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Monthly Labor Review UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR* BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS L awrence R. K lein , Editor https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis CONTENTS Special Articles 1273 1274 1276 1278 1279 1281 1285 1288 1289 Dual Loyalty in Industrial Society Dual Loyalty in Modern Society Mutual Emotional Acceptance by Union and Management Dual Allegiance at Swift & Co., Chicago A Methodology in Studying Role Conflict A Theoretical Examination of the Concept of Dual Loyalty Occupational Wage Levels in 20 Labor Markets, Fall 1952-Spring 1953 Taxation and Lower Income Groups The Federal Income Tax and the Working Man Taxation of Low and Middle Incomes Workmen’s Compensation in the United States: VIII—Rehabilitation Summaries of Studies and Reports 1295 1299 1302 1307 1309 1311 1314 Injury Rates in the Fluid-Milk Industry, 1952 The Ford Plan for Employing the Handicapped Personnel Conference of the American Management Association Earnings in Power Laundries in Mid-1953 Wage Trends in Machinery Manufacture, 1951-53 Union Wage Scales in the Building Trades, 1953 Wages in Converted Paper Products in April 1953 Departments h i 1318 1321 1324 1330 1337 The Labor Month in Review Recent Decisions of Interest to Labor Chronology of Recent Labor Events Developments in Industrial Relations Publications of Labor Interest Current Labor Statistics (list of tables) December 1953 • Voi. 76 • No. 12 A BLS Summary Study of Wages and Related Benefits in 20 Labor Markets (Bulletin 1116) • Wage Rates — 61 Jobs Office clerical Professional and technical Maintenance and power plant Custodial, warehousing, and shipping • Work Schedules Weekly hours and shift practices • Supplementary Benefits — Office and Production Workers Overtime pay Paid holidays Paid vacations Insurance and pension plans Plus — Special analysis of occupational wage relationships in manufacturing and public utilities Price — 55 cents For more detailed data including occupational wage distributions for individual areas these separate bulletins: Area Atlanta, Ga Baltimore, Md Boston, Mass Buffalo, N. Y__ Chicago, 111 Cleveland, Ohio Dallas, Tex Denver, Colo Kansas City, Mo Los Angeles, Calif ______ ______ ______ --------______ ______ ______ ______ ______ _____ BLS Bull. No. Brice (cents) 1116-18 1116-6 1116-17 1116-20 1116-15 1116-3 1116-1 1116 8 1116-4 1116-14 20 25 20 20 25 20 15 20 25 25 Area BLS Bull. No. Memphis, Tenn_____________________ Milwaukee, Wis_____________________ Minneapolis-St. Paul, Minn___________ Newark-Jersey City, N. J ____________ New York, N. Y ____________________ Philadelphia, Pa_____________________ Portland, Oreg______________________ Providence, R. I ____________________ St. Louis, Mo_______________________ San Francisco-Oakland, Calif_________ 1116-13 1116-19 1116-7 1116-11 1116-16 1116-5 1116-2 1116-10 1116-12 1116-9 Order Only From Superintendent of Documents, Washington 25, D. C. Indicate BLS Bulletin Number and Quantity Desired Send Money Order or Check ii https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis order froi B ri cel (icents} 11 2C 2t 2C 21 2C 2C 2C 2C 2C The Labor Month in Review T h e l a b o r p r e s s in recent weeks has devoted an extraordinary amount of space to economic indices. This same preoccupation, with a somewhat more apprehensive tone, occupied a goodly portion of the CIO annual convention deliberations in Cleve land, November 16-20. A lengthy report to the meeting expressed a “growing concern over what lies ahead in the next 6 or 12 months and be yond . . .” It pointed to “signs” which “should be a signal to the Nation to seek out and encourage new sources of strength to halt the already ap parent slackening in production. . . . Once and for all, all groups of the population must realize that a healthy expanding peacetime economy can, in the long run, only be based on an ever broader consumption level.” About 2 weeks later, at an employment confer ence in Washington sponsored by the Auto Work ers, largest of the CIO affiliates, the Secretary of Labor analyzed the economic situation for the 1,000 local union delegates. After pointing to the strong position and outlook for capital investment, Government procurement, and consumer con sumption (with real per capita disposable income 2 percent higher than a year ago), the Secretary noted that “the competitive system is again in full swing. The buyer can now exercise discrimination in his purchases and seek to get more for his dollar. The result will be better values via closer scrutiny of costs and prices. “It is worth bearing in mind in times such as these that growth is never a straight line upward at a steady pace, whether it be in the case of a child or in the case of the most complex economy the world has ever known. The line of growth, examined in the perspective of years, is a jagged one . . . The present dip from last spring’s peaks still leaves us on a very high plateau. It also leaves us in a position for sound economic growth.” The employment conference urged higher un https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis employment compensation benefits. From two other sources had come earlier reports advocating a review of the operations and benefit structure of the State-operated unemployment insurance systems. One was the findings of the American Assembly (a broad, representative citizens’ group of experts) on the subject of economic security for Americans. The other was the tripartite Federal Advisory Council of the Labor Depart ment, which pointed out, among other items, that current benefits represent only 33 percent of average earnings, compared with 41 percent in 1949. T h e CIO c o n v e n t i o n in Cleveland, with unanim ity and with a visible enthusiasm abated only by the United Steelworkers delegation, elected Walter P. Reuther president for a second term. It also unanimously approved the no-raid agree ment with the American Federation of Labor, effective on January 1, 1954, for the two organi zations and those of their affiliated international unions which ratify it. The basic policy of the CIO was unchanged by any convention action. The initiative for organization of new members, however, appeared to have passed from the central administration to the international unions, with current success noted among telephone and elec trical workers. All officers were reelected without opposition. There appeared to be a community of interest between the AFL and CIO, in seeking liaison with farmer groups. This was evidenced by AFL president, George Meany, in his address to the annual meeting of the National Grange where he called for an investigation of the “ shocking spread” between retail prices and declining farm prices. On the CIO side, a featured speaker at its convention was Fred V. Heinkel of the Missouri Farm Association. At the western hearings of the House Agricultural Committee, five CIO spokesmen, headed by O. A. Knight, president of the Oil Workers, testified in behalf of policies beneficial to farmers. Mr. Keuther, in a publi cized letter to Mr. Knight, asked him to make clear that the CIO had no present or future intent to organize farmers. He emphasized that the farmers should be organized, but in their own, separate groups. With the conventions of both major labor organ izations committed to unity, attention was turned to the scheduled December meetings of the joint m IV THE LABOR MONTH IN REVIEW unity committee and to signs of international unions ratifying the no-raid agreement. It was expected that not much action in this direction would be forthcoming, pending anticipated dis cussion of the matter by the Teamsters in February. A chance that the 40-year-old jurisdictional dispute between the AFL Machinists and Car penters might be settled appeared stronger with a second meeting of representatives of the 2 unions with 2 outside consultants. The dispute revolves around the issue of machinery installation. O n t h e m u r k i e r s i d e of the labor news, officials of the Teamsters in Michigan and Min nesota were involved in investigations by the House labor committee over matters relating to handling of the union’s health and welfare insur ance funds. The Michigan hearings were directed especially at James R. Hoffa, an international vice president of the union and head of its Central States Conference. A Federal grand jury investi gation has been ordered. The New York waterfront situation at midDecember still had two longshore unions (AFL and ex-AFL) fighting for exclusive supremacy. But Joseph P. Ryan was president of neither. The independent ILA “retired” him as head of the union the AFL had expelled for practices inimical to honorable unionism. William V. Bradley succeeded him. On December 1, the bi-State (New York and New Jersey) commission to control hiring in the port of New York went into operation. Further important developments awaited (a) the expiration of the 80-day TaftHartley injunction preventing a strike by either union until December 25; (6) NLRB determination of the scope of the bargaining unit; (c) NLRB determination of the appropriate bargaining rep resentative through an election; and (d) NLRB decision on the AFL charge that the expelled union was employer-dominated. Aside from the main issue of the struggle, the Teamsters have claimed jurisdiction over loading and unloading trucks entering piers and waterfront warehouses. This work had formerly been done by ILAaffiliated “public loaders” now outlawed by the bi-State legislation. The UAW-CIO strike against the plants of North American Aviation, Inc., was settled as it approached the 60-day mark, for a 4-percent https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis increase, approximately the original company offer. The union had retreated from its orig inal demands for wage rates equal to those paid aircraft workers employed by automobile com panies. Nonstriking workers had been given the increase, which was substantially below the union’s original and subsequent demands, and the com pany refused an arbitration offer. The union position during the strike was shaken somewhat by acceptance by one Machinists local at a Douglas Aircraft Co. plant of a 5-cent-an-hour raise in basic rates plus a 1-cent cost-of-living in crease. At Lockheed, United Aircraft, and other Douglas plants the close cooperation pledged in bargaining between the Machinists and °UAW appeared to be in working order. In fact, a joint meeting of shop stewards of the two organizations from United plants in various parts of the country recently discussed mutual negotiation problems. A strike of photoengravers left New York City without major daily newspapers for 10 days start ing November 28. Other unions connected with production and distribution of the papers, includ ing the American Newspaper Guild, refused to cross the engravers’ picket lines. Settlement was on the basis of the publishers’ original offer of a $3.75 package, and examination of the need for additional adjustment by a fact-finding board. The United States Supreme Court had hardly rendered its 6-3 decision holding that nothing in the Taft-Hartley Act prevents dismissal of an em ployee for derogatory remarks about the employ er s product (in this case television programs), when the general counsel of the NLRB issued an order against local 5 of the UAW-CIO and the Studebaker Corp. in a somewhat tangential matter. The charge was that the company discharged 15 employees upon complaint of the union that they refused to buy Studebaker cars. An NLRB ruling that it would deny its services to unions whose officers are under indictment for falsely swearing to non-Communist affidavits was overruled by the United States district court. The unaffiliated Fur Workers Union had appealed the order. In a policy effective in its 131 plants, some engaged in secret military operations, the General Electric Co. declared it would discharge all work ers who admit they are Communists or refuse to answer questions raised in official hearings con cerning such activities. Dual Loyalty in Industrial Society E N o t e .— The series of five notes which follow are excerpts from papers delivered at a panel session of the Industrial Relations Research Association in Cleveland, September 5, 1953. They are reproduced here because the matter of institutional loyalties is important not only for industrial relations but for the democratic process as a whole. Dr. Clark Kerr, Chancellor of the University of California, has said: “. . . we may find that the greater hope for democracy lies with a multi plicity of allegiances—to self, family, union, church, employer, and government. . . . The great danger is not that loyalties are divided today but that they may become undivided tomorrow.” d i t o r ’s Dual Loyalty in Modern Society T h e e x t e n t to which a person can be loyal to more than one group, when these groups may make competing demands upon him, has become a matter of marked social concern. We are dealing with the problem of the relationships between the worker and his two major groups, the employing company and his labor union. While a few workers in any given sample feel very intensely about either the employer or the union, it generally appears that the “loyalty” of the worker in either direction is of moderate intensity. The worker in western civilization will find him self in a situation where his very survival is geared to his acceptance by an employer. To a hardly less significant extent, the worker finds it essential to relate himself to another group-—the labor union. This group likewise has a profound effect upon his status, the rewards and punishments received, his chances of advancement and even of retaining his job. Can the worker feel allegiance to both employer and union? Does he feel friendly to the one, hostile to the other? What grounds for optimism or pessimism about the future of industrial relations can be derived from studies of worker allegiance? https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis In modern society, allegiance to two groups which demand conflicting responses from the in dividual is provocative of both psychological and social problems. And yet we must face up to the fact that dual allegiances within areas of conflict can, and do, exist, and that it may be of the greatest importance to society that we learn to understand, evaluate, and mold allegiances to groups even when they appear on first glance to be incompatible. Let us consider the problem of allegiance by workers to company and union. Allegiance of the worker to his employing com pany would appear to be a kind of psychological minimum of personal equilibrium in the work situation. If the job leads to satisfaction of basic needs, it will come to be perceived as “good.” More cautiously, we may say that if the job leads to satisfactions perceived as greater than the frustrations involved, a favorable relationship is established. Since the company is an essential part of the job situation, the company will like wise be perceived as “good.” Further, the worker will find that he seems to owe some of his gratifications to the union in the establishment. When we ask workers if organiz ing a union has made any difference to them, they recite benefits, very rarely frustrations. They say wages are higher, supervision less harsh, work conditions more pleasant, etc. Thus, it is not 1273 1274 DUAL LOYALTY surprising that the worker develops allegiance to his union. In popular discussions of this relationship between union and company, it is widely assumed that a man can feel allegiance to one or the other but not to both. Competition for worker loyalty is common. Union and company strive to devise tactics which will lead the worker to favor its side of a given controversy. Many social scien tists accept this conflict as inevitable, and assume that as loyalty to one side increases, hostility to the other group will also rise. At our Illini City research,1 we conducted hundreds of structured but free-answer interviews with workers in eight different establishments, all unionized. Some of the questions dealt with the worker’s perception of management, some with his views of the union. Each interview was coded by two staff members for favorable percepts of the company and for favorable percepts of the union, on a standard list of topics. We then analyzed various functional relationships between these two measures. Our main interest, of course, was the differences among these establishments. We were at once impressed with the fact that those establishments ranking high in percentage of responses favorable to the company also ranked high in responses favorable to the union. Like wise, those companies about which many com plaints were registered tended to have unions about which complaints were voiced. A second type of analysis was then undertaken by dividing each worker population in half at the median on attitude favorable to the company, and computing attitude scores for the union. In all eight establishments the more favorable workers also expressed more favorable attitudes regarding the union. Examination of individual inter views showed clearly that some men strongly favorable to the company were hostile to the union, and vice versa. However, the group data showed that they were the exceptions—not typical of our sample of industrial workers. 1 A research team sponsored by the University of Illinois has conducted a 6-year study of union-management relations in 8 companies (representing 5 industries) in the midwestern community, Illini City. In Vol. 1—The Case Studies (published Oct. 22, 1953), the investigators trace the history of the labor-management relationships in each industry or company and describe the situation in 1948-50. The case studies cover grain processing, metal products, garment manufacture, trucking, and building construction. In Vol. 2 Explorations in Comparative Analysis (to be available in the spring of 1954), the investigators compare the relationships discovered and attempt to develop generalizations, testing 20 hypotheses taken from the literature on labor-management relations.—E d i t o r ’s N o t e . https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis MONTHLY LABOR We have therefore been led to the development of the concept of “attitudinal climate” and to the conclusion that this climate, whether favorable or hostile, tends to embrace both company and union. In general, the majority of workers in every establishment could and did perceive both company and union as groups which they could favor and support. We made no attempt to estimate the intensity of feeling involved, nor did we pose conflict situations in an attempt to decide how the worker would respond if there were a clear conflict between the two groups. It does seem justifiable, on the basis of our observations, to suggest that workers disagree with many spokesmen for both management and unions. The workers do not accept the in evitability of conflict, nor do they accept the necessity of binding themselves to one group or the other. They accept the status of dual allegiance and, at least under normal conditions, seem to experience no internal stress as a result. —Ross Stagner Institute of Labor and Industrial Relations University of Illinois Mutual Emotional Acceptance by Union and Management v a l u a t i n g the problems of multiple allegiance in industrial society, it is apparent that even allegiance of the employee to his enterprise is not unitary. It is broken into separate allegiances: First, to the basic purpose of the enterprise, and second, to the supervisor. Allegiance to stock holders is a third kind of enterprise allegiance. And, then, there is allegiance to the consumers of the products or services of the enterprise. These enterprise allegiances are not emotionally unilateral, all resting on the lower-level employee, but are emotionally bilateral. Management, if it is realistic, perceives these same emotional accept ance areas. Admitting the multiple nature of enterprise allegiance, and emotional involvements, it is possible for all of them to be positive and favorable. We believe we documented this condition at least for a period of years in our 1949 study of the E REVIEW, DECEMBER 1953 DUAL LOYALTY S. Buchsbaum Co., Chicago. We shall briefly re view that study and bring it up to date. An earlier research team which explored the Buchsbaum labor-management situation in 1946 postulated four representative types of manage ment attitudes toward unions, and the implication of each: (1) Management is determined either (a) not to recognize the union or (b) to get rid of it by any available means. This, of course, means open warfare. (2) Management accepts the union for the time being, but still wants to hold open the possibility of getting rid of it at some future date. This leads to undeclared war. (3) Management accepts the union as being here to stay, but nevertheless, the executives con tinue to function as much as possible as if the union were not present. The union, not consulted, often simply blocks action. (4) Management accepts the union, both intel lectually and emotionally. Management modifies its behavior accordingly and the union reciprocates. At various times in its history, from 1888, the Buchsbaum Co. constituted a rather clear-cut example of all except the third of these attitudes, each apparently held with conviction. A union contract was signed in 1918; that union, according to Mr. Buchsbaum, was broken in 1919. In 1935, after a long strike, another organizing attempt was defeated. Mr. Buchsbaum remarks of this period, “I thought if I let the union in, it would ruin my business.’’ By 1940, the workers were organizing again. In a series of critical strike incidents, Mr. Buchsbaum became impressed with the strikers’ respect for property and with the apparent sincerity of some of their fundamental contentions. Convinced that the workers were concerned with the com pany’s as well as their own welfare, he told the men he would sign a contract. Mr. Buchsbaum attempted to manifest full emotional acceptance of the union. He granted much more in the con tract than the union asked. “Union recognition was their objective, and I gave them more than they wanted. I gave them the checkoff system, virtually a union shop and job security . . . an immediate raise of 5 cents an hour . . . and an open accounting procedure—all our figures on the table—and we chose an impartial arbitrator to decide any issues we could not settle ourselves.” https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1275 Grievance machinery was established; top management cooperated earnestly with the union in solving mutual problems. Some foremen, un willing to cooperate, were discharged. Discipline problems are alleged to have almost disappeared since the union assumed responsibility for disci pline. In 1951, the management proposed a 5-year contract providing for an automatic annual pay increase of 4 cents an hour; it was accepted by the union. At management and union invitation, Gottlieb and Kerr entered the scene in 1949 to conduct an evaluation of some of the probable attitudinal results of this dramatic reversal from emotional rejection to acceptance of the collective bargaining organization. This survey included a unionrelated attitude objects section. The instrument used for measuring general job satisfaction, not mentioning the union, is “The Tear Ballot for Industry.” Distributed to all personnel in the 3 plants during July and August 1949, a total of 467 completed anonymous ballots were returned. Although the central tendency of job satisfac tion attitudes was of conventional order, the structuring of employee attitudes did appear to support the hypothesis of exceptional harmony in the labor-management situation. Apparently, mutual emotional acceptance and cooperation be tween management and union had tended to structure employees’ satisfaction attitudes along integrated rather than divisive lines. Evidence for this is a positive Pearsonian coefficient of correlation be tween the total scores on the managementoriented ballot and the union-oriented ballot of 0.74. Corrected for attenuation, this value in creases to unity, suggesting that personnel no longer carry “either-or” exclusive allegiance atti tudes. This apparent fusing of formerly con flicting allegiances appears to occur, though per haps less intensely, at the level of interpersonal relations between worker and supervisor and worker and shop steward. In 1949, to account for these two positive cor relations between union and management attitude satisfactions, one hypothesis was that “Divisive rivalry affiliation attitudes disappear under unionmanagement cooperation. This hypothesis as sumes that in union-management relations in which marked conflict and emotional rejection exists, personnel attitudes toward union and management will correlate negatively, implying 1276 DUAL LOYALTY existence of strong exclusive preference reactions of many workers toward union or management.” Father Purcell’s significant negative correlation (—0.48) is definite evidence in favor of this hypothesis. The Illini City research provides further evi dence of the integrating effects of a considerable degree of mutual management-union emotional acceptance. A positive rank-difference correla tion of 0.38 was obtained between employee com plaints against the management and employee complaints against the union. Thus, we have three coefficients from widely assorted psycho logical climates and enterprises ranging in magni tude from 0.74 through 0.38 to —0.48. Such evidence definitely supports the 1949 hypothesis that “. . . integrated structuring of workers’ atti tudes may reasonably be expected as a result of union-management mutual emotional acceptance and cooperation.” These researches show that the industrial allegiances of free men and women are delicate, definite, and, above all, voluntary. — W il l a r d A. K err Illinois Institute of Technology Dual Allegiance at Swift & Co., Chicago i s i m p o r t a n t to know what the working people themselves have to say about the possibilities of dual allegiance. A 3-year study of the Chicago plant of Swift & Co. and Local 28, a key local of the United Packinghouse Workers of America (CIO), recently completed,2 is one of the first research efforts to get the answers from the working people themselves. This study was made during a crisis—the aftermath of a severe strike, a power struggle between the Local and the Inter national UPWA. In this study I interviewed over 385 packinghouse workers, including foremen and union leaders. I graded each on a scale from 1 to 5 on their degree of company and union allegiance. Here allegiance means : an attitude of favorability toward the company or union as institutions. Allegiance does not mean complete satisfaction with every aspect of the company or of the union. It https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis MONTHLY LABOR Nor do we mean loyalty in the sense of strong emotional attachment. Dual allegiance simply means approval of the existence, objectives, and overall policies both of company and union. This research asks three basic questions: (1) Will the average worker actually have dual alle giance to, and find the satisfaction he requires from both company and union? (2) Will the worker have allegiance which is necessarily dual, in that he says his wants can be satisfied only by both organizations? (3) Will the worker’s allegiance to one of the two organizations in the plant community pull him away from the other organization, thus straining his dual allegiance? Or will the allegiance he gives to one organization not noticeably affect the allegiance he gives to the other? Company allegiance we found to be a clear fact in the Chicago Swift-UPWA plant community. Foremen and rightwing union leaders had a degree of company allegiance of 1.6, between favorable and very favorable. The steward body was favor able and even leftwing union leaders were slightly favorable. The old-timers have greater company allegiance (1.43) than the short-service workers (1.73) and the women (1.32) have more than the men (1.62). Union men have just as much com pany allegiance (1.6) as nonunion men. Union allegiance was also a clear fact. One hundred percent of the union stewards and leaders have union allegiance, understandably enough, but a majority of the foremen have such allegiance too. Our analysis shows a very significant differ ence between colored (1.75) and white (2.45) in their attitudes toward the union, the Negroes having much more union allegiance. Of all the groups, only the long-service women, both colored (3.19) and white (3.44), have no positive allegiance to the union as an institution; they are indifferent or opposed to the idea. What is the relationship between the attitude of union allegiance and actual “participation in the union”? If we put the workers into 12 cells or boxes by sex, race, and service, arrange the boxes in order of union allegiance, and do a rank correlation with their degree of union participation, we find a high positive correlation of 0.86. We have also actual membership as indicated by checkoff lists. Again we find a remarkably high rank correlation between those groups which have 3 The Worker Speaks His Mind, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Mass, (forthcoming). DUAL LOYALTY REVIEW, DECEMBER 1953 Distribution of attitudes (random, unstratified sample of 202 individuals) Attitude toward Scale the com pany Favorability Attitude toward the union Number of workers Very favorable.. .. . ___ Favorable__________ . N eutral__ ___________ ... -----------— -------- Unfavorable------. . . . . . Very unfavorable------ - ... . -------- ---------. ... 1.5 85 25 2 .0 68 1 .0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 69 15 65 9 13 10 17 1 6 1 0 0 3 16 1 Percent of workers R ankf i le More or less favorable___________ _____ N eutral _________ ___________ More or less unfavorable_______________ 92 7 1 79 8 13 F orem en 57 16 27 the most union allegiance and their percentage of union members. The figure is also around 0.86. We come finally to dual allegiance itself. We find that the employees do have dual allegiance and they do believe in both company and union as institutions. Nearly three-fourths of the men and women do have positive allegiance to both Swift & Co. and to the UPWA. This is all the more re markable in view of the crisis through which Local 28 was passing at the time. A high percentage of the stewards (88 percent) have dual allegiance; the stewards are quite union-minded. Even a slight majority of the foremen (57 percent) also have dual allegiance to both company and union. The Kansas City-National Brotherhood of Packing house Workers research 3 shows even greater dual allegiance; for example, nearly 95 percent of fore men there have dual allegiance. We come now to our third “question.” Our findings are that dual allegiance is not under strain for most workers, but it is for a few. In the two groups most identified with their respective organ izations—the stewards and foremen—their official role certainly does tend to pull them away from the opposite organization, though even they generally have dual allegiance. As for the rankand-file, their dual allegiance is not under great 3 A project covering Local 12 of the National Brotherhood of Packinghouse Workers (Ind.) and the Kansas City Swift & Co. plant. 1277 strain. If we do a rank order correlation among the 12 subgroups of the plant community, we have only a moderate negative correlation (—0.48). This means that the order of company and union allegiance of the 12 groups moves moderately in opposite directions, the group most favorable to the company tending to be least favorable to the union and vice versa. The extreme groups are short-service men and long-service women. Other groups are not much affected. Sex and service tend somewhat to affect attitudes toward company and union in opposite directions. We estimate that, for around twothirds of the production workers, dual allegiance is not under strain. Does this dual allegiance affect the behavior of the worker torn between the “contradictory expectations” of his company and union leaders? The Swift-UPWA workers clearly oppose these contradictory demands in the sense that they are generally satisfied with their company leadership. They are dissatisfied with their 1949-52 union leadership (the aggressors in making the demands contradictory). Forty-seven percent of the rankand-file workers at least are unfavorable to their union leaders, 27 percent are neutral or indifferent, and only 26 percent approve. In view of this severe test put to our concept of dual allegiance, it is remarkable that we should find it at all—and even not under great strain, at least for the majority of the rank-and-file workers. They readily distinguish between their union and its leaders (as they do between the company and its foremen). Even while opposing their leaders, they would not think of being without their union; 75 percent tenaciously hold on to their union allegiance. The workers see no conflict in the coexistence of their company and their union. But much more: They want neither one to try to destroy the other. The dual allegiance we found in Chi cago (and Kansas City) gives an important re minder that, unlike a few labor and management leaders, the rank-and-file workers want both their company and union to coexist. If their leaders recognize this desire, at least one source of indus trial conflict should be diminished. — R e v . T h e o d o r e V. P u r c e l l , S. J. Loyola University 280067- 53- -2 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1278 DUAL LOYALTY A Methodology in Studying Role Conflict T h e pr o b l e m a n d im pl ic a t io n s of dual loyalty of workers, i. e., to their union and their company, has been viewed with increasing interest as the union movement has grown in both size and scope. Worker opinion and behavior may be situationally based, and dual allegiance may be descriptive of only a given phase of that opinion and behavior. Individuals working in a unionized plant belong to two organizational groups, the plant and the union. Each group makes certain demands upon the worker, has certain expectations of him. The extent to which he lives up to those demands in their eyes is, in a sense, one measure of his alle giance. To the degree that the expectations of those groups are not contradictory, dual allegiance is possible. All other things being equal, one might predict that the worker will live up to the expectations of both groups, and that dual allegiance will exist. “ Other things” may not be equal, however, and then one could speculate that dual allegiance might not necessarily exist. For instance, a union shop clause conceivably could bring about the enroll ment of many workers who were opposed to the idea of unionism. In spite of compatible demands, allegiance might be forthcoming only to the com pany. Or, contrariwise, in a “ one plant town,” job potential might be limited to a company dis liked by the worker and consequently his alle giance might be limited to the union. But it seems logical that other things not being equal, the former rather than the latter would tend to be the case today. Particularly within the fairly skilled trades in the present full employment, job mobility is greater than union mobility, i. e., a worker can move from plant to plant with greater ease than from union to union. Therefore, the data which indicate that more workers hold alle giance to their company than to their union are not surprising. Existing studies give no information about al legiance when expectations are contradictory; and their research findings may not be predictive of behavior. Let us assume that the demands of https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis MONTHLY LABOR management and union toward the worker are contradictory. He cannot meet both sets of expectations. Which set will he act in terms of? Utilizing the reward and punishment theory, one might speculate that the greatest reward and least punishment will be found by meeting the expectations of the most groups possible. One then might hypothesize that the union worker will act in terms of his perception of what the greatest number of groups directly involved expect of him. In a given situation, which calls forth opposing demands, it would seem vital to know not only what he perceives as being the anticipated results of action on his part by both union and manage ment, but also how he perceives his fellow workers’ expectations of him—and anticipated rewards and punishments from that group resulting from cer tain acts on his part. The fellow workers are considered crucial because of their potential power to reward and punish within the scope of the job life of an individual. It may be fruitful to attempt to adapt tech niques developed to study role conflict in other areas, e. g., by Stouffer, to this particular problem. Let us ask a broad question of the union worker to provide a frame of reference for further question ing. “ Would you support a strike in your plant if the demands of your union (which had been ratified by the membership) were denied by the company?” The response would not seem to be adequate in prediction, since it is difficult for an individual to predict his future behavior. The second step would seem to be more crucial—to try to tap the worker’s perception of how the per tinent groups would react to both affirmative and negative action on his part. One could set up four categories of response conveying the ideas of approval and reward, ap proval with no action, disapproval with no action, and disapproval and punishment. One might ask: “ If you supported a strike, how do you think 37°ur company would react? your union officials? your fellow union workers?” The same question could be asked with respect to not supporting a strike. One then might have a rough measure of the degree of reward and punishment anticipated from the three groups by the union worker for either REVIEW, DECEMBER 1953 DUAL LOYALTY of two actions possible when union and manage ment expectations of him were antagonistic. For the purposes of the initial hypothesis, responses could be divided into approval and disapproval; further research could fruitfully explore whether anticipated approval or disapproval with tangible rewards or punishments would be more effective in determining a decision than approval or dis approval with no tangible action anticipated. -— H ja lm a r R o se n University of Illinois A Theoretical Examination of the Concept of Dual Loyalty v ir t u e of our complex and industrialized communities, most people find themselves mem bers of several different groups. Some individuals are members of groups which at times are in conflict with each other. Nowhere is this more sharply illustrated than in the case of the worker in the industrial field. He is a member of a company. He also often belongs to a union. On our panel social scientists who have made pioneer studies have shown that dual loyalty is possible and to some rather surprising degrees. I would like to examine a little further what some of the problems are that arise from those results, and what we can and cannot expect in the way of generalizations. First and foremost, dual loyalty is not a thing in itself. It is a process and one in a fluid state depending on factors inside the individual, outside of him in the relationships of the two specific groups he has joined, and further outside of him, namely the characteristics and values inherent in the socio-economic structure of our society. It is impossible as a matter of behavior to be loyal or owe allegiance to two conflicting organi zations, because at any crisis one cannot choose both. Can we predict from a finding that a majority of workers in a plant have “dual loyalty” what they are going to do in such a situation which vitally concerns one of the two conflicting By https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1279 groups? I would prefer to be cautious in applying the label of dual loyalty to the results so far gathered. I think what has been well demonstrated is that there is generalized “well-meaning” to both union and company among a majority of workers in industries which were at the time of investiga tion not engaged in overt conflict, and in a particular period in our economy. The condition of “no overt conflict” is rather the most prevalent form of accommodation of union and management, and especially in contem porary America, so these findings have some generality. I would like to examine the factors in this process at three different levels. On the first level, dual identification is very much a problem in personality. Individual dif ferences and their relationship with group identi fication are here the key. Allegiances in the past, aspirations, value system, other group member ship, etc., determine to a large extent whether one worker is more identified with company or with union or with both in a given situation. It depends also on how each worker perceives a discrepancy or convergence between his needs and the perceived goals of either organization. Whether such personality characteristics as emotional maturity and democratic character structure are required for the person showing dual loyalty is not demonstrated. But, because the implication exists, any investigation on dual loyalty cannot rule out an investigation of per sonality. Should any tie-up with personality factors be found, one would next have to worry .about selection factors among workers in different industries which have different degrees of dual loyalty among the worker force but similar unioncompany conditions. On the second level, what are the dimensions of the union and company groups that make for conflict or cooperation between them? Here the kind of interaction will vitally affect the identifica tions of workers affiliated with both. Diversity or similarity of group goals is one of the most cogent factors. Also important are the hierarchy structure and power fields within each group. This affects the relationships which the worker has to his company foremen, supervisor, and union officers, and determines the kind and amount of 1280 DUAL LOYALTY allegiance to each group. His perceptions of these various group characteristics are not only deter mined by his personality characteristics, but also by clarity of group goals and practices, accessi bility of information, and the amount of partici pation he is permitted. The more unambiguous his perceptions of the group, the more easily he can decide whether to in tegrate them into his self-concept and his needs, the more decisive will be the kind of affiliation he chooses. We could advance the hypothesis that if membership and hence allegiance becomes a clearly defined and perceivable thing, then inter pretation of affiliation by each member becomes less related to his own personality characteristics; under clear group goal definition, each group becomes less of a “projective technique.” Finally, we must consider the general economic and political factors typical of our society which influence dual loyalty. Is dual loyalty in indus try possible in our society? Can unions and management ever effect the kind of cooperation that would make dual loyalty possible, provided group and personality factors are adequately solved? From the studies we have heard, the answer has been a ringing “ yes.” We might want to know, however, what each organization would have to give up to achieve dual loyalty. And, if it had to give something up, would it change its character as an autonomous organiza tion and still adequately represent the needs of its members? The Communist-Marxian view would of course deny the value of dual loyalty. This is based on its conception of economic processes in terms of an inevitable warfare between two classes. Have we enough evidence to disprove the Marxian hypothesis? I think we have and there is added https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis evidence from the case studies on good labor rela tions conducted by the National Planning Asso ciation.4 There, I was impressed again and again that good relations were accompanied by changes in perception of role on the side of both manage ment and union. Management saw more the human being with needs and wants in the worker, while the union disclaimed so-called co-determi nation in matters relating to production, profits, and plant organization. Forces in our society have accelerated the po tentials for dual loyalty. Similarly, there must be factors that prevent or destroy it. With knowledge of these factors we can answer the problems about what is finally inevitable, con flict or dual loyalty, and what factors are respon sible for one or the other. For instance, what effects would a recession versus full employment have on the development of dual loyalty? or de fense production versus consumer production? Can dual loyalty developed under full production be maintained when adverse economic conditions prevail? Such investigations help us formulate answers to other knotty questions. One of the most im portant for us, not only as scientists, but also as citizens, is: What form of human organization in a modern industrial society is best suited to bring about group harmony and to make dual loyalty not only desirable but also possible? •— W a l t e r G r u e n Committee on Human Development University of Chicago * See Monthly Labor Review, December 1948 (p. 626) and May 1949 (p. 542), for a summary of three of the National Planning Association’s case studies in its series on Causes of Industrial Peace Under Collective Bargain ing. The Association has published 13 of 15 projected studies over the period September 1948 to November 1953. Occupational Wage Levels in 20 Labor M arkets, Fall 1952-Spring 1953 L . E a r l L e w is * P a y l e v e l s among the 20 labor markets surveyed by the Bureau of Labor Statistics during late 1952 and early 1953 were generally highest in the San Francisco Bay area. This accords with find ings in the earlier studies of 40 major labor-market areas.1 Within each area, wages were usually higher in manufacturing than in nonmanufactur ing industries.2 However, occupational averages in the public utilities group frequently exceeded those in manufacturing, particularly among office jobs. Differences in wage policies among firms in the same industry group and in-plant differentials arising out of wage-setting practices which permit multiple rates for individual occupations also contributed to the wide dispersion of wage rates observed for workers employed at comparable tasks within each area. Although each of these wage variations has an important influence on the wide dispersion of earnings found among workers in comparable jobs, accurate measure ment of their individual effect on the overall dispersion was not possible. Interarea Differentials San Francisco-Oakland and Los Angeles, to gether, accounted for most of the top area averages for the 13 selected office occupations shown in table 1. The highest averages for 10 of the 13 plant jobs, table 2, were found in the San Francisco Bay Area; other areas with relatively high wage levels included Chicago and Milwaukee. Lowest occupational averages in office or plant were generally found in Dallas or Memphis; several of the lowest averages were also found in Providence. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis For office occupations, differences between the highest and lowest area averages usually ranged from $10 to $15 a week (table 3). Among plant jobs, the differences tended to be greater, ranging from 45 to 75 cents an hour. The maximum inter area wage spread for most office occupations was from 30 to 40 percent. Similar differences pre vailed for skilled plant jobs, whereas larger spreads of 60 to 70 percent were observed for unskilled plant jobs. The greater interarea spread in wages for un skilled jobs reflects the comparatively low level of pay in the South for work of this type. If data for the four Southern areas are excluded, the range in area averages for helpers, janitors, and laborers becomes nearly the same as those re corded for skilled manual-type jobs and office classifications. In other words, earnings of office workers and skilled plant workers in the South more nearly approach the level of wages in other areas than do the rates of pay for unskilled work ers. For example, secretaries in Dallas averaged about nine-tenths as much as those in San Fran cisco; laborers, on the other hand, received only about two-thirds as much in Dallas as in the West Coast city. Table 4 provides a comparison of average weekly earnings in a few selected professional and technical occupations studied on an all industry basis in the 20 areas. Interindustry Comparisons The industrial composition of the 20 areas varied substantially. Manufacturing industries employed half or more of the workers within the scope of study in each of the New England, Middle West, and Middle Atlantic areas, except New York City. Nonmanufacturing industries dominated employment in New York City, all southern areas except Baltimore, and all western •Of the Bureau’s Division of Wages and Industrial Relations. 'For analysis of wage differences among 40 major labor markets surveyed during 1951-52, see M onthly Labor Review, December 1952 (p. 620), and BLS Bulletin 1135. For list of bulletins covering individual areas included in the 1952-53 study see on p. II of the September 1953 Review. P art of the 195253 findings are summarized here. A comprehensive summary bulletin is in preparation. 2 Major industry groupings covered by each of these studies, in addition to manufacturing, were transportation (except railroads), communication, and other public utilities; wholesale and retail trade; finance, insurance, and real estate; and selected service industries. 1281 1282 OCCUPATIONAL WAGE LEVELS areas other than Los Angeles. Since pay levels differ among industries, dissimilar industrial dis tributions of the labor force explain some of the interarea variations in wage levels. In each area, the average for most manufactur ing jobs was higher than the composite average for the nonmanufacturing industries; however, occupational averages in manufacturing were fre quently exceeded by those in individual nonmanufacturing groups such as public utilities. The earnings advantage of manufacturing workers was more consistent among office jobs than among plant occupations. For example, averages for office classifications in virtually all areas were from $1 to $10 a week higher in manufacturing than in nonmanufacturing. On the other hand, averages for such skilled maintenance occupations as carpenters and electricians in over half the areas were highest in nonmanufacturing establishments. Unskilled plant occupations, such as janitors and trades helpers, nearly always averaged more in manufacturing than in nonmanufacturing. The relatively high nonmanufacturing averages for T a b l e 1. —Average M ONTHLY LABOR some skilled maintenance jobs may be accounted for in part by the fact that some nonmanufacturing establishments bargain separately with the various craft unions and pay the area’s prevailing con struction rate for maintenance work. Pay levels among the five broad nonmanufac turing industry divisions studied were generally highest in public utilities and lowest in services.3 Office salaries in the public utilities group exceeded those in other nonmanufacturing groups in nearly all instances where comparisons were possible, and were frequently above manufacturing averages. For example, secretaries employed by public utility establishments averaged from $2 to $10 a week more than those in manufacturing in 12 of the 16 areas for which both averages were com puted ; stenographers and typists in public utilities had the highest wages in nearly half the areas. Plant occupation averages were generally higher 3 Sampling techniques permitted computation of separate averages for manufacturing and public utilities in each of the 20 areas; retail trade in 13 areas; wholesale trade and finance in 12 areas; and services in 5 areas. straight-time weekly earnings for 13 office occupations studied on an all-industry basis in 20 labormarket areas 1 [Area surveys conducted between August 1952 and April 1953 2] Labor market New England: Boston.. . . . _ ______ Providence. Middle Atlantic: Buffalo____________ _ . . Newark-Jersey C ity_______ New York_______________ Philadelphia.. _ _ _ _ _ _ . South: ____ ___ A tlanta____ Baltimore.. __________ _. Dallas__________________ Memphis_______________ Middle West: Chicago________________ Cleveland. _______ _____ Kansas C ity___ ______ Milwaukee____ ________ Minneapolis-St. Paul______ St. Louis________________ Ear West: Denver__ ... .... . Los Angeles____ _ _____ P o rtlan d ... . . . . . . . . . San Francisco-Oakland____ Billers, Comp machine tometer (billing opera machine) tors Clerks, file, class A Clerks, file, class B Clerks, order Clerks, payroll Key punch opera tors Secre taries $45. 00 46.00 $47. 50 44. 50 $47. 50 45.00 $38. 00 36. 00 $46. 50 43.50 $51. 50 48. 00 $45. 50 43.50 $58.00 56.00 $49. 50 45.00 $48. 50 45.00 $46.00 44. 00 $47. 00 47. 00 $41.SO 39.00 47.00 50.00 54. 00 48. 00 51.00 54.50 55. 00 47.50 51.00 50.50 54.00 47.50 46. 50 42.00 43.00 38.00 50.00 53. 50 53.00 44.50 55.00 55. 00 59. 00 50.50 52. 00 49. 50 52.00 46. 00 6 6 . 00 6 6 .0 0 6 8 . 50 61.00 54.50 53.00 55. 00 49. 00 52.00 51. 50 53. 50 47.50 47. 50 51. 00 54.00 46.00 53. 00 52. 50 54.00 47. 50 47 on 45 50 47. 00 40.00 51.00 44.00 43. 50 46. 00 51.00 49. 50 49.50 48.00 55.00 46.00 43. 00 45.50 39.00 36.50 35. 50 37. 50 48.50 41.00 45.00 47.50 53. 00 52. 50 51.00 52.00 47.50 44.50 46.00 46.50 62. 50 60. 00 61.50 55.00 53.00 48. 50 51.00 47.50 43.50 44.00 44. 00 37.50 46. 50 45.50 44. 50 44.00 50. 50 47. 00 44. 50 45.00 40 50 39 50 42 50 38.00 55.50 53.50 49. 50 49. 50 45.00 50. 50 57.50 55. 00 50.50 50.00 48.50 51.00 54.50 53.50 49. 00 52.00 48.00 49.50 44.50 42.50 37. 50 42.00 39. 00 41.50 53.00 53. 50 48.00 50. 50 47. 00 49. 50 59.50 57.50 52.00 54.50 52.00 51.00 55.00 54. 50 47. 00 50. 50 44.50 49.00 69.00 67. 00 60.50 67. 00 59. 50 63. 50 58. 50 56.00 51. 50 53. 00 48. 50 51.00 53. 50 52. 50 46. 50 49. 00 45. 50 48.00 54. 50 51.40 47. 50 50. 50 46. 50 46.50 57. 00 54. 50 51. 50 53. 00 48. 00 51.50 49. 00 47.00 41 00 44 00 41. 00 43.50 46.00 54.50 50. 00 56.50 49. 50 61.50 51. 50 58.50 46. 50 54.00 51.50 55.50 40.00 46.00 43. 50 44.50 49. 50 59.50 52.50 59.00 52. 00 62.00 55. 50 62. 50 48. 50 60.50 52. 00 56. 00 61.00 69.50 64.50 69. 00 51.50 59.50 54.00 60.50 45.00 57.00 48.00 55.50 47.00 57.00 49. 50 57.00 50.00 55. 50 53 00 55.00 43 50 48. 00 43 00 49. 00 1 Earnings based on standard salaries paid for standard work schedules. D ata limited to women workers employed full time. 2 The areas were surveyed during the following months: 1952: A u g u st— Dallas; September— Portland; October— Baltimore, Cleveland, Kansas City, and Philadelphia; November— Denver, Newark-Jersey City, and Minne- https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Switch Stenog Switch board Typists, Typists board operatorraphers, opera class A class B general recep tors tionists apolis-St. Paul; December— Providence and St. Louis. 1953: Jan uary — Memphis and San Francisco-Oakland; February —Los Angeles and New York; M arch— Atlanta, Boston, and Chicago; A p r il— Buffalo and M il waukee. employee rates fell) to the averages for the several occupations.4 The middle range within the allindustry distributions for general stenographers amounted to $10 or more in nearly all areas, with the ratios ranging from 15 to 30 percent. A similar dispersion was found for routine copy typists (class B), although middle ranges in most cities covered a $7.50 to $10 spread. The degree of dispersion among individual rates tended to be smallest in the Far West cities. Middle ranges for maintenance electricians ranged from 15 cents or less among the 4 Far West cities to 40 cents or more in Atlanta, Dallas, and New York City; the ratios ranged from about 5 percent in Los Angeles and the San Francisco Bay Area to more than 25 percent in Dallas. Data for unskilled plant jobs such as janitors and laborers showed the greatest degree of dispersion of all jobs studied. Variations in pay levels among industries, among establishments within the same industry, and, to some extent, among similar jobs within individual establishments account for the degree of dispersion noted in individual rates within the same job classification and labor market. Pre vious Bureau studies of wages in numerous in public utilities than in the other nonmanu facturing groups, with the notable exception of automotive mechanics, for whom the highest average earnings in each area were in wholesale trade. Rate Variations Within Areas The wage structure of each area was character ized by a substantial variation in individual worker pay rates within the same job classifica tion. As would be expected from differences in general pay levels among industry divisions, the degree of rate dispersion for the all-industry distributions exceeded that for the individual industry divisions. However, within each indus try division, the maximum spread between the lowest and highest individual rates for a particular job exceeded the difference between the lowest and highest area averages for that job and division. The method adopted for examining the degree of dispersion among individual job rates involved a determination of the ratios of the amount of the “middle range” (within which one-half of the * The “middle range” as used here is the central part of the earnings array, excluding the upper and lower fourths. T able 1283 OCCUPATIONAL WAGE LEVELS REVIEW, DECEMBER 1953 2.— Average straight-time hourly earnings for 13 plant occupations studied on an all-industry basis in 20 labor-market areas 3 [Area surveys conducted between August 1952 and April 1953 J] Labor market New England: Boston . -- _______ Providence _____________ Middle Atlantic: Buffalo__________ ______Np.wark-Jorsey City______ New York_______________ Philadelphia ___________ South: A tlanta_________________ B altim ore______________ Dallas ________________ M em phis,. - ___________ Middle West: Chicago __________ _____ Cleveland_____ - ----------Kansas C ity...... ........... . -Milwaukee . ............... Minneapolis-St. P a u l......... St. Louis________________ Far West: Denver__________________ Los Angeles _____________ Portland_________________ San Francisco-Oakland------ Me Labor Machanics, Me Carpen Elec Helpers, ma chanists, auto chanics, tricians, trades, Janitors ers, ters, terials motive mainte mainte mainte mainte mainte han nance mainte nance nance nance nance dling nance $1.90 1.69 2.05 2 .1 2 $1.42 1.34 $1.95 1.77 $1.82 1.63 $1 .8 6 1.69 $1.41 1.15 $1 .6 6 1.59 $2 .1 2 1.92 $1.61 1.44 $1.27 1.25 2.13 2.18 1.76 1.72 1.57 1.63 1.45 1.39 1.30 1.24 1.57 1.60 1.51 1.43 2 .1 2 2.09 2.13 2.05 1.91 1.97 1.97 1.78 2.14 1.91 1.99 1.83 1 .8 8 2.25 2 . 21 2.31 2.14 1.72 1.72 1.89 1.49 1.35 1.30 1.31 1. 96 1.62 1.63 1.61 1.41 1.35 1.50 1.36 1.08 .99 1.09 1.06 1.24 1.13 1.04 1.94 2.05 1.79 1.60 1.75 1.69 1.49 1.81 1.78 1.69 1.79 1.17 1.29 1.15 1.18 1.85 1.73 1.63 1.69 (3) 1.97 1.98 2.18 1.29 1.54 1.27 1.37 1.73 1.75 1.70 1.42 1.39 1.54 1.56 1.45 1.64 1.53 1.48 2.25 2.08 2.06 2 . 22 2.08 2.15 2 .1 0 2.05 2.06 1.91 2.08 1.96 1.93 1.58 1.64 1.45 1.71 1.46 1.43 2.32 1.77 1.74 2.04 2.15 2.16 2 .1 0 2.41 2.26 2.23 2.28 2.18 2.31 1.74 1.62 1.64 1.26 1.23 1.31 1.40 1.26 1.36 1.65 1.65 1.77 1.89 2.23 2.15 2.26 1.82 1.78 2.04 1.99 2.13 1.42 1.70 1.63 1.80 1.80 2.07 2.18 2.05 2.32 2 .2 0 1.47 1.80 1.79 1.91 1.46 1.47 1.53 2.06 2.29 2.09 2.28 1 .8 6 1.91 2 .0 1 2 .1 0 2 .0 1 2.08 2.09 2.06 2.19 2.09 2.16 1.89 1.90 2.23 2.13 2.26 1 .6 6 1.64 1.79 1.53 1.77 1.81 1.84 1 .0 1 .92 1 .2 0 1.45 1.27 1 .2 2 1 .1 2 1.39 1.38 1.50 i The data on straight-time hourly earnings (premium pay for overtime and night work excluded) are limited to men workers employed full time. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Watch men $1 . 22 1.17 1.82 1.78 1.84 1.72 2 .1 0 Truck ers, power (fork lift) $1.56 1.42 2 .1 1 2 . 02 2.25 2.33 Paint Tool ers, and mainte die nance makers $2 .0 1 1.76 1.99 2.04 2 .0 0 Order fillers 2 .0 0 1.90 1.82 2. 05 1.81 1.85 2 .1 0 2.03 2.32 2 .0 0 2 .0 2 2 .0 0 2 .2 0 1 See footnote 2, table 1, for dates of individual 3 Insufficient data to justify presentation of an 2.45 area surveys, average. 1 .6 8 1 .2 0 .98 1.05 1 .0 1 .92 1 .2 1 1 .1 0 1284 OCCUPATIONAL WAGE LEVELS T a ble 3. —Maximum inter area wage spread for selected occupations Highest area average Occupation Office Billers, machine (billing machine). Comptometer operators............ . Clerks, file, class B ___________ Clerks, payroll.................... Stenographers, general............. Typists, class B ._ ............ ........... Plant: Skilled Carpenters, maintenance........... Electricians, maintenance_____ Machinists, maintenance....... . Lowest area average Amount Percent above lowest Weekly earnings $43.50 44.50 35. 50 48.00 45.00 38.00 $56.50 61.50 46. 50 62. 50 60.50 49.00 30 38 31 30 34 29 Hourly earnings $1.69 1.76 1.77 $2.33 2.28 2.26 Plant: Unskilled Helpers, trades, m aintenance... Janitors____________________ Laborers, material handling___ 4. — Average straight-time weekly earnings for 5 professional and technical occupations studied on an all-industry basis in 20 labor-market areas 1 T a ble [Area surveys conducted between August 1952 and April Labor market 1 . 08 .92 1.04 1.84 19532] Chief Junior Nurses, drafts Drafts Tracers indus men drafts men men trial 1.50 1.77 industries have indicated that wide differences in pay rates for comparable work exist in the same labor market even where the industry has been more narrowly defined than in this analysis. Earnings of a majority of office workers in each area studied were based on formal rate-range plans. Among plant workers, such plans either predominated or were of about equal importance with single-rate plans in all areas except Buffalo, Denver, Memphis, Philadelphia, Portland (Oreg.), and San Francisco-Oakland. In the latter areas, earnings for the majority of the workers were based on single-rate plans. Earnings of workers https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis paid under formal rate-range plans are adjusted periodically according to some determinant such as length of service, merit, or a combination of both. The value of each step and the spread between the highest and lowest rate differ for a given occupation among establishments and also among jobs within an establishment; however, the maximum rate frequently amounts to as much as 15 to 20 percent more than the minimum of the range. New England: Boston_____ _ Providence. . . . Middle Atlantic: B u ffa lo ...____ Newark-Jersey City New York___ Philadelphia____ South: Atlanta . . . . Baltimore . Dallas____ Memphis___ Middle West: Chicago. _______ Cleveland______ Kansas C ity .. Milwaukee____ Minneapolis-St. Paul. St. Louis______ Far West: Denver______ Los Angeles____ Portland___ San Fransisco-Oakland $114. 50 (3) $83.00 76. 50 $61.50 56. 50 $47.50 (3) $62.00 58. 50 113. 50 118.50 130. 00 117.00 88.50 92.50 97. 00 87.50 69. 50 6 6 . 00 67.00 « (3) 49.50 56.50 49.50 70 on 67.00 71.00 63.00 106. 00 (3) (3) 78.00 80.00 70.00 79.00 61.50 55.50 49. 00 (3) (3) 53. 50 (3) (3) 89. 00 87.50 78.00 88.50 75.00 82.50 64.50 70. 00 64. 00 72.50 61.50 63. 00 54.00 (3) (3) 59.00 (3) 53.50 64 00 63 50 63 50 62.50 8 8 .0 0 69.50 72.00 69.00 75.50 (3) (3) (3) (, 62 50 74 50 64. 50 69.00 0 112 . 00 107. 50 (3) (3) (3) (3) 113. 00 116.00 (3) 1 0 1 .0 0 90.00 82.50 85.00 65.50 64.00 6 6 .0 0 59. 50 68 00 66 50 on sianuara salaries paid lor standard work schedules Data for draftsmen limited to men; for nurses (industrial), to women, bee footnote 2 , table 1 , for dates of individual area surveys. Insufficient data to justify presentation of an average. Taxation and Lower Income Groups E N o t e .— These two articles are excerpts from, papers delivered at a conference on taxation sponsored by the Economic Policy Com mittee of the Congress of Industrial Organizations in Washington, October 16, 1963. They are presented here as the thoughtful comments of recognized scholars in the tax field on the general subject of the effect of taxation on lower income groups. d i t o r ’s The Federal Income Tax and the Working Man I a p p r o a c h this problem [the effect of income taxes on workers], not with the question: How can we re duce the impact of the income tax on the working man? Rather, the question is this: How can we get a fairer, more impartial, and more effective in come tax, one on which we can continue to rely as the workhorse of our Federal tax system? In seek ing an answer to this question, one encounters a series of inequities and administrative defects that not only weaken the income tax as a whole but also fall into a pattern which seriously discriminates against the employee—the wage earner and whitecollar worker—and clearly favors the self-employed (especially the farmer) and the recipient of invest ment income. Conceptually, it remains the most sensitive and powerful instrument of social justice in the fiscal field. It classifies people both according to size of income and according to family obligations, the two factors most widely recognized as determining one’s ability to pay. But growing erosion and corrosion of the income tax phase is increasingly raising questions of how far we can extend our reliance on this form of tax ation. Especially in the past 10 years, long-stand ing imperfections of the tax base and tax adminis tration have been severely aggravated by increased rates and reduced exemptions and have been fur ther compounded by a whole host of new inroads on the base and progressivity of the tax. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Perhaps the most striking development of tax avoidance in the past 10 years is in the area of conversion of ordinary income into capital gains. Another defect in the structure is the inadequate allowances for expenses of earning income. While expenses connected with business and farm income are deductible before arriving at adjusted gross income, those for wages and salaries are either al lowable only as items covered by the 10-percent presumptive deduction (e. g., union dues, profes sional dues, cost of uniforms) or are not deductible at all (e. g., commuting costs, specialized educa tional and training expenses, and additional costs associated with “working wives”). Probably the worst breach of all in the equity of the income tax is the evasion of taxation by an un comfortably large proportion of the incomes not subject to withholding at the source. Failure to withhold income taxes from interest and divi dends permits the evasion of at least $300 million of taxes each year. Without citing further examples of defects, loopholes, and tax concessions, we can face this critical question: Are certain groups of taxpayers systematically favored over others, and to what extent? Even a cursory investigation shows un mistakably that as compared with wage and salary earners, farmers and small businessmen are strongly favored in that their incomes (a) are par tially nonfcaxable; (b) are more easily maneuverable into lower brackets by means of careful income timing, use of family partnerships, and con version into capital gains; (c) are net of all expenses, including many on the borderline of per1285 1286 TAXING LOWER INCOMES sonal consumption; and (d) above all, are most readily underreported without detection. Going one step further, and adding in percentage deple tion, the conversion of timber income, coal royal ties, and the like into capital gains, and the liberal allowances for mine development costs, one finds the extractive industries or primary producers as a whole gaining an increasingly favored position in our income tax structure. On the basis of the foregoing, we may draw this important conclusion regarding the net effect on progressivity: on balance, it is substantially diminished. First of all, the combined effect of excluding important categories of income from the tax base, granting liberal deductions and exemp tions, allowing high incomes to take refuge in lower brackets by income-splitting and conversion into capital gains, and allowing much income to escape illegally—the combined effect clearly makes actual effective rates of taxation in terms of true income considerably lower than apparent rates in terms of reported taxable income. Sec ond, and more important, the differential impact of the softnesses in income tax structure on differ ent income groups is undoubtedly such as to make the average ratio of apparent to actual tax rates for low incomes considerably higher than for middle and upper bracket incomes. The source of in come—wages and salaries—which benefits least from openings in the tax law and imperfections in administration is the dominant element in small incomes. On a relative basis, then, upper in comes are hit less hard, lower incomes harder, than would appear to the naked eye from an examination of tax rates and exemptions. Unfortunately, no data are at hand for pur poses of isolating and measuring these inroads on progressivity in the face of the more-thanoffsetting impact of rising real and money incomes. Nevertheless, it may be interesting to examine the existing base, distributed by taxable brackets. Here we find that 70 percent of surtax net income is estimated to be in the first surtax bracket of $2,000 (of all taxpayers), and an addi tional 11 percent is to be found in the second $2,000 bracket (taxable at only 2 percentage points more than the first). Although exemptions introduce progressivity from the first dollar of taxable in https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis MONTHLY LABOR come on, the significant fact remains that the much vaunted—and also much maligned—graduated rates of the individual income tax apply to only about 19 percent of the surtax net income base. It is amply clear that the income tax, however preferable it may be to other forms of taxation, even with its defects—tends to discriminate against the wage earner as compared with other income recipients in two ways: (1) it collects from wages and salaries a higher proportion of the lia bilities legally due than it does from any other source of income, and (2) it allows, by law, more generous deductions and concessions to other forms of income than to wage and salary incomes. Where does the remedy lie? How can the damage be repaired? The preferred political way of reducing tax disparities is to extend an existing privilege to new groups rather than withdrawing it from the groups who now enjoy it. Operating, then, at a level of political realism, organized labor will be sorely tempted to unlimber its fiscal picks and shovels to dig out a few chunks of the income tax base for itself. It will be tempted to press for an extension of fringe bene fits—group life insurance and welfare funds, pen sion plans, health and welfare funds, food and lodging and other benefits in kind—at the same time taking pains to keep them on the “free list” as far as income tax liability is concerned. Taking this approach would be to enter a tacit conspiracy with [others] trying to build their own income-tax-proof shelters. This is not to say that self-restraint should be carried to the point of abandoning attempts to get Congress to allow full deduction of the legitimate expenses incurred in earning wage and salary income, including some allowance for expenses of working mothers. But it does argue for not making a hollow shell out of the income tax by trying to match, concession for concession and exclusion for exclusion, the prefer ential tax treatment which some groups have managed to get under the income tax. A match ing process of this sort not only runs into the obj ection that two wrongs do not create a right, but also plays into the hands of those who would gradually sap the strength of the income tax and force increasing resort to consumption taxes. REVIEW, DECEMBER 1953 TAXING LOWER INCOMES What kind of an action program does such counsel point to? First, a determined effort to tighten up enforcement and check evasion, espe cially in the administratively underdeveloped areas of farm income, interest, rent, and dividend. The second part of the program is to repair some of the damage that has been done to the structure of the income tax: to restore pieces of the base. Structure and administration should be given equal, if not superior, rank with rates and exemp tions as the key battlegrounds of income tax policy. Yet it is clear that questions of revenues, rates, and exemptions will not quietly wait upon completion of attempts to perfect the tax base and tax enforcement. In other words, the ques tion of revenue potential is always with us. Of course, tightening the tax base and tax enforcement would itself yield not inconsiderable revenues. For example, to the $300 million which could be picked up by interest and dividend withholding, one may add from $500 million to $1 billion by rigorous enforcement and perhaps $500 million each in the areas of percentage depletion and capital gains. In order that revenue implications of various moves may be realistically appraised, we should briefly consider a few basic fiscal facts about the income tax. Experience in recent years has indi cated that after all exclusions, deductions, and exemptions, about 40 percent of total personal income appears in the actual tax base, i. e., as “ surtax net income” to which tax rates are applied. With personal income running at about $290 bil lion, this implies a surtax net income base of about $115 billion. Each percentage point of rate change across the board, therefore, involves $1.1 billion of revenue. With 70 percent of the base in the first $2,000 surtax bracket, each per centage point change in the basic income tax rate alone (20 percent after January 1), involves over $800 million of revenue. With only about 10 percent of surtax net income in brackets above $10,000 it is clear that the possibilities of balancing tax reductions in the bottom bracket with tax increases in the upper brackets is no longer a promising fiscal exercise. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1287 On one hand, there is little revenue to be gained by raising the rates on upper bracket incomes as now defined for tax purposes. But on the other, there is a large revenue potential in so redefining or “ unsplitting” income that it is restored to the upper reaches of the income tax base where many may feel it belongs. For example [elimination of income splitting would] push incomes of married couples into higher brackets. This would yield some $3 billion of additional revenue. Withdrawing the capital gains privilege from some types of transactions or restricting family partnerships would also help restore some of the vigor of the upper brackets. Interest and dividend withholding would also make a contribution here. Other, more traditional ways of broadening the base would also have a large revenue effect. For example, a reduction of the “ standard deduction” from 10 percent to 7 percent would yield almost $1 billion of added revenue. Or decreasing the per capita exemption by $100 would increase revenues by over $2.5 billion. Or, to take a possibly more acceptable variation on this theme, one might substitute a per capita tax credit of $120 for the $600 per capita income exemption ($600 times the basic rate of 20 percent). This would raise over $1 billion, all from brackets above the first. Incidentally, the net revenue gain from such a move would about equal the net revenue loss that would be incurred if the top rate of the tax were to be cut off at 75 percent after $50,000 rather than letting it rise to 91 percent on incomes over $200,000. It may be anathema to suggest here, however faintly, that such a trade might some day be advisable. Nonetheless, there is something to be said for getting rid of 80 percent and 90 percent rates which generate more heat than revenue and are likely to have unfortunate incentive effects. A reasonable and balanced program of income tax reform might well dispense with the fetish of 80 to 90 percent rates. — W alter W . H eller University of Minnesota 1288 TAXING LOWER INCOMES Taxation of Low and Middle Incomes As lon g as the overall requirements of the tax structure remain anywhere near the present level, we cannot but continue to draw a substantial part of the Federal tax bill from middle and lower income groups. The problem of distribution of burden, therefore, cannot be solved by arguing that the tax burden should be placed on the “rich” or the “high” incomes. While we must not over look defects in the tax law as applied to these income ranges, the plugging of loopholes (arising from capital gains, income splitting, and other factors) will not solve the yield problem. Also, very high rates, where they really apply, may pose an incentive problem. However this may be, we are left with the necessity of drawing a large part of the tax bill from the middle and lower income groups. In all, it appears that the personal income tax is the factor making for substantial progressivity throughout the income range, and that the excises are the factor making for regressivity. The estate and gift taxes are not a major revenue factor, and the corporation income tax, while progressive at the upper end of the scale, is more or less propor tional over the middle range. Considering the Federal tax structure as a whole (and it is the tax system as a whole that matters, rather than the individual components), we find some indication of progressivity at the lower end of the scale, followed by a stretch of more or less proportional rates, with progressivity setting in once again above the $7,000 line. While these data refer to 1948,1 doubt whether the current picture would be very different. In brief, a comparison between 1953 and 1945 shows no major changes in the tax shares, the most significant move being an increase in the personal and a corresponding decrease in the corporation income tax share. Comparison between 1953 and 1939, however, shows a sharp decline in the excise share, a fair increase in the corporation tax share and a sharp rise in the personal income tax share. Even if the latter development is offset, in part, by a decline in the estate and gift tax share, there remains a substantial shift from regressive to progressive taxes. This suggests that the pro gressivity of the Federal tax structure has in https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis creased considerably over this period, but some qualifications are in order. In all, it would seem that the total tax structure has moved in the direction of increased progres sivity, at least as between the low and middle income ranges. But precise measurement is difficult. One of the troubles is the very meaning of “low,” “middle,” and “high” income changes over the years. The median income of spending units in 1941 amounted to about $1,600 as against $3,420 for 1952. As per capita income increased, be it due to inflation or real growth, people moved up into higher brackets of money income. Thus, an income of $4,000, which was quite high in 1939, was only about a median income in 1953, and so forth. Therefore, if we wish to see what happened to the distribution of the tax bill over the years, we should not focus on changes in the distribution among constant dollar brackets of income, but try to see what happens to the distribution of the tax bill as between families in various deciles of the income range. My own estimates show a process of soaking the man in the middle, which— like it or not—is what happens when the tax bill increases. This leads to the more basic problem of income vs. excise or sales taxes. Arguments in equity are a matter of social outlook; but let us suppose that we are agreed that some progressivity is desirable over the lower-middle as well as the middle-upper income ranges. On this premise, there is a conclusive argument for the use of in come, as against sales or excise taxes. A comparison [as of 1948] between the incidence of the personal income tax and of a hypothetical sales tax with exemption of food and rent shows the progressivity of the one and the regressivity of the other tax. First, there is the fact that the personal income tax permits exemptions and has progressive bracket rates, whereas the sales tax does not. But even if a flat income tax without exemptions were applied, a second difference would remain. This is because the sales tax is allocated by consumption, and consumption declines as a percentage of income when moving up the income scale. Thus, the sales tax is regressive wherever the flat rate income tax without exemptions would be proportional. •— R ic h a r d A. M u sg r a v e University of Michigan f Workmen’s Compensation in the United States VIII—Rehabilitation Jerome P ollack * W h e n workmen’s compensation legislation set out to provide medical care and replace lost in come for injured workers, it embarked on a course that could not be complete without a third goal— the rehabilitation of the worker to optimal family, social, and economic life. This goal is potentially the most significant improvement in the concept of workmen’s compensation. The original legislation was based on an essen tially static concept of disability. The medical care of the day was relatively limited. When first aid and medical treatment had been rendered there was little to do but accept the residual inca pacity as it stood. The medical care required by statute usually ended after the initial healing period and the program thereafter dealt primarily with cash payments. Compensation for perma nent partial disabilities was based on indemnities fixed by statute for specified losses. It was as sumed, moreover, that the “loss of both hands, or both arms, or both feet, or both legs, or both eyes, or of any two hereof shall, in the absence of con clusive proof to the contrary, constitute permanent total disability.”1 Where further treatment held no promise, the tendency to establish fixed liabili ties for fixed losses was both humane and practical. The rise of rehabilitation, however, has intro duced infinitely improved means of regaining lost health and overcoming loss of function. It has narrowed the area of permanent disability so that today it scarcely has any valid meaning except to the extent that rehabilitation is unsuccessful or not feasible. Certainly it has shattered the notion https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis E N o t e . — This is the last in a series of arti cles on workmen’s compensation. Previous articles dealt with legislative and administrative progress, appeals, Federal legislation, occupational diseases, medical services, accident prevention, and problems of administration. d i t o r ’s of presumptive permanent and total disability. It has opened the prospect of improved methods of evaluating disability which would overcome some of the deep-seated deficiencies of the system. Rehabilitation cannot, of course, be the sole objec tive of workmen’s compensation, although such assertions are sometimes loosely made. But it offers a set of services essential to the proper functioning of workmen’s compensation legisla tion; the availability of these services to injured workmen is supported by compelling reasons of social and economic policy. Nature and Effectiveness of Rehabilitation In part, rehabilitation is an outgrowth of work men’s compensation experience. Compensation administrators soon recognized the incompleteness of the legislation and gave the movement for vocational rehabilitation “its most direct and substantial support.” 