
2.49
2. 53
2. 55
2. 54
2.55
2.55
2.56
2. 55
2.58
2.61
2.62
2. 65
2. 67
2.70
Highway and street
$91.27
97.63
106.12
106. 52
95.41
90.94
83.90
93.09
91.77
93.37
96. 64
101. 33
107.01
109.06
104. 00
41.3
41.9
44.4
44.2
40.6
39.2
36.8
40.3
39.9
39.9
40.1
41.7
43.5
43.8
41.6
$2.21
2.33
2.39
2.41
2.35
2.32
2.28
2.31
2.30
2. 34
2.41
2.43
2. 46
2. 49
2. 50
Other nonbuilding
construction
$98.50
104.94
110.27
109. 75
105. 30
106.23
101.73
106.50
106.35
106. 54
109. 93
111.32
114.05
115.30
114. 62
39.4
39.9
41.3
40.8
39.0
39.2
37.4
39.3
39.1
38.6
39.4
39.9
40.3
40.6
39.8
$2. 50
2.63
2.67
2.69
2.70
2. 71
2. 72
2. 71
2.72
2.76
2. 79
2.79
2.83
2.84
2.88
Special-trade contractors
General contractors
$96.29
36.2 $2.66
101.92
36.4
2.80
37.4
2.84
106.22
106.96
37.4
2.86
102.75
35.8
2.87
2.89
104.91
36.3
2.92
99. 57
34.1
105.63
36.3
2.91
104. 76
36.0
2.91
36.2
2. 92
105. 70
36.4
2.94
107.02
36.9
2. 94
108. 49
36.8
108.93
2.96
37.2
2. 97
110. 48
110. 47
36.7
3.01
Building construetion—Con.
Special-trade contractors—Continued
41.7 $2.01 $84. 50
33.4
2.14 87.65
33.2
41.7
41.2
2.17 87.88
33.8
41.9
35.4
2.13 94. 87
33.9
41.1
2.15 91.19
42.0
2.17 107.45
36.3
2.15 105. 55
35.9
41.6
41.1
2.16 95. 36
32.0
41.4
2.18 79. 79
27.8
41.6
2.19 92.06
31.1
41.3
2.18 88.70
30.8
41.1
2.18 100. 50
34.3
40.3
2.18
40.9
31.3
2.17 91.08
41.1
35.3
2.18 105.19
Contract construction
Nonbuilding construction
Total: Contract
construction
T o ta l • Tbiiliiing
construction
Anthracite
Lead and zinc
$90. 22
95.04
99.06
99.80
96. 21
96.48
89. 76
98.19
95.93
97.46
99.00
100.65
102.03
103. 79
102. 65
35.8
36.0
37 1
37.1
35.5
35.6
33.0
36.1
35.4
35.7
36.0
36.6
36.7
37.2
36.4
Total: Special-trade
contractors
$2. 52 $100. 83
2.64 107.16
2.67 111.97
2.69 112.05
2.71 108.00
2. 71 111.14
2. 72 106.45
2. 72 111.33
2. 71 110. 96
2. 73 111. 33
2.75 112. 61
2. 75 114. 58
2. 78 113.34
2.79 115.63
2.82 116.18
36.4
36.7
37.7
37.6
36.0
36.8
34.9
36.5
36.5
36.5
36.8
37.2
36.8
37.3
37.0
$2. 77
2.92
2.97
2.98
3.00
3.02
3.05
3.05
3.04
3.05
3.06
3.08
3.08
3.10
3.14
Plumbing and
heating
$106. 40
112.31
115.03
115.41
112. 57
117. 56
115. 67
116.89
116.97
116.97
117. 73
119. 42
116.80
120. 74
122. 75
38.0
38.2
38.6
38.6
37.4
38.8
37.8
38.2
38.1
38.1
38.1
38.4
37.8
38.7
38.6
$2.80
2.94
2.98
2.99
3.01
3.03
3.06
3.06
3.07
3.07
3.09
3.11
3.09
3.12
3.18
Painting and
decorating
$94.38
100.10
103.24
104.11
98.36
100.74
97.28
99. 57
102.31
102. 31
104.14
105. 55
105.95
107. 76
108.17
34.7
35.0
35.6
35.9
33.8
34.5
33.2
34.1
34.8
34.8
35.3
35.3
35.2
35.8
35.7
Electrical work
$2. 72 $116. 52
2. 86 125. 61
2.90 131.78
2.90 130. 87
2.91 124.97
2.92 129.82
2.93 127.65
2.92 130.75
2.94 131. 26
2. 94 130. 48
2. 95 131.66
2.99 134.06
3.01 132. 83
3.01 132. 50
30.3 133. 28
39.1
39.5
40.3
39.9
38.1
39.7
38.8
39.5
39.3
39.3
39.3
39.9
39.3
39.2
39.2
$2.98
3.18
3.27
3.28
3. 28
3.27
3.29
3.31
3.34
3.32
3. 35
3. 36
3.38
3. 38
3.40
Manufacturing
Nondurable goods 1
Total: M anufactoring
$2. 71 $76.52
2.86 79.99
2.89 81.81
2.91 82. 21
2.92 82.22
2.95 84. 05
2. 97 82. 41
2.97 82. 41
2.94 82. 21
2. 97 81. 59
2.99 81.78
2. 99 82.80
3.00 82.18
3.03 82. 80
3.08 83. 20
40.7
40.4
40.7
40.7
40.5
41.0
40.2
40.2
40.1
39.8
39.7
40.0
39.7
40.0
40.0
$1.88 $83. 21
1.98 86.31
2.01 88.38
2.02 89.01
2.03 88.99
2.05 91.34
2.05 89.16
2.05 88. 75
2.05 88.94
2.05 88.29
2. 06 87.85
2.07 88.70
2. 07 88.00
2.07 89.06
2.08 89. 47
41.4
41.1
41.3
41.4
41.2
41.9
40.9
40.9
40.8
40.5
40.3
40.5
40.0
40.3
40.3
$2.01 $68.06
2.10 71.10
2.14 72.44
2.15 72.65
2.16 72. 86
2.18 73.84
2.18 72.73
2.17 73.10
2.18 73.12
2.18 72.74
2.18 73.13
2.19 74.09
2.20 74.47
2.21 74.26
2. 22 75.24
39.8
39.5
39.8
39.7
39.6
39.7
39.1
39.3
39.1
38.9
38.9
39.2
39.4
39.5
39.6
Total: Ordnance
and accessories
$1.71 $83.44
1.80 91.54
1.82 93. 88
1.83 95.18
1.84 94.50
1.86 96.70
1.86 95.76
1.86 96.18
1.87 95.68
1.87 95.63
1.88 94. 02
1.89 94.83
1.89 93.60
1.88 93. 83
1.90 95.04
40.7
41.8
42.1
42.3
42.0
42.6
42.0
42.0
4.16
41.4
40.7
40.7
40.0
40.1
40.1
Food and kindred
products
Total: Food and
kindred products 4
$2.05 $72.10
2.19 75.03
2.23 76.02
2.25 75.99
2.25 78.06
2.27 77. 71
2.28 77.18
2.29 77.39
2.30 76. 81
2.31 77.20
2.31 78.38
2.33 78.94
2.34 79.27
2. 34 77. 71
2.37 78.91
41.2
41.0
42.0
41.3
41.3
40.9
40.2
40.1
39.8
40.0
40.4
40.9
41.5
40.9
41.1
$1.75
1.83
1.81
1.84
1.89
1.90
1.92
1.93
1.93
1.93
1.94
1.93
1.91
1.90
1.92
1530
Table
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, DECEMBER 1957
C-l : Hours and gross earnings of production workers or nonsupervisory employees 1—Con.
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn hours
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Year and month
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Avg.
hriy.
earn
tags
Manufacturing—Continued
Food and kindred products—Continued
Mea products 8 »
1955: Average_____ $83.16
1956: Average_____
84.03
September___ 85.20
October______ 84. 23
November___
91.80
December........ 87.14
1957: January_____
87.10
February____
85. 57
March_______ 83. 71
April________
84. 99
M ay________
86. 28
June__ ______ 87.13
J u ly .- --------87.31
August _____ 85. 22
September___
90.01
42.0
41.6
42.6
41.7
43.3
41.3
40.7
39.8
39.3
39.9
40.7
41.1
40.8
40.2
41. 1
$1.98 $86.92
2.02 92.00
2.00 93. 74
2.02 92. 84
2.12 101. 85
2.11 96.87
2.14 97. 25
2.15 94. 71
2.13 92.52
2.13 93.15
2.12 95.17
2.12 95.87
2.14 95. 76
2. 12 94. 19
2.19 100. 50
Ca lining and
Pi eserving 8
1955: A verage_____ $56. 50
1956: Average_____
62.02
September___
66. 73
October______ 64.96
November___
57. 56
December____ 61.02
1957: January_____
61.99
February____
61. 78
March_______ 61. 59
April-...............
62.83
M ay________
62. 75
June.................. 61.18
July-------------- 64.17
August______
65. 93
September___
65. 93
38.7
39.5
42.5
40.6
36.9
37.9
37.8
37.9
37.1
37.4
37.8
38.0
41.4
40.7
40.7
40.9
40.6
40.9
40.6
40.5
40.3
39.8
40.0
39.8
40.2
40.4
40.9
41.0
40.6
40.4
1955: Average_____ $58.11
1956: Average_____
61.85
September___
64. 53
October........... 63.34
November___
62.71
December____ 63.02
1957: January_____
62.09
February.........
63.84
March______
64.32
April ............... 63.60
M ay________
63. 57
June________
65.85
July-------------- 64. 22
A u g u st_____
65. 77
September___
66. 26
39.8
39.9
41.1
40.6
40.2
40.4
39.3
39.9
40.2
39. 5
39.0
40.4
39.4
40.6
40.9
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
32.2
30.7
28.9
30.1
26.8
31.9
29.7
27.4
30.9
31.4
31.1
32.0
33.6
30.2
33.9
41.1
40.7
40.8
40.7
40.9
40.6
40.1
40.3
40.1
40.5
40.6
40.9
40.9
40.7
40.6
39.7
39.8
41.0
40.4
40.1
40.3
39.0
39.6
40.0
39.2
38.7
40.2
39.0
40.5
40.8
41.8
41.5
41.9
40.7
42.2
41.4
40.1
39.8
39.3
40.5
41.0
41.8
41.6
40.7
40.7
39.9
41.5
44.9
43.1
39.0
39.4
38.8
39.3
38.4
38.2
39.2
38.6
44.0
41.9
41.6
Dairy products8
$1.94 $72. 48
2.05 74. 47
2.06 75.68
2. 05 74.80
2.10 75. 23
2. 11 75. 54
2.12 75. 66
2.13 75.06
2.13 76. 02
2.15 75. 84
2.17 77. 53
2.18 78.87
2.19 80.85
2.18 77.83
2. 21 78. 31
Canned fruits, vege
tables, and soups
$1. 57 $58. 65
1.65 65. 99
1.69 71.39
1. 67 70. 25
1.67 61.23
1.72 65.01
1.70 65.18
1.69 65.63
1.72 65.66
1.71 66. 47
1.73 66. 64
1.57 64.08
1.63 67. 32
1.70 69.14
1. 75 68.22
39.7
40.0
41.4
40.0
39.0
39.3
38.7
38.9
38.8
39.0
39.6
40.9
41.6
40.1
39.5
Beverages 8
$1.41 $82. 22
1. 50 85.41
1.53 84.99
1.52 84. 96
1.52 85. 97
1.52 86.18
1.53 84.67
1.56 85. 72
1.56 86.29
1. 57 87.16
1. 58 88. 62
1.59 91.35
1.58 92.74
1. 58 89. 95
1.58 89.02
40.5
40.1
39.9
39.7
39.8
39.9
39.2
39.5
39.4
39.8
40.1
40.6
41.4
40.7
40.1
43.4
42.3
43.0
42.5
42.5
42.2
41.8
41.7
42.0
41.9
42.6
43. 1
43.7
42.3
42.1
$1. 47 $77. 62
1.59 80. 97
1.59 85.00
1.63 84. 42
1.57 82.70
1. 65 83.14
1.68 83. 38
1. 67 82.60
1.71 82.03
1.74 82. 22
1. 70 83.61
1.66 83.66
1.53 86. 72
1. 65 87. 56
1. 64 90.74
44.1
43.3
44.5
44.2
43.3
43.3
43.2
42.8
42.5
42.6
43.1
43.8
44.7
44.0
44.7
43.8
43.0
41.8
43.0
49.5
47.5
39.4
40.6
40.8
39.4
40.2
43.4
42.0
39.1
41.7
42.0
41.2
41.1
40.6
40.4
41.6
40.5
40.7
40.6
41.0
41.5
42.5
43.7
42.5
42.0
44.9
43.9
45.9
45.4
44.6
44.8
45.5
44.1
43.3
43. 1
43.4
43.3
44.3
44.0
45. 6
$1.76 $84.12
1.86 86.94
1.98 92.22
1.81 93.95
1.73 89. 66
1.76 86. 71
2.00 88. 78
2.01 85. 75
2.04 88.75
2.06 87. 64
2.08 91.10
2.13 102.38
2. 09 96. 78
2.07 90.86
2.06 92.80
$1. 51
1. 57
1.59
1.56
1. 58
1.61
1.58
1.58
1.60
1. 59
1.62
1.67
1.66
1.63
1. 62
42.7
41.8
43.5
43.9
41.7
40.9
41.1
39.7
40.9
40.2
41.6
45.3
43.4
41.3
41.8
Malt liquors
$97.84
103.08
102.31
100.49
102. 57
104.28
102.18
103. 49
103. 74
105.86
108.13
111.35
112. 74
109. 73
108. 23
40.1
39.8
39.5
38.5
39.0
39.5
39.0
39.2
39.0
39.5
39.9
40.2
40. 7
39.9
39.5
Ice cream and ices
$1.64 $75.08
1. 73 77. 46
1.77 79. 42
1. 75 78. 49
1.77 78.17
1.78 78.47
1.80 77. 33
1.80 78.66
1.83 79.07
1.83 79. 27
1.83 82.60
1.85 83.89
1. 85 86.29
1. 84 81. 51
1.88 81. 56
42.9
42.1
42.7
42.2
41.8
41.3
40.7
41.4
41.4
41.5
42.8
42.8
43.8
41.8
41.4
$1. 75
1.84
1.86
1.86
1.87
1.90
1.90
1.90
1.91
1.91
1.93
1.96
1. 97
1. 95
1.97
Prepared feeds
$1.86 $74. 25
1.93 76.83
2.00 78. 94
1.98 78.32
2.00 77.94
1.98 78.99
2.00 79.17
1.98 77. 47
1. 96 77. 29
1.97 79.06
1.97 79. 17
1.99 80.10
2.02 81.99
2.05 81. 35
2. 09 82.58
Cane-sugar refining
Bottled soft drinks
$2.03 $63. 42
2.13 64.68
2.13 65. 35
2.14 63.34
2.16 63.83
2.16 66.98
2.16 63.99
2.17 64. 31
2.19 64.96
2.19 65.19
2.21 67.23
2. 25 70.98
2. 24 72. 54
2. 21 69.28
2. 22 68. 04
45.4
43.9
44.4
43.0
42.5
42.7
43.4
42.6
42.9
42.7
43.3
43.2
43.6
42.7
43.1
Flour and other
grain-mill products
$1.76 $83. 51
1.87 84.73
1.91 91.80
1.91 89.89
1. 91 89.20
1.92 88.70
1.93 91.00
1. 93 87.32
1.93 84. 87
1. 93 84.91
1. 94 85. 50
1.91 86.17
1.94 89.49
1. 99 90. 20
2.03 95.30
Sugar 8
$1.58 $77.09
1.65 79. 98
1.66 82.76
1.66 77.83
1.67 85. 64
1.70 83.60
1.71 78.80
1.71 81.61
1.70 83.23
1. 71 81.16
1.71 83. 62
1.72 92. 44
1.73 87. 78
1. 73 80. 94
1.72 85. 90
Condensed and
evaporated milk
$1.67 $74. 46
1. 74 75. 95
1.76 78. 59
1.76 75.25
1.77 75. 23
1.79 76.01
1.81 78.12
1.80 76.68
1.81 78.51
1.81 78.14
1.82 79. 24
1.83 79.92
1.85 80. 66
1.84 78. 57
1. S6 81. 03
Grain-mill products 8
Biscuits, crackers,
and pretzels
$1.75 $62. 73
1.84 66.00
1.87 68. 72
1.87 66. 40
1.89 65.13
1.86 66.81
1.87 66.18
1.88 66. 52
1.88 65.96
1.89 66. 69
1.91 67. 72
1.92 70. 35
1.93 71.97
1.92 69.37
1.94 67.94
Confectionery
$1. 46 $55.98
1.55 59.70
1.57 62. 73
1.56 61.41
1.56 60. 95
1.56 61.26
1.58 59. 67
1.60 61.78
1.60 62.40
1.61 61. 54
1. 63 61.15
1.63 63. 92
1.63 61.62
1.62 63. 99
1. 62 64.46
Sausages and
casings
$2.05 $81. 09
2.18 85.08
2.17 86.31
2.20 83. 44
2.32 88. 62
2.29 87. 35
2.31 85.01
2. 31 84. 77
2.29 83. 71
2. 30 87.08
2.31 88. 97
2.31 91.12
2.33 91.10
2. 32 88.73
2.41 89. 95
Bread and other
bakery products
$1.72 $71.93
1.80 74.89
1.83 76. 30
1.83 76.11
1.85 77. 30
1.83 75. 52
1.84 74. 99
1.85 75. 76
1.84 75.39
1.85 76. 55
1.87 77. 55
1.88 78.53
1.89 78.94
1.88 78.14
1. 90 78. 76
Confectionery and
related products >
42.4
42.2
43.2
42.2
43.9
42.3
42.1
41.0
40. 4
40.5
41.2
41.5
41.1
40.6
41.7
Seafood, canned and
cured
$1.46 $50. 55
1. 57 50.66
1. 57 48.84
1.60 50. 27
1.56 44. 76
1.61 54.87
1. 64 50. 49
1.63 46.31
1.66 53.15
1.68 53. 69
1.66 53.80
1.61 50. 24
1. 55 54. 77
1.62 51. 34
1.62 59. 33
Bakery products 8
1955: Average_____ $70.35
1956: Average_____
73.08
September___
74. 85
October_____
74.30
November___
74.93
December____ 73.75
1957: January_____
73.23
February____
74.00
March______
73. 23
April________
74. 37
M ay________
75. 55
June__ ______
76.89
July_________
77.49
August............. 76. 33
September___
76. 76
Meatpacking, whole
sale
45.0
43.9
44.6
44.0
43.3
43.4
43.5
42.8
42.7
43.2
43.5
44.5
45.3
44.7
44.4
$1. 65
1.75
1.77
1.78
1.80
1.82
1.82
1.81
1.81
1.83
1.82
1.80
1.81
1.82
1. 86
Beet sugar
$1.97 $73.35
2.08 78.12
2.12 77.60
2.14 71.88
2.15 85. 31
2.12 85.80
2.16 71.23
2.16 83.07
2.17 79.98
2.18 78. 39
2. 19 74. 40
2. 26 81.61
2.23 79. 79
2.20 70. 60
2.22 83. 75
42.4
43.4
40.0
43.3
49.6
48.2
37.1
42.6
39.4
39.0
37.2
40.2
40.3
35.3
42.3
$1.73
1.80
1.94
1.66
1.72
1.78
1.92
1.95
2.03
2.01
2.00
2.03
1.98
2.00
1.98
Distilled, rectified, and
blended liquors
$2.44 $78.76
2. 59 81.90
2. 59 80.05
2. 61 86. 62
2.63 88.94
2.64 82. 35
2.62 80. 59
2.64 84. 42
2.66 83.76
2.68 85.09
2. 71 83. 54
2. 77 84.42
2. 77 86.02
2. 75 85. 69
2. 74 84.74
38.8
39.0
38.3
40. 1
40.8
38.3
36.8
38.2
37.9
38.5
37.8
38.2
39.1
38.6
38.0
$2.03
2. 10
2.09
2.16
2.18
2.15
2.19
2. 21
2.21
2.21
2.21
2. 21
2.20
2. 22
2.23
0 : EARNINGS AND HOURS
T able
1531
C-l : Hours and gross earnings of production workers or nonsupervisory employees 1—Con.
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn- hours
tags
Avg.
hrly.
earntags
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn- hours
tags
Avg.
hrly.
earntags
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn- hours
tags
Year and month
Avg.
hrly.
earntags
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn- hours
tags
Avg.
hrly.
earntags
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn- hours
tags
Avg.
hrly.
earntags
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn- hours
tags
Avg.
hrly.
earntags
M anufacturtag—C ontinued
Food and kindred products—Continued
Miscellaneous food
products 8
1955: Average........ . $67.97
72.92
1956: Average...........
September___
75.17
October______ 74.98
November___
75. 95
December........ 75. 40
1957: January______ 75.62
February____
77.00
March_______ 75.03
April................
74.85
M ay-------------- 74.30
June______ ... 76.36
July-------------- 77. 79
August______
78. 06
September___
79. 07
41.7
41.2
41.3
41.2
41. 5
41.2
41. 1
41.4
41.0
40.9
40.6
41.5
41.6
41.3
41.4
Corn sirup, sugar,
oil, and starch
$1.63 $83.16
1. 77 86. 53
1. 82 89. 62
1. 82 92. 42
1. 83 90.50
1.83 90.03
1.84 89. 44
1. 86 87.53
1.83 87.10
1.83 86.88
1.83 88. 80
1.84 90. 69
1.87 95.37
1.89 96. 02
1.91 94.39
42.0
41.4
41.3
42.2
41.9
41.3
41.6
40.9
40.7
40.6
41.3
41.6
42.2
42.3
41.4
Tobacco manufactures
Manufactured ice
$1. 98 $66. 28
2.09 69. 71
2.17 69. 76
2.19 69.28
2.16 71.07
2.18 72. 61
2.15 71.97
2.14 73. 55
2.14 72. 58
2.14 73. 02
2.15 72. 90
2.18 72.70
2.26 74.49
2. 27 73.54
2. 28 74.76
45.4
44.4
43.6
43.3
43.6
45.1
44.7
45.4
44.8
44.8
45.0
44.6
45.7
44.3
44.5
Total: Tobacco
manufactures
$1. 46 $51.60
1. 57 56. 41
1.60 56.30
1.60 54.91
1.63 56. 41
1.61 58.90
1.61 57. 81
1. 62 57. 37
1.62 57. 99
1.63 57. 04
1.62 61.78
1.63 60. 99
1.63 63. 76
1.66 57.22
1.68 57. 52
Tobacco manufactures—Continued
Tobacco and snuff
1955: Average_____ $54.17
1956: Average_____
57.13
September___
58. 28
October. ____ 58. 28
November___
58.88
December____ 60. 29
1957: January_____
58. 30
February____
57. 56
March_______ 57. 92
April ______
57.83
M a y ________
59.98
June________
61.94
July-------------- 62.16
August______
62. 48
September___
61.61
39.8
39.5
39.2
38.4
38. 2
40.0
39.9
39.5
39.1
39.0
39.2
38.9
38.9
39.5
39.7
$1. 30 $54. 27
1. 35 56.28
1.37 55. 04
1. 40 58. 46
1.42 59. 42
1. 40 59. 71
1.41 57. 57
1.40 56. 70
1.41 56. 55
1.40 56. 26
1.40 55.97
1.40 56.41
1.41 56.26
1.42 56. 99
1.41 57. 52
Narrow fabrics
and small wares
40.5
40.2
39.6
40.6
40.7
40.9
39.7
39.1
39.0
38.8
38.6
38.9
38.8
39.3
39.4
Total: Textilemill products
$1.06 $55. 74
1.20 57. 57
1. 14 56.99
1.13 59. 75
1.18 60. 30
1. 24 60.30
1. 25 58. 65
1. 27 58. 80
1.34 58.35
1. 45 57.90
1.46 57.60
1.45 58.35
1.44 57.90
1.20 58. 65
1.17 59.04
Broad-woven
fabric mills 8
Thread mills
1955: Average_____ $51. 74
1956: Average_____
53.33
53. 70
September___
October______ 53. 76
November___
54. 24
December____ 56.00
1957: January_____
56.26
February____
55.30
March_______ 55.13
April ______
54.60
M ay-------------- 54.88
June________
54. 46
July-------------- 54. 85
August______
56. 09
September___
55.98
39.7
39.2
43.6
40.4
37.3
39.4
38. 1
38.7
36.9
37.0
38.6
37.6
38.3
37.9
40.0
40.1
39.7
39.3
40.1
40.2
40.2
39.1
39.2
38.9
38.6
38.4
38.9
38.6
39.1
39.1
Scouring and
combing plants
$1.39 $63. 86
1. 45 66. 56
1.45 66. 33
1. 49 66. 67
1.50 67. 16
1.50 67. 23
1.50 65.19
1.50 65.83
1.50 62. 65
1.50 64. 72
1.50 65. 92
1.50 68.20
1.50 69. 47
1.50 62. 81
1.51 64.08
40.2
39.8
39.9
39.2
38.8
40.2
40.0
40.0
40.2
39.8
39.8
40.4
40.2
40.0
40.2
See footnotes at end of table,
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
40.3
40.
40.9
40.2
40.7
41.8
41.3
39.7
39.6
37.5
41.5
40.1
43.4
39.5
39.7
41.2
41.6
41.2
40.9
40.7
41.5
41.0
41.4
39.4
40.2
41.2
42.1
42.1
39.5
40.3
Yarn and
thread mills 8
$1. 55 $50.04
1. 60 52. ,53
1. 61 51.72
1. 63 53. 72
1. 65 55. 46
1.62 54. 79
1.59 54. 10
1. 59 53. 82
1.59 52.99
1.61 52. 44
1.60 52.68
1.62 52.85
1.65 53.10
1.59 52. 61
1.59 52.44
39.4
39.2
38.6
39. 5
39.9
39.7
39.2
39.0
38.4
38.0
37.9
38.3
38.2
38.4
38.0
$1.34 $52. 79
1.40 54.66
1. 39 53. 06
1. 44 57. 51
1.46 58. 54
1. 46 58.34
1.45 56.49
1.45 55.10
1. 45 55.34
1.45 55. 06
1.45 54.10
1. 45 54.91
1.45 54. 77
1.45 55. 77
1.46 56.30
40.3
39.9
39.3
40.5
40.8
40.8
39.5
38.8
38.7
38.5
38.1
38.4
38.3
39.0
39.1
North
$1.18
1.27
1.28
1. 29
1.31
1. 30
1. 29
1.30
1.30
1.31
1.31
1.32
1.32
1.33
1.35
Yarn mills
$1. 27 $50.04
1.34 52. 53
1.34 51. 72
1. 36 54. 25
1. 39 56. 00
1. 38 55.18
1.38 54.49
1. 38 54.21
1.38 52. 99
1.38 52. 68
1.39 52. 54
1.38 53. 24
1.39 53.10
1.37 52. 61
1.38 52.30
'
39.4
39.2
38.6
39.6
40.0
39.7
39.2
39.0
38.4
37.9
37.8
38.3
38.2
38.4
37.9
$1. 27
1.34
1. 34
1.37
1.40
1.39
1.39
1.39
1. 38
1.39
1.39
1. 39
1.30
1.37
1.38
$1.31 $57. 63
1.37 58. 46
1.35 57. 75
1. 42 60.10
1. 43 59. 58
1.43 61. 16
1.43 57.00
1. 42 56. 47
1.43 57. 61
1.43 57. 46
1. 42 57.61
1.43 59.67
1.43 59. 98
1.43 60. 74
1.44 60.83
40.3
39.5
38. 5
39.8
39.2
40.5
37.5
37.4
37.9
37.8
37.9
39.0
39.2
39.7
39.5
South
$1. 43 $51. 99
1. 48 54.00
1.50 52.40
1. 51 56. 84
1.52 58. 36
1.51 58.08
1.52 56.12
1. 51 54. 99
1.52 54. 71
1. 52 54. 43
1.52 53. 72
1.53 54. 00
1.53 53.86
1.53 54. 85
1.54 55.38
40.3
40.0
39.4
40.6
41.1
40.9
39.8
39.0
38.8
38.6
38.1
38.3
38.2
38.9
39.0
$1.33 $56. 54
1. 42 58.98
1. 43 57.83
1. 43 59. 21
1. 44 60. 37
1. 44 60. 61
1. 45 59. 59
1.45 59. 59
1. 46 59. 75
1.45 57.97
1.46 55.80
1.46 54. 56
1.45 54.10
1.46 55.90
1.46 55.90
38.2
38.3
37.8
38.7
39.2
39. 1
38. 2
38.2
38.3
37.4
36.0
35.2
34.9
36.3
36.3
$1. 48 $55. 42
1.54 58. 98
1.53 59. 98
1.53 59.89
1. 54 61.20
1. 55 59.34
1. 56 58. 75
1. 56 58.60
1. 56 59. 06
1.55 56. 62
1.55 57. 60
1.55 58.06
1.55 58. 37
1.54 59. 21
1.54 60.92
North
37.7
38.8
39.2
39.4
40.0
39.3
37.9
38.3
38.6
38.0
37.4
37.7
37.9
38.2
38.8
South
$1. 47 $56. 83
1. 52 59.06
1.53 56.92
1. 52 58. 75
1.53 60.30
1. 51 61. 23
1.55 59. 75
1. 53 59.82
1. 53 59.82
1.49 58.40
1.54 55.22
1.54 53. 20
1. 54 52.08
1. 55 54. 67
1.57 53. 86
$1. 29 $63. 38
1.35 65.31
1.33 64. 84
1.40 65. 76
1. 42 64.16
1.42 66. 49
1.41 65. 44
1.41 66.49
1.41 65. 92
1.41 65. 44
1.41 66. 72
1.41 67.20
1. 41 66. 56
1.41 65.67
1.42 66. 40
41.7
41.6
41.3
41. 1
40.1
41.3
40.9
41.3
41.2
40.9
41.7
42.0
41.6
41.3
41.5
$1.52
1.57
1.57
1. 60
1.60
1.61
1.60
1.61
1.60
1.60
1.60
1.60
1.60
1.59
1.60
Seamless hosiery
Full-fashioned hosiery
38.2
37.8
37.9
38.5
38.3
37.8
36.8
37.3
37.2
37.0
36.8
37.3
37.2
37.9
37.9
37.2
37.5
38.1
38.3
38.6
38.4
37.3
37.7
37.0
36.3
37.3
37.6
36.2
37.8
38.7
Woolen and worsted
United States
Knitting mills 8
$1.40 $50. 81
1. 47 53.68
1. 48 54. 20
1.50 55. 06
1. 51 55.15
1.50 54. 43
1. 52 53.36
1. 51 54.09
1.51 54.31
1.51 53. 65
1.51 53. 73
1.52 54.46
1.53 53. 94
1.52 55. 33
1.53 55. 33
$1. 67 $43. 90
1. 75 47.63
1. 7b 48. 77
1.75 49.41
1. 79 50. 57
1. 82 49. 92
1.82 48. 12
1.79 49.01
1.80 48. 10
1.48 47. 55
1.86 48.86
1.86 49.63
1.87 47.78
1.83 50. 27
1.82 52. 25
Cotton, silk, synthetic fiber
United States
1955: Average______ $56. 28
1956: Average_____
58.51
September___
59.05
October______ 58.80
November___
58.59
December____ 60. 30
1957: January_____
60.80
February____
60.40
March_______ 60.70
April________
60.10
M ay------------60.10
June_________ 61.40
July.................. 61.51
August............. 60.80
September___
61.51
$1.33 $67.30
1. 45 70.88
1. 38 71.98
1. 39 70. 35
1.45 72. 85
1.48 76.08
1. 49 75.17
1.49 71.06
1.53 71. 28
1. 55 67.88
1. 58 77.19
1.58 74. 59
1.61 81.16
1.49 72.29
1.46 72.25
Cigars
Textile-mill products
Tobacco stemming
and redrying
$1. 46 $42.08
1. 54 47.04
1. 55 49.70
1. 55 45. 65
1. 57 44.01
1. 57 48. 86
1.58 47.63
1. 59 49.15
1.60 49.45
1. 62 53. 65
1.63 56. 36
1.63 54. 52
1.64 55.15
1.64 45.48
1.63 46.80
37.1
37. 1
37.6
37.6
37.5
38.4
36.9
36.2
36.2
35.7
36.8
38.0
37.9
38.1
37.8
38.8
38.9
40.8
39.5
35.9
39.8
38.8
38. 5
37.9
36.8
39.1
38.6
39.6
38.4
39.4
Cigarettes
38.4
38.1
37.2
38.4
38.9
39.0
38.3
38. 1
38.1
37.2
35.4
34.1
33.6
35.5
35.2
United States
$1. 48 $42.80
1. 55 46.21
1.53 47. 06
1.53 49.13
1.55 49.50
1. 57 49. 24
1. 56 47. 75
1.57 48.64
1. 57 47. 97
1.57 47. 30
1.56 47.88
1.56 49. 21
1.55 47. 95
1.54 49.63
1.53 49.34
36.9
36. 1
36.2
37.5
37.5
37.3
35.9
36.3
35.8
35.3
36.0
37.0
36.6
37.6
37.1
$1.16
1.28
1.30
1.31
1.32
1.32
1.33
1. 34
1.34
1.34
1. 33
1.33
1.31
1.32
1.33
1532
T able
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, DECEMBER 1957
C-l: Hours and gross earnings of production workers or nonsupervisory employees 1—Con.
Avg. Avg.
wkly. w kly.
earn hours
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. w kly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. w kly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. w kly. w kly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. w kly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg,
hrly. w kly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
M anufacturing—C ontinued
Year and month
Textile-mill products—Continued
Seamless hosiery—Continued
North
1955: Average............ $46. 71
1956: A verage.......... 49.27
September___
51.60
October______ 52.00
November___
51.07
December........ 50.12
1957: January.......... 50.18
February.........
51.51
March_______ 50. 92
April________
50. 59
M ay__ ______
51.17
June_________ 51.05
July........... ....... 52.11
August______
52. 26
September___
52.38
38.6
37.9
38.8
39.1
38.4
37.4
36.9
37.6
36.9
37.2
37.9
38.1
38.6
39.0
38.8
$1. 21 $42.21
1.30 45.82
1.33 46.18
1.33 48. 73
1.33 49.24
1.34 49.24
1.36 47.61
1.37 48.01
1.38 47.35
1.36 46.90
1.35 47.48
1.34 48.94
1.35 47.19
1.34 49. 37
1.35 48.94
Carpets, rugs, other
floor coverings 8
1955: Average............ $73. 74
1956: Average_____
73.98
September___
75.89
October______ 76. 49
November___
76.31
December........ 77.28
1957: January______ 76. 96
February......... 78. 26
March_______ 75.44
April________
74. 34
M ay................. 73. 05
June.................. 72.29
July_________
72.07
August _____
73. 53
September___
76.04
41.9
41.1
41.7
41.8
41.7
42.0
41.6
42.3
41.0
40.4
39.7
39.5
39.6
40.4
41.1
Knit underwear
Knit outerwear
36.7
35.8
35.8
37.2
37.3
37.3
35.8
36.1
35.6
35.0
35.7
36.8
36.3
37.4
36.8
$1.15 $53.76
1.28 56.15
1.29 56.83
1.31 58.80
1.32 58.05
1.32 55. 58
1.33 53.87
1.33 55.43
1.33 56.10
1.34 55.88
1. 33 57.00
1.33 58. 75
1.30 59.14
1.32 59. 75
1.33 59.98
Wool carpets, rugs,
and carpet yarn
$1.76 $71.05
1.80 73.26
1.82 76.18
1.83 75. 81
1.83 74. 85
1.84 76. 54
1.85 77.15
1.85 77.52
1.84 73.20
1.84 72. 44
1.84 71.16
1.83 68.76
1.82 68.76
1.82 72. 07
1.85 72. 65
40.6
40.7
41.4
41.2
40.9
41.6
41.7
41.9
40.0
39.8
39. 1
38.2
38.2
39.6
39.7
38.4
38.2
38.4
39.2
38.7
37.3
36.4
37.2
37.4
37.5
37.5
38.4
38.4
38.8
39.2
$1.40 $48.34
1.47 49.91
1.48 50.94
1.50 49. 34
1.50 49. 82
1.49 48.74
1.48 48. 55
1.49 49. 87
1.50 50.14
1.49 51.47
1.52 50.05
1.53 51.14
1.54 50.86
1.54 51.14
1.53 52.03
Hats (except cloth
and millinery)
$1.75 $58.03
1.80 57.38
1.84 56. 91
1.84 53. 79
1.83 55.61
1.84 58.13
1.85 53. 61
1. 85 61.15
1.83 56. 76
1.82 54. 61
1.82 58.48
1.80 59. 76
1.80 59.01
1.82 62.16
1.83 60.84
37.2
35.2
34.7
32.8
33.5
34.6
33.3
36.4
34.4
33.3
36.1
36.0
36.2
37.9
37.1
39.3
38.1
38.3
37.1
36.9
36.1
35.7
36.4
36.6
37.3
36.8
37.6
37.4
37.6
37.7
$1.23 $65.14
1.31 65. 92
1.33 63.90
1.33 68.97
1.35 70. 22
1.35 69.55
1.36 65. 51
1.37 68.15
1.37 68.06
1.38 67.49
1. 36 66.83
1.36 69. 22
1.36 65.60
1.36 67.16
1.38 66. 83
Paddings and upholstery filling
43.2
40.5
41.7
42.6
41.9
42.9
40.9
41.6
41.3
40.6
40.4
40.2
40.5
39.8
39.6
Processed waste and
recovered fibers
$1.70 $51.17
1.70 53. 97
1.74 53.33
1.72 54. 95
1.72 56. 71
1.76 59.60
1.74 56.72
1.74 57.54
1.73 57. 55
1.73 56. 30
1. 72 57.26
1.74 58.66
1.76 58.80
1. 77 57. 82
1.79 58.94
M en’s and boys’
furnishings
and
work clothing 8
$1.56 $66. 56
1.63 66.83
1.64 68.14
1.64 70.04
1.66 70. 28
1.68 71.99
1.61 69.02
1.68 68. 85
1.65 68. 68
1.64 67.49
1.62 67.15
1. 66 69.37
1.63 69.95
1.64 69. 65
1.64 70. 35
Dyeing and finishing
textiles (except wool)
37.1
36.7
37.4
37.7
37.3
36.4
36.0
36.1
35.8
34.9
35.6
36.2
36.6
37.3
37.7
45.9
44.0
44.5
45.7
45.2
47.0
44.4
42.0
41.8
41.6
41.8
43.9
44.7
44.9
45.0
41.6
40.5
40.8
41.2
41.1
42.1
40.6
40.5
40.4
39.7
39.5
40.1
40.2
39.8
40.2
$1.60 $73. 93
1.65 71.10
1.67 75.66
1.70 79.18
1.71 80.09
1.71 81.65
1.70 77.89
1.70 74.74
1.70 75. 62
1.70 71.02
1. 70 71. 23
1.73 73.49
1.74 72. 52
1.75 73.70
1.75 73.13
37.2
36.9
35.5
36.0
35.3
37.0
36.8
37.2
37.2
36.3
36.0
36.3
36.7
37.1
36.2
Cordage and twine
$1.93 $55. 58
2.00 56.99
2.02 57.82
2. 07 57.09
2. 06 57.87
2.10 59.60
2.08 59.40
2.05 59.70
2.04 59.85
2.05 58.80
2.07 57. 15
2.12 57.68
2.17 57. 83
2.17 58.67
2.18 59. 67
Separate trousers
$1.14 $43. 52
1.24 46. 49
1.28 45.09
1.29 46. 44
1.30 45.54
1.30 48.10
1.29 47. 84
1.28 48.36
1.29 48.73
1.28 47. 65
1.28 46. 80
1.27 47.19
1. 27 47.34
1.28 48.23
1.29 47 42
$1.54 $64.87
1.60 65.51
1.57 63. 80
1.65 69.30
1.66 70.55
1.66 69.89
1.65 65.44
1.65 68.15
1.66 67.65
1.65 66. 75
1.65 66.09
1.66 68. 81
1.64 64.87
1.65 66. 42
1.65 66.09
41.3
40.4
41.8
42.8
42.6
43.2
42.1
40.4
41. Í
38.6
38.5
39.3
39.2
39.2
38.9
42.4
41.2
40.9
42.0
42.5
42.1
39.9
41.3
41.0
40.7
40.3
41.7
39.8
40.5
40.3
$1.53
1.59
1.56
1.65
1.66
1.66
1.64
1.65
1.65
1.64
1.64
1.65
1.63
1.64
1.64
Lace goods
$1. 79 $63.91
1.76 66.09
1.81 67.86
1.85 68.11
1.88 66.02
1.89 67.97
1.85 67.68
1.85 67.28
1.84 67. 32
1.84 67. 32
1.85 67.13
1.87 68.80
1.85 69.36
1.88 67. 51
1.88 68. 99
38.5
38.2
39.0
38.7
37.3
38.4
37.6
37.8
37.4
37.4
37.5
37.8
37.9
37.3
37.7
$1.66
1.73
1.74
1.76
1.77
1.77
1.80
1.78
1.80
1.80
1. 79
1.82
1.83
1.81
1.83
Apparel and other finished textile products
Artificial leather, oilcloth , and other
coated fabrics
$1.23 $88. 59
1.31 88.00
1.32 89.89
1.35 94.60
1.36 93.11
1.37 98.70
1.37 92.35
1.37 86.10
1.39 85. 27
1.39 85.28
1.40 86, 53
1.41 93.07
1.41 97.00
1.40 97.43
1.41 98.10
Shirts, collars, and
nightwear
1955: Average______ $41.92
37.1 $1.13 $42. 29
1956: Average_____
45. 26
36.5
1.24 45. 51
September___
46.24
1.26 47. 87
36.7
October______ 46.61
36.7
1.27 48. 63
November___
45.82
35.8
1.28 48.49
December____ 45.95
35.9
1.28 47. 32
1957: January______ 45. 44
35.5
1.28 46. 44
February__
46.36
36.5
1.27 46.21
March_______ 46. 72
36.5
1.28 46.18
April................ 45. 72
36. C 1.27 44.67
M ay_________ 45. 97
36.2
1.27 45.57
June_________ 46.37
36.8
1. 26 45.97
July..............
46.48
36.6
1.27 46.48
August______
47.63
37.5
1.27 47.74
September___
48.00
37.5
1.28 48. 63
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
41.6
41.2
40.4
40.7
41.7
43.5
41.4
42.0
41.4
40.5
40.9
41.6
41.7
41.3
41.8
42.3
41.2
40.7
41.8
42.3
41.9
39.7
41.3
41.0
40.9
40.5
41.7
40.0
40.7
40.5
Miscellaneous textile
Felt goods (except
goods 8
woven felts and hats) 4
Textile-mill products—Continued
1955: Average_____ $73. 44
1956: Average_____
68.85
September___
72. 56
October............ 73. 27
November___
72. 07
December__
75.50
1957: January........ .
71.17
February____
72.38
March..........
71.45
A p r il............... 70.24
M ay_________ 69.49
June................ . 69.95
July-------------- 71.28
August______
70. 45
September___
70.88
Dyeing and finishing
textiles 8
South
39.7
39.3
39.6
39.1
39.1
40.0
39.6
39.8
39.9
39.2
38.1
38.2
38.3
38.6
39.0
Work shirts
$1.17 $36.29
1.26 39.82
1. 27 40.93
1.29 40.71
1.29 37.15
1.30 40.72
1.30 40. 47
1.30 45.40
1.31 42.60
1.31 42.6C
1.3C 42.34
1.30 42.92
1.29 43.50
1.30 43. 82
1.31 43. 62
Total: Apparel and
other finished textile products
$1.40 $49.41
1.45 52.64
1.46 53. 28
1.46 54.24
1.48 53. 43
1.49 54.45
1.50 53.49
1.50 54. 39
1.50 54. 75
1. 50 52.84
1.50 52.98
1.51 53.34
1. 51 54.15
1.52 55. 20
1.53 55. 27
36.6
36.3
36.0
36.4
36.1
36.3
35.9
36.5
36.5
35.7
35.8
35.8
36.1
36.8
36.6
$1.35 $59.86
1.45 63.12
1.48 64.97
1.49 65.16
1.48 64. 25
1.50 64.78
1.49 63.89
1.49 64. 06
1.50 64. 05
1.48 62.48
1.48 63. 37
1.40 64.08
1.50 63.90
1.50 64. 62
1.51 63.90
Women’s outerwear 4 8
37.8 $0.96 $52.90
1.1C 57. 02
36.2
1.14 56.45
35.9
35.4
1.15 57.44
1.15 56. 54
32.3
35.1
1.16 58.38
34.3
1.18 58. 27
38.8
1.17 58.74
35.8
1.19 59.43
36.1
1.18 57.70
1.16 57. 35
36.5
37. C 1.16 55. 24
37.5
1.16 58.98
38.1
1.15 60.48
1.16 59. 49
37.6
M en’s and boys’
suits and coats
36.5
36.7
36.5
36.4
36.3
36.6
36.3
36.4
36.6
35.5
35.8
35.8
36.1
36.1
35.7
$1.64
1.72
1. 78
1.79
1.77
1. 77
1.76
1.76
1.75
1.76
1.77
1.79
1. 77
1.79
1.79
Women’s dresses
35.5 $1. 49 $53.40
35.2
1.62 55.62
33.8
1.67 54.76
34.6
1.66 55. 55
1.62 55. 97
34.9
35.6
1.64 57. 28
35.1
1. 66 55.49
35.6
1.65 55.62
35.8
1.66 57.80
35.4
59.01
1.65
35.4
1.62 58. oa
34.1
1.62 53.09
34. S
1.60 54.42
36. C 1.68 58.10
35.2
1.69 57. 59
35.6
35.2
33.8
34.5
35.2
35. g
34.9
35.2
35.9
36.2
35. e
33.6
33. g
35.7
34.9
$1.50
1.58
1.62
1.61
1.59
1.60
1.59
1.58
1.61
1.63
1.63
1.58
1.61
1.63
1.65
C: EARNINGS AND HOURS
T able
1533
C-l: Hours and gross earnings of production workers or nonsupervisory employees 1—Con.
Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly. hrly. wkly. wkly. hrly. wkly. wkly. hrly. wkly. wkly. hrly. wkly. wkly. hrly.
earn hours earn earn hours earn earn hours earn earn hours earn earn hours earn
ings
ings ings
ings ings
ings ings
ings ings
ings
Year and month
Manufacturing—Continued
Apparel and other finished textile products—Continued
Women’s
suits,
coats,
Women’s and chil Underwear and night Corsets and allied
Household apparel
and skirts
garments
dren’s undergarments5 wear, except corsets
Average____
Average........
September__
October____
November__
December___
1957 : January........
February___
March_____
April.... ......
May______
June______
July---------August____
September__
1955 :
1956 :
$ 40.52
44.76
43.56
44.58
45 . 97
47.74
46.08
46.83
48.23
48.10
47.97
45.50
45.06
45.44
45.98
3 6 .5
36.1
3 4 .3
35 .1
3 6 .2
3 7 .3
3 6 .0
3 6 .3
37.1
3 7 .0
3 6 .9
3 5 .0
3 5 .2
35 .5
35 .1
$ 1.11
$ 6 4 .27
1.24
1.2 7
1. 27
1. 27
1.28
1.28
1.29
1.30
1.30
1.30
1.3 0
1.28
1.2 8
1.31
6 8 .14
6 8 .13
69 . 63
65 . 27
68.74
70 . 52
70 . 45
6 8 .68
59.87
6 3 .70
65.73
74.91
75.03
72.45
3 3 .3
3 3 .9
3 2 .6
3 3 .8
32 .8
3 4 .2
3 4 .4
3 4 .2
3 3 .5
3 0 .7
3 2 .5
3 2 .7
3 5 .5
3 5 .9
3 4 .5
$ 1.93
$ 44 . 77
47 . 55
2.01
2.0 9
2.0 6
1.99
2.01
2.0 5
2.0 6
2.0 5
1.95
1.96
2.01
2.11
2.0 9
2.1 0
49.08
50 . 49
49.48
48 . 81
48.28
49 . 21
49 . 45
47.70
47 . 57
48.11
48.01
49 . 85
51.27
apparel
Children’s outerwear Miscellaneous
and accessories
Average........
Average..,__
September__
October____
November__
December___
1957 : January____
February___
March,........
April______
May______
June______
July— ........
August____
September__
1955 :
1956 :
$ 45.38
48.31
48.33
49 . 58
48 . 94
49.14
50 . 55
51.27
50.86
48.28
49.41
51.61
52.72
51.38
50.14
3 7 .2
3 6 .6
3 5 .8
37 .0
3 6 .8
3 6 .4
3 6 .9
3 7 .7
3 7 .4
3 6 .3
3 6 .6
3 7 .4
3 8 .2
3 7 .5
3 6 .6
$ 1.22
1.3 2
1.3 5
1.3 4
1.33
1.35
1.3 7
1.36
1.36
1.33
1.35
1.3 8
1.3 8
1.37
1.3 7
$ 45 . 63
49 . 71
51.24
52.30
50.37
61.15
49.23
49.73
49 . 27
48.37
4 8 .16
49.63
5 0 .40
48 . 79
51.47
37 .1
37 .1
3 7 .4
3 7 .9
3 6 .5
3 6 .8
3 6 .2
3 6 .3
3 5 .7
3 4 .8
3 4 .4
3 5 .2
3 6 .0
35 .1
3 6 .5
$ 1.23
1. 34
$ 1. 22
$ 42.44
1.31
1.33
1.35
1.3 3
1.3 3
1.3 3
1.33
1.3 4
1.34
1.34
1.3 4
1.33
1.3 4
1 .3 6
45.50
4 7 .62
49.14
48.00
46.74
45 . 86
47.50
47.62
45.95
45 .7 0
45.95
4 6 .4 6
4 8 .38
50.17
Other fabricated
textile products »
$ 51.32
53.53
54.10
56.12
56.30
57.22
55.35
55.86
55 . 42
54.54
55. 73
57.23
56.10
57.98
57.07
1.37
1.38
1.38
1.3 9
1.36
1.3 7
1.3 8
1.39
1.40
1.41
1.4 0
1.3 9
1.41
3 6 .7
3 6 .3
3 6 .9
3 7 .4
3 7 .2
3 6 .7
3 6 .3
37 .0
3 6 .9
3 5 .6
3 5 .5
3 5 .9
36 .1
3 7 .2
3 7 .7
3 8 .3
3 7 .7
38 .1
3 8 .7
3 8 .3
3 8 .4
3 7 .4
3 8 .0
3 7 .7
37 .1
37 .4
3 7 .9
3 7 .4
3 8 .4
3 8 .3
3 6 .9
3 6 .4
3 7 .2
37 .8
3 7 .5
3 6 .8
3 6 .4
3 7 .4
3 7 .2
3 5 .9
3 5 .7
3 5 .9
3 6 .3
3 7 .8
3 8 .3
$ 1.15
1. 25
1. 28
1.3 0
1.2 8
1.2 7
1.26
1. 27
1.2 8
1.28
1.28
1.28
1.2 8
1 .2 8
1.31
$ 48 . 78
51. 77
52.13
53.07
52.93
52.93
52.85
52.64
52.85
51.60
51.74
52.41
5 1 .62
52 . 92
53 . 87
Curtains, draperies,
and other housefurnishings
$ 1. 34
$ 45 . 72
1.42
1.4 2
1. 45
1.47
1. 49
1.48
1.47
1.47
1.47
1.49
1.51
1.50
1.51
1.4 9
4 6 .98
48 . 64
50 . 31
4 8 .62
48.10
4 7 .45
48 . 86
49 . 52
48 . 86
46.64
47.92
4 8 .34
50.05
50.94
38 .1
3 6 .7
38 .0
3 9 .0
3 7 .4
3 7 .0
3 6 .5
3 7 .3
3 7 .8
3 7 .3
3 5 .6
3 6 .3
3 6 .9
3 8 .5
3 8 .3
3 6 .4
3 6 .2
3 6 .2
3 6 .6
3 6 .5
3 6 .5
3 6 .2
3 6 .3
3 6 .2
35 .1
35 .2
3 5 .9
3 5 .6
3 6 .0
3 6 .4
$ 53 . 65
1.2 8
1.2 8
1.2 9
1.30
1.30
1.30
1.31
1.31
1.31
1.31
1.32
1.31
1.30
1.3 3
57.28
59.05
58 . 95
57.09
59.64
58.07
59.35
57.72
56.74
57.30
59.40
6 0 .50
59.15
62 . 27
3 8 .6
3 9 .5
3 9 .9
40.1
39.1
40 .3
3 9 .5
40.1
39 .0
3 8 .6
38 .2
3 9 .6
3 9 .8
3 9 .7
4 0 .7
Millinery
$ 1. 34
$ 56 . 99
1.43
1.44
1.4 5
1.45
1. 45
1. 46
1. 45
1.4 6
1.47
1.47
1.4 6
1.45
1.4 7
1.4 8
61.85
66 . 61
67.20
56.95
61.03
63.00
69 . 27
72.98
57.62
51.15
54.94
58.64
63.41
65.84
Textile bags
$ 1.20
Avg. Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly. hrly.
earn hours earn
ings
ings
3 6 .3
36 .6
3 8 .5
3 9 .3
3 3 .9
3 5 .9
3 6 .0
3 8 .7
40.1
3 4 .3
3 1 .0
3 2 .9
3 4 .7
3 7 .3
3 8 .5
$ 1. 57
1.69
1.7 3
1. 71
1.6 8
1.70
1.75
1.7 9
1.8 2
1.68
1.65
1 .6 7
1.6 9
1.7 0
1.71
Canvas products
$ 1. 39
1. 45
1. 48
1.4 7
1.46
1. 48
1.4 7
1. 48
1.4 8
1.4 7
1. 50
1.5 0
1.5 2
1.4 9
1.5 3
$ 53 . 58
55.66
54 . 81
56.41
54 . 53
56.06
56 . 99
55.20
56.06
56.34
5 8 .69
59.09
59.45
60 . 53
55.35
3 9 .4
39 .2
3 8 .6
3 8 .9
3 8 .4
3 9 .2
3 9 .3
3 8 .6
3 9 .2
3 9 .4
4 0 .2
40 .2
3 9 .9
3 8 .8
3 7 .4
$ 1.36
1.42
1. 42
1.4 5
1.4 2
1.4 3
1. 45
1.43
1.4 3
1 .4 3
1.46
1.4 7
1 .4 9
1 .5 6
1.4 8
Lumber and wood products (except furniture)
Total: Lumber and
wood products (ex
cept furniture)
Average____
Average........
September__
October____
November__
December___
1957 : January____
February___
March..........
April _____
May______
June______
July— ....... .
August____
September__
1955 :
1956 :
$ 68.88
70.93
74.03
73.03
70.80
69 . 25
67.25
68 . 51
70 . 27
72.00
73.16
74.89
71.71
75 . 62
72.10
4 1 .0
4 0 .3
4 0 .9
4 0 .8
40 .0
3 9 .8
39 .1
39 .6
3 9 .7
4 0 .0
4 0 .2
40 .7
3 9 .4
41.1
3 9 .4
$ 1. 68
1.76
1. 81
1. 79
1. 77
1.74
1. 72
1.73
1 . 77
1.8 0
1.82
1.8 4
1.8 2
1.84
1.83
Sawmills and plan
ing mills *
$ 69 . 55
71. 51
73 . 71
72.90
71.20
6 9 .13
66 . 95
68 . 21
6 9 .74
70.67
72.00
73.42
70.23
7 4 .12
7 2 .47
Millwork
Average____
Average........
September__
October____
November__
December___
1957 : January........
February___
March_____
April...........
May______
June______
July.............
August____
September__
1955 :
1956 :
$ 72 . 56
72.90
74.70
73.35
72.98
73.93
72.65
72.86
72.68
73.63
75 . 33
77.46
77.64
77 . 46
79.04
4 1 .7
4 0 .5
4 0 .6
4 0 .3
40 .1
4 0 .4
3 9 .7
3 9 .6
3 9 .5
3 9 .8
40 .5
4 1 .2
4 1 .3
4 1 .2
4 1 .6
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
4 1 .4
4 0 .4
4 0 .5
4 0 .5
40 .0
3 9 .5
3 8 .7
3 9 .2
3 9 .4
3 9 .7
4 0 .0
3 9 .9
3 8 .8
4 0 .5
3 9 .6
$ 1.68
1. 77
1.82
1.80
1.78
1.75
1.73
1.74
1. 77
1.7 8
1.8 0
1.8 4
1.81
1.8 3
1.8 3
$ 1. 74
$ 78 . 37
1.80
1.8 4
1. 82
1. 82
1.83
1.8 3
1.8 4
1.84
1.85
1.86
1.8 8
1.8 8
1 .8 8
1.9 0
76.22
74.85
73 . 71
73.02
75.67
74.37
76.07
71.23
76.11
78.31
78.34
72.95
77 . 76
75.84
4 3 .3
4 1 .2
4 0 .9
4 0 .5
3 9 .9
4 0 .9
4 0 .2
4 0 .9
3 8 .5
4 0 .7
4 1 .0
4 0 .8
3 8 .6
4 0 .5
3 9 .5
United States
$ 70.38
72. 54
74 . 93
74.12
72.22
69 . 95
67.94
69 . 21
70.53
71.86
73.20
74.40
70.82
74.93
73.08
4 1 .4
4 0 .3
40 .5
4 0 .5
3 9 .9
3 9 .3
3 8 .6
39 .1
3 9 .4
3 9 .7
4 0 .0
4 0 .0
3 8 .7
4 0 .5
3 9 .5
South
$ 1.70
$ 46 . 76
1.80
1. 85
1.83
1.81
1.78
1.76
1. 77
1.79
1.81
1.83
1.8 6
1.8 3
1.85
1.85
49.09
50.52
50.16
49.80
49.56
48.00
48.12
48 . 52
48 . 64
50.26
4 9 .25
49.13
50.87
5 0 .68
Wooden containers 1
Plywood
$ 1. 81
1.85
1.83
1.8 2
1.83
1.8 5
1.8 5
1.86
1.8 5
1.87
1.91
1.9 2
1.8 9
1.9 2
1.9 2
Millwork, plywood,
and prefabricated
structural wood
products •
Sawmills and planing mills, general
$ 52.48
56 . 71
57.92
58.50
56.14
57.53
55.72
55.30
56.00
56.82
57.08
57.08
57.60
57.60
56.30
41 .0
4 0 .8
4 0 .5
4 1 .2
40 .1
4 0 .8
3 9 .8
3 9 .5
40 .0
4 0 .3
4 0 .2
4 0 .2
4 0 .0
4 0 .0
3 9 .1
4 3 .7
4 1 .6
42.1
4 1 .8
4 1 .5
4 1 .3
40 .0
40.1
40.1
4 0 .2
4 1 .2
4 0 .7
4 0 .6
41 .7
4 1 .2
West
$ 1.07
$ 8 8 .43
1.18
1.20
1.20
1.2 0
1.20
1.2 0
1.2 0
1. 21
1.21
1.22
1.21
1.21
1 .2 2
1.23
90.87
92.90
91.73
90.64
8 6 .16
8 4 .04
8 6 .18
87.78
89.31
90.25
91.89
8 5 .74
9 2 .36
89 . 59
Wooden boxes, other
than cigar
$ 1.2 8
$ 53.12
1 .3 9
1.43
1.42
1.40
1.41
1.40
1.4 0
1.40
1.41
1.42
1.42
1.44
1.4 4
1.4 4
56.58
57.94
57.95
56.03
56.30
55.18
55.04
55.88
56.42
56.96
57.49
58 .5 8
58.15
5 6 .30
41 .5
41 .0
4 0 .8
41.1
40 .6
4 0 .5
3 9 .7
3 9 .6
4 0 .2
40 .3
4 0 .4
4 0 .2
4 0 .4
40 .1
39 .1
3 9 .3
39 .0
3 9 .2
3 9 .2
3 8 .9
3 7 .3
3 6 .7
37 .8
3 8 .5
39 .0
3 8 .9
39 .1
3 6 .8
3 9 .3
3 7 .8
$ 2 .2 5
$ 73 . 99
2.3 3
2 . 37
2.3 4
2 .3 3
2.31
2 .2 9
2 .2 8
2.2 8
2 .2 9
2 .3 2
2.3 5
2.3 3
2 .3 5
2 . 37
74.30
74.70
73.75
73.02
75.11
73.63
74.00
71. 97
74 . 40
76 . 73
77 . 71
7 5 .98
77 . 52
78.14
41 .8
40 .6
4 0 .6
4 0 .3
3 9 .9
4 0 .6
3 9 .8
40 .0
3 8 .9
4 0 .0
4 0 .6
4 0 .9
4 0 .2
4 0 .8
4 0 .7
$ 1. 77
1.83
1.84
1 .8 3
1.8 3
1. 85
1. 85
1. 85
1. 85
1.8 6
1.8 9
1.9 0
1.8 9
1.9 0
1 .9 2
Furniture andfixtures
Miscellaneous wood
products
Total: Furniture and
fixtures
$ 1.28
$ 57 . 82
1.38
1.42
1.41
1.38
1.39
1.39
1.39
1.39
1.40
1.41
1.43
1.45
1.4 5
1.4 4
60 .1 5
61 . 57
6 1 .80
61 . 39
61 . 39
60 .0 5
60 . 94
61.50
61 .7 6
6 1 .86
63 .1 4
61.91
62 .2 7
6 2 .62
4 1 .6
4 1 .2
41 .6
4 1 .2
4 1 .2
4 1 .2
4 0 .3
40 .9
4 1 .0
4 0 .9
4 0 .7
4 1 .0
4 0 .2
4 0 .7
4 0 .4
$ 1.39
1.46
1.4 8
1.50
1.4 9
1. 49
1.49
1.4 9
1.5 0
1.51
1. 52
1.54
1.54
1.5 3
1.5 5
$ 67 .0 7
68 . 95
71.04
71 . 97
69.66
71.45
6 8 .46
69 . 55
69 . 55
68.28
67.82
69.08
68.38
71.63
71 .9 8
4 1 .4
4 0 .8
41 .3
41 .6
4 0 .5
4 1 .3
3 9 .8
4 0 .2
4 0 .2
3 9 .7
3 9 .2
3 9 .7
3 9 .3
4 0 .7
4 0 .9
$ 1.62
1. 69
1. 72
1.73
1.7 2
1.7 3
1.7 2
1.7 3
1.7 3
1.72
1.7 3
1.7 4
1.7 4
1.7 6
1.7 6
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, DECEMBER 1957
1534
T able
C-l: Hours and gross earnings of production workers or nonsupervisory employees 1—Con.
Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly. hrly. wkly. wkly. hrly. wkly. wkly. hrly. wkly. wkly. hrly. wkly. wkly. hrly. wkly. wkly. hrly.
earn- hours earn- earn- hours earn- earn- tours earn- earn- hours earn- earn- hours earn- earn- hours earn*
tags
tags
ings tags
tags tags
tags tags
tags tags
tags tags
Manufacturing—Continued
Year and month
Furniture and fixtures
H ousehold furniture *
1955: A verage______
1956: A verage______
Sep tem b er___
O c to b e r _____
N ovem b er___
D ecem ber____
1957: January______
February_____
M arch _______
A pril_________
M a y _________
Ju ne____ ____
J u ly __________
A u gu st_______
Septem ber___
$64.17
65. 77
67.91
68. 64
66. 42
68. 56
64. 78
66.00
66. 40
65.01
64.02
65.74
64. 68
67.97
68.88
41.4
40.6
41.4
41.6
40.5
41.3
39.5
40.0
40.0
39.4
38.8
39.6
39.2
40.7
41.0
$83. 98
86. 94
80. 94
89. 88
88. 81
92. 43
87. 72
86. 86
86. 65
84.10
84.07
80. 63
86. 33
88. 84
88.88
42.2
41.6
39. 1
42.0
41.5
42.4
40.8
40.4
40.3
39.3
39.1
37.5
39.6
40.2
40.4
42.2 $1.38 $69.19
41.4
1. 43 71. 82
41.8
1.45 74. 80
1.46 75. 95
42.3
41.2
1.46 74. 62
41.8
1.47 77. 93
40.3
1. 46 68. 58
1. 46 72. 86
40.4
1.47 73. 97
40.4
1.47 71.92
40.0
39.6
1.48 67.51
40.0
1.48 71.00
39.6
1.47 68. 22
41.2
1.49 72.80
41.5
1.49 75.89
Furniture and fixtures—C ontinued
$73. 60
75.89
78. 63
78. 63
77. 65
77. 89
76. 45
76. 86
77. 64
77.08
77.11
79. 46
80. 70
81.83
84. 08
42. 3
41.7
42.5
42. 5
42.2
42. 1
41.1
41.1
41.3
41.0
40.8
41.6
41.6
42.4
42.9
40.0
40.5
40.7
41.0
40.4
40. 7
39.4
40.0
40.8
40.6
40.3
39.7
39.6
39.9
39.9
Sc« footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Fiber cans, tubes,
and drums
$1.74 $77. 30
1.82 79.37
1. 85 79. 38
1.85 81.36
1.84 83. 42
1. 85 82. 61
1.86 78.21
1.87 81.20
1. 88 81.61
1.88 82. 42
1. 89 81.80
1.91 84.87
1.94 83. 01
1.93 82. 62
1.96 84.03
40.9
40.7
40.5
41.3
41.5
41.1
39.3
40.2
40.2
40. 4
39.9
41.0
40.1
40.3
40.4
$2.01 $90. 23
2.01 93. 03
2. 09 95.82
2. 09 95.41
2. 09 92. 90
2. 08 95. 41
2.10 94.24
2.12 94.80
2. 10 96. 39
2.10 95. 20
2.13 94. 49
2.13 95.04
2.12 95.12
2.16 95. 762.15 98.17
40.1
40.1
40.6
40.6
39.7
40.6
40.1
40.0
40.5
40.0
39.7
39.6
39.8
39.9
40.4
$1. 70 $71. 58
1.80 72.10
1. 82 77.19
1. S3 75. 92
1.82 71.81
1.86 73.68
1.80 72. 94
1.84 73. 32
1.84 71.61
1.83 68. 45
1.81 72.37
1.83 76. 97
1.80 76. 95
1.82 77.16
1.86 77. 74
41.3
40.5
40.3
40.0
39.1
40.3
39.4
39.6
40.1
40.5
39.8
40.0
39.9
40.4
40.7
$1.59 $78. 69
1.64 83. 03
1.66 84. 71
1.66 84. 94
1.66 84. 55
1.69 85. 57
1. 66 84 18
1.68 84.60
1. 69 84. 60
1.68 84. 20
1.69 84. 42
1.70 85. 67
1.72 87.14
1.72 87. 55
1.74 89. 23
43.0
42.8
43.0
42.9
42.7
43.0
42.3
42.3
42.3
42. 1
42.0
42.2
42.3
42.5
42.9
Wood office furniture
$1. 75 $75. 78
42.1 $1.80 $65.10
41.8
1.90 71. 21
1.83 79. 42
40.9
1.90 71.31
1.86 77. 71
1. 87 80. 83
42. 1
1.92 69. 76
1.87 79. 52
41.2
1.93 66. 83
1.87 82. 91
42.3
1.96 70. 46
1.88 78. 55
1. 93 67.20
40.7
41.0
1.88 79. 13
1.93 67. 62
1.94 65.83
1.86 79.73
41. 1
1.84 77.78
40.3
1.93 64. 06
1.87 77.79
1.94 63.04
40.1
1.91 77.22
39.6
1.95 64. 94
1.90 77.61
1.95 63.18
39.8
1.91 81.56
41.4
1.97 66.98
1.91 81.58
41.2
1.98 66.65
Paper and allied products
P u lp , paper, and
paperboard m ills
$1.83 $85. 94
1. 94 91.05
1.97 93.05
1.98 93. 28
1.98 92. 86
1.99 94.15
1. 99 93. 07
2.00 93. 08
2.00 92.66
2.00 92. 44
2.01 92. 23
2.03 93.53
2.06 95.48
2. 06 95. 26
2.08 96.79
44.3
44.2
44.1
44.0
43.0
44.2
43.9
43.7
43.5
43.4
43.3
43.1
43.4
43.3
43.6
42.0
42.9
42.7
42.8
41.0
42.7
42.0
42.0
41.4
40.8
39.9
41.1
40.5
41.6
41.4
$1.55
1.66
1.67
1.63
1.63
1.65
1.60
1.61
1. 59
1.57
1.58
1.58
1.56
1.61
1.61
Paperboard c o n
tainers and boxes 8
$1.94 $73. 85
2.06 76.13
2.11 78. 68
2.12 78. 86
2.12 78. 31
2.13 78. 54
2.12 76. 48
2.13 77. 49
2.13 78. 28
2. 13 77.71
2.13 77. 74
2.17 80.10
2.20 80. 73
2. 20 81.87
2. 22 83. 92
42.2
41.6
42.3
42.4
32.1
42.0
40.9
41.0
41.2
40.9
40.7
41.5
41.4
42.2
42.6
$1.75
1.83
1.86
1.86
1.86
1.87
1.87
1.89
1.90
1.90
1.91
1.93
1.95
1.94
1.97
Prin tin g, p ub lishing, and allied industries
T otal: Prin tin g,
publishing, and
allied industries
41.4
41.2
41.3
41.0
41.2
41.4
40.7
41.0
40.9
40.8
40.7
41.0
41.0
41.3
41.7
$1.69 $91. 42
1.77 94.28
1.79 95. 94
1.81 95. 80
1. 81 94. 57
1.82 96.19
1.83 94. 22
1.83 95. 48
1.83 96. 61
1.84 95.87
1.84 96. 38
1.85 96.38
1.87 96.13
1.88 96. 64
1.89 98.03
L ithographing
$2. 25 $91. 66
2. 32 94.16
2. 36 98. 49
2.35 96. 32
2. 34 92. 75
2.35 94. 41
2.35 93.51
2. 37 95. 35
2. 38 96. 87
2.38 95.50
2.38 96. 53
2. 40 97. 66
2.39 98. 50
2.40 98.70
2. 43 97.88'
40.9
39.4
41.5
40.6
38.4
39.4
38.8
39.0
38.5
37.2
38. 7
40.3
40.5
40.4
40.7
T otal: Paper and
allied products
Other paper and
allied products
$1.89 $69. 97
1.95 72. 95
1.96 73. 9Í
1.97 74. 21
2. 01 74. 57
2.01 75. 35
1.99 74. 48
2. 02 75.03
2.03 74. 85
2.04 75.07
2.05 74.89
2.07 75. 8.5
2.07 76. &r
2. 05 77. 64
2.08 78.81
C om m ercial printing
40.7
39.9
41.1
41.5
41.0
41.9
38.1
39.6
40.2
39.3
37. 3
38.8
37.9
40.4
40.8
Office, public
building, and
professional
furniture 8
Mattresses and
bedsprings
Screens, blinds, and
m iscellaneous furni
ture and fixtures
40.8 $1.98 $65. 67
2. 05 66. 42
41.0
2.10 66.90
41.5
2.10 66. 40
41.8
2.08 64. 91
40.6
2. 08 68. 11
41.2
2. 09 65. 40
41.3
40.9
2.07 66. 53
2.09 67. 77
41.0
2. 09 68.04
40.3
2.11 67. 26
40.4
40.4
2.13 68.00
2.14 68. 63
39.7
40.4
2.15 69.49
2.16 70.82
40.0
Paper and allied products—C ontinued
Books
1955: A verage_____
$80. 40
1956: A verage____ _ 83. 84
S ep tem b er___
85.06
O ctober______
85. 69
N ovem b er___
84.44
D ecem ber
84. 66
1957: January............
82. 74
F ebruary_____
84. 80
M arch _______
85. 68
A pril_________
85. 26
M a y _________
85. 84
Ju ne_________
84. 56
J u ly --------------83. 95¡
A u g u st_______
86.181
Septem ber___
85. 79'
P artition s, shelving,
lockers, and fixtures
$1.99 $80. 78
2.09 84.05
2.07 87.15
2.14 87. 78
2.14 84. 45
2.18 85.70
2.15 86. 32
2.15 84.66
2.15 85. 69
2.14 84. 23
2.15 85. 24
2.15 86.05
2.18 84. 96
2.21 86.86
2. 20 86.40
Paperboard bores
1955: A verage______
1956: A verage______
Sep tem b er___
O ctober_____
N ovem ber___
D ecem b er____
1957: January______
F ebruary_____
M arch ______
April _______
M a y _______
Ju ne........... .
J u ly --------------A u g u s t ._____
Sep tem b er___
Wood household
furniture, upholstered
$1.55 $58. 24
1.62 59. 20
1.64 60. 61
1.65 61.76
1.64 60.15
1.66 61 45
1.64 58. 84
1.65 58. 98
1. 66 59. 39
1. 65 58.80
1.65 58. 61
1.66 59.20
1.65 58. 21
1.67 61.39
1.68 61.84
Metal office furniture
1955: A verage______
1956: A verage______
Septem ber___
October______
N ovem b er___
D ecem b er____
1957: J a n u a r y .____
F eb ru ary.........
M arch . _____
A pril_________
M a y _________
Ju n e_________
J u ly --------------A u g u s t . . . ___
Septem ber___
Wood household
furniture ( except
upholstered)
4 0 .2
3 9 .9
40. 7
4 0 .3
3 9 .3
3 9 .5
3 8 .8
3 9 .4
39. 7
3 9 .3
3 9 .4
3 9 .7
3 9 .4
3 9 .8
4 1 .3
$2
.2 8
2 . 36
2 . 42
2 .3 9
2 .3 6
2 .3 9
2 . 41
2 . 42
2 .4 4
2 .4 3
2 . 45
2 . 46
2 . 50
2 . 48
2 . 37
38.9
38.8
39.0
39. 1
38.6
39.1
38. 3
38.5
38.8
38.5
38.4
38.4
38.3
38.5
38.9
$2. 35
2. 43
2. 46
2. 45
2. 45
2. 46
2. 46
2. 48
2. 49
2. 49
2.51
2.51
2. 51
2.51
2. 52
N ew spapers
$96. 65
99. 64
100. 24
101.36
102. 28
103. 21
97. 86
98. 84
99. 76
101.03
103. 25
102. 96
100.54
100. 67
103. 61
5 6 . 68
6 1 .4 4
6 0 .1 0
6 2 . 63
6 3 . 76
6 2 .3 2
6 4 . 56
6 5 .1 5
6 4 . 77
6 4 .9 8
6 5 . 45
6 3 . 96
6 3 .6 3
6 4 .1 3
6 2 .9 1
3 8 .3
3 8 .4
3 7 .8
3 8 .9
3 9 .6
3 8 .0
3 8 .2
38. 1
38. 1
3 8 .0
38. 5
3 8 .3
3 8 .8
3 8 .4
3 7 .9
$
1 .4 8
1 .6 0
1 . 59
1 .6 1
1 .6 1
1 .6 4
1 .6 9
1 . 71
1 .7 0
1 . 71
1 .7 0
1 .6 7
1 .6 4
1 .6 7
1 .6 6
$2. 67
2. 76
2.80
2. 80
2. 81
2.82
2. 78
2.80
2. 81
2. 83
2. 86
2.86
2. 84
2.82
2.87
$
7 0 .0 9
7 2 .1 0
7 2 . 71
7 3 . 84
7 2 . 54
7 4 . 61
7 3 .1 2
7 3 . 66
7 4 . 45
73. 32
7 3 .1 3
7 4 .0 7
7 2 . 94
7 5 .0 7
7 3 . 92
3 9 .6
3 9 .4
3 9 .3
3 9 .7
3 9 .0
3 9 .9
3 9 .1
3 9 .6
3 9 .6
3 9 .0
3 8 .9
3 9 .4
3 8 .8
3 9 .1
3 8 .7
$
1 .7 7
1 .8 3
1. 85
1 .8 6
1 .8 6
1 .8 7
1 .8 7
1 .8 6
1 .8 8
1 .8 8
1 .8 8
1 .8 8
1 .8 8
1 .9 2
1 .9 1
$92. 97
96.16
102.41
102. 56
96. 92
93.30
95.68
99.60
99. 75
101.09
96. 47
97. 71
100. 90
104. 60
107.12
39.9
39.9
40.8
40.7
39.4
39.7
39.7
40. 0
39.9
39.8
38.9
39.4
40.2
40.7
41.2
1 0 9 .0 5
109. 09
1 1 0 .9 4
107. 59
1 0 8 . 64
1 1 0 .2 6
1 0 9 .0 6
112. 22
1 1 3 .1 8
109. 52
1 1 0 .8 8
110. 30
1 1 0 . 30
1 1 2 . 91
1 1 0 .0 1
3 9 .8
3 9 .1
3 9 .2
3 8 .7
3 8 .8
3 9 .1
3 8 .4
3 9 .1
3 9 .3
3 8 .7
3 8 .5
3 8 .3
3 8 .3
3 8 .8
3 8 .6
$2. 33
2. 41
2.51
2.52
2.46
2. 35
2. 41
2. 49
2. 50
2. 54
2. 48
2. 48
2. 51
2. 57
2.60
M iscellaneous p u b
lishing and printing
services
B ook b in ding and
related industries
G reeting cards
$
36.2
36. 1
35.8
36.2
36.4
36.6
35. 2
35.3
35.5
35.7
36.1
36.0
35.4
35.7
36.1
Periodicals
$
$ 2 .7 4
2 . 79
2. S3
2 . 78
2 .8 0
2 . 82
2 .8 4
2 . 87
2 .8 8
2 .8 3
2 .8 8
2 .8 8
2 .8 8
2 .9 1
2 .8 5
O: EARNINGS AND HOURS
T able
C
1:
1535
Hours and gross earnings of production workers or nonsupervisory employees 1—Con.
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn hours
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hriy. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Year and month
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. w kly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
1
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. w kly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
Manufacturing—Continued
Chemicals and allied products
Total: Chemicals and Industrial inorganic
allied products
chemicals 8
1955: Average______ $82. 39
1956: Average_____„ 87. 14
September___
88.60
October
88. 60
November___
89. 23
December........ 89.86
1957: January_____
89. 21
February____
89. 40
M arch........ ..... 89. 40
April________
89 40
M ay------------90. 64
June_________ 91.88
July____ ____
92.25
August______
92 25
September___
92.93
41.4 $1.99 $89. 98
2.11 95. 12
41.3
41.4
2.14 98. 53
41.4
2.14 97. 17
2. 15 97. 00
41.5
41.6
2. 16 98 12
2. 16 96. 93
41.3
41.2
2. 17 97. 34
41. 2
2. 17 97. 51
41.2
2.17 97. 99
41.2
2.20 98. 33
41.2
2.23 99.63
41.0
2.25 100. 53
41.0 ' 2.25 101.18
41.3 ! 2.25 103.00
Synthetic fibers
1955: Average_____ $75. 36
1956: Average______ 77. 81
September___
79. 19
October_____
78.20
November___
78. 99
December____ 79. 38
1957: January_____
79. 79
February____ 80.00
M arch______
79. 60
April________
80.80
M ay.................. 81.61
June________
83. 03
July................... 83. 42
A ugust______
83. 22
September___
82.81
40.3
39.9
40.2
39.9
40.3
40.5
40. 5
40.2
40.0
40. 4
40.4
40.5
40.3
40.4
40.2
1955: Average_____ $82. 29
1956: A verage_____ 84.04
September___
85. 49
October______ 86. 32
November___
85. 70
Fiecember___
86. 11
1957: January_____
85.28
February____
85. 69
March_______ 85.06
April________
86.93
M ay________
86. 92
June_________ 88. 61
J uly................... 88. 81
A ugust______
89.01
September___
87.72
42.2
41. 4
41.5
41. 7
41.4
41. 4
41.0
41.0
40. 7
41. 2
41.0
41.6
41.5
41.4
40.8
$2.20 $87.67
2. 32 93. 20
2. 38 95. 94
2. 37 95.06
2.36 93. 96
2. 37 95. 94
2. 37 94. 37
2. 38 95.71
2. 39 95. 24
2. 39 95. 65
2.41 95.41
2. 43 96.80
2.47 99.31
2. 48 99.63
2.50 101.11
Explosives
$1.87 $81. 40
1.95 87. 08
1.97 89. 57
1.96 89. 38
1.96 91.30
1.96 91.96
1.97 91. 05
1.99 91. 24
1 99 92. 29
2. 00 92. 25
2. 02 94. 89
2.05 93. 94
2.07 95. 68
2.06 96.10
2.06 95. 95
Paints, varnishes,
lacquers, and enamels
40.9
41.0
41.4
41.0
41. 1
41. 4
40.9
40.9
40 8
41.0
40.8
41.0
40.7
40.8
41.2
40.1
40.5
40.9
41.0
41.5
41.8
41.2
41. 1
41. 2
41.0
41.8
41.2
41.6
41.6
41.9
43. 1
42.8
43. 1
43. 1
42.7
42.5
43.4
42.4
42.0
42. 5
43.2
42.2
43.5
42.6
43.3
40.4
40. 7
41.0
40.8
40. 5
41.0
40.5
40.9
40.
40 7
40.6
40.5
40.7
40. 5
41.1
$2.03 $75. 07
2. 15 78. 55
2. 19 79. 17
2. 18 79. 98
2.20 80. 78
2. 20 81. 19
2. 21 81. 60
2. 22 82.00
2. 24 82. 01
2. 25 81.61
2.27 82.01
2. 28 82.62
2.30 82.42
2.31 81.81
2.29 84.05
40.8
40. 7
40.6
40.6
40.8
40.8
40.8
41.0
40.8
40.4
40.4
40.7
40.6
40.3
41.0
42.6
42.3
41.1
41. 7
41.7
42.6
42.3
42.2
43.5
43.6
44.4
41.8
41.5
41.6
41.7
41.0
41.1
41. 1
41.0
41.2
41.3
41. 1
40.9
40.8
40.9
41.0
41.1
40.9
41.0
41.1
40.9
41. 2
41.5
41.0
41. 1
41.3
41.3
41.2
41.5
41.0
40.6
41.2
41.0
41.3
41.5
1955: Average_____ $75. 48
1956: Average_____
80. 38
September___
81.19
October______ 81.20
November___
82. 81
December____ 83. 84
1957: January_____
82. 42
February____
83. 03
March_______ 83. 23
April________
83. 03
M ay------------- 83. 22
June________
84.03
July-------------- 83. 21
A ugust______
83.82
85. 671
September___
40.8
40.8
40.8
40.6
41.2
41.3
40. 4
40.9
40.8
40.7
40.4
40.4
40.2
40.3
40.6
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Essential oils, per
fumes, cosmetics
$1.85 $63.18
1.97 66. 47
1.99 66.13
2 00 67. 09
2.01 68. 97
2.03 70. 93
2. 04 66.99
2.03 67.25
2.04 68. 03
2.04 68. 78
2.06 68. 64
2.08 69. 45
2. 07 67.94
2.08 69. 42
2.11 71.64
$1. 50 $71.14
1.60 74.42
1.65 74. 68
1.64 75. 96
1.65 75.82
1.66 75. 33
1.66 75. 24
1. 65 75.10
1.63 76.64
1.62 76. 74
1.69 78. 55
1. 70 80.78
1.73 82.47
1.73 81.10
1.74 79. 47
45.6
45. 1
46. 1
46.6
46.8
46.5
45. 6
44. 7
44.3
43.6
43.4
43.9
44.1
43.6
44.9
Plastics, except syn
thetic rubber
$88. 41
93. 88
95. 91
95. 57
97. 44
98. 09
96. 56
97. 21
98.28
97 86
98.41
99. 60
101.16
101. 64
102.06
42.3
42.1
41.7
42.1
42.0
42. 1
41.8
41.9
42.0
42.0
41. 7
41.5
41.8
42.0
42.0
$2,09
2.23
2. 30
2. 27
2. 32
2.33
2.31
2. 32
2. 34
2.33
2. 36
2. 40
2. 42
2. 42
2. 43
Soap and glycerin
$91.88
98.16
99. 12
98. 33
99. 39
100 28
102. 92
101. 93
102. 84
102. 66
102.97
105. 06
103. 73
107.43
107. 43
40.3
40.9
41.3
40.8
40.9
41. 1
41.5
41. 1
41.3
40.9
40.7
41.2
41.0
41.8
41.8
45.5
45.0
46.5
47.8
47.6
47.1
46. 4
45.3
44. 4
43 5
42.8
43.0
43.2
42.8
44.5
$97. 81
103. 50
104. 90
107. 52
103. 57
107. 33
106. 30
104. 19
104. 86
103. 94
105. 93
103. 88
108. 75
109. 34
108.14 !
41.8
41.4
41.3
42.0
41.1
41.6
41.2
40. 7
40.8
406
40.9
39.8
41.2
40.8
40.5
$2. 34
2. 50
2. 54
2.56
2. 52
2. 58
2. 58
2. 56
2. 57
2.56
2.59
2.61
2.64
2. 68
2. 67
Paints, pigments, and
fillers 4
$2. 28 $84.18
2. 40 86, 11
2. 40 87.36
2. 41 87. 99
2. 43 87. 35
2. 44 88. 18
2. 48 87. 54
2.48 87. 53
2. 49 87. 31
2. 51 88. 78
2. 53 88. 75
2. 55 90. 69
2.53 90. 67
2. 57 91.08
2. 57 89.98
Vegetable oils
$1. 56 $65. 07
1. 65 67. 95
1.62 67.89
1.63 70. 74
1.62 69. 97
1. 62 69. 24
1.65 69. 60
1.68 68.40
1. 73 69.26
1.76 69.17
1.81 71.05
1.84 73. 53
1.87 76. 46
1.86 74.90
1. 77; 71. 65
Synthetic rubber
42.3
41.6
41.6
41.7
41, 4
41.4
41. 1
40. 9
40.8
41. 1
40.9
41.6
41.4
41.4
40.9
$1. 99
2. 07
2.10
2.11
2.11
2. 13
2.13
2.14
2.14
2.16
2.17
2.18
2.19
2.20
2.20
Ani mal oils and fats
$1.43 $81.17
1.51 85. 43
1. 46 85. 81
1.48 85. 25
1.47 87.17
1.47 85. 54
1. 50 84. 86
1.51 85. 89
1.56 87. 32
1. 59 87.60
1.66 87. 96
1.71 89. 55
1.77 89.95
1.75 88.31
1.61 90.80
45.6
45.2
45.4
44.4
45.4
45.5
44.2
43.6
44. 1
43.8
44.2
45.0
45.2
44.6
45.4
$1.78
1.89
1.89
1.92
1. 92
1.88
1.92
1.97
1.98
2.00
1.99
1.99
1. 99
1.98
2.00
Products of petroleum and coal
Compressed and
liquefied gases
39.0 $1.62 $87. 72
39.1
1.70 90.09
38.9
1.70 92. 23
39. 7
1.69 91. 54
40.1
1.72 94. 35
40.3
1. 76 94. 13
38.5
1.74 94.08
39. 1
1. 72 95 18
39.1
1.74 94.50
39.3
1.75 95. 37
39.0
1.76 94.81
38.8
1.79 96.83
38.6
1.76 96. 79
39.0
1.78 95.08
39. 81 1. 80 98 281
$2. 08
2.20
2. 21
2. 21
2 23
2. 25
2. 28
2.28
2. 29
2. 30
2. 32
2. 34
2.33
2.36
2.37
Vegetable and animal
oils and fats 4
Chemicals and allied products—Continued
Miscellaneous chem
icals 4
$2.13
2. 26
2.30
2.29
2. 30
2.31
2. 31
2. 32
2. 33
2. 33
2. 35
2.38
2. 40
2. 40
2.41
Soap, cleaning and
polishing preparations*
$1.84 $85. 07
1.93 90. 64
1.95 91.72
1.97 90.61
1.98 91. 65
1.99 92. 93
2.00 94. 16
2.00 93 94
2. 01 95. 04
2.02 94. 30
2. 03 94.19
2.03 96.41
2.03 95.53
2.03 97. 47
2.05 98. 36
Fertilizers
$1. 67 $63. 90
1. 76 67.68
1.79 67. 82
1. 79 68. 39
1. 78 68. 81
1.79 70. 72
1.78 70.22
1.80 69.63
1.80 70. 91
1.82 70.63
1.84 75.04
1.85 71.06
1.86 71.80
1.85 71.97
1.87 72.56
Industrial organic
chemicals *
$2.17 $87. 33
2. 29 92. 89
2. 34 94. 53
2.33 93. 89
2. 32 94. 76
2. 34 95.40
2. 33 94. 94
2. 34 94.89
2. 34 95.06
2. 35 95 30
2.35 96. 35
2. 39 97.82
2. 44 98.16
2. 46 98.40
2. 46 99.05
Drugs and medicines
Gum and wood
chemicals
$1. 95 $71. 98
2. 03 75. 33
2. 06 77. 15
2. 07 77. 15
2. 07 76. 01
2.08 76.08
2. 08 77. 25
2.09 76. 32
2. 09 75. 60
2. 11 77. 35
2.12 79.49
2.13 78. 07
2.14 80.91
2.15 78. 81
2.15 80.97
Alkalies and chlorine
43.0
42.1
42.5
41.8
42.5
42.4
42.0
42.3
42.0
42.2
41.4
42.1
41.9
41.7
42.0
$2. 04
2.14
2. 17
2.19
2. 22
2. 22
2. 24
2. 25
2. 25
2.26
2.29
2.30
2.31
2. 28
2. 34
Total: Products of
petroleum and coal
$97. 00
104. 39
108. 00
104. 86
105. 11
105. 37
106. 45
104. 45
104. 60
106. 71
106. 75
108. 79
111.64
109.21
113.30
41. 1
41. 1
41. 7
40.8
40.9
41.0
41.1
40.8
40. 7
41.2
40.9
40.9
41.5
40.6
41.5
Petroleum refining
$2.36 $100. 37
2.54 108. 39
2. 59 111. 78
2. 57 108.14
2. 57 109. 20
2. 57 109. 74
2.59 110.68
2.56 107. 86
2. 57 108. 26
2. 59 110. 95
2.61 110.84
2.66 113. 70
2. 69 115. 92
2.69! 111.60
2. 73 116. 44
40.8
40.9
41.4
40.5
40.9
41. 1
41.3
40.7
40.7
41.4
40.9
40.9
41.4
40.0
41.0
$2. 46
2. 65
2. 70
2. 67
2. 67
2. 67
2.68
2. 65
2.66
2. 68
2. 71
2. 78
2.80
2. 79 j
2. 84:
Coke,ot herpetroleum,.
and coal products
$86. 31
91.32
96.48
93. 83
91.98
91. 53
93. 38
93. 52
92 57
92. 57
93.02
94.30
98.41
101.39
102. 77'
41.9 $2. 06.
41.7
2.19
42.5
2. 27
41.7
2. 25
40.7
2. 26
40.5
2. 26
40.6
2.30
41.2
2. 27
2. 28
40.6
40.6
2.28
40.8
2.28
41.0
2.30
2. 36
41.7
42.6
2. 38
43.0! 2.39
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, DECEMBER 1957
1536
T able
C-l : Hours and gross earnings of production workers or nonsupervisory employees 1—Con.
Avg. Avg.
w kly. w kly.
earn- hours
ings
Avg.
hrly.
earntags
Avg. Avg.
wkly. w kly.
earn- hours
tags
Avg.
hrly.
earntags
Avg. Avg.
wkly. w kly.
earn- hours
tags
Year and month
Avg.
hrly.
earntags
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn- hours
tags
Avg.
hrly.
earntags
Avg. Avg.
w kly. wkly.
earn- hours
tags
Avg.
hrly.
earntags
Avg. Avg.
w kly. wkly.
earn- hours
tags
Avg.
hrly.
earn
tags
Manufacturing—Continued
Rubber products
Total: Rubber
products
1955: Average_____ $87.15
1956: A verage_____ 87. 23
89.10
September___
October______ 89.98
87.89
November___
D ecem b er___ 92. 74
91.21
1957: January_____
90.80
February___
March_______ 89. 28
April________
87.60
M a y . ______
88.80
91.21
June________
July_________
94.16
92.84
August . . . .
93.02
September___
41.7
40.2
40.5
40.9
40.5
41.4
40.9
40.9
40.4
40.0
40.0
40.9
41.3
40.9
40.8
$2.09
2.17
2. 20
2.20
2.17
2. 24
2. 23
2. 22
2.21
2.19
2.22
2.23
2.28
2. 27
2.28
Tires and inner
tubes
$101. 09
100.95
102. 51
102.66
103. 53
109. 25
107. 64
106.19
102. 40
103. 46
103. 46
107.23
112. 20
107.83
107.33
41.6
39.9
40.2
40.1
40.6
41.7
41.4
41.0
40.0
40.1
40.1
41.4
42.5
41.0
40.5
Leather and leather products
Rubber footwear
$2.43 $70. 70
2. 53 71. 89
2. 55 71. 71
2. 56 71.71
2. 55 71.55
2. 62 73. 26
2.60 71. 76
2. 59 72.10
2. 56 72. 68
2.58 70.64
2. 58 71.92
2. 59 72.29
2.64 72.13
2.63 73.05
2. 65 74. 64
40.4
39.5
39.4
39.4
39.1
39.6
39.0
39.4
39.5
38.6
39.3
39.5
39.2
39.7
39.7
Other rubber products
$1. 75 $78.35
1.82 78. 96
1.82 81.18
1.82 82.98
1.83 79. 98
1.85 82. 59
1.84 81.39
1.83 81.18
1.84 81.19
1.83 79.60
1.83 79.80
1.83 81.81
1.84 82. 62
1.84 83.84
1.88 84.87
41.9
40.7
41.0
41.7
40.6
41.5
40.9
41.0
40.8
4.02
40.1
40.7
40.7
41.1
41.2
Total Leather and
leather products
$1.87 $53. 44
1. 94 56.02
1. 98 55. 72
1.99 55. 72
1. 97 56.09
1.99 57. 30
1.99 57.76
1. 98 58.60
1.99 58. 52
1.98 56.83
1.99 55.90
2.01 58.21
2.03 58.29
2.04 58. 67
2.06 57.66
37.9
37.6
36.9
36.9
36.9
37.7
38.0
38.3
38.0
36.9
36.3
37.8
38.1
38.1
37.2
Leather: tanned,
curried, and finished
$1.41 $72. 40
1.49 74. 24
1.51 75. 03
1.51 74. 86
1.52 75. 64
1.52 76. 42
1. 52 75. 65
1. 53 75. 65
1.54 75. 26
1. 54 76.43
1.54 75.27
1.54 77.81
1.53 76.83
1.54 77.22
1.55 77.42
40.0
39.7
39.7
39.4
39.6
39.8
39.4
39.4
39.2
39.6
39.0
39.9
39.4
39.4
39.3
$1.81
1. 87
1.89
1.90
1.91
1.92
1. 92
1.92
1.92
1.93
1.93
1.95
1.95
1.96
1.97
Leather and leather products—Continued
Industrial leather
belting and packing
1955: Average______ $71. 81
1956: Average______ 72.40
73.31
Septem ber...
October______ 75. 07
79.38
November___
December____ 75. 70
1957: January........... 78.63
75. 70
February____
March_______ 75. 36
73. 47
April________
74.34
M ay________
June_________ 74. 77
July_________
77.36
78.91
A ugust..
79.13
September___
40.8
40.0
40.5
40.8
42.0
40.7
42.5
40.7
40.3
39.5
40.4
40.2
40.5
41.1
41.0
Boot and shoe cut
stock and findings
$1.76 $51.95
1. 81 53.48
1.81 53.07
1.84 53.07
1. 89 53.14
1.86 55.30
1.85 55. 77
1. 86 56. 50
1. 87 55. 71
1. 86 53.07
1.84 54.68
1.86 57. 72
1.91 56.74
1.92 56.30
1.93 53.95
38.2
37.4
36.6
36.6
36.4
38.4
38.2
38.7
37.9
36.6
37.2
39.0
38.6
38.3
36.7
Footwear (except
rubber)
$1.36 $49. 98
1. 43 53. 57
1.45 52. 56
1. 45 52.41
1.46 52. 71
1.44 54.31
1.46 55.71
1.46 56.39
1. 47 56. 47
1.45 54. 39
1.47 53.04
1.48 55.73
1.47 56. 09
1.47 56.32
1.47 54. 75
37.3
37.2
36.0
35.9
36.1
37.2
37.9
38.1
37.9
36.5
35.6
37.4
37.9
37.8
36.5
Luggage
$1.34 $60. 28
1.44 62. 72
1.46 64.32
1. 46 63. 99
1. 46 67.03
1.46 64.13
1.47 61.88
1. 48 62. 59
1.49 63.08
1. 49 61.45
1.49 61.56
1.49 63. 50
1.48 64.40
1.49 63.27
1.50 65.85
39.4
39.2
40.2
39.5
39.9
38.4
37.5
38.4
38.7
37.7
38.0
39.2
40.0
39.3
40.4
Handbags and small
leather goods
$1.53 $48. 51
1.60 51.00
1.60 51.61
1. 62 53. 76
1.68 53. 30
1.67 53. 02
1.65 52. 50
1.63 53.82
1. 63 53. 96
1.63 52.05
1.62 51.05
1.62 52.82
1.61 53.34
1.61 54.14
1.63 53. 58
38.2
37.5
37.4
38.4
37.8
37.6
37.5
37.9
38.0
36.4
35.7
37.2
37.3
38.4
38.0
Gloves and miscellaneous leather goods
$1.27 $46.38
1.36 48.34
1.38 49. 58
1. 40 50. 63
1.41 48. 37
1.41 49. 71
1.40 49. 28
1.42 49. 82
1.42 49. 87
1. 43 48. 96
1.43 49.46
1.42 50.01
1.43 49.32
1.41 50. 32
1.41 49.91
37.1
36.9
37.0
37.5
36.1
37.1
36.5
36.9
36.4
36.0
36.1
36.5
36.0
37.0
36.7
$1.25
1.31
1.34
1.35
1.34
1.34
1.35
1.35
1.37
1.36
1.37
1.37
1.37
1.36
1.36
Stone, clay, and glass products
Total: Stone, clay,
and glass products
1955: Average_____ $77.19
80. 56
1956: Average_____
81.18
September___
October______ 82.19
82.61
November___
December____ 82.81
1957: January______ 81.41
81.61
February____
March. I _____ 82. 21
April________
81.20
82. 42
M ay__ _____
June.................. 83.44
82.82
J u ly _______
84.25
A u g u st_____
84.25
September___
41.5
41.1
41.0
41.3
41.1
41.2
40.3
40.6
40.7
40.4
40.8
40.9
40.4
40.9
40.7
$1.86 $114.38
1.96 113.03
1.98 111.38
1.99 112.34
2.01 119.23
2.01 117.99
2.02 117.29
2.01 114.49
2.02 112. 59
2.01 110.80
2.02 110.95
2.04 108.90
2.05 112. 28
2. 06 109.02
2.07 111.04
Cement, hydraulic
$78. 85
1955: Average____
83.84
1956: Average_____
September___ 90. 53
O ctober.......... 86. 74
November___
86.11
December........ 85. 49
86. 73
1957: January_____
February......... 84. 46
March_______ 85. 28
84.66
April________
M ay
84.66
June_________ 86.51
July____ ____
83.16
August
___ 91.39
92.84
September___
41.5
41.3
42.5
41.5
41.2
41.1
41.3
40.8
41.0
40.7
40.7
41.0
37.8
40.8
40.9
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Glass and glassware,
pressed or blown 1
Flat glass
43.0
41.1
40.8
41.3
41.4
41.4
41.3
40.6
40.5
40.0
40.2
39.6
40.1
39.5
39.8
$2.66 $74.82
2. 75 79. 80
2. 73 75.31
2. 72 81.81
2. 88 82.00
2.85 82.21
2. 84 82. 59
2. 82 81.78
2. 78 81.99
2. 77 81.18
2.76 84.44
2.75 84.02
2. 80 84. 82
2.76 84.00
2.79 83. 74
Structural clay
products 1
$1.90 $70.04
2.03 73.62
2.13 74. 85
2.09 74.85
2. 09 73.60
2.08 73. 97
2.10 72.86
2.07 73.23
2.08 73. 82
2.08 74.00
2.08 74.59
2.11 75.74
2.20 76.33
2.24 76. 52
2.27 76.19
41.2
40.9
40.9
40.9
40.0
40.2
39.6
39.8
39.9
40.0
40.1
40.5
40.6
40.7
40.1
39.8
39.7
37.1
40.3
40.0
40.1
39.9
39.7
39.8
39.6
40.4
40.2
40.2
40.0
39.5
$1.88 $76.19
2.01 80. 59
2.03 73.34
2. 03 82.62
2.05 83.21
2.05 82. 81
2.07 84. 44
2.06 82. 78
2.06 82. 78
2.05 82.80
2.09 86.09
2.09 85.65
2.11 86.46
2.10 85. 63
2.12 84.10
Brick and hollow tilt
$1.70 $67.94
1.80 70.14
1.83 71.40
1.83 70.98
1.84 68. 78
1.84 68.71
1.84 65. 24
1. 84 66.07
1.85 67.30
1.85 69.29
1.86 69.87
1.87 71.55
1.88 71.55
1.88 71.72
1.90 72.45
43.0
42.0
42.0
42.0
40.7
40.9
39.3
39.8
40.3
41.0
41.1
41.6
41.6
41.7
41.4
Glass containers
40.1
39.7
35.6
40.3
40.2
40.2
40.4
39.8
39.8
40.0
40.8
40.4
40.4
40.2
39.3
$1.90 $73.08
2.03 77.81
2.06 79.00
2.05 81.20
2.07 79.80
2. 06 81. 40
2.09 79. 76
2.08 80.39
2.08 80.59
2.07 78. 97
2.11 81.39
2.12 81.40
2.14 81.59
2.13 80.78
2.14 82.78
Floor and wall tile
$1. 58 $69.25
1.67 73.75
1.70 74.74
1.69 73.60
1.69 73.66
1.68 74.43
1.66 75.03
1.66 74.80
1.67 74.05
1.69 73. 87
1.70 75.81
1.72 76.80
1.72 76. 80
1.72 77.36
1.75 78.34
39.8
40.3
40.4
40.0
39.6
39.8
39.7
40.0
39.6
39.5
39.9
40.0
40.0
40.5
40.8
Pressed and blown
glass
39.5
39.7
39.9
40.4
39.7
39.9
39.1
39.6
39.7
38.9
39.7
39.9
39.8
39.6
39.8
Sewer pipe
$1.74 $69.32
1.83 72. 76
1.85 76. 41
1. 84 76.22
1.86 74. 56
1.87 72.29
1.89 73.16
1.87 73.16
1. 87 72.83
1. 87 71.00
1.90 74.64
1.92 73.51
1.92 76.33
1.91 74. 37
1.92 76.11
40.3
40.2
41.3
41.2
40.3
39.5
40.2
40.2
39.8
38.8
39.7
39.1
40.6
40.2
40.7
Glass products made
of purchased glass
$1.85 $65.03
1.96 68.71
1.98 69.02
2.01 70. 58
2.01 73.10
2.04 72.39
2.04 70. 22
2.03 69.30
2.03 70.80
2.03 69. 65
2.05 67.55
2.04 69. 42
2.05 68.78
2.04 69. 78
2.08 72. 67
40.9
40.9
40.6
40.8
41.3
40.9
39.9
39.6
40.0
39.8
38.6
39.0
39.3
39.2
40.6
$1.59
1.68
1.70
1.73
1.77
1.77
1.76
1.75
1.77
1.75
1. 75
1.78
1.75
1.78
1.79
Clay refractories
$1.72 $75.27
1.81 80.36
1.85 79.31
1.85 80. 73
1.85 81. 48
1.83 83.95
1.82 84. 38
1. 82 84.14
1.83 84. 56
1.83 83.50
1.88 83.07
1.88 83. 28
1.88 85.02
1.85 85. 58
1.87 81.33
38.8
39.2
38.5
39.0
38.8
39.6
39.8
39.5
39.7
39.2
39.0
39.1
39.0
38.9
36.8
$1.94
2.05
2.06
2.07
2.10
2.12
2.12
2.13
2.13
2.13
2.13
2.13
2.18
2.20
2. 21
C: EARNINGS AND HOURS
T able
1537
C-l : Hours and gross earnings of production workers or nonsupervisory employees 1—Con.
Avg. Avg.
wkly. w kly.
earn hours
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. ■wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. w kly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
Manufacturing— Continued
Year and month
Stone, clay, and glass products—Continued
P ottery and related
products
1955: A verage............ $66. 38
1956: A verage............
72 20
74.11
Septem ber___
O ctober______
73 14
N o v em b er____ 74 50
74 88
D ecem ber____
71.20
1957: J an u ary______
F ebruary_____
74.10
74 69
M arch ...............
A pril_________
73. 91
M a y ...............— 73. 11
72. 07
J u n e....... ...........
J u ly __________ 71.87
A u g u s t.—......... 74. 27
Sep tem b er___
74.47
37.5
37.8
38.4
37 7
38 4
38.4
36.7
38 0
38.3
37.9
37.3
36.4
36.3
37.7
37.8
Concrete, gyp su m ,
an d plaster products *
$1. 77 $78. 23
1.91 81 88
1.93 83 07
1.94 82. 77
1.94 81.03
1.95 81.03
1.94 77. 75
1.95 79 98
1.95 81.08
1. 95 80. 51
1.96 83.28
1.98 85. 55
1.98 84.39
1.97 87.02
1.97 86.48
44.7
44.5
44 9
44.5
43.8
43 8
41.8
43.0
42.9
42.6
43.6
44.1
43.5
44.4
43.9
Concrete products
$1.75 $74. 98
1.84 78. 75
1.85 81.07
1.86 80.36
1.85 77.70
1.85 77.79
1.86 74.16
1.86 77.25
1.89 78.01
1.89 78 62
1.91 81.07
1.94 83. 59
1. 94 81.47
1.96 83.78
1.97 82.53
44.9
45 0
45.8
45 4
44.4
44.2
41.9
43 4
43.1
43.2
44.3
44.7
43.8
44.8
43.9
$1.67 $67 78
1. 75 69. 87
1.77 70 28
1.77 72 56
1. 75 70.93
1. 76 71.40
1.77 68.16
1.78 69.65
1.81 70.00
1.82 70.05
1.83 72.62
1.87 72. 22
1.86 71.56
1.87 72. 67
1.88 72. 67
S tone, clay and glass products— C ontinu ed
Asbestos products
1955: A verage______ $84. 67
84. 65
1956: A verage______
88.40
Septem ber___
O ctober-........... 87.98
N o v em b er___
87.14
D ecem b er____
88.19
85. 49
1957: January______
88.41
February..........
88.20
M arch _______
A p r il.............
89.46
92.24
M a y _________
J u n e............. ..
92.88
89.84
J u ly --------------92.18
A u g u st_______
Septem ber___
91. 76
43.2
41.7
42.5
42.3
42.3
42. 4
41.5
42.1
41 8
42 0
42.9
42.8
41.4
41.9
41.9
$1.96 $81. 75
2 03 88.24
2. 08 87.02
2.08 84. 73
2.06 96. 52
2. 08 91 41
2.06 96. 56
2.10 100 45
2.11 94 49
2. 13 85 98
2. 15 86.30
2.17 88.83
2.17 85. 79
2.20 92. 54
2.19 89.73
Iron and steel found
ries*
1955: A verage______ $85 06
87.34
1966: A v e r a g e ..___
S eptem ber____ 87.95
O ctober______
88. 56
87.89
N o v em b er___
91.32
D ecem b er____
1957: January______
88.73
F ebruary_____ 87. 78
M arch _______
87.12
A pril_________
86 68
M a y ..............
86.85
J u n e......... .........
88.53
J u ly --------------88 09
87. 58
A ugu st ______
Sep tem b er___
87.98
41.9
41.2
41.1
41 0
40.5
41.7
40.7
39.9
39.6
39 4
39.3
39.7
39.5
39.1
39.1
$89.28
95.34
99.06
99.38
99.06
100. 86
100.21
100.94
100. 35
101. 25
102. 16
102. 82
101.66
106. 93
107. 46
40.4
40.4
40.6
40.4
40.6
41.0
40.9
40.7
40.3
40. 5
40.7
40.8
40.5
40.2
40.4
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
38.2
38 7
38.0
37 0
40.9
39.4
40.4
41.0
39 7
36.9
37.2
37.8
36.2
38.4
37.7
$2.14
2.28
2.29
2 29
2.36
2. 32
2.39
2. 45
2. 38
2. 33
2.32
2. 35
2. 37
2. 41
2.38
Gray-iron foundries
$2.03 $84.00
2.12 83 84
2.14 84. 25
2.16 84. 84
2.17 84 59
2.19 88.80
2.18 84. 99
2.20 84.07
2.20 82.99
2.20 82. 78
2. 21 82. 94
2.23 85.24
2.23 85.63
2.24 84.97
2.25 84.32
Primary refining of
aluminum
1955: A verage______
1956: A verage______
Sep tem b er___
O ctoher______
N o v em b er___
D ecem b er........
1957: J a n u a r y ...........
F eb ru ary.........
M arch _______
A pril_________
M a y ...............
J u n e....... ......... ..
J u ly --------------A ugu st _____
Septem ber___
Nonclay refractories
42.0
40.7
40.7
40.4
39 9
41.3
39.9
39.1
38.6
38. 5
38.4
39.1
39.1
38.8
38.5
$2.21 $81.45
2. 36 85.04
2. 44 86 74
2. 46 86 52
2.44 84. 86
2.46 87. 78
2. 45 87.35
2.48 86. 51
2 49 87. 57
2. 50 87. 56
2.51 86 09
2. 52 86. 71
2. 51 85.44
2. 66 90. 94
2. 66 89.21
42.2
42 1
41.7
42.0
41.6
41.6
41.4
41.0
41.7
41.3
40.8
40.9
40.3
42.1
41.3
42.1
41.1
41.1
41.7
41.0
40.8
39.4
39.8
40.0
39.8
40.8
40.8
40.2
40.6
40.6
M iscellaneous nonm etallic m ineral
products *
$1.61 $81.12
1.70 83.03
1.71 84.46
1.74 85.07
l. 73 86.73
1.75 88 41
1.73 86. 72
1.75 87 77
1. 75 87 34
1.76 85. 67
1.78 86. 92
1.77 87. 74
1.78 85. 79
1.79 87. 26
1.79 88.10
41.6
40.7
40.8
40 9
41.3
41.9
41.1
41.4
41.2
40.6
41.0
41.0
39.9
40.4
40.6
Abrasive products
$1.95 $86. 73
2.04 88.18
2. 07 85. 57
2.08 91.83
2.10 93.89
2. 11 99 72
2.11 91 76
2.12 91 13
2. 12 92 89
2. 11 91 35
2.12 91.30
2.14 91.71
2.15 88. 98
2.16 88. 53
2.17 90.09
41.3
39 9
38.2
40.1
41 0
42.8
40.6
40 5
41 1
40.6
40. 4
40.4
39.2
39.0
39.0
$2.10
2 21
2.24
2.29
2. 29
2.33
2.26
2.25
2.26
2.25
2. 26
2.27
2.27
2.27
2.31
Prim ary m etal industries
Total: Prim ary m etal
industries
B last furnaces, steel
w orks, and rolling
m ills *
$92.29
96. 52
100.12
98. 74
99 06
100. 94
101 27
99 14
98.65
97. 91
97. 42
99. 70
100.44
89.82
100. 86
$95.99
102. 06
107 53
104.90
105.18
107.16
108. 79
105. 06
104. 01
103. 89
102. 31
104. 67
107.17
105. 65
107.36
41.2
40.9
41.2
40 8
40.6
41.2
41 0
40.3
40 1
39.8
39.6
40.2
39.7
39.3
39.4
$2.24
2. 36
2. 43
2. 42
2. 44
2.45
2. 47
2. 46
2. 46
2. 46
2.46
2. 48
2.53
2. 54
2.56
Malleable-iron found
ries
$2.00 $83.82
2.06 83.84
2.07 86. 50
2.10 85. 67
2.12 85.44
2.15 86.07
2.13 86.24
2.15 85.39
2.15 83 50
2. 15 82.01
2.16 84.10
2.18 84.89
2.19 83.85
2.19 83.33
2.19 87.47
Secondary sm elting
and refining of
nonferrous m etals
C ut-stone and stone
products
41.7
40.5
40.8
40.6
40.3
40.6
40.3
39.9
39.2
38 5
39.3
39.3
39.0
38.4
39.4
40.5
40.5
41.2
40.5
40.3
40.9
40.9
40.1
39.7
39.5
39.2
39.8
39.4
38.7
38.9
$2.37
2.52
2.61
2. 59
2.61
2. 62
2.66
2.62
2.62
2.63
2.61
2.63
2. 72
2.73
2.76
Steel foundries
$2.01 $88. 62
2.07 95.63
2.12 95.99
2.11
96. 87
2.12 95. 30
2.12 99. 10
2.14 98.18
2.14 96.28
2.13 97.86
2. 13 96 98
2.14 95.58
2.16 96.41
2.15 95. 24
2.17 95.27
2.22 95.84
41.8
42.5
42.1
42.3
41.8
42.9
42.5
41.5
42.0
41.8
41.2
41.2
40.7
40.2
40.1
42 2
41.5
41 3
40.8
40.6
41.3
41.0
40.2
40.4
40.3
40.4
40.8
40.1
39.8
40.5
$2.13 $93.31
2.25 95.18
2.29 94.02
2.28 91.58
2.29 91.94
2.32 96.28
2. 31 94.53
2.31 91.77
2.31 93.32
2.34 92.40
2 34 93.96
2.35 97.11
2.35 95.18
2. 40 93.13
2 .42j 95. 75
43.4
42.3
41.6
40.7
40.5
41.5
41.1
39.9
40.4
40.0
40.5
41.5
40.5
39.8
40.4
$96. 39
102. 47
107. 94
105.30
105. 59
107. 57
109. 20
105. 46
104. 41
104. 28
102. 70
105.07
107.56
106. 04
107. 75
$2.15
2.25
2.26
2. 25
2. 27
2. 32
2.30
2.30
2.31
2. 31
2.32
2.34
2.35
2.34 ¡
2.37
40.5
40.5
41.2
40.5
40.3
40 9
40.9
40.1
39.7
39.5
39.2
39.8
39.4
38.7
38.9
Electrometallurgical
products
$2.38 $87.14
2. 53 88.44
2.62 89.15
2.60 91.08
2.62 90.27
2.63 91 13
2.67 92. 21
2.63 90.85
2.63 90 80
2.64 91.25
2.62 90. 52
2.64 92.00
2. 73 92.28
2.74 95.34
2. 77 97.03
41.3
40.2
39 8
40.3
40.3
40.5
40.8
40.2
40.0
40.2
39.7
40.0
39.1
40.4
40.6
$2.11
2.20
2.24
2.26
2.24
2. 25
2.26
2.26
2.27
2. 27
2.28
2.30
2.36
2.36
2.39
Prim ary
sm elting Primary smelting and
and refining of nonrefining of copper,
ferrous m etals *
lead, and zinc
$2.12 $84. 66
2. 25 91.46
2.28 95.04
2.29 94.16
2.28 93. 71
2.31 93.43
2.31 94.76
2.32 93.43
2.33 93. 61
2.32 94.02
2.32 94.89
2.34 95.53
2. 34 95.18
2.37 96.96
2.39 98.01
R olling,
draw ing,
and alloyin g of Rolling, drawing, and
alloying of copper
nonferrous m etals *
$1.93 $89.89
2.02 93. 38
2.08 94.58
2.06 93.02
2.04 92.97
2.11 95.82
2.11 94 71
2.11 92. 86
2. 10 93.32
2. 12 94 30
2. 11 94. 54
2.12 95.88
2.12 94. 24
2.16 95.52
2 . 16| 98.01
Blast furnaces, steel
works, and rolling
mills, except electro
metallurgical prod
ucts
40.7
41.2
41.5
41.3
41.1
40.8
41.2
40.8
40.7
40.7
40.9
41.0
40.5
40.4
40.5
$2.08 $81.61
2.22 89.02
2.29 93. 26
2.28 90.69
2. 28 90.03
2.29 89. 38
2.30 90. 64
2.29 88.94
2. 30 89. 79
2.31 89. 57
2.32 90.20
2.33 90.83
2.35 91.13
2.40 90.45
2.42 92.39
40.6
41.6
42.2
41.6
41.3
41.0
41.2
40.8
41.0
40.9
41.0
41.1
40.5
40.2
40.7
$2.01
2.14
2.21
2. 18
2.18
2.18
2.20
2.18
2.19
2.19
2.20
2.21
2.25
2.25
2.27
Rolling, drawing, and
alloying of aluminum N onf errons f oundries
$86.09
91.13
94.83
93. 56
93.09
94. 42
94.60
95.34
94.24
95.99
95. 27
94.40
93.69
97. 57
100. 60
40.8
40.5
40.7
40.5
40.3
40.7
40.6
40.4
40.1
40.5
40.2
40.0
39.7
39.5
40.4
$2.11 $85.89
2. 25 88.94
2.33 91 91
2.31 91.69
2.31 90.76
2.32 94.02
2.33 91. 13
2.36 91.35
2. 35
91. 58
2. 37 89. 95
2. 37
90.63
2.36 91.88
2.36 91.77
2.47 92.06
2.49 93.26
40.9
40.8
41.4
41.3
40.7
41.6
40.5
40.6
40.7
39.8
40.1
40.3
39.9
40.2
40.2
$2.10
2.18
2.22
2.22
2.23
2.26
2. 25
2.25
2.25
2.26
2.26
2.28
2.30
2.29
2.32
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, DECEMBER 1957
1538
T able
C-l : Honrs and gross earnings of production workers or nonsupervisory employees 1—Con.
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn hours
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. w kly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. w kly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
Manufacturing—Continued
Year and month
Fabricated metal products (except ordnance,
machinery, and transportation equipment)
Primary metal industries—Continued
Miscellaneous pri
mary metal in Iron and steel forgings
dustries 8
1955: Average............
1956: Average............
September___
October........ __
November___
December........
1957: January_____
February____
March..............
April________
M a y ..................
J u n e . _______
J u ly ..................
August____ .