2 Their efforts paved the way, when the First World War came, for the first national legislation for rehabilitation of veterans.3 The war enlarged the need for rehabilitation and stimulated awareness of its potentialities. Reha bilitation centers began to be established. Legis*Of the Social Security Department, United Automobile Workers (CIO). • Presumptive permanent total disability is a common provision. Quota tion is from the New York law. » Federal Grants for Vocational Rehabilitation. By M ary E. MacDonald. Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 1944 (p. 11). s See Rehabilitation and Employment of the Injured Workman. By Colonel John N. Smith. ( I n Workmen’s Compensation Problems, U. S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Standards, 1953. Bull. 167, pp. 222-226.) 1289 1290 WORKMEN’S COMPENSATION lation followed, providing a financial base and establishing organized programs of rehabilitation successively for veterans, the industrially disabled, and the general population. There emerged the modern concept of rehabilitation made possible by great advances in the general practice of medicine, in orthopedic surgery, physical medicine, and other medical specialties; and by the pioneering of specialized institutions for the care of the disabled, which had served such groups as handicapped children, the ruptured and crippled, the deaf, and the blind, and which had stimulated, concentrated, and coordinated efforts to overcome disability. Modern rehabilitation has been defined as “the restoration of the handicapped to the fullest physi cal, mental, social, vocational, and economic use fulness of which they are capable.” Its practice has developed in two segments: medical, aimed at maximum recovery of health and the fullest pos sible restoration of lost function; and vocational, to promote an optimal economic adjustment, through vocational counseling and training, transitional employment, and placement services. Currently the psychosocial elements of evaluation, social service, personal counseling, psychometrics, recrea tion, and psychiatric service are recognized as a third coordinate segment. Each segment is a composite of many disciplines. In severe cases, the necessary medical specialists may include: “A general surgeon, an orthopedic surgeon, a neurosur geon, a plastic surgeon, an internist, a urologist, a roentgenologist, a doctor of physical medicine, a psychiatrist, and sometimes others . . . indis pensable for the proper handling of a single case . . .” 4 And before rehabilitation is completed, many nonmedical specialists may have to be called upon. Integration of the diverse disciplines, serv ices, and facilities toward a single goal is the crucial administrative problem. The goal is total rehabil itation. The process cannot stop with the best artificial appliance and its most skillful use if the worker is unable to cope with his social environ ment or his employment. Proper rehabilitation thus necessitates the availability, where needed, of all the component services and of the institu tions which house and coordinate their work. Of its effectiveness there is hardly room for question. The will to live revealed by many persons despite the most severe afflictions, their https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis MONTHLY LABOR courage and resourcefulness, combined with the new ways to achieve restoration, inspires the common designation of “miracles.” Many ac counts could be cited which recall Biblical passages. A history of the Institute for the Crippled and Dis abled is appropriately entitled “Take Up Thy Bed and Walk.” 5 Dr. Howard Rusk has given an inspiring account of the rehabilitation of 500 paraplegics 6 under the program sponsored by the United Mine Workers. These were— . . . the toughest cases that anybody ever saw, bar none. You always like to tell about your worst case, but there were many as bad as this one: This man was 40 years old and his back was broken 20 years before. How he survived that length of time I don’t know. When he was found . . . he . . . had not seen a doctor in 3}i years. There was not even a wagon road to his house and he was carried down in a sling between two bed poles by friends. The man had 11 bed sores from the size of a plate to the size of a dollar; stones in both kidneys and his bladder, and his lower extremities were almost up under his chin. You might ask, is it worth fooling with a person like that? He thought it was. He wanted to live. And we felt we had an obligation. It took 26 surgical pro cedures and 13 months before we could even start to train this individual. . . . We trained that man to walk, swing through a gait on crutches in 90 days, and in control of automatic bladder and automatic bowel. And during the last 3 months of his stay in the institute he ran for sheriff in his county . . . and he has been the sheriff there for more than 3 years. New ways of rehabilitation hold promise of still newer ways and broader applications. Rehabili tation is being extended to mental illness, heart disease, epilepsy, blindness7 and aging.8 Its horizons are expanding and the hope it holds for tomorrow makes it all the more important to perfect the institutional arrangements to bring rehabilitation to the disabled. * Rehabilitation of the Disabled. Washington, United Mine Workers of America Welfare and Retirement Fund, [1950?] (p. 10). s By David Hinshaw. New York, G. P. Putnam ’s Sons, 1948. * Hope for paraplegics is in itself a startling innovation. “Until the last 10 years,” as Dr. Rusk has pointed out, “ paraplegics had been no problem because the mortality rate was 90 percent the first year. There were 400 paraplegics in World War I. Only two are living today . . . In this war it was a different story. We had 2,500 and they didn’t die because you could control their infection and we knew about the management of their bed sores.” ( I n Application of Rehabilitation to Workmen’s Compensation, Medical Aspects of Workmen’s Compensation, Commerce and Industry Association of New York, Inc., 1953, p. 62.) 7See Annual Report of the Federal Security Agency, 1952. Washington, Office of Vocational Rehabilitation (pp. 251-275). * See Rehabilitation of Older Workers. Edited by Wilma Donahue. Ann Arbor, Mich., 1953. REVIEW, DECEMBER 1953 v WORKMEN’S COMPENSATION Provision for Medical Rehabilitation From the beginning, workmen’s compensation legislation accepted, at least in part, a responsi bility for restoring health which often extended into medical rehabilitation as it then existed. 4 True, restrictions on the total cost or duration of care were the rule. Nevertheless, more than a third of the laws enacted by the end of 1919 defined medical care to include such items as “crutches and apparatus,” “artificial limbs,” 4 “mechanical appliances,” and the like and it is probable that other States also furnished them under the general provision that “all necessary” or “reasonable” services, medicines, and supplies were to be provided. Although medical rehabilitation was partly [ anticipated, it was largely an unforeseen develop ment requiring a greater emphasis on medical care, a broader scope of services, and possibly a reexamination of the arrangements for medical care. Progress toward adequate medical care, howI ever, has been slow. One authority poses the I problem as follows: “Those laws which should have restored the disabled worker to gainful employment failed to provide even adequate medical care by the statutory limitation of the cost and duration of such care. It should be obvious that no true rehabilitation can possibly I be afforded if medical benefits are to be so I restricted.” 9 Such restrictions still exist in as many as 17 States. The practice is sometimes I more enlightened than the legislation, but this does not establish a satisfactory financial base for medical rehabilitation. Modern rehabilitation involves the total medical practice as it affects the injured. It begins with I the attending physician—and even with the medical school. In order for the physician to carry out his responsibility as defined by the American College of Surgeons, “ . . . it is essenI tial for him to recognize the total medical problem I of the patient in addition to his injury, as well as his personal problems. The physician must I I I I : » Rehabilitation in Workmen’s Compensation. By Dr. Alexander P. Aitken. ( I n Workmen’s Compensation Problems, U. S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Standards, 1953. Bull. 167, p. 212.) io Ibid., p. 207. ii General Acts of 1918, chapter 231. 12 Workmen’s Compensation Law of 1913, Ch. 112, sec. 23 (as amended by Ch. 288, acts of 1919). https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1291 bring to bear on these problems all the skills and disciplines that science and society can offer, and utilize all community resources which can assist him in the accomplishment of these objectives.” 10 The community resources bearing closest on medical rehabilitation are the community hospital and the rehabilitation center. The President’s Commission on the Health Needs of the Nation has underscored the need for establishing depart ments of physical medicine and rehabilitation in general hospitals. The Commission concluded that the average community hospital of 200 beds could profitably assign perhaps 20 percent of its beds for rehabilitation and convalescent care. However, only 19 of 1,600 general hospitals replying to a questionnaire by the Commission on Chronic Illness had any bed allocation for reha bilitation services; and very few of these actually offered comprehensive service. The President’s Commission found, moreover, that: “All told, there are less than a dozen comprehensive reha bilitation centers in existence . . .” and that they meet only a small fraction of the need. To make the miracles of medical rehabilitation a reality for most of the Nation’s disabled workmen, a great expansion in hospital and center facilities is obviously needed. Provision for Vocational Rehabilitation A few States were prompt to amend their laws to bring vocational rehabilitation within the scope of the compensation system. Massachusetts was the first to establish, in 1918, “a division for the training and instruction of persons whose capacity to earn a living has in any way been destroyed or impaired through industrial accident.” 11 The following year California, North Dakota, and Oregon adopted similar measures. Oregon’s com pensation law set a high standard: One purpose of this act is to restore the injured person as soon as possible to a condition of self-support and maintenance as an able-bodied workman, and final settlement shall not be made in any case until the commission is satisfied that such restoration is probably as complete as can be made . . . the com mission is authorized to expend money from the accident fund to accomplish this purpose in each case and the amounts so spent shall not be charged against the compensation allowed by th:s act to the injured workman . . . 12 1292 WORKMEN’S COMPENSATION But rehabilitation was also developing in a broader direction. Support was growing for the idea that it should be made available to all of the disabled regardless of the origin of disability. This idea was embodied in the Federal Vocational Rehabilitation Act of 1920 which provided for technical and financial assistance from the Fed eral Government for State-operated vocational re habilitation programs serving the general popula tion. There had been some resistance to the inclusion of vocational rehabilitation under work men’s compensation; within that framework, re habilitation faced uncertain financing and restric tive standards of eligibility. The Federal-State program, on the other hand, was readily accepted as the means of providing vocational rehabilita tion for the occupationally disabled, and the drive to bring rehabilitation under workmen’s compen sation generally abated. As a result, only 17 States have made any stat utory provision whatsoever under their workmen’s compensation laws to provide, promote, or facili tate rehabilitation. Fifteen States facilitate re habilitation by providing limited maintenance allowances during its course; a few among them, probably five, finance or help pay for rehabilitation services as a direct part of workmen’s compensa tion. Four States and Puerto Rico directly operate rehabilitation facilities for injured workers under the workmen’s compensation program. There thus exist in America today two basic patterns in providing rehabilitation services for injured workers: in a few States the services are directly provided by the workmen’s compensa tion agency; overwhelmingly they are furnished through cooperation with the Federal-State program. Direct Provision oj Services. The few States which directly operate rehabilitation facilities un der workmen’s compensation—Ohio, Oregon, Rhode Island, and Washington—offer potentially the most complete integration of the two programs. There are evident benefits in centers concentrating on traumatic disabilities; there is greater special ization; the cases tend to be relatively recent in origin and can be processed before despair patterns become confirmed. The patients generally retain employment ties that may be reactivated and have a job orientation that is often helpful. The rehabilitation is financed as a workmen’s compen https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis MONTHLY LABOR sation cost. To the injured worker it comes as an insured right without any means test or any im plication of public assistance. Such centers have been performing excellent services for the injured employees under their jurisdiction. The success of workmen’s-compensation-operated centers, however, requires an administrative agency with considerable authority, empowered not only to establish the necessary facilities and provide the services, but also with clear authority to refer cases for rehabilitation. Such agencies are the exception rather than the rule in present American compensation practice. The fact that so few States have taken this course during four decades does not inspire much hope for a major trend for the direct provision of rehabilitation services under workmen’s compensation. Cooperation With Federal-State and Voluntary Com munity Centers. A plan of rehabilitation geared to State, local government, and community cen ters offers a number of advantages. Community centers tend to be broader in scope than centers dealing exclusively with work injuries. They repre sent an investment in services and facilities avail able also to the worker’s family and to the worker injured off the job. Community centers can make for fuller utilization of scarce resources by avoiding the duplication of personnel and facilities perform ing the same functions for different population categories. Local arrangements, moreover, can bring rehabilitation closer to the workers’ com munities—an important factor in inducing workers to accept rehabilitation. Such arrangements can provide for better integration of rehabilitation with the sources of medical education, medical service, placement agencies, and other community services. Considering its vast responsibilities and chron ically limited budgets, the Federal-State program has achieved remarkable results, especially since the Barden-LaFollette Act of 1943 broadened its scope to embrace the full range of rehabilita tion including medical and psychiatric services. Nevertheless, examination of the volume of re habilitation of injured workers, the delays in securing service, the weaknesses in the referral system, the shortages of personnel, the inadequate financing, and other serious shortcomings, revives the question as to whether it was proper for REVIEW, DECEMBER 1953 WORKMEN’S COMPENSATION workmen’s compensation to have transferred, largely or entirely, the responsibility for rehabili tation to another program without at least shar ing in the cost and without taking definitive responsibility for following its cases through to complete rehabilitation. The question persists whether the responsibility to purchase or provide rehabilitation services must not be made an integral part of workmen’s compensation, just as medical care is. The volume of rehabilitation is critically inade quate. The Labor Department and the Office of Vocational Rehabilitation have estimated that at least 200,000 of the nearly 2,000,000 workers injured each year could benefit from rehabilita tion. By this standard of eligibility, “only 3 percent of the injured workers in the United States are receiving the type of service needed.” 13 About 6,000 injured workers annually receive re habilitation services under the Federal-State program, but each year fully twice as many sus tain serious permanent disabilities and are in acute need of rehabilitation. Most of the rehabili tation is received, not by those currently becom ing disabled, but by a portion of the vast, and growing, backlog of persons needing rehabilitation. Authorities are unanimous in stressing the crucial importance of promptness. Nevertheless, the Task Force on the Handicapped has made public the fact that, while the Rehabilitation Center of the Liberty Mutual Insurance Co. in Boston reported an average lag of 6.4 months from injury to admission, under the Federal-State program it had taken 7 years on the average for occupationally disabled workers to find their way to the rehabilitation agencies in 1951.14 The tendency has been to approach the matter of referrals superficially. The problem is far too deeply rooted to be overcome by merely urging more prompt action or even through improvements in the mechanics for referral. One important cause >3 See Report of Rehabilitation Committee to 1950 Annual Convention of the IAIABC. ( i n Workmen’s Compensation Problems, U. S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Standards, 1950. Bull. 142, p. 173.) M See Report of the Task Force on the Handicapped to the Chairman. Washington, Office of Defense Mobilization, Manpower Policy Commitee, 1952 (p. 31). 15 Hearings, Special Subcommittee, House Committee on Education and Labor, pursuant to H. Res. 115, 1953, pp. 49-50. is Rehabilitation of the Severely Disabled: UMWA Welfare and Retire ment Fund Experience. By Kenneth E. Pohlmann. ( I n American Journal of Public Health and the Nation’s Health, New York, April 1953, p. 451.) https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1293 of delay is built into some of the statutes ; rehabili tation is not authorized until the worker qualifies by becoming entitled to an award for major perma nent disability. Claim settlement procedures which require the worker to maximize his disability in order to secure fair compensation also interfere with rehabilitation—and this is one of the deepseated evils of present compensation practice that may prove exceedingly difficult to overcome. Far greater access to facilities is needed. In jured workers usually must travel to the large urban centers at considerable hardship and expense. In most States, travel and maintenance expenses are not provided under the compensation law and, indeed, the regular cash benefits themselves are insufficient for this purpose. Rehabilitation is not only grossly underfinanced but, partly as a consequence, seriously under staffed. As Mary E. Switzer, Director of the Office of Vocational Rehabilitation, recently testified: “. . . the urgent need for more trained personnel is not limited to the field of medicine. The need for physical therapists, occupational therapists, speech and hearing therapists, rehabil itation counselors, special class teachers, social workers, psychologists, and other specialists is even greater.”15 Trends and Developments The conquest of disability is one of the most constructive achievements of our time. Notwith standing the many remaining lags, the merits of rehabilitation are gaining recognition. In 1951, the Industrial Commission of Ohio was authorized to advance $300,000 to establish a rehabilitation center. Puerto Rico appropriates $50,000 an nually for the rehabilitation of injured workers. Numerous community rehabilitation facilities are being planned and built. Two of the more significant attempts to extend rehabilitation for injured workers have come from a labor union and an insurance company. The union is the United Mine Workers, which con cluded that “the problems which the severely dis abled face in making a recovery are created in great measure by the present inadequacies of our work men’s compensation, relief, and rehabilitation pro grams.” 16 The union’s Welfare and Retirement 1294 WORKMEN’S COMPENSATION Fund set out to supplement and coordinate the re habilitation of disabled miners in conjunction with the Federal-State and other public and community agencies. The signal contribution made by this program has been to demonstrate the effectiveness of rehabilitation and to improve screening and re ferral procedures for its members. Other unions are now studying the possibility of promoting re habilitation through collective bargaining. The insurance company is Liberty Mutual, one of the major insurers of workmen’s compensation liabilities. It observed the slow progress in bring ing modern rehabilitation to injured workers. It was concerned with the rising cost of workmen’s compensation and saw rehabilitation as one con structive method for controlling cost. Since 1943 it has operated a center in Boston which has pro duced excellent results, having derived many of the advantages of a program closely integrated in the workmen’s compensation process. Its contribu tion is the demonstration that rehabilitation pays. The savings in reduced medical and compensation costs are difficult to measure by rigorous standards, although many specific cases can be cited in which very substantial amounts were saved. Stanwood L. Hanson, in evaluating the center’s work, has stated the case with candor: “Although we still have many failures, the successes outweigh our failures, and our gains in human values and in 17 Disabled Men Work Again. { I n American Journal of Public Health and the Nation’s Health, New York, July 1952, p. 790.) See also The Rising Cost of Workmen’s Compensation Cases and New Methods of Control, published by the Liberty M utual Insurance Co. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis dollars far exceed the cost of providing these serv ices of rehabilitation.” 17 Sweeping changes are needed to modernize the Nation’s workmen’s compensation laws. There is probably no better place to start than with the establishment of a definitive program of rehabili tation for occupationally disabled workers. Re habilitation should be as firmly established under workmen’s compensation as the responsibility for medical care. Whether the services should be directly provided by the workmen’s compensation board or purchased from community centers is not the basic issue. The need is for the assump tion of responsibility for comprehensive rehabili tation and for a vast expansion in its availability. The medical care provisions should be broadened to cover the cost of medical restoration in full. The administrative agency should be given clear authority to make rehabilitation services and income-maintenance benefits available to all who need them. The administrative reforms which are urgently needed in workmen’s compensation generally—in the direction of a clinical rather than a forensic system—can most logically and appro priately begin with rehabilitation. Once rehabili tation becomes a definitive part of workmen’s compensation, further improvements will become possible, such as the revision of the much-criticized disability rating system. This is the most promis ing prospect for workmen’s compensation as it stands today. Summaries of Studies and Reports Injury Rates in the Fluid-Milk Industry, 1952 O ne of every 19 employees in the fluid-milk in dustry, on the average, suffered a disabling injury in 1952. These injuries averaged 70 days lost time—the equivalent of 3.7 days lost time for each worker in the industry. This record repre sents a tremendous loss to both workers and employers. The industry’s work-injury frequency rate 1 of 23.1 in 1952 was approximately 62 percent greater than the all-manufacturing rate of 14.3.2 In fact, the rate for the fluid-milk industry has exceeded the average for all manufacturing industries by at least 20 percent in all but 1 of the 11 years for which the Bureau of Labor Statistics has com puted figures for that industry. A comparison of the two rates follows: A llmanufacturing rate 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 __________________ __________________ _______ _____ _____ __________________ __________________ __________________ __________________ __________________ __________________ __________________ __________________ 19. 9 20. 0 18.4 18. 6 19. 9 18. 8 17. 2 14. 5 14. 7 15. 5 14. 3 Fluid-milk industry ------------------------------------------- Rate Index (allmanufactur ing=100) 24. 0 18. 2 22.0 24. 4 26. 6 24. 5 23. 2 23. 7 26. 9 27. 3 23. 1 121 91 120 131 134 130 135 163 183 176 162 The fluid-milk industry includes all establish ments primarily engaged in the wholesaling and/or retailing of fluid-milk and milk products. Specifi cally, it includes firms engaged in house-to-house delivery of milk, wholesale delivery of milk and milk products to retail food stores and other es tablishments, and retail dairy stores. While dis tribution of milk and its products is the primary work of the industry, some plants, to use excess https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis milk, also engage in incidental manufacturing op erations such as the production of ice cream, cheese, and butter. Broad industry figures conceal important varia tions in the injury experience of individual plants. Size, type of trade, and the kind of departmental operations are characteristics which account for differences in injury rates among plants. To measure the effects of such influences on injury rates in the fluid-milk industry, in 1952 the Bureau enlarged the coverage of this industry and requested participating plants to report their injury experience by operating departments, in stead of plant as is customary. Detailed reports were received from 3,565 plants, about 8 times as many as were included in recent years. Reporting plants included both wholesale and retail dis tributors of dairy products, those with integrated wholesale and retail operations, and retail dairy stores. These plants employed over 101,000 workers, about 3 times the number usually covered in the annual surveys, and reported over 5,200 disabling injuries, including 15 fatalities and 3 permanent-total disability cases. The additional plants participating in the special study had a somewhat better injury experience than those reporting regularly. As a result, the injury-frequency rate for all reporting plants, 23.1, was 15 percent below the 1951 industry average. Among plants which reported for both years, however, the injury-frequency rate had improved by only 2 percent. While these reduc tions, measured by percent, are substantially different, the point difference in injury-frequency rates for 1952 was not statistically significant. Trade Comparisons For wholesale distributors and retail milk dealers, the frequency of disabling injuries differed 1 For definition, see footnote 1 on accompanying table. Final figure released on November 4, 1953, which supersedes the preliminaiy figure previously published. 2 1295 1296 INJURIES IN FLUID-MILK INDUSTRY very little. (See accompanying table.) Employ ees of the latter group, however, experienced 9 fatalities and 2 permanent-total disabilities. As a result, disabling injuries in retail milk plants averaged 80 days lost time per injury, while those occurring in wholesale plants averaged only 49 days. Integrated wholesale and retail milk plants averaged 25.7 disabling injuries per million hours worked—14 percent higher than the average for retail milk plants and 9 percent greater than that for wholesale distributors. Injury severity in the integrated plants, however, was about average for the industry. Retail dairy stores averaged 15.6 disabling in juries per million hours worked. One fatality and MONTHLY LABOR 3 permanent-partial disabilities included in the 176 reported injuries, however, kept the average time lost at 70 days per injury—the industry average. Plant-Size Comparisons Most special industry studies have shown that injury-frequency rates tend to increase with plant size until they reach a maximum at or near the 250 to 499 employee level, and then to decrease in larger plants. However, the pattern of frequency rates in the fluid-milk industry differed somewhat from that in other industries, in that they con tinued to increase with plant size (see chart). For the very small plants—less than 5 employees— Work-injury rates in the fluid-milk industry, classified by type of trade and department, 1952 Frequency rates Type of trade and department Number reporting Number of employees Severity 1 Deaths and PermanentAll Temporarydisabling permanentpartial total total injuries disabilities disabilities disabilities Average number of days lost or charged per— Disabling Temporarytotal injury disability Severity ra te 2 E s t a b li s h m e n ts Total s. 3, 565 101,105 23.1 770 1, 517 204 885 23, 269 36, 473 5, 214 32, 267 22.2 0.1 0.8 .1 .1 .1 .3 22.2 70 15 1.6 22.8 49 80 70 72 14 15 14 16 1 .1 1. 8 1. 1 1 .8 66 15 17 13 12 9 n 1. 9 4.8 T ype of trade Wholesale distributors__________ ____ _____ Retail milk dealers_______________________ Retail dairy stores_______________________ Integrated wholesale and retail milk plants__ 23.5 15.6 25.7 (<) .7 .8 1.0 21.3 15.2 24.6 D epartm ent Milk handling operations: T o ta l3_____ _____ Pickup and hauling___________________ Receiving and weighing_______________ Testing (laboratory)__________________ Pasteurizing_________________________ Bottle washing.____ ______ Bottling and easing___________ ____ ___ Cold room__________________________ Cleanup____________________________ Loading____________________________ Delivery____________________________ Manufacturing operations: Total A-............ Ice cream_________ ______ __________ Butter and cheese____________________ Maintenance, and power operations: T o ta l3_._ Power and refrigeration_______________ Maintenance, except automotive_______ Maintenance, automotive_____________ Retail stores____________________________ Miscellaneous: T o ta l3_______________ ____ Administration and clerical____________ Foremen, general________ ____________ Jan ito rs...____ _______ ______________ Sales_______________________________ U n it s 1 2 ,1 0 2 121 1,664 928 221 1, 613 1, 652 871 1,162 1,019 2, 525 565 223 127 1, 700 541 593 566 660 2,954 1,988 149 434 127 59,986 591 3,179 1,187 540 2,293 4, 474 1, 783 2, 734 3, 253 37, 969 3,584 1, 750 439 5,113 1, 270 1,654 2,189 5, 527 13, 233 10, 782 491 571 795 1 The injury-frequency rate is the average number of disabling work injuries for each million employee-hours worked. A disabling work injury is an injury arising out of and in the course of employment which results in death or any degree of permanent impairment, or makes the injured worker unable to perform a regularly established job, open and available to him, throughout the hours corresponding to his regular shift on any one or more days (including Sundays, days off, plant shutdowns) after the day of injury. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 28.9 28.4 20.9 9.5 29.0 21.7 44.6 27. 7 33.1 39.4 27. 7 23.6 19.3 36.3 24.0 18.9 30.1 22.4 8.5 4. 5 2 .8 1 2 .8 1 2 .8 8.9 .1 .7 1.0 27.8 27. 7 .8 2 0 .1 .4 .2 .1 .1 .1 .1 .2 1.6 2 .8 .5 .5 .9 .8 1.9 .5 3.0 1.0 1 .8 1.0 .2 .9 .1 .9 .8 .6 9. 1 29. 0 19.9 41.8 27.2 32.6 38. 4 26.8 21.6 18.8 33.3 22.9 18. 9 28.3 21. 2 8. 5 4.3 2.7 11.0 1 2 .0 8.3 170 41 31 9 105 45 18 18 53 77 106 21 113 79 23 73 111 16 88 30 434 137 22 12 13 13 12 16 12 8 14 18 23 17 18 16 17 13 16 26 14 .8 .3 2.3 2.0 .5 .6 2. 1 2. 1 2. 5 .4 4.1 1.9 2. 2 2. 5 .4 .1 5. 6 1. 7 .2 3 The severity rate is the average number of days lost or charged for each thousand employee-hours worked. The standard time-loss ratings for fatalities and permanent disabilities are given in Method of Compiling Industrial Injury Rates, approved by the American Standards Association, 1945. 3 Totals include figures not shown separately because of insufficient infor mation. <Less than 0.05. REVIEW, DECEMBER 1953 INJURIES IN FLUID-MILK INDUSTRY the injury-frequency rate was only 10.0. Each successively larger size-group had a slightly higher injury-frequency rate, up to a maximum of 29.8 for the more-than-500 employee group. More over, 5 establishments in this last group, each employing more than 1,000 workers, had an even higher average rate of 34.4,3 representing a range among the individual plants of from 6.9 to 84.5 disabling injuries per million hours worked. The comparatively low frequency rate achieved by the small plants appears to be attributable to the personal supervision of the owner or manager of plant and delivery operations. He can, there fore, detect hazardous working conditions and unsafe practices as they develop and can take the necessary steps to correct or remove them. How ever, as additional workers are employed, much of the direct supervision of operations must be delegated. Unfortunately, foremen and super visors rarely have had safety training and often place greater importance on production re sponsibilities than on attention to safety. In most industries, the larger plants have re duced their injury-frequency rates through special safety measures which are made possible by the high level of production. Safety programs may include special training for foremen and super visors, and, in the very large plants, the employ ment of full-time safety personnel. In addition, large plants find it feasible to equip and maintain first-aid rooms, which do not, of course, prevent accidents, but adequate first-aid treatment may indirectly reduce the number of disabling injuries. In the fluid-milk industry, however, a high level of production usually means proportionately more of the plant’s workers are delivery men who work with little direct supervision, and the accident problem is accented. This probably accounts for the steady rise in injury-frequency rate as plant size increases. Group averages tend to conceal wide variations in injury-frequency rates among individual plants. Actually, 73 percent of the plants reported no injuries in 1952. Most of these were small but they included three plants with over 175 workers. While no plant with average employment of 250 or more achieved an injury-free year, 9 such 3 Most plants within the fluid-milk industry are small; data in the chart are shown, therefore, for only one size group above the 500 employee level. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1297 Disabling Work Injuries in the Fluid-Milk Industry, Classified by Size of Plant, 1952 establishments had injury-frequency rates of less than 5, including 2 with an average employment of over 700. In contrast, 114 plants, or 3 percent of those sur veyed, had injury-frequency rates of 100 or more. Again, most of these were small and none had average employment exceeding 100. At this ad verse end of the scale, 335 establishments, employ ing but 11 percent of the workers, reported 37 percent of the disabling injuries and 25 percent of the time lost. Injuries tended to be more severe among the smaller plants. For plants with less than 100 employees, the average time charge per injury was appreciably greater than the industry average, while for plants ranging from 100 to 499 employees, it was substantially less than average. The largest plants, however, averaged 75 days lost per injury, slightly above the figure for the industry as a whole. 1298 INJURIES IN FLUID-MILK INDUSTRY Departmental Comparisons Many plants were unable to furnish injury data according to the pattern of departmental opera tions for which data were requested, due to varia tions in internal organization. Most plants, how ever, reported their injury experience in detail for some operations; only 641 failed to report any such detail. The departmental figures reported were combined into five major groups: milk han dling, manufacturing, maintenance and power, retail stores, and miscellaneous. Milk-Handling Operations. Nearly 75 percent of the reported injuries occurred in these operations, although they accounted for only 60 percent of total man-hours worked in the industry. There fore, the average injury-frequency rate was sub stantially higher than for any other group of operations (see table). Within the group, injuries occurred with greatest frequency in bottling and casing departments, which, in fact, had the highest rate of any depart ment studied. Although they reported no fatal injuries, a large number of permanent disabilities raised the severity rate 4 25 percent above the industry average. However, the relatively high proportion of temporary disabilities held the average time lost per disabling injury to a favor able 45 days. Loading department employees also had an unfavorable injury-frequency rate. A fatality and 7 permanent disabilities among the 293 re ported injuries produced a high severity rate but, again, the incidence of temporary disabilities held the average time lost per injury to 53 days. Only one other department in this group, clean up, had an injury-frequency rate of over 30. Serious disabilities, however, were very infrequent, and time lost-—per injury and per thousand hours worked—was very low. Driver salesmen experienced more than half of the disabling injuries in the industry but, because of the large number of drivers employed, their injury-frequency rate was only 20 percent above the industry average. About half of the industry’s fatalities and a large proportion of the serious disabilities involved drivers. As a result, driver https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis M ONTHLY LABOR salesmen accounted for more than half of the time lost due to work injuries in the industry, but the high incidence of temporary disabilities held theii average time lost per injury to 77 days. In contrast, laboratory workers had an injuryfrequency rate of 9.5—less than half that for any other group of employees in the milk-handling division. Furthermore, only 1 of the 26 reported injuries resulted in a serious disability. Two groups had extremely unfavorable severity averages. For the relatively small number of pick-up and hauling department employees, one fatality among the 39 reported injuries produced a very high average time lost per disabling injury and a severity rate triple the industry average. In bottle-washing departments, serious disabilities were relatively frequent. One fatality and 8 permanent disabilities among 112 reported in juries accounted for 105 days lost time per injury. Operations in which serious disabilities were relatively infrequent included pasteurizing and the cold room. As a result, the injury-severity rates for each of those operations was 0.5 or less. Manufacturing Operations. Many milk plants were also engaged in incidental manufacturing opera tions. The frequency of injuries in these opera tions was slightly higher than the industry aver age, but approximately 20 percent less than in milk-handling operations. Injuries, however, tended to be more severe; the average time lost per injury and the severity rate were both 50 per cent greater than the industry average. Data available permitted computation of injury rates for only two specific manufacturing opera tions—ice cream and butter and cheese. Com pared with industry averages, ice cream depart ments had favorable injury records; only 2 of the 78 reported injuries were serious disabilities. As a result, the average time lost per disabling injury was only 21 days and the severity rate was 0.4. For butter and cheese departments, on the other hand, the injury-frequency rate was about 50 percent greater than the industry average. Seri ous disabilities were also more frequent; con sequently, the severity rate was 2% times greater than for the industry as a whole. * For definition, see footnote 2 on accompanying table. REVIEW, DECEMBER 195B EMPLOYING THE HANDICAPPED Maintenance and Power Operations. As a group, the maintenance and power departments had in jury records only slightly more unfavorable than the industry average. Power and refrigeration departments had the best records within this group, their injury-frequency rate being only 18.9. Since none of the reported injuries resulted in death or serious disability, the severity of in juries, both in terms of time lost per injury and per thousand hours worked, was highly favorable. Plant maintenance had a higher frequency rate than automotive maintenance: 30.1, compared with 22.4. A fatality in automotive maintenance, however, raised the average time lost per disabling injury about 50 percent above that for plant main tenance. Retail Stores. Retail store clerks had better in jury records than any other operation studied except office work. Furthermore, it was by far the largest group reporting no fatalities or perma nent disabilities. Average time lost per injury was only 16 days, and the severity rate was one of the lowest in the survey. Miscellaneous. Generally, the miscellaneous group of workers had favorable injury-frequency records. In some specific operations, however, serious dis abilities produced adverse severity records. For example, general foremen had a frequency rate of 12.8 but, of the 15 reported injuries, 1 was a fatal ity and another a permanent finger injury. As a result, the relatively small group of foremen had the highest recorded average time lost per disabil ity and severity rate. Similarly, janitors had a frequency rate of 12.8 but, again, 1 of the 16 reported injuries was a serious permanent disability. Consequently, their average time lost per disabling injury was 137 days. Administrative and clerical workers experienced only 2.8 disabling injuries per million hours worked and sales personnel (except delivery salesmen), only 8.9. Serious disabilities were also infre quent so that their severity averages were less than half that for the entire industry. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis — G eor ge R. M cC ormack Branch of Industrial Hazards 1299 The Ford Plan for Employing the Handicapped1 T h e Ford Motor Co.’s “practical working plan” for employment of the physically handicapped works well for the company, despite a number of problems which keep cropping up. Overall, it has resulted in 1,200 placements of handicapped people over the past 6 years. The program and some of the experience gained under it are out lined here, in the hope they may be helpful to others who are as sincerely concerned as is the staff at Ford with continuing the effective place ment of the physically handicapped. Ford’s basic policy regarding the employment of physically handicapped persons goes back to the World War I days when a great many disabled veterans came home looking for their old jobs or sought employment at the company for the first time. The late Henry Ford believed that no man was “disabled” if he had the courage to go ahead and the willingness to do his level best in what ever he undertook. He believed that what a handicapped person needed most was a chance to become self-sustaining, to maintain his selfrespect and, above all, to play a productive role in society. With this philosophy, he found work at the company for large numbers of handicapped people. Over the years, that basic policy has been strengthened and expanded wherever pos sible. Today, at the Rouge Plant in Dearborn, Mich., there are more than 4,100 known physically handi capped persons at work. These include 40 onearmed workers, 4 who have lost both arms, 62 with only one leg, 3 who are double-leg amputees, and more than 300 others who have arm, hand, or leg deformities of one kind or another. Eight workers are totally blind, more than 250 have only one eye and hundreds of others suffer from back and spine injuries, deafness, diabetes, epilepsy, nervousness, heart ailments, and other illnesses. These figures have particular significance in a “heavy” industry and in plants where nearly all i Based on a paper presented at the fall meeting of the President’s Com mittee on Employment of the Physically Handicapped, Washington, D. C., September 22, 1953. 1300 EMPLOYING THE HANDICAPPED of the 4,000 hourly job classifications are in direct production activities. So-called “light” jobs are in a very small minority, as compared with many other types of manufacture. Even an “easy” job such as sweeping floors or collecting scrap can be an arduous, demanding kind of work in an auto mobile plant. Further, no special jobs are created for the handicapped. The company’s policy is that an individual is properly placed only on a regularly established job that must be done any how, whether by an able-bodied or a handicapped person—and the handicapped person must meet production standards for the job. Rehabilitation and placement of the physically handicapped is a team effort at Ford Motor Co. The team is made up of the safety, workmen’s compensation, medical, and medical placement departments—and the supervisors or foremen. The safety department reflects the firm belief that prevention is still the best solution to the problem of physical handicaps. During the past 6 years, Ford has reduced its accident frequency rate by 80 percent and the severity rate by more than 60 percent. (In 1952, Ford Motor Co. re ceived the Award of Honor from the National Safety Council for its outstanding performance in preventing injury to its employees.) Therefore, the great majority of physically handicapped people at Ford either suffered nonoccupational disabilities after being hired or were already dis abled at the time they were hired. The workmen’s compensation department, of course, is responsible for the prompt settlement of valid claims for compensation. In addition, it cooperates with company and private medical authorities and State compensation commissions in developing and arranging rehabilitation pro grams for disabled employees. Job placement of the physically handicapped actually begins with the medical department. In addition to providing medical treatment and an extensive industrial hygiene program, this depart ment examines all new employees and all em ployees returning from sick leave to determine definitely their physical capabilities. If any physical disability is found, the doctor’s diagnosis and his recommendations as to work limitations are forwarded to the next member of the team—the https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis M ONTHLY LABOR medical placement unit, a division of the com pany’s hourly personnel department. The services of the medical placement unit are available to all physically handicapped employees, not just to those who have suffered occupational injury or disease. An employee may go to the unit on his own, complaining of a heart ailment, for example, and ask to be placed in some easier kind of work. Or an employee may be sent to the unit by his supervisor, who feels that the man is not performing efficiently because of some known or perhaps undiscovered disability. In either case, the employee is referred immedi ately to the medical department which, in turn, gives the placement unit a full medical evaluation as to his physical capabilities and an authoritative recommendation as to the type of work the employee may do. If the employee can present medical evidence from his personal physician, this also is taken into consideration by the com pany physicians. Once the medical phase has been completed— and this, of course, may involve treatment, prosthesis, and even job training—the placement unit begins its work. Placement involves a number of important considerations: the em ployee’s physical and occupational capabilities; occupational aptitudes, attitude, occupational and wage history, seniority, and performance on pre vious assignments; and the suitability of current job openings, as reported by supervisors; the physical and other requirements of these jobs; and the safety of the physically handicapped employee and his fellow workers. With this information as a guide, the placement unit attempts to place the worker in a job that he can do safely and efficiently. Finding these jobs is not a matter of chance or last-minute searching. Five staff members spend full time surveying all kinds of jobs in the Rouge plant area to determine which can be done by handicapped persons and by what type of handicapped person. The unit utilizes this running survey of current and poten tial job openings in making placements. However, placement involves more than simply looking over the list of jobs to find one for which the handicapped worker seems to be qualified. Each of the more than a dozen different plants in REVIEW, DECEMBER 1953 EMPLOYING THE HANDICAPPED the Rouge area has its own seniority system, so that a man who has worked for many years in the engine plant, for example, cannot because of his disability “bump” a man in the glass plant with fewer years of service. Therefore, wherever possible, the opening must be in the plant where the handicapped person has seniority. Or it may be that the worker needs medical care which would prevent his taking an otherwise suitable job; a diabetic, for example, could not work on a shift that would prevent his taking insulin at the proper time. If there are no obstacles of this nature, however, the next step in placing the worker falls to the fifth member of the team—the supervisor—whose full cooperation is essential to proper placement of the handicapped. Many supervisors have tended to resist any placement policy which might restrict the versatility of their work force or materially reduce its productivity. This attitude is the result of poor job placement in the past, of unfounded prejudice, and of the very nature of automotive manufacturing, which calls for fre quent changes in machines, methods, and products, and thus for versatile employees. The Ford Motor Co. has made a good deal of progress toward minimizing this resistance. It has approached the problem by constantly improving the whole rehabilitation process, by giving the supervisor a full voice in placement matters, by making certain he is well informed as to the capabilities of handi capped persons sent to him, and by servicing any complaints, either by him or by the handicapped employee, after the job placement has been com pleted. At Ford, there is a strong feeling that successful placement depends upon maintenance of this per sonal relationship between the employee, the placement officer, and the foreman, even in a plant as large as the Rouge area. After a handicapped person has been placed on a job, the placement unit checks periodically to make sure that both the employee and the foreman are satisfied. If the employee is transferred later to another job, the placement unit is notified so that it may approve the new type of work the employee will be doing. If the handicapped employee should be laid off through no fault of his, the placement unit again tries to place him permanently. 280067— 53------------ 3 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1301 Unfortunately, not all handicapped people at Ford have been placed successfully. If, as often happens, no job opening can be found for an employee who becomes disabled, his name is placed on a “medical recall” list, and he is taken off the active rolls until suitable work is available. The number of people on this medical recall list has been reduced to about 90 in the Rouge plant area, all of whom the company is trying to return to work at the earliest possible time. Meantime, no handicapped persons from outside the company can be hired, because it would be unfair to take on other handicapped workers until jobs have been found for people who have become disabled while employed by the company. Two examples serve to illustrate the accomplish ments of Ford’s “practical working plan” for the employment of the physically handicapped: Some years ago, an employee became totally blind. When he was able to return to work, he was given a job on the starter and generator assembly line, where he could fit small pieces together entirely by touch. He is on the job today and his foreman states that he is doing as well as any person with normal vision could do. Another employee had both hands amputated as the result of an accident. He was furnished artificial hands and was sent to Kessler Institute in New Jersey to learn how to use them. Although he had been classed as a nonskilled worker at the time of his injury, he was put on inspection work when he returned to the company. Later, thanks to the opportunity that was given him and the cooperation of his foreman, he became a skilled employee. What makes this case even more interesting is that the employee has apparently undergone a tremendous emotional and mental readjustment. Before his accident, he was some what uncooperative, lacked initiative, and was in frequent trouble with his supervisor. After re turning to work in a new and more responsible job, however, he became very cooperative, demon strated a lot of initiative, and is now one of the most loyal and enthusiastic employees in the plant. — R o b e r t T. R o ss Industrial Relations Staff, Ford Motor Co. 1302 AMA PERSONNEL CONFERENCE Personnel Conference of the American Management Association MONTHLY LABOR various speakers or panels in terms of personal work experiences. Setting Up Effective Personnel Administration T h e o r g a n i z a t i o n a n d f u n c t i o n s of the person nel department and its relation to the workers occupied the attention of more than 1,000 person nel executives at a conference of the American Management Association 1 in New York City in September 1953. Those attending the conference came to ex change information, ideas, and opinions, and to learn new personnel techniques from the practical experience and research of other businessmen and university research centers. Notable throughout the conference was just such a free exchange of information, regardless of competitive relation ships of many companies represented. John Post, manager of the Industrial Relations Department of the Continental Oil Co., set the stage for the meeting in an opening address by pointing out: “We are witnessing changes in processes, methods, and machinery which simply confound our,imagination. We even hear serious talk about pushbutton factories. As a result, occupations in the extractive and manufacturing industries are diminishing as a percentage of gain fully employed . . . we have seen a spectacular growth in service occupations and an almost fan tastic growth in clerical and administrative occu pations.” These changes, Mr. Post believes, will alter management’s job so that more counseling and less directing will be required. This offers the industrial relations manager “an opportunity to show skill and leadership as a planner, as a molder of unity out of divergent or special points of view, as a teacher, and as an inspiration to thoughtful, farsighted action.” Subsequent discussion at the conference centered on four general topics: the dynamics of current labor relations, latest techniques in personnel administration, how to set up an effective per sonnel department, and motivating employees to do a fair day’s work. Topics were covered by the i The American Management Association is, in its own words, “a coopera tive organization of businessmen, government officials, consultants, college Instructors, and other professionals who are interested in the development of better management methods.” Since 1923, it has carried on its program through conferences, workshop seminars, training courses, expositions, publications (including 3 business magazines), and research. This meeting was one of a series of conferences regularly held on various activities of business and industry. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis The highlight of the conference for many per sonnel administrators was the all-day discussion of the organization of the personnel department. Two personnel-conscious corporations, substan tially different in personnel organization, were represented on the panel—The Radio Corporation of America, RCA-Victor Division, a large, multi plant, highly unionized corporation, and PitneyBowes, Inc., manufacturers of office equipment, a one-plant nonunion establishment. Paul Pigors and Charles A. Myers of the Massachusetts Insti tute of Technology acted as co-chairmen at the meeting. Dr. Pigors opened the meeting by recommending that the personnel administrator be made a part of top management. He should not be thought of only as “the welfare officer, doing nice things for nice people; the chief clerk in the employment department” but should report to the chief exec utive, and consult with line representatives to put his ideas into operation. “If personnel admin istrators could always express their points of view before plans and policies were decided upon, then the implications for personnel relations could be recognized in time to prevent many misunder standings and difficulties.” Recognition appeared to have been given to the need for such personnel participation in policy formation in the organization charts of the PitneyBowes and RCA-Victor personnel departments which were presented at the meeting. Comparison indicated that, while the same personnel functions are carried on by both departments, each company had, of course, tailored its personnel organization to its individual needs. In the Pitney-Bowes per sonnel department, the program is concentrated under the direction of relatively few individuals. In RCA-Victor, on the other hand, the personnel function is divided into eight separate depart ments. These departments are Wage and Salary Administration, Training, Safety and Health, Security, Personnel Services, Employment, Organ ization Development, and Labor Relations. Var ious levels of personnel management exist, from the office of vice president in charge of personnel for the entire corporation down through separate > REVIEW, DECEMBER 1953 AMA PERSONNEL CONFERENCE personnel departments for the various manufac turing divisions and the individual plants. RCA-Victor deals, through its personnel depart ment, with 46 AFL, CIO, and unaffiliated unions. It has had no strikes since 1936, according to A. F. Watters, vice president in charge of person nel. The attitude of RCA-Victor toward the unions in its plants, according to the speaker, is to live with them and, from the viewpoint of the personnel department, take advantage of what help they can give in worker satisfaction, trans mittal of information, and the like. On the question of unionization, J. J. Morrow, director of personnel relations for Pitney-Bowes, explained that the last time a union attempted to organize the plant was in 1946. At that time the company “ carefully described the advantages and disadvantages of [proposed] unionization” to the employees, and the union was defeated. On all matters, it was explained, the company has en deavored to maintain such wages and working conditions that the workers will not feel the need for union representation. On wages, for example, the company uses area surveys of the Bureau of Labor Statistics and those from other sources to make sure the company does not fall behind in its pay scale. The Pitney-Bowes personnel department carries on an extensive program to keep employees in formed of company operations. Each employee receives a handbook when he enters the company; an employee magazine and a quarterly letter from the president of the company are sent to him regu larly. He receives a copy of the company’s annual report, and attends “ jobholders” meetings de signed to keep him informed on company policies and programs. For the benefit of each employee, according to Mr. Morrow, the company’s grievance procedure permits him to carry a complaint through various management levels as an indi vidual. A noncontributory retirement plan is maintained, and the personnel department helps employees in planning for their own retirement. A profit-sharing plan is also in operation. New Techniques in Personnel Administration Representatives from three companies spoke on the techniques which are being developed to deal with changing problems of personnel. Mr. Claude V. Swank, vice president of Johnson & Johnson, https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1303 discussed the steps being taken to restore “ middle” management—the foremen, supervisors, and exec utives—to a more active supervisory status. In many companies, he said, the middle management group is “ so busy being trained they aren’t super vising the workers . . . Let’s consolidate our gains and put this training to work.” Industrial psychiatry, one of the newest devel opments in industrial medical care, was discussed by Dr. Frederick W. Dershimer, director of psy chiatry in the medical division of E. I. Du Pont de Nemours and Co. He defined mental health as “ a state of continued natural growth in mental productivity, as demonstrated and measured in terms of useful performance.” Among industry’s health-promoting mechanisms, Dr. Dershimer cited its achievements in physical safety, its train ing of supervisors in human relations, its “ excel lent” medical services, and its acceptance of the employee’s right to confidence on personal medical matters which he discusses with the company medical department. A third new development in personnel tech niques—training programs—was discussed by Chester C. Payne and Ralph G. Smith of the Dow Chemical Co.’s education department. This “ service” organization is maintained to develop specific worker skills for various Dow Co. jobs. Training programs in operation include those for maintenance workers, power plant personnel, new and potential plant supervisors, technical people, laboratory assistants, and salesmen. In some de partments, job progression is geared to the training program by agreement with the union. An eco nomic education program is now being carried to 20,000 employees in all Dow plants. Although the company has been training cer tain of its employees since 1932, it has only recently undertaken the training of production workers. This new training program includes in doctrination and on-the-job training, lectures on safety and operations, and classroom training using mainly text materials prepared within the company. Additional training for head operators, crew leaders, subforemen, and certain hourly men is provided. Specialized training is also given for certain types of employees. For example, college grad uates with technical training are given 6 to 8 special 6-week training assignments along with a series of weekly lecture meetings. Workers in the 1304 AMA PERSONNEL CONFERENCE power department are specially trained because of the complicated equipment and frequent changes in design. Assistants in the laboratory are trained in laboratory techniques by the company. Promotions for individuals in this latter group are based in part on examinations administered by the education department. Training for new supervisors begins with a 1week induction course planned with the human relations aspect of their jobs in mind. Monthly meetings are held by supervisors to discuss com mon problems. Courses are offered to supervisors by the company in discussion leadership and in public speaking. Motivation for a Fair Day’s Work Giving workers a sense of personal worth seems to result in higher productivity and greater job satisfaction than does supervision based upon close control and direct rewards and punishment, ac cording to Dr. Rensis Likert, director of the Insti tute for Social Research of the University of Michigan. Dr. Likert, acting as chairman for the meeting on employee motivation, took excep tion to the idea of motivation “to do a fair day’s work” ; he said, rather, that a fair day’s work is a byproduct of good human relations. “Employee-centered” supervision—in which su pervisors see themselves as the employees’ repre sentatives, emphasize the leadership aspects of their jobs, encourage team spirit, and treat em ployees as individuals rather than as cogs in a machine—tends to be associated more often with high production than does its contrast, “produc tion-centered” supervision. Studies made by the University’s Survey Research Center in plants employing a total of more than 50,000 workers have borne out this finding. Motivations currently overrated, according to Dr. Linkert, include financial incentives in the form of individual and group piece rates, and re wards in the form of employee benefits and recrea tional programs. Incentives, Dr. Likert said, do not “in themselves lead to maximization of produc tion. Employees, when under direct pressure from management, may restrict production by set ting and enforcing group standards and goals at a low level of productivity.” Benefits and recrea tional programs may produce “a generally favor able attitude toward the company, but not neces https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis MONTHLY LABOR sarily a higher rate of productivity.” Satisfaction with working conditions may make the worker happier. “Basically, the gratifications derived from a routine job are not related to the content of the work itself.” Moreover, motivation for good supervision and employee relations must be gin at the top ; management must furnish the exam ple to be followed throughout the organization. “Supervisory practices and group processes which are, in part at least, inconsistent with cur rently accepted managerial philosophy” may, in fact, encourage high productivity. Practices that bring about high productivity may also work to reduce absenteeism and produce high job satisfac tion, although in particular situations morale and production are not necessarily related. Greater group loyalty is characteristic of high producing groups. These groups are proud of their ability to turn out more work, and to produce as usual when the supervisor is not present. In dividuals in the group are more willing to help each other, and are likely to have higher production goals. At the same time, there is usually less feeling of pressure. Robert E. Schwab, personnel planning super visor of the Detroit Edison Co., reported that em ployee participation in decision-making and a training program for supervisors had improved working effectiveness in his organization. The utility’s program involved the following steps: (1) The training of all supervisors, from top man agement down, in human relations and on “dem ocratic” supervision; (2) participation of all super visors, and on occasion employees, in the develop ment of company personnel policies and benefit plans; (3) submission of results of a company-wide attitude survey to supervisors and employees for consideration, comments, and recommendations; and (4) analysis of the relationship between par ticipation in decision-making and desirable atti tudes or actions on the part of supervisors and employees. Among supervisors trained in democratic leader ship, “a great many examples of the successful application of participation to the solution of problems in work groups resulted,” Mr. Schwab said. These included more equitable distribution of disagreeable jobs, improved physical arrange ments for offices, reduction of paper work, better care of equipment, reduction in errors, and respon sibility for tools. REVIEW, DECEMBER 1953 AMA PERSONNEL CONFERENCE Supervisors, and occasionally employees, have had a hand in the development of personnel poli cies, including those dealing with complaint pro cedures, safety, a hospitalization plan, transfers and promotions, and revisions in the company retirement plan. This participation “has resulted in a better understanding of the problems involved, better acceptance, and, we think, improved ad ministration/’ Mr. Schwab said. Dr. Robert L. Kahn, program director for the Survey Kesearch Center of the University of Michigan, said that industry should lead the way in trying new approaches in human relations research and measuring the results. He suggested three things: (1) Training programs to include “learning experience” in the company. “People must learn to live a good human relations ap proach.” (2) Human relations programs should start with the head of the organization. “Top management must provide hearty and active support, not just lip service. It must set the example that will be followed at successive organi zational levels.” (3) Human relations training will not change the foreman unless the system of which he is a part is reoriented, since he is tied by expectations and personal relations to his super iors, his subordinates, and his colleagues. Dynamics of Current Labor Relations Specific items singled out for attention in the discussion of recent labor relations were the long term union agreement, collective bargaining during a downward turn of business, and the guaranteed annual wage. David L. Cole, well-known arbi trator and former head of the Federal Mediation and Conciliation Service, acted as chairman of the meeting. Principal speakers were Campbell A. Elliot, Director of Industrial Relations, Minneapolis-Moline Co., and John J. Dillon, New York Regional Education Director for the United Auto mobile Workers, CIO, who were in opposition on most of the points discussed. Mr. Elliot declared that long-term agreements (which he defined as contracts running for 2 years or more without formal reopening provisions) have not lived up to expectations, nor have they re moved the possibility of strikes. In many in stances, he said, employee-employer relations have deteriorated under long-term agreements, partly because of “the unwillingness on the part of some https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1305 employers to voluntarily make changes urged and, more bluntly, demanded by some unions because they are not satisfied with [various aspects] of the agreement . . . I have even heard of employers who have taken the naive position that a ‘living document’ is a document to be lived with and lived by and not one that, as has been suggested by many unions, should have major surgery per formed on it periodically to keep it alive.” Mr. Dillon, on the other hand, expressed the belief that long-term collective bargaining agree ments are possible and practical “only to the extent that both management and labor consider such agreements as living documents” and work out problems that the parties could not anticipate at the time the agreements were negotiated. To regard long-term contracts as legalistic, static documents, which fail to deal with practical problems as they arise, Mr. Dillon concluded, is to make them unworkable and unacceptable. In a question period following the discussion, the “living document” concept of the long-term contract, as advanced by the UAW-CIO, was rejected by several of those in attendance as incompatible with the basic theory under which such contracts were drawn. Cost-of-living escala tion was also attacked because of the unwillingness of unions or workers to accept wage cuts when prices fall. Mr. Dillon admitted that, while wage cuts were not liked, they might be necessary. Another phase of the long-term contract which came under scrutiny was the provision for pro ductivity increases. Two points were stressed particularly: (1) Unions and workers in some industries have attempted to limit output at times when it appeared that technological developments would cause layoffs; and (2) productivity, as ordinarily measured, declines during depression periods as output falls off and machines are not used to their greatest capacity. Mr. Dillon pointed out that productivity increase is based on technological change and the growth of the econ omy and that it represents the worker’s share in the gains brought about by improved methods and machinery, rather than being dependent upon his individual effort. Contrary points of view were also expressed on the direction collective bargaining should take in the event of a downturn in business. Mr. Elliot believed that purchasing power should be increased “not by increasing production costs through wage 1306 AM A PERSONNEL CONFERENCE increases and tlie like, but by decreasing prices, with the decreases to be the result of (1) manage ment’s willingness to operate at the minimum fair rate of return on investment and (2) labor’s willingness to work for a fair wage and, in return for a fair wage, to perform a fair day’s work.” He also declared that management should “resist adding to both direct and indirect labor costs through collective bargaining.” However, he added, “direct wage reductions should be the last thing to think about . . . I recommend that first consideration be given to correcting those intangi ble conditions which many times contribute more to operating costs than those items which can be accurately measured.” Mr. Elliot’s “ intangibles,” as he called them, in cluded certain seniority, jurisdictional, piecework, and work-sharing provisions, and restrictions on technological changes. In addition, he indicated that fringe benefits, such as holiday and vacation pay, premium pay for undesirable or longer-thannormal work schedules, and group insurance plans of some types might be the subject of close scru tiny during bargaining. Mr. Dillon declared that “ American labor rejects the defeatist attitude of the inevitability of de pression.” This country has the technical skill and economic resources to provide full and con tinuous employment for all those able and willing to work, he said, and we must create full employ ment and full production, “ making the good things of life so necessary to satisfy the unlimited peace time demands of people.” To maintain full em ployment in the event industry fails to do so, public works such as the building of schools, hospitals, health centers, highways and parking facilities, or river, seaway, and power projects, might be undertaken. Full production can be maintained, according to Mr. Dillon, if the American people—worker, farmer, and white-collar groups—are provided with purchasing power adequate to balance pro ductive power. “ The way to solve the problem is through joint planning now.” He cited the guaranteed annual wage as the next goal for organized labor. As he envisioned it, it would assure 12 months of employment for most workers and provide an additional cushion for those thrown out of work. In addition, he be lieved that it would prevent plant moves, to the https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis MONTHLY LABOR South, for example, to escape unionization. Mr. Dillon anticipated negotiations for the guaranteed annual wage by the United Steelworkers (CIO) in 1954 and by the United Automobile Workers after their 1955 convention. Mr. Elliot declared that he did not have a good definition for the guaranteed annual wage and therefore was unwilling to discuss it. He did, however, raise the question of whether it was possible to give a wage guarantee without guar antees of markets and profits. The question as to whether organic unity be tween the two major labor federations would have any effect on collective bargaining procedures brought comment from the chairman as well as from both panel members. Mr. Cole expressed the belief that any move narrowing union rivalries would help bargaining. Mr. Elliot thought that competition was healthy and that unity might be detrimental to achieving satisfactory results in bargaining. Mr. Dillon disagreed with this; he said it was his opinion that union competition of the type Mr. Elliot envisioned could only lead to wage cutting. On the subject of Taft-Hartley Act changes, Mr. Elliot said that the law should be kept but taken out of politics, while Mr. Dillon said the law was being used to hurt unions and should be changed, eventually at least, if not at once. The fact that the law might be good or bad for unions, depending upon its administration and interpre tation, was agreed upon. Mr. Cole called for “ an enlightened and ra tional approach to the affairs of labor relations,” and urged labor to avoid a “ defiant, chip-on-theshoulder attitude.” Industry, he said, should “ listen to its more conciliatory and moderate leadership and recognize that human progress is not made in pendulumlike swings. . . . This is not the time, if there ever is a time, for industry to thump its chest in triumph. What could be the reaction other than a deepening of the feeling of hostility and discouragement the possibilities of the conference table?” Both labor and management representatives agreed that joint solution of problems without outside intervention, particularly government in tervention, was desirable. There is little possibil ity of eliminating government intervention in labor disputes, Mr. Cole believes, but such intervention REVIEW, DECEMBER 1953 should not be guided by partisan or political con siderations, and should be “ used sparingly and never until it is clear . . . that the continuation of a shutdown will truly impair the national health and safety. It should never be lent to either party for the purpose of providing a form of strategic advantage.” He also expressed the opinion that worker security would be a principal objective of bargaining, rather than direct wage gains. — T h e o d o r e W. K e e d y Division of Wages and Industrial Relations Earnings in Power Laundries in Mid-1953 A v e r a g e w e e k l y e a r n i n g s (including commis sions) for retail routemen in power laundries ranged from $60.50 (Dallas) to $115 (Detroit) among the 33 areas surveyed by the Bureau of Labor Statistics during the midmonths of 1953.1 (See table 1.) The averages were higher than a year before in most of the 27 areas for which com parisons could be made, usually by amounts ranging from $3 to $8 a week.2 In all cities surveyed, production-worker earn ings were also higher than in June 1952. The largest increases, affecting all or most of the jobs studied, were recorded for Buffalo, Cincinnati, Houston, Louisville, Minneapolis-St. Paul, Phil adelphia, and St. Louis. A few decreases were found; these were scattered among several jobs and areas and usually averaged less than 4 per cent. As in the preceding year, the highest-paid power laundry workers were found in the West Coast cities (Portland, Los Angeles, and the San Francisco Bay area) and in Milwaukee, Minneapolis-St. Paul, Chicago, Detroit, and New York. Men comprised about a third of all laundry workers, including routemen, in the areas studied. The proportion varied, however, by area, ranging 1The study was limited to establishments with more than 20 workers. In the 33 areas, the number of employees of such laundries totaled about 99,000. Data were collected by personal visit of Bureau field representatives to two-fifths of the establishments in this group, with a total of 53,000 employees. 2See Earnings in Power Laundries in June 1952, M onthly Labor Review, November 1952 (p. 518). More detailed reports of earnings and related practices for individual areas are available on request. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1307 EARNINGS—POWER LAUNDRIES from a sixth of the plant (nonoffice) labor force in Birmingham and Montgomery to two-fifths in New York. Average hourly earnings for extractor operators, the lowest-paid men’s job studied, ranged from 65 cents in Montgomery (Ala.) to $1.48 in the San Francisco Bay area (table 2). Averages for this job amounted to less than 90 cents in all Southern areas studied and exceeded $1.25 in only 3 of the 33 areas. A somewhat higher level of earnings prevailed for stationaryboiler firemen and machine washers. Except for a few areas, all in the South, these workers gen erally received 90 cents or more an hour, with averages of $1.25 or more an hour noted for almost half of the cities surveyed. More than two-fifths of the women production workers were employed as machine flatwork 1.— Retail routemen in -power laundries: Straighttime average weekly earnings,1 S3 selected areas, 1953 T able Area All routemen Routemen having sched uled workweek of— 5 days 5H days 6 days Atlanta, Ga________________________ $67.00 Baltimore, Md______ ________ ______ 75.00 Birmingham, Ala-. _ _ - ___ ___ 72.50 Boston, Mass__________ ___________ 75.00 Buffalo, N. Y --------------- ----------------- 1 0 1 .0 0 Chicago, 111_____________ __________ 105.00 Cincinnati, Ohio. _ __ 84.50 Cleveland, Ohio____________________ 92.50 Columbia, S. C __ 6 8 .0 0 (2) $78.00 (2) 69.50 78.50 (2) 84. 50 98.00 (2) $74.00 (2) 79.50 105.00 106.50 (2) 76.50 (2) (2) $74. 50 72. 50 83.50 103. 50 105.00 (2) 92.50 (2) Dallas, Tex___ _____ _ ___ ___ _ _ __ 60.50 Denver, Colo_______________________ 80.00 Detroit, Mich___ _ ________________ 115.00 Houston, Tex.. ___ _____ ____ _____ 70.50 Jackson, Miss -- -- -84.00 Little Rock-North Little Rock, Ark _ 70. 50 Los Angeles, Calif___________________ 89.00 Louisville, K y__________ _______ ___ 87.00 (2) (2) 115.00 (2) (2) 66.50 80.00 (2) 70. 50 (2) 58. 50 (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) 94.00 91.00 (2) (2) 79.00 (2) 82.00 84.50 73.50 93.50 (2) (2) (2) 78.50 97.00 87.50 (2) 72.50 (2) (2) 85.00 91.50 58.50 8 6 .0 0 93.00 72.00 (2) (2) 64.50 Macon, Ga ____ Memphis, T enn___ _ _ ___ ___ __ 70.00 Milwaukee, W is_____ _________ ___ 103.00 Minneapolis-St. Paul, M inn__________ 79.00 Montgomery, Ala----------------------------64.00 Newark-Jersey City, N. J . . . ________ 81.50 New York, N. Y ___ ___________ ____ 85.00 Philadelphia, Pa__ _ ___ 97.00 Pittsburgh, P a_______ _____________ 86.50 Portland, Oreg __ ________ __ 91.50 Providence, R. I. _______ ___ _______ 71.50 Richmond, Va............ ............................. 72.00 Roanoke, Va_______________________ 84.50 St. Louis, Mo_____________________ _ 92.00 San Francisco-Oakland, Calif_________ 8 8 . 50 Washington, D. C...................................... 74. 50 8 8 .0 0 1 0 1 .0 0 88.50 69.00 (?) (2) (2) 85.00 64.50 61.50 1 2 1 .0 0 (2) (2) (2) 124.00 (2) 77.50 (2) (2) (2) (2) 84.50 (2) 85.50 2 Rounded to nearest half-dollar; excludes premium pay for overtime and night work; includes commission earnings. 1 Insufficient data to justify presentation of an average. 1308 slightly higher in New York, Los Angeles, and the San Francisco Bay area. finishers or machine shirt pressers. Flatwork finishers, numerically the larger group, averaged less than 40 cents an hour in Macon (Ga.), Jackson (Miss.), Columbia (S. C.), and Montgomery (Ala.), and between 40 and 55 cents in 8 other southern areas. Workers in this job averaged 67 cents in Baltimore, 69 cents in Louisville, 72 cents in Denver, and 75 cents or more in the other 18 areas. The highest earnings found were $1.06 in Portland (Oreg.) and $1.10 in the San Francisco Bay area. Although the piecework method of wage pay ment prevails in many laundries,3 a majority of the flatwork finishers were paid on a time basis in all except a very few areas. A majority of the women shirt pressers were employed on a piece work basis in all except 4 Southern and 2 West Coast areas; averages for this job exceeded the flatwork finishers’ earnings by amounts ranging from 3 to 30 cents among the areas studied. Earnings averaged slightly less than 50 cents an hour in Macon and Montgomery and $1.10 or T a b l e 2 .— MONTHLY LABOR EARNINGS—POWER LAUNDRIES Related Wage Practices The predominant workweek for retail routemen was 5 days in 15 of the cities studied, 5){ days in 7 cities, and 6 days in 11 cities. Work schedules of 40 hours a week or less were maintained by laundries employing three-fourths or more of the production workers in each of the West Coast areas, Buffalo, Cincinnati, Cleveland, Detroit, New York, Philadelphia, and Washington. Al though a 40-hour workweek was a common practice in many other areas as well, significant proportions of workers were also scheduled on a longer workweek. Paid holidays for plant workers were granted by laundries employing a majority of the workers in each area except Denver, Louisville, and 3 Piecework systems were not in effect for the production jobs studied in laundries in Portland (Oreg.) and the San Francisco Bay area. Workers in selected occupations in povjer laundries: Straight-time average earnings,1 3d selected areas, 1953 Women Men Area Payroll period in 1953 Atlanta, Qa ____ ___________ _____ Baltimore, M d________ ____ _________ Birmingham, A la .._ ___ ______ ____ Boston, Mass_______________________ Buffalo, N. Y _______________________ Chicago, 111_________________________ Cincinnati, Ohio____________________ Cleveland, Ohio________ ____________ Columbia, S. C ______ _______________ June August... June __do __ _do__ May June July April Dallas, Tex_____________ ___________ Denver, Colo_______________ Detroit, Mich_______________________ Houston, Tex__....... ....................... Jackson, M iss.. ________ . . . Little Bock-North Little Rock, A rk____ Los Angeles, Calif__________ I ________ Louisville, Ky _________________ . . . Ju ly ... .. June __ do __ July April ___do____ May . . June Macon, Oa____ _____ Memphis, Tenn_____________ _______ Milwaukee, Wis_______ _____ Minneapolis-St. Paul, M i n n ___ Montgomery, Ala __________________ Newark-Jersey City, N. J New York, N. Y . . . . . . April June July _ do . __ April . June. .. __ do Philadelphia, P a______ _ . Pittsburgh, P a __________ _____ Portland, Oreg______________ Providence, R. I _____________ Richmond, Va_____ Roanoke, V a .................... St. Louis, Mo___ San Francisco-Oakland, C a lif................. Washington, D . C . . . _ do____ __do____ __ do __do___ ,__do__ April June M ay___ August... Firemen, Washers, Extractor stationary machine operators boiler 1 Excludes premium pay for overtime and nightwork. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis $0.82 .89 .6 8 1.04 1 .2 1 1.19 .98 1.06 .72 .85 1 .0 1 1.19 .85 .78 .69 1 .2 0 .96 (2) .70 1.30 1.13 .65 $0.84 1.25 1.59 1.33 1.35 .93 1 .0 2 (2) 1.19 1.60 0) (2) 1 .1 1 1.18 1.57 1 .1 1 .89 .91 1.37 1.24 1 .1 0 (2) 1.36 .87 .87 1.49 1.35 .72 (2) (2) (2) 1.40 00 1.06 1.34 1.47 1 .1 0 1.28 1.37 1.36 1.19 1.34 1.38 1.39 1.39 1.45 1.04 .79 .81 .99 1.48 .92 1 .1 2 .8 6 00 1.18 1 .0 2 $0.92 (?) 1 .2 0 00 1.27 .93 .89 1 .1 2 2 Finishers, flatwork, Identifiers machine $0. 41 .67 .43 .80 $0 .6 6 .8 6 .8 6 (2) 1.03 .94 .83 (2) .8 8 .99 .64 .78 .75 .36 .8 6 .8 8 .50 .72 1.05 .77 .81 .62 1.15 .74 .50 .70 .99 .96 .6 8 1 .0 2 .89 1.29 1.38 1. 57 .96 .83 1.23 .78 1 .2 2 .8 6 1.04 $0.76 .77 .59 .96 .84 .97 1.42 1.05 1.16 1.57 1.05 00 Clerks, retail receiving .6 6 .73 .87 1.28 .95 .47 .32 .47 .93 .69 .29 .46 .94 .92 .36 .87 .91 .78 .80 1.06 .78 .47 .54 .78 1 .1 0 .80 .6 8 .54 .87 .93 .96 .62 .89 .87 .6 8 .62 .57 (2) (2) $0.55 .6 6 .63 .8 8 .8 6 Markers .76 .55 .98 .94 .51 .92 .8 8 .91 .58 .75 .83 .92 .65 .67 .57 1.09 .80 .44 .55 1 .0 1 .95 .54 1 .0 2 1 .0 2 1.03 .8 6 .92 .83 1.09 .83 .62 (2) .80 1.29 .90 .8 8 1 .1 1 .98 .52 .55 .8 6 1.28 .83 Insufficient data to warrant presentation of an average. Pressers, machine, Wrappers, bundle shirts $0.58 .75 .50 1.09 1.07 1.08 .87 1.05 .62 $0.44 .67 .42 .85 .91 .90 .82 .77 (2) .63 .51 .53 .58 .77 .89 .61 .48 .51 1 .1 1 1 .0 0 .8 8 1.05 .6 6 .91 .47 .56 .98 .98 .48 1.04 .72 .43 .46 .93 .94 .41 .8 8 1 .1 0 .99 .93 .90 1.09 1.07 .69 .63 .93 1.19 .85 .84 .83 1.07 .89 .45 .53 .83 1.23 .83 REVIEW, DECEMBER 1953 1309 WAGE TRENDS IN MACHINERY Roanoke. Newark-Jersey City laundries gener ally provided 7 paid holidays annually and 6 days were granted to the great majority of the laundry workers in Buffalo, Detroit, Los Angeles, Minneapolis-St. Paul, New York City, Philadel phia, Portland, St. Louis, San Francisco, and Washington. Most workers in southern laundries received from 3 to 5 paid holidays. Paid vacations after a year’s service, typically with 1 week’s pay,4 were received by a majority of workers in all areas except Columbia and Montgomery; in 26 of the 33 areas, three-fourths or more of the workers were covered by such a policy. Two-week paid vacations,5 after 5 years’ service, was the policy of laundries employing 90 percent or more of the workers in 13 areas and 60 percent in 2 areas. In the remaining areas, the practice for 5-year workers was much less liberal. Coverage of laundry workers under insurance or pension plans, paid wholly or in part by the employers, varied widely. Over half of the pro duction workers in laundries were covered by life insurance in 18 cities; by sickness and acci dent insurance in 12 cities; by hospitalization provisions in 15 cities; by surgical insurance in 14 cities; and by medical insurance in 12 cities. Pension benefits exceeding those provided under social security were available to an appreciable degree in only 8 areas; in only 2 areas, Detroit and New York, were they applicable to as many as 50 percent of the production workers. Wage Trends in Machinery Manufacture, 1951-53 average hourly earnings for all machinery workers was smaller during this period than for the entire period 1945-53.2 Between January 1945 and Jan uary 1953 straight-time average hourly earnings for machinery workers rose 74.4 percent or at an annual rate of 7.2 percent. During 1951 and 1952 the annual rate of increase averaged 5.9 percent. S t r a i g h t - t i m e h o u r l y e a r n i n g s of production workers in machinery establishments in 29 major centers of the industry rose an average of 12.1 per cent between January 1951 and January 1953, be cause of changes in wage rates or in incentive earnings.1 Almost half of all machinery workers were employed in these areas in January 1953. Wage controls were in effect during the entire period from late January 1951 through January 1953. The annual rate of increase in straight-time 1 The percentage increase does not reflect the effect on earnings of any changes in the occupational composition of the machinery labor force during this period, of shifts in employment among wage areas, or of changes in pre mium pay for overtime and night work. It is affected not only by general wage changes, merit increases in pay, or changes in incentive earnings within a plant, but also by any shifts in employment among plants within an area and by any changes in the ratio of time and incentive workers in a job. The methods used in constructing the indexes on which this article is based are described in Wage Trends in Machinery Manufacturing, 1945-51, Monthly Labor Review, January 1952 (p. 48). s In most of the communities studied, at least three-fifths of the entire increase in machinery earnings since 1945 occurred in the first 4 years following World War II. 280067- 53■4 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis —O tto H ollberg Division of Wages and Industrial Relations 4 5 Or its equivalent, 2 percent of annual earnings. Or an equivalent 4 percent of annual earnings. Period-to-period increase— P ercen t January 1945 to October 1946______________ 19.5 October 1946 to November 1947____________ 9.7 November 1947 to November 1948_________ 8.8 November 1948 to November 1949__________ 1.5 November 1949 to January 1951____________ 7.5 January 1951 to December 1951____________ 5.4 December 1951 to January 1953____________ 6.4 Annual rate of increase— January 1945 to January 1953______________ 7.2 January 1951 to January 1953______________ 5.9 The increase in earnings during 1951 and 1952 was divided almost evenly between the two years. Between December 1951 and January 1953 straight-time earnings advanced an average of 6.4 percent and in the preceding 11 months, the aver age gain was 5.4 percent (see table). 1310 WAGE TRENDS IN MACHINERY Changes by City The extent to which average hourly earnings of machinery workers rose varied considerably from one area to another—from 7.2 percent in Pitts burgh to 16.4 percent in Buffalo—over the January 1951 to January 1953 period. The differences were due, in part, to time lags in the effective date of wage increases. Although Pittsburgh showed the smallest change in the 2-year period, it had the largest increase in the immediately preceding year—13.3 percent. This reflected the basic steel settlement of December 1, 1950. On the other hand, Buffalo, with the highest gain (16.4 percent) in the 1951-53 period, showed an increase close to the average for all cities in 1950. Over the 3year period November 1949 to January 1953, straight-time earnings rose 25 percent in Buffalo and 21 percent in Pittsburgh. Over the entire period, increases in straighttime average hourly earnings varied from about https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis MONTHLY LABOR 55 percent in Seattle to about 90 percent in Mil waukee. The other two West Coast areas, like Seattle, showed lower-than-average increases, partly because of the relatively high level of earnings in 1945 in these areas and the consequent smaller percentage changes resulting from a given cents increase. By January 1953, Milwaukee ranked as one of the highest-wage areas studied. In that city, the greatest change (in terms of both cents and percent) occurred immediately following World War II when earnings increased more percentage wise than in any city except Syracuse. Since then, the pattern of increase for Milwaukee has followed the overall average change for all areas combined. The increases in earnings in 1952 as compared with 1951 differed more in individual cities than in all cities combined. Only in Providence were gains the same in both years (4.3 percent); the difference in St. Louis, Cleveland, Minneapolis, and Houston was small. The greatest disparity was evident in both San Francisco and Seattle where wages advanced 9.5 and 11.4 percent, respectively, in the first year compared to 3.0 and 3.9 percent in the second. In these two cities, most of the increases in rates between December 1951 and January 1953 resulted from automatic cost-of-living raises, but in 1951, there were general wage increases in addition to such cost-of-living adjustments. In these West Coast cities, bargaining for metal trades workers in a given area is conducted on essen tially an industrywide basis, and incentive sys tems of payment are rare. Consequently, the effect of a wage adjustment is evident at a specific point of time, rather than being spread over a longer period as in areas where companies bar gain individually; wages in these West Coast areas are also unaffected by fluctuations character istic of piecework production. Occupational Differences A common practice in the immediate post war years was to grant uniform cents-per-hour general wage increases to all workers, regardless of skill level, which resulted in higher percentage increases for the unskilled than for the skilled workers. For example, hourly wages for hand truckers (laborers, material handling) rose by 89 * REVIEW, DECEMBER 1953 UNION SCALES—BUILDING TRADES Indexes of straight-time average hourly earnings in machinery manufacture, selected cities and occupations, January 1951-January 1953, and percent increases, January 1945January 1953 Indexes (1947-49=100) Item Jan. 19511 All cities combined 1 1 1 .6 117.6 125.1 74.4 7.5 5.4 6.4 Baltimore__________ Boston__ _________ Buffalo____________ Chicago____ _______ C in cin n ati_________ Cleveland__________ Dallas______ ______ Denver_____ __ __ Detroit____ _ _ H artford.-. . _____ Houston________ . . . Indianapolis________ Los Angeles________ Milwaukee____ _ _ Minneapolis-St. Paul. Newark-Jersey C ity ... New York City_____ Philadelphia________ Pittsburgh_________ Providence___ .. St. Louis__ . _____ San F ra n cisco ...___ Seattle_________ Syracuse_____ _____ T u lsa ..____ _______ 109.0 111.4 1 1 1 .8 119.1 122.5 128.2 125.7 123.8 121.7 122.3 131.5 123.3 125.8 64.7 76.0 69.0 80.0 76.1 6 .6 2.3 3.6 6.5 4.0 9.4 7.1 2 .1 8 .1 C i ty 112.9 1 1 2 .1 1 1 0 .0 1 1 2 .1 115.4 117.2 117.4 114.5 115.6 115.6 119.1 117.6 116.2 115.9 113.9 115. 6 120.5 117.9 117.8 116.0 117.8 118.8 117.9 116.3 116.3 115.4 6 6 .6 4.3 7.4 9.7 8.5 7.8 7.0 6.5 7.6 8.4 6.3 6.3 7.4 5.1 3.1 5.4 6 .6 6 .2 5.2 5.8 10.4 4.8 124.7 124.6 129.1 126.0 124.6 123.2 128.8 125.7 123.0 123.8 119.8 119.8 58.0 80.9 58.6 76.0 65.3 76.1 62.0 90.3 75.8 69.5 74.2 80.7 80.8 67.6 83.0 56.7 54.9 118.7 125.3 60.8 .8 2 .8 1 1 .1 109.1 115.8 122.7 64.2 5.4 6 .1 6 .0 108.9 113.5 114.5 121.4 129.8 61.4 89.4 5.3 7.9 5.1 6.7 6 .1 1 2 1 .1 113.1 110.7 1 1 0 .8 110.7 108.8 110.4 111.0 1 1 1 .2 1 1 0 .2 114.3 111.9 117.2 113.0 109.1 106.3 103.6 105.2 116.0 1 2 2 .2 111.0 8 .2 5.0 4.8 6 .8 5.7 13.3 9.3 5.4 3.4 6 .2 4.9 4.8 4.7 4.7 8.5 8 .2 5.5 9.5 7.8 7.1 6 .1 6 .8 6.9 1.4 5.3 1.3 4.3 5.7 6 .6 9.5 11.4 5.6 2.4 6 .2 9.3 5.8 4.3 6.5 3.0 3.9 5.5 O c c u p a tio n M a c h i n i s t s , p ro duction__________ Tool and die makers (other than in jobbing shops)_______ Truckers, hand_____ for some cities December 1950, February or March 1951 rather than January 1951. 2 Data for some cities September, October or November rather than De cember 1951. 3 Latest data for some cities October, November, or December 1952, or February 1953 rather than January 1953. 4 Includes data for 3 cities not shown separately. percent from January 1945 to January 1953, while those for tool and die makers and produc tion machinists advanced 61 and 64 percent, respectively. More recently, a tendency has been noted to grant progressively larger cents-per-hour increases to workers with higher skills. The differential in straight-time earnings between hand truckers and the two more highly skilled occupations increased by about 4 cents from 1951 to 1953. Although greater cents-per-hour increases oc curred for the higher paid jobs, the percentage rise in their pay was lower than for hand truckers. Tool and die makers had an increase of 11.5 percent and production machinists, 12.5 percent, compared with 14.4 percent for hand truckers. — R uth W. H o u r l y w ag e r a t e s of building-trades workers in cities with populations of 100,000 or more ad vanced an average of 5.2 percent, or 13 cents, dur ing the year ending July 1, 1953, according to the Bureau of Labor Statistics forty-seventh annual survey of union scales in the building trades.1 Average scales on July 1, 1953, were $2.69 for all construction-trades workers, $2.88 for journey men, and $1.95 for helpers and laborers.2 Five-sixths of the workers included in the study had their scales increased during the 12-month period. Increases typically varied from 5 to 20 cents an hour; a third of the workers benefiting from scale revisions received upward adjustments of 10 to 15 cents an hour. Standard weekly hours showed practically no change during the year, averaging 39.4 hours for all building-trades workers. A 5-day, 40-hour workweek—the most common straight-time work schedule—applied to seven-eighths of the workers studied. 7.2 1 Data B enny Division of Wages and Industrial Relations https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Union Wage Scales in the Building Trades, 1953 Percent increases from— Jan. Nov. Jan. Dec. Dec. Jan. 1945 to 1949 to 1951 to 1951 to 19512 19533 Jan. Jan. Dec. Jan. 1953 1951 1951 1953 1 1 0 .1 1311 1 Union scales are defined as the minimum wage scales or maximum sched ules of hours agreed upon through collective bargaining between trade unions and employers. Rates in excess of the negotiated minimum, which may be paid for special qualifications or other reasons, are not included. The information presented in this report was based on union scales in effect on July 1, 1953, and covered approximately 685,000 journeymen and 170,000 helpers and laborers in 52 cities with populations of 100,000 or more. Data were obtained primarily from local union officials by mail questionnaire; in some instances, Bureau representatives visited local union officials to obtain the desired information. Mimeographed listings of union scales are available for any of the 52 cities included in the survey. A forthcoming bulletin will contain more detailed information on the industry. The current survey differs in several important respects from previous annual surveys of wage scales in the building construction industry. First, the limited funds available for wage surveys necessitated a reduction from 77 to 52 in the number of cities to be covered. The current survey was designed to represent union wage scales in all cities of 100,000 or more population. All cities with a half million or more population were included, but some cities in the population groups of 250,000 to 500,000 and 100,000 to 250,000 were omitted. Second, weights were assigned to some of the localities surveyed in order to compensate for those which were not surveyed. This procedure differs from that in earlier surveys which covered 77 areas, and in which aver ages for the smaller-sized cities were not necessarily representative of average scales prevailing in that population group. Because a greater proportion of larger cities than of smaller cities was included with equal weight in past sur veys, the data were disproportionately influenced by the large cities, which typically have the higher wage scales. This upward bias is removed in the current survey through a revised procedure which gives greater weight to the smaller cities studied. In order to provide appropriate representation in the combination of data, each geographic region and population group was con sidered separately when city weights were assigned. 2 Average hourly scales, designed to show current levels, are based on all scales reported in effect on July 1, 1953, weighted by the number of union members receiving that rate. These averages are not designed for close yearto-year comparisons because of fluctuations in membership and in classifica tions studied. UNION SCALES—BUILDING TRADES 1312 Trend of Union Wage Scales The increase of 5.2 percent in union scales for building-trades workers in the year following July 1, 1952, advanced the Bureau’s index of union hourly rates to 131.6 (table 1). Reflected in this increase were gains of 4.9 percent for jour neymen and 6.9 percent for helpers and laborers.3 The advance registered during the year was slight ly less than the gain achieved in each of the two preceding 12-month periods. In each of the latter periods, increases for both journeymen and helpers and laborers averaged between 6 and 7 percent. T 1.— Indexes of union scales of hourly wages and weekly hours in the building trades, selected years 190758 able [Average 1947-49=100] Minimum hourly wage rates Date Journey Helpers All and la men trades borers Maximum weekly hours Journey Helpers All and la men trades borers 1907: May 1913: May 1918: May 1919: M ay 1920: M ay 1 9 2 1 : May 15____ 15____ 15____ 15____ 15____ 15____ 18.2 22.5 28.2 32.3 43.6 44.4 19.0 23.5 29.3 33.4 44.7 45.6 14.5 16.9 22.7 26.2 38.1 38.4 124.1 118.0 116.1 115.5 115.0 114.9 116.8 115.0 114.6 114.1 114.0 1 9 2 2 : M ay 1926: M ay 1931: May 1933: May 1939: June 1940: June 15____ 15____ 15____ 15____ 1_____ 1____ 41.7 55.0 60.6 50.3 62.3 63.3 42.9 56.6 62.4 51.9 63.8 64.7 35.0 45.2 49.4 40.3 53.2 54.3 114.9 114.8 108.4 106.1 99.9 99.8 114.1 114.0 107.4 105.1 99.0 99.0 1941: June 1... - . 1942: July 1_____ 1943: July 1__ _ 1944: July 1_____ 1945: July 1_____ 1946: July 1_____ 65.6 69.7 70.2 70.8 72.2 80.5 67.0 70.8 71.2 71.7 73.0 80.9 56.9 62.5 63.3 64.0 67.0 77.9 1 0 0 .2 1 0 1 .0 99.5 1947: July 1948: July 1949: July 1950: July 1951: July 1952: July 1953: July 92.1 92.3 101.7 106.0 110.5 117.4 124.6 130.7 91.1 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .1 1 0 0 .2 1 0 0 .1 1 0 0 .1 1 0 0 .1 11_____ 1_._ 1_____ 1_____ 1_____ 1_____ 1 0 1 .8 106.1 110.7 117.8 125.1 131.6 1 0 2 .6 106.4 1 1 2 .2 119.9 127.7 136.5 100.9 1 0 1 .1 1 0 1 .1 1 0 0 .1 1 2 2 .6 1 0 0 .8 1 0 1 .0 1 0 1 .2 1 0 1 .2 1 0 0 .1 99.9 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .1 1 0 0 .2 1 0 0 .1 1 0 0 .1 1 0 0 .1 129.6 121.5 119.5 118.4 117.6 117.6 117.3 117.0 1 1 1 .1 108.1 102.7 1 0 2 .1 102.4 101.5 1 0 0 .8 1 0 0 .8 1 0 0 .8 1 0 0 .1 1 0 0 .1 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 99.9 1 0 0 .1 1 0 0 .1 Scale changes in the building industry resulted primarily from contract negotiations. Relatively few contracts covering building-trades workers contain escalator clauses which link changes in rates to the movement of consumer prices. Al though individual contracts may be negotiated and become effective at various times throughout the year, there is a general tendency for contracts to be negotiated in the spring and early summer months. Largely as a result of such labor-manage ment agreements, scales for journeymen advanced 13 cents an hour between July 1, 1952, and July https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis MONTHLY LABOR 1, 1953, compared with 16 cents in the previous 12 months; scale increases for helpers and laborers were 13 cents compared with 11 cents. Among individual journeymen trades, average hourly increases varied from 5 cents for stone masons to 21 cents for machinists. Gains of 12 to 16 cents an hour were registered by 15 of the 24 journeymen trades studied. Bricklayers and plumbers were the only crafts other than stone masons to show an average increase of less than 12 cents; asbestos workers and marble setters had hourly advances of 20 and 19 cents, respectively. Scale increases for the 9 helper and laborer classifications included in the study averaged from 9 to 14 cents an hour. Elevator constructors’ and terrazzo workers’ helpers showed the greatest gain and composition roofers’ helpers, the smallest. Workers benefiting from scale changes between July 1, 1952, and July 1, 1953, typically had up ward adjustments of 5 to 20 cents an hour; such adjustments prevailed for nearly three-fourths of these workers. Of the journeymen whose wage scales were adjusted, 1 of every 3 gained from 10 to 15 cents an hour and 1 of every 4, from 15 to 20 cents. Of the helpers and laborers affected by scale advances, 1 of every 4 received from 5 to 10 cents an hour and 1 of every 3, from 10 to 15 cents. Hourly Wage Scales Wage scales in building construction are de signed, at least in part, to offset irregularity of employment and to compensate for other condi tions that are usually not encountered by indus trial workers of comparable skill. Hence, hourly wage scales of construction-trades workers are generally somewhat higher than those in other industries. Union scales for all journeymen construction workers averaged $2.88 an hour on July 1, 1953, and ranged from $1.65 to $3.75. Labor-manage ment contracts stipulated hourly scales of $2.50 to $3 for approximately half of the journeymen 3 Average cents-per-hour and percent changes from July 1, 1952, to July 1, 1953, are based on comparable quotations for the various occupational classi fications in both periods weighted by the membership reported for the current survey. The reduction in the number of cities covered and the change in the method of computation had only a minor effect on the amount of change between two conscutive periods, and virtually no effect on the index series. REVIEW, DECEMBER 1953 studied and $3 to $3.20 for about a fourth. Negotiated rates of at least $3.20 were reported for some workers in all but 2 of the 24 building trades studied. Hourly scales under $2 were applicable to small proportions of workers in six trades. By trade, average journeymen scales ranged from $2.57 an hour for glaziers to $3.28 for brick layers. Other trades averaging $3 or more in cluded electricians and elevator constructors ($3 each), lathers ($3.14), stonemasons ($3.19), and plasterers ($3.21). Although hourly rates for individual helpers and laborers ranged from 90 cents to $3.12, nearly 3 of every 5 had scales of $1.80 to $2.30 an hour. Wage scales for helpers and laborers averaged $1.95 on July 1, 1953, and varied from $1.81 for composition roofers’ helpers to $2.27 for terrazzo workers’ helpers. Except for building laborers, all other classifications had scale levels of $1.97 or more. City and Regional Variations Because collective bargaining in the building construction industry is generally conducted on a locality basis, wage scales have always varied considerably among cities, except where union j urisdiction covers broad geographic areas. Varia tions in local building activities and in the demand for skilled construction workers may also influence local wage rates. The extent of unionization and the general level of wages in a locality may also affect the level of scales in the building trades. For individual journeymen crafts, rates varied widely among the cities covered in the survey. Carpenters, for example, had scales on July 1, 1953, ranging from $2.05 in Charlotte and Rich mond to $3.40 in Newark. Some construction workers in each of the sur veyed cities benefited from scale adjustments during the 12-month period. In about half of the cities, average increases varied from 9 to 15 cents an hour for journeymen and from 7 to 16 cents for helpers and laborers. Union scales for the 24 journeymen trades showed considerable variation within individual cities. The differential and range of rates for journeymen in 6 typical cities are as follows: https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1313 UNION SCALES—BUILDING TRADES D if fe r e n c e s in — C e n ts p e r hour S c a le r a n g e A tla n ta __ B o s t o n .____ Chicago. ________ Dallas_________ __ New Y o r k ____ __ _ San Francisco-O ak land _ _ _ _ _ P ercen t 77 $1.75 -$3.10 2.42%- 3.12% 2.85 - 3.57% 2.15 - 3.50 2.83 - 3.65 135 70 72% 135 82 29 25 63 29 2.55 - 3.54 99 39 The difference between the high and low scales of the 9 helper and laborer classifications (repre senting a fifth of the workers in the industry) was smaller than that for journeymen in the above cities with the exception of New York and San Francisco-Oakland, where the differentials were 95 cents and $1.12, respectively. In the other 4 typical cities, the differences varied from 23 cents in Boston to 73 cents in Atlanta. Wage levels of construction-trades workers var ied widely among the cities surveyed. Average scales for journeymen ranged from $2.31 in Charlotte, N. C., to $3.36 in Newark, N. J. About four-fifths of the cities had levels between $2.50 and $3. Scale levels for helpers and laborers varied from $1 in Jacksonville, Fla., to $2.56 in Newark, N. J. In 2 of every 3 cities, the level was $1.80 or higher. When the cities are grouped according to popu lation, levels of hourly scales for journeymen and for helpers and laborers were highest in the group of largest cities and descended in accordance with population size. The difference between scale levels of journeymen and of helpers and laborers, by city-size group, varied from 86 to 92 cents. Hourly wage levels for both major classifications of construction workers in each city-size grouping on July 1, 1953, were as follows: Cities with population of— 1,000,000 and over____________ 500.000 to 1,000,000___________ 250.000 to 500,000______ ______ 100.000 to 250,000____________ Jou rneym en H e lp e r s and la b o r e r s $3. 07 2. 88 2.80 2. 65 $2. 21 2. 00 1.89 1. 73 Within each population group, however, city averages for journeymen and for helpers and laborers varied considerably, the spread being wider for helpers and laborers than for journey men. The greatest differences between the high est and lowest levels were in cities having popu- WAGES IN CONVERTED PAPER PRODUCTS 1314 lations of 250,000 to 500,000—84 cents for journeymen and $1.34 for helpers and laborers. Regionally, average hourly scales of unionized building-trades workers in cities of 100,000 or more population were highest in the Middle Atlantic States ($2.91) and lowest in the South east ($2.17). The regional levels for the Middle West and the Pacific Coast nearly equaled the national level of $2.69 and were exceeded only by those of the Middle Atlantic and Great Lakes regions (table 2). The wage levels for journeymen varied from $2.49 in the Southeast to $3.16 in the Middle Atlantic region. Roofers and glaziers in the Southeast were the only journeymen trades to average below $2.20 an hour. Hourly rates for helpers and laborers averaged highest ($2.17) in the Great Lakes and lowest ($1.28) in the Southeast. The national average of $1.95 was also exceeded by the levels for the Middle Atlantic, Middle West, and Pacific regions. Averages of $2 or more were reported for all 9 helper and laborer classifications on the Pacific Coast and for all but 1 in the Middle Atlantic and Great Lakes regions. Standard Workweek Straight-time weekly hours remained virtually unchanged during the year ending July 1, 1953. For all building-trades workers, weekly hours averaged 39.4 compared with 39.3 in the 3 pre vious years. T a ble 2. — Average union scales in the building trades, by region/ July 1, 1953 All trades Journey men _ ____________ $2. 69 $2 .8 8 New England ___ __________ Middle Atlantic ____ _________ Border States __ ____ _ -Southeast, _______ __________ Great, Rakes _ ____________ ___Middle West ____ ___ ___ - -Southwest _______ - -- -Mountain __ _ _ ___ Pacific ________ _ 2. 48 2.91 2.50 2.17 2.83 2.67 2.33 2. 37 2 . 68 2. 70 3.16 2.76 2. 49 2.97 2.83 2 . 62 2 . 62 2. 77 Region XJnitp.il States Helpers and laborers $1.95 1 .8 8 2.14 1 .6 6 1.28 2.17 1.99 1.38 1.92 2.15 i The regions referred to in this study include: N ew England— Connec ticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, and Vermont; M iddle A tlantic—N e w Jersey, New York, and Pennsylvania; Border States— Delaware, District of Columbia, Kentucky, Maryland, Virginia, and West Virginia; Southeast—Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Mississippi, North Caro lina, South Carolina, and Tennessee; Great Lakes—Illinois, Indiana, Michi gan, Minnesota, Ohio, and Wisconsin ; M iddle W est—Iowa, Kansas, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, and South Dakota; Southwest— Arkansas, Louisiana, Oklahoma, and Texas; M oun tain —Arizona, Colo rado, Idaho, Montana, New Mexico, Utah, and Wyoming; Pacific— California, Nevada, Oregon, and Washington. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis MONTHLY LABOR A 5-day, 40-hour workweek was applicable to five-sixths of the journeymen and to nine-tenths of the helpers and laborers. About 1 of every 8 journeymen and 1 of every 12 helpers and laborers were employed under contracts stipulating a 35-hour workweek. Such schedules were more common for bricklayers, lathers, painters, and bricklayers’ tenders than for other crafts. Straight-time weekly work schedules of 30 hours prevailed for nearly a fifth of the plasterers and about a tenth of the plasterers’ laborers. — J o h n F. L a c isk e y D ivision of Wages and Industrial Relations Wages in Converted Paper Products in April 1953 S t r a ig h t - tim e h o u r l y e a r n in g s averaged $1.38 in April 1953 for production workers engaged in the manufacture of paper products from purchased paper, according to a survey made by the Bureau of Labor Statistics.1 Men in the industry aver aged $1.51 and women, $1.16. Women com prised about 40 percent of the labor force in the industry as a whole. The industry as studied by the Bureau is com prised of establishments making a great variety of paper products 2 requiring many levels of skill. Because of the diversified nature of the industry, there was no great concentration of workers at any wage level. A considerable number of workers were reported in each 5-cent interval between 95 cents and $1.55 an hour. However, 27.5 percent of the workers were above and 9.5 percent below this range (table 1). No single 5-cent interval accounted for more than 6.5 per cent of the total number of workers. About a fourth of all production workers were paid on an incentive basis, which also contributed to the wide spread in earnings. Converted paper product departments of paper mills were excluded from the study. The 1947 1 The survey was limited to establishments employing 21 or more workers. The earnings data exclude premium pay for overtime and late-shift work. 2 These products include bags, coated and glazed paper, envelopes, paperboard containers and boxes, pulp goods, and wallpaper. REVIEW, DECEMBER 1953 WAGES IN CONVERTED PAPER PRODUCTS Census of Manufactures indicates that 44 percent of the total volume was produced in such depart ments. Previous Bureau studies show that the workers employed in them, depending upon product and region, receive, on the average, higher pay in greater or less degree than those represented by this survey. A high proportion (42 percent) of paperboard container and box production was also manufactured in paper mills. Such integrated operations are rarer in set-up box production where only 3 percent was produced in paper mills. These proportions would probably be smaller if numbers of workers rather than quantities of materials consumed were used for computation. The industry as studied was largely located in the Great Lakes and Middle Atlantic regions, with each region having about 30 percent of the production-worker employment. New England and the South each accounted for approximately 15 percent of the total employment; the Middle West and Far West regions each had less than 5 percent. T able 1315 Product Differentials Workers engaged in making paperboard con tainers and boxes were slightly lower paid, on the average, than those employed in plants making other products from purchased paper. Hourly earnings in the container and box group averaged $1.36, but varied considerably for the different types of containers. Set-up box plants, which employed more women than men, averaged $1.19 (table 2). Plants making corrugated and fiberboard boxes had the highest earnings level, $1.48, and employed the largest proportion of men. Variations in the average hourly earnings in the several segments of the paperboard container and box industry reflected the sex and the skill compo sition of the labor force. In general, the higher the proportion of men, the higher the average earnings. By sex, average rates were comparable in all branches, except the set-up box group, in which there are generally more hand operations and wage rates are typically lower. Excluding the set-up box division, earnings of men in each 1.— Converted paper products industry: Percent dishibution of production workers by straight-time hourly earnings,1 region, and sex, April 1953 United States Average hourly earnings (in cents) All workers TTnrìpr 7R 75 and under 80. - 80 and under 85. 85 and under 90. . ___ 90 and under 95__________ 95 and under 100_________ 100 and under 105 . . . . . 105 and under 110 . 110 and under 115.. . . . . . 115 and under 1 2 0 ._____ _ 120 and under 125_____ _ . 125 and under 130___ ____ 130 and under 135_________ 135 and under 140. - - - --140 and under 145____ ____ 145 and under 150______ 150 and under 155_________ 155 and under 160. .. 160 and under 165. ___ 165 and under 170 . . . _ . . . 170 and under 175_________ 175 and under 180_ 180 and under 1 8 5 .___ . . . 185 and under 190. . - ___ 190 and under 195. . _____ 195 and under 200. _____ . 200 and over____________ (3) 1.3 1.7 2.9 3.6 4.0 4. 1 4.6 5.1 5.9 6.4 6. 4 6.5 6 .2 5.4 4. 2 4.2 3.5 3.0 2.7 2.7 2.4 Men 0.4 .6 1.4 2 .0 1. 7 2.4 2.4 3.3 3.6 5.0 5.0 6 .0 6 .8 6 .6 All Women workers (3) 1 .1 2 .8 3.5 5.3 6. 1 7.5 2.4 4.4 53 5.0 5.1 5.2 6.4 5.2 7.3 6. 2 7. 1 6.4 6.3 4.0 3.1 3.0 3. 1 2. 1 6 .8 8. 2 7.9 9. 7 8 .6 8.5 7.0 5. 1 3.4 2.3 Men 0.5 .5 1 .6 4.6 1.5 3.0 3.1 4.8 4. 1 7. 1 5.6 7.8 8.4 8.9 5.3 4.2 4.2 4.6 3.0 3. 1 2. 7 South Middle Atlantic New England 2 All Women workers 2.3 5.8 9.4 6 .6 11. 3 8. 7 8 .8 9.1 7. 1 7.6 7.2 5.8 3.1 2 .0 1 .8 1 .1 .8 (3) 1.3 1.4 2.3 3.0 3.7 4.5 5.0 6 .0 7.3 7.0 6.5 5.9 6 .2 5.5 4.8 4.6 3.5 Men All Women workers 0 .1 0 .2 .2 .9 .9 .5 1 .8 2.5 3.7 4.7 6.5 6.9 6.5 6.4 7.1 6. 2 6.5 5. 2 4.3 3.5 3.1 2.9 3.1 4.4 6 .0 8.4 8 .6 8 .6 9.4 10.9 7.8 6. 1 5.1 5.8 3.2 2.7 Men 3.8 3.6 5. 2 7.6 8.3 1.7 2. 5 5. 0 6 .0 7.5 6. 2 3. 5 4. 5 6. 4 5. 8 5.3 6 .0 6 .1 4. 6 6 .1 6. 7 7.6 6.3 4.9 2.9 3. 5 2. 4 2.5 6 .6 6.3 3.8 4.9 3. 5 3.5 Great Lakes All Women workers 8.3 5. 9 5. 5 1 1 .0 9.8 5. 6 11. 3 4. 6 5. 5 8. 7 12.5 5. 9 2 .1 1. 1 .6 .2 (3) 0.7 .9 2. 4 2. 2 2 .1 2. 7 3.3 3. 5 5. 5 4. 9 5. 7 7.1 6 .6 6. 3 4.1 5. 2 3.8 3.3 3.4 3. 6 3. 6 2.7 2.9 2. 2 1. 9 9. 4 Men Women (3) 1 .6 2 .2 6 .0 0 .1 .1 (3) 5. 3 4. 6 5.2 6. 2 6.7 .1 .3 1 .1 1. 3 1. 5 1. 5 2. 6 3. 7 1 1 .6 8.4 8.7 9. 1 4. 6 4.9 2.4 1.9 1. 5 1.4 6 .0 7.8 7.3 5. 3 7. 4 5. 4 4. 5 4. 4 4. 7 5. 0 4.1 4. 2 3. 5 3.1 15. 0 1.3 6.3 5.4 5.8 5.0 4.3 3.8 3.8 3.5 3.3 2.9 2.5 2. 1 10.4 .2 3.4 5.3 1.7 2. 5 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 Number of workers_______ 186, 268 114, 279 Average hourly earnings___ $1.38 $1. 51 71, 989 $1.16 25,350 $1. 30 16,194 $1. 41 9,156 $1 .1 0 58, 321 $1. 36 34, 686 $1. 51 23,635 $1.15 27,463 $1 .2 1 18, 538 $1 . 28 8,925 $1.07 58,113 $1. 47 34,925 $1.64 23,188 $1. 22 Total_____ _______ 1 Excludes 2 .1 1.9 1 .6 1 .8 1 .1 .7 1 .0 .9 2 .1 1 .8 .6 1.3 .3 .4 1. 1 1 .0 .6 .2 .1 premium pay for overtime and nightwork. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 2 .0 1.7 1 .6 .8 .3 .4 .4 2.4 2. 1 ,2 .1 .1 1 .6 2 .1 2 .0 (3) (3) (3) 2 Includes 2 .8 2 .6 3.3 3. 1 2 .0 1 .1 .6 .8 .6 .3 .2 1 .1 6 .1 1.7 9.7 .3 .3 .2 .5 1.3 2 .0 2 .0 1 .8 1 .6 1 .1 .8 .8 1 .1 1.0 2 .8 2. 5 2.3 1. 5 1. 2 1. 1 1 .6 1. 5 data for regions not shown separately. .4 .3 .3 .2 (3) .1 (3) .1 (3) 1 .8 2 .0 1. 5 . 5 .9 .3 .2 .5 s Less than 0.05 percent. MONTHLY LABOR WAGES IN CONVERTED PAPER PRODUCTS 1316 Nationwide wage-level relationships in the industry were also found to prevail regionally. Average earnings in container and box plants in each region were slightly lower than those in other branches of the industry; among containers and boxes, the set-up box plants recorded the lowest averages. The ratio of women’s to men’s pay in the several regions was found, in general, to be similar to that previously noted. The average plant included in the survey em ployed about 125 workers. Earnings in the larger establishments (over 250 workers) averaged about branch averaged about $1.50; earnings of women varied more, ranging from $1.18 to $1.27 (table 2). Earnings in set-up plants averaged $1.37 for men and $1.09 for women. As a rule, the average for women in each branch of the paperboard con tainer and box industry was about 75 to 80 percent of the men’s average in the same branch. Regional and Plant-Size Differences In the two leading regions 3—the Great Lakes and Middle Atlantic—earnings for all workers averaged $1.47 and $1.36, respectively, in all types of converted paper products establishments com bined (table 1). These two regions were equally important in terms of employment in each branch of the industry. In the Great Lakes region, where almost 23 percent of the workers earned $1.75 or more, a markedly higher proportion of workers were at the upper end of the earnings distribution than in the Middle Atlantic area. Earnings in the South averaged $1.21 and in New England, $1.30.4 s The regions used in this study include: N e w E n g l a n d — Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, and Vermont, M i d d l e A t l a n t i c —New Jersey, New York, and Pennsylvania; S o u th —Ala bama, Arkansas, Delaware, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, M ary land, Mississippi, N orth Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; G r e a t L a k e s —Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Minnesota, Ohio, and Wisconsin; M i d d l e W e s t — Iowa, Kansas, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, and South Dakota; F a r W e s t —Arizona, California, Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washing ton, and Wyoming. 4 Data for the Middle West and Far West regions were not adequate to justify presentation of specific information. Wage rates reported for the Middle West were about comparable with the Middle Atlantic region. Average earnings for the Far West were higher than in any other region. T a ble 2. —Paperboard container and box establishments: Percent distribution of production workers by straight-time hourly earnings,1 industry branch, and sex, April 1958 Corrugated and fiberboard boxes Set-up boxes Folding paper boxes Other boxes, fiber cans, tubes, drums, and similar products. Average hourly earnings (in cents) All workers Men All Women workers 0 .1 75 and lindftr 80 80 and under 85 85 and under 90________ --- --------------90 and under 95_______________________ 95 and under 100_____ ______________ 100 and under 105_____________________ 105 and under 110------------ -----------------110 and under 115_____________________ 115 and under 120-------------------------------120 and under 125_____________________ 125 and under 130----- ------------------------130 and under 135_____________________ 135 and under 140----- -------------------------140 and under 145___ _________________ 145 and under 150________ ________ --150 and under 155_____________________ 155 and under 160____________________ 160 and under 165_____________________ 165 and under 170_____________________ 170 and under 175_____________________ 175 and under 180----- --------------------------180 and under 185........... ........ ..................... 185 and under 190_____________________ 190 and under 195 _ ______________ 195 and under 200_____________________ 200 and over---------- ---------------------------- Total_________________________ N umber of workers___________________ Average hourly earnings--------- -------------- 0.7 .7 2.3 2.5 1.4 3.0 2.3 1 .1 1.3 3.1 2 .8 3.2 3.5 4.3 3.8 3.4 6.4 5.5 7.5 4.7 7.5 4.4 4.7 5.3 3.4 3.2 3.8 2.3 2.5 2 .8 2.5 6 .1 3.5 6 .2 4.9 8.5 5.2 5.6 6.5 4.5 3.8 4.9 3.0 3.2 8 .6 4.9 1 0 .6 7.1 6 .2 6.9 1 1 .2 1 1 .1 4.0 4.3 2 .1 2 .1 1 .8 3.3 4.7 7.4 7. 6 7.2 6.3 7.4 9.6 5.6 5.4 5.0 4.9 4.6 3.2 2.7 2 .1 1.9 1.5 All Women workers Men 0 .1 2.4 3.2 3.9 4.3 6.5 4.7 3.7 5.7 4.7 4.6 3.8 4.2 4.4 5.4 4.0 2.9 4.3 3.6 2.5 1.9 3.9 5.5 9.5 9.9 7.5 7.2 9.6 1 2 .1 6 .2 5.9 5.8 5.4 4.7 1.9 1.9 1 .6 .5 All Women workers 1.5 3.4 .3 .7 1 .0 .8 .8 1.5 2.7 1.7 1.4 .5 1.7 3.3 4.3 5.0 5.3 7.9 9.3 7.8 7.8 1 .8 1 .1 2 .1 4.3 5.2 6 .1 6.9 7.8 9.7 6 .8 6.7 5.6 3.8 3.4 3.7 3.7 2.7 2.5 6 .6 1 .6 4.0 6.5 3.3 3.1 3.5 8.3 8 .6 1 0 .0 1 2 .8 6.9 10.9 3.2 2.5 2 .1 1 .1 1 .1 1 .2 1 .2 Men 2.7 1 .0 4.0 2.9 2.5 4,6 4.7 5.4 8 .6 7.8 8 .2 5.0 4.2 3.4 4.5 4.4 3.6 4.4 3.0 1.9 1.9 2.3 Women 1 .2 .9 .3 1 .6 2 .1 4.8 7.7 7.7 9.9 3.8 5.2 3.7 4.6 4.3 5.1 8 .6 6.3 6 .2 9.6 9.1 6.3 1 0 .0 8 .1 5.3 6.9 2 .6 3.1 4.2 4.6 1 .2 .3 .9 3.3 1.5 1.4 8.4 6.3 4.5 4.1 4.3 4.4 3.2 3.2 2.3 1.9 7.9 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 17,494 $1.50 5,826 $1.18 30, 512 $1.19 11, 422 $1.37 19, 090 $1.09 30,656 $1.48 24,142 $1.53 6,514 $1.27 14,331 $1.38 8 , 955 5,376 $1.18 1 .6 1 .6 1 .0 8 .1 2 .0 2 .1 1 .2 1 0 .6 1 0 0 .0 23,320 $1.42 i Excludes premium pay for overtime and nightwork. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 2.5 3.1 5.7 3.7 Men .3 1.4 .5 .3 .2 .2 1 .1 .8 .8 .2 .3 .1 .1 2 .0 1.5 4.0 .8 .6 .6 2 .0 (2) (2) .1 (2) 2 .0 1 .6 2 Less .9 .2 .7 .4 1 .0 than 0.05 percent. 1 .8 1 .6 2 .1 6 .2 6 .8 4.3 2.7 2 .8 3.4 2 .6 2 .1 3.3 9.1 $1.50 .4 .7 .7 .4 .5 .6 .6 .1 1 .2 REVIEW, DECEMBER 1953 WAGES IN CONVERTED PAPER PRODUCTS 10 percent higher than in the smaller establish ments. The size differential was most marked in the New England region (20 percent) and smallest in the Great Lakes and Middle Atlantic regions (5 percent). The main differences in the wage structure between the larger and smaller establish ments appear to be in the proportion of workers earning under $1 an hour. The proportion earn ing under $1 an hour in larger plants was about a third of that in smaller plants—6.6 percent com pared with 18.4 percent; but the proportion earn ing over $2 in larger plants was only slightly higher than that in smaller plants—7.2 percent compared with 6 percent. Minimum Rates With the exception of the South, relatively few workers were reported at the 75-cent minimum wage level established under the Fair Labor https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1317 Standards Act. Almost a tenth of the women in the South earned about 75 cents. However, about an eighth of the workers in the industry, including a fourth of the women, had earnings under $1 an hour. Starting rates for unskilled workers were 75 cents or less in plants employing slightly more than a tenth of the production workers in the industry. In many of these plants, however, a higher rate was paid after a learning or probationary period. About 45 percent of the workers were in plants with entrance rates of $1 or more. Starting-rate policies varied widely within each region. A substantial number of workers were employed in plants which had starting rates falling within each 5-cent step between 75 cents and $1.25. Minimum job rates after a learning or proba tionary period showed even greater variation. — J a m es F. W a l k e r Division of Wages and Industrial Relations Recent Decisions of Interest to Labor! Labor Relations National Emergency. The emergency strike pro visions of the Labor Management Relations (TaftHartley) Act were invoked to prevent a prolonged tie-up of the Nation’s maritime industry. This action followed the report of the Board of Inquiry appointed by the President to investigate the longshoremen dispute. A Federal district court held2that the United States was entitled, under the act, to an injunction restraining the longshore men’s unions and employers from taking part in a strike or lockout in the maritime industry in Atlantic ports from Maine to Virginia. The court found that continuation of such a strike would imperil the national health and safety. As finally determined, the court order applies to both the independent longshoremen’s union— which was recently ousted from the American Federation of Labor—and the newly formed AFL union, and bars a strike until Christmas Day. Although the new AFL union was not engaging in any strike, it was included in the order because its rival representation claim made it a participant in the dispute. “Under the circumstances,” the court stated, “any injunction to prevent effectively the imperiling of the national welfare during the 80-day period must encompass both unions if it is not to lose its vigor by being tossed between the two.” Concerted action by any of the parties to the dispute, the court noted, might “reactivate the strike” or otherwise stop or interfere with the continued operations of the industry so as again to imperil the national health and safety. Refusal To Reinstate. A court of appeals refused3 to enforce a National Labor Relations Board order requiring the reinstatement of five employees who had not been reemployed following a temporary plant shutdown—allegedly because of their mem bership in and participation in the work of a union 1318 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis committee. The court found, however, that two of the employees, by their conduct just prior to the shutdown, had interfered with production, in breach of the collective-bargaining contract, and so placed themselves in the category of non employees. As a result, the company was under no statutory duty to reinstate these two after the plant reopened. Reversed also was the Board’s finding that the employer’s failure to reemploy the other three employees was due to their union membership or activities, or for the purpose of discouraging mem bership in the union. The court found, instead, that their jobs had been abolished or combined with others to cut costs, amounting to economic action on the part of the employer with which the Board might not interfere. Union’s Certification Revoked. The NLRB re voked 4 the certification of a local union, one of whose officers had been convicted of having falsely denied Communist Party affiliations. The union failed to show sufficient cause why it should not be held in noncompliance with section 9(h) of the LMRA as of the time the certification was issued. The Board, therefore, canceled the certification in the interest of protecting its processes from further abuse. A Federal district court had convicted the local’s officer of having falsely stated to agents of the Federal Bureau of Investigation that he had never been a member of the Communist Party and had never knowingly attended a Communist meeting. Subsequently, the Board adopted5 a new policy in representation cases involving unions which had officers under indictment for filing false non-Communist affidavits. The Board, in an effort to avoid “irreparable consequences,” Prepared in the U. S. Department of Labor, Office of the Solicitor. The cases covered in this article represent a selection of the significant decisions believed to be of special interest. No attempt has been made to reflect all recent judicial and administrative developments in the field of labor law or to indicate the effect of particular decisions in jurisdictions in which contrary results may bo reached, based upon local statutory pro visions, the existence of local precedents, or a different approach by the courts to the issue presented. 2 United States v. Longshoremen’s Association, et al. (D. C. S. N. Y., Oct. 5, 20, and 23,1953). « N L R B y . N ational Die Casting Co. (C. A. 7, Oct. 9,1953). 1 4 in re Compliance Status of International Fur & Leather Workers U nion, Local (106 NLRB No. 223, Oct. 15, 1953). » National Labor Relations Board, Statement of Policy, Oct. 23, 1953, (Federal Register, Nov. 11, 1953, pp. 7185-7186). DECISIONS OF LABOR INTEREST determined to “hold in abeyance/’ pending dis position of the indictment, action which would accord “final and official” status to such labor organizations. Unlawful Interference. (1) The NLRB, in setting aside a representation election and ordering a new vote, held 6 that an employer had interfered with the first election by a pre-election speech to his employees on company time and company prop erty, which contained implied threats of economic reprisals if the union should win. The employer had in his remarks stated that loss of the worker’s personal identity as an employee would result from union organization. A layoff in a neigh boring plant after union organization was de scribed by the employer as “a concrete illustration of the change in loyalty of management” resulting from the advent of a union. (2) A court of appeals enforced an NLRB order as to a company’s unlawful interference with the organizational rights of its employees.7 An offer of a wage increase if the union lost a representation election, made by the employer the night before the election, was not protected, the court held, by the free-speech provisions of section 8(c) of the Labor Management Relations Act. The election, in which the union was defeated, was set aside by the NLRB. Prior to the second election, however, the employer again attempted to influence the results by circularizing the employees with statements antagonistic to the union. These statements likewise were found to be not protected by the LMRA. Unlawful Refusal To Furnish Information. In conformity with the rulings of several circuit courts, a court of appeals upheld8 an NLRB order directing an employer, pursuant to statutory collective-bargaining provisions, to furnish to a union certain data which it requested. The information asked for concerned individual wage rates, wage ranges, and individual job classi fications of employees in the bargaining unit involved. Illegal Strike a Breach of Contract. The NLRB held 9 that a union had breached its contract when it struck in violation of a no-strike clause, and thereby forfeited its bargaining rights and justified https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1319 the employer’s subsequent cancellation of the con tract and mass discharge of the union’s members. Previous decisions by both the Board and the courts have upheld lockout action by an employer who had economic justification for such action to protect his business. It is also well settled that an employer may lawfully discharge employees who actually participate in an economic strike in viola tion of a collective-bargaining contract. Here, however, the Board upheld the discharge of all members of the striking union whether or not they were actual participants in its unlawful action. In so doing, the Board noted that the employees were members of a strong and militant union, capable of disciplining its members, and applied a theory of “constructive participation” in the strike to all the union’s members. It placed upon those members who did not physically participate a duty to disavow positively the unlawful acts of their bargaining representative or suffer the conse quences. The plant later reopened with new employees. These were organized by another union which was recognized by the company. The Board, however, ordered the employer to cease and desist from rec ognizing this new union prior to its certification, and from discouraging membership in the old union or “in any other manner interfering with the em ployees’ self-organizational rights.” The Board also ordered the employer to offer re instatement with back pay to six employees it re garded as unlawfully discharged. These included two nonunion women office employees whose hus bands were members of the union The wives’ dis charge, the Board ruled, was intended not only to “discourage concerted activities of the husbands,” but also to deter the wives from supporting the striking union and to coerce them in exercising their “statutory right to refrain from ‘engaging’ in concerted activities.” Also to be reinstated were four watchmen, whose discharge occurred after that of the other employees, their future em ployment having been conditioned on the abandon ment of their membership in the striking union Refusal To Bargain. An employer’s refusal to ne gotiate with a group of union representatives unless one of them was excluded from a bargaining session « In re M oksnes M fg. Co. (106 NLRB No. 204, Sept. 30, 1953). 7 N L R B v. Pacific M oulded Products Co. (C. A. 9, Sept. 2, 1953). i J V i E B v . H ekm an Furniture Co. (C. A. 6, Oct. 16, 1953). 9 In re M arathon Electric M fg. Corp. (106 N LRB No. 199, Sept. 29, 1953). 1320 DECISIONS OF LABOR INTEREST was found 10by the NLRB to constitute an unlaw ful refusal to bargain under section 8(a)(5) of the LMRA. The representative was a duly elected member of the union’s negotiating committee, and there was no evidence that he did not participate in negotiations in good faith. Therefore, the Board held, the employer’s action could not be justified on the ground that the representative, who was not an employee, might harmfully dis close to the employer’s competitors information acquired through negotiations. In so holding, the Board cited the case of Deena Artware,11 in which a court held that “the act did not require that the bargaining representative be employed by the company with which the union was bargaining.” Radio Station Engaged in Commerce. In ordering 12 a representation election among the employees of a California radio station affiliated with a national network, the NLRB adhered to its policy of treating activities relating to such “instrumen talities of commerce” as so “affecting” commerce as to come within its jurisdiction. The station was thus found by the Board to be “engaging in commerce” within the meaning of the act. It is to be noted, however, that while Chairman Farmer and Member Rodgers concurred in the assertion of jurisdiction in this case, it is not to be inferred thereby that they agree with the Board’s present jurisdictional standards. Unemployment Compensation Labor-Dispute Disqualification. (1) The Beau mont Court of Civil Appeals held 13 that non striking workmen at a plant where a strike was in progress were justifiably unemployed. They were prevented from going to their jobs, the court stated, by threats and fear of violence, were not participating in the strike, and therefore were entitled to benefits under the Texas Unem ployment Compensation Act. Claimants’ fears of violence were held to be well founded even though no acts or threats of violence were actually directed at them or their families. The facts showed, the court stated, that they were told by https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis the strike-strategy committee of the striking union that some form of retaliation would be taken against them if they crossed the picket lines. Numerous acts of violence were committed against persons other than the claimants who attempted to cross the lines, the court stated, and many acts of violence had occurred during a strike of the same union against another company about 3 years prior to the present strike. (2) The West Virginia Circuit Court of Kana wha County held 14 tipple workers in a mine disqualified for benefits. These workers, under union orders designed to enforce bargaining, first refused to work overtime to maintain production as they had done in the past, and then refused to work 3 shifts as an alternative, thus causing a shutdown. Claimants were not relieved from the labor-dispute disqualification on the ground that the employer shut down operations to enforce changes in hours or working conditions, the court stated, because a provision in the expired contract permitted him to make such changes. Both production and tipple workers were disqualified, since production and processing were integrated and workers of both categories were members of the national union under whose direction 3-shift work was refused. Voluntary Leaving of Work. The Massachusetts Municipal Court for the Dorchester District held 15 that a claimant who became unemployed because of a strike and failed to reapply for his former work following settlement of the labor dispute, left his employment voluntarily. The claimant terminated his employment when the strike was settled, the court found, and the mere fact that there had been a strike, was not good cause attributable to the employing unit, for his leaving. 10 In re Roscoe Skipper, Inc. (106 N LRB No. 209, Oct. 5, 1953). 11 198 F (2d) 655 (C. A. 6). h In re California Inland Broadcasting Co. (106 NLRB No. 218; Oct. 13, 1953). is Texas Co. v. Texas Employment Commission, et al. (Beaumont Ct. of Civ. App., Tex., Sept. 17, 1953). n Golden McCloud, et al. v. Board of Review (Cir. Ct. of Kanawha Co., W. Va., June 3, 1953). i* Carchia v. England and Keystone Mfg. Co. (Municipal Ct. for the Dor chester Dist., Mass., Mar. 18, 1953). V Chronology of Recent Labor Events October 1, 1953 P r e sid e n t E ise n h o w e r , acting under the national emer gency provisions of the Taft-Hartley Act, created a board of inquiry on the strike of the International Longshore men’s Association (Ind.) against the shipping industry in North Atlantic ports which had begun earlier the same day after the current contracts had expired. On October 5, following receipt of the board’s report, the Government obtained a temporary restraining order in the Federal District Court at New York; thereupon, the union directed the strikers to return to work. The court order, having been extended temporarily and broadened, on October 15, to include the rival AFL union (see Chron. item for Sept. 22, 1953, MLR, Nov. 1953), was made effective for the full statutory 80 days (through December 24) against both the old and the new union—on October 20 and 23, respectively. (Source: New York Times, Oct. 2, 6, 16, 21, and 24, 1953; Federal Register, Oct. 2, 1953, p. 6279; ■and Report to the President . . . by the Board of Inquiry, Oct. 5, 1953; for discussion, see p. 1324 of this issue.) October 2 T h e fifth annual convention of the International Union of Electrical, Radio & Machine Workers (CIO) ended after a 5-day session in Montreal, Canada. (Source: IUE-CIO News, Oct. 7, 1953; see also p. 1328 of this issue. October 5 T h e National Labor Relations Board, in the case of Roscoe Skipper, Inc., Avon Park, Fla., and International Union of United Brewery, Flour, Cereal, Soft Drink & Distillery Workers of America, Local 284 (CIO), held that the employer’s refusal to negotiate with the union’s duly elected bargaining representatives because one of them was no longer employed by the corporation constituted refusal to bargain. (Source: Labor Relations Reporter, Oct. 19, 1953, 32 LRRM, p. 1658; for discussion, see pp. 1319-1320 of this issue.) October 8 T h e P r e sid e n t appointed James P. Mitchell as Secretary of Labor, to succeed Martin P. Durkin (see Chron. item https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis for Sept. 10, 1953, MLR, Nov. 1953). Mr. Mitchell, a labor relations and personnel expert, had been serving as Assistant Secretary of the Army for Manpower and Reserve Forces. On the same date, the President accepted the resignation of Lloyd A. Mashburn as Under Secretary of Labor, effective October 9, to permit him to become assistant general president of the International Union of Wood, Wire & Metal Lathers (AFL). (Source: White House press release, Oct. 8, 1953; and New York Times, Oct. 9, 1953.) T he S ec reta r y of t h e I n t e r io r released a revision of the Federal mine safety code for bituminous and lignite mines which had been developed in cooperation with the United Mine Workers of America (Ind.) and the Bituminous Coal Operators’ Association. The revised code supplements the Federal Coal Mine Safety Act of 1952 (see Chron. item for July 16, 1952, MLR, Sept. 1952), and deals with such hazards as roof control and the use of blasting powder. The original code was adopted in 1946 and thereafter was incorporated into wage agreements between union and operators. On October 14, the Bureau of Mines issued a revised safety code for anthracite mines, developed through joint efforts of the Bureau, the UMWA, and representa tives of Pennsylvania anthracite operators. (Source: New York Times, Oct. 15, 1953; and United Mine Workers Journal, Oct. 15, 1953.) October 9 T he NLRB announced, in connection with its decision in the case of United States Steel Corp., Pittsburgh Steamship Division, Cleveland, Ohio, and United Steelworkers of America (CIO), that the Board’s future policy would be to grant a union’s request to withdraw from a runoff elec tion only on condition that it would not ask for another representation election for 1 year thereafter. This rule was considered essential in order “to prevent abuse and evasion” of runoff election procedures. (Source: Labor Relations Reporter, Oct. 19, 1953, 32 LRRM, p. 1659.) T h e NLRB, in a supplemental decision, in the case of Fawcett-Dearing Printing Co., Louisville, Ky., and Interna tional Mailers Union (Ind.), held that the temporary noncompliance of a union with annual report-filing provisions of the Taft-Hartley Act does not require that the repre sentation election won by the union be set aside, but only that the certification be withheld until the union complies. (Source: Labor Relations Reporter, Oct. 19, 1953, 32 LRRM, p . 1660.) T h e Federal Court of Appeals at Chicago, in the case of National Labor Relations Board v. National Die Casting Co., reversed the Board’s finding of discrimination in the company’s refusal, after a legitimate economic shutdown, to reinstate 5 union committeemen; the court held that the conduct of 2 of the men had breached the union’s con tract and that the jobs of the other 3 either had been abolished or combined with others. (Source: Labor Rela tions Reporter, Oct. 19, 1953, 32 LRRM, p. 2750; for dis cussion, see p. 1318 of this issue.) 1321 1322 CHRONOLOGY OF LABOR EVENTS October 12 T he Federal District Court at East St. Louis, 111., issued a temporary injunction designed to end a 4-week strike at the Joppa, 111., steam electric project of the Atomic Energy Commission (see Chron. item for Sept. 19, 1953, MLR, Nov. 1953). The restraining order, obtained by NLRB on complaint of the construction contractor and later extended by the court, barred the deposed Local 595 of the Iron Workers (AFL) and its business agent from con tinuing their illegal picketing. (Source: New York Times, Oct. 13 and 17, 1953.) T he Supreme Court of the United States denied review to the following cases, thereby, in effect, sustaining de cisions of the lower courts: (1) Joliet Contractors Association et al. v. NLRB. The lower court, upholding the NLRB, ruled that bylaws and working rules of a glaziers’ union which prohibited members from accepting employment with building con tractors using preglazed sash, and designation of such contractors as unfair, did not in themselves constitute a secondary boycott, banned under the Taft-Hartlev Act. The court had found no proof that the union regulations had actually resulted in concerted refusal on the part of the members “in the course of their employment.” (Source: Labor Relations Reporter, Oct. 19, 1953, 32 LRRM, p. 2750; and ibid., Feb. 10, 1953, 31 LRRM, p. 2361.) (2) N LRB v. Swinerton et al., d. b. a. Swinerton and Walberg Co. et al. The lower court supported the NLRB’s finding that the general contractor and sub contractor at a machinery installation project illegally discriminated against applicants who were members of the Machinists Union (AFL) by refusing to hire them because of their lack of membership in, or referral by, the Carpenters Union (AFL). The court also confirmed the Board’s authority to prosecute unfair labor practices within the building and construction industry, which had been contested on the ground that the Board had been unsuccessful in conducting representation elections within the industry. (Source: Labor Relations Reporter, Oct. 19, 1953, 32 LRRM, p. 2750; and ibid., Mar. 2, 1953, 31 LRRM, p. 2384.) (3) United States Cold Storage Cor-p. v. NLRB. The NLRB was upheld in its ruling that the employer unlaw fully refused to bargain by rejecting union requests for conferences during a strike, and that the obligation to bargain had not been satisfied by the employer’s invita tion to the union to present any new proposals in writing; also that he illegally discharged economic strikers be cause of their striking before they had been replaced. (Source: U. S. Law Week, Oct. 13, 1953, 22 LW, p. 3084.) (4) N LRB v. National Marine Engineers' Beneficial Association, No. 126 (CIO). The lower court held that the Board may not arrange a settlement with a party charged with an unfair labor practice complaint without giving the charging party a hearing on his objections to the settlement, to which he is entitled under the Adminis trative Procedure Act. (Source: U. S. Law Week, Oct. 13, 1953, 22 LW, p. 3084.) https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis MONTHLY LABOR (5) Kent v. Civil Aeronautics Board. The lower court ruled that the Board, which approved the merger of two airlines, had authority under the Civil Aeronautics Act (and in the public interest) to direct the integration of the seniority lists of the flight engineers of the two airlines by giving equal importance to the same length of service with either airline. The court also upheld the Board’s authority to forbid the merging line from entering into future labor contracts which would discriminate against engineers formerly employed by the merged line by disre garding their seniority status established on this basis. (Source: Labor Relations Reporter, Oct. 19, 1953, 32 LRRM, p. 2750; and ibid., June 8, 1953, 32 LRRM, p. 2144.1 October 15 T h e NLRB, in an action involving the International Fur & Leather Workers Union of the U. S. & Canada, Local 214 (Ind.), the Am-O-Krome Co., Cincinnati, Ohio, and the CIO (petitioner), canceled the local’s certification as the representative of a bargaining unit in the company’s plant. The Board took this action because an officer of the local who had filed a non-Communist affidavit required for the unit’s compliance under the Taft-Hartley Act had been convicted of having made admittedly false statements regarding his Communist-Party affiliation. The NLRB, on October 23, issued a policy statement on future han dling of representation cases involving unions having offi cers under indictment for filing false non-Communist affidavits. The Board will withhold action on requests by such unions for an election unless another union is in volved in the case and deferment would prejudice the em ployer’s or the other union’s interests. If such a union wins an election, the Board will withhold its certifica tion pending the outcome of the indictment. The NLRB averred that it would draw “no inference of guilt from the issuance of the indictments.” (Source: Labor Relations Reporter, Oct. 26, 1953, 32 LRRM, p. 1673; and Federal Register, Nov. 11, 1953, p. 7185.) October 19 T h e Supreme Court of the United States denied review in the case of West Texas Utilities Co., Inc., Abilene, Tex., v. National Labor Relations Board, thereby in effect upholding the lower court’s finding of civil contempt for bargaining in bad faith. The employer’s negotiation of a wage increase with an attorney claiming to represent a large group of employees (see Chron. item for Apr. 28, 1953, MLR, June 1953) was held to be a violation of a court decree enforcing an NLRB order that the employer bargain exclusively with the certified local unions, since the adjust ment of wage rates for a large percentage of the employees affected was not a “grievance,” as claimed, within the meaning of the grievance proviso in the Taft-Hartley Act. (Source: Labor Relations Reporter, Oct. 26, 1953, 32 LRRM, p. 2769; and ibid., May 4, 1953, 32 LRRM, p. 2043.) REVIEW, DECEMBER 1953 CHRONOLOGY OF LABOR EVENTS T h e Supreme Court of the United States refused to review the case of National Labor Relations Board v. Mid-Con tinent Petroleum Corp., sustaining, in effect, the lower court’s reversal of the NLRB on its “1-year” certification rule. (Source: Labor Relations Reporter, Oct. 26, 1953, 32 LRRM, p. 2769; ibid., May 22, 1953, 32 LRRM, p. 2127; for discussion, see p. 1326 of this issue.) October 20 W illiam L. H u t c h e so n , president emeritus of the United Brotherhood of Carpenters and Joiners of America (AFL) and for 37 years its president, died of a heart ailment. Until the recent temporary withdrawal of the union from the American Federation of Labor (see Chron. item for Sept. 8, 1953, MLR, Nov. 1953) he had also been first vice president of the Federation. (Source: New York Times, Oct. 21, 1953.) October 21 T he International Hod Carriers’, Building & Common Laborers’ Union of America (AFL) ended a special 3-day constitutional convention, in celebration of its 50th anniversary, in Washington, D. C. (Source: Union’s undated press release; and Washington [D. C.] Post, Oct. 19-21, 1953.) October 22 T he Federal Wage and Hour Administrator, under the Fair Labor Standards Act, approved higher minimum hourly wage rates for employees in the heavy products and industrial equipment division of the metal, plastics, machinery, instrument, transportation-equipment, and allied industries in Puerto Rico, effective November 30, 1953. The new rates will be 75 cents for drydock operations, https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1323 68 cents for mining, primary metal, and heavy fabricated metal products, and 58 cents for light machine-shop products and small industrial equipment, instead of 53 cents, the old rate for the entire division. (Source: Federal Register, Oct. 28, 1953, p. 6803.) October 28 T he NLRB refused to assert jurisdiction over the opera tions of a rural electric cooperative corporation, thus (according to a dissenting Board member) departing from its 3-year policy of assuming jurisdiction over all cases involving public utilities which are engaged in commerce or in operations affecting commerce. The Board majority (including the new chairman and another recent member) ruled that the operations of the Inter-County Rural Electric Cooperative Corp., Danville, Ky., did not have a sufficient impact on interstate commerce to justify asser tion of jurisdiction, although it conceded that the coopera tive was engaged in commerce. (Source: Labor Relations Reporter, Nov. 2, 1953, 33 LRRM, p. 1010.) October 30 T he NLRB reversed a 5-year policy when it ruled unani mously, in a representation case involving the Walterboro Manufacturing Corp., Walterboro, S. C., and the Inter national Ladies’ Garment Workers’ Union (AFL), that part-time guards and watchmen are not to be included in bargaining units with other employees because they are guards within the meaning of the Taft-Hartley Act regardless of the proportion of time spent on guard duties. Heretofore, guards who devoted less than half their time to guard duty were included in bargaining units with nonguards. (Source: Labor Relations Reporter, Nov. 9, 1953, 33 LRRM, p. 1028.) Developments in Industrial Relations T h e s t r u g g l e for dominance in the East Coast longshore industry between the Ryan-led Interna tional Longshoremen’s Association and the newly chartered ILA-AFL shifted in part from the New York piers to the courts and National Labor Rela tions Board hearing rooms during October, with the issuance of injunctions and requests for repre sentation elections. At the same time, the NLRB, through actions against Communist-led unions, review of past policies, and addresses of its newly appointed chairman, was charting a new course in its administration of the Taft-Hartley law. On the West Coast, one of the largest and most signifi cant work stoppages of the year occurred late in the month as the United Automobile Workers (CIO) sought substantial wage increases for ap proximately 33,000 workers employed in the pro duction of Sabre-jets and other military equip ment at plants of North American Aviation, Inc. New York Docks A 5-day stoppage involving 50,000 longshore men in Atlantic Coast ports began October 1, 1953, after negotiations between the International Long shoremen (Ind.) and the New York Shipping Asso ciation broke down. On the same day, the Pres ident invoked the national emergency provisions of the Labor-Management Relations (Taft-Hart ley) Act of 1947 and appointed a board of inquiry.2 On October 5, after the board reported, a 10-day restraining order against a strike along the East Coast by the International Longshoremen’s Asso ciation was obtained by the Attorney General, and the union instructed its members to return to work on October 6. The board had reported to the President that wages, work guarantees, arbitration, hiring prac tices, and union security were the major issues in dispute. Resolution of these issues, the board 1324 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis observed, was complicated by recently enacted State laws governing dock labor practices, and the membership drive of the newly chartered ILAAFL. No early termination of the stoppage, the board reported, was likely. The temporary order later was extended until October 20 when it was superseded by the full 80-day injunction, in effect until Christmas Day. The injunction was also broadened to include the AFL Longshoremen’s Union. Sporadic violence was met by police action and later restrained by temporary injunctions against the expelled ILA, and some of its locals and individual members. A petition to the NLRB for a representation election was submitted by the AFL Longshore men’s Union while it continued organizing activ ities on the New York docks, where it claimed a membership of “well over 9,000” of the approxi mately 25,000 longshoremen in the area. Efforts of the NLRB to expedite the election proceedings were stymied when both unions refused to agree to a consent election for the Port of New York and thus eliminate the need for formal hearings on the rival claims. Late in October, the New York Shipping Asso ciation petitioned the NLRB to determine speedily which union represented the longshoremen, in order to facilitate negotiating a new contract be fore the injunction lapsed. A spokesman for the Association stressed the incongruous position of the employer’s being “ ordered to bargain” even though it had not been determined which union properly represented the waterfront workers.3 On October 26, the shipping association announced it would resume negotiations with the Ryan-led Longshoremen’s Union, since such action seemed to be required under the terms of the court order and the Taft-Hartley Act. NLRB Developments Chairman Guy Farmer presented his views on collective bargaining and the role of the NLRB in an address, on October 6, to the Union Employers’ Section of the Printing Industry of America. He said: 1 Prepared in the Bureau’s Division of Wages and Industrial Relations. 