September___
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
$97.10
99.90
98.88
100. 36
101. 26
102.83
103. 91
102. 92
102. 18
100. 12
99. 38
102. 67
101. 34
102.06
101. 71
42.4
41.8
41.2
41.3
41.5
41.8
41.9
41.5
41.2
40.7
40.4
41.4
40.7
40.5
40.2
$2. 29 $101.28
2.39 105. 42
2.40 104. 08
2. 43 109 65
2. 44 108. 71
2. 46 108. 88
2. 48 112. 66
2. 48 109. 62
2. 48 109. 36
2.46 105. 52
2. 46 105. 52
2.48 107.90
2.49 105. 52
2. 52 104. 52
2. 53 104. 41
Cutlery, hand tools,
and hardware 8
1955: Average______ $79. 30
1956: Average_____
81.60
September___
85.08
O ctober.. . . . 87.15
November___
85.70
December____ 88.41
1957: January............ 83. 62
February____
84. 03
March_______ 83.82
April________
83. 21
M a y .................. 84.44
June________
84.63
July_________
84.19
August_____
85.65
September___ 90.06
41.3
40.8
41.5
41.9
41.4
42. 1
40.2
40.4
40.3
40. 2
40.4
40.3
39.9
40.4
41.5
42.2
42.0
41.3
42. 5
42.3
42.2
43.0
42.0
41.9
40. 9
40.9
41.5
40.9
40.2
39.7
$2.40 $95. 67
2. 51 97.06
2. 52 96.56
2. 58 97.39
2. 57 98. 28
2. 58 99. 59
2. 62 97. 53
2.61 97.70
2. 61 96. 76
2 58 96 52
2. 58 95.18
2. 60 97. 23
2. 58 94. 56
2.60 98. 09
2. 63 97. 36
Cutlery and edge tools
$1.92 $69.87
2.00 72.62
2.05 73. 26
2.08 74. 44
2.07 75. 53
2. 10 75. 58
2. 08 74. 30
2.08 74.12
2. 08 75.07
2.07 74. 34
2.09 74. 40
2.10 74. 77
2.11 73. 42
2.12 73.82
2.17 76.17
41.1
40.8
40.7
40.9
41.5
41.3
40.6
40.5
40.8
40.4
40.0
40.2
39.9
39.9
40.3
Wire drawing
42.9
42.2
41.8
41.8
42 0
42.2
41.5
41. 4
41.0
40.9
40.5
41.2
39.9
40.7
40.4
$91. 46
94.66
95.00
91 10
94 64
96. 32
97.20
98. 25
96. 56
96.80
96. 47
104. 58
104.67
102.91
102.87
41.2
40.8
40.6
39 1
40.1
40.3
40. 5
40.6
39.9
40 0
39.7
42.0
41.7
41.0
40.5
$1.92 $82. 78
2.02 83. 44
2.05 88.83
2.07 91. 16
2. 06 88.61
2. 08 92. 87
2. 07 86.03
2.07 86. 67
2.08 86.86
2.08 85.84
2. 08 87. 91
2. 09 88. 10
2.09 88.48
2.11 89. 35
2.14 95.82
41.6
40.7
41.9
42.4
41.6
42.6
40.2
40. 5
40. 4
40 3
40. 7
40.6
40.4
40.8
42.4
$2.23
2.30
2.31
2. 33
2. 34
2. 36
2. 35
2.36
2.36
2.36
2. 35
2.36
2.37
2. 41
2.41
Hand tools
$1.70 $77.95
1. 78 82.62
1.80 84. 26
1.82 85. 08
1.82 84.05
1. 83 85.90
1.83 83.01
1.83 83. 01
1.84 82. 99
1.84 82. 58
1.86 82. 99
1.86 82. 97
1.84 80.47
1. 85 84.19
1.89 85.81
40.6
40.9
41.1
41. 1
40.8
41.3
40.1
40. 1
39.9
39.7
39.9
39.7
38.5
39.9
40.1
Welded and heavyriveted pipe
40.3
39. 9
40.8
40.9
39 7
40 3
39.7
40.3
39.9
39. 4
39.3
40.0
39.1
39.7
40.5
$1. 89 $83.01
1.98 87. 57
2. 01 89. 86
2. 02 90. 92
2. 01 89. 42
2.03 92. 21
2.04 90.47
2.06 91. 12
2. 06 91. 76
2.05 91.96
2. 06 93. 04
2.07 93.68
2.06 93. 63
2.09 94.89
2.11 96.22
Metal stamping, coat
ing, and engraving 8
1955: Average_____ $86.10
1956: Average_____
87. 34
September___
91.56
October............ 92.86
November___
91 78
December____ 94. 15
1957: January............ 87.91
February....... . 87. 51
March_______ 87. 89
April________
88 29
M a y ................. 89. 32
June____ ____
91.21
July_________
88. 80
August---------- 89.91
September___
93.38
42.0
41. 2
42. 0
42. 4
42. 1
42.6
40.7
40.7
40. 5
40. 5
40.6
40.9
40.0
40.5
41.5
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
41.3
41.5
41.6
41.9
41. 4
42.3
41 5
41.8
41.9
41.8
42.1
42.2
41.8
41.8
42.2
$2. 01 $83.00
2. 11 87. 57
2. 16 89. 21
2. 17 90. 72
2.16 90. 69
2. 18 92 21
2. 18 90.89
2. 18 91. 98
2.19 93. 28
2.20 93.93
2. 21 94. 57
2. 22 95. 67
2.24 95.37
2.27 97.10
2.28 97.98
Vitreous enameled
products
$2. 05 $65.11
2. 12 66.64
2. 18 71.81
2. 19 71.23
2.18 70.24
2. 21 67 83
2.16 70. 07
2. 15 69. 25
2.17 74. 39
2.18 64 90
2.20 65. 14
2.23 68.85
2.22 72.86
2.22 74. 34
2. 25 75.12
39.7
39.2
40.8
40.7
40.6
39.9
40.5
39.8
43.0
37.3
36.8
38.9
41.4
41.3
41.5
41.5
41.5
41.3
42.0
41.6
42.3
41.5
42.0
42. 4
42. 5
42.6
42.9
42.2
42.4
42.6
$2.00 $82. 82
2. 11 84. 85
2.16 87. 54
2. 16 87.29
2. 18 81 93
2. 18 90.09
2. 19 86. 07
2.19 86. 48
2.20 87. 51
2. 21 87. 91
2. 22 89. 42
2. 23 90. 25
2.26 90.67
2.29 92.51
2.30 93.38
Stamped and pressed
metal products
$1.64 $89. 25
1. 70 91.30
1.76 96. 25
1. 75 97. 81
1. 73 96.25
1.70 99 13
1. 73 91 62
1. 74 90.98
1. 73 92 89
1.74 91 76
1. 77 93. 25
1.77 96.00
1.76 92.86
1.80 93.38
1.81 98. 23
42.3
41 5
42. 4
42.9
42.4
43. 1
40.9
40 8
41. 1
40.6
40.9
41.2
40.2
40.6
41.8
Tin can and other
tinware
$2.22 $82. 37
41.6 $1.98 $85. 69
41.8 $2.05
2.32 85. 28
41.2
2.07 91. 78
42.1
2.18
2. 34 87 78
41.6
2.11 94. 81
42.9
2.21
2. 33 89.03
41.8
2.13 94.73
42. 1
2. 25
2. 36 87. 56
41 3
2.12 90.80
40.9
2. 22
2. 39 90.09
42. 1
2. 14 95.15
42.1
2. 26
2.40 86.90
40.8
2. 13 90.17
39.9
2. 26
2. 42 87.33
41.0
2. 13 91.98
40.7
2. 26
2.42 87. 74
2.14 92. 84
41.0
40.9
2. 27
2. 42 87. 94
2. 15 97 25
40 9
42. 1
2. 31
2. 43 88. 34
40.9
2. 16 94. 07
40.9
2. 30
2. 49 89. 40
41.2
2.17 97.90
42.2
2. 32
2. 51 89.13
2.19 101. 76
40.7
43.3
2.35
2.51 90.20
41.0
2.20 99. 64
42.4
2.35
2.54 91.91
41.4
2. 22 97. 58
41.7
2.34
Heating apparatus
(except electric)
Sanitary ware and
Hardware
an d p lu m b e r s '
plumbers’ supplies
supplies 8
$1.99 $78.18
2.05 80. 19
2. 12 82. 42
2. 15 83. 22
2. 13 80. 36
2.18 81.99
2.14 81.95
2. 14 83. 39
2. 15 82. 56
2.13 81.93
2. 16 82.11
2.17 83. 77
2.19 81.90
2.19 84. 56
2. 26 86.24
Oil burners, nonelec
tric heating and Fabricated structural Structural steel and or Metal doors, sash,
metal products 8
cooking apparatus,
namental metal work
fram es, m olding,
not elsewhere classi
and trim
fied
1955: Average______ $76.17
1956: Average............ 79.00
September___
82. 01
October______ 82.62
November___
79.80
December.. . . 81. 81
1957: January.. . . .
80. 99
February____
83 02
March............
82 19
April________
80 77
M ay........ ......... 80. 96
June................ . 82.80
July------- -----80.55
August______
82.97
September___
85.46
Total: Fabricated
metal products
41.0
40.6
41. 1
40.6
39. 2
41.9
40.6
40.6
40.7
40.7
41.4
41.4
41.4
41.3
41.5
$2.11 $78. 72
2 20 76.40
2. 27 78. 34
2.28 80. 36
2. 27 80. 57
2. 30 82 60
2. 24 78.80
2. 23 78. 41
2.26 78. 41
2. 26 78. 21
2. 28 78. 80
2.33 78. 80
2.31 80.19
2.30 80.00
2. 35 82.41
41.0
40.0
40.8
41.0
40 9
41.3
39.8
39.8
39.8
39.7
39.6
39.4
39.7
40.0
40.2
$1.94 $82.21
2.02 82.68
2.04 84.14
2.06 84.07
2.05 81.70
2.06 83.21
2.08 83.76
2.09 84. 63
2.09 83. 55
2.09 84. 53
2.10 84. 53
2. 11 85.97
2.10 85. 53
2.13 88.36
2.14 88. 58
Boiler-shop products
$2.02 $81. 40
2. 09 87. 98
2. 13 90.07
2.15 91.34
2.09 91. 14
2. 15 92.00
2. 12 91.56
2. 13 91.98
2. 15 92.40
2. 16 91.54
2.16 92. 40
2.18 91.10
2.19 92.35
2.24 93.15
2. 25 95.60
Lighting fixtures
40.3
39.7
40. 4
40.4
39.2
39. 8
39.4
39.9
39. 5
39 2
39. 1
39.7
39.0
39. 7
40.3
40.3
39.0
39. 5
39.1
38.0
38.7
38.6
39.0
38.5
38 6
38.6
38.9
38.7
39.8
39.9
$2.04
2. 12
2. 13
2. 15
2. 15
2.15
2.17
2.17
2.17
2.19
2.19
2.21
2.21
2.22
2.22
Sheet-metal work
40.7
41.5
41.7
41.9
42.0
42 2
42.0
42.0
42.0
41.8
42.0
41.6
41.6
41.4
42.3
$2.00 $84.85
41.8 $2.03
2.12 90. 52
42.3
2. 14
2. 16 93.29
42.6
2. 19
2.18 93. 30
42.8
2. 18
2.17 91.56
2. 18
42.0
2. 18 93. 94
42.7
2.20
2. 18 91. 12
2. 18
41.8
2.19 91.96
41 8
2. 20
2.20 91 94
2. 21
41.6
2. 19 90 61
2.21
41.0
41.6
2.20 93. 18
2.24
2.19 94. 92
42.0
2. 26
2.22 94.85
2.28
41.6
2. 25 94.62
41.5
2.28
2. 26 95.40
41.3
2.31
M iscellaneous fabri
Fabricated wire
cated metal prod
products
ucts 8
$1.92 $77. 87
1.91 80. 75
1. 92 82.59
1.96 84.62
1. 97 82.81
2.00 84.65
1. 98 82. 22
1.97 81. 20
1.97 82 42
1. 97 81 20
1.99 80. 40
2.00 82. 42
2.02 81.18
2.00 82.40
2.05 83.82
41.2
41.2
41.5
42. 1
41.2
41.7
40.5
40.2
40.6
40.2
39.8
40.4
39.6
40.0
40.3
$1.89 $84. 08
1.96 86.09
1.99 86. 73
2. 01 88.20
2. 01 88.20
2. 03 90. 52
2.03 89. 25
2. 02 89.68
2.03 89. 89
2.02 89.24
2. 02 88.18
2.04 89.02
2.05 89. 21
2.06 88.99
2.08 89.60
42.9
42. 2
41.9
42.2
42.0
42.7
42. 1
42.3
42. 2
41.7
41.4
41.6
41.3
41.2
41.1
$1.96
2. 04
2.07
2. 09
2. 10
2.12
2.12
2.12
2. 13
2.14
2.13
2.14
2.16
2.16
2.18
O: EARNINGS AND HOURS
T able
1539
C—1 : Hours and gross earnings of production workers or nonsupervisory employees 1—Con.
Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly. hrly. wkly. wkly. hrly. wkly. wkly. hrly. wkly. wkly. hrly. wkly. wkly. hrly. wkly. wkly. hrly.
earn- hours earn- earn- hours earn- earn- hours earn- earn- hours earn- earn- hours earn- earn- hours earnings
ings ings
ings ings
tags tags
ings ings
ings ings
ings
Manufacturing—0 ontinued
Year and month
Fabricated metal products (except ordnance, machinery, and transportationequipment)Continued
Metal shipping barrels
drums, kegs, and pails
1955: Average__
1956: Average__
September.
October__
November..
December..
1957: January__
February...
March___
April........
May........ .
June____
July------August___
September..
$91. If
97. If
94.2.
92. 4(
95. 31
97.55
97. Of
96. Of
98. 6E
97. 6'
96. 7(
103.5c
103. 5f
102. 55
98. 82
42.
42.
40.
40.
40. £
41.
41.
40.
41.8
41.
41.5
43.5
42.8
42.2
40.5
$2.14 $89. 01
2. 2' 90. r
2. 31 88. 4'
2.31 93. 7
2. 3S 92.11
2.34 98. 94
2. 35 95. 94
2. 36 93. 5C
2.36 96.17
2.37 94. 6C
2. 3i 93. 32
2. 38 97.91
2.42 94.71
2. 48 96. 76
2.44 95.82
Steam engines, turbines, and water
wheels
1955: Average__
1956: Average__
September.
October__
November.
December..
1957: January__
February...
March___
April____
May____
June____
July.........
August__
September..
$91. 96
101.50
101.57
106. 26
105. 50
113.27
108. 88
110. 85
113. 71
111. 11
113. 62
112. 99
114. 70
111.04
109. 59
39.3
41.6
41.8
42.0
41.7
43.4
42.2
42.8
43.4
42.9
43.2
42.8
42.8
41.9
41.2
$87.14
92.01
91.98
92.40
91. OS
94. 55
93. 44
93. 41
94.28
93. 56
93. 56
92. 89
91. 25
91.25
92.46
42.3
42.4
42.0
42.0
4 1 .4
42.4
41.9
41.7
41.9
41.4
41.4
41.1
40.2
40.2
40.2
1955: Average__
1956: Average__
September.
October__
November.
December..
1957: January__
February...
March___
April____
May____
June.......
July.........
August__
September..
$83.58
89. 67
91.59
91.16
91.38
92. 88
90.73
90.73
90. 72
90.07
89.42
89.64
89.82
89.38
89.79
42.0
42.7
43.0
42.6
42.5
43.0
42.2
42.2
42.0
41.7
41.4
41.5
41.2
41.0
41.0
See footnotes at end of table.
4 4 7 6 7 9 — 57-------8
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
$2.14 $88. 2"
2. 2i 88. 21
2. 2f 90. 3:
2. 28 91.38
2. 28 89. 88
2.35 92. 6f
2. 3' 90.72
2.32 91.58
2. 3' 91. 1‘
2. 3c 90. 27
2.31 89. 62
2. 36 89. 82
2.35 90. 45
2.36 90. 39
2. 36 92.29
42.0
41. 4
41. C
40.8
40.9
41.3
40.9
40.8
40.7
40.4
40.4
40.7
39.6
39.5
40.1
42.6
42.8
42.5
42.7
42. !
42.6
42.1
42.3
41.9
41.9
40.0
41.6
41.3
41.6
41.8
$2.04
2.16
2.21
2.21
2.22
2. 22
2. 20
2. 24
2.23
2. 25
2. 24
2.25
2. 26
2. 27
2.30
Food-products
machinery
$1.99 $84. 86
2.10 89. 45
2.13 89.64
2.14 89.40
2.15 88. 75
2.16 91. 12
2.15 88. 75
2.15 90.03
2.16 91.94
2.16 91. 52
2.16 91.49
2.16 91.69
2.18 91.43
2.18 91.17
2.19 92.48
41.6
41.8
41.5
41.2
40.9
41.8
40.9
41.3
41.6
41.6
41.4
41.3
41.0
40.7
41.1
Screw-machine
products
43.' $2.02 $82.94
42.2
2.0Í 85.61
42.1
2.12 85. 2£
42.7
2. ll 87.13
42. C 2.11 86.9'
42. £
2.16 89.65
42. C 2. If 89. Of
42. '
2.16 90. 08
42. (
2.17 89. 66
41.6
2.17 89. 25
41. Í
2.17 87. 57
41.2
2.18 87. 36
2.19 86. 52
41. £
2. 21 86. 5i
40. £
41.2
2.24 87.13
Agricultural machinery and tractors 8
$2.16 $83. 84
2. 27 86. 8C
2. 30 87.69
2. 30 87.30
2.30 87. 47
2. 32 89.15
2. 32 89.95
2.32 89.89
2.31 91.43
2. 31 90. 57
2. 35 91.25
2.38 91.60
2.37 90. 74
2.38 89.08
2.43 94.00
Oilfield machinery
and tools
$2.06 $86.90
2.17 92. 45
2.19 93.93
2. 20 94. 37
2.20 93.46
2.23 94. 57
2. 23 92. 62
2.24 94. 75
2. 25 93. 44
2.26 94.28
2. 26 89. 60
2. 26 93. 60
2. 27 93.34
2. 27 94. 43
2.30 96.14
Special-Industrymachinery (except
metal workingmachinery)8
41.
40.
40.
41. :
40.
42.:
41. (
40.3
41. :
40. f
40. 1
41.5
40. Í
41.0
40.6
Bolts, nuts, washers,
and rivets
Diesel and other in
ternal combustion,
not elsewhere classifled
$2. 34 $90. 72
2. 44 93. 98
2. 43 94.3C
2. 53 93. 84
2. 53 94. 07
2. 61 95. 82
2. 58 94. 89
2.59 91. 66
2. 62 94. 02
2.59 93. 32
2.63 94. 94
2.64 96. 87
2. 68 93.85
2.65 94.01
2. 66 97. 44
Construction and mining machinery, except for oilfields
1955: Average__
1956: Average__
September.
October__
November.
December..
1957: January__
February...
March___
April..... .
May____
June____
July........
August__
September.
Steel springs
40.6
40.0
39.5
39.5
39.4
39.8
39.8
39. 6
40.1
39.9
40.2
40.0
39.8
38.9
40.0
$98.10
108.69
111.64
109. 52
107.12
111.44
110.16
111.10
111.50
110. 81
109. 25
108. 68
106.00
103.17
103. 75
43.6
45. 1
45.2
44.7
43.9
45.3
44.6
44.8
44.6
44.5
43.7
43.3
42.4
41. 6
41.5
$2.25
2. 41
2. 47
2. 45
2.44
2.46
2. 47
2.48
2. 50
2. 49
2. 50
2.51
2.50
2. 48
2. 50
Textile machinery
$2.04 $74.11
2.14 76. 59
2.16 78.35
2.17 78.44
2.17 78.85
2.18 78.85
2.17 78. 47
2.18 78. 25
2.21 77. 68
2.20 76. 57
2. 21 76. 76
2.22 77. 93
2.23 77. 55
2.24 77.16
2. 25 76. 21
41.4
41.4
41.9
41.5
41.5
41.5
41.3
41.4
41.1
40.3
40.4
40.8
40.6
40.4
39.9
40.9
40.3
40.1
40.2
39.9
40.1
40.2
39.8
40.0
39.5
39.6
39.5
39.3
38.0
39.6
43.7
45.8
46.0
45.9
45.3
46.1
44.7
44.8
44.0
43. 7
42.8
42.5
41.0
41.0
40.3
$2.15 $79. 80
2. 24 82.37
2. 29 82.43
2. 29 80.47
2. 29 82.04
2. 31 84. 93
2. 33 84.67
2. 33 86. 07
2.33 89. 47
2. 32 89.28
2. 31 90. 58
2.33 90. 72
2.33 89. 47
2. 34 88. 98
2. 41 92.34
$2.18
2.32
2. 37
2.36
2.38
2.40
2. 39
2.39
2.39
2. 39
2. 39
2. 40
2.37
2. 38
2.40
Paper-industries
machinery
$1.79 $89.40
1.85 97.48
1.87 100. 58
1.89 96.92
1.00 100.19
1.90 106.00
1.90 102. 86
1.89 101. 77
1.89 100.04
1.90 99. 82
1.90 95. 03
1.91 94.16
1.91 92. 88
1.91 92.02
1.91 93.74
44.7
46.2
47.0
45.5
46.6
48.4
47.4
46.9
46.1
46.0
44.2
44.0
43.4
42.6
43.2
41.
42.
42.3
42.:
41.7
42.
41. S
41. S
41.8
41.1
41.1
41. i
40.7
40.5
40.7
$2. 0£
2.2
2 .2f
2. 2f
2. 2f
2. 27
2. 27
2. 27
2. 28
2.28
2. 28
2. 3(
2.30
2. 30
2.32
Agricultural machinery ( except tractors )
Machine tools
$95.27
106. 26
109.02
108.32
107. 81
110. 64
106.83
107.07
105.16
104. 44
102. 29
102. 00
97.17
97. 58
96. 72
Total: Machinery
(except electrical)
$1.92 $87.3f
2.01 93.2f
2. 03 95. If
2.05 94.7
2. 07 93. 83
2. 08 96. 7C
2.09 95.1:
2. 0£ 95. i:
2. OS 95.30
2.10 94. 3S
2. 09 93. 71
2.1C 94. 5c
2.10 93.61
2.11 93.15
2.12 94. 42
Tractors
$2.07 $87. 94
2.17 90. 27
2.22 91. 83
2. 21 92. 06
2. 22 91.37
2.24 92.63
2. 26 93.67
2. 27 92. 73
2. 28 93.20
2. 27 91. 64
2. 27 91. 4S
2. 29 92. 04
2.28 91.57
2.29 88. 92
2.35 95. 44
Metalworking machinery
43.
42.
42.
42.5
42. C
43.:
42.9
43.]
42. S
42.5
41.9
41.6
41.2
41.0
4.11
Machinery (except electrical)
$2.00
2.11
2.14
2.13
2,15
2.19
2.17
2.17
2.17
2. 17
2.15
2.14
2.14
2.16
2.17
40.1
39.6
38.7
38.5
38.7
39.5
39.2
39.3
40.3
40.4
40.8
40.5
40.3
39.9
40.5
42.5
43.2
42.3
42.7
42.1
43.3
42.3
42.6
42.6
42.7
42.0
41.7
41.6
41.2
42.2
101. 86
102. 29
102. 05
97. 82
98.23
92.27
96.32
41.9
43.7
44.0
43.7
43.8
43.5
43.0
43.4
42.8
42.8
42.7
41.1
41.1
39.6
40.3
41.
41.
41.2
41.:
4i.:
41.8
41.2
41.;
41.1
41. ]
41.2
41. Í
40.6
40.2
40.4
$2.20
2.30
2. 33
2.36
2. 36
2.40
2.39
2. 40
2. 40
2. 39
2. 44
2. 46
2.47
2. 47
2. 50
Construction and
mining machinery 8
42.4
42.5
42.2
42.2
41.6
42.5
42.0
41. g
41.9
41.6
41.0
41.3
40.5
40.6
40.7
$2.05
2.17
2. 20
2. 20
2. 21
2. 23
2. 22
2. 24
2.24
2.26
2. 25
2.26
2.27
2. 27
2.30
Machine-tool
accessories
$2. 16 $102. 52
2.26 115.12
2.27 119.08
2.30 114.88
2.31 110. 74
2.33 116. 28
2. 34 116. 68
2. 35 118.36
2. 36 119. 73
2. 36 118. 82
2.38 116. 48
2.38 116. 33
2.41 113.10
2.41 108. 03
2. 45 107. 68
Printing-trades machinery and equipment
$92. 60
102. 70
105.16
104. 44
105.12
103.10
101.91
104.16
$91. 08
95. 4f
96. 0C
97. OC
97. OC
100. 32
98. 47
99.12
99.36
98. 2<
100. 53
101. 6(
100. 2f
99. 2£
101. 00
$1.99 $86.92
2. Of 92.23
2. lc 92. 81
2.09 92. 81
2.12 91. 91
2.15 94. 78
2.16 93. 24
2.19 93. 86
2. 22 93. 86
2. 21 94.02
2. 22 92. 25
2. 24 93. 34
2.22 91.94
2. 23 92.16
2. 28 93.61
M etalworking machinery (except machine tools)
$91. 80
97. 63
96.02
98.21
97.25
100. 89
98.98
100.11
100. 54
100. 77
99. 96
99.25
100. 26
99.29
103. 39
Enginesand turbines8
44.0
45. 5
45.8
44.7
43.6
45.6
45.4
45. 7
45.7
45. 7
44.8
44.4
43.5
42.2
41.9
$2.33
2. 53
2.60
2. 57
2. 54
2. 55
2.57
2.59
2. 82
2. 60
2. 00
2.62
2.60
2. 56
2. 57
General industrial
machinery 8
$2.21 $86.11
2. 35 92.87
2.39 95. 44
2.39 95. 44
2.40 94.78
2.37 96. 77
2.37 93. 44
2. 40 93.44
2.38 93.63
2. 39 92.10
2. 39 92. 51
2. 38 92. 48
2.39 92. 21
2.33 92. 62
2. 39 94.76
41.8
42.6
42.8
42.8
42.5
43.2
41.9
41.9
41.8
41.3
41.3
41.1
40.8
40.8
41.2
$2.06
2.18
2.23
2. 23
2.23
2. 24
2.23
2.23
2.24
2.23
2.24
2. 25
2.26
2.27
2.30
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, DECEMBER 1957
1540
T able C -l: Hours and gross earnings of production workers or nonsupervisory employees x—Con.
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn hours
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn earn
ings
ings
Avg.
wkly.
hours
Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn earn
ings
ings
Avg.
wkly.
hours
Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn earn
ings
ings
Avg.
wkly.
hours
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
Manufacturing—Continued
Year and month
Machinery (except electrical)—Continued
Pumps, air and gas
compressors
1955: Average-.......... $84. 45
1956: Average,.......... 90.53
September----- 91.58
October______ 91.80
91.37
November___
December____ 92. 66
91.12
1957: January-------92.43
February____
March_______ 90. 91
April------------- 89.19
91.10
M ay________
June----- -------- 90.39
J u ly ................ 89. 54
88. 88
August______
92. 51
September___
41.6
42.5
42.4
42.5
42.3
42.7
41.8
42.4
41.7
41.1
41. 6
40.9
40.7
40.4
41.3
$2.03
2.13
2.16
2.16
2.16
2.17
2.18
2.18
2.18
2.17
2.19
2.21
2.20
2.20
2.24
Office and store ma
chines and devices 5
1955: Average-------- $82.81
1956: Average......... . 90.23
93. 41
September___
October______ 93. 86
92. 06
November___
December____ 93. 41
1957: January--------- 91. 46
91.21
February____
March_______ 90.76
April................. 89.47
88. 93
M ay________
89.89
June____ ____
89.78
July------------A u g u s t.,------ 89.72
92.11
September___
40.2
41.2
41.7
41.9
41.1
41.7
41.2
40.9
40.7
40.3
39.7
39.6
39.9
39.7
40.4
40.4
41.0
40.5
40.3
40.2
40.2
39.3
39.5
39.9
40.0
40.3
40.1
40.3
40.5
39.9
$86. 51
97. 61
102.66
102.26
98.87
101.09
96.98
98.56
99.83
99. 36
97. 81
96. 93
97.70
99.29
98.64
41.0
43.0
43.5
43.7
42.8
43.2
41.8
42.3
42.3
42.1
41.8
41.6
41.4
41.2
41.1
40.3
41.4
41.9
42.0
40.8
41.9
41.9
41.4
41.0
40.4
40.4
40.0
40.8
40.2
40.5
40.8
40.1
39.7
38.9
38.9
40.1
39.9
40.8
40.1
38.3
38.4
39.1
39.2
39.3
39.3
41.0
41.8
41.9
41.8
41.4
42.4
41.2
40.4
40.7
40.5
40.6
40.8
40.2
40.5
40.9
40.0
41.1
42.0
43.1
43.1
42.0
39.6
39.4
39.9
39.8
39.0
38.9
38.5
39.0
39.6
42.1
41.7
41.8
41.8
41.6
42.6
41.9
41.8
41.6
41.1
40.9
40.7
40.5
40.5
40.6
42.2
41.8
42.0
41.5
42.3
43.0
39.9
39.9
40.3
40.6
40.3
40.4
40.2
40.4
40.4
$1.90 $83. 64
2.00 86. 24
2. 05 87.23
2.04 85. 54
2.08 86.33
2.06 88.48
1.93 86. 55
1.93 88.70
1.94 87.60
1.95 84.15
1. 93 84. 58
1. 93 86.07
1.93 86. 51
1.94 87. 07
1.94 87.96
40.8
40.3
40.2
39.6
39.6
40.4
39.7
40.5
40.0
38.6
38.8
39.3
39.5
39.4
39.8
40.9
41.2
41.4
41.4
41.2
42.4
41.0
41. 1
40.8
40.5
40.2
40.5
40.0
40.1
40.4
42.8
42.9
42.8
43.1
42.3
43.4
42.0
42.1
42.0
41.4
41.0
41.1
40.4
41.0
40.9
41.0
40.6
41.3
40.8
40.9
41.4
37.8
38.7
38.2
36.7
38.7
39.4
40.0
39.1
41.3
43.5
41.4
41.3
41.8
41.8
42.3
41.4
41.1
41.0
39.7
39.8
39.5
39.8
39.6
39.6
41.3
41.9
42.2
41.6
41.2
42.3
42.0
41.4
42.1
41.7
41.6
41.9
39.8
41.4
42.5
$2.06
2.17
2.21
2.20
2.19
2. 21
2.22
2.21
2.23
2. 24
2. 23
2. 26
2.28
2.28
2.34
Commercial laundry,
dry-cleaning, and
pressing machines
$2.08 $78.06
2.20 81.34
2.24 81.93
2.24 79. 77
2.26 80.34
2.28 83.13
2.24 79. 56
2.22 79. 20
2.22 80.59
2.20 81. 76
2.24 81.18
2. 24 79. 79
2.24 86. 52
2. 25 83.43
2.32 83.85
Ball and roller
bearings
$2.03 $90.92
2.16 89.01
2. 21 89.62
2. 21 92.38
2.21 92.80
2.22 94.33
2.22 91.91
2.22 91.24
2.22 91.43
2.23 87.34
2. 22 88.36
2.23 88.48
2. 23 89. 55
2.24 88. 70
2. 27 89.50
Mechanical stokers,
and industrial
furnaces and ovens
$2.11 $85.08
2.22 90.92
2.26 93.26
2.27 91.52
2. 27 90.23
2.29 93.48
2.28 93.24
2.26 91.49
2.29 93.88
2. 27 93. 41
2.28 92. 77
2. 29 94.69
2.30 90. 74
2.29 94.39
2.31 99.45
Domestic laundry
equipment
$2.05 $85.28
2.14 89.32
2.17 92. 51
2.16 91.39
2.18 92.43
2.19 94. 39
2.18 84.67
2.19 85. 91
2.19 84.80
2.18 80.74
2.18 86.69
2.19 88.26
2.19 89.60
2. 21 87. 98
2. 21 95. 82
Fabricated pipe, fit
tings, and valves
$2.04 $83.03
2.15 88. 99
2.18 91.49
2.19 91.49
2.20 91.05
2.22 94.13
2. 21 91.02
2. 21 91. 24
2.22 90. 58
2.21 90.32
2. 22 89.24
2.25 90.32
2.25 89.20
2.25 89.82
2. 26 91.71
Mechanical powertransmission equip
ment
$2.06 $90.31
2.18 95. 24
2.22 96. 73
2. 21 97.84
2.26 96.02
2.27 99. 39
2.20 95. 76
2. 21 95.15
2. 22 96.18
2.23 93.98
2.22 93. 48
2.24 94.12
2. 26 92. 92
2.25 93.89
2.31 94.48
Service-industry and
household machines 6
Miscellaneous ma
chinery parts 6
$2.07 $85.88
2.15 89.66
2.18 91.12
2.17 91.54
2.20 91.52
2.21 94. 57
2.20 92.60
2.22 92.38
2.21 92.35
2.20 90.83
2.20 90. 80
2. 21 91.58
2. 20 91.13
2. 23 91.13
2.27 91.76
Industrial trucks,
tractors, etc.
$1.95 $86.93
2.07 91.12
2.09 93.24
2.11 91.72
2.09 95.60
2.13 97. 61
2.13 87.78
2.12 88.18
2.12 89.47
2.10 90. 54
2.14 89. 47
2.15 90. 50
2.19 90. 85
2.14 90.90
2.23 93.32
Typewriters 6
$2.21 $76.00
2.32 82.20
2.39 86.10
2.38 87.92
2. 37 89.65
2.36 86.52
2.37 76.43
2.38 76.04
2.38 77. 41
2. 36 77. 61
2.39 75. 27
2.44 75.08
2. 43 74.31
2. 42 75. 66
2. 47 76.82
Refrigerators and airconditioning units
$2.06 $84. 46
2.17 86.22
2.20 86. 55
2.19 84. 41
2.19 85. 58
2.20 88.62
2.20 87.78
2.18 90.58
2. 20 88.62
2.22 84.26
2.23 84. 48
2. 23 86.41
2.24 86.24
2.24 87.64
2.19 87. 25
Blowers, exhaust and
ventilating fans
$2.11 $79.95
2. 27 86.53
2.36 87.57
2.34 88.20
2.31 86.53
2.34 90.31
2.32 87.76
2.33 85.65
2.36 86.28
2.36 85.05
2. 34 86. 88
2.33 87. 72
2. 36 88.04
2. 41 86.67
2.40 91.21
Computing machines
and cash registers
$2.06 $89.06
2.19 96.05
2.24 100.14
2. 24 99.96
2. 24 96.70
2.24 98.88
2.22 99.30
2.23 98. ,53
2.23 97. 58
2. 22 95.34
2.24 96.56
2. 27 97. 60
2.25 99.14
2.26 97.28
2.28 100. 04
Sewing machines
1955: Average-------- $83. 22
88.97
1956: Average_____
89.10
September___
October______ 88.26
Novenber........ 88.04
88.44
December___
86.46
1957: January-------February-........ 86.11
87. 78
March---------88.80
April-----------89. 87
M a y .'______
June.................. 89.42
90. 27
July------------90. 72
August. ______
87.38
September___
Conveyors and con
veying equipment
41.3
41.5
41.8
40.7
41.2
42.2
40.8
40.0
40.7
41.5
41.0
39.5
42.0
40.5
40.9
$1.89
1.96
1.96
1.96
1.95
1.97
1.95
1.98
1.98
1.97
1.98
2.02
2.06
2.06
2. 05
Machine shops (job
and repair)
$2.09 $85. 45
2.15 90.31
2.17 91. 57
2.21 91.36
2.22 91.32
2.23 94.81
2. 22 93.93
2.22 93.93
2.23 93.68
2.20 92.60
2. 22 92. 57
2.24 93.11
2 .2E 93.07
2.24 92.48
2. 26 93.11
42.3
42.2
42.2
42.1
41.7
42.9
42.5
42.5
42.2
41.9
41.7
41.2
41.0
41.1
41.2
$2.02
2.14
2.17
2.17
2.19
2. 21
2.21
2. 21
2.22
2.21
2.22
2.26
2.27
2. 25
2.26
Electrical machinery
Total: Electrical
machinery
1955: Average_____
1956: Average—........
September___
October_____
November__
December___
1957: January_____
February___
March............
April_______
M ay...... .........
June________
J u ly ..............
August_____
Septem ber,. .
$76. 52
80. 7?
82. 61
83.22
83.21
84.4C
82. 82
83. 21
83.41
83. o:
82.2
83.01
81. 3(
82.8
83.4
40.7
40.
41.1
41.2
41.
41.2
40.
40. i
40.
40.1
40.1
40.1
39.
40.
40.,
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Electrical generating,
transmission, distri
bution, and indus
trial apparatus 5
$1.8? $80. 5"
1.9? 87.1,
2.01 89.6(
2.01 89. 47
2.01 89. 4(
2.0
90. 6i
88.11
2.0
88.11
2.0
88.7
2.0
87.8
2.0
87.6
2.0
89.1,
2.0
2.0 " 88.9
89. 3
2.0
89.7
2.0
40. £
41. £
41.7
41.
41.7
41.
40.
40.?
40. £
40.,
40.
40."
40.
40.
40.
Wiring devices and
supplies
$1.9" $71.15
2 .1( 76.11
2.1
77.11
2 .1( 77. 71
77.3?
2.1
78.15
2.1
76.9"
2.1
77.5"
2.1
2.1
77. 3'
76.2'
2.1
76. 41
2.1
77.4
2.1
77.0
2.1
2.2 3 75.4
76.2'
2.2
40.
40."
40.?
40. £
40.
40.
40.,
40.'
40.
39.
39.
39.
39.
39.
39.
Carbon and graphite
products (electrical)
$1. 7" $80.1C
1.8" 84. 4C
1.8£ 85. 4?
1.9C 83. 65
1.95 84.8(
86.95
1.9
1.9
85.8(
1.95 84.6
1.9, 85. 8?
85.2
1.9
84. 4(
1.9
84. 2,
1.9
84. 7
1.9
85.2
1.9
84.5
1.9
41. £
41.5
40. £
40.5
40.?
41.5
40. £
40.,
40."
40.
40.
40.,
39.
40.
39.
$1.91
2.0,
2. Oi
2.0?
2.0?
2.1
2 .1(
2.0<
2.1
2 .1(
2.1
2.0
2.1
2.1
2.1 2!
Electrical indicating,
measuring, and re
cording instruments
$74. 5(
80.1C
81. 5?
82.01
81.0C
83.21
80.0(
81.6
81. OC
81.2(
81. 2(
83.0,
81.8
81.8 )
83.2
40.
40. £
41.5
40.
40.1
41.
40.5
40.'
40.
40.
40.5
40.
40.,
40.
40.
Motors, generators,
and motor-generator
sets
$1.8 $85.9C
1.9
90.8f
1.9? 94. 3£
2.0 ? 92.86
93.11
2.0
95.0?
2.0
1.9
91.9?
91. 51
2.0
92.3«
2.0
90.8
2.0
91. 2,
2.0
2.0
93.7
94.4
2.0
2.0 4 95.7
2.0 7 96.3
41.1 $2.09
41.
2.20
2.28
41.'
2.26
41.1
2.26
41.5
2.28
41.
2.26
40.
2.26
40.
2.27
40.
2.26
40.'
2.27
40.
2.31
40.
40.
2.31
2.33
41.
2.35
41. )
C: EARNINGS AND HOURS
T able
C
1:
1541
Hours and gross earnings of production workers or nonsupervisory employees 1—Con.
A vg.
w k ly .
earn
in g s
A vg.
w k ly .
hours
A vg.
h r iy .
earn
in g s
A vg.
w k ly .
earn
in g s
A vg.
w k ly .
hours
A vg.
h r ly .
earn
in g s
A vg.
w k ly .
earn
in g s
A vg.
w k ly .
hours
A vg.
h r ly .
earn
in g s
A vg.
w k ly .
earn
in g s
A vg.
w k ly .
hours
A vg.
h r ly .
earn
in g s
A vg.
w k ly .
earn
in g s
A vg.
w k ly .
hours
A vg.
h r ly .
earn
in g s
A vg.
w k ly .
earn
in g s
A vg.
w k ly .
hours
A vg.
h r iy .
earn
in g s
M a n u fa c tu r in g — C o n t in u e d
Y e a r a n d m o n th
E l e c t r i c a l m a c h in e r y — C o n t i n u e d
P o w e r a n d d s tr ib u t io n t r a n s j o f,>m er s
1955: A v e r a g e _______
1956: A v e r a g e ______
S e p t e m b e r ____
O c t o b e r ... ...........
N o v e m b e r ____
D e c e m b e r _____
1957: J a n u a r y . , ____
F e b r u a r y _____
M a r c h _________
A p r i l . . . ...............
M a y ___________
J u n e ___________
J u l y ........................
A u g u s t ________
S e p t e m b e r ____
$ 8 4 .0 3
92. 62
9 6 .0 8
9 5 .9 5
97. 71
9 7 .0 2
93. 89
9 4 .7 6
9 5 .1 7
9 3 .8 9
9 1 .9 4
9 2 .8 0
9 4 .0 7
93. 43
92. 92
41.
4 2 .1
4 2 .7
4 1 .9
4 2 .3
4 2 .0
4 1 .0
4 1 .2
4 1 .2
4 1 .0
4 0 .5
4 0 .7
4 0 .9
4 0 .8
4 0 .4
$ 2 .0 2
2. 20
2. 25
2. 29
2 .3 1
2 .3 1
2. 29
2 .3 0
2 .3 1
2 .2 9
2. 27
2 .2 8
2 .3 0
2 .2 9
2. 30
E le c tr ic la m p s
1955: A v e r a g e _______
1956: A v e r a g e _______
S e p t e m b e r ____
O c t o b e r _______
N o v e m b e r ____
D e c e m b e r ____
1957: J a n u a r y _______
F e b r u a r y _____
M a r c h _________
A p r i l ___________
M a y _________
J u n e ___________
J u l y ........................
A u g u st— . . .
S e p t e m b e r ____
$68. 80
75. 07
73. 60
74. 05
76. 57
77. 74
78. 12
77. 55
77. 36
7 6 .1 9
7 4 .8 6
7 5 .6 5
7 4 .4 8
75. 84
7 8 .2 0
4 0 .0
4 0 .8
4 0 .0
3 9 .6
4 0 .3
4 0 .7
4 0 .9
4 0 .6
4 0 .5
4 0 .1
3 9 .4
3 9 .4
3 9 .2
3 9 .5
3 9 .9
$ 1 .7 2
1 .8 4
1 .8 4
1 .8 7
1. 90
1. 91
1 .9 1
1. 91
1. 91
1 .9 0
1 .9 0
1 .9 2
1 .9 0
1. 92
1 .9 6
S w itc h g e a r ,
s w i tc h
b oard, a n d in d u s
t r i a l c o n tr o ls
$ 8 0 .1 8
90. 30
93. 50
93. 48
9 2 .8 0
9 4 .3 0
91. 91
91. 72
9 2 .1 3
9 2 .1 3
9 2 .1 0
9 3 .1 5
9 2 .7 0
9 3 .1 1
94. 39
4 0 .7
4 2 .0
4 2 .5
4 2 .3
4 1 .8
4 2 .1
4 1 .4
4 1 .5
4 1 .5
4 1 .5
4 1 .3
4 1 .4
4 1 .2
4 1 .2
4 1 .4
$1. 97
2 .1 5
2 .2 0
2 .2 1
2. 22
2 .2 4
2. 22
2. 21
2 .2 2
2. 22
2. 23
2. 25
2. 25
2. 26
2 .2 8
C o m m u n ic a tio n
e q u ip m e n t5
$ 7 2 .0 9
7 5 .9 5
7 7 .3 3
7 8 .1 2
77. 95
78. 55
7 8 .4 0
7 9 .5 8
79. 59
79. IS
7 9 .0 0
79. 59
7 5 .8 5
7 8 .0 0
78. 79
4 0 .5
4 0 .4
4 0 .7
4 0 .9
4 0 .6
4 0 .7
4 0 .0
4 0 .6
4 0 .4
4 0 .2
4 0 .1
4 0 .4
3 9 .1
40. 0
40. 2
$ 1 .7 8
1 .8 8
1 .9 0
1 .9 1
1. 92
1 .9 3
1 .9 6
1 .9 6
1 .9 7
1 .9 7
1 .9 7
1. 97
1 .9 4
1. 95
1 .9 6
E l e c tr i c a l w e ld in g
a p p a r a tu s
$9 1 .3 5
101. 20
10 2 .0 8
102. 75
9 7 .7 8
100. 99
99. 79
100. 25
101. 38
9 7 .4 4
9 8 .1 8
99. 53
9 1 .7 1
9 9 .1 2
9 6 .1 4
4 3 .5
4 4 .0
4 4 .0
4 4 .1
4 2 .7
4 4 .1
4 3 .2
4 3 .4
4 3 .7
4 2 .0
4 2 .5
4 2 .9
3 9 .7
4 2 .0
4 1 .8
$ 2 .1 0
2. 30
2. 32
2. 33
2. 29
2 .2 9
2 .3 1
2 .3 1
2. 32
2 .3 2
2 .3 1
2 .3 2
2 .3 1
2. 36
2 .3 0
Radios, phonographs,
television sets, and
equipment
$69. 77
7 2 .9 8
74. 74
7 5 .7 0
74. 77
7 5 .7 6
75. 24
76. 40
7 6 .8 0
76. 61
76. 21
7 6 .9 7
7 5 .2 4
76. 00
76. 59
4 0 .1
4 0 .1
4 0 .4
4 0 .7
4 0 .2
4 0 .3
3 9 .6
4 0 .0
4 0 .0
3 9 .9
3 9 .9
4 0 .3
3 9 .6
4 0 .0
4 0 .1
$ 1 .7 4
1 .8 2
1 .8 5
1. 86
1. 86
1 .8 8
1 .9 0
1 .9 1
1. 92
1 .9 2
1 .9 1
1 .9 1
1 .9 0
1. 90
1. 91
E l e c t r i c a l a p p l ia n c e s
$ 7 9 .1 7
8 0 .6 0
82. 41
8 4 .8 7
8 4 .2 5
83. 01
82. 58
8 2 .7 4
8 2 .9 2
8 2 .5 0
8 1 .8 3
8 2 .4 3
8 2 .0 8
82. 47
8 3 .1 0
4 0 .6
39. S
4 0 .2
4 1 .0
4 0 .7
4 0 .1
39. 7
3 9 .4
3 9 .3
3 9 .1
3 8 .6
3 8 .7
3 8 .9
3 8 .9
3 9 .2
$1. 95
2 .0 2
2 .0 5
2. 07
2 .0 7
2. 07
2. 08
2 .1 0
2 .1 1
2 .1 1
2 .1 2
2 .1 3
2 .1 1
2 .1 2
2 .1 2
4 0 .0
3 9 .1
4 0 .0
3 9 .7
3 8 .8
3 9 .0
3 7 .7
3 9 .1
3 9 .3
3 8 .9
3 8 .8
3 9 .5
3 7 .7
4 0 .1
4 0 .1
$ 1 .6 6
1 .7 2
1. 75
1. 76
1. 75
1 .7 5
1. 75
1. 77
1. 78
1 .7 9
1 .8 0
1 .8 2
1 .8 0
1. 82
1 .8 6
E le c tr ic a l m a c h in e r y — C o n tin u e d
Storage batteries
1955: A v e r a g e
1956: A v e r a g e
S e p t e m b e r ____
O c t o b e r _______
N o v e m b e r ____
D e c e m b e r _____
1957: J a n u a r y _______
F e b r u a r y _____
M arch . . . . . .
A p r i l ___________
M a y ___________
J u n e ___________
J u l y -----------------A u g u s t ______
S e p t e m b e r ____
$ 8 4 .8 6
8 7 .1 2
8 8 .9 9
9 3 .9 3
9 4 .3 0
9 6 .1 1
8 9 .1 0
8 9 .5 4
8 8 .4 4
86. 94
8 6 .9 4
8 9 .4 2
87. 86
92. 25
94. 39
4 1 .6
4 0 .9
4 1 .2
4 2 .5
4 2 .1
4 3 .1
4 0 .5
4 0 .7
4 0 .2
3 9 .7
3 9 .7
4 0 .1
3 9 .4
4 1 .0
4 1 .4
$ 2 .0 4
2 .1 3
2 .1 6
2 .2 1
2. 24
2 .2 3
2 .2 0
2 .2 0
2 .2 0
2 .1 9
2 .1 9
2. 23
2 .2 3
2. 25
2 .2 8
Truck and bus bodies
1955: A v e r a g e _______
1956: A v e r a sr e
S e p t e m b e r ____
O cto b e r . . . .
N o v e m b e r ____
D e c e m b e r _____
1957: J a n u a r y ______
F e b r u a r y _____
M a r c h _________
A p r i l . . . .............
M a y __________
J u n e ____ . . . .
J u l y -----------------A u g u s t ________
S e p t e m b e r ____
$ 8 1 .3 8
8 1 .4 1
8 1 .8 0
81. 58
8 1 .5 8
84. 85
8 1 .3 5
8 3 .7 9
8 5 .0 1
85. 86
83. 37
83. 35
8 4 .8 0
8 7 .2 6
8 5 .8 1
4 1 .1
4 0 .3
4 0 .1
3 9 .6
3 9 .6
4 0 .6
3 9 .3
3 9 .9
4 0 .1
4 0 .5
3 9 .7
3 9 .5
4 0 .0
4 0 .4
4 0 .1
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Primary batteries
{dry and wet)
$61. 69
64. 48
64. 39
6 6 .0 0
6 5 .7 4
6 5 .9 0
6 6 .8 6
6 7 . 43|
6 8 .3 4
7 0 .1 8
7 0 .1 1
6 7 .4 3
66. 59
6 7 .6 6
67. 49
3 9 .8
3 9 .8
3 9 .5
4 0 .0
3 9 .6
3 9 .7
3 9 .8
3 9 .9
4 0 .2
4 0 .8
4 1 .0
3 9 .9
3 9 .4
3 9 .8
3 9 .7
$ 1 .5 5
1 .6 2
1 .6 3
1 .6 5
1 .6 6
1 .6 6
1 .6 8
1 .6 9
1 .7 0
1 .7 2
1 .7 1
1 .6 9
1 .6 9
1 .7 0
1 .7 0
Trailers (truck and
automobile)
$ 1 .9 8 $ 8 4 .4 4
2 .0 2
8 2 .8 0
2 .0 4
8 4 .0 0
2 .0 6
8 4 .8 4
2 .0 6
8 0 .4 7
2 .0 9
8 1 .9 7
2 .9 7
8 0 .1 1
2 .1 0
78. 74
2 .1 2
7 9 .7 5
8 0 .9 4
2 .1 2
2 .1 0
7 9 .9 3
2 .1 1
8 3 .0 1
2 .1 2
8 0 .3 2
2. 16
83. 42
2 .1 4
84. 66
4 1 .8
4 0 .0
4 0 .0
4 0 .4
3 8 .5
3 9 .6
3 8 .7
3 8 .6
3 8 .9
3 9 .1
3 8 .8
4 0 .1
3 8 .8
4 0 .3
4 0 .7
$ 2 .0 2
2 .0 7
2 .1 0
2 .1 0
2 .0 9
2 .0 7
2 .0 7
2 .0 4
2 .0 5
2 .0 7
2. 06
2 .0 7
2 .0 7
2. 07
2. 08
4 0 .4
4 0 .9
4 1 .0
4 1 .1
4 1 .1
4 0 .5
3 9 .8
4 0 .0
4 0 .5
4 0 .0
4 0 .3
4 0 .3
4 1 .1
4 0 .3
39. 7
$ 2 .0 1
2 .1 4
2 .1 5
2 .1 6
2 .1 8
2 .2 0
2 .1 8
2 .1 9
2 .2 0
2 .2 0
2 .1 9
2. 21
2 .2 5
2. 25
2 .2 4
T o ta l: T r a n s p o r ta
t io n e q u ip m e n t
$ 9 3 .4 4
9 4 .7 1
9 7 .4 7
9 9 .0 7
1 0 0 .8 6
1 0 5 .9 5
9 9 .2 5
9 8 .3 6
9 7 .8 2
9 6 .2 2
9 4 .5 6
9 6 .2 4
9 5 .2 0
97. 69
9 8 .1 5
4 1 .3
4 2 .1
4 2 .4
4 2 .3
4 2 .4
4 2 .9
4 2 .6
4 2 .3
4 2 .2
4 2 .0
4 0 .6
4 0 .6
4 0 .4
4 0 .4
4 0 .4
$ 2 .1 7
2 .2 8
2 .3 1
2 .3 1
2 .3 2
2 .3 4
2 .3 3
2 .3 3
2 .3 5
2 .3 6
2. 33
2. 34
2 .3 5
2. 38
2. 38
4 1 .9
4 1 .0
4 1 .3
4 1 .8
4 2 .2
4 3 .6
4 1 .7
4 1 .5
4 1 .1
4 0 .6
3 9 .9
4 0 .1
3 9 .5
40. 2
3 9 .9
$ 2 .2 3
2 .3 1
2 .3 6
2 .3 7
2 .3 9
2 .4 3
2 .3 8
2 .3 7
2. 38
2 .3 7
2 .3 7
2 .4 0
2. 41
2. 43
2. 46
$1. 83
1. 97
2 .0 1
2 .0 3
2 .0 5
2. 04
2 .0 4
2 .0 3
2 .0 4
2 .0 3
2 .0 4
2. 04
2 .0 5
2 .0 7
2 .0 5
$90. 94
9 5 .2 4
95. 22
95. 67
101. 22
100. 55
100. 25
100. 53
98. 67
97. 75
9 5 .4 9
9 4 .8 1
85. 91
9 1 .0 3
9 1 .5 3
4 3 .1
4 2 .9
4 2 .7
4 2 .9
4 4 .2
4 4 .1
4 3 .4
4 3 .9
4 2 .9
4 2 .5
4 1 .7
4 1 .4
3 8 .7
4 0 .1
4 0 .5
$83. 64
84. 42
8 7 .9 4
89. 84
90. 47
9 4 .1 3
8 6 .6 2
85. 32
8 4 .1 0
83. 85
8 3 .0 3
8 5 .5 8
85. 58
86. 46
8 7 .5 2
4 1 .2
4 0 .2
4 0 .9
4 1 .4
4 1 .5
4 2 .4
4 0 .1
3 9 .5
3 9 .3
3 9 .0
3 8 .8
3 8 .9
3 8 .9
3 9 .3
3 9 .6
$ 2 .0 3
2 .1 0
2 .1 5
2 .1 7
2 .1 8
2. 22
2 .1 6
2 .1 6
2 .1 4
2 .1 5
2 .1 4
2 .2 0
2 .2 0
2 .2 0
2. 21
M i s c e l l a n e o u s e le c
tr ic a l p r o d u c ts «
$ 2 .1 1
2 .2 2
2 .2 3
2 .2 3
2 .2 9
2 .2 8
2 .3 1
2. 29
2. 30
2 .3 0
2. 29
2 .2 9
2. 22
2. 27
2. 26
$74. 48
78. 34
78. 74
8 1 .7 3
8 2 .1 9
83. 42
81. 20
8 2 .0 1
8 1 .0 0
8 0 .7 9
8 0 .2 0
8 0 .8 0
8 0 .6 0
82. 21
8 3 .2 3
4 0 .7
4 0 .8
4 0 .8
4 1 .7
4 1 .3
4 1 .5
4 0 .4
4 0 .6
4 0 .5
4 0 .6
4 0 .3
4 0 .4
4 0 .3
4 0 .7
4 0 .8
$1. 83
1 .9 2
1. 93
1 .9 6
1 .9 9
2 .0 1
2 .0 1
2. 02
2 .0 0
1. 99
1 .9 9
2 .0 0
2 .0 0
2 .0 2
2. 04
$ 8 9 .4 0
9 4 .8 9
9 6 .6 0
96. 79
9 7 .2 5
9 7 .6 7
97. 71
9 7 .2 1
9 8 .0 5
97. 76
9 2 .8 0
92. 97
9 3 .1 3
9 5 .0 4
95. 27
4 1 .2
4 1 .8
4 2 .0
4 1 .9
4 2 .1
4 2 .1
4 2 .3
4 1 .9
4 1 .9
4 1 .6
4 0 .0
3 9 .9
3 9 .8
4 0 .1
40. 2
M o to r v e h ic le s a n d
e q u i p m e n t **
Motor vehicles, bodies,
parts, and accessories
$97. 78
9 4 .7 1
9 9 .0 6
102. 41
105. 72
1 1 2 .9 5
1 0 0 .3 6
9 9 .2 9
9 7 .1 2
9 4 .1 7
9 3 .8 4
9 7 .4 2
9 4 .7 1
9 8 .8 0
99. 94
$ 9 8 .8 7
9 6 .1 5
1 0 0 .9 4
1 0 3 .9 1
107. 75
1 1 5 .3 2
1 0 1 .8 4
1 0 1 .0 2
9 8 .1 7
9 5 .1 1
9 5 .0 1
98. 60
9 6 .0 0
1 0 0 .1 5
101. 65
4 2 .7
4 0 .3
4 0 .6
4 1 .8
4 2 .8
4 5 .0
4 1 .3
4 1 .2
4 0 .3
3 9 .4
3 9 .1
3 9 .6
3 8 .5
4 0 .0
3 9 .5
$ 2 .2 9
2 .3 5
2. 44
2 .4 5
2. 47
2. 51
2 .4 3
2. 41
2 .4 1
2 .3 9
2. 40
2. 46
2. 46
2. 47
2. 53
Aircraft engines and
parts
Aircraft
A ir c r a f t a n d p a r t s 5
$ 8 9 .6 2
9 5 .9 9
97. 94
9 7 .7 1
9 8 .3 7
1 0 0 .3 9
9 9 .2 6
9 8 .5 6
9 9 .1 7
9 9 .1 2
94. 60
9 5 .0 0
94. 94
9 6 .1 5
96. 15
4 2 .1
4 2 .8
4 3 .7
4 3 .4
4 2 .9
4 3 .4
4 1 .8
4 1 .6
4 1 .9
4 2 .1
4 2 .4
4 2 .2
4 1 .3
4 1 .3
4 2 .0
T r a n s p o r ta tio n e q u ip m e n t
X-ray and nonradio
electronic tubes
$81. 20
8 7 .5 3
8 8 .1 5
8 8 .7 8
8 9 .6 0
8 9 .1 0
86. 76
8 7 .6 0
8 9 .1 0
8 8 .0 0
8 8 .2 6
8 9 .0 6
9 2 .4 8
9 0 .6 8
8 8 .9 3
$ 7 7 .0 4
8 4 .3 2
8 7 .8 4
8 8 .1 0
87. 95
88. 54
85. 27
84. 45
8 5 .4 8
85. 46
86. 50
86. 09
84. 67
85. 49
8 6 .1 0
E le c tr ic a l e q u ip m e n t
fo r v e h ic le s
Telephone, telegraph,
and related equip
ment
Radio tubes
$66. 40
6 7 .2 5
7 0 .0 0
69. 87
6 7 .9 0
68. 25
65. 98
69. 21
69. 95
6 9 .6 3
6 9 .8 4
7 1 .8 9
6 7 .8 6
72. 98
74. 59
I n s u la te d w ir e a n d
c a b le
$ 2 .1 7
2 .2 7
2 .3 0
2 .3 1
2 .3 1
2 .3 2
2 .3 1
2 .3 2
2 .3 4
2. 35
2 .3 2
2 .3 3
2 .3 4
2. 37
2 .3 7
$ 8 8 .9 7
9 6 .6 7
99. 76
9 9 .7 6
9 9 .2 6
1 0 4 .9 2
1 0 2 .8 2
102. 62
1 0 1 .2 0
1 0 0 .2 5
9 5 .0 6
9 6 .7 6
96. 29
9 6 .1 6
95. 44
4 1 .0
4 2 .4
4 3 .0
4 3 .0
4 2 .6
4 3 .9
4 3 .2
4 3 .3
4 2 .7
4 2 .3
4 0 .8
4 1 .0
4 0 .8
3 9 .9
3 9 .6
$ 2 .1 7
2 .2 8
2 .3 2
2 .3 2
2 .3 3
2 .3 9
2. 38
2 .3 7
2 .3 7
2 .3 7
2. 33
2 .3 6
2 .3 6
2 .4 1
2 .4 1
4 2 .8
4 0 .4
4 0 .7
4 1 .9
4 3 .1
4 5 .4
4 1 .4
4 1 .4
4 0 .4
3 9 .3
3 9 .1
3 9 .6
3 8 .4
3 9 .9
3 9 .4
$ 2 .3 1
2 .3 8
2 .4 8
2 .4 8
2 .5 0
2. 54
2 .4 6
2 .4 4
2. 43
2 .4 2
2 .4 3
2 .4 9
2 .5 0
2 .5 1
2 .5 8
Aircraft propellers
and parts
$ 9 0 .4 7
9 6 .9 3
98. 27
9 7 .8 1
9 9 .6 2
1 0 3 .8 4
92. 52
9 5 .1 7
9 7 .1 6
102. 58
9 7 .7 6
9 6 .1 2
95. 88
98. 29
9 7 .2 3
4 1 .5
4 2 .7
4 3 .1
4 2 .9
4 3 .5
4 4 .0
4 0 .4
4 1 .2
4 1 .7
4 3 .1
4 1 .6
4 0 .9
4 0 .8
4 1 .3
4 1 .2
$ 2 .1 8
2 .2 7
2 .2 8
2 .2 8
2 .2 9
2 .3 6
2. 29
2 .3 1
2 .3 3
2 .3 8
2 .3 5
2 .3 5
2 .3 5
2 .3 8
2. 36
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, DECEMBER 1957
1542
Hours and gross earnings of production workers or nonsupervisory employees 1—Con.