2 See Monthly Labor Review, November 1953 (p. 1215). 3 Federal Judge Edward Weinfeld, in granting the 80-day injunction, had directed the Association to attem pt to settle its differences with its employees before the order expired. INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS I do not believe that we are going to make either management or labor happy. . . . We can only hope that we may . . . influence . . . both . . . in the direction of greater respect for one another and a better understanding of their mutual problems. The Board is not, in the real sense, in the business of settling labor disputes. . . . We prescribe the rules for negotiating by saying that both parties must make a good-faith attempt to reach agreement. But we do not sit there with you to see that this is done . . . ex cept for conducting elections we get into labor relations only after labor-management relations have broken down. . . . If the Board can convince management and labor that it is impartial and that neither will get more than it is entitled to, management and labor will be more inclined to settle their own problems by collective bar gaining and less inclined to come running to the Board seeking to use its processes to gain an advantage. In an address to the National Conference of Business Paper Editors, on October 21, Mr. Farmer expressed the view that the Board now “reaches down too far into enterprises not suffi ciently important to the national economy to jus tify national consideration. It has always seemed to me . . . Federal agencies should, as a matter of self-restraint, impose limits on their own power, and thus provide the opportunity for local prob lems to be settled on a local basis by the citizens of the community in which those problems arise.” Crajt Severance. The severance of craft units from “long established” plant wide units has been a frequent source of controversy in the labor movement. A review of the issues, pro and con, was held by the NLRB on October 7 as part of the testimony in a case involving the Trona, Calif., plant of the American Potash and Chemical Corp. In this instance three AFL unions seek to represent crafts now part of a plantwide unit: the IBEW to represent the electricians; the Operating Engineers, the powerhouse employees; and the Machinists, several separate units com posed of pump packers, riggers, and toolroom keepers. Their petitions were opposed by the employer, by the Chemical Workers (AFL) as a petitioner to represent the entire production and maintenance unit except certain machinist classi fications, and the Mine Workers (District 50, Ind.) which now represent the entire plant (except for a machinists’ unit severed in January 1953). https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1325 The employer and the Chemical Workers, as well as other parties to the oral argument, sought to persuade the Board to apply to the basic chemical industry, of which American Potash is a part, the doctrine of the National Tube case (76 NLRB 1199). In this case, decided in April 1948, the Board found that the work of various craft groups was closely “integrated” with the work of the production workers and decided that a plantwide unit was appropriate. Opposing application of the National Tube doctrine, AFL representatives urged a policy of “utmost liberality . . . when the craft workers involved have indicated their desire for repre sentation on a craft basis.” In refutation of a major argument that craft severance promotes instability, the AFL submitted a study of 222 cases in which the Board had approved craft severance. Its analysis showed that the work stoppages attributable to the craft unions sub sequent to certification at plants involved in these severance cases was a small fraction of the total stoppages occurring at these companies during this period. As a part of the general proceeding the Board solicited testimony on other factors relevant to the problem of granting severance of craft groups from long-established plantwide units. In addi tion to the parties directly concerned in the Trona case, testimony was received on these matters from the AFL parent organization, the CIO, and a number of international unions, as well as from the United States Chamber of Com merce, the Manufacturing Chemists Association, and the National Association of Manufacturers. Non-Communist Affidavits. In an effort to oust Communists from positions of influence and con trol in labor unions, the NLRB adopted a policy of denying certification as collective bargaining agents to unions that have officers under indict ment for filing false non-Communist affidavits.4 Under the new policy the Board indicated that it would withhold action on petitions for repre* Under the Taft-Hartley Act a union may not use the services of the Board for representation elections or unfair labor practice charges unless each local and national officer files a sworn affidavit stating that “he is not a member of the Communist Party or affiliated with such party, and that he does not believe in, and is not a member of or supports any organi zation that believes in or teaches, the overthrow of the United States Government.” 1326 INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS sentation elections by such unions. However, if another union was involved, or if delay would prejudice the interest of the employer or the other union, the Board indicated it would proceed with the election. However, the NLRB stated that it would not certify the union where officers are under indictment as bargaining agent, even if it won the election, pending disposition of the indict ment. Where the officer is convicted, the NLRB policy provided that bargaining rights of the union should be canceled. The first NLRB action (which, in fact, took place before the policy was formally announced) involved the Fur and Leather Workers, expelled from the CIO about 4 years ago. The Board unanimously canceled the union’s bargaining rights at a Cincinnati firm, after the local’s secretary-treasurer was convicted last spring of a charge of false statements when he disclaimed Communist ties. Under this new policy the Fur and Leather Workers, whose national president is under indict ment,5and the Marine Cooks and Stewards, whose president has been reindicted in Washington, D. C., will not be able to obtain certification as bargaining agents for any group of employees until their presidents are cleared of these charges. If they are convicted, all local bargaining rights of the two national unions will be canceled. Court Rejects N LRB Certification. The Supreme Court upheld a Court of Appeals ruling against the NLRB in a case involving continued certifica tion of a union disavowed by a majority of a unit’s employees. In July 1951, the Mid-Conti nent Petroleum Corp. was charged by the Board with engaging in an unfair labor practice when it refused to continue to bargain with a union which half the employees had repudiated about 2 months after its certification. The Sixth Circuit Court of Appeals held that, ‘‘where the will of the em ployees to revoke the power of their bargaining agent is clear and unquestioned, effect must be given to such revocation,” and found that the Board had no basis for a requirement that a cer tification, except under extraordinary circum stances, must be respected for a full year. In its appeal to the Supreme Court the Board argued * See Monthly Labor Review, November 1953 (p. 1215). https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis M ONTHLY LABOR that its certification of a union “is for a reason able period” even though the employees subse quently decide to change bargaining agents. The Supreme Court refused to review the lower court’s decision. Negotiations and Settlements Aircraft. Late in October approximately 33,000 employees of North American Aviation, Inc., producer of jet aircraft for the Armed Forces, became idle in Los Angeles and Fresno, Calif., and Columbus, Ohio, because of a wage dispute. The United Automobile Workers (CIO) called the strike at the Los Angeles and Columbus plants on October 23 and at the Fresno plant on October 24 after the company rejected union proposals for contract changes. In addition to increased fringe benefits, UAW demands included a 23.4-cent hourly increase, which the union said would bring the company’s pay scale up to the level for air craft employees in automobile plants. The company had offered a 4-percent base pay increase, a 2-cent-an-hour cost-of-living adjust ment under a revised escalator formula, an additional 4 cents an hour for top labor grades, increased differentials for leadmen, and improved vacations, life insurance, and hospital and surgical benefits. These changes were put into effect on October 19 for about 21,000 employees not covered by the UAW-CIO contract. Negotiations between the International Asso ciation of Machinists (AFL) and two other major California aircraft companies were also in progress during October. Union proposals included a 10-percent average wage adjustment and other benefits for 28,000 employees of the Douglas Aircraft Co. and an overall 12-percent increase in wages and employee benefits for a comparable number of workers of Lockheed Aircraft Corp. The current contracts with Douglas expired October 17, but were extended to November 1. On October 18, the employees had rejected a company offer of a 5-cent wage increase, an additional 5 cents for leadmen, an escalator clause, and increased vacations. At Lockheed, negotiations have been under way since midSeptember on a new contract to replace the one scheduled to expire on November 9. REVIEW, DECEMBER 1953 INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS Meat Packing. Agreements covering 68,000 em ployees of both Swift and Co. and Armour and Co. were reached early in October with 3 unions. The settlements included a general hourly wage increase of 5 cents, effective September 28, and company-paid hospital, medical, and surgical programs for employees and their dependents. Coverage under the health plan, estimated to cost 4% cents an hour for each employee, was to begin December 1. Each company signed agreements with the Meatcutters (AFL) and the Packinghouse Work ers (CIO). Swift also signed an agreement with the Brotherhood of Packinghouse Workers (Ind.). Throughout the negotiations close cooperation was reported between AFL and CIO bargaining committees. There were sporadic work stoppages and threats of a national strike which culminated in a half-day stoppage idling 17,000 workers at 20 Chicago plants of Swift and Co., on September 29. Later in the month, Wilson & Co. and the Cudahy Packing Co. reached agreement with the CIO United Packinghouse Workers following the Swift and Armour pattern. Negotiations for similar settlements with approximately 100 inde pendent companies were reported in progress. Dairies. A work stoppage began October 25 in volving 13,000 truck drivers and plant workers employed by milk distributors in the New York metropolitan area. The Teamsters (AFL) sought a $15 weekly wage increase, a reduction in the workweek to 35 hours from 40 hours, and fringe benefits. The employers offered a $2.10 weekly wage increase for plant workers, no change in drivers’ wages, and fringe benefits estimated at $1 a week for all workers. The strike ended October 31 with agreement on a wage increase of $6 a week and an additional $2.50 a week in welfare, insurance, and vacation benefits.6 Telephone. The Communications Workers of America (CIO) and the Chesapeake and Potomac Telephone Co. of Virginia reached agreement on a new 1-year contract covering approximately 6,500 telephone workers in Virginia. This is re ported to be the final 1953 contract settlement between the union and the Bell Telephone system, in a series of negotiations which started in January.7 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1327 Approximately 300,000 telephone workers are covered by the more than 30 Bell system agree ments negotiated by the CWA during the inter vening period. General wage increases ranged from $1 to $4 a week, and, in addition, the settle ments provided increased differentials for certain employee groups, shortened wage progression schedules, and upward reclassifications of certain town wage schedules. Automobiles. The Kaiser Motors Corp. and the UAW-CIO renegotiated their collective agree ment covering the Willow Run p lan t8 as a result of sharp cutbacks in aircraft contracts and a reduction in Kaiser automobile sales. The con tract, originally negotiated to cover a work force of approximately 13,000, proved unwieldy and costly when applied to a sharply reduced force of about 3,000. At the company’s request, the union agreed to changes in the contract which the company indicated would enable it to maintain its competitive position. The changes included a provision for consolidating certain job classifica tions; this would permit the company to shift workers from job to job so as to minimize pay ments for time not worked, when a full day’s work in a particular job is not available. Railroad Workers. Negotiators for 15 nonoperat ing railroad unions notified the carriers’ repre sentatives that strike ballots, returnable by December 1, were being distributed among their members in the dispute over changes in nonwage provisions of their contracts. Counter-proposals submitted by the carriers were unacceptable and union representatives requested the services of the National Mediation Board. Although the Board arranged for representatives of the carriers and unions to meet in Chicago on November 3, plans for the strike vote continued. The carriers, after brief discussions, announced they were se ek in g a declaratory judgment from the Federal District (Chicago) Court to the effect that several of the unions’ proposals were not proper issues for negotiation. Those partieularjproposals related 6Editor’s Note.—On November 3, dealers raised milk prices by 1 cent a quart. Industry spokesmen attributed half this increase to higher labor costs resulting from the strike settlement and half to higher farm prices under a Federal-State milk marketing order. 7See Monthly Labor Review, June 1953 (p. 639). * Editor’s N ote—The sale of the Willow Run plant to General Motors Corp. was announced on November 10, 1953. 1328 INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS to requests for more liberal free pass (transporta tion) privileges and insurance and welfare benefits, the costs of which would be defrayed by the railroads. Such proposals, the carriers declared, were not subject to collective bargaining under the “rates of pay, rules, and working conditions” provisions of the Kailway Labor Act. At the same time the carriers offered to continue dis cussions with reference to improved vacations and premium pay for holiday and Sunday work. Steelworkers’ 1954 Proposals The CIO Steelworkers’ Wage Policy Committee, composed of several hundred district and local union representatives, met in New York during October to discuss contract proposals to be pre sented in 1954. One of these dealt with changes in the 5-year pension and insurance agreements which expire next fall. Union spokesmen urged an increase in the present pension guarantee of $100 a month (including Federal social security payments) to qualified employees with 25 years’ service to from $175 to $200 a month (excluding social security). The committee also recom mended that a program be developed whereby workers would retain their pension protection if they transferred from one company to another. Substantial increases in health and welfare bene fits as well as a broadening of the insurance pro gram, completely financed by the companies, were also urged. The Steelworkers’ president told members of the union’s wage policy committee that, although the guaranteed annual wage would be a major demand in contract negotiations next year, no strike would be called to force its acceptance. He said that, although he was confident of its ultimate success, such a program would not come overnight. The United Steelworkers has bad the guaranteed annual wage as a long-range objective since the union was formed in 1936. In 1943 an uncondi tional 52-week guarantee was demanded. In 1947 its proposal for a guarantee was reported as “substantially less” than the 1943 demand. In 1952 the union proposed a “limited liability” annual wage guarantee. Under this plan com pany contributions were estimated by the union at 6% to 7 cents per man-hour which would go into a trust fund. Overall weekly benefits would have https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis M ONTHLY LABOR been 30 times the standard hourly wage rate, including State unemployment benefits, and would have been payable for 52 consecutive weeks in any one period of unemployment. The company’s liability would have been limited to the amount in the trust fund. The annual wage guarantee under consideration by the Steelworkers’ Wage Policy Committee is reported to be somewhat similar to the 1952 pro posal. Under this plan the steel companies would, as a first step, be asked to set up a trust fund based on company contributions of 10 cents per man hour, to supplement State unemployment insur ance payments to qualified workers. Other Guaranteed Annual Wage Developments Another CIO union, the International Union of Electrical Workers, in a major report to its fifth annual convention set forth its program and policies for negotiating guaranteed annual wage agreements at the local union level. In general the principles which, according to the IUE report, should underlie such a plan, paralleled those set forth at the UAW-CIO annual convention in March 1953,9 with one major exception. The UAW resolution stated that “financing should combine pay-as-you-go to provide employers with incentives to stabilize employment, with a reserve trust fund to meet abnormal costs. Provision should be made for reinsurance to reduce the size of the required reserves and to spread the risks of abnormal employment over the widest possible area of the economy.” The IUE-CIO report urged that “the plan should provide for the amount of employer contributions and this should be the full extent of his liability.” In addition, the IUE report stated that “ vigorous efforts should be made to improve unemployment compensation payments and liberalize the eligibility require ments so that even workers not eligible for [the guaranteed annual wage] will be more adequately protected.” Although most proposals for the annual wage are pointed to negotiations in 1954 or 1955, the AFL warehousemen’s union in St. Louis has made it a current major bargaining issue. The Warehouse and Distribution Workers’ Local of • See Monthly Labor Review, May 1953 (p. 496). REVIEW, DECEMBER 1953 INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS the AFL Teamsters reported as of mid-August 1953 that 20 of its 300 contracts incorporate the annual wage plan, covering roughly 30 percent of the 10,000 warehouse and distribution workers represented by the union in St. Louis. Union negotiators expect the guarantee to be extended as existing contracts expire. While the St. Louis contracts providing an annual guarantee cover approximately 3,000 workers, only about 2,200 top seniority employees are actually protected. They are assured of 2,000 hours of work a year, exclusive of overtime. The guarantee covers a specified number of employees in each company based on 1952 employment records and the number remains constant for the contract period. Replacements for employees on the guarantee list are based on seniority. In Philadelphia, employees of the American Sugar Refining Co. and the National Sugar Refin ing Co., represented by the International Long shoremen’s Union (Ind.) early in September rati fied a new contract continuing their guaranteed annual wage plans which were started September 1, 1952. The plans cover around 2,000 produc tion and maintenance workers and guarantee 2,000 hours’ or 50 weeks’ pay, instead of 1,976 hours’ pay previously assured, to each employee with at https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1329 least 1 year’s seniority. The local union’s presi dent, in commenting on the employees’ reaction to the plan, pointed out that it had cut absentee ism, improved morale, and restored harmony be tween the local and the company. Employer interest in labor’s increasing empha sis on wage guarantees became more apparent during the month. The Committee on Economic Policy of the United States Chamber of Commerce issued a report10 which questions the desirability of a guaranteed annual wage. The report is critical of attempts to obtain guaranteed wages through “ overall tight economic planning” and stresses the constant changes in the American economy and the importance of stabilizing pro duction or sales, or both, prior to making formal commitments on wage guarantees. It likewise focuses attention on the need for further careful study of proposals linking guaranteed wage plans with unemployment compensation. Another re port, 11 prepared by Industrial Relations Counse lors, Inc., urges full exploration of the contributory approach to guaranteed wage programs, particu larly in companies which already maintain a sub stantial benefit program. 10The Economics of the Guaranteed Wage, Washington, 1953 . 11The Guaranteed Annual Wage: An Active Issue, New York, 1953. Publications of Labor interest E ditor’s N ote.— Correspondence regarding publications to which refer ence is made in this list should be addressed to the respective publishing agen cies mentioned. Data on prices, if readily available, are shown with the title entries. Listing of a publication in this section is for record and reference only and does not constitute an endorsement of point of view or advocacy of use. Special Reviews Peter E. Dietz, Labor Priest. By Mary Harrita Fox. Notre Dame, Ind., University of Notre Dame Press, 1953. 285 pp., bibliography, illus. $4.75. Detailed biography of a Catholic priest, a pio neer in social-work education and in social action and labor education in the period between 1906 and 1922. Born on New York’s East Side, of German parents, he studied in Germany after at tending several schools in this country and doing many kinds of manual work. In Germany, he came to know the European Catholic social move ment, out of which have come many of the present-day leaders in western continental Europe, including Adenauer. As a student in this country, he had already thought of what he would do on social problems when he became a priest. On his return to the United States, he continued thinking of social work and preparing for it. The German experi ence had merely helped to confirm his previous convictions. The activities he inaugurated were legion. He edited a social section of a magazine. He ran a labor news service. He was secretary of a socialservice commission. He started two schools of social work. He organized institutes for the study of labor problems. He started a Catholic organi zation for labor people to help them do their work better in the unions. He inaugurated the Sunday Mass, still continued, for the Catholic and other delegates to AFL conventions, held with a sermon on the religious implications of the labor move ment. He urged general industrial conferences. 1330 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis He was strongly in favor of people joining existing unions. He fought the Socialist penetration of unions. (For “Socialist” then, read “semiCommunist” now.) He helped solidify the AFL policy, at that time, of opposition to government action in economic life, but worked for employerlabor cooperation to handle the whole range of economic life. He was not against government action but was supremely in favor of union-man agement cooperation. He was a personal friend of many labor leaders, and he and they “talked the same language.” The final 25 years of his life he spent as pastor of a Milwaukee suburban parish. As he had not succeeded in so many of his earlier undertakings (being a kind of John the Baptist), he did not succeed in his last and most ambitious work in the labor field. It was a national labor college as an outgrowth of the American Academy of Christian Democracy. It was situated in Cincinnati. The Archbishop of Cincinnati first welcomed it. But after a while he came to oppose Father Dietz and finally ended Father Dietz’ stay in the diocese. Without Father Dietz, the labor college and the academy collapsed. Father Dietz spent the rest of his life in parish work. Why Archbishop Mueller ordered Father Dietz out of the diocese is the heart of the story and, to my mind, the author blurs the story. He makes it out a story of the Archbishop’s action being decided by giving in to a committee of business men who approached him after Father Dietz had openly opposed the current antiunion drive, called the “open shop” drive. This was late in 1920. Father Dietz had already been working for the election of President Harding. For a priest to get into politics was an unheard-of thing. Father Dietz was also working publicly against American entrance into the League of Nations, which, to the minds of many then and now, was a very unin telligent thing to do. The author blurs this story also but gives basic facts that help the reader reach a judgment different from the author’s. On special invitation, Father Dietz occasionally spoke at Catholic meetings on industrial problems after leaving his earlier work, which was super seded by a national organization, the National Catholic Welfare Conference—likewise something which he had envisaged. This book tells the story of a pioneer working at a time when his church was engrossed in the PUBLICATIONS OF LABOR INTEREST simple job of building churches and schools and of getting men and women to staff them. Father Dietz was an organizer of social action at a time when his church was not ready for much of such organization. And, as in the case of many other pioneers, when the fruit of the work was ready for the harvest he was not called on. However, other pioneers were called on. The book is not a study of Father Dietz’ ideas but of the methods of organization and education that he worked at or tried to get started in a very difficult period. It is also a study of a very interesting man. — R e v . R a y m o n d A. M cG o w a n . The Musicians and Petrillo. By Robert D. Leiter. New York, Bookman Associates, Inc., 1953. 202 pp., bibliography, illus. $3.75. When the late William Green lost his union card with the expulsion of the Mine Workers from the A. F. of L. in 1936, he was invited to join the American Federation of Musicians. The tradi tional “open” admittance policy of the union, stretched a bit in this case to admit a man who was obviously not a professional musician, brought Mr. Green into the company of thousands of members who were capable of performing publicly but who could not hope to earn a livelihood as performers. Dr. Leiter’s history of the American Federation of Musicians tells the story of a union plagued throughout its existence by unemployment and underemployment, and of leaders who were reluctant to accept “progress” at the cost of em ployment opportunities for musicians. In 1947, which was probably not an unusual employment year for musicians, it was estimated that only about 15 percent of the union membership worked exclusively as musicians and about twice this proportion depended upon work as musicians for a part of their income. The book reviews the early trials of the union, the development of prestige and power, the technological revolution in the entertainment world and its impact on professional musicians, and the union’s struggles to protect the interests of those members who benefited by the reproduction of musical per formances and of the larger group for wdiom the opportunities to play were rapidly vanishing. Because power in the union flows through the https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1331 president, the activities of Joseph N. Weber, who led the Musicians from 1900 to 1940, and of James C. Petrillo, who has been the president since, are spotlighted. The author stresses the problems of techno logical change, which to musicians meant the sub stitution of mechanically reproduced sound for live performances. Since employment data are not presented, it is difficult to evaluate the conse quences of technological change. The develop ment of motion pictures as mass entertainment brought thousands of musicians into theater pits, but the addition of sound threw them out again. Radio broadcasting started as a boon, but its in creasing use of phonograph records, which in the home were no threat, has displaced musicians or eliminated job opportunities. In television, the kinescope or film became the threat to live per formances. The records, transcriptions, tapes, or films—the fruits of technical advances—were to the union the weapons of self-destruction, as the musicians, themselves, had created them. That the union, therefore, had the right to control the output, limit its use, or stop it outright for its own protection, was Mr. Petrillo’s claim as a basis for action. If notoriety is any criterion, the dynamic presi dent of the American Federation of Musicians merits a book of his own. Dr. Leiter reports on the battles which, because of the media of enter tainment involved, made Petrillo a household name. One need not be a student of trade-union history to recall the stories of the organization of solo instrumentalists, the long campaign to or ganize the Boston Symphony Orchestra, the Interlochen dispute and other attempts to keep school children and other “free” performers off the air, the use of “standby” pay in radio broadcasting and the events leading up to the Lea Act of 1946, the ban on records, and the institution of the socalled “royalty” fund. The author credits Mr. Petrillo with being a highly competent and success ful union leader, but deplores some of the methods he has used and his failure to appreciate public reaction. The quoted statements of the outspoken Mr. Petrillo, who has provided much copy to news paper reporters and editorial writers, lend spice to the book. On the whole, however, the author’s attempts to interject the lively interplay of per sonalities into this history are somewhat awk wardly done, as if through afterthought, which is 1332 PUBLICATIONS OF LABOR INTEREST not to the discredit of a conscientious researcher and serious student of labor problems. A chapter of the book is devoted to the activities of Local 802 of New York City. In this chapter, and throughout the book, it becomes plain that the American Federation of Musicians, which carries on some of the functions of a trade association, a professional society, an employment exchange, and a collection agency, is quite unlike any other large union in the country. One of the most striking differences is the union’s disregard of seniority. In the nebulous music industry, employers are generally free to hire and fire on the basis of merit, youth, appearance, or any other criterion that has meaning in the entertainment world. As a thorough research job, and for its own intrinsic interest, The Musicians and Petrillo merits a place on the growing shelf of trade-union histories. —J o s e p h W. B l o c h . Soviet Economic Growth— Conditions and Perspec tives. Edited by Abram Bergson. Evans ton, 111., and White Plains, N. Y., Row, Peterson and Co., 1953. 376 pp. $6. This volume records the proceedings of a con ference, sponsored by the American Council of Learned Societies and the Social Science Research Council, which brought together some of the best United States experts on Soviet economics. The main theme of the discussion was the prospect for economic growth of the USSR in the coming two decades. The prognostications for different as pects of economic growth were based on analyses of past experience and probable changes in con trolling factors. Twelve papers presented at the conference are reproduced, with comments made by the partici pants in the meetings. Although forming"chapters of the book, the papers are fully independent of each other, differ widely in form, and should be considered as individual contributions, as in pro ceedings of other scientific conventions. The book differs from other such proceedings, however, in presenting a more systematic selection of topics and reporters. The conference covered a broad area of prob lems. Three papers on general aspects of Soviet economic growth are given first: National Income (by Gregory Grossman); Capital Formation and Allocation (by Norman M. Kaplan); and Popula https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis M ONTHLY LABOR tion and Labor Force (by Warren W. Eason). Next come four papers on the industrial develop ment of the USSR: Transportation (by James H. Blackman); Industrial Resources (by Chauncy D. Harris); Industrial Labor Productivity (by Walter Galenson); and Industrial Production (by Donald R. Hodgman). Except for the report on industrial resources, these seven papers are highly technical and stress methodological problems, reconciliation of contradictory statistical series, and similar topics. They are not designed for the general reader but represent a valuable contribution to scientific studies of Soviet economics. This group of papers is followed by three reports on agriculture in the USSR: Agricultural Resources (by V. P. Timoshenko); Agricultural Organization [collectivization] (by Lazar Volin); and Agricul tural Output and Employment (by Joseph A. Kershaw). The two concluding reports in the volume cover foreign trade—within the Soviet bloc (by Oleg Hoeffding) and between this bloc and the West (by Harry Schwartz). These five papers, like the report on industrial resources, will be appreciated not only by students of Soviet economics but by general readers as well. In the opinion of this reviewer, it will be regrettable if these sections of the book are not reprinted for a much broader circulation. The conclusions of the conference are sound. The twelve papers deflate the boastful claims of the Soviets and the myth of the USSR’s inexhaust ible resources, its breathtaking economic progress, and the advantages of its system of planning. But they avoid the other extreme—an under estimation of the present strength of the Soviet Union and its probable economic growth. They give a well-balanced, realistic picture of the Soviet economy: abundant but poorly distributed and not inexhaustible natural resources; a ruthless control of investments, and all economic activities by a despotic government, guided by considera tions of power and little concerned about the interests of the mass of the population; subjugation and exploitation of the rural majority; dispropor tionate growth of industries supporting the military power of the government. Speculations by the authors about the economic strength of the Soviets in 1970 are based on as sumptions which can be neither proved nor dis proved. They are presented as tentative, and the REVIEW, DECEMBER 1953 PUBLICATIONS OF LABOR INTEREST reader can adjust them to his own ideas on the probable course of events. But for such adjust ment he would have to use the factual data pro vided in the book. This reviewer recommends the book to the attention of all who are seriously interested in developments behind the Iron Curtain. — W . S. W o y t in sk y . Cooperative Movement Consumers' Cooperation in Germany. By Erwin Hasselmann. Hamburg, Central Union of German Con sumers’ Cooperative Societies (Zentralverband Deutscher Konsumgenossenschaften), 1953. 81 pp., charts, maps, illus. Cooperation in the [British] Colonies. By Marjorie Nichol son. Manchester, England, Cooperative Union, Ltd., Education Department, 1953. 96 pp., bibliog raphies, map, illus. (Design for Study, 6.) Is. Report of the 8 4 th Annual Cooperative Congress, Llandudno, [Wales], May 25-28, 1953. Edited by R. Southern. Manchester, England, Cooperative Union, Ltd., 1953. 420 pp. Beretmng for 1952 til Norges Kooperaiive Landsforenings Representantskap. Oslo, Norges Kooperative Landsforening, 1953. 80 pp. Report of the Norwegian Cooperative Union and Whole sale Society (NKL) on operations of its member societies, which include consumers’, production, marketing, and other organizations. 1333 tics, Oxford, England, August 1953, pp. 295-306, charts. 3s. 6d.j Compares employment experience of different sections of the major textile industries in Great Britain in 1951 and 1952 on the basis of statistics of employment, unemploy ment, short-time working, payrolls, and machine activity. Finds that it is normal for activity to decline first in earlier stages of production, experience varying somewhat accord ing to degree of vertical integration prevailing in the trade. Guaranteed Wage The Economics of the Guaranteed Wage. Washington, Chamber of Commerce of the United States, Economic Research Department, 1953. 34 pp. 50 cents. Report of the Chamber’s Committee on Economic Policy. The Guaranteed Annual Wage: An Active Issue. New York, Industrial Relations Counselors, Inc., 1953. 28 pp. (Industrial Relations Memo 131.) $1.50. Analyzes various employer-initiated plans and types of union approach to the guaranteed annual wage, including the supplementing of State unemployment insurance. The Guaranteed Annual Wage in Collective Bargaining. Princeton, N. J., Princeton University, Industrial Relations Section, July 1953. 4 pp. (Selected References, 52.) 20 cents. Guaranteed Wage and Employment Plans in Collective Agree ments, [Canada]. {In Labor Gazette, Department of Labor, Ottawa, September 1953, pp. 1269-1272. 25 cents.) Employment and Unemployment Industrial Relations United Slates Census of Population, 1950: Employment and Personal Characteristics— Employment by Age, Race, Nativity, Education, Marital Status, Household Rela tionship, etc. Washington, U. S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, 1953. 145 pp. (Special Reports, Voi. IV, Part 1, Chapter A.) 70 cents, Superintendent of Documents, Washington. Case Studies in Collective Bargaining. By Walter Hull Carpenter, Jr. New York, Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1953. 465 pp., charts. $4.95. Average Employment and Total Wages of Workers Covered by State Unemployment Insurance Laws, by Industry and State, 1952. Washington, U. S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Employment Security, 1953. 23 pp.; processed. Full Employment on Trial: A Case Study of British Expe rience. By Paul E. Sultan. Buffalo, N. Y., University of Buffalo, School of Business Administration, Depart ment of Industrial Relations, 1953. 12 pp. (Re printed from Canadian Journal of Economics and Political Science, May 1953.) Unemployment in Textiles. By H. A. Turner. {In Bulletin of the Oxford University Institute of Statis 280067— 53- 5 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Collective Bargaining: Negotiations and Agreements. By Selwyn H. Torff. New York, McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc., 1953. 323 pp. $5.50. A new textbook covering the entire scope of union agreements from preamble to signatures. Chapters are devoted to such subjects as union security, worker senior ity, hours of work and overtime, paid vacations, benefit plans, and grievance procedures. Opposing viewpoints of unions and employers with respect to the negotiation of particular clauses are summarized. The development and legal status of the collective-bargaining process and criteria for wage adjustments are briefly discussed. Productivity and Wages in Collective Bargaining. {In Management Record, National Industrial Conference Board, Inc., New York, August 1953, pp. 281-285, 306-312, illus.) Summary of proceedings at a round-table conference held at the 37th annual meeting of the National Industrial Conference Board. 1334 PUBLICATIONS OF LABOR INTEREST Human Relations in Small Industry. By John Perry. Washington, U. S. Small Defense Plants Administra tion, 1953. 68 pp. (Small Business Management Series, 3.) 25 cents, Superintendent of Documents, Washington. Successful Labor Relations for Small Business. By James Menzies Black and J. George Piccoli. New York, McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc., 1953. xxii, 425 pp. $6. Due Process on the Railroads: Disciplinary Grievance Procedures Before the National Railroad Adjustment Board, First Division. By Joseph Lazar. Los Angeles, University of California, Institute of Indus trial Relations, 1953. 38 pp. $1. Governmental Restraints on Featherbedding. By Benjamin Aaron. Los Angeles, University of California, Insti tute of Industrial Relations, 1953. 42 pp. (Reprint 31, from Stanford Law Review, July 1953.) Labor Legislation Labor Law. By Paul H. Sanders. (In Vanderbilt Law Review, Nashville, Tenn., August 1953, pp. 11931205. $1.50.) Summarizes 1953 developments both through court decisions and by legislation. The Labor Management Relations1' [Taft-Hartley] Act and the State’s Power To Grant Relief. By George Rose. (In Virginia Law Review, Charlottesville, October 1953, pp. 765-813. $1.25.) Labor Laws of the State of Arizona. Phoenix, State Labor Department, Industrial Commission of Arizona, 1953. 102 pp. Labor Laws Administered by Labor and Industrial Com mission of New Mexico. Santa Fe, Labor and Indus trial Commission, 1953. 36 pp. Labor Laws of the State of Oklahoma, 1953 Edition. Okla homa City* Department of Labor, 1953. 144 pp. A Statement of the Laws of Colombia in Matters Affecting Business. By German Cavelier. Washington, Pan American Union, Department of International Law, Division of Law and Treaties, 1953. 186 pp. 2d ed. Includes a 25-page summary of labor and social legisla tion. A similar report for the Dominican Republic was published recently by the Pan American Union. Labor Organizations History of Labor and Unionism in the United States (a Selected Bibliography). Compiled by Ralph E. McCoy. Champaign, University of Illinois, Insti tute of Labor and Industrial Relations, 1953. 88 pp.; processed. (Bibliographic Contributions, 2.) https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis MONTHLY LABOR The Communist-Dominated Union Problem. By Alfred Long Scanlan. (In Notre Dame Lawyer, Notre Dame, Ind., Summer 1953, pp. 458-496. $1.) How Do the Communists Work? By Victor Feather. London, Batchworth Press, Ltd., 1953. 64 pp. Is. 6d. Description of “penetration by Communists of existing democratic institutions, and particularly of trade unions.” Fifty-sixth Report of Scottish Trades Union Congress, Rothesay, April 15-18, 1953. Glasgow, Scottish Trades Union Congress, 1953. 306 pp. 2s. 6d. Trade Unions and Full Employment. [Stockholm], Swedish Confederation of Trade Unions [Landsorganisationen i Sverige (LO)], 1953. 109 pp. Kr. 2. English translation of extracts from a 225-page report of an organization committee appointed in 1946 to study ways of extending LO activities and rendering them more effective. Brief sections on the structure of Swedish trade unionism, and on wage trends and policies, 1950-53, are added in the English version. Les Fédérations Syndicales Suisses en 1952. By Willy Keller. (In Revue Syndicale Suisse, l'Union Syndi cale Suisse, Berne, Switzerland, September 1953, pp. 245-262, charts. 1 fr.) Statistics for 1952 and earlier years showing develop ment of Swiss labor organizations. Labor Turnover The Cost of Labor Turnover. Chicago, International Harvester Co., [1953]. 39 pp., charts; processed. Analyzes the cost to the International Harvester Co. of labor turnover in 1951, broken down by type of cost (recruiting and training of workers, tools, materials, etc.). Hiring and Separation Rates in Certain Industries, [Canada], September 1950 to August 1952. Ottawa, Department of Trade and Commerce, Dominion Bureau of Statis tics, 1953. 41 pp. 25 cents. Manpower Annual Report on the Labor Force, 1952. Washington, U. S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, 1953. 29 pp., chart. (Current Population Reports, Labor Force, Series P-50, No. 45.) Gives data on the total civilian labor force, on agricul tural and nonagricultural employment, and on unemploy ment by age and sex of workers and other breakdowns. Manpower: The Nation’s First Resource. Washington, National Planning Association, Special Committee on Manpower Policy, 1953. 55 pp., bibliography. (Planning Pamphlet 83.) $1. Proceedings of the Second Conference on Scientific Manpower, December 1952. Washington, National Science Foun dation, [1953?]. 47 pp. REVIEW, DECEMBER 1953 PUBLICATIONS OF LABOR INTEREST Scientific Research and Development in American Industry— A Study of Manpower and Costs. Washington, U. S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1953. 106 pp., charts. (Bull. 1148.) 50 cents, Superintendent of Documents, Washington. Health Manpower Source Book: Section 2, Nursing Per sonnel. By Helen G. Tibbitts and Eugene Levine. Washington, U. S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Public Health Service, 1953. 88 pp., bibliography. (Pub. 263, Sec. 2.) 40 cents, Superin tendent of Documents, Washington. In addition to data on the supply of nurses in different fields of practice during varying periods down to 1952, the report contains information on median monthly earn ings (1946 and 1949) and on characteristics of nurses such as age, sex, marital status, and education. Migration and Migrants L’Émigration d’Europe vers les Pays d’Outre-Mer. By G. Koulicher. (In Revue du Travail, Ministère du Travail et de la Prévoyance Sociale de Belgique, Brussels, June 1953, pp. 561-577.) Reviews European emigration trends during first half of present century and discusses present-day problems. Migrant Workers ( Underdeveloped Countries). Geneva, International Labor Office, 1953. 129 pp. 75 cents. Distributed in United States by Washington Branch of ILO. Report V (1) prepared for 37th session of International Labor Conference, 1954. Following a brief review of the background of ILO activities concerning migration, the report takes up the nature and extent of labor migration and measures to mitigate its consequences in countries of Africa, Asia, and Latin America. The situation of migrant workers at places of employment in some of the countries is also discussed. Occupations Jobs That Take You Places. By Joseph Leeming. New York, David McKay Co., Inc., 1953. 244 pp., bibliographies. Rev. ed. $3. Employment Outlook in the Automobile Industry. By E. Eleanor Rings and Arthur D. Rosenberg. Wash ington, U. S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1953. 33 pp., charts, illus. (Bull. 1138.) 25 cents, Superintendent of Documents, Washington. Occupational Therapy as a Career. Washington, U. S. Department of Labor, Women’s Bureau, 1953. 7 pp., illus. (Leaflet 16.) 5 cents, Superintendent of Documents, Washington. Preparing Tomorrow’s Nurses. By Elizabeth Ogg. New York, Public Affairs Committee, Inc., 1952. 32 pp., bibliography, charts, illus. (Public Affairs Pam phlet 185.) 25 cents. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1335 Older Workers and the Aged Enriching the Years. Albany, New York State Joint Legislative Committee on Problems of the Aging, 1953. 199 pp., charts, illus. The annual reports of the committee, since its estab lishment in 1947, have been notable contributions to informed understanding of the problems of aging. This 1953 report includes data on a revealing study of destitute aged on the old-age assistance rolls in a New Y ork community. Proceedings of the Second Joint Conference on the Problem of Making a Living While Growing Old: Age Barriers to Employment. Philadelphia, Temple University, School of Business and Public Administration, Bureau of Economic and Business Research; Harrisburg, Pennsylvania Department of Labor and Industry, Bureau of Employment Security, 1953. 414 pp. Retirement and Its Problems. (In Management Record, National Industrial Conference Board, Inc., New York, September 1953, pp. 325-328, 340-347.) Papers presented at a round-table conference on prob lems of retirement and on current trends in pension plans. When Should a Worker Be Retired? By Ron Stever. Berkeley, California Personnel Management Asso ciation, Research Division, 1953. 11 pp.; processed. (Management Report 170.) $1. Social Security (General) The Future of Social Security in America. By Arthur J. Altmeyer. (In Social Service Review, Chicago, September 1953, pp. 251-268. $1.75.) Long-Range Cost Estimates for Old-Age and Survivors Insur ance, 1953. By Robert J. Myers and Eugene A. Rasor. Washington, U. S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Social Security Administra tion, Division of the Actuary, 1953. 56 pp., charts. (Actuarial Study 36.) Limited free distribution. Present Values of OASI Benefits in Current Payment Status, 194-0-52. By Louis O. Shudde. Washington, U. S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Social Security Administration, Division of the Actuary, 1953. 15 pp. (Actuarial Study 35.) Limited free distribution. Proceedings of SOth Annual Meeting [of] National Council on Teacher Retirement of the National Education Association, February 16-17, 1953, Atlantic City, N. J. [Trenton, N. J. (P. O. Box 1780), John A. Wood, Secretary of the Council], 1953. 87 pp. A number of the addresses concern potential coordina tion of present State systems with the Federal old-age and survivors insurance program. Salarios y Seguridad Social. By D. Manuel Alonso Olea. (In Revista Iberoamericana de Seguridad Social, 1336 PUBLICATIONS OF LABOR INTEREST Madrid, March-April 1953, pp. 225-271.) The subject is discussed in terms of the employer’s labor costs in Spain and the payments and benefits re ceived directly and indirectly by the worker. Social Security Trends in Spain. By Luis Jordana de Pozas. (In Bulletin of the International Social Se curity Association, Geneva, April-May 1953, pp. 141-154.) Wages, Salaries, and Hours of Labor Occupational Wage Survey: Buffalo, N. Y. (Erie and Niagara Counties), April 1953. Washington, U. S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1953. 21 pp. (Bull. 1116-20.) 20 cents, Superin tendent of Documents, Washington. This is the final bulletin in a series on occupational wage surveys in 20 cities during late 1952 and early 1953. For list of cities, see table 1, p. 1282 of this issue. Professional Engineers’ Income and Salary Survey, [1952] Washington, National Society of Professional Engi neers, [1953]. 27 pp., charts, maps. $1. Wage Chronology 35: Pennsylvania Greyhound Lines, Inc., 1945-52. By Albert A. Belman. Washington, U. S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1953. 11 pp. (Serial R. 2104; reprinted from Monthly Labor Review, July 1953.) Free. Wage Chronology 36: A. T. & T.— Long Lines Department, 1940-52. By Albert A. Belman. Washington, U. S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1953. 12 pp. (Serial R. 2106; reprinted from Monthly Labor Review, August 1953.) Free. Regarding the Determinants of Union Wage Policy. By Carl M. Stevens. {In Review of Economics and Statistics, Cambridge, Mass., August 1953, pp. 221228. $2.) Women in Industry The Status of Women in the United States, 1953. Washing ton, U.fS.fDepartm ent of Labor, Women’s Bureau, 1953. 26 pp. (Bull. 249.) 15 cents, Superintendent of Documents, Washington. State Minimum-Wage Laws and Orders, July 1, 1942March 1, 1953. Washington, U. S. Department of Labor, Women’s Bureau, 1953. 93 pp. (Bull. 247.) 50 cents, Superintendent of Documents, Washington. State Minimum-Wage Order Provisions Affecting Working Conditions, July 1, 1942, to September 15, 1953. Washington, U. S. Department of Labor, Women’s Bureau, 1953. 75 pp.; processed. (D-67.) Free. Progress Toward Equal Pay in the Meat-Packing Industry. Washington, U. S. Department of Labor, Women’s https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Bureau, 1953. 16 pp. (Bull. 251.) 10 cents, Super intendent of Documents, Washington. Miscellaneous Labor Problems: Cases and Readings. By George P. Shultz and John R. Coleman. New York, McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc., 1953. 456 pp. $4.50. Presents descriptions of specific cases and viewpoints illustrating a wide range of labor problems, for use as a supplement to standard texts in the field. Pensions and Profit Sharing. By George B. Buck, Jr., and others. Washington, Bureau of National Affairs, Inc., 1953. 272 pp., forms. $5.50. The Writings of the Gilbreths. Edited by William R. Spriegel and Clark E. Myers. Homewood, 111., Richard D. Irwin, Inc., 1953. 513 pp. $7.35. Labor Resources and Labor Income in Virginia: Vol. I, Labor Resources; Vol. II, Labor Income and Per Capita Income. Report to Advisory Council on the Virginia Economy. Richmond, Department of Con servation and Development, Division of Planning and Economic Development, 1953. 100 and 42 pp.; Supplement to Vol. I, 23 pp.; processed. Irish Statistical Survey, 1951-52. Dublin, Central Sta tistics Office, 1953. 63 pp., charts. 3s., Govern ment Publications Sale Office, Dublin. Data on price and earnings indexes, employment, and unemployment are included. Report of the Director General [of the International Labor Organization to the] Asian Regional Conference, Tokyo, September 1953. Geneva, International Labor Office, 1953. 91 pp. 50 cents. Distributed in United States by Washington Branch of ILO. Major subjects covered by the report are the economic factors affecting living standards in Asian countries, 1950-53; planning for economic development; trends in social policy; and activities of the ILO directed toward Asia. Japan Statistical Yearbook, 1952. Tokyo, Prime Min ister’s Office, Bureau of Statistics, 1953. 472 pp. In Japanese and English. Contains sections on prices, wages, employment, industrial disputes, industrial accidents, labor unions, housing, and social insurances. Statistical Notes of Japan, No. 1. Tokyo, Prime Min ister’s Office, Administrative Management Agency, Statistical Standards Division, March 1953. 45 pp. This first number of a new serial, which the issuing office plans to publish semiannually, describes the prin cipal statistical activities of the Japanese Government and summarizes laws pertaining to the collection and reporting of statistics. It includes sections on the labor force survey, the consumer price index, and national income. Current Labor Statistics A.—Employment and Payrolls 1339 Table A -l: 1340 1344 1347 1347 1348 1349 1350 Estimated total labor force classified by employment status, hours worked, and sex Table A-2: Employees in nonagricultural establishments, by industry division and group Table A-3: Production workers in mining and manufacturing industries Table A-4: Indexes of production-worker employment and weekly payrolls in manufacturing industries Table A-5: Federal civilian employment by branch and agency group Table A-6: Employees in nonagricultural establishments for selected States 1 Table A-7: Employees in manufacturing industries, by State 1 Table A-8: Insured unemployment under State unemployment insurance pro grams, by geographic division and State B.--Labor Turnover 1351 Table B -l: 1352 Table B-2: Monthly labor turnover rates (per 100 employees) in manufacturing industries, by class of turnover Monthly labor turnover rates (per 100 employees) in selected groups and industries C.--Earnings and Hours 1354 Table C -l: 1370 Table C-2: 1370 Table C-3: 1371 Table C-4: 1372 Table C-5: Hours and gross earnings of production workers or nonsupervisory employees Gross average weekly earnings of production workers in selected industries, in current and 1947-49 dollars Gross and net spendable average weekly earnings of production workers in manufacturing industries, in current and 1947-49 dollars Average hourly earnings, gross and excluding overtime, of produc tion workers in manufacturing industries Hours and gross earnings of production workers in manufacturing industries for selected States and areas 1 1 This table is included in the March, June, September, and December issues of the Review. N ote .—Beginning with the May 1953 issue, data shown in tables A-2, A-3, A-4, A-5, C -l, C-2, C-3, and C -4 have been revised because of adjustment to more recent benchmark levels. These data cannot be used with those appearing in previous issues of the Monthly Labor Review. Comparable data for earlier years are avail able upon request to the Bureau of Labor Statistics. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1337 1338 D. CURRENT LABOR STATISTICS M ONTHLY LABOR —Prices and Cost of Living Consumer Price Index—United States average, all items and com modity groups Consumer Price Index—United States average, food and its subgroups Table D-2: Consumer Price Index—United States average, all items and food Table D-3: Consumer Price Index—All items indexes for selected dates, by city Table D-4: Consumer Price Index—All items and commodity groups, except Table D-5: food, by city Table D-6: Consumer Price Index—Food and its subgroups, by city Table D-7: Average retail prices of selected foods Table D-8: Indexes of wholesale prices, by group and subgroup of commodities Table D-9: Special wholesale price indexes 1379 Table D -l: 1380 1380 1381 1382 1383 1384 1385 1386 E. —Work Stoppages 1387 Table E—1: Work stoppages resulting from labor-management disputes F. —Building and Construction https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Expenditures for new construction Value of contracts awarded and force-account work started on fed erally financed new construction, by type of construction 1390 Table F-3: Urban building authorized, by principal class of construction and by type of building 1391 Table F-4: New nonresidential building authorized in all urban places, by general type and by geographic division 1392 Table F-5: Number and construction cost of new permanent nonfarm dwelling units started, by urban or rural location, and by source of funds 1388 Table F -l: 1389 Table F-2: 1339 A: EMPLOYMENT AND PAYROLLS REVIEW, DECEMBER 1953 A: Employment and Payrolls T a ble A - l : E stim a te d to ta l labor force classified by em ploym ent statu s, hours worked, an d sex [In thousands] Estimated number of persons 14 years of age and over 1 1952 1953 Labor force status3 Oct. Sept.3 Aug. July June May Apr. Mar. Feb. Jan. Dec. Nov. Oct. Total, both sexes T o t a l la b o r fo rc e ................... ............ ................... (4) (9 (9 (9 (9 (9 66, 338 66,679 66, 255 65,959 66, 309 67, 047 66, 566 C iv i lia n la b o r fo rc e ______________ ________ U n e m p l o y m e n t ______________________ U n e m p l o y e d 4 w e e k s o r le s s _____ U n e m p l o y e d 5 - 1 0 w e e k s _________ U n e m p l o y e d 1 1 - 1 4 w e e k s —............ U n e m p l o y e d 1 5 - 2 6 w e e k s ________ U n e m p lo y e d o v e r 2 6 w e e k s ............ E m p l o y m e n t _________________________ N o n a g r i c u lt u r a l__________________ W o r k e d 3 5 h o u r s o r m o r e ___ W o r k e d 1 5 - 3 4 h o u r s _________ W o r k e d 1 - 1 4 h o u r s *_________ W i t h a jo b b u t n o t a t w o r k 8 A g r i c u l t u r a l - . ...................................... W o r k e d 3 5 h o u r s o r .m o re ___ W o r k e d 1 5 - 3 4 h o u r s _________ W o r k e d 1 - 1 4 h o u r s »_________ W i t h a jo b b u t n o t a t w o r k 6 63, 404 1, 162 727 236 72 82 46 62, 242 55, 083 46, 957 4, 906 , 711 , 509 7, 159 5, 713 , 175 185 86 63, 552 1,246 817 234 58 81 56 62,306 55,044 32, 767 18,114 1,543 2, 620 7,262 5, 772 1,261 154 76 64, 648 1,240 724 278 88 88 62 63,408 56,134 45, 598 4,482 1,260 4, 794 7, 274 5,512 1,442 190 130 64,668 1, 548 924 368 104 78 74 63,120 55, 492 43,196 5,054 1,224 6,018 7,628 5,898 1,436 186 108 64, 734 1,562 1,042 212 96 124 88 63,172 55,246 46, 304 4,924 1, 468 2, 550 7,926 6,334 1,346 178 68 62,964 1,306 656 326 116 150 58 61,658 55,268 45, 988 5,608 1,926 1,746 6,390 4,346 1, 578 230 236 62, 810 1,582 818 376 146 166 76 61,228 55,158 45, 478 5,660 2,074 1,946 6,070 4, 334 1,320 194 222 63,134 1, 674 812 394 188 184 96 61, 460 55, 740 46, 030 5, 712 2, 326 1, 672 5, 720 3,822 1, 324 250 324 62, 712 1, 788 930 480 132 160 86 60, 924 55, 558 44, 992 6, 368 2.172 2. 026 5, 366 3, 516 1,260 254 336 62, 416 1,892 1,018 456 150 176 92 60, 524 55,072 45, 244 5, 776 1,992 2,060 5, 452 3,404 1, 532 218 298 62,921 1,412 822 280 102 109 97 61, 509 55, 812 47,037 5,331 1,968 1, 476 5,697 3,877 1,323 248 249 63, 646 1,418 850 302 104 108 54 62, 228 55. 454 45, 950 5,934 2,002 1, 568 6. 774 5,254 1,198 194 128 63,146 1,284 704 312 86 104 78 61,862 54, 588 45,688 5, 220 1,844 1,836 7,274 5, 080 1,868 218 108 1 1 1 Males Total labor force........................................ (4) (4) (4) (4) (4) (4) 47,379 47,390 47,188 46,829 46, 580 46, 571 46, 568 Civilian labor force__ _______________ Unemployment__________ _____ Employment-_____ _____________ Nonagricultural______________ Worked 35 hours or more___ Worked 15-34 hours_______ Worked 1-14 hours •....... ....... With a job but not at work 6 A gricultural..._______ _______ Worked 35 hours or more__ Worked 15-34 hours_______ Worked 1-14 hours *.............. With a job but not at work 6 43, 626 736 42, 889 37, 241 33, 319 2,283 648 991 5,649 4,848 595 127 78 43,917 768 43,149 37,370 24,173 10, 968 560 1, 669 5, 779 4,891 707 109 71 45, 056 814 44, 242 38, 204 32,680 2,112 514 2, 898 6,038 5,052 726 150 110 45,260 1,024 44,236 38, 042 31,248 2,660 470 3,664 6,194 5,350 620 130 94 44,862 1,024 43,838 37, 626 33,166 2,258 634 1,568 6, 212 5, 458 568 122 64 43,848 898 42,950 37,470 32, 582 2,822 854 1,212 5,480 4,134 960 184 202 43, 898 1.104 42, 794 37, 498 32, 382 2,918 904 1,294 5, 296 4,130 846 140 180 43. 892 1, 108 42, 784 37, 758 32, 686 3, 048 934 1,090 5,026 3,610 946 188 282 43, 692 43,334 1, 244 1,360 42, 448 41, 974 37, 646 37, 166 32, 066 32,046 3, 250 2,918 984 810 1,392 1,346 4,802 4, 808 3,374 3, 248 1,128 930 204 178 254 294 43, 240 965 42, 275 37, 373 33,215 2, 430 767 961 4,902 3,615 866 200 221 43,218 814 42., 404 36, 916 32, 376 2,858 698 984 5, 488 4, 616 642 112 118 43,196 714 42, 482 36,662 32, 336 2, 444 658 1,224 5, 820 4, 560 1,012 152 96 18, 959 19,289 19,067 19,130 19,729 20, 476 19, 998 18, 912 478 18, 434 17, 660 13,096 2,742 1,170 652 774 204 474 54 42 19, 242 566 18, 676 17. 982 13, 344 2, 664 1, 392 582 694 212 378 62 42 19, 020 544 18, 476 17, 912 12, 926 3,118 1, 188 680 564 142 330 50 42 19,082 532 18, 550 17,906 13,198 2,858 1.182 668 644 156 404 40 44 19. 681 447 19,234 18, 439 13,822 2, 901 1,201 515 795 262 457 48 28 20,428 604 19,824 18, 538 13, 574 3, 076 1,304 584 1,286 638 556 82 10 19,950 570 19,380 17,926 13, 352 2, 776 1,186 612 1,454 520 856 66 12 Females T o t a l la b o r fo r c e .................................................. C iv i lia n la b o r fo rc e _______________________ U n e m p l o y m e n t ____________ _____ ____ E m p l o y m e n t —........................ ............ ........ N o n a g r i c u l t u r a l __________________ W o r k e d 3 5 h o u r s o r m o r e ___ W o r k e d 1 5 - 3 4 h o u r s _________ W o r k e d 1 - 1 4 h o u r s * ................. W i t h a jo b b u t n o t a t w o r k 8 A g r ic u l tu r a l______________________ W o r k e d 3 5 h o u r s o r m o r e ___ W o r k e d 1 5 - 3 4 h o u r s .................. W o r k e d 1 - 1 4 h o u r s * ........... .. W i t h a jo b b u t n o t a t w o r k 8 (4) (4) (4) 19, 778 19,635 19, 592 426 425 478 19, 353 19.157 19,166 17, 842 17, 674 17, 930 13, 638 8, 594 12, 918 2,624 7,146 2,370 983 746 1, 063 1,896 951 518 1,484 1,236 1, 510 880 865 460 554 716 580 45 40 58 5 20 7 (4) 19,408 524 18,884 17,450 11,948 2,394 754 2,354 1,434 548 816 56 14 1 Estimates are subject to sampling variation which may be large in cases where the quantities shown are relatively small. Therefore, the smaller estimates should be used with caution. All data exclude persons in institu tions. Because of rounding, the individual figures do not necessarily add to group totals. * Beginning with January 1953, figures are not entirely comparable with those for previous months as a result of the introduction of materials from the 1950 Census into the estimating procedure used in deriving current labor force estimates. However, the differences are minor in most respects. In addition, revised estimating procedure, instituted in September 1953, re sulted in some slight discontinuities in the series on agricultural and non agricultural employment. For explanation, see Census Bureau’s Current Population Reports, Series P-57, Nos. 129 and 135, Monthly Report on the Labor Force for March and September 1953. Also, the total labor force beginning January 1953 includes an additional 150,000 members of the Armed Forces—the number overseas in 1940 who had been omitted from the 1940 Census and subsequent current estimates. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis (4) (4) 19, 872 19,116 408 538 19,334 18, 708 17, 620 17, 798 13,138 13,406 2, 786 2,666 1,072 834 534 982 910 1,714 212 876 618 778 46 56 34 4 3 Census survey week contained legal holiday. * Total labor force, which consists of the civilian labor force and the Armed Forces, is not shown for the most recent months because of security restrictions. * Excludes persons engaged only in incidental unpaid family work (less than 15 hours); these persons are classified as not in the labor force. 8 Includes persons who had a job or business, but who did not work during the census week because of illness, bad weather, vacation, labor dispute, or because of temporary layoff with definite instructions to return to work within 30 days of layoff. Does not include unpaid family workers. Source: U. S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census. 1340 A: EMPLOYMENT AND PAYROLLS M ONTHLY LABOR T able A-2: Employees in nonagricultural establishments, by industry division and group 1 [In thousands] 1953 Annual average 1952 Industry group and industry Oct. T o t a l e m p lo y e e s .................................... ..................... M i n i n g s ......................................................................... M e t a l . ......... ............... ................. - .......................... I r o n ........................................................................... C o p p e r . . ............ ................................ ............ .. L e a d a n d z in c ...................................................... A n t h r a c i t e _____ _______ ___________________ B it u m in o u s - c o a l..................... ................................ Sept. Aug. July 49, 580 49, 632 49, 410 49, 215 811 99.9 284.3 C r u d e - p e t r o le u m a n d n a t u r a l- g a s p ro d u e t i o n . - _________________ _____________ June May April Mar. Feb. Jan. Dec. Nov. Oct. 1952 1951 49,416 49,058 48,860 48, 685 48, 369 48, 382 50,140 49,310 49,095 47,993 47,202 826 100.0 40.3 27.7 15.4 830 99.9 40.2 27.7 15.9 823 100.2 40.3 27.5 16.1 835 101.0 40.1 27.8 17.0 831 99.9 39.6 27.2 17.3 835 99.7 38.6 27.5 17.9 846 100.2 38.0 27.7 18.4 856 101.3 37.9 27.5 19.2 866 101.7 38.4 27.2 19.6 870 101.9 38.8 27.0 19.6 871 101.3 38.9 26.5 19.5 871 98.8 39.0 24.6 19.3 872 96.4 33.3 25.9 20.8 913 100.2 37.7 25.7 20.4 50.2 291.4 50.2 290.7 48.6 290.1 53.6 299.2 55.6 300.4 51.2 309.6 57.4 318.4 59.7 325. 4 60.5 330.7 62.0 331.2 62.3 330.7 62.5 330.4 63.4 333.8 69.1 372.0 269.3 279.8 283.9 279.7 276.2 271.4 272.1 270.9 272.0 275.0 273.4 271.8 273.6 276.0 N o n m e t a ll ic m i n in g a n d q u a r r y i n g - .......... 104.1 105.0 105.3 104.8 104.7 103.6 102.3 99.2 97.8 97.6 101.6 104.8 105. 6 102.3 102.0 C o n t r a c t c o n s t r u c t i o n ............................................. N o n b u ild i n g c o n s t r u c t i o n ............................. H ig h w a y a n d s t r e e t __________________ O th e r n o n b u il d in g c o n s t r u c t i o n _____ 2,705 2,700 567 261.8 305. 6 2,703 575 268.7 306.3 2,662 546 253.4 292.1 2,608 530 241.8 287.8 2,509 499 219.4 280.0 2,416 456 186.8 269.6 2,301 410 155.2 255.0 2,280 403 150.3 252. 4 2,303 4Ò2 147.4 254.6 2, 497 460 176.5 283.9 2, 648 524 222.3 301.2 2, 728 569 250.3 318.7 2,572 501 207.9 293.3 2,588 490 201.3 289.0 2,133 B u il d in g c o n s tr u c tio n .................. ....................... 951.1 G e n e r a l c o n t r a c t o r s ________ ____________ 2,128 961.9 2,116 952.2 2,078 2,010 925.5 888.4 1,960 861.6 1,891 823.2 1,877 813. 2 1,901 824.1 2,037 888.6 2,124 940.4 2,159 960.9 2,071 919.6 2,098 950.2 S p e c ia l- tra d e c o n t r a c to r s ............................... P l u m b i n g a n d h e a t i n g . ........................... . P a i n t i n g a n d d e c o r a tin g ........................ E l e c t r i c a l w o r k ............................................... O th e r s p e c i a l- tr a d e c o n t r a c to r s ______ 1,182.3 1,166. 2 1,163.3 1,152. 9 1,121.8 1,098.8 1,068.1 1, 063. 5 1,076.6 1,148.8 1,183.8 1,198.0 1,151.3 1,147.3 298.5 295.0 288.1 283.3 278.1 278.1 277. 5 279.6 282.5 291.5 296.8 296.8 286.3 286.9 159.1 166.1 160.6 153. S 148.2 140.9 133.3 128.9 128.7 148.3 162.6 166.3 156. 5 155.7 157.9 155.8 154.5 150.6 149.2 148. 2 147.2 148.8 150.3 154.3 153.2 154. 6 151.3 139.5 566.8 549.3 560.1 565.1 546.3 531.6 510.1 506.2 515.1 554.7 571.2 580.3 557.3 565.3 M a n u f a c t u r i n g _______________________ _____ _ D u r a b l e g o o d s J______________________ N o n d u r a b l e g o o d s 3_____________ _____ 17,011 17,215 17,265 17,069 17,162 17,040 17,077 17,135 17,013 16,884 16, 952 16,874 16, 778 16, 209 16,082 9, 873 9,952 10,019 10,007 10,121 10,096 10,117 10, Ì03 9,989 9,880 9, 856 9, 750 9, 594 9, 262 9,071 7,138 7,263 7,246 7,062 7,041 6,944 6,960 7,032 7, 024 7,004 7,096 7,124 7,184 6, 946 7,011 O r d n a n c e a n d a c c e s so rie s _____ _____ ______ 205.6 206.5 207.0 210.8 206.6 203.0 195.6 190.5 184.1 181.0 178.6 176.6 176.2 166.4 77.0 1,628.7 1,715.0 1, 687. 5 1, 618.0 1,527.3 1,470.6 1, 441.7 1, 436. 5 1, 442. 0 1, 455.7 1,504. 7 1, 554.8 1,636.4 1,538. 5 1, 544.1 305.3 302.7 302.7 299.7 295.5 294.6 299.2 303.0 312.5 321.0 317.9 308.6 309.8 306.1 127.4 132.8 135.3 134. 2 127.0 122.1 118.2 116.0 114.4 115.9 117.5 121.1 123.4 125.2 361.0 339.4 274.1 194.5 174.5 162.0 150.3 156.3 159.8 171.0 199.7 280.8 217.1 230.3 127.8 127.2 126.9 127.3 122.6 121.1 122.9 123.9 125.5 126.5 123.8 126.3 124.8 121.2 290.1 290.0 290.7 289.7 285.8 283.2 284.2 283.6 282.5 287.2 290.3 290.5 284.6 281.2 32.8 30.0 30.2 27.5 39.2 28.5 27.2 28.1 50.9 27.8 49.3 33.4 34.9 30.3 89.0 82.5 75.5 78.1 79.1 92.0 94.4 94.4 86.3 75.7 84.0 86.2 87.9 86.8 235.4 240.0 237.8 231.4 224.2 217.1 213.6 208.4 210.4 215.7 219.6 221.7 220.8 217.6 146.2 142.9 144.8 143.9 137.8 135.3 138.3 136.4 133.5 136.2 140.7 143.7 138.5 139.5 F o o d a n d k in d r e d p r o d u c t s ___________ _ M e a t p r o d u c t s ....... ............................................. D a i r y p r o d u c t s _____________________ ___ C a n n i n g a n d p r e s e r v i n g .____ __________ G r a in - m ill p r o d u c t s ___ ______ __________ B a k e r y p r o d u c t s ................................................. S u g a r ________________ __________ ________ C o n f e c tio n e r y a n d r e l a t e d p r o d u c t s ___ B e v e r a g e s _______________________________ M is c e lla n e o u s fo o d p r o d u c t s ....................... T o b a c c o m a n u f a c t u r e s ........................................ C ig a r e tt e s ................................................ .............. C ig a r s .............................. ......................................... T o b a c c o a n d s n u f l ______________________ T o b a c c o s te m m in g a n d r e d r y i n g .............. T e x tile - m ill p r o d u c t s ........................................... S c o u r in g a n d c o m b in g p l a n t s . ................... Y a m a n d t h r e a d m ills __________________ B r o a d - w o v e n f a b r ic m i lls .............................. N a r r o w fa b r ic s a n d s m a l lw a r e s ................. K n i t t i n g m i l l s ________________________ _ D y e in g a n d f in is h in g te x til e s ...................... C a r p e ts , r u g s , o th e r flo o r c o v e rin g s ......... H a t s ( e x c e p t c l o th a n d m i l l i n e r y ) ______ M is c e lla n e o u s te x til e g o o d s ____ ________ A p p a r e l a n d o th e r fin is h e d te x til e p r o d u c t s ___________________ _____ _________ _ M e n ’s a n d b o y s ’ s u its a n d c o a ts _______ M e n ’s a n d b o y s ’ f u r n is h in g s a n d w o r k c l o th in g ......................................................... .. W o m e n ’s o u te r w e a r ____________________ W o m e n ’s, c h i l d r e n ’s u n d e r g a r m e n t s ___ M i l l i n e r y . ____ ___________ _____ ________ C h i l d r e n ’s o u te r w e a r ___________________ F u r g o o d s _______________________________ M is c e lla n e o u s a p p a r e l a n d a c c e s s o r ie s .. O th e r f a b r i c a te d te x tile p r o d u c t s _______ See footnotes at end of table. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 123.4 125.5 31.7 41.7 8.8 43.3 116.6 31.3 41.1 8.6 35.6 93.5 30.6 40.0 8.5 14.4 93.4 31.4 41.4 8.9 11.7 93.6 31.6 41.3 8.9 11.8 94.0 31.6 41.2 8.9 12.3 96.4 31.4 42.0 9.0 14.0 102.6 30.9 41.9 8.9 20.9 110.0 31.2 41.9 9.0 27.9 117.6 31.2 42.2 9.1 35.1 117.8 31.2 42.8 9.2 34.6 125.9 30.9 42.8 9.2 43.0 107.0 30.4 41.8 9.2 25.5 104.4 29.0 40.9 9.4 25.1 1,175. 7 1,195.8 1, 201.1 1,192.1 1,220.1 1, 214. 4 1,216.7 1, 231. 8 1. 231.3 1,227.9 1,243. 0 1, 242.8 1, 230. 2 1,201.7 1, 272. 7 7.0 7.2 7.2 6.9 7.0 6.6 6.5 6.9 6.8 6.7 6.9 6.7 6.4 6.8 150.6 153.4 150.9 154.9 153.3 153.6 156.6 156. 1. 156.8 157.7 158.1 157. 6 154.2 165.2 513.5 514.9 519.3 526.6 523.8 523.3 528.2 531.2 531. 5 537.9 535.7 532. 5 527.9 576.1 35.0 34.8 34.5 35.2 35.4 35.1 34.2 34.9 35.4 35.3 33.2 35.1 35.0 34.7 251.3 253.5 248.5 254.7 254.0 254.4 257.0 253.8 251.4 257.7 260.3 257.1 244.5 244.6 94.2 94.0 92.2 94.0 97.8 98.1 96.9 95.8 94.2 93.9 97.0 97.7 97.2 94.5 55.5 53.8 52.7 56.7 58.5 58.4 58.3 55.4 56.5 58.3 58.5 54.5 57.8 59.6 — 17.1 18.1 17.8 18.1 17.2 19. 1 18.6 18.5 18.0 18.6 19.2 17.6 17.1 17.7 69.0 71.6 71.4 73.0 73.4 72.8 72.2 73.3 72.8 71.4 72.6 72.6 69.6 73.5 1, 213. 5 1, 220.6 1, 239.9 1,178.6 1,200.1 1,187.2 1, 212.3 1,266.1 1, 264. 4 1, 234.5 1, 239. 4 1, 232.1 1,229. 5 1,190.8 1,187.1 142.6 142.4 131.0 140.7 138.6 137.8 139.8 137.8 132.6 134.1 135.4 136.8 132.5 142.2 _________ 313.2 364.6 108.3 21.5 64.1 8.9 65.5 131.9 314.6 380.5 107.2 22.7 68.8 10.3 65.8 129.6 299.1 354.9 105.9 20.4 65.0 11.7 63.1 127. 5 311.0 349.7 108.5 17.4 67.8 12.0 64.5 128.5 310.8 338.4 110.9 17.9 65.2 9.8 64.6 131.0 311.1 359.1 113.1 21.6 63.8 7.2 65.3 133.3 310.9 396.8 113. 5 27.2 67.5 8. 7 65. 4 136.3 306. 6 402.2 112.1 27. 5 68.6 9.0 64.5 136.1 300.9 391.8 109.7 25.8 66.7 10.7 62.7 133.6 302.4 388.1 112.2 22.8 65.1 12.4 66.9 135.4 301.8 372.7 114. 7 20.6 65.7 14.0 70.5 136.7 300.4 286.1 370.9 371.7 113. 5 106.4 22.8 23.2 66.4 64 9 12.3 12.0 70.6 65.1 135.8 129.0 283.4 366.5 101.5 22.6 61.4 13.6 68.7 127.3 REVIEW, DECEMBER 1953 1341 A: EMPLOYMENT AND PAYROLLS T able A -2 : Em ployees in nonagricultural establishm ents, b y in d u stry division and group 1— C ontinued [ In th o u s a n d s ! A nnual a v e ra g e 1952 1953 I n d u s tr y g ro u p a n d in d u s try Oct. Sept. Aug. J u ly Ju n e M ay A p r. M ar. F eb. Jan. D ec. N ov. O c t. 1952 1951 M a n u f a c t u r i n g — C o n ti n u e d L u m b e r a n d w o o d p r o d u c t s (e x c e p t f u r n i t u r e ) ......... . . ................................. L o g g in g c a m p s a n d c o n t r a c to r s -----------S a w m ills a n d p la n in g m i l l s ------------------M ill w o r k , p ly w o o d , a n d p r e f a b r i c a t e d s t r u c t u r a l w o o d p r o d u c t s ____________ W o o d e n c o n t a i n e r s ____________ _____ . . . M is c e lla n e o u s w o o d p r o d u c t s --------------- 781.4 81 .7 461.4 792.4 8 4 .7 467.5 786.6 85. 5 460.2 800.1 8 9 .6 4 6 5 .7 782.2 83 .7 456.3 769.7 75 .7 450.4 757.1 72.6 441. 2 745.8 65 .2 437.5 744.3 63 .6 438.1 771.6 74 .7 452. 5 798.4 88.1 466. 2 795. 0 78.4 472.7 782.0 8 4 .0 457. 8 834.4 101.4 477. 4 119.8 59.2 59.3 120.0 120.1 60.2 60.0 61.2 59.6 123.1 6 1 .8 5 9 .9 121.3 61. 5 59.4 122.7 6 1 .0 5 9 .9 120.9 6 1 .2 6 1 .2 121.0 6 1 .0 61.1 121.3 61.1 6 0 .2 122.0 62.1 60.3 123.0 6 1 .0 60.1 124.8 58.7 6 0 .4 118.9 61 .0 60 .4 126.4 65.8 63.4 F u r n i t u r e a n d f ix t u r e s ___________________ H o u s e h o ld f u r n i t u r e .................................. O ffice, p u b li c - b u il d in g , a n d p ro fe s s io n a l f u r n i t u r e ____________ _______ _______ P a r t i t i o n s , s h e lv in g , lo c k e rs , a n d fix t u r e s _______ _______________________ S c re e n s , b li n d s , a n d m is c e lla n e o u s f u r n i t u r e a n d f ix t u r e s ------------------------- 371.9 262.6 371.6 262.9 369.9 261.4 371.6 2 6 4 .2 376. 5 269.4 383.0 275. 5 387.1 279.8 385. 5 278.1 382.6 275.2 382.8 275.0 381.7 274.3 375.4 269.4 361 .0 257.1 36 1 .3 257.1 3 9 .5 3 9 .7 3 9 .2 3 9 .0 3 9 .6 40 .0 40.1 40.1 40.1 40 .3 4 0 .2 40. 1 3 9 .9 40.7 3 7 .0 3 7 .5 37.1 3 6 .7 36 .3 36 .3 3 5 .9 3 6 .4 3 6 .6 3 6 .3 3 5 .9 3 5 .3 34.1 34.4 3 2 .8 31.5 32.2 3 1 .7 31 .2 3 1 .2 3 1 .3 30 .9 30 .7 3 1 .2 3 1 .3 3 0 .6 2 9 .9 29. 1 P a p e r a n d a llie d p r o d u c t s -------- --------P u l p , p a p e r , a n d p a p e r b o a r d m ills . P a p e r b o a r d c o n ta in e r s a n d b o x e s ,. O th e r p a p e r a n d a llie d p r o d u c t s . . . 544.2 268.6 147.4 128.2 541.2 267.3 146.2 127.7 533.4 265.4 141. 2 126.8 535. 9 264 .9 143.8 127.2 528. 5 261.4 140.9 126.2 527. 7 260.7 141. 3 125.7 527.3 261. 6 140.8 124.9 523. 2 261. 5 138.9 122.8 522.1 261.4 138. 6 122.1 526.6 262.4 141.0 123. 2 520.7 257.4 140. 5 122.8 516.7 256.8 138.1 121.8 505.6 257.1 129.6 119.0 511.5 258. 7 131.9 121.0 786.8 295.0 66.3 48.1 195.4 55.3 19.3 45.5 776.7 293.0 64 .7 47.3 192.1 53.9 19.1 4 5 .2 775.5 292.3 65.0 46.9 192.7 53.3 18.9 45.0 779.7 293 .8 6 5 .0 4 6 .9 194.3 54.1 18.9 4 4 .9 775.1 292. 5 65.3 46. 6 193 2 53. 6 17. 6 44 .5 774.3 291. 5 65.4 46.8 193. 8 53. 3 17.2 44 .3 774.3 290.5 66.3 47.4 194.0 53.2 17.5 4 3 .9 771.8 289 .2 66. 7 47 .0 194.1 52. 7 17.6 43. 4 772.5 288.4 66 .6 46.5 195. 8 52.8 17.7 44 .0 780. 6 291.6 67.4 46.1 196.7 54.9 19.3 44.1 779. 5 290.8 67.3 4 5 .8 195.3 55.1 2 1 .2 4 4 .0 774. 5 289.4 65. 5 46.1 194.7 54.5 20 .3 43 .7 762. 9 286.8 64.1 4.5.2 192.8 52.9 18.2 4 2 .9 755. 5 282.2 61.1 45.1 193.4 53. 5 18.5 42.7 6 1 .8 61 .8 62 .0 6 1 .5 61.1 60 .7 6 0 .5 6 0 .0 60.3 59.9 59.0 749.0 81 .7 267.6 9 8 .2 750.6 8 1 .5 267.1 9 8 .4 749.1 8 1 .2 264.4 98.1 748.7 81 .0 262.6 97 .9 741.7 8 1 .9 259.0 98.4 742.8 81.5 259.3 95 .8 P r i n t i n g , p u b li s h i n g , a n d a llie d in d u s tr ie s . N e w s p a p e r s ______ _______ ______ _____ P e r io d ic a ls ......... ........................................... ........ B o o k s ________________________________ C o m m e r c ia l p r i n t i n g ........................................ L i t h o g r a p h i n g .............. ................... ................... G r e e tin g c a r d s ------------ --------------------------B o o k b in d i n g a n d r e l a te d i n d u s t r i e s . . . . M is c e lla n e o u s p u b li s h i n g a n d p r i n t i n g s e r v ic e s ............ ................................—:----------- 774.6 798.6 C h e m ic a ls a n d a llie d p r o d u c t s ..................... I n d u s t r i a l in o r g a n ic c h e m ic a ls -------------I n d u s t r i a l o r g a n ic c h e m i c a l s .---------------D r u g s a n d m e d ic in e s ___________ _____ _ S o a p , c le a n in g a n d p o lis h in g p r e p a r a ti o n s __________________________________ P a i n t s , p ig m e n ts , a n d f ille r s ....................... G u m a n d w o o d c h e m ic a ls ---------------------F e r ti liz e r s _______________________ _____ — V e g e ta b le a n d a n i m a l oils a n d f a t s ------M is c e lla n e o u s c h e m ic a ls ................... ............ P r o d u c t s of p e t r o le u m a n d c o a l---------------P e tr o l e u m r e f i n in g ----- --------- -----------------C o k e a n d o th e r p e t r o le u m a n d co a l p r o d u c t s ................................................... .......... 6 1 .9 61.4 61.4 757.2 84.9 278.0 93.1 754.0 85 .5 281.2 92.6 751.7 86.0 280.3 92.8 49 .6 75.7 7 .6 3 3 .2 43 .8 91.3 49 .3 76.4 7 .5 31.5 38 .3 91 .7 49.3 76.6 7.5 30.3 36.4 92.5 264.2 210.7 266.5 211.8 266.3 211.4 753.2 8 4 .7 278.1 9 4 .6 754. 7 84 .0 274.4 9 4 .2 762. 7 83 .4 272.2 95 .0 761.3 8 3 .0 270.6 95.3 752.2 8 2 .3 267.9 95.3 4 9 .7 75 .6 7 .4 3 3 .0 3 7 .3 92 .8 4 9 .9 75.4 7. 6 3 8 .6 3 8 .2 9 2 .4 50. 5 75. 5 7 .9 45.8 39 .9 92. 5 50. 5 75.0 7 .8 44.4 4 2 .6 92.1 50.1 74.3 7 .6 39. 2 44. 2 9 1 .3 49.4 73.7 7 .6 34 .8 45.8 90 .2 4 9 .6 73.4 7 .7 3 3 .0 4 8 .0 9 1 .9 4 9 .5 7 3 .6 7 .7 32 .7 4 9 .2 92 .7 4 9 .9 73.5 7 .7 3 3 .9 49.5 92 .7 49.8 73. 1 7 .9 35 .8 4 4 .2 9 1 .7 51.6 73 .6 8 .3 35.8 46.8 90 .3 264.3 209.4 261.0 206.8 260.3 207. 0 259. 0 206. 3 258.2 208.0 258.3 206.6 260.7 207.6 261.5 207.1 262. 8 207.6 253.9 202.1 252.7 198.6 53.5 54.7 54.9 5 4 .9 54 .2 53.3 52.7 5 2 .2 51.7 53.1 54 .4 55.2 51 .8 54.1 R u b b e r p r o d u c t s . . .................... ................. .......... zm .v T i r e s a n d i n n e r t u b e s ...................................... ................ R u b b e r f o o tw e a r ............................................ .............. O th e r r u b b e r p r o d u c t s . . . ........................... .................. 270.5 114.5 29.7 126.3 271.0 115.2 29.4 126.4 269.5 116.1 28.1 125.3 276.3 118.1 29.1 129.1 276.3 118.7 2 8 .9 128.7 276.6 118.2 29.4 129.0 276.4 117. 5 29.8 129.1 274.8 116.9 29.8 128.1 275.1 117.3 30.1 127.7 274.6 117.6 30.7 126.3 272.2 116.9 30 .2 125.1 267. 5 116.1 29.8 121.6 262.3 116.1 28 .3 117.9 263.3 111.2 2 9 .2 123.0 L e a t h e r a n d l e a t h e r p r o d u c t s .......... ............... 374.1 L e a th e r : ta n n e d , c u r r i e d , a n d f i n i s h e d . . ---------I n d u s t r i a l le a t h e r b e l tin g a n d p a c k i n g . . ---------B o o t a n d s h o e c u t s to c k a n d f in d i n g s ----- -----------F o o tw e a r (e x c e p t r u b b e r ) .............................. .............. L u g g a g e --------- ---------------- ----------------------------------H a n d b a g s a n d s m a ll le a t h e r g o o d s --------- -----------G lo v e s a n d m is c e lla n e o u s le a t h e r g o o d s . ---------- 383.2 46.8 5.1 1.6.4 246.5 18.9 3 0 .0 19.5 391.4 47.1 5 .3 17.5 254.0 18.6 29.4 19.5 383.8 46.8 5 .3 17.7 248.8 18.3 28.2 18.7 390 .2 4 7 .6 5 .4 18.0 254.5 1 9 .2 2 6 .7 1 8 .8 382.4 4 6 .9 5 .7 16.9 249.2 19 .2 26.1 18.4 393.3 4 6 .8 5 .8 18.1 255.4 19.1 29 .7 18.4 402. 5 47.4 5 .7 18.8 261.7 18.4 3 2 .2 18.3 403.1 47.8 5 .6 19.3 261.9 18.5 32 .1 17.9 398.7 48 .3 5 .6 1 9 .2 259.9 18.1 30.1 17.5 397.8 48 .7 5 .5 18 .9 256.1 18.9 29.7 2 0 .0 393.7 4 8 .4 5 .4 1 8 .0 249.6 19.1 3 1 .7 21 .5 391.8 4 7 .7 5 .2 17.4 248. 9 19.0 3 2 .0 2 1 .6 381.9 46 .5 5.1 17.5 246.7 17.8 2 9 .0 19.4 376.9 48 .0 5 .5 16.8 241.0 15.9 29.4 2 0 .3 S to n e , c la y , a n d g la ss p r o d u c t s . .................... .. 544.4 F l a t g la s s ................................ .............................. .................. G la s s a n d g la s s w a r e , p r e s s e d o r b l o w n . . _______ G la s s p r o d u c t s m a d e o f p u r c h a s e d g la s s ________ C e m e n t, h y d r a u l i c . ........................................................... S t r u c t u r a l c l a y p r o d u c t s ------------------------------------P o t t e r y a n d r e l a t e d p r o d u c t s ___________________ C o n c r e te , g y p s u m , a n d p la s te r p ro d u c ts ________ C u t- s to n e a n d s to n e p r o d u c t s ___________________ M is c e lla n e o u s n o n m e ta l lic m in e r a l p r o d u c t s __________________________ ____________ 549.0 35.9 105.7 16.2 41.7 78.6 54.2 107.9 18.9 546.8 35.5 103.7 16.4 41.9 79.3 53.1 108.3 18.9 538.9 35.1 100.4 16.3 41.8 80.0 48.5 108.1 18.4 547.7 3 4 .9 105.4 16.9 4 0 .9 80 .3 54.3 105. 8 1 8 .5 543.0 35 .0 104.2 17.0 41 .0 78.0 55.1 104.7 17.9 544.1 35 .3 104.3 17.7 40 .6 77.5 5 6 .3 104.1 18.3 541. 2 35 .4 103. 6 17.5 40 .6 76 .9 57.0 101.6 18 3 533.9 35 .6 101.1 17.0 40 .6 75.4 56.6 100.1 18.1 531.3 35.7 99 .9 17 .2 4 0 .6 75 .6 56.5 9 9 .2 17.9 538.9 35.7 100.6 17.3 4 0 .7 79.1 57 .0 101.9 18.2 541.6 35.1 101.4 17.3 40 .5 8 0 .6 57 .2 103.2 18.4 539.9 34 .3 100.3 16.7 41 .0 81 .4 57 .3 103.1 18.4 527. 9 32 .6 9 6 .2 16.2 3 9 .9 8 0 .9 57 .2 100.7 17.5 551.2 33 .2 98 .0 16.7 40 .6 8 5 .2 6 3 .0 101.5 18.9 89.9 89 .7 90.3 9 0 .7 90.1 9 0 .0 9 0 .3 8 9 .4 8 8 .7 8 8 .4 8 7 .9 8 7 .4 8 6 .9 94 .2 S ee fo o tn o te s a t e n d o f ta b le . 2 8 0 0 6 7 -5 3 - -6 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1342 A: EMPLOYMENT AND PAYROLLS MONTHLY LABOR T able A -2 : E m ployees in nonagricultural establishm ents, b y in d u stry division and group 1—C ontinued [In thousands] 1953 Annual average 1952 Industry group and industry Oct. Sept. Aug. July June May Apr. Mar. Feb. Jan. Dec. Nov. Oct. 1952 1951 Manufacturing—Continued Primary metal industries......... . . ............. 1,304. 7 1,320.6 1,333.4 1,336.9 1, 346.0 1,338.4 1, 343. 9 1,343. 6 1,338.9 1,335.8 1,330. 5 1,317.6 1, 306.8 1,227.4 1,313.0 Blast furnaces, steel works, and rolling 656.0 666.7 665.1 662.1 655. 9 656. 6 656. 5 654. 4 653.0 649.7 645.1 643. 3 570 7 642 5 mills_________ _________________ Iron and steel foundries... ___ ___ 239.2 241.3 243.1 248.7 250.5 253.2 253. 2 253. 7 255.3 255.8 254.7 251. 4 253.0 26öl 2 Primary smelting and refining of non52.4 52.5 52.2 ferrous metals_____ ___ ________ 52.7 51. 5 51.2 50.8 49. 5 49.9 52.8 49.8 49. 9 50.6 50.3 Secondary smelting and refining of non12.8 12.4 12.9 12. 7 12. 6 ferrous metals ___ 12.6 12.9 12.7 12.6 12.2 12.6 12.0 12.3 13.2 Rolling, drawing, and alloying of non121.7 122.4 121.5 123.8 123.4 123.1 122.0 119.9 118. 5 117.8 116.1 114.3 i n 2 110 8 ferrous metals .. _________ 96.6 92.9 95.3 92.8 94.9 97.2 98.3 97. 5 94.8 Nonferrous foundries. ................_ ._ 98.2 89 8 87 0 97.8 91.8 Miscellaneous primary metal industries. 145.7 145.2 146.5 149.5 148.6 149.4 149.8 149.1 148.8 147.6 144.8 144.1 1318 1412 Fabricated metal products (except ordnance, machinery, and transportation equipm ent)... .. __________ 1,146. 2 1,156.0 1,163.0 1,151.7 1,168.0 1,162.3 1,160. 6 1,159.3 1, 149. 6 1,135.2 1,125.7 1,104. 6 1,088.1 1, 045.6 1,059.7 59.7 64.1 56.9 55.6 Tin cans and other tinware ............. .... 62.7 61.3 57. 8 57.0 56. 7 56 5 55. 4 58. 5 56 6 58 1 Cutlery, hand tools, and hardware__ 155.0 159.6 159.1 164.6 165.3 164. 0 164.9 163. 2 160.8 158.3 154.3 150.9 149.8 1618 H e a tin g a p p a ra tu s (except electric) a n d plumbers’ supplies Fabricated structural metal products Metal stamping, coating, and engraving Lighting fixtures. .. ______ ______ Fabricated wire products.. Miscellaneous fabricated metal products____________________________ 151.3 286.3 235.8 49.4 70.8 152.5 284.6 236.1 50.4 71.1 151.3 278.8 236.6 49.4 71. 5 153.4 279.7 242.1 50.1 72.4 153. 7 274. 6 241.8 50.3 72. 9 155. 0 272. 2 241.4 50. 9 73. 7 154.1 272. 7 240.8 50.8 73. 2 154. 2 272.0 237. 5 49.6 71. 7 152 6 270 5 231.3 48 3 71.3 154. 6 272.2 223.8 47.9 70.3 153. 8 268.0 215.2 47.4 69.1 154.0 262.9 209.3 46.5 67.0 142 8 252 8 196.7 45 6 63.9 144.7 144.6 143.7 146.0 145.9 146. 4 145.9 144. 7 143. 9 143.0 141.4 139.0 136 5 144 1 ?41 9 2010 48 2 66ll 127 1 Machinery (except electrical).......... .......... 1,609.4 1,624.0 1,635.9 1,665.7 1, 698.4 1, 702.0 1, 714. 3 1. 727. 8 1.713.4 1, 702.1 1, 687. 5 1, 643.8 1,607. 2 1, 642. 4 1, 601.3 95.5 89.9 89.4 95. 7 95 8 94.2 94.5 96. 5 95.5 86.3 Engines and turbines___ . __ 95.6 95. 9 88 9 81 2 Agricultural machinery and tractors__ 160.3 170.1 179.3 184.5 187.1 190. 6 195.8 193.3 190 4 188.8 169.7 156.2 185.1 198 4 Construction and mining machinery__ 126.6 128.9 131.0 133.5 130. 9 131.1 134. 2 133. 9 133. 2 132.9 132.1 130. 5 132 2 190 5 Metalworking machinery...............I ___ 283.8 281.2 281.6 285.8 285. 6 285. 2 285. 4 283.3 283.9 282.8 279.4 278.5 280 3 26214 Special-industry machinery (except 183.4 185.7 186.8 191.0 190.3 190.9 191. 9 192.0 191 2 190.8 190.2 185.6 190 9 196 0 metalworking machinery).. ______ General industrial machinery_____ .. 233.9 234.0 236.4 236.9 234. 2 234. 4 234. 5 232.3 232 0 231.4 227.2 225.8 230. 7 224 4 Office and store machines and devices... 111.3 110.1 111.4 112.0 112.4 112. 6 112.3 111. 5 111.7 111. 7 110.7 110.4 109 8 106.3 Service-industry and household ma195.4 196.8 202.0 213.3 219 4 224. 7 227. 5 223. 7 217.0 208.1 200.6 193. 5 186. 5 182.2 chines.......... . . . . . . _. ________ Miscellaneous machinery parts______ 239.4 239.7 242.7 245.9 246. 5 248. 9 249. 7 247. 7 246. 9 245.5 239.7 240.4 238.0 229 8 Electrical machinery.. ________ . . . .. 1,191.1 1,204.5 1,195.7 1,179.3 1,194. S 1, 202.0 1, 206. 5 1,204.0 1,192. 4 1,173. 5 1,166.6 1,142.3 1,118.6 1,068. 4 1,005.4 Electrical generating, transmission, distribution, and industrial apparatus. 390.1 39i. 0 391.7 393.7 393 6 393.0 390. 5 386. 1 381 5 378.4 374.3 369. 9 364. 8 354.9 63.2 Electrical appliances_____ __________ 70.7 69.4 70.9 60.6 70.3 69.3 67. 9 65. 5 64.9 56. 2 59. 5 70 5 69. 9 33.1 Insulated wire and cable... _______ 34.4 34 5 34 3 35.4 35 5 35. 6 35. 5 35. 4 35 1 34.6 32.8 31. 5 29 2 79.9 Electrical equipment for vehicles.____ 90.9 80.5 87.7 87. 5 88.2 91 0 91. 0 90. 5 88.2 84 5 82.2 78 6 79 2 25.0 _____ ___ .. 27.3 23. 5 23.3 Electric lamps., . . . 27 2 26. 9 26.3 25 3 27 9 27 5 27 4 25.8 25 2 31 0 Communication equipment..... ........... 545.1 537 6 519.4 529.2 537 2 542. 8 546.0 543.1 535 3 533.8 518.8 501.2 464. 9 405 8 Miscellaneous electrical products_____ 47.7 49. 5 50.3 47.3 45.9 45.9 46 3 48.6 48 2 48 0 47.4 47 0 46 6 46 5 Transportation equipment____________ 1,877.4 1,888.9 1,934.7 1,944.1 1, 950. 8 1. 955, 8 1, 969. 9 1,965.7 1, 930.0 1,891.5 1,862.6 1, 825.0 1,779.3 1, 674.9 1,510.3 Automobiles___ _ . ______________ 897.1 950.1 965.5 969.4 982. 3 993.1 983.2 957. r 924 6 904.(1 887.9 850.0 793. 5 844 5 Aircraft and p a r t s .________________ 755.9 747.3 740 9 733.6 728 4 727. 3 735. 0 729.2 721 4 711.4 694.5 684.3 641. 6 462 6 Aircraft . . _________ 457.3 451. 9 447 6 444.5 445. 6 446. 9 449.2 448.1 447. 8 444. 5 434.0 430.2 413 9 212 2 Aircraft engines and parts_________ 168.8 167.3 167 9 165.9 161 3 159. 2 165. 6 163. 7 158 1 153. 9 150. 2 147.5 134 7 90 8 Aircraft propellers and parts.. __ . 16.4 15.2 16.4 16. 5 16.5 15.7 14.8 16.3 16.4 16. 6 16 3 10 8 16. 2 14.0 Other aircraft parts and eouipm ent.. 113.4 111.9 109.1 106.8 105 1 104. 7 103. 7 100.8 97.3 95.1 99. 2 91.8 79 1 48 8 Ship- and boatbuilding and repairing . 147.1 147. 2 151 6 153.9 153 0 157.1 155.1 155. 7 158 1 158.8 155.9 155. 3 151. 0 116 0 Shipbuilding and repairing___ . ... 122.9 122.5 125.6 127.1 126.1 130. 5 129.7 131.0 134.1 135.3 133.5 134.3 131 2 101 6 26.8 Boatbuilding and repairing________ 22.4 24.2 24.7 26. 6 25. 4 24.7 23.5 21.0 26.0 26.9 19. 8 14 4 24.0 Railroad equipment____ . _______ 80.0 75.1 76.3 79.2 74.8 72.3 78. 6 79. 0 74.1 72.1 73 7 75. 3 75 8 74 3 13.9 Other transportation equipment_____ 13.2 13.3 13.7 13. 8 14.3 14.6 14. 4 13.8 13. 5 13.4 13 1 12 9 12 6 Instruments and related products.......... Laboratory, scientific, and engineering instruments . . . ________ _ Mechanical measuring and controlling instrum ents___ . . ________ Optical instruments and lenses ___ Surgical, medical, and dental instruments . . . . . . ______________ . . . Ophthalmic goods______________ Photographic apparatus____________ Watches and clocks______________ 333.6 Miscellaneous manufacturing industries.. Jewelry, silverware, and plated ware . Musical instruments and parts______ Toys and sporting goods.' ________ Pens, pencils, and other office supplies.. Costume jewelry, buttons, notions___ Fabricated plastic products_________ Other manufacturing industries.......... See footnotes at end of table 516.1 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 333.5 331.6 333.2 335.4 333.3 333.2 332. 5 326.3 322.8 318.7 310.2 2912 53.4 52 8 54.4 54. C 53. 6 53. 6 53. 5 53. C 52 8 52. 5 51.8 51.1 48 9 39.1 78.6 12.3 80.2 12. 2 81.1 12 1 82.6 12.3 81. £ 12.3 81. 8 12. 4 81. £ 12.4 80. £ 12.3 80 2 12.3 79. 6 12.3 78.3 12.4 77.0 12.4 74.1 12.4 71.8 115 40.4 28. 2 73.2 47.4 40. 7 28 1 71.9 45.7 40 8 27.9 71.3 45.6 41.2 28. 4 69.4 47. 5 41 1 28. 7 68. 9 46.8 41.1 29. 0 68. 5 46. 8 40 9 29. 2 68.3 46.3 40. 4 29.9 67.9 45. 1 40 8 28. 9 68.0 44. 5 40. £ 28. 5 67.9 44. 6 40. 6 27. 8 67.5 44.4 40.0 27. 5 66. 9 43. 8 39 6 28 1 66.1 41 0 40 0 29 0 62.1 37.7 515.3 56.8 18. 2 92. 7 32.8 71.9 77.1 165.8 508.8 55.3 18.1 91.2 32.4 71.8 76.4 161.6 490.2 52.8 17 7 87.4 31.9 68.3 74.6 157.5 501.5 54. 9 18.0 88.1 32.3 68.1 75. 5 164.6 497.2 54. 2 18.0 87.1 32.1 66.4 75.1 164.3 495.9 54. 6 18. 1 84. 3 32.0 67. 2 75.1 164.6 494.1 55. 0 18.3 81.3 31. 7 69.3 74.1 164.4 487.2 474.9 53. 6 52.8 18. 1 17. 8 77.8 73.7 31. 1 31.1 69.6 67. 6 73. 4 72.6 163.6 159.3 485.0 53. 8 17.5 79 8 32.6 67.1 72. 4 161.8 495.8 54. 2 17.4 87. 2 32. 6 68.4 72. 7 163.3 488.5 53. £ 17.0 87. 9 32. 7 67.4 71.1 158. 5 456.0 50.5 16.3 75. 4 31. 5 62.1 66.9 153. 4 465.4 54.7 16.6 74.0 31.9 63.9 67.2 157.0 328. 5 327.5 REVIEW, DECEMBER 1953 A: EMPLOYMENT AND PAYROLLS 1343 T a ble A -2 : E m ployees in nonagricultural establishm ents, by in d u stry division and group 1—C ontinued [In thousands] Annual average 1952 Industry group and Industry Sept. T r a n s p o r t a t i o n a n d p u b l i c u t i l i t i e s ___________ T r a n s p o r t a t i o n .................................................................... I n t e r s t a t e r a i l r o a d s .................................................... C l a s s I r a i l r o a d s - ............... .................................... L o c a l r a i l w a y s a n d b u s l i n e s _____________ T r u c k i n g a n d w a r e h o u s i n g ................................ O t h e r t r a n s p o r t a t i o n a n d s e r v i c e s ............ B u s l i n e s , e x c e p t l o c a l ...................................... .. A ir tr a n s p o r t a tio n (c o m m o n c a r r ie r ). C o m m u n i c a t i o n ........................ ........................................... T e l e p h o n e . ..................................................................... T e l e g r a p h ......................................................................... O t h e r p u b l i c u t i l i t i e s ........... .......................................... G a s a n d e l e c t r i c u t i l i t i e s ___________ ________ E l e c t r i c l i g h t a n d p o w e r u t i l i t i e s ______ G a s u t i l i t i e s ________________________________ E le c t r i c l i g h t a n d g a s u t i li t ie s c o m b i n e d .. L o c a l u t ilit ie s , n o t e ls e w h e r e c la s s ifie d .. W h o l e s a l e a n d r e t a i l t r a d e _____________________ W h o l e s a l e t r a d e ........................................... ........................ R e t a i l t r a d e _________________ _________ ___________ G e n e r a l m e r c h a n d i s e s t o r e s ................................ F o o d a n d l i q u o r s t o r e s _____________________ A u t o m o t i v e a n d a c c e s s o r i e s d e a l e r s ____ A p p a r e l a n d a c c e s s o r i e s s t o r e s . ....................... O t h e r r e t a i l t r a d e . ....................................................... 2,991 747 572 Aug. July May June Apr. Mar. Feb. Jan. Dec. Nov. Oct. 1952 1951 4,323 4,334 4,340 4,315 4,279 4,244 4,235 4,210 4,210 4,293 4,286 4,296 4,220 4,166 2,999 2,998 2,999 2,990 2,966 2,949 2,928 2, 909 2,914 2, 995 2, 992 2,999 2, 941 2,921 1,395.1 1,405.6 1,409.6 1,399. 9 1,387.0 1,376.0 1, 360. 5 1, 356.4 1,367. 5 1, 406. 0 1,412.5 1,423. 2 1,399. 8 1,449.3 1,224.7 1, 235.0 1,238.8 1,229.2 1,217.5 1,204.9 1,188. 5 1,184.8 1,195. 5 1, 222. 7 1, 238.8 1, 249. 9 1, 226.2 1,275.9 127.9 128.4 130.6 131.0 130.7 130. 7 131.3 131.5 125.6 132.4 132.4 132.3 134.2 139 0 766.7 753.6 748.4 749.3 745.5 743.0 743.9 737.2 734.9 761.9 750. 8 745.9 714.6 675 6 709.1 710.6 710.7 709.5 703.1 698.9 691.9 683.8 686.0 694.9 696.0 697.1 692.1 656.9 53.0 52.9 52.5 52.5 52.6 53.5 51.5 52.4 52.9 52.1 51.9 51.4 53 0 51.9 99.4 105.6 105.1 104.9 104.6 102.0 101.1 100.8 100.0 100.0 98.8 97.8 95.6 85.2 746 752 736 734 732 759 742 750 731 738 717 690 747 734 697.3 703.5 709.5 700.1 697.3 682.3 693.5 689.2 684.9 686.5 684.4 682.4 672.7 638.9 47.6 48.6 48.6 47.7 48.3 48.9 48.1 47.9 48.3 49.1 48.6 48.9 48.6 50.1 584 582 562 560 565 578 564 565 563 575 566 562 563 655 555.7 560.5 558.8 552.2 544.3 542.1 543.0 541.4 540. 5 540.8 538.8 54.3.0 541.2 533.3 249.5 251.4 250.8 248.2 245.0 244.7 244.3 243.5 243.2 242.7 240.2 244.3 243.5 240.4 130.1 131.7 130.8 128.9 126.3 124.8 126.5 126.1 125.6 126.6 127.0 127.2 126.4 123.8 176.1 177.4 177.2 175.1 173.0 172.6 172.2 171.8 171.7 171.5 171.6 171.5 171.3 169 1 21.4 22.6 23.0 21.7 21.5 21.7 22.9 22.1 21.5 22.4 21.9 22.0 21.7 21.7 10,603 10,458 10,340 10,355 10,415 10,348 10,314 10,284 10,214 10,283 11,218 10,650 10,442 10,251 10,013 2,755 2, 736 2, 736 2, 736 2, 729 2, 712 2, 713 2, 730 2, 743 2,747 2, 787 2,780 2. 752 2, 721 2,655 7,848 7, 722 7,604 7,619 7,686 7, 636 7,601 7, 554 7, 471 7, 536 8, 431 7, 870 7,690 7,530 7,359 1,487.4 1,413.9 1,351.3 1, 350.3 1,402.3 1,406. 2 1,396.6 1,396. 4 1. 355. 0 1,406. 5 2,013. 2 1,626.3 1, 504. 8 1,453.2 1,429 3 1,415. ‘ 1,397.9 1,391.5 1,400.8 1,405. 7 1,399. 3 1, 398.2 1,389.2 1, 380.8 1,370.9 1,407. 2 1,381.7 1,375. 8 1, 353.8 1, 307 6 850.3 849.8 851.8 845.6 839.2 829.2 820.0 812.9 810.0 807.5 815.2 800.5 785.2 779. 5 763.7 605.9 586.8 540.7 551.9 594. 7 594.8 593. 2 585.7 5.58.2 573.6 705.6 617. 7 601.9 584.0 575.4 3,488.8 3,474.0 3,468.7 3,470.3 3,444.3 3, 406.4 3,392. 7 3, 369.9 3, 366. 7 3,377.6 3, 489. 5 3,443. 5 3,422.2 3,359.1 3,282.4 F i n a n c e , i n s u r a n c e , a n d r e a l e s t a t e 4________ B a n k s a n d t r u s t c o m p a n i e s 4.................................. S e c u r i t y d e a l e r s a n d e x c h a n g e s ......................... .. I n s u r a n c e c a r r i e r s a n d a g e n t s ................................ O t h e r f i n a n c e a g e n c i e s a n d r e a l e s t a t e ____ 2,052 2,055 512.5 63.8 755.3 723.6 2,077 519.1 64.8 760.8 732.0 2,075 519.3 65.2 757.5 732.9 2,046 5Ó6.8 64.9 744.6 729.5 2,025 499.1 65.2 737.2 723.1 2,014 499.0 65.0 735.5 714.4 1,993 496.7 64.9 732.3 699.1 1,977 493.4 64.7 726.9 692.2 1,969 488.6 64.1 720.8 695.1 1,978 489.6 64.2 719.6 704.2 1,973 486.8 64.2 716.7 705.1 1,973 484.6 64.4 715.2 709.0 1,957 480.0 64.5 707.2 704.8 1,861 431.0 63.7 671.4 694.7 S e r v i c e a n d m i s c e l l a n e o u s ______________ _______ H o t e l s a n d l o d g i n g p l a c e s . .................................... .. P e r s o n a l s e r v ic e s : L a u n d r i e s ................... ..................... ..................................... C l e a n i n g a n d d y e i n g p l a n t s . .................... .. M o t i o n p i c t u r e s . . ’. . .......................................................... 5,334 5,392 483.8 5,412 541.7 5,413 537.8 5,397 495. 9 5,357 469.9 5,307 463.8 5,225 456.0 5,194 450. 5 5,192 442.7 5,237 446.8 5,266 446.1 5,303 456.3 5,280 476.9 5,207 476.5 346.8 180.6 234.1 350.5 175.8 234.3 354.7 180.4 233.8 354.1 186.8 233.8 348.6 184.2 232.1 343.5 180.7 234.4 340.4 175.0 232.0 340.0 171.9 229.4 341.7 172.4 229.6 342.0 172.5 228.5 342.3 175.3 232.6 343.7 176. 9 237.2 342.7 172.7 236.2 342.7 166.8 244.4 G o v e r n m e n t 4______________________________________ F e d e r a l 4__________________________________________ S t a t e a n d l o c a l • _________________________________ 6,754 2,200 4, 554 6,663 6,449 6,478 6,638 6,669 6,653 6,666 6,625 6,675 7,095 6,742 6,704 6,633 6,373 2,220 2,248 2, 271 2, 285 2,282 2,304 2,324 2, 343 2 350 2,765 2, 363 2,363 2,403 2,261 4, 443 4,201 4,207 4,353 4,387 4,349 4,342 4.282 4.325 4,330 4,379 4,341 4,230 4,112 i The Bureau of Labor Statistics series of employment in nonagricultural establishments are based upon reports submitted by cooperating firms. These reports cover all full- and part-time employees in private nonagricultural establishments who worked during, or received pay for, any part of the pay period ending nearest the 15th of the month. Because of this, persons who worked in more than 1 establishment during the reporting period will be counted more than once. In Federal establishments the data generally refer to persons who worked on, or received pay for, the last day of the month; in State and local government, to persons who received pay for any part of the pay period ending on, or immediately prior to, the last day of the month. Proprietors, self-employed persons, unpaid family workers, and domestic servants are excluded. These employment series have been adjusted to first quarter 1951 benchmark levels indicated by data from government social insurance programs. Revised data in all except the first 4 columns will be identified by asterisks the first month they are published. These data differ in several respects from the nonagricultural employment data shown in the M onthly Report on the Labor Force (table A -l, civilian labor force), which are obtained by household interviews. This M R LF series relates to the calendar week which contains the 8th day of the month. I t includes all persons with a job whether at work or not, proprietors, selfemployed persons, unpaid family workers, and domestic servants. 1 Durable goods include: ordnance and accessories; lumber and wood products (except furniture); furniture and fixtures; stone, clay, and glass https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis products; primary metal industries; fabricated metal products (except ord nance, machinery, and transportation equipment); machinery (except elec trical); electrical machinery; transportation equipment; instruments and related products; and miscellaneous manufacturing industries. 3 Nondurable goods include: food and kindred products; tobacco manu factures; textile-mill products; apparel and other finished textile products; paper and allied products; printing, publishing, and allied industries; chem icals and allied products; products of petroleum and coal; rubber products; and leather and leather products. 4 Beginning with January 1952, the data for Federal employment are not strictly comparable with those for prior years, primarily as a result of changes in definition. The following changes were made starting with that month: (1) data refer to the last day of the month rather than the first of the month; (2) employment of the Federal Reserve Banks and of the mixed-ownership banks of the Farm Credit Administration were transferred from the Federal total to the “ Banks and Trust Companies” group of the “Finance, Insur ance, and Real Estate” Division; (3) fourth-class postmasters, formerly ex cluded as nominal employees, are now included in the Federal total. 5State and local government data exclude, as nominal employees, paid volunteer firemen and elected officials of small local units. See N ote on p. 1337. 1344 A: EMPLOYMENT AND PAYROLLS MONTHLY LABOR T able A -3 : P roduction workers in m ining and m anufacturing industries 1 fin thousands] Annual average 1953 Industry group and industry Sept. Aug. July June May Apr. Mar. Feb. Jan. Dec. Nov. Oct. 1952 1951 M in in g : M e t a l . ................................ ....................... ............................... .. I r o n _______________ ______________ _______________ C o p p e r ............................................................................. .. L e a d a n d z i n c . .............. - ....................... .................. 86.5 35.5 23.9 12.8 86.4 35.4 23.9 13.3 86.7 35. 5 23.7 13.5 87.4 35.4 23.8 14.4 86.6 34.9 23.4 14.8 86.2 34.0 23.5 15.3 86.7 33.5 23.6 15.8 88.1 33.5 23. 5 16.6 88.8 34.1 23.4 17.0 88.9 34. 4 23.2 17.0 88.4 34.6 22.8 16.9 85.8 34.7 20.8 16. 7 83.8 29.1 22.3 18.1 88.4 33.8 22.4 17.8 A n t h r a c i t e _______________ ______ __________________ B i t u m i n o u s - c o a l .................................................................. 46.5 269.3 46.6 268.7 45.4 268.0 50.3 277.1 51.6 277.9 47.8 286.7 53.5 295.8 55.6 302.0 56.4 306.9 57.8 307.4 58.0 306.6 58.5 306.3 59.5 309.9 65.0 348.0 C r u d e -p e tr o le u m a n d n a tu r a l-g a s p r o d u c tio n : P e t r o le u m a n d n a tu r a l-g a s p r o d u c tio n ( e x c e p t c o n t r a c t s e r v i c e s ) ............................... 130.1 133.8 133.7 131.9 127.2 127.7 126. 5 125. 9 126.4 126.5 126.3 126.7 127. 9 124.8 N o n m e t a l l i c m i n i n g a n d q u a r r y i n g ................ 91.4 91.7 91.2 90.8 89.0 88.2 85.0 83.8 83.6 87.5 90.6 91.6 88.6 89.2 M a n u f a c t u r i n g - - __________________________________ D u r a b l e g o o d s 1 ....................................................... N o n d u r a b l e g o o d s 3............................................... 7,933 5, 693 O r d n a n c e a n d a c c e s s o r i e s ........................................... 158. F o o d a n d k i n d r e d p r o d u c t s .................................... M e a t p r o d u c t s ............................................................... .. D a i r y p r o d u c t s ___________ ___________________ C a n n i n g a n d p r e s e r v i n g ____________________ G r a i n - m i l l p r o d u c t s .................................................... B a k e r y p r o d u c t s . ............................... ............. ............. S u g a r ____________________________________________ C o n f e c t i o n e r y a n d r e l a t e d p r o d u c t s ____ B e v e r a g e s . — _______ _____________ ______________ M i s c e l l a n e o u s f o o d p r o d u c t s .......................... .. 1, 201. A p p a r e l a n d o th e r fin is h e d t e x t ile p r o d u c t s __________________________________ _________ M e n ’s a n d b o y s ’ s u i t s a n d c o a t s _________ M e n ’s a n d b o y s ’ f u r n i s h i n g s a n d w o r k c l o t h i n g ______________________________________ W o m e n ’s o u t e r w e a r . . . _____________ _______ W o m e n ’s , c h i l d r e n ’s u n d e r g a r m e n t s ___ M i l l i n e r y _____________________ _________ _______ C h i l d r e n ’s o u t e r w e a r . ........... .................... ............. F u r g o o d s ____________ ______ ___________________ M is c e lla n e o u s a p p a r e l a n d a c c e s s o r ie s .. O t h e r f a b r i c a t e d t e x t i l e p r o d u c t s ________ L u m b e r a n d w o o d p r o d u c ts (e x c e p t fu r n i t u r e ) _____________________________ _________ _ L o g g i n g c a m p s a n d c o n t r a c t o r s __________ S a w m i l l s a n d p l a n i n g m i l l s _______________ M i llw o r k , p ly w o o d , a n d p r e f a b r ic a te d s t r u c t u r a l w o o d p r o d u c t s _______________ W o o d e n c o n t a i n e r s __________________________ M i s c e l l a n e o u s w o o d p r o d u c t s . . ................. F u r n i t u r e a n d f i x t u r e s . ............... ............................... H o u s e h o l d f u r n i t u r e ______________ __________ O ffic e , p u b lic - b u ild in g , a n d p r o fe s s io n a l f u r n i t u r e _________________________________ P a r t it io n s , s h e lv in g , lo c k e r s , a n d fix t u r e s __________________________________________ S c r e e n s , b lin d s , a n d m is c e lla n e o u s fu r n i t u r e a n d f i x t u r e s .................... .......... .................. See footnotes at end of table. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 159.0 159.2 162.1 158.3 155.9 150.2 146.5 141.8 139.0 136.5 134.0 132.0 125.7 61.5 1, 284.7 1, 256.0 1,184.0 1,096.6 1,050.6 1,026. 5 1,024. 8 1, 032. 6 1.044. 7 1, 092.8 1,142.0 1, 223.4 1,127.1 1,142.4 240.3 238.9 239. 5 237.0 233.2 232.7 237.7 241.1 248.8 256.4 253. 5 243.9 245.6 242.9 87.6 94.2 92.1 87.1 79, 7 78.1 77.9 79, 5 82.5 85.1 93.5 83.1 76.4 87.3 330.4 308.7 243. 7 165.4 145.9 133.9 122.7 128.7 132.3 143.3 172.4 252. 9 188.8 201.6 94.4 93.7 93.4 89.3 93.4 95.1 93.9 87.7 90.6 92.3 94.0 91.6 89.3 92.3 182.4 182.2 183.9 184.0 181.0 178.5 179. 7 179.5 179.0 183.5 186.6 187.1 181.9 181.4 27.4 24.7 24.8 22.2 23. 1 24.9 33.6 43.1 23.2 22.3 22.7 44.3 28.0 29.3 74.8 61.3 68.4 62.0 72.2 64.0 65.5 70.2 77.1 79.1 79.3 71.6 72.6 73.0 140.2 144.2 139.2 131.8 131. 7 127.2 125. 4 122. 0 123.5 128.7 132.2 133. 6 132.2 133.8 107.2 103.0 104.1 103.8 98.2 97.4 97.3 98.9 102.1 105.9 99.8 101.5 95.6 94.9 117.1 28.9 39.7 7.6 40.9 T o b a c c o m a n u f a c t u r e s . . - .......................................... C i g a r e t t e s . ......................................................................... .. C i g a r s __________ ______ ______ ___________________ T o b acco a n d sn u ff— .......................................... T o b a c c o s t e m m i n g a n d r e d r y i n g ________ T e x t i l e - m i l l p r o d u c t s ........... .......................................... S c o u r i n g a n d c o m b i n g p l a n t s _____________ Y a m a n d t h r e a d m i l l s ______________ _______ B r o a d - w o v e n f a b r i c m i l l s __________ _______ N a r r o w f a b r i c s a n d s m a l l w a r e s ........... .......... K n i t t i n g m i l l s _______________________________ D y e i n g a n d f i n i s h i n g t e x t i l e s ............................ C a r p e t s , r u g s , o t h e r f l o o r c o v e r i n g s _____ H a t s ( e x c e p t c l o t h a n d m i l l i n e r y ) ............ .. M i s c e l l a n e o u s t e x t i l e g o o d s ________________ 13,829 13,862 13.666 13,787 13,699 13,758 13,831 13,733 13,619 13,699 13,634 13,560 13,044 13,135 8,009 8, 065 8. 056 8,190 8,179 8,215 8,211 8.115 8,020 8,010 7, 916 7. 774 7, 481 7, 459 5, 820 5, 797 5, 610 5,597 5, 520 5, 543 5, 620 5, 618 5,599 5,689 5, 718 5, 786 5, 564 5,676 108.3 28.5 39.1 7.4 33.3 85.3 27.7 38.1 7.2 12.3 85.0 28.5 39.3 7.6 9.6 85.0 28.5 39.2 7.6 9.7 85.2 28.5 39.1 7.6 10.0 87.3 28.2 39.8 7.7 11.6 93.9 100.5 28.2 28.2 39.6 39.7 7. 7 7.7 18.4 24.9 108.1 28.1 40.0 7.8 32.2 108.5 28.2 40.6 7.9 31.8 116.7 28.0 40.6 7.9 40.2 97.9 27.5 39.6 7.9 22.9 95.7 26.3 38.7 8.1 22.6 1, 079.4 1,099.0 1.102. 7 1, 093.8 1,121.6 1,116.7 1,119.2 1,134.3 1,134.0 1,131. 7 1,146.1 1,145. 8 1,134. 9 1,105.8 1,175.8 6.4 6.4 6.6 6.6 6.2 6.3 6.4 5.9 6.3 6.3 6.4 6.2 6.1 6.0 140.4 142.8 140.2 144.4 142.9 143.0 146.0 145. 7 146. 5 147.3 147.5 147.0 143.6 154.2 485.0 486. 2 490.2 497.1 494.4 493.8 498.8 501.5 502.3 508.0 506.1 503.3 498.7 545.8 31.2 30.8 30.5 31.1 31.2 31.4 31.4 30.9 29.5 31.2 31.0 31.4 30.2 31.1 228.6 230.9 226.3 232.3 232.2 232.9 235.4 232. 3 230.2 236.2 238.7 235. 7 223.2 223.8 83.5 82.9 81.0 82.9 87.1 87.2 86.2 83.4 82.9 86.5 84.7 85.8 83.8 86.3 46.6 44.8 43.9 47.9 46.2 50.1 50.1 48.0 47.7 49.7 50.1 50.0 51.0 49.4 15.4 16.3 16.0 16.3 16.9 17.4 16.7 16.1 15.3 15.5 17.4 15.8 15.8 16.8 61.9 61.4 59.1 63.2 62.9 63.1 62.5 62.5 63.4 61.7 60.0 63.3 63.8 62.7 1, 086.6 1,095.7 1,113.6 1, 053. 2 1,072.2 1,060.8 1,086.0 1,138. 5 1,136. 6 1,108. 5 1,113.5 1,104.3 1,102.9 1,066.9 1,065.9 129.1 129.3 117.8 126.9 124.9 123.9 125.8 124.0 119.3 121.0 122.0 123.4 119.3 128.8 708.3 315. 2 290.9 323.9 97.0 19.0 58.4 6.7 58.4 112.3 292.5 339.2 95.5 20.2 60.6 8.0 58.4 109.9 276.8 314.0 94.1 18.1 59.1 9.4 55.8 108.1 287.6 308.8 96.3 15.1 61.8 9.6 57.3 108.8 288.2 297.9 99.0 15.5 59.1 7.5 57.3 111.4 289.4 317.8 101.2 19.2 57.9 5.1 58.0 113.5 288.6 355.5 101.5 24.5 61.4 6.5 58.0 116.7 284.2 360.3 100.2 24.8 62.4 6.8 57.3 116.6 278.8 351.1 98.2 23.2 60.5 8.2 55.3 113.9 280.2 346.6 100.6 20.3 59.3 9.8 59.4 116.3 279.9 330.9 102.6 18.1 59.5 11.3 62.8 117.2 278.8 330.0 101.6 20.4 60.4 9.6 63.3 115.4 265.1 331.2 95.0 20.6 59.1 9.4 57.8 109.5 263.4 326.4 91.1 19.9 56.1 10.7 61.0 108.5 715.0 76.3 428.9 724.0 78.7 434.0 717.8 80.4 425.8 730.9 83.8 431.9 712.5 77.9 422.3 700.5 70.3 416.4 688.0 66. 9 407.5 676.9 59.3 404.1 676.4 58.0 405.5 704.4 69.6 419.7 730.3 82.6 433.3 727.7 73.4 439.8 713.3 78.5 423.8 766.8 95.8 444.4 102.2 54.9 52.7 102.0 55.9 53.4 101.8 56.8 53.0 104.4 57.4 53.4 102.4 57.1 52.8 104.0 56.7 53.1 102.4 56.8 54.4 102.6 56.6 54.3 102.7 56.6 53.6 103.9 57.5 53.7 104.6 56.4 53.4 106.6 54.2 53.7 100.8 56.4 53.9 108.4 61.1 57.1 318.2 230.4 317.2 230.2 314.5 228.0 317.4 231.5 322.1 236. 5 328.5 242.3 332.7 247.0 331.9 245.9 329.2 242.9 330.0 243.1 328.5 242.1 322.1 237.2 309.1 225.5 310.6 226.0 32.4 32.6 32.0 32.0 32.6 33.1 33.1 33.2 33.3 33.5 33.4 33.2 33.0 33.8 28.9 29.2 28.8 28.5 28.2 28.1 27.7 28.3 28.7 28.6 28.2 27.6 26.6 27.0 26.5 25.2 25.7 25.4 24.8 25.0 24.9 24.5 2 4 .3 24.8 24.8 24.1 23.9 23.8 REVIEW, DECEMBER 1953 A: EMPLOYMENT AND PAYROLLS 1345 T able A -3 : P roduction workers in m ining and m anufacturing industries x—C ontinued [In thousands] 1953 Annual average 1952 Industry group and industry Oct. Sept. Aug. July June May Apr. Mar. Feb. Jan. Dec. Nov. Oct. 1952 1951 M a n u f a c t u r i n g — Continued Paper and allied products....... .................. Pulp, paper, and paperboard mills Paperboard containers and boxes— Other paper and allied products______ Printing, publishing, and allied indus tries ..................................................... Newspapers___ _____________ ______ Periodicals.................. .............. ............ Books....................... .............................. Commercial printing............................. . Lithographing........................................ . Greeting cards____________ _______ Bookbinding and related industries__ Miscellaneous publishing and printing services_______ __ _____ ________ Chemicals and allied products_________ Industrial inorganic chemicals_______ Industrial organic chemicals________ Drugs and medicines..... ....... ........... Soap, cleaning and polishing prepara tions.......................... ...................... Paints, pigments, and fillers________ Gum and wood chemicals.......... ........... Fertilizers __________ ____ ________ Vegetable and animal oils and fats___ Miscellaneous chemicals____________ 451.3 454.3 229.1 121.5 103.7 450.6 227.0 120.3 103.3 442.0 224.8 115.0 102.2 445.6 225.2 117.8 102.6 439.7 222.2 115.6 101.9 439.5 221.8 116.3 101.4 439.3 222.6 116.2 100. 5 436.8 222.8 115.0 99.0 435.6 222.9 114.9 97.8 441.0 224.3 117.7 99.0 434.7 218.8 117.3 98.6 431.9 218.8 115.1 98.0 422.5 219. 4 107.4 95.8 434.3 223. 4 111.7 99.2 513.1 506.3 148.4 28.4 28.1 159. 9 42.6 14.8 35. 8 498.2 146. 5 27.3 27. 7 157.0 41. 6 14.7 35. 6 496.0 501.6 145.8 147.8 27. 7 27.8 27.1 27.5 157.0 158.9 40.9 41.9 14.5 14.3 35.4 35.4 498.7 147.7 28.3 27.2 157.6 41.5 13.2 35.1 497.9 146.3 28.4 27.5 158.3 41.3 12.7 34.9 499.2 146.1 29.1 27.8 158.7 41.4 13.1 34.6 496. 5 497.8 144.3 143.9 28.8 29.0 27.3 27.7 159.3 161.1 40.9 40.8 13.2 13.1 34.6 34.1 505.1 147.0 28.6 27.3 161.9 42.8 14.7 35.0 505.2 146.8 28.8 27.2 160.7 43 0 16.4 34.9 503.8 146. 4 29.0 27.5 160.4 42.6 15.6 34.6 494.2 144.4 28.7 27.1 158.1 40. £ 13.8 33.9 493.9 142 9 28.6 27.3 158.5 41.7 14.1 33.4 48.3 47.8 47.6 48.0 48.1 48.5 48.4 48.2 48.0 47.8 47.4 47.7 47.5 47.5 516.9 515.2 60.0 194.4 57. 5 511.0 60. 5 197.0 56. 7 508.3 61.3 195.0 56.7 513.1 60.1 195.0 58.8 516.9 525.8 59. S 59.7 192.3 190.9 58.9 59.4 525.9 59.4 190.4 59.8 518. 7 59.0 189.2 59.6 516.1 58.3 189.7 61.4 518.3 58.1 189.2 61.6 518 3 57.9 187.8 61.5 518.2 57.7 186.6 01.1 515.5 58.8 185. 5 62.5 529.5 59.5 192.0 62.7 30.6 47. 5 6. 25.4 33.0 60.3 30.2 48.0 6.4 23.7 27.6 60.9 30.4 48.9 6. 4 22.6 25.5 61.5 31.1 48.4 6.3 25.2 26.3 61.9 31.5 47.9 6.5 30.8 27.3 61.9 32.1 47.9 6.7 37.9 29.2 62.0 32.1 47.5 6.7 36.6 31.8 61.6 31.8 47.1 6.5 31.4 32.8 61.3 31.3 46.9 6.5 27.1 34.5 60.4 31.6 46.8 6.6 25.5 36.6 62.3 31.6 46.7 6.6 25.3 37.7 63.2 31.8 46.7 6.6 26.6 37.9 63.2 31.6 46.6 6.9 28.3 32.7 62.5 33.4 47.5 7.3 28.7 36.2 62.1 190.0 145.3 190.4 145.4 189.7 144.5 187.6 143.1 187. 6 144.1 186.4 143.6 185. 7 143.6 185.8 144.0 186.5 143.5 188.0 143.7 189.1 143.9 182.6 140. 5 188.2 143.3 — Products of petroleum and coal________ Petroleum refining.................................. Coke and other petroleum and coke products........ ........ ........... ................ 185.8 188.4 144.9 43.5 44.7 45.0 45.2 44.5 43.5 42.8 42.1 41.8 43.0 44.3 45.2 42.0 44.9 Rubber products............. Tires and inner tubes.. Rubber footwear......... Other rubber products. 209.1 215.4 89.0 24.1 102.3 215.3 89.6 23.7 102.0 213.2 90.1 22.5 100.6 220.3 92.4 23.5 104.4 220.2 92.7 23.3 104.2 220.5 92.2 23.8 104.5 220.5 91.6 24.2 104.7 219.2 91.2 24.2 103.8 219.2 91.5 24.5 103.2 219.2 91.8 25.2 102.2 216.6 90.8 24.7 101.1 212.5 90.2 24.3 98.0 208.2 90.8 22.9 94.6 212.0 87.4 23.9 100.7 L e a t h e r a n d l e a t h e r p r o d u c t s ___________ L e a th e r : ta n n e d , c u r r ie d , a n d fin is h e d . I n d u s tr ia l le a th e r b e ltin g a n d p a c k in g . B o o t a n d sh o e c u t s to c k a n d f in d in g s .. — F o o t w e a r ( e x c e p t r u b b e r ) ................................... L u g g a g e -------------------------------- ---------------------------H a n d b a g s a n d s m a l l l e a t h e r g o o d s _____ — G lo v e s a n d m is c e lla n e o u s le a th e r g o o d s 334.3 343.5 42.0 4.1 14.5 222.8 16.3 26.9 16.9 351.3 42.4 4.3 15.6 229.4 16.2 26.2 17.2 344.0 42.0 4.3 15.8 224.4 16.0 25.1 16.4 350.9 343.5 42.9 42.2 4. 5 4.7 16.1 15.0 230.5 225. 7 16.8 16.8 23.6 23.0 16.5 16.1 354.5 42.2 4.9 16.2 231.7 16.8 26.6 16.1 363.3 42.8 4. 8 16.9 237.7 16.0 29.1 16.0 363.5 43.1 4.7 17.4 237.8 16.2 29.0 15.3 359.0 43.6 4.7 17.3 235. 7 15.8 26.9 15.0 358.6 44.0 4.6 17.0 232.3 16.6 26.7 17.4 354.7 43.7 4.6 16.1 225.9 16.9 28.7 18.8 352.2 43.0 4.4 15.5 224.7 16.7 28.9 19.0 343.1 41.8 4.3 15.6 223.2 15.5 25.8 16.8 338.7 43.3 4.8 15.0 218.4 13.8 26.0 17.5 S t o n e , c l a y , a n d g l a s s p r o d u c t s _____________ F l a t g l a s s ...................................................................... .. G la s s a n d g la s s w a r e , p r e s s e d o r b lo w n G la s s p r o d u c ts m a d e o f p u r c h a s e d g la s s C e m e n t , h y d r a u l i c ...................................... ............ S t r u c t u r a l c l a y p r o d u c t s . _________________ P o t t e r y a n d r e l a t e d p r o d u c t s ____________ C o n c r e te , g y p s u m , a n d p la s t e r p r o d u c t s ................ .................................................................... C u t , - s t o n e a n d s t o n e p r o d u c t s ____________ M i s c e l l a n e o u s n o n m e t a l l i c p r o d u c t s ____ 461.8 466.3 32.0 91.1 14.0 35.2 70.3 48.0 464.1 31.5 89.8 14.2 35.3 71.1 46.9 456.2 31.1 86.6 14.2 35.2 71.8 42.5 465.4 31.0 91.6 14.7 34.4 72.1 48.3 462.3 31.5 90.7 15.5 34.2 69.1 50.1 459. 2 31.5 89.9 15.3 34.1 68.6 50.8 453.2 31.8 87.7 14. 7 34.3 67.2 50.6 450.9 31.9 86. 5 14.9 34.2 67.5 50.7 458.4 32.0 87.2 14.9 34.6 70.9 51.0 461.1 31.2 87.9 15.0 34.3 72.3 51.2 459.4 30.5 86.7 14. 3 34.8 73.4 51.3 448.4 28.9 83.1 13.9 33.8 72.7 51.1 475.1 29.7 85.3 14. 5 34.7 77.5 56.9 90.2 16.7 68.8 90.1 16.7 68.5 89.5 87.4 85.4 86.1 83.0 81.6 80.7 83.0 84.6 84.2 16.2 16.3 16.2 15.6 16.2 16.0 15.8 16.1 16.4 16.2 69.1 69.6 69.2 69.6 69.8 69.3 68.7 68.7 68.2 68.0 ........... 1,108.1 1,123.1 1,131.4 1,133.7 1,143.1 1,137.9 1,143. 5 1,144. 8 1,141.8 1,139.0 1,137.0 1,125. 8 1,115.6 563.7 571.6 570.5 567.2 561.8 562.4 563. 6 563.1 561.8 560. 8 557. fi 556. 6 — 209.5 211.6 213.6 219.5 221.1 224.1 224.2 224. 2 225.7 226.3 225.6 221.9 44.1 43.8 43.7 43.4 42.4 41.9 43.1 42.2 40.9 40.7 41.0 41.0 9.2 9.3 9.3 9.5 9. 5 9.6 9.6 9.5 9.4 9.3 9.1 8.7 82.3 15.3 67.3 84.7 16.6 75.1 P r i m a r y m e t a l i n d u s t r i e s .................. ....................... B la s t fu r n a c e s , s te e lw o r k s , a n d r o llin g m ills ........................................................................... I r o n a n d s t e e l f o u n d r i e s . ________ __________ P r im a r y s m e lt in g a n d r e fin in g o f n o n f e r r o u s m e t a l s . ___________ _____________ S e c o n d a r y s m e lt in g a n d r e fin in g o f n o n f e r r o u s m e t a l s __________ _________________ R o llin g , d r a w in g , a n d a llo y in g o f n o n fe r r o u s m e ta ls ____________________ _______ N o n f e r r o u s f o u n d r i e s . ................................. ............. M is c e lla n e o u s p r im a r y m e t a l in d u s t r i e s _______________________________ ___ Fabricated metal products (except ord nance, machinery, and trans portation equipment)......................... Tin cans and other tinw are.......... ...... Cutlery, handtools, and hardware___ Heating apparatus (except electric) and plumbers’ supplies__________ ____ Fabricated structural metal products Metal stamping, coating, and engrav ing...... .............- ................... ............. Lighting fixtures..... ............................. Fabricated wire products_________ Miscellaneous fabricated metal prod ucts ... _. ____ ___________ ____ See footnotes at end of table. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 460.6 31.2 90.5 14.8 34.5 69.8 48.9 039. 7 1,132.1 486. 5 223.4 560.2 237.1 42.0 42.3 9.2 10.2 100.0 77.6 99.6 77.3 97.9 79.4 100.5 80.6 100.8 79.5 100.4 82.0 99.4 82.9 97.7 82.9 96.5 82.2 96.1 82.3 94.5 79.8 92.6 77.0 90.1 74.9 90.8 72.8 119.0 118.2 119.3 122.4 122.0 122.6 123.0 122.5 122.5 121.5 118.8 117.8 113.7 118.9 942.7 55.6 127.2 949.5 56.9 131.8 937.6 54.0 130.9 956.3 52.7 136.4 951.7 50.9 137.4 952.3 50.3 136.5 952.3 50.1 137.4 942.1 50. 0 135.8 931.4 49.8 133.8 921.7 48.6 131.3 902.5 48.7 127.3 887. 7 51.9 124.3 850.1 49.7 123.2 874.3 50.8 136.7 121.2 220.4 122.3 218.5 120.2 214.2 123.3 216.1 123.3 211.5 124.6 210.0 123.7 210.7 123.7 210.0 122.4 209.6 124.8 211.1 124.5 207.3 124.2 203. 3 113.8 196. 0 116.3 188.1 — 198.5 40.2 59.8 199.3 41.4 59.7 199.4 40.6 60.0 204.8 41.1 60.9 204.8 41.3 61.6 204.9 41.9 62.5 204.9 41.9 62.1 201. 2 196.3 40. 6 39.4 60.6 60.4 188. 5 39.0 59.4 180.4 38.6 58.2 174 6 37. 8 56.2 164.2 36.9 53.3 172. 5 39.8 55.8 ................... 119.8 119.6 118.3 121.0 120.9 121.6 121.5 120.2 119.0 117.5 115.4 113. 1 114.3 932.5 — 119.7 MONTHLY LABOR A: EMPLOYMENT AND PAYROLLS 1346 T able A -3 : P roduction w orkers in m ining and m anufacturing industries 1— C ontinued [I n th o u sa n d s] 1953 Annual average 1952 Industry group and industry Oct. Sept. Aug. July June Apr. May Mar. Feb. Jan. Dec. Nov. Oct. 1952 1951 M a n u f a c t u r i n g — Continued Machinprv (ftYPopt electrical!_________ 1,214.4 1, 226.0 1,236.1 1, 264. 2 1,300.0 1, 306.6 1, 320. 5 1,334. 6 1, 323.1 1,312.9 1, 301.3 1, 259. 7 1, 227.0 1, 262. 5 1,245.1 70.2 71.2 69.8 70.5 70. 9 71.7 71.0 71.4 63.0 65. 9 60.8 64.6 63.9 68.8 117.0 126.4 135.4 140.5 143.0 146. 5 151.6 149.0 146.1 145. 3 126.6 113.2 140. 9 154.6 Agricultural machinery and tractors__ 98.0 100.9 100.6 100.5 100. 5 99.6 99.9 97.8 98.5 100.3 Construction and mining machinery.95.4 97.4 90.6 93.8 Metfllwnrlrincr machinery ________ 223.8 222.1 221.6 227.1 227.3 227.6 228.1 226.7 226.3 225.7 222.8 222.7 224.4 209.6 Special-industry machinery (except metalwnrkjnc machinery! _ ______ 134.3 135.3 136.6 140.6 140.0 141.1 142.1 142.2 141.2 141.0 140.8 136.9 142.6 150.1 163.7 163.7 165.7 167.2 166.0 166.5 167.0 165. 6 165.7 165.1 161.4 159. 9 164.3 163. 2 (Tenoral industrial machinery ____ 91.0 90.7 91.7 90.5 89.4 89.9 91.5 91.7 91.5 91.5 90.8 90.0 88.8 Office and store machines and devices... 90.5 Service-industry and household m a 148.0 150.0 155.7 166.4 172.4 177.9 180.1 177.3 171.8 163.3 156.4 149. 5 144.3 142.6 chines ______________________ 190.3 189.9 193.1 197.4 198.1 200.3 201.6 199.7 198.4 197.5 191. 5 192.8 189,9 184.7 Miscellaneous machinery parts______ TT.locf.ricaf machinery ______ _____ 897.0 Electrical generating, transmission, distribution, and industrial appara- — ____ _ ______________ tus Electrical appliances___ . ______ Insulated wire and c a b le _________ E le c tr ic a l equipment for vehicles_____ Electric lamps __ ______________ Communication eq uipm ent________ Miscellaneous electrical products____ 910.9 902.5 891. 5 910.6 919.1 926.0 924.7 915. 7 898.6 892.8 872.1 850.6 806.9 768.6 281.8 59.2 28.3 71.2 24.5 408.2 37.7 281.9 58.2 28.6 71.2 24.1 401.6 36.9 283.4 58.6 28.4 72.3 24.1 387.8 36.9 287.5 59.2 29.5 75.3 24.0 398.8 36.3 287.8 59.0 29.5 75.8 23.8 407.3 35.9 287.3 58.4 29.6 76.1 23.6 414.8 36.2 285.1 57.9 29.6 75.5 23.1 418.3 35.2 280.7 56.7 29.6 73.0 22.3 418.1 35.3 277.4 54.2 29.3 69.1 22.1 411.0 35. 5 274.8 53.8 28.8 66.6 21.7 410.2 36.9 271.3 52.3 27.6 64.3 20.1 398.0 38.5 267.6 50. 0 27.4 64.9 19.9 381 4 39.4 264.3 45. 7 26. 2 63. 5 21. 7 349. 5 36.1 261.8 47.7 24.0 64.3 27.1 307.1 36.8 Transportation equipment____________ 1, 464. 4 1, 477. 5 1. 522.6 1, 533.4 1, 548.3 1, 556.1 1, 575. 9 1, 573. 6 1, 543. 4 1,508.6 1,483.9 1. 450.1 1, 410.8 1, 320. 5 1, 219.8 Automobiles _______________ 729. 7 780.0 796.0 803.4 816.1 830.7 820.6 798. 0 ' 769.3 749.9 734.8 701.2 647.1 707.9 549.4 542.4 537.0 534.8 532.3 532. 8 542.3 538. 1 530.7 523.6 509.7 501.3 469.5 341.9 Aircraft and parts ______________ 329.2 325.4 322.3 321.8 324.8 327.2 330.2 329.3 326.9 324.9 316.4 313.2 302.8 232.3 Aircraft _______________________ 63.7 120.3 119.1 118.9 118.3 114.5 112.6 119.1 118.4 115.0 111. 7 108.6 106.5 95.9 Aircraft engines and parts_________ 7.6 12.1 12.1 12.2 10.7 Aircraft propellers and parts _____ 12.0 11.7 12.0 12.3 12.3 11.6 11.1 12.1 10.0 38.3 86.2 82.6 80.9 78.1 83.8 80.8 75. 4 73.6 70.9 87.9 80.7 60.8 Other aircraft parts and equipment 76.7 100.9 137.2 135.5 136.9 136.7 129.2 129.2 133.6 134.8 139.0 136.8 139.7 133. 2 Ship- and boatbuilding and repairing.. 139.0 88.2 107.9 107.3 110.4 111.6 110.7 115.1 114.0 115.0 117. 5 118.5 116.8 118.0 115.4 Shipbuilding and repairing -------22.2 23.2 23.9 24.1 21.2 20.1 18.7 12.8 21.3 21.9 23.9 22.8 17.8 Boatbuilding and repairing_______ 21. 5 61.4 58.8 58.5 62.9 62.1 56.2 59.3 57.7 59.3 55.1 62.7 58.4 59.8 58.4 Railroad equipment_______________ 10.6 11.7 11.3 12.3 12.5 12.3 10.9 11.5 11.7 11.7 11.5 11.3 11.2 Other transportation equipment- __ 11.2 Instruments and related products..-....... Laboratory, scientiflc, and engineering instruments____ __________ ____ Mechanical measuring and controlling Instruments _________________ . Optical instruments and lenses______ Surgical, medical, and dental instru ments . _____________________ . Ophthalmic goods_________________ Photographic apparatus____________ Watches and clocks________________ 243. 2 Miscellaneous manufacturing industries.. 429.0 Jewelry, silverware, and plated ware... Musical instruments and parts______ Toys and sporting goods____________ Pens, pencils, and other office supplies Costume jewelry, buttons, notions___ — Fabricated plastic products..... ............. Other manufacturing industries_____ 242.4 239.2 241.2 245.1 243.6 244.3 244.4 240.4 237.1 233. 6 227.6 216.7 32.7 31.8 33.5 33.8 33.6 34.1 34.3 34.1 34.3 34.2 33.6 32.9 32.0 25.8 56.0 9.7 57.0 9.6 57.7 9.6 59.6 9.7 59.3 9.7 59.2 9. 7 59.6 9.7 58.7 9.6 58.3 9.7 58. 1 9.6 56.5 9.8 55.6 9.8 53. 1 9.9 52 5 10.0 28.7 22.6 51.8 40.9 29.0 22.5 50.0 39.3 29.1 22.3 49.7 39.3 29.5 22.8 48.8 40.9 29.4 23.1 48.1 40.4 29.4 23.4 48. 0 40.5 29.4 23.6 47.9 39.9 28.9 23. 4 47.3 38.7 29.3 23.2 47.8 38.3 29.5 22.9 47.7 38.4 29.3 22.3 47.5 38. 1 28.7 22.1 47.0 37.5 28.6 22.7 46. 4 35.0 29 2 23.7 43.6 31.9 428.0 46.7 16.0 79.8 24.9 60.7 64.4 135.5 419.3 45.2 15.8 78.6 24.4 60.7 63.7 130.9 403.3 42.8 15.3 74.9 23.9 57.1 61.8 414.9 44. 7 15.6 75. 7 24.4 57.2 63.0 134.3 412.5 44.1 15.6 75.5 24.3 55.5 63.1 134.4 411.2 44. 4 15. 7 73.0 24.2 56.3 63.1 134.5 409.9 44.6 15.9 69.8 23.9 58.3 62.4 404.2 393.3 43.6 43.2 15.7 15.5 66.2 62.6 23.3 23.3 58.7 56.7 62. 1 61.2 134.6 1 3 0 . 8 403. 5 44. 1 15.2 68.6 24.8 56.3 61.2 133.3 414.5 44.9 15.0 75.9 25.0 57.2 61.4 135.1 407.7 44. 7 14.7 76.6 25.0 56.2 59.9 130.6 376. 7 41.1 13.8 64.8 24.0 51.6 55 8 125.6 388.3 44.7 14.1 64.5 24.8 53.7 57.0 129. 5 127.5 i S e e fo o t n o t e 1, t a b le A - 2 . P r o d u c tio n a n d r e la te d w o r k e r s in c lu d e w o r k in g fo r e m e n a n d a ll n o n s u p e r v is o r y w o r k e r s ( in c lu d in g le a d m e n a n d tr a in e e s ) e n g a g e d in fa b r ic a t in g , p r o c e s s in g , a s s e m b lin g , i n s p e c t io n , r e c e iv in g , s to r a g e , h a n d lin g , p a c k in g , w a r e h o u s in g , s h ip p in g , m a in t e n a n c e , ja n ito r ia l, w a t c h m a n s e r v i c e s , p r o d u c t s d e v e l o p m e n t , a u x i l i a r y p r o d u c t i o n f o r p l a n t ’s https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis o w n u s e (e . g ., a s s o c ia te d w it h i S ee fo o tn o te * S ee fo o tn o te S ee N ote on 135.0 240. 7 240.9 p o w e r p la n t ) , a n d r e c o r d -k e e p in g a n d o th e r s e r v ic e s c lo s e ly t h e a b o v e p r o d u c t io n o p e r a t io n s , 2, ta b le A -2 . 3 , ta b le A -2 . p. 1337. REVIEW, DECEMBER 1953 A: EMPLOYMENT AND PAYROLLS 1347 T able A -4 : Indexes of production-w orker em ploym ent and weekly payrolls in m anufacturing in d u strie s1 [1947-49 = 100] E m p lo y m ent P e r io d 1939: 1940: 1941: 1942: 1943: 1944: 1945: 1946: 1947: 1948: A A A A A A A A A A v e r a g e ___________________ v e r a g e ....... ............. . ................ v e r a g e .............. ........................ v e r a g e _____________ ______ v e r a g e ___________________ v e r a g e .............- ............. ........... v e r a g e ........................................ v e r a g e ............. ........................... v e r a g e _____________ ______ v e r a g e ___________________ W e e k ly p a y r o ll 6 6 .2 7 1 .2 8 7 .9 1 0 3 .9 1 2 1 .4 1 1 8 .1 1 0 4 .0 9 7 .9 1 0 3 .4 1 0 2 .8 2 9 .9 3 4 .0 4 9 .3 7 2 .2 9 9 .0 1 0 2 .8 8 7 .8 8 1 .2 9 7 .7 1 0 5 .1 E m p lo y m ent P e r io d W e e k ly p a y r o ll v e r a g e .................. ..................... v e r a g e ............... ........................ v e r a g e ........................................ v e r a g e .......... ............................. 9 3 .8 9 9 .6 1 0 6 .2 1 0 5 .5 9 7 .2 1 1 1 .7 1 2 9 .6 1 3 5 .3 1 9 5 2 : O c t o b e r ........ ................................ N o v e m b e r ......... ........................ D e c e m b e r .................................. 1 0 9 .6 1 1 0 .2 1 1 0 .8 1 4 5 .7 1 4 6 .3 1 5 0 .9 1949: 1950: 1951: 1952: A A A A E m p lo y m ent P e r io d 1 9 5 3 : J a n u a r y _________ __________ F e b r u a r y ..................................... M a r c h . . ___________________ A p r i l _______ _______________ M a y ________________________ J u n e ............ ............... ..................... July _________________________ August_____________________ S e p t e m b e r .. _______ O c t o b e r ____________________ 1 1 0 .1 1 1 1 .0 111. 8 1 1 1 .2 1 1 0 .8 1 1 1 .5 1 1 0 .5 1 1 2 .1 1 1 1 .8 1 1 0 .2 W e e k ly p a y r o ll 1 4 8 .4 1 4 9 .3 1 5 1 .9 1 5 0 .0 149.9 1 5 0 .8 148.9 1 5 1 .4 1 5 0 .0 1 See footnote 1, tables A-2 and A-3. See N ote on p. 1337. T able A -5 : Federal civilian em ploym ent b y branch and agency group [In thousands] Execiitive 1 Year and month All branches Total Department of Defense Post Office* Department Legislative Judicial Other agencies Continental United States 3 1952: Average_______ ________________ 2,403 2, 376.7 1,199. 2 521.7 655.8 22.6 3.9 1952: September______ ______________ October___________ ______ _____ November_____________ ______ December_____________________ 2, 368 2, 363 2.363 2,765 2, 341.6 2, 337.1 2, 336.3 2, 738.6 1, 205. 5 1,206.0 1,205.7 1, 206. 0 490.3 490.7 492.5 897.5 645.8 640.4 638.1 635.1 22.6 22.5 22.5 22.6 3.8 3.8 3.8 3.9 1953: January_______________________ February____ ______ ___________ March___________________ _____ April______ . ______ ___ ______ M ay___ __________________ ____ J u n e ____ July..................... ......................... ...... August. .. ___________ . September. . _______ ______ 2,350 2,343 2,324 2, 304 2, 282 2, 285 2, 323.6 2,316. 4 2, 297.3 2,278.0 2,256.1 2, 258.8 1, 204.8 1,197.7 1,181.0 1,160. 6 1,140.4 486.0 486.0 486.0 486.0 486.0 632.8 632.7 630.3 631.4 629.7 22.4 22.5 22.5 22.5 22.3 3.8 3.8 3.8 3.9 3.9 2, 271 2,248 2,220 2,244. 5 2, 221. 6 2,194. 6 1 ,1 3 8 .1 1,128. 2 1, 113.0 1, 09 4 .4 486 .0 488 .2 484.6 487.0 634 .7 628.1 6 2 4 .0 613.2 22.3 2 2 .2 2 2 .2 2 1 .9 3 .9 3 .9 3 .9 3 .8 Washington, D. O.3 1952: Average____________________ _ . 257.4 235.9 9 2 .8 8 .7 134.4 20 .8 0 .7 1952: September_____ _______________ October_________________ _____ November_____________________ December_____________________ 254.6 254.2 253.9 259.9 233.0 232. 7 232.5 238.5 93.1 9 3 .2 93.1 93.1 8 .1 8 .2 8 .2 14.7 131.8 131.3 131.2 130.7 20 .8 20 .7 20 .7 20 .7 .8 .8 .7 .7 1953: Ja n u a ry ...____________________ F eb ru ary ...___ ________________ March____ . . . . ______________ April.................................. ................ M ay........................................ ........... June_________ ______ _____ July........................................... .......... August___ ____________________ September...................................... 252.6 251.6 249.4 245.9 242.7 242. 2 238.3 235.2 232.7 231.4 230.3 228.0 224 6 221.6 221.1 217.3 214.2 211.9 9 3 .5 93.4 9 2 .8 91.6 9 0 .2 90. 1 89 .6 8 8 .9 8 9 .6 8.1 8 .1 8.1 8 .1 8.1 8 .1 8 .0 7 .9 7 .8 129.8 128.8 127.1 124.9 123.3 122. 9 119.7 117.4 114.5 20 .5 20 .6 2 0 .7 2 0 .6 20.4 20. 4 20.3 20 .3 20 .1 .7 .7 .7 .7 7 i Includes all executive agencies (except Central Intelligence Agency) and Government corporations. Civilian employment In navy yards, arsenals, hospitals, and on force-account construction is also included. 3 Includes the 48 States and the District of Columbia 3 Includes all Federal civilian employment in Washington Standard Met ropolitan Area (District of Columbia and adjacent Maryland and Virginia counties) https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis .7 .7 .7 .7 •Post Office Department employment was not available beginning with February 1953; and the January figure was used through June. Beginning with July 1953, actual data are reported. See N ote onp. 1337. MONTHLY LABOR A: EMPLOYMENT AND PAYROLLS 1348 T able A -6 : Em ployees in nonagricultural establishm ents for selected S ta te s 1 [In th o u sa n d s] 1952 1953 Annual average State Sept. Aug. July June May Apr. Mar. Feb. Jan. Dec. Nov. Oct. Sept. 1952 679.6 678.1 702.8 689.1 688.1 671.5 680.2 677.8 688.7 683.4 678.6 690.3 682.3 678.6 Alabama_______________ 197.2 203.8 207.7 200.9 192.3 192.8 203.1 205.0 203.5 197.4 200.7 197.6 195.9 199.2 Arizona2__ . . ___. . . 322.2 314.9 318.1 311.1 309.0 308.3 316.8 313.7 308.1 307.9 310.1 310.7 310.9 Arkansas.. ____ _____ 314.1 3, 798.4 3,866.4 3,859. 4 3, 739.2 3,781. 7 3, 929.6 3, 887.2 California 2______________ 4,000.3 3, 974.6 3, 905.1 3, 891. 8 3, 875. 9 3,847.7 3,823.2 411.2 427.4 409.9 425.5 428.3 430.5 412.5 412.0 411.6 423.9 423.7 422.3 420.6 413.8 Colorado__ _ . -------- -- 828.7 525.1 747.9 849.7 137.7 Illinois----- -------- ---------- 3,419.0 3,405. 4 3,386. 7 3,413.1 3,397. 4 3,390. 5 3,373.3 3,359. 9 3,358.2 3,455.6 3,384.3 3,361.0 3,346.1 3,312.2 Indiana____ _ .. ----------- 1,417. 2 1,401.1 1,403.8 1,406.1 1,402. 7 1,406.6 1,402.3 1,389. 9 1, 376. 8 1, 409. 0 1,388. 4 1,382. 5 1,383.0 1,345. 5 625.8 622.1 645.2 640.0 635.9 630.2 631.1 623.1 638.8 641.9 633.6 648.8 647.7 640.0 Iowa_________ ____ _____ 543.2 550.4 548.2 549.4 539.8 556.4 549.9 540.1 539.9 549.6 551.0 551.8 553.3 551.7 Kansas 2____ __________ 673.6 670.3 672.2 697.1 690.4 673.1 676.9 690.7 685.7 681.6 676.4 688.5 681.1 Louisiana--------- ------------ 695.8 3,264.8 1,351.2 628.0 511.1 654.5 278.4 271.2 273.4 283.2 285.6 289.9 264.7 267.5 284.0 286.4 286.5 273.6 285.9 Maine_____ . . . _________ 286.1 773.4 764.5 759.2 752.6 774.0 773.3 779.7 756.3 786.1 780.4 750.8 M aryland. . ____ 780.2 768.8 784.5 Massachusetts_______ . _ 1,801.3 1, 800. 7 1, 795.3 1,812.3 1,801.7 1, 793.5 1,780.4 1, 774.0 1, 775.1 1, 833. 0 1,806.1 1, 801.8 1, 799. 4 1, 783.4 854.1 827.2 834. 7 862.1 846.2 828.8 827.0 825.5 847.5 865.3 864.7 855.8 836.7 Minnesota _ __________ 845.5 M issouri2___________ . .. 1, 289. 7 1,281.5 1,269. 8 1,281.2 1, 286.0 1,282.0 1, 273.2 1,264. 0 1,260.3 1,312.4 1, 287. 9 1, 289. 5 1,287. 9 1,266. 5 272.3 741.4 1, 793.2 826.3 1, 235.0 154.1 149.2 159.6 163.3 151.8 148.1 150.0 157.1 156.6 162.9 155.8 163.5 161.6 160.1 M ontana_______________ 341.4 339.2 352.3 348.6 348.8 340.7 337.1 339.9 347.7 349.4 347.9 348.3 348.2 343.0 Nebraska______________ 69.6 67.6 66.2 66.1 68.5 68.1 68.5 68.7 65.7 75.6 75.1 76.5 71.5 N evada2____ . _______ 73.7 175.6 174.2 176.3 173.4 172.1 171.1 172.3 176.0 181.4 174.4 171.9 177.7 178.4 179.7 New Hampshire 2______ . New Jersey-------- ----------- 1,838. 9 1, 832. 6 1,827.0 1, 828. 9 1,811.1 1, 786.1 1, 802.4 1,793.4 1, 800. 5 1, 849. 9 1, 826. 7 1,824. 7 1, 821. 6 1, 789. 9 149.0 332.0 58.2 172.4 1,755.2 174.1 170.2 176.4 174.2 178.1 175.6 175.6 173. 5 173.6 177.4 176.9 176.5 178.0 New Mexico 2____ . ------- 176.9 New York . . . . . . . 5, 994. 5 5, 966. 3 5, 946. 2 5, 964.2 5, 919. 0 5, 907. 9 5,916. 3 5,874. 7 5,871.6 6,099. 6 6,000.4 5, 987. 5 5,961. 7 5, 864. 5 994.9 990.8 990.2 991.1 996.8 999.6 1,035.8 1,021.8 1,018.0 1,008.3 991.6 North Carolina 2_________ 1,013.7 1,003.0 993.7 112.1 112.6 3 108.6 111.0 110.8 107.7 104.7 104.3 105.8 111.9 112.0 112.1 110.9 North Dakota 2._ _ ______ 112.6 Ohio_________ _________ 3,117.0 3,096. 9 3,085. 3 3,083. 4 3,061.1 3,048.3 3,037.3 3,006.0 3,002. 5 3,092.2 3,034. 7 3,029.4 3,016.0 2, 954.1 159.9 5, 795.1 970.8 111.5 2, 929.0 519.0 522.4 535.0 526.8 526.9 520.1 525.2 523.0 521.5 526.8 526. 9 529.0 525.2 Oklahoma_______ ____ 529.1 465.2 441.2 465.9 469.7 481.9 460. 8 449.1 440.7 495.0 488.1 468.9 Oregon 2 . ____ . . . ------- 496.2 488.7 477.9 Pennsylvania____ ____ 3, 749. 5 3, 739. 9 3, 729.0 3, 747. 8 3, 729.3 3, 712. 8 3, 713.1 3, 693. 9 3,699.1 3,819.2 3, 764.8 3, 759.6 3,748.5 3, 666.6 315.3 314.1 312.1 311.3 304.1 308.0 304.7 305.0 304.7 303.9 Rhode Island____ _______ 305.6 307. 2 305. 5 306.4 524.4 525.2 533.0 533.0 522.8 523.2 538.3 534.0 524.0 526.0 523.2 522.0 South Carolina____ ____ 525.7 524.5 501.8 459.2 3, 716.4 307.7 493.0 122.1 122.6 119.4 118.7 114.9 113.8 114.7 121.9 122.8 3 119. 0 120.1 118.6 South D ak o ta2____ _____ 120.9 119.8 842.4 822.2 818.3 813.8 816.7 823.7 823.0 820.5 806.7 831. 5 829.9 825.0 Tennessee____ . ________ 835.7 830.9 Texas_________ _______ 2,278. 7 2,269.2 2,275.3 2, 280. 8 2,267. 9 2,268.2 2,250. 9 2,241.1 2, 244. 2 2,299. 8 2,258.1 2,249. 9 2,248. 4 2,215.0 2 2 1 .2 211.2 209. 5 2 2 1 .1 2 2 5 .3 219.5 215.9 213.7 2 1 0 .7 2 2 1 .8 2 1 3 .3 U tah______ . . . _. _ ------- 223.4 218.8 215.2 122.3 786.0 2,105. 5 501.1 809.7 885.6 143.7 879.6 502.0 796.5 890.9 140.3 877.8 507.3 792.8 886.6 139.9 881.0 513.8 805.7 884.0 137.3 871.2 513.9 819.3 881.4 133.9 863.0 517.7 862.6 873.7 128.2 857.9 519.5 870.6 869.6 126.6 856.5 522.4 868.2 869.4 127.5 880.3 540.2 862.9 897.1 138.8 860.8 528.4 816.2 884.0 141.5 850.0 527.4 786.6 884.0 143.4 650.3 178.1 315.7 3, 518.3 390.1 846.0 529.1 796.1 873.5 137.0 Connecticut . _____ District of Columbia___ _ F lorida2. . . ----- -------------Georgia---- --------------------.. . . . --------Idaho 2__ 867.9 515.4 846.2 875.8 131.3 1951 846.7 525.9 766.5 882.6 146.0 1 0 5 .7 1 0 5 .7 1 0 4 .3 1 0 4 .2 1 0 3 .4 1 0 2 .0 1 0 0 .7 1 0 0 .1 9 9 .8 1 0 2 .4 1 0 1 .0 1 0 1 .8 9 9 .9 9 9 .5 2 0 6 .5 9 9 .4 9 1 0 .1 V i r g i n i a . _________________ ______ W a s h i n g t o n _____ . . . . 7 6 6 .9 5 0 7 .9 W e s t V i r g i n i a __________________ W i s c o n s i n 2 _____________________ 1 , 1 0 5 . 7 W y o m i n g 2 _______________ ______ 8 8 .0 9 0 1 .2 7 5 6 .3 5 0 5 .4 1 ,1 0 2 .6 8 9 .2 9 0 2 .0 7 5 8 .9 5 0 1 .2 1 ,1 0 2 .1 8 8 .5 9 0 0 .5 7 5 0 .1 5 0 6 .3 1, 0 9 5 . 2 8 6 .7 8 9 5 .1 7 3 3 .4 5 0 5 .1 1 ,0 9 5 . 0 8 3 .9 8 9 3 .6 7 2 2 .0 5 0 5 .4 1 ,0 9 0 . 5 8 2 .3 89L 8 7 1 7 .8 5 0 6 .1 1 ,0 8 4 . 4 8 0 .8 8 8 6 .9 7 0 7 .5 5 0 3 .0 1 ,0 7 9 .0 7 9 .6 8 9 0 .5 7 0 7 .4 5 0 8 .6 1 ,0 7 5 .1 8 0 .8 9 2 3 .8 7 4 0 .8 5 2 8 .2 1 ,1 0 9 . 4 8 5 .9 9 0 4 .8 7 4 0 .1 5 1 6 .7 1 ,0 9 7 . 7 8 6 .6 9 0 1 .7 7 5 6 .0 5 1 6 .6 1 ,0 9 3 .4 8 8 .3 9 0 3 .0 7 6 6 .0 5 2 2 .4 1 ,0 9 7 .6 9 0 .5 8 9 0 .4 7 3 1 .3 5 2 1 .1 1 ,0 7 6 . 5 8 5 .7 8 6 0 .0 7 2 2 .2 5 3 2 .3 1 ,0 7 1 .9 8 2 .7 V e r m o n t ________________ ... .. 1 D a t a fo r e a r lie r y e a r s a r e a v a ila b le u p o n r e q u e s t to t h e B u r e a u o f L a b o r S t a t is t ic s o r t h e c o o p e r a tin g S ta te a g e n c y . S t a t e a g e n c ie s a ls o m a k e a v a ila b le m o r e d e ta ile d in d u s tr y d a ta . S e e t a b le A - 7 fo r a d d r e s s e s o f c o o p e r a tin g S ta te a g e n c ie s . https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 2 R e v is e d s e r ie s ; n o t c o m p a r a b le w i t h d a t a p r e v i o u s ly p u b l is h e d . 3 N o t c o m p a r a b le w it h p r e c e d in g d a ta s h o w n . REVIEW, DECEMBER 1953 1349 A: EMPLOYMENT AND PAYROLLS T able A-7 : Employees in manufacturing industries, by S tate1 [In thousands] 1953 1952 Annual average State Sept. 239.4 Alabama_______________ 26.9 Arizona2,. _ _ _ _ __ A rk an sas__ _ 81.7 California2 _ ................ 1,128. 4 71.1 Colorado— _____________ Connecticut , _________ 65.8 Delaware 17.2 District of Columbia______ 114.8 Florida 2 __. _ Georgia_________________ 313.4 27.4 Idaho 2___ - Illinois__________________ 1, 331. 4 674.8 Indiana____ ____ _ 168.4 Iowa— _ _ ______ - 134.5 Kansas 2_____ Kentucky__ Louisiana______ ____ _____ 162.4 Maine _______ - ___ ___ 120.2 M aryland___ 282.5 Massachusetts..- ________ 722.9 M ichigan.— _ ___ _ _ 1,157. 2 M in n eso ta______ _______ 227.9 Mississippi - 98.2 Missouri 2__ ____ 419.1 M ontana.. _____ . _____ 20.1 60.6 Nebraska___- ________ Nevada 2__ _ _______ — 4.3 82.2 New Hampshire 2________ New Jersey. _ _ _________ 843. 4 New Mexico 2_____ . . . 16.1 New Y ork.'._____________ 2, 009. 3 North Carolina____ _ 449.5 North Dakota__________ 6.6 Ohio_______ _____ - . . . 1, 414.3 Oklahoma____. _______ 86.5 Oregon 2______ _ _ _____ 158.5 Pennsylvania________ .. 1, 518. 4 Rhode Island_______ 145.8 South Carolina______ _ 222.3 South Dakota 2- _ ___ . . . 12.1 Tennessee__ ________ 293.4 _ ____ Texas____ 435.0 U tah__________ . . . ._ 38.2 Vermont___ _____ 41.3 Virginia_________________ 260.2 Washington___________ . . 211. 7 West Virginia________ . . . 138.3 Wisconsin . __________ 479.6 Wyoming 2____ ________ 7.0 Aug. July June May Apr. Mar. Feb. Jan. Dec. Nov. Oct. Sept. 1952 1951 236.2 27.4 78.9 1,128. 5 69.2 452.7 67.7 17.0 114.7 315.2 26.4 1, 333.3 664.6 173.3 139.2 154.5 162.6 120.3 284.0 727.6 1,195.8 232.2 97.9 422.7 19.9 61.2 4.4 82.9 812.3 16.6 2, 013. 2 445.9 6.7 1, 411. 5 86.6 155.2 1, 524. 8 146.4 223.2 12.2 295.5 437.9 33.7 41.3 257.0 204.9 138.8 482.5 7.0 232.8 28.1 78.5 1, 084.1 68.3 448. 5 63.1 16.9 114.2 310.9 26.6 1, 314.1 665.4 170.9 140.9 155.1 160.0 120.1 277.8 720.2 1, 217. 6 228.0 98.3 414.1 19.9 62.0 4.4 81.7 832.5 16.7 1, 969. 0 433.4 6.7 1, 408.1 85.3 157.2 1, 521.1 145.8 220.7 12.2 294.0 438.6 35.3 39.9 254.8 207.5 135.1 479.4 6.8 235.1 28.5 79.2 1, 057.8 67.8 455.4 62.4 16.9 117.4 309.9 24.7 1, 338. 2 661.1 171.2 142.0 156.3 157.8 120.9 275.9 733.5 1, 239.3 218.3 97.7 420.7 19.2 61.6 4.3 82.4 842.9 16.5 1, 982. 6 431.8 6.7 1, 413. 8 84.8 149.7 1, 529. 8 147. 5 222.5 12.2 292.8 437.6 31.9 40.5 254.0 202.6 137.6 471.0 6.4 233.8 28.8 79.7 1, 054. 9 66.3 452.6 62.5 16.8 120.0 310.5 22.8 1, 332. 4 665.2 171.0 141.5 155.5 156.1 111.9 270.1 730.6 1, 238. 9 216.1 97.0 417.7 18.5 59.3 4.2 81.7 836.0 16.5 1, 964.2 432.2 6.5 1, 408. 2 84.6 145.0 1, 525. 6 146.8 221.3 11.7 293.1 437.5 31.2 40.8 253.2 190.9 137.6 477.1 6.0 237.1 29.3 80.1 1, 051. 0 66.1 452.6 61.9 16.8 123.2 310.3 21.5 1, 336. 9 675.0 173.5 142.0 156.9 154. 6 107.4 269.4 734.9 1, 241.1 216.2 98.9 418.1 17.1 59.5 4.2 82.2 836.7 16.4 1, 987. 2 433.8 6.5 1, 412. 5 84.3 141.0 1, 529. 5 147.3 222.9 11.6 289.8 437.1 30.6 40.7 254.5 186.8 137.3 479.4 6.0 236.7 29.5 80.2 1,032. 9 66.5 452.0 61.5 17.0 126.6 311.5 19.7 1, 342. 0 675.4 174.4 142.6 157.4 152.8 112.5 267.2 741.8 1, 237. 4 216. 5 98.8 417.4 16.7 59.8 4.1 83.3 851.1 16.1 2, 030. 6 438.9 6.5 1, 421. 9 83.5 135.0 1, 534. 7 149.4 222.4 11.5 288.4 437.9 29.9 40.5 255.2 189.3 137.0 481.6 6.0 237.7 29.3 79.5 1. 023. 7 66.8 449.3 60.9 16.8 128.7 309.0 18.9 1, 334. 5 666.2 175.2 142. 4 161.0 152.0 117.1 264.3 738.8 1, 219. 6 215.0 98.3 413.0 16.6 59.9 4.2 84.5 847. 8 16.1 2, 014. 9 439.6 6.4 1, 409. 6 82.8 130.3 1, 527.0 149.2 221.8 11.6 286.4 437.2 29.6 40.3 254.6 186.8 134.7 478.8 5.9 236.3 29.2 79.4 1, 018. 4 66.9 446.2 60.5 16.9 127.5 308.5 19.1 1, 322. 9 653.9 172.8 142.7 163.4 150.4 117.6 265.2 733.6 1, 204.6 213.3 98.0 405.7 17.3 61.4 4.1 84.2 845.0 16.0 1, 986.9 441.2 6.7 1, 394.9 82.9 129.2 1, 518.8 148.4 221.9 11.8 285.9 436.4 29.7 39.6 256.0 186.6 136.4 474.8 6.0 238.4 29.8 82.2 1, 029. 0 71.3 445.6 60.4 17.3 124.2 310.1 22.4 1,322. 4 653.8 176.1 142.6 163.0 157.4 118.6 264.7 736.6 1,189.8 217.0 98.9 406.3 18.9 62.0 4.3 83.2 849.2 16.1 2, 010.4 447.6 6.7 1, 385. 7 84.0 135.6 1, 519. 5 150.2 222.3 12.4 287.6 437.5 31.2 39.3 258.0 190.1 138.1 475.0 6.5 237.8 29.7 82.7 1, 041. 7 73.6 442.0 60.8 17.2 117.3 310.7 25.0 1, 300.9 645. 4 174.4 140.0 149.4 159.9 120.9 265.6 732.1 1, 163. 2 215.5 98.8 404.2 19.7 61.7 4.4 83.4 847.9 16.7 2, 013. 9 449.5 6.8 1, 368.1 84.2 144.1 1, 510. 9 151.4 221.7 12.7 285. 5 437.1 32.8 39.4 256.2 196.6 136.2 475.8 7.0 236.5 28.9 82.6 1, 066.1 73.1 431.5 62.3 17.1 111.4 310.7 26.4 1, 276. 3 636.9 172.1 139.3 150.2 158.1 121.6 270.0 725.5 1,126. 9 213.4 98.0 401.6 20.4 61.3 4.4 81.8 843. 5 16.8 2, 020. 0 450.2 6.6 1, 362. 5 83.1 152.1 1, 507. 6 149. 6 221.4 12.5 283.3 434.6 34.1 39.3 255.7 207.5 135.2 470.1 7.2 233.8 28.5 81.7 1, 055. 5 71.8 429.3 64.2 17.2 109.9 308.4 28. 5 1, 263.1 639. 5 165.6 135.7 148.2 153.4 123.2 277.6 719.4 1, 099. 4 223.5 98.1 400.3 20.0 61.8 4.4 81.9 839.8 16.7 2, 008. 2 446.8 6.5 1, 349. 5 82.3 162.1 1, 492. 9 148.4 221.7 12.2 282.6 432.3 36.7 37.8 252.4 212.8 136.9 479.0 6.7 226.9 27.7 80.4 993.6 66.8 431.1 59.2 17.2 115.0 305.9 23.3 1, 256. 5 609.7 169.6 135.7 148.3 150.3 116.4 259.2 717.7 1, 080. 5 211.5 95.2 389.8 18.4 59.8 4.2 81.2 824.4 15.6 1, 942.0 432.4 6.5 1, 317.3 80.1 145.5 1, 444. 5 144.4 218.1 12.0 274.3 425.9 30.8 38.3 247.6 192.1 134.6 466.9 6.3 225.3 22.7 82.5 892.5 65.4 423.3 56.0 17.1 108.7 304.4 24.0 1, 246. 7 615.8 168.4 116.9 151.6 146.5 115.6 254.4 740.5 1,111.1 206.6 94.3 372.9 18.1 54.8 3.6 82.2 810.5 14.2 1, 918. 2 432.9 6.1 1, 315. 2 73.2 147.7 1, 494.1 149.8 218.4 11.6 264.6 401.9 31.3 38.7 242,6 191.8 138.1 463.1 6.1 1 D a t a fo r e a r lie r y e a r s a r e a v a ila b le u p o n r e q u e s t t o t h e B u r e a u o f L a b o r S ta tis tic s o r th e c o o p e r a tin g S ta te a g e n c y . S t a t e a g e n c ie s a ls o m a k e a v a il a b le m o r e d e ta ile d in d u s t r y d a ta . 2 R e v is e d s e r ie s ; n o t c o m p a r a b l e w i t h d a t a p r e v i o u s l y p u b l is h e d . C o o p e r a tin g S t a te A g e n c i e s A la b a m a — D e p a r t m e n t o f I n d u s tr ia l R e la t io n s , M o n t g o m e r y 5. A r iz o n a — U n e m p lo y m e n t C o m p e n s a t io n D i v i s io n , E m p lo y m e n t S e c u r ity C o m m is s io n , P h o e n ix . A r k a n s a s — E m p lo y m e n t S e c u r ity D iv is io n , D e p a r t m e n t o f L a b o r , L it t le R ock. C a lifo r n ia — D iv is io n o f L a b o r S t a t is t ic s a n d R e s e a r c h , D e p a r t m e n t o f I n d u s t r ia l R e la t io n s , S a n F r a n c is c o 1. C o lo r a d o — U . S . B u r e a u o f L a b o r S t a t is t ic s , D e n v e r 2. C o n n e c t ic u t— E m p lo y m e n t S e c u r ity D iv is io n , D e p a r tm e n t o f L ab or, H a r tf o r d 15. D e la w a r e — F e d e r a l R e s e r v e B a n k o f P h ila d e lp h ia , P h ila d e lp h ia 1, P e n n s y l v a n ia . D is t r ic t o f C o lu m b ia — U . S . E m p lo y m e n t S e r v ic e fo r D . C ., W a s h in g t o n 25. F lo r id a — I n d u s t r ia l C o m m is s io n , T a lla h a s s e e . G e o r g ia — E m p l o y m e n t S e c u r i t y A g e n c y , D e p a r t m e n t o f L a b o r , A t la n t a 3 . I d a h o — E m p lo y m e n t S e c u r it y A g e n c y , B o is e . I llin o is — I llin o is S ta te E m p lo y m e n t S e r v ic e a n d D iv is io n o f U n e m p lo y m e n t C o m p e n s a tio n , C h ic a g o 54. I n d ia n a — E m p lo y m e n t S e c u r ity D iv is io n , I n d ia n a p o lis 9. I o w a — E m p lo y m e n t S e c u r it y C o m m is s io n , D e s M o in e s 8. K a n s a s — E m p lo y m e n t S e c u r ity D iv is io n , S ta te L a b o r D e p a r tm e n t, T o p e k a . K e n tu c k y — B u r e a u o f E m p lo y m e n t S e c u r ity , D e p a r tm e n t o f E c o n o m ic S e c u r ity , F r a n k fo r t. L o u is ia n a — D iv is io n o f E m p lo y m e n t S e c u r ity , D e p a r t m e n t o f L a b o r , B a to n R o u g e 4. Maine—Employment Security Commission, Augusta. M a r y la n d — D e p a r t m e n t o f E m p lo y m e n t S e c u r ity , B a lt im o r e 1. M a s s a c h u s e tts — D iv is io n o f S ta tis tic s . D e p a r tm e n t o f L a b o r a n d tr ie s , B o s t o n 8. M ic h ig a n — E m p lo y m e n t S e c u r ity C o m m is sio n , D e tr o it 2 . https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis M i n n e s o ta — D e p a r t m e n t o f E m p l o y m e n t S e c u r i ty , S t. P a u l 1. M is s is s ip p i— E m p l o y m e n t S e c u r i ty C o m m is s io n , J a c k s o n . M is s o u r i— D iv is io n o f E m p l o y m e n t S e c u r ity , J e ffe rs o n C it y . M o n t a n a — U n e m p l o y m e n t C o m p e n s a tio n C o m m is s io n , H e le n a . N e b r a s k a — D iv is io n o f E m p l o y m e n t S e c u r i ty , D e p a r t m e n t o f L a b o r , L i n c o ln 1. N e v a d a — E m p l o y m e n t S e c u r i ty D e p a r t m e n t , C a r s o n C it y . N e w H a m p s h i r e — D iv is io n o f E m p l o y m e n t S e c u r i ty , D e p a r t m e n t o f L a b o r , C o n c o rd . N e w J e r s e y — D e p a r t m e n t o f L a b o r a n d I n d u s t r y , T r e n t o n 8. N e w M e x ic o — E m p l o y m e n t S e c u r i ty C o m m is s io n , A lb u q u e r q u e . N e w Y o r k — B u r e a u o f R e s e a rc h a n d S ta t is tic s , D iv is io n o f E m p l o y m e n t , N e w Y o r k D e p a r t m e n t o f L a b o r , 1440 B r o a d w a y , N e w Y o r k 18. N o r t h C a r o lin a — D e p a r t m e n t o f L a b o r , R a le ig h . N o r t h D a k o t a — U n e m p l o y m e n t C o m p e n s a tio n D iv is io n , B is m a r c k . O h io — B u r e a u o f U n e m p l o y m e n t C o m p e n s a tio n , C o lu m b u s 16. O k la h o m a — E m p l o y m e n t S e c u r i ty C o m m is s io n , O k la h o m a C i t y 2. O re g o n — U n e m p l o y m e n t C o m p e n s a tio n C o m m is s io n , S a le m . P e n n s y l v a n i a — F e d e r a l R e s e r v e B a n k o f P h ila d e lp h i a , P h i l a d e l p h i a 1 (m fg .) ; B u r e a u o f R e s e a rc h a n d I n f o r m a t io n , D e p a r t m e n t o f L a b o r a n d I n d u s t r y , H a r r i s b u r g ( n o n m fg .). R h o d e I s l a n d — D e p a r t m e n t o f L a b o r , P r o v id e n c e 3. S o u th C a r o lin a — E m p l o y m e n t S e c u r i ty C o m m is s io n , C o lu m b ia 1. S o u th D a k o t a — E m p l o y m e n t S e c u r i ty D e p a r t m e n t , A b e r d e e n . T e n n e s s e e — D e p a r t m e n t o f E m p l o y m e n t S e c u r i ty , N a s h v ill e 3. T e x a s — E m p l o y m e n t C o m m is s io n , A u s t in 19. U t a h — D e p a r t m e n t o f E m p l o y m e n t S e c u r i ty , I n d u s t r i a l C o m m is s io n , S a lt L a k e C i t y 13. V e r m o n t— U n e m p l o y m e n t C o m p e n s a tio n C o m m is s io n , M o n tp e l ie r . V ir g in ia — D iv is io n o f R e s e a rc h a n d S ta t is tic s , D e p a r t m e n t o f L a b o r a n d I n d u s t r y , R ic h m o n d 14. Washington—Employment Security Department, Olympia. In d u s W e s t V ir g in ia — D e p a r t m e n t o f E m p l o y m e n t S e c u r i ty , C h a r l e s to n 5. W is c o n s in — I n d u s t r i a l C o m m is s io n , M a d is o n 3. W y o m in g —E m p l o y m e n t S e c u r i ty C o m m is s io n , C a s p e r . A: EMPLOYMENT AND PAYROLLS 1350 M ONTHLY LABOR T able A-8: Insured unemployment under State unemployment insurance programs,1 by geographic division and State [In thousands] 1953 1952 1951 G eographic d iv isio n a n d S tate S e p t. A ug. J u ly June M ay A p ril M ar. F eb . Jan. D ec. N ov. O ct. S ep t. S e p t. C o n tin e n ta l U n ite d S ta te s __________ 779.4 816.1 861.1 832.7 889.0 1,155. 9 891.5 685.8 631.4 687.1 859.8 N ew E n g la n d --------------------------------M a i n e . ----- --------------- -------------N ew H a m p s h ire ________________ V e rm o n t. -------------------------------M a s s a c h u s e tts .. . ---------------------R h o d e Is la n d __________________ C o n n e c tic u t____________________ 66.1 5.3 7.2 1.2 34.5 9.3 8.6 64.0 4.9 5.5 1.1 31.4 10.0 11.1 66.6 5.8 5.8 1.1 34.7 9.7 9.5 61.9 6.3 6.2 1.0 32.7 9.3 6.4 74.6 9.9 7.6 1.1 38.0 11.2 6.8 79.6 11.6 7.2 1.4 39.4 11.7 8.3 76.3 8.1 6.0 1.6 39.3 12.9 8.4 81.4 8.9 5.4 1.9 42.5 13.4 9.3 88.2 9.7 5.9 2.1 45.6 14.0 10.9 71.1 7.9 4.9 1.7 38.8 10. 1 7.7 60.4 5.8 4.7 1.4 33.3 8.3 6.9 60.8 4.3 5.1 1.5 32.9 9.4 7.6 72.5 4.1 6.0 2.1 39.1 11.2 10.0 106.4 7.5 8 .2 1.7 52.7 21.8 14.5 M id d le A tla n tic ____________ ____ _ N ew Y o rk ______________________ N ew J e rse y ____________________ P e n n s y lv a n ia __________________ 251.2 127.2 38.3 85.7 257. 0 132.2 39.1 85.7 283.8 153.6 45.9 84.3 275.0 156.6 40.2 78.2 289.1 163.4 45.5 80.2 313.5 164.3 48.6 100.6 301.4 157.8 43.7 99.9 310.9 165.5 45.1 100.3 350.9 185.9 54.6 110.4 280.8 158.0 40.4 82.4 223.4 122.6 32.4 68.4 211.6 108.4 32.1 71.1 217.8 107.4 31.8 78.6 298.6 178.2 42.9 77.5 E a s t N o rth C e n tra l_______ ____ ___ O hio. _____ . . . . . . _________ In d ia n a ------------------------------ . . . Illin o is_________________________ M ic h ig a n ..____ ________________ W isco n sin ___________________ . . 152.4 25.2 14.7 43.3 52.4 16.8 155.8 23.0 14. 6 49.7 53.1 15.4 140.2 23.6 14.8 53.7 30.6 17.5 130.0 29.4 14.4 54.5 22.7 9.0 124.8 26.6 11.8 57.0 20.9 8.5 121.2 24.5 11.5 55.8 19.9 9.5 122.3 26.9 12 9 45.1 24.4 13.0 138.3 30.6 15.2 50.9 27.0 14.6 157.9 32.7 20.0 60.2 29.5 15.5 124.9 25.6 16.3 45.7 25.0 12.3 101.9 20.9 10. 