T able C -l:
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn hours
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. w kly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. w kly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. w kly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. w kly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
Manufacturing—Continued
Year and month
Transportation equipment--Continued
Other aircraft parts
and equipment
1955: Average______
1956: Average_____
September___
October. ___
N ovem ber. „
December____
1957: January_____
February____
March
___
April________
M ay___ _____
June_______ _
J u l y . . . ______
August . ___
September___
$90. 49
98. 24
99. 72
99. 76
101. 32
104.31
101. 76
100.15
101. 05
101.24
99.17
100.06
99. 30
99.07
100. 08
41.7
42.9
42.8
43.0
43.3
44. 2
43.3
42.8
43.0
42.9
42.2
42.4
41.9
41.8
41. 7
Ship and boat buildin g and repairing »
$2.17 $83.53
2. 29 89.10
2. 33 91. 14
2.32 90. 68
2.34 90.40
2.36 94 71
2. 35 93. 57
2.34 94.40
2. 35 94. 80
2.36 94.87
2.35 96. 32
2.36 96.15
2.37 97.20
2. 37 97. 28
2.40 96. 53
39.4
39.6
39.8
39.6
38.8
40.3
40. 2
40.0
40.0
40.2
40.3
40.4
40.5
40. 2
39.4
Shipbuilding and
repairing
$2.12 $86.63
2.25 92. 27
2.29 93.53
2.29 93.06
2. 33 93.12
2.35 97. 77
2. 33 96.88
2. 36 97.11
2. 37 97. 76
2. 36 97.60
2. 39 98.65
2. 38 98.98
2.40 99. 23
2.42 99. 29
2. 45 98. 25
39.2
39.6
39.8
39.6
38.8
40. 4
40.2
39.8
39.9
40.0
40.1
40.4
40.5
40. 2
39.3
$2. 21 $70. 30
2.33 73. 57
2. 35 73. 87
2. 35 75.60
2.40 74.07
2. 42 74. 64
2. 41 74. 43
2. 44 78.06
2. 45 76.14
2. 44 77.93
2.46 80.03
2. 45 78. 72
2.45 79.59
2. 47 77. 82
2. 50 78.41
1955: Average_____ $88. 20
91.96
1956: Average_____
94. 95
September___
O ctober_____ 97. 84
November. . . 91. 63
December____ 97.11
1957: January. ____ 97. 66
98. 40
February____
M arch_______ 99. 94
99.60
April________
99.10
M ay________
June_________ 97.96
July_________ 100.30
99. 29
August ___ September. . . 103. 22
39.2
38.8
39.4
40. 1
38.5
39.8
39. 7
40.0
40.3
40.0
39.8
39.5
39.8
39.4
39.7
Other transportation
equipment
$2. 25 $77. 83
2. 37 77. 59
2.41 79. 15
2. 44 78. 72
2.38 76. 61
2. 44 77 02
2. 46 77.42
2. 46 80. 40
2. 48 79. 99
2. 49 79.40
2. 49 81.20
2. 48 81.40
2. 52 79.37
2. 52 82. 21
2.60 83.03
41.4
40. 2
40.8
41.0
39.9
38.9
39.3
40.4
40.4
40.1
40.4
40.1
39.1
40.1
40. 5
40.4
40. 2
39.5
40.0
39.4
39.7
39.8
41.3
40. 5
40.8
41.9
41.0
40.4
39. 5
39.6
$1.74
1.83
1. 87
1. 89
1.88
1.88
1.87
1.89
1.88
1.91
1.91
1.92
1.97
1. 97
1. 98
Total Instruments
and. related products
$1. 88 $77. 93
1.93 82.01
1. 94 84. 26
1.92 84.05
1.92 83.64
1.98 84 87
1.97 84. 66
1. 99 85.69
1.98 85. 47
1. 98 85. 26
2.01 84. 42
2.03 85.46
2. 03 84.61
2.05 84. 00
2.05 86.05
40.8
40.8
41.1
41.0
40.8
41.0
40.7
41.0
40.7
40.6
40.2
40.5
40.1
40.0
40.4
Laboratory, seien'
tine, and engineering instruments
$1. 91 $88. 99
2. 01. 94. 95
2. 05 98.01
2. 05 97. 33
2.05 95.11
2.07 98.18
2. 08 99.03
2. 09 99.26
2.10 98. 65
2.10 97. 34
2.10 93. 03
2.11 96.05
2.11 95.04
2. 10 94.09
2. 13 95. 51
41.2
42.2
42. 8
42.5
41.9
42.5
42. 5
42.6
41.8
41.6
40.1
40.7
40.1
39.7
40.3
1955: Average_____ $69.02
1956: A verage_____ 71. 51
72. 50
September___
October______ 72. 04
73. 75
November.
December____ 73. 12
72.94
1957: January_____
74. 48
February____
March_______ 73. 71
April................. 73. 38
74. 15
M ay________
June_________ 75. 30
74. 00
J u l y . . ______
A u g u s t..____ 74.59
September___
76. 30
40.6
40.4
40.5
39.8
40.3
40.4
40.3
40.7
40.5
40.1
40.3
40.7
40.0
40. 1
40.8
Ophthalmic goods
$1.70 $62. 52
1.77 64. 48
1.79 64. 40
1. 81 64.00
1.83 64. 64
1.81 65. 93
1. 81 64. 55
1.83 66. 23
1.82 67. 77
1.83 67. M
1.84 67. 77
1.85 67. 54
1.85 67. 83
1. 86 68. 4C
1.87 68. 51
Jewelry and findings
Photographic apparatus
$1.54 $85. 70
1.60 91. 46
1. 61 93. 34
1.60 93. 75
1. 62 93. 30
1.64 94.85
1.63 94. 30
1.66 93. 89
1. 6f 93.84
1.68 93. 84
1. 61 94.02
1.68 94. 71
1.7C 94. 02
1. 71 92. 75
1.70 98.90
Silverware and plated
ware
41.9 $1.60 $80.14
1955: Average______ $67.04
1. 66 83.38
41.6
69. 06
1956: Average_____
41.2
1.66 87. 72
68. 39
September___
42. 2
1.70 89. 42
October........... 71.74
1.70 92.14
71.91
42.3
N o v e m b e r __
1. 72 90. 67
42.6
December____ 73. 27
1. 6Í 82. 00
40.4
68.28
1957: January_____
1. 7( 84. 66
40.5
68. 85
February____
1. 72 86. 72
40.0
March_______ 68 80
39.7
1.7Í 84.23
68.68
April________
69. 60
40. Q 1.74 80.20
M ay____ ____
40.5
1.75 80.20
June_________ 70.88
39.7
1.70 81.20
67.49
July ______
40.5
1. 74 85.90
70. 47
August _____
1.74 88. 83
41.7
September___ 72. 56
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
40.6
40.3
40.0
40.0
39.9
40.2
39.6
39.9
40.1
40.2
40.1
40.2
39. S
40.0
40.3
$90. 45
94. 56
96.96
97. 77
93. 30
98. 58
98.74
98.98
100. 28
100. 44
98. 55
99.10
100.80
99. 79
104. 26
40.2
39.9
40.4
40.4
39.2
40.4
40.3
40.4
40.6
40.5
39.9
39.8
40.0
39. 6
40. 1
$2.25
2.37
2.40
2. 42
2.38
2. 44
2. 45
2.45
2. 47
2. 48
2. 47
2. 49
2. 52
2. 52
2. 60
41.2
41.2
41.3
41.3
41.1
41.6
41.0
41.0
40.8
40.8
40.7
41.0
40.7
40. 5
40.7
$94. 28
99.17
100. 86
97. 82
97.10
102.06
101. 75
100. 85
101.02
102. 48
97.28
102. 47
102. 56
103. 22
106. 71
41.9
42. 2
42.2
41. 1
40.8
42.0
41.7
41. 5
41.4
42.0
40.2
40.5
40.7
40.8
41.2
$2. 25
2.35
2. 39
2.38
2. 38
2. 43
2.44
2. 43
2. 44
2. 44
2.42
2. 53
2.52
2. 53
2.59
42.4 $1. 89 $75. 44
1.99 80. 54
41.9
43. C 2. 04 82. 80
2. 07 83. 6C
43.2
2. 08 84. 02
44.3
2. 07 83. 21
43.8
41. C 2.00 81.00
2. 04 82. 01
41.5
2. 05 83. 43
42.3
2.02 83. 44
41.7
2.00 82. 42
40.1
2.0C 82.0C
40.1
40.4
2.01 73. 53
2. 06 81. 8C
41.7
2. 09 84. 25
42. 5
41.0
41.3
41.4
41.8
41.8
41.4
40. 5
40.6
41. 1
40.7
40.4
40.0
36.4
40. 1
40.9
40.8
41.0
41.1
41. 1
41.3
41.1
40. 8
41.1
41.0
41.1
40.7
40.7
40.1
40.4
40.3
Optical Instruments
and lenses
$1.94 $78.36
2. 04 83.03
2. 08 84. 25
2.08 84.25
2.07 84.23
2.09 85.06
2.10 83. 98
2.11 85.24
2.12 85.24
2.13 85.05
2.13 85. 41
2.13 85.84
2.12 85. 84
2.12 84. 38
2. 14 86. 67
40.6
40.5
40.7
40. 7
40.3
40.7
39.8
40.4
40.4
40.5
40.1
40.3
40.3
39.8
40.5
$1.93
2. 05
2.07
2.07
2. 09
2.09
2.11
2.11
2.11
2.10
2.13
2.13
2.13
2.12
2.14
Miscellaneous manufacturing industries
Watches and clocks
$2. 08 $69. 20
2.22 70. 77
2. 26 72. 47
2. 27 73. 75
2. 27 71. 21
2. 28 71.76
2. 30 71.97
2. 29 73. 47
2. 3C 72. 34
2.30 70.10
2.31 71.23
2.31 72.15
2.31 69. 66
2. 29 71. 97
2. 43 75.17
Musical instruments
and parts
Mechanical measuring and controlling
instruments
$2.16 $79.15
2. 25 83. 64
2.29 85. 49
2.29 85. 49
2.27 85. 49
2. 31 85. 90
2. 33 85.68
2. 33 86. 72
2.36 86. 92
2.34 87. 54
2.32 86.69
2.36 86.69
2.37 85.01
2. 37 85. 65
2. 37 86.24
Instruments and related products—Continued
Surgical, medical,
and dental instruments
Locomotives and
parts
Instruments and related products
Transportation equipment--Continued
Railroad and street
cars
Boatbuilding and
repairing
40.0
39.1
39.6
40.3
38.7
39.0
38.9
39.5
39. 1
38.1
38.5
39.0
38.7
38.9
40.2
$1.73 $67.40
1.81 70. 53
1. 83 70.93
1.83 72. 45
1.84 71.73
1.84 72. 67
1.85 72. 40
1.86 72. 94
1.85 73. 49
1.84 72. 22
1.85 72. 04
1.85 71.82
1.80 71.50
1. 85 72. 00
1. 87 72. 94
Toys and sporting
goods 5 6
$1.84 $60. 52
1.95 62. 56
2. 00 62. 40
2. 0C 64.64
2.01 63.41
2.01 63. 80
2. 00 66.69
2. 02 67. 37
2.03 66.92
2.05 66. 59
2. 04 65. 74
2.05 64. 96
2.02 63. 58
2.04 65. 86
2 . oe
65.80
39.3
39. 1
39.0
39.9
38.9
38.9
39.0
39.4
39.6
39.4
38.9
38.9
38.3
39. 2
39.4
Total Miscellaneous
manufacturiug industries
40.6
40.3
40.3
40.7
40.3
40.6
40.0
40.3
40.6
39.9
39.8
39.9
39.5
40.0
40.3
$1. 66 $71. 40
1.75 74. 23
1. 76 74. 82
1. 78 77. 35
1.78 78.69
1. 79 79. 12
1.81 72. 67
1.81 74. 26
1.81 75.07
1.81 73.93
1.81 73. 20
1.80 74.34
1.81 72. 22
1.80 75. 67
1.81 77. 93
Games, toys, dolls, and
children’s vehicles
$1.54 $60. 28
1.60 61. 85
1.60 61.15
1. 62 64. 24
1. 63 62. 76
1. G4 61. 29
1. 71 63.08
1. 71 64. 08
1.69 64.29
1. 69 63.80
1.69 63.69
1.67 62.53
1.66 61.50
1. 68 64. 62
1. 67 64. 39
39.4
38.9
38.7
39.9
38.5
37.6
38.0
38.6
39.2
38.9
38.6
38.6
38.2
39.4
39.5
Jewelry, silverware,
and plated ware 5
42.0
41.7
41.8
42. 5
43.0
43.0
40. 6
40.8
40.8
40.4
40.0
40.4
39.9
40.9
41.9
$1.70
1.78
1. 79
1.82
1.83
1.84
1.79
1.82
1.84
1.83
1.83
1.84
1.81
1. 85
1.86
Sporting and athletic
goods 0
$1. 53 $60.92
1. 59 63. 99
1.58 65.11
1.61 65. 04
1.63 65. 27
1.63 67. 73
1.66 71.33
1.66 71.86
1. 64 71.33
1. 64 70.98
1.65 69.17
1.62 69. 34
1.61 67.94
1.64 68.11
1.63 68. 78
39.3
39.5
39.7
39.9
39.8
40. 8
40.3
40.6
40.3
40.1
39.3
39.4
38.6
38.7
39.3
$1. 55
1.62
1.64
1.63
1.64
1. 66
1. 77
1.77
1.77
1. 77
1.76
1.76
1.76
1.76
1.75
C: EARNINGS AND HOURS
T able
1543
C-l: Hours and gross earnings of production workers or nonsupervisory employees 1—Con.
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn hours
ings
Year and month
Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly. hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours earn earn hours
ings
ings
ings
ings
Manufacturing—Continued
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. w kly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. w kly. w kly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Pens, pencils, other
Costume jewelry,
Fabricated plastic
Other manufacturing
office supplies
buttons, notions
products
industries
$62.88
41.1 $1.53 $60. 30
40.2 $1.50 $72.80
41.6 $1.75 $70.30
40.4 $1.74
66.58
41.1
1.62 62. 49
39.3
1.59 75.35
41.4
1.82 74.37
40.2
1.85
65.69
40.3
1.63 60. 61
39.1
1.55 78.73
42.1
1.87 74.59
40.1
1.86
70.98
42.0
1.69 62.95
39.1
1. 61 78. 77
41.9
1.88 74.59
40.1
1.86
69.39
41.8
1.66 63.08
41.5
38.7
1.63 77. 61
1.84
1.87 73.23
39.8
69.22
41.7
1.66 64. 64
39.9
1.62 78.21
1.88 75.17
41.6
40.2
1. 87
67.24
41.0
1.64 64.06
39.3
1.63 78.06
41.3
1.89 74.84
39.6
1.89
67. 89
40.9
1.66 65. 27
1.64 78. 25
41.4
39.8
1.89 75.41
39.9
1.89
67.49
40.9
1.65 65. 67
39.8
1.65 79. 65
41.7
1.91 76.14
40.5
1.88
67. 23
40.5
1. 66 64.19
38.9
1. 65 76.92
40.7
1.89 74. 82
1.88
39.8
68.88
41.0
1.68 64. 57
38.9
1.66 76.36
40.4
1.89 75.01
39.9
1.88
41.1
68. 64
1.67 63.41
38.9
1. 63 78.12
40.9
1.91 75.39
40.1
1.88
65. 86
39.2
1.68 64.35
39.0
1.65 80.10
41.5
1.93 75.05
39.5
1.90
66.50
40.3
39.1
1.64 78.47
1.65 64.12
41.3
1. 90 74. 82
39.8
1.88
65. 90
39.7
1.66 66.33
40.2
1. 65 79.10
41.2
1.92 74.82
39.8
1.88
Transportation and public utilities—Continued
Class I railroads 1
$82.12
88.40
87.10
89. 46
92.20
90.61
93.08
94. 53
89. 98
92.82
94. 55
93.07
95.63
95. 60
Communication
Telephone 8
Switchboard operating
employees 8
1955: Average_____ $72.07
39.6 $1.82 $59. 72
37.8 $1.58
1956: Average,_____
39.5
73.47
1.86 60. 70
1.61
37.7
September___
74. 21
39.9
1.86 61.34
1.61
38.1
October______ 74. 03
1.86 61.66
38.3
39.8
1.61
November___
77.08
1.88 65. 61
41.0
1.62
40. 5
December........ 75. 46
1.92 60. 92
39.3
36.7
1.66
1957: Janu ary_____ 73.92
1.91 60. 26
38.7
36.3
1.66
February____
1.92 61.79
39.0
37.0
74.88
1.67
March_______ 74. 30
38.7
1.92 60.62
36.3
1.67
April________
74. 69
36.2
1.93 60. 45
38.7
1.67
M ay------------- 75.66
1.94 63. 27
39.0
37.0
1.71
June, .............. 76.44
39.2
37.4
1.95 63.21
1. 69
July_________ 76.63
37.9
1.94 64.05
39.5
1.69
August____
1.94 62. 50
75. 47
37.2
38.9
1. 68
September___
74. 88
38.4
1.95 60.92
1. 66
36.7
Transportation and public utilities—Con.
1955: A v e ra g e .-___ $82. 62
86.30
1956: Average_____
September___
88.99
October______ 89. 84
89.86
November___
December____ 89.40
1957: January_____
90. 25
87. 67
February____
March______
86.83
April—............- 87.23
M ay________
88.04
June_________ 89.42
J u l y . - .............. 90.72
90.09
August______
September___
91.76
40.9
40.9
41.2
41.4
41.6
41.2
41.4
40.4
40.2
40.2
40.2
40.1
40.5
40.4
40.6
$1.96
2.12
2.11
2.10
2.19
2. 21
2.19
2.24
2. 20
2. 21
2.23
2.27
2.25
2. 26
Retail trade
Wholesale trade
Finance, insurance,
and real estate 10
Other retail trade
and ac
Food and liquor stores Automotive
cessories dealers
38.1
37. 5
37.6
37.3
37.2
37.0
36.8
36.7
36.6
36.7
36.7
37.1
37.9
37.7
36.8
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
$1.62 $79. 64
1. 69 81. 28
1.71 81. 53
1. 71 81.03
1. 72 81. 72
1. 71 81.91
1. 73 82. 34
1.74 82. 53
1.74 82. 78
1.74 83. 22
1.76 84.48
1.77 85.17
1.78 84.73
1.78 84.73
1.81 83.66
$1.87
1.96
1.98
1. 98
1.99
2.00
2. 02
2.02
2.02
2.03
2.03
2.04
2.06
2. 06
2.07
Other public utilities
Retail trade—Continued
1955: Average_____ $61. 72
63. 38
1956: Average____64. 30
September___
October______ 63. 78
63. 98
November___
December____ 63. 27
1957: January______ 63. 66
63.86
February.........
March_______ 63.68
April—. ............ 63.86
M ay.............. — 64. 59
65. 67
June.................
July.................. 67.46
August____ _ 67.11
66. 61
September___
and
Retail trade (except General merchandise Department stores
and general mail
eating and drink
stores
order houses
ing places)
36.0 $1.32
35.3 $1.18 $47. 52
41.5 $2.11 $77.14
40.6 $1.90 $58. 50
39.0 $1.50 $41. 65
35.6
1.37
35.0
1. 24 48. 77
41.1
40.4
2. 26 81.20
1.57 43. 40
38.6
2.01 60.60
35.5
1. 26 49.70
1.40
2. 28 82.82
2.04 61. 22
34.9
41.3
40.6
1. 59 43. 97
38.5
35.3
1.40
34.6
1. 26 49.42
40.4
40.5
2.30 82. 22
1.59 43. 60
38.3
2.03 60.90
34.6
1.38
41.2
1. 25 47. 75
34.1
40.5
2.33 83.03
1. 59 42.63
38.0
2.05 60. 42
37.1
1. 21 50.09
1.35
36.2
40.8
40.7
2.34 83.84
1. 55 43. 80
38.6
2.06 59.83
34.8
1.41
34.6
1. 27 49.07
40.4
40.2
2.33 82.81
1. 61 43.94
38.2
2.06 61.50
34.6
1.42
1.61 43.90
38.2
1.28 49.13
2.06 61. 50
34.3
40.2
2.33 82.81
40.8
34. 5
1.42
40.6
1.62 43. 65
34.1
1.28 48.99
2.07 61. 56
40.1
2. 35 83.01
38.0
34.8
1.43
1.62 44. 38
34.4
1.29 49.76
40.9
40.0
2.36 82.80
38.0
2.07 61. 56
34.7
1.45
1.31 50.32
40.5
40.1
2. 35 83.81
1.64 44. 54
38.0
2. 09 62. 32
34.0
34.9
1.47
34.4
1.33 51.30
40.2
1. 66 45.75
38.2
2.11 63.41
40.7
2.36 84.82
34.7
1.47
1.32 51.01
40.4
2.12 64.46
34.6
41.0
2.38 85.65
1.67 45. 67
38.6
34.9
1. 46
1.31 50. 95
40.4
41.0
2.11 64.63
34.9
2.39 85. 24
1. 67 45. 72
38.7
34.6
1.47
2. 42 85.86
2.12 63.63
34.2
1. 32 50. 86
40.9
40.5
1. 67 45.14
38.1
Avg. wkly. earnings
Wholesale and retail trade—Continued
Electric light and gas
utilities combined
$2.02 $87. 57
2.11 92. 89
2.16 94.16
2.17 92.92
2.16 96.00
2.17 95.47
2.18 94.13
2.17 95.06
2.16 95.41
2.17 96. 52
2.19 95.18
2.23 96.05
2.24 97. 58
2.23 97.99
2. 26 98. 98
41.9
41.7
40.7
42.6
42.1
41.0
42.5
42.2
40.9
42.0
42.4
41.0
42.5
42.3
Local railways
buslines
$80. 60
43.1
84.48
43.1
85.14
43.0
85.54
43.2
85.97
43.2
43.4
86.80
86.86
43.0
86.25
42.7
86.66
42.9
87. 29
43.0
88. 71
43.7
44.1
89.96
43.7
90.02
89.40
43.4
90. 46
43.7
Total: Gas and elec
Electric light and
Line construction, in
power utilities
Telegraph
tric utilities
stallation, and main
tenance employees #
41.2 $2.13
41.2 $2.10 $87.76
$101.85
43.9 $2.32 $78. 54
42.0 $1.87 $86. 52
2.25
41.5
2. 22 93.38
43.5
41.2
101.36
2.33 82. 74
42.0
1.97 91.46
41.5
2.24 94.21
2. 27
102.08
2.32 85. 26
41.4
44.0
42.0
2.03 92. 74
41.3
2.29
43.5
2. 26 94. 58
100.92
2.32 85.26
41.0
42.0
2.03 92.66
41.6
2.29
2. 27 95. 26
102.96
2. 34 84.03
2.02 94. 21
41.5
44.0
41.6
41.5
2. 28 95. 45
2.30
104.01
41.2
43.7
2.38 84.03
41.6
2.02 93.94
41.1
2.29
42.5
2.27 94.12
40.9
99.88
2.35 86.32
41.7
2.07 92.84
2.29
41.1
2.27 94.12
2.35 86.94
100.58
42.8
41.8
2.08 92.62
40.8
41.2
2.28 94. 76
2.30
42.5
99.88
2.35 87. 57
41.9
2.09 93.02
40.8
2.32
41.3
2.30 95.82
101. 91
43.0
2. 37 86.11
40.9
41.4
2.08 94.07
41.1
2.30 95. 76
2.33
101. 63
2.38 89. 25
40.7
42.7
42.5
2.10 93.61
41.6
2.33 98.59
2.37
103. 20
40.9
43.0
2.40 88. 62
42.2
2.10 95.30
41.7
2.34 98. 41
2.36
41.2
103.63
2.41 88.62
42.2
43.0
2.10 96.41
2. 37
41.3
2. 34 97.88
101. 76
42.4
2.40 87. 99
41.9
41.0
2.10 95. 94
2. 39
41.4
2. 37 98.95
2. 39 87. 78
41.0
99.19
41.5
41.8
2.10 97.17
Wholesale and retail trade
Other public utilities—Continued
Gas utilities
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
Transportation and public utilities
Miscellaneous manufacturing industries—Continued
1955: Average_____
1963: Average...........
September___
October______
November___
December........
1957: January_____
February.........
March_______
April________
M!ay________
June_________
July_________
August______
September___
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
44.0
43.7
43.6
43.8
43.7
43.8
43.8
43.9
43.8
43.8
44.0
43.9
43.9
43.9
43.8
Apparel and acces
sories stores
$1. 81 $46. 82
1. 86 47. 54
1. 87 48.16
1. 85 47.96
1. 87 47. 47
1. 87 50.04
1.88 48. 65
1.88 48.44
1.89 47. 75
1.90 47. 74
1.92 48. 56
1.94 50.05
1.93 50. 77
1.93 49. 77
1.91 49. 82
35.2
34.7
34.4
34.5
34.4
36.0
34.5
34.6
34.6
34.1
34.2
35.0
35.5
35.3
34.6
$1.33
1.37
1.40
1. 39
1.38
1. 39
1.41
1. 40
1.38
1.40
1.42
1.43
1.43
1.41
1.44
Furniture and appli Lumber and hard
ance stores
ware supply stores
43.1 $1.62
42.1 $1.59 $69. 82
$66.94
42.5
1. 71
69. 30
42.0
1.65 72.68
42.9
1.74
41.9
1. 67 74.65
69.97
1.76
42.0
42.8
1.68 75. 33
70. 56
42.2
41.9
1. 74
70. 81
1.69 73. 43
42.0
1. 74
73.19
42.8
1.71 73. 08
41.5
41.9
1.69 72. 21
1. 74
70. 81
41.8
1. 74
68.81
41.7
1. 65 72. 73
1.74
41.8
69. 81
41.8
1. 67 72. 73
42.2
1.75
69. 81
41.8
1.67 73. 85
42.5
1.77
71.06
41.8
1.70 75.23
42.5
1.78
71.65
41.9
1.71 75.65
1.78
42.7
71.14
41.6
1.71 76.01
42.7
1. 78
72. 41
42.1
1.72 76.01
42.4
72.14
1.80
1.73 76. 32
41.7
Banks
and
trust
com
panies
$59. 28
61. 97
61. 93
62. 55
62.35
62. 86
63. 82
63.74
63.89
63.78
63.67
63.80
64. 52
64.31
64.63
Secu Insur
rity
ance
dealers car
and ex riers
changes
$102.13 $73.29
97. 56 77.50
94. 07 78.10
92.87 78. 21
94.98 78.92
99.68 79.89
101.46 79.43
100. 57 79.95
96.38 80.03
97.45 80.32
101. 21 80.47
100.13 80.95
101.44 81.33
96.84 81.43
94. 58 81.24
1544
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, DECEMBER 1957
T able
C-l: Hours and gross earnings of production workers or nonsupervisory employees 1—Con.
Avg.
wkly.
earnings
Avg.
wkly.
hours
Avg.
hrly.
earnings
Avg.
wkly.
earnings
Year and month
Avg.
wkly.
hours
Avg.
hrly.
earnings
Avg.
hrly.
earnings
Personal services
Laundries
$41.09
42.13
42.63
42. 74
42. 63
43.14
42. 42
42. 32
42. 63
42. 21
43.23
43.42
43.93
44.25
44.33
41. 5
40.9
40.6
40. 7
40.6
40. 7
40.4
40.3
40.6
40.2
40.4
40.2
40.3
40.6
40.3
$0. 99
1.03
1.05
1.05
1.05
1 06
1.05
1.05
1.05
1.05
1.07
1.08
1.09
1.09
1. 10
$40. 70
42.32
42. 61
42. 61
42.29
42 91
42. 59
42.59
42. 69
43. 20
43.93
44.04
43.38
43.34
43. 45
! For coverage of these series, see footnote 1, tables A-2 and A-3.
For raining, manufacturing, laundries, and cleaning and dyeing plants,
data refer to production and related workers only. For the remaining
Industries, unless otherwise noted, data relate to nonsupervisory employees
and working supervisors.
Data for the most recent month are subject to revision without notation.
* For definition, see footnote 3, table A-2.
8 For definition, see footnote 4, table A-2.
* Averages shown for 1955 are not strictly comparable with those for later
years.
8 Italicized titles which follow are components of this industry.
9 Data beginning with January 1957 are not strictly comparable with those
shown for earlier years.
7 Figures for Class I railroads (excluding switching and terminal companies)
are based upon monthly data summarized in the M-300 report by the Inter
state Commerce Commission and relate to all employees who received pay
during the month, except executives, officials, and staff assistants (ICO
Group I).
8 Data relate to employees in such occupations in the telephone industry
as switchboard operators, service assistants, operating-room instructors, and
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Avg.
wkly.
hours
Avg.
wkly.
earnings
Service and miscellaneous
Hotels, year-round n
1955: Average______________
1956: Average.............................
September____________
October______________
November____________
December__ ____ _____
1957: Januarv______________
February_____________
March_______________
April------- --------------M ay___ __________ . .
June______ _____ _____
July--------------------------August____ ________
September ___
Avg.
wkly.
earnings
40.3
40.3
40.2
40. 2
39. 9
40 1
39.8
39.8
39.9
40.0
40.3
40.4
39.8
39.4
39.5
Motion
picture pro
duction and
distribution >9
Cleaning and dyeing plants
$1.01
1.05
1.06
1.06
1. 06
1 07
1.07
1.07
1.07
1.08
1.09
1.09
1.09
1. 10
1.10
$47. 40
49.77
50. 94
50. 82
50. 56
50 05
49. 92
48.90
49. 54
52.26
52. 79
52.40
49. 91
48. 88
51.09
39. 5
39. 5
39.8
39.7
39. 5
3Q 1
38! 7
38.2
38. 7
40.2
40.3
40.0
38.1
37.6
39.3
$1.20
1.26
1.28
1.28
1.28
$93. 78
91.75
92.87
90.13
95.73
1.29
1. 28
1.28
1.30
1.31
1.31
1.31
1.30
1.30
94.14
99.00
99.13
94.09
97. 01
101.03
100.30
100. 79
97. 67
pay-station attendants. In 1956, such employees made up 40 percent of the
total number of nonsupervisory employees in establishments reporting hours
and earnings data.
* Data relate to employees in such occupations in the telephone industry
as central office craftsmen; installation and exchange repair craftsmen; line,
cable, and conduit craftsmen; and laborers. In 1956, such employees made
up 27 percent of the total number of nonsupervisory employees in establish
ments reporting hours and earnings data.
19 Data on average weekly hours and average hourly earnings are not
available.
h M oney payments only; additional value of board, room, uniforms, and
tips not included.
*Formerly titled “ Automobiles.” Data not affected.
N ote: Fora description of these series, see Techniques of Preparing Major
BLS Statistical Series, BLS Bull. 1168 (1954).
Souece: U . 8. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics for all
series except that for Glass I railroads (see footnote 7).
1545
C: EARNINGS AND HOURS
T able C-2:
Average weekly earnings, gross and net spendable, of production workers in manufac
turing industries, in current and 1947-49 dollars
N et spendable average weekly
earnings 1
N et spendable average weekly
earnings 1
Gross average
weekly earnings
Worker w ith no Worker w ith 3
dependents
dependents
Year
1939:
1940:
1941:
1942:
1943:
1Q441945:
1940:
1947:
1948:
1949:
1950:
1951:
1952:
1953:
1954:
1955:
1956:
Gross average
weekly earnings
Year and month
Worker w ith no Worker w ith 3
dependents
dependents
Cur
rent
194749 2
Cur
rent
194749 2
Cur
rent
194749 2
Cur
rent
194749 2
Cur
rent
194749 2
Cur
rent
194749»
$23.86
A verage_
Average
25.20
Average .
_ __ 29.58
Average
36. 65
43.14
Average _
Averave
46.08
44.39
Average
Average
43.82
49. 97
Average
Average
54.14
54.92
Average
59.33
Average
64.71
Average _
Average—........ .......... 67.97
71.69
Average___________
Average____ ____ — 71.86
Average_____ ____ - 76. 52
Average...................... 79. 99
$40.17
42.07
47.03
52.58
58.30
61.28
57. 72
52. 54
52.32
52.67
53.95
57. 71
58.30
59.89
62.67
62.60
66. 83
68. 84
$23. 58
24. 69
28.05
31.77
36.01
38.29
36.97
37. 72
42.76
47.43
48.09
51.09
54.04
55. 66
58.54
59. 55
63.15
65.86
$39. 70
41.22
44.59
45.58
48. 66
50. 92
48. 08
45.23
44.77
46.14
47.24
49. 70
48.68
49.04
51.17
51.87
55.15
56.68
$23.62
24. 95
29.28
36.28
41.39
44.06
42. 74
43. 20
48.24
53.17
53.83
57. 21
61.28
63.62
66. 58
66.78
70.45
73 22
$39. 76
41.65
46. 55
52. 05
55.93
58.59
55.58
51.80
50. 51
51.72
52.88
55.65
55. 21
56.05
58.20
58.17
61.53
63.01
1956: September__ ____ _ $81. 81
O ctober........ ............. 82. 21
November_________ 82. 22
December_________
84.05
82. 41
1957: January.................- .
82.41
February. _______
March____ ________ 82. 21
A p r il_____________ 81.59
M ay. _____________ 81.78
82.80
June______________
82.18
July______________
A ugust____ _______ 82.80
Septem ber3
83.20
$69. 86
69. 85
69.80
71.23
69.72
69.43
69.14
68.39
68.38
68.89
68.03
68. 43
68.70
$67. 30
67. 62
67.63
69.10
67.58
67.58
67.42
66.93
67. 08
67.90
67.40
67.90
68.22
$57.47
57. 45
57.41
58.56
57.17
56.93
56.70
56.10
56. 09
56.49
55. 79
56.12
56.33
$74.70
75.03
75.04
76.54
74.99
74.99
74.82
74.31
74. 47
75.31
74. 80
75. 31
75. 63
$63.79
63. 75
63.70
64.86
63.44
63.18
62.93
62.29
62.27
62.65
61.91
62.24
62.45
primary value of the spendable series is that of measuring relative changes
in disposable earnings for 2 types of income-receivers.
5
These series indicate changes in the level of average weekly earnings after
adjustment for changes in purchasing power as measured by the Bureau’s
Consumer Price Index, the years 1947-49 being the base period.
3 Preliminary.
N ote: For a description of these series, see Technical Note on the Cal
culation and Uses of the N et Spendable Earnings Series (Revised February
1957), which is available upon request to the Bureau of Labor Statistics.
Source: U. S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics.
1 N et spendable average weekly earnings are obtained by deducting from
gross average weekly earnings, Federal social security and income taxes for
which the worker is liable. The amount of income tax liability depends,
of course, on the number of dependents supported by the worker as well as
on the level of his gross income. N et spendable earnings have, therefore,
been computed for 2 types of income-receivers: (1) A worker with no de
pendents; (2) a worker with 3 dependents.
The computations of net spendable earnings for both the worker with no
dependents and the worker with 3 dependents are based upon the gross
average weekly earnings for all production workers in manufacturing indus
tries without direct regard to marital status and family composition. The
T able C-3 :
Indexes of aggregate weekly man-hours in industrial and construction activity1
(1947-49=100)
A nnual
average
1956
1957
In d u str y
T o t a l 3- .
_ ____________________________ - - M i n i n g d i v i s i o n -------------- ---------------------------C o n t r a c t c o n s t r u c t i o n d i v i s i o n ---------- ...
_
M a n u f a c t u r i n g d i v i s i o n _______________________
D u r a b l e g o o d s ------------------ --O r d n a n c e a n d a c c e s s o r ie s
- _
—
L u m b e r a n d w o o d p r o d u c ts (ex cep t
f u r n i t u r e ) ___ ------------------- - - _ _
F u r n itu r e a n d f ix t u r e s .. . . .
------------ .
S t o n e , c l a y , a n d g la s s p r o d u c t s —
P r i m a r y m e t a l i n d u s t r i e s ______
F a b r ic a te d m e ta l p r o d u c ts (e x c e p t
o r d n a n c e , m a c h in e r y , a n d tr a n sp o r
t a t i o n e q u i p m e n t ) ------ ------------------------M a c h i n e r y ( e x c e p t e l e c t r i c a l ) ___________
E l e c t r i c a l m a c h i n e r y ------------------------T r a n s p o r t a t i o n e q u i p m e n t ______ ________
I n s t r u m e n t s a n d r e la t e d p r o d u c t s . -----M is c e lla n e o u s m a n u f a c t u r i n g i n d u s t r i e s
N o n d u r a b le g o o d s
. . . - - ---------------------F o o d a n d k i n d r e d p r o d u c t s ____________
T o b a c c o m a n u f a c t u r e s ----------------------------T e x t i l e - m i l l p r o d u c t s _______ -- - A p p a r e l a n d o th e r f in is h e d t e x t ile
p ro d u cts.
.
___________________
P a p e r a n d a l li e d p r o d u c t s _______ _____ __
P r in tin g , p u b lis h in g , a n d a llie d in d u s tr ie s
- __________
C h e m i c a l s a n d a l li e d p r o d u c t s __________
P r o d u c t s o f p e t r o l e u m a n d c o a l . . . -----R u b b e r p r o d u c t s _______
-------------------L e a t h e r a n d l e a t h e r p r o d u c t s -------- --------
S e p t .2
A ug.
J u ly
June
M ay
A p r.
M ar.
F eb.
Jan.
D ec.
N ov.
O ct.
S e p t.
1956
1 0 9 .9
8 6 .8
1 5 3 .8
1 0 5 .1
1 1 0 .8
3 1 7 .2
1 1 0 .6
8 6 .8
1 5 7 .4
1 0 5 .4
1 1 2 .3
3 2 5 .5
1 0 8 .1
8 6 .8
1 5 4 .1
1 0 2 .9
1 1 0 .6
3 2 0 .3
1 0 9 .5
8 8 .1
151. 5
1 0 4 .9
1 1 4 .7
3 3 3 .9
1 0 7 .0
8 3 .8
1 4 1 .4
1 0 3 .7
1 1 4 .0
3 3 7 .0
1 0 6 .5
8 4 .0
1 3 1 .1
1 0 4 .5
1 1 5 .1
3 5 0 .9
1 0 7 .0
8 4 .3
1 2 3 .0
1 0 6 .3
1 1 6 .8
3 5 5 .6
1 0 7 .2
8 5 .3
1 1 9 .8
1 0 6 .9
1 1 7 .7
3 6 0 .9
1 0 6 .4
8 5 .1
1 1 2 .0
1 0 7 .0
1 1 7 .9
3 6 6 .3
1 1 2 .5
8 7 .7
1 3 5 .9
1 1 0 .8
1 2 2 .0
3 8 0 .4
1 1 2 .6
8 5 .2
1 4 4 .2
1 0 9 .9
1 2 0 .2
3 7 1 .9
1 1 5 .2
8 6 .9
1 5 7 .7
1 1 1 .0
1 2 0 .2
373. 6
1 1 4 .7
8 8 .3
160. 7
1 0 9 .9
1 1 7 .3
3 7 1 .8
1 1 0 .3
8 4 .7
1 3 8 .0
1 0 8 .1
1 1 7 .2
3 7 5 .3
1 0 8 .4
8 1 .1
1 2 5 .9
1 0 7 .7
1 1 6 .3
4 1 3 .2
8 1 .2
1 0 8 .0
1 0 6 .2
1 0 3 .6
8 6 .6
1 0 6 .8
1 0 6 .4
1 0 4 .3
8 3 .3
1 0 0 .5
1 0 1 .2
1 0 5 .2
8 7 .8
1 0 2 .1
1 0 6 .2
1 0 8 .1
8 4 .0
9 9 .7
1 0 5 .4
1 0 6 .6
8 0 .1
1 0 2 .2
1 0 4 .1
1 0 8 .0
7 7 .0
1 0 4 .0
1 0 3 .9
1 0 9 .7
7 6 .3
1 0 4 .0
1 0 3 .2
1 1 1 .6
7 6 .2
1 0 2 .9
1 0 3 .3
1 1 4 .3
8 1 .8
1 0 9 .3
1 0 8 .2
1 1 5 .3
8 5 .8
1 0 7 .3
1 0 9 .3
1 1 3 .3
9 1 .4
1 1 1 .7
1 1 1 .2
1 1 3 .9
9 3 .7
1 1 0 .6
1 0 8 .9
1 1 4 .5
8 8 .8
1 0 7 .4
1 0 9 .3
1 1 0 .5
9 1 .1
1 0 6 .6
1 0 8 .2
1 1 0 .1
1 1 5 .3
1 0 4 .2
1 3 8 .5
1 2 5 .8
1 1 7 .6
1 0 5 .8
9 8 .3
9 9 .8
9 5 .1
7 5 .1
1 1 4 .4
1 0 3 .1
1 3 4 .8
1 3 6 .7
1 1 6 .1
1 0 2 .4
9 7 .3
9 7 .8
7 5 .0
1 1 2 .5
1 0 6 .0
1 3 1 .1
1 3 5 .6
1 1 3 .8
9 4 .4
9 3 .8
9 3 .1
6 9 .5
7 2 .8
1 1 6 .0
1 0 9 .8
1 3 4 .5
1 4 1 .7
1 1 7 .0
1 0 0 .0
9 3 .2
8 6 .5
7 0 .2
7 4 .7
1 1 4 .7
1 1 1 .4
1 3 2 .4
1 4 2 .9
1 1 7 .1
9 8 .7
9 1 .4
8 1 .1
7 0 .6
7 3 .7
1 1 5 .5
1 1 4 .0
1 3 3 .9
1 4 6 :5
1 2 0 .0
9 8 .9
9 1 .9
7 9 .2
6 7 .2
7 4 .8
1 1 6 .9
1 1 6 .5
1 3 7 .2
1 5 1 .3
1 2 1 .0
100. 5
9 3 .7
7 8 .8
7 2 .0
7 6 .0
1 1 7 .6
1 1 7 .2
138. 7
1 5 3 .8
1 2 1 .5
9 9 .4
9 4 .0
7 9 .2
8 0 .0
7 6 .9
1 1 7 .2
1 1 6 .3
1 3 9 .2
1 5 4 .1
1 2 1 .4
9 8 .3
9 4 .0
8 1 .6
8 5 .0
7 7 .0
1 2 1 .4
1 1 7 .4
1 4 4 .7
1 6 1 .0
1 2 3 .3
1 0 5 .6
9 7 .4
8 7 .9
9 1 .9
8 0 .3
1 1 9 .7
1 1 3 .7
1 4 5 .8
1 5 1 .6
123. 2
109. 4
9 7 .6
9 2 .9
92. 4
8 0 .8
1 2 1 .1
1 1 4 .0
145. 8
1 4 1 .3
1 2 3 .8
112. 6
100. 2
9 9 .8
1 0 1 .6
8 0 .9
1 1 7 .1
114. 4
142. 0
1 2 7 .6
1 2 3 .0
109. 5
1 0 1 .1
1 0 7 .8
1 0 7 .6
7 9 .1
1 1 6 .3
115. 6
138. 6
1 3 9 .0
1 2 1 .1
105. 5
97. 2
90. 7
85. 6
8 0 .6
1 1 8 .0
106. 4
130. 6
147. 2
1 1 7 .5
1 0 4 .2
97. 4
90. 5
9 0 .3
8 3 .1
1 0 5 .4
1 1 8 .0
1 0 6 .1
1 1 6 .2
9 8 .4
1 1 4 .0
9 9 .6
1 1 6 .2
9 9 .1
1 1 4 .6
1 0 1 .6
1 1 5 .6
1 0 6 .7
1 1 5 .8
1 0 6 .3
1 1 5 .8
1 0 2 .6
1 1 6 .3
1 0 5 .5
1 1 9 .1
1 0 4 .9
1 1 7 .9
1 0 6 .3
1 1 8 .3
1 0 3 .9
1 1 9 .0
1 0 4 .5
1 1 6 .9
1 0 4 .9
114. 4
1 1 6 .0
1 0 4 .7
9 6 .8
1 0 5 .8
9 2 .4
1 1 2 .7
1 0 2 .9
9 4 .2
1 0 5 .1
9 5 .8
111. 7
1 0 2 .7
9 6 .0
1 0 3 .8
9 3 .1
1 1 2 .8
1 0 4 .2
9 5 .0
1 0 1 .1
9 2 .7
1 1 2 .7
1 0 6 .1
9 4 .2
1 0 2 .7
8 6 .8
1 1 3 .8
1 0 7 .1
9 4 .7
9 6 .2
9 0 .7
1 1 4 .5
1 0 7 .3
9 3 .1
1 0 7 .2
9 5 .6
1 1 2 .8
1 0 6 .9
9 3 .8
1 0 9 .2
9 5 .9
1 1 2 .6
1 0 7 .2
9 3 .6
111. 1
9 4 .0
1 1 6 .8
1 0 7 .9
9 4 .6
1 1 2 .3
9 3 .8
1 1 5 .1
1 0 7 .3
9 5 .2
9 8 .8
9 1 .1
1 1 6 .3
1 0 7 .7
95. 2
1 1 0 .1
9 1 .2
1 1 4 .7
1 0 7 .5
97. 8
1 0 6 .9
91. 4
1 1 3 .0
1 0 7 .9
94. 6
106. 7
94. 4
1 0 8 .7
1 0 7 .0
94. 5
1 1 2 .4
95. 5
8 6 .2
1 Beginning with the July 1957 issue, the data shown in this table are not
comparable with those published in previous issues. See footnote 1,
table A-2.
Aggregate man-hours are for the weekly pay period ending nearest the
15th of the month and do not represent totals for the month. For mining
and manufacturing industries, data refer to production and related workers.
For contract construction, the data relate to construction w orkers.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
s Preliminary.
* Includes only the divisions shown.
Source: U. S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics.
1955
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, DECEMBER 1957
1546
T able C-4: Average hourly earnings, gross and excluding overtime, of production workers in manu
facturing, by major industry group 1
Gross
Ex
cluding
over
time 3
Gross
Ex
cluding Gross
over
time 3
Ex
cluding Gross
over
time 3
Year and month
Ex
cluding Gross
over
time 3
Ex
cluding Gross
over
time 3
Ex
cluding Gross
over
time 3
Ex
cluding Gross
over
time 3
Ex
cluding
over
time 3
Durable goods
Total:
manufacturing
1956: Average_____
September___
October_____
November___
December___
1957: January_____
February____
March_______
April_______
M a y ..-............
June________
July------------A ugust.. . . .
September 3_.
$1.98
2.01
2.02
2.03
2.05
2. 05
2.05
2.05
2. 05
2. 06
2.07
2. 07
2. 07
2.08
$1. 91
1.93
1.94
1.96
1.98
1.98
1.99
1.99
2.00
2.00
2.01
2. 01
2.01
2. 02
Total: Durable
goods
$2.10
2.14
2.15
2.16
2.18
2.18
2.17
2.18
2.18
2.18
2.19
2.20
2. 21
2.22
$2.03
2.06
2.06
2.08
2.09
2.10
2.10
2.11
2.11
2.12
2.13
2.14
2.14
2.16
Ordnance and
accessories
$2.19
2.23
2.25
2 25
2.27
2.28
2.29
2. 30
2.31
2.31
2.33
2.34
2.34
2.37
$2.12
2.14
2.16
2.17
2.18
2. 21
2. 22
2.23
2.24
2. 25
2.28
2. 29
2. 29
2.32
Lumber and
wood products
(except
furniture)
$1. 76
1.81
1.79
1. 77
1 74
1.72
1.73
1.77
1.80
1.82
1.84
1.82
1. 84
1.83
$1.69
1.73
1.72
1.71
1.68
1. 66
1. 67
1.71
1.74
1.76
1.77
1.76
1.77
1.76
Furniture and
fixtures
$1.69
1.72
1.73
1.72
1.73
1. 72
1.73
1.73
1.72
1.73
1.74
1.74
1.76
1. 76
$1.64
1.66
1.66
1.66
1.67
1.67
1.68
1.69
1.68
1.69
1.70
1. 69
1.70
1. 71
Stone, clay,
and glass
products
$1.96
1.98
1.99
2.01
2.01
2.02
2. 01
2.02
2. 01
2.02
2.04
2.05
2.06
2.07
$1.88
1.90
1.91
1.92
1.93
1.95
1.94
1.95
1.94
1.95
1.96
1.97
1.98
1.99
Durable goods—Continued
Machinery
(except
electrical)
1956: A verage..___
September___
October_____
November___
December___
1957: January_____
February........
March_______
A p r il.............
M ay________
June________
J u ly ...............
August____ _
September 3_.
$2.21
2. 25
2.25
2.25
2. 27
2. 27
2. 27
2. 28
2.28
2.28
2.30
2. 30
2. 30
2.32
$2.12
2.15
2.15
2.17
2.17
2.18
2.19
2.20
2. 20
2. 21
2. 23
2.23
2. 23
2. 26
Electrical
machinery
$1.98
2.01
2.02
2.03
2.05
2.05
2.05
2.06
2. 06
2. 05
2. 06
2. 05
2.06
2.07
$1.92
1.94
1.95
1.97
1.98
1.99
2.00
2.01
2.01
2. 01
2.02
2. 01
2.01
2.02
Transportation
equipment
$2. 31
2.36
2.37
2.39
2.43
2.38
2.37
2.38
2. 37
2. 37
2.40
2. 41
2.43
2. 46
$2.23
2.27
2. 27
2. 27
2.30
2.29
2. 29
2.30
2.31
2.32
2.35
2.35
2.37
2.40
$2.36
2. 43
2.42
2.44
2.45
2.47
2.46
2. 46
2. 46
2.46
2. 48
2.53
2.54
2. 56
$2. 29
2.34
2. 35
2.36
2. 37
2.39
2. 39
2.40
2. 40
2. 40
2. 41
2. 46
2. 48
2. 50
Fabricated
metal products
$2.07
2.11
2.13
2.12
2.14
2.13
2.13
2.14
2.15
2.16
2.17
2.19
2. 20
2. 22
$1.99
2.03
2.04
2.04
2.06
2.06
2.06
2.07
2.08
2.09
2.10
2.11
2.12
2.14
Nondurable goods
Instruments
and related
products
$2.01
2.05
2.05
2.05
2.07
2.08
2. 09
2.10
2.10
2.10
2.11
2.11
2.30
2.13
Primary metal
industries
$1.96
1.99
1.99
2.00
2.01
2.03
2.03
2.04
2.04
2. 05
2.06
2.06
2.06
2.08
Miscellaneous
manufacturing
Industries
$1. 75
1.76
1.78
1.78
1.79
1.81
1.81
1.81
1.81
1.81
1.80
1.81
1.80
1. 81
$1.69
1.76
1.71
1.72
1.73
1.76
1.76
1.76
1.76
1.76
1. 76
1. 77
1. 75
1.75
Total: Nondurable goods
$1.80
1.82
1.83
1.84
1.86
1.86
1.86
1.87
1.87
1. 88
1.89
1.89
1.88
1.90
$1.75
1.76
1.77
1.78
1.80
1.81
1.81
1.81
1.82
1.83
1.83
1.84
1.83
1.84
Food and
kindred
products
$1.83
1.81
1.84
1.89
1.90
1.92
1.93
1.93
1.93
1.94
1.93
1.91
1.90
1. 92
$1.76
1.73
1.76
1.81
1.82
1.86
1.86
1.87
1.87
1.87
1.85
1.83
1. 83
1.84
Tobacco
manufactures
$1.45
1.38
1.39
1.45
1.48
1.49
1.49
1.53
1.55
1.58
1.58
1.61
1.49
1. 46
$1.43
1.36
1.37
1.43
1.45
1.47
1.48
1.51
1.54
1.56
1.55
1.57
1.47
1.44
Nondurable goods—Continued
Textile-mill
products
1956: Average_____
September___
October_____
November___
December___
1967: January_____
February____
March_______
April_______
M ay.................
June________
J u l y -----------August. ____
September 3__
$1.45
1.45
1.49
1.50
1. 50
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.50
1. 51
$1.40
1.40
1.44
1.45
1.45
1 45
1.46
1.46
1.46
1.46
1.46
1.46
1.46
1.46
Apparel and
other finished
textile products
$1. 45
1.48
1. 49
1.48
1. 50
1.49
1.49
1.50
1. 48
1.48
1. 49
1.50
1. 50
1. 51
$1.43
1.46
1.46
1.46
1.47
1.47
1.47
1.47
1.46
1.46
1. 46
1.48
1. 48
1.48
Paper and
allied products
$1.94
1. 97
1.98
1.98
1.99
1.99
2.00
2.00
2.00
2. 01
2.03
2. 06
2. 06
2.08
$1. 84
1.87
1.88
1.88
1.89
1.89
1.90
1. 91
1.91
1.91
1. 94
1. 95
1. 95
1. 97
Printing,
publishing,
and allied
industries 4
$2. 43
2.46
2. 45
2. 45
2.46
2.46
2.48
2. 49
2. 49
2.51
2. 51
2.51
2. 51
2. 52
1 Beginning with the July 1957 issue, the data shown in this table are not
comparable with those published in previous issues. See footnote l. table
À-2.
3 Derived by assuming that the overtime hours shown in table C-5 are
paid for at the rate of time and one-half
» Preliminary.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Chemicals and
allied products
$2.11
2.14
2.14
2.15
2.16
2.16
2.17
2.17
2 17
2.20
2. 23
2. 25
2. 25
2. 25
$2.05
2.08
2. 08
2.09
2.10
2 11
2.11
2.. 12
2.12
2. 14
2.17
2.19
2.19
2.19
Products of
petroleum and
coal
$2. 54
2. 59
2. 57
2. 57
2. 57
2 59
2. 56
2. 57
2 59
2. 61
2 66
2. 69
2 69
2. 73
$2.47
2. 52
2. 50
2.51
2. 52
2. 54
2 51
2. 52
2 52
2. 54
2 60
2. 62
2 63
2. 65
Rubber
products
$2 17
2.20
2. 20
2.17
2. 24
2 23
2 22
2 21
2 19
2 22
2 23
2. 28
2 27
2. 28
$2 09
2.12
2 11
2.10
2.15
2 15
2 15
2.14
2 13
2.16
2 15
2.18
2 18
2.20
Leather and
leather
products
$1 49
1. 51
1. 51
1. 52
1.52
1 52
1.53
1,54
1 54
1.54
1 54
1. 53
1 54
1. 55
$1 47
1.49
1 49
1.50
1.49
1 50
1.50
1.51
1 52
1.52
1 52
1 51
1 51
1. 52
*Average hourly earnings, excluding overtime, are not available separately
for the printing, publishing, and allied industries group, as graduated overtini" rates are found to an extent likely to make average overtime pay
significantly above time and one-half. Inclusion of dataior the industry
in the nondurable-goods total baa little effect.
S ource : U. S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics.
1547
O: EARNINGS AND HOURS
T able
C-5: Gross average weekly hours and average overtime hours of production workers in manu
facturing, by major industry group 1
Gross
Over
time 3
Gross
Over
time *
Gross
Over
tim e3
Grose
Over
tim e3
Gross
Over
time 3
Gross
Over
time 3
Gross
Over
time 3
Gross
Over
tim e3
Durable goods
Year and month
Total: Manu
facturing
1956: Average_____
September__
October...........
November___
December___
1957: January........ .
February........
March..............
April_______
M ay________
Jun o.,.............
July------------August______
September 3..
40.4
40.7
40.7
40.5
41.0
40.2
40.2
40.1
39.8
39.7
40.0
39.7
40.0
40. 0
2.8
3.1
3.1
3.0
3 1
2.6
2.5
2.5
2.3
2.2
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.5
Total: Durable
goods
41.1
41.3
41.4
41.2
41.9
40.9
40.9
40.8
40.5
40.3
40.5
40.0
40.3
40.3
3.0
3.3
3.3
3.3
3.5
2.9
2.7
2.6
2.4
2.3
2.4
2.3
2.4
2.5
Ordnance and
accessories
41.8
42.1
42.3
42.0
42.6
42.0
42.0
41.6
41.4
40.7
40.7
40.0
40.1
40.1
2.9
3.5
3.4
3.1
3.4
2.7
2.7
2.6
2.4
2.1
2.0
1.6
1.6
1.6
Lumber and
wood products
(except fumiture)
40.3
40.9
40.8
40.0
39.8
39.1
39.6
39.7
40.0
40.2
40.7
39.4
41.1
39.4
3.3
3.6
3.2
2.9
3.0
2 7
2.6
2.6
2.6
2.8
3.1
2.9
3.3
3.2
Furniture and
fixtures
40.8
41.3
41.6
40.5
41.3
39.8
40.2
40.2
39.7
39.2
39.7
39.3
40.7
40.9
2.8
3.2
3.2
2.7
3.0
2.3
2.2
2.2
2.0
1.9
2.3
2.2
2.6
2.7
Stone, clay, and
glass products
41.1
41.0
41.3
41.1
41.2
40.3
40.6
40.7
40.4
40.8
40.9
40.4
40.9
40.7
8.6
3.6
3.6
3.6
3.4
2.9
2.9
3.0
2.9
3.2
3.3
3.3
3.3
3.4
1956: Average_____
September__
October_____
November___
December___
1957: January_____
February___
March______
April........ .......
M ay________
J u n e . .. .........
July------------August . . . .
September3. _
Electrical
machinery
42.2
42.3
42.1
41.7
42.6
41.9
41.9
41.8
41.4
41.1
41.1
40.7
40.5
40.7
40.8
41.1
41.2
41.0
41.2
40.4
40.6
40.5
40.3
40.1
40.3
39.7
40.2
40.3
3.7
3.8
3.7
3.4
3.7
3.3
3.2
3.1
3.0
2.7
2.7
2.5
2.4
2.3
2.6
2.9
3.1
2.9
2.8
2.4
2.3
2.2
2.0
1.8
2.0
1.7
2.1
2.0
Transportation
equipment
41.0
41.3
41.8
42.2
43.6
41.7
41.5
41.1
40.6
39.9
40.1
39.5
40.2
39.9
2.9
3.4
3.8
4.5
4.8
3.3
3.0
2.7
2.4
1.8
1.9
1.9
2.0
2.0
Instruments
and related
products
40.8
41.1
41.0
40.8
41.0
40.7
41.0
40.7
40.6
40.2
40.5
40.1
40.0
40.4
40.9
41.2
40.8
40.6
41.2
41.0
40.3
40.1
39.8
39.6
40.2
39.7
39.3
39.4
2.8
3.1
2.5
2.6
2.7
2.9
2.2
2.0
2.0
1.8
2.2
2.1
1.8
2.0
Fabricated
metal products
41.2
41.6
41.8
41.3
42.1
40.8
41.0
41.0
40.9
40.9
41.2
40.7
41.0
41.4
3.0
3.5
3.6
3.2
3.6
2.8
2.8
2.8
2.7
2.7
2.9
2.9
2.8
3.2
Nondurable goods
Durable goods—Continued
Machinery
(except
electrical)
Primary metal
Industries
2.3
2.5
2.4
2.3
2.3
2.2
2.2
2.3
2.1
1.9
1.8
1.8
1.7
2.0
Miscellaneous
manufacturing
industries
40.3
40.3
40.7
40.3
40.6
40.0
40.3
40.6
39.9
39.8
39.9
39.5
40.0
40.3
2.6
2.8
3.1
2.8
2.7
2.3
2.4
2.6
2.2
2.1
2.2
2.1
2.4
2.6
Total: Nondurable goods
39.6
39.8
39.7
39.6
39.7
39.1
39.3
39.1
38.9
38.9
39.2
39.4
39.5
39.6
2.5
2.8
2.7
2.7
2.6
2.3
2.3
2.3
2.2
2.2
2.4
2.5
2.5
2.6
Food and
kindred
products
3.3
3.9
3.6
3.8
3.2
3.0
2.8
2.6
2.7
3.0
3.3
3.4
3.2
3.3
41.0
42.0
41.3
41.3
40.9
40.2
40.1
39.8
40.0
40.4
40.9
41.5
40.9
41.1
Tobacco
manufactures
38.9
40.8
39.5
38.9
39.8
38.8
38.5
37.9
36.8
39.1
38.6
39.6
38.4
39.4
1.1
1.3
1.0
1.1
1.5
1.0
.6
.9
.5
1.1
1.5
1.9
1.1
1.3
Nondurable goods—Continued
Textile-mill
products
1956: Average____
September___
October_____
November___
December___
1957: January____
February___
March_____
April_______
M a y .............—
June________
July-------------
August. ___
September 3. .
39.7
39.3
40.1
40.2
40.2
39.1
39.2
38.9
38.6
38.4
38.9
38.6
39.1
39.1
2.6
2.4
2.8
2.9
2.7
2.3
2.3
2.3
2.1
2.0
2.3
2.1
2.2
2.3
Apparel and
other finished
textile products
36.3
36.0
36.4
36.1
36.3
35.9
36.5
36. 5
35. 7
35.8
35.8
36.1
36.8
36.6
1.2
1.1
1.3
1.3
1.2
1.1
1.2
12
1. 1
1.0
1.1
1.1
1.4
1.4
Paper and
allied products
42.8
43.0
42.9
42.7
43.0
42.3
42.3
42.3
42.1
42.0
42.2
42.3
42.5
42.9
4.6
4.8
4.8
4.7
4.6
43
4.3
4.2
4.2
4.0
4.1
4.6
4.5
4.8
Printing, publishiug, and allied industries
38.8
39.0
39.1
38.6
39.1
38.3
38. 5
38.8
38.5
38.4
38.4
38.3
38.5
38.9
i Beginning with the July 1967 issue, the data shown in this table are not
comparable with those published in previous issues. Sea footnote 1, table
A-2.
*Covers premiumovertime hours of production andrelated workers during
the pay period ending nearest the 15th of the month. Overtime hours are
those tor which premiums were paid because the hours were In excess of the
number of hours of either the straight-time workday or workweek. Weekend
447679-
57-
-9
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
3.2
3.7
3.6
3.2
3.5
2.8
2.9
3.2
2.9
2.9
2.8
2.8
3.1
3.2
Chemicals and
allied products
41.3
41.4
41.4
41.5
41.6
41.3
41.2
41.2
41.2
41.2
41.2
41.0
41.0
41.3
2.3
2. 5
2.3
2.2
2.3
2.2
2.1
2.2
2.2
2.2
2.2
2.3
2.2
2.3
Products of
petroleum
and coal
41.1
41.7
40.8
40.9
41.0
41.1
40.8
40.7
41.2
40.9
40.9
41.5
40.6
41.5
2.0
2.3
2,0
1.9
1.8
1.6
1.6
1.6
2.2
2.2
2.0
2.2
1.8
2.3
Rubber
products
40.2
40.5
40.9
40.5
41.4
40.9
40.9
40.4
40.0
40.0
40.9
41.3
40.9
40.8
2.8
3.0
3.4
2.8
3.2
3.0
2.7
2.6
2.4
2.5
3.1
3.8
3.2
3.0
Leather and
leather
products
37.6
36.9
36.9
36.9
37.7
38.0
38.3
38.0
36.9
36.3
37.8
38.1
38.1
37.2
1.4
1.1
1.2
1.2
1.3
1.3
1.4
1.3
1.1
.9
1.2
1.3
1.5
1.3
and holiday hours are included only if premiumwage rates were paid. Hours
for which only shift differential, haiard, incentive, or other similar types of
premiums were paid are excluded. These data are uot available prior to
1956.t
*Preliminary.
Source: U. S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics,
1548
T able
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, DECEMBER 1957
C-6: Hours and gross earnings of production workers in manufacturing industries for selected
States and areas 1
Arizona
Alabama
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn- hours
ings
1955: Average_____ $60.34
1956: Average-........ - 64.15
1956: September___
O ctober..- _
N ovem ber___
December____
1957: January_____
February____
March___ .
April____ -M ay________
June- ______
July-------------August______
September___
Birmingham
State
Year and month
40.5
39.6
Avg.
hrly.
earnings
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn- hours
ings
$1.49 $78.34
1.62 82.82
40.4
67.47
1. 67
67.30
40.3
1.67
66. 92
39.6
1.69
40.1
1.71
68. 57
68. 68
39.7
1.73
67. 25
39.1
1. 72
67. 34
38.7
1.74
67.34
38.7
1.74
67. 55
38.6
1. 75
68. 85
38.9
1. 77
69. 45
38.8
1. 79
71. 82
39.9
1.80
71.86
39.7
1.81
Arkansas—Con.
40.8
40.4
Little Rock-North
Little Rock
1955: Average--------- $52. 20
54.94
1956: Average-------
41.1
40.4
1956: September___
October______
November___
December____
1957: January______
February------March
____
April
M ay___
. _
June_________
July-------------August______
September___
40.7
41.1
40.6
40.5
40.0
40.3
40.5
40.5
40.4
40.4
40.6
40.5
40.7
55. 76
56. 72
56. 43
57.11
56. 80
57. 23
57. 92
58. 32
58. 58
58. 58
58. 87
58. 32
58. 61
San Diego
1955: Average_____ $86. 72
1956: Average........ — 92.31
40.7
41.6
1956: September___
October______
N ovem ber___
December-----1957: January-------February------March_______
April_____ _
M a y________
J u n e __ July-------------August______
September___
41.8
41.7
42.4
43.6
42.7
42.0
41.4
42.0
40.1
40.7
40.4
40.5
40.5
94.18
94.71
96. 24
99. 11
96. 99
94.49
93. 56
96. 05
90. 65
92. 61
92.38
93. 67
94.10
41.6
41.7
1956: September___ 83. 40
41.7
October_____ 84. 84
42.0
November___ 84.84
42.0
December____ 86. 51
42.2
1957: January_____ 84. 87
41.4
February____ 85. 49
41.5
March
41. 5
85. 91
April__
41.1
85.49
M ay_____
83. 84
40. 7
40.6
June________ 84. 45
July_________ 84. 45
40.6
August ____ 83. 84
40. 5
September___ 84. 24
40.5
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
82.17
76. 03
76. 25
87. 31
83. 60
86. 50
86. 53
85. 28
84. 87
84.19
79.42
91. 65
90. 27
40.5
40.6
92. 07
92. 42
91.99
93. 17
92. 39
93.15
92.90
93. 51
91.82
93. 42
92.38
92.89
93.14
$2.11 $73.45
2. 22 77. 20
38.1
38.8
39.6
39.7
95. 32
94.95
93.61
95. 35
95.02
94. 94
94.49
94.49
94.45
96. 50
96.01
96. 51
97. 93
$2.20 $82.19
2. 32 87.92
2. 34
2.35
2. 38
2.41
2. 42
2. 43
2. 42
2.42
2.42
2,43
2.46
2. 42
2. 44
40.7
40.4
39.3
39.5
39.2
39.1
39.0
39.0
39.1
39.6
39.1
39.8
40.1
$1.88 $81. 51
1.98 86. 52
85. 91
88. 20
89. 25
91.16
91. 58
89.44
89.64
88 56
87. 29
87. 89
87. 89
87. 26
88. 54
41.8
42.0
41.5
42.0
42.3
42.4
42.4
41.6
41. 5
41. 0
40.6
40. 5
40. 5
40.4
40.8
$1.73 $83. 62
1.90 90. 09
1.98
1.92
1.95
2. 04
2.00
2.04
2. 08
2. 06
2.07
2.11
2.09
2. 23
2. 24
89.76
88. 67
92. 41
93. 54
91.36
96.32
90. 22
90. 59
91.13
94. 66
88. 22
91. 75
91.09
$1.95 $81. 90
2. 06 88.17
87. 98
90. 29
91.14
94. 82
92. 45
93.10
93.31
93 10
88. 61
87. 34
87. 76
84. 23
85.44
41.6
42.1
42.1
92.62
42.3
93.06
42.4
92.86
94. 33
42.3
93. 66
42.0
90. 64
41.2
40.3
89. 06
40.4
89.69
40.7
90. 35
89. 20
40.0
40.9
91. 21
40.4
91.30
40.7
91.98
California
$1. 93 $85. 60
1.99 89. 90
40.5
41.6
92. 01
92. 00
89. 44
91.57
91.32
88.10
87.26
86. 22
86. 76
86.46
88. 04
88. 98
88.40
42.4
42.2
41.6
42.2
41.7
40.6
40.4
40.1
39.8
39.3
40.2
39.9
40.0
2.20
2.20
2.19
2. 23
2. 23
2. 20
2. 21
2. 22
2. 22
2. 23
2. 23
2. 26
2. 26
2. 00
1.99
2. 00
2. 01
2.05
2. 07
2.14
2.14
2.10
2. 10
2.09
2. 07
2.07
91.18
91.97
92. 61
94.01
93.31
93. 86
93. 86
94.40
92. 54
93. 59
93. 32
92. 96
92.68
Avg.
hrly.
earnings
41.4
40.5
$1. 29
1.39
57. 67
57. 53
56. 94
57. 20
57. 02
57. 02
57. 31
57. 31
57. 28
57. 38
58.03
58.15
59.86
40.9
40.8
40.1
40.0
39.6
39.6
39.8
39.8
39.5
39.3
40.3
40.1
41.0
1.41
1.41
1.42
1.43
1. 44
1.44
2.17
2.18
2.15
2.17
2.19
2.17
2.16
2.15
2.18
2. 20
2.19
2. 23
2. 21
San BernardinoRiverside-Ontario
$2.06 $81. 09
2. 23 87. 86
40.0
40.4
$2.03
2.18
41.0
41.3
41.2
41. 5
41.1
41.2
41.0
41. 1
40.3
40.5
40.4
40. 2
39.9
2. 22 112. 66
2. 23 104.10
2. 25 95.11
2.26 94. 34
2.27 93. 66
2. 28 94.58
2. 29 95. 22
2.30 96. 79
2. 30 94. 32
2.31 87.15
2.31 95. 26
2.31 90. 75
2. 32 105. 28
48.8
46.4
40.6
40.0
38.8
39.3
39.4
41.7
40.2
35.7
38.7
39.4
44.9
2.31 90. 57
2. 24 91.94
2. 35 91.03
2.36 91.62
2.41 90. 24
2.41 90.74
2. 41 90. 66
2. 32 90. 68
2.35 90. 66
2. 44 93. 32
2. 46 93. 30
2. 30 93. 39
2.35 93.12
Colorado
40.9
41.0
40.6
40.6
39.8
39.8
39.9
40.0
39.7
40.5
40.2
40.1
39.7
2. 22
2. 24
2. 24
2. 26
2. 27
2. 28
2. 27
2.27
2. 28
2. 31
2. 32
2. 33
2.35
39.4
40.3
43.6
42.5
40.8
40.5
39.8
41.3
39.7
39.8
39.6
40.4
40.5
43.6
42.8
2. 06 89. 50
2.09 89. 81
2. 27 79.66
2.31 83.67
2. 30 83.42
2.33 83. 55
2. 27 85.40
2.27 84. 89
2. 30 84. 45
2. 34 83. 92
2.18 87. 44
2.11 88. 35
2.13 86.86
Connecticut
43.6
43.5
37.3
38.8
37.8
38.1
38.7
39.3
39.2
38.5
40.5
42.7
40. 7
41.7
41.2
41.3
40.6
41.3
41.0
40.7
40.6
41.0
41. 0
41.4
40.6
40.2
39.9
39.7
Denver
State
$1.97 $76. 92
2.08 82. 21
2.05
2.07
2.14
2.16
2.21
2.19
2. 20
2.16
2.15
2.18
2.16
2.07
2.13
New Britain
81. 77
80. 79
82. 19
81. 59
81.40
81. 61
82. 82
83 64
84.45
82. 82
82.01
81.00
80. 99
1.44
1. 44
1.45
1.46
1.44
1. 45
1.46
39.2
41.5
1
2. 07
2. 09
2.10
2.16
2.15
2.16
2.16
2.16
2.13
2.12
2.13
2.09
2.12
Avg.
hrly.
earnings
$1.99 $53.41
2.11 56. 30
Sacramento
Stockton
$1. 95 $77. 56
2. 06 80. 75
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn- hours
mgs
$2.09 $80. 88
2.20 92. 59
$2.02 $77. 75
2.13 83. 93
42.5
43.2
43.4
43.9
43.0
43.1
43. 2
43.1
41.6
41.2
41.2
40.3
40.3
$2.01 $80. 60
2.14 87. 78
State
40.9
40.9
40.7
41.3
42.0
42.8
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn- hours
ings
Avg.
hrly.
earnings
Los AngelesLong Beach
Hartford
2.07
2.10
2.11
2.15
2. 16
2.15
2.16
2.16
2.15
2.17
2.17
2.16
2.17
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn- hours
ings
San Jose
Bridgeport
2.00
2. 02
2.02
2.05
2. 05
2.06
2.07
2. 08
7.06
2.08
2. 08
2. 07
2. 08
41.5
39.6
39.1
42.8
41.8
42.4
41.6
41.4
41.0
39.9
38.0
41. 1
40.3
2. 23 77.17
41.2
38.6
2. 24 79. 26
41.3
39.9
37.4
2. 26 74.68
40.7
2. 28 76. 64
38.1
40.8
40.4
2. 29 77. 53
37.8
37.6
40.6
2. 30 77. 92
40.4
2. 30 83. 09
38.8
2.31 81. 55
40.5
38.1
37.4
2.31 78. 66
39.8
40.1
2.33 79. 66
38.0
2.32 77. 64
37.1
39.8
40.3
2. 30 81. 57
39.5
40.1
2. 32 78.81
38.1
California—Continued
$2.13 $86. 98
2. 22 92.12
2. 25
2. 27
2. 27
2. 27
2. 27
2. 25
2. 26
2. 28
2. 26
2.27
2. 29
2.31
2. 32
40.2
40.5
Avg.
hrly.
earnings
Fresno
San FranciscoOakland
State
1955: Average--------- $78. 21
1956: Average______ 82. 57
2.14
2.13
2.16
2.14
2. 20
2.18
2.18
2. 21
2.19
2. 21
2. 29
2. 26
2.30
State
$1. 27 $85. 24
1.36 89. 93
1. 37
1.38
1.39
1.41
1.42
1. 42
1.43
1.44
1.45
1.45
1.45
1.44
1.44
$1.92 $69. 55
2.05 76.95
41.5
40.8
40.5
40.5
40.5
40.1
40.0
40.0
40.1
40.2
40.2
40.5
40.3
88. 81
86. 90
87. 48
86. 67
89.10
87. 42
87. 20
88. 40
87. 82
88. 84
92.06
91. 53
92. 69
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn- hours
ings
Phoenix
State
Mobile
Avg.
hrly.
earnings
Arkansas
82. 22
81.61
84. 46
86.11
84.84
84. 85
84.61
85. 44
86.50
88.18
88. 80
89.01
88. 29
40.7
40.9
40.7
40.7
$1.91
2.02
84.46
84. 26
85. 28
85. 28
84.04
84.44
84. 63
84. 44
85. 46
86. 88
88. 56
88. 58
90. 42
41.0
41.1
41.2
41. 2
40.6
40.4
40.3
40.4
40.5
40.6
41.0
41. 2
41. 1
2.06
2.05
2.07
2.07
2. 07
2. 09
2.10
2. 09
2.11
2.14
2.16
2.15
2.20
40.5
40.4
41.4
41.6
40.4
40.6
40.1
40.3
40.8
42.0
41.3
41.4
40. 5
2.03
2.02
2.04
2. 07
2.10
2. 09
2.11
2.12
2.12
2.13
2.15
2.15
2.18
New Haven
$1. 86 $72. 50
1. 96 78.31
40.5
41.0
79.13
76. 24
80. 51
82. 35
81.18
82. 00
82.41
83. 02
81. 20
81. 41
80.60
80. 60
80.80
41.0
39.5
41.5
41.8
41.0
41. 0
41. 0
41. 1
40.4
40. 5
40.1
40.1
40.0
1.98
1. 99
1.99
1.99
2. 00
2.01
2. 02
2. 04
2.04
2. 04
2. 04
2. 03
2. 04
$1.89 $77. 74
2. 01 82. 21
Stamford
$1.79 $81.40
1.91 85.88
1.93
1.93
1. 94
1.97
1. 98
2.00
2. 01
2. 02
2.01
2.01
2.01
2.01
2.02
87.31
88.60
88.80
S7.91
86. 43
87. 29
88.15
85. 41
84. 99
85. 60
87. 67
92.80
92. 35
40. 1
40.7
$2. 03
2.11
40.8
41.4
41.3
40.7
40. 2
40.6
41. 0
40.1
39.9
40.0
40.4
41.8
41.6
2.14
2.14
2.15
2.16
2.15
2.15
2.15
2.13
2.13
2.14
2.17
2. 22
2.22
0 : EARNINGS AND HOURS
T able
1549
C-6: Hours and gross earnings of production workers in manufacturing industries for selected
States and areas 1—Continued
Connecticut—Con.
Waterbury
Year and month
Average__
Average__
1956: September_
October__
November..
December1957: January__
February...
March___
April____
May.......
June____
July------August__
September_
1955:
1956:
Delaware
State
Avg.
Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn
hours
ings
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
$80.37
82.78
42.3
41.6
$1.90 $74. 70
1.99 79.37
82.20
82.00
82.82
83.23
82.42
84. 05
84.46
83. 63
83. 21
84. 04
84.45
85. 48
85. 89
41.1
41.0
41.0
41.0
40.4
40.8
40.8
40.4
40.2
40.6
40.6
40.9
40.9
2.00
2. 00
2. 02
2. 03
2. 04
2. 06
2.07
2.07
2. 07
2. 07
2.08
2.09
2.10
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn- hours
ings
78.31
79.59
85. 69
89.88
82. 21
83.22
81. 56
85. 08
83.44
84.67
85. 27
82. 58
80.73
District of Columbia
Wilmington
Avg.
hrly.
earnings
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earnings hours
40.6
40.7
$1.84 $87. 97
1.95 90. 72
41.3
40.5
41.0
40.4
41.8
42.8
40.1
40.4
39.4
41.1
40.7
41.3
40.8
39.7
39.0
1.91 89. 33
1.97 90. 57
2. 05 96.10
2.10 101. 52
2.05 92.52
2. 06 93. 79
2. 07 91.25
2. 07 95. 35
2. 05 93. 03
2.05 95.82
2. 09 97. 64
2.08 93.60
2.07 90.77
39.7
39.9
41.6
43. 1
40.4
40.6
39.5
41.1
40.1
40.6
41.2
40.0
38.3
Avg.
hrly.
earnings
Washington
AVg.
wkly. Avg.
earn- wkly.
mgs hours
$2.13 $81.60
2.24 83. 77
2. 25
2. 27
2. 31
2.35
2.29
2.31
2.31
2.32
2.32
2.36
2.37
2. 34
2.37
86. 62
85. 75
85.10
86. 37
83.16
87. 38
86.11
85. 02
86.98
87. 74
85.02
86. 29
87.47
Florida—Continued
1955: Average___
1956: Average___
$63.18
40.5
$1. 56
$57. 53
61. 71
40.8
40.6
1956: September.
October___
November
December..
1957: January___
February...
March____
April_____
M ay______
June______
July---------August____
Septem ber..
61.93
64.46
63.99
64.62
65.25
65.44
65.45
64.96
63. 08
63.47
63. 80
65. 67
66. 97
39.7
40.8
40.5
40.9
41.3
40.9
40.4
40.1
38.7
38.7
38.9
39.8
40.1
1.56
1.58
1.58
1.58
1.58
1.60
1.62
1.62
1.63
1.64
1.64
1.65
1.67
61.54
63.36
64.06
65.25
63. 99
66.14
65. 57
63. 52
63.60
65.04
63.18
65.45
67.16
39.7
40. 1
40.8
41.3
40.5
41.6
41.5
40.2
40.0
40.4
39.0
40.4
40.7
40.2
39.7
40.1
39.7
39.4
39.8
38.5
39.9
39.5
39.0
39.9
39.7
39.0
39.4
39.4
Avg.
hrly.
earnings
State
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earnings hours
$2.03 $58.10
2.11 62.47
2.16
2.17
2.16
2.17
2.16
2.19
2.18
2.18
2.18
2. 21
2.18
2.19
2. 22
63.43
64. 21
63. 70
65.10
64.79
65.10
64.53
63.44
64. 96
65.20
64. 55
65. 60
66. 73
1955: A verage...
1956: A verage...
$82. 27
86.15
41.2
41.0
State
$1.41 $54.00
1.52 57.17
1.55
1.58
1.57
1.58
1.58
1.59
1. 58
1.58
1.59
1.61
1.62
1.62
1.65
57. 71
59. 20
61.26
61. 65
60.04
59.13
58.44
58. 59
58.59
59.13
58.82
60.34
59.98
1956: September
October.. .
NovemberDecember.
1957: January.. .
February..
M arch___
April____
M ay........ .
88.17
87.74
88.68
89.59
88. 77
88.95
88. 71
88.07
87. 72
88.81
88.03
88.20
89. 73
41.3
41. 1
41.2
41.4
40.7
40.8
40.7
40. 4
40.2
40.5
40.1
40.2
40.5
June____
August__
September-
July______
Chicago
$2. 00 $85. 78
2.10 90.04
2.13
2.13
2.15
2.16
2.18
2.18
2.18
2.18
2.18
2.19
2.20
2.19
2. 22
93. 23
92.09
92.59
94. 01
92. 99
93. 25
92. 87
92.01
91.66
93. 07
92.24
93.11
94.18
41.2
41.0
41.6
41.2
41.2
41.5
40.8
40.9
40.8
40.4
40.2
40.5
40.0
40.2
40.3
40.3
39.7
39.8
40.0
40.3
40.3
39.5
38.9
38.7
38.8
38.8
38.9
38.7
39.7
39.2
Atlanta
$1.34 $68.54
1.44 71.38
1.45
1.48
1.52
1.53
1.52
1.52
1.51
1.51
1.51
1.52
1.52
1.52
1.53
71.73
72. 76
77. 49
79. 27
74. 59
73. 47
71.97
72.13
71.92
74. 80
72. 54
74.03
74.66
Peoria
$2. 08 $87.69
2.20 88.74
2. 24
2. 24
2. 25
2. 27
2. 28
2.28
2.28
2. 28
2. 28
2.30
2.31
2.32
2. 34
91.05
89. 97
91.21
91.45
91.17
89.98
89. 80
89.43
89.82
90.32
90.20
90.93
92.15
Iowa —Continued
$80.84
83.37
39.8
39.5
1956: September.
October.. .
November.
December.
1957: January...
February..
M arch___
April____
M ay_____
June_____
July_____
A ugust___
September.
87.58
85.72
83. 58
87.26
88. 33
90.38
88. 72
85.53
86.17
88.16
86.07
90. 26
90.37
40.2
39.5
39.6
40.1
39.8
40.5
39.8
38.9
39.0
39.5
38.6
39.8
39.4
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
State
$2.03 $80.81
2.11 84.42
2.18
2.17
2.11
2.17
2.22
2.23
2.23
2. 20
2.21
2. 23
2.23
2. 27
2.29
41.5
41.1
86.30
85. 51
89.15
90. 25
86.98
86.91
86.90
87. 61
85.59
85. 89
87.10
90.27
90.49
41.9
41.8
42.0
41.5
42.3
42.6
41.6
41.6
41.6
41.8
41.2
41.2
41.4
41.9
41.8
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn- hours
ings
$1. 40
1.52 $67.47
40.4
40.9
41.1
42.0
41.8
42.0
41.1
39.9
40.6
40.5
39.6
40.0
40.2
1.57
1. 57
1. 55
1. 55
1.55
1. 55
1.57
1.59
1.60
1.61
1.63
1.64
1.66
67. 66
72.14
72. 62
73. 85
70.76
68.63
69.60
68.06
71.17
72. 57
71.42
71.89
74.74
40.8
40.1
40.3
40.2
41.0
41.5
40.1
39.5
38.9
39.2
39.3
40.0
39.0
39.8
39.5
Savannah
$1.68 $70.22
1.78 74. 76
1.78
1.81
1.89
1.91
1.86
1.86
1.85
1.84
1.83
1.87
1.86
1.86
1.89
75.89
76.68
77. 28
77. 75
79.34
76. 82
77. 98
77.98
78.66
81.25
79.54
82.17
81.16
41.8
40.6
40.7
40.5
40.6
40.6
40.4
40.0
39.8
39.7
39.9
39.8
39.7
39.8
39.6
Rockford
$2.10 $90.26
2.18 92.24
2.24
2. 22
2. 25
2.25
2. 26
2. 25
2. 26
2. 25
2. 25
2. 27
2.27
2. 28
2.33
90.60
92.14
93.78
94.98
93. 00
94. 72
94.19
92.86
93.04
93. 30
90.94
92.61
95.42
45.1
44.1
43.2
43.8
44.2
44.1
43.0
43.5
43.4
42.9
42.8
42.7
41. 5
42.2
42.7
42.3
42.0
41.7
41.9
42.0
41.8
42.2
41.3
41.7
41.7
41.4
42.1
41.0
41.5
41.2
2.05
2. 06
2.11
2.12
2.09
2.09
2.09
2.10
2. 08
2. 08
2.10
2.15
2.17
82. 76
83.46
84.41
81.73
81.06
81.99
84. 29
83.06
82.12
83. 09
86. 65
92. 59
91.24
42.7
41.0
41.4
41.7
42.0
40.5
40.2
40.6
41.5
41. 1
41.1
40.7
41.4
42.3
42.0
$1. 67
39.8
41.7
41.5
42.2
40.9
39.9
40.0
39.8
40.9
41.0
39.9
39.5
40.4
1. 70
1.73
1.75
1.75
1.73
1.72
1.74
1.71
1.74
1.77
1. 79
1.82
1.85
State
$1. 66 $81. 54
1.78 84.67
41.6
41.3
$1.96
2.05
85.46
82.39
83.23
81.20
87.72
80.19
79.40
79.20
85. 24
87.78
86.71
86.03
85.46
40.5
39.8
41.0
40.0
43.0
39.7
39.9
39.8
40.4
41.8
40.9
40.2
40.5
2.11
2. 07
2.03
2. 03
2. 04
2. 02
1. 99
1.99
2.11
2.10
2.12
2.14
2.11
1.82
1.83
1.84
1.86
1.88
1.86
1.87
1.87
1. 90
1.93
1.94
1.98
1.97
Iowa
State
State
$2.00 $83.47
2. 09 86. 66
41.2
40.7
$2.03 $75.73
2.13 78. 37
41.1
40.4
$1.84
1.94
88.60
89. 46
89. 80
91.94
90.03
90.30
89. 67
88.43
89.87
91.23
89. 97
91.45
91.93
41.4
41.1
40.9
41.5
40.6
40.6
40.4
39.9
40.3
40.4
39.9
40.2
40.3
2.14
2.18
2.20
2.22
2.22
2.22
2.22
2. 22
2.23
2.26
2.25
2. 27
2.28
40.8
40.6
40.7
40.9
40.3
40.1
40.2
39.7
40.0
39.8
39.7
40.0
40.4
1.98
1.98
2. 01
2.03
2. 05
2. 05
2. 05
2. 03
2.04
2.05
2. 05
2. 05
2. 09
2.10
2.10
2.12
2.15
2.16
2.18
2.17
2.16
2.17
2.19
2.19
2.19
2. 23
80.76
80.43
81.77
83.11
82. 53
82.30
82.41
80.65
81.62
81. 57
81.41
81.90
84.49
Kentucky
Topeka
$1.93 $79.36
2. 02 80.12
Avg.
hrly.
earnings
40.4
Indiana
Kansas
Des Moines
1955: Average.. .
1956: A verage...
Avg.
hrly.
earnmgs
Idaho
Illinois
State
Jacksonville
Georgia
Tampa-St. Peters
burg
M iami
Florida
Wichita
$1.86 $84. 29
1.96 88.02
2.00
2. 00
2. 01
2.02
2.02
2. 02
2.03
2. 02
2. 00
2. 04
2.09
2.19
2.17
90.08
90.30
92.42
94.12
92.00
93. 62
94. 75
94.15
88. 75
89.04
90. 60
94.72
94. 55
41.8
41.8
42.0
41.8
42.2
43.0
42.1
42.7
43.0
42.8
41.0
41.1
41.5
42.2
42.4
State
$2.02 $71. 75
2.10 74. 29
2.14
2.16
2.19
2.19
2.18
2.19
2. 20
2. 20
2.17
2.16
2.19
2. 24
2. 23
76.70
76.25
76.23
75. 20
75.22
76. 77
76. 73
77.14
77.18
79. 59
79. 50
79. 96
79.48
41.0
40.2
40.7
40.2
40.0
40.0
40.0
40.0
39.6
39.3
39.5
40.3
40.3
40.1
40.4
Louisville
$1.75 $79.47
1.85 83.14
41.0
40.8
$1.94
2.04
85. 50
85. 00
86.36
86.04
84.76
85.84
85.48
86. 54
86. 77
90.00
90.15
91.46
89.88
41.0
40.8
41.0
40.9
40.3
40.7
40.0
40.2
40.3
41.1
41.1
41.5
41.4
2. 08
2.08
2.11
2.11
2.11
2.11
2.14
2.15
2.15
2.19
2.19
2.21
2.17
1.88
1.90
1.90
1.88
1.88
1.92
1.94
1.96
1.95
1.98
1.97
1.99
1.97
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, DECEMBER 1957
1550
T able C-6: Hours and gross earnings of production workers in manufacturing industries for selected
States and areas 1—Continued
Maine
Louisiana
N ew Orleans
Baton Rouge
State
Portland
Lewiston
State
Year and month
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn- hours
ings
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn- hours
ings
Avg.
hrly.
earnings
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn- hours
ings
Avg.
hrly.
earnings
41.9
41.2
41.2
41.3
42.4
41.7
40.8
40.6
40.4
40.4
40.6
40.7
40.9
40.9
40.8
$1.66
1.82
1.86
1.84
1.81
1.84
1.89
1.90
1.92
1.92
1.93
1.93
1.96
1.95
1.96
$95. 47
103. 79
107.46
105. 82
105. 26
103.83
104.09
100. 55
99.79
101. 56
102. 26
103.42
103. 74
104. 55
109. 33
$2.34 $68. 40
2. 55 73. 57
2.70 74. 34
2. 60 75.44
2. 58 75.30
2. 57 75.98
2. 57 75. 43
2. 52 77.78
2. 52 77. 62
2. 52 78. 39
2. 55 79. 40
2. 56 79. 90
2. 66 81.18
2. 55 81. 41
2.66 79. 40
1955: Average--------- $69. 55
1956: Average_____ 74. 98
1956: September----- 76.63
October--------- 75.99
November----- 76.74
December____ 76. 73
1957: January_____ 77.11
February__ - 77.14
March___ _
77.57
April-- - 77.57
M ay___ ___ 78. 36
J u n e-.- _____ 78. 55
July____
80.16
A u g u st____
79.76
September___ 79.97
40.8
40.7
39.8
40.7
40.8
40.4
40.5
39.9
39.6
40.3
40.1
40.4
39.0
41.0
41.1
40.0
40.2
40.4
41.0
40.7
40.2
39.7
40.3
39.6
40.2
40.1
41.4
41.0
40.5
40.1
Avg.
hrly.
earnmgs
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn- hours
ings
$1.71 $58.98
1.83 63. 43
1.84 63. 79
1.84 65.63
1.85 64. 31
1.89 66. 40
1.90 66. 22
1.93 66.93
1.96 65. 78
1.95 64. 85
1.98 63.40
1.93 63. 85
1.98 65. 74
2. 01 66. 34
1.98 66.17
40.6
40.7
40.2
41.1
39.9
41.3
40.9
41.8
41.0
40.1
39.7
40.0
41.0
41.2
40.8
1955: Average-------- $74. 52
1956: Average_____ 79.15
1956: September----- 79. 64
October____
80. 71
November___ 82. 25
December. __ 82. 64
1957: January.-. . . 81.34
February___- 81. 58
M arch__
81.36
April_____ __ 81.11
M a y ..
81.20
June___ -- . 83.64
July_________ 80.90
August _ _.
81.43
September___ 82.12
40.9
40.8
41.0
41.0
41.0
40.8
40.1
40.1
40.0
39.7
40.0
40.7
39.4
39.5
39.7
41.1
41.1
41.5
41.3
41.4
41.2
40.4
40.5
40.3
40.0
40.3
41.2
39.6
39.9
39.9
$1.82 $78. 89
1.94 83. 82
1.94 85. 47
1.97 86. 03
2. 01 87.15
2. 02 86.93
2. 03 85.36
2.04 85. 80
2. 04 85. 21
2. 04 85. 04
2. 03 85. 41
2. 05 88. 54
2. 06 85. 48
2. 06 86. 71
2. 07 87. 03
$1. 92 $69. 09
2. 04 72.21
2. 06 73. 75
2. 09 73. 42
2.11 73. 26
2.11 75. 33
2.12 73. 47
2.12 74. 40
2.12 74. 61
2.13 74. 05
2.12 73.88
2.15 74. 82
2.16 74. 26
2.17 74. 45
2.18 75. 05
40.4
40.1
40.3
39.9
39.6
40.5
39.5
40.0
39.9
39.6
39.3
39.8
39.5
39.6
39.5
$1.71 $71.48
1.80 75. 41
1.83 77. 55
1.84 76. 81
1.85 76. 63
1.86 79.38
1.86 76. 44
1.86 79.00
1.87 78.60
1.87 78.41
1.88 78. 21
1.88 79. 60
1.88 79. 00
1.88 79. 00
1.90 79. 80
40.0
40.0
40.6
39.8
39.5
40.5
39.0
40.1
39.9
39.8
39.5
40.0
39.5
39.7
39.7
41.1
41.1
41.8
41.3
41.1
41.5
40.7
40.6
40.6
40.3
40.1
40.2
40.4
40.3
40.4
Worcester
$1. 83 $78. 45
1.92 82.37
1.96 84. 05
1.97 83. 85
1.98 81. 97
2.00 83. 64
2. 02 82. 41
2. 00 83.03
1.99 83. 03
1.99 81.80
2. 00 80. 99
2. 00 83. 23
2. 01 81.41
2.01 82. 82
2.01 81.99
41.3
40.9
41.0
40.9
39.6
40.6
40 2
40.5
40.5
39.9
39.7
41.0
40.3
40.4
39.8
State
$1.90
2. 01
2. 05
2. 05
2. 07
2. 06
2. 05
2. 05
2. 05
2. 05
2. 04
2. 03
2. 02
2.05
2. 03
$94. 84
94.98
99.16
100.12
100.02
106.03
98. 36
97. 52
97.16
94.84
95.64
97. 56
96. 97
98. 57
101. 36
1955: Average_____ $106.76
1956: Average______ 98. 31
1956: September___ 101.06
October.
106.72
November___ 111.93
December. - 115. 80
1957: January. . . 97. 28
February___
97. 89
March_______ 97. 04
April___ _ . . 96.15
M a y .. ______ 88.40
June___ _____ 96. 30
July_________ 99. 07
A u g u st_____ 101.22
September___ 103.02
45.2
41.1
40.9
41.3
44.4
45.5
40.1
40.3
40. 1
39.7
36.5
38.8
39.5
40.2
39.2
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn- hours
mgs
$1.37 $63.19
1.45 68. 60
1.47 68.62
1.45 69.97
1.47 68.33
1.45 71.99
1.49 70.23
1.48 70. 98
1.49 71.57
1.50 71. 57
1.50 68.64
1.47 69. 06
1.46 69. 70
1.47 70. 54
1.49 72. 32
Muskegon
$2. 36 $88.11
2. 39 88.96
2. 47 91.17
2. 58 90.11
2.52 88. 80
2. 55 96. 58
2. 43 93. 96
2. 43 93. 96
2.42 92. 50
2. 42 91.16
2. 42 89.19
2.48 88. 67
2. 51 90. 90
2. 52 91.72
2.63 94. 37
41.0
40.0
40.5
39.8
39.1
41.9
40.8
40.8
40.2
39.6
39.0
38.5
39.3
39.4
39.8
Fall River
$1.79 $54. 96
1.88 54.16
1.91 55.35
1.93 55.87
1.94 57.13
1.96 55. 88
1.96 54. 21
3.97 54.15
1.97 55. 42
1.97 52. 60
1.98 53. 76
1.99 54.15
2. 00 54. 83
1.99 59. 90
2.01 59. 03
38.8
37.1
37.4
37.0
39.4
37.5
35.9
36.1
36.7
35.3
35.6
36.1
30. 8
38.4
37.6
42.3
40.8
41.3
41.7
41.5
43.4
41.0
40.7
40.4
39.6
39.7
39.9
39.5
40.3
40.4
$97. 64
100. 98
107. 89
106. 51
106.13
112. 52
105.16
103. 94
102. 55
98. 90
101.29
103. 02
100. 33
103. 06
107.12
41.2
41.5
40.5
41.7
40.3
42.1
40.9
41.5
41.7
41.5
40.5
40.6
40.9
41.6
42.0
Avg.
hrly.
earnings
$1.53
1.65
1.69
1.68
1.69
1.71
1.72
1.71
1.72
1.73
1.70
1.70
1.71
1.70
1.72
N ew Bedford
$1.42 $58.53
1.46 57. 71
1.48 58. 28
1.51 58. 56
1.45 59. 03
1.49 60. 37
1.51 59.35
1.50 60.14
1.51 59. 90
1.49 59.12
1.51 58.13
1.50 59. 66
1.49 60. 92
1.56 60.60
1.57 61.44
39.5
37.8
37.6
37.3
37.6
38.7
37.8
38.8
38.4
37.9
37.5
38.0
38.8
38.6
38.4
$1.48
1.53
1.55
1.57
1.57
1.56
1.57
1.55
1.56
1.56
1.55
1.57
1.57
1.57
1.60
41.8
41.0
41.8
41.8
41.9
43.8
41.4
41.1
40.5
39.2
39.8
39.7
38.5
39.7
40.0
$2.34
2.46
2. 58
2. 55
2. 53
2. 57
2. 54
2. 53
2. 53
2.52
2. 55
2. 60
2.61
2. 60
2. 68
$105.94
98. 21
102. 89
108.63
113. 97
121.45
96. 20
94.43
91.91
93. 86
90. 86
98. 63
101.46
102. 56
111.94
44.7
40.8
40.3
42.8
44.8
46.8
39.8
39.1
37.9
38.8
37.3
39.2
39.6
40.3
40.9
Grand Rapids
$2. 37 $84. 82
2.41 86.86
2. 55 90. 33
2. 54 92. 27
2.54 87.40
2. 60 89.98
2. 42 86. 29
2. 42 87.11
2. 43 88.06
2.42 87. 54
2.44 88. 72
2. 52 88. 70
2. 56 88.45
2. 55 89. 20
2. 74 91.51
41.6
40.8
41.4
42.0
40.0
41.2
39.8
40.2
40.3
40.1
40.4
40.1
39.7
40.2
40.6
$2.04
2.13
2.18
2. 20
2.19
2.18
2.17
2.17
2.19
2.18
2.20
2. 21
2. 23
2. 22
2.25
Minnesota
Saginaw
$2.15 $92. 09
2. 22 88.66
2. 25 86.45
2. 26 91.41
2. 27 94.12
2.31 100. 55
2. 30 94. 82
2. 30 90. 56
2. 30 90. 56
2. 30 88.82
2. 29 90. 65
2. 30 93.19
2. 31 92.74
2. 33 93. 22
2.37 93. 80
Flint
Detroit
$2. 24
2. 33
2.40
2.40
2. 41
2. 44
2. 40
2.40
2.41
2. 40
2. 41
2. 45
2, 46
2.45
2. 51
Michigan—Continued
Lansing
38.0
37.7
37.7
37.3
35.3
38.0
38.1
38.7
38.2
36.8
35.4
37.5
38.5
38.7
37.8
Avg.
hrly.
earnmgs
Michigan
Massachusetts—Continued
1955: Average______ $75. 31
1956: Average______ 79.00
1956: September___ 81.93
October. . . . 81.36
November___ 81.38
December____ 83.00
1957: January____- 82. 21
February..— 81.20
March_______ 80. 79
April.
__ . 80. 20
M a y .. . _
80. 20
June_________ 80. 40
July_________ 81. 20
August
81.00
September___ 81.20
$1.45 $52. 25
1.56 54.41
1.59 55. 51
1.60 54. 05
1.61 51.89
1.61 55. 22
1.62 56.56
1.60 57. 24
1.60 56.87
1.62 54.96
1.60 52. 97
1.60 55.00
1.60 56. 24
1.61 56. 98
1.62 56.45
Boston
State
Baltimore
Springfield-Holyoke
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn- hours
ings
Massachusetts
Maryland
State
Avg.
hrly.
earnmgs
42.4
40.3
38.8
40.9
41.3
43.1
41.3
40.0
40.0
39.3
39.9
40.1
39.7
40.2
39.9
Duluth
State
$2.17 $78.30
2. 20 81.01
2. 23 79.94
2. 24 83. 69
2. 28 83.15
2. 33 84. 65
2.30 84. 72
2. 26 84.16
2. 26 84.20
2. 26 84.01
2. 27 84. 05
2.32 84. 37
2.34 83. 31
2. 32 82.74
2. 35 82. 59
41.3
40.8
40.5
41.4
40.9
41.2
40.7
40.5
40.2
40.2
40.2
40.4
41.0
40.2
40.0
$1.90 $79.00
1.99 83. 06
1.98 79. 35
2.02 82. 79
2. 04 84. 36
2. 05 85. 54
2. 08 90. 85
2.08 89. 57
2. 09 88.40
2. 09 87. 85
2. 09 89. 93
2. 09 88.70
2. 03 88. 44
2. 06 82. 23
2.07 80.92
39.3
38.2
37.9
39.0
39.4
39.4
40.2
39.2
39.3
39.0
38.8
38.5
33.3
35. 5
35.4
Minneapolis-St. Paul
$2. 01 $80. 59
2.18 83.41
2.10 83. 73
2.12 85. 69
2.14 85. 35
2.18 86.24
2. 26 86.80
2. 29 85.44
2. 25 86.64
2. 25 85. 76
2. 32 85. 39
2.31 86. 20
2. 31 86. 21
2. 32 86. 49
2. 28 87.87
40.9
40.6
40.4
41.0
40.6
40.8
40.8
40.5
40.4
40.3
40.1
40.3
39.9
40.1
40.5
$1.97
2.05
2.07
2. 09
2.10
2.11
2.13
2.11
2.14
2.13
2.13
2.14
2.16
2.16
2.17
1551
C: EARNINGS AND HOURS
T able C-6: Hours and gross earnings of production workers in manufacturing industries for selected
States and areas 1—Continued
Montana
Missouri
Mississippi
Jackson
State
State
St. Louis
Kansas City
State
Year and month
1955: Average—.
1956: Average—.
1956: September __
October. November . .
December. . . .
1957: January. __
February____
M a r c h ...... ._
A pril.. _
M ay________
June__ ______
July_________
August______
September___
Avg.
wkly.
earnings
Avg.
wkly.
hours
$49. 80
51.73
41.5
40.1
55.35
54. 68
53.86
53.04
53. 57
54.80
54. 25
54.49
56.37
55.46
56. 52
57. 51
56. 96
41.0
40.5
39.6
39.0
39.1
40.0
39.6
39.2
39.7
39.9
39.8
40.5
40.4
Avg.
hrly.
earnings
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn- hours
ings
$1.20 $54. 25
1. 29 59.78
41.1
42.1
61.92
62.93
61.76
60. 76
59.86
61.30
60.49
62.01
61.98
61.76
62. 93
64.48
64.41
43.0
43.1
42.3
41.9
41.0
41.7
40.6
41.9
41.6
40.9
41.4
41.6
42.1
1.35
1. 35
1.36
1.36
1. 37
1. 37
1.37
1.39
1. 42
1.39
1.42
1.42
1.41
Avg.
hrly.
earnings
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn- hours
ings
$1.32 $71. 24
1. 42 75. 50
39.9
39.8
76.93
77. 72
79. 26
78. 67
78. 28
78.02
78.14
77. 39
77.12
78. 39
77. 43
78.00
78.40
39.8
40.0
40.0
39.9
39.9
39.8
39.8
39.5
39.2
39.5
39.3
39.4
39.3
1. 44
1.46
1.46
1.45
1.46
1. 47
1. 49
1. 48
1.49
1. 51
1.52
1. 55
1.53
Omaha
State
42.2
41.8
77. 79
76.14
79. 55
78.92
78.33
77,98
76. 36
76. 09
77.32
79. 35
78. 17
78.01
78. 34
42.8
42.2
42.5
42.0
41.0
41.2
40.6
40.6
41.3
42.6
42.0
42.0
41.6
1956: September. .
O cto b er____
November
December.
1957: January_____
February____
March_____
A p r il..______
M ay__
. ..
June ____
July_________
August______
September___
$1.70 $76. 68
1.80 80.36
1.82
1.80
1.87
1.88
1.91
1.90
1. 88
1. 87
1. 87
1.86
1.86
1.86
1.89
$1.79 $80. 71
1.90 81.58
40.9
40.1
82.06
81. 57
85.44
87.12
84.00
83.44
82. 39
82.75
84. 22
85. 25
84. 30
85. 63
86.43
40.3
39.9
40.9
41.2
39.9
39.7
39.3
39.2
39.7
39.9
39.2
39.4
39.5
1.93
1.94
1.98
1.97
1.96
1.96
1.96
1.96
1.97
1.98
1.97
1.98
1.99
82.76
80. 95
85. 87
83.34
84. 51
82.18
80.16
80. 73
82. 26
84. 35
83.19
81. 24
82. 59
$1. 79 $86. 97
1.90 92.10
39.0
37.9
42.9
42.2
43.1
42.0
42.0
41.4
40.6
41.0
41.4
42.1
41.4
40.7
40.7
1.93 94.12
1.92 95. 25
1.99 93.86
1.98 96. 50
2.01 93.84
1.98 94.43
1.97 96.00
1.97 96. 50
1.99 98. 89
2.01 97.15
2.01 95.76
2.00 101. 52
2.03 101.24
37.5
38.1
38.0
38.6
38.3
38.7
38.4
38.6
39.4
38.4
37.7
39.5
39.7
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn- hours
ings
$1.97 $78. 20
2.02 83.19
40.1
40.2
83. 94
85. 55
87. 29
87. 35
87.16
86. 81
87. 21
86. 27
85. 81
87. 29
86.17
85. 72
86. 44
39.9
40.5
40.7
40.8
40.6
40.5
40.6
40.2
39.8
40.0
39.7
39.6
39.5
2.04
2.05
2.08
2.10
2.09
2.09
2.10
2.11
2.12
2.14
2.16
2.17
2.19
2. 51
2.50
2.47
2. 50
2.45
2. 44
2. 50
2.50
2. 51
2.53
2. 54
2.57
2.55
63. 65
63. 59
63.83
64. 78
64.46
65. 25
64.94
63.44
63. 84
65.44
63. 92
64. 32
65. 21
1955: Average___— $80.02
1956: Average--------- 84.33
40.6
40.6
85.02
84. 52
86.41
88. 37
86. 89
86.15
86.71
85.80
84.77
86. 60
86. 57
87.04
86.94
40.6
40.5
40.8
41.2
40.3
40.2
40.5
40.0
39.5
40.0
39.8
40.0
39.9
1956: September. __
October__ . .
November___
December. . .
1957: January
February___
March. _____
A pril.. . . .
M ay_________
June_________
J u l y . . ______
A u g u s t_____
September___
$1. 97 $79.07
2.08 83.31
41.4
41.1
83. 56
86. 32
86. 53
86. 77
85.19
85.32
84. 99
84.81
85.23
85.97
85.15
85.04
86.67
40.9
41.7
41.5
41.4
40.7
40.9
40.8
40.5
40.8
40.9
40.3
40.4
40.9
2.09
2.09
2.12
2.14
2.16
2.14
2.14
2.15
2.15
2.16
2.17
2.18
2.18
$1.91 $81. 22
2.03 84.85
41.0
40.5
86.41
86. 57
86.79
88. 22
88. 75
86. 77
86.89
87.06
85.95
87.06
88. 22
86. 74
87. 46
40.8
40.7
40.5
40.9
40.9
40.3
40.3
40.1
39.7
40.1
39.9
39.5
39.7
2.04
2.07
2.09
2.10
2.09
2.09
2.08
2.09
2.09
2.10
2.11
2.10
2.12
2.11
2.11
2.14
2.14
2.15
2.14
2.15
2.15
2.16
2.18
2.17
2.17
2.19
40.9
40.8
40.8
40.5
40.4
41.0
40.8
41.3
41.1
39.9
39.9
40.9
40.2
40.2
40.5
91. 61
93.82
89. 79
87.71
84. 81
87.11
86.91
88. 87
85. 36
88.09
83. 21
86. 66
87.00
$1.47 $55.87
1. 55 57. 90
1. 56
1.57
1. 58
1. 58
1. 58
1.58
1.58
1.59
1.60
1.60
1.59
1.60
1.61
57. 30
57.53
57. 76
59. 58
59. 58
61.20
61.20
58.14
57. 07
59. 98
59. 52
58.45
59.83
Avg.
hrly.
earnings
41.3
41.3
$2.08
2. 21
40.4
42.8
40.9
40.1
38.6
39.4
39.5
40.3
38.6
39.2
37.3
39.1
39.1
2. 27
2.19
2.20
2.19
2. 20
2. 21
2.20
2. 21
2. 21
2. 25
2. 23
2. 22
2.22
38.8
38.6
38.2
38.1
38.0
39.2
39.2
40.0
40.0
38.0
37.3
39.2
38.9
38.2
38.6
State
$1.44 $79.16
1. 50 82.98
1. 50
1. 51
1. 52
1. 52
1.52
1. 53
1. 53
1. 53
1.53
1.53
1.53
1.53
1.55
83. 59
84. 53
85. 27
86. 50
85. 27
85.07
85.28
84. 51
84. 26
85. 61
85.08
85.40
86.09
40.7
40.5
$1.94
2.05
40.5
40.7
40.7
40.9
40.3
40.3
40.4
39.9
39.8
40.1
39.7
40.0
40.1
2. 06
2.08
2.10
2.12
2.12
2.11
2.11
2.12
2.12
2.14
2.14
2.13
2.15
N ew Mexico
Trenton
Perth Amboy 3
Paterson3
$1.95 $85. 66
2.07 91.30
Manchester 2
State 2
$2. 23 $60.12
2.43 63. 24
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn- hours
ings
N ew Jersey
N ew Jersey-—Continued
Newark-Jersey C ity 3
Avg.
hrly.
earnings
N ew Hampshire
State
42.8
42.2
Avg.
hrly.
earnings
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn- hours
ings
Nevada
Nebraska
1956: Average_____ $71.83
1956: Average_____ 75.19
Avg.
hrly.
earnings
$1.98 $78.32
2.10 81. 41
40.9
40.3
84. 21
83. 46
83.14
85.19
82.37
84. 36
84.61
81. 94
83. 88
84. 60
82. 43
84.07
88. 23
40.8
40.3
40.3
40.7
39.6
40.4
40.6
39.7
40.0
40.0
38.7
39.9
41.0
2.12
2.13
2.14
2.16
2.17
2.15
2.16
2.17
2.17
2.17
2.21
2. 20
2.20
State
$1.91 $80. 78
2.02 85. 70
2.06
2.07
2.06
2.09
2.08
2.09
2.08
2.06
2.10
2.11
2.13
2.11
2.15
85.07
85. 49
86. 30
88.60
88. 54
88. 97
88. 36
89.44
87. 50
90.45
87.45
89. 79
90. 98
40.8
41.2
40.9
41.3
40.9
41.4
40.8
41.0
41.1
41.6
40.7
41.3
40.3
41.0
40.8
Albuquerque
$1.98 $76.36
2.08 83.84
40.4
41.3
$1.89
2.03
84.46
84.66
86.11
88. 20
83.41
86. 73
84.46
89. 66
89. 67
92.01
90. 52
90.39
94.85
41.2
40.7
41.2
42.2
40.1
41.3
41.0
42.9
41.9
42.4
42.3
40.9
41.6
2.05
2.08
2.09
2.09
2.08
2.10
2.06
2.09
2.14
2.17
2.14
2.21
2. 28
2.08
2.07
2.11
2.14
2.17
2.17
2.15
2.15
2.15
2.19
2.17
2.19
2. 23
N ew York
Albany-Schenectady-Troy
State
1955: Average_____ $75.17
1956: Average--------- 78.96
39.5
39.6
39.7
1956: September . . 80.01
39.8
October ___ 80. 78
40.0
N o v e m b e r __ 81. 28
40.0
December____ 82.19
39.3
1957: January_____ 80. 87
39.5
February____ 81.34
39.6
March
___ 81. 69
39.0
A p r il_______ 80. 44
39.0
M ay _______ 80.31
39.2
81.49
June . . ___
39.0
July_________ 81.81
39.3
82.33
August . __
39.4
September___ 82.49
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
$1.90 $81. 66
1.99 86. 95
2.02
2.03
2.03
2. 05
2. 06
2.06
2. 06
2.06
2.06
2.08
2.10
2.09
2.09
88. 71
90. 95
91.30
92.46
87. 83
91.45
90.74
89.10
88.33
90.79
90. 38
91.34
91,49
40.5
40.6
40.8
41.3
41. 5
41.7
40.1
41.0
41.1
40.5
39.9
39.9
40.0
40.4
49. 5
$2.02 $70. 02
2.14 73. 98
39.2
39.7
75. 63
75. 26
76.06
75.43
75.19
75.93
76.14
74. 38
75. 56
75.00
74.07
75.34
76. 43
39.8
39.7
40.0
40.2
39.7
39.7
40.0
39.7
39.5
39.6
39.1
39.2
39.3
2.18
2. 20
2.20
2. 22
2.19
2. 23
2. 21
2. 20
2. 21
2. 27
2. 26
2. 26
2. 76
$1.79 $89.39
1.86 93.84
1.90
1.90
1.90
1.88
1. 89
1.91
1.90
1.87
1.91
1.89
1.90
1.92
1.95
97. 06
96.95
96. 88
98. 60
95.86
94.92
95.43
95.13
94.40
96.63
97.51
98. 77
97. 99
41.2
41.1
41.4
41.4
41.4
41.7
40.6
40.3
40.5
40.3
40.0
40.4
40.3
40.6
40.3
Nassau and Suffolk
counties3
Elmira
Buffalo
Binghamton
$2.17 $76.10
2. 28 78.43
2. 34
2.34
2. 34
2.37
2. 36
2.35
2. 36
2.36
2. 36
2.39
2.42
2.43
2. 43
80.12
82.07
81. 25
82.78
78.15
78.15
77. 55
78.94
78.31
81.10
80.81
81.16
77. 41
40.5
40.6
41.1
41.7
41.5
41.9
39.6
39.5
39.5
39.9
39.6
40.3
40.2
40.2
37.8
$1.88 $83. 66
1.94 90.07
1.95
1. 97
1. 96
1. 98
1.98
1.98
1.96
1.98
1. 98
2.01
2.01
2.02
2. 05
90.23
91.68
95.45
97.14
93. 53
93. 79
93.83
91.25
86. 29
87.94
87.14
87. 68
88.17
40.6
41.7
$2.06
2.16
41.2
41.7
42.7
43.1
41.8
42.4
42.3
41.3
39.7
40.0
39.5
39.6
40.2
2.19
2. 20
2. 23
2. 26
2. 24
2. 21
2. 22
2. 21
2.17
2.20
2. 21
2. 22
2. 20
1552
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, DECEMBER 1957
T able C-6: Hours and gross earnings of production workers in manufacturing industries for selected
States and areas 1—Continued
N ew York—Continued
Year and month
N ew York-North
eastern N ew Jersey
N ew York City 3
Rochester
Syracuse
Utica-Rome
Avg.
wkly.
earn
ings
Avg.
wkly.
hours
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
Avg.
wkly.
earn
ings
Avg.
w kly.
hours
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
Avg.
wkly.
earn
ings
Avg.
wkly.
hours
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
Avg.
wkly.
earn
ings
Avg.
wkly.
hours
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
Avg.
wkly.
earn
ings
Avg.
wkly.
hours
1955: Average_______ _____ $75. 26
1956: Average-- _ __ . . 78. 79
1956: September__________
79.37
October
80.17
November__________
81.18
December. _
_ ...
82.18
1957: January..
- - .
81.12
February____ _____
81.12
M a rc h _____________
81. 74
April___ _____
80. 50
M ay________________ 79.90
June.___ ________ 81. 51
July------------------------- 81.45
A ugust_____________
82.08
September---------------- 82.11
39.2
39.2
39.1
39.3
39.6
39.7
39.0
39.0
39.3
38.7
38.6
39.4)
38.6
38.9
39. 1
$1.92
$71. 65
74. 76
74. 71
75.94
76. 23
77.07
76.15
76.81
77.72
76.06
76.02
76.80
77.52
78.34
78.68
38.0
38.0
37.7
38.1
38.2
38.3
37.7
37.8
38.2
37.4
37.6
37.8
37.5
38.0
38.3
$1.89
1.97
1.98
1.99
1.99
$81.00
85. 67
87. 83
87. 36
87. 94
87. 93
87.14
87.89
87. 58
86.07
86. 74
87.07
87. 34
86. 63
88. 98
40.6
40.8
41.0
40.9
40.9
40.8
40.3
40.5
40.2
39.6
39.9
40.0
40.2
39.8
40.0
$1.99
$80.08
83. 61
85.81
86. 93
86. 48
86.60
84. 45
84.98
85.64
84. 36
82. 55
84. 52
84. 58
86.23
86.80
41.3
41.4
42.2
41.9
41.6
41.6
40.8
41.1
41.1
40.6
39.9
40.5
40.0
40. 5
40.6
$1.94
$73.44
78. 42
78.11
77.90
79. 27
82. 20
79.06
79.49
78. 22
79.32
79.30
80. 64
81.83
79.91
80. 71
40. 7
41.2
41 0
40 9
41 3
41 9
40 2
40 4
40 3
40 6
40 5
40. 6
40. 6
40 4
40.4
2.0 1
2.03
2.04
2.05
2. 07
2 . 08
2 . 08
2.08
2.08
2.07
2.09
2 .1 1
2 .1 1
2.10
2.01
2.02
2. 03
2.03
2.03
2.02
2. 03
2.07
2.06
2.05
New York—Continued
State
$51. 46
54. 26
54.00
55.89
56.96
57. 51
55.66
55.81
56.06
55. 77
55.48
55. 20
55.34
55.95
55. 95
44.9
43.3
41.1
42.9
44.2
41.5
41.4
43.0
41.6
41.7
43.8
42.3
45.6
42.6
41.9
1.86
1.96
1.93
1.95
1.97
1.92
1.88
1.93
1.94
1.92
1.95
1.95
$86. 74
90.81
93. 30
93.58
92. 66
95.70
93. 65
93. 38
92. 26
91.30
91. 59
93.05
93.98
93.31
95.37
Cleveland
1955: Average.. .
______ $90.37
1956: Average. _ _ ______
95.13
1956: September__________
97.37
October____
___ 97.94
November.
____
98.37
December________ _ 100. 33
1957: January---. . . .
97. 24
F ebruary______ _ . . 97.48
March______ _ . _
95. 69
April . . . ______ . . . 95. 54
M ay____ ________
95. 61
June________________ 95. 35
July------------------------- 97. 57
August_____________
96. 65
September__________
97. 56
Bee footnotes a t end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
40.2
39.9
40.0
40.5
40.4
40.5
39.2
39.3
39.2
39.0
38.8
38.6
38.7
39.4
39.4
$1.28
1.36
1.35
1.38
1.41
1.42
1.42
1.42
1.43
1.43
1.43
1.43
1.43
1.42
1.42
$55. 89
58. 61
58. 29
61.27
60.53
61.84
60.25
59. 80
60.70
63.04
61.97
61.97
60.89
60. 74
62.22
$2.17
2.28
2.33
2. 33
2.34
42.5
41.5
41.5
41.0
40.8
40.8
40.3
40.9
40.5
40.5
2. 36
2.34
2. 35
2. 33
2. 34
2. 34
2. 37
2. 39
2. 39
2. 41
2 .1 2
2.13
2.14
41.4
40.7
40.2
41.4
40.9
41.5
39.9
39.6
40.2
41.2
40.5
40. 5
39.8
39.7
40.4
$1.35
1.44
1.45
1.48
1.48
1.49
1.51
1.51
1.51
1. 53
1. 53
' 1.53
1.53
1.53
1. 54
Greensboro-High Point
State
$50. 42
53. 24
53.38
54. 95
55.38
57.60
55.44
56. 55
56. 21
54. 75
53.07
54.09
53. 57
56. 55
54. 67
4 44 4
43.7
42 5
43 3
43 2
42 7
42 8
42 1
42 0
42 0
43 5
42 8
44 8
43 0
42.9
41.1
41.0
41.4,
41.4
41.0
41.7
40.9
40.8
40.5
40.0
40.0
40.1
40.2
40.0
40.4
Akron
$2 .1 1
2 . 21
2. 25
2 . 26
2.26
2.29
2. 29
2. 29
2 . 28
2 . 28
2. 29
2. 32
2.34
2. 33
2. 36
38.2
38.3
38.4
38. 7
39.0
40.0
38.5
39.0
38.5
37.5
36.6
37.3
37.2
39.0
37.7
$1. 32 4$68. 45
1.39
75. 53
1.39
73.49
1 '. 42
76.15
1.42
77. 98
1.44
76. 68
1. 44
77. 85
1.45
76. 57
1.46
75.38
1.46
74.97
1.45
78.95
1.45
78. 27
1.44
82.16
1.45
79.00
1.45
79.42
$85. 03
85.74
87.25
86.01
88.20
86.28
87.34
88. 82
86. 95
87.42
88.75
90.49
90.12
92. 71
Canton
$88. 98
39.2
$2. 27
91.73
38.9
2. 36
93.56
38.7
2.42
94.12
39.2
2. 40
93. 76
39.7
2.36
98. 77
40.5
2. 44
95. 81
39. 7
2. 41
95.84
39.6 . 2.42
92.33
38.5
2.40
95.22
39.5
2.41
97.42
39.8
2. 45
98. 62
40.2
2. 45
100. 44
40.5
2.48
97.98
39.4
2.49
99.41
39.9
2.49
Ohio —Continued
Columbus
41.7
41.7
41.8
42.0
42.0
2. 03
2.07
2 . 08
2.08
2.07
2.07
2 . 08
2.08
2.07
2.09
$1 80
1.90
1 91
1 91
1 92
1 96
1
1
1
1
1
1
97
97
94
95
96
99
2 01
1 98
2 . bo
North Dakota
Charlotte
State
$1. 71
1.87
1.82
2.02
4 .$1 M.
1.73
1 73
1
1
1
1
1
1
76
81
80
82
82
80
1 79
1 82
1 83
1 83
1 84
l! 85
Ohio
Fargo
1955: Average______ ______ $77. 65
1956: A verage...... .................. 80.94
1956: September_________
74. 51
October_______
79.91
N o v em b er___ . . . .
86. 56
December____
___ 80. 30
1957: January.. . . . _ _____
80.65
February._
. . . . . . 84.70
March __
. ...
79. 83
April____ . . .
. _.
78.53
M ay
_
_________ 84. 60
June . . . . ________
82.07
July------------------------- 87.42
A ugust... . .
___ 82.94
September ____ . _
81.88
2.14
2.14
2.15
2.15
2.16
2.17
2.18
2.17
2.17
2.18
2.18
2.18
2 . 22
North Carolina
Westchester County 3
1955: Average. ___ _______ $74. 24
40.0
$1.85
1956: Average. _ _ __
40.4
79.92
1.98
1956: Septem ber__________ 80. 31
40.3
2.00
October. .
_ _ . 83.13
2. 04
40.7
November_____ . . . . 86. 33
2 . 06
41.8
December___________ 87.16
41.8
2.09
1957: January____
81. 60
2.04
40.1
February.. . . .
80.08
39.8
2.01
March____
80.02
40.0
2.00
April___ . . .
___
80.08
39.7
2 . 02
M ay__
.. _
39.4
79.93
2. 03
June-------------------86. 97
41.3
2 .1 1
July------------------------- 82. 77
39.9
2.08
A ugust__
82.93
40.3
2.06
September__________
82.52
2 . 08
39.6
North Dakota—
Continued
2.10
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
$90.81
93. 43
93. 66
91.95
94. 61
95.40
93.11
91.79
89. 66
89.0692. 27
90.35
93.90
95. 35
Dayton
40.3
40. 4
40. 4
39.6
40.4
40.3
39.5
39.1
38.4
37.8
39.2
38.1
39.1
39.3
Cincinnati
$2. 25
2.31
2. 32
2.32
2.34
2 . 37
2. 36
2.35
2.33
2.36
2.35
2. 37
2. 40
2.43
Toledo
40.7
40.3
40.8
40.8
$2.09
2.13
2.14
2.13
40.9
40.2
40.5
40.9
40.1
40.3
40.6
41.2
40.9
41.7
$94.26
97.14
100. 96
99.60
96. 88
2.16
2.15
2.16
2.17
2.17
2.17
2.19
2.20
2.20
2.22
42.1
41.3
42.0
41.4
40.5
101.17
99. 21
98. 91
98. 65
94. 93
96. 02
100. 01
101. 47
100. 39
101. 50
$2.24
2.35
2. 40
2. 41
2.39
41.7
40.9
40.8
40.7
39.0
39.3
40.2
40.6
40.5
40.5
$92.04
94.45
94. 22
91.27
2. 43
2.43
2.42
2. 42
2.43
2.44
2. 49
2. 50
2. 48
2. 51
40.1
40.4
40.2
39.2
96.70
91.14
92. 76
93. 46
94. 98
94.32
96.49
95.13
96. 58
98. 84
40. 7
38.7
39.4
39.6
39.7
39.7
40.4
39.4
39.8
40.5
84. 62
87 07
87. 65
87 21
88. 69
87 01
86. 99
86.48
85. 52
85. 55
85.28
84. 70
85. 82
87.12
41.6
42 1
42 1
41 8
42 2
41 3
41 2
41 0
* 40 4
40 4
39 9
39 5
40 1
40.5
$1.96
2.03
2 07
2 08
2 99
2 io
2
2
2
2
2
2
h
H
H
12
12
14
2 14
2 14
2.15
Youngstown
$2. 30 $101.19
2. 34 107 33
2. 34 105 66
2.33 103 54
2.38
2. 36
2.35
2.36
2. 39
2.38
2. 39
2. 41
2.43
2. 44
107. 76
108. 58
105. 28
104. 74
103. 44
99. 26
102.18
108.62
104 24
110. 53
40.8
41 3
41 4
40 '4
41 7
42 0
40 8
40 6
40 2
$2.48
2 60
2 f>5
38 7
39 0
2 56
2 62
2 64
41 1
39 1
40.5
2 59
2
2 59
2 58
2 58
2 57
2 67
2. 73
1553
O: EARNINGS AND HOURS
T able C-6: Hours and gross earnings of production workers in manufacturing industries for selected
States and areas 1—Continued
Oregon
Oklahoma
Portland
State
Tulsa
Oklahoma City
State
Year and month
Avg.
wkly.
earnings
Avg.
wkly.
hours
Avg.
hrly.
earnings
Avg.
wkly.
earnings
Avg.
wkly.
hours
Avg.
hily.
earnings
Avg.
wkly.
earnmgs
Avg.
w kly.
hours
$73. 87
1955: Average__________
1956: Average ----------------- 78. 66
41.5
41.4
$1.78
1.90
$70. 47
74. 98
42.2
42.6
$1.67
1.76
$81. 54
85. 07
41.6
40.9
80. 48
80. 67
79. 93
81.09
80.54
80.12
78.38
78. 98
78.60
80. 98
81.39
81.80
83. 02
41.7
41.8
41.2
41.8
41.3
41.3
40.4
40.5
40.1
40.9
40.9
40.9
41.1
1.93
1.93
1.94
1.94
1.95
1.94
1.94
1.95
1.96
1.98
1. 99
2.00
2.02
77. 33
77. 58
77. 22
77. 35
76. 50
75.96
76. 08
76. 86
77.10
79. 85
78. 54
79. 71
79.80
43.2
43.1
42.9
42.5
42.5
42.2
41.8
42.0
41.9
42.7
42.0
42.4
42.0
1.79
1.80
1.80
1.82
1.80
1.80
1. 82
1.83
1. 84
1.87
1. 87
1.88
1.90
1956: September---------------October. _
___
November__________
December____
1957: January..
-----February___ .
M arch__
. .. ...
A p r il.._______ . . .
M a y ________ _______
June_____ ___ . . . .
July________________
August. ___________
September______ ____
1955: Average_____________ $75. 20
80.20
1956: Average-------------- . . .
40.0
40.1
$1. 88
2.00
$71. 59
78.41
38.8
39.4
$1.85
1.99
81.80
83. 02
83. 21
84.03
84.84
83. 20
83. 60
82.97
82. 37
83.18
83. 98
83. 56
83. 92
40.1
40.3
40.2
40.4
40.4
40.0
40.0
39.7
39.6
39.8
39.8
39.6
39.4
2. 04
2. 06
2. 07
2. 08
2.10
2.08
2.09
2. 09
2. 08
2. 09
2.11
2.11
2.13
83. 22
80. 96
83.18
84. 40
84. 53
79.99
80.17
83. 56
83. 56
79.13
78. 07
82.53
83. 56
40.4
39.3
39.8
40.0
39.5
39.0
39.3
40.4
40.0
38.6
37.9
39.3
39.6
2. 06
2. 06
2.09
2.11
2.14
2. 05
2. 04
2. 07
2. 07
2. 05
2. 06
2.10
2.11
1956: September__________
October ._
_____
November___ _______
December. _
____
1957: J a n u a r y ..._________
February___ ________
IVlarch. . . . . . . __
A p r il.._____________
M a y _____________ _
June__ _______ ___
J u l y ___ __________
August ______ ____ _
September----------------
41.6
42.2
39.1
38.9
$2.26
2. 31
$82. 00
86. 07
38.9
39.0
$2.11
2. 21
39.0
38.4
38.2
38.0
38.0
38.1
37.8
38.0
39.2
39.4
37.8
39.1
36.9
2. 32
2. 31
2. 32
2.29
2. 30
2.29
2. 30
2. 33
2. 37
2.34
2.32
2.31
2. 32
86.70
85.19
85. 49
87. 49
84. 52
84. 88
85. 23
84. 22
88. 55
88. 34
87.02
88.55
86. 72
39.3
38.9
38.3
38.9
37.9
38.2
38.1
37.2
38.5
38.9
37.9
38.5
38.0
2. 21
2.19
2.23
2. 25
2. 23
2.22
2.24
2. 26
2. 30
2. 27
2.30
2. 30
2. 28
$1. 96
2. 08
$88. 25
89. 98
90. 48
88. 55
88. 51
87.10
87.25
87.48
86. 75
88.43
92. 71
92. 04
87.85
90. 4S
85.46
2.13
2.14
2.14
2.14
2.13
2.16
2.15
2.18
2.16
2.19
2.18
2. 20
2. 22
$1.94
2. 05
Avg.
hrly.
earnings
Lancaster
Harrisburg
2. 08
42.2
87.78
2.11
42.7
90. 52
42.0
2.13
89. 46
2.15
90. 30
42.0
2.13
89. 03
41.8
2.13
41.3
87. 97
41.2
2.14
88.17
2.13
40.7
86.69
41.0
2.13
87.33
41.1
2.13
87.54
2.17
40.0
86.80
2.16
88. 56
41.0
2.17
90. 27
41.6
Pennsylvania— Continued
Pittsburgh
Philadelphia
Avg.
w kly.
hours
Avg.
wkly.
hours
Erie
$80. 62
86.51
Avg.
wkly.
earnmgs
Avg.
w kly.
earnmgs
40.5
86. 27
89.24
41.7
85. 81
40.1
41.4
88. 60
41.8
89. 03
89. 86
41.6
87. 51
40.7
40.6
88.51
86. 62
40.1
40.0
87.60
87.85
40.3
88. 22
40. 1
40.1
89. 02
Pennsylvania
Allentown-B ethlehemEaston
State
Avg.
hrly.
earnings
Avg.
hrly.
earnmgs
$65. 93
72. 47
39.2
39.6
$1.68
1.83
$66. 91
70. 35
41.2
40.9
$1.62
1. 72
74. 96
74.03
75. 83
75. 24
75. 26
74.24
74.84
78. 34
75. 65
75.83
77. 81
78. 00
78.00
40.3
39.8
39.7
39.6
39.2
39.7
39.6
40.8
39.4
39.7
39.9
40.0
40.0
1.86
1. 86
1. 91
1.90
1.92
1. 87
1.89
1. 92
1.92
1.91
1.95
1.95
1.95
71.28
72. 28
73.28
72. 39
70. 62
72.45
72.80
72.62
71.91
71.91
71. 20
71.33
72. 85
41.2
41.3
41.4
40.9
39.9
40.7
40.9
40.8
40.4
40.4
40.0
40.3
40.7
1.73
1.75
1.77
1. 77
1. 77
1.78
1. 78
1.78
1. 78
1. 78
1.78
1. 77
1. 79
W ilkes-B arÆ-Hazleton
Scranton
Reading
1955: Average_____________ $78.15
83. 22
1956: Average-----------
40.2
40.4
$1.94
2. 06
$89. 99
95. 99
40.5
40.5
$2. 22
2.37
$68. 36
72. 94
39.7
40.3
$1.72
1. 81
$55. 57
60.14
38.3
38.8
$1. 45
1. 55
$52.03
55. 58
37.7
37.3
$1.38
1.49
85. 65
86. 05
84.84
85. 86
85.20
85.03
84.80
84.74
85.39
86.00
85. 97
86.18
40.4
40.4
40.4
40.5
40.0
40.3
40.0
39.6
39.9
40.0
39.8
39.9
2.12
2.13
2.10
2.12
2.13
2.11
2. là
2.14
2.14
2.15
2.16
A. 1«
96.88
99. 06
98. 33
101. 02
100. 85
100.19
99. 94
100. 75
98.95
101. 05
102.11
100. 55
40.2
40.6
40.3
40.9
40.5
40.4
40.3
40.3
39.9
40.1
40.2
39.9
2. 41
2. 44
2. 44
2. 47
2. 49
2. 48
2. 48
2. 50
2. 48
2. 52
2.54
2. 52
72.83
74. 07
74. 52
73.-60
74. 00
74.19
73. 82
73. 28
74. 24
74. 21
72.89
73. 47
39.8
40.7
40.5
40.0
40.0
40.1
39.9
39.4
39.7
39.9
39.4
39.5
1.83
1.82
1.84
1. 84
1.85
1. 85
1.85
1.86
1. 87
1.86
1.85
1. 86
61.00
61.46
62. 57
62. 25
61. 85
62. 81
61. 46
61.50
61. 44
61. 66
61. 50
61. 28
39.1
38.7
39.6
39.4
38.9
39.5
38.9
38.2
38.4
38.3
38.2
38.3
1.56
1. 58
1. 58
1. 58
1. 59
1. 59
1.58
1. 61
1.60
1.61
1. 61
1.60
55. 33
56. 32
58. 37
57.30
57. 99
57.99
58. 59
57. 04
57.13
58.13
59. 09
58.44
36.4
37.3
38.4
37.7
37.9
37.9
37.8
36.8
37.1
37.5
37.4
37.7
1. 52
1. 51
1. 52
1. 52
1. 53
1. 53
1. 55
1. 55
1.54
1. 55
1.58
1. 55
86.15
39.7
2.17
102. 00
40.0
2. 55
75. 01
39.9
1.88
60. 59
37.4
1.62
57. 88
37.1
1. 56
1956: September___ ______
October. ___ __ ._
November___
December.
1957! .Tanuarv- __ _
February______ . _
March___ _
April
_
M ay
_ __ ____
Jun'ft
_ _
_______
July
August 2 __________
September----------------
September
October
November
December
_ __
1957* Jarm ary
April
Pin»
Tuly
September----------------
67. 43
69.80
70. 04
72. 04
70. 41
70. 41
70.12
68. 85
70. 24
69.03
68. 57
70. 35
70.41
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
40.9
41.0
39.9
41.3
41.2
41.4
40.7
40.7
40.3
39.8
40.6
39.7
40.1
40 9
40.7
$1.59
1.68
1.69
1.69
1.70
1.74
1.73
1. 73
1.74
1.73
1. 73
1.73
1. 71
1.721.73
$62. 47
66. 00
40.3
39.7
66. 30
66. 35
66. 61
68. 51
65. 58
67. 04
67.16
66. 63
67.26
68. 51
67. 51
66.11
67.91
39.7
38.8
38.5
40.3
38.9
39.3
39.1
39.1
39.4
40.0
39.2
38.4
39.5
$1.55
1.66
1. 67
1.71
1.73
1.70
1. 68
1.71
1. 72
1.70
1.71
1. 71
1.72
1. 72
1.72
Charleston
State
Providence
State
York
1955* Average1- __ _________ $65.15
1956: Average-------------------- 68. 88
South Carolina
Rhode Island
Pennsylvania
$63.33
66.17
40.6
40.1
$1. 56
1.65
$53. 30
55. 61
66. 73
67. 26
67.09
68. 85
66.92
67.32
68. 23
68.06
67. 66
68.80
67. 55
67.64
68.85
40.2
39.8
39.7
40.5
39.6
39.6
39.9
39.8
39.8
40.0
39.5
39.1
39.8
1.66
1.69
1.69
1. 70
1.69
1.70
1. 71
1.71
1.70
1. 72
1.71
1.73
1.73
55. 35
57. 08
58.75
58.49
57. 63
57.31
56. 59
56. 59
55. 77
56.45
56.16
56.06
56. 88
41.0
40.3
40.4
40. 2
40.8
40.9
40.3
39.8
39.3
39.3
39.0
39.2
39.0
39.2
39.5 1
$1.30
1.38
$56. 56
60. 95
40.4
40.1
$1. 40
1. 52
1. 37
1. 42
1.44
1.43
1.43
1.44
1. 44
1.44
1.43
1.44
1.44
1.43
1.44
62. 71
60.84
63. 36
62.80
60.68
61.07
63. 92
64. 24
65.04
62. 41
66. 91
68. 47
66.91
40.2
39.0
40.1
40.0
38.9
39.4
40.2
39.9
40.4
39.5
40.8
41.0
41.3
1. 56
1. 56
1. 58
1. 57
1. 56
1. 55
1.59
1. 61
1. 61
1. 58
1. 64
1.67
1.62
1554
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, DECEMBER 1957
T able C-6: Hours and gross earnings of production workers in manufacturing industries for selected
States and areas 1—Continued
South Dakota
State
Year and month
Tennessee
Sioux Falls
State
Chattanooga
Knoxville
Avg.
wkly.
earn
ings
Avg.
w kly.
hours
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
Avg.
wkly.
earn
ings
Avg.
wkly.
hours
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
Avg.
wkly.
earn
ings
Avg.
wkly.
hours
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
Avg.
wkly.
earn
ings
Avg.
w kly.
hours
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
Avg.
wkly.
earn
ings
Avg.
w kly.
hours
1955: Average_____________ $72.49
1956: Average.................. ....... 76.64
45.3
44.8
$1.60
1.71
$80. 55
84.59
47.9
47.3
$1.68
1. 79
$60.64
63.20
40.7
40.0
$1.49
1. 58
$62.37
65.20
40.5
40.0
$1.54
1.63
$69. 20
73.66
40.0
39.6
$1.73
1.86
1956: September__________
October.. __ . . . ___
November__________
December___________
1957: January. . . .
_ ...
February___________
March_______ _ .
April_______________
M ay________________
June_________ _____
July------------------------August______________
Septem ber... ______
44.5
46.4
47.0
44.8
45.1
43.0
42.6
41.3
44.8
44.9
45.1
43.8
42.3
1.72
1.71
1.72
1.81
1.80
1.81
1.80
1.81
1.79
1.79
1.77
1.80
1.87
85. 49
88.10
88.73
95.67
89.09
84.10
83. 52
78. 93
89.09
87.43
86.72
85.06
87.27
47.6
49.6
49.9
49.5
47.7
44.6
44.1
41.9
47.1
46.1
45.8
44.3
44.1
1.80
1.78
1.78
1.93
1.87
1.89
1.89
1.88
1.89
1.90
1.89
1.92
1.98
64. 55
64.00
64.48
65. 60
65.11
65.11
65.67
65.34
65. 34
65. 76
66.33
65.93
66.80
40.6
40.0
39.8
40.0
39.7
39.7
39.8
39.6
39.6
40.1
40.2
40.2
40.0
1.59
1.60
1.62
1.64
1.64
1.64
1.65
1.65
1.65
1.64
1.65
1.64
1.67
65. 76
64.48
66.63
68. 85
67.15
67. 83
68.97
69.14
68.23
68.17
68.23
69.43
69.49
40.1
39.8
39.9
40.5
39.5
39.9
40.1
40.2
39.9
40.1
39.9
40.6
40.4
1.64
1.62
1.67
1.70
1.70
1.70
1.72
1.72
1.71
1.70
1.71
1.71
1.72
76. 40
74. 68
76.64
76. 24
76. 63
77.22
77. 42
77. 22
77.03
77. 22
77.42
79. 20
79. 59
40.0
39.1
39.1
39.5
39.5
39.2
39.5
39.4
39.3
39.2
39.1
39.6
39.4
1.91
1.91
1.96
1.93
1.94
1.97
1.96
1.96
1. 96
1.97
1.98
2.00
2.02
76.38
79.33
80.85
81.17
81.38
77.76
76.62
73. 75
80.16
80.20
80.05
78.77
78.97
Tennessee--Continued
Memphis
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
Texas
Nashville
State
Dallas
Fort Worth
1955: Average_____ ______ $69.01
1956: Average_____________ 70.69
42.6
41.1
$1.62
1.72
$62.02
65.37
40.8
40.6
$1. 52
1.61
$75.78
80.32
42.1
41.4
$1 80
1.94
$75. 58
41.3
$1.83
$89. 67'
42.1
$2.13
1956: September__________
October. _ _____ _____
November______
December__________
1957: January___________
February___________
March___________ .
April..
M ay__ _____________
June___ . . . . . . ._
July------------------------August______________
September__________
41.7
41.4
41.0
41.0
39.9
40.0
40.3
40.2
40.2
40.1
40.2
40.1
41.1
1.76
1.73
1.76
1. 78
1.78
1.80
1.80
1.80
1.80
1.81
1.83
1.78
1.82
66.26
65.20
65.53
66.82
66.99
66.40
67.13
66. 63
66.30
67.03
67.54
67. 77
67.32
40.9
40.0
40.2
40.5
40.6
40.0
40.2
39.9
39.7
39.9
40.2
40.1
39.6
1.62
1.63
1.63
1.65
1.65
1.66
1.67
1.67
1.67
1.68
1. 68
1.69
1.70
82. 57
81.76
82.19
84.00
83.20
81.97
82. 81
82. 82
82.01
85.28
86.11
85. 28
86.11
41.7
41.5
41.3
42.0
41.6
41.4
41.2
41.0
40.6
41.6
41.4
41.4
41.6
1.98
1.97
1. 99
2.00
2.00
1.98
2.01
2.02
2.02
2.05
2.08
2.06
2.07
78.17
77. 93
78. 02
79.76
79. 76
77.60
78.02
77.27
76.54
77.93
76. 89
77.04
77.46
41.8
41.9
41.5
42.2
42.2
41.5
41.5
41.1
40.5
40.8
40.9
41.2
41.2
1.87
1.86
1.88
1.89
1.89
1. 87
1.88
1.88
1.89
1.91
1.88
1.87
1.88
91.59
90.50
93.02
97.01
91.32
88. 54
88. 91
89.13
42.8
41.9
41.9
43.5
41.7
40.8
40.6
40.7
40.3
42.3
41.3
42.1
43.0
2.14
2.16
73.39
71.62
72.16
72.98
71.02
72.00
72. 54
72. 36
72.36
72. 58
73. 57
71.38
74.80
Texas—Continued
Houston
Utah
San Antonio
1955: Average_____________
1956: Average_____________
$91. 53
41.8
$2.19
$58.46
40.6
1956: September__________
October___________
November_______ _
December_____ _
1957: January_____________
February________ .
March____ __________
April.. ____________
M ay________________
June__________ . . .
July------------------------August............................
September__________
94.70
90.35
89. 51
94.55
93. 63
92.29
92.93
94. 21
92. 57
97. 86
98.36
97.70
99. 84
41.9
40.7
40.5
42.4
41.8
41.2
41.3
41.5
40.6
42.0
41.5
41.4
41.6
2.26
2. 22
2. 21
2.23
2.24
2.24
2. 25
2.27
2. 28
2. 33
2.37
2.36
2.40
59.16
59.57
60.05
60. 94
60.38
60.09
60. 45
60.59
60.40
60. 79
62.36
63. 88
63.99
40.8
40.8
40.3
40.9
40.8
40.6
40.3
39.6
40.0
40.8
41.3
41.7
42.1
State
2.20
2.24
2.24
2.26
2. 27
Vermont
Salt Lake City
State
$77 60
40 0
$1.44
83.01
40.1
2.07
83.23
41.0
2. 03
$63.57
67.36
42.1
42.1
$1.51
1.60
1. 45
1.46
1.49
1.49
1.48
1.48
1. 50
1.53
1.51
1.49
1.51
1.52
1.52
83. 63
81.93
86. 92
87. 91
88.22
88.98
87. 52
89.44
88.93
90.85
89. 44
89. 28
87.23
41.4
39.2
41.0
40.7
40.1
39.9
39.6
39.4
39.7
40.2
41.6
40.4
40.2
2.02
2.09
2.12
2.16
2. 20
2.23
2.21
2. 27
2.24
2. 26
2.15
2. 21
2.17
85. 90
83. 23
84. 67
84.66
85. 90
84.44
84.00
86.05
86.90
88. 58
84. 40
88. 58
90.42
41. 9
41.0
41.1
40.7
41.1
40.4
40.0
40.4
40.8
41. 2
40.0
41.2
41.1
2.05
2. 03
2.06
2.08
2.09
2.09
2.10
2.13
2.13
2.15
2 11
2 15
2.20
67.52
68. 21
66. 67
69. 25
67. 63
68.44
68.14
67.58
67. 88
69.02
67.53
67. 97
67.82
41.9
42.0
40.9
42.1
41.2
41.4
41.2
40.9
40.7
41.3
40.5
40.7
40.8
1.61
1.62
1.63
1.65
1.64
1.65
1.66
1.65
1.67
1.67
1.67
1.67
1.66
Vermont—Continued
Burlington
88. 66
94. 75
92. 51
95.15
97.61
2.22
2.23
2.19
2.17
2.19
2.19
Virginia
Springfield
State
Norfolk-Portsmouth
Richmond
1955: Average____________
1956: Average___________
$58.95
60. 79
40.1
40.8
$1.47
1.49
$78. 01
84.20
43.1
43.4
$1.81
1.94
$59.30
61. 81
40.9
40.4
$1.45
1.53
$66.56
67.47
41.6
40.4
$1. 60
1.67
$65.19
68.47
41.0
41.0
$1.59
1.67
1956: September__________
October.
___ . .
November________
December. _____ . .
1957: January. _________
February______
March______________
April______________
M ay____________ ___
June________________
July------------------------August___
_______
September________
60. 87
65.18
65.71
68.44
64.17
65. 95
64.87
64. 57
64.23
64.65
64.49
67.51
65.09
40.3
42.4
41.8
43.7
40.7
41.2
40.9
40.2
40.4
39.7
39 9
40.2
40.2
1.51
1.54
1.57
1.57
1.58
1.60
1.59
1.61
1. 61
1.63
1.62
1.68
1.62
83.99
83. 57
81.82
84.66
84.04
83. 48
80. 54
78.83
80. 22
81.20
76. 28
76.40
76.12
42.9
42.4
41.5
42.6
42.4
42.1
40.9
40.2
40.1
40.5
38.6
38.4
38.3
1.96
1.97
1. 97
1.99
1.98
1. 98
1.97
1.96
2.00
2.00
1.97
1.99
1.99
62.22
62.27
63.80
64.46
63. 52
63. 84
64.00
64.64
64.40
64.88
65. 61
64.48
64.80
40.4
40.7
40.9
40.8
39.7
39.9
40.0
40.4
40.0
40.3
40.5
40.3
40.0
1.54
1.53
1.56
1.58
1.60
1.60
1.60
1.60
1. 61
1.61
1. 62
1.60
1.62
72.07
69.36
72.62
74.10
69. 20
69.37
70. 76
72. 49
69.03
71.05
68.85
70.75
70. 93
41.9
40.8
41. 5
42.1
40.0
40.1
40.9
41.9
39. 9
40.6
39.8
40.2
40.3
1 72
1. 70
1. 75
1. 76
1.73
1. 73
1.73
1. 73
1. 73
1. 75
1.73
1. 76
1. 76
68.06
68.30
71.38
72.41
71.10
70. 58
69. 77
70.35
72. 92
73. 21
74.40
72.22
71.51
41.0
40.9
41.5
42.1
41.1
40.8
40.1
40.2
41.2
40 9
41.8
40.8
40.4
1.67
1.72
1.72
1.73
1.73
1.74
1.75
1.77
1. 79
1.78
1.77
1. 77
See footnotes’0,t end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1.66
C: EARNINGS AND HOURS
T able
1555
C-6: Hours and gross earnings of production workers in manufacturing industries for selected
States and areas *■—Continued
Washington
Year and month
1955: Average1956: Average.
1956: September.
October__
November.
December..
1957: January__
February. _
March___
April____
May....... .
June.........
July____
August__
September.
State
Seattle
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn hours
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings ings
$84. 68
88. 77
88. 74
89.39
89. 49
91.28
90.45
89. 25
91. 28
91.90
89.82
90.28
89.39
91.34
$2.17
2.27
2.27
2.29
2. 31
2. 32
2. 32
2.31
2. 34
2.34
2. 33
2.33
2.33
2. 34
2.33
88.12
39.1
39.1
39.1
39.1
38.7
39.3
38.9
38.7
39.0
39.2
38.6
38.8
38.4
39.0
37.9
$82. 20
86. 87
85. 81
87. 27
89.24
91.34
92.32
90.30
92.41
91.70
86.16
87.39
88.13
89.19
87.96
38.6
38.9
38.3
38.5
39.0
39.8
39.9
39.3
39.9
39.6
37.6
37.8
38.0
38.6
37.9
West Virginia
Spokane
Tacoma
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings ings
$2.13
2.23
2. 24
2.27
2.29
2.30
2. 32
2. 30
2.32
2.32
2. 29
2. 31
2. 32
2. 31
2. 32
$2.16
2. 30
2. 39
2.33
2. 37
2.40
2. 39
2.38
2. 39
2.40
2.42
2. 39
2.40
2. 48
2.53
$87. 62
91.82
97.67
92. 29
94. 58
95.18
94.47
92.76
90.94
93. 23
93.68
94. 52
94.73
96.79
99.04
40.7
39.9
40.9
39.6
40.0
39.7
39.6
38.9
38.1
38.9
38.7
39.5
39.4
38.9
39.2
$82. 23
84.89
86.12
86. 34
83. 91
87. 97
85.52
85. 58
88.73
88.86
89. 97
86.89
88.07
89.44
88. 21
West Virginia—Continued
Charleston
1955: Average.
1956: Average.
1956: September.
October__
November.
December._
1957: January__
February..
March......
April____
May____
June.......
J u ly _______
August__
September.
$93.09
97.85
95.92
98. 73
98. 82
101.11
100.03
98. 95
99.14
99.63
100.37
99.88
102. 34
104.19
104. 89
40.3
40.6
39.8
40.3
40.5
41.1
40.5
39.9
40.3
40.5
40.8
40.6
41.1
40.7
40.5
$87. 24
91.58
91.42
92.20
90.56
92.20
88. 97
88. 83
89. 86
87. 61
87.18
91.14
92. 61
93.37
38.6
38.0
38.9
39.4
38.7
38.1
37.7
37.8
38.4
37.6
37.1
36.9
37.8
37.8
State
1955: Average.
1956: Average.
1956: September.
October__
November.
December..
1957: January__
February. _
March___
April____
May____
June....... .
July____
August__
September.
$83. 66
91.63
90.88
92.43
102.90
102.09
97.33
93.92
93.82
94.38
93.16
94. 25
92.35
92.00
93. 59
40.3
41.2
40.8
40.1
43.9
43.3
41.4
40.6
40.5
41.0
40.3
40.8
40.9
39.8
39.7
$2.26
2.41
2. 35
2.34
2. 34
2. 42
2. 36
2.35
2. 34
2. 33
2. 35
2. 47
2. 45
2. 47
$80. 61
84. 25
83.84
8 6 .12
84.22
88.32
87. 50
86.33
86.64
85. 90
85. 59
86. 53
85.49
84. 64
85. 50
42.0
41.7
42.0
41.9
40.8
42.0
41.5
41.1
41.1
40.8
40.7
41.1
42.1
40.8
40.9
$1.92
2.02
2.00
2. 06
2.07
2.10
2.11
2.10
2.11
2.11
2.10
2.11
2.03
2.08
2.09
$87. 90
82.19
90. 67
88.90
58.28
93.94
87. 77
88.09
86. 84
86. 74
85.41
88. 77
86. 25
90.04
89. 41
Racine
$87.42 41.2 $2.12 $84. 55
592.81 541. 4 32.24 85.77
93.67 41.4 2. 26 85.60
93.95 41.4 2.27 86. 68
92.47 40.6 2.28 86. 59
96.19 41.6 2.31 87.72
95. 91 41.3 2. 32 88.72
94.39 40.8 2.31 88.28
94. 53 40.8 2.32 89.70
93.88 40.5 2.32 89.62
93. 65 40.3 2.32 88.49
94.87 40.7 2.33 88.24
94. 95 40.8 2.33 87.14
95.32 40.7 2.34 88.09
95.50 40.4 2.37 89. 96
Statistics or to the cooperatmg State agency. See table A-7 for address of
cooperating State agencies.
2Revised series; not comparable with data previously published.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
2.22
2.20
2.22
2. 26
2.24
2.29
2. 25
2.27
2.31
2. 34
2.29
2.30
2.29
2. 31
$75. 45
80.18
82. 73
81.97
82.18
82.37
84.84
80.50
82. 55
81.69
82.32
81.90
84.71
84. 67
84.67
39.5
39.5
39.4
39.6
39.7
39.6
40.4
38.7
39.5
38.9
39.2
39.0
39.4
39.2
39.2
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
$1.91
2.03
2.10
2.07
2.07
2.08
2.10
2.08
2.09
2.10
2.10
2.10
2.15
2.16
2.16
41.2
37.8
40.6
40.0
26.9
41.4
39.4
39.7
38.9
38.9
38.4
39.1
38.1
39.3
38.8
La Crosse
$2.13
2.17
2.23
2.22
2.17
2.27
2.23
2. 22
2.23
2.23
2. 23
2.27
2. 26
2.29
2.31
$78. 92
80. 80
83.54
82.86
83. 32
85.30
85.12
85. 22
85.56
84.44
84. 81
89.24
85.37
89.20
88.83
40.0
40.3
41.4
40.6
40.6
41.2
40.6
40.7
40.3
39.3
39.5
40.8
39.3
40.4
39.8
$1.97
2.00
2.02
2. 04
2.05
2.07
2.09
2.10
2.12
2.15
2.15
2.19
2.18
2.21
2.23
Wyoming
Milwaukee
$2.07
2.22
2.23
2.31
2.35
2.36
2.35
2. 31
2.32
2.30
2.31
2.31
2. 26
2. 31
2.36
$ 2.12
Kenosha
Wisconsin—Continued
Madison
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings ings
Wisconsin
WheelingSteubenville
$2. 31
2. 41
2.41
2.45
2.44
2. 46
2.47
2.48
2. 46
2.46
2. 46
2.47
2.49
2. 56
2. 59
38.9
38.3
39.1
38.9
37.2
39.3
38.4
38.0
37.7
38.4
38.0
39.2
37.8
38.5
38.6
State
41.2
40.4
40. 5
40.6
40.4
40.3
40. 3
40.0
40.4
40.2
39.8
39. 6
39.3
39. 7
40.0
State
$2.05 $83.23
2.12
89.73
2.11
90. 76
2.13 88.99
2.14 89.42
2.18 91.12
2. 20
90.68
2. 21
90. 29
2.22
91.37
2.23 91.98
2 . 22
93.03
2.23 93.12
2.22
90.52
2.22
90. 80
2.25 94. 56
41.0
40.6
40.7
41.2
41.4
41.8
39.6
39.6
39.9
40.7
40.1
38.8
39.7
40.9
39.9
Casper
$2.03 $99. 80
2. 21 106.52
2.23 106. 92
2.16 109.18
2.16 104. 00
2.19 104.02
2. 29 107.87
2.28 102.05
2.29 102. 70
2.26 107. 45
2.32 105. 34
2.40 115.42
2.28 119. 56
112.03
2.22
2.37 118.28
40.9
40.5
40.5
41.2
40.0
39.4
40.4
39.4
39.5
40.7
39.6
40.5
42.7
40.3
41.5
$2.44
2.63
2.64
2.65
2. 60
2.64
2.67
2.59
2.60
2.64
2.66
2.85
2.80
2.78
2.85
3Subarea of New York-Northeastern New Jersey.
4Not strictly comparable with data for later years'
*lr±addition to Milwaukee County, Wis., area definition now includes
Waukesha County, Wis. Data not comparable prior to January 1956. ^
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, DECEMBER 1957
1556
D.—Consumer and Wholesale Prices
T able D -l: Consumer Price Index1—United States city average: All items and major groups of items
[1947-49=100]
Year and month
All items
Food
Housing
Transporta
tion
Apparel
Medical care Personal care Reading and
recreation
Other goods
and services
Average___________
Average— .................
Average___________
Average____ ____ . .
Average___________
A v e r a g e .,_____. . .
Average___________
Average___________
Average___________
Average_____ _____
95.5
102.8
101.8
102.8
111.0
113.5
114.4
114.8
114.5
116.2
95.9
104.1
100.0
101.2
112.6
114.6
112.8
112.6
110.9
111.7
95.0
101.7
103.3
106.1
112.4
114.6
117.7
119.1
120.0
121.7
97.1
103.5
99.4
98.1
106.9
105. 8
104.8
104.3
103.7
105.5
90.6
100.9
108.5
111.3
118.4
126.2
129.7
128.0
126.4
128.7
94.9
100.9
104.1
106.0
111.1
117.2
121.3
125.2
128.0
132.6
97.6
101.3
101.1
101.1.
110.5
111.8
112.8
113.4
115.3
120.0
95.5
100.4
104.1
103.4
106.5
107.0
108.0
107.0
106.6
108.1
96.1
100.5
103.4
105.2
109.7
115.4
118.2
120.1
120.2
122.0
1953: January —_________
February__________
March_____________
April______________
May______________
June______________
July______________
A u g u st_______ . . .
September_________
October___________
November_________
D ecem ber.................
113.9
113.4
113.6
113.7
114.0
114.5
114.7
115.0
115.2
115.4
115.0
114.9
113.1
111.5
111.7
111. 5
112.1
113.7
113.8
114.1
113.8
113.6
112.0
112.3
116.4
116.6
116.8
117.0
117.1
117.4
117.8
118.0
118.4
118.7
118.9
118.9
104.6
104.6
104.7
104.6
104.7
104.6
104.4
104.3
105.3
105.5
105.5
105.3
129.3
129.1
129.3
129.4
129.4
129.4
129.7
130.6
130.7
130.7
130.1
128.9
119.4
119.3
119.5
120.2
120.7
121.1
121.5
121.8
122.6
122.8
123.3
123.6
112.4
112.5
112.4
112.5
112.8
112.6
112.6
112.7
112.9
113.2
113.4
113.6
107.8
107.5
107.7
107.9
108.0
107.8
107.4
107.6
107.8
108.6
108.9
108.9
115.9
115.8
117.5
117.9
118.0
118.2
118.3
118.4
118.5
119.7
120.2
120.3
1954: January___________
February__________
March_______ ____
April_____________
May_____________
June..................... .......
July_________ _____
August____________
September________
October__________ _
November_________
December_________
115.2
115.0
114.8
114.6
115.0
115.1
115.2
115.0
114.7
114.5
114.6
114.3
113.1
112.6
112.1
112.4
113.3
113.8
114.6
113.9
112.4
111.8
111.1
110.4
118.8
118.9
119.0
118.5
118.9
118.9
119.0
119.2
119.5
119.5
119.5
119.7
104.9
104.7
104.3
104.1
104.2
104.2
104.0
103.7
104.3
104.6
104.6
104.3
130.5
129.4
129.0
129.1
129.1
128.9
126.7
126.6
126.4
125.0
127.6
127.3
123.7
124.1
124.4
124.9
125.1
125.1
125.2
125.5
125.7
125.9
126.1
126.3
113.7
113.9
114.1
112.9
113.0
112.7
113.3
113.4
113.5
113.4
113.8
113.6
108.7
108.0
108.2
106.5
,lp6. 4
106.4
107.0
106.6
106.5
106.9
106.8
106.6
120.3
120.2
120.1
120.2
120.1
120.1
120.3
120.2
120.1
120.1
120.0
119.9
1955: January___________
Feburary_________
March_____________
April______________
M ay______________
June............ .............. .
July---------------------August
________
September________
October___________
November_________
December_________
114.3
114.3
114.3
114.2
114.2
114.4
114.7
114.5
114.9
114.9
115.0
114.7
110.6
110.8
110.8
111.2
111.1
111.3
112.1
111.2
111.6
110.8
109.8
109.5
119.6
119.6
119.6
119.5
119.4
119.7
119.9
120.0
120.4
120.8
120.9
120 8
103.3
103.4
103.2
103.1
103.3
103.2
103. 2
103.4
104.6
104.6
104.7
104.7
127.6
127.4
127.3
125.3
125. 5
125.8
125.4
125.4
125.3
126.6
128. 5
127.3
126.5
126.8
127.0
127.3
127.5
127.6
127.9
128.0
128.2
128.7
129.8
130.2
113.7
113.5
113.5
113.7
113.9
114.7
115. 5
115.8
116.6
117.0
117.5
117.9
106.9
106.4
106.6
106.6
106.5
106.2
106.3
106.3
106.7
106.7
106.8
106.8
119.9
119.8
119.8
119.8
119.9
119.9
120.3
120.4
120.6
120.6
120.6
120.6
1956: January___________
February__________
March_____________
April_________ ____
M a y ........................ .
June.............................
July— .......................
August______ _____
September..................
October__________ _
November..................
December_________
114.6
114.6
114.7
114.9
115.4
116.2
117.0
116.8
117. 1
117.7
117.8
118.0
109.2
108.8
109.0
109.6
111. 0
113.2
114.8
113.1
113.1
113. L
112.9
112.9
120.6
120.7
120.7
120.8
120.9
121.4
121.8
122.2
122. 5
122.8
123.0
123.5
104.1
104.6
104.8
104.8
104.8
104.8
105.3
105.5
106.5
106.8
107.0
107.0
126.8
126.9
126.7
126.4
127.1
126.8
127. 7
128.5
128.6
132.6
133.2
133.1
130.7
130.9
131.4
131.6
131.9
132.0
132.7
133. 3
134. 0
134.1
134.5
134.7
118.5
118.9
119.2
119.5
119.6
119.9
120.1
120.3
120.5
120.8
121.4
121.8
107.3
107.5
107.7
108.2
108.2
107.6
107.7
107.9
108.4
108.5
109.0
109.3
120.8
120.9
121.2
12174
121.5
121.8
122.2
122.1
122.7
123.0
123.2
123.3
1957: January_____ ____ _
February............ .......
M arch... . . . _____
April________ _____
May______________
June______________
July— ....................... .
August____________
September_________
October_________
118.2
118.7
118.9
119.3
119.6
120.2
120.8
121.0
121.1
121.1
112.8
113.6
113.2
113.8
114.6
116.2
117.4
117.9
117.0
116.4
123.8
124.5
124.9
125.2
125.3
125.5
125.5
125.7
126.3
126.6
106.4
106.1
106.8
106.5
106.5
106.6
■106. 5
106.6
107.3
107.7
133.6
134.4
135.1
135. 5
135.3
135.3
135.8
135.9
135.9
135.8
135.3
135.5
136.4
136.9
137.3
137.9
138.4
138.6
139.0
139.7
122.1
122.6
122.9
123.3
123.4
124.2
124.7
124.9
125.1
126.2
109.9
110.0
110.5
111.8
111.4
111.8
112.4
112.6
113.3
113.4
123.8
124.0
124.2
124.2
124.3'
124.6
126.6
126.7
126.7
126.8
1947:
1948:
1949:
1950:
1951:
1952:
1953:
1954:
1955:
1956:
i The Consumer Price Index measures the average change In prices of goods
and services purchased by urban wage-earner and clerical-worker families.
Data for 46 large, medium-sire, and small cities are combined •for the United
States average.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
N ote: For a description of this series, see Techniques of Preparing Major
BLS Statistical Series, BLS Bull. 1168 (1954).
S o u k c e : U. S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics.
D : CONSUMER AND WHOLESALE PRICES
T able D -2:
1557
Consumer Price Index 1 United States city average: Food, housing, apparel, transportation, and their subgroups
[1947-49 = 100]
1957
1956
Annual
average
Group
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
May
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
1956
1955
Food ’............ ......................... ..................
Food at home_________________
Cereals and bakery products_____
Meats, poultry, and fish.................
Dairy products__________________
Fruits and vegetables................. .......
Other foods at home
__________
116.4
114.7
131.4
106.3
114. 2
114. 5
116. 2
117.0
115. 5
131.2
110.3
113.1
114.8
115.0
117.9
116.6
131.0
111.9
111.5
121.3
113.8
117.4
116.1
130.8
109.5
110.5
126.9
111.7
116.2
114.7
130.6
106.9
110.0
126.8
109.5
114.6
113.0
130.4
103.7
110.0
122.5
109.9
113.8
112.1
130.1
102.0
110.5
118.7
111.0
113.2
111.4
129.8
100.6
110.7
116.1
111.6
113.6
112.0
129.1
101.4
111.1
116.5
113.0
112.8
111.1
128.0
99.0
111.2
116.9
112.7
112.9
111. 2
127.4
98. 0
111.3
117.4
114.2
112.9
111.3
127.0
98.8
111. 1
115.8
115.2
113 1
111 7
126 8
100 8
110 7
113.9
115.8
111.7
125.6
97.1
108.7
119.0
112.8
110.9
109.7
123.9
Housing *______________________________
E en t___________________ ____ ___
Gas and electricity______ _______ ____
Solid fuels and fuel oil...............................
Housefumishings____________________
Household operation________________
126.6
136.0
113.8
137.6
104.8
128.7
126.3
135. 7
113. 7
136.8
104.8
128.3
125.7
135.4
113.3
135.7
103.9
128.0
125.5
135. 2
112.3
135.9
104.1
127.9
125.5
135.0
112.3
135.3
104.6
127.6
125.3
134. 7
112.3
135.4
104.2
127.3
125.2
134.5
112.4
138.1
105.1
126.4
124.9
134.4
112.4
139.2
104.9
126.2
124.5
134.2
112.4
139.3
105.0
125.6
123.8
134.2
112.3
138.9
104.0
125.4
123.5
134. 2
112.0
136.1
104.1
124.8
123.0
133.8
111.8
134.3
103. 8
124.5
122 8
133 4
112 0
132. 9
103 6
124.2
130.7
103.0
122.9
120.0
130.3
110.7
125.2
104.1
119.1
Apparel............. _.............
M en’s and boys’. . .
Women’s and girls’
Footwear________
Other apparel*___
107.7
109.4
100. 6
128.3
92. 5
107.3
109.3
99.8
128.1
92.3
106.6
108.8
98. 6
128.3
92.0
106.5
108.8
98.6
128.1
91.9
106.6
109.1
98.5
127.8
91.9
106.5
109.0
98.6
127.8
92.0
106.5
108.8
98.7
127.3
92.0
106.8
108.8
99.3
127.6
92.2
106.1
108.6
98. 2
127.2
91.7
106.4
108.4
98.9
126.7
91.9
107. 0
108.6
100.3
126.4
92.2
107.0
108. 4
100.4
126. 2
92.1
106 8
108. 2
100 1
126. 2
92.1
105.5
107.4
98.7
123.9
91.4
103.7
105.7
98.0
117.7
90.6
Transportation.
Private........
Public____
135.8
181. 0
135.9
125. 5
181.1
135.9
125. 6
180. 6
135.8
125.6
180.2
135.3
125.4
176.8
135.3
125.4
176.8
135.5
125. 5
176.8
135.1
125.2
175.8
134.4
124.5
175.8
133.6
123.8
174.9
133.1
123.3
174.1
133. 2
123.5
173.4
132 6
122 9
173.0
128.7
118.8
172.2
126.4
117.1
165.7
1 See footnote 1, table D -l.
’ In addition to subgroups shown here, total food includes restaurant meals
and other food bought and eaten away from home.
* Includes eggs, fats and oils, sugar and sweets, beverages (nonalcoholic),
and other miscellaneous foods.
T able D -3:
Consumer Price Index
110.2
121.7
132.7
111.8
101.6
105.9
113.5
111.5
\
addition to subgroups shown here, total housing includes the purchase
price of homes and other homeowner costs.
5 Includes yard goods, diapers, and miscellaneous items
Source: U. S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics.
United States city average: Special groups of items
[1947-49=100]
All items
less food
AH items
less shelter
All com
modities
All com
modities
less food
Durable
commodi
ties 2
Nondura
ble com
modities
less food 3
All
services 4
95.1
101.9
103.0
104.2
110.8
113.5
115. 7
116. 4
116. 7
118.8
95.6
103.1
101.3
102.0
110. 5
112. 7
113.1
113.0
112.4
114.0
96.3
103.2
100.6
101.2
110.3
111. 7
111.3
110.2
109.0
110.1
95.7
102.9
101. 5
101.3
108.9
109.8
110.0
108.6
107.5
108.9
94.9
101.8
103.3
104.4
112.4
113.8
112.6
108.3
105.1
105.1
95.7
103.1
101.1
100.9
108. 5
109.1
110.1
110.6
110.6
113.0
94. 5
100. 4
105 1
108 5
114 1
119 3
124. 2
127. 5
129. 8
132.6
124.6
127.7
130.1
133.0
1956: October___
November.
December..
120.2
120. 5
120.8
115.5
115.6
115.7
111.7
111.8
111.8
110.6
111.0
111.1
107.4
107.9
108.0
114.3
114.6
114.7
133. 7
133. 9
134.4
134.2
134.4
134.9
1957: January__
February..
March........
April_____
M ay_____
June______
J u ly ...........
August___
September.
October___
121.0
121. 5
122.0
122. 3
122. 3
122. 5
122.8
123.0
123. 4
123. 7
115.9
116.4
116.5
116. 9
117.1
117.8
118. 5
118.7
118.7
118.6
111.9
112.3
112.4
112.8
113.0
113.7
114.4
114.6
114.5
114.3
111.2
111.4
111.9
112.1
111.8
111.9
112.2
112.1
112.6
112.8
108.2
108.3
108.6
108.8
108.3
108.4
108.2
108.4
108.6
108.6
114.7
115.0
115.6
115.8
115. 6
115.8
116.3
116.0
116.7
117.0
135.0
135. 7
136.3
136. 7
137.2
137. 5
137.9
138.3
138.8
139.2
135.6
136.5
137.1
137.6
138.1
138.4
138.9
139.3
139.8
140.3
Year and month
1947:
1948:
1949:
1950:
1951:
1952:
1953:
1954:
1955:
1956:
AverageAverageAverageAverageAverageAverage.
AverageAverageAverageAverage.
1 See footnote 1 and Note, table D -l.
’ Includes household appliances, furniture and.bedding, floor coverings,
dmnerware, automobiles, tires, radio and television sets, durable toys, sport
ing goods, and from 1953 forward, water heaters, kitchen sinks, sink faucets,
and porch flooring.
3 Includes solid fuels, fuel oil, textile housefumishings, household paper
electric light bulbs, laundry soap and detergents, apparel (except shoe re
pairs), gasoline, motor oil, prescriptions and drugs, toilet goods, nondurable
toys, newspapers, cigarettes, cigars, beer, whiskey, and from 1953 forward,
house paint and paint brush.
4 Includes rent, gas, electricity, dry cleaning, laundry service, domestic
service, telephone, water, postage, shoe repairs, auto repairs, auto insurance,
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
All services
less rent’
94.7
100.1
105.2
108.1
114.6
120.1
auto registration, transit fares, railroad fares, professional medical services
hospital services, group hospitalization, barber and beauty shop services’
television repairs, motion picture admissions, and from 1953 forward, home
purchase, real estate taxes, mortgage interest, property insurance, repainting
garage, repainting rooms, reshingling roof, and refinishing floors
5
-formerly all services less shelter for 1953 and later years: for definition of
services, see footnote 4.
N ote : Indexes from 1953 forward have been revised to reflect the distribujon of shelter items, formerly included in “all services and shelter” now en
titled all services,” among the appropriate commodity and service classi
fications.
S o u r c e : U. S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics.
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, DECEMBER 1957
1558
T able
D-4: Consumer Price Index 1—United States city average: Retail prices and indexes of selected
foods
Indexes (1947-49=100, unless otherwise specified)
Commodity
Aver
age 3
price,
Oct.
1957
Cereals and bakery products: Unit Cents
Flour, wheat__________5lb-. 54.9
Biscuit mix3____________ 20oz..26.8
Corn meal____________ lb— 12.8
17.6
Bice
__ _-_______ lb
Boiled"oats"/-"........................20oz_.22.2
Corn flakes_____________ 12oz..23.2
Bread............................... }b~ 19.0
Soda crackers 3---------------lb— 29.0
Vanilla cookies----------------- 7oz..24.8
Meats, poultry, and fish:
Meats....................................
Beef and veal--....................
Bound steak.................lb— 96.3
Chuck roast..... —....... lb— 54.3
Bib roast..................... lb— 75.5
Hamburger--------------lb— 43.6
Veal cutlets--------------lb— 118.5
Pork.----------------Pork chops, center eut.—lb.. 88.0
Bacon, sliced------------ lb.. 75.5
Ham, whole.—---- ------lb— 61.7
Lamb, leg------ -----lb— 71.9
Other meats:
Frankfurters3.............. -lb— 59.6
Luncheonmeat 3-.12-oz. can.. 46.0
Poultry, frying chickens...... ....
Beady-to-cook—---lb— 44.3
Fish........................... ..........
Fish, fresh or frozen----------Ocean perch fillet, frozen—lb— 43.1
Haddock, fillet, frozen..... -lb_. 47.2
Salmon, pink------ 16-oz. can.. 62.6
Tuna fish, chunk 3
6-6J4-OZ. can.,
Dairv products:
Milk, fresh, grocery....... .......-Homogenized, with vitamin D
added..........................QtMilk, fresh, delivered..--- ----Homogenized, with vitamin D
added.................... fit.. 25.7
Ice cream3------------------ pt- 29.6
Butter-- ------lb- 75.4
Chee.se American process----lb.. 57.8
Milk evaporated...Hj^-oz. can. 14.7
All fruits and vegetables:
Frozen fruits and vegetables 3--Strawberries 3---------- 10 oz. 25.7
Orange juice concentrate 3.6 oz. 18.2
Peas, gTeen3__________ 10oz. 19.6
Beans, green3-------------- 10oz. 24.4
Fresh fruits and vegetables----Apples_____________ lb. 12.3
Bananas..................... —lb. 18.4
Oranges........................ doz. 65.1
Lemons 4------------------ lb 17.8
Grapefruit1•________ each. (5)
Peaches 8*-----------------lb. ( 5)
Strawberries *19----------- pt. (5)
Grapes, seedless 88---------lb. 21.8
Watermelons 814-----------lb. (5)
Potatoes------------------- 10lb 55.9
Sweet potatoes________ lb 12.7
8.1
Onions...................
lbOarrots--------lb 16.0
Lettuce...................... head 19.1
C elery...................... -lb 13.5
7.9
Cabbage-....................-—lb
Tomatoes 8-----lb 23.4
Beans, green.................. -lb 22.0
Canned fruits and vegetables—
Orange juice 3_______ 46-oz.can.33.9
Peaches....... ......... -#2j.4 can. 34.7
Pineapple____________#2can. 34.2
Fruit cocktail3---------- #303can 26.0
Corn, creamstyle--- #303 can. 17.3
Peas, green_________ #303can. 21.4
Tomatoes___ ____ #303 can. 15.2
Baby foods_________4J.4--5oz 10.0
Dried fruits and vegetables---Prunes_____________ lb 33.1
Dried beans—----- --------lb 16.3
See footnotes at end of table,
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Annual
average
1956
1957
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
M ay
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
N ov.
Oct.
1956
1955
114.1
95 9
114.0
94 6
136. 5
136.4
142 2
112.9
127.8
114. 0
95. 6
114.1
94.4
136.3
136. 2
142.0
113. 2
127.4
113.9
95. 8
113. 4
93.7
136.4
136.0
141.8
113.1
127.2
113.7
95.7
113.4
93.3
136.0
135.4
141.5
113.2
127.3
113.7
95.7
113.7
93.1
135.7
135.0
141.0
113.1
127.7
113.6
95.8
113.6
92.9
135.4
135.1
140.6
112.9
127.5
113.3
95. 9
113.0
92.7
134.7
135.1
140.3
112. 4
127.4
113.0
95.7
112.4
92.2
133.6
135.0
140.0
112.5
127.3
112.5
95.9
112.1
92.2
131.7
134.5
139. 1
111.5
126.7
111.9
95.7
111.2
92.2
128.5
133.4
138.2
107.3
125.4
111.2
95.6
111.4
92.2
120.2
132.6
137.5
108.7
125.3
110.7
95.6
111.0
92.1
119. 5
130.2
137.2
108.6
125.1
110.5
95. 5
111. 1
92.2
119.2
129.2
137.1
107.8
125.0
110.7
95.4
111.0
92.8
119.1
128.9
134.7
107.3
124.0
110.8
96.3
111.4
95.2
117.6
128.0
131.6
104.9
122.4
111. 1
105.9
117.1
98 4
113 7
ftQ 7
128 8
108.2
120 9
103. 7
95.3
104.5
115. 2
107. 3
99 9
115 2
QO fi
129. 5
116.0
124 7
117 4
99 1
105.7
116.3
106.9
119.2
97.9
114.4
91. 2
128.8
119.2
127.6
120.3
102.6
105.5
113.2
105.5
117.8
96.1
113. 5
89. 7
128.0
114.3
127.3
111.0
99.1
105.5
110.5
103.0
114.1
94.4
111.8
87.0
128.8
110.9
127.5
103.0
98.4
107.2
106.7
101.3
112.4
94.0
110.2
84.2
127.2
105.2
117.0
98.3
96.9
105.6
104.5
99.4
110.2
92. 1
107.1
82.5
127.3
102.3
114.2
94.3
95.8
104.1
102.4
96.3
105.8
88.2
104.5
80.9
126.3
101.1
112.0
93.2
95.6
97.5
103.5
97.1
107.1
89.8
104.7
SO. 6
126.7
103.0
113.9
95.4
96.9
99.0
101.2
97.1
107.7
88.8
108.5
80.4
124. 5
98.5
109.7
88.6
95.4
98.2
100.3
98.6
109.0
93.0
110.2
80.6
122.0
95.6
106.9
84.4
94.3
98.9
101.3
101.2
113.3
96.2
113.3
81.4
122.0
95.2
109.1
83.5
91.8
102.3
103.5
103. 5
117.2
98.1
115.1
82.3
122.6
98. 5
116.9
84.9
92.6
101. 4
97.9
95.7
107.1
87.2
104.7
79.3
120.8
93.1
107.6
79.0
92.4
99.8
101.2
97.2
108.7
89.5
105.3
81.4
119.4
98.1
108.5
89.7
93.8
98.2
98.1
95 2
73.8
98 5
94 6
78.5
97.7
94.2
83.3
95.0
93.8
83.3
93.0
93.5
80.9
89.7
92.7
78.9
88.4
91.8
79.1
88.1
90.7
80.4
87.8
89.4
79.9
86.6
87.9
75.9
86.0
96.8
74.7
86.2
85.9
75.1
86.1
84.9
76.7
85.4
84.4
80.4
87.1
89.9
91.7
109.0 109.7 108.8 108.6
106.0 107.2 108.0 105.4
—
—
—
—
- ........ .
............
130.4 130.1 130.2 130.1 129.9 129.9 129.7 129.9
92.9
93.0
93.2
93.4
93.6
93.6
93.6
93.6
116.2
116.0
114.7
121.0 119.5 116.9 115.0 114.2
109.3
106.7
109.5
107.3
108.9
106. 7
108.3
105.8
108.3
105.7
110. 5
108.5
119 1
110 0
107.6
110.2
107.8
"Ï25 . 5 " 123.8" "Ï2L5
109.6
106.8
—
108.5
105.5
108.6
105.4
............
125.5
115.7
—
128.0
130.2
129.5
129.0
128.6
92.9
92.7
92.4
92.2
92.6
94.6
99.6
117.1
117.2
117.2
117.0
116.5
113.6
110.3
Î20 "Í" "ÏÎ9. 3 " "ÏÏ9"3" "m'5" "Í2CK5" "Í2LÓ" "l2L4" 12L B" 12l”4" "I2Ö:9" "ÏÎ8.T
113.9
98 0
95 4
109 5
108.5
98 1
94 4
109 6
108.5
97.9
93.2
109.5
108.3
97.7
93.2
109.3
108.0
97.7
93.4
109.4
107.2
97.3
93.7
109.0
106.8
97.0
93.6
109.0
106.0
96.6
93.8
109.2
105.4
96.3
93.8
108.9
105.3
96.5
94.0
108.8
105.3
96.3
94.6
108.8
105.2
96.2
94.3
108.5
105.1
95.9
92.9
108.5
105.1
95.5
91.3
108. 4
103.4
95.6
89.2
108.0
100.2
97 6
79 fi
98. 9
97 0
79 5
97.8
100 8
99. 8
118.0
123 8
no 9
139.3
97. 5
(»)
106.7
96.3
79.0
96.4
100.3
100.3
128.5
(U)
115.6
133.6
98.1
95.8
79.0
95.0
100.6
100.2
137.4
194.8
112.2
126.8
96.5
95.9
79.5
95.6
100.4
99.1
137.1
195.2
112.4
121.2
98.2
98.7
85.1
101.7
100.1
98.3
123. 5
150.1
100.8
119.4
102.5
110.1
(8)
(“ )
99.6
86.5
102. 4
102.0
98.1
119.0
134.6
101.1
119.0
105.9
109.1
(s)
99.8
87.5
102.9
103.0
95.9
119.5
131.7
105.5
119.2
113.2
109.9
(»)
(8)
100.3
88.4
104.4
103.0
94.8
120.0
126.3
106. 8
118.1
113.4
113.4
(■’)
(8)
100.4
88.2
104.8
103.3
94.3
120.4
123.5
107.5
122.6
110.3
114.6
(»)
(•)
101.1
88.0
106.3
103.8
94.2
117. 4
113.9
107.8
130.1
109.8
121.6
102.5
88. 8
108.0
104.5
96. 5
114.1
111.5
106.1
151.0
108.3
99.5
93.7
99.2
102.7
98.9
116.0
128.5
105.0
113.8
97.1
(s)
(8)
(8)
103.1
91.2
107.0
107.5
95.9
122.8
128.9
104.4
126.7
101.9
1 104.0
»97.4
»99.7
0)
(>)
105.3
128.6
116.8
99.9
109. 5
101.0
153.1
129.4
124.1
106.7
116.5
110.7
110.0
100.1
101.9
102.0
102.7
102.5
111.5
142.0
84.2
( 8)
(»)
«
106.3
118.2
91.5
110.5
129.1
117.2
120.4
113.7
129.4
107.7
122.6
109.7
109. 7
100.0
102.6
101. 7
102.9
102.7
112. 2
143.1
84.5
(«)
(8)
101.2
113.4
89.9
109. 4
145.4
101.3
107.1
122.8
130.3
108.3
124.9
109.7
109.8
100.2
103.6
101.8
103.3
102. 2
112.7
143.6
85.1
100.3
10 1.5
117. 4
104. 8
114.6
141.9
96.7
( 5)
(5)
( 5)
( 5)
77.6
75 1
( 5)
( S)
105.9
112.7
95.9
125.5
133.3
92. 7
114.1
83 3
104. 5
105. 7
108. 5
110. 5
110.5
100. 5
102. 8
102.1
104.0
102. 8
110. 9
137.1
106.2
118 2
96. 7
131 1
127.9
98 5
120.8
70 9
93. 2
105. 6
108.1
110. 8
8 6 .2
8 6 .1
no.
4
1 0 0 .5
1 0 2 .0
1 0 2 .3
103.7
103.0
111.0
137.7
( 8)
(8)
(8)
99.6
(5)
88.0
123.5
(s)
(8)
80.0
97.2
82.2
98.7
100.2
98.6
129.8
171.9
103.6
118.1
104.0
113.0
Í8)
81.4
(8)
103.4
111.1
155.1
153.4
115.9
125.6
112.0
125.6
121.1
99.9
106.3
113.3
110.8
110.3
100.2
101.6
102.7
102.8
102.7
111.8
142.2
84.5
({)
(5)
108.1
143.8
145.1
110.8
107.7
106.7
132.5
143.4
128.0
106.6
115.4
110.7
110.2
100.1
101.6
102. 4
102.7
102 9
111.5
142.0
84.2
72.8
111.0
155.8
110.2
125.7
153.4
97.6
121.2
77.2
98.8
105.6
108.9
110.8
110.4
100.4
101.7
102.9
103.0
102.9
111.4
140.2
85.2
129.6
86.4
114.3
166.3
135.9
117.2
130.7
115.9
124.6
95.7
109.7
106.0
110.3
111.3
110.4
100.3
101.9
103.2
102.9
102.8
111.7
141.4
84.9
(8)
Í»)
«
103.7
122.1
99.4
101.8
95.4
107.7
138.7
116.5
153. 8
107.1
118.7
110.4
109.9
100.3
102.2
101.9
103.0
102.5
111.6
142.3
84.2
(8)
106.0
121.6
102.5
103.0
117.3
114.9
125.4
99.3
146.9
107.3
120.1
110.3
109.6
100.1
102.3
101.7
102. 8
102.4
112.1
142.9
84 5
(8)
00
(*)
99.4
105. 5
84.6
108.3
167.8
92.0
97.1
94. 5
110. 9
108.8
126.4
109.9
109.3
100.7
105.3
101.5
103.9
102.3
113.6
145.0
85.6
(5)
74.5 13 80. 9
» 79.5
(*)
97.6 127.8
106.9 114.9
89.2 112.4
106. 2 108.1
125.4 114.4
84.7
92.7
100.3 114.5
74.8 105.4
102.1 119.5
108.9 107.9
126.4 120.0
110.1 111.0
109.1 108.8
101.0 100.8
106.9 106.8
101.5 102.1
103. 5 104.1
102.2 100.9
114. 6 114.6
147. 5 147.2
85.7
85.7
19 7.5
» 133.0
»95.3
79.4
• 80.2
107.2
123.1
95.2
108.8
113.7
98.9
119.9
98.5
105.1
104.0
107.4
108.0
106.1
101.3
101.5
101.8
103.0
98.6
116.3
138.4
93.7
13
D: CONSUMER AND WHOLESALE PRICES
1559
T able D -4: Consumer Price Index ^ U n ite d States city average: Retail prices and indexes of selected
foods—Continued
Indexes (1947-49=100, unless otherwise specified)
Average 2
price,
Oct.
1957
Commodity
1957
Oct.
Other foods at home:
Partially prepared foods:
Unit Cents
Soup, tom ato_____ 11-oz. ca n ..
12.3
98.5
Beans with pork___16-oz. ca n ..
14.7 104.1
Condiments and sauces:
Pickles, sw eet8_______ 7)6 oz_. 27.3 100.5
Catsup, tomato 8_______14 oz._
21.8
96.3
B everages................... ....................
184.7
Coffee 15_____________________
96.2 175.4
Tea bags 8........... package of 16.. 23.7 123.3
Cola drink 8 ___ carton, 36 oz._ 27.2 119.8
Fats and oils____________ ______
86.1
Shortening, hydrogenated
3-ib. ca n .. 95.8
90.9
Margarine, colored_______ lb .. 29.7
78.0
Lard____________________ lb .. 22.9
84.3
Salad dressing...................pt_
37.3
99.7
Peanut butter 8__________lb.
53.7 109.9
Sugar and sweets_______________ _____ 113.3
Sugar_________________ 5 lb s..
55.5 115.4
C om svrup* .................._24oz...
24.9 106.6
Grape jelly *......................12 o z ..
27.3 114.7
Chocolate bar *_________ 1 o z ..
4.5 100.4
Eggs, grade A, large.............. doz_. 69.5
99.6
Miscellaneous foods:
Gelatin, flavored 1_____3-4 o z ..
8.9 103.5
Annual
average
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
M ay
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
1956
1955
98.7
103.6
99.6
104.2
99.9
104.1
99.7
104.3
99.5
103.3
99.6
103.5
99.1
103.1
98.9
104.1
98.2
104.0
97.8
103.2
97.6
102.4
97.3
102.8
98. 3
103.0
98. 7
103.9
100.1
95.7
188.0
180.1
123.5
119.4
86. 5
100.2
96.0
192.5
186.5
123.2
119.1
86.6
100.3
97.2
192.6
186.9
123.3
118.7
86.5
100.0
97.8
194.7
190.3
123.0
117.8
86.7
99.6
102.7
194.6
190. 3
122.9
117.5
87.1
99.5
102.6
196.5
193. 3
122.7
117.1
87.4
99.8
102.5
199.5
197.7
122.6
116.5
88.0
100.2
102.5
200.8
199. 7
122.4
116.3
87.8
99.3
102.4
201.3
201.0
122.2
115.0
86.6
99.0
102.4
201.6
201.8
121.9
114.3
85.3
98.5
102. 3
202.8
203.7
121.1
114.2
84.6
98.6
102.1
202.8
203.7
120. 9
114. 2
98. 8
101.6
194.0
192.0
121. 2
113.0
99.4
98.1
185.6
180.7
122.5
111.9
92.0
77.9
84.9
99.8
109.9
113.4
115.5
106.6
115.1
100.4
93.0
92.7
77.7
84.5
99.7
109.8
113.3
115.5
106.3
114.7
100.5
85.4
92.8
77.7
83.1
99.8
109.7
113.0
114.9
106.3
114.8
100.5
77.5
93.6
78.1
82.3
99.3
109.5
112.7
114.2
106.2
114.7
100. 5
68.8
94.0
78.5
83.6
99.5
109.7
112.7
114. 2
105.8
114.8
100.5
69.9
94.3
79. 2
84.1
99.3
109. 7
112.5
114.0
105.7
114.3
100.4
72.3
95.3
80.3
84.7
99.0
109.4
112.4
113.9
105. 5
114. 4
100.3
72.4
95.4
80.0
84.5
97.7
109.6
112.1
113.8
105. 3
113.6
100.1
76.9
94.1
79.0
81.9
97.0
109.7
111.5
112.8
104. 5
113.2
77.0
92.6
77.3
79.2
96.4
109.9
110.9
111.5
103.7
113.4
100.0
83.8
92.2
76.6
76.9
95.6
109.9
110.6
110.7
103.4
113.8
100.0
87. 7
92. 2
76.2
75.9
94.6
110.0
110.3
110.2
103.1
113.4
100.1
90.7
90. 5
75.6
73.1
94.3
110.0
109.6
109.8
101. 5
111.4
100.0
86. 3
84.7
75.0
76.0
92.8
110. 4
112.2
108.0
100.9
107.8
112.6
86. 3
102.8
103.4
103.1
103.0
103. 0
102. 7
102.3
102.6
102.4
101.3
100.6
99.0
99.3
98.8
1 See footnote 1 and Note, table D -l.
1 Based on prices in the 46 cities used in compiling the Consumer Price
Index. Average prices for each of the 20 large cities listed in table D~5 are
available upon request.
8 December 1952=100.
* M ay 1953=100.
8 Priced only in season.
9 January 1953=100.
1 7 months’ average.
>July 1953=100.
• 3 months’ average.
T a ble
1956
100. 0
i» April 1953=100.
11 N ot available.
1! 4 months’ average.
18 5 months’ average.
18 June 1953=100.
15 Price of 1-lb. can 96.2 cents. Price of 1-lb. bag 76.9 (priced only in
chain stores and large supermarkets).
Source: U . S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics.
D-5: Consumer Price Index 1—All items indexes for selected dates, b y city
[1947-49=100]
City
Oct.
1957
Sept.
1957
Aug.
1957
July
1957
June
1957
M ay
1957
Apr.
1957
Mar.
1957
Feb.
1957
Jan.
1957
Dec.
1956
N ov.
1956
Oct.
1956
Annual average
1956
1955
United States city average *_
121.1
121.1
121.0
120.8
120.2
119.6
119.3
118.9
118.7
118.2
118.0
117.8
117.7
116.2
114.5
Atlanta, Ga______________
Baltimore, M d_____ ____
Boston, Mass_____________
Chicago, 111 _____________
Cincinnati, Ohio— ................
0
0
122.0
124.7
0
122.2
121.7
0
124.3
120.9
0
0
0
124.1
0
0
0
122.1
124.1
0
121.2
121.2
0
122.9
119.7
0
0
0
122.2
0
0
0
120.2
122.0
0
120.6
119.9
0
121.6
118.1
0
0
0
121.5
0
0
0
119.0
121.0
0
119.5
119.5
0
121.0
117.5
0
0
0
121.0
0
0
0
119.3
121.1
0
118.1
116.9
117.1
119.5
116.0
116.3
115.2
113.8
117.9
113.7
Cleveland, Ohio__________
Detroit, M ich____________
Houston, Tex_____________
Kansas City, M o_________
Los Angeles, Calif_________
0
122.7
0
121.8
122.2
0
122.8
0
0
122.0
122.8
123.0
122.1
0
121.2
0
123.1
0
121.7
121.1
(*)
122.5
0
0
121.0
121.7
121.9
121.1
0
120.8
0
121.4
0
120. 4
120.6
0
121.0
0
0
120.4
120.4
121.0
120.5
(*)
120.3
0
120.5
0
119.8
119.6
0
120.2
0
0
119.4
120.0
120.6
119.7
0
119.1
0
120.0
0
118.9
118.5
118.0
118.7
117.8
117.5
117.4
115.6
116.5
115.9
115.7
115.6
Minneapolis. M inn_______
N ew York, N . Y __________
Philadelphia, Pa__________
Pittsburgh, Pa____________
Portland, Oreg____________
122.2
118.4
122.0
121.1
121.9
0
118.3
121.9
0
0
0
118.7
121.6
0
0
121.6
118.4
121.2
120.7
122.2
0
117.9
120.1
0
0
0
117.2
119.8
0
0
119.8
116.9
119.7
118.8
121.6
0
116.0
120.0
0
0
0
115.9
119.7
0
0
119.4
115.6
118.8
118.8
120.1
0
115.5
118.6
0
0
0
115.6
118.2
0
0
117.4
115.7
118.6
118.2
119.5
117.0
113.9
117.0
116.5
118.0
116.8
112.2
115.5
113.8
115.1
122.1
123.5
0
0
0
0
0
117.8
123. 7
119.1
121.3
122.8
0
0
0
0
0
116.4
122.8
117.2
120.2
122.3
0
0
0
0
0
115.5
122.2
117.5
119.1
121.6
0
0
0
0
0
114.9
120.2
115.9
117.2
118.4
112.9
118.1
114.9
116.0
115.6
111.4
116.7
113.6
St. Louis, M o_____________
San Francisco, Calif_______
Scranton, Pa______________
Seattle, Wash_____________
Washington, D . C________
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1 See footnote 1 and Note, table D -l. Indexes measure time-to-tlrne
changes in prices of goods and services purchased by urban wage-earner and
clerical-worker families. They do not indicate whether it costs more to live
In one city than in another.
2 Average of 46 cities.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
8 Indexes are computed monthly for 5 cities and once every 3 months on a
rotating cycle for the 15 remaining cities.
Source: U . S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics
1560
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, DECEMBER 1957
T able D-6: Consumer Price Index 1—Food and its subgroups, by city
[1947-49=100]
City
Total food at home
Oct.
1957
United States city average 3___
Sept.
1957
116.4
Oct.
1957
Oct.
1956
Sept.
1957
Cereals and bakery products
Oct.
1956
Oct.
1957
Meats, poultry, and fish
Oct.
1956
Sept.
1957
Oct.
1957
115.5
111.7
131.4
131.2
126.8
112.9
114. 5
114.7
111.6
119.1
114.5
114.9
115.6
111.8
118.3
110.4
111.4
110.9
108.8
112.9
124.2
127.2
129.8
125.1
131.7
124.2
127.0
131.2
123.2
131.8
117.8
122.0
123.7
120.6
124.8
111.7
115.1
110.3
109.9
114.6
112.4
116.4
111. 5
109.9
115. 5
113.1
117.0
112.8
109.8
116.4
110.1
113.6
108.7
107.8
110.9
129.0
124.9
121.3
126. 6
140.4
129.1
124.8
121.4
126.6
139.7
115.5
116.6
120.7
118.3
117.7
113.2
113.6
116.0
114.8
115. 2
114.2
114.3
118.1
115.9
115.3
114.4
114.2
118.5
116.9
116.3
112.1
112.2
114.3
113.1
113.2
130.0
135.6
133.0
129.3
135.0
117.8
119.4
113.4
118.1
118.3
114.5
115.8
110.5
114.5
113.7
112.6
116. 5
113.2
115.9
115.8
114.5
117.7
113.1
117.2
116.3
111.3
114.8
109.9
114.0
112.0
124.3
140.5
127.1
140.5
128.9
113.1
117.0
Atlanta, Ga__
_ . . .
Baltimore, M d. ___ _
Boston, Mass ___________
Chicago, 111. . . . _ . _ . . . __
Cincinnati, Ohio .
___
114.0
117.8
116. 6
114.0
118.6
115.4
118.1
117.4
114.0
119.7
111.7
114.1
113.2
110.7
114.6
Cleveland, Ohio______
Detroit, M ich.
Houston, Tex.
_____
Kansas City, M o .. ._
Los Angeles, Calif. _ ______
114.4
118.3
113.6
112. 2
119.0
115.0
118.7
114.7
111.9
119.4
____
Minneapolis, M inn.
N ew York, N . Y . ______
Philadelphia, Pa___
... .
Pittsburgh, Pa ..
Portland, Oreg . . . .
.. ...
115. 5
116. 5
120.4
117.5
116.9
St. Louis, M o.
___ . . . _
San Francisco, C a lif ____ _.
Scranton, P a ____. . . _ .
Seattle, Wash. . . . . . .
Washington, D .C
_______
116. 3
118.4
113. 5
117.0
117.9
114.7
106.3
Sept.
1957
Oct.
1956
110.3
100.8
106.8
107.0
104.9
99.0
107.7
112.2
110.4
108.3
102.8
112.8
102.0
101.5
101.0
94.7
102.0
121.9
119.9
120.1
123.5
130.8
102.2
104.4
101.6
102.6
108.7
106.1
108.1
105.8
108.3
113.5
98.7
99.0
95.6
97.4
101.0
130.1
135.2
133.0
129.3
134.7
128. 5
130.6
129.9
124.9
130.0
100.9
106.7
108.9
105. 2
108.0
103.5
109.8
112.4
109.0
112.1
95.7
104.0
102.3
100.1
101.0
124.6
140.1
127.1
140.6
128.9
120.9
137.7
124.4
136.6
123.0
101.2
108.8
105.4
107.4
105.3
106.4
112.6
109.8
111.6
108.6
98.1
104.6
99.7
100.9
99.3
Food at home—Continued
Dairy products
Fruits and vegetables
Other foods at home 4
City
Oct.
1957
Sept.
1957
Oct.
1956
Oct.
1957
Sept.
1957
Oct.
1956
Oct.
1957
Sept.
1957
Oct.
1956
United States city average 3_______________
114, 2
113.1
110.7
114. 5
114.8
113.9
116.2
115.0
115.8
Atlanta, Ga _. __
._ ________ . _
_____. . . .
Baltimore, M d .
Boston, Mass
.
...
. _______
Chicago, 111. . ___ _ . _________________
Cincinnati, Ohio_______________________ .
113.5
114.4
120.7
112.5
117.5
113.6
111.9
117.8
111.7
114.6
112.6
109.7
114.4
111.4
114.1
118.2
114.6
115.3
114. 6
119.3
120.8
115.1
115.9
113.4
119.9
119.2
113.3
111. 5
109.6
111.0
109.1
115.5
110.8
121.5
120.6
107.4
114.1
111.3
119.5
120.1
108.1
116.1
110.1
122.6
122.3
Cleveland, Ohio
.
. . . __________
Detroit, Mich
_ _
_
.
Houston, T ex..
_ _ . . ___________ .
Kansas City, Mo
Los Angeles, Calif .
. ______________
107.6
112.2
112.3
111. 7
109. 6
107.4
112.2
112.3
102.0
109. 4
107.6
112.1
109.4
108.0
105. 5
112.7
125.5
117.9
107.0
114. 5
111.1
124.2
117.3
108. 5
113.0
110.0
123.6
114.4
111.8
119.6
119.0
112.6
109.4
114.6
118.3
117.5
112.7
107. 2
113.9
120.0
118.4
113.6
108. 5
114.4
Minneapolis, M in n .. _______
N ew York, N . Y .
_ _ _
Philadelphia, P a .. _ _ . . . . . ______
Pittsburgh, Pa___________________
Portland, Oreg__ _ __
.
109.2
115. 7
120.0
114. 2
117.3
107.4
114.5
117.4
114.1
117.2
110.6
108.0
114.9
111.3
114.0
118.7
108.6
120.1
113.7
108.5
119.1
107.4
121.9
114.9
107.3
117. 6
113.4
117.2
114.4
111.6
125. 4
117.0
116.4
126.2
116.5
123.4
114.1
114.1
124.6
117.0
123.9
116. 2
116.5
125.5
118.5
St. Louis, M o__________________________
San Francisco, Calif.
Scranton, P a ____
_ __ ____________
Seattle, Wash .
.
Washington, D . C .
.
_______ _
105.6
116.4
113.6
118.8
119.4
105.5
116.5
113.4
118.7
116.6
106.3
112.4
108.1
116.0
115.8
120.4
117.2
108.6
113.8
115.0
120.3
117.2
105.3
112.6
117.1
116.5
117.8
110.4
114.1
113.0
121.7
112.9
115.6
112.3
117.8
122.2
113.2
112.0
113.3
116.0
124.3
114.4
113.6
116.0
116.3
i See footnote 1, table D -l.
1 See footnote 2, table D-2.
* Average of 46 cities.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
111.0
‘ See footnote 3, table D-2.
Source: U. S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics.
D : CONSUMER AND WHOLESALE PRICES
1561
T able D -7: Indexes of wholesale prices, by major groups
Farm products
Processed foods
All commodities
other than farm
and foods
Textile products
and apparel
H id e s , s k i n s ,
le a th e r , an d
leather products
Fuel, power, and
lighting mate
rials
C h e m ic a ls an d
allied products
Rubber and rub
ber products
Lu mb er and
wood products
Pulp, paper, and
allied products
Metals and metal
products
Machinery a n d
motive products
F u rn itu r e and
o th e r h o u se
hold durables
Nonmetallic
minerals—struc
tural
Tobacco m a n u
fa c tu r e s and
bottled bever
ages
1947--......... .
1948________
1949________
1950________
1951________
1952 ............ .
1953________
1954________
1955—............
1956________
96.4
104.4
99.2
103.1
114.8
111.6
110.1
110.3
110.7
114.3
100.0
107.3
92.8
97.5
113.4
107.0
97.0
95.6
89.6
88.4
98.2
106.1
95.7
99.8
111.4
108.8
104.6
105.3
101.7
101.7
95.3
103.4
101.3
105.0
115.9
113.2
114.0
114.5
117.0
122.2
100.1
104.4
95.5
99.2
110.6
99.8
97.3
95.2
95.3
95.3
101.0
102.1
96.9
104.6
120.3
97.2
98.5
94.2
93.8
99.3
90.9
107.1
101.9
103.0
106.7
106.6
109.5
108.1
107.9
111.2
101.4
103.8
94.8
96.3
110.0
104.5
105.7
107.0
106.6
107.2
99.0
102.1
98.9
120.5
148.0
134.0
125.0
126.9
143.8
145.8
93.7
107. 2
99.2
113.9
123.9
120.3
120.2
118.0
123.6
125.4
98.6
102.9
98.5
100.9
119.6
116.5
116.1
116.3
119.3
127.2
91.3
103.9
104.8
110.3
122.8
123.0
126.9
128.0
136.6
148.4
92.5
100.9
106.6
108.6
119.0
121.5
123.0
124.6
128.4
137.8
95.6
101.4
103.1
105.3
114.1
112.0
114.2
115. 4
115.9
119.1
93.9
101.7
104. 4
106.9
113.6
113.6
118.2
120.9
124.2
129.6
97.2
100.5
102.3
103. 5
109. 4
111-8
115. 7
120.6
121.6
122.3
100.8
103.1
96.1
96. 6
104.9
1083
97. 8
102.5
92.0
91.0
1953:
J an u a ry ...
February..
March___
April..........
M ay . . .
June____
July............
August___
September.
October__
November.
December.
109.9
109.6
110.0
109.4
109.8
109.5
110.9
110.6
111.0
110.2
109.8
110.1
99.6
97.9
99.8
97.3
97.8
95.4
97.9
96.4
98.1
95.3
93.7
94.4
105.5
105.2
104.1
103.2
104.3
103.3
105.5
104.8
106.6
104.7
103.8
104.3
113.1
113.1
113.4
113.2
113.6
113.9
114.8
114.9
114.7
114.6
114.5
114.6
98.8
98.5
97.5
97.4
97.6
97.4
97.5
97.5
96.9
96.5
96 2
95.8
97.3
98.0
98.1
97.9
100.4
101.0
100.0
99.9
99.7
97.1
97.1
95.6
107.8
108.1
108.4
107.4
107.1
108.3
111.1
111.0
110.9
111.2
111.2
111.1
103.6
103.6
104.2
105.5
105.5
105.6
106.2
106.3
106.7
106.7
107.2
107.1
127.3
126.2
125.7
124.8
125.4
125.0
124.6
123.5
124.0
124.2
124.3
124.8
120.5
121.1
121.7
122.2
121.8
121.5
121.1
120.4
119.2
118.1
117.3
117.4
115.8
115.3
115.1
115.3
115.4
115.8
115.8
116.2
116.9
117.5
117.3
117.1
124.0
124.6
125.5
125.0
125.7
126.9
129.3
129.4
128.5
127.9
127.9
127.5
121.5
121.6
121.8
122.0
122.4
122.9
123.4
123.7
124.0
124.1
124.2
124.3
112. 7
112.9
113.1
113.9
114.1
114.3
114.7
114.8
114.9
114.8
114.9
115.0
114.6
114.6
115.1
116.9
117.2
118.1
119.4
119. 6
120.7
120.7
120.8
120.8
111. 9
111. 9
114.8
114.8
114.8
114. 9
115.6
115. 6
116. 2
118.1
118.1
118.1
103 0
101 2
101 7
98. 5
99. 7
fifi 8
1954:
January__
February..
March___
April_____
M a y ____
June_____
July_____
August___
September.
October__
November.
December.
110.9
110.5
110.5
111.0
110.9
110.0
110.4
110.5
110.0
109.7
110.0
109.5
97.8
97.7
98.4
99.4
97.9
94.8
96.2
95.8
93.6
93.1
93.2
89.9
106.2
104.8
105.3
105.9
106.8
105.0
106.5
106.4
105.5
103.7
103.8
103.5
114.6
114.4
114.2
114.5
114.5
114.2
114.3
114.4
114.4
114.5
114.8
114.9
96.1
95.3
95.0
94.7
94.8
94.9
95.1
95.3
95.3
95.4
95.2
95.2
95.3
94.9
94.7
94.6
96.0
95.6
94.9
94.0
93.0
92.4
92.8
91.8
110.8
110.5
109.2
108.6
108.2
107.8
106.2
106.9
106.9
106.9
107.4
107.5
107.2
107.5
107.4
107.2
107.1
106.8
106,7
106.8
106.8
106.9
107.0
107.0
124.8
124.6
124.9
125.0
125.1
126.1
126.8
126.4
126.9
128.5
131.4
132.0
117.0
116.8
116.7
116.2
116.1
116.3
119.1
119 1
119.3
119.8
119.9
120.0
117.0
117.1
116.6
116.3
115.8
115.8
116.2
116 3
116.3
116.3
116.0
115.9
127.2
126.2
126.3
126.8
127.1
127.1
128.0
128.6
129.1
129.7
129.9
129.8
124,4
124.5
124.5
124.4
124.4
124.3
124.3
124.3
124.4
124.3
125.3
125.7
115.2
115.1
115.0
115.6
115.5
115.4
115.3
115.3
115.3
115.6
115.6
115.7
120.9
121.0
121.0
120.8
119.3
119.1
120.4
120. 5
121.7
121.9
121.8
121.8
118.2
118.0
117.9
121. 5
121. 4
121. 4
121.4
121. 5
121. 5
121. 5
121. 4
121.4
1955:
January__
February..
March___
April..........
M ay. ___
June_____
July--------August___
September.
October__
November.
December.
110.1
110.4
110.0
110.5
109.9
110.3
110.5
110.9
111.7
111.6
111.2
111.3
92.5
93.1
92.1
94.2
91.2
91.8
89.5
88.1
89.3
86.8
84.1
82.9
103.8
103.2
101.6
102.5
102.1
103.9
103.1
101.9
101.5
100.2
98.8
98.2
115.2
115.7
115.6
115.7
115.5
115.6
116.5
117.5
118.5
119.0
119.4
119.8
95.2
95.2
95.3
95.0
95.0
95.2
95.3
95.3
95.4
95.4
95.6
95.6
91.9
92.3
92.2
93.2
92.9
92.9
93.7
93.8
94.0
95.3
96.4
96.7
108.5
108.7
108.5
107.4
107.0
106.8
106.4
107.2
108.0
108.0
108.6
109.3
107.1
107.1
106.8
107.1
106.8
106.8
106.0
105.9
106.0
106.5
106.6
106.6
136.8
140.6
138.0
138.3
138.0
140.3
143.4
148.7
151.7
147.8
150.6
151.0
120.3
121.2
121.4
122.4
123.5
123.7
124.1
125.1
125.7
125.4
125.0
125.1
116.3
116.6
116.8
117.4
117.7
118.3
119.0
119.7
120.5
122.8
123.2
123.6
130.1
131.5
131.9
132.9
132.5
132.6
136.7
139.5
141.9
142.4
142.9
143.9
125.8
126.1
126.1
126.3
126.7
127.1
127. 5
128.5
130.0
131.4
132. 5
133.0
115.5
115.4
115.1
115.1
115.1
115.2
115.5
116.0
116. 4
116.9
117.2
117.3
122.0
121.8
121.9
122.3
123.2
123.7
125.3
126.1
126.4
126.8
125.2
125. 4
121.4
121.6
121.6
121.6
121.6
121.6
121.6
121.7
121.7
121.7
121,7
121.7
88.8
1956:
January..
February..
March___
April------M ay _____
June_____
July______
August___
September.
October__
November.
December.
111.9
112.4
112.8
113.6
114.4
114.2
114.0
114.7
115.5
115.6
115.9
116.3
84.1
86.0
86.6
88.0
90.9
91.2
90.0
89.1
90.1
88.4
87.9
88.9
98.3
99.0
99.2
100.4
102.4
102.3
102.2
102.6
104.0
103.6
103. 6
103.1
120.4
120.6
121.0
121.6
121.7
121.5
121.4
122.5
123.1
123.6
124.2
124.7
95.7
96.0
95.9
95.1
94.9
94.9
94.9
94.8
94.8
95.3
95.4
95.6
96.7
97.1
97.7
100.6
100.0
100.2
100.1
100.0
100.2
99.7
99.8
99.2
111.0
111.2
110.9
110.6
110.8
110. 5
110.7
110.9
111. 1
111. 7
111.2
114.0
106.3
106.4
106.5
106.9
106.9
107.1
107. 3
107.3
107.1
107.7
108.2
108.3
148. 4
147.1
146.2
145.0
143. 5
142.8
143.3
146. 9
145. 7
145.8
146.9
147.9
126.3
126. 7
128.0
128.5
128.0
127.3
126.6
125.2
123.6
122.0
121.5
121.0
124.8
125.4
126.8
127.4
127.3
127.4
127.7
127.9
127.9
128. 1
127.8
128.0
145.1
145.1
146.5
147. 7
146.8
145.8
144.9
150. 2
151.9
152. 2
152.1
152.3
133.3
133.9
134.7
135. 7
136.5
136.8
136. 9
137. 7
139.7
141.1
143. 4
143.6
118.0
118.2
118.1
118.0
118.0
118.1
118.3
119.1
119.7
121.0
121.1
121.2
127.0
127.1
127.9
128.6
128.6
128.9
130. 6
130.8
131.1
131. 5
131. 2
131.3
121.7
121.7
121.7
121. 7
121.6
121.6
121. 7
122. 5
122.8
123. 1
123. 5
123.6
89 6
88 7
88. 2
92 1
96.1
92 9
91 3
91.1
89. 9
89 2
91 2
91.7
1957:
January__
iebruary..
March___
. April_____
M ay_____
June_____
July--------August___
September.
October L .
116. 9
117.0
116.9
117.2
117.1
117.4
118.2
118.4
118.0
117.7
89.3
88.8
88.8
90.6
89.5
90.9
92.8
93.0
*91.0
91.5
104.3
103.9
103.7
104.3
104.9
106.1
107.2
106.8
106.5
105.5
125.2
125.5
125.4
125.4
125.2
125.2
125.7
126.0
*126.0
125.7
95.8
95.7
95.4
95.3
95.4
95.5
95.4
95.4
95.4
95.1
98.4
98.0
98.4
98.8
99.0
99.9
100.7
100.5
*100.3
100.4
116.3
119.6
119.2
119.5
118.5
117.2
116.4
116.3
*116.1
115.7
108.7
108.8
108.8
109.1
109.1
109.3
109.5
109.8
110.2
110.4
145.0
143.9
144.3
144. 5
144.7
145.1
144.9
146.9
*146. 5
146.2
121.3
120.7
120.1
120. 2
119. 7
119.7
119.3
118.6
117.8
117.5
128.6
128. 5
128.7
128.6
128.9
128.9
129.5
129.9
130.1
130.9
152. 2
151. 4
151.0
150.1
150.0
150.6
152.4
153.2
*152. 2
150.8
143.9
144.5
144.8
145.0
145. 1
145.2
145.8
146.2
*146. 9
147.2
121.9
121.9
121.9
121.5
121.6
121.7
122.4
122.6
*122.3
122.5
132.0
132.7
133.2
134.6
135.0
135.1
135.2
135. 3
*135. 2
135.3
124.0
124.1
124. 1
124. 5
124.5
124.7
127.7
127.7
127.7
127.7
93. 2
92.4
92. 0
91.4
89.4
87.3
88.8
90.1
*89.4
87.8
1 Preliminary.
‘ Revised.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
M is c e lla n e o u s
products
Year and
month
All commodities
[1947-49=100]
Qfi 3
96 4
94 7
04 4
98 2
100.1
101 1
102
104
110
109
8
a
3
9
lOfi 1
103 Q
109 3
99 1
96 7
97 f)
98.0
97 O
97.1
95.6
94. 0
91 8
89 1
90 8
89 8
90 8
91 fi
88 0
N ote: For a description of this series, see Techniques of Preparing Major
BLS Statistical Series, BLS Bull. 1168 (1954).
Source: U. S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, DECEMBER 1957
1562
T a b l e D -8: Indexes of wholesale prices, by group and subgroup of commodities 1
[1947-49=100]
1956
1957
Annual avg.
Commodity group
July
June
M ay
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
N ov.
Oct.
1956
1955
118.4 118.2
117.4
117.1
117.2
116.9
117.0
116.9
116.3
115.9
115.6
114.3
110.7
92.8
108.0
82.7
86.5
105.0
93.1
76.2
82.4
142.9
90.9
105.4
83.9
83.5
104.8
92.0
61.0
83.3
145.7
89.5
109.0
85.4
78.7
104.3
92.2
57.5
84.4
144.1
90.6
103.0
87.3
79.3
104.3
95.0
68.5
85.2
144.7
88.8
94.1
87.5
76.6
104.0
95.6
63.8
85.1
146.0
88.8
96.1
87.0
75.0
103.9
97.5
66.3
84.7
148.2
89.3
100.7
89.5
73.9
102.9
98.1
65.7
86.6
148.8
88.9
102.6
88.8
71.7
101.3
99.0
74.3
85.4
147.9
87.9
104.3
87.9
68.6
100.8
98.8
79.3
84.0
147.4
88.4
97.6
84.0
73.0
100.0
97.2
87.4
78.6
149.9
88.4
104.2
87.0
71.3
102.8
94.5
81.9
82.6
146.9
89.6
104.1
87.0
75.8
102.4
91.5
85.7
84.9
142.5
106.8
116.7
97.7
110.3
102.1
113.8
183.7
74.4
62.3
66.1
84.1
95.1
107.2
117.7
99.2
108.2
102.3
114.3
183. 7
76.2
65.3
66.9
84.3
94.8
106.1
117.0
96.6
108.1
101.9
113.5
183. 7
72.1
63.8
65. 5
84.9
95.4
104.9
116.5
91.5
110.7
103.5
112. 8
183.7
70.3
62.9
65.4
85.2
95.3
104.3
116.8
88.2
111.4
104.9
112.1
183.7
73. 3
65. 4
70.1
86.1
95.2
103.7
116.7
84.6
111.3
105.9
112.3
190.9
78.8
67. 6
78.2
89.2
95.1
103.9
115.9
83.9
112. 5
105.9
112.0
194. 5
83.4
71.7
78.5
90.2
95.7
104.3
115.8
84.8
112.5
105.6
113.1
196.3
84.3
73.8
78.5
89.6
95.0
103.1
115.4
81.5
112.6
105.6
112.3
196.3
84.5
72.0
73.9
89.4
95.7
103.6
115.8
82.7
113. 6
106.4
111.8
201.6
74.4
70.4
74.4
86.2
95.7
103.6
115.3
85.7
110.9
106.4
110.8
201.6
75.5
65.9
70.2
83.7
95.3
101.7
115. 2
81.6
108.6
107.9
109.8
192.7
69.8
68.5
73.4
85.3
96.8
101.7
116.2
84.8
106.1
105. 5
110.5
180.1
67.7
62.2
71.2
81.4
99.6
All commodities other than farm and foods.. 125.7 *126.0
126.0
125.7
125.2
125.2
125.4
125.4
125.5
125.2
124.7
124.2
123.6
122.2
117.0
Textile products and apparel_____________ 95.1
89.9
Cotton products________ _____________
Wool products.. ___________ ______ ___ 108.3
82.3
Manmade fiber textile products________
Silk products__ ____________________ 120.0
99.7
Apparel___________ ____________ ____
Other textile products......... .......................... 77.2
95.4
90.0
110.3
82.3
121.1
99.7
77.2
95.4
90.2
111.2
82.1
122.0
99.6
75.7
95.4
90.5
111.3
81.9
121.5
99.5
75.8
95.5
90.6
111.5
81.9
122.4
99.5
76.8
95.4
90.7
110.9
81.8
124.7
99.5
76.9
95.3
90.8
109.9
81.5
124.8
99.6
75.9
95.4
91.1
109.0
81.7
123. 0
99.6
76.1
95.7
91.9
109.5
82.0
123.2
99.6
75.9
95.8
92.3
109.1
82.1
122.8
99.7
76.8
95.6
92.7
107.7
80.5
122.8
99.7
78.7
95.4
92.8
106.1
80.3
122.7
99.7
76.2
95.3
92.7
104.8
80.9
123. 6
99.7
75.3
95.3
93.0
103.7
81.4
121.9
99.6
72.8
95.3
91.5
104.7
86.6
123.8
98.5
74.5
Hides, skins, leather, and leather products. 100.4 *100.3
58.2
Hides and skins_______________________ 56.8
91.2
91.6
Leather.________ _______ _____________
Footw ear.. _ __ ____________ _________ 122.4 *121.6
Other leather products.................................. 98.3 *98.4
100.5
61.5
91.6
121.3
98.2
100.7
62.1
92.2
121.2
98.5
99.9
59.4
91.1
121.2
97.3
99.0
55.8
88.8
121.1
97.5
98.8
51.8
88.6
121.5
97.8
98.4
51.0
88.6
120.9
97.8
98.0
50.1
87.8
120.8
97.4
98.4
52.1
88.2
120.8
97.9
99.2
53.8
90.9
120.8
98.3
99.8
59.0
90.6
120.8
98.6
99.7
57.8
90.8
120. 7
98.6
99.3
59.2
91.2
119.3
98.6
93.8
56.6
84.6
112.3
95.9
Fuel, power, and lighting materials_______
C o a l... ____________ ______ __________
Coke______________ __________________
Gas_________________ ________________
Electricity____________ _______________
Petroleum and p ro d u cts..____ _________
115.7 *116.1
125.6 124.8
161.9 161.9
112.2 *112.2
95.5 *95.5
124.6 125.6
116.3
124.4
161.9
111.1
96.6
125.5
116.4
124.0
161.9
111.8
95.5
126.4
117. 2
123.3
161.9
113.0
94.3
128.4
118. 5
123.3
161.9
116.5
94.9
129.8
119.5
123.2
161.9
118.4
96.6
130.4
119.2
123. 6
161.9
118.4
94.9
130.7
119.6
124.0
162.2
122.3
94.3
131.0
116.3
124.1
159.1
119.9
94.9
124.9
114.0
123.5
156.3
119.9
94.3
120.9
111.2
122.0
156.3
111.1
94.3
117.5
111.7
121.0
156.3
111. 1
94.9
118.3
111.2
114. 5
149.7
115.1
94.2
118.2
107.9
104.8
135.2
111.6
97.0
112.7
Chemicals and allied products.............. . . . .
Industrial chemicals______ ______ ______
Prepared paint_______________________
Paint materials_______________________
Drugs and pharmaceuticals____ ________
Fats and oils, inedible ________________
Mixed fertilizer_______________________
Fertilizer materials__________________ .
Other chemicals and allied products____
110.4 110.2
123.6 *123. 5
128.1 128.1
102.2 101.5
93.4
93.5
64.7
64.5
111.9 112.0
107.6 106.4
106.8 *106.7
109.8
123.6
128.1
100.5
93.4
63.4
110.5
106. 5
105. 5
109.5
123.5
128.1
99.9
93.4
61.0
108.3
106.3
105. 4
109.3
124.0
125.5
99.7
93.4
60.2
108.3
106.3
105.0
109.1
123.6
124.7
99.8
93.3
59.2
108.4
107.2
105.2
109.1
123.6
124.1
99.8
93.5
58.2
108.6
107.5
105.2
108.8
122.9
124.1
100.1
93.2
57.9
108.5
106.8
105.2
108.8
123.2
124.1
100.6
93.1
58.0
109.3
105.9
105.1
108.7
123.5
124.1
99.0
92.6
58.7
110.2
105.9
104.5
108.3
122.5
124.1
99.5
92.5
59.4
109.3
105.7
1014
108.2
122.5
123.6
99.4
92.3
57.8
109.6
105. 7
104.2
107.7
122.6
122.4
98.8
91.9
55.8
109. 5
104.1
103.6
107.2
121.4
120.0
99.6
92.1
56.2
108.7
108.4
103.2
106.6
118.1
114.5
96.8
92.8
56.6
108.7
112.6
106.0
Rubber and rubber products_____________
Crude ru b b er________________________
Tires and tubes ................. ................... .
Other rubber products..................................
146.2 *146. 5
138.1 140.3
153.5 153.5
142.5 *142.2
146.9
144.3
153. 5
140.8
144.9
145.0
149.0
140.0
145.1
145.9
149.0
139.9
144.7
144.0
149.0
139.9
144.5
143.2
149.0
140.0
144.3
142.0
149.0
140.0
143.9
140.2
149.0
140.0
145.0
145.4
148.8
140.0
147.9
151.1
153.4
139.7
146. 9
147.0
153.4
139.5
145.8
141.9
153.4
139.5
145.8
146.7
152.2
138.0
143.8
156.8
144.9
134.4
Oct.2
Sept.
Aug.
All commodities.................................................. 117.7
118.0
Farm products____ . . __________________
Fresh and dried fruits and vegetables___
Grains______________ ________________
Livestock and live p o u ltry ..____ _______
Plant and animal fibers________________
Fluid m ilk ___________ _______________
Eggs_______________ _________ ______
Hay, hayseeds, and oil seeds___________
Other farm products___________________
91.5
107.5
80.6
78.4
103.3
98.9
103.5
77.3
141.5
*91.0
98.9
81.2
81.5
102.9
*96.9
91.2
78.0
143.2
93.0
106.3
82.4
86.7
104.0
94.9
79.7
81.3
142.9
Processed foods
. ___________
Cereal and bakery products____________
Meats, poultry, and fish_______________
Dairy products and ice cream. . . .
Canned and frozen fruits and vegetables..
Sugar and confectionery__ ___________
Packaged beverage materials______ . . .
Animal fats and o ils _________ ____ ____
Crude vegetable oils__________________
Refined vegetable oils_________________
Vegetable oil end products.........................
Other processed foods...................................
105.5 106.5
117.3 116.7
91.6
95.7
113.7 112.4
103.5 *102. 5
113.8 113.9
172.9 178.3
74.1
78.3
61.5
61.3
64.5
68.5
84.1
84.7
96.0
96.0
117.5
Lumber and wood products...................... .
Lumber.................... .................. ...................... 117.8
Millwork.......................................................... 128.3
96.9
Plywood_____________________________
117.8
118.3
128.3
94.7
118. 6
119.4
128.3
95.2
119.3
120.0
128.3
96.9
119.7
120.4
128.5
97.7
119.7
120.6
128.3
96.8
120.2
121.2
128.3
96.7
120.1
121.2
128.7
96.2
120.7
121.9
128.7
96.4
121.3
122.6
128.7
97.1
121.0
122.5
128.5
94.6
121.5
123.1
128.5
94.8
122.0
123.6
128.6
96.1
125.4
127.2
129.1
101. 7
123.6
124.4
128.7
105.4
Pulp, paper, and allied products___ _ . . .
W oodpulp_______________________ ____
Wastepaper............... ............................. .........
Paper............... ..................................................
Paperboard.. . . . __________ _______ _
Converted paper and paperboard products__________________ ______ _______
Building paper and board______________
130.9
121.2
88.5
143. 2
136. 6
130.1
118.0
88.5
143.2
136.2
129.9
118.0
74.7
143.2
136. 2
129.5
118.0
68.0
142.8
136.2
128.9
118.0
66.1
142.4
136.2
128.9
118.0
66.1
142.4
136.2
128.6
118.0
68.6
140.7
136. 2
128.7
118.0
75.4
140.1
136.2
128.5
118.0
76.4
139. 2
136.2
128.6
118.0
77.3
139.2
136.2
128.0
118.0
78.3
139.2
136.2
127.8
118.0
77.3
139.2
136.2
128.1
118.0
92.5
139.1
136.3
127.2
117.7
112.3
137.3
134.8
119.3
112.9
110.7
129.8
127.1
126.9
141.7
126.5
141.7
126. 5
141.7
126.1
141.7
125.3
141.7
125.3
141.7
125.2
141.7
125.6
141.1
125.6
141.1
125.6
141.1
124.5
138.1
124.3
138.1
124.3
138.1
123.1
136.9
113.9
130.9
Metals and metal products..............................
Iron and steel.
................. ...................
Nonferrous metals____________________
Metal containers_______________ ____ _
Hardware___________________ ________ _
Plumbing equipment....................................
Heating equipment___________________
Fabricated structural metal products___
Fabricated nonstructural metal products.
150.8
167.8
129.9
153.1
167.4
128.5
122.3
134.6
147.1
*152.2
*170.2
131.7
153.1
*167.2
128.9
*122.3
134.9
147.1
153.2
171. 2
134.6
153.1
165.9
129.0
122.3
135.6
146.6
152.4
170.3
134.1
152.8
164, 5
129.1
122.8
134. 5
145.3
150.6
165.4
138.1
152.5
164.3
129.1
121.9
131.7
143.1
150.0
162.9
139.9
152.5
164.3
130.1
121.4
132.2
143.3 i
150.1
161.9
142.5
148.0
163. 5
131.6
121.6
132.8
143.3
151.0
163.8
143.2
148.0
162.2
132.0
121.6
133. 4
142.8
151.4
163.9
145.4
147.4
162.0
133.4
122.8
133.3
142.0
152.2
164.3
148.7
147. 5
161.5
133.4
122.3
133.7
141.6
152.3 152.1
163.3 162.5
149.6 149.7
147. 5 147.5
160.2 160.1
133.9 133.9
122.1 122.0
137.5 137.5
141. 2 1 141.2
152.2 148.4
161. 1 154.7
154.1 156.1
143.4 141.6
159.8 155.9
133.9 133.9
121.9 119.0
137.1 132.6
141.2 1 135.1
136.6
140.6
142.7
132.9
146.4
125.4
115.0
122.5
128.2
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
D . CONSUMER AND WHOLESALE PRICES
1563
T able D-8: Indexes of wholesale prices, by group and subgroup of commodities 1—Continued
[1947-49=100]
1957
1956
Commodity group
Annual avg.
Oct.2
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
May
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
1956
1955
147.2
133.8
162.9
170.7
*146.9
*133. 4
*162. 7
*168.9
146.2
132.5
161.4
167.0
145.8
132.3
157. 9
166.1
145.2
132. 3
157.6
165.6
145.1
132.3
157.6
165. 6
145.0
132.1
157. 5
165.3
144.8
132.2
156. 7
164.9
144.5
132.0
156. 3
163.8
143.9
131.8
156. 2
163.4
143.6
131.2
155.9
163.3
143.4
130.8
155.5
163.0
141.1
129.5
154. 7
161.4
137.8
127.6
148.6
156.4
128.4
123.2
137.1
142.5
159.0 *158. 5
147.5 *147. 3
150.7 *150. 8
134.8 134.8
158.0
146.3
149.6
134.7
157.4
144.5
149.5
134.7
156.5
143.9
148.2
134.7
156.0
143.8
148.2
134.7
156. 2
143.7
147.8
134. 7
155.9
143. 3
147.5
134.6
155.8
143.0
147.1
134.6
155. 5
142. 5
146. 0
134.3
154.6
142.2
145.4
134.3
154.0
142.0
145. 2
134. 2
153. 0
140.4
143. 2
130.8
147.5
137. 0
138.4
129.8
134.0
129.2
128. 2
122.9
Furniture and other household durables___
Household furniture.................. ...................
Commercial furniture_________________
Floor covering______ __________________
Household appliances.________________
Television, radio receivers, and phonographs............................................................
Other household durable goods..... .............
122.5 *122.3
122.6 *122. 5
153.6 153. 6
132.5 132.5
104.8 *104. 6
122.6
122.9
153.6
132.5
104.7
122.4
122.8
153. 6
132.5
104. 9
121.7
122.4
147.3
133.8
105.2
121.6
122.4
147.3
133.8
105.1
121. 5
122.4
147.3
133.8
105. 4
121.9
122.2
146.9
134.3
106.8
121.9
122.0
146.9
134. 3
106.8
121.9
122.0
146.9
135.1
106.5
121.2
121.2
146.9
131.9
105. 9
121.1
121.2
146.9
131. 9
106.5
121.0
120 8
146.8
131.8
106.5
119.1
119.0
141.8
131.1
105.5
115.9
114.0
132.0
126.4
106.8
95.6 *95.6
148.8 *148.3
96.7
148.2
96.0
147.9
93.4
147.9
93.1
147.7
93.1
147.0
93. 1
147.0
93.5
147.0
93.5
146.8
93.3
146.7
93.5
145.0
93.5
145.0
93. 1
140. 9
93.0
133.5
Nonmetallic minerals—structural.................
Flat g la s s ........................ ..............................
Concrete ingredients_______ _____ _____
Concrete products_______________ _____
Structural clay p r o d u cts............................
Gypsum products.........................................
Prepared asphalt rooting........................ .
Other nonmetallic minerals........................
135.3 *135.2
135.7 135.7
136.9 136.7
126.5 *126. 3
155.0 155.0
127.1 127.1
124.6 *124. 6
128.5 128.6
135.3
135. 7
136.5
126.4
155.0
127.1
125.8
128.4
135. 2
135.7
136. 4
126.4
155.1
127.1
125.8
128.3
135.1
135.7
135.8
126.7
155.1
127.1
125.8
128.3
135.0
135. 7
135.7
126.7
155.0
127.1
125.8
128.3
134.6
135.7
135. 7
126. 6
155. 0
127.1
121.6
128.3
133.2
135.7
135. 1
125.7
150.8
127.1
118.2
127.5
132. 7
135.7
134.8
125.6
150. 7
127.1
115. 3
126.0
132.0
135. 7
134.6
125.6
150.6
127.1
111.2
124.3
131.3
135. 7
131.7
125.3
150.5
127.1
114.4
124.3
131. 2
135.7
131.6
125. 3
150. 3
127.1
114. 4
124. 3
131.5
135.7
131.6
125.0
150. 1
127.1
117.5
124.3
129.6
133.4
130. 6
123. 0
148.0
127. 1
111.7
123.4
124. 2
128.0
124.8
118.6
140.1
122.1
106.1
121.2
Tobacco manufactures and bottled beverages..............................................................
Cigarettes........................................................
Cigars___________________________ ____
Other tobacco manufactures.......................
Alcoholic beverages......................................
Nonalcoholic beverages________________
127.7
134.8
105.1
144.3
119.6
149.3
127.7
134.8
105.1
143.8
119.6
149.3
127.7
134.8
105.1
143.8
119.6
149.3
127.7
134.8
105.1
143.8
119.6
149.3
124.7
124.0
105.1
134.9
119.6
149.3
124.5
124.0
105.1
127.7
119.6
149.3
124. 5
124.0
105.1
126.9
119.6
149.3
124.1
124.0
105.1
126.0
119.0
149.0
124.1
124.0
105.1
120.0
119.0
148. 7
124.0
124.0
104.2
126.0
119.0
148.7
123.6
124.0
104. 2
126.0
118.1
148.7
123.5
124.0
104.2
122. 5
118.1
148.7
123.1
124.0
104.2
122.5
117.2
148.7
122.3
124.0
104. 2
122.8
115.8
148.3
121.6
124.0
103.9
121.8
114.6
148.1
Miscellaneous products........ .............. ............ 87.8 *89.4
Toys, sporting goods, small arms, and
ammunition________________________ 118.3 118.2
Manufactured animal feeds.........................
63.2
66.4
Notions and accessories____ ___________
97.4
97.4
Jewelry, watches, and photographic
equip m ent.................................. ................ 107.6 *107.6
Other miscellaneous products..................... 130.7 *130.1
90.1
88.8
87.3
89.4
91.4
92.0
92.4
93.2
91.7
91.2
89.2
91.0
92.0
117.8
68.2
97.4
117.5
66.0
97.4
117.5
63.4
97.4
117.5
67.2
97.4
1.17. 5
71.0
97.4
117.5
72.0
96. 7
117.5
72.8
96.7
117.5
74.4
96.7
116.9
72.6
96.6
116.8
71.9
96.5
116.7
68.2
96.5
116.1
72.0
95.3
113.5
75.7
92.1
107. 2
129.4
106.8
128.8
106.8
127.2
107.6
126.8
107.6
126.8
107.6
126. 5
107.7
126.3
107.5
126.1
105.4
125.4
105. 2
125.1
105. 2
124. 7
104. 9
124 1
103. 7
121. 6
Machinery and motive products. ...............
Agricultural machinery and equipment . .
Construction machinery and equipment. .
Metalworking machinery and equipment.
General purpose machinery and equipm ent____________________ __________
Miscellaneous machinery______ ________
Electrical machinery and equipment___
Motor vehicles_________ _____ _________
1 See Note, table D-7.
2 Preliminary.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
•Revised.
S ource: U. S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics.
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, DECEMBER 1957
1564
T able D-9: Indexes of wholesale prices, by economic sectors
[1947-49=100]
Annual
average
1956
1957
Commodity group
Oct.1 Sept. Aug. July
June M ay
Apr. Mar. Feb.
Jan.
Dec. N ov.
Oct.
1956
1955
All commodities___________________ ______ ___ _____
117.7 118.0 118.4 118.2 117.4 117.1 117.2 116.9 117.0 116.9 116.3 115.9 115.6 114.3 110.7
Crude materials for further processing__ ______________
Crude foodstuffs and feedstuffs----- ------------- --------Crude nonfood materials except fuel------ -----------------Crude nonfood materials, except fuel, for manu
facturing------------------ ------------------------- ------ Crude nonfood materials, except fuel, for con
struction,. _________________________________
Crude fuel __________ __ ______________________
Crude fuel for manufacturing-------------- -------- ----Crude fuel for nonmanufacturing in d u stry ............
95.3 97.0 99.6 99.7 98.8 96.5 97.1 96.7 96.7 97.4 96.6 94.9 95.0 95.0 94.5
86.1 *87.3 90.3 90.4 89.1 86.9 88.0 86.5 85.9 86.3 85.0 83.4 84.4 84.0 85.7
109.9 112.6 115.0 115.2 115.0 112.0 111.6 113.4 114.2 115.8 115.9 114.3 112,6 114.2 110.1
intermediate materials, supplies, and components----------Intermediate materials and components for manu
_______ ______ _ _________________
facturing
Intermediate materials for food manufacturing----Intermediate materials for nondurable manu
facturing_________ _________________________
Intermediate materials for durable manufacturing.
Components for manufacturing. _______________
Materials and comnonents for construction------------Processed fuels and lubricants
------- ------------ .
Processed fuels and lubricants for manufacturing..
Processed fuels and lubricants for nonmanufactur
ing industry_________ _____ _______________
Containers, nonreturnable________________________
Supplies. _. _____________________________________
Supplies for manufacturing.. --------------------------Supplies for nonmanufacturing industry---------Manufactured animal feeds------- --------- -------Other supplies____________________ ____ ___
Finished goods (goods to users, including raw foods and
f u e l s ) . . ___
______ ____________________________
Consumer finished goods__________________________
Consumer foods__ ____________ ____ ____ _____
Consumer crude foods------------------------ -----Consumer processed foods. ................................
Consumer other nondurable goods. ----- -----------Consumer durable goods... ----------------------------Producer finished goods----- --------------------- --------Producer goods for manufacturing industries. . . .
Producer goods for nonmanufacturing industries..
108.5 111.5 114.1 114.3 114.2 110.9 110.5 112. 5 113.3 115.1 115.5 113.7 111.9 113.6 109.6
136.9
119.0
118.7
119.4
136.7
*118. 6
*118.4
*118.9
136.5
118. 0
117.8
118.2
136.4
118.0
117.9
118.3
135.8
118.1
117.9
118.3
135.7
119.3
119.2
119.6
135.6
120.0
119.8
120.2
135.1
119.9
119.6
120.5
134.8
121.7
121.3
122.3
134.6
120.8
120.4
121.4
131.7
120.4
120.0
121.0
131.6
116.5
116.3
116.8
131.6
116.0
115.8
116.2
130.6
113.3
113.0
113.7
124.9
105.8
105.4
106.5
125.2 125.4 125.5 125.2 124.5 124.7 125.0 124.9 125.1 124.8 124.2 123.8 123.6 122.1 117.0
127. 3 127.4 127.4 127.1 126.2 126.2 126.3 126.3 126.5 126.4 125.9 125.7 125.6 123.7 118.2
99.6 99.6 99.5 100.1 99.2 98.5 99.0 99.6 100.4 101.1 100.1 99.8 98.3 98.0 97.7
106.0
154.2
148.7
133.0
111.2
109.7
106.0
*154. 3
*149.4
*133.1
*112.0
*110.3
105.9
154.7
148.8
133. 4
112.6
111.0
105.8
153.8
148.3
133.3
112.7
110.9
105. 9
151.6
147.7
132.6
113.3
111.3
105.6
152.0
148.0
132.6
114.3
112.3
105.4
152.5
147.9
132.8
115.2
113.2
105. 2
152.5
147.6
132.7
114.7
112.6
105. 5
152.6
147.4
132.8
114.7
112.7
105.4
152.1
147.5
132.8
112.2
110.4
105.0
151.1
147.9
133.0
109.9
108.5
104.8
151.1
147.9
133.1
106.4
105.4
104.7
151.9
146.7
133.4
107.1
105.9
104.3
148.5
142.9
132.0
106.7
105.3
102.7
139.7
130.9
125. 6
103.5
102.2
113.9
135. 3
112.3
140.0
99.6
62.6
121.4
*114. 9
134.9
*112.6
*138. 5
*100. 9
66.0
121.3
115.4
134.8
112. 5
136. 9
101.5
67.9
121.1
115.7
134.5
111.7
137.0
100.2
65.6
120.4
116. 8
134.1
110. 9
136.7
99.1
63.6
119.9
117.9
134.1
112.0
136. 7
100.8
67.8
120.0
118.6
132.8
113.1
136.8
102.4
71.7
120.2
118.3
132.9
113. 3
136.1
103.0
73.1
120. 4
118.2
132.7
113.4
135.9
103.3
73.7
120.4
115.2
133.0
113. 8
135.4
104.0
75.7
120.4
112.3
132.6
113.0
135.3
102.9
73.6
120.0
108.3
132.3
112.7
135.3
102.5
72.6
119.9
109.2
131.1
111.3
135.1
100.5
68.3
119.3
109.1
128.5
111.3
132.9
101.6
72.9
118.2
105.7
119.8
108.5
127.3
100.0
76.7
113.4
118.9
111.7
106.2
106.8
106.3
112.4
123.1
147.9
152.3
144.2
118.8
*111.6
106.0
98.6
107.6
112.4
*123. 0
*147. 8
*152.3
*144.1
118.6
111.6
106.2
96.1
108.2
112.2
123.1
147. 2
151.9
143.2
118.5
111.6
106.2
94.9
108.4
112.2
122.9
146.4
151.1
142.6
117.6
110.7
104.2
88.1
107. 2
112.0
122.7
145.5
150.1
141.6
117.4
110.5
103.1
88.4
105.9
112.5
122.7
145.5
150.1
141.6
117.4
110. 5
102.7
91.1
105.0
112.8
122. 7
145.3
150.0
141.4
116.9
109.9
101.3
86.3
104.1
112.7
122.9
145.1
149.7
141.2
117.0
110.2
101.8
88.7
104.3
112.9
123.0
144.7
149.2
140.9
116.7
109.9
102.3
91.0
104.4
111.8
122.9
144.3
148.8
140.5
116.2
109.3
101.8
94.6
103.3
111.0
122.4
144.0
148.5
140.2
116.2
109.4
102.7
97.2
103.9
110.3
122.3
143.8
148.2
140.0
115.6
109.1
103.0
96.5
104.3
110.3
120.7
141.9
146.2
138.3
114.0
108.0
101.0
96.2
102.1
109.9
119.7
138.1
142.2
134.9
110.9
106.4
101.1
96.4
102.2
107.8
115.9
128.5
130.9
126.6
N ote: For a description of these series, see New BLS Economic Sector
Indexes of Wholesale Prices, Monthly Labor Review, December 1955 (p. 1448).
1 Preliminary.
•Revised.
Source: U . S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics.
T able D-10: Indexes of wholesale prices for special commodity groupings
[1947-49=1001
Annual
average
1956
1957
Commodity group
All foods__________________________________ __________All fish_____________ __ ______________________________
Special metals and metal products_____________________
Metalworking machinery ------------------------------------------Machinerv and equipment_______ -- ------------------------Agricultural machinery (including tractors)_____________
Total tractors___ ________ _ - - --- -----------------------Building materials--------------------- ----------------------------Soaps . . __ ------ ---------------- -------------------------------- -Synthetic detergents., .
---------------------------------------Refined petroleum products------ -------------------- ----------East Coast petroleum_________________ ________
Mid-continent petroleum__________________________
Oulf Coast petroleum_____________________________
Pacific Coast petroleum________________ _________
Pulp, paper and products, excl. bldg, paper_____________
Bituminous coal, domestic sizes.. . . --------------------- -----Lumber and wood products, excl. millwork_____________
A!) commodities except farm products------------- ------ -----1 Preliminary.
•Revised.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Oct.1 Sept. Aug.
July
June M ay
Apr. Mar. Feb.
Jan.
Dec. N ov.
Oct.
1956
1955
105. 4 105.2
119.3 120.0
146.4 147.4
178.2 177. 9
153.9 *153.5
133.9 *133.4
142.5 *142.5
1X3 2 183 0
130.3 130.9
107.2 *107.0
101.0 101.0
123.0 124.1
117. 2 117.2
120.7 121.8
126.7 126. 7
130.5 135.9
130.6 129.9
124.0 *123.2
116.0 116.3
122.1 122.5
105.7
119.9
147.5
176.0
151.7
132.4
139.3
182. 9
131.4
103.8
98.2
125.0
121.2
121.7
127.9
135.9
129.2
119.1
118.0
122.4
103.7
117.2
146.2
175.0
150.9
132.5
139.3
175. 6
130.7
103.6
97.9
127.3
123.7
126. 2
129.2
135.2
128.6
117.2
118.4
121.8
102.4
119.4
145. 9
174.5
150.6
132.3
139.0
175. 3
130.7
103. 6
97.9
129.7
128. 8
128.4
133. 6
130.2
128. 3
116. 5
119.0
121.7
102.1
121.8
147.3
173.0
149.1
131.6
138.0
172.1
130.5
100.9
97.9
124.6
120.6
121.9
130.1
127.0
128.3
124.1
120. 3
121.5
101.6
116.1
147.3
172.4
148.6
131.1
137.2
169. 9
130.5
100. 4
97.9
120.6
117.5
119.7
121.2
127.0
127.7
123.9
120.0
120.9
102.3
112.5
146.3
172.0
146.7
129.2
136.5
169.8
131.0
100. 2
97.9
117.6
116.8
118.3
119.1
114.6
127.8
122.9
121.1
120.1
100.8
114.1
143.3
165.0
142.1
127.4
132.5
163.2
130.6
99.7
95.1
117.5
114.6
118.3
118.8
117.4
127.0
115 4
124.9
118.6
101.0
105.4
132.9
146.8
131.4
122.9
124.7
150.7
125.5
97.8
91.7
111.2
107.6
109.4
117.1
109.6
119.1
110.2
122.9
114.3
105.4
116.0
148.1
177.8
152. 4
132. 6
141.5
183 0
131. 2
103.8
98.2
124.0
118.6
121. 2
126.7
135.9
129. 6
121.2
117.2
122.6
102.8
117.0
145.8
174.9
150. 7
132.5
139.3
175. 7
130.7
103.6
97.9
129.0
125.0
128.4
131.0
135.2
128. 6
116.1
118.5
121.7
101.0
119.4
146.5
174.1
150.2
132.3
139.0
175.3
130.5
103. 4
97.9
130.0
128.8
129.4
133.6
130.2
128.5
121.4
118.9
121.6
101.5
115.3
146.8
173.6
149.8
132.2
138.7
174. 5
130.5
102.9
97.9
130.3
128.8
130.2
133.6
130. 2
128. 2
124. 1
119.6
121.7
102.4
118.4
147.1
172.2
148.3
130.7
137.2
169.9
130.8
100.2
97.9
116.8
114.3
118.3
117.2
116.2
127.6
123.7
120. 5
120. 6
N ote : For a description of these series, see Techniques of Preparing Major
BLS Statistical Series, BLS Bull. 1168 (1954).
Source: U. S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics.
B : WORK STOPPAGES
1565
E.— Work Stoppages
Table E - l : Work stoppages resulting from labor-management disputes 1
Number of stoppages
Workers involved In stoppages
Man-days idle during month
or year
Month and year
Beginning in
month or year
In effect dur
ing month
Beginning in
month or year
1935-39 (average)_____________________________ ________
1947-49 (average) ___________________ _______ __________
1945_________________________________________________
1946_________________________ ____ ________ __________
1947............................ .......................................... ............ ..........
1948_________________________________________________
1949_________________________________________________
I960-— _____________ ________ _________________ _____
1951_________________________________________________
1952.....................................................................................................
1953................................................ .......................... ....................
1954........... ............................. ....................... ..................................
1955____________________ ______________________ _____ _
1956-............................................................................ ................. .
2,862
3, 573
4, 750
4,985
3,693
3| 419
3, 606
4.843
4, 737
5.117
5,091
Z, 468
4,320
3', 825
1956: October........ ......................................................... ............. .
November______________________________________
December.............................................................................
332
242
114
524
403
240
133,000
158,000
29,000
1957: January2_______________________________ ________
February 2.............................................................................
March *___ __________ _________________________
April 2______________ ______________ _____ _______
M’ay 1___________________ ____ __________________
June5.....................................................................................
July 2---------------------------------------------------------------A ugust2___ _____________ ____ __________________
September2_____________________________________
October2. . . . ________ .
._ _ _
____ _ . . .
225
225
250
400
475
400
400
350
300
300
325
350
375
525
650
600
625
575
525
500
60,000
60,000
80,000
150,000
190,000
140,000
160, 000
140, 000
270,000
100, 000
1 The data include all known work stoppages involving six or more workers
and lasting a full day or shift or longer. Figures on workers involved and
man-days idle cover all workers made idle for as long as one shift in establish
ments directly involved in a stoppage. They do not measure the indirect or
secondary effects on other establishments or industries whose employees are
made idle as a result of material or service shortages.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
In effect dur
ing month
1,130,000
2,380, 000
3, 470,000
4, 600, 000
2,170,000
1,960. 000
3,030,000
2, 410.000
2, 220, 000
3, 540,000
2, 400. 000
1, 530,000
2, 650 000
1, 900, 000
Number
Percent of esti
mated work
ing time
16, 900,000
39, 700. 000
38, OOO 000
1 1 o, Ono. non
34, 600. OOO
34, 100, 000
50. 500. 000
38 son, non
22, 900 000
59, 100’ 000
28, son, non
22, 600, 000
28, 200, 000
33, mo, non
0 27
46
. 47
1.43
.41
.37
. 59
. 44
.23
.57
.26
.21
.26
.29
178,000
204,000
53,000
1,180,000
1, 460,000
472,000
.11
.15
.05
80,000
130,000
120,000
190,000
260, 000
220,000
260,000
220, 000
315,000
185,000
550,000
825,000
775,000
1.380,000
1,850,000
1,850,000
2, 500,000
1, 600,000
1. 670,000
1,350,000
.06
.09
.08
.14
.18
.20
.25
.16
.18
.13
2 Preliminary.
N ote : For a description of this series, see Techniques of Preparing Major
BLS Statistical Series, BLS Bull. 1168 (1954).
Source: U. S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics.
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, DECEMBER 1957
1566
F.—Building and Construction
T able F - l : Expenditures for new construction 1
[Value of work put in place]
Expenditures (in millions of dollars)
1957
Type of construction
1956
N ov.2 Oct.* Sept.* Aug.* July* June* May* Apr.* Mar.* Feb.*
1956
1955
Jan.*
Dec.
Nov.
Total
Total
Total new construction 13.............................. 4,114
4,467
4,567
4,561
4,361
4,308
4,025
3, 657
3,295
3, 007
3,198
3, 544
3,964
46,060
44, 581
Private con stru ction .____ _____ ________
Residential buildings (nonfarm). ___
New dwelling u n its ......................
Additions and alterations 3______
N onhousekee ping_______________
Nonresidential buildings ‘___ _______
Industrial--------------------------------Commercial_________________ . .
Office buildings and warehouses________ ______ ___
Stores, restaurants, and garages___ ________________
Other nonresidential buildings.. .
Religious. ________________
E d u cation al..______________
Hospital and institutional * ...
Social and recreational_______
Miscellaneous_______ _____ __
Farm construction________________ .
Public utilities........................ . ..............
Railroad_____ ________________
Telephone and telegraph________
Other public utilities____________
All other private___________________
Public construction__________ _________
Residential buildings3______________
Nonresidential buildings (other than
military facilities)________________
Industrial__________ ______ _____
Educational____________________
Hospital and institutional_______
Administrative and service______
Other nonresidential buildings___
Military facilities 7_________________
Highways-------------------------------------Sewer and water systems __________
Sewer........... .............. .....................
Water. _________ _______ ______
Public service enterprises___ ________
Conservation and development............
All other public_________ _____ _____
2,950
1, 474
1,085
338
51
802
251
332
3,057
1, 528
1 125
355
48
806
256
332
3,104
1, 565
1,140
378
47
802
260
322
3,124
1, 571
1,140
387
44
805
266
319
3, 046
1, 547
1,115
392
40
778
262
311
2, 971
1,489
1,070
379
40
786
270
309
2,808
1,396
985
374
37
747
270
287
2,603
1,301
940
327
34
713
271
263
2,405
1,162
870
258
34
709
269
264
2,226
1,043
790
217
36
704
270
257
2,324
1,137
885
214
38
722
269
269
2,654
1.362
1,045
277
40
772
274
305
2, 922
1, 521
1,140
339
42
804
276
329
33, 242
17,632
13, 490
3,695
447
8,817
3,084
3,631
32,620
18. 705
14, 990
3,376
339
7,611
2, 399
3,218
179
177
168
167
156
153
146
135
133
135
143
157
165
1,684
1,311
153
219
78
46
49
28
18
114
539
37
97
405
21
1,164
55
155
218
80
47
48
27
16
133
570
42
97
431
20
1, 410
53
154
220
81
47
48
28
16
159
560
41
87
432
18
1,463
52
152
220
80
47
47
29
17
173
556
41
89
426
19
1,437
48
155
205
75
42
41
27
20
169
535
41
95
399
17
1,315
40
156
207
73
43
43
26
22
159
518
40
90
388
19
1,337
40
141
190
68
40
40
24
18
146
501
38
101
362
18
1,217
38
128
179
64
39
38
23
15
126
448
37
94
317
15
1,054
34
131
176
63
40
36
23
14
112
409
35
94
280
13
890
30
122
177
65
41
34
23
14
102
365
31
86
248
12
781
31
126
184
67
43
33
24
17
97
357
32
75
250
11
874
29
148
193
71
46
32
26
18
97
413
36
88
289
10
890
30
164
199
74
47
32
27
19
111
475
43
107
325
11
1,042
31
1,947
2,102
768
536
328
275
195
1, 560
5,113
427
1, 066
3, 620
120
12,818
292
1,907
1,994
734
492
351
239
178
1,600
4,543
374
805
3,364
161
11, 961
266
361
32
234
24
34
37
110
405
105
67
38
32
87
9
403
34
262
26
40
41
132
555
118
73
45
38
100
11
413
34
261
29
45
44
134
580
127
77
50
44
102
11
414
38
259
29
44
44
138
550
129
77
52
43
103
12
389
36
249
28
38
38
117
505
120
68
52
38
94
12
406
43
254
32
39
38
110
520
121
67
54
38
89
13
383
42
233
33
38
37
103
445
117
64
53
35
83
13
375
42
233
31
36
33
89
330
113
63
50
30
72
11
345
41
215
27
32
30
84
230
105
59
46
26
61
9
302
37
191
23
27
24
80
195
93
53
40
21
53
6
339
44
214
24
30
27
93
225
100
56
44
24
57
7
324
45
201
23
29
26
98
239
100
56
44
27
65
7
344
45
210
26
33
30
117
326
110
60
50
32
73
9
4,072
453
2. 549
298
362
410
1,395
4,470
1,275
701
574
384
826
104
4,218
721
2,442
322
331
402
1,313
4,050
1,085
615
470
233
701
95
• Estimated monetary value of new construction put in place during the
periods shown, including major additions and alterations but excluding
maintenance and repair. These figures differ from permit valuation data
reported in the tabulations for building permit activity (tables E-3, F-4,
and F-5) and the data on value of contract awards (table F-2).
1 Preliminary.
3 Includes revisions in the series on residential additions and alterations,
and data are not comparable with those published in issues preceding June
1957. See Technical Note on Revised Estimates of Residential Additions
and Alterations, 1945-56, on page 973 of the August 1957 issue.
* Expenditures by privately owned public utilities for nonresidential build
ing are included under “ Public utilities.”
s Includes Federal contributions toward construction of private nonprofit
hospital facilities under the National Hospital Program.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
* Includes nonhousekeeping public residential construction as well as house
keeping units.
7 Covers all building and nonbuilding construction, except production
facilities (which are included in public industrial building), and Armed
Forces housing under the Capehart program (which is included in public
residential building).
* Includes revised data for public utilities.
N ote: For a description of these series, see Techniques of Preparing
Major BLS Statistical Series, BLS Bull. 1168 (1954).
Source: Joint estimates of the U. S. Department of Labor, Bureau of
Labor Statistics and U. S. Department of Commerce, Business and Defense
Services Administration,
1567
F : BUILDING AND CONSTRUCTION
T able F-2: Contract awards: Public construction, by ownership and type of construction 1
Value (In millions of dollars)
Ownership and type of construction
1957
July*
1956
Sept.
Aug.*
Total public construction____________
732.1
865.3 1,132.8 1,315.9 1,119.3
Federally owned............................... .........
Residential buildings___________
Nonresidential b u ild in g s.______
Educational ________________
Hospital and institutional.........
Administrative and service___
Other nonresidential buildings.
Airfield bu ildin gs.......... .
Troop housing............ ...........
Warehouses______________
All other________________
Airfields.. _____________________
Conservation and development___
Highways_______ _______________
Electric power__________ ________
All other federally o w n e d ........... .
State and locally owned__ ____ ______
Residential buildings_________. . .
Nonresidential buildings_________
Educational___ ____________ _
Hospital and institutional.........
Administrative and service
Other nonresidential buildings
Highways______________________
Sewer and water systems_________
Sewer_________ ______ _______
Water_________ ____ ____ _
Public service enterprises___ ____
Electric pow er..-------------------Other_______________________
Conservation and development___
All other State and locally ow ned..
49.8
1.5
14.0
.2
.7
1.7
11.4
2.3
1.1
.3
7.7
3.1
14.5
8.6
.9
7.2
682.3
20.4
278.1
201.0
15.5
31.7
29.9
272.3
69.8
47.8
22.0
26.6
10.1
16.5
7.8
7.3
53.3
1.4
13.9
(2)
.1
4.8
9.0
.8
(2)
.5
7.7
1.8
14.4
7.5
2.4
11.9
812.0
44.3
305. 5
223.2
19.6
36.8
25.9
293.5
75.1
53.5
21.6
74.7
61.6
13.1
10.8
8.1
309.7
21.5
58.4
8.7
.4
7.4
41.9
7.4
9.8
2.7
22.0
34.7
143.0
15.8
23.4
12.9
661.9
14.7
256. 2
191.6
17.4
20.1
27.1
289. 5
67.7
44.1
23.6
18.8
9.0
9.8
8.6
6.4
145.1
60.3
30.9
2.1
.3
10.1
18.4
14.0
.2
.9
3.3
«
42.1
9.0
1.1
1.7
987.7
38.8
267.0
183.0
22.2
28.7
33.1
540.8
80.7
55.5
25.2
38.7
14.7
24.0
12.3
9.4
June* May* Apr.*
385.9
30.6
205.8
7.6
29.1
64.5
104.6
23.3
9.2
11.3
60.8
26.4
73.5
12.1
6.0
31.5
930.0
27.5
337.8
231.9
35.8
34.2
35.9
414.7
103.7
74.4
29.3
33.3
23.7
9.6
4.8
8.2
218.5
64.5
69.7
1.0
1.4
11.2
56.1
11.5
7.7
5.9
31.0
24.8
31.3
6.8
5.7
15.7
900.8
21.7
345.2
237.6
43.6
23.3
40.7
306.7
172.6
94.4
78.2
27.3
9.0
18.3
20.3
7.0
1 includes major force account projects started (construction done directly
by a government agency using a separate work force to perform nonmaintenance construction on the agency’s own property).
J Less than $50,000.
■"Includes revisions for federally owned components.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
971.6 1,107. 2 768.1
923.3
345.2
115.4
71.7
4.0
4.8
3.5
59.6
11.6
7.7
4.0
36.3
49.7
83.1
4.1
2.9
18.3
762. 0
7.4
300.8
234.9
15.8
25.0
25.1
349.6
75.4
43.6
31.8
17.4
7.7
9.7
4.5
6.9
210.2
30.2
87.1
20.5
16.1
4.5
46.0
5.6
5.6
3.5
31.3
7.9
52.8
9.3
7.9
15.0
713.1
21.8
252.8
184.9
12.6
23.3
32.0
317.1
68.9
37.3
31.6
33.1
17.1
16.0
12.0
7.4
217.3
19.3
67.3
1.5
2.0
1.5
62.3
9.3
16.4
5.8
30.8
27.0
49.7
3.4
25.6
25.0
550.8
31.4
256.1
175. 9
27.4
29.2
23.6
186. 2
55.4
16.6
38.8
11.7
8.2
3.5
5.1
4.9
1956
1955
Total
Total
Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
823.9
769.4
837.9
769.5 10, 372.2
9,000.5
176.4
19.9
50.8
1.4
1.1
3.8
44.5
3.0
11.7
3.6
26.2
28.0
62.6
7.1
3.9
4.1
647. 5
13.8
272.2
211.5
13.9
22.9
23.9
240. 5
80.8
49.1
31.7
31.2
11.2
20.0
4.1
4.9
119.0
1.2
57.3
.9
.5
3.0
52.9
6.4
4.7
1.2
40.6
21.6
26.5
8.8
2.1
1.5
650. 4
17.6
253.5
189.3
15.3
21.0
27.9
278.1
65.2
36.2
29.0
25.2
17.9
7.3
5.8
5.0
151.9
8.9
97.6
6.7
6.8
5.1
79.0
1.8
20.3
2.0
54.9
4.7
27.9
9.3
1.6
1.9
686.0
23.0
252. 8
175.0
28.2
27.7
21.9
209.1
93.7
50.3
43.4
26.0
17.8
8.2
12.9
8.5
134.1
19.6
37.4
.3
.5
4.1
32.5
5.6
7.2
3.8
15.9
5.2
55.7
10.0
1.6
4.6
635.4
31.7
259. 8
173. 7
43.4
16.1
26.6
223.6
84.6
54.7
29.9
17.6
9.0
8.6
12.1
6.0
1, 556.0
61.4
885.5
21.6
77.5
66.7
719.7
103.8
54.1
84.0
477.8
157.4
271.9
58.5
43.5
77.8
7, 444. 5
210.1
2, 842.0
2,107.2
185.9
263.0
285.9
2, 933.5
895.5
501.9
393.6
378.0
247.4
130.6
117.2
68.2
2, 037. 4
128.1
909.4
23.7
43.9
87.3
754.5
72.1
122.7
63.2
496.5
155.7
511.0
91.9
177.5
63.8
8, 334.8
253.2
3, 202.8
2, 289.0
278.9
320.8
314.1
3, 211.6
1,100.0
658. 9
441.1
336.5
227.2
109.3
139.3
91.4
S o u r c e : U . S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics and U . S.
Department of Commerce, Business and Defense Services Administration,
1568
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, DECEMBER 1957
T able F~3: Building permit activity: Valuation, by private-public ownership, class of construction,
and type of building 1
Valuation (in millions of dollars)
Class of construction, ownership,
and type of building
1957
Sept.
Aug.
July*
JuneS
M ay
1956
Apr.* Mar.* Feb.*
Jan.*
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
Sept.*
1956
1955
Total
Total
All building construction____________ 1, 543.3 1, 623. 6 1, 693. 4 1, 748. 7 1,829.7 1, 714. 4 1, 534.3 1, 218. 9 1,111.0 1,053.0 1,340.4 1, 652. 8 1, 439.3 18, 760. 7 IS, 939.0
Private_______________ _________ 1,413.6 1, 460.4 1, 518.9 1, 484. 9 1, 643.8 1, 530. 4 1, 373. 6 1,053. 9 976.3 925. 5 1, 192. 8 1, 483.0 1, 307. 4 16, 884. 7 17, 264.3
Public_____________ ____ _______
129.6 163.2 174.5 263.7 185.9 184.0 160.7 165.0 134.7 127.4 147.6 169.8 131.9 1, 876.0 1, 674.7
New residential building____________
812.0 884.2 847.6 893.7
Dwelling units (housekeeping only) 795.7 870.1 832.4 881.9
Privately o w n e d ........................
784.0 850.3 807.6 823.2
1-family__________ _______ 696.5 749.0 724.6 734.1
2-family_______ _____ ____
20.1
18.7
19.6
20.3
3- and 4-family_________ _
9.2
8.7
9.3
10.0
5-or-more familv_________
54.1
58.2
73.8
58.8
Publicly owned______________
19.8
24.8
11.7
58.7
Nonhousekeeping buildings______
14.1
16.3
15.1
11.8
New nonresidential buildings________
562.8 556.6 656.5 663.4
Commercial buildings___________ 2 203. 4 2 167.1 2 203.3 2 183. 5
Amusement buildings....... ........
2 10.5 ' 2 8.8 2 11.9 2 13.8
Commercial garages_____ ___
4.9
6.9
4.0
5.3
Gasoline and service sta tio n s...
14.1
13.9
14.8
13.8
Office buildings___________ .. 2 102.1 2 69.1 2 76.2 2 66.8
Stores and other mercantile
buildings__ _______ ________
71.7
71.2
95.1
82.2
Community buildings__________ 2 198.3 2 213.1 2 224. 4 2 253. 5
Educational buildings................ 131.4 119.7 123.5 123.1
Institutional buildings_______
2 29.0 2 50.9 2 60.4 2 83.2
Religious buildings____ ______
37.9
42.6
40.5
47.2
Garages, private residential.............
24. 2
23.1
21.6
22.7
Industrial buildings........................... 281.6 2 87.2 2 124. 9 2 101. 9
Public buildings_________ ____ _
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
Public utilities buildings____ . . . 2 34. 2 237.0 2 49. 5 2 37.7
All other nonresidential buildings.. 2 21.0 2 29.2 2 32.7 2 64.1
Additions, alterations, and repairs___
168.5 182.8 189.3 191.6
954.1 909.6 819.6 599.5 542.9
935.9 896.3 803.2 588.2 535.2
918.5 884.0 801.5 571.7 528.0
818.6 794.8 710.5 504.7 465.5
20.3
21.5
20.2
17.1
12.7
11.4
11.9
10.4
7.5
8.0
67.7
56.3
60.5
42.3
41.9
17.4
12.3
1.7
16.5
7.2
18.2
13.3
16.4
11.3
7.7
676.8 624.6 556.5 490.5 449.0
2 231. 7 2 197. 6 2 167.3 2 155. 6 2 124. 4
2 13.4 2 15.5 2 11.0
2 5.9
2 7.2
7.1
7.3
3.7
3.7
4.5
15.0
15.5
14.0
12.2
12.5
2 106.1 2 73.6 2 56. 6 2 75. 3 2 46.1
528. 7
519. 9
514.0
454.0
11.8
5.4
42.8
5.9
8.9
414.4
135.7
5.7
4.0
10.3
57.6
682.6
674.7
667.8
609.3
15.7
7.2
35.5
6.9
7.9
526. 4
153.0
10.6
4.7
13.9
56.1
878.5 771.4 10, 280. 6 11, 696.1
863.5 760.1 10,138. 5 \\, 535.1
836.6 745.3 9, 962.1 111 386. 4
774.9 690.0 9, 211.3 lo; 643.1
17. 8
16. 4
214.8
208. 4
9.8
7.6
87.9
84.0
34.1
31.2
448.1
451.0
26.9
176.4
14.8
148.7
14.9
11.3
142.2
161.1
607.6 525.3 6, 649. 7 5, 593.7
177.1 2 170. 4 2,078.0 1, 858. 7
8.9 2 10.2
113.4
99.4
5.8
3.6
60.0
66.7
17.2
15. 4
165.5
140.0
44.0 2 63.0
734. 4
553.4
89.6
86.2
2 241. 6 2 218. 5
155.7 139.9
2 36.4 2 31.8
46.8
49.5
19.8
23.1
2 90. 5 2 109.0
(3)
(3)
2 45.8 2 37. 8
2 44.0 2 41.9
198.9 180.2
58.2
145.2
99.6
16.3
29.2
6.4
59.8
23.1
28.4
15.9
109.8
67.8
175.6
120. 6
24.4
30.6
13.8
105. 5
29.1
27.5
21.8
131.4
101.2
78.1
208.5 2 181.3
125.0 106.6
41.5 2 32. 6
42.0
42. 1
23.4
22. 4
122.9 2 96. 2
26.7 (3)
29.9 2 23.2
19.1 2 31. 9
166.7 142.6
1 Data relate to building construction authorized by local building permits
in all localities (over 7,000) having building-permit systems—rural nonfarm
as well as urban. Figures on the amount of construction contracts awarded
for Federal projects and for public housing (Federal, State, and local) in
permit-issuing places are added to the valuation data (estimated cost entered
by builders on building-permit applications) for privately owned projects;
construction undertaken by State and local governments is reported by local
officials. Because permit valuations generally understate the actual cost of
construction and because of lapsed permits and the lag between permit
issuance or contract-awarded dates and start of construction, these data do
not represent the volume of building construction started.
Because of rounding, sums of individual Items do not necessarily equal
totals.
T able
81.9
54.2
58.5
2 215.9 2 153. 4 2 170. 8
138.2 101.4 110.9
2 37.2 2 22. 3 2 32.9
29. 7
40.5
27.0
14.5
6.7
5.2
2 99.0 2 87.1 2 87.9
(3)
(3)
(3)
2 22.5 2 51.7 2 35.0
2 37. 5 2 36.1 2 25.7
158.2 128.9 119.0
1,004.7
2, 225.7
1, 407.1
367.8
450.8
201.9
1,260. 5
326.9
326.7
229.9
1, 830. 4
999.1
1, 946.2
1, 242. 3
307.7
396.2
187.6
830.4
306.6
273.1
191.0
1, 649.1
2 Includes data for some buildings previously classified as public buildings.
See Note.
2 No longer available. See Note.
* Revised.
N o t e : For current months and the corresponding months of 1956, build
ings formerly included in the public buildings category have been reclassified,
according to function, into other categories (e. g., office, industrial, or institu
tional buildings). Revised statistics for periods before January 1956 will
not be prepared, and revisions for certain intervening months are not yet
available, but the effect on comparability for any one tvpe of building would
be minor for most months.
S o u r c e : U . S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics.
F-4: Building permit activity: Valuation, by class of construction and geographic region 1
Valuation (in millions of dollars)
Class of construction and
geographic region
1957
Sept.
Aug.
July*
June
M ay
1956
Apr.* Mar.* Feb.*
Jan.*
Dec.
N ov.
Oct.
Sept.*
1956
1955
Total
Total
All building construction2....................... 1, 543.3 1,623. 6 1, 693. 4 1, 748. 7 1, 829. 7 1, 714. 4 1, 534.3 1, 218. 9 1,111.0 1,053.0 1,340. 4 1, 652. 8 1, 439.3 18, 760.7 18, 939.0
Northeast_______________________ 346.8 370.1 344.1 338.4 439.2 353.0 338.9 235.8 196.6 243.9 291.2 346.8 337.7 4. 047. 8 4,129.6
North Central________________ _
479.9 504.1 516. 8 558.5 542.1 536.5 446.5 320.6 242.8 258. 0 387.0 537. 3 448.4 5, 670. 7 5, 715. 4
South__________________________
380.3 387.3 439.6 465. 6 425.7 404.6 354.9 360.7 339. 7 272.0 317.0 386.3 331.9 4, 462. 6 i, 667.7
W est....... ................................................ 336.4 362.1 393.0 386.2 422.7 420.3 394.0 301.8 331.9 279.1 345.2 382.4 321.4 4, 579. 7 i 426. 2
New dwelling units (housekeeping only).
Northeast_______ _____ __________
North Central.............. .................. .
South__________________________
W est__________________ _________
New nonresidential buildings..................
Northeast________________ ______
North Central__________________
S ou th..____ ____________________
W est___________________________
Additions, alterations, and repairs____
Northeast_______________________
North Central.....................................
South............... ............ ........................
W est.......................................................
795.7
157.4
247.6
199.4
191.3
562.8
144.8
177.5
137.1
103.4
168.5
42.4
47.4
39.9
38.7
870.1
198.2
267.3
203.6
201.0
556.6
129.3
181.3
129.8
116.2
182.8
40.4
52.5
49.1
40.8
832.4
162.3
257.7
223.4
189.0
656.5
139.8
202.2
155.8
158.7
189.3
39.8
54.6
52.2
42.7
881.9
183.7
277.6
220.3
200.3
663.4
112.3
230.6
183.1
137.4
191.6
40.3
48.0
57.4
45. 9
935.9
195.5
283.0
232.2
225. 2
676.8
189.2
202.1
136.1
149.4
198.9
51.6
55.0
48.6
43.7
1 See footnote 1, table F-3.
2 Includes new nonhousekeeping residential building, notshown separately.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
896.3
190.4
266.7
210.6
228.7
624.6
124.1
216.5
139.6
144.5
180.2
36.8
51.1
50.1
42.2
803.2
160.4
240.0
185.5
217.3
556.5
141.0
164.8
118.0
132.8
158.2
35.0
39.6
43.3
40.3
588.2
96.6
146.1
177.9
167.6
490.5
114.1
140.3
137.0
99.2
128.9
24.0
32.8
39.7
32.4
‘Revised.
_
„ „ „
535.2
86.9
106. 7
172.5
169.1
449.0
83.2
110.7
131.0
124.1
119.0
24.8
24.8
35.3
34.0
519.9
118.0
127.1
132.6
142.1
414.4
99.2
99.0
108.4
107.8
109.8
24.1
30.1
29.4
26. 2
674.7
151. 2
193.9
149.9
179.7
526.4
111.4
157.5
130.1
127.5
131.4
27.5
34.0
34.8
35.2
.
,
.
863.5
192.6
267.2
202.5
201.2
607.6
115.9
213.2
138.6
140.0
166.7
34.1
53.2
41.6
37.8
760.1 10,138. 5 11, 535.1
168.5 2,196. 6 2, 500.1
257.2 3,137.0 3, 488.5
168.4 2, 347.1 2, 700. 9
166.0 2, 457. 9 2', 845.7
525.3 6, 649.7 5, 593. 7
133.8 1,431.6 1, 233.8
146.8 1, 991.4 1, 748.7
125.1 1, 591. 5 1, 455. 4
119.6 1, 635. 2 1,155. 9
142.6 1, 830. 4 L 649.1
33.4
394.1
' 364. 9
40.6
510.2
449.2
36.0
481.9
451.1
32.5
444.2
383.9
S o u r c e : U . S . D e p a r t m e n t o f L a b o r , B u r e a u o f L a b o r S ta ti s t i c s .
F:
BUILDING AND CONSTRUCTION
T able
1569
F-5: Building permit activity: Valuation, by metropolitan-nonmetropolitan location and State 1
Valuation (in millions of dollars)
State and location
1957
Aug.
July*
June
M ay
1956
Apr.* Mar.* Feb.*
Jan.*
Dec.
N ov.
Oct.
Sept.*
Aug.
1956
1955
Total
Total
All States_________________ . . . ____ 1,623. 6 1,693.4 1,748.7 1,829. 7 1, 714.4 1, 534.3 1,218.9 1,111.0 1,053.0 1,340. 4 1, 652. 8 1, 439. 3 1, 744. 5 18, 760. 7 18, 939.0
Metropolitan areas3_____________ 1, 259.3 1, 302. 5 1.350. 6 1,423.9 1,322.4 1, 203. 8 964.7 864.7 841.6 1,032.0 1, 294.1 1,100.1 1,362.1 14, 667. 4 15,108. 9
Nonmetropolitan areas___________ 364.3 390.9 398.1 405.8 392.0 330.5 254.2 246.3 211.4 308. 4 358.7 339.2 382.4 4, 093. 3 3, 830.1
Alabama__________________________
Arizona________________ ___________
Arkansas___________________________
California__________________________
Colorado___________________________
13.8
20.1
5.4
250.2
18.1
18.7
19.3
8.4
273.4
25.3
15.4
20.3
4.7
263.8
24.0
19.9
18.4
6.2
301.4
21.0
20.0
22.8
6.2
301.1
22.1
14.1
18.1
6.4
279.7
21.9
15.2
13.6
9.0
212.3
21.8
14.3
26.8
5.0
229.4
19.7
11.0
11.4
3.4
203.5
20.2
14.7
16.3
3.7
242.0
23.0
14.3
19.7
4.5
255.6
41.2
14.2
12.4
5.3
205.7
16.8
14.4
18.0
5.3
291.7
23.7
173.1
189.7
57.4
3,163. 2
279.2
166.5
165.8
54.3
3,065.1
280.6
Connecticut____ ____________________
Delaware___________________________
District of Columbia_______ _________
Florida____________________ _______
Georgia____________________________
40.5
7.4
2.9
81.4
18.9
43.7
8.5
13.0
88.9
21.9
33.2
9.3
14.4
86.6
16.7
41.2
4.9
6.3
88.3
19.3
35.8
5.2
8.4
79.4
27.5
42.0
3.2
3.9
76.0
20.6
22.3
5.4
2.8
72.2
22.1
21.1
6.1
5.3
70.3
20.2
22.6
3.4
2.4
57.8
12.8
37.1
6.5
4.4
65.7
17.4
33.0
7.8
17.9
77.5
19.2
29.8
3.2
5.7
61.7
20.2
34.6
6.2
3.6
79.3
23.7
375.1
66.0
70.2
834.8
250.2
359.1
62.0
87.7
746.9
276.7
Idaho________ __________ ._ . . . ___
Illinois_____________________________
Indiana________ ____________________
Iowa___________________ __________
Kansas____________________ . . . ___
4.0
103.9
49.0
14.7
17.9
3.3
109.0
37.8
18.2
15.8
3.6
120.1
42.2
18.5
10.6
3.9
115.9
34.9
16.4
12.3
4.5
142.0
33.0
17.3
9.9
3.5
111.7
51.3
11.2
10.8
1.3
93.2
20.7
6.0
10.0
2.0
61.5
23.2
4.3
5.8
1.3
75.2
20.5
7.6
8.7
3.3
92.6
30.7
13.0
14.2
3.3
118.8
40.1
21.6
13.3
4.3
106.9
34.1
16.7
11.4
3.7
117.3
51.2
15.6
10.3
39.6
1,333. 8
432.0
181.9
151.9
36.5
1, 261.6
381.0
180.1
195.4
K entucky_____ ___ _______ _________
...
Louisiana____________________
M aine_______________ . . . _________
M aryland_______ __________________
M assachusetts______________________
14.5
20.9
1.8
32.5
42.6
16.1
23.2
3.3
40.7
50.9
18.8
27.2
3.4
53.2
45.5
22.4
24.6
4.9
44.6
42.3
16.1
17.9
3.7
36.0
39.0
16.8
17.4
2.5
30.8
51.2
13.6
20.4
1.0
38.0
28.4
6.5
19.3
.6
27.3
18.5
10.1
18.6
.8
28.5
25.9
10.6
14.9
2.7
28.0
39.5
11.2
21.7
2.7
36.4
42.5
13.9
19.7
3.9
26.5
47.2
15.6
24.2
2.8
49.3
40.0
168.2
273.1
33.9
429.8
470.0
189. 3
292.6
29.8
494.4
445.1
M ichigan. ________________________
M innesota.________________________
M ississippi.................... ..............................
Missouri__________ ________ _______
M ontana____ _____ _________________
87.5
35.2
4.4
29.4
2.6
91.1
42.1
4.4
35.0
3.4
107.8
47.4
7.8
29.1
4.0
97.6
53.7
3.2
16.8
3.9
99.4
43.1
6.0
25.8
5.1
74.2
20.1
2.8
24.7
3.0
48.2
18.3
3.6
18.6
2.3
45.2
10.4
2.5
16.7
1.3
38.9
15.0
3.0
15.3
.9
72.8
22.5
3.5
19.4
2.3
114.2
30.8
4.1
29.9
3.2
82.7
40.2
5.2
22.4
5.9
115.1
38.0
4.1
30.3
3.2
1,084. 6
376.2
52.5
306.7
41.5
1,130. 4
403.3
50.3
336.4
41.7
Nebraska___________________________
N evada____________________________
New Hampshire_____ ____ __________
N ew Jersey...... .................. ........................
N ew Mexico______________ _________
8.3
4.7
2.1
71.8
5.5
7.0
3.5
3.0
60.3
6.7
6.6
3.9
2.6
68.4
10.4
15.2
3.6
3.0
71.8
7.9
6.1
7.2
4.5
72.3
7.0
5.6
4.3
2.1
58.8
6.7
4.7
3.0
1.5
50.4
5.4
2.4
3.6
1.1
40.3
9.0
2.6
2.3
1.6
55.6
5.4
5.6
3.7
3.1
54.1
7.2
8.7
3.0
4.4
73.6
6.5
6.4
5.7
2.9
62.8
7.0
8.3
3.0
3.8
68.8
7.1
82.0
45.5
37.8
810.5
77.2
100.0
75.3
41.2
832.3
85.7
N ew York.......... ............ ..................... .......
North Carolina_____________________
North Dakota_______ ____ __________
Ohio_______________________________
Oklahoma.....................................................
112.1
17.6
5.4
108.1
13.2
101.2
16.9
5.7
101.3
13.8
105.6
15.5
4.1
125.7
8. 5
198.0
18.5
5.4
123.9
10.6
117.8
21.5
2.9
99.1
10.9
114.1
16.2
1.6
94. 7
10.3
80.7
15.2
.5
73.6
9. 2
73.3
16.1
.3
53.4
7.2
86.9
11.9
.9
53.5
8.2
100.8
14.9
1.8
78.8
15.9
120.8
16.7
3.5
111. 1
9.4
129.6
14.4
4.0
83.8
13.0
149.9
20.4
6.0
116.1
13.4
1, 470. 0
221.4
40.5
1, 202. 0
143.2
1, 489. 9
216.4
35.6
1, 216. 0
149.2
Oregon_______ _______ ______________
Pennsylvania______________ _______
Rhode I s la n d .___________ __________
South Carolina_____________________
South D akota.. . . _______________ .
13.7
93.3
5.3
6.2
3.5
14.6
75.8
5.3
7.3
4.6
13.2
74.1
3.9
5.9
2.5
14.0
72.0
5.2
5.1
4.1
12.1
74.3
4.3
8.2
6.0
11.4
64.1
2.9
4.4
2.0
7.9
49.6
1.8
4. 7
1.0
12.8
39.9
1. 6
4.9
.9
7.2
47.2
3.1
5.3
1.0
11.9
48.6
4.6
4.7
1.6
13.4
65.5
3.6
6.8
4.5
16.3
55.1
3.5
5.1
3.2
17.5
67.2
4.9
5.4
2.6
182.0
780.7
59.6
75.8
37.4
157.2
871.9
49.0
94.6
36.9
Tennessee__________________________
T exas...« _________ ___________ _____
U ta h ..___________ __________________
V erm ont....................................................
Virginia............................................ ............
15.8
83. 6
9.8
.6
34.0
16.9
101. 5
9.4
.6
32.4
22.0
91. 3
12.2
.5
51.5
21.6
87.0
14.2
.9
36.4
18.3
83 2
8.1
1.3
33.8
15.4
82. 4
13.3
1.2
29.6
10. 5
77 1
7.6
.2
36.4
8.9
98 2
4.3
.2
24.7
13.6
56 1
4.3
.2
23.2
17.0
64 9
9.0
.6
24.8
15.7
76.1
8.1
.6
40.7
15.5
71 9
12.6
2.8
31.2
16.5
75 2
14.8
.6
36.1
213.0
916 9
145.2
10.1
452.4
219.6
1, 024. 6
118.7
11.3
475.2
Washington_____ __________________
West Virginia_______ _______ ______
Wisconsin___________ _____________
Wyoming______________________ ____
31.3
14.8
41.0
2.1
31.8
6.9
49.3
2.5
28.9
16.4
44.9
2.2
32.5
6.8
45.9
1.8
28.5
6.0
51.8
1.8
30.5
4.6
38.7
1.6
25.7
5.2
26.0
.8
22.2
3.1
18.7
.9
20.7
2.8
18.8
1.9
25.7
5.2
34.0
.8
24.8
6.2
40.9
3.4
32. 7
5.1
36.6
2.0
37.4
5.8
39.7
2.7
390.6
64.4
442.0
25.6
381.0
67.4
438.8
18.6
1See footnote 1, table F-3.
3Comprised of 168 Standard Metropolitan Areas used in 1950 Census.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
‘ Revised.
S ource: U. S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics.
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, DECEMBER 1957
1570
T able F-6: Number of new permanent nonfarm dwelling units started, by ownership and location,
and construction c o st1
Number of new dwelling units started
Estimated construction cost 1
(in thousands)
Location
Period
Total
Privately Publicly
owned
owned
Metro Nonmetro North North
Central South
politan
east
politan
places
places
1,396,000
1,091,300
1,127,000
1,103,800
1,220,400
1,328,900
1,118,100
1,352, 200
1,020,100
1,068, 500
1,068,300
1,201, 700
1,309, 500
1,093,900
1953: First quarter_____________
Second quarter___________
Third quarter_______ ___
Fourth quarter___________
1954: First quarter_____________
Second quarter___________
Third quarter____________
Fourth quarter..,______ . .
1955: First quarter_____________
January_______________
F ebruary___ . . ------March_______ . . . _____
Second quarter. _________
April__________________
M ay____________ ______
June___________________
Third quarter____________
July----------------------------August________________
September_____________
Fourth quarter___________
October_______ ____ ___
N ovember. ___________
December______________
1956: First quarter_____________
January_______________
February______________
March_______ _______
Second quarter___________
April. ______ _____ ___
M ay__________________
June____ . . . . . . . . ____
Third quarter.._____ _____
July. _________________
August___ ____ _ _____
September______ . . . .
Fourth quarter.................... .
October. ______________
November . . . _______
December______________
1957: First quarter________ ____
January________________
February______________
March. _________ ___ _
Second quarter_______ . . .
April____ _____ ________
M ay_____________ ____
June___________________
Third quarter 3_ ____
...
July*'._________________
A ugust8. ______ _____
Septem ber8______ .
Fourth quarter ___ ._
October3 _ ___________
257,100
324, 300
285,000
237,400
236,800
332, 700
346,000
304,900
291,300
87, 600
89,900
113,800
404,100
132,000
137,600
134, 500
362,300
122, 700
124, 700
114,900
271,200
105,800
89, 200
76,200
252,100
75,100
78. 400
98, 600
332,500
111, 400
113, 700
107, 400
298,900
101,100
103,900
93, 900
234,600
93,600
77, 400
63,600
215, 800
63,000
65,800
87.000
296, 600
93, 700
103, 000
99, 900
284, 900
99,900
95,000
90,000
238,100
315,000
280,700
234, 500
232, 200
326, 500
339, 300
303,700
288,000
87,300
87,900
112,800
397,000
130,500
135,100
131, 400
357,800
121,900
122,300
113,600
266, 700
304,800
88,400
73, 500
244, 600
73, 700
77,000
93,900
325, 300
109,900
110,800
104, 600
292,900
99,000
103,200
90, 700
231,100
91,200
77, 000
62, 900
202, 500
60,100
63,100
79, 300
282, 800
91, 400
96, 900
94, 500
274, 500
93, 900
92, 600
88,000
19,000
9, 300
4, 300
2, 900
4,600
6,200
6,700
1,200
3,300
300
2,000
1,000
7,100
1,500
2, 500
3,100
4, 500
800
2, 400
1,300
4,500
1, 000
800
2,700
7,500
1,400
1,400
4, 700
7, 200
1,500
2,900
2,800
6,000
2,100
700
3, 200
3, 500
2, 400
400
700
13,300
2, 900
2, 700
7.700
13. 800
2,300
6,100
5,400
10,400
6,000
2. 400
2,000
95,000
87. 000
8,000
Privately
owned
Publicly
owned
$370,224
614, 769
502,707
306,818
189,037
198,818
271,342
184,400
238,100
207,800
173, 200
174, 300
244,000
252,800
225, 800
221,800
68,100
66, 900
86, 800
294,800
96,800
99, 700
98,300
263,400
88,400
91,500
83, 500
195, 800
76, 500
64, 600
54,700
183,800
54,300
57, 600
71,900
228,300
76,200
77, 600
74, 500
202, 900
69, 700
70, 900
62, 300
¡64, 800
64, 900
54,800
45,100
149,100
44,000
46,600
58, 500
200, 300
63, 500
68, 200
68, 600
188, 900
63,400
65, 600
59,900
72, 700
86,200
77,200
64, 200
62,500
88,700
93,200
79,100
69,500
19,500
23,000
27,000
109,300
35, 200
37,900
36,200
98, 900
34, 300
33,200
31,400
75,400
29,300
24,600
21,500
68,300
20, 800
20, 800
26, 700
104,200
35,200
36,100
32,900
96,000
31,400
33, 000
31,600
69, 800
28, 700
22,600
18, 500
66, 700
19,000
19,200
28, 500
96,300
30, 200
34, 800
31,300
96,000
36, 500
29, 400
30,100
62,000
33,000
1 Excludes temporary units, conversions, dormitory accommodations,
trailers, and military barracks; includes prefabricated housing if permanent.
These estimates are based on (1) monthly building-permit reports adjusted
for lapsed permits and for lag between permit issuance and the start of con
struction, (2) continuous field surveys in nonpermit-issuing places, and (3)
reports of public construction contract awards.
Private construction costs are based on permit valuation adjusted for
understatement of costs shown on permit applications. Public construction
costs are based on contract values or estimated construction costs for indi
vidual projects.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Total
374,400
$11, 788, 595 $11,418,371
0
0
0
0
9,800,892
314, 500
9,186,123
0
0
0
0
10,208,983
9, 706, 276
332,100
(2)
0
0
0
300,300
10,488,003 10,181,185
(2)
0
0
0
323, 500 243,100 325,800 359,700 291,800 12, 478,237 12,309,200
353,100 273,100 356,000 389,000 310,800 14, 544,647 14,345, 829
338,300 228,800 303,100 334,200 252,000 13,086,118 12,814,776
43,800 «1,021,600
776,800
71, 200
794, 900
58, 500
35, 500
803, 500
896,900
18, 700
975,800
19,400
779,800
24, 200
1950____ _____________________
1951__________________________
1952__________________________
1953__________________________
1954................ ...................................
1955................... ................ ..................
1956__________ ________________
West
20, 200
0
0
2,346,213
3,083,256
2, 777,607
2, 280, 927
2,240,448
3,454, 571
3,590,366
3,192, 852
3,076,198
892, 794
954,570
1,228,834
4,416, 285
1,434,395
1,502, 901
1,478,989
4,025,441
1,372,150
1, 369,948
1,283,343
3,026, 723
1,178,809
993, 986
853, 928
2, 850, 687
814,448
887,138
1,149,101
3,924,184
1,309,175
1,346,513
1,268,496
3, 534,804
1,201,352
1,227, 269
1,106,183
2,776,443
1,104,981
930, 589
740,873
2, 540,016
718,318
762,871
1,058, 827
3, 542,875
1,115,826
1, 236, 239
1,190,810
3, 401, 249
1,189,829
1,136, 620
1,074, 800
2,183, 710
3,000,120
2, 739,268
2,258,087
2,199, 446
3,398, 898
3,528,471
3,182,385
3,043, 959
890, 092
934, 585
1,219,282
4,349,159
1,421,309
1,479, 773
1,448,077
3,981,182
1,363,092
1, 346,848
1,271,242
2,971,529
1,168,229
985, 891
817,409
2, 761,446
800,665
871,700
1,089,081
3,844,192
1,293,488
1,312,890
1,237,814
3,471,787
1,179, 266
1,222, 281
1,070,240
2, 737,351
1,078,142
925,991
733, 218
2,351, 729
681,147
727, 081
943. 501
3, 367, 334
1, 087,149
1,153, 246
1,126, 939
3, 285, 686
1,118; 486
1, 111, 200
1, 056,000
162, 503
83,136
38,338
22, 840
41,002
55,673
61,895
10,467
32, 239
2, 702
19,985
9,552
67,126
13,086
23,128
30,912
44,259
9,058
23,100
12,101
55,194
10, 580
8,095
36,519
89,241
13, 783
15, 438
60,020
79, 992
15,687
33, 623
30, 682
63,017
22,086
4,988
35,943
39,092
26,839
4,598
7,655
188, 287
37,171
35, 790
115, 326
175, 541
28. 677
82. 993
63. 871
115, 563
7i; 343
25, 420
18, 800
0
1,129, 640
1,035, 300
94,340
(2)
0
(2)
0
0
(2)
(2)
0
47,400 52, 700
67,300 98, 400
72,500 97,800
55, 900 76,900
53,100 63,400
16,000 15,600
13, 500 19, 700
23, 600 28,100
89,100 116, 600
28, 600 37,300
30,300 40,000
30,200 39, 300
75, 400 108.000
27,100 35, 600
24,900 38,000
23,400 34,400
55, 500 68,000
23, 500 29,400
17, 700 23,000
14,300 15,600
45, 700 58,200
12,400 15,700
14, 400 16, 400
18,900 26,100
72,300 98,100
23,400 33, 600
24, 700 33,300
24,200 31,200
61,800 87,200
21,800 29, 900
20, 800 29, 200
19,200 28,100
49,000 59,600
20,100 26,200
16, 500 19,200
12,400 14,200
33, 800 46, 800
9, 300 10, 700
9, 700 14, 000
14, 800 22,100
60, 700 77, 200
19,900 23, 700
20, 900 25, 700
19, 900 27, 800
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
77,600 59,100
90, 900 76,100
99, 900 75, 800
91,300 80, 800
95, 900 78, 900
30,600 25, 400
32,400 24, 300
32, 900 29, 200
109,700 88, 700
35,700 30, 400
37,400 29, 900
36, 600 28,400
99,400 79, 500
32, 700 27,300
34,800 27,000
31,900 25, 200
84,000 63, 700
28, 500 24,400
27,800 20,700
27, 700 18, 600
83,200 65,000
27,200 19,800
26, 800 20, 800
29, 200 24,400
93,200 68,900
31,100 23, 300
32,800 22, 900
29, 300 22, 700
86,500 63,400
27, 700 21, 700
30, 700 23, 200
28,100 18, 500
71,300 54,700
27,500 19, 800
22, 700 19,000
21,100 15,900
78, 800 56, 400
24,800 18,200
24,600 17,500
29, 400 20,700
92, 800 65, 900
28,100 22,000
33, 700 22, 700
31,000 21, 200
19, 200
0
0
27, 000
0
0
33, 500
0
0
0
0
0
3 Not available,
s Preliminary.
•Revised.
• Corrected.
N o t e : For a description of these series, see Techniques of Preparing Major
BLS Statistical Series, BLS Bull. 1168 (1954).
S o u r c e : U . S . Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics.
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