2 38.8 24.7 7.3 102.9 19.9 10.8 40.9 24.1 7.2 127.2 23.6 12.4 52.3 29.6 9.3 158.0 30.4 15.1 62.1 44.5 5.9 West N o rth C e n tr a l_______________ M in n e s o ta ______________ ______ I o w a . _______________ ____ _____ M iss o u ri___ _________ ______ _ N o rth D a k o ta --------------------------S o u th D a k o ta __________________ N e b ra s k a ___ _______ ___________ K a n sa s ____ _________ ______ ___ 32.3 5.8 3.7 16.4 .2 .2 1.0 5.0 31.1 6.7 4.0 14.2 .2 .2 .9 4.9 38.1 7.6 4.3 19.0 .3 .2 1.1 5.6 39.0 8.0 4.0 20.1 .5 .2 1.2 5.0 42.6 12.3 4.6 18.2 .9 .4 1.8 4.4 53.6 19.8 5.8 17.2 2.3 .9 2.6 5.0 68.9 25.1 8.0 18.6 4.2 1.9 4.7 6.4 74.3 25.5 8.9 20.2 4.4 2.2 5.9 7.2 70.2 22.2 7.8 22.3 3.8 2.0 5.0 7.1 45.7 12.7 4.5 17.6 2.2 1.0 2.7 5.0 28.7 6.3 2.8 14.9 23.2 4.7 3.0 12.4 ,2 .2 25.1 5.1 6.0 10.9 .2 .2 .7 2.0 30.8 6.3 2.4 18.3 .1 .2 .6 2.9 S o u th A tla n tic _____________________ D e law a re _______________________ M a r y la n d ____________________ . D is tric t of C o lu m b ia ______ . . . V irg in ia _______________________ W est V irg in ia __________________ N o rth C a ro lin a _________________ S o u th C a ro lin a ______ __________ G eo rg ia ________________________ F lo rid a _________________________ 91.7 1.2 8.2 2.6 8.4 12.4 21.3 9.3 11.9 16.4 101.8 .8 9.7 2.4 10.7 14.2 20.9 11.0 12.8 19.3 112.5 .9 10.7 2.5 13.7 16.6 24.5 12.3 14.3 17.0 105.2 .9 10.3 2.4 14.8 15.3 25.8 10.1 13.8 11.8 103.5 .9 12.2 2.6 11.3 15.3 27.3 10.6 13.6 9.7 101.0 1.0 12.5 3.0 7.5 16.6 28.2 10.3 13.5 8.4 104.1 1.3 10.6 3.5 9.3 17.6 28.3 10.8 14.0 8.7 105.6 1.6 12.1 3.6 9.4 17.3 27.0 10.6 14.8 9.2 111.7 1.6 13.1 3.1 10.3 17.6 26.7 11.4 16.9 11.0 84.6 E a s t S o u th C e n tra l________________ K e n tu c k y ______________________ T e n n essee_____ ____ _____ _____ A la b a m a ______________________ M iss is sip p i_____________________ 52.5 14.9 19.3 12.2 6.1 58.7 17.0 19.3 14.2 8.2 60.9 17.0 21.2 14.1 8.6 57.5 17.3 18.4 13.9 7.9 66.2 19.6 21.6 15.4 9.6 69.3 20.2 23.0 16.0 10.1 71.3 20.0 22.9 16.9 11.5 75.0 19.6 26.0 17.1 12.3 W est S o u th C e n tra l___ ________ . . . A rk a n sa s _________________ _____ L o u isia n a __________ _________ _ O k la h o m a ___ _____ ____________ T e x a s __________________________ 37.3 5.7 8.8 6.0 16.8 45.1 7.5 11.2 8.2 18.2 '46.2 7.6 12.2 9.1 17.3 44.2 7.2 11.8 9.2 16.0 48.0 8.9 12.9 9.5 16.7 51.0 10.8 13.2 10.2 16.8 58.2 12.9 15.6 11.9 17.8 M o u n ta in __________________________ M o n ta n a ______________ _______ Id a h o __________________________ W y o m in g _____________________ Colorado___ ___________________ N ew M exico____________________ A rizo n a________________________ U t a h ______ ____________________ N e v a d a ________________ _______ 11.0 .6 1.2 .2 1.5 2.0 12.7 .7 1.3 .2 1.8 2.3 3.8 1.8 .8 12.7 1.0 1.4 .2 1.8 1.9 3.5 2.1 .8 12.8 1.4 1.5 .3 1.6 1.7 3.2 2.3 .8 15.1 2.2 2.2 .5 2.0 1.8 3.2 2.4 .8 21.1 3.9 4.0 .7 2.8 2.2 3.3 3.1 1.1 P acific________________ _______ ____ W as h in g to n .............................. ......... O reg o n ............................................ .. C alifo rn ia ________ ________ ____ 85.0 16.9 9.6 58.5 90.0 15. 6 100.0 14.0 9.6 76.4 107.1 12.5 8.9 85.7 125.1 17.5 11.6 96.0 150.4 26.0 16.6 107.8 3 .3 1.5 .7 10.1 64.3 i Average of weekly data adjusted for split weeks in the month. For a technical description of this series, see the April 1950 Monthly Labor Review (p. 382). https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 960.6 1,014.5 1,083.6 .8 .4 .8 .7 2.7 2.0 71.3 .8 6.8 1.9 5.3 12.2 16.7 6.8 10.1 10.7 70.9 .6 5.9 1.6 4.9 11.4 15.2 6.4 10.0 14.9 79.3 9.7 2.3 6.9 13.3 20.0 8.1 13.3 9.7 7.2 1.7 6.0 11.9 17.1 6.9 10.6 17.2 94.7 1.1 6.5 1.4 8.2 8.5 28.5 9 .6 13.8 17.1 75.7 17.8 27.3 17.9 12.7 61.0 14.9 21.7 15.2 9.2 51.9 14.2 18.1 12.8 6.8 50.2 14.8 16.7 12.8 5.9 54.2 14.8 19.1 14.2 6.1 54.7 13.5 22.7 12.2 6.3 61.2 14.5 16.7 12.8 17.2 57.2 13.6 16.3 11.6 15.7 44.6 10.5 12.2 9.2 12.7 32.6 6.8 9.2 6.8 9.8 27.0 4.4 8.7 5.4 8.5 29.6 4.4 10.2 5.7 9.3 30.2 4.5 12.1 5.5 8.1 29.1 6.3 6.1 1.4 3.2 2.7 3.6 4.4 1.4 33.5 6.9 8.1 1.7 3.4 2.8 3.6 5.3 1.7 30.7 5.9 7.9 1.4 2.9 2.7 3.3 4.9 1. 7 19.4 6.2 .5 6.1 .4 6.7 .6 .7 .7 .7 1.8 1.8 2.5 2.9 1.2 9.6 1.2 1.9 .2 1.0 .9 2.0 1.5 .9 .1 .6 .8 1.8 1.1 .6 .1 .6 .7 182.7 34.4 24.2 124.1 203.4 43.5 31.2 128.7 213. 2 47.7 159.8 38.6 24.4 96.8 106.0 25.3 14.9 65.8 78.2 16.1 10.0 52.1 33.3 132. 2 1.3 3 .3 5.2 .7 .8 1.8 1.1 .6 75.2 12.8 6.9 55. 5 .1 .9 2.0 1.2 .5 79.9 9.6 6.3 64.0 Figures may not add to exact column totals because of rounding. Soubck: U. S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Employment Security; REVIEW, DECEMBER 1953 B: LABOR TURNOVER 1351 B : Labor Turnover T a ble B - l : M o n thly labor tu rn o v er rates (per 100 employees) in m anufacturing industries, by class of tu rn o v er 1 Class of turnover and year Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Total separation^ 1953____ ___________ _________ 1952...._______ _______________ 1951_________________________ 1950_________ _____— ........ ........ 1949_______________ ____ ______ 1948_____________ ___________ 1947_________________________ 1946__________________________ 1939_________________________ 3.8 4.0 4.1 3.1 4.6 4.3 4.9 6.8 3.2 3.6 3.9 3.8 3.0 4.1 4. 7 4.5 6.3 2.6 4.1 3.7 4.1 2.9 4.8 4.5 4.9 6.6 3.1 4.3 4. 1 4.6 2.8 4.8 4.7 5.2 6.3 3.5 4.4 3.9 4.8 3.1 5.2 4.3 5.4 6.3 3.5 4.2 3.9 4.3 3.0 4.3 4.5 4.7 5.7 3.3 4.3 6.0 4.4 2.9 3.8 4.4 4.6 5.8 3.3 4.8 4.6 5.3 4.2 4.0 5.1 6.3 6.6 3.0 2 5.3 4.9 5.1 4.9 4.2 5.4 5.9 6.9 2.8 4.2 4.7 4.3 4.1 4.5 5.0 6.3 2.9 3.5 4.3 3.8 4.0 4.1 4.0 4.9 3.0 3.5 3.6 3.6 3.2 4.3 3.7 4.5 Quit: 1953_________________________ 1952______________ ___________ 1951.._________________ ______ 1950__________ ____ _________ _ 1949____ _____________________ 1948_________________________ 1947____________ ______ ______ 1946__ _______________________ 1939«________________________ 2.1 1.9 2.1 1.1 1.7 2.6 3.5 4.3 .9 2.2 1.9 2.1 1.0 1.4 2.5 3.2 3.9 2.7 2.2 2.7 1.3 1.7 3.0 3.7 4.3 .8 2.7 2.2 2.8 1.6 1.6 2.8 3.5 4.2 .7 2.6 2.2 2.5 1.7 1.5 2.9 3.1 4.0 .7 2.5 2.2 2.4 1.8 1.4 2.9 3.1 4.6 .7 2.9 3.0 3.1 2.9 1.8 3.4 4.0 5.3 .8 2 3.1 3.6 3.1 3.4 2.1 3.9 4. 5 5.3 1.1 2.8 2.5 2.7 1.5 2.8 3.6 4.7 .9 2.1 1.9 2.1 1.2 2.2 2.7 3.7 .6 2.5 2.0 2.5 1.2 1.6 2.8 3.5 4.2 .8 1.7 1.4 1.7 .9 1.7 2.3 3.0 .7 .3 .4 .3 .3 .2 .3 .4 .4 .4 .1 .4 .4 .3 .4 .3 .2 .4 .4 .3 .1 .1 .4 .4 .4 .2 .4 .4 .4 .2 .4 .3 .3 .2 .4 .4 .1 .4 .3 .3 .3 .2 .4 .4 .4 .1 .4 .3 .4 .4 .3 .4 .4 .4 .1 .4 .3 .4 .3 .2 .3 .4 .4 .1 2.4 .3 .4 .2 .2 .4 .4 .4 .9 1.3 1.0 1.2 2.8 1.2 1.0 1.4 2.6 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.1 3.3 1.1 1.4 1. 5 2. 7 .9 1.1 1.0 .9 2. 5 1. 1 1. 1 1.2 2. 5 1.1 2.2 1.3 .6 2.1 1.0 1.0 .6 2.5 1.3 1.0 1.4 .6 1.8 1.2 .8 .7 2.1 1.5 .7 1.3 .7 1.8 1.0 .9 1.0 1.6 .3 .3 .4 .2 .1 .1 .3 .3 .4 .3 .1 2.3 .3 .4 .4 .1 .1 .1 .2 4.1 4.4 4.2 4. 7 3, 5 4. 7 4.9 7.4 4.2 Discharge: 1953____ _____________________ 1952______ ___________________ 1951_____________________ ____ 1950_________________________ 1949..................................... ............. 1948_______________ __________ 1947___ ______ _______________ 1946_________________________ 1939 _________________________ .1 .4 .3 .3 .2 .3 .4 .4 .5 .1 Layoff: 1953................................................. . 1952....... ............................................ 1951____________________ ____ _ 1950__________________________ 1949_________________________ 1948______ ___________________ 1947______________ ___________ 1946_______________________ _ 1939_________________________ .9 1.4 1.0 1.7 2.5 1.2 .9 1.8 2.2 .8 1.3 .8 1.7 2.3 1.7 .8 1.7 1.9 1.1 .8 1.4 2.8 1.2 .9 1.8 2.2 Miscellaneous including military: 1953....___ ____ ______ _______ 1952........... ........................ .............. 1951__________ _______ _______ 1950_________________________ 1949 1948......................................... ........ 1947 _________ _______________ 1946______________ ____ ______ .4 .4 .7 .1 .1 .1 .1 .2 .4 .4 .6 .1 .1 .3 .3 .5 .1 .1 .1 .3 .3 .5 .3 .3 .4 .1 .1 .1 .1 .2 .1 .2 .3 .3 .4 .1 1 .1 .1 .2 Total accession: 1953____ _________ ____ _______ 1952...................... ............................ 1951_________________________ 1950_________________________ 1949............... .................. ............ . 1948..______ ____ ______ ______ 1947._____ ____________ _____ 1946________________ ____ _____ 1939.................................................. 4. 4 4.4 5.2 3.6 3.2 4.6 6.0 8.5 4.1 4.3 3.7 4. 5 3.5 2. 9 4.0 5.1 6.7 2.9 4.1 3.9 4. 5 4.4 3. 5 4.1 4.8 6. 1 3.3 5.1 4.9 4.9 4.8 4. 4 5.7 5.5 6. 7 3.9 .3 .3 .2 .3 .4 .4 .5 .1 .1 .8 .2 .2 4.2 3.9 4. 5 3.2 2.9 3.9 5.0 6.8 3.1 4.4 3.9 4.6 3.6 3. 0 4.0 5.1 7.1 3.3 .1 .1 .1 1 Month-to-month changes in total employment in manufacturing Indus tries as indicated by labor turnover rates are not comparable with the changes shown by the Bureau’s employment and payroll reports, for the following reasons: (1) Accessions and separations are computed for the entire calendar month; the employment and payroll reports, for the most part, refer to a 1-week pay period ending nearest the 15th of the month. (2) The turnover sample is not so large as that of the employment and payroll sample and includes proportionately fewer small plants; certain industries are not covered. The major industries excluded are: printing, publishing, and allied industries; canning and preserving fruits, vegetables, and sea foods; women’s, misses’, and children’s outerwear; and fertilizers. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis .1 .1 .2 .1 .1 .2 4.3 5.9 4. 5 6.6 4. 4 5.0 5.3 7.0 5.1 .4 .3 .4 .2 .4 .4 .4 2 2 4 .O 5.6 4.3 6.7 4.1 5.1 5.9 7.1 6.2 .8 .4 3.5 .3 .3 .3 .2 .3 .4 .4 .2 .1 .7 1.4 .8 2.3 1.2 .9 1.0 1.8 .7 1.7 1.1 2.5 1.4 .8 .7 2.0 1. 5 1.3 2.0 2.2 .9 1.0 2.7 .3 .4 .4 .1 .1 .3 .3 .3 ,1 .1 .2 .3 .4 .3 .1 .1 .1 .1 5.2 4. 4 5.2 3. 7 4. 5 5.5 6.8 5.9 4.0 3.9 4.0 3.3 3.9 4.8 5.7 4.1 3.3 3.0 30 3.2 2.7 3.6 4.3 2.8 .1 1. 1 .1 .1 (3) Plants are not included in the turnover computations in months when work stoppages are in progress; the influence of such stoppage is reflected, however, in the employment and payroll figures. Prior to 1943, rates relate to production workers only. * Preliminary. 1 Prior to 1940, miscellaneous separations were included with quits. fBeginning with data for October 1952, components may not add to total because of rounding. N o t e : Information on concepts, methodology, etc., is given in a technical note on “Measurement of Labor Turn over,” which appeared in the May 1953 Monthly Labor Review. 1352 B: LABOR TURNOVER M ONTHLY LABOR T able B-2: Monthly labor turnover rates (per 100 employees) in selected groups and industries 1 Separation Total Industry group and industry Quit Discharge Total accession Mise., incl. military Layoff Sept. A u g . Sept. A u g . Sept. A u g . Sept. A u g . 1953 Sept. A u g . 1953 1953 1953 1953 Sept. A u g . 1953 1953 1953 1953 1953 1953 1953 M a n u fa c tu r in g All m anufacturing..... ........... .................... Durable goods A................................... Nondurable goods’ ............................. . 5.3 5. 5 4.8 4.8 4.9 4.6 3.1 3.1 3.2 Ordnance and accessories^......................... Food and kindred products,..................... . Meat products___________________ Grain-mill products_______________ Bakery products_________________ Beverages: Malt liquors—............................. Tobacco manufactures............................... . Cigarettes......................... ................. Cigars............... .................................. . Tobacco and snuff________________ Textile-mill products................................. . Yam and thread mills_____________ Broad-woven fabric mills__________ Cotton, silk, synthetic fiber......... Woolen and worsted.................. Knitting mills__________________ _ Full-fashioned hosiery...... ............. Seamless hosiery______________ Knit underwear__ ____________ Dyeing and finishing textiles_______ Carpets, rugs, other floor coverings__ Apparel and other finished textile prod ucts........ ,................... .............................. M en’s and boys’ suits and coats____ M en’s and boys’ furnishings and work c lo th in g ........................................... Lumber and wood products (except fur niture)------------- ----------------------------Logging camps and contractors.......... Sawmills and planing mills_________ Mill work, plywood, and prefabricated structural wood products________ Furniture and fixtures................................ Household fu rn itu re ..._____ ______ Other furniture and fixtures________ Paper and allied products_____________ Pulp, paper, and paperboard mills__ Paperboard containers and boxes____ Chemicals and allied products_________ Industrial inorganic chemicals______ Industrial organic chemicals________ Synthetic fibers______ ________ Drugs and medicines______________ Paints, pigments, and fillers________ Products of petroleum and coal_________ Petroleum refining________________ Rubber products........ ........ ................. ...... Tires and inner tubes......... ........... ...... Rubber footwear.___ _______ _____ Other rubber products.......................... Leather and leather p ro d ucts.................... Leather_________________________ Footwear (except rubber)__________ Stone, clay, and glass products_________ Glass and glass products___________ Cement, hydraulic____ ___________ Structural clay pro d u cts..................... Pottery and related products_______ Primary metal in d u stries..___ ________ Blast furnaces, steel works, and rolling mills_____ ____________________ Iron and steel foundries____________ Gray-iron foundries____ ______ Malleable-iron foundries.... ......... Steel foundries................................ Primary smelting and refining of nonferrous metals: Primary smelting and refining of copper, lead, and zinc________ Rolling, drawing, and alloying of nonferrous metals: Rolling, drawing, and alloying of copper______ ____ _________ _ Nonferrous foundries...... ............... ...... Other primary metal industries: Iron and steel forgings__________ See fo o tn o tes a t end of table. 5.1 4.2 6.6 5.0 5. 6 6.0 6.6 5.7 5.3 6.1 9.5 2.9 2. 5 3.4 2. 0 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 2.9 2.8 3.0 0.4 .4 .3 0.4 .4 .4 3.2 2.9 .6 .7 4.0 2.5 4.4 4.8 3.7 2.5 3.8 4.4 .5 .4 .6 .6 .7 .5 .9 .6 8.7 4.4 3.6 .6 .9 2.9 2.4 3.4 2.0 2.4 1.9 3.1 1.0 2.3 1.8 3.0 1.4 .3 .3 .2 .5 .3 .4 .3 .3 4.9 7.2 4. 9 4. 6 8.1 3.9 2.8 4.1 4.0 4. 5 3.1 4.6 5. 4 5.0 4.7 8.4 3.7 2.8 3.6 4.2 3.8 3.3 2.8 2.9 2.9 3.0 2.1 2.7 2.4 2.9 3.0 2.8 2.1 2.7 2.7 2.9 3.0 1.8 2.8 2.4 2.6 3.4 2.4 1.8 .3 .2 .3 .3 .3 .2 .1 .2 .1 .4 .3 4.9 3.7 5.2 4.8 4.2 2.7 4.2 3.3 5.3 5.1 4.8 6.6 8. 5 6.4 5.8 8.7 5.2 1.5 1.8 1.1 1.3 1.4 1.0 0.3 .3 .2 0.3 .3 .3 4. 0 4.1 3.8 4. 3 4.3 4.3 1.0 .5 .2 .1 4.1 3.9 1.9 1.9 .4 .5 1.9 2.4 .4 1.0 .2 .2 .2 .1 .2 .3 .3 .1 5.6 5.5 5. 5 6.2 6 9 5 9 5. 4 6.3 4.2 4.0 .2 .2 3.9 7.0 .1 .1 .1 .1 .1 .1 .1 .1 .1 .2 .1 .2 .1 .1 4.1 2.9 5.6 1.9 3 8 3 3 4. 7 1.6 .3 .2 .3 .3 .2 .3 .1 .1 .4 .4 .3 1.6 3.9 1.4 1.0 5.4 .8 .2 .7 .8 1.1 .5 1.3 2.2 1.4 1.0 6.0 .4 .1 .6 .3 .9 .9 .2 .1 .4 .4 .2 .1 .1 .3 .1 .2 .2 .3 .3 .4 .4 .3 .1 .1 .2 .2 .3 3.4 2. 9 4.1 4. 0 4. 8 3. 0 2. 4 3. 4 2.7 1.8 2.5 3. 8 3 9 3 9 3. 8 4 3 3 7 2 9 3. 9 3. 6 3 8 3.3 .2 .2 .2 .2 .4 .7 .6 1.1 .1 .1 .1 .2 4.9 4.3 4 9 4.8 4.6 .1 .2 4.7 7.5 4.6 4.2 5.9 4.1 .3 .3 .4 .4 .4 .4 1.4 .6 1.2 . 3. ( 4) .3 ( 4) .3 .1 .1 5.3 5.3 1.0 2.2 .6 .3 .1 .2 .2 .3 .2 4.3 5.8 4.2 5. 4 8 3 5.0 5.5 4.8 2.9 3.4 .2 .3 2.3 .8 .1 .3 3.2 4.0 6.3 5. 8 7.5 6.2 6.2 6.3 4.3 3.9 5.2 4.2 4.0 4.6 .5 .4 .8 .5 .5 .4 1.3 1.3 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.0 .2 .2 .2 .2 .2 .2 5. 5 5.6 5.3 5. 8 5 3 7.1 4.5 3. 4 6.1 3.9 2.8 5.4 3.3 2.6 4.4 2.9 2.1 4.3 .5 .3 .8 .5 .3 .8 .5 .3 .7 .3 .2 .1 .3 .3 .2 .3 .2 .2 3.6 2. 7 5.4 4. 3 3. 2 6.2 3.1 3.6 2.8 4.0 2.2 3.8 2.6 3.7 2.3 2.8 2.1 3.1 2.1 2.4 1.8 1.3 1.9 2.6 1.6 2.5 1.2 .9 1.6 2.0 .3 .2 .1 .1 .1 .6 .2 .4 .2 .1 .1 .3 .5 .6 .7 2.4 .1 .5 .6 .4 .8 1.7 .3 .7 .2 .2 . 1 .2 .2 .1 .2 .4 .2 .2 .1 .3 2.1 2. 5 1. 4 2.6 1. 4 2.8 2. 2 2. 8 1. 6 1.9 1. 8 2.1 2.3 1.6 1.7 1.2 1.6 1.1 1.2 .8 .1 .4 .2 .2 .1 .2 .2 .2 .1 1.3 .7 1. 3 .7 4.5 4.3 4.8 4. 6 3.8 2.6 4.7 4.8 2.5 1.5 4.3 3.1 2.3 1.3 4.3 2.8 .2 .1 .2 .3 .2 .1 .2 .3 1.4 2.4 .2 .9 1.0 .9 1.4 .4 .3 .2 .4 .3 . 4. .2 .3 2.9 1.3 4. 2 4.1 2. 9 1. 4 6.1 3.4 5.6 4.3 5.9 5.2 3.7 5.5 3.8 2.1 4.2 3.8 1.9 4.2 .2 .1 .3 .3 .3 .3 1.4 1.8 1.3 .9 1.4 .9 .2 .2 .2 .2 . 1 .2 3.5 2.6 3.7 4.0 2. 8 4.2 3.8 3.3 3.8 5.6 3.2 4.2 5.0 3.0 4.8 3.5 2.5 1.8 2.4 4,2 2.3 2.6 2.5 2.2 3.4 2.3 .3 .3 .4 .4 .2 .3 .3 .4 .4 .4 .8 1.0 .7 .8 .6 1.0 1.9 .1 .8 .7 .3 .3 .3 .3 .2 .3 .3 .3 .1 .2 3.5 4. 8 2.4 4.3 2.8 4.2 6. 0 2.8 4.3 3.2 .1 ( 4) ( 4) ( 4) 4.2 3.8 2.2 2.1 .3 .4 1.4 1.1 .3 .3 2.5 2.9 3.2 5.9 6.1 6.0 5.8 2.8 5.7 4.6 8.2 5.6 2.0 2.6 2.6 3.3 2.2 1.8 2.7 2.7 3.1 2.5 .1 .4 .5 .4 .4 .2 .5 .5 .7 .5 .8 2.7 2.7 2.1 3.0 .5 2.2 1.1 4.2 2.5 .3 .1 .3 .1 .1 .2 .3 .4 .3 .1 1.9 3.1 4.0 4. 0 1.8 2.1 4.0 5.0 5.1 2.6 3.3 2.4 2.3 1.4 .4 .4 .2 .1 .3 .4 2.2 2.1 3.3 7.7 2.7 7.3 1.7 2.8 1.8 2.8 .5 .8 .4 .7 1.1 3.8 .3 3.5 .1 .3 .2 .3 2.3 4.3 2.4 3.8 5.3 3.6 2.3 2.6 .4 .4 2.4 .3 .2 .2 2.9 3.4 REVIEW, DECEMBER 1953 1353 B: LABOR TURNOVER T a ble B -2 : M o n th ly labor tu rn o v er ra te s (per 100 employees) in selected groups and in d u s trie s 1— C ontinued Separation Total Industry group and industry Continued Fabricated metal products (except ordnance, machinery, and transportation equipm ent)________________________ Cutlery, hand tools, and hardware__ Cutlery and edge tools. ................. Handtools_______ ____ ________ Hardware____________________ Heating apparatus (except electric) and plumbers’ supplies__________ Sanitary ware and plumbers’ supplies____________________ Oil burners, nonelectric heating and cooking apparatus, not elsewhere classified______________ Fabricated structural metal products.. Metal stamping, coating, and engraving_________ ______________ Quit Total accession Mise., incl. military Layoff Discharge Sept. A ug. Sept. A ug. Sept. A ug. Sept. A ug. Sept. A ug. Sept. A ug. 1953 1953 1953 1953 1953 1953 1953 1953 1953 1953 1953 1953 M a n u f a c tu r i n g — Machinery (except electrical)...................... Engines and turbines......... .................. Agricultural machinery and tractors. . Construction and mining machinery.. Metalworking machinery__________ Machine tools__________ ____ __ Metalworking machinery (except machine tools)____ ________ Machine-tool accessories. . . . . . Special-industry machinery (except metalworking machinery)________ General industrial machinery_______ Office and store machines and devices Service-industry and household machines_________________________ ______— Miscellaneous machinery parts —........... . Electrical machinery.................................... Electrical generating, transmission, distribution, and industrial apparatus_____ . . . . . . _________ Communication equipment_________ Radios, phonographs, television sets, and equipment__________ Telephone, telegraph, and related equipment_________ ________ Electrical appliances, lamps, and miscellaneous products___________ Transportation equipment_____________ Automobiles- ____________________ Aircraft and parts________________ Aircraft______________________ Aircraft engines and parts............. Aircraft propellers and parts____ Other aircraft parts and equipm ent______ _______________ Ship- and boatbuilding and repairing.. Railroad equipm ent_______________ Locomotives and parts_________ Railroad and streetcars. . . ___ Other transportation equipment......... Instrum ents and related products_______ Photographic apparatus____________ Watches and clocks _. _____________ Professional and scientific instruments. Miscellaneous manufacturing industries... Jewelry, silverware, and plated ware.. 6.4 5.9 2.2 4.0 7.1 6.0 4.4 3.2 3.4 5.1 3.5 3.5 1.6 2.0 4.4 3.3 2.7 1.5 2.2 3.3 0.5 .3 .3 .3 .3 0.6 .3 .3 .2 .3 2.1 1.6 .2 1.4 1.9 1.8 1.1 1.2 .8 1.1 0.3 .4 .1 .2 .5 0.3 .3 .1 .1 .4 4.3 3.3 2.2 2.8 3.7 5.1 3.5 2.1 2.3 4.4 7.1 7.1 4.1 4.2 .6 .6 2.2 2.0 .2 .2 5.0 6.0 4.7 7.4 3.1 3.6 .5 .5 .9 3.2 .1 .2 3.8 4.6 9.0 5.1 6.8 4.8 4.9 3.4 4.8 3.1 .7 .7 .7 .8 3.2 .8 1.0 .7 .2 .2 .3 .2 5.9 4.7 7.2 4.8 9.6 8.9 3.7 3.8 .4 .5 5.0 4.1 .7 .5 5.5 4.7 4.3 3.3 2.3 2.2 .2 .3 .4 .1 .1 3.1 2.3 2.2 .4 .3 1.8 2.7 5.8 1.9 .4 .3 .2 .3 .4 .3 .3 .3 .4 .2 .4 .3 .3 1.4 .5 2.4 2.4 2.1 2.0 2.1 1.7 2.2 2.2 1.9 .3 .4 5.2 3.3 2.9 4.4 5.6 8.1 4.6 3.1 2.6 2.2 2.7 2.4 2.6 2.8 2.1 2.4 2.9 2.4 3.4 4.2 3.4 4.4 2.3 3.4 2.3 3.0 .3 .3 .4 .4 .7 .5 .5 .9 .1 .1 .2 .1 2.6 4.0 3.1 4.4 4.0 3.5 2.7 3.5 3.4 2.5 2.2 2.3 2.0 1.9 2.0 1.8 .4 .3 .2 .3 .4 .1 1.3 .7 .2 1.1 .8 .4 .1 .2 .2 .1 .3 .1 2.8 2.8 4.0 2.6 2.4 2.9 5.9 3.8 5.2 5.1 4.9 3.8 2.5 2.1 2.0 2.2 .3 .3 -2 .2 .5 .5 .3 .4 .3 .3 4.2 2.4 2.7 2.8 1.2 1.1 2.5 2.1 3.3 .3 .4 .3 4.7 2.5 2.4 4.1 3.4 6.6 2.5 4.4 1.8 4.4 1.6 3.4 .2 .7 .2 .5 1. 1.1 2 .6 .3 .2 .4 .2 .3 2.1 6.3 2.0 5.6 7.1 4.8 4.4 3.7 .8 .7 1.5 .2 .3 .2 6.7 6.3 (5) (5) 2.7 (s) (5) 2.0 5.7 7.4 9.1 5.1 5.2 4.1 4.2 4.8 3.9 3.3 6.0 7.0 3.8 3.7 4.1 1.9 3.1 2.7 3.5 3.6 3.2 1.4 2.9 2.8 2.8 2.8 3.0 1.8 6. 6 9.9 7.5 9.0 5.9 3.0 3.0 2.6 4.5 11.0 6.5 4.3 9.3 2.4 2.8 1.2 (5) 2.7 5.8 3.9 3.6 3.6 2.3 1.5 3.2 2.1 2.2 2.3 3.0 4.0 2.3 1.7 3.1 2.1 (5) 2.9 6. 5 5.4 (5) 1.9 4.7 4.7 1.5 .9 (5) 1.4 (5) .1 (5) .1 («) .5 .3 .3 .3 .3 .5 .3 .4 1.0 .4 .5 .4 .3 .5 .1 3.5 5.3 1.1 1.2 .2 2.4 .6 .3 .6 .5 2.2 5.7 4.0 6. 7 1.3 .1 .4 (4) (6) («) .4 .1 .1 .8 .6 .1 .9 .1 .2 .1 4.4 .5 2.9 .4 4.3 1. 2 4.8 3.3 1.2 .4 (4) (5) .4 .1 .3 .5 .4 (5) .6 1.0 .1 (5) .4 (5) .3 .3 (5) 2.7 (6) .2 .2 .2 .1 4.7 5.0 4.7 4.5 4.7 3.9 2.0 .2 .2 .8 .8 .7 .1 .2 .1 4.6 8.5 5.2 1.7 8.6 3.1 2.8 1.6 5.3 11.0 .6 .2 .3 .7 .7 .7 .1 .3 .2 .7 6.3 3.0 1.7 4.6 .1 .9 (5) 5.3 5.1 5.2 4.3 4.4 4.1 1.0 .3 .4 .3 .5 .8 .2 .1 .2 .1 (4) .8 .6 1 (5) .9 2.3 3.2 .5 .5 .3 (4) (5) .2 .1 .1 .3 .4 .2 .4 .2 .3 .3 .3 .3 .3 .4 (6) 4. 0 1.2 7.5 4.0 2.7 1.7 (6) 2.0 6.2 5.3 2.3 4.8 1.2 5.5 3.1 1.4 1.6 3.8 7.7 5.1 N o n m a n u fa c tu r in g Metal mining................................................ Iron mining______________ _______ Copper mining_______ _____ ______ Lead and zinc m in in g .......................... Anthracite mining............................ ........... Bituminous-coal mining...........................„ Communication; Telephone________________ _____ Telegraph1______________ ________ 5.4 2. 2 5 3 7.1 1.3 1.8 (5) 00 5.3 1. 8 5. 6 4.6 1.6 2.3 2.4 2.3 4.1 1. 8 4.6 3.1 .9 1.2 (5) (5) 1 S ee fo o tn o te 1, t a b l e B - l . C u r r e n t m o n t h d a t a s u b je c t to re v is io n w i t h o u t n o t a t i o n ; r e v i s e d fig u re s fo r e a r l ie r m o n t h s w ill b e i n d i c a t e d b y fo o tn o te s . 2 S ee fo o tn o te 2, ta b le A -2 . > S ee fo o tn o te 3, t a b le A -2 . P r i n t i n g , p u b li s h i n g , a n d a llie d in d u s tr i e s a r e e x c lu d e d . https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis .3 .1 .3 .1 .3 .1 .3 (4) 1.0 « .1 2.0 1.8 (6) (s) .1 .1 .5 (4) .2 .1 .1 3.4 .2 1.0 .3 .4 .3 .1 .2 .2 .4 1.1 .1 .1 (°) (5) .2 .3 (5) (5) 1.4 4.1 2.2 1.4 1.6 (=) (“) * L e s s t h a n 0.05. 5 D a t a a r e n o t a v a ila b le . • D a t a r e l a te to d o m e s tic e m p lo y e e s e x c e p t m e s s e n g e rs a n d th o s e c o m p e n s a te d e n t ir e l y o n a c o m m is s io n b a s is . 1354 C: EARNINGS AND HOURS MONTHLY LABOR C: Earnings and Hours T able C - l : H ours and gross earnings of production w orkers or nonsupervisory employees Mining Metal Total: Metal Year and month Iron Coal Copper Lead and zinc Anthracite Bituminous Avg. Avg. wkly. wkly. earn hours ings Avg. Avg. Avg. hrly. wkly. earn earn wkly. ings ings hours Avg. Avg. Avg. hrly. wkly. earn earn wkly. ings ings hours Avg. Avg. hrly. wkly. Avg. earn earn wkly. ings ings hours Avg. Avg. Avg. hrly. wkly. earn earn wkly. ings ings hours Avg. Avg. Avg. hrly. wkly. earn earn wkly. ings ings hours 1951: Average.. . 1952: Average... September $74. 56 81.65 85. 76 $1. 71 $72. 68 1.86 80.34 1.91 85. 95 $1.71 $78. 54 1.83 85.73 1.91 91.29 $1.70 $76.11 1.88 81.60 1.93 82.08 $1. 77 $66. 66 1.92 71.19 1.90 76.73 $2.20 $77. 79 2.26 78.32 2. 25 87. 91 1952: November. December. 1953: Ja n u ary ... February .. M arch___ April......... M ay____ June____ July_____ August__ September. 85.26 84.83 84. 71 84.08 84.48 84.67 86. 29 86. 96 88.82 91.52 94. 79 43.6 43.9 44.9 43.5 1.96 88.15 43.0 1.95 82. 78 41.6 43.5 43.0 1.97 82.21 40.7 42.9 1.96 83.42 41.5 43.1 1.96 84.03 41.6 43.2 1.96 84.84 42.0 43.8 1.97 88. 74 43.5 43.7 1.99 90.67 43.8 42.7 2.08 95. 82 42.4 44.0 2.08 96.98 43.1 44.5 2.13 99.43 43.8 Mining—Continued C r u d e -petroleum and natural - gas production .Petroleum and natural-gas production (except contract services) 1951: Average.......... $79. 76 1952: Average_____ 85. 90 September___ 89. 21 40.9 41.1 41.3 1952: November___ December___ 1953: January_____ February........ M arch______ April_______ M ay...... ......... June________ July------------August______ September___ 41.5 40.8 41.2 40.5 40.7 40.8 41.2 40.1 41.4 41.6 40.6 90. 47 87.72 89. 40 88.29 88.73 88.13 88.99 87. 02 92. 74 93. 60 92. 57 mining and quarrying 73.14 71.28 70.19 70.85 72. 77 74.37 75. 94 76.78 77.63 78.60 78.23 44.6 44.0 42.8 43.2 44. 1 44.8 45.2 45.7 45.4 45.7 44.7 1.64 1.62 1.84 1.64 1.65 1.66 1.68 1.68 1.71 1. 72 1.75 80. 98 82.18 80.26 80.64 81.13 79. 57 79.00 79. 61 79. 52 79.30 82.15 42.4 42.8 41.8 42.0 42.7 42.1 41.8 41.9 41.2 41.3 41.7 1.91 80. 91 35.8 2.26 1.92 85.56 34.5 2.48 1.92 70. 75 28.3 2.50 1.92 86.75 34.7 2. 50 1.90 65. 70 26.6 2. 47 1.89 61.99 25.3 2.45 1.89 77.19 31.0 2.49 1.90 91.63 36.8 2.49 1.93 83.89 34.1 2.46 1.92 60.99 25.1 2.43 1.97 70.85 28.8 2.46 Contract construction 86. 27 91.73 87. 79 81.42 81. 76 79.61 84.97 91.25 84. 97 94.37 86.80 35.2 34.2 38.9 $2. 21 2.29 2.26 35.5 36.4 35.4 32.7 33.1 32.1 34.4 36.5 34.4 37.9 35.0 2.43 2. 52 2. 48 2.49 2. 47 2.48 2.47 2. 50 2. 47 2. 49 2. 48 88.13 90. 86 88.16 89.01 88. 67 89.15 90.58 92.25 91.82 93.41 90.52 37.9 38.7 39.8 $2.15 $80. 78 2. 27 86.72 2.31 94.18 37.5 2. 35 38.5 2. 36 37.2 2.37 37.4 2. 38 37.1 2. 39 37.3 2.39 37.9 2.39 38.6 2.39 38.1 2.41 2.42 38.6 37.1 2.44 Building 40.8 41. 1 43.6 85.02 39.0 87.02 40.1 83.93 38.5 85.19 38.9 84. 26 38.3 85.02 39.0 87. 20 40.0 91.34 41.9 92.16 41.7 96.08 42.7 40.2 90.85 construction Highway and street $1. 98 $74. 62 2.11 80.26 2.16 89.30 2.18 2.17 2.18 2.19 2. 20 2.18 2. IS 2.18 2.21 2.25 2.26 78. 41 78. 59 74.31 77. 22 75. 42 77.62 81.61 88.10 88.37 92.63 87. 54 41.0 41.8 45.1 39.6 40.3 38.5 39.2 37.9 39.4 40.4 43.4 42.9 43.9 41.1 Other nonbuilding construction $1.82 $85.26 1.92 91. 35 1.98 97. 94 1.98 1.95 1.93 1.97 1.99 1.97 2.02 2. 03 2.06 2.11 2.13 89.71 92. 40 89.32 90.02 89. 55 90.02 91.71 94.19 95.65 98. 59 93. 77 40.6 40.6 42.4 $2.10 2.25 2.31 38.5 40.0 38.5 38.8 38.6 38.8 39.7 40.6 40. 7 41.6 39.4 2. 33 2. 31 2.32 2.32 2.32 2. 32 2.31 2. 32 2.35 2.37 2.3g Special-trade contractors 37.2 38.1 38.8 36. 6 38. 5 39.0 $2.19 $75.03 2.31 82. 78 2.35 86.19 85.12 88.37 86. 26 86.71 85. 79 86.71 87.40 88. 55 87.14 88.83 85.90 38.0 39.1 38.0 38.2 37.3 37.7 38.0 38.5 37.4 37.8 36.4 Masonry Total: Special-trade contraotors $2. 05 $87. 32 2.15 91.99 2. 21 95.59 2.24 2. 26 2.27 2. 27 2. 30 2.30 2. 3ft 2.30 2. 33 2. 35 2.36 91.36 94. 50 91. 33 92. 20 92.82 92.57 94. 21 94.98 95. 20 96.35 93.50 37.8 37.7 38.7 36.4 37.5 36.1 36.3 36.4 36.3 36.8 37.1 36.9 37.2 36.1 $2. 26 $78. 05 2.39 81. 55 2. 41 88.30 35.0 34.7 37.1 $2.23 $89. 69 2.35 90. 05 2.38 94. 94 34.9 33.6 34.4 1952: November___ 87.93 35.6 December___ 89.41 36.2 1953: January........... 85.16 34.2 February...... . 87.25 34.9 M arch______ 88. 10 35.1 April....... ........ 88.10 35.1 M ay________ 90.36 36.0 June................ 91.98 36.5 July________ 92.46 36.4 August........ . 92. 85 36.7 September___ 91.44 36.0 See footnotes at end of table. 2. 47 82.90 2. 47 82. 50 2.49 77. 25 2.50 79.36 2. 51 81. 50 2.51 81.00 2. 51 86. 50 2. 52 89.00 2. 54 89.86 2. 53 91.48 2. 54 92. 60 33.7 33. 0 30.9 32.0 32.6 32.4 34.6 35.6 35.8 36.3 36.6 2. 46 91.04 2. 50 92. 50 2.50 89.80 2.48 95. 24 2. 50 95.99 2. 50 96. 57 2.50 97.15 2.50 96.19 2. 51 96. 72 2. 52 98. 50 2.53 97.73 32.4 32.8 31.4 33.3 33.1 33.3 33.5 33.4 33.7 34.2 33.7 Plumbing and heat ing $2.31 $91. 34 2.44 94. 92 2.47 97.07 2. 51 2.52 2.53 2.54 2.55 2.55 2. 56 2. 56 2. 58 2. 59 2.59 Plastering anil lathing 37.0 37.0 38.4 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1.90 1.94 1.98 1.95 1.95 1.95 1.96 1.96 1.98 2.01 2.07 30.3 31.5 34.1 ì oiai: ^oniract construction $1.49 $81. 49 1.58 87. 85 1.62 91.94 Genera] contractors 1951: Average_____ $83.62 1952: Average.......... 88. 43 September___ 92. 54 45.1 46.6 46.8 45.2 45.1 45.4 45.4 44.8 43.6 46.4 47.5 43.0 42.5 43.2 Total: Nonbuilding construction 45.0 45.0 46.4 88. 67 37.1 2.39 91. 68 38.2 2.40 88. 93 36.9 2.41 89. 78 37.1 2.42 89. 79 36.8 2.44 90.04 36.9 2.44 91.01 37.3 2. 44 91.99 37.7 2. 44 91.64 2. 47 37.1 93.00 37.5 2.48 90.39 36.3 2.49 Other special-trade contractors 3 85.69 90.40 92. 66 88.14 87. 95 88. 53 88.98 87. 81 86.33 93.26 98.33 46.2 45.6 47.3 Nonbuilding construction in uiiiiic utiiiu $1.95 $67.05 2.09 71.10 2.16 75.17 2.18 2.15 2.17 2.18 2.18 2.16 2.16 2.17 2. 24 2. 25 2. 28 2.05 1.99 2.02 2.01 2. 02 2.02 2.04 2. 07 2.26 2. 25 2. 27 Total: Building con struction 1951: Average_____ $81. 47 1952: Average........ . 88.01 September___ 91.18 1952: November___ December....... 1953: January_____ February........ M arch______ A pril.............. M ay________ June________ July.......... ...... August______ September___ 42.5 43.9 45.0 Avg. hrly. earn ings 93.38 98. 50 96.25 95.00 96.39 96.39 97. 41 97. 67 97.01 98. 56 94.69 37.5 39.4 38.5 38.0 38.1 38.1 38.2 38.3 37.6 38.2 36.7 $2.33 $78. 76 2.44 82. 72 2.47 87.00 2. 49 2.50 2. 50 2.50 2. 53 2. 53 2.55 2. 55 2. 58 2. 58 2. 58 77.63 79. 52 71. 78 79.12 78.30 76.05 77. 70 82. 44 82.70 77.40 81.08 35.9 35.8 36.8 34.5 35.5 31.9 34.7 34.8 33.8 35.0 36.0 35.8 34.4 35.1 82.76 84. 46 81.41 82.96 84.18 84.28 85.61 87. 75 88.35 89.41 88. 49 35.8 35.2 36.1 34.2 34.9 33.5 34.0 34. 5 34.4 34.8 35.1 35.2 35.2 34.7 $2.04 $70.95 2.12 76.53 2. 22 82.46 2.25 2. 24 2.25 2.28 2. 25 2. 25 2.22 2.29 2.31 2.25 2.31 78. 68 81.03 73.93 74.14 75. 94 76.05 79. 74 82. 58 83.31 83.17 81.27 36.2 36.1 38.0 35.6 36.5 33.3 33.1 33.9 33.8 35.6 36.7 36.7 36.8 35.8 Electrical work $2.20 $102. 26 2.35 110. 30 2.41 113.16 2.42 2.42 2.43 2.44 2. 44 2.45 2.46 2. 50 2.51 2. 54 2. 55 Roofing and sheetmetal work Carpentry $2. 57 $73.24 2. 68 75. 90 2.76 81.70 2.81 2. 82 2.86 2.86 2. 90 2.90 2.90 2.88 2. 87 2.88 2.90 39.2 38.9 39.3 Painting and decorating 110. 64 114.11 111. 50 109.97 110. 21 109. 09 109. 98 110. 21 109.48 110. 26 105. 74 $2.55 2.71 2.74 39.8 40.9 40.4 39.7 39.5 39.1 39.0 39.5 39.1 39.1 37.1 2. 78 2.79 2.76 2.77 2.79 2.79 2.82 2. 79 2.80 2.82 2.85 Excavation and foun dation work $1.96 $81. 93 2.12 85. 81 2.17 93.29 2. 21 2.22 2. 22 2. 24 2. 24 2.25 2.24 2. 25 2.27 2.26 2. 27 40.1 40.7 41.3 85.03 86. 80 82. 72 83. 25 83. 78 82.73 85.36 89.82 92.75 92.52 92.34 39.2 40.1 42.6 $2.09 2.11 2.19 38.3 39.1 37.6 37.5 37.4 37.1 38.8 40.1 40.5 40.4 39.8 2.22 2.22 2.20 2.22 2. 24 2.23 2.20 2.24 2.29 2.29 2.32 REVIEW, DECEMBER 1953 1355 C: EARNINGS AND HOURS T a ble C -l : Hours and gross earnings of production workers or nonsupervisory employees 1—Continued Manufacturing Food and kindred products Year and month Total: Manu facturing Avg. Avg. wkly. wkly. earn hours ings 1951: Average_____ $64. 71 1952: Average-------- 67. 97 September___ 69.63 40.7 40.7 41.2 1952: November----December----1953: January_____ February____ M arch______ April_______ M ay________ June________ Ju ly________ August______ September___ 41.1 41.7 41.0 40.9 41.1 40.8 40.7 40.7 40.3 40.4 39.9 70.28 72.14 71.34 71.17 71.93 71. 40 71.63 71.63 71.33 71. 51 71.02 Durable goods • Avg. Avg. Avg. hrly. wkly. earn earn wkly. ings ings hours $1.59 $69. 47 1. 67 73.04 1.69 75. 42 41.6 41.5 41.9 76.26 77.78 76.91 77.15 77. 52 77.38 77.19 77. 42 76. 70 77.08 76. 55 41.9 42.5 41.8 41.7 41.9 41.6 41.5 41.4 40.8 41.0 40.5 1.71 1. 73 1.74 1.74 1.75 1.75 1.76 1.76 1.77 1.77 1. 78 Nondurable goods 4 Avg. Avg. Avg. hrly. wkly. earn earn wkly. ings ings hours $1.67 $58.46 1.76 60.98 1.80 62.06 1.82 1.83 1.84 1.85 1.85 1.86 1.86 1.87 1.88 1.88 1.89 62. 56 63.59 62.88 62. 88 63. 60 62.81 63.20 63. 52 63.76 63.76 63.18 Total: Ordnance and accessories Avg. Avg. Avg. hrly. wkly. earn earn wkly. ings ings hours 39.5 39.6 40.3 40.1 40.5 39.8 39.8 40.0 39.5 39.5 39.7 39.6 39.6 39.0 $1.48 $74.12 1.54 77. 22 1.54 79. 85 1.56 1.57 1.58 1.58 1. 59 1.59 1.60 1.60 1.61 1. 61 1.62 75.03 76.73 75. 85 77.38 77. 46 76.52 78. 25 78. 88 77.87 78.53 79.13 Total: Food and kindred products Avg. Avg. Avg. hrly. wkly. earn earn wkly. ings ings hours 43.6 42.9 42.7 $1.70 $59. 92 1.80 63. 23 1.87 63.03 41.9 41.6 42.3 41.0 41.7 41.0 41.6 41.2 40.7 41.4 41.3 41.2 40.9 41.0 1.83 1.84 1.85 1.86 1.88 1.88 1.89 1.91 X. 89 1.92 1.93 64.64 65.68 65.35 64. 71 65. 28 64.64 66.17 67.14 66. 88 66.14 67.46 41.7 42.1 41.1 40.7 40.8 40.4 41.1 41.7 41.8 41.6 41.9 Meat products * Avg. Avg. hrly. wkly. Avg. earn earn wkly. ings ings hours $1.43 $65. 78 1.52 70.30 1.49 70. 55 1.55 1.56 1. 59 1.59 1.60 1. 60 1.61 1.61 1.60 1.59 1.61 75.08 77.26 74.23 70.00 71.33 70.62 71.86 74. 29 72.85 73.08 77. 56 Avg. hrly. earn ings 41.9 41.6 41.5 $1.57 1.69 1.70 43.4 44.4 41.7 40.0 40.3 39.9 40.6 41.5 40.7 40.6 41.7 1. 73 1.74 1.78 1. 75 1.77 1.77 1.77 1.79 1.79 1.80 1.86 Food and kindred products—Continued Sausages and casings Meatpacking, wholesale 1951: Average.......... $68. 30 1952: Average.......... 73.39 September___ 73.28 41.9 41.7 41.4 78.66 81.54 77. 83 72. 40 73. 71 73.02 74.15 76.63 75. 52 75. 55 81.48 43.7 45.3 42.3 40.0 40.5 39. 9 40.3 41.2 40.6 40.4 42.0 1952: November___ December....... 1953: January_____ February____ M arch............ April............... M ay...... .......... June________ July________ August______ September___ $1.63 $65. 78 1.76 69. 72 1.77 70. 90 1.80 1.80 1.84 1.81 1.82 1.83 1.84 1.86 1.86 1. 87 1.94 Seafood, canned and cured 1951: Average.......... $44. 40 1952: Average.......... 45. 57 September__ 48.02 29.8 31.0 31.8 1952: November___ December___ 1953: Jan u ary ......... February...... . M arch______ April........ ...... M ay................ June.... ........... July________ August______ September___ 25.7 30.0 27.5 30.1 28.0 29. 7 27.0 30.3 35.8 32.3 27.4 38.81 44. 70 41.80 46. 96 41.44 46. 04 40.23 43.33 56.92 50. 07 39.46 1. 51 1.49 1. 52 1. 56 1.48 1. 55 1.49 1.43 1.59 1.55 1.44 41.7 41.7 41.7 1952: November___ December....... 1953: January_____ February........ M arch______ A pril.............. M ay________ June________ July________ A ugust........... September___ 41.4 41.6 40.9 41.0 41. 2 41.2 41.4 42.1 41.9 41.6 41.6 64.17 64. 48 63.80 64.37 64.68 64. 68 65.41 66.94 67.46 66.98 68.22 See footnotes at end of table. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 43.2 42.5 41.5 40.7 40.7 40.6 42.2 43.1 42.6 42.5 41.6 51.48 54. 51 56.30 50. 56 56. 52 53. 86 55.86 54.10 54. 78 57.81 58.10 41.8 41.0 44.2 39.0 39.5 40.8 40.4 39.8 38.2 39.9 39. 2 41.5 42.2 42.1 1.70 1.71 1.71 1.72 1. 75 1. 75 1.73 1.73 1.75 1. 75 1.80 65.25 65.84 67.45 67.61 65. 97 66.10 67.32 68.39 69.73 68.36 69.84 41.4 41.3 42.2 57.96 55.74 56. 99 58. 66 60.19 57. 54 58.63 58. 49 58.18 59.31 61.47 42.0 40.1 41.0 41.9 43.3 41.1 41.0 40.9 40.4 40.9 42.1 44.4 44.0 44.4 43.5 43.6 43.8 43.9 43.4 43.2 44.0 44.7 44.7 44.1 44.2 $1. 27 $65.85 1. 32 69.15 1. 29 70.22 45.1 44.9 45.3 68.95 69. 26 71. 20 68. 21 69. 60 69. 39 71.60 72.32 72.74 72.54 73.64 44.2 44.4 44.5 42.9 43.5 43.1 44.2 45.2 44.9 44.5 44.9 1. 32 1.38 1.38 1.40 1.42 1. 41 1.40 1.38 1.32 1.37 1.38 Sugar $1.29 $60.15 1.36 64.41 1.37 65.51 1.38 1.39 1.39 1.40 1. 39 1.40 1.43 1.43 1.44 1.45 1.46 46.0 45.7 45.9 66. 59 67. 49 69. 77 68. 55 68. 55 69.77 69. 92 72. 05 72. 22 70.07 72.23 45.3 45.6 45.9 45.7 45.4 45. 9 46.0 47.4 47.2 46.1 46. 6 1.50 1.51 1. 54 1.54 1. 52 1. 53 1.53 1.53 1. 56 1. 55 1. 58 68. 59 66.44 64. 80 67. 32 74.63 70.21 70.55 72.58 73.79 69.36 73.68 1.56 1.56 1.60 1.59 1.60 1.61 1.62 1.60 1.62 1.63 1.64 47.3 45.2 40.0 40.8 43.9 41.3 41.5 42. 2 42.9 40.8 42.1 73. 71 72.58 74.82 71.45 72. 27 70. 38 73.48 74. 59 76.84 77.74 79. 28 45.5 45.1 45.3 45.5 44.8 44.8 43.3 43.8 42.4 44.0 44.4 45. 2 45.2 45.3 44.6 43.6 44.1 64.72 65.60 65.72 66.19 66.19 65. 41 67.86 68. 61 70. 68 68. 69 71. 67 42.3 42.6 42.4 42.7 42.7 42.2 43.5 43.7 43.9 43.2 43.7 1.47 1. 48 1.52 1.50 1.51 1.52 1.52 1.52 1.53 1.52 1.55 1.62 1.62 1. 67 1.65 1.65 1. 66 1.67 1.68 1.70 1.72 1. 75 41.0 41.1 42.4 64.94 67.08 68.80 69.03 79. 57 74. 64 75.12 78. 37 79.56 72.98 80.48 39.6 40.9 41.2 39.9 44.7 41.7 42.2 43.3 44.2 41.7 43.5 1.45 1.47 1.62 1.65 1. 70 1.70 1.70 1.72 1.72 1.70 1.75 67. 95 68.10 68.40 65.38 67.63 68.99 69.92 70.97 69. 77 69.46 70.84 1.53 1. 54 1. 55 1.55 1. 55 1. 55 1.56 1.57 1.61 1. 59 1.64 45.3 45.4 45.0 43.3 44.2 44.8 45.4 47.0 45.9 45.4 45.7 75.02 71.48 61. 77 69.42 68.71 66. 91 66.12 67. 37 67.83 67. 26 69.32 41.1 42.0 39.5 48.4 44.4 34.9 39.0 38.6 38.9 38.0 39.4 39.9 38.0 40.3 48.51 51.65 52. 72 53.20 53. 02 51. 61 52. 26 51.44 54.14 55. 76 55. 62 40.0 39.3 42.5 $1.27 1.32 1. 28 36.2 37.7 38.2 38.0 37. 6 36.6 37.6 38.1 40.4 41.0 40.9 1.34 1.37 1.38 1.40 1.41 1.41 1.39 1.35 1.34 1.36 1.36 Bakery products 1 $1.40 $58. 24 1.47 61. 57 1.47 62.70 1.50 1.50 1.52 1.51 1.53 1. 54 1.54 1.51 1.52 1.53 1. 55 62.67 62. 78 62. 58 63.04 63.65 63. 45 64.02 65. 36 65.73 65.41 66. 72 41.6 41.6 41.8 $1.40 1.48 1. 50 41.5 41.3 40.9 41.2 41.6 41.2 41.3 41.9 41.6 41.4 41.7 1.51 1.52 1.53 1.53 1.53 1.54 1.55 1.56 1.58 1.58 1. 60 Confectionery and related products 1 Beet sugar $1.54 $61.24 1.62 65.94 1.65 63.20 1.64 1.64 1. 67 1.73 1.78 1. 79 1.78 1.81 1.80 1.75 1. 85 46.1 46.0 46.4 Canning and preserving 1 $1.40 $50. 80 1.47 51.88 1.50 54.40 Prepared feeds $1.48 $64. 54 1.59 67.62 1.62 68.21 Cane-sugar refining $1.46 $63.14 1.53 66.58 1.59 69.96 Ice cream and ices $1.37 $62. 44 1.45 64.09 1. 47 66.15 Flour and other grain-mill products $1.46 $67. 34 1.54 71.71 1.55 73.39 2 41.2 42.1 41.2 Condensed and evaporated müh $1.37 $63.02 1.45 66.27 1.48 67.47 Grain- mill products 1 Biscuits, crackers, and pretzels $1.43 $53.41 1.52 56.17 1.53 57.81 1.55 1.55 1. 56 1.57 1.57 1.57 1.58 1.59 1.61 1.61 1.64 $1.57 $60.83 1.66 63. 80 1.68 65. 71 Canned fruits, vege tables, and soups $1.49 $53. 09 1.47 54.12 1.51 57.02 Bread and other bakery products 1951: Average_____ $59.63 1952: Average......... 63.38 September___ 63.80 73.44 72.68 70. 97 70.00 71.23 71. 05 73.01 74. 56 74. 55 74.38 74. 88 41.9 42.0 42.2 Dairy products s $1.49 $49.97 1.57 52.27 1.60 53. 72 1.55 1.61 1.77 1.78 1.78 1. 72 1.74 1.71 1. 70 1. 77 1. 72 53.45 53. 84 51.87 52.54 52.66 51.46 54. 25 54.35 53.10 54.12 54. 79 40.3 39.9 40.7 $1.24 1.31 1.32 40.8 41.1 39.0 39.5 39.3 38.4 39.6 39.1 38.2 39.5 39.7 1.31 1.31 1.33 1.33 1.34 1.34 1.37 1.39 1.39 1.37 1.38 1356 MONTHLY LABOR C: EARNINGS AND HOURS T able C -l : Hours and gross earnings of production workers or nonsupervisory employees 1—Continued Manufacturing—Continued Food and kindred products—Continued Year and month Avg. Avg. wkly. wkly. earn hours ings 1951: Average_____ 1952: Average_____ September__ 1952: November__ December___ 1953: January_____ February___ M arch______ April_______ M ay_______ June_______ July________ August_____ Septem ber..- Beverages » C o n fe c tio n e r y $48.36 50.67 52.10 40.3 39.9 40.7 Avg. Avg. Avg. hrly. wkly. earn earn wkly. ings hours ings $1.20 $68.39 1.27 71.14 1.28 71.62 Avg. Avg. Avg. hrly. wkly. earn earn wkly. ings ings hours $1.64 $53.19 1.71 55. 73 1.73 56. 59 41.0 41.2 52.07 1.27 72.51 1.76 52.45 40.9 41.3 1.27 71.98 1.76 1.29 70.93 1.76 50.18 38.9 40.3 40.4 1.28 71. 51 1.77 50. 30 39.3 50.83 39.1 1.30 71.96 40.2 1.79 38.2 40.6 49.66 1.30 73. 49 1.81 52. 00 39.1 1.33 76.54 1.84 41.6 38.9 1.34 79. 66 52.13 42.6 1.87 1.34 80. 60 43.1 1.87 50. 65 37.8 1.32 79. 95 42.3 1.89 51.88 39.3 53.06 39.6 1.34 81.06 42.0 1.93 Food and kindred products—Continued C o rn s ir u p , su g a r, o il, a n d s ta r c h 1951: Average.......... $73.37 1952: Average__ __ 77.00 September___ 79.12 1952: November___ December___ 1953: January-......... February____ M arch........... April—............ M ay________ June________ July------------August______ September___ 41.7 41.6 41.4 B o t tl e d s o ft d r in k s 44.2 43.5 43.0 79. 79 42.9 1.86 75.12 42.2 1.78 75. 95 41.5 1.83 77.78 42.5 1.83 1.81 76. 74 42.4 42.4 78.86 1.86 78.81 42.6 1.85 81. 65 43.2 1.89 43.5 1.88 81.78 79. 57 42.1 1.89 84. 78 43.7 1.94 Tobacco manufac tures—Continued Tobacco stemming and redrying 1951: Average_____ $38.02 1952: Average_____ 38.91 September___ 39. 01 39.2 39.3 42.4 1952: November___ December___ 1953: January_____ February____ March______ April.......... . M ay________ June________ July------------August______ September___ 37.5 39.5 39.4 35.0 38.9 36.5 36.3 35.7 35.6 39.3 39.8 36.00 39. 50 40. 58 37.80 43. 96 42.34 42.83 42.13 41.65 39.69 37. 81 .96 1.00 1.03 1.08 1.13 1.16 1.18 1.18 1.17 1.01 .95 39.2 38.8 40.1 1952: November___ 54.68 40.5 December___ 55.35 41.0 1953: January____ 54. 54 40.4 February____ 54. 27 40.2 M a rch ........ . 53. 60 40.0 April_______ 53. 20 39.7 M ay________ 53.73 40.1 June______ _ 53.47 39.9 Ju ly------------- 52.93 39.5 August______ 52.14 39.2 September___ 50.79 37.9 8ee footnotes at end of table. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 38.5 38.4 40.3 45.05 46.26 46.59 45. 39 47.63 47.62 46.99 46. 99 47. 87 47.70 46.49 38.5 39.2 38.5 36.9 37.8 37.2 37.0 37.0 37.4 39.1 39.4 1.37 1.35 1.36 1.35 1.35 1. 35 1.35 1.36 1.38 1.37 1.42 Total: Textile-mill products 55.35 55.90 54. 94 54. 94 54.80 53.84 53.98 53. 72 53.18 52. 90 51.51 82.82 82.62 80. 79 82.40 82.95 85.46 89.66 94. 98 97. 45 94. 57 95. 68 1.33 1.37 1.36 1.36 1.37 1.37 1.40 1.42 1.44 1.43 1.45 41.1 41.1 40.8 $1.92 $68. 74 2.00 70.88 2. 04 69.63 1.17 1.18 1.21 1.23 1.26 1.28 1.27 1.27 1.28 1. 22 1.18 58.11 59.98 57.67 54.75 57.04 57.37 53. 55 54.45 58.89 62.68 60. 89 40.2 39.6 38.9 2.04 76. 54 41.6 40.6 40.5 2.04 69. 50 38.4 39.8 2.03 70. 67 38.2 40.0 2.06 69.93 37.8 39. 5 2.10 69.01 37.3 40.5 2.11 71.24 38.3 38.2 41.7 2.15 70.67 42.4 2. 24 72. 91 39.2 43.7 2. 23 71.05 38.2 42.6 2. 22 73. 70 39.2 41.6 2. 301 73.33 38.8 Tobacco manufactures Cigarettes $1.13 $54.37 1.17 56.45 1.13 59. 45 Avg. Avg. Avg. hrly. wkly. earn earn wkly. ings hours ings 39.4 39.2 41.0 39.8 40.8 39.5 37.5 38.8 38.5 35.7 36.3 39.0 40.7 39.8 42.3 42.1 42.7 $1.35 1.42 1.45 61.19 60.47 61.27 61.54 61.27 61.39 61.86 61.86 63. 57 63. 72 65.06 42.2 41.7 41.4 41.3 41.4 41.2 41.8 41.8 42.1 42.2 42.8 1.45 1.45 1.48 1.49 1.48 1.49 1.48 1.48 1. 51 1.51 1. 52 1.84 1.81 1.85 1.85 1.85 1.86 1.85 1.86 1.86 1.88 1.89 Cigars $1.38 $39.10 1.44 40.13 1.45 41.04 1.46 1.47 1.46 1.46 1.47 1.49 1.50 1.50 1. 51 1.54 1.53 42.46 41.80 41.51 41.51 41.66 41. 25 42.83 42.22 41.22 42. 71 43.78 37.6 37.5 38.0 38.6 38.0 37.4 37.4 37.2 36.5 37.9 37.7 36.8 37.8 38.4 Avg. hrly. earn ings $1.71 $57.11 1.79 59.78 1.79 61.92 Tobacco and snufl $1.04 $45.99 1.07 47.87 1.08 50.44 1.10 1.10 1,11 1.11 1.12 1.13 1.13 1.12 1.12 1.13 1.14 38.8 39.1 40.2 Scouring and comb ing plants $1.33 $57.82 1.36 62.80 1.36 65. 47 40.4 40.8 40.1 40.1 40.0 39.3 39.4 39.5 39.1 38.9 37.6 1.37 1.37 1.37 1.37 1.37 1. 37 1.37 1.36 1.36 1.36 1.37 39.6 40.0 41.7 Yarn $1.46 $47.86 1.57 49.15 1. 57 50. 56 and thread mills J 49.26 50.18 49.91 49. 48 47.88 49. 48 50.52 51.03 50.63 52. 63 54. 40 37.7 37.4 38.5 $1.22 1.28 1.31 37.6 38.9 38.1 37.2 36.0 37.2 37.7 37.8 37.5 38.7 40.6 1.31 1.29 1.31 1.33 1.33 1.33 1.34 1.35 1.35 1.36 1.34 38.6 38.7 39.5 37.2 61.38 1.65 50.30 39.3 65.25 41.3 1.58 51. 20 40.0 64. 71 40.7 1.59 50.18 39.2 40.4 63.02 1. 56 50.18 39.2 63. 92 40.2 1. 59 50.30 39.3 61. 30 38.8 1.58 48. 77 38.4 64.15 40.6 1.58 49.15 38.7 65. 35 41.1 1.59 49.66 39.1 66.14 41.6 1.59 49.15 38.7 62.09 39.3 1.58 48. 39 38.1 63.14 38.5 1.64 46.85 36.6 Textile-mill products—Continued $1.24 $48.13 1.27 49.15 1.28 50.69 1.28 1.28 1.28 1.28 1.28 1. 27 1.27 1.27 1.27 1.27 1.28 T h r e a d m il ls Y a r n m ills 50.30 51.33 50.18 50.18 50.18 48. 51 48.90 49. 53 49.15 48.13 46. 70 38.5 38.7 39.6 39.3 40.1 39.2 39.2 39.2 38.2 38.5 39.0 38.7 37.9 36.2 $1.25 $48.64 1.27 49.79 1.28 51.33 38.6 38.6 40.1 $1.26 1.29 1.28 50.31 52.22 50.18 52. 78 53.56 50.29 50.65 50.42 49. 39 49. 40 48.13 39.0 40.8 39.2 40.6 41.2 39.6 40.2 39.7 39.2 38.9 38.2 1.29 1.28 1.28 1.30 1.30 1. 27 1.26 1.27 1.26 1.27 1.26 1.28 1.28 1.28 1.28 1.28 1. 27 1.27 1. 27 1.27 1.27 1.29 C o tto n , s il k , s y n th e tic fib e r W o o le n a n d w o r s te d United States $1.32 $50.70 1.34 49. 79 1.35 51.74 1.35 1.35 1.35 1.35 1.34 1.34 1.34 1.34 1.34 1.33 1.34 $1.21 $43. 51 1.30 44.93 1.33 45. 54 45.9 45.3 45.3 44.6 44.8 44.9 46.1 45.7 47.1 47.5 47.2 $1.22 $78.91 1.29 82.20 1.31 83.23 Avg. Avg. hrly. wkly. Avg. earn earn wkly. ings ings hours Miscellaneous food products 2 Textile mill products $0.97 $51.60 .99 53.18 .92 54.67 Broad-woven fabric m ills5 1951: Average.. . $51. 74 1952: Average 51.99 September___ 54.14 62.88 61.16 61.61 60.21 60.48 60. 62 62. 24 62.15 65. 00 65.08 67. 02 46.2 46.0 46.3 41.9 42.6 41.7 42.0 42.5 41.9 43.0 44.4 44.5 43.3 43.9 Avg. Avg. hrly. wkly. Avg. earn earn wkly. ings hours ings Total: Tobacco man ufactures M a n u f a c tu r e d ice $1.66 $55.90 1.77 59. 80 1.84 61.58 55.73 58.36 56. 71 57.12 58. 23 57. 40 60.20 63. 05 64. 08 61.92 63. 66 43.6 43.2 43.2 D i s ti ll e d , r e c tifie d , a n d b le n d e d liq u o r s M a l t liq u o r s 52.78 53.17 52.26 52. 26 52.13 51. 48 52.00 51.21 50. 70 50.44 49.14 39.3 38.6 39.8 40.6 40.9 40.2 40.2 40. 1 39.6 40.0 39.7 39.3 39.1 37.8 North $1.29 $53.54 1.29 55.25 1.30 56.63 1.30 1.30 1.30 1.30 1.30 1.30 1.30 1. 29 1.29 1.29 1.30 57.28 58.75 58.06 57.92 57. 23 56.12 56.40 56. 54 55.86 56. 26 38.8 38.1 39.6 39.5 40.8 40.6 40.5 40.3 39.8 40.0 40.1 39.9 39.9 South $1.38 $49. 25 1.45 48. 76 1.43 50.55 1.45 1.44 1. 43 1.43 1.42 1.41 1.41 1.41 1.40 1.41 51.94 51.94 50.93 50.93 50. 93 50.17 50.80 49. 90 49. 27 49.01 39.4 38.7 39.8 40.9 40.9 40.1 40.1 40. 1 39.5 40.0 39.6 39.1 38.9 $1. 25 $57.87 1.26 62.56 1.27 64.43 1.27 1.27 1.27 1.27 1. 27 1. 27 1.27 1.26 1.26 1.26 63.44 65.83 64. 53 63.43 61.93 62. 56 63.34 63. 90 64. 06 61.62 60.06 39.1 40.1 41.3 39.9 41.4 41.1 40.4 39.7 40.1 40.6 40.7 40.8 39.5 38.5 Narrow fabrics and smallwares $1.48 $51.48 1.56 54.14 1.56 55.76 39.6 40.1 41.3 $1.30 1.35 1.35 54.94 56.03 55.62 54.95 55. 22 55. 08 55.20 55.75 53. 96 53.16 53.84 40.4 41.2 40.9 40.7 40.6 40.5 40.0 40.4 39.1 38.8 39.3 1.36 1.36 1.35 1.36 1.36 1.36 1.38 1.38 1.38 1.37 1.37 1.59 1.59 1.57 1.57 1.56 1.56 1.56 1.57 1.57 1.56 1.56 REVIEW, DECEMBER 1953 C: EARNINGS AND HOURS 1357 T able C -l: Hours and gross earnings of production workers or nonsupervisory employees 1—Continued M a n u fa c t u r in g — C o n t in u e d T e x tile -m ill p r o d u c ts— C o n tin u e d Year and month F u ll-f a s h io n e d h o s ie r y United States Avg. Avg. wkly. wkly. earn hours ings Avg. hrly. earn ings Avg. Avg. wkly. earn wkly. ings hours 1951: Average.......... $47.10 1952: Average........... 49.02 September___ 50.30 36.8 38.3 39.3 $1.28 $56. 94 1.28 57.61 1. 28 58. 52 50.94 50.05 49.02 50.05 50.31 48.49 48.36 48. 38 47.62 48.50 46.44 39.8 39.1 38.0 38.5 38.7 37.3 37.2 37.5 37.2 37.6 36.0 59.89 58.67 57.38 59.44 59. 36 56. 46 55.75 54.66 54.66 55.78 53.15 1952: November___ December___ 1953: January-......... February____ M arch______ April............. . M ay................ June________ July________ August______ September___ S e a m le s s h o s ie r y Knitting m ills 3 1.28 1.28 1.29 1.30 1.30 1.30 1.30 1.29 1.28 1.29 1.29 S e a m le s s h o s ie r y — Continued 36.5 37.9 38.5 North South Avg. Avg. hrly. wkly. Avg. earn earn wkly. ings ings hours Avg. Avg. hrly. wkly. Avg. earn earn wkly. ings ings hours $1.56 $58.16 1. 62 57.00 1. 52 59.52 39.4 38.6 37.5 38.6 38.8 36.9 36.2 36.2 36.2 36.7 35.2 1. 52 1.52 1.53 1.54 1.53 1.53 1.54 1.51 1.51 1.52 1.51 K n i t o u te r w e a r 59. 28 58.06 57.29 58. 45 58. 6C 66.61 56.46 55.78 55. 72 55.18 35.9 37.5 38.9 39.0 38.2 37.2 38.2 38.3 37. C 36.9 36.7 36. S 36.3 $1.62 $55.80 1. 52 58.06 1. 53 57.53 1.52 1.52 1.54 1. 53 1.53 1.53 1.53 1.52 1.51 1.52 K n it u n d erw ea r 59. 95 59.28 57. 68 59.91 60.13 56.3C 54.82 53. 91 53.40 56.02 37.2 38.2 38.1 39.7 39.0 37.7 38.9 39.3 36.8 35.6 35.7 35.6 37.1 United States Avg. Avg. hrly. wkly. Avg. earn earn wkly. ings hours ings $1.50 $37.17 1.52 40.3f 1.51 40.98 35.4 37.4 38.3 42.73 41.97 40.77 41.25 41. 25 39.63 39.60 40.07 39. 79 39. 74 38.26 39.2 38.5 37.4 37.5 37.5 35.7 36.0 37.1 36.5 36.8 35.1 1.51 1.52 1.53 1.54 1.53 1. 53 1.54 1.51 1.50 1. 51 Dyeing and finishing South 1951: Average......... . $36.09 1952: Average-......... 39. 33 September___ 39. 90 34.7 37.1 38.0 1952: November___ December___ 1953: January........... February____ March........... April_______ M ay................ June................ July----- ------August______ September___ 39.1 38.4 37.3 37.3 37.2 35.0 35.4 36.7 36.3 36.6 41.84 41.09 39. 91 40.28 40. 18 38.15 38. 23 38.90 38.84 38.80 $1.04 $47.23 1.06 49.14 1.05 51.56 1. 07 1.07 1.07 1.08 1.08 1. 09 1.08 1.06 1.07 1. 06 W o o l c a rp e ts, r u g s , a n d carpet ya rn 1951: Average,......... $60.10 1952: Average........... 65. 74 September___ 70. 28 37.8 39.6 41.1 1952: November___ December___ 1953: January_____ February........ M arch______ April_______ M a y .............. Ju n e ................ Ju ly________ August______ September___ 41. 5 41. 1 42.1 42.1 41. 4 40.3 38.6 38.9 38.6 39.3 38.3 72. 21 71.93 74.10 74. 52 72.86 70. 53 66.39 66. 91 66. 39 68. 38 66.26 51.71 50. 69 49.02 49. 79 50. 57 50.44 50. 70 51.19 50. 25 52.11 49.28 40.4 39.6 38.3 38.3 38.9 38. 5 38.7 38.2 37.5 38. 6 36.5 $1.23 $42. 78 1.26 45. 55 1. 27 47.84 1.28 1.28 1. 28 1.30 1.30 1.31 1.31 1. 34 1.34 1. 35 1.35 48.36 46. 77 46.32 47.19 46.80 45. 72 45. 96 45. 22 44. 96 45. 46 44. 52 37.2 38.6 40.2 40.3 39.3 38.6 39.0 39.0 38.1 38.3 38.0 38.1 38.2 37.1 $1.15 $56. 77 1.18 62. 58 1.19 64.50 39.7 42.0 43.0 64.20 66. 44 64. 78 64.90 63.12 62.10 60.79 63. 72 60.64 59.90 58.11 42.8 44.0 42.9 42.7 41.8 41.4 40.8 42.2 40.7 40.2 39.0 1.20 1.19 1.20 1.21 1.20 l. 20 1.20 1.19 1.18 1.19 1.20 Hats (except cloth and Miscellaneous textile millinery) goods 2 $1.59 $49.87 1.66 53. 20 1. 71 54. 77 1.74 1. 75 1.76 1.77 1.76 1.75 1. 72 1.72 1. 72 1.74 1. 73 38.4 39.0 40.6 54.60 56.70 57.66 57. 87 57. 13 51.80 55.65 57.83 51.80 54.72 49.69 36.4 37.2 38.3 37.4 39. 1 38.7 39.1 38.6 35. 0 37.1 38.3 35.0 36.0 33.8 $1.37 $57.11 1.43 60.09 1. 43 62. 25 1. 46 1.45 1.49 1.48 1. 48 1.48 1.50 1.51 1.48 1.52 1.47 62.10 64.02 62.06 61. 65 62. 67 62.73 61.86 62. 47 62.58 62. 27 62.31 40.5 40.6 41.5 41.4 42.4 41.1 41.1 41.5 41.0 40.7 41.1 40.9 40.7 40.2 $1.41 $66. 24 1.48 67.70 1.50 70.45 41.4 40.3 41.2 70.62 71.72 69. 80 71.38 71.49 71.48 72.14 70.86 69.19 69.36 72.31 41.3 41.7 41.3 41.5 42. 3 41.8 41.7 41.2 40.7 40.8 41.8 1.50 1.51 1.51 1.50 1.51 1. 53 1.52 1.52 1.53 1. 53 1. 55 1951: Average_____ $49.49 1952: Average_____ 51.24 September___ 52.39 42.3 42.7 43.3 1952: November___ 51. 79 42.8 December___ 53.68 44.0 1953: January—....... 50. 70 41.9 February____ 51. 72 43.1 March______ 51.84 43.2 A pril.............. 51.97 42.6 M a y .......... . 52.83 43.3 June________ 51.91 42.9 42.4 July________ 50.88 August______ 51. 55 42.6 41. 5 September___ 50.63 See footnotes at end of table. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis A r t i f i c i a l le a th e r , o il c lo th , and oth er c o a te d f a b r ic s C o r d a g e a n d t w in e $1.17 $69. 71 1.20 75. 58 1.21 78. 93 43.3 44.2 45.1 $1. 61 $52. 26 1.71 53.06 1. 75 53.60 40.2 39.6 40.0 80.89 82.59 79.30 77.09 82.26 81.81 77. 51 81.45 80. 64 78. 58 79. 82 45.7 46.4 44.8 43.8 45.7 45.2 43.3 45.0 44.8 43.9 44.1 1. 77 53.47 1.78 55.62 1.77 52.80 1.76 54.14 1.80 54.14 1.81 53. 19 1.79 52.92 1.81 53.99 1.80 53. 72 1.79 54.13 1.81 53.45 39.9 41.2 39.4 40.1 40.1 39.4 39.2 39.7 39.5 39.8 39.3 1. 21 1.22 1.21 1.20 1.20 1.22 1.22 1. 21 1.20 1. 21 1.22 64.20 66. 59 64.93 64.33 62.40 61. 54 60.24 63.15 60.09 59. 79 57. 87 42.8 44.1 43.0 42.6 41.6 41.3 40.7 42.1 40.6 40.4 39.1 1. 09 1.09 1.09 1.10 1. 10 1.11 1.10 1.08 1.09 1.08 1.09 37.3 38.4 39.7 57. 76 59.89 58. 74 60. 21 61.46 62. 49 62.24 63. 43 62.37 63.14 62.95 38.0 39.4 38.9 39.1 39.4 39.3 38.9 39.4 38.5 38.5 39.1 45.66 45.47 44. 23 44. 81 45. 28 45. 16 44.81 45.05 44.01 44.11 37.8 38.6 39.4 $1.09 1.13 1.14 39.7 39.2 37.8 38.3 38.7 38.6 38.3 38. 5 37.3 37.7 1.15 1.16 1.17 1.17 1.17 1.17 1.17 1.17 1.18 1.17 Carpets, rugs, other floor coverings 2 $1. 42 $63.44 1.48 68.23 1.49 71.91 39.9 41.1 42.3 $1. 59 1.66 1.70 72.24 73.35 72.93 75. 25 72.83 71.45 68.46 68. 74 69.20 70.12 68. 51 42.0 42.4 42.4 43.0 42.1 41.3 39.8 40.2 40.0 40.3 39.6 1. 72 1.73 1.72 1.75 1.73 1.73 1.72 1.71 1.73 1.74 1.73 1.50 1.51 1.51 1. 51 1.50 1.49 1.48 1.50 1.48 1.48 1.48 P a d d i n g s a n d u p h o ls te r y f i l l i n g L a ce goods $1.60 $52.97 1.68 57. 22 1.71 60.34 1. 71 1.72 1.69 1.72 1.69 1.71 1.73 1. 72 1.70 1.70 1.73 $1.05 $41.20 1.08 43. 62 1.07 44.92 Avg. hrly. earn ings $1. 42 $58.15 1. 49 64.17 1. 52 68. 26 1. 52 1.52 1.51 1.54 1.56 1. 59 1.60 1.61 1.62 1.64 1.61 68.10 71.10 68.73 64.43 64.43 65.16 64.84 63. 24 65. 94 65. 77 64. 24 40.1 41.4 43.2 $1.45 1.55 1. 58 43.1 45.0 43.5 41.3 41.3 41.5 41.3 40.8 42.0 40.6 38.7 1.58 1. 58 1.58 1.56 1.56 1.57 1.57 1.55 1.57 1.62 1.66 Apparel and other finished textile products Textile-mill products—Continued P r o c e s s e d w a s te a n d reco vered fib e r s 39.6 42.0 42.9 F e lt g o o d s (e x c e p t w o v e n f e l t s a n d h a ts ) Avg. Avg. hrly. wkly. Avg. earn earn wkly. ings ings hours D y e i n g a n d f in i s h in g te x tile s ( e x c e p t w o o l) $1.43 $56. 23 1. 49 62.16 1.50 63.92 1.50 1.51 1.51 1.52 1.51 1.50 1.49 1.51 1.49 1.49 1.49 North Total: Apparel and M en’s and boys’ suits Men’s and boys’ fur nishings and work other finished tex and coats clothing2 , tile products $1.30 $46.31 1.34 47. 45 1.34 49.10 1.34 1.35 1.34 1.35 1.35 1.35 1.35 1.36 1.36 1. 36 1.36 48.36 48. 86 48. 81 49.98 49. 76 47. 73 47.09 48.05 48.24 49.78 46.98 35.9 36.5 37.2 37.2 37.3 36.7 37.3 37.7 37.0 36.5 36.4 36.0 36.6 34.8 $1.29 $52. 63 1.30 52.15 1.32 55. 42 1.30 1.31 1.33 1.34 1.32 1.29 1.29 1.32 1.34 1.36 1. 35 53.70 54.83 54.96 57.30 59.13 56. 78 56.93 58. 67 57. 41 59. 89 56. 99 35.8 35.0 36.7 35.8 36.8 36.4 37.7 38.9 37.6 37.7 36.9 36.8 37.2 35.4 $1.47 $38.16 1.49 40.50 1.51 41.64 36.0 37.5 38.2 $1.06 1.08 1.09 42.29 41.47 40. 66 41.31 41.86 41.58 41.03 41.51 40.96 41.89 40.68 38.8 38.4 37.3 37.9 38.4 37.8 37.3 37.4 36.9 37.4 36.0 1.09 1.09 1.09 1.08 1.09 1.10 1.10 1.11 1.11 1.12 1.13 1.50 1.49 1.51 1. 52 1.52 1. 51 1. 51 1.59 1.56 1. 61 1.61 1358 C: EARNINGS AND HOURS M ONTHLY LABOR T able C -l: Hours and gross earnings of production workers or nonsupervisory employees ‘—Continued Manufacturing—Con tin ued Apparel and other finished textile products—Continued S h i r ts , c o lla r s , a n d n ig h tw e a r Year and month Avg. Avg. wkly. wkly. earn hours ings 1951: A verage____ $38.09 1952: A verage____ 39.90 September___ 40.23 35.6 37.0 37.6 1952: November___ 42.66 December___ 41.80 1953: January_____ 40.33 February.. .. 40.82 M arch______ 41.36 April______ . 41.42 M ay___ _ _ 40.66 June________ 41. 78 July________ 41.13 August . . . . 41.66 September___ 40. 79 39.5 38.7 37.0 37.8 38.3 38.0 37.3 37.3 36.4 37.2 36.1 Avg. Avg. Avg. hrly. wkly. earn earn wkly. ings ings hours $1.07 $40.32 1.08 42. 86 1.07 43.55 1.08 1.08 1.09 1.08 1.08 1.09 1.09 1.12 1.13 1.12 1.13 W o m e n ’s s u i t s , c o a ts , a n d s k ir t s 1951: Average-------- $83.83 1952: Average_____ 64.94 September___ 67.32 32.9 33.3 34.0 1952: November___ December....... 1953: Jan u ary ___ . February____ M arch______ April_______ M ay________ June___ ___ July------------August______ September___ 32.6 34.7 35.2 35.4 32.7 29. 7 29.9 32.9 34.0 34.1 30.0 62. 27 68.36 71.10 71.15 63. 77 54. 65 55.02 62.51 68.34 69.22 60.30 43. 55 43.89 44.39 44.93 46.10 45. 75 44. 93 46.10 43.66 44. 89 43.68 36.0 37.6 38.2 $1.12 $33.20 1.14 35.15 1.14 35. 99 35.7 37.8 38.7 38.2 38.5 38.6 38.4 39.4 39.1 38.4 38.1 37.0 37.1 36.1 1.14 34.96 1.14 34.68 1.15 33. 76 1.17 34. 78 1.17 35. 22 1.17 34. 96 1.17 34.68 1. 21 34. 76 1.18 34. 22 1.21 35. 79 1.21 34.39 38.0 37.7 36.3 37.8 38.7 38.0 37.7 38.2 37.2 38.9 36.2 $1.94 $41.22 1.95 43.62 1.98 44.66 36.8 37.6 38.5 45. 43 44.37 43.66 44.63 44.86 44. 39 44.04 44. 04 41. 54 43.42 42.83 38.5 37.6 37.0 37.5 37. 7 37.3 36.7 36.7 35.5 36.8 36.3 1.91 1.97 2. 02 2.01 1.95 1.84 1.84 1.90 2.01 2.03 2.01 Avg. Avg. hrly. wkly. Avg. earn earn wkly. ings ings hours Women’s and children’s undergarments1 Women’s outerwear ! W o r k s h ir ts S e p a r a te t r o u s e r s 1.18 1.18 1.18 1.19 1. 19 1. 19 1.20 1.20 1.17 1.18 1.18 43.84 41.89 41.10 42.00 42. 22 41. 55 40. 77 41.47 39.29 40.63 40. 77 36.8 37.2 38.6 38.8 37.4 36.7 37.5 37. 7 37.1 36.4 36.7 35.4 36.6 36.4 $0.93 $51.16 .93 52.39 .93 54. 32 .92 .92 .93 .92 .91 .92 .92 .91 .92 .92 .95 51.74 54.30 54.93 55.69 54. 45 51.84 50.34 50. 66 52. 59 54. 91 49. 27 35.2 36.2 35.9 36.4 36.3 36.0 35.2 34.7 34.6 35.2 32.2 $1.47 $50. 54 1.48 51. 48 1.53 53.45 1.47 1.50 1. 53 1.53 1. 50 1.44 1.43 1.46 1.52 1.56 1.53 51.10 53.51 52.69 53.34 54. 75 55. 78 52. 60 49.16 48. 76 53.66 49.70 C o r s e ts a n d a llie d g a r m e n ts $1.08 $43. 79 1.10 47.24 1.11 47.62 1.13 1.12 1.12 1.12 1. 12 1. 12 1.12 1. 13 1.11 1.11 1.12 34.8 35.4 35.5 48.01 48.26 48.13 48.88 49. 52 49. 39 48. 73 47. 71 44.50 47.86 45.85 36.8 38.1 38.4 38.1 38.0 37.6 37.6 37.8 37. 7 37.2 36.7 35.6 37.1 36.1 35.0 36.4 35.6 35.8 36.5 36.7 35.3 33.9 34.1 35.3 32.7 1951: Average_____ 1952: Average____ September__ $42.44 43.15 45.43 36.9 37.2 38.5 1952: November__ December__ 1953: January......... February___ M arch......... . April............. M ay_______ June............... July_______ August_____ September__ 45.90 45.08 43. 52 44.13 44. 72 44. 01 43.54 44.27 43.07 44.76 44.17 38.9 38.2 37.2 37.4 37.9 37.3 36.9 37.2 36.5 37.3 36.5 $1. 15 $44.49 1. 16 46. 46 1. 18 47. 58 1. 18 1. 18 1. 17 1. 18 1. 18 1. 18 1. 18 1. 19 1. 18 1. 20 1. 21 Logging camps and contractors 49.23 48.50 48.26 47.63 48.64 47. 75 47.38 48.13 47. 37 47. 75 46. 49 37.7 38.4 39.0 39.7 38.8 38.0 37.8 38.3 37.6 37.6 37.6 37.3 37.9 36.9 C u r t a in s , d r a p e r ie s , and oth er h o u se f u r n is h i n g s $1.18 $39. 89 1. 21 42. 67 1.22 43.90 1.24 1.25 1.27 1.26 1.27 1.27 1.26 1.28 1.27 1.26 1.26 Lumber 36.6 38.1 39.2 T e x tile b a g s $1.09 $44. 93 1.12 47.60 1.12 50.93 48. 47 55.13 61.29 67.77 66. 66 51. 79 44.40 50. 05 58. 55 64.13 57.46 36.0 36.4 38.3 32.1 35.8 37.6 40.1 40.4 34.3 30.0 32.5 35.7 38.4 33.8 $1.44 $38.01 1.45 39. 96 1.51 39.38 36.9 37.7 37.5 $1.03 1.06 1.05 41.42 40.45 40. 02 40.34 41.69 40. 45 39.74 39. 53 38.45 38.20 36. 95 38.0 37.8 37.4 37.7 38.6 37.8 36.8 36.6 35.6 35.7 33.9 1.09 1.07 1.07 1.07 1.08 1.07 1.08 1.08 1.08 1.07 1.09 $1.60 $41.38 1.61 43.52 1.64 44.74 36.3 37.2 37.6 $1.14 1.17 1.19 1.46 1.47 1.48 1.49 1.50 1.52 1.49 1.45 1.43 1.52 1. 52 1. 51 1. 54 1.63 1.69 1. 65 1.51 1.48 1. 54 1.64 1.67 1.70 39.3 41.1 41.3 39.6 39.9 40.1 44. 97 39.8 1.13 49.39 39.2 1.26 49. 52 43.82 38.1 1.15 50.04 39.4 1. 27 50.30 42. 55 37.0 1.15 49.53 39.0 1. 27 50.05 42.90 37.3 1.15 48.01 37.8 1.27 51.22 43.82 38. 1 1.15 48.13 37.6 1.28 49. 67 42.80 36.9 1.16 47. 88 37.7 1.27 50.70 41.61 1.14 49. 66 38.2 36.5 1.30 52.26 41.15 36.1 1.14 49.13 37.5 1.31 53. 32 36.2 40.18 1.11 49. 52 37.8 1.31 52.66 38.2 43.17 1.13 49. 65 37.9 1.31 50.96 41.81 37.0 1.13 49.14 37.8 1.30 50.05 and wood products (except furniture)—Continued 39.3 39.3 38.8 38.8 38.5 39.0 40.2 40.7 40.2 38.9 38.5 1952: November___ 81.20 40.6 December___ 39.5 76.63 1953: January_____ 76.19 40.1 February____ 77.74 40.7 M arch___. . . 77.18 40.2 April_______ 79.78 39.3 M ay________ 80.55 39.1 June________ 84.46 40.8 July------------- 83.84 40.5 August.......... . 77.59 38.6 September___ 80.58 39.5 See' footnotes at end of table. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 2.00 1.94 1.90 1.91 1.92 2. 03 2.06 2.07 2.07 2.01 2.04 65. 76 64.37 62. 47 63.34 63. 43 64. 71 65.61 67.16 65. 85 68.72 67.89 40.5 40.8 41.3 41.1 41.0 40.3 40.6 40.4 40.7 40.5 41.2 40.4 41.4 40.9 $1.46 $59. 54 1.55 63.65 1.62 67.73 1.60 1. 57 1. 55 1.56 1. 57 1.59 1.62 1.63 1.63 1.66 1.66 66. 42 65.03 63.11 63. 99 64. 08 65.37 66.42 67.98 66. 66 69. 55 68. 71 40.5 40.8 41.3 41.0 40.9 40. 2 40.5 40.3 40.6 40.5 41.2 40.4 41.4 40.9 South $1.47 $41.36 1.56 43.03 1.64 43.96 1. 62 1.59 1.57 1.58 1.59 1.61 1.64 1.65 1.65 1.68 1.68 43.76 44.17 42. 42 42.84 42.53 43. 76 43.16 43. 76 43. 98 43. 99 42.2 42.6 43.1 1.26 1.28 1.29 1.32 1.29 1.30 1.30 1.31 1.31 1.31 1.30 42.9 43.3 42.0 42.0 41.7 42.9 41.9 42.9 42.7 42.3 1.02 1.02 1.01 1.02 1.02 1.02 1.03 1.02 1.03 1.04 84.50 82.22 80. 77 82.26 82. 47 82. 64 84.24 85. 46 83.11 88.48 38.6 39.0 39.6 39.3 38.6 38.1 38.8 38.9 38.8 39.0 39.2 38.3 40.4 Total: Lumber and wood products (ex cept furniture) 65. 92 65.00 63.09 63.96 64. 21 65.19 66.10 67. 48 66. 34 67.24 66.83 40.8 41.2 41.5 $1.47 1.54 1.62 41.2 41.4 40.7 41.0 40.9 41.0 40.8 41.4 40.7 41.0 40.5 1.60 1.57 1.55 1.56 1.57 1.59 1.62 1.63 1.63 1.64 1.65 Millwork, plywood, and prefabricated structural wood products * West $0.98 $76.04 1.01 81. 51 1.02 85.54 43.64 37.3 1.17 43. 55 36.6 1.19 44. 40 37.0 1.20 1.21 45. 50 37.6 1.19 44. 51 37.4 42. 46 36.6 1.16 43.17 36.9 1.17 37.1 1.22 45. 26 1.23 45. 51 37.0 36.3 1.25 45.38 42.38 33.9 1.25 Lumber and wood products (sxcept furniture) $1. 19 *59. 98 1. 25 63.45 1.26 67.23 S a w m ills a n d p la n in g m ills , gen eral Sawmills and planing mills s $1.82 $59.13 1.89 63.24 1.99 66. 91 C a n v a s p r o d u c ts $1.17 $47.12 1.23 49.88 1.27 50. 53 United States 1951: Average_____ $71. 53 1952: Average......... 77.68 September___ 82.19 38.4 38.7 40.1 Avg. hrly. earn ings minmery $1.19 $57. 60 1.24 58.80 1.24 62.81 1.26 1.27 1.28 1.30 1.31 1.31 1.31 1. 30 1.25 1.29 1.27 35.1 35. 5 35.4 Apparel and other finished textile products—Continued Miscellaneous apparel Other fabricated tex and accessories tile products 1 H o u s e h o ld a p p a r e l Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. hrly. wkly. Avg. hrly. wkly. Avg. hrly. wkly. wkly. wkly. earn earn earn wkly. earn earn earn hours ings ings hours ings ings hours ings ings U n d e r w e a r a n d n ia h tw e a r , e x c e p t c o r se ts $1.12 $39. 74 1.16 40. 92 1.16 42.85 W o m e n ’s d r e s s e s $1.97 $64.02 2. 09 66.94 2.16 68.95 2.15 2.13 2.12 2.12 2. 12 2.13 2.16 2.18 2.17 2.19 67.88 69. 01 67. 65 69. 21 69. 63 69. 63 69.89 69.89 68.31 68.31 66.40 42.4 42.1 42.3 $1.51 1.59 1.63 41.9 42. 6 41. 5 42.2 42.2 42.2 42.1 42.1 41.4 41.4 40.0 1.62 1.62 1.63 1.64 1.65 1.65 1.66 1.66 1.65 1.65 1 66 REVIEW, DECEMBER 1953 1359 G: EARNINGS AND HOURS T able C -l : Hours and gross earnings of production workers or nonsupervisory employees 1—Continued M anufacturing—Continued Lumber and wood products (except furniture)—Continued Wooden containers ! P ly w o o d M illw o r k Year and month Avg. Avg. wkly. wkly. earn- hours mgs 1951: Average........... $61. 89 1952: Average......... 65.83 September___ 68.91 42.1 42.2 42.8 68.16 68.00 67.30 68.36 68. 36 68. 79 68.88 69.86 68. 72 68.39 66.83 42.6 42.5 41.8 42.2 42.2 42.2 42.0 42.6 41.9 41.7 40.5 1952: November___ December....... 1953: January_____ F eb ru ary ___ M arch......... . April............. M ay........... June________ July________ August______ September___ Avg. hrly. earnings $1. 47 $68.10 1.56 70.62 1. 61 71.74 1.60 1.60 1.61 1.62 1.62 1. 63 1.64 1.64 1.64 1.64 1.65 Household furniture * 1951: Average_____ $55.08 58. 93 1952: Average_____ September___ 60.49 40.8 41.5 42.3 61. 34 63.06 60.30 61.01 61.57 61. 09 60.24 60.24 58.21 60.24 59.60 42.3 42.9 41.3 41.5 41.6 41.0 40.7 40.7 39.6 40.7 40.0 1952: November___ December___ 1953: January_____ February____ M arch______ April..... .......... M ay.............. Ju n e................ July________ August______ September___ 41 9 41.6 41.0 77. 65 80.59 77.15 75.58 76.59 76.59 74. 59 75.03 72. 71 68.43 78. 91 42.2 43.8 41.7 41.3 41.4 41.4 40.1 41.0 39.3 37.6 42.2 1952: November___ December....... 1953: January_____ February____ M arch............. April............... M ay ................ June................ July________ August______ September___ 68. 97 72. 77 70. 95 73. 65 73. 68 73. 25 73.18 72.16 69.89 70. 98 68. 21 43.1 42.8 42.7 41.8 44.1 43.0 44.1 43.6 43.6 43.3 42.7 41.6 42.0 40.6 Avg. hrly. earnings 1. 65 1.65 1. 65 1.67 1.69 1.68 1.69 1. 69 1. 68 1.69 1.68 41.4 41.3 41.4 1. 30 68.91 1.45 55. 51 42.7 1. 32 71. 56 42.9 1.47 56. 63 41.6 1.31 64.87 1.46 54. 50 1.32 66.08 41.7 1.47 55.04 1.34 66.98 1.48 56. 28 42.0 41.3 1. 35 66.26 1.49 55.76 1.34 64.48 1.48 55. 74 41.6 1.34 64. 55 41.5 1.48 55. 61 40.9 1.33 61. 56 1.47 54.40 1.34 64.00 41.5 1.48 55. 61 1.34 66.02 40.2 1.49 53.87 Furniture and fixtures—Continued 42.8 43.9 40.8 41.3 41.6 40.9 39.8 39.6 38.0 40.0 40.5 $1. 65 $69.06 1.75 71.17 1.74 72.92 72.62 72.91 72.34 73.03 73.16 73. 51 73.03 73. 03 70. 56 71.82 73.67 41.6 40.9 41.2 40.8 41.9 41.1 40.8 41.1 41.3 40.8 40.8 39.2 39.9 40.7 1951: Average........... $59.92 1952: Average_____ 64.18 September___ 68.05 41.9 42.5 43.9 68.98 68. 67 65.99 66.41 67.94 66.68 67.58 67.73 66.94 68.59 67.72 44.5 44.3 42.3 42.3 43.0 42.2 42.5 42.6 42.1 42.6 41.8 1952: November___ December___ 1953: January_____ February........ M arch......... April............... M ay................ June................ July.......... . August______ September___ See footnotes at end of table. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis F ib e r c a n s , tu b e s , an d dru m s $1. 43 $64.84 1.51 65. 44 1. 55 66.98 41. 3 40.9 41.6 71.23 73. 61 70. 47 71.32 72.50 71.57 69.80 69. 55 71.72 73.62 74.94 42.4 43.3 42.2 42.2 42.4 42.1 41.3 41.4 41.7 42.8 42.1 1. 55 1. 55 1.56 1.57 1.58 1. 58 1.59 1.59 1.59 1. 61 1.62 60. 06 61.92 61.05 60.90 61.59 63. 34 62.46 63. 33 61.42 61.45 62.13 41.1 41.5 41.7 42.0 43.0 42.1 42.0 41.9 42.8 42.2 42.5 41. 5 41.8 41.7 40.3 40.8 41.9 64. 88 68. 22 68. 64 68.39 67. 23 66.33 64.12 66.07 64. 68 67.16 66.09 40.3 41.6 41.1 41.2 40.5 40.2 39.1 39.8 39.2 40.7 40.3 1. 61 1.63 1.59 1.60 1.61 1.62 1.62 1.63 1.62 1.60 1.63 1. 43 1. 44 1.45 1.45 1.47 1.48 1.48 1. 49 1.48 1.47 1.49 72.27 72. 60 71. 55 71.81 72. 31 71.81 72.24 72. 41 73.44 73.44 73.87 43.1 42.8 43.5 43.8 44.0 43.1 43.0 43.3 43.0 43.0 43.1 43.2 43.2 42.7 Avg. wkly. Avg. earn- hours ings $1.17 $51. 24 1. 21 53. 63 1.24 55. 02 1.24 1.24 1.22 1.22 1.24 1. 25 1.24 1.24 1.25 1.24 1.25 53. 95 55. 51 54.21 54. 60 54. 89 55.15 55.44 55.99 55.06 55. 59 55.49 1. 61 71. 06 1.64 73. 08 1.67 71.15 1.66 70. 22 1.66 71.40 1.65 71. 40 1.64 70.55 1. 66 70.81 1.65 69. 26 1.65 70.04 1.64 72. 76 Paper and 42.0 41.9 42.0 41. 5 42. 7 41.7 42.0 41.9 42.1 42.0 42.1 41.4 41.8 41.1 43.2 42.2 41.6 Avg. wkly. Avg. earn- hours ings $1. 22 $57. 27 1.28 60.59 1.31 62.31 1. 30 1.30 1.30 1.30 1.31 1.31 1.32 1. 33 1.33 1.33 1.35 Pulp, paper, and paperboard mills 44.4 43.6 44.0 77.26 77.43 77.00 77. 26 77.44 77.62 77.44 78. 68 80.10 79. 74 80. 59 44.4 44.5 44.0 43.9 44.0 44.1 44.0 44.2 44.5 44.3 43.8 63.15 64.63 62. 51 62. 67 63. 65 63.19 62. 58 62. 73 60.89 62.42 62.37 58. 02 60.35 60. 75 62.10 62. 51 61.95 61.95 60.70 59. 28 63.80 61. 41 41.2 41. 5 42.1 $1.39 1.46 1.48 42.1 42.8 41.4 41.5 41.6 41.3 40.9 41.0 39.8 40.8 40.5 1. 50 1.51 1.51 1.51 1.53 1. 53 1.53 1. 53 1.53 1.53 1.54 43.9 41. 4 40.9 $1.42 1.47 1.48 39. 2 40.5 40.5 41.4 41.4 41.3 41.3 40.2 39.0 41.7 40.4 1. 48 1. 49 1.50 1.50 1.51 1.50 1.50 1. 51 1.52 1.53 1.52 Paperboard con tainers and boxes 1 $1.60 $60.19 1.69 64.45 1.72 67.74 1.74 1.74 1.75 1.76 1.76 1. 76 1.76 1.78 1.80 1.80 1.84 Avg. hrly. earn ings W o o d office f u r n i t u r e $1. 54 $62. 34 1.62 60. 86 1.63 60. 53 42.3 1.68 43.5 1. 68 42.1 1.69 1.68 41.8 42.0 1.70 42.0 1.70 1.70 41.5 41.9 1. 69 40.5 1.71 41.2 1.70 1. 72 42.3 allied products $1. 52 $71.04 1.61 73.68 1.63 75. 68 1. 65 1.65 1.66 1.67 1.07 1. 67 1.68 1.68 1.70 1.70 1.73 Avg. hrly. earnings Total: Furniture and fixtures Office, public-build ing, and profes sional furniture s $1. 50 $66. 53 1.59 68.36 1. 61 67.81 Total: Paper and allied products $1.30 $65. 51 1.39 68.91 1.41 70. 91 Miscellaneous wood products 69.11 68.95 66.41 66.83 68.37 67.10 67.84 68. 00 67.36 69.01 68.13 41.8 42.4 43.7 $1.44 1. 52 1.55 44.3 44.2 42.3 42.3 43.0 42.2 42.4 42.5 42.1 42.6 41.8 1. 56 1.56 1.57 1.58 1.59 1. 59 1.60 1.60 1.60 1. 62 1.63 Printing, publishing, and allied industries Other paper and allied products $1. 57 $59. 77 1.60 62. 40 1.61 64.14 41.8 41.6 42.2 64.26 65.60 65.36 64.90 65.68 65.31 65.31 64.58 65.31 64.74 65.00 42.0 42.6 41.9 41.6 42.1 41.6 41.6 41.4 41.6 41.5 41.4 1.68 1.70 1.67 1.09 1.71 1.70 1.69 1.68 1.72 1. 72 1.78 Avg. hrly. earnings M a t t r e s s e s a n d beds p r in g s Paper and allied products—Continued P a p e r b o a r d boxes 42.2 42.0 42.0 $1. 46 $60.45 1.56 64. 87 1. 58 67.46 Screens, blinds, and miscellaneous fur niture and fixtures $1. 66 $53. 43 1.74 57.69 1.77 58.80 1. 78 1. 74 1. 76 1.79 1.78 1.78 1.79 1.79 1. 80 1.80 1.81 Avg. Avg. wkly. wkiy. earn- hours mgs $1. 18 $49. 37 1.22 50. 82 1.24 52.08 W o o d h o u s e h o ld f u r n i tu r e , u p h o ls te r e d 39.8 41.4 42.3 Partitions, shelving, lockers, and fixtures Avg. hrly. earnings 1.24 52. 95 42.0 42.7 52.08 1.24 54. 31 52.95 42.7 43.8 51.85 42.5 51. 05 41. 5 1.23 51.41 42.6 1.23 51.97 41.8 42.9 41.9 1.24 53. 20 51.96 52.25 1.25 53. 38 42.7 41.8 42.4 1.24 52.58 51.58 41.6 41.5 1.25 52.08 42.0 51.88 51. 28 40.7 1.26 51. 25 41.0 1.26 49.60 40.0 50. 53 40.1 49.14 1.26 48. 50 38.8 39.0 Furniture and fixtures—Continued $1.23 $58.11 1.28 64.58 1.29 66.83 1.84 1.84 1.85 1.83 1.85 1.85 1.86 1.83 1.85 1.82 1.87 41.3 41.7 42.7 Avg. Avg. wkly. wkly. earn- hours ings $1.58 $48.85 1. 65 50. 39 1.68 51.34 W o o d h o u s e h o ld f u r n i tu r e (e x c e p t u p h o ls te r e d ) $1.35 $50.80 1.42 53.38 1.43 55.08 M e t a l office f u r n i t u r e 1951: Average.......... $69.14 1952: Average.......... 72.80 September___ 71.34 Avg. Avg. wkly. wkly. earn- hours ings Furniture and fixtures W o o d e n b o x e s, oth er th a n c ig a r T o ta l: P r i n t i n g , p u b lish in g , a n d allied industries $1. 43 $77. 21 1. 50 81.48 1.52 83.71 1.53 1. 54 1.56 1.56 1.56 1.57 1.57 1.56 1.57 1. 56 1.57 83. 07 84.93 83.21 83. 76 85. 24 85.19 85.80 85. 36 84.92 85. 97 87.30 38.8 38.8 39.3 39.0 39.5 38.7 38.6 39.1 38.9 39.0 38.8 38.6 38.9 38.8 $1.99 $83.45 2.10 87.12 2.13 89.06 2.13 2.15 2.15 2.17 2.18 2.19 2. 20 2.20 2. 20 2.21 2. 25 Periodicals Newspapers 88. 57 91. 64 86.38 87.82 89.28 91.36 92.85 92. 35 90.36 90.36 93.03 36.6 36.3 36.5 36.3 37.1 35.4 35.7 36.0 36.4 36.7 36.5 36.0 36.0 36.2 $2. 28 $79. 20 2. 40 83.60 2.44 89.01 2.44 2.47 2.44 2.46 2.48 2. 51 2.53 2. 53 2. 51 2. 51 2. 57 83. 77 80.73 83.13 86.80 87. 64 83.92 83.71 82. 68 85.84 91.24 96.41 39.8 40.0 41.4 $1.99 2.09 2.15 39.7 39.0 39.4 40.0 40.2 39.4 39.3 39.0 40.3 41.1 42.1 2.11 2.07 2.11 2-17 2.18 2.13 2.13 2.12 2.13 2. 22 2. 29 C: EARNINGS AND HOURS 1360 M ONTHLY LABOR T able C -l : Hours and gross earnings of production workers or nonsupervisory employees 1—Continued M a n u f a c tu r in g — C o n ti n u e d P r i n t i n g , p u b li s h i n g , a n d a llie d i n d u s tr i e s — C o n t i n u e d Y e a r a n d m o n th Books C o m m e r c ia l p r i n t i n g L ith o g ra p h in g G r e e ti n g c a rd s B o o k b in d i n g a n d r e l a t e d in d u s tr i e s M is c e lla n e o u s p u b lis h in g a n d p r i n t i n g s e rv ic e s A vg. w k ly . e a rn in g s A vg. w k ly . h o u rs A vg. h r ly . e a rn in g s A vg. w k ly . e a rn in g s A vg. w k ly . h o u rs A vg. h r ly . e a rn in g s A vg. w k ly . e a rn in g s A vg. w k ly . h o u rs A vg. h rly . e a rn in g s A vg. w k ly . e a rn in g s A vg. w k ly . h o u rs A vg. h r ly . e a rn in g s A vg. w k ly . e a rn in g s A vg. w k ly , h o u rs A vg. h rly . e a rn in g s A vg. w k ly . e a rn in g s A vg. w k ly . h o u rs 1951: A v e r a g e ............. $67.32 1952: A v e r a g e _______ 71.24 S e p te m b e r ____ 75.17 3 9 .6 39 .8 4 1 .3 $1.7 0 1.79 1 .8 2 $75.20 80.00 81.41 40 .0 4 0 .2 4 0 .5 $1.88 1.9 9 2.01 $75.79 81.61 86.74 40.1 4 0 .2 4 1 .5 $1.89 2.03 2 .0 9 $43.47 45.84 45. 72 3 7 .8 3 8 .2 3 8 .1 $1.15 1.20 1.20 $62. 24 62,33 63. 20 3 9 .9 3 9 .2 3 9 .5 $1.56 1 .5 9 1.60 $91.42 98.25 99.8 2 3 8 .9 3 9 .3 3 9 .3 $2.35 2. 50 2. 54 1952: N o v e m b e r ____ D e c e m b e r ____ 1953: J a n u a r y .............. F e b r u a r y ........._ M a r c h ________ 40.1 40 .8 3 9 .7 3 9 .3 4 0 .2 39 .8 4 0 .1 3 9 .7 3 8 .9 4 0 .2 39 .4 1.8 0 1.81 1.84 1.8 3 1 .8 6 1 .8 6 1 .8 7 1 .8 5 1.86 1.8 5 1.8 5 81.20 83.64 82.4 2 82.1 9 83.8 4 84. 02 83.81 84.00 83.60 84. 21 85.20 4 0 .2 4 0 .8 40 .4 3 9 .9 40. 5 4 0 .2 40.1 40 .0 40 .0 40 .1 40 .0 2 .0 2 2 .0 5 2 .0 4 2 .0 6 2. 07 2. 09 2 .0 9 2.10 2. 09 2 .1 0 2 .1 3 84.8 7 83.64 82. 37 84. 44 84. 24 85. 06 85.0 7 85.46 87.34 87. 56 87.53 41 .2 4 0 .8 39 .6 40.4 40 .5 40. 7 4 0 .9 4 0 .5 4 1 .2 4 1 .3 4 0 .9 2.0 6 2.0 5 2.0 8 2 .0 9 2.08 2.0 9 2.0 8 2.11 2.1 2 2.1 2 2.1 4 47.80 47.09 47. 50 46.62 48. 51 48.63 48.50 46. 75 45.23 47. 75 47. 71 39 .5 3 8 .6 3 8 .0 3 7 .0 3 8 .2 3 7 .7 3 7 .6 37.1 3 5 .9 3 7 .6 3 6 .7 1.21 1.2 2 1.2 5 1 .2 6 1.27 1.29 1.2 9 1.2 6 1.2 6 1.27 1.30 65.69 66.26 65.93 65.11 65. 76 65. 74 66.63 66.70 65.8 6 67.09 66. 47 40 .3 40 .4 4 0 .2 3 9 .7 40. 1 39. 6 3 9 .9 3 9 .7 3 9 .2 3 9 .7 39 .1 1.6 3 1.64 1.6 4 1.6 4 1.64 1.66 1 .6 7 1.6 8 1.68 1.69 1.70 100.22 102.51 102.03 103.36 106. 37 102. 56 101.39 102. 83 103. 23 105.07 107.05 3 9 .3 4 0 .2 3 9 .7 39 .6 4 0 .6 3 9 .6 3 9 .3 39. 4 3 9 .4 3 9 .5 3 9 .5 2.55 2.55 2. 57 2.61 2 .6 2 2. 59 2.58 2.61 2. 62 2. 66 2 .7 1 April________ M a y .................. J u n e __________ J u l y ----------------A u g u s t -----------S e p te m b e r ____ 72.18 73.85 73.05 71.92 74. 77 74.03 74.99 73.45 72.35 74. 37 72.89 A vg. h r ly . e a rn in g s C h e m ic a ls a n d a llie d p r o d u c t s T o t a l: C h e m ic a ls a n d a llie d p r o d u c ts I n d u s t r ia l in o r g a n ic c h e m ic a ls 2 A l k a l i e s a n d c h lo rin e I n d u s t r ia l o r g a n ic c h e m ic a ls 1 P la s tic s , excep t s y n th e tic ru b b e r S y n t h e ti c r u b b e r 1 9 5 1 : A v e r a g e ------------- $ 6 7 .8 1 1 9 5 2 : A v e r a g e ________ 7 0 .4 5 S e p t e m b e r ........... 7 1 . 0 4 4 1 .6 4 1 .2 4 1 .4 $ 1 .6 3 1 .7 1 1 .7 2 $ 7 4 .8 8 7 7 .0 8 7 7 . 71 4 1 .6 4 1 .0 4 0 .9 $ 1 .8 0 1 .8 8 1 .9 0 $ 7 4 .9 3 76. 52 76. 38 4 1 .4 4 0 .7 4 0 .2 $ 1 .8 1 1 .8 8 1 .9 0 $ 7 1 .9 8 7 5 .1 1 7 6 .9 2 4 0 .9 4 0 .6 4 0 .7 $ 1 .7 6 1 .8 5 1 .8 9 $ 7 2 .6 6 7 6 .3 1 7 7 .8 9 4 2 .0 4 1 .7 4 2 .1 $ 1 .7 3 1 .8 3 1 .8 5 $ 7 8 .3 1 8 0 .2 0 8 2 .2 1 4 1 .0 4 0 .3 4 0 .3 $ 1 .9 1 1 .9 9 2. 04 1 9 5 2 : N o v e m b e r ____ D e c e m b e r _____ 1 9 5 3 : J a n u a r y ________ F e b r u a r y ............. 4 1 .7 4 1 .7 4 1 .2 4 1 .3 4 1 .5 4 1 .5 4 1 .5 4 1 .4 4 1 .5 4 1 .3 4 1 .7 1 .7 4 1 .7 5 1 .7 6 1 .7 7 1 .7 8 1 .7 9 1 .8 1 1 .8 2 1 .8 5 1 .8 5 1 .8 7 7 9 .9 0 79. 87 7 9 .5 4 80. 36 80. 56 8 1 .5 6 8 1 .7 7 8 4 .0 0 8 3 .2 1 83. 23 8 6 .1 1 4 1 .4 4 1 .6 4 1 .0 4 1 .0 4 1 .1 4 1 .4 4 1 .3 4 2 .0 4 1 .4 4 0 .8 4 1 .2 1 .9 3 1 .9 2 1 .9 4 1 .9 6 1 .9 6 1 .9 7 1 .9 8 2 .0 0 2 .0 1 2 .0 4 2 .0 9 7 9 .0 4 7 9 .4 6 7 9 . 27 7 9 . 71 79. 90 8 1 .3 2 80. 75 8 7 .6 0 8 4 .6 4 82. 62 8 4 .4 6 4 1 .6 4 1 .6 4 1 .5 4 1 .3 4 5 .4 4 1 .7 4 1 .2 4 3 .8 4 1 .9 4 0 .7 4 0 .8 1 .9 0 1 .9 1 1 .9 1 1 .9 3 1. 93 1 .9 5 1 .9 6 2 .0 0 2 .0 2 2 .0 3 2 .0 7 7 8 .0 6 7 8 .2 8 7 7 .3 3 77. 38 7 9 .1 5 7 9 .7 6 7 9 .7 3 80. 36 81. 59 8 0 .5 9 83. 85 4 1 .3 4 1 .2 4 0 .7 4 0 .3 4 0 .8 4 0 .9 4 1 .1 4 1 .0 4 1 .0 40. 7 4 0 .9 1 .8 9 1 .9 0 1 .9 0 1 .9 2 1 .9 4 1 .9 5 1 .9 4 1 .9 6 1 .9 9 1 .9 8 2 .0 5 82. 40 81. 22 8 0 .9 4 8 1 .1 3 81. 56 81. 94 8 3 .4 2 8 3 .8 5 82. 68 8 3 .7 3 8 5 .0 0 4 3 .6 4 3 .2 4 2 .6 4 2 .7 4 2 .7 4 2 .9 4 3 .0 4 3 .0 4 2 .4 4 2 .5 4 2 .5 1 .8 9 1 .8 8 1 .9 0 1 .9 0 1 .9 1 1 .9 1 1 .9 4 1 .9 5 1 .9 5 1 .9 7 2 .0 0 8 3 .0 3 8 5 .0 8 84. 04 8 5 .6 8 8 5 .8 6 4 0 .5 4 1 .1 4 0 .6 4 0 .8 4 0 .5 4 1 .0 4 1 .2 4 0 .9 4 0 .7 4 0 .6 4 0 .4 2 .0 5 2 .0 7 2 .0 7 2 .1 0 2 .1 2 2 .1 1 2 .1 2 2 .1 2 2 .1 6 2 .1 8 2 .2 6 M a rc h ... . . A p r il . - - .. - . M a y .......... ............. J u n e ________ J u l y --------------------A u g u s t _______ S e p t e m b e r _____ 7 2 .5 6 7 2 .9 8 7 2 . 51 7 3 .1 0 7 3 .8 7 7 4 .2 9 7 5 .1 2 75. 35 7 6 .7 8 7 6 . 41 7 7 .9 8 S y r M e t t e fib e r s E x p l o s iv e s D r u g s a n d m e d ic in e s S o a p , c le a n in g a n d p o lis h in g p r e p a r a t io n s 2 S o a p a n d g ly c e r in 86. 51 8 7 .3 4 8 6 . 71 8 7 .9 1 8 8 . 51 9 1 .3 0 P a in t s , p ig m e n ts , a n d fille rs 2 1 9 5 1 : A v e r a g e ________ $ 6 2 . 6 5 1952: A v erag e. - . . 6 6 .4 7 S e p t e m b e r _____ 6 7 .9 4 3 9 .4 3 9 .8 4 0 .2 $ 1 .5 9 1 .6 7 1 .6 9 $ 6 7 . 77 7 0 .0 9 7 1 .8 9 4 0 .1 3 9 .6 3 9 .5 $ 1 .6 9 1 .7 7 1 .8 2 $ 6 2 .4 7 6 3 .4 4 6 3 .1 2 4 1 .1 3 9 .9 3 9 .7 $ 1 .5 2 1 .5 9 1 .5 9 $ 7 0 .8 9 73. 93 7 7 .2 3 4 1 .7 4 1 .3 4 2 .2 $ 1 .7 0 1 .7 9 1. 8 3 $ 7 7 .1 9 8 1 .1 4 8 6 .0 3 4 1 .5 4 1 .4 4 2 .8 $ 1 .8 6 1. 9 6 2 .0 1 $ 6 8 .5 5 7 1 .3 8 7 1 .8 6 4 1 .8 4 1 .5 4 1 .3 $ 1 .6 4 1 .7 2 1 .7 4 1 9 5 2 : N o v e m b e r _____ D e c e m b e r ______ 1 9 5 3 : J a n u a r y ________ F e b r u a r y _____ 3 9 .9 3 9 .9 3 9 .6 3 9 .0 3 9 .8 3 9 .7 4 0 .1 4 0 .1 4 0 .1 3 9 .9 4 0 .0 1 .6 9 1 .6 9 1 .7 0 1 . 71 1 .7 3 1 .7 3 1 .7 3 1 .7 4 1 .7 8 1 .7 7 1 .8 6 7 2 .5 8 7 3 .1 2 7 1 .3 7 7 1 .0 0 73. 47 7 4 .0 7 7 3 .8 7 7 3 .5 3 76. 02 7 5 .7 9 7 7 .7 4 4 0 .1 4 0 .4 3 9 .0 3 8 .8 3 9 .5 3 9 .4 3 9 .5 3 8 .7 3 9 .8 4 0 .1 4 0 .7 1 .8 1 1 .8 1 1 .8 3 1 .8 3 1 .8 6 1 .8 8 1 .8 7 1 .9 0 1. 9 1 1 .8 9 1 .9 1 6 4 .0 6 6 4 .6 2 6 4 .1 2 68. 39 6 8 .0 6 6 8 .2 3 6 8 .0 6 6 6 .9 0 6 8 .2 8 7 3 .1 0 7 3 .4 4 3 9 .3 3 9 .4 3 9 .1 4 1 .2 4 1 .0 4 1 .1 4 1 .0 4 0 .3 4 0 .4 4 3 .0 4 3 .2 1 .6 3 1 .6 4 1. 64 1 .6 6 1 .6 6 1 .6 6 1 .6 6 1 .6 6 1 .6 9 1 .7 0 1. 7 0 7 6 .6 8 7 8 .0 7 7 7 .9 3 7 8 .3 5 7 8 .8 1 7 7 .6 8 7 6 .8 9 7 7 .0 8 7 6 .7 0 78. 66 7 9 .6 8 4 1 .9 4 2 .2 4 1 .9 4 1 .9 4 1 .7 4 1 .1 4 0 .9 4 1 .0 4 0 .8 4 1 .4 4 1 .5 1 .8 3 1 .8 5 1 .8 6 1 .8 7 1 .8 9 1 .8 9 1 .8 8 1 .8 8 1 .8 8 1 .9 0 1 .9 2 8 4 .0 0 8 5 .0 6 8 5 .2 7 8 5 .2 8 8 6 .1 1 8 5 .2 8 8 4 .0 4 8 3 .8 4 8 3 .4 3 8 5 .4 8 87. 78 4 2 .0 4 1 .9 4 1 .8 4 1 .6 4 1 .4 4 1 .0 4 0 .6 4 0 .7 4 0 .5 4 0 .9 4 1 .6 2 .0 0 2 .0 3 2 .0 4 2 .0 5 2 .0 8 2 .0 8 2 .0 7 2 .0 6 2 .0 6 2 .0 9 2 .1 1 7 3 .3 9 7 4 .2 7 7 3 .5 7 74. 64 75. 42 76. 02 7 8 .3 2 7 6 .2 0 7 6 . 31 7 5 .5 8 7 6 .4 1 4 1 .7 4 2 .2 4 1 .8 4 1 .7 4 1 .9 4 2 .0 4 2 .8 4 2 .1 4 1 .7 4 1 .3 4 1 .3 1 .7 6 1 .7 6 1 .7 6 1 .7 9 1 .8 0 1 .8 1 1 .8 3 1 .8 1 1 .8 3 1 .8 3 1 .8 5 M a r c h ________ A p r i l ____ _____ M a y _________ J u n e __________ J u l y ----------------A u g u s t ___ __ S e p te m b e r ____ 6 7 .4 3 6 7 .4 3 6 7 .3 2 6 6 .6 9 6 8 .8 5 6 8 .6 8 6 9 .3 7 69. 77 71. 38 70. 62 7 4 .4 0 P a i n t s v a r n is h e s , la c q u e r 8 a n d e n a m e ls G um and w ood c h e m ic a ls V e g e t a b le a n d a n im a l o ils a n d fa t s 2 F e r tiliz e r s V e g e ta b le o ils 1 9 5 1 : A v e r a g e ________ $ 6 7 . 7 2 1 9 5 2 : A v e r a g e ____ _ 7 0 . 4 7 S e p t e m b e r _____ 7 0 .9 7 4 1 .8 4 1 .7 4 1 .5 $ 1 .6 2 1 .6 9 1 .7 1 $ 5 6 .5 5 5 9 .3 6 5 9 .2 1 4 2 .2 4 2 .1 4 1 .7 $ 1 .3 4 1 .4 1 1 .4 2 $ 5 2 .3 3 5 6 .2 3 5 7 . 51 4 2 .2 4 2 .6 4 2 .6 $ 1 .2 4 1 .3 2 1 .3 5 $ 5 9 .3 4 6 1 . 51 6 1 .1 0 4 6 .0 4 5 .9 4 7 .0 $ 1 .2 9 1 .3 4 1 .3 0 $55. 22 5 7 .0 7 5 7 .1 2 4 6 .4 4 6 .4 4 8 .0 1 9 5 2 : N o v e m b e r ___ D e c e m b e r ______ 1 9 5 3 : J a n u a r y ............ F e b r u a r y ............. M a r c h ....... ............. A p r i l ____________ M a y ____________ J u n e _____________ 4 1 .9 4 2 .3 4 1 .9 4 1 .8 4 2 .0 4 2 .2 4 2 .9 4 2 .0 4 1 .5 4 1 .2 4 1 .1 1 .7 3 1 .7 3 1 .7 4 1 .7 6 1 .7 8 1 .7 9 1 .8 1 1 .7 8 1 .8 0 1 .8 0 1 .8 0 5 9 .9 2 5 9 .8 6 6 2 .2 5 61 09 6 1 .8 0 61. 65 6 4 .2 2 6 4 .0 2 6 6 .5 0 64. 57 6 8 .7 9 4 1 .9 4 1 .0 4 1 .5 4 1 .0 4 1 .2 4 1 .1 4 1 .7 4 1 .3 4 2 .9 4 2 .2 4 2 .2 1 .4 3 1 .4 6 1 .5 0 1 .4 9 1 .5 0 1. 50 1 .5 4 1 .5 5 1 .5 5 1. 5 3 1 .6 3 5 6 .1 5 5 7 .5 3 5 7 .1 2 5 7 . 24 5 9 .0 0 6 0 .6 9 6 0 . 63 5 9 .0 8 5 9 .9 2 58. 65 6 1 .0 3 4 1 .9 4 2 .3 4 2 .0 4 2 .4 4 3 .7 4 4 .3 4 2 .7 4 1 .9 4 2 .2 4 1 .3 4 1 .8 1 .3 4 1 .3 6 1 .3 6 1 .3 5 1 .3 5 1 .3 7 1 .4 2 1 .4 1 1 .4 2 1 .4 2 1 .4 6 6 2 .2 7 6 1 .5 7 6 1 .1 8 6 1 .7 4 6 2 .8 3 63. 35 6 5 .8 6 6 7 .4 9 6 7 .1 8 6 5 .1 0 6 5 .1 0 4 7 .9 4 7 .0 4 6 .0 4 5 .4 4 5 .2 4 4 .3 4 4 .2 1 .3 0 1 .3 1 1 .3 3 1 .3 6 1 .3 9 1 .4 3 1 .4 9 1 .5 2 1 .5 2 1 .5 0 1 .4 0 5 8 .1 9 5 6 .8 8 5 6 .7 3 56. 75 5 8 .1 1 5 8 .2 1 5 9 .6 2 6 2 .3 5 6 1 .9 2 6 0 .0 7 59. 56 4 8 .9 4 7 .4 4 6 .5 4 5 .4 4 5 .4 4 4 .1 4 3 .2 4 3 .3 4 2 .7 4 2 .3 4 6 .9 J u l y ___________ A u g u s t __________ S e p t e m b e r _____ 7 2 .4 9 7 3 .1 8 7 2 .9 1 7 3 .5 7 74. 76 7 5 . 54 7 7 .6 5 74. 76 7 4 .7 0 7 4 .1 6 7 3 .9 8 See footnotes at end of table, https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 44 .4 4 4 .2 4 3 .4 4 6 .5 A n i m a l o ils a n d f a t s $ 1 .1 9 1 .2 3 1 .1 9 $ 6 8 . 40 7 0 .3 4 6 9 .7 3 4 4 .7 $ 1 .5 2 1 .5 7 1. 5 6 1 .1 9 1 .2 0 7 3 .8 0 7 3 .7 6 7 1 .8 4 73. 39 7 3 .0 2 73. 02 7 5 .4 1 7 5 .2 8 7 3 .9 2 73. 06 7 5 .8 6 4 5 .0 4 6 .1 4 4 .9 4 5 .3 4 4 .8 4 4 .8 4 5 .7 4 5 .9 4 6 .2 4 5 .1 4 5 .7 1 .6 4 1 .6 0 1 .6 0 1 .6 2 1 .6 3 1 .6 3 1 .6 5 1 .6 4 1 .6 0 1 .6 2 1 .6 6 1. 22 1 .2 5 1 .2 8 1 .3 2 1 .3 8 1 .4 4 1 .4 5 1 .4 2 1. 2 7 4 5 .0 44 .8 REVIEW, DECEMBER 1958 C: EARNINGS AND HOURS 1361 T able C -l: Hours and gross earnings of production workers or nonsupervisory employees 1—Continued M a n u fa c t u r in g — C o n t in u e d C h e m ic a ls a n d a llie d p r o d u c t s — C o n tin u e d M is c e lla n e o u s c h e m ic a ls 3 Y e a r a n d m o n th 1 9 5 1 : A v e r a g e ................ 1952: A v e r a g e . 1 9 5 2 : N o v e m b e r ___ D e c e m b e r ____ 1 9 5 3 : J a n u a r y _______ F e b r u a r y _____ C o m p re sse d a n d l iq u ifie d g a se s T o ta l: P r o d u c ts o f p e tr o le u m a n d c o a l A vg. w k ly . earn in g s A vg. w k ly . hours A vg. h r ly . earn in g s A vg. w k ly . earn in g s A vg. w k ly . hours A vg. h r ly . earn in g s A vg. w k ly . earn in g s A vg. w k ly . hours A vg. h r ly . earn in g s A vg. w k ly . earn in g s $63. 50 6 5 .3 5 6 5 .1 2 4 1 .5 4 1 .1 4 0 .7 $ 1 .5 3 1 .5 9 1 .6 0 $51. 74 5 4 .4 9 5 3 .4 1 3 8 .9 3 9 .2 3 8 .7 $ 1 .3 3 1 .3 9 1 .3 8 $72. 42 7 3. 9 2 7 5 .1 2 4 2 .6 4 2 .0 4 2 .2 $1. 70 1 .7 6 1 .7 8 6 7 .4 8 6 8 .0 6 6 8 .3 9 6 8 .8 8 69. 38 68. 95 6 8 .9 5 6 9 .7 0 69. 60 7 0 .0 0 7 0 .7 6 4 1 .4 4 1 .5 4 1 .2 4 1 .0 4 1 .3 4 0 .8 4 0 .8 4 1 .0 4 0 .7 4 0 .7 4 0 .9 1 .6 3 1 .6 4 1 .6 6 1 .6 8 1 .6 8 1 .6 9 1 .6 9 1 .7 0 1 .7 1 1 .7 2 1 .7 3 56. 37 5 6 .0 9 5 6 .1 2 5 5 .5 4 5 7 .1 8 5 6 .8 3 5 6 .9 2 5 7 .3 7 5 6 .1 7 5 7 .0 0 5 8 .6 1 3 9 .7 3 9 .5 3 8 .7 3 8 .3 3 8 .9 3 8 .4 3 8 .2 3 8 .5 3 7 .7 3 8 .0 3 9 .6 1 .4 2 1 .4 2 1 .4 5 1 .4 5 1 .4 7 1 .4 8 1 .4 9 1 .4 9 1 .4 9 1 .5 0 1 .4 8 7 6 .1 4 7 7 .1 1 7 6 .6 2 8 0 .6 5 7 9 .9 5 7 9 .3 8 78. 73 79. 38 8 1 .1 8 8 1 .9 4 8 3 .1 4 4 2 .3 4 2 .6 4 2 .1 4 2 .9 4 2 .3 4 2 .0 4 2 .1 4 2 .0 4 2 .5 4 2 .9 4 3 .3 1 .8 0 1 .8 1 1 .8 2 1 .8 8 1 .8 9 1. 8 9 1 .8 7 1 .8 9 1 .9 1 1 .9 1 1 .9 2 _ _ M a y ___ J u n e ___ J u l y ____ A u g u st. S e p t e m b e r ____ - E s s e n t i a l o ils , p e r f u m e s , c o s m e tic s P r o d u c t s o f p e tr o le u m a n d co a l r e ir o ie u m re n n m g A vg. w k ly . hours A vg. h r ly . earn in g s A vg. w k ly . earn in g s A vg. w k ly . hours A vg. h r ly . earn in g s A vg. w k ly . earn in g s $80. 98 84. 85 88. 99 4 0 .9 4 0 .6 4 1 .2 $ 1 .9 8 2 .0 9 2 .1 6 $ 8 4 .6 6 8 8 . 44 91. 94 4 0 .7 4 0 .2 4 0 .5 $ 2 .0 8 2 .2 0 2. 27 $69. 39 7 3 .7 4 7 9 .4 2 4 1 .8 4 1 .9 4 3 .4 $ 1 .6 6 1 .7 6 1 .8 3 87. 94 8 8 .1 0 8 8 .1 0 8 7 .4 5 8 7 .8 9 8 8 .2 9 89. 60 88. 94 9 2 .3 2 9 1 .4 3 9 4 .3 5 4 0 .9 4 0 .6 4 0 .6 4 0 .3 4 0 .5 4 0 .5 4 1 .1 4 0 .8 4 1 .4 4 1 .0 4 1 .2 2 .1 5 2 .1 7 2 .1 7 2 .1 7 2 .1 7 2 .1 8 2 .1 8 2 .1 8 2 .2 3 2 .2 3 2. 29 9 1 .9 8 92. 34 9 1 .9 4 9 1 .0 3 9 1 .7 1 9 1 .8 8 9 2 .5 7 91. 94 9 6 .0 0 9 4 .1 3 97. 27 4 0 .7 4 0 .5 4 0 .5 4 0 .1 4 0 .4 4 0 .3 4 0 .6 4 0 .5 4 1 .2 4 0 .4 4 0 .7 2. 26 2 .2 8 2. 27 2. 27 2 .2 7 2 .2 8 2 .2 8 2. 27 2 .3 3 2. 33 2. 39 7 5 .8 9 74. 62 7 5 .4 4 7 5 .6 2 7 5 .3 0 7 6 .4 5 7 9 .4 8 7 8 .5 8 8 0 .6 0 8 3 .6 1 8 4 .0 8 4 1 .7 4 1 .0 4 1 .0 4 1 .1 4 0 .7 4 1 .1 4 2 .5 4 1 .8 4 2 .2 4 3 .1 4 2 .9 1 .8 2 1 .8 2 1 .8 4 1 .8 4 1 .8 5 1 .8 6 1 .8 7 1. 8 8 1 .9 1 1 .9 4 1 .9 6 R u b b e r p r o d u c ts T o ta l: R u b b e r p r o d u c ts 1 9 5 2 : N o v e m b e r ____ D e c e m b e r _____ 1 9 5 3 : J a n u a r y ________ F e b r u a r y ........... A p r i l ........... ............ M a y ____________ J u n e ____________ J u l y ______ ______ A u g u s t _________ T ir e s a n d in n e r tu b e s C o k e a n d o th e r p etr o le u m a n d c o a l p r o d u c ts A vg. w k ly . hours A vg. h r ly . earn in g s L e a th e r a n d le a th e r p r o d u c ts R u b b e r fo o tw ea r O th e r ru b b e r p r o d u c ts T o ta l: L e a th e r a n d le a th e r p r o d u c ts L e a th e r : ta n n e d , c u r r ie d , a n d f in is h e d $ 6 8 . 61 7 4 .4 8 7 5 .2 1 4 0 .6 4 0 .7 4 1 .4 $ 1 .6 9 1 .8 3 1 .8 3 $ 7 8 . 01 85. 65 8 6 .2 8 3 9 .6 4 0 .4 4 0 .7 $ 1 .9 7 2 .1 2 2 .1 2 $ 5 7 . 81 6 2 .2 2 62. 99 4 1 .0 4 0 .4 4 0 .9 $ 1 .4 1 1. 54 1 .5 4 $ 6 3 .1 9 6 6 .5 8 6 7 .6 5 4 1 .3 4 1 .1 4 1 .5 $ 1 .5 3 1 .6 2 1 .6 3 $46. 86 5 0 .6 9 5 1 .2 1 3 6 .9 3 8 .4 3 8 .5 $1. 27 1 .3 2 1 .3 3 $ 6 0 . 61 64. 48 6 5 .9 3 3 9 .1 3 9 .8 4 0 .2 $1. 55 1 .6 2 1 .6 4 7 6 .8 6 7 9 .1 9 7 8 .0 9 7 9 .3 0 8 0 .2 9 79. 3 2 7 8 .1 8 78. 55 78. 98 7 5 .8 4 7 3 .1 5 4 1 .1 4 1 .9 4 1 .1 4 1 .3 4 1 .6 4 1 .1 4 0 .3 4 0 .7 4 0 .5 3 9 .5 3 8 .5 1. 8 7 1 .8 9 1 .9 0 1 .9 2 1 .9 3 1. 9 3 1 .9 4 1. 9 3 1 .9 5 1 .9 2 1. 9 0 8 7 .2 3 90. 42 8 9 .2 4 9 1 .8 0 9 3 .8 3 9 1 .5 8 9 1 .3 0 8 9 .2 0 9 0 .4 5 86. 69 8 0 .4 4 4 0 .2 4 1 .1 4 0 .2 4 0 .8 4 1 .7 4 0 .7 4 0 .4 4 0 .0 4 0 .2 3 8 .7 3 6 .4 2 .1 7 2 .2 0 2. 22 2 .2 5 2. 25 2. 2 5 2 .2 6 2. 23 2. 25 2 .2 4 2 . 21 6 8 .3 0 66. 49 64. 96 6 7 . 57 6 7 .5 7 6 7 .8 2 6 0 .3 1 6 8 .0 6 6 8 .6 4 6 5 .6 9 6 3 .6 8 4 1 .9 4 1 .3 4 0 .1 4 1 .2 4 1 .2 4 1 .1 3 7 .0 4 1 .0 4 1 .1 4 0 .3 3 9 .8 1. 63 1 .6 1 1 .6 2 1 .6 4 1 .6 4 1 .6 5 1 .6 3 1 .6 6 1 .6 7 1 .6 3 1 .6 0 6 9 .8 1 72. 33 7 1 .7 4 7 1 .0 6 7 1 .7 2 7 1. 21 7 0 .9 3 7 1 .2 8 70. 64 6 8 .8 0 6 9 .3 7 4 1 .8 4 2 .8 4 2 .2 4 1 .8 4 1 .7 4 1 .4 4 1 .0 4 1 .2 4 0 .6 4 0 .0 4 0 .1 1. 6 7 1 .6 9 1. 70 1 .7 0 1 .7 2 1. 7 2 1 .7 3 1 .7 3 1 .7 4 1 .7 2 1 .7 3 5 0 .7 6 5 3 .4 6 5 3 .0 6 5 3 .1 9 5 3 .8 4 51. 79 5 1 .6 1 5 2 .3 3 5 1 .8 2 5 1 .9 2 4 9 .4 8 3 7 .6 3 9 .6 3 9 .3 3 9 .4 3 9 .3 3 7 .8 3 7 .4 3 8 .2 3 8 .1 3 7 .9 3 5 .6 1 .3 5 1 .3 5 1 .3 5 1 .3 5 1 .3 7 1. 3 7 1 .3 8 1 .3 7 1 .3 6 1 .3 7 1 .3 9 6 7 .8 0 69. 22 6 7 .7 0 6 7 .7 0 6 7 .0 3 67. 60 6 9 .1 9 69. 26 6 8 .4 6 6 9 .2 0 6 8 .6 0 4 0 .6 4 1 .2 4 0 .3 4 0 .3 3 9 .9 4 0 .0 4 0 .7 4 0 .5 3 9 .8 4 0 .0 3 9 .2 1 .6 7 1. 6 8 1 .6 8 1 .6 8 1 .6 8 1. 6 9 1 .7 0 1 .7 1 1 .7 2 1 .7 3 1 .7 5 L e a th e r a n d le a th e r p r o d u c ts — C o n tin u e d I n d u s tr ia l le a th e r b e lt in g a n d p a c k in g 1952: A v e r a g e , ... _ D ecem ber. 19 5 3 : J a n u a r y . . . F e b r u a r y .. M a r c h _____ A p r i l _______ M a y _______ J u n e _______ J u l y ------------A u g u s t ____ __ ... B o o t a n d sh o e c u t s to c k a n d fin d in g s F o o tw e a r (e x c e p t ru b ber) 3a o H a n d b a g s a n d s m a ll le a th e r g o o d s L uggage G lo v e s a n d m is c e l la n e o u s le a th e r g o o d s $64. 50 6 4 .1 2 6 7 .2 6 4 3 .0 4 1 .1 4 2 .3 $ 1 . 50 1 .5 6 1 .5 9 $46. 25 4 9 .4 0 4 8 .9 0 3 7 .6 3 8 .9 3 8 .2 $ 1 .2 3 1 .2 7 1 .2 8 $ 4 4 .2 8 4 8 .2 6 4 8 .7 7 3 8 .0 3 8 .1 $ 1 .2 3 1. 2 7 1 .2 8 $53. 72 5 6 .8 4 57. 39 3 9 .5 4 0 .6 4 0 .7 $ 1 .3 6 1 .4 0 1 .4 1 $ 4 3 . 59 4 5 .0 8 4 6 .3 4 3 7 .9 3 8 .2 3 8 .3 $ 1 .1 5 1 .1 8 1 .2 1 $42. 67 4 4 .1 5 44. 74 3 7 .1 3 7 .1 3 7 .6 $ 1 .1 5 1 .1 9 1 .1 9 64. 43 6 7 .3 1 6 9 .2 3 7 0 .0 9 7 1 .9 4 6 8 .2 2 6 7 .3 9 6 4 .8 8 6 3 .6 8 69. 96 6 8 .0 6 4 1 .3 4 2 .6 4 3 .0 4 3 .0 4 3 .6 4 1 .6 4 1 .6 4 0 .3 3 9 .8 4 2 .4 4 1 .5 1. 5 6 1 .5 8 1 .6 1 1 .6 3 1 .6 5 1. 64 1 .6 2 1. 61 1 .6 0 1 .6 5 1 .6 4 47. 97 5 1 .7 3 5 1 .3 5 51. 22 5 1 .3 5 50. 29 4 9 .3 7 5 1 .7 4 50. 95 5 0 .9 4 4 7 .3 5 3 6 .9 4 0 .1 3 9 .5 3 9 .4 3 9 .2 3 8 .1 3 7 .4 3 8 .9 3 8 .6 3 8 .3 3 5 .6 1. 3 0 1 .2 9 1 .3 0 1 .3 0 1 .3 1 1 .3 2 1 .3 2 1 .3 3 1 .3 2 1 .3 3 1 .3 3 4 7 .1 9 5 1 . 09 5 1 .4 8 5 1 .6 1 5 2 .0 0 4 9 .1 0 4 8 .8 1 49. 90 4 9 .6 5 4 9 .2 4 4 5 .8 9 3 6 .3 3 9 .3 3 9 .3 3 9 .4 3 9 .1 3 7 .2 3 6 .7 3 7 .8 3 7 .9 3 7 .3 3 4 .5 1 .3 0 1. 3 0 1 .3 1 1 .3 1 1 .3 3 1 .3 2 1 .3 3 1 .3 2 1 .3 1 1 .3 2 1 .3 3 62. 75 6 1 .1 7 57. 34 5 6 .1 6 5 9 .2 8 58. 75 5 7 .6 0 55. 57 5 6 .2 6 5 6 .3 0 5 9 .7 0 4 2 .4 4 1 .9 4 0 .1 3 9 .0 4 0 .6 4 0 .8 4 0 .0 3 7 .8 3 8 .8 3 9 .1 3 9 .8 1 .4 8 1 .4 6 1 .4 3 1 .4 4 1 .4 6 1. 4 4 1 .4 4 1. 4 7 1 .4 5 1 .4 4 1 .5 0 4 8 .1 2 46. 05 4 5 .3 6 4 8 .0 9 4 8 . 31 4 5 .8 7 4 4 .0 4 46. 36 45. 99 4 7 .5 8 4 4 .5 3 4 0 .1 3 8 .7 3 7 .8 3 9 .1 3 9 .6 3 7 .6 3 6 .4 3 8 .0 3 7 .7 3 9 .0 3 6 .2 1 .2 0 1 .1 9 1 .2 0 1 .2 3 1 .2 2 1 .2 2 1 .2 1 1. 2 2 1 .2 2 1 .2 2 1 .2 3 45. 60 4 5 . 01 4 3 .9 2 4 4 .2 8 4 4 .0 3 4 4 .7 7 4 3 .9 2 4 4 .1 7 4 2 .8 3 4 4 . 53 4 2 .9 4 3 8 .0 3 7 .2 3 6 .3 3 6 .9 3 7 .0 3 7 .0 3 6 .3 3 6 .5 3 5 .4 3 6 .5 3 5 .2 1 .2 0 1 .2 1 1 .2 1 1 ,2 0 1 .1 9 1 .2 1 1 . 21 1 .2 1 1 .2 1 1 .2 2 1 .2 2 S to n e , c la y , a n d g la s s p r o d u c ts T o ta l: S to n e , d a y , a n d g la s s p r o d u c ts G la ss a n d g ia s s w a r e , p ressed or b lo w n 3 F la t g la s s G la s s c o n ta in e r s P r e s s e d a n d b lo w n g la s s G la ss p r o d u c ts m a d e o f p u r c h a s e d g la s s 1 9 5 1 : A v e r a g e ________ $ 6 3 .9 1 1 9 5 2 : A v e r a g e ________ 6 6 17 S e p t e m b e r ____ 6 7 .4 8 4 1 .5 4 1 .1 4 1 .4 $ 1 .5 4 1 .6 1 1 .6 3 $ 8 3 .8 5 8 6 .0 5 8 6 .5 5 4 0 .9 4 0 .4 3 9 .7 $2. 05 2 .1 3 2 .1 8 $59. 20 6 2 .0 9 6 3 .1 2 4 0 .0 3 9 .8 3 9 .7 $ 1 .4 8 1. 56 1. 5 9 $ 6 0 . 55 6 3 .1 2 64. 80 4 0 .1 3 9 .7 4 0 .0 $ 1 . 51 1. 59 1 .6 2 $57. 46 6 0 .8 9 6 1 .0 7 3 9 .9 3 9 .8 3 9 .4 $ 1 .4 4 1 .5 3 1. 5 5 $ 5 3 .1 9 5 6 .3 0 5 7 .1 3 4 0 .6 4 0 .8 4 1 .1 $ 1 .3 1 1 .3 8 1 .3 9 1 9 5 2 : N o v e m b e r ____ D e c e m b e r _____ 1 9 5 3 : J a n u a r y ________ F e b r u a r y ______ M a r c h . . _____ A p r i l . . ................. M a y ......................... J u n e .......................... J u l y _____ _______ A u g u s t _________ 4 1 .3 4 1 .5 4 0 .6 4 1 .0 4 1 .3 4 1 .1 4 1 .2 4 1 .1 4 0 .8 4 1 .1 4 0 .4 1 .6 7 1 .6 7 1 .6 8 1 .6 9 1 .7 0 1 .7 1 1 .7 2 1. 7 2 1 .7 3 1. 74 1 .7 6 9 7 .8 1 9 5 .7 1 9 9 .5 3 9 8 .1 8 98. 47 97. 63 101. 52 95. 65 9 6 .4 6 9 4 .8 7 9 1 .9 5 4 1 .8 4 0 .9 4 1 .3 4 1 .6 4 1 .9 4 1 .9 4 2 .3 4 0 .7 4 0 .7 4 0 .2 3 8 .8 2 .3 4 2 .3 4 2 .4 1 2 .3 6 2. 3 5 2. 3 3 2 .4 0 2. 35 2 .3 7 2. 36 2 .3 7 6 4 .6 4 6 5 . 53 6 4 .1 5 6 6 . 23 6 7 .8 0 6 7 .8 9 6 8 .4 6 68. 40 6 7 .0 8 6 8 .6 3 69. 87 3 9 .9 4 0 .7 3 9 .6 3 9 .9 4 0 .6 3 9 .7 3 9 .8 4 0 .0 3 9 .0 3 9 .9 3 9 .7 1 .6 2 1. 61 1 .6 2 1 .6 6 1 .6 7 1 .7 1 1 .7 2 1 .7 1 1. 72 1 .7 2 1 .7 6 6 5 . 61 6 7 .0 8 6 5 .3 4 6 6 .6 3 6 9 .0 5 7 0 .5 8 7 1. 4 6 7 1. 2 3 6 7 .7 3 7 1 .5 1 6 9 . 81 4 0 .5 4 0 .9 3 9 .6 3 9 .9 4 1 .1 4 0 .1 4 0 .6 4 0 .7 3 8 .7 4 0 .4 3 9 .0 1. 6 2 1 .6 4 1 .6 5 1 .6 7 1 .6 8 1. 76 1 .7 6 1. 7 5 1 .7 5 1 .7 7 1 .7 9 63. 67 6 3 . 59 6 2 . 41 65. 27 6 6 .4 0 6 4 .6 8 64. 57 6 4 .9 1 65. 80 6 4 .8 5 69. 66 3 9 .3 4 0 .5 3 9 .5 3 9 .8 4 0 .0 3 9 .2 3 8 .9 39. 1 3 9 .4 3 9 .3 4 0 .5 1. 6 2 1. 5 7 1 .5 8 1 .6 4 1 .6 6 1. 6 5 1 .6 5 1 .6 6 1 .6 7 1 .6 5 1 .7 2 6 0 .9 1 63. 22 6 0 .0 6 6 0 .2 0 6 1 .1 7 59. 57 5 9 .1 8 58. 75 57. 28 5 9 .1 3 5 8 .8 0 4 2 .3 4 3 .9 4 2 .0 4 2 .1 4 1 .9 4 0 .8 4 1 .1 4 0 .8 3 9 .5 4 0 .5 4 0 .0 1 .4 4 1. 4 4 1 .4 3 1 .4 3 1 .4 6 1 .4 6 1 .4 4 1. 4 4 1 .4 5 1 .4 6 1 .4 7 68. 97 6 9 .3 1 6 8 . 21 69. 29 7 0 .2 1 70. 28 7 0 .8 6 7 0 .6 9 70. 58 7 1 .5 1 7 1 .1 0 S e e fo o t n o t e s a t e n d o f ta b le , https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis MONTHLY LABOR G: EARNINGS AND HOURS 1362 T able C -l : Honrs and gross earnings of production workers or nonsupervisory employees 1—Continued M a n u f a c tu r in g — 0 o n ti n u e d S to n e , c la y , a n d g la ss p r o d u c t s - - C o n t i n u e d C e m e n t, h y d r a u l ic Y e a r a n d m o n th A vg. w k ly . e a rn in g s A vg. w k ly . h o u rs A vg. b r ly . e a rn in g s S t r u c t u r a l c la y p ro d u c ts 5 A vg. w k ly . e a rn in g s A vg. w k ly . h o u rs A vg. h r ly . e a rn in g s A vg. w k ly . e a rn in g s A vg. w k ly . h o u rs 1951: A v e r a g e _______ 1952: A v e r a g e ______ S e p t e m b e r ____ $65. 21 67. 72 69.22 41 .8 41 .8 4 1 .7 $1.56 1.62 1.66 $60.03 60.09 61.35 41.4 4 0 .6 4 0 .9 $1.45 1.48 1.50 $57. 92 58. 51 60.49 42 .9 42. 4 4 2 .9 1952: N o v e m b e r ___ D e c e m b e r ____ 1953: J a n u a r y _ __ F e b r u a r y _____ 71.23 71.23 70.97 70. 55 71.40 71.23 72.38 73.99 76. 26 75.00 77. 56 4 1 .9 4 1 .9 41. 5 41 .5 42 .0 41. 9 4 1 .6 41 .8 4 1 .9 4 1 .9 4 1 .7 1.70 1.70 1.71 1 .7 0 1.70 1. 70 1.74 1.77 1. 82 1.79 1.86 61.51 61.81 60.28 61.05 62. 37 63.09 63.24 64. 74 65.41 65. 57 64.40 40 .2 40.4 39 .4 3 9 .9 40. 5 40. 7 4 0 .8 4 1 .5 4 1 .4 4 1 .5 4 0 .5 1.53 1.53 1.53 1.53 1. 54 1. 55 1. 55 1. 56 1.58 1.58 1.59 59. 36 58.80 56.30 57.13 59. 50 60. 92 60.35 62. 64 62.35 62.93 61.89 42.1 42 .0 40 .8 41.4 42. 2 42. 6 42 .2 4 3 .2 4 3 .0 43.1 42.1 M arch. . .. A n r i l _________ M a y __________ J u n e __________ J u l v __________ A u g u st - -S e p te m b e r ____ P o tte ry a n d r e l a te d p r o d u c t s F lo o r a n d w a l l tile B rick, a n d h o llo w tile C o n c r e te , g y p s u m , a n d p la s t e r p r o d u c ts 1 A vg. h r ly . e a rn in g s $57.91 61.15 62.08 38.1 3 8 .7 3 8 .8 $1.52 1.58 1.60 $68. 25 70. 65 72. 66 45 .2 4 5 .0 4 5 .7 $1. 51 1.57 1.59 $67 50 70. 22 72. 22 45 .0 45.3 46 .0 1952: N o v e m b e r -----D e c e m b e r ____ 1953: J a n u a r y ______ F e b r u a r y _____ M a r c h . _____ A p r i l _________ M a y __________ J u n e ____ J u l y ___________ A u g u s t — ___ S e p t e m b e r ____ 63. 52 63.11 62. 65 63. 96 64. 35 62. 87 61.92 61.09 60. 76 59. 57 59.07 39.7 3 9 .2 3 8 .2 3 9 .0 39 .0 38.1 37 .3 3 6 .8 3 6 .6 36 .1 3 5 .8 1. 60 1.61 1.64 1.64 1.65 1 .6 5 1.66 1.66 1.6 6 1.65 1.65 71.32 72.45 69.12 70. 79 70. 63 72. 32 71.88 73.54 73.37 76.33 74. 56 4 4 .3 4 5 .0 4 3 .2 43 .7 43. 6 44.1 44. 1 4 4 .3 4 4 .2 4 4 .9 4 3 .6 1.61 1.61 1.60 1.62 1. 62 1 .6 4 1.63 1.66 1. 66 1.70 1.71 70.31 71.87 67.82 69. 64 69.64 71.16 71.16 72. 82 71.72 75.77 72.31 4 4 .5 4 5 .2 4 3 .2 43.8 43.8 44.2 4 4 .2 44.4 4 4 .0 45 .1 43.3 39.9 39 .9 4 0 .1 63.68 64. 87 65.20 65. 44 66. 33 66. 40 66. 80 67.97 68. 64 68.97 69.12 39 .8 39 8 40.0 3 9 .9 40 2 40.0 4 0 .0 4 0 .7 4 1 .1 41.3 4 0 .9 1. 41 1 .4 0 1.38 1.38 1.41 1.43 1.43 1.45 1.45 1.4 6 1.47 1951: A v e r a g e _____ 19/52: A v e ra g e S e p te m b e r ____ $69.44 71. 57 74.13 43. 4 42. 6 43 .1 1952: N o v e m b e r . . . D e c e m b e r ____ 1953: J a n u a r y ______ F e b r u a r y _____ M a r c h . . '____ A p r i l __________ M a y . . .............. J u n e _______ . . J u l y ___________ A u g u st. __ S e p te m b e r ____ 74.99 74.21 72. 58 72.91 75. 08 76. 72 78.04 77.43 77. 51 75. 65 76.32 4 3 .6 4 3 .4 42. 2 41.9 42.9 43. 1 4 3 .6 4 3 .5 4 3 .3 4 2 .5 4 2 .4 1. 72 1.71 1 .7 2 1. 74 1. 75 1. 78 1. 79 1. 78 1.79 1. 78 1.80 66.05 69. 91 71. 96 74.65 71.20 72. 36 71.00 68. 35 70. 72 71.40 72.36 A vg. w k ly . e a rn in g s A vg. w k ly . h o u rs $1. 51 $58.15 1.57 59. 98 1. 59 6 1 .3S 1.60 1 .6 3 1.63 1.64 1. 65 1. 66 1.67 1.67 1.6 7 1.67 1.69 62. 09 63.04 59. 59 60.68 62.81 64. 08 64. 88 66.01 66. 91 66.10 65.11 40.1 39.2 3 9 .6 39.3 39 9 3 8 .2 3 8 .9 39 5 40.3 40.3 41.0 41.3 40 .8 3 9 .7 A vg. h r ly . e a rn in g s 4 1 .5 41.1 4 1 .9 $1.42 1.46 1.46 $68. 46 69. 83 70. 76 4 2 .0 4 0 .6 4 0 .9 62.88 62.02 60. 85 62. 17 62. 27 62. 88 64. 90 64.17 64.02 64, 79 63.9 6 41.1 40 8 40. 3 40. 9 40. 7 41.1 4 1 .6 41.4 41 .3 4 1 .8 4 1 .0 1.63 1.52 1.51 1.52 1.53 1. 53 1. 56 1. 55 1. 55 1.55 1 .5 6 72. 39 72. 92 73.16 73. 62 74. 29 74. 57 75. 30 73. 67 73.35 74.34 74.40 4 0 .9 4 1 .2 41.1 4 0 .9 41.5 41 .2 4 1 .6 4 0 .7 40 .3 40 .4 4 0 .0 A vg. w k ly . e a rn in g s $1.45 $63. 76 1. 53 61.60 59. 72 1.55 1. 58 1.58 1.56 1.56 1.59 1. 59 1.61 1. 61 1.62 1.62 1.64 M is c e lla n e o u s n o n m e ta l lic m in e ra l p ro d u c ts' $1.50 $.58.93 1. 55 60.01 61.17 1.57 1. 58 1.59 1.57 1. 59 1. 59 1. 61 1. 61 1.64 1.63 1.68 1.67 C l a y r e fr a c to r ie s 63.41 64.64 63. 41 64.43 65. 32 64.26 65. 28 66.13 68.20 69.24 66.93 1.77 1.77 A vg. h r ly . e a rn in g s 40.1 38. 5 3 7 .8 $1.59 1.60 1.58 37.3 37.8 3 7 .3 3 7 .9 38. 2 3 7 .8 3 8 .4 38 .9 38 .1 3 8 .9 3 7 .6 1.70 1.71 1.70 1.70 1.71 1. 70 1.70 1.70 1.79 1.78 1.78 A b r a s i v e p r o d u c ts $1. 63 $72. 28 1. 72 73. 45 1.73 71.98 1.78 1 ,8 0 1. 79 1. 81 1.81 1.81 1.82 1.84 1. 86 A vg. w k ly . h o u rs 79.07 81.67 81.06 80. 54 82.88 81. 51 82. 52 79. 59 78. 01 78. 61 73.68 41.3 39 7 3 8 .7 $1.75 1.85 1.86 41.4 42.1 42.0 4 1 .3 42. 5 41 .8 42.1 40.4 3 9 .6 3 9 .5 3 7 .4 1.91 1.94 1.93 1.95 1.95 1.95 1. 96 1.97 1.97 1.99 1.97 P r i m a r y m e ta l in d u s tr i e s N o n c l a y r e fr a c to r ie s $1.60 $66. 78 65. 70 1.6 8 1. 72 66.96 A vg. h r ly . e a rn in g s C u t- s to n e a n d s to n e p r o d u c t s S to n e , c la y , a n d g la ss p r o d u c t s — C o n . A s b e s to s p r o d u c ts A vg. w k ly . h o u rs $1. 35 $60. 25 1 .3 8 62. 64 1.41 63.76 C o n c r e te p r o d u c ts 1951: A v e r a g e ______ 1952: A v e r a g e ______ S e p t e m b e r ____ A vg. w k ly . e a rn in g s S ew er p ip e T o ta l: P r im a ry m e ta l in d u s tr i e s B la s t f u rn a c e s , s te e l w o r k s , a n d ro llin g m ills ! B l a s t f u r n a c e s , s te e lw o r k s , a n d r o llin g m i l l s , e x c e p t e le c tro m e t a l lu r g i c a l p r o d u c ts E l e c tr o m e t a ll u r g i c a l p r o d u c ts 3 8 .6 36.3 3 7 .2 $1.73 1.81 1.80 $75.12 77. 33 81.7 9 4 1 .5 40.7 41.1 $1.81 1.90 1.99 $77. 30 79. 60 87.12 4 0 .9 4 0 .0 4 0 .9 $1.89 1.99 2.13 $77. 30 79.60 87.12 40 9 40 0 4 0 .9 $1.89 1.99 2.13 $74.46 76.04 76.48 4 1 .6 41.1 4 0 .9 $1.79 1.85 1.87 34.4 3 6 .6 3 6 .9 3 7 .7 36 7 3 7 .3 3 6 .6 3 5 .6 3 5 .9 3 5 .7 3 6 .0 1 .9 2 1.91 1 .9 5 1 .9 8 1.94 1. 94 1.94 1.9 2 1.97 2 .0 0 2.01 82.80 84.02 84. 65 83. 21 84. 23 83. 22 83. 84 84.87 85. 07 85 .2 8 85.65 41. 4 41.8 41 7 41. 4 41.7 41.2 41 .3 41.4 40.9 4 1 .0 4 0 .4 2. 00 2.01 2 .0 3 2. 01 2 .0 2 2. 02 2.0 3 2.0 5 2.0 8 2 .0 8 2 .1 2 86. 31 86.51 89.01 85.89 85. 89 84. 63 86. 72 87. 53 89. 76 90.64 91.35 41.1 41.0 41.4 4 0 .9 40 .9 4 0 .3 41.1 4 0 .9 4 0 .8 4 1 .2 4 0 .6 2 .1 0 2.11 2 .1 5 2 .1 0 2. 10 2. 10 2.11 2.1 4 2.20 2. 20 2. 25 86. 31 86. 51 89.01 85. 89 85 .8 9 84. 63 86. 72 87.5 3 89. 76 90.64 91.35 41.1 4 1 .0 41 .4 4 0 .9 4 0 .9 40 .3 41.1 4 0 .9 4 0 .8 4 1 .2 4 0 .6 2 .1 0 2.11 2 .1 5 2.10 2. 10 2 .1 0 2.11 2.14 2. 20 2. 20 2. 25 79.07 79. 87 80.29 80. 51 79. 30 79.10 79. 95 79. 95 83.8 2 81.99 86.29 4 1 .4 4 1 .6 41 .6 41 .5 41.3 41 .2 41 .0 4 1 .0 4 1 .7 41 .2 4 2 .3 1.91 1.92 1.93 1.94 1.92 1.92 1.95 1.95 2.01 1 .9 9 2.04 P r i m a r y m e ta l i n d u s t r i e s - - C o n t i n u e d ir o n a n a s ie e i fo u n d r ie s 3 G r a y -ir o n f o u n d r ie s 1951: A v e r a g e ______ 1952: A v e ra g e S e p te m b e r ____ $71.66 72. 22 73.80 42.4 40 .8 4 1 .0 $1.69 1.77 1.80 $70. 05 69. 89 72.69 42 .2 40. 4 41.3 1952: N o v e m b e r ___ D e c e m b e r ___ 1953: J a n u a r y _____ F e b r u a r y _____ M a r c h . ._ . A p r i l _________ M a y .................... J u n e _________ J u l y . . _______ A u g u s t _______ S e p te m b e r ____ 74.30 76.96 74.89 76. 63 78. 96 78. 40 77. 27 78.44 77.33 76.55 75.05 40 .6 41. 6 40 .7 41 .2 4 2 .0 41. 7 41.1 41. 5 4 0 .7 4 0 .5 3 9 .5 1.83 1.8 5 1.84 1.8 6 1.88 1.8 8 1.88 1 .8 9 1.90 1.89 1.90 71.91 73. 75 72.32 73. 49 76. 49 77.10 75. 81 76.78 75.89 74.70 73.84 40. 4 4 1 .2 40.4 4 0 .6 41.8 41. £ 4 1 .2 41.5 4 0 .8 4 0 .6 3 9 .7 S ee footnotes at e n d of https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis ta b le . IVLUUtUUlt-lTO'H $1.66 $72.07 1. 73 70. 56 73.82 1.76 1.78 1.79 1.79 1.81 1.88 1.84 1.84 1. 85 1 .8 6 1.84 1 .8 6 75.17 76. 63 75. 70 80. 79 81.66 79. 68 79.23 79. 52 78.09 75. 79 74. 09 P r i m a r y s m e l ti n g a n d P r im a ry s m e ltin g and r e f in in g of r e fin in g o f c o p p e r , n o n f e r r o u s m e ta ls 1 le a d , a n d z in c S te e l f o u n d r ie s f o u n d r ie s 4 1 .9 39 2 3 9 .9 $1.72 1.80 1.85 $75. 86 77. 70 75. 67 43.1 42.0 4 0 .9 $1.76 1.8 5 1.85 $69. 97 75. 48 77. 56 41 .4 41.7 4 1 .7 $1.09 1.81 1.8 6 $69. 38 75.06 76.49 41 .3 4 1 .7 4 1 .8 $1.68 1.80 1.83 4 0 .2 4 1 .2 4 0 .7 42.3 42 .5 41. 5 4 1 .7 4 1 .2 41. 1 4 0 .1 3 9 .2 1.87 1.86 1.86 1.91 1.92 1. 92 1.90 1.93 1.90 1.89 1.89 79.10 83.10 79. 52 SI 29 82 29 80. 95 79. 58 81.95 79.19 79. 99 78.60 4 1 .2 42.4 4 1 .2 41. 9 42 2 41 .3 4 0 .6 41.6 4 0 .2 4 0 .4 39 .3 1.92 1.96 1 .9 3 1.9 4 1.95 1. 96 1.96 1.97 1.97 1.98 2 .0 0 77.79 78.58 79.61 79. 65 79.65 79. 46 79. 46 80.10 80.34 80.38 84.6 7 4 1 .6 4 1 .8 4 1 .9 4 1 .7 41.7 4 1 .6 4 1 .6 41. 5 4 1 .2 4 0 .8 41.3 1.87 1.88 1.90 1.91 1.91 1. 91 1.91 1. 93 1.95 1.97 2. 05 76. 86 77. 89 78.54 79.15 79. 15 78. 35 78.35 79. 61 79.84 79.49 8 3 .5 8 4 2 .0 42.1 42.0 42.1 42. 1 41. 9 41.9 41. 9 4 1 .8 41 .4 4 2 .0 1.83 1.85 1.87 1.88 1.88 1.87 1.87 1.90 1.91 1. 92 1.99 REVIEW, DECEMBER 1953 0: EARNINGS AND HOURS 1363 T able C -l : Honrs and gross earnings of production workers or nonsupervisory employees 1—Continued M a n u fa c t u r in g — C o n t in u e d P r im a r y m e ta l i n d u s tr i e s — C o n ti n u e d Y ear a n d m o n th P r i m a r y r e fin in g o f a lu m in u m A vg. w k ly . e a rn in g s A vg. w k ly . h o u rs A vg. h r ly . e a rn in g s S e c o n d a ry s m e ltin g and re f in in g of n o n f e r r o u s m e ta ls R o llin g , d r a w in g , and a llo y in g of n o n ferro u s m e ta is 2 A vg. w k ly . e a rn in g s A vg. w k ly . e a rn in g s A vg. w k ly . h o u rs 1951: A v e r a g e ___ 1952: A v e r a g e ___ S e p te m b e r ^ $70. 97 76. 08 80.90 4 1 .5 4 1 .8 4 1 .7 $1.71 1.82 1.94 $64. 94 68.15 68.97 41.1 41 .3 4 1 .3 1952: N o v e m b e r . D e c e m b e r .. 1953: J a n u a r y ___ F e b r u a r y .. M a r c h ____ A p r i l ............. M a y ............ J u n e _______ J u l y _______ A u g u s t ____ S e p te m b e r. 81.18 80.32 81. 56 80.98 79. 38 80.59 80. 57 80. 79 80.00 81.37 86.72 4 1 .0 4 1 .4 41.4 4 0 .9 40. 5 40 .7 40 .9 40 .6 4 0 .0 3 9 .5 3 9 .6 1.9 8 1.94 1.97 1.98 1.96 1.9 8 1.97 1.99 2. 00 2 .0 6 2 .1 9 73. 44 75. 60 71.72 72. 91 74.62 74.03 74. 69 73. 22 71.69 73. 69 73. 98 4 3 .2 4 3 .7 41.7 41 .9 4 2 .4 4 2 .3 42.2 4 1 .6 4 0 .5 4 1 .4 41 .1 A vg. h r ly . e a rn in g s $1. 58 $68. 78 1.65 74.88 1.67 77.33 1.7 0 1.73 1. 72 1 .7 4 1.76 1.75 1. 77 1.76 1.77 1. 78 1.80 80. 28 82.51 82. 75 82. 75 83. 57 83. 38 83.4 2 85. 26 82. 29 82. 54 83.02 A vg. w k ly . h o u rs A vg. h r ly . e a rn in g s a l lo y in g o f c o p p e r A vg. w k ly . e a rn in g s A vg. w k ly . h o u rs A vg. h r ly . e a rn in g s i r o n a n d s te e l f o r g in g s N o n f e r r o u s f o u n d r ie s A vg. w k ly . e a rn in g s A vg. w k ly . e a rn in g s A vg. w k ly . h o u rs A vg. h r ly . e a rn in g s A vg. w k ly . h o u rs A vg. h r ly . e a rn in g s 40. 7 4 1 .6 4 1 .8 $1.69 1.80 1.85 $70. 76 76.49 79.66 40. 4 1 .8 42 6 $64.22 69. 95 72. 89 3 9 .4 40. 2 3 9 .4 $1.63 1.74 1.85 $73. 74 77. 79 79.23 41. 4 1 .6 4 1 .7 $1.76 1.87 1.90 4 2 .7 4 3 .2 43. 1 43.1 43 .3 4 3 .2 4 3 .0 4 3 .5 4 2 .2 41 .9 41.1 1 .8 8 1.91 1.92 1.92 1.93 1.93 1.94 1.96 1.95 1. 97 2.0 2 83.14 4 3 .3 44.1 43 .7 4 3 .4 43 7 44.1 4 4 .6 4 4 .9 4 3 .4 43. 1 4 1 .2 75. 48 75. 67 77. 61 78.68 79. 29 77. 42 74. 59 77. 27 75. 60 75. 46 79.60 4 0 .8 40 .9 4 1 .5 42.3 42.4 41 .4 40. 1 41.1 4 0 .0 39.1 3 9 .8 1.8 5 1.8 5 1.87 1.86 1.87 1.87 1.86 1.88 1.89 1.93 2 .0 0 81.87 84.0 0 82.84 82.10 82. 71 80. 56 80. 24 80 .9 7 80. 59 78. 99 79.19 4 2 .2 4 3 .3 42 .7 42.1 4 2 .2 41.1 41. 2 41.1 4 0 .7 4 0 .3 4 0 .2 1.94 1.94 1.94 1.95 1.9 6 1.9 6 1.9 5 1.97 1. 98 1. 96 1.97 86.00 85. 22 85.5 0 86.09 87.3 2 89. 20 90. 25 86. 37 86. 20 83.64 ‘ » u i i u j w u u ic M i vexeep i oru n an ce, m a c h in e r y , a n d tr a n s p o r t a tio n e q u ip m e n t ) P r im a r y m e ta l in d u s tr ie s — C o n tin u e d M is c e lla n e o u s p r i m a r y m e ta l i n d u s tr ie s 2 R o l li n g , d r a w i n g , a n d a l lo y in g o f a l u m i n u m W e ld e d a n d h e a v y r iv e te d p i p e W ir e d r a w i n g T o ta l: F a b ric a te d m e ta l p ro d u c ts (ex cep t o rd n a n c e , m a c h in e r y , and tra n s p o rta tio n e q u ip m e n t) 1951: A v e r a g e ___ 1952: A v e r a g e . . . S e p te m b e r. $80. 65 82.15 81.79 4 2 .9 41 .7 41.1 $1.88 1.97 1.99 $84. 87 86.0 9 81.81 4 3 .3 42. 2 4 0 .7 $1.96 2.04 2.01 $80.41 80. 54 82.00 4 3 .0 41.3 4 1 .0 $1.87 1.95 2 .0 0 $75. 07 81.14 83.18 4 0 .8 41.4 41 .8 $1.84 1.9 6 1.99 $68. 81 72.38 74. 52 41. 7 41. 6 42 .1 1952: N o v e m b e r . D e c e rn b e r . . 1953: J a n u a r y ___ F e b r u a r y ... M a r c h _____ A p r i l ......... .. M a y ........... J u n e ............ .. J u l y -----------A u g u s t ____ S e p te m b e r .. 87. 55 90. 06 89. 87 89.03 90.09 88.41 86. 74 86.94 85. 89 86. 72 85. 63 42. 5 4 3 .3 4 3 .0 42 .6 4 2 .9 42 .3 4 1 .5 4 1 .6 4 0 .9 41.1 4 0 .2 2. 06 2.0 8 2. 09 2.09 2. 10 2.0 9 2. 09 2 .0 9 2 .1 0 2.11 2.1 3 89. 25 95. 47 94.8 3 93. 96 94. 61 92. 65 90. 92 89. 44 88. 99 89.8 6 87. 42 4 2 .5 4 4 .2 43. 5 43.3 43 .2 4 2 .5 41 .9 4 1 .6 4 1 .2 4 1 .6 40. 1 2 .1 0 2.16 2. 18 2.1 7 2. 19 2 .1 8 2. 17 2 .1 5 2 .1 6 2 .1 6 2 .1 8 86. 51 86. 50 87. 55 84.87 86 93 86.11 85.4 9 86.73 81.4 5 84.23 82.74 42. 2 42, 4 4 2 .5 41.4 42 .2 41 .8 41. 5 41 .9 4 0 .6 4 0 .3 3 9 .4 2. 05 2.04 2. 06 2. 05 2. 06 2. 06 2. 06 2. 07 2.0 8 2. 09 2.1 0 87. 55 87. 55 85. 90 86. 73 87. 36 85.91 82.01 81.5 9 82.18 83.18 82.95 42 .5 4 2 .5 41. 7 42.1 4 2 .0 41 .5 40.4 3 9 .8 3 9 .7 3 9 .8 3 9 .5 2. 06 2. 06 2 06 2.0 6 2. 08 2.0 7 2. 03 2. 05 2 .0 7 2 .0 9 2 .1 0 75.90 78 ’37 76. 74 76.80 77. 59 77.23 77.04 77.28 76.41 76. 59 75.70 42.4 43 .3 42 .4 4 2 .2 42. 4 4 2 .2 42 1 4 2 .0 4 1 .3 41 .4 4 0 .7 T i n c a n s a n d o th e r ti n w a r e $1. 65 $66.49 1. 74 69. 72 1. 77 74. 04 1. 79 1. 81 1.81 1. 82 1. 83 1.83 1. 83 1. 84 1. 85 1. 85 1.86 71 46 74. 52 73 51 73 39 73 21 73 80 74 16 75 24 78 32 78 94 77. 83 41 3 41 5 43^3 41 3 42 1 41 3 41 n 40 Q 41 0 41 2 41 8 42 8 42 Q 4 2 .3 $1 61 1 68 1.71 1 73 1 77 1 78 1 79 1 79 1 80 1 80 1 80 1 83 1 §4 1.84 F a b r ic a te d m e ta l p r o d u c t s — C o n ti n u e d C u t l e r y , h a n d to o ls , and h a rd w a re 3 A v e r a g e _______ A v e r a g e _______ S e p t e m b e r ____ $66.30 69. 05 70.04 4 1 .7 41.1 4 1 .2 N o v e m b e r ____ D e c e m b e r ____ J a n u a r y .............. F e b r u a r y ____ M a r c h ________ A p r i l ______ . . M a v _____ J u n e __________ J u l y ---------------A u g u s t ____ S e p te m b e r ____ 73. 60 75. 25 74.80 74. 69 74. 69 74.87 75. 12 75.36 73. 39 72. 62 72. 62 42 .3 4 3 .0 42. 5 4 2 .2 42 .2 42 .3 42. 2 42. 1 4 1 .0 40 .8 4 0 .8 C u tl e r y a n d edge to o ls $1. 59 $60. 74 1.6 8 63. 55 1.70 65.05 1.74 1.7 5 1. 76 1.77 1.77 1.7 7 1. 78 1.79 1. 79 1. 78 1.78 67.84 68. 75 66. 40 66. 49 66.40 66.65 66.08 65. 92 65. 29 67. 57 67.16 H a n d to o ls H e a t in g a p p a r a t u s (ex cep t e le c tric ) and p lu m b e r s ’ s u p p lie s 3 H a rd w a re 4 1 .6 4 1 .0 4 1 .7 $1.46 1.55 1.56 $69. 70 69. 38 68.9 5 42 .5 41.3 4 0 .8 $1.64 1.68 1.69 $66. 49 70. 6f 72.69 41 .3 41.1 41 .3 $1. 61 1. 72 1 .7 6 $68. 71 70. 99 73.39 42.4 42 .7 4 1 .5 41 3 41. 5 41.4 41.3 4 1 .2 4 0 .3 4 1 .2 4 0 .7 1 .6 0 1.61 1.60 1. 61 1.60 1.61 1.60 1.60 1.62 1.64 1.65 72.38 73.43 74. 10 74.58 75. 78 75. 54 75. 00 75. 96 74.34 73.03 73.39 4 1 .6 4 2 .2 42. 1 41.9 42. 1 42.2 41 .9 42. 2 41 .3 4 0 .8 4 1 .0 1.74 1.74 1. 76 1 .7 8 1.80 1. 79 1. 79 1.80 1.80 1.79 1.79 76. 25 78. 30 77. 83 77. 11 70. 93 77. 71 78.14 78. 02 75.03 73. 89 74.07 4 2 .6 43. 5 43 .0 42.6 42 .5 4 2 .7 42. 7 4 2 .4 4 1 .0 4 0 .6 4 0 .7 1. 79 1 .8 0 1.81 1.81 1.81 1.8 2 1.83 1.84 1.83 1.82 1.82 73. 34 75. 78 72. 90 74. 21 74. 21 74.48 73. 31 72.98 72. 98 72. 80 71. 76 O il b u r n e r s , n o n e le c tr ie h e a tin g and cooK in g a p p a r a t u s , n o t e ls e w h e r e c la s s if te d F a b r ic a te d s tr u c t u r a ] m e ta l p r o d u c t s 3 S t r u c tu r a l s te e l a n d o r n a m e n ta l m e ta lw ork M e ta l doors, sa sh , fr a m e s y m o ld i n g , a n d tr i m A v e r a g e .............. A v e ra g e . S e p t e m b e r ____ $66.18 69. 87 72.83 4 0 .6 41.1 42 .1 $1.63 1 .7 0 1.73 $71. 49 74. 87 76.86 4 2 .3 4 2 .3 4 2 .7 $1.69 1.77 1.80 $71.49 75. 05 77. 83 42 .3 42. 4 4 3 .0 $1.69 1.77 1.81 $71. 57 74.23 71.45 42.1 4 1 .7 41 .3 N o v e m b e r ____ D e c e m b e r ____ J a n u a r y ______ F e b r u a r y ___ _ M a r c h ________ A p r il... . . . . M a y --------------J u n e __________ J u l y ---------------A u g u st . . . . S e p te m b e r ____ 72. 45 74. 87 72. 04 73.16 73. 34 73. 21 72. 27 72.32 72. 50 72.32 71.50 41.4 4 2 .3 4 0 .7 41.1 4 1 .2 4 0 .9 40 .6 4 0 .4 40. 5 4 0 .4 3 9 .5 1 .7 5 1.77 1. 77 1.78 1 .7 8 1.79 1. 78 1.79 1. 79 1.79 1.81 78.14 79. 92 78. 38 79.24 79. 79 79. 61 79.85 80. 46 79. 00 81. 56 80. 45 42. 7 4 3 .2 42 .6 4 2 .6 42. 9 42 .8 42. 7 42 .8 4 1 .8 42. 7 4 1 .9 1.83 1.8 5 1.84 1.86 1.86 1.8 6 1.87 1.88 1.89 1.91 1.92 77. 90 78. 51 78. 94 79.18 79. 92 79. 55 80. 35 81.97 79. 71 82.46 80.41 42. 8 4 2 .9 42.9 42.8 43.2 4 3 .0 43 .2 4 3 .6 42.4 4 3 .4 42.1 1.82 1.83 1.84 1.85 1.85 1.85 1.86 1.88 1.88 1.90 1.91 80.14 81.89 78. 40 77. 49 80. 56 78. 58 79.34 81.13 78.44 78.31 77. 55 42. 4 43 1 41. 7 4 1 .0 42.4 4 1 .8 42.2 42 .7 4 1 .5 41 .0 4 0 .6 S ee fo o tn o te s a t e n d of ta b le . https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1.89 1. 90 1.88 1.89 1.90 1.88 1.88 1.90 1. 89 1.91 1.91 40 .9 40. 8 4 1 .7 $1. 68 $75. 24 1 74 73 60 1.76 75.11 1 78 41. 2 76 30 42.1 78 62 1. 80 75 39 40. 5 1. 80 76 73 4 1 .0 . 1 81 41. 0 1. 81 76 76 77 38 40. 7 1.83 40. 5 1.81 76 19 40.1 1. 82 74 26 74 OQ 40.1 1 82 74 9Q 1 82 40 0 3 9 .0 1.84 72. 95 B o ile r -s h o p p r o d u c ts $1. 70 $71. 90 1.7 8 74.80 1. 73 75.36 76. 99 80 04 78. 38 79. 79 79. 55 80.3 5 79.85 80.09 80. 98 82.41 81.06 S a n ita r y w a re a n d p lu m b e r s ’ s u p p lie s 42. 8 42. 5 42.1 42. 3 43. 5 42. 6 42. 9 43. 0 43. 2 42 7 4 2 .6 42. 4 42. 7 4 2 .0 40 8 41 6 40 1 40 6 40 4 40 3 40 1 30 5 30 2 30 1 3 7 .8 $1 1 1. 1. 80 QA cy* 85 I1. 0Q/7 1 89 1 O 00u 1. 1 5» OQ 1. 1 OQ 1 92 1 00 1 88 11. O 80 CT 1 on 1. ctU 1.93 S h e e t m e ta lw o r k $1. 68 $70 39 75 18 1. 76 1.79 79. 24 1. 82 1. 84 1. 84 1. 86 1 85 1.8 6 1.87 1. 88 1. 91 1. 93 1.93 41 8 40 0 40. 6 80 11 80 35 78 20 79 20 79 10 80 33 79 99 78 81 75 70 80 37 81.2 5 41 0 49 0 43! 3 43 3 43 2 49 5 49 4 42 3 49 5 42 1 41 7 40 1 42 3 42! 1 $1 68 1 79 1. 83 1 1 1 1 1 1 85 8f> 84 87 87 89 1 QO 1 89 1 89 1 90 1.93 G: EARNINGS AND HOURS 1364 M ONTHLY LABOR T able C -l : Hours and gross earnings of production workers or nonsupervisory employees 1—Continued M a n u f a c t u r in g —C o n t i n u e d F a b r i c a t e d m e ta l p r o d u c t s (e x c e p t o r d n a n c e , m a c h in e r y , a n d tr a n s p o r t a t i o n e q u i p m e n t ) — C o n ti n u e d M e t a l s ta m p in g , c o a tin g , a n d e n g r a v i n g s Y ear a n d m o n th A vg. w k ly . e a rn in g s A vg. w k ly . h o u rs A vg. h r ly . e a rn in g s V itr e o u s -e n a m e le d p ro d u c ts A vg. w k ly . e a rn m gs A vg. w k ly . h o u rs 1951: A v e r a g e ........... 1952: A v e r a g e -------S e p te m b e r... $58.38 74.29 77.23 4 0 .7 41.5 4 2 .2 $1.68 1.79 1.83 $52.92 53.86 55. 92 3 7 .8 3 7 .4 3 8 .3 1952: N o v e m b e r ___ D e c e m b e r ___ 1953: J a n u a r y . .......... F e b r u a r y ____ M a r c h _______ A p r il _______ M a y . .................. J u n e _________ J u l y .................... A u g u s t ______ 79. 00 82.91 80.22 79.10 79.52 79.29 79.15 78.58 78.88 78.12 76.99 42.7 44.1 4 2 .9 4 2 .3 4 2 .3 42.4 42 .1 4 1 .8 4 1 .3 4 0 .9 40.1 1. 85 1 .8 8 1 .8 7 1 .8 7 1 .8 8 1.87 1 .8 8 1.88 1. 91 1.91 1 .9 2 56.79 60.35 59.49 58.8 9 59.49 57.08 57.53 58. 22 63.4 5 60. 76 58 .7 8 3 8 .9 4 0 .5 3 9 .4 3 9 .0 39.4 3 7 .8 38 .1 3 8 .3 4 1 .2 3 9 .2 3 7 .2 S e p te m b e r__ A vg. h r ly . e a rn in g s S ta m p e d a n d p ressed m e ta l p r o d u c t s A vg. w k ly . e a rn in g s $1.4 0 $70. 58 77.33 1. 44 80.14 1.4 6 1. 46 1.49 1.51 1.51 1.51 1.51 1.51 1. 52 1.5 4 1.5 5 1 .5 8 81. 70 85.69 83. 52 82.1 8 82.41 82.1 8 81.83 81. 67 82 .1 5 80. 95 79. 59 A vg. w k ly . h o u rs A vg. h r ly . e a rn in g s L i g h tin g f ix tu r e s A vg. w k ly . e a rn in g s A vg. w k ly . h o u rs A vg. h r ly . e a rn in g s F a b r i c a t e d w ire p ro d u c ts A vg. w k ly . e a rn in g s $71.91 79. 61 82.40 4 2 .3 4 3 .5 4 4 .3 $1.70 1.83 1 .8 6 $73. 43 74.26 74.37 42 .2 4 0 .8 40 .2 1952: N o v e m b e r . . . . D e c e m b e r ___ 1953: J a n u a r y ........... F e b r u a r y ____ M a r c h ______ A p r i l ________ M a y ................. . J u n e _________ J u l y -------------A u g u s t ______ S e p te m b e r ... 84.63 84.48 80.93 80.10 80.10 8 2.0 6 84.44 83.61 82.52 83. 58 81.61 43.4 43.1 41.5 41 .5 4 1 .5 42.3 43.3 43 .1 42.1 4 2 .0 4 0 .4 1.95 1.96 1.95 1.93 1.93 1.9 4 1.95 1.94 1. 96 1.9 9 2 .0 2 80.7 9 86.44 85. 41 8 5 .6 5 85.8 9 84.28 84. 71 83.6 9 82.12 80.70 78.80 42.3 44.1 43.8 4 3 .7 43 .6 43 .0 4 3 .0 4 2 .7 4 1 .9 4 1 .6 4 0 .0 A vg. w k ly . h o u rs A vg. h r ly . e a rn in g s $64.64 68.00 69 .4 9 40 .4 4 0 .0 40 .4 $1.6 0 1.70 1.7 2 $65. 03 68.30 70. 97 4 0 .9 40 .9 4 1 .5 $1.59 1.67 1.71 $72.11 73.02 73. 95 43.7 42.7 4 2 .5 $1.65 1.71 1.74 4 3 .0 44 .4 4 3 .5 4 2 .8 4 2 .7 42.8 4 2 .4 4 2 .1 4 1 .7 4 1 .3 4 0 .4 1.90 1.93 1.92 1 .9 2 1.93 1.92 1.93 1.94 1.97 1.96 1.9 7 70.93 76.36 75.24 75.1 2 74.40 71.10 70.98 70.98 71.42 70.62 69.1 7 41 .0 42 .9 41 .8 4 1 .5 41 .8 40 .4 40.1 40.1 3 9 .9 3 9 .9 3 9 .3 1. 73 1. 78 1.80 1.81 1. 78 1.76 1. 77 1.77 1.7 9 1.77 1.76 72.56 75.43 73.50 73. 22 73. 63 72. 51 72.16 72.16 72. 22 73.26 71.82 4 1 .7 43.1 42 .0 4 1 .6 4 1 .6 4 1 .2 4 1 .0 41 .0 3 9 .9 4 0 .7 3 9 .9 1. 74 1. 75 1. 75 1 .7 6 1. 77 1.76 1.7 6 1.7 6 1.81 1.80 1.8 0 77.79 79.83 78.84 79.1 0 80.44 80. 70 80.7 0 79.97 77. 78 77.41 75.95 43 .7 4 4 .6 4 3 .8 4 3 .7 4 4 .2 44.1 44.1 4 3 .7 4 2 .5 4 2 .3 4 1 .5 1.78 1. 79 1.80 1.81 1.82 1.83 1.83 1.83 1.83 1.83 1.83 43.8 42.1 4 1 .5 $1.69 1.73 1.75 $74. 75 76. 37 77.00 4 5 .3 44 .4 4 4 .0 77.33 79.82 79,17 79.17 81.70 80.78 81. 77 81.03 78.26 78.12 77.19 4 3 .2 44.1 4 3 .5 4 3 .5 44.4 4 3 .9 4 4 .2 4 3 .8 4 2 .3 4 2 .0 4 1 .5 1.79 1.81 1.82 1.8 2 1.84 1.84 1.85 1.85 1.85 1.86 1.86 80 .3 6 82. 24 81. 45 82.1 7 84.18 8 4 .0 0 83. 27 83.2 5 79. 97 78.37 77.35 4 5 .4 4 6 .2 4 5 .5 4 5 .4 4 6 .0 45 .9 4 5 .5 4 5 .0 4 3 .7 4 3 .3 4 2 .5 M a c h i n e r y (e x c e p t e le c tric a l) T o ta l: M a c h in e ry (e x c e p t e le c tric a l) S c r e w -m a c h in e p r o d u c ts $1. 74 $74.02 72.83 1.82 72.63 1.85 1.91 1.96 1.95 1.9 6 1 .9 7 1.96 1 .9 7 1.96 1 .9 6 1.9 4 1.97 A vg. w k ly . e a rn in g s $1.73 1.85 1.8 9 B o lts , n u ts , w a sh ers. a n d r iv e ts 1951: A v e r a g e .......... 1952: A v e r a g e _____ S e p te m b e r ... A vg. h r ly . e a rn in g s 4 0 .8 41 .8 4 2 .4 F a b r i c a t e d m e ta l p r o d u c t s ( e x c e p t o r d n a n c e , m a c h in e r y , a n d t r a n s p o r t a t i o n e q u i p m e n t ) — C o n ti n u e d M e t a l s h i p p i n g b a r r e ls , d r u m s , keg s, a n d p a ils A vg. w k ly . h o u rs M is c e lla n e o u s fa b rie a te d m e ta l p r o d u c t s s $1.65 $76.38 1. 72 79.61 79.85 1 .7 5 1.7 7 1.78 1.79 1.81 1.83 1.83 1.83 1.85 1.83 1.81 1.8 2 80. 94 83.5 2 82.99 83.03 84.0 5 83.4 6 82.8 8 82. 29 81.73 81.73 82.17 E n g in e s a n d tu r b i n e s * 43.4 4 2 .8 4 2 .7 $1.7 6 1.86 1 .8 7 $79.12 82.26 80.4 8 4 3 .0 42. 4 4 1 .7 $1.84 1.94 1.93 42 .6 43.5 43 .0 4 2 .8 43.1 42.8 4 2 .5 4 2 .2 4 1 .7 4 1 .7 4 1 .5 1.90 1.92 1.93 1.94 1.95 1.95 1.95 1.9 5 1.96 1. 96 1.98 84.1 8 87.06 83.62 84.2 3 83. 42 83.43 84.66 84. 67 83.64 84.4 5 85.2 6 42 .3 43.1 41 .6 41 .7 4 1 .5 41 .3 4 1 .5 4 1 .3 40 .6 4 0 .6 4 0 .6 1.99 2.02 2.01 2 .0 2 2.01 2 .0 2 2.04 2. 05 2 .0 6 2.08 2 .1 0 M a c h i n e r y ( e x c e p t e le c tr ic a l) — C o n t i n u e d S te a m e n g in e s, tu r - vintEy ana w h e e ls 1951: A v e ra g e _____ 1952: A v e r a g e _____ S e p te m b e r ... $83. 27 89. 02 91.16 4 2 .7 42 .8 4 3 .0 1952: N o v e m b e r . . . D e c e m b e r ... 1953: J a n u a r y _____ F e b r u a r y ___ M a r c h ______ A p r il................ M a y ................... J u n e ................. J u l y — .......... A u g u s t _____ S e p te m b e r ... 93. 31 96.3 6 97.01 96.7 8 86.90 86. SO 98.08 87. 94 83. 98 99.84 96. 50 43.4 4 4 .2 4 3 .5 4 3 .4 40 .8 40.8 4 3 .4 4 0 .9 3 8 .0 4 3 .6 4 2 .7 D ie s e l a n d o th e r i n t e r n a l c o m b u s ti o n e n g i n e s , n o t e ls e w h e r e c la s s ifie d $ 1 .9 5 $78. 26 2.0 8 80. 37 2 .1 2 77.64 2.15 2.18 2. 23 2 .2 3 2.1 3 2.13 2.2 6 2 .1 5 2.21 2 .2 9 2 .2 6 C o n s tr u c tio n and m i n i n g m a c h in e r y , e x c e p t f o r o ilfie ld s 81.90 84.94 80. 34 81. 36 82. 57 82. 39 81. 59 83. 63 83.43 80.00 82.00 43 .0 42 .3 4 1 .3 4 2 .0 4 2 .9 4 1 .2 4 1 .3 41.7 4 1 .4 4 1 .0 4 1 .4 4 1 .3 3 9 .8 4 0 .0 44 .4 43 .3 4 1 .9 $1.69 1.77 1 .7 9 $77.29 79.48 78.4 4 4 5 .2 44.4 43 .1 1952: N o v e m b e r . . . D e c e m b e r ... 1953: J a n u a r y _____ F e b r u a r y ___ M a r c h ______ A p r i l ________ M a y .................. J u n e ................ J u l y .................. A u g u s t _____ S e p te m b e r- 42.8 43. 1 4 2 .8 42.1 43.1 42 .6 42 .5 42 .0 4 1 .0 4 0 .1 4 0 .3 1.82 1.85 1.85 1.88 1.89 1.89 1.90 1.91 1 .9 0 1.91 1.91 79. 74 81. 65 81.53 80. 97 82.40 79. 79 80.65 82.18 80.2 2 79.65 74.87 43.1 43 .9 43 6 43 3 43 .6 42 .9 4 2 .9 4 2 .8 4 2 .0 4 1 .7 3 9 .2 . . . . . . . 77.90 79. 74 79.18 79.15 81.46 80.51 80.75 80.22 77.90 76.59 76.97 S e e f o o tn o te s a t e n d o f ta b le . https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis A g r i c u l t u r a l m a c h in e r y (e x c e p t tra c to rs) T r a c to r s $1. 82 $73. 26 1.90 75. 41 1.8 8 71.55 4 0 .7 3 9 .9 3 9 .1 $1.80 1.89 1.83 $75. 67 77. 02 71. 98 40 .9 3 9 .7 3 8 .7 $1.85 1.94 1.86 $70.88 73. 97 71.10 4 0 .5 4 0 .2 3 9 .5 72.94 77.20 77.41 78. 59 78. 78 79.18 77.41 76.81 75.85 76.42 76.04 3 8 .8 4 0 .0 3 9 .9 4 0 .3 4 0 .4 40.4 3 9 .9 3 9 .8 39 .3 3 9 .8 3 9 .4 1.88 1.93 1.94 1.9 5 1.95 1.9 6 1.94 1.93 1.9 3 1.92 1.93 74.88 79. 40 79.40 80.8 0 80.60 80. 20 79.20 78.80 77.22 79 .4 0 78.00 3 9 .0 3 9 .9 3 9 .7 4 0 .0 39 .9 39 .9 3 9 .6 3 9 .6 39.0 40.1 3 9 .0 1.92 1.99 2.00 2 .0 2 2 .0 2 2. 01 2 .0 0 1.99 1.9 8 1.98 2 .0 0 71.21 74. 77 74.99 78. 73 77.11 78.12 75. 58 74.61 74.45 73 .6 6 74.43 3 8 .7 4 0 .2 40.1 40 .6 40 .8 40 .9 4 0 .2 3 9 .9 3 9 .6 3 9 .6 3 9 .8 1.95 1.98 1.95 1.97 1.9 8 1.99 1.99 2.0 2 2 .0 2 2.01 2 .0 5 O ilfie ld m a c h in e r y a n d to o ls 1951: A v e r a g e _____ . $75.04 1952: A v e r a g e .......... . 76.64 S e p t e m b e r - _ 75.00 A g r ic u l tu r a l m a c h in e ry a n d tr a c to r s 1 M e ta lw o r k in g m a c h in e ry J $1. 71 $85.74 91.87 1.79 93.93 1 .8 2 4 6 .6 4 6 .4 4 6 .5 $1.84 1.98 2 .0 2 $84.85 89.96 91.37 47 .4 47.1 47.1 94.92 97. 85 97.70 96 67 98. 23 97.60 97.44 94.89 93.18 94. 53 95.21 46 .3 47.5 47.2 4 6 .7 47 .0 4 6 .7 46 .4 45.4 4 4 .8 4 4 .8 4 4 .7 2. 05 2. 06 2 .0 7 2.0 7 2 .0£ 2. 0£ 2.1 0 2. 0£ 2.08 2 .1 1 2 .1 3 92.00 94.84 94 .9 2 94. 74 96.02 96.08 95.27 93. 43 91.15 91.80 93.9 8 46 .7 47 .9 47.7 4 6 .9 4 7 .3 47.1 4 6 .7 4 5 .8 4 4 .9 4 5 .0 4 5 .4 1.85 1.86 1.87 1.87 1.89 1.86 1.88 1.92 1.91 1.91 1.91 $1. 75 $75.82 1.84 77. 61 1.80 75. 96 1.84 1.86 1.87 1.89 1.89 1.91 1.88 1.87 1.8 8 1.8 6 1.87 M e ta lw o r k in g m a c h i n e r y (e x c e p t m a c h in e tools') M a c h i n e to o ls $1.79 1.91 1.94 1.97 1.98 1. 99 2 .0 2 2.03 2. 04 2 .0 4 2 .0 4 2 .0 3 2. 04 2.071 C o n s tr u c t io n a n d m i n in g m a c h in e r y 5 78.51 80.11 79.98 79. 71 81.65 80.28 80. 51 80.60 78.47 77. 55 76.40 44 .6 43 .6 4 2 .2 $1.70 1.78 1.80 4 2 .9 4 3 .3 43 .0 42 .4 4 3 .2 4 2 .7 4 2 .6 42 .2 4 1 .3 4 0 .6 4 0 .0 1.83 1.85 1.86 1.88 1.89 1.88 1.89 1.91 1.90 1.91 1. 91 M a c h in e - t o o l a c c e s s o r ie s $82. 26 86.14 86 .4 6 4 5 .2 45.1 4 4 .8 $1.82 1.91 1.93 $87.98 95.53 98 .2 8 4 6 .8 4 6 .6 4 6 .8 $1.88 2.05 2 .1 0 8 9 .6 0 92.26 90.45 90. 45 90.65 91.76 90.34 90.09 89.93 88. 74 8 6 .2 9 44 .8 4 5 .9 45.0 45 .0 45.1 4 5 .2 44 .5 4 4 .6 44 .3 4 3 .5 4 2 .3 2 .0 0 2.01 2.01 2.01 2.01 2.03 2.03 2.0 2 2.0 3 2 .0 4 2 .0 4 99. 22 102. 24 102.29 100. 75 102. 56 101.27 101.99 97.61 96.3 0 98. 99 9 9 .4 4 4 6 .8 48 .0 4 7 .8 47.3 4 7 .7 47.1 4 7 .0 4 5 .4 4 5 .0 4 5 .2 4 5 .2 2.12 2 .1 3 2.14 2.13 2 .1 5 2.15 2 .1 7 2.15 2 .1 4 2 .1 9 2 .2 0 REVIEW, DECEMBER 1953 1365 C: EARNINGS AND HOURS T able C -l : Hours and gross earnings of production workers or nonsupervisory employees 1—Continued Manufacturing—Continued Machinery (except electrical)—Continued ear and month Special-industry ma chinery (except metalworking machinery)2 Avg. Avg. wkly. wkly. earn hours ings Average_____ $74. 73 Average_____ 77. 40 September___ 78. 26 43. 7 43.0 43.0 November___ December___ January_____ February.- . . M arch_____ April_______ M ay _______ June_____ .. July________ August ___ September___ 42.9 43.9 43.3 43.5 43. 7 43.3 43.2 43.0 42.3 42.2 41.7 78. 94 81.65 80. 54 81.78 82. 16 81. 84 81.65 81.27 80. 37 79. 76 80. 06 Avg. Avg. Avg. hrly. wkly. earn earn wkly. ings ings hours $1.71 $74. 56 1.80 77. 96 1.82 78. 26 1.84 1.86 1.86 1.88 1.88 1. 89 1.89 1.89 1.90 1.89 1.92 P u m p s , air a n d gas c o m p resso rs Average_____ $76. 88 Average_____ 78. 66 September___ 77. 76 44.7 43. 7 43.2 79. 67 82.09 81.16 81.22 83. 47 82. 70 82. 56 82. 37 80. 83 81.06 84.28 43.3 43.9 43.4 43.2 43. 7 43.3 43.0 42.9 42.1 42.0 43.0 November___ December___ January_____ February__ March. ____ April ______ M ay ______ June________ July________ August____ . September___ 41.9 40.9 41.0 November___ December.. . January........... February. March______ April_______ M ay________ June______ . July________ August______ September___ 40.7 41. 1 40.7 40.5 40.5 40. 5 40.1 40.4 39.9 40.2 40.4 76.11 76. 86 76.92 76.14 76. 55 76. 95 75. 79 77. 57 77. 01 77. 59 78.38 43.4 40.6 40.2 November___ December___ January February. . . . March. ___ April _____ M ay________ June . July .. _____ August______ September___ 41.1 41.5 40.2 40.3 40.3 39. 8 39.7 39.9 40.2 40.1 40.0 78.09 79. 68 76.38 76. 57 77. 38 78. 01 76. 62 77.01 77. 99 76. 59 76.80 See footnotes at end of table. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 42.3 43.0 42.8 42.4 43.2 41.9 43.6 42.9 43.1 43.3 42.1 81.51 85. 75 83. 57 82. 75 85. 55 85.22 85.36 84.97 85. 36 82.06 84.08 42.9 44.2 43.3 43.1 44. 1 43. 7 44.0 43.8 44.0 42.3 42.9 1.84 1.87 1.87 1.88 1.91 1. 91 1.92 1.92 1.92 1.93 1.96 41. 5 40.9 41.1 83. 84 83.84 84.46 82. 42 82. 62 82.82 81.40 83. 62 83. 01 82.18 82.61 41. 1 41. 1 41.2 40.4 40.3 40.4 39.9 40.2 40.1 39.7 40.1 $1.73 $68. 79 1.83 68.54 1.85 69.80 1.86 1.89 1.87 1.88 1.90 1. 90 1.91 1.90 1.92 1.91 1.94 77.68 81.60 82.22 81.29 83. 50 82.12 79. 73 78.96 80.16 78. 20 77. 22 39.8 41.1 42.0 41.1 42.5 42.6 41.9 42.6 41. 9 41.1 40.7 40.9 39.9 39.0 70. 28 73.18 73.08 73.60 73.08 72.38 72.80 72. 45 69.60 70.12 69.17 41.1 42.3 42.0 42.3 42.0 41.6 41.6 41.4 40.0 40.3 39.3 75.86 76. 36 75.58 75. 23 76. 11 76.01 76. 54 77. 51 75.58 79. 97 77.79 43.1 42.9 42.7 42.5 43.0 42. 7 43.0 43.3 42.7 43.7 41.6 1.90 1.94 1.93 1.92 1.94 1.95 1.94 1.94 1.94 1.94 1.96 69. 53 70. 28 69.37 69. 89 69. 55 69. 43 69. 03 70. 75 70.98 71.51 72. 54 81.88 86.12 82. 98 82. 70 83. 62 84. 22 83. 22 82.84 81.97 81.22 82.40 44.5 46.3 45.1 44.7 45.2 44.8 44. 5 44.3 43.6 43.9 43.6 1.71 1.73 1.74 1.74 1.74 1. 74 1.75 1.75 1.74 1.74 1.76 45.1 43.2 42.0 83. 61 86.78 83. 42 82.41 85. 22 84.24 84.83 82.74 83. 50 82. 32 83.42 43.1 44. 5 43.0 42.7 43.7 43.2 43.5 42.0 42.6 42.0 43.0 1.76 1.78 1.77 1.77 1.77 1. 78 1.78 1.79 1.77 1.83 1.87 $1.60 $70. 64 1. 68 75. 81 1.69 78.35 40.6 41.2 41.9 40.9 41.1 40.1 40.4 40.2 39.9 39.9 40.2 40.1 40.4 40.3 1. 70 77. 46 1. 71 81. 18 1. 73 80. 79 1.73 80. 26 1.73 81. 45 1. 74 80. 51 1.73 78. 53 1. 76 77. 95 1.77 79.15 1.77 77.39 1.80 76.83 41.2 42. 5 42.3 41.8 42.2 41.5 40.9 40.6 40.8 40.1 39.4 77. 28 79.61 77.33 78.35 79. 52 79.15 77. 64 78.44 76.17 78.28 78.88 43.2 42.1 41.7 42.0 42.8 41.8 41.9 42.3 42.1 41.3 41.5 40.3 41.2 41.3 $1.70 $82. 09 1.80 87. 36 1.81 86.76 1.84 1.86 1.84 1.85 1.85 1. 88 1.87 1.87 1.88 1.85 1.89 1.94 1.95 1.94 1.93 1.95 1. 95 1.95 1.97 1.96 1.96 1.94 1.84 1.86 1.85 1.87 1.88 1.88 1.88 1.89 1.89 1.90 1.91 1.88 1.91 1.91 1.92 1.93 1.94 1.92 1.92 1.94 1.93 1.95 76.13 77. 75 75. 67 75.89 77.23 77.83 76. 70 77.08 73.13 77.16 79.13 43.0 41. 7 41.7 41.6 41.8 40.9 40.8 41.3 41.4 40.8 41.0 38.9 40.4 41.0 83. 33 86.14 85. 61 86.68 87. 47 86. 24 86.24 85.06 85. 50 85. 46 84. 55 $1.87 $77.08 1.99 79.24 1.99 79. 74 44. 5 45.1 45.0 44.6 45.1 44.9 44.4 43.6 44.1 42.8 43.3 2. 06 2.10 2.13 2.12 2.13 2.13 2. 12 2.11 2.13 2.10 2.14 44.7 43.1 42.5 43.4 44.4 43.9 44.0 44.4 44.0 44.0 43.4 43.4 43.6 42.7 79. 99 78. 77 81.75 83. 42 80. 06 76. 24 77. 78 77.41 74.88 75.05 75.85 40.3 40. S 42.2 1.92 1.94 1.95 1.97 1.97 1. 96 1.96 1.96 1.97 1.96 1.98 1.90 1.88 1.91 1.94 1.92 1.93 1.93 1. 94 1.94 1.90 1.96 B a l l a n d roller bea rin g s 76. 45 79. 29 77.98 79.19 80. IS 79. 38 76. 52 78.12 76.95 77.04 77. 87 41.1 42.4 41.7 41.9 42.2 42.0 40.7 40.9 40.5 41.2 41.2 Avg. hrly. earn ings 44.3 43.3 43.1 $1.74 1.83 1.85 43.1 44.2 43.4 43.2 43.8 43.4 43.4 43.2 42.8 42.7 42.8 1.87 1.90 1.90 1.91 1.93 1.93 1.93 1.93 1.93 1.94 1.96 M e c h a n ic a l s to k e r s a n d in d u s tr ia l f u r n a ce s a n d ovens 76.13 79.92 79.18 79.34 82. 32 80. 46 81.13 81.02 77. 46 80. 48 79.73 43.2 43.0 43.7 $1.68 1.79 1.84 41.6 43.2 42.8 42.2 43.1 42. 8 42.7 42.2 41.2 41.7 41.1 1.83 1.85 1.85 1.88 1.91 1.88 1.90 1.92 1.88 1.93 1.94 C o m m e rc ia l la u n d r y , d r y -c le a n in g , a n a p r e s s in g m a c h in e s $1.72 $75. 37 1.84 76.65 1.85 76.03 42. 1 41.9 42.8 43.0 41.7 39.5 40.3 39.9 38.6 39.5 38.7 43.4 41.2 40.1 80.60 83. 98 82.46 82. 51 84. 53 83 76 83. 76 83.38 82. 60 82.84 83. 89 $1.77 $72. 58 1.86 76. 97 1.89 80.41 D o m e stic la u n d r y e q u ip m e n t $1.67 $76. 82 1.76 74. 57 1.77 73.38 1.83 1.86 1.85 1.86 1.87 1. 88 1.88 1.88 1.88 1.91 1.93 43.9 43.9 43.6 General industrial machinery 2 Avg. Avg. Avg. hrly. wkly. wkly. earn earn hours ings ings M e c h a n ic a l p o w e rtr a n s m is s io n e q u ip m ent $1.74 $69.32 1.84 75. 07 1.87 78.07 F abricated p ip e , fittin g s , a n d valves $1.72 $71.81 1.79 73.39 1.80 73.81 91.67 94.71 95. 85 94. 55 96. 06 95.64 94. 13 92.00 93.93 89. 88 92. 66 $1.78 $79.12 1.88 80.17 1.91 80.33 Service-industry and household machines2 42.6 41.0 40.7 P r in tin g -tr a d e s m a c h in ery a n d eq u ip - Avg. Avg. Avg. hrly. wkly. earn earn wkly. ings ings hours I n d u s tr ia l tr u c k s , tra cto rs, etc. $1.67 $80. 28 1.74 81.22 1. 76 80.22 Miscellaneous machinery p arts2 $1.75 $74.30 1.85 75. 36 1.89 75.06 1.89 1.92 1.93 1.94 1.96 1. 96 1.94 1.94 1.96 1.96 1.98 47.1 45.6 45.3 T y p e w r ite r s $1.90 $68.16 2.00 68. 88 2. 04 68.78 2. 04 2.04 2.05 2. 04 2. 05 2. 05 2. 04 2.08 2. 07 2.07 2. 06 $1.63 $80.07 1.68 82. 08 1.69 81.99 B lo w e r s, e x h a u st a n d ve n tila tin g f a n s 42. 9 42.8 43.1 P a p e r -in d u s tr ie s m a c h in e ry Avg. Avg. Avg. hrly. wkly. earn earn wkly. ings hours ings 42.2 40.8 41.3 $1.77 $71. 64 1.86 74.47 1.88 75.86 R e frig era to rs a n d airc o n d itio n in g u n its $1.83 $69. 65 1.89 76. 04 1.88 79. 38 1.90 1.92 1.90 1.90 1.92 1. 96 1.93 1.93 1.94 1.91 1.92 Avg. Avg. Avg. hrly. wkly. earn earn wkly. ings ings hours C o m p u tin g m a c h in e s a n d cash registers $1.75 $78. 85 1.84 81.80 1.87 83.84 1.87 1.87 1.89 1.88 1.89 1. 90 1.89 1.92 1.93 1.93 1.94 T e x tile m a c h in e ry C o nveyors a n d co n vey in g e q u ip m e n t 43.7 42.9 42.6 S e w in g m a c h in e s Average_____ $79.42 Average_____ 76. 73 September___ 75.58 78.68 81.27 80.04 79. 71 82. 08 79. 61 83.28 81.51 82. 75 82. 70 81.67 43.1 42.6 42.3 $1. 72 $77. 35 1.80 79. 79 1.80 80.09 Office and store machines and devices 2 A verage____ $73. 33 Average___ 75. 26 September___ 76.67 F o o d -p ro d u cts m a c h in e ry 77.07 80. 91 78. 04 76. 43 75. 47 75. 72 75. 18 76.44 76. 74 76. 93 74. 89 44.6 43.8 43.2 $1.69 1. 75 1.76 43.3 44.7 43.6 42.7 42.4 42.3 42.0 42.0 42.4 42.5 40.7 1.78 1.81 1.79 1.79 1.78 1.79 1.79 1.82 1.81 1.81 1.84 M a c h in e sh o p s (Job a n d r e p a ir ) $1.77 $74.30 1.81 78. 55 1.83 78.44 1.86 1.87 1.87 1.89 1.90 1.89 1.88 1.91 1.90 1.87 1.89 79. 86 81.96 79.30 80. 29 80.91 80. 78 79. 48 80. 09 78. 77 79.99 79. 84 43.2 43.4 43.1 $1.72 1.81 1.82 43.4 44.3 43.1 43.4 43.5 43.2 42.5 42.6 41.9 42.1 41.8 1.84 1.85 1.84 1.85 1.86 1.87 1.87 1.88 1.88 1.90 1.91 ___________ _______________________ T able 0: EARNINGS AND HOURS ___________ MONTHLY LABOR C -l. Hours and gross earnings of production workers or nonsupervisory employees1—Continued Manufacturing—Continued Electrical machinery Y e a r a n d m o n th T o t a l: E le c t r ic a l n a c h in e r y A vg. w k ly . e a rn in g s A vg. w k ly . h o u rs A vg. h rly . e a rn in g s E le c tr ic a l g e n e ra t in g , tra n s m is s io n , d is tr ib u tio n , a n d in d u s tr ia l a p p a ra tu s 3 A vg. w k ly . e a rn in g s A vg. w k ly . h o u rs A vg. h rly . e a rn in g s W iring devices and supplies A vg. w k ly . e a rn in g s A vg. w k ly . h o u rs A vg. h rly . e a rn in g s Carbon and graphite products ( electrical) A vg. w k ly . e a rn in g s A vg. w k ly . h o u rs A vg. h rly . e a rn in g s Electrical indicating, m e a s u r in g , a n d re co rd in g in s tr u ments A vg. w k ly . e a rn in g s A vg. w k ly . h o u rs A vg. h rly . e a rn in g s M otors, g e n e r a to r s , and motor-generator sets A vg. w k ly . e a rn in g s A vg. w k ly . h o u rs 1951: A v e r a g e _____ 1952: A v e r a g e _____ S e p te m b e r ... $64.8^ 68. 6-s 69.8 1 41. 41. 41. $1. 57 1 .67 1 .6 8 $ 7 0 .3 7 3 .9 ' 75 .1 8 42. 41. 42. $ 1 .6 ' 1. 7 ' 1. 70 $ 6 3 .1 , 64. 7S 6 5 .1 0 42. 41.0 41. $1.50 1. 58 1.5 0 $69.40 75. 58 7 7 .1 0 40.0 41. 4L $1. 71 1.81 1 .8 6 $69. 4^ 71.48 7 2 .0 7 42.6 41. 4 1 .0 $1.60 1. 7 1.7 0 $75. 36 80. 2 ' 82. 26 42. 42.1 4 2 .4 1952: N o v e m b e r . . . D e c e m b e r ____ 1953: J a n u a r y _____ F e b r u a r y ........... M a r c h ________ A p r i l __________ M a y .. . .. J u n e ___________ J u l y ____________ A u g u s t ............ .. S e p t e m b e r ------ 70. 7Î 7 1 .5 " 71.7 2 7 1 .2 8 72. 21 7 1 .8 6 70. 99 71.4 6 7 0 .5 8 72. 39 72. 27 41. 42. 41. 4 1 .2 4 1 .5 4 1 .3 4 0 .8 4 0 .8 4 0 .1 4 0 .9 4 0 .6 1. 70 1. 70 1 .7 2 1 .7 3 1 .7 4 1. 74 1 .7 4 1. 75 1 .7 6 1 .7 7 1 .7 8 75.78 77. 4" 76. 8( 76 91 77. 80 77. 70 76. 50 7 7 .1 9 76. 30 77. 27 77. 71 42. 42. 4 2 .0 41. 4 2 .1 4 2 .0 4 1 .4 4 1 .5 4 0 .8 4 1 .1 4 0 .9 1.80 1.81 1. 83 1 .8 4 1 .8 5 1. 85 1 .8 5 1 .8 6 1 .8 7 1 .8 8 1 .9 0 66. 30 68 .0 4 66 .9 1 67. 40 6 7 .9 0 68. 72 6 8 .0 0 6 7 .8 9 67. 37 68. 45 6 7 .9 4 41. 4 2.0 4 1 .3 4 1 .1 4 1 .4 4 1 .4 41. C 4 0 .9 4 0 .1 4 0 .5 4 0 .2 1 .6 1.60 1 .6 0 1 .6 4 1 .6 4 1 .6 6 1 .6 6 1 .6 6 1 .6 8 1 .6 9 1 .6 9 77. 40 79. 24 78. 77 78. 91 78. 96 78. 58 7 7 .9 8 7 7 .8 3 78. 44 7 7 .4 9 79. 27 42. 42 4 1 .0 42. 4 2 .6 4 1 .8 41. 4 1 .4 4 1 .5 4 1 .0 4 1 .5 1.84 1 .86 1 .8 8 1 .8 7 1 .8 8 1 .8 8 1 .8 7 1 .8 8 1 .8 9 1 .8 9 1 .9 1 73. 41 73. 7C 7 3 .3 0 7 4 .1 1 7 4 .1 1 72. 75 72. 27 72. 92 72. 90 73. 62 74. 93 42. 4 2 .6 4 1 .7 4 1 .4 4 1 .4 41. 4 0 .6 4 1 .2 40. 5 4 0 .9 4 1 .4 1. P 1. 70 1 .7 6 1. 70 1 .7 0 1. 77 1 .7 8 1 .7 7 1 .8 0 1 .8 0 1 .8 1 82. 84 84. 0 . 83. 95 84. 4C 8 5 .2 0 85. 00 82. 78 84. 42 82. 62 83. 64 84. 25 42. 43. 4 2 .4 4 2 .2 42. 4 2 .5 41. 4 2 .0 4 0 .9 4 1 .2 40. 7 Powe r and distribulion transformers S w itc h g e a r, s w itc h board, and indus trial controls Electrical welding apparatus E le c tr ic a l a p p lia n c e s I n s u la te d w ire a n d c a b le A vg. h r ly . e a rn in g s $ 1 .7 9 1 .9 1 1 .9 4 1 .9 4 ' 1 .9 5 1 .9 8 2. 00 2 .0 0 2 .0 0 1 .9 9 2. 01 2. 02 2 .0 3 2. 07 E le c tric a l e q u p m e n t fo r v e h ic es 1951: A v e r a g e _______ 1952: A v e r a g e _______ S e p t e m b e r ____ $68. 95 72. 04 7 2 .3 4 4 0 .8 4 0 .7 4 1 .1 $ 1 .6 9 1 .7 7 1 .7 6 $69. 28 72. 16 7 2 .9 3 4 2 .5 42. 2 4 2 .4 $1. 63 1.71 1 .7 2 $ 8 4 .1 8 9 1 .2 8 9 1 .4 6 4 5 .5 46. 1 4 5 .5 $ 1 .8 5 1 .9 8 2 .0 1 $ 6 7 .3 2 72. 32 73. 21 3 9 .6 40. 4 4 0 .9 $ 1 .7 0 1. 79 1 .7 9 $ 6 4 .8 7 72. 11 7 4 .6 5 4 2 .4 4 3 .7 4 4 .7 $1. 53 1. 65 1 .6 7 $69. 08 7 2 .9 8 76. 30 4 0 .4 40. 1 4 0 .8 $ 1 .7 1 1 .8 2 1 .8 7 1952: N o v e m b e r -----D e c e m b e r _____ 1953: J a n u a r y . ............ F e b r u a r y ______ M a r c h _________ A p r i l — ............. .. M a y ______ . . . J u n e ___________ J u l y -----------------A u g u s t ________ S e p t e m b e r ____ 73. 12 75. 48 7 5 .6 2 7 5 .4 8 77. 42 76. 63 77. 46 76. 45 7 5 .5 8 7 7 .1 6 77. 38 4 0 .4 4 1 .7 4 1.1 4 0 .8 4 1 .4 4 1 .2 4 1 .2 41. 1 4 0 .2 4 0 .4 4 0 .3 1.81 1.81 1 .8 4 1 .8 5 1 .8 7 1 .8 0 1 .8 8 1 .8 6 1 .8 8 1 .9 1 1 .9 2 73. 60 74. 99 73. 85 74. 34 75. 29 75. 90 7 4 .8 2 74. 46 7 5 .1 2 76. 31 7 6 .9 6 4 2 .3 43. 1 4 2 .2 4 2 .0 4 2 .3 4 2 .4 4 1 .8 4 1 .6 4 1 .5 4 1 .7 4 1 .6 1 .7 4 1. 74 1 .7 5 1 .7 7 1 .7 8 1. 79 1. 79 1. 79 1 .8 1 1 .8 3 1 .8 5 93. 32 93. 12 8 9 .0 4 87. 84 8 9 .0 4 86. 28 84. 80 83. 78 84. 82 8 8 .1 0 8 7 .9 5 4 6 .2 4 6 .1 4 4 .3 43. 7 4 4 .3 4 2 .5 4 2 .4 4 2 .1 4 2 .2 4 3 .4 4 2 .9 2. 02 2 .0 2 2. 01 2. 01 2.01 2. 03 2. 00 1 .9 9 2. 01 2 .0 3 2. 05 7 5 .3 5 75. 95 78. 73 7 8 .2 5 78. 58 77. 83 7 6 .8 9 7 4 .8 0 75. 36 75. 81 76. 99 4 1 .4 4 1 .5 4 2 .1 4 1 .4 4 1 .8 41. 4 4 0 .9 4 0 .0 4 0 .3 3 9 .9 4 0 .1 1 .8 2 1 .8 3 1 .8 7 1 .8 9 1 .8 8 1 .8 8 1 .8 8 1 .8 7 1 .8 7 1 .9 0 1 .9 2 7 6 .9 1 76. 78 75. 51 73. 70 7 3 .7 8 73. 53 7 3 .8 7 7 2 .9 3 7 0 .8 6 69. 32 7 1 .4 0 44. 2 4 4 .9 4 3 .9 43. 1 4 3 .4 4 3 .0 4 3 .2 4 2 .4 4 1 .2 4 0 .3 4 0 .8 1 .7 4 1.71 1 .7 2 1. 71 1 .7 0 1 .7 1 1.71 1 .7 2 1. 72 1 .7 2 1 .7 5 73. 26 78. 91 7 7 .1 5 7 9 .1 5 77. 93 78. 96 7 7 .1 9 7 7 .9 0 75. 20 7 6 .1 4 74. 61 3 9 .6 42. 2 4 1 .7 42. 1 4 1 .9 4 2 .0 4 1 .5 4 1 .0 4 0 .0 4 0 .5 3 9 .9 1 .8 5 1 .8 7 1 .8 5 1 88 1 .8 6 1 .8 8 1 .8 6 1 .9 0 1 .8 8 1 .8 8 1 .8 7 E le c tr ic la m p s C o m m u n ic a tio n e q u ip m e n t * Radios, phonographs, television sets, and equipm ent Telephone, telegraph, and related equip M i s c e l l a n e o u s e l e c t r i cal p r o d u c ts 3 ment Radio tubes 1951: A v e r a g e _______ 1952: A v e r a g e _______ S e p t e m b e r ____ $58. 20 58. 89 5 9 .7 4 4 0 .7 3 9 .0 3 9 .3 $1. 43 1. 51 1 .5 2 $60. 27 64. 21 65. 41 4 1 .0 4 0 .9 4 1 .4 $1. 47 1 .5 7 1 .5 8 $.58. 32 62. 12 63. 29 4 0 .5 4 0 .6 4 1 .1 $1. 44 1 .5 3 1. 54 $55. 06 57. 49 5 9 .0 2 4 1 .4 40. 2 4 0 .7 $ 1 .3 3 1 .4 3 1 .4 5 $77. 33 8 2 .0 3 82. 40 4 3 .2 4 3 .4 4 3 .6 $ 1 .7 9 1 .8 9 1 .8 9 $60. 60 6 5 .9 3 6 8 .8 1 4 0 .4 4 0 .7 4 1 .7 $ 1 .5 0 1. 62 1 .6 5 1952: N o v e m b e r ____ D e c e m b e r _____ 1953: J a n u a r y _______ F e b r u a r y ........... M a r c h _________ A p r i l ...................... M a y ___________ J u n e ............. ......... J u l y ____________ A u g u s t ________ S e p t e m b e r ____ 62. 37 63. 45 65. 99 67. 39 66. 49 66. 49 6 5 .8 5 6 3 .1 2 6 1 .7 8 63. 76 6 6 .8 3 4 0 .5 41. 2 4 1 .5 4 1 .6 4 1 .3 4 1 .3 4 0 .9 3 9 .7 3 9 .1 3 9 .6 4 0 .5 1 .5 4 1 .5 4 1 .5 9 1. 62 1 .6 1 1 .6 1 1 .61 1 .5 9 1 .5 8 1 .6 1 1. 65 65. 99 66. 72 66. 65 65. 77 66. 67 66. 18 65. 53 66. 66 6 5 .3 4 68. 06 6 8 .3 8 41. 5 41. 7 4 1 .4 4 0 .6 4 0 .9 4 0 .6 4 0 .2 4 0 .4 3 9 .6 4 1 .0 4 0 .7 1. 59 1. 60 1 .6 1 1 .6 2 1 .6 3 1 .6 3 1 .6 3 1 .6 5 1 .6 5 1 .6 6 1 .6 8 63. 71 64. 12 6 3 .9 9 63. 92 6 4 .2 4 64. 00 6 3 .3 6 64. 64 6 3 .5 0 65. 69 6 6 .1 7 4 1 .1 41. 1 4 0 .5 402 4 0 .4 4 0 .0 39 6 3 9 .9 3 9 .2 4 0 .3 4 0 .1 1. 55 1. 56 1 .5 8 1 .5 9 1 .5 9 1 .6 0 1 .6 0 1 .6 2 1 .6 2 1 .6 3 1 .6 5 6 1 .2 7 63. 33 64. 82 62. 51 63. 69 62. 67 62. 21 6 2 .7 3 62. 22 6 5 .1 0 6 4 .1 2 41. 4 4 2 .5 4 3 .8 4 1 .4 4 1 .9 4 1 .5 4 1 .2 4 1 .0 4 0 .4 4 2 .0 4 1 .1 1 .4 8 1. 49 1 .4 8 1 .5 1 1 .5 2 1. 51 1. 51 1 .5 3 1. 54 1 .5 5 1. 56! 8 3 .9 6 85. 55 8 3 .8 5 82. 26 8 2 .8 8 8 2 .2 9 82. 71 8 2 .9 1 7 7 .5 9 8 4 .1 2 84. 05 4 3 .5 44. 1 4 3 .0 4 2 .4 42. 5 4 2 .2 42. 2 4 2 .3 4 0 .2 4 2 .7 4 3 .1 1 .9 3 1 .9 4 1 .9 5 1. 94 1 .9 5 1 .9 5 1 .9 6 1 .9 6 1 .9 3 1.971 1 .9 5 6 7 .0 8 66. 42 6 7 .1 3 67. 03 6 7 .0 3 6 7 .3 0 6 7 .4 7 6 8 .0 4 67. 70 7 1 .2 1 68. 80 4 0 .9 4 0 .5 4 0 .2 3 9 .9 3 9 .9 4 0 .3 4 0 .4 4 0 .5 4 0 .3 4 1 .4 4 0 .0 1 .6 4 1 .6 4 1. 67 1 .6 8 1 .6 8 1. 67 1 .6 7 1 .6 8 1 .6 8 1 .7 2 1 72 E le c tr ic a l m a c h in e r y — C o n ti n u e d Stor ige batteries P rim ary batt eri es (dry and w °'t) T ra n s p o r ta tio n e q u ip m e n t X -ra y and non-radio electronic tvt>es T o ta l: T r a n s p o r ta tio n e q u ip m e n t A u to m o b ile s 3 M otor vehicles, bodies, parts, and accessories 1951: A v e r a g e ______ 1952: A v e r a g e _______ S e p t e m b e r ____ $66. 17 73. 16 7 9 .2 4 4 0 .1 4 1 .1 4 3 .3 $ 1 . 65 1 .7 8 1 .8 3 $53. 99 56. 66 56. 96 3 9 .7 3 9 .9 4 0 .4 $1. 36 1 .4 2 1 .4 1 $74. 58 72. 93 7 5 .1 5 4 5 .2 4 2 .9 4 2 .7 $ 1 .6 5 1 .7 0 1 .7 6 $75. 67 81. 56 8 4 .8 2 4 0 .9 41 4 4 2 .2 $ 1 .8 5 1 .9 7 2 .0 1 $75. 45 83. 03 8 8 .2 0 3 9 .5 40. 5 4 1 .8 $ 1 .9 1 2. 05 2 .1 1 $76. 04 8 3 .8 4 8 9 .0 3 3 9 .4 40. 5 4 1 .8 $ 1 .9 3 2. 07 2 .1 3 1952: N o v e m b e r ____ D e c e r n b e r _____ 1953: J a n u a r y _______ F e b r u a r y _____ M a r c h . . ............. A p r i l ___________ M a y . . .................. J u n e ___________ J u l y ____________ A u g u s t ________ S e p t e m b e r ____ 75. 71 7 3 .8 0 7 3 .3 1 7 3 .3 5 7 4 .3 0 75. 81 75. 62 78. 54 79. 76 8 2 .8 0 7 9 .1 3 4 1 .6 4 1 .0 4 0 .5 4 0 .3 4 0 .6 4 1 .2 41. 1 4 2 .0 4 2 .2 4 2 .9 4 1 .0 1 .8 2 1 .8 0 1 .8 1 1 .8 2 1 .8 3 1 .8 4 1 .8 4 1 .8 7 1 .8 9 1 .9 3 1 .9 3 5 7 .1 7 5 6 .9 1 58. 00 58. 40 5 8 .6 9 58. 80 60. 38 58. 40 5 7 .1 7 60. 94 59. 75 3 9 .7 3 9 .8 4 0 .0 4 0 .0 4 0 .2 4 0 .0 4 0 .8 4 0 .0 3 9 .7 4 0 .9 4 0 .1 1 .4 4 1. 43 1 .4 5 1. 46 1 .4 6 1 .4 7 1 .4 8 1 .4 6 1 .4 4 1 .4 9 1 .4 9 7 2 .2 4 7 4 .6 5 73. 57 73. 39 7 2 .1 4 7 1 .7 8 69. 77 6 7 .7 3 6 8 .1 1 7 1 .3 8 7 2 .4 0 4 2 .0 4 2 .9 4 1 .8 4 1 .0 4 0 .3 40. 1 40. 1 3 8 .7 3 8 .7 4 0 .1 4 0 .0 1. 72 1. 74 1 .7 6 1 .7 9 1 .7 9 1. 79 1 .7 4 1. 75 1 .7 6 1 .7 8 1 .8 1 85. 48 8 7 .1 1 8 5 .0 6 85. 69 8 5 .4 9 85. 70 84. 67 8 5 .7 0 84. 86 84. 04 8 1 .9 7 4 1 .9 4 2 .7 4 1 .9 4 1 .8 4 1 .7 4 1 .6 4 1 .3 4 1 .2 4 0 .8 4 0 .6 3 9 .6 2. 04 2. 04 2 .0 3 2 .0 5 2 .0 5 2. 06 2. 05 2 .0 8 2 .0 8 2. 07 2. 07 89. 25 9 0 .3 1 86. 94 87. 99 8 8 .2 0 8 8 .8 3 87. 15 8 9 .2 3 87. 91 8 5 .2 0 8 2 .8 2 4 1 .9 4 2 .4 4 1 .4 4 1 .7 4 1 .8 4 1 .9 4 1 .5 4 1 .5 4 0 .7 4 0 .0 3 8 .7 2 .1 3 2 .1 3 2 .1 0 2 .1 1 2 .1 1 2. 12 2. 10 2 .1 5 2 .1 6 2 .1 3 2 .1 4 90. 30 9 1 .3 8 87. 77 8 9 .0 3 89. 25 8 9 .6 7 88. 19 9 0 .0 6 88. 32 85. 60 83. 38 4 2 .0 4 2 .5 4 1 .4 4 1 .8 4 1 .9 4 1 .9 4 1 .6 4 1 .5 4 0 .7 4 0 .0 3 8 .6 2 .1 5 2 .1 5 2 .1 2 2. 13 2 .1 3 2 .1 4 2. 12 2 .1 7 2 .1 7 2 .1 4 2 .1 6 See footnotes at e n d of table. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis REVIEW, DECEMBER 1958 C: EARNINGS AND HOURS 1367 T able C -l: Hours and gross earnings of production workers or nonsupervisory employees1—Continued M a n u fa c t u r in g — C o n tin u e d T r a n s p o r ta tio n e q u ip m e n t — C o n tin u e d Trailers (truck and automobile ) Truck and bus bodies Y e a r a n d m o n th A vg. w k ly . earnIn g s A vg. w k ly . hours A vg. w k ly . earnin g s A vg. h r ly . earnin g s A vg. w k ly . hours A vg. h r ly . earnin g s A vg. w k ly . earnin g s A vg. w k ly . hours A vg. h r ly . earnin g s A ircraft engines and parts A ircraft A ir c r a ft a n d p a r t s 3 A vg. w k !y . earnin g s A vg. w k ly . hours A vg. h r ly . earn in g s A vg. w k ly . earn in g s A vg. w k ly . hours A vg. h r ly . earnin g s A ircra ft propellers and parts A vg. w k iy . earnin g s A vg. w k iy . hours A vg. h r ly . earnin g s 1 9 5 1 : A v e r a g e ________ 1 9 5 2 : A v e r a g e _______ S e p t e m b e r _____ $ 6 6 . 50 7 0 .1 8 7 6 .3 2 4 0 .8 4 0 .8 4 2 .4 $ 1 .6 3 1 .7 2 1 .8 0 $ 6 5 .1 9 7 0 .7 6 7 1 .9 8 4 1 .0 40. f 4 0 .9 $1. 59 1 .7 5 1. 7 6 $ 7 8 . 40 8 1 . 7C 8 4 .1 5 4 3 .8 43. C 4 3 .6 $ 1 .7 9 1.9C 1 .9 3 $ 7 5 . 78 79. 66 83. 22 4 3 .3 4 2 .6 4 3 .8 $ 1 .7 5 1 .8 7 1 .9 0 $ 8 5 .8 1 86. 92 8 7 .0 3 4 5 .4 43. i 4 3 .3 $ 1 .8 9 1 .9 8 2 .0 1 $ 8 9 .1 7 9 2 .2 5 9 4 . 71 4 6 .2 45. C 4 5 .1 $ 1 .9 3 2 .0 5 2 .1 0 1 9 5 2 : N o v e m b e r _____ D e c e m b e r _____ 1 9 5 3 : J a n u a r y ________ F e b r u a r y ______ M a r c h __________ A p r i l ___________ M a y ____________ J u n e _____________ J u l y _____________ A u g u st S e p t e m b e r ____ 7 1 .6 4 72. 45 7 1 .5 6 7 3 .0 3 7 5 .2 1 7 4 .8 5 72. 94 7 2 .1 8 7 3 .1 2 76. 08 7 5. 81 39 8 40 7 4 0 .2 4 0 .8 4 1 .1 4 0 .9 4 0 .3 4 0 .1 4 0 .4 4 1 .8 4 1 .2 1 .8 0 1 .7 8 1 .7 8 1 .7 9 1 .8 3 1 .8 3 1 .8 1 1 .8 0 1 .8 1 1 .8 2 1 .8 4 70. 64 74. 52 7 3 . 21 7 2 .9 0 72. 72 7 4 .9 8 73. 93 7 3 .1 6 7 1 .7 4 73. 28 71. 97 4 Ö .6 4 2 .1 40. S 4 0 .5 4 0 .4 4 1 .2 4 0 .4 4 0 .2 3 9 .2 3 9 .4 3 8 .9 1. 7 4 1. 77 1 .7 9 1 .8 0 1 .8 0 1 .8 2 1 .8 3 1 .8 2 1 .8 3 1 .8 6 1 .8 5 8 4 . 48 8 6 . 04 8 5 .7 3 8 5 .1 4 8 4 .1 8 8 3 .1 6 82. 57 8 1 .9 9 8 2 .5 9 8 3 .6 0 8 2 .6 0 4 3 .1 43 9 4 3 .3 4 3 .0 4 2 .3 4 2 .0 4 1 .7 4 1 .2 4 1 .5 4 1 .8 4 1 .3 1 .9 6 1 .9 6 1 .9 8 1 .9 8 1 .9 9 1 .9 8 1 .9 8 1 .9 9 1 .9 9 2 .0 0 2 .0 0 8 2 .6 0 8 4 .0 0 8 3 .5 0 8 2 . 91 8 2 . 17 8 2 .1 7 80. 97 8 0 .1 8 80. 57 81. 97 8 0 .1 9 4 2 .8 4 3 .3 4 2 .6 4 2 .3 4 1 .5 4 1 .5 4 1 .1 4 0 .7 4 0 .9 4 1 .4 4 0 .5 1 .9 3 1 .9 4 1 .9 6 1 .9 6 1 .9 8 1 .9 8 1 .9 7 1 .9 7 1 .9 7 1 .9 8 1 .9 8 8 8 . 94 9 2 . 16 92. 00 89. 49 8 7 .8 4 8 5 .4 0 85. 80 8 4 .8 4 86. 68 86. 07 87. 29 4 3 .6 4 5 .4 4 5 .1 4 4 .3 4 3 .7 4 2 .7 4 2 .9 4 2 .0 4 2 .7 4 2 .4 4 3 .0 2. 04 2. 03 2. 04 2 .0 2 2. 01 2. 00 2. 0 0 2 .0 2 2 .0 3 2 .0 3 2 .0 3 9 5 10 94. 02 92. 08 9 1 .0 8 8 3 .8 2 8 3 .8 4 8 3 . 43 84. 67 84. 66 86. 32 85. 69 4 5 .5 4 5 .2 4 4 .7 4 4 .0 4 1 .7 4 1 .3 4 1 .3 4 1 .1 41. 5 4 1 .7 4 1 .8 2 .0 9 2 .0 8 2 .0 6 2 .0 7 2 .0 1 2 .0 3 2. 02 2 .0 6 2 .0 4 2 .0 7 2 .0 5 Other aircraft parts and equipm ent S h ip - a n d b o a tb u ild in g a n d r e p a ir in g 3 Shipbuilding and repairing B oatbuilding and repair ing Locomotives and p a rts 1 9 5 1 : A v e r a g e ................. 1 9 5 2 : A v e r a g e ________ S e p t e m b e r _____ $ 7 8 .6 6 81 22 8 2 .0 8 4 3 .7 4 3 .2 4 3 .2 $ 1 .8 0 1 .8 8 1 .9 0 $ 6 9 . 83 7 5 .1 7 7 7 .1 6 3 9 .9 4 0 .2 4 0 .4 $ 1 . 75 1 .8 7 1 .9 1 $ 7 1 . 42 7 6 . 78 7 8 . 57 3 9 .9 40. 2 4 0 .5 $ 1 . 79 1 .9 1 1. 9 4 $60. 95 6 6 .2 3 6 9 .0 3 4 0 .1 3 9 .9 3 9 .9 $ 1 .5 2 1 .6 6 1. 7 3 $76. 48 7 7. 74 7 6 .0 2 4 0 .9 4 0 .7 3 9 .8 $ 1 .8 7 1 .9 1 1. 91 $ 8 1 .1 2 8 1 . 14 8 1 .1 4 4 1 .6 4 1 .4 4 1 .4 $ 1 .9 5 1 95 1. 9 6 1952: N o v e m b e r . . D e c e m b e r ____ 1 9 5 3 : J a n u a r y ................. F e b r u a r y _____ M a r c h . _______ A p r i l ___________ M a y _____________ J u n e ____________ J u l y _____________ A u gu st . S e p t e m b e r _____ 8 3 .3 3 8 5 .9 4 8 4 .6 3 85. 65 8 6 .2 9 8 5 .1 0 83. 30 83. 75 8 4 .3 8 83. 98 84. 00 4 3 .4 4 4 .3 4 3 .4 4 3 .7 4 3 .8 4 3 .2 4 2 .5 42 3 4 2 .4 4 2 .2 4 2 .0 1 .9 2 1 .9 4 1 .9 5 1 .9 6 1 .9 7 1 .9 7 1 .9 6 1 .9 8 1 .9 9 1 .9 9 2. 00 72. 95 77. 99 7 6 .0 3 76. 60 78. 79 8 0 .1 0 8 0 .1 9 79. 40 80. 57 80. 77 7 8 .6 9 3 7 .8 4 0 .2 3 9 .6 3 8 .3 3 9 .2 3 9 .7 3 9 .7 3 9 .5 3 9 .5 3 9 .4 3 8 .2 1 .9 3 1 .9 4 1 .9 2 2 .0 0 2 .0 1 2. 0 2 2. 02 2 .0 1 2 .0 4 2 .0 5 2 .0 6 7 3 .7 0 7 9 .6 0 77. 62 7 8 .1 1 8 0 . 73 8 1 .9 5 8 1 .7 4 8 1 .1 4 8 2 . 53 8 2 . 71 8 0 . 81 3 7 .6 4 0 .2 3 9 .6 3 8 .1 3 9 .0 3 9 .4 3 9 .3 3 9 .2 3 9 .3 3 9 .2 3 8 .3 1 .9 6 1 .9 8 1 .9 6 2 .0 5 2 .0 7 2 .0 8 2. 08 2 .0 7 2 .1 0 2 .1 1 2 .1 1 67. 47 6 9 . 77 6 8 .4 6 6 8 .1 1 6 9 .4 9 7 1 .8 6 7 2 .2 8 7 0 . 41 70. 93 70. 75 6 8 .0 6 3 9 .0 40. 1 3 9 .8 3 9 .6 4 0 .4 4 1 .3 4 1 .3 4 0 .7 4 0 .3 4 0 .2 3 7 .6 1 .7 3 1 .7 4 1 .7 2 1 .7 2 1 .7 2 1 .7 4 1 .7 5 1 .7 3 1. 7 6 1 .7 6 1 .8 1 7 6. 8 0 8 1 .1 2 7 9 .3 7 7 9 .9 8 8 1 .4 1 8 1 .6 1 7 9 . 79 8 1 .2 0 77. 99 79. 76 80. 94 4 0 .0 4 1 .6 4 0 .7 4 0 .6 4 0 .5 40. 2 3 9 .5 4 0 .0 3 8 .8 3 9 .1 3 9 .1 1 .9 2 1 .9 5 1 .9 5 1 .9 7 2 . 01 2 .0 3 2 .0 2 2 .0 3 2 .0 1 2 .0 4 2 .0 7 7 8 . 94 8 1 .0 9 7 8 .9 4 79. 56 8 4 .4 6 85. 07 80. 55 85. 06 7 8 .1 6 8 2 .3 9 8 2 .3 5 4 0 .9 4 1 .8 4 0 .9 4 0 .8 4 1 .4 4 0 .9 3 9 .1 4 0 .7 3 8 .5 3 9 .8 3 9 .4 1 .9 3 1 .9 4 1 .9 3 1 .9 5 2 .0 4 2. 0 8 2. 0 6 2 .0 9 2 .0 3 2 .0 7 2 .0 9 I n s t r u m e n ts a n d r e la te d p r o d u c ts T r a n s p o r ta tio n e q u ip m e n t -- C o n t in u e d Railroad and streetcar O th e r tr a n s p o r ta tio n e q u ip m e n t T o ta l: I n s t r u m e n ts a n d r e la te d p r o d u c ts L a b o r a to r y , sc ie n tific , a n d e n g in e e r in g in s t r u m e n ts M e c h a n ic a l m e a s u r in g a n d c o n tr o llin g in s tr u m e n ts O p t ic s 1 i n s t r u m e n t s a n d le n se s 1 9 5 1 : A v e r a g e ________ 1952: A v e r a g e ... . . . S e p t e m b e r _____ $70. 40 7 4 .0 0 6 9 .3 6 4 0 .0 4 0 .0 3 7 .9 $ 1 .7 6 1 . «5 1 .8 3 $ 6 8 .5 3 7 3 .0 2 7 3 .9 6 4 2 .3 42. 7 4 3 .0 $ 1 .6 2 1 .7 1 1. 7 2 $68. 20 7 2 . 07 7 3 .4 3 4 2 .1 4 1 .9 4 2 .2 $ 1 .6 2 1 .7 2 1 .7 4 $ 8 6 .8 5 9 3 11 9 6 .0 1 4 5 .0 45. 2 4 5 .5 $ 1 .9 3 2. 06 2 .1 1 $68. 69 7 1 .6 6 73. 79 42. 4 4 2 .4 4 2 .9 $ 1 .6 2 1 .6 9 1. 7 2 $ 7 2 . 07 7 6 . 50 7 7 .7 1 4 2 .9 42. 5 4 2 .7 $ 1 .6 8 1 .8 0 1 .8 2 1 9 5 2 : N o v e m b e r _____ D e c e m b e r _____ 74. 87 80. 93 7 9 . 98 8 0 .4 0 7 8 .4 1 7 8 . 21 79. 0 0 7 8 .0 1 7 8 .0 0 77. 39 8 0 .1 3 39 2 41. 5 4 0 .6 4 0 .4 3 9 .6 3 9 .5 3 9 .9 3 9 .4 3 9 .0 3 8 .5 3 8 .9 1 .9 1 1 .9 5 1 .9 7 1 .9 9 1 .9 8 1. 9 8 1 .9 8 1 .9 8 2 .0 0 2 .0 1 2 .0 6 80 28 7 5 .6 8 7 1 .2 3 7 2 .0 4 72. 39 7 2 .2 2 7 5 .1 7 7 5 .1 7 7 0 .3 1 7 2 .0 7 7 3 .4 2 44 6 4 3 .0 4 0 .7 4 0 .7 4 0 .9 4 0 .8 4 1 .3 4 1 .3 3 9 .5 3 9 .6 3 9 .9 1 80 1. 76 1 . 75 1 .7 7 1 .7 7 1 .7 7 1 .8 2 1 .8 2 1 .7 8 1 .8 2 1 .8 4 74 38 75. 76 73. 57 7 3 .3 9 7 3 . 74 7 2 .1 0 73. 22 7 3 .8 7 7 1 .8 6 7 3 .3 9 7 4 .3 4 4 2 .5 4 2 .8 4 1 .8 4 1 .7 4 1 .9 41. 2 4 1 .6 4 1 .5 4 0 .6 4 1 .0 4 1 .3 1. 75 1 .7 7 1 .7 6 1 .7 6 1 .7 6 1. 75 1 .7 6 1 .7 8 1 .7 7 1. 79 1 .8 0 96. 64 97. 52 9 3 .6 6 92. 82 9 2 .1 9 8 0 .5 7 8 9 .8 7 9 0 .0 9 82. 40 8 8 .6 2 9 1 .1 6 4 5 .8 4 6 .0 4 4 .6 4 4 .2 4 3 .9 3 9 .3 4 3 .0 4 2 .9 4 0 .0 4 2 .2 4 2 .8 2 .1 1 2 .1 2 2 .1 0 2 .1 0 2 .1 0 2. 0 5 2 .0 9 2 .1 0 2 .0 6 2 .1 0 2 .1 3 7 4 .7 3 76. 4 6 7 3 . 74 74. 34 7 4 .1 6 74. 05 7 3 .5 1 74. 52 7 1 .9 6 7 3 .6 7 7 5 .4 4 4 2 .7 4 3 .2 4 1 .9 4 2 .0 4 1 .9 4 1 .6 4 1 .3 4 1 .4 4 0 .2 4 0 .7 4 1 .0 1 .7 5 1 .7 7 1 .7 6 1 .7 7 1 .7 7 1 .7 8 1 .7 8 1 .8 0 1 .7 9 1 .8 1 1 .8 1 80. 22 81. 72 8 0 .2 9 80. 29 8 0 . 11 8 1 .4 7 8 1 .2 2 7 9 .9 8 78. 26 7 8 .0 2 7 7 .0 4 4 3 .6 4 3 .7 4 3 .4 4 3 .4 4 3 .3 4 3 .8 4 3 .9 4 3 .0 4 2 .3 4 2 .4 4 2 .1 1 .8 4 1 .8 7 1 .8 5 1 .8 5 1 .8 5 1 .8 6 1 .8 5 1 .8 6 1 .8 5 1. 8 4 1 .8 3 19S3; J a n u a r y F e b r u a r y ______ M a r c h . _______ A p r i l ____________ M a y . . ________ J u n e _____________ J u l y _____________ A u g u s t _________ S e p t e m b e r _____ M is c e lla n e o u s m a n u fa c t u r in g in d u s t r ie s I n s t r u m e n ts a n d r e la te d p r o d u c ts — C o n tin u e d S u r g ic a l, m e d ic a l, a n d d e n ta l in str u m e n ts O p h th a lm ic g o o d s 1 9 5 1 : A v e r a g e ________ 1 9 5 2 : A v e r a g e ________ S e p t e m b e r _____ $60. 86 64. 68 66. 30 4L 4 41 2 4 1 .7 $ 1 .4 7 1 .5 7 1 .5 9 $55. 49 5 6 .6 3 5 7 .6 3 1 9 5 2 : N o v e m b e r _____ D e c e m b e r _____ 1 9 5 3 : J a n u a r y ------------F e b r u a r y _______ M arch ____ A p r i l ____________ M a y _____________ June _______ J u l y _____________ A u g u s t _________ S e p t e m b e r _____ 66. 08 6 6 . 56 66. 56 6 6 .3 3 67. 72 66. 98 66. 24 66. 74 67. 65 67 90 6 7 .7 3 41 3 4 1 .6 4 1 .6 41. 2 41. 8 4 1 .6 4 1 .4 4 1 .2 4 1 .5 4 1 .4 4 1 .3 1 .6 0 1 .6 0 1 .6 0 1 .6 1 1 .6 2 1. 61 1 .6 0 1 .6 2 1 .6 3 1 .6 4 1 .6 4 5 9 .1 8 59. 74 5 8 .3 2 5 7 .8 9 5 8 .1 8 5 8 .1 8 58. 44 5 8 .6 9 57. 67 5 7 .1 3 5 8. 5 5 S e e fo o tn o te s a t e n d o f ta b le . https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 4 0 .8 3 9 .6 4 0 .3 4 1 .1 4 1 .2 4 0 .5 4 0 .2 4 0 .4 4 0 .4 4 0 .3 4 0 .2 39. 5 3 9 .4 4 0 .1 P h o to g r a p h ic a p p a r a tu s W a t c h e s a n d c lo c k s T o t a l: M is c e lla n e o u s m a n u fa c t u r in g i n d u s tr ie s $ 1 .3 6 1 .4 3 1 .4 3 $ 7 3 .0 8 7 6 . 73 76. 78 4 2 .0 4 1 .7 4 1 .5 $ 1 .7 4 1 .8 4 1 .8 5 $59. 57 60. 55 6 2 .0 2 4 0 .8 40 1 4 0 .8 $1. 46 1. 51 1. 5 2 $57. 67 6 1 .5 0 62. 82 4 0 .9 4 1 .0 4 1 .6 1 .4 4 1 .4 5 1 .4 4 1 .4 4 1 .4 4 1. 4 4 1 .4 5 1 .4 6 1 .4 6 1 .4 5 1 .4 6 7 9 .2 9 80. 09 7 5 .3 3 7 4 . 59 7 6 .1 1 7 6 .4 8 7 6 .5 2 7 6 .3 0 7 5 .3 6 7 7 .3 0 78. 72 4 2 .4 4 2 .6 4 0 .5 4 0 .1 4 0 .7 4 0 .9 4 0 .7 4 0 .8 4 0 .3 4 0 .9 4 1 .0 1 .8 7 1 .8 8 1 .8 6 1 .8 6 1 .8 7 1. 8 7 1 .8 8 1 .8 7 1 .8 7 1 .8 9 1 .9 2 6 2 . 73 6 3 .8 6 6 5 .1 6 6 6 .1 4 6 7 .1 0 66. 78 67. 20 6 7 . 78 6 6 .9 8 67. 24 66. 99 4 1 .0 4 1 .2 4 1 .5 4 1 .6 4 2 .2 4 2 .0 4 2 .0 4 2 .1 4 1 .6 4 1 .0 4 1 .1 1 .5 3 1 .5 5 1 .5 7 1 .5 9 1 .5 9 1. 59 1 .6 0 1 .6 1 1. 61 1 .6 4 1 .6 3 64 26 6 5 . 57 6 4 .1 7 6 4 .1 2 6 4 . 74 6 4 .4 3 6 4 .2 1 6 3 .8 0 6 2 .3 3 6 3 .1 1 62. 73 4 2 .0 4 2 .3 4 1 .4 41. 1 4 1 .5 4 1 .3 4 0 .9 4 0 .9 3 9 .7 4 0 .2 3 9 .7 $ 1 .4 1 1. 5 0 1. 51 1 .5 3 1. 5 5 1. 55 1. 56 1 .5 6 1 .5 6 1. 57 1 .5 6 1 .5 7 1. 57 1. 58' J e w e lr y , s ilv e r w a r e , a n d d a te d w a re 3 $ 6 1 .3 0 65. 99 6 8 . 57 4 1 .7 4 2 .3 4 3 .4 $ 1 .4 7 1. 56 1 .5 8 7 1 .8 4 7 2 .3 2 6 8 .4 1 68. 48 6 9 .2 8 68. 59 6 8 .2 0 67. 36 65. 28 67. 48 6 8 . 81 4 4 .9 45. 2 4 3 .3 4 2 .8 4 3 .3 4 2 .6 4 2 .1 4 2 .1 4 0 .8 4 1 .4 4 1 .7 1 .6 0 1 .6 0 1. 68 1 .6 0 1 .6 0 1 .6 1 1 .6 2 1 .6 0 1 .6 0 1 .6 3 1 .6 5 G: EARNINGS AND HOURS 1368 TABLE M ONTHLY LABOR C -l: Hours and gross earnings of production workers or nonsupervisory employees1—Continued M anufacturing—C ontlnued Miscellaneous manufacturing industries—Continued Year and month Jew elry and findings Avg. Avg. wkly. wkly. earn hours ings 1951: Average_____ $58.38 1952: Average......... - 63.33 September___ 65.69 41.7 42.5 43.5 1952: November___ December___ 1953: January_____ February____ M arch______ April................ M ay________ June________ July________ August______ September___ 44.6 45.2 43.9 42.8 43.2 42.1 41.5 41.7 40.2 40.5 40.5 67.79 68. 70 66.73 65. 91 66.10 64. 41 63. 91 63. 38 60. 70 62.78 63.18 Silverware and plated ware Avg. Avg. Avg. hrly. wkly. earn earn wkly. ings ings hours $1.40 $65. 73 1.49 70.98 1.51 74.74 1. 52 1.52 1.52 1.54 1.53 1.53 1.54 1.52 1. 51 1.55 1.56 80. 08 79.28 71.74 73. 44 75. 69 76.13 76.03 74. 73 73. 50 75.68 78. 40 Musical instruments and parts Avg. Avg. Avg. hrly. wkly. earn earn wkly. ings ings hours 41.6 42.0 43.2 $1.58 $63. 65 1.69 68.64 1.73 70. 47 40.8 41.1 41.7 45.5 1.76 72. 58 42.2 45.3 1.75 72. 93 42.4 42.2 41.2 1.70 71.28 42.7 1.72 72.21 41.5 43.5 1.74 72. 73 41.8 43.5 1.75 72.28 41.3 43.2 1. 76 70.88 40.5 42.7 1.75 70. 35 40.2 42.0 1.75 68.78 39.3 43.0 1. 76 70. 80 40.0 43.8 1.79 70. 67 39.7 Manufacturing—Continued Toys and sporting goods 3 Avg. Avg. Avg. hrly. wkly. earn earn wkly. ings ings hours $1.56 $53. 60 1.67 58. 73 1. 69 60.15 1. 72 1.72 1.73 1.74 1.74 1.75 1.75 1.75 1.75 1.77 1.78 61.27 62. 06 60.15 61.00 62.06 61.05 60. 90 60. 60 58. 20 59.40 58.74 Avg. Avg. Avg. hrly. wkly. earn earn wkly. ings ings hours $1.35 $53. 72 1.45 58.84 1.46 60.15 39.7 40. 5 41.2 41.4 41.1 40.1 40.4 41.1 40.7 40.6 40.4 38.8 39.6 38.9 1.48 1.51 1.50 1.51 1.51 1.50 1. 50 1.50 1.50 1. 50 1.51 1951: Average_____ $54.91 1952: Average_____ 57. 26 September___ 59. 08 41.6 40.9 41.9 1952: November___ 58. 79 December___ 59. 76 1953: January_____ 57. 86 February --_ _ 57. 57 M arch_____ 58. 29 A pril-............. 59. 02 M ay________ 59.13 June________ 59.86 July------------- 57.38 August— 58. 29 September___ 58.95 41.4 41.5 39.9 39.7 40.2 40.7 40.5 41.0 39.3 40.2 40.1 Costume jewelry, buttons, notions $1.32 $53. 73 1.40 55.74 1.41 56. 71 1.42 1.44 1.45 1.45 1.45 1.45 1.46 1.46 1.46 1.45 1.47 59.74 59. 47 60.30 60. 01 61.01 61.01 60. 38 59.83 55.39 55. 97 56. 68 40.1 40.1 40.8 41.2 41.3 41.3 41.1 41.5 41.5 40.8 40.7 38.2 38.6 38.3 Fabricated plastic products $1.34 $60. 59 1.39 64. 79 1.39 65.88 1.45 1.44 1.46 1.46 1.47 1.47 1.48 1. 47 1.45 1.45 1.48 67. 62 68. 96 70. 09 69. 21 69. 28 68. 79 68.88 67.16 66.91 67. 48 66. 99 41. 5 41.8 42.5 42.8 43.1 43.0 42.2 42.5 42.2 42.0 41.2 41.3 41.4 40.6 Other manufacturing industries $1.46 $59.18 1.55 62. 02 1. 55 62.73 1.58 1.60 1.63 1.64 1.63 1.63 1.64 1.63 1.62 1.63 1.65 61.27 61.41 59.04 60. 04 61.81 61.56 61.41 60. 70 57. 45 58. 95 59. 43 1951: Average1952: Average. 1952: November__ December___ 1953: January____ February___ March_____ April_______ M ay_______ June_______ July_______ August.......... $58. 26 61.22 62.79 39.1 38.5 39.0 37.7 37.0 37.7 $1.31 $81.32 1.39 86. 51 1.42 88.83 64. 57 38.9 1.66 55.35 37.4 1.48 63.63 38.8 1.64 52. 26 36.8 1.42 63. 69 38.6 1.65 52.56 36.5 1.44 63. 58 38.3 1.66 53. 07 36.6 1.45 63.03 38.2 1.65 52. 20 36.5 1.43 63. 2C 38.3 1.65 52. 20 36.5 1.43 64.63 38.7 1.67 54.68 37.2 1. 47 65.13 39.0 1.67 54.09 37.3 1.45 64.35 39.0 1.65 54. 38 37.5 1.45 64.08 38.6 1.66 53. 57 37.2 1.44 68.16 39. 4 1.73 59. 75 38.3 1.56 Transportation and public utilities— Continued 90.31 92. 2Í 92.02 89. 25 88.82 89. 67 90. 95 93. 53 90.95 91.15 93.94 64. 06 65. 68 64. 37 63. 90 64. 37 64.62 64. 24 64. 71 64.24 64.88 63.92 41.1 40.8 41.0 $1.44 $70. 93 1. 52 74.30 1.53 76. 26 41.6 42.1 41.0 40.7 41.0 40.9 40.4 40.7 39.9 40.3 39.7 1.54 1.56 1.57 1.57 1.57 1.58 1.59 1.59 1.61 1.61 1.61 41.4 40.4 39.1 39. 5 40.4 40.5 40.4 40.2 38.3 39.3 39.1 74.29 76. 30 74.61 76. 95 75. 30 76.82 74.43 77. 75 7S.31 75. 36 41.0 40.6 41.0 39.1 40.8 39.9 40.5 40.7 41.3 39.8 41.8 42.1 40.3 42.8 42.2 42.5 42.6 43.1 43.0 41.9 41.9 42.1 42.5 43.3 42.3 42.2 42.7 $1.90 $68.24 2.05 72.48 2.09 74. 55 2.12 2.14 2.14 2.13 2.12 2.13 2.14 2.16 2.15 2.16 2. 20 73.74 74.1C 73.63 73. 46 73.63 73.63 75. 90 75. 60 74. 76 74. 76 77. 46 44.6 43.4 42.6 41.9 42.1 41.6 41.5 41.6 41.6 42.4 42.0 42.0 42.0 42.1 $1.53 $71. 65 1.67 75.12 1. 75 76.13 1.76 1.76 1.77 1.77 1.77 1.77 1.79 1.80 1. 78 1. 78 1.84 78. 77 78. 21 78.40 77. 46 77. 87 78.50 79.52 80. 22 81.32 80.93 82. 35 41.9 41.5 41.6 41.9 41.6 41.7 41.2 41.2 41.1 41.2 41.5 41.7 41.5 41.8 Wholesale trade Retail trade (except eating and drink ing places) $1.65 $72. 49 1.73 75. 89 1.75 76. 73 41.9 41.7 41.7 $1.73 $64.31 1.82 67. 80 1.84 68.38 40.7 40. 6 40.7 $1.58 $50. 65 1.67 52.67 1.68 53.20 40.2 39.9 39.7 $1.26 $37. 75 1.32 38.41 1.34 38.12 36.3 35.9 35.3 1952: November___ December___ 1953: January. February........ 42.1 41. 6 41.4 41.0 41.0 41. 0 40.9 40.9 41.2 41. 2 41. 6 1.80 1.79 1.80 1.81 1.81 1.84 1. 84 1.83 1.86 1.86 1.88 41.9 41.9 42.3 41.5 41.4 41.4 41.5 41.7 41.8 41.8 42. 0| 1.89 69.19 1.89 69.53 1.90 69. 08 1.90 69. 66 1.92 69. 89 1.94 70.12 1.95 70.93 1.97 71.10 1.98 72.09 1.98 72. 45 2. 00 72. 27 40.7 40.9 40.4 40. 5 40.4 40.3 40.3 40.4 40.5 40.7 40.6 1.70 1. 70 1.71 1. 72 1.73 1.74 1.76 1.76 1.78 1.78 1.78 52. 65 52. 54 53.45 53.70 53.70 53.96 54. 21 55.16 56. 26 56. 40 55. 66 39.0 39.8 39.3 39.2 39.2 39.1 39.0 39.4 39.9 40.0 39.2 1.35 37.15 1.32 38.48 1.36 38. 85 1.37 38.17 1.37 37.82 1.38 37.93 1.39 38.52 1.40 39.65 1.41 40. 54 1.41 39.85 1.42 39.31 34.4 37.0 35.0 34.7 34.7 34.8 34.7 35.4 36.2 35.9 35.1 M a r c h ................. M a y __________ June.............. July________ August______ September___ See footnotes at end of table. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 41.3 42.1 41.4 41.6 42.0 41.1 40.9 40.7 39.6 40.0 38.6 1.48 1.50 1.49 1.49 1.49 1.48 1.48 1.48 1.49 1.49 1.50 Local railways and buslines • $1.73 $72. 23 1.83 76.56 1.86 77.74 1.90 1.87 1.87 1.90 1.85 1.86 1.87 1.86 1.86 1.87 77. 81 78. 66 76. 01 76. 61 76.78 77. 92 79. 06 78.89 78. 93 78. 40 78. 23 46.3 46.4 46.0 $1.56 1.65 1.69 45. 5 46.0 44. 5 44.8 44.9 45.3 45.7 45.6 45.1 44.8 44.2 1.71 1.71 1.71 1.71 1.71 1.72 1. 73 1.73 1.75 1. 75 1.77 Electric light and power utilities $1.71 $72. 91 1.81 76.18 1.83 77. 61 1.88 1.88 1.88 1.88 1.89 1.91 1.93 1.93 1.95 1.95 1.97 80.45 78. 88 79.27 78.50 78. 91 79.13 80.15 81.54 82.35 82.17 83. 60 41.9 41.4 41.5 $1.74 1.84 1.87 41. 9 41.3 41. 5 41.1 41.1 41.0 41.1 41.6 41.8 41.5 41.8 1.92 1.91 1.91 1.91 1.92 1.93 1.95 1.96 1.97 1.98 2.60 ent stores and Genera] merchandise D epartm general mail-order stores 3 houses 41.8 41. 5 41.6 April________ 61.12 63.15 61.69 61.98 62. 58 60.83 60. 53 60. 24 59. 00 59. 60 57. 90 $1.34 1.44 1.46 Retail trade Electric light and gas utilities combined 79.19 79.19 80.37 78. 85 79. 49 80.32 80.93 82.15 82.76 82. 76 84. 00 1.48 1.52 1.51 1.52 1.53 1.52 1. 52 1.51 1.50 1.50 1.52 39.8 40.9 41.3 Wholesale and retail trade 1951: Average$68. 97 1952: Average. 71.80 September___ 72.80 75. 78 74.46 74. 52 74. 21 74.21 75.44 75. 26 74.85 76.63 76.63 78. 211 $1.36 $53. 33 1.46 58. 90 1.46 60.30 Total: Gas and elec tric utilities Telegraph 3 Other public utilities—Continued Gas utilities 39. 5 40.3 41.2 Avg. hrly. earn ings Other public utilities Line construction. Switchboard operat installation, and ing employees 7 maintenance employees 8 $1.49 $49.39 1.59 51.43 1.61 53. 53 Avg. Avg. Avg. hrly. wkly. earn earn wkly. ings ings hours Class I railroads « Communication Telephone Sporting and athletic goods Transportation and public utilities Miscellaneous manufacturing industries—Continued Pens, pencils, and other office supplies Games, toys, dolls, and children’s vehicles $1.04 $44.23 1.07 44. 77 1.08 44.90 1.08 1.04 1. 11 1.10 1.09 1.09 1.11 1.12 1.12 1.11 1.12 43.19 45. 90 44.50 43. 77 43.67 43.79 44.38 45. 59 45. 86 45.36 45.23 37.8 37.0 36.5 $1.17 1.21 1.23 35.4 38.9 35, 6 35.3 35.5 35.6 35.5 35.9 36.4 36.0 35.9 1.22 1.18 1.25 1.24 1.23 1.23 1.25 1.27 1.26 1.26 1.26 REVIEW, DECEMBER 1953 1369 C: EARNINGS AND HOURS T able C -l: Hours and gross earnings of production workers or nonsupervisory employees1 Continued Wholesale and retail trade—Continued Other re tail trade Retail trade—Continued Year and month Food and liquor stores Automotive and acces sories dealers Lumbe r and ha rdwaresu pply stoi*es Furniture and appliance stört s Apparel and accessories stores Avg. hrly. earn ings Avg. wkly. earn ings Avg. wkly. hours Avg. hrly. earn ings Avg. wkly. earn ings Avg. wkly. hours Avg. hrly. earn ings Avg. wkly. earn ings Avg. wkly. hours Avg. hrly. earn ings Avg. wkly. earn ings Avg. wkly. hours Avg. hrly. earn ings Avg. wkly. earn ings Avg. wkly. hours 1951: Average—............ 1952: Average.,............ September......... . $54.54 56.52 56. 52 40.1 39.8 39.8 $1.36 1.42 1.42 $66.28 69.61 70. 51 45.4 45.2 45.2 $1.46 1.54 1. 56 $42. 24 43. 68 43. 55 36.1 35.8 35.7 $1.17 1.22 1.22 $59.48 61.06 61.20 43.1 42.7 42.5 $1.38 1.43 1.44 $58.86 61.19 62.49 43.6 43.4 43.7 $1.35 1.41 1.43 1952: Novem ber......... . December_____ 1953: January............ . February______ M a rc h ,......... . April.................. M ay.................... Ju n e________ _ J u ly ................... August________ September_____ 56.99 57.13 57. 62 57.48 57. 57 57.81 57. 66 58. 95 60.25 60.10 60. 21 39.3 39.4 39.2 39.1 38.9 38.8 38.7 39.3 39.9 39.8 39.1 1.45 1.45 1.47 1.47 1. 48 1. 49 1.49 1.50 1.51 1.51 1.54 71.26 71.28 71.12 71.55 72. 90 74. 09 74. 70 74.98 74. 98 74.98 73.26 45.1 45.4 45.3 45.0 45.0 44.9 45.0 44.9 44.9 44.9 44.4 1.58 1.57 1.57 1.59 1.62 1.65 1. 66 1.67 1.67 1.67 1.65 43.65 45.49 44. 73 43.65 43. 30 43. 75 44. 58 45. 09 45.61 45.01 44.93 35.2 36.1 35.5 35.2 35.2 35.0 35.1 35.5 36.2 36.3 35.1 1.24 1.26 1.26 1.24 1. 23 1. 25 1.27 1.27 1.26 1.24 1.28 62.46 65.66 60. 76 60.06 60.48 60. 90 61.03 61.89 62.31 62.60 61.89 42.2 43.2 41.9 42.0 42.0 42.0 41.8 42.1 42.1 42.3 42.1 1.48 1.52 1.45 1.43 1. 44 1.45 1.46 1. 47 1.48 1.48 1.47 61.78 61.92 61.06 61.92 62.49 62.78 64.37 64. 67 65.10 65. 97 65.36 42.9 43.3 42. 7 42.7 42.8 43.0 43.2 43.4 43.4 43.4 43.0 1.44 1.43 1.43 1.45 1. 46 1.46 1.49 1.49 1.50 1.52 1.52 Service and miscellaneous Finance, insurance, and real estate10 Personal services Banks and Security trust com dealers and exchanges panies Avg. wkly. earnings Avg. wkly. earnings Insurance carriers Avg. wkly. earnings Hotels, year-round 11 Cleaning and d yeing plants Laundries Avg. wkly. earn ings Avg. wkly. hours Avg. hrly. earn ings Avg. wkly. earn ings Avg. wkly. hours Avg. hrly. earn ings Avg. wkly. earn ings Avg. wkly. hours Avg. hrly. earn ings Motionpicture pro duction and distribu tion 10 Avg. wkly. earnings 1951: A verage... 1952: Average.-. September. $50.32 52. 50 52.41 $83.68 81.07 77.78 $61.31 63.38 63.25 $35. 42 37.06 36.89 43.2 42.6 42.4 $0.82 .87 .87 $37.81 38.63 38. 95 41.1 41.1 41.0 $0.92 .94 .95 $43.99 45.10 46.07 41.5 41.0 41.5 $1.06 1.10 1.11 $83.95 90.49 90.19 1952: November. December . 1953: January__ February.. March___ April......... M ay.......... Ju n e_____ July-------August__ September. 53.42 53.56 54. 29 54.61 54. 40 54. 47 54. 65 54. 28 54.90 54.68 54.53 80.10 83. 27 84.06 83. 21 64.06 65.34 65. 75 66.23 66.32 66. 55 60. 52 67. 20 68.73 67.86 67.06 37 22 37 75 37 31 37 fi/5 37 47 37 83 37 89 38 22 38 40 38 52 38.58 42.3 42.9 42. 4 42.3 42.1 42. 5 42.1 42.0 42.2 42.8 42.4 .88 .88 .88 .89 .89 .89 .90 .91 .91 .90 .91 38.88 39. 55 39.36 38.88 39. 38 39. 58 40. 67 40.08 39.30 39.10 39.90 40.5 41.2 41.0 40.5 40.6 40.8 41.5 40.9 40.1 39.9 40.3 .96 .96 .96 .96 .97 .97 .98 .98 .98 .98 .99 44.96 45.92 45.02 43.73 45. 02 45.36 48.19 47.08 44.69 44.46 46.63 40.5 41.0 40.2 39.4 40.2 40.5 41.9 41.3 39.2 39.0 40.2 1.11 1.12 1.12 1.11 1. 12 1.12 1.15 1.14 1.14 1.14 1.16 88.85 90.20 87. 44 90. 76 90. 98 89. 64 84. 51 91. 46 90.98 90. 97 95.61 86.01 86. 78 84. 48 82. 55 81.72 78. 71 79.81 i Data are based upon reports from cooperating establishments covering both full- and part-time employees who worked during, or received pay for, any part of the pay period ending nearest the 15th of the month. For min ing, manufacturing, laundries, and cleaning and dyeing plants, data refer to production and related workers only. For the remaining industries, unless otherwise noted, data relate to nonsupervisory employees and working super visors. Data for the th r ee current months are subject to revision without notation; revised figures for earlier months will be identified by asterisks the first month they are published. >Italicized titles which follow are components of this industry. 8 See footnote 2, table A-2. 4 See footnote 3, table A-2. » Figures for class I railroads (excluding switching and terminal companies) are based upon monthly data summarized in the M-300 report by the Inter state Commerce Commission and relate to all employees who received pay during the month, except executives, officials, and staff assistants (ICO Group I). • Data include privately and government operated local railways and buslines. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis i Data relate to employees in such occupations in the telephone industry as switchboard operators, service assistants, operating-room instructors, and pay-station attendants. During 1952 such employees made up 47 percent of the total number of nonsupervisory employees in telephone establishments reporting hours and earnings data. 8Data relate to employees in such occupations in the telephofte industry as central office craftsmen; installation and exchange repair craftsmen; line, cable, and conduit craftsmen; and laborers. During 1952 such employees made up 23 percent of the total number cf nonsupervisory employees in telephone establishments reporting hours and earnings data. « Beginning with 1952, data relate to domestic employees, except messen gers, and those compensated entirely on a commission basis and are not strictly comparable with figures shown for 1951. , . 10 Data on average weekly hours and average hourly earnings are not avail- ^i^M oney payments only; additional value of board, room, uniforms, and tips, not included. See N ote on p. 1337 1370 C: EARNINGS AND HOURS MONTHLY LABOR T able C -2 : Gross average weekly earnings of production w orkers in selected industries, in c u rren t and 1947-49 dollars 1 M a n u f tic tu r ln g B it u m ic o u s coal m ir tin g M a n u f a c t u r i n g B i t u m i n o u s co al m i n in g L a u n d r ie s Y e a r a n d m o n th C u rre n t d o lla r s 1939: 1941: 1946: 1948: 1949: 1950: 1951: 1952: A v e r a g e ____ ______ A v e r a g e ____________ A v e r a g e ......................._ A v e r a g e ___________ A v e r a g e — .................. A v e r a g e ____________ A v e r a g e ____________ A v e r a g e ____________ $23. 86 29. 58 43. 82 54.14 54. 92 59.33 64. 71 67.97 1947-49 C u r r e n t 1947-49 C u r r e n t d o lla rs d o lla r s d o lla rs d o lla r s $40.17 47.03 52. 54 52. 67 53. 95 57. 71 58.30 59.89 $23. 88 30.8 6 58.03 72.12 63. 28 70. 35 77. 79 78.32 $40. 20 49. 06 69. 58 70.16 62.1 6 68. 43 70.08 69.0 0 $17.64 18. 69 30.2 0 34.2 3 34. 98 35.4 7 37. 81 38.63 1947-49 d o lla r s $29.70 29. 71 36. 21 33.3 0 34.36 34. 50 34.06 34.04 • These series indicate changes in the level of average weekly earnings prior to and after adjustment for changes in purchasing power as determined from the Bureau's Consumer Price Index, the years 1947-49 having been selected for the base period. T able C u rre n t d o lla r s 1947-49 C u r r e n t d o lla r s d o lla r s 1947-49 C u r r e n t 1947-49 d o lla r s d o lla r s d o lla rs 1952: S e p te m b e r _________ O c to b e r _______ . . . N o v e m b e r _________ D e c e m b e r _________ $69. 63 70. 38 70.28 72.14 $61.03 61.63 61.49 63.23 $87.91 75. 58 86. 27 91.7 3 $ 7 7.05 66.18 75.48 80.39 $38.95 38.8 6 38. 88 39. 55 $34.14 34. 03 34.02 34.66 1953: J a n u a r y ______ _____ F e b r u a r y __________ M a r c h _____________ A p r i l __________ . M a y ______________ J u n e ___________ J u l y ________________ A u g u s t 5__________ S e p te m b e r 2________ 71.34 71.17 71.93 71. 40 71.63 71.63 71.33 71. 51 71.02 62. 63 62. 76 63. 32 62. 80 62 .8 3 62. 56 62.1 9 62.1 8 61. 65 87. 79 81.42 81. 76 79. 61 84. 97 91.25 84. 97 94. 37 8 6 .8 0 77.08 71.80 71.97 70. 02 74. 54 79.69 74.08 8 2 .0 6 75. 35 39 .3 6 38. 88 39. 38 39.58 40. 67 40. 28 39.3 0 39.10 39. 90 34.56 34. 29 34. 67 34. 81 35.68 35.18 34. 26 3 4 .00 34. 64 j Preliminary, See N ote on p. 1337. C-3: Gross and net spendable average weekly earnings of production workers in manufacturing industries, in current and 1947-49 dollars 1 Gross average weekly earn ings Period Net spendable average weekly earnings Worker with no dependents Worker with 3 dependents Index Cur Cur Amount (1947-49 rent 1947-49 rent = 100) dollars dollars dollars 1941: January_________ $26.64 1945: January_______ 47. 50 July------------------- 45. 45 1946: Ju n e____________ 43.31 1939: 1940: 1941: 1942: 1943: 1944; 1945: 1946: 1947: 1948: 1949: 1950: 1951: 1952: L a u n d r ie s Y e ar a n d m o n th Average________ Average______ . A verage.______ Average.................. Average________ Average_______ Average..... ........... Average_________ Average.................. Average_________ Average................... Average................... Average............ ...... Average_________ 23. 86 25. 20 29.58 36. 65 43.14 46. 08 44. 39 43.82 49. 97 54.14 54. 92 59. 33 64.71 67. 97 Period 50.3 89.7 85.8 81.8 $25. 41 39. 40 37.80 37.30 $42.14 51. 77 48. 77 46. 74 $26. 37 45.17 43. 57 42. 78 $43. 73 59.36 56. 22 53. 61 45.1 47.6 55.9 69.2 81.5 87.0 83.8 82.8 94. 4 102.2 103.7 112.0 122.2 128.4 23. 58 24. 69 28.05 31. 77 36. 01 38. 29 36 97 37. 72 42. 76 47. 43 48.09 51.09 54.04 55.66 39. 70 41.22 44. 59 45. 58 48. 66 50. 92 48.08 45. 23 44. 77 46.14 47. 24 49. 70 48.68 49.04 23. 62 24. 95 29.28 36. 28 41.39 44. 06 42. 74 43. 20 48. 24 53.17 53.83 57.21 61.28 63.62 39. 76 41. 65 46. 55 52.05 55.93 58. 59 55.58 51.80 50. 51 51. 72 52.88 55. 65 55.21 56.05 Net spendable average weekly earnings W orker with no dependents Worker with 3 dependents Index Cur Cur Amount (1947-49 rent 1947-49 rent 1947-49 = 100) dollars dollars dollars dollars 1947-49 dollars 1 Net spendable average weekly earnings are obtained by deducting from gross average weekly earnings, social security and income taxes for which the specified type of worker is liable. The amount of income tax liability de pends, of course, on the number of dependents supported by the worker as well as on the level of his gross income. Net spendable earnings have, there fore, been computed for 2 types of income-receivers: (1) A worker with no dependents; (2) a worker with 3 dependents. See footnote 1, table C-2. The computation of net spendable earnings for both the worker with no dependents and the worker with 3 dependents are based upon the gross aver- https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Gross average weekly earn ings September_______ $69. 63 October........ ........ 70.38 November_______ 70. 28 December________ 72.14 131.5 132.9 132.7 136.2 $56. 93 57. 52 57. 44 58.89 $49. 89 50. 37 50. 25 51.61 $64. 93 65.53 65. 45 66.94 $56.91 57. 38 57. 26 58.67 January_________ February____ ____ March___ _______ A pril________ ... M a y __________ June---------------July_____________ A ugust2______ September2______ 134.7 134.4 135.8 134.8 135.3 135.3 134.7 135.1 134.1 58.27 58.13 58. 72 58.31 58. 49 58.49 58. 26 58.40 58.02 51.16 51.26 51.69 51.28 51.31 51.08 50. 79 50. 78 50.36 66.30 66.16 66. 77 66. 34 66. 53 66.53 66. 29 66.43 66.04 58.21 58. 34 58. 78 58.35 58. 36 58.10 57. 79 57. 77 57.33 71.34 71.17 71.93 71.40 71.63 71.63 71.33 71. 51 71.02 age weekly earnings for all production workers in manufacturing industries without direct regard to marital status and family composition. The pri mary value of the spendable series is that of measuring relative changes in disposable earnings for 2 types of income-receivers. 2 Preliminary. See N ote on p. 1337. REVIEW, DECEMBER 1953 C: EARNINGS AND HOURS 1371 T able C -4 : A verage hourly earnings, gross and excluding overtim e, of production w orkers in m anufacturing industries 1 Manufacturing Excluding overtime Period Gross amount 1941: Average____ 1942: Average____ 1943: Average____ 1944: Average____ 1945: Average........ 1946: Average____ 1947: Average........ 1948: Average____ 1949: Average........ 1950: Average........ 1951: Average____ 1952: Average........ Durable goods Index Amount (1947— 49 = 100) $0. 729 .853 .961 1.019 1.023 1.086 1. 237 1.350 1.401 1. 465 1.59 1.67 $0. 702 .805 .894 .947 ». 963 1.051 1.198 1.310 1.367 1.415 1.53 1.61 Gross Nondurable goods Ex clud ing Gross over time 54.5 $0.808 $0. 770 62.5 .947 .881 69.4 1.059 .976 73.5 1.117 1.029 »74.8 1.111 »1.042 81.6 1.156 1.122 93.0 1.292 1.250 101.7 1.410 1.366 106.1 1.469 1.434 109.9 1.537 1.480 118.8 1.67 1.60 125.0 1.76 1.69 $0. 640 .723 .803 .861 .904 1.015 1.171 1.278 1.325 1.378 1.48 1.54 Durable goods Excluding overtime Ex clud ing over time Period $0.625 .698 .763 .814 ». 858 .981 1.133 1.241 1.292 1.337 1.43 1.49 1952: Septem ber... October____ Novem ber... D ecem ber... $1.69 1.70 1.71 1.73 $1.63 1.63 1.65 1.65 1953: January___ February__ March........ April______ M ay______ June........ . July............. August»___ September 3.. 1.74 1. 74 1.75 1.75 1.76 1.76 1. 77 1.77 1.78 1.67 1.68 1.68 1.69 1.69 1.70 1.71 1.71 1. 73 1 Overtime is defined as work in excess of 40 hours per week and paid for at time and one-half. The computation of average hourly earnings excluding overtime makes no allowance for special rates of pay for work done on holidays. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Manufacturing Gross amount Nondurable goods Ex clud ing over time Gross Ex clud ing Gross over time 126.6 126. 6 128.1 128.1 $1.80 1.81 1.82 1.83 $1.73 1.73 1.74 1.75 $1.54 1. 54 1.56 1.57 $1.49 1.49 1.51 1. 51 129.7 130.4 130. 4 131.2 131.2 132.0 132.8 132.8 134. 3 1.84 1.85 1.85 1.86 1.86 1.87 1.88 1.88 1.89 1.76 1. 77 1. 77 1.78 1.79 1.80 1.81 1.81 1.83 1.58 1.58 1.59 1.59 1.60 1.60 1.61 1.61 1. 62 1.53 1. 54 1. 54 1.55 1.55 1.55 1.56 1.56 1.58 Index Amount (1947-49 = 100) ll-month average; August 1945 excluded because of VJ-holiday period. * Preliminary. See N ote on p. 1337. 3 M ONTHLY LABOR C: EARNINGS AND HOURS 1372 T able C -5. H ours and gross earnings of production w orkers in m anufacturing industries for selected S tates and areas 1 Year and month Avg. Avg. wkly. wkly. earn hours ings 40.1 40.1 40.7 40.9 41.0 41.2 40.2 39.8 40.4 40.3 40.1 40.0 39.8 40.2 39.4 1951: Average.......... $50.93 1952: Average_____ 52. 53 1952: September___ 54. 95 October_____ 54.81 November___ 55.35 December___ 56.44 1953: January-------- 55.48 February____ 54.92 M arch............ 55.35 April. _______ 55.61 M ay________ 55.34 June________ 55 . 20 July________ 5 5 . 32 August._____ 55.48 September___ 55.16 Mobile State Avg. Avg. Avg. hrly. wkly. earn earn wkly. ings ings hours Avg. Avg. Avg. hrly. wkly. wkly. earn earn hours ings ings Birmingham State Avg. Avg. hrly. wkly. Avg. earn earn wkly. ings hours ings $1.27 $60.35 1.31 63.18 1.35 66.99 1.34 67.73 1.35 66.17 1.37 68.64 1.38 68. 45 1. 38 67.37 1.37 68. 45 1.38 68. 28 1.38 67.32 1.38 68.06 1.39 70.80 1.38 70.12 1.40 70. 62 40.5 40.5 40.6 41.3 40.1 41.1 40.5 40.1 40.5 40.4 39.6 39.8 40.0 40.3 39.9 $1.49 1. 56 1.65 1.64 1. 65 1.67 1.69 1. 68 1.69 1.69 1.70 1.71 1.77 1.74 1. 77 $54.95 60.20 61.71 62.31 59.00 63. 55 59.95 59.43 59.04 62.02 63.18 63.36 66.26 65.53 66.66 40.7 $1.35 40.4 1.49 40.6 1. 52 40.2 1.55 39.6 1.49 41.0 1.55 1. 51 39.7 1.52 39.1 39.1 1.51 39.5 1.57 1.56 40.5 1.58 40.1 40.9 1. 62 1. 61 40.7 40.4 1.65 Little Rock-North Little Rock 41.9 40.9 41.9 41.6 41.1 41.0 40.6 41.3 40.6 40.7 40.0 41.3 42.0 40.8 40.6 $45. 25 45.81 46. 93 47. 01 46.44 47.15 46. b9 47. 50 47.10 47. 62 47.20 49.15 49.14 48.55 47.91 43.1 $66.81 Avg. Avg. Avg. hrly. wkly. earn earn wkly. ings ings hours $1.55 $65.26 71.40 75. 65 73. 46 73. 22 76.46 76.01 74. 57 76.31 77.28 73.67 75. 71 76.82 77. 76 80. 36 80. "48" 2 43. 5 2 Ï. 85 1.84 79. 67 43.3 43.4 1.80 78.12 1.80 79. 74 44.3 1.81 78. 55 43.4 1.84 42.1 77.46 1.86 78. 86 42.4 42.4 1.89 80.14 41.6 1.85 76.96 42.4 1.87 79.29 1.89 41.7 78. 81 1.91 41.6 79.46 1.93 42.0 81. 06 $1.08 $71. 79 1.12 75. 85 1.12 77.90 1.13 77. 81 1.13 77.05 1.15 78.07 1.15 77. 51 1.15 77.61 1.16 78.30 1.17 78.47 1.18 78. 57 1.19 79.05 1.17 78. 60 1.19 79.62 1.18 78.83 San FranciscoOakland $73.11 77.27 79.70 79.14 78.12 79.27 78.12 78.93 80. 03 79.70 80. 43 80.66 79. 56 81.11 80.39 39.5 39.6 40.5 40.3 39.2 39.5 38.8 39.2 39.4 39.3 39.5 39.3 38.8 39.7 39.1 Avg. Avg. Avg. hrly. wkly. wkly. earn earn hours ings ings Avg. hrly. earn ings 40.5 41.4 42.5 42.3 41.0 42.1 40.6 40.8 41.0 41.5 40.1 41.1 41.4 40.6 41.1 42.1 $1.55 $44.19 42.0 1.70 47.20 1.78 48. 88 42.5 41.5 1.77 49.07 41.6 1.76 48.38 43.2 1.77 49. 26 1.78 48.31 42.7 41.2 1.81 48. 55 1.83 49.20 41.7 1.84 49.80 42.0 1.81 48. 52 40.7 1.82 49. 73 41.6 1.86 50.09 41.3 1.92 49. 53 40.5 1.96 49.73 41.0 40.5 40.6 41.3 41.2 40.4 40.7 40.1 40.1 40.2 40.2 40.0 40.0 40.0 40.6 39.9 $1.77 $61.08 1. 87 64. 27 1.88 66.65 1.89 69.59 1.91 66.84 1.92 68.01 1.93 66.63 1.94 68.12 1.95 69. 85 1.95 67.04 1.96 67.46 1.98 67.89 1.97 66. 26 1.96 69.00 1.98 66.90 37.1 37.6 38.5 40.0 38.1 38.5 37.4 37.6 38.4 36.9 37.4 37.5 36.7 38.8 37.5 Sacramento Los Angeles Fresno State $1.65 1.71 1.73 1.74 1. 75 1.77 1.78 1.81 1.82 1.82 1.80 1.81 1.81 1.78 1. 79 $71.22 76. 20 77.84 77. 35 77. 70 79.18 78.78 78.01 78. 60 79.31 78. 61 78.88 79.08 79. 75 78. 78 40.9 41.3 41.7 41.4 41.3 41.8 41.2 40.8 40.8 41.1 40.6 40.5 40.0 40.9 40.2 $1.74 $72.03 1.84 73.00 1. 86 89. 80 1.87 81.93 1.88 71.07 1.90 76.08 1.91 71.63 1.91 71. 66 1.92 73.15 1.93 65.69 1.93 70.34 1.95 71.05 1.95 76.33 1.95 74.09 1.96 88.16 $1.85 $69.30 1. 95 72.00 1.97 71.95 1.96 70.36 1.99 71.03 2.01 73. 57 2.01 75.98 2.02 75.85 2.03 77.93 2.03 73.96 2.03 78.24 2.05 79.90 2. 05 71.57 2.04 74. 01 2.06 76.40 $1.09 1.14 1.15 1.16 1.18 1.17 1.19 1.19 1.20 1.20 1.21 1.21 1.21 1.22 1. 21 4 4 .4 37.6 39.7 37.7 37.4 38.0 34.8 37.4 37.8 39.7 40.2 44.7 $1.67 $68. 75 1.76 71.30 1.69 73.45 1.73 75.03 1.83 72. 29 1.86 75.13 1.91 74.41 1.94 /5. 66 1.94 77. 00 1.94 73.88 1.96 74.85 2. 00 72.67 1.81 72.02 1.79 74. 70 1.80 71.15 40.6 39.3 41.7 42.3 38.1 39.7 39.4 39.5 39.9 38.9 39.1 38.0 40.0 40.9 38.8 $1.69 $64.02 1.81 67.16 1. 76 65.77 1.77 67.82 1.90 71.15 1.89 71.32 1.89 68. 91 1.91 69.43 1.93 70. 69 1.90 71. 28 1.92 71.28 1.91 72.83 1.80 72.45 1.83 72. 56 1.83 70. 75 41.3 41.2 40.6 41.1 42.1 42.2 40.3 40.6 41.1 41.2 41.2 42.1 41.4 41.7 40.2 San Diego $1.75 $70.39 1.83 69. 92 1.89 72.89 1.84 71.98 1.89 70.97 1.92 72.80 1.90 72. 64 1.91 73.20 1.93 74.42 1.89 74.30 1. 88 74.38 1.88 74.71 1. 92 76.14 1. 84 76.93 1.97 73. 72 $1.55 $63.08 1.63 67.07 1.62 68.62 1.65 71.05 1. 69 73.01 1.69 71.06 1.71 68.95 1.71 69. 29 1. 72 70. 79 1.73 71.38 1. 73 70. 52 1.73 72.14 1.75 71.80 1.74 71.97 1.76 72. 28 40.9 38.5 39.3 38.8 38.3 39.0 38.6 38.6 39.0 38.7 38.6 38.7 39.3 39.6 37.8 $1.72 1.82 1.86 1.86 1.85 1.87 1 .8 8 1.90 1.91 1.92 1.93 1.93 1.94 1.94 1.95 Connecticut State Denver State Stockton San Jose 41.4 40.8 42.6 40.6 38.8 39.5 39.8 39.2 40.2 38.1 39.9 40.0 39.5 41.4 42.5 41.1 39.8 47.5 Colorado C alifornia—C ontinued 1951: Average_____ 1952: Average_____ 1952: September___ O c to b e r..___ November___ December___ 1953: January_____ February____ M arch.. ___ April________ M ay________ June________ July------------August______ September___ State Phoenix California Arkansas—Con. 1951: A verage____ 1952: Average_____ 1952: S ep tem b er.... October_____ November___ December___ 1953: January_____ February____ M arch______ April_______ M ay_______ June________ Ju ly________ August______ September___ Arkansas Arizona Alabama 41.5 41.4 42.1 42.8 43.2 42.3 40.8 41.0 41.4 41.5 41.0 41.7 41.5 41.6 41.3 $1.52 $67.20 1. 62 70.28 1.63 71.14 1.66 72.40 1.69 73.63 1.68 74.99 1.69 74.32 1.69 74.45 1.71 74.90 1.72 74. 55 1.72 74.98 1.73 74.80 1.73 73. 57 1.73 74. 52 1.75 74.23 42.6 42.0 42.0 42.5 42.8 43.3 42.9 42.8 42.8 42.6 42.6 42.5 41.8 42.1 41.7 $1.58 1.67 1.69 1.70 1.72 1.73 1.73 1.74 1. 75 1.75 1.76 1. 76 1.76 1.77 1.78 C onnecticut—C ontinued 1951: Average_____ 1952: Average_____ 1952: September___ October_____ November___ December___ 1953: January_____ February____ M arch______ April__ __ M ay________ June________ J u ly .............. August............ Septem ber... Bridgeport Hartford 42.1 42.2 42.5 42.7 42.8 43.4 42.6 42.2 42.5 42.0 41.8 41.4 40.7 41.0 40.7 45.1 43.7 42.2 43.2 $68.48 72. 58 73. 95 74. 73 75. 76 77.25 75.83 75. 96 76.93 76.44 75. 66 74.93 73.67 74. 62 74.89 S ee f o o tn o t e s a t e n d o f ta b le . https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis $1.63 $75.60 1.72 77. 28 1. 74 75. 28 1.75 77.42 1.77 80. 55 1.78 81. 62 1. 78 79. 75 1.80 79. 75 1.81 80.63 1.82 80. 44 1.81 79.72 1.81 79.35 1.81 80. 34 1.82 79.61 1.84 81.47 4 4 .4 44.7 43.9 43.9 44.3 44.2 43.8 43.6 43.9 43.5 43.8 New Britain $1. 68 $68.67 1. 77 69.53 1. 79 69.08 1.79 69.88 1.81 71. 91 1. 82 71. 72 1. 82 73.06 1.82 72.64 1.82 74.04 1.82 73. 53 1.82 74.04 1.82 74.12 1.83 73.01 1.83 73.78 1.86 72.92 43.9 42.2 41.7 42.0 42.7 42.5 43.1 42.6 42.8 42.5 42.8 42.6 42.2 42.4 41.2 New Haven $1. 56 $60. 27 1.65 65.00 1. 66 66.88 1.67 68. 04 1. 68 69.70 1.69 70.19 1.70 68. 39 1.70 69.89 1.73 70. 22 1.73 70.14 1.73 70.47 1.74 71.32 1.73 68.88 1.74 71.49 1. 77 70.38 41.0 41.4 41.8 42.0 42.5 42.8 41.7 42.1 42.3 42.0 42.2 42.2 41.0 42.3 41.4 $1.47 $70. 41 1.57 74.64 1.60 77.01 1. 62 78.54 1.64 77.36 1. 64 78.12 1.64 77.18 1.66 78. 60 1.66 79. 71 1.67 79. 76 1.67 79.80 1.69 78. 58 1. 68 76.19 1.69 84. 00 1.70 82.88 Stamford 42.0 41.9 42.6 42.8 42.4 42.5 42.2 41.9 42.4 42.2 42.0 41.8 40.1 43.3 42.5 Waterbury $1.68 $66.11 1.78 68. 75 1.81 71.23 1.84 72. 51 1.82 74.02 1.84 74. 09 1.83 73.89 1. 87 75. 52 1.88 76.04 1.89 76.64 1.90 79.12 1.88 79. 30 1.90 78.04 1.94 76.29 1.95 75.76 42.3 41.8 42.5 43.1 43.1 43.4 42.8 43.2 43.3 43.3 44.2 44.3 43.6 43.1 42.8 $1. 56 1.65 1.68 1.68 1.71 1. 71 1.73 1.75 1. 76 1. 77 1. 79 1.79 1.79 1.77 1.77 1373 C: EARN IN 0 8 AND HOURS REVIEW, DECEMBER 1953 T able C -5: H ours an d gross earnings of production w orkers in m anufacturing industries for selected States and areas1—Continued A tla n ta S ta te 0 ■ 'a m p a - S t P e t e r s b u r g S ta te W ilm in g to n S ta te G e o r g ia F lo r id a D e la w a r e Y ea r a n d m o n th A vg. w k ly . earn in g s A vg. w k ly . hours 4 1 .5 4 1 .0 4 2 .4 4 0 .9 4 0 .9 4 1 .4 4 1 .7 4 0 .6 4 0 .8 4 1 .1 4 1 .0 4 1 .2 4 0 .4 4 0 .2 4P 4 1 9 5 1 : A v e r a g e ------------- 563. 5 0 1 9 5 2 : A v e r a g e ----------- 6 6 . 4 6 66. 82 1 9 5 2 : S e p t e m b e r ------O c t o b e r . . ------- 6 6 . 2 6 N o v e m b e r _____ 6 8 . 3 0 7 0 .5 9 D e c e m b e r ____ 1 9 5 3 : J a n u a r y ------------- 7 2 . 1 0 69. 67 F e b r u a r y ______ M a r c h __________ 6 9 . 6 5 A p r i l ____________ 7 0 . 9 0 M a y _____________ 6 9 . 3 3 70. 41 J u n e ___________ 6 9 .6 9 J u l y _____________ 6 7 .1 7 A u g u s t _________ S e p t e m b e r -------- RU 7fi A vg. v k ly . earn in g s A vg. w k ly . hours A vg. h r ly . earn in g s A vg. w k ly . earn in g s A vg. w k ly . lo u r s A vg. h r ly . earn in g s A vg. w k ly . earn in g s A vg. w k ly . hours A vg. h r ly . earn in g s A vg. w k ly . earn in g s A vg. w k ly . hours A vg. h r ly . earn in g s A vg. w k ly . earn in g s A vg. w k ly . lo u r s $ 1 .5 3 $ 7 2 .8 9 76. 85 1 .6 2 78. 29 1. 58 7 8 .3 4 1 .6 2 7 9 .6 8 1 .6 7 83. 32 1 . 71 8 3 .1 6 1. 7 3 1. 7 2 8 1 .1 1 8 1 .1 0 1 .7 1 8 4 .0 8 1 .7 3 81. 62 1 .6 9 8 5 .3 3 1 .7 1 8 5 .5 2 1. 7 3 8 0 .1 4 1 .6 7 1 .6 9 7 9 .7 9 4 1 .3 4 0 .9 4 1 .4 4 0 .8 4 1 .2 4 2 .4 4 2 .3 4 1 .3 4 1 .4 4 2 .0 4 1 .2 4 2 .2 4 1 .9 4 0 .7 4 0 .4 $ 1 .7 7 1 .8 8 1 .8 9 1 .9 2 1 .9 3 1 .9 7 1 .9 6 1 .9 7 1. 9 6 2 .0 0 1 .9 8 2 .0 2 2 .0 4 1 .9 7 1 .9 8 4 9 .8 6 5 3 .4 3 5 4 .1 4 53. 72 5 5 .5 3 5 5 .8 0 5 5 .6 3 55. 72 5 5 .5 0 5 5 .1 3 54. 87 54. 86 5 5 .0 8 5 4 .7 4 5 5 .1 5 4 2 .5 4 2 .8 4 2 .2 4 2 .1 4 3 .3 4 3 .4 4 3 .4 4 3 .3 4 3 .1 4 2 .4 4 2 .1 4 1 .9 4 1 .4 4 1 .2 4 1 .2 $ 1 .1 7 1 .2 5 1. 2 8 1. 2 8 1 .2 8 1. 2 9 1 .2 8 1 .2 9 1. 2 9 1 .3 0 1 .3 0 1 .3 1 1. 3 3 1 .3 3 1 .3 4 $ 47. 34 5 1 .6 8 5 1 .8 8 5 2 .1 7 5 4 .4 4 5 4 . 21 5 5 .5 3 5 5 .3 9 5 3 .1 5 53. 75 5 3 .9 0 5 3. 21 5 3 .8 1 5 2 .6 8 5 2 .6 1 4 1 .0 4 1 .8 4 1 .5 4 1 .8 4 2 .9 4 2 .5 4 2 .7 4 3 .4 4 1 .6 4 2 .0 4 1 .5 4 1 .1 4 1 .3 4 0 .4 4 0 .2 $ 1 .1 6 1 .2 4 1 .2 5 1 .2 5 1. 2 7 1 .2 8 1 .3 0 1 .2 8 1. 2 8 1 .2 8 1 .3 0 1 .3 0 1 .3 0 1 .3 0 1 .3 1 $ 4 6 .2 5 4 7 .8 8 49. 25 4 9 .4 1 5 0 .0 2 50. 55 4 9 .9 7 5 0 . 50 50. 75 5 0. 7 5 5 0 .3 8 50. 90 50. 27 50. 80 1 49. 54 3 9 .9 3 9 .9 4 0 .7 4 0 .5 4 1 .0 4 1 .1 4 0 .3 4 0 .4 4 0 .6 4 0 .6 4 0 .3 4 0 .4 3 9 .9 4 0 .0 3 8 .7 $ 1 .1 6 1 .2 0 1. 21 1 .2 2 1. 2 2 1 .2 3 1 .2 4 1. 25 1 .2 5 1 .2 5 1. 2 5 1. 2 6 1. 2 6 1. 2 7 1 1. 2 8 5 3 .2 2 57. 94 5 9 .8 6 59. 86 6 0 . 71 6 1 .8 3 60. 24 6 3 .3 4 62. 78 6 3 .9 1 62. 83 6 4 .5 3 63. 40 6 4 .6 8 6 3 .2 0 4 0 .6 4 0 .8 4 1 .0 4 1 .0 4 1 .3 4 1 .5 4 0 .7 4 1 .4 4 1 .3 4 1 .5 4 0 .8 4 1 .1 4 0 .9 4 1 .2 1 4 0 .0 A vg. h r ly . earn in g s G e o r g ia — C o n t i n u e d Id ah o Savannah S ta te 4 1 .8 4 2 .7 4 2 .1 4 2 .6 4 3 .1 4 3 .5 4 1 .8 4 1 .6 4 2 .9 4 2 .0 4 2 .4 4 2 .4 4 2 .8 4 2 .1 1 9 5 1 : A v e r a g e ________ $ 5 5 . 5 9 1 9 5 2 : A v e r a g e ------------- 6 0 . 2 1 59. 78 1 9 5 2 : S e p t e m b e r ------6 1 .3 4 O c to b e r . ... N o v e m b e r -------- 6 2 . 0 6 D e c e m b e r ______ 6 2 . 6 4 1 9 5 3 : J a n u a r y ------------- 5 9 . 9 0 6 1 .1 5 F e b r u a r y ______ M a r c h __________ 6 3 . 4 9 A p r i l ____________ 6 2 . 1 6 62. 75 M a y _______ . . . J u n e _____________ 6 3 . 6 0 J u l y --------------------- 6 5 . 4 8 6 4 .4 1 A u g u s t _________ S e p t e m b e r _____ $ 1 .3 3 1 .4 1 1. 4 2 1 .4 4 1. 4 4 1 .4 4 1 .4 4 1 .4 7 1 .4 8 1 .4 8 1 .4 8 1 .5 0 1 .5 3 1 .5 3 $69. 60 7 5 .0 3 75. 66 7 2 .6 8 76. 86 76. 96 7 5 .9 2 7 2 .6 7 70. 98 72. 67 78. 72 7 8 .8 8 7 8 . 81 80. 56 70 03 4 0 .7 4 1 .0 4 1 .8 3 9 .5 4 1 .1 4 1 .6 4 0 .6 4 0 .6 4 0 .1 4 0 .6 4 1 .0 4 1 .3 4 1 .7 4 1 .1 39. 6 1 9 5 1 : A v e r a g e ................. 1 9 5 2 : A v e r a g e ________ 1 9 5 2 : S e p t e m b e r ____ O c t o b e r ________ N o v e m b e r _____ D e c e m b e r _____ 1 9 5 3 : J a n u a r y _______ F e b r u a r y _____ M a r c h _________ A p r i l ___________ M a y ___________ J u n e __________ J u l y ------------------A u g u s t . ............... S e p t e m b e r .. . 41.1 $1.71 1.78 40.8 41.2 1.81 1. 82 41.5 1.86 41.3 1. 86 41.7 1.86 41.5 1. 87 41.4 1.88 41.6 1. 88 41.2 1.88 40.8 1. 88 41.0 1.92 40.1 40.4 1.90 40. 5 1.90 $70.08 72. 64 74. 51 75. 77 76. 57 77.66 77. 25 77. 54 77.92 77.46 76.93 77.15 77. 21 76.94 77 07 $64.81 67.08 67.38 68.69 69.35 71. 51 70. 44 69.06 69. 09 67.39 68. 61 68. 50 66.30 67.30 69.10 41.8 41.5 41.8 42.1 42.4 43.1 42.0 41.1 41.1 40.3 40.8 40.8 39.6 40.5 40.4 S ta t e S ta t e 42.1 $1.49 42.4 1.49 43.4 1. 50 1.54 43.2 1. 55 43.6 1.54 42.7 1. 57 42.3 1.60 42.6 1.60 42.4 1.62 42.1 1.64 41.5 1.64 41.4 1. 65 42.5 1. 68 41.8 See footnotes at end of table. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis $ 1 .7 1 1 .8 3 1 .8 1 1 .8 4 1 .8 7 1 .8 5 1 .8 7 1 .7 9 1 .7 7 1 .7 9 1 .9 2 1 .9 1 1. 9 2 1. 9 6 1 .9 2 4 1 .4 4 1 .2 4 1 .5 4 1 .9 4 1 .7 4 2 .3 4 1 .6 4 1 .6 4 1 .8 4 1 .3 4 1 .1 4 1 .1 4 0 .7 4 1 .2 4 0 .8 $6 8 . 72 7 2 .1 8 7 3 .0 8 7 4 . 59 7 5 .0 2 7 6. 81 7 5 .9 1 7 6 .3 6 7 7 .0 4 76. 48 7 6 .0 2 7 6 .1 4 7 5 .5 2 7 6 . 21 76. 56 $ 1 .6 6 1. 7 5 1. 7 6 1 .7 8 1 .8 0 1 .8 2 1. 8 2 1 .8 4 1 .8 4 1 .8 5 1 .8 5 1. 8 5 1 .8 6 1. 8 5 1 .8 8 4 0 .5 4 0 .5 4 0 .1 4 1 .4 4 0 .8 4 2 .3 $73. 05 7 5 .8 6 7 1 .8 3 7 5 .9 2 7 6 .5 4 80. 98 ___ — — — $ 1 .8 0 1 .8 7 1 .7 9 1 .8 3 1 .8 7 1 .9 1 4 1 .9 3 9 .8 3 9 .5 4 0 .3 3 9 .5 3 9 .9 $ 7 1 .3 8 7 1 .6 7 71. 28 73. 22 7 1 .6 8 7 4 . 57 $ 1 .7 1 1 .8 0 1 .8 0 1 .8 2 1. 81 1 .8 7 $55.21 59.22 60. 62 60. 35 60.33 61.20 61. 72 61.98 63.00 64.30 64.02 63.19 64.58 64.02 64.78 $1. 66 1 .7 7 1. 7 8 1. 8 1 1 .8 2 1. 8 4 4 5 .5 4 4 .7 4 4 .1 4 5 .3 4 5 .4 4 6 .0 $75. 57 78. 97 78. 49 8 2 .0 0 82. 85 84. 74 — — — — — — — — — — — — ________ — K an sas $66.39 69.86 73. 42 74.37 71.62 75.62 74. 77 72.96 73. 48 72.24 73.80 74. 77 70.32 76.17 76. 66 40.0 40.3 41.3 41.9 40.4 42.3 41.0 40.3 40.4 39.9 40.2 40.6 37.9 40.5 40.4 $1.66 1.73 1. 78 1. 78 1. 78 1.79 1. 82 1.81 1. 82 1.81 1.83 1.84 . 1. 86 1.88 1.90 $67.84 71.42 73.31 73. 68 74. 70 76. 88 75. 80 74.22 74. 54 74.91 73.11 73. 37 73. 78 74.75 72. 72 43.1 42.6 42.9 42.7 43.0 43.7 42.6 42.3 42.1 41.8 41.2 41.0 41.3 41.3 40.4 W ich itE Topeka S ta t e D e s M o in e s $1. 55 1.62 1.61 1. 63 1.64 1. 66 1.68 1.68 1. 68 1.67 1. 68 1.68 1.67 1. 66 1.71 I to c k fo rc P e o r ia $1. 58 $60. 26 1. 68 65. 55 1.71 64. 91 1. 72 65. 55 1. 74 65.97 1.76 73.69 1.78 68.80 1. 76 66. 28 1.77 70.99 1.79 67.18 1.77 58. 81 1. 78 62.42 1. 79 63. 40 1.81 66.97 1.80 65. 57 41.6 42.2 41.9 41.8 41.7 4 4 .4 41.8 42.0 43.6 40.6 38.2 40.6 40.3 41.5 39.9 $1.45 1.56 1.55 1. 57 1.58 1.66 1.64 1. 58 1.63 1. 66 1.54 1. 54 1. 58 1. 61 1.64 B a to n R o u g e 41.2 $1.34 1. 41 $84.46 42.0 1.44 88.20 42.1 1.41 86.73 42.8 43.4 1.39 85.90 1.43 85.44 42.8 1.48 90. 74 41.7 1.49 85.88 41.6 1.50 86.10 42.0 1.52 86.53 42.3 1. 55 88.20 41.3 1.53 89. 46 41.3 41.4 1. 56 92.45 1.55 89.02 41.3 1.58 93. 66 41.0 41.4 $ 2.04 2.09 42.2 2.10 41.3 2.08 41.3 2.12 40.3 2.12 42.8 2.11 40.7 2.10 41.0 2.09 41.4 2.11 41.8 42.2 2.12 2.14 43.2 2.14 41.6 2.23 42.0 $75. 44 76. 73 77. 00 79. 34 80. 84 82.19 80.17 79. 71 77. 86 78.35 77.17 74. 26 73. 51 74.43 73. 59 44.9 43.7 43.6 43.9 44.5 44.7 43.5 43.4 42.2 42.0 41.4 40.4 39.8 39.9 39.3 $1.68 1. 76 1. 77 1.81 1.82 1. 84 1.84 1.84 1.84 1. 87 1.87 1.84 1.84 1.86 1.87 M a in e L o u is ia n a K e n tu c k y 1 9 5 1 : A v e r a g e ----------1 9 5 2 : A v e r a g e ----------- $62. 73 . 63.18 1952: S e p t e m b e r . O c t o b e r _______ _ 65.14 66.53 N ovem ber— D e c e m b e r ____ _ 67.36 . 65.67 1953: J a n u a r y .. . . . F eb ru ary . . . 66.55 _ 67.87 .................. M arch A p r i l ___________ _ 67.69 . 68.10 M a y ___________ J u n e ___________ . 67.98 J u l y ------------------ . 68.01 A u g u s t ________ . 70.00 S e p t e m b e r . . . . 70.14 D a v e n p o r t-R o c k I s la n d -M o lin e S ta te S ta t e S ta te $ 1 .3 1 1. 4 2 1 .4 6 1 .4 6 1. 4 7 1 .4 9 1 .4 8 1 .5 3 1 .5 2 1. 5 4 1 .5 4 1. 5 7 1. 5 5 1. 57 1 .5 8 I llin o is Iow a I n d ia n a A vg. h r ly . earn in g s $53. 20 56.82 58. 75 59. 20 59.57 58. 87 59.90 60.19 60. 75 63. 76 62.06 61.45 61.85 63. 83 63.04 40.0 $1.33 1.41 40.3 1.44 40.8 41.4 1.43 1.46 40.8 1.45 40.6 1.49 40.2 1. 52 39.6 1. 50 40.5 1.54 41.4 1. 54 40.3 1.54 39.9 1. 55 39.9 1. 58 40.4 1.58 39.9 P o r tla n d S ta t e N e w O r le a n s $52.44 55.17 55.45 56. 47 55. 25 57. 22 58. 32 58.34 57. 96 56.88 56.57 56. 79 56.60 56.31 56.32 40.2 $1.31 1.35 40.8 1.35 41.1 1.37 41.2 1.38 40.0 1. 39 41.3 1.39 42.0 1. 40 41.6 1.39 41.6 1.40 40.5 1.39 40.7 1.39 40.9 1. 41 40.3 1.40 40.3 1.41 40.1 $53. 92 56.96 57. 99 59.13 58.16 59.93 59. 39 60. 20 60.15 58.82 59.49 58. 27 60. 62 60.38 61.08 41.2 41.9 42.5 42.7 42.2 42.5 41.9 42.1 42.1 41.5 42.0 41.5 42.5 42.2 42.0 $1.31 1.36 1.36 1.39 1. 38 1.41 1.42 1.43 1 . 43 1. 42 1.42 1.40 1.43 1 .43 1.45 1374 T able C: EARNINGS AND HOURS M ONTHLY LABOR C-5. Hours and gross earnings of production workers in manufacturing industries for selected States and areas 1—Continued M a ry la n d M a s s a c h u s e tt s S ta te B a l tim o r e B o s to n S ta t e N e w B e d fo rd F a l l R iv e r Y ear a n d m o n th A vg. w k ly . e a rn in g s A vg. w k ly . h o u rs 1951: A v e r a g e _______ $60.84 1952: A v e r a g e _______ 63. 84 1952: S e p t e m b e r ____ 63. 90 O c to b e r _______ 64. 78 N o v e m b e r ____ 65.46 D e c e m b e r ____ 66. 97 1953: J a n u a r y ____ 66.59 F e b r u a r y ____ 66. 71 M a r c h ________ 67. 68 A p r i l __________ 67.45 M a y _______ . 67.35 J u n e __________ 67. 57 J u l y __________ 67. 24 A u g u s t _______ 66.13 S e p t e m b e r ____ 66. 51 4 0 .9 4 0 .5 41 .3 41 .3 41.1 4 1 .6 41 .0 4 0 .7 4 1 .0 4 0 .8 4 1 .0 41.1 4 0 .4 4 0 .3 40 .1 A vg. w k ly . e a rn in g s A vg. w k ly . h o u rs $1.49 $64.35 67. 22 1.58 69.14 1.5 5 1. 57 68.90 1.59 69. 56 1.61 71.00 1. 62 70. 50 1.64 70.38 71.34 1.65 71.20 1. 65 1. 64 71.28 72.02 1. 64 1. 66 72.70 1.64 72.03 1.66 71. 71 4 1 .2 4 0 .7 4 1 .6 4 1 .2 41 .3 4 1 .9 4 1 .2 4 0 .9 4 1 .2 4 0 .9 41.1 4 1 .3 4 0 .9 4 0 .8 4 0 .3 A vg. h r ly . e a rn in g s A vg. h r ly . e a rn in g s A vg. w k ly . e a rn in g s A vg. w k ly . h o u rs $1. 56 $60. 75 1.6 5 63.43 61.62 1.6 6 1. 67 64.87 64. 96 1.6 9 1.70 66.98 1.71 66. 74 1.72 66.83 1.73 67.16 1.74 6 6 .3 4 1.73 66.91 67.16 1. 75 1. 78 66.90 1.77 66. 66 1.7 8 66.07 4 0 .5 4 0 .4 4 0 .9 4 0 .8 4 0 .6 4 1 .6 41 .2 4 1 .0 41 .2 4 0 .7 4 0 .8 4 0 .7 40 .3 4 0 .4 3 9 .8 A vg. h rly . e a rn in g s A vg. w k ly . e a rn in g s A vg. w k ly . h o u rs $1.50 $62. 37 1. 57 65.04 1 .5 8 66. 67 1.59 66.02 1.60 66. 66 68. 72 1.61 1.62 67. 98 1.63 67.80 67.97 1.63 1.63 67. 54 1.64 67. 87 68.11 1. 65 67. 89 1.66 1. 65 69. 08 1.66 68.28 4 0 .7 40 .4 4 0 .9 4 0 .5 4 0 .4 41 .4 4 1 .2 4 0 .6 4 0 .7 4 0 .2 4 0 .4 40 .3 3 9 .7 4 0 .4 3 9 .7 M a s s a c h u s e tt s — C o n ti n u e d 1951: A v e r a g e _______ $64. 74 1952: A v e r a g e _______ 69.39 1952: S e p t e m b e r ____ 70.14 O c to b e r _______ 70.31 N o v e m b e r ____ 70.30 D e c e m b e r ____ 72.08 1953: J a n u a r y _______ 70.47 F e b r u a r y _____ 70. 97 M a r c h ________ 70. 55 A p r i l ____ . . . 71.04 M ay 71.04 J u n e _________ 71. 62 J u l y ---------------- 71.10 A u g u s t _______ 70.00 S e p t e m b e r ____ 68.11 4 1 .5 4 1 .8 4 2 .0 42.1 4 1 .6 42 .4 4 1 .7 4 1 .5 41. 5 4 1 .3 41 .3 4 1 .4 41.1 4 0 .7 3 9 .6 41 .1 4 0 .6 4 0 .7 4 1 .0 4 0 .8 41 .7 4 1 .5 41.1 4 1 .7 4 1 .2 4 1 .4 4 1 .0 41 .0 4 1 .3 3 9 .5 $1. 56 $67. 72 1. 66 68.21 68. 78 1.6 7 69. 29 1. 67 69. 36 1.69 71.72 1. 70 71.80 1. 70 1. 71 71.10 72.14 1.70 1.7 2 71.69 1. 72 72.0 4 1. 73 71.75 1. 73 72. 57 1.72 72. 69 1.72 69. 92 A vg. w k ly . e a rn in g s A vg. w k ly . h o u rs $1 .5 3 $46. 34 1.61 49.6 3 52. 27 1.63 51.99 1.63 1.65 50. 65 53. 47 1.66 1.65 54.40 1.67 53. 86 54. 54 1.6 7 52.92 1.6 8 52.92 1.68 54.12 1.69 52.33 1.71 1.71 52. 22 53. 27 1. 72 3 7 .0 3 7 .6 3 9 .6 3 8 .8 3 7 .8 3 9 .9 4 0 .0 3 9 .6 4 0 .1 3 9 .2 3 9 .2 3 9 .5 3 8 .2 3 8 .4 3 8 .6 S ta t e $1. 65 $74. 55 81.3 4 1.6 8 1.69 85. 72 1. 69 87.54 1.70 86. 55 1. 72 89.6 3 1.73 86.31 1. 73 86. 44 1.73 87.14 1. 74 87.0 2 1.74 86. 23 1. 75 87. 28 1. 77 85. 84 86.1 5 1.76 1. 77 85.41 40.1 41 .0 42.1 4 2 .6 4 2 .2 43 .3 4 2 .1 4 2 .0 4 2 .3 42 .1 4 1 .9 41 .6 4 0 .8 4 1 .2 4 0 .4 D e tro it 1951: A v e r a g e _______ $77. 43 1952: A v e r a g e _______ 84.7 9 1952: S e p t e m b e r ____ 94.9 8 O c to b e r _______ 89. 76 N o v e m b e r ____ 89. 51 D e c e m b e r ____ 98.0 5 1953: J a n u a r y _______ 98. 45 F e b r u a r y . ......... 95. 65 M a r c h ________ 96. 33 A p r i l __________ 94.6 9 M a y __________ 99. 65 J u n e _____ _____ 101. 64 J u l y ----------------- 93. 56 A u s u s t _______ 92.1 8 S e p t e m b e r ____ 86.4 2 4 0 .2 4 1 .2 4 4 .3 4 2 .5 4 2 .3 45 .1 4 5 .2 44 .1 4 4 .7 44 .0 4 5 .9 4 5 .6 4 2 .8 4 2 .5 3 9 .9 M u sk e g o n $1.9 3 $75.18 82. 37 2. 06 2 .1 4 78.99 81.04 2.11 2 .1 2 90. 99 89. 72 2 .1 7 89. 25 2 .1 8 87. 74 2 .1 7 85. 04 2 .1 6 2 .1 5 83. 51 80. 77 2 .1 7 81.32 2 .2 3 2 .1 9 81.61 2 .1 7 78. 40 2 .1 7 80.33 3 9 .4 4 0 .2 3 9 .3 4 0 .0 4 2 .8 4 2 .5 4 2 .4 4 1 .7 4 1 .2 4 0 .6 3 9 .4 3 9 .9 3 9 .5 3 8 .3 3 8 .9 M i n n e s o ta — C o n . S t. P a u l 1951: A v e r a g e _______ $66.03 1952: A v e r a g e .............. 70. 27 1952: S e p t e m b e r ____ 70. 84 O c to b e r _______ 73. 51 N o v e m b e r ____ 73. 83 D e c e m b e r ____ 74. 54 1953: J a n u a r y _______ 71.57 F e b r u a r y _____ 73.31 M a r c h ________ 72. 66 A p r i l _________ 73.28 M a y _________ 73.47 J u n e __________ 74. 23 J u l y ___________ 74.43 A u g u s t . . . .......... 72. 79 S e p t e m b e r ____ 75.95 4 0 .5 4 0 .3 4 0 .0 4 1 .2 41.1 4 1 .6 40 .1 4 0 .6 4 0 .4 4 0 .5 4 0 .4 4 0 .3 4 0 .0 3 9 .3 3 9 .8 $1 .8 6 $76.32 1.98 81. 36 2 .0 4 89. 92 2. 06 92. 40 2. 05 90. 69 2. 07 94. 35 2 .0 5 88.31 2. 08 88.31 88. 99 2 .0 6 2. 07 88. 56 87. 80 2 .0 6 88. 96 2 .1 0 2 .1 0 87.16 89. 71 2 .0 9 88.0 5 2 .1 1 3 9 .4 4 0 .5 4 1 .9 4 2 .6 4 2 .2 4 3 .6 4 1 .4 41 .4 4 1 .7 4 1 .5 4 1 .2 40 .9 4 0 .0 4 1 .0 3 9 .7 $1.9 4 $76. 08 85.00 2 .0 8 96.01 2 .1 5 97.07 2 .1 7 2 .1 5 97.91 96.17 2 .1 6 98.44 2 .1 3 2 .1 3 101.95 2 .1 3 99.50 2.13 108. 70 2 .1 3 100.84 2 .1 8 101. 53 2 .1 8 105.82 2 .1 9 98.3 5 2. 22 99.1 5 See f o o tn o te s a tte n d of ta b le . https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis $1.91 $74. 68 2 .0 5 78. 44 89. 71 2.01 86. 42 2 .0 3 79. 61 2 .1 3 2.11 81.9 6 2.11 81.8 9 87.21 2 .1 0 2. 06 92. 54 2 .0 6 91.9 8 90. 87 2 .0 5 2 .0 4 95. 22 2. 07 90. 57 2 .0 5 84. 28 2 .0 7 81.67 4 0 .0 41 .3 4 4 .8 4 5 .0 45.1 44.4 4 6 .0 4 6 .7 4 6 .0 4 8 .9 4 6 .9 4 4 .2 4 5 .3 4 4 .3 4 4 .5 $1 .2 5 $52.43 1.32 53. 52 55.18 1.32 1.34 58.23 1.34 56. 48 1.34 56.68 56.14 1.3 6 1.36 56. 00 55. 32 1.36 54. 65 1.35 1.35 55.58 1.37 57.23 1.37 56. 52 1.3 6 56.66 55. 77 1.38 3 8 .9 3 8 .5 3 9 .7 3 9 .6 39. 5 4 0 .2 40 .1 4 0 .0 3 9 .8 3 9 .6 3 9 .7 40 .3 3 9 .8 3 9 .9 3 9 .0 A vg. h rly . e a rn in g s $ 1 .35 1.39 1.39 1. 42 1.43 1.41 1. 40 1.40 1.39 1.38 1.40 1.42 1.42 1.42 1.43 4 2 .0 4 1 .7 4 4 .9 4 4 .0 4 1 .4 42 .4 4 2 .3 4 4 .0 4 5 .7 4 5 .4 4 5 .3 4 6 .0 4 4 .2 4 2 .5 41.1 $1. 78 $64. 59 1.88 69.3 5 2. 00 69. 52 72.18 1 .9 6 1.92 71.02 1.93 72. 40 1.94 71. 56 1.98 71.65 2.0 3 71.48 2.0 3 71.10 72.03 2.0 1 2 .0 7 72. 58 2. 05 72.09 1.98 71.85 1.99 72. 65 $1.90 $70. 64 74. 64 2.0 6 2 .1 4 76. 85 79.02 2 .1 6 2 .1 7 76. 62 2 .1 7 81.58 2 .1 4 79. 69 77. 23 2 .1 8 79. 54 2 .1 6 80.64 2. 22 80.11 2 .1 5 2. 30 81. 77 2 .3 4 79.37 2. 22 80. 66 2 .2 3 80. 29 4 1 .6 4 1 .7 4 2 .2 4 2 .9 4 1 .8 4 3 .6 4 2 .8 41 .5 4 2 .4 4 2 .6 4 2 .5 4 2 .7 4 1 .6 42 .1 4 1 .6 $1.70 1.79 1. 82 1.84 1.83 1.87 1.86 1.86 1.88 1.89 1.89 1. 92 1.92 1.92 1.93 4 1 .5 4 1 .7 4 1 .8 4 2 .1 41. 6 42 .0 4 1 .5 4 1 .3 41 .2 4 0 .7 4 1 .1 41 .2 4 1 .4 4 1 .6 4 0 .9 $1. 55 $66.16 1.66 68. 11 67. 77 1.66 1.71 69. 68 1. 71 68.18 1.72 70.18 1. 72 70. 86 1. 73 70. 56 1.74 66. 90 1.75 69. 65 1.7 5 69.34 1. 76 70.79 1.74 72.07 1.7 3 79.11 1.78 71.97 40 .1 39. 5 3 7 .7 3 8 .7 3 8 .6 3 9 .4 3 9 .3 39 .1 38.1 3 8 .7 3 8 .3 3 9 .0 3 9 .1 4 1 .4 3 9 .1 M in n e a p o lis $1. 65 $65. 82 1. 72 70.16 1.80 71.90 1.80 71.28 1. 77 71.26 72. 48 1.78 1.80 71. 58 72.19 1.80 72. 18 1 .7 6 1.80 71.98 70.70 1.81 1.82 72. 78 1.81 73.88 1.91 72. 45 1. 84 74.82 4 1 .7 4 1 .9 4 2 .2 4 1 .8 4 2 .0 4 2 .3 4 1 .4 4 1 .6 4 1 .3 4 1 .1 4 0 .5 41.1 41. 6 41.1 4 1 .4 $1. 58 1.67 1.71 1.71 1. 71 1.72 1.73 1.74 1. 75 1. 76 1. 75 1. 77 1.78 1. 78 1.81 M is s o u r i Jackson $1.03 1.09 $48.03 1.10 49. 76 1.10 50.05 1.10 48. 56 1.10 49.34 51.88 1.12 1.13 49 .0 3 1.13 49.08 1.15 50.14 1.14 49. 57 1.13 49. 20 47.84 1.13 1.14 47. 88 1.17 49.3 7 G ra n d R a p id s D u lu th S ta t e M is s i s s i p p i 41.1 4 1 .7 4 2 .2 4 2 .8 4 3 .0 4 2 .4 4 1 .6 4 1 .4 4 1 .3 4 1 .5 4 0 .8 41 .4 4 1 .0 4 1 .4 3 9 .9 A vg. w k ly . h o u rs M in n e s o ta S a g in a w S ta t e $1.63 $42.40 1. 74 45.4 5 4 6 .4 2 1.77 1.79 47.02 1 .8 0 47. 30 1.79 46.64 1.78 46. 59 1.81 46. 78 1.80 46. 67 1.81 47. 73 1.82 46. 51 1.84 46. 78 1.8 6 46. 53 1.85 47. 20 1.91 4 6 .6 8 A vg. w k ly . e a rn in g s F lin t M ic h i g a n — C o n t i n u e d L a n sin g A vg. h r ly . e a rn in g s M ic h i g a n W o r c e s te r S p r in g f ie ld - H o ly o k e A vg. h rly . e a rn in g s 4 2 .5 4 2 .9 4 3 .9 4 2 .6 4 2 .9 4 3 .6 41 .2 4 0 .9 41 .1 40 .3 4 1 .0 4 0 .2 3 9 .9 4 0 .8 S ta t e $1.1 3 1.16 1.14 1.14 1.15 1.19 1.19 1.20 1.22 1.23 1.20 1.19 1.20 1.21 $59. 94 64. 21 65.52 66. 29 65. 51 66. 61 65. 51 66. 72 67.60 66. 79 67. 07 68. 05 68. 51 68. 72 68.15 4 0 .0 40. 5 4 0 .9 4 0 .9 4 0 .0 40 .7 3 9 .9 4 0 .4 4 0 .6 40.1 3 9 .9 40 .2 40 .1 4 0 .5 39.1 K a n s a s C ity $1.5 0 $65. 80 1.58 69 .6 0 71. 75 1.60 1.62 70. 40 1.64 69.83 1.64 70.12 1.64 70.82 1.65 72.45 1.66 70.18 1.67 69.08 1.68 69.08 1.69 71. 75 1. 71 73.69 74.82 1.70 1.74 71.73 4 1 .3 4 0 .7 4 1 .0 4 0 .0 3 9 .9 4 0 .3 4 0 .7 4 1 .4 40 .1 3 9 .7 3 9 .7 4 1 .0 4 1 .4 4 1 .8 4 0 .3 $1.60 $63.11 1. 71 67. 27 1.75 68. 58 1. 76 69. 28 1. 75 69.33 1.74 71.00 1.74 70.28 1.75 71.18 1.75 72. 26 72.00 1.74 1. 74 72.3 6 72. 25 1.75 1. 78 72.59 1.79 72.48 1.78 72.66 S t. L o u is 3 9 .9 4 0 .3 4 0 .6 4 0 .9 4 0 .5 4 1 .3 4 0 .3 4 0 .7 40 .9 4 0 .5 40. 5 4 0 .2 40 .1 4 0 .4 3 9 .4 $1.58 1. 67 1.69 1.69 1. 71 1. 72 1.75 1. 75 1.77 1.78 1.79 1.80 1.81 1.80 1.85 REVIEW, DECEMBER 1953 1375 G: EARNINGS AND HOURS T able C-5. Hours and gross earnings of production workers in manufacturing industries for selected States and areas1—Continued M o n ta n a N eb rask a N evada S ta te S ta t e S ta te N e w J e rse y N e w H a m p s h ire S ta te M a n c h e s te r S ta t e Y ear a n d m o n th 1951: A v e r a g e __ __ 1952: A v e r a g e _______ 1952: S e p t e m b e r . - . O c to b e r. . _ N o v e m b e r . __ D e c e m b e r .. . 1953: J a n u a r y . _ . . F e b r u a r y ____ M a r c h ________ A p ril. M a y __________ ________ Ju n e J u l y ___________ A u g u s t . . ___ S e p t e m b e r ____ A vg. w k ly . e a rn in g s A vg. w k ly . h o u rs $72.13 76. 46 77. 59 77. 73 77. 58 77.91 78. 49 80.11 78. 07 79. 03 78. 07 82. 89 78.23 81.13 8 0 .0 4 41. 2 4 1 .0 4 1 .0 4 1 .4 4 0 .8 4 0 .6 4 0 .7 4 1 .4 41.1 4 1 .0 4 0 .6 4 2 .9 40. 5 4 1 .5 41.1 A vg. h rly . e a rn in g s A vg. w k ly . e a rn in g s A vg. w k ly . h o u rs $ 1 .7 5 $58. 84 1 .8 6 61.1 6 1.8 9 60. 54 1.8 8 61.7 9 63. 78 1 .9 0 1 .9 2 65. 88 62. 01 1 .9 3 62. 75 1 .9 4 62. 75 1 .9 0 1 .9 3 63.31 64. 00 1 .9 2 1 .9 3 66. 74 64. 51 1 .9 3 1 .9 5 65.33 1 .9 5 66.9 5 4 2 .6 4 1 .9 4 1 .2 4 1 .8 4 2 .4 4 3 .0 40.1 41.1 4 1 .0 41.1 41.1 43. 2 4 1 .9 41 .8 42.1 A vg. h rly . e a rn in g s A vg. w k ly . e a rn in g s A vg. w k ly . h o u rs $1 .3 8 $73. 54 80. 90 1 .4 6 80. 45 1.4 7 1.4 8 81.95 83.1 6 1. 51 82. 94 1.5 3 1. 55 82.7 4 1. 53 83.83 85. 46 1.5 3 1. 54 84. 22 1. 56 86.43 1. 54 83. 62 1. 54 83. 84 89. 46 1 .5 6 87. 43 1 .5 9 4 1 .2 4 1 .7 41 .9 4 1 .6 4 2 .0 4 2 .1 4 2 .0 4 1 .5 42.1 41 .9 43.1 4 1 .6 41.1 4 2 .4 40.1 A vg. w k ly . e a rn in g s A vg. w k ly . h o u rs A vg. h rly . e a rn in g s A vg. w k ly . e a rn in g s A vg. w k ly . h o u rs $1.79 $54. 27 1.9 4 56.17 1.9 2 57. 27 55. 32 1.9 7 56. 00 1 .9 8 58. 66 1.97 57. 96 1.97 2. 02 58. 38 2. 03 57. 82 2. 01 56. 96 2. 01 56. 96 2.01 58. 22 57.37 2.0 4 57. 51 2.11 2 .1 8 57 .0 2 4 0 .5 4 0 .7 4 1 .2 3 9 .8 4 0 .0 4 1 .6 4 1 .4 4 1 .7 4 1 .3 4 0 .4 4 0 .4 4 1 .0 4 0 .4 4 0 .5 3 9 .6 $ 1 .3 4 1.3 8 1.39 1.3 9 1 .4 0 1.41 1 .4 0 1 .4 0 1 .4 0 1.41 1.41 1 .4 2 1 .4 2 1.4 2 1 .4 4 $51.84 54. 32 55. 27 52.17 53. 58 57 .3 7 56. 40 56. 54 56. 66 54.14 53.68 55. 91 54. 43 56. 06 54.10 3 8 .4 3 8 .8 3 9 .2 3 7 .0 3 8 .0 4 0 .4 4 0 .0 40.1 3 9 .9 3 8 .4 3 7 .8 39.1 3 8 .6 3 9 .2 3 8 .1 A vg. h r ly . e a rn in g s $69. 01 1951: A v e r a g e ___ 1952: A v e r a g e . . . . 72.33 1952: S e p t e m b e r . . . 73. 44 O c t o b e r . . ___ 74. 39 N ovem ber _ 7 4 .20 D e c e m b e r . . . . 75. 61 1953: J a n u a r y _______ 75.31 F e b r u a r y _____ 75. 65 M a rc h ____ 75. 85 A p r i l ___ ____ 75. 61 75. 56 M a y . . __ J u n e __________ 76. 69 J u l y ___________ 76.01 A u g u s t . . . . . . 75. 60 S e p t e m b e r ____ 75.27 4 1 .6 41. 4 41 .8 42.1 4 1 .8 42.1 4 1 .7 4 1 .5 4 1 .7 4 1 .5 41. 2 41. 5 4 0 .8 40.8 4 0 .6 $1.6 6 $67. 94 1. 75 72. 04 73. 65 1 .7 6 1.7 7 73. 99 75. 65 1.7 8 76. 37 1 .8 0 75. 86 1.81 1 .8 2 74.8 4 1 .8 2 73.69 1.8 2 74.1 7 1 .8 3 74. 68 1 .8 5 75.1 7 74. 05 1 .8 6 1 .8 5 73. 63 1 .8 5 72. 92 4 1 .3 41. 5 4 1 .8 4 1 .8 4 2 .2 4 2 .5 42.1 4 1 .6 41.1 4 1 .0 41.1 4 1 .3 40. 6 4 0 .5 4 0 .0 $1.6 5 $67. 65 1 .7 4 71.31 72.83 1 .7 6 72.96 1.7 7 1 .7 9 74.03 74.29 1.8 0 74. 46 1.8 0 74. 51 1 .8 0 74. 35 1.7 9 1.81 74. 61 1 .8 2 74. 67 1 .8 2 75.12 1 .8 2 77.16 1 .8 2 76. 51 75. 62 1 .8 2 4 1 .2 41.1 4 1 .5 4 1 .5 4 1 .8 4 1 .5 4 1 .3 4 1 .3 4 1 .4 4 1 .2 4 1 .3 4 1 .3 41 .8 4 1 .2 4 0 .7 $ 1 .3 5 $67. 28 71.0 2 1 .4 0 72. 38 1.41 72. 54 1.41 1.41 73. 29 1 .4 2 74. 58 74.4 8 1.41 74. 27 1.41 1 .4 2 73. 95 74 .2 8 1.41 1 .4 2 74. 27 74. 76 1.4 3 74.9 5 1.41 1 .4 3 73. 59 1 .4 2 73. 53 41.1 41.1 41. 5 41. 5 41. 5 41. 9 4 1 .7 41. 4 4 1 .2 4 1 .2 41 .1 41.1 4 0 .8 4 0 .5 4 0 .2 A vg. h rly . e a rn in g s $ 1 .6 4 1 .7 3 1 .7 4 1. 75 1 .7 7 1 .7 8 1.7 9 1 .7 9 1. 79 1 .8 0 1.81 1 .8 2 1 .8 4 1 .8 2 1 .8 3 $1 .6 4 $65. 85 68. 69 1.7 3 1.7 5 71.01 1.7 6 71.5 0 74. 31 1.7 7 1.7 9 76.71 76. 82 1 .8 0 76. 68 1.8 0 74. 74 1.8 0 1.81 74. 81 1.81 75. 24 1 .8 2 75.12 1 .8 5 75. 68 71.6 8 1 .8 6 1 .8 6 70. 84 4 0 .7 4 0 .5 4 1 .0 4 1 .4 4 1 .7 4 2 .9 4 2 .7 4 2 .2 4 1 .5 4 1 .4 4 1 .5 4 1 .3 4 1 .2 4 0 .0 3 9 .6 A lb u q u e r q u e S ta te T re n to n P e rth A m b o y P a te rs o n A vg. w k ly . h o u rs N e w M e x ic o N e w J e rse y — C o n tin u e d N ew a rk -T e rse y C ity A vg. w k ly . e a rn in g s A vg. h rly . e a rn in g s $ 1 .6 2 1.7 0 1.7 3 1.7 3 1.7 8 1.7 9 1.8 0 1.8 2 1.8 0 1.81 1.81 1.8 2 1.8 4 1.7 9 1 .7 9 $68. 02 71.88 73. 52 71.71 72. 42 72. 41 7 1 .7 5 71.17 73.68 70.4 9 75. 71 75. 42 72. 75 75.71 76. 36 4 3 .6 4 3 .3 4 3 .5 4 3 .2 4 2 .6 43 .1 4 1 .0 4 0 .9 42.1 3 9 .6 4 1 .6 4 1 .9 41.1 4 1 .6 41. 5 $1. 56 $69.00 1 .6 6 71.8 3 1 .6 9 74. 46 75. 26 1 .6 6 72. 93 1 .7 0 72. 87 1 .6 8 1 .7 5 73. 00 1. 74 71.0 8 72. 76 1 .7 5 1.7 8 68.97 1 .8 2 71.9 8 73. 02 1 .8 0 69. 43 1 .7 7 1 .8 2 70. 52 69. 20 1. 84 45.1 4 3 .8 4 5 .4 4 4 .8 44. 2 43 .9 4 3 .2 4 3 .0 4 2 .8 4 0 .1 40. 9 4 2 .7 40. 6 4 1 .0 4 0 .0 $1.5 3 1. 64 1 .6 4 1. 68 1. 65 1 .6 6 1 .6 9 1. 66 1. 70 1. 72 1 .7 6 1. 71 1.71 1 .7 2 1. 73 N ew Y o rk A lb a n y -S c h e n e c ta d y T ro y S ta te $64. 90 1951: A v e r a g e 67. 77 1952: A v e r a g e . 1952: S e p t e m b e r ____ 68. 97 69.07 O c t o b e r ______ 69. 74 N o v e m b e r. . D e c e m b e r ____ 70.81 70. 82 1953: J a n u a r y _____ F e b r u a r y _____ 71.04 M a rc h ______ 71.26 A p r il.. . 70. 54 70. 59 M a y _________ 71.27 June. __ __ J u l y ___________ 71.25 A u g u s t . . . . . 71.45 S e p t e m b e r ____ 70.42 3 9 .7 3 9 .8 4 0 .2 4 0 .2 4 0 .4 4 0 .7 4 0 .3 4 0 .2 40. 2 3 9 .9 3 9 .8 3 9 .9 3 9 .5 3 9 .7 3 9 .0 $1.6 3 $70.75 72. 45 1 .7 0 1 .7 2 73. 21 74 .4 8 1 .7 2 1 .7 3 73. 05 74.0 5 1 .7 4 73.18 1 .7 6 1. 77 74. 73 76.8 2 1.7 7 77. 84 1.7 7 1.7 7 76. 93 1 .7 8 78. 60 76.13 1 .8 0 77. 62 1.8 0 77.11 1 .8 0 4 1 .5 4 0 .9 41.1 4 1 .4 4 2 .0 4 2 .3 4 1 .0 4 1 .3 41.1 4 0 .8 40. 4 4 0 .9 4 0 .0 4 0 .3 4 0 .0 $ 1 .7 0 1 .7 7 1 .7 8 1.8 0 1 .7 4 1 .7 5 1.7 9 1.81 1.8 7 1.91 1 .9 0 1 .9 2 1 .9 0 1.9 3 1 .9 3 $61.05 64.59 65. 46 67. 26 67. 73 68. 86 67. 94 67. 61 67.30 67. 41 67. 76 68. 06 67.04 65.81 65.81 3 9 .2 39.1 3 9 .4 4 0 .3 4 0 .6 4 1 .0 4 0 .3 3 9 .9 3 9 .8 3 9 .7 3 9 .9 4 0 .0 3 9 .4 3 8 .8 3 8 .6 $1.5 6 $73. 76 1.6 5 77. 35 78. 41 1 .6 6 1.6 7 80. 76 82. 24 1.6 7 82. 68 1 .6 8 1.6 9 81.5 6 82. 59 1.6 9 1.6 9 8 3 .0 2 1. 70 83.0 0 82. 67 1 .7 0 84. 41 1 .7 0 85. 20 1 .7 0 84. 40 1 .7 0 81.0 4 1.71 4 1 .7 4 1 .4 4 1 .5 4 2 .2 42 .6 4 2 .7 4 2 .0 4 2 .2 4 2 .2 4 2 .0 41 .8 42.1 42.1 4 1 .8 40.1 N a s s a u a n d S u ffo lk C o u n ti e s E lm ira B u ffa lo B in g h a m to n $1.7 7 $64. 85 68.4 8 1 .8 7 1.8 9 67. 74 1.9 2 70. 08 1.9 3 70. 85 1 .9 4 72. 89 1 .9 4 72. 50 71.5 5 1.9 6 1 .9 7 73.4 0 1.9 7 71.98 1.9 8 71.7 3 2. 00 71.98 2 .0 2 68. 93 2 .0 2 70. 20 2 .0 2 71.3 5 4 0 .7 40. 7 4 0 .2 4 0 .7 4 1 .0 4 1 .7 4 1 .3 4 0 .8 41. 4 4 0 .5 40 .8 40 .8 3 9 .3 3 9 .8 3 9 .7 $1.6 0 $75. 24 82. 69 1 .6 8 1. 68 81. 87 83. 66 1 .7 2 1. 73 85. 73 88. 57 1.7 5 8 6 .8 4 1 .7 6 1. 76 87. 79 84. 90 1.7 7 79.83 1.7 8 83. 79 1.7 6 83. 34 1.7 6 82. 96 1.7 6 82. 67 1.7 7 84.2 8 1.8 0 1951: A v e r a g e _______ $63. 23 1952: A v e r a g e _______ 65. 49 1952: S e p t e m b e r ____ 6 7 .09 O c to b e r _______ 6 5 .88 N o v e m b e r ___ 66. 50 D e c e m b e r ____ 67. 73 1953: J a n u a r y _______ 6 7 .83 F e b r u a r y _____ 68. 07 M a r c h __ __ 68. 07 A p r il . . 66. 84 M a y __ ______ 66. 51 J u n e _________ 66. 74 J u l y ___________ 67.29 A u g u s t _______ 67. 76 S e p t e m b e r ____ 65. 91 3 7 .8 38.1 3 8 .5 3 8 .3 3 8 .6 3 8 .9 3 8 .4 3 8 .4 3 8 .5 3 8 .2 38 .1 3 8 .0 3 7 .5 3 7 .7 3 6 .7 S e e f o o tn o t e s a t e n d o f ta b le . https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis $1.6 7 $69. 43 1. 72 72. 61 1.7 4 73. 54 74.1 4 1 .7 2 1 .7 2 75. 35 1 .7 4 76.0 9 75. 86 1.7 7 1 .7 7 74. 67 7 6 .1 4 1 .7 7 76. 61 1 .7 5 1. 75 76. 67 1 .7 6 77. 58 1 .7 9 76. 49 76. 78 1 .8 0 77. 90 1 .8 0 4 1 .5 41. 2 4 1 .5 4 1 .6 4 1 .9 4 2 .2 4 1 .9 4 1 .3 41. 9 4 1 .9 4 1 .8 4 1 .8 4 1 .4 4 1 .6 42.1 U tic a -R o m e S y ra c u se R o c h e ste r $1.6 8 $68.86 1.77 71 .1 6 1. 77 73. 75 1 .7 8 73. 68 1 .8 0 73. 92 7b. 29 1 .8 0 1.81 76. 52 76. 40 1.81 77. 44 1 .8 2 77.87 1 .8 3 77.09 1.8 3 77. 44 1.8 6 1.8 5 76. 25 1.8 5 76. 82 1 .8 5 76. 75 4 2 .8 4 1 .9 4 2 .7 4 2 .4 4 2 .3 4 2 .7 4 2 .8 4 2 .4 4 2 .6 4 2 .7 4 2 .4 4 2 .3 4 1 .7 4 1 .8 4 1 .9 $1.61 1.7 0 1 .7 3 1 .7 4 1 .7 5 1 .7 6 1.79 1 .8 0 1 .8 2 1 .8 2 1 .8 2 1 .8 3 1 .8 3 1 .8 4 1 .8 3 $1. 72 1 .8 4 1. 86 1. 87 1. 90 1. 92 1. 92 1 .9 6 1 .9 7 1 .9 5 1 .9 8 1 .9 8 1 .9 9 1 .9 7 2. 00 N o r t h C a r o lin a N e w Y o r k — C o n ti n u e d N e w Y o rk C ity 4 3 .8 44. 9 44.1 44. 7 45. 2 4 6 .2 4 5 .2 44. 7 4 3 .2 40 .9 4 2 .4 42. 2 4 1 .8 4 1 .9 4 2 .2 $62. 25 65. 54 65. 05 66. 55 68. 72 69. 43 68. 97 68. 66 68. 92 69. 29 69.1 0 69.38 68. 50 68. 98 69. 74 4 0 .3 4 0 .5 4 0 .5 4 0 .7 4 1 .5 4 1 .7 4 1 .4 4 1 .3 4 1 .2 41. 1 4 0 .8 40 .9 4 0 .5 4 0 .6 4 0 .8 $1.5 5 1 .6 2 1.61 1 .6 4 1 .6 6 1 .6 7 1 .6 6 1 .6 6 1 .6 7 1 .6 8 1 .6 9 1.7 0 1 .6 9 1.7 0 1.71 W e s t c h e s te r C o u n t y $63. 41 66. 25 69.5 0 69.8 5 67. 75 67. 41 68.7 8 69. 85 71.11 69. 83 69. 92 72. 83 69. 31 70. 92 69. 59 3 9 .7 3 9 .8 4 0 .8 4 0 .8 3 9 .9 4 0 .0 40. 2 4 0 .5 4 0 .9 4 0 .2 40.1 4 0 .7 3 9 .2 40 .0 3 9 .3 $1. 60 $46.00 47.6 7 1 .6 6 48. 89 1 .7 0 49. 78 1.71 49. 67 1 .7 0 50. 30 1 .6 8 49.11 1. 71 49. 08 1 .7 3 49. 32 1 .7 4 48. 22 1 .7 4 48. 98 1 .7 4 48.1 9 1 .7 9 48. 34 1 .7 7 1 .7 7 48. 46 47.11 1. 77 S ta te 39.1 39. 6 40. 7 41. 2 40. 9 41. 2 40 .1 3 9 .9 40 .1 3 9 .2 3 9 .5 3 9 .5 3 9 .3 3 9 .4 3 8 .3 $ 1 .1 8 1. 20 1. 20 1. 21 1. 21 1. 22 1. 23 1. 23 1. 23 1 .2 3 1. 24 1. 22 1 .2 3 1 .2 3 1 .2 3 1376 MONTHLY LABOR C : EARNINGS AND HOURS T able C-5. Hours and gross earnings of production workers in manufacturing industries for selected States and areas1—Continued N o r t h C a r o lin a — C o n tin u e d N o r th D a k o ta C h a rlo tte S ta t e O h io F arg o O k la h o m a S ta t e S ta t e O k la h o m a C i t y Y e a r an d m o n th A vg. w k ly . e a rn in g s A vg. w k ly . h o u rs A vg. h rly . e a rn in g s A vg. w k ly . e a rn in g s A vg. w k ly . h o u rs A vg. h rly . e a rn in g s A vg. w k ly , e a rn in g s A vg. w k ly . h o u rs 1951: A v e r a g e _______ $49.48 1952: A v e r a g e ......... .. 51.01 1952: S e p t e m b e r ____ 53. 47 O c t o b e r ____ __ 51.83 N o v e m b e r ____ 52. 03 D e c e m b e r ____ 52. 06 1953: J a n u a r y _______ 50.8 2 F e b r u a r y _____ 51.18 M a r c h ................ 52.35 A p r i l .................... 51.44 M a y __________ 51.73 J u n e . . - ______ 51.84 J u l y ---------------- 51.58 A u g u s t _______ 51.71 S e p t e m b e r ____ 49.7 6 40 .1 4 0 .3 4 1 .8 41.1 4 1 .0 4 0 .9 4 0 .2 4 0 .3 4 0 .9 4 0 .5 40 .1 4 0 .5 4 0 .3 4 0 .4 3 8 .6 $1.24 1.27 1 .2 8 1 .2 6 1 .2 7 1 .2 7 1 .2 7 1 .2 7 1 .2 8 1 .2 7 1.29 1.28 1 .2 8 1.28 1.29 $59. 72 64 .0 4 65. 70 66.34 68.83 65. 25 63 .0 6 61.53 61.28 63 .6 4 64.98 66.87 6 9 .0 0 68.7 5 65.7 4 4 4 .9 4 5 .1 4 5 .5 4 6 .4 4 6 .7 4 4 .9 4 3 .7 4 2 .7 4 2 .7 4 3 .3 4 4 .2 4 5 .7 4 6 .4 4 6 .7 4 5 .4 $1.33 1.4 2 1.44 1.43 1.47 1.45 1.44 1.4 4 1.44 1.4 7 1 .4 7 1.4 6 1.4 9 1.47 1.4 5 $61.08 67.78 71.52 73.45 75. 52 68.6 6 64.85 64.16 62.3 7 63.72 66.44 67. 90 70. 45 67. 65 67.7 7 4 3 .7 44 .3 4 3 .9 4 6 .6 4 7 .2 4 4 .2 4 2 .6 4 2 .0 41 .5 4 1 .2 4 1 .8 43 .5 43 .3 4 3 .0 4 4 .5 O k la h o m a — C o n . 4 3 .1 4 2 .7 4 1 .9 4 2 .2 4 3 .3 4 2 .6 4 1 .6 4 1 .7 4 1 .9 4 0 .9 41.1 4 1 .4 4 1 .3 4 0 .8 4 0 .5 $1.4 0 1.53 $75.14 1.63 77.28 1.58 78.2 6 1.6 0 78.46 1.55 80. 03 1.52 79.7 6 1.53 79.41 1 .5 0 8 0 .4 9 1.55 79. 76 1.59 79.72 1.5 6 80. 21 1.63 80.41 1.5 7 79.88 1 .5 2 79.86 A vg. w k ly . h o u rs A vg. h rly . e a rn in g s A vg. w k ly . e a rn in g s A vg. w k ly . h o u rs A vg. h rly . e a rn in g s A vg. w k ly . e a rn in g s A vg. w k ly . h o u rs 41.1 4 1 .5 4 1 .7 4 1 .6 4 2 .2 4 1 .7 4 1 .4 4 1 .8 4 1 .4 4 1 .2 4 1 .2 41.1 4 0 .9 4 0 .6 $ 1 .8 3 1 .8 6 1 .8 8 1 .8 9 1 .9 0 1.91 1 .9 2 1.93 1.93 1.93 1 .9 5 1 .9 6 1 .9 5 1 .9 7 $62. 60 65.68 67.0 4 68.2 6 68.48 70. 09 68.15 69.64 70. 22 69.63 69. 72 68.5 6 70.30 69.94 71.04 42 .3 4 2 .1 4 1 .9 4 2 .4 4 2 .8 4 3 .0 4 1 .3 4 1 .7 4 1 .8 4 1 .2 4 1 .5 41 .3 4 1 .6 4 0 .9 41 .3 $1.48 1.56 1 .6 0 1.61 1.6 0 1.63 1.65 1.6 7 1 .6 8 1.69 1.68 1.6 6 1.69 1.71 1.7 2 $60.48 63.3 6 64.38 63. 66 64. 09 65.4 2 63. 75 64.14 66. 07 65.91 68. 02 67.39 66.94 66. 72 68.3 6 4 3 .2 4 3 .4 4 3 .5 4 3 .6 4 3 .9 44 .5 4 2 .5 4 2 .2 4 2 .9 4 2 .8 4 3 .6 4 3 .2 42.1 4 1 .7 4 2 .2 $75.61 79.56 79. 82 78.91 82.14 81.2 4 80.6 4 80. 97 82.3 8 82.4 2 83.2 8 83.5 8 8 3 .0 5 8 1 .7 0 8 0 .3 2 39 .1 3 8 .9 3 8 .3 3 8 .9 39 .1 39 .1 3 8 .7 3 8 .7 3 9 .0 3 8 .6 3 8 .8 3 8 .6 39.1 3 8 .4 3 7 .9 A vg. h r ly . e a rn in g s $1.40 1.46 1.48 1.46 1.46 1.47 1.50 1.52 1.54 1.54 1.56 1.56 1.59 1 .6 0 1.62 P e n n s y lv a n ia S ta t e $1.54 1.7 0 1 .7 5 1.7 6 1.81 1.8 2 1 .8 0 1.8 2 1.81 1.8 4 1.8 2 1.81 1.83 1 .7 7 1 .8 5 A vg. w k ly . e a rn in g s O re g o n T u lsa 1951: A v e r a g e - ............ $66.37 1952: A v e r a g e _______ 72.59 1952: S e p t e m b e r ____ 73.33 O c to b e r _______ 74.27 N o v e m b e r ____ 78.37 D e c e m b e r ____ 77. 53 1953: J a n u a r y _______ 74.88 F e b r u a r y _____ 75.89 M a r c h ________ 75.84 A p r i l __________ 75. 26 M a y __________ 74.8 0 J u n e __________ 74.93 J u l y ___________ 75.58 A u g u s t _______ 72.22 S e p t e m b e r ____ 74.93 A vg. h r ly . e a rn in g s P o rtla n d $1.9 4 $70.89 73.39 2. 05 2. 09 73.3 0 72.93 2. 03 73.37 2 .1 0 74.95 2. 08 74. 51 2. 08 2. 09 74 .2 0 2.11 76.84 2.1 3 76 .6 0 2 .1 4 78.01 2 .1 6 76.17 2 .1 2 75.33 2 .1 3 77. 55 2 .1 2 75. 71 39.1 3 8 .7 3 8 .8 3 9 .2 3 8 .2 3 8 .8 3 8 .4 3 8 .3 3 8 .9 3 8 .8 3 8 .8 3 2 .9 3 8 .2 3 8 .6 38.1 A lle n to w n - B e th l e h e m -E a s to n S ta t e $1.82 1 .9 0 1 .8 9 1 .8 6 1 .9 2 1.93 1 .9 4 1 .9 4 1 .9 7 1 .9 8 2. 01 2. 01 1.9 7 2. 01 1.9 9 $63. 74 66. 54 68 .5 0 68.94 69.58 70.91 71.31 70 .8 8 71 .3 6 70 .4 8 70 .9 5 7 0 .9 2 70. 71 71.9 7 72.1 6 4 0 .2 4 0 .2 4 0 .4 4 0 .6 4 0 .4 4 0 .7 4 0 .5 4 0 .4 4 0 .6 4 0 .1 4 0 .3 4 0 .0 3 9 .5 3 9 .8 3 9 .4 $1.59 1.6 6 1 .7 0 1.7 0 1.72 1.74 1.7 6 1.7 5 1 .7 6 1.7 6 1.7 6 1.7 7 1.7 9 1.81 1.83 $61.62 63.7 6 67.6 2 65.92 68.8 2 66. 03 68.5 4 66.7 7 66.96 65.7 4 67.4 2 66. 57 66.24 67.97 69. 09 $1.56 1.61 1.68 1.65 1.6 9 1.68 1.7 2 1.6 9 1.6 9 1.69 1.72 1.73 1.73 1.73 1 .7 8 3 9 .6 3 9 .6 4 0 .3 4 0 .0 4 0 .7 3 9 .4 3 9 .8 3 9 .6 3 9 .6 3 8 .9 3 9 .2 3 8 .5 3 8 .2 3 9 .2 3 8 .9 E rie 3 4 1 .1 4 1 .2 4 1 .6 4 0 .7 4 1 .4 41.1 4 2 .4 4 1 .4 4 2 .6 43.1 41 .1 41 .1 3 9 .2 4 0 .4 4 0 .2 $67.24 70.33 69.97 68.34 71.83 72.13 77.34 75.31 78. 51 80.6 8 74.23 73.69 70.8 0 74. 21 73.16 $1.64 1.71 1.68 1.68 1.74 1.76 1.82 1.82 1.84 1.87 1.81 1.79 1.81 1.84 1.82 P e n n s y lv a n ia — C o n tin u e d H a rris b u rg 1951: A v e r a g e ............. $57.89 1952: A v e r a g e _______ 61.07 1952: S e p t e m b e r ____ 63.65 O c to b e r _______ 63.93 N o v e m b e r ____ 64.72 D e c e m b e r ____ 63.71 1953: J a n u a r y _____ 65. 57 F e b r u a r y _____ 63.48 M a r c h . . ............ 64.11 A p r i l _______ 62.37 M a y __________ 6 5 .0 0 J u n e _______ 6 4 .4 0 J u l y ___________ 63.1 0 A u g u s t ________ 63.75 S e p t e m b e r ____ 63.46 4 0 .4 4 0 .5 4 0 .7 4 0 .9 4 0 .4 4 0 .5 4 0 .6 40.1 4 0 .4 3 9 .5 4 0 .2 3 9 .9 3 9 .0 3 9 .4 3 8 .6 L a n c a s te r 3 $1.43 1.51 1 .5 6 1.5 6 1 .6 0 1.5 7 1.6 2 1.5 8 1.5 9 1.58 1 .6 2 1.61 1 .6 2 1.62 1.6 4 $57.21 59.49 59. 71 61.2 6 59.44 63.5 0 6 2 .0 0 63.75 62.78 63.0 3 63.24 62.9 0 63. 65 63.33 62.2 0 4 1 .4 4 1 .2 4 1 .7 4 1 .9 4 0 .3 4 2 .5 4 1 .5 4 2 .3 4 1 .8 4 1 .8 4 1 .8 4 1 .6 4 1 .6 4 1 .5 4 0 .6 $1.38 1.44 1.43 1 .4 6 1.48 1.4 9 1.49 1.51 1 .5 0 1.51 1.51 1.51 1.53 1.53 1.53 P h il a d e l p h i a $65.89 69.97 71.19 71.41 72.81 73.7 6 73.11 73.68 73.77 73.0 6 73. 60 73.73 73.28 74.58 75.08 4 0 .7 4 0 .8 41.1 4 0 .9 4 1 .3 4 1 .6 4 0 .8 4 1 .0 41.1 4 0 .7 4 0 .8 4 0 .6 4 0 .0 4 0 .4 4 0 .3 P e n n s y lv a n ia — C o n tin u e d W ilk e s - B a r r e H a z l e to n 3 1951: A v e r a g e _______ $45.98 1952: A v e r a g e _______ 49. 74 1952: S e p t e m b e r ____ 50.7 0 O c to b e r _______ 52.11 N o v e m b e r ____ 53.29 D e c e m b e r ____ 51.4 2 1953: J a n u a r y . 52.0 7 F e b r u a r y ____ 51.61 M a r c h _____ 51.78 A p r i l __________ 50.0 9 M a y ______ 51.13 J u n e ................. 51.0 7 J u l y ___________ 49. 79 A u g u s t _______ 50.73 S e p t e m b e r ____ 4 9 .5 0 3 6 .9 3 8 .0 3 8 .7 3 8 .8 3 9 .5 3 8 .6 3 8 .2 3 8 .4 3 8 .5 3 7 .3 38 .1 3 7 .8 37 .1 3 7 .3 3 6 .4 S e e f o o tn o te s a t e n d o f ta b le . https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis $1.25 1.31 1.31 1 .3 4 1 .3 5 1.33 1 .3 6 1 .3 4 1 .3 5 1 .3 4 1.34 1 .3 5 1 .3 4 1.3 6 1.3 6 4 1 .2 4 1 .4 4 0 .9 4 2 .5 41.1 4 2 .5 4 2 .3 4 2 .0 4 2 .7 4 2 .2 4 1 .9 4 2 .7 41.1 4 2 .0 4 0 .7 $72.85 75.94 80.3 3 8 0 .2 6 8 0 .0 9 81.94 82.3 7 81.15 81.4 4 79 .5 2 80.8 4 81.7 6 8 2 .3 4 83.84 84 .4 8 4 0 .7 4 0 .5 4 0 .9 4 1 .2 4 0 .8 4 1 .3 4 1 .0 4 0 .8 4 0 .8 3 9 .8 4 0 .5 4 0 .8 4 0 .4 4 0 .7 4 0 .4 R e a d in g 3 $1.79 $60.92 62.13 1.8 8 1.9 6 63.75 1.9 5 65.85 1.9 6 64.48 1.9 8 67.4 0 2.01 67.05 1.9 9 65.69 2 .0 0 67.8 6 2 .0 0 67. 03 2 .0 0 67.4 0 2. 00 67. 40 2 .0 4 67.1 0 2 .0 6 66.26 2 .0 9 63.13 3 9 .0 3 9 .4 4 0 .3 4 0 .7 3 9 .9 4 0 .8 4 0 .2 4 0 .2 41 .1 4 0 .7 4 0 .7 4 0 .6 4 0 .4 3 9 .7 38.1 R h o d e Is la n d Y o rk 3 $54.71 57.13 56.48 59.88 58.0 3 61.33 61.29 61.91 63 .9 2 63.51 62 .5 6 64.73 62.18 63.42 61.38 $1.62 1 .7 2 1.73 1.75 1 .7 6 1 .7 7 1 .7 9 1 .8 0 1 .8 0 1 .8 0 1 .8 0 1 .8 2 1 .8 3 1.85 1.8 6 P itts b u rg h S ta t e $1.33 1 .3 8 1 .3 8 1.41 1.41 1.44 1.45 1.47 1 .5 0 1.51 1.4 9 1.5 2 1.51 1.51 1.51 $55.86 59. 62 61.18 6 0 .1 6 60.61 6 3 .3 0 62. 07 61.51 61.48 61.24 60.9 5 61.81 60. 77 57.4 6 58.29 3 9 .9 4 0 .2 4 1 .2 4 0 .3 3 9 .6 4 1 .8 4 1 .2 4 0 .9 4 0 .9 4 0 .7 4 0 .4 4 0 .8 4 0 .1 3 7 .8 3 7 .9 $1.5 6 $48. 27 1.58 51.08 1.58 52. 03 1.62 51.9 4 1.62 51.81 1.65 51.89 1.67 53.8 0 1.63 54.15 1.65 55. 56 55.64 1.65 1.66 55. 54 54.74 1.66 1 .6 6 54.83 1 .6 7 54.16 1 .6 6 55.17 3 8 .4 3 8 .7 3 9 .3 3 9 .2 39 .1 3 8 .9 39.1 39 .1 4 0 .0 3 9 .6 3 9 .9 3 9 .3 39 .5 3 8 .8 3 8 .8 $1.26 1 .3 2 1.32 1.33 1.33 1.33 1.38 1.39 1.39 1.41 1.39 1.39 1.39 1 .4 0 1.42 S o u th C a r o lin a P r o v id e n c e $ 1 .4 0 $56.38 1.4 8 59.16 1.4 8 6 0 .8 6 1.49 59.86 1.53 5 9 .6 0 1.51 63.1 5 61.1 2 1.51 1 .5 0 61.65 62.10 1 .5 0 1 .5 0 60. 75 1.51 60.6 4 1.52 61.16 1.51 60. 60 1.5 2 60. 79 1.54 59.8 0 S c ra n to n 3 4 0 .5 4 0 .8 4 1 .4 4 1 .0 4 0 .0 42 .1 4 1 .3 4 1 .1 4 1 .4 4 0 .5 4 0 .7 4 0 .6 4 0 .4 4 0 .8 3 9 .6 $1.3 9 $47.48 1.4 5 47.8 8 1.4 7 4 9 .7 8 1 .4 6 49.73 50.1 4 1.49 51.04 1 .5 0 1.48 4 9 .8 2 49.8 2 1 .5 0 49.4 5 1 .5 0 49.9 7 1.5 0 49. 72 1.4 9 50. 22 1.51 1 .5 0 49.4 8 1.49 49.3 5 4 9 .6 4 1.51 S ta t e 3 9 .9 3 9 .9 4 0 .8 41.1 4 1 .1 4 1 .5 4 0 .5 4 0 .5 4 0 .2 4 0 .3 40 .1 4 0 .5 3 9 .9 3 9 .8 3 9 .4 C h a r l e s to n $1.19 $45. 65 48.0 3 1 .2 0 1 .2 2 48.73 1.21 4 9 .3 2 1.22 48.6 7 1.23 47.88 1.23 47. 52 1.23 49.1 7 1.23 4 8 .8 0 52. 07 1.2 4 1.24 49.85 1 .2 4 50.8 8 1 .2 4 49.4 8 1.2 4 49.52 51.21 1 .2 6 4 0 .4 4 0 .7 4 1 .3 4 1 .1 4 0 .9 3 9 .9 3 9 .6 4 0 .3 4 0 .0 4 1 .0 4 0 .2 4 0 .7 3 9 .9 3 9 .3 3 9 .7 $1.13 1.18 1.18 1.20 1.19 1.20 1 .2 0 1.22 1.22 1.27 1.24 1.25 1.24 1.26 1.29 REVIEW, DECEMBER 1953 1377 C: EARNINGS AND HOURS T able C-5. Hours and gross earnings of production workers in manufacturing industries for selected States and areas1—Continued S o u th D a k o t a S ta t e T e n n essee S io u x F a lls C h a t ta n o o g a S ta t e K n o x v ille M e m p h is Y e a r a n d m o n th 1951: 1952: 1952: 1953: 1951: 1952: 1952: 1953: A v e r a g e ______ A v e r a g e _______ S e p t e m b e r ____ O c to b e r _______ N o v e m b e r ____ D e c e m b e r ____ J a n u a r y _______ F e b r u a r y _____ M a r c h ________ A p r i l _________ M a y __________ J u n e ________ __ J u l y ---------------A u g u s t _______ S e p te m b e r ____ A v e r a g e _______ A v e r a g e _______ S e p te m b e r ____ O c to b e r ^ . . . . N o v e m b e r ____ D e c e m b e r ____ J a n u a r y ---------F e b r u a r y _____ M a r c h ................. A p r i l ____ . . _ M a y __________ J u n e _________ J u l y ---------------A u g u s t _______ S e p te m b e r ____ A vg. w k ly . e a rn in g s A vg. w k ly . h o u rs $58.46 62. 76 63. 50 63.16 66.18 66. 56 66.34 60. 91 62.19 60.84 63.35 64. 51 63. 27 62.35 65.36 43.3 44.2 44.3 44.1 45.8 45.8 44.8 41.4 42.4 41.2 43.3 43.5 42.6 42.8 43.9 A vg. h rly . e a rn in g s A vg. w k ly . e a rn in g s A vg. w k ly . h o u rs $1.35 $62. 84 1.42 69. 01 1.43 70. 80 1.43 69.13 1.44 73.14 1.45 75. 91 1.48 74. 77 1.47 67. 09 1.47 67.83 1.48 66.88 1.46 69. 62 1.48 70. 36 1.49 68. 87 1.46 67.34 1.49 67.70 44.5 45.4 46.3 45.1 47.9 49.2 48.0 42.8 43.2 42.2 44.0 44.4 43.7 42.9 43.4 T en n essee— C on. T exas N a s h v ill e S ta t e 40.3 40.2 40.7 40.9 40.5 41.6 40.2 40.4 40.9 40.9 41.2 41.0 40.3 40.1 39.1 $53. 20 55.07 55. 76 56.03 56.30 57.82 56.28 57.37 58. 08 58.90 59.33 58.63 58. 03 57.74 57.48 $1.32 $62. 75 1.37 66. 57 1.37 69.76 1.37 68.80 1.39 69.50 1.39 70. 25 1.40 68. 62 1.42 67.97 1.42 68. 97 1.44 69. 39 1.44 68.39 1.43 69. 30 1.44 70.89 1.44 70.81 1.47 70.96 A vg. w k ly . e a rn in g s A vg. w k ly . h o u rs $1.41 $51.86 1.52 54. 67 1.53 55. 88 1.53 56.58 1.53 56.86 1.54 56. 99 1.56 55.48 1.57 56.03 1.57 56.58 1.58 56.98 1.58 56.57 1.58 56.57 1. 58 56. 84 1. 57 57.12 1. 56 57.89 40.2 40.8 41.7 41.6 41.5 41.6 40.5 40.6 41.0 40.7 40.7 40. 7 40.6 40.8 40.2 A vg. h rly . e a rn in g s 1951: 1952: 1952: 1953: A v e r a g e _______ A v e r a g e _______ S e p t e m b e r ____ O c to b e r _______ N o v e m b e r ____ D e c e m b e r ____ J a n u a r y _______ F e b r u a r y _____ M a r c h ________ A p r i l _________ M a y __________ J u n e ........ ...........J u l y ----------------A u g u s t ________ S e p te m b e r ____ 47.1 46.5 47.0 46.1 43.3 45.5 45.0 45.7 45.9 45.3 45.4 45.5 45.7 45.6 45.4 $73.01 78.12 80.76 79.31 75.78 79.63 78. 92 80.14 80. 88 82.93 82. 51 82. 54 82.20 82. 67 82.64 41.1 40.2 41.3 38.3 40.2 40.3 40.1 40.2 40.6 40.6 40.6 40.7 42.3 40.6 42.1 1951: 1952: 1952: 1953: A v e r a g e _______ A v e r a g e .............. S e p te m b e r ____ O c to b e r _______ N o v e m b e r ____ D e c e m b e r ____ J a n u a r y ___ __ F e b r u a r y _____ M a r c h ________ A p r i l ____ . . . M a y _________ J u n e __________ J u l y . . . .............. A u g u s t _______ S e p te m b e r ____ $70. 02 74 21 74.84 75. 47 76. 95 75. 95 77.80 77. 97 79.82 76. 50 72.85 77.83 80.04 77.59 81.79 40.3 40.2 39.0 39.7 40.4 40.3 40.5 40.4 40.9 39.3 37.6 39.7 40.1 39.1 37.9 See footnotes a t end of table. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 40.6 41.0 41.8 41.8 41.7 42.3 40.7 40.5 41.1 40.5 40.2 40.3 40.2 41.0 39.3 A vg. w k ly . e a rn in g s $1.32 $58. 49 1.36 61.20 1.36 63.76 1.37 66.03 1.38 66.14 1.39 63.91 1.38 62.00 1.40 63. 58 1 41 64.53 1.42 66.30 1.42 66. 56 1.43 66.08 1.43 63. 99 1.44 65. 44 1.46 67.06 A vg. w k ly . h o u rs 40.9 40.8 41.4 42.6 42.4 41.5 40.0 40.5 41.1 41.7 41.6 41.3 40.5 40.9 40.4 40.2 40.2 40.8 40.8 41.2 41.0 40.3 39.7 40.3 39.2 39.5 40.7 39.1 39.7 39.3 $1.27 1.33 $56.44 1.34 58. 66 1.34 58. 52 1.35 54.92 1.37 56.16 1.37 55.74 1.38 55.58 1.39 57.94 1.39 59. 57 1.39 57. 51 1.41 58.46 1.40 62.13 1.40 59.60 1.41 61.50 41.5 42.2 41.8 39.8 40.4 40.1 39.7 40.8 40.8 40.5 40.6 41.7 40.0 41.0 38.1 38.9 39.8 38.6 37.4 37.9 38.5 38.9 38.8 38.4 38.2 38.0 39.2 39.0 37.9 $1.83 $63.36 1.93 65.82 1.92 67. 26 1.97 68.17 1.98 68. 68 1.95 68. 91 1.97 69. 55 1.98 69. 60 1.99 70.18 1.98 70.05 2.01 71.96 2.02 70.84 2.05 71.68 1.98 71.02 1. 96 71.19 40.1 39.7 39.8 40.1 40.4 40.3 40.2 40.0 40.1 39.8 40.2 39.8 39.6 39.9 38.9 A vg. w k ly . e a rn in g s A vg. w k ly . h o u rs $1.43 $58. 22 1. 50 62.63 1.54 63.94 1.55 64.08 1. 56 63.49 1.54 63.62 1.55 61.50 1.57 63. 69 1 57 64.90 1.59 65.48 1.60 64.14 1.60 63.12 1.58 64.45 1.60 63.12 1.66 63.80 42.5 42.9 43.5 43.3 42.9 42.7 41.0 41.9 42.7 42.8 42.2 41.8 42.4 41.8 41.7 $1.57 $66. 78 1.66 70.64 1.63 71.06 1.68 70.72 1.73 73.78 1.74 75. 68 1.79 72.10 1. 79 73.10 1.80 73. 22 1.80 74.16 1.78 72.80 1.79 74.05 1.73 72.98 1.82 74.88 1.69 76.08 42 0 41.8 41.8 41.6 42.4 43.0 41.2 41.3 41.6 41.9 40.9 41.6 41.7 41.6 41.8 S ta t e $1.59 $57.32 1.69 59.35 1.70 60. 51 1.70 60.84 1.74 57. 82 1.76 60.93 1.75 61.23 1.77 61.75 1.76 61.79 1.77 62.37 1.78 62. 97 1.78 63.20 1.75 62.20 1.80 62.83 1.82 63. 25 43.3 42.7 43.1 43.1 40.8 42.8 42.9 43.1 43.2 43.1 43.2 43.2 42.6 43.1 43.3 A vg. h rly . e a rn in g s $1.37 1.46 1.47 1.48 1.48 1.49 1.50 1. 52 1. 52 1.53 1.52 1.51 1.52 1.51 1.53 B u r li n g to n $1.33 $55.03 1.39 56.49 1.40 57.21 1.41 58.01 1.42 55.25 1.42 57.99 1.43 57. 97 1.43 58.62 1.43 59. 01 1.44 57.98 1.45 59.24 1.46 58. 99 1.46 56. 93 1.46 58. 87 1.46 59.45 40.5 39.5 39.4 40.3 37.7 39.5 38.9 39.2 40.0 39.4 39.8 39.5 38.6 40.2 40.1 $1.36 1.43 1.45 1.44 1.47 1.47 1.49 1.50 1.48 1.47 1.49 1.49 1.47 1.46 1.48 W a sh in g to n R ic h m o n d $1.36 $56. 68 1.39 56.68 1.40 58. 20 1.38 58.90 1.39 60.03 1.39 58.18 1.40 59.28 1.42 59.16 1.46 59.98 1.42 58.36 1.44 58. 51 1.49 58.31 1.49 60.83 1.50 60.34 40.2 40.2 40 7 40.9 41.4 40.4 40.6 40.8 40.8 39.7 39.8 39.4 41.1 40.5 S ta t e $1.41 1.41 1 43 1.44 1.45 1.44 1.46 1.45 1.47 1.47 1.47 1.48 1.48 1.49 $72.45 76.16 77.16 76. 51 77. 51 78.75 79.13 79.68 79.84 79.23 78.73 79.59 79. 91 79.16 77. 67 38.7 38.7 39.1 38.6 38.2 38.9 38.8 39.2 39.1 38.8 38.6 38.9 39.6 38.7 37.9 $1.87 $72.60 1.97 74.36 1.97 76.47 1.98 76.28 2. 03 76. 88 2. 03 75. 69 2. 04 75. 89 2.03 75. 71 2.04 77. 22 2. 04 76.04 2. 04 74. 65 2.05 75.83 2.02 75.84 2.05 77. 50 2.05 76.30 39.1 38.5 38.8 38.7 38.7 38.6 38.2 38.4 38.9 38.5 37.9 38.1 38.3 38.7 38.0 $1.85 1.93 1.97 1.97 1.99 1.96 1.98 1.97 1.98 1.98 1 97 1.99 1.98 2.00 2.01 40.2 40.6 40.8 40.7 40.4 41.3 40.7 40.9 40.5 40.7 40.5 41.4 40.6 40.0 K enosha S ta t e C h a r l e s to n $1.58 1.66 $78.35 1.69 80.39 1.70 81.19 1.70 81.40 1.71 81.61 1.73 83.43 1.74 83.44 1.75 85. 07 1.76 85.05 1.77 85.06 1.78 85.05 1.81 88.18 1.78 85.26 1.83 88.00 S e a t tle W isc o n sin W e s t V ir g in ia S ta t e A vg. h rly . e a rn in g s V erm o n t S a lt L a k e C i t y 3 N o r f o lk - P o r ts m o u t h T acom a $1.73 $69.63 1.85 75.10 1.92 76.50 1.90 76.16 1.91 74.07 1.89 74.11 1.92 75. 82 1.93 76. 96 1.95 77.33 1.95 76.15 1.94 76.80 1.96 76.90 2.00 80.20 1.98 77.46 2.16 74. 21 $1.29 $53. 59 1.34 55.76 1.34 56.85 1.36 57. 27 1.37 57. 55 1.37 58. 80 1.37 56.17 1.38 56. 70 1.38 57. 95 1.40 57. 51 1 39 57.08 1.39 57.63 1.40 57.49 1.40 59.04 1.44 57.38 A vg. h r ly . e a rn in g s V ir g in ia W a s h i n g to n — C o n t i n u e d Spokane A vg. w k ly . h o u rs S ta t e 42.4 $1.48 $64. 53 42.4 1. 57 66.73 1.60 67.32 43.6 43.0 1.60 64.34 1.62 69. 55 42.9 1.63 70.12 43.1 42.1 1.63 71.78 1.63 71.96 41.7 41.8 . 1.65 73.08 1.66 73.08 41.8 41.2 1.66 72. 27 41.5 1.67 72. 85 1.70 73.18 41.7 41.9 1.69 73.89 41.5 1.71 71.15 S ta t e $1.55 $51.05 1.68 53.47 1.72 54. 67 1.72 54. 67 1.75 55. 62 1. 75 56.17 1. 75 55. 21 1. 75 54. 79 1.76 56. 02 1.83 54.49 1.82 54.90 1.81 57.39 1.80 54.74 1.81 55.58 1.82 55. 41 A vg. w k ly . e a rn in g s U ta h V e r m o n t— C o n . S p r in g f ie ld A vg. h r ly . e a rn in g s $1.95 1.98 1.99 2. 00 2.02 2.02 2.05 2.08 2.10 2.09 2.10 2.13 2.10 2.20 $68. 77 71.77 71.14 73 55 75.12 75. 90 75.19 75. 67 76. 28 76.22 75. 76 74. 55 72.05 73. 72 72.98 42.5 42.2 42.1 42.5 42.8 42.9 42.3 42.3 42.5 42.3 42.1 41.9 41.9 42.0 41.4 $1.62 $73. 74 1.70 75.34 1.69 75.40 1 73 79.31 1.75 78.42 1.77 76. 71 1.78 81.40 1. 79 81.96 1.79 79. 29 1.80 80.30 1.80 77.36 1.78 74.79 1.72 73.28 1.76 74. 75 1.76 78.06 41 2 40.1 39.4 40.7 40.6 40.1 41.2 41.4 40.2 40.6 39.7 38.8 38.5 39.2 40.1 $1.79 1.88 1.91 1.95 1.93 1.91 1.97 1.98 1.97 1.98 1.95 1.93 1.90 1.91 1.95 MONTHLY LABOR C: EARNINGS AND HOURS 1378 T able C -5 . H ours and gross earnings of production w orkers in m anufacturing industries for selected S tates and a re a s 1— C ontinued W is c o n s in — C o n ti n u e d M a d is o n L a C ro s se W y o m in g M ilw a u k e e R a c in e S ta te C asper Y ear a n d m o n th 1951: A v e r a g e . ___ 1952: A v e r a g e _______ 1952: S e p t e m b e r ____ O c to b e r _______ N o v e m b e r ____ D e c e m b e r .......... 1953: J a n u a r y _______ F e b r u a r y ......... .. M a r c h ________ A p r i l __________ M a y . ________ J u n e _________ J u l y ---------------A u g u s t ___ . . . S e p te m b e r ____ A vg. w k ly . e a rn in g s A vg. w k ly . h o u rs A vg. h rly . e a rn in g s A vg. w k ly . e a rn in g s A vg. w k ly . h o u rs $63.11 68.47 68.88 69.41 70.36 72.89 69.11 71.92 71.74 71.53 72.61 73.49 71. 53 73. 58 76.05 3 9 .2 3 9 .5 3 9 .4 3 9 .4 3 9 .9 4 0 .6 3 8 .0 3 9 .8 3 9 .4 39 .3 39. 7 40.1 3 8 .8 3 9 .7 4 0 .6 $1.61 1.73 1 .7 5 1.76 1 .7 6 1 .7 9 1 .8 2 1.81 1 .8 2 1.82 1.83 1.83 1.84 1.8 5 1.8 7 $69.36 73. 56 73.17 75.11 77. 54 80.30 76. 75 75.12 73. 94 73.14 73.81 76. 40 72.13 72.78 74.72 4 1 .3 4 1 .0 4 0 .8 4 1 .2 4 2 .0 4 3 .0 4 0 .8 4 0 .4 4 0 .2 39. 7 3 9 .7 4 0 .3 3 9 .4 3 9 .4 3 9 .7 A vg. w k ly . e a rn in g s A vg. w k ly . h o u rs A vg. h rly . e a rn in g s A vg. w k ly . e a rn in g s A vg. w k ly . h o u rs A vg. h rly . e a rn in g s A vg. w k ly . e a rn in g s A vg. w k ly . h o u rs $1.6 8 $74. 79 1.80 77.79 78. 32 1.81 1. 84 79. 51 81.41 1.85 82.34 1 .8 7 81.26 1 .8 9 1.8 7 81.37 1.8 5 81.83 82.12 1.84 1.8 6 80.84 1. 90 79. 80 79. 76 1.83 83.0 7 1.85 1.88 81.9 7 4 2 .2 4 1 .7 4 1 .5 41.9 4 2 .4 4 2 .6 4 2 .0 4 1 .8 4 1 .9 4 1 .9 4 1 .4 41. 1 4 1 .2 4 2 .0 4 1 .2 $1.77 1.86 1 .8 9 1.9 0 1.92 1.93 1.94 1 94 1.9 5 1.96 1 95 1 94 1.94 1 .9 8 1 .9 9 $75. 54 77. 85 77.17 78. 84 80.0 8 79. 49 80. 21 79. 81 82. 09 80. 82 79. 57 78.41 75.61 76.15 76.53 4 1 .9 4 1 .2 4 1 .2 4 1 .7 4 2 .0 4 1 .7 4 1 .8 4 1 .4 4 2 .2 4 1 .9 4 1 .5 41.1 4 0 .3 4 0 .3 4 0 .5 $1.8 0 1.8 9 1 .8 8 1 .8 9 1.91 1.91 1.9 2 1.93 1. 95 1.93 1 .9 2 1.91 1 .8 8 1 .8 9 1 .8 9 $71.89 76.36 78.72 75.01 78. 72 78.38 77. 81 79. 60 79. 39 78. 21 79.20 79. 20 84. 67 80. 54 78. 59 3 9 .2 4 0 .4 4 1 .0 3 9 .9 4 1 .0 4 0 .4 39.1 4 0 .2 4 0 .3 3 9 .5 4 0 .0 3 9 .8 41.1 4 1 .3 39.1 A vg. h r ly . e a rn in g s 1 D a t a fo r e a rlie r y e a rs a r e a v a ila b l e u p o n r e q u e s t to t h e B u r e a u o f L a b o r S ta t is tic s o r t h e c o o p e r a tin g S t a t e a g e n c y . S t a t e a g e n c ie s a lso m a k e a v a il a b l e m o r e d e t a il e d i n d u s t r y d a t a . S ee t a b l e A -7 fo r a d d r e s s e s o f c o o p e ra tin g S t a t e a g e n c ie s . https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis A vg. h r ly . e a rn in g s A vg. w k ly . e a rn in g s $1.83 1.8 9 1. 92 $90. 86 1.8 8 89. 47 1. 92 94.02 1.94 89.15 1 .9 9 94. 39 88.76 1.9 8 1.97 90. 40 1.98 91.25 93.30 1.9 8 1.9 9 91.88 94.2 5 2 .0 6 96.1 7 1. 95 91.34 2. 01 A vg. w k ly . h o u rs 41 .3 4 0 .3 4 1 .6 3 9 .8 4 1 .4 39.1 4 0 .0 4 0 .2 41.1 4 0 .3 40 .8 41 .1 3 9 .2 2 N o t c o m p a r a b le w ith p r e c e d in g d a t a s h o w n . 3 R e v i s e d se rie s; n o t c o m p a r a b le w i t h d a t a p r e v i o u s l y p u b li s h e d . A vg. h r ly . e a rn in g s $2.20 2. 22 2. 26 2. 24 2 .2 8 2. 27 2 .2 6 2. 27 2. 27 2. 28 2.31 2. 34 2 .3 3 REVIEW, DECEMBER 1953 1379 D: PRICES AND COST OF LIVING D: Prices and Cost of Living T a ble D - l : C onsum er P rice I n d e x 1— U nited S tates average, all item s and com m odity groups [1 947-49 = 100] H o u sin g 3 Y e a r a n d m o n th A ll I te m s T o ta l fo o d 3 A p p a re l T o ta l * R ent G as an d S o lid H o u se H o u se e le c tr ic fu e ls a n d f u r n is h h o ld o p fu e l oil in g s e r a tio n it y T ra n s p o rta tio n M e d ic a l P e r s o n a l c a re c a re R e a d in g O th e r and goods and re c re a tio n s e rv ic e s A v e r a g e --------------A v e r a g e —......... .. A v e r a g e _________ A v e r a g e .................. A v e r a g e . . . ............ A v e r a g e --------------- 9 5 .5 102.8 101.8 102.8 111.0 113.5 9 5 .9 104.1 100. 0 101.2 112.6 114.6 97.1 103. 5 99.4 98.1 106.9 105.8 9 5 .0 101.7 103. 3 106.1 112.4 114.6 94.4 100.7 105. 0 108.8 113.1 117.9 97.6 100.0 102.5 102.7 103.1 104.5 88.8 104.4 106.8 110.5 116.4 118.7 9 7 .2 103.2 99.6 100.3 111. 2 108.5 9 7 .2 102.6 100.1 101.2 109.0 111.8 90 6 100.9 108. 5 111.3 118.4 126.2 9 4 .9 100.9 104.1 106.0 111.1 117.2 97 .6 101.3 101.1 101.1 110. 5 111.8 95. 5 100.4 104.1 103.4 106. 5 107.0 96.1 100 .5 103. 4 105.2 109.7 115.4 1950: J a n u a r y _________ F e b r u a r y ________ M a r c h ___________ A p r i l ____________ M a v .................. ........ J u n e _____________ J u ly --------------A u g u s t . ................... S e p te m b e r _______ O c t o b e r _________ N o v e m b e r _____ D e c e m b e r ----------- 100.6 100.4 100.7 100.8 101.3 101.8 102.9 103.7 101.4 105.0 105. 5 106.9 9 7 .0 96. 5 9 7 .3 9 7 .7 9 8 .9 100. 5 103.1 103.9 104.0 104.3 104.4 107.1 96 .7 96 .7 96.8 96.7 96. 5 9 6 .5 96.4 97.1 9 9 .2 100.9 101.6 102. 2 104.4 104.6 104.6 104.7 104.7 104.9 105.3 106.1 107.1 108.1 108.8 109.4 107.5 107.7 107.8 108.1 108.5 108. 7 109. 1 109.3 109.5 109.6 110.0 110 4 102.5 102. 8 102.8 102.9 102.8 102.7 102.8 102.7 102.8 102.7 102.7 102.7 109.9 109.6 109.9 109.7 106.8 107. 6 108.1 109.8 111.6 113.4 114.3 114.8 97 .4 97 .6 97 .7 97 .7 97. 5 97 .4 98.1 99.7 102.4 104.7 106.0 107.1 9 9 .4 99.4 9 9 .5 99.4 96 .7 99 .6 99 .9 101.2 102.3 103.6 104.4 105.6 110.2 110.0 109.8 109.6 110.1 109.9 111.2 112.4 112.7 112.6 112.9 114.1 105.0 105.0 105.1 105.1 105. 3 105. 4 105.6 106 0 107.0 107.1 107.4 108.0 99.4 9 9 .2 99.1 99.1 9 9 .0 99 .2 99.5 100 8 101. 3 103. 3 106.1 107.4 104.3 104.6 104.4 104.0 103.8 102. 5 101.7 101.9 102.7 103 0 103.6 104.1 103.9 103. 9 103. 9 103.8 103.9 103.7 104.1 106.3 106.8 107.1 107.4 107.9 1951: J a n u a r y --------------F e b r u a r y ________ M a r c h ___________ A p r i l ......................... M a v _____________ J u n e ------- ------------J u l y ........ ............ .. A u g u s t _____ _____ S e p te m b e r ............ O c to b e r --------------N o v e m b e r _______ D e c e m b e r ........... 108.6 109.9 110.3 110.4 110.9 110.8 110.9 110.9 111.6 112.1 112.8 113.1 109 9 111 .9 112.0 111.7 112.6 112.3 112.7 112.4 112.5 113.5 114.6 115.0 103.8 105.6 106.2 106. 4 106.6 106. 6 106.3 106.4 109.3 109.2 108. 5 108.1 110.4 111.2 111.7 111.9 112.2 112.3 112.6 112.6 112.9 113.2 113.7 113.9 110. 6 111.3 111.9 112.2 112.5 112.7 113.1 113.6 114.2 114.8 115.4 115.6 103.1 103.1 103.1 102.8 103.2 103.0 103.1 103. 2 103. 2 103 3 103.3 103.4 115.1 116.4 110.7 116.7 115.2 115.4 115.9 116.2 116.6 117.1 117.4 117.6 109.3 110.5 111. 1 111.6 112.1 112.0 112.0 111.1 111.3 110.9 111.1 110.8 107.2 108.1 108.4 108.3 108.7 108.7 109.1 109.0 108.8 109.6 110.4 111.1 114.7 115.8 116.9 117.2 117.6 117. 5 117.8 118.7 119.7 120.5 122.1 122.2 108. 5 108.9 109.9 110.3 110.7 111.0 111.0 111.2 111.8 112.6 113.1 114.3 109. 8 110.6 110.7 110.7 110.8 110.8 110.6 110. 4 110.0 110.0 110.6 111.1 105. 6 106. 4 107.0 107.3 107.3 106. 5 106.8 106. 4 105.8 105. 9 106.3 106.5 108 .4 108.7 108.9 109.0 109.2 109.1 109.1 109 1 109.6 109.6 112.4 112.8 1952: J a n u a r y --------------F e b r u a r y ________ M a r c h ----------------A p r i l .......................... M a y _____________ J u n e _____________ J u l y _____________ A u g u s t __________ S e p te m b e r ___ . . . O c t o b e r . . _______ N o v e m b e r .............. D e c e m b e r _______ 113.1 112.4 112.4 112.9 113.0 113.4 114.1 114.3 114.1 114.2 114.3 114.1 115.0 112.6 112.7 113.9 114.3 114.6 116.3 116. 6 115.4 115.0 115.0 113.8 107.0 106.8 106. 4 106.0 105.8 105.6 105.3 105.1 105. 8 105.6 105. 2 105.1 113.9 114.0 114.0 114.0 114.0 114.0 114.4 114.6 114.8 115.2 115.7 116.4 116.0 116.4 116.7 116.9 117.4 117. 6 117.9 118.2 118.3 118.8 119.5 120.7 103.5 103.8 103.8 103.9 104.1 104.3 104.2 105.0 105.0 105.0 105. 4 105.6 117.7 117.6 117.7 117.3 115.6 115.8 118.6 119.0 119.6 121.1 121.6 123.2 110.2 110.0 109.4 108.7 108.3 107.7 107.6 107.6 108.1 107.9 108.0 108.2 110.9 110.8 111.0 111.0 111.2 111.2 111. 8 111.9 112.1 112.8 113.3 113. 4 122.8 123.7 124.4 124.8 125.1 126.3 126.8 127.0 127.7 128.4 128.9 128.9 114.7 114.8 115.7 115.9 116.1 117.8 118. 0 118. 1 118.8 118.9 118.9 119.3 111.0 111.1 111.0 111.3 111.6 111.7 111.9 112.1 112.1 112.3 112.4 112.5 107.2 106.6 106. 3 106.2 106.2 106.8 107.0 107.0 107.3 107.6 107.4 108 .0 113.2 114.4 114.8 115.2 115.8 115.7 11 6 .0 115.9 115 9 115 8 115.8 115.9 1953: J a n u a r y . .................. F e b r u a r y ________ M a r c h ___________ A p r i l ....................... .. M a y _____________ J u n e . . .............. ........ 113.9 113. 4 113.6 113.7 114.0 114.5 114.7 115.0 115.2 115.4 113.1 111.5 111. 7 111. 5 112. 1 113.7 113.8 114.1 113.8 113.6 104.6 104.6 104.7 104.6 104. 7 104.6 104. 4 104.3 105.3 105.5 116.4 116.6 116.8 11 7 .0 117. 1 117.4 117.8 118.0 118.4 118.7 121.1 121.5 121.7 122.1 123.0 123.3 123.8 125.1 126.0 126.8 105.9 106.1 106.5 106.5 106.6 106.4 106.4 106.9 106.9 107.0 123.3 123.3 124.4 123.6 121.8 121.8 123. 7 123.9 124.6 125.7 107.7 108.0 108.0 107.8 107. 6 108.0 108. i 107.4 108.1 108.1 113.4 113.5 114.0 114.3 114. 7 115.4 115.7 115.8 116.0 116.6 129.3 129.1 129.3 129.4 129. 4 129.4 129.7 130 .6 130.7 130.7 119.4 119.3 119.5 120.2 120. 7 121.1 121. 5 121.8 122.6 122.8 112.4 112.5 112.4 112.5 112.8 112.6 112. 6 112.7 112.9 113.2 107.8 107. 5 107.7 107 9 108.0 107.8 107.4 107.6 107.8 108.6 115.9 115.8 117.5 117.9 118.0 118.2 118.3 118.4 118.5 119.7 1947: 1948: 1949: 1950: 1951: 1952: J u l y ______________ A u g u s t -------------S e p te m b e r _______ O c to b e r ____ _____ i A m a jo r r e v is io n w a s i n c o r p o r a te d in t h e C o n s u m e r P r ic e I n d e x b e g in n in g J a n u a r y 1953. T h e r e v i s e d i n d e x , b a s e d o n 46 c i t i e s , h a s b e e n l i n k e d t o t h e p r e v i o u s l y p u b l i s h e d “ i n t e r i m a d j u s t e d ” i n d e x e s fo r 34 c i t i e s a n d r e b a s e d o n 1 9 4 7 -4 9 = 1 0 0 to fo rm a c o n ti n u o u s s e rie s. F o r t h e c o n v e n ie n c e o f u s e rs , t h e “ A l l - i t e m s ” i n d e x e s a r c a ls o s h o w n o n t h e 1 9 3 5 - 3 9 = 1 0 0 b a s e in t a b l e D - 3 . T h e r e v is e d C o n s u m e r P r ic e I n d e x m e a s u r e s t h e a v e r a g e c h a n g e in p r ic e s o f g o o d s a n d s e rv ic e s p u r c h a s e d b y u r b a n w a g e - e a r n e r a n d s a la r ie d - c le r ic a l w o r k e r f a m i l i e s . D a t a f o r 46 l a r g e , m e d i u m , a n d s m a l l c i t i e s a r e c o m b i n e d fo r th e U n ite d S ta te s a v e ra g e . F o r a h is to r y a n d d e s c r ip tio n o f th e in d e x , see T h e C o n s u m e r P r ic e I n d e x , in t h e F e b r u a r y 1953 M o n t h l y L a b o r R e v i e w ; t h e p a m p h l e t , T h e C o n s u m e r P r i c e I n d e x — A S h o r t D e s c r i p t i o n o f t h e I n d e x a s R e v i s e d , 1953; T h e I n t e r i m A d j u s t m e n t o f C o n s u m e r s ’ P r i c e I n d e x , i n t h e A p r i l 1951 M o n t h l y L a b o r R e v i e w ; I n t e r i m A d j u s t m e n t o f C o n s u m e r s ’ P r i c e I n d e x , B u l l e t i n 1039, https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis a n d t h e f o ll o w i n g r e p o r t s : C o n s u m e r s ’ P r i c e I n d e x , R e p o r t o f a S p e c ia l S u b c o m m i t t e e o f t h e H o u s e C o m m i t t e e o n E d u c a t i o n a n d L a b o r (1 9 5 1 ); a n d R e p o r t o f t h e P r e s i d e n t ’s C o m m i t t e e o n t h e C o s t o f L i v i n g (1 9 4 5 ). M im e o e ra p h e d ta b le s a re a v a ila b le u p o n r e q u e s t sh o w in g in d e x e s fo r t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s a n d 20 i n d i v i d u a l c i t i e s r e g u l a r l y s u r v e y e d b y t h e B u r e a u f o r “ A ll i t e m s ” a n d 8 m a j o r c o m p o n e n t s f r o m 1947 t o d a t e . I n d e x e s a r e a l s o a v a i l a b l e f r o m 1913 f o r “ A 11 i t e m s , ” f o o d , a p p a r e l , a n d r e n t , f o r a ll l a r g e c i t i e s c o m b i n e d , a n d f r o m v a r y i n g d a t e s f o r i n d i v i d u a l c it i e s . 2 I n c lu d e s “ F o o d a w a y fro m h o m e ” ( r e s ta u r a n t m e a ls a n d o t h e r fo o d b o u g h t a n d e a t e n a w a y f r o m h o m e ) ; p r i o r t o J a n u a r y 1953, p r i c e s f o r t h i s c a t e g o r y w e r e e s t i m a t e d t o m o v e l i k e p r i c e s f o r “ F o o d a t h o m e ” b u t , s in c e t h a t d a te , h a v e b e e n m e a s u r e d b y p r ic e s o f r e s t a u r a n t m e a ls . 3 In c lu d e s “ O th e r s h e lte r.” < I n c l u d e s to b a c c o , a lc o h o lic b e v e ra g e s , a n d “ m is c e lla n e o u s s e r v ic e s ” ( s u c h a s le g a l s e r v ic e s , b a n k in g fe e s, a n d b u r ia l s e rv ic e s ) . 1380 MONTHLY LABOR D: PRICES AND COST OF LIVING T a ble D -2 : Consumer Price Index1—United States average, food and its subgroups [1 9 4 7 -4 9 = 1 0 0 ] F ood at hom e F ood at hom e T o ta l fo o d 1 Y e a r a n d m o n th A vg........... A vg........... Avg_____ A vg.......... A vg.......... Avg_____ Jan ______ Feb............ M ar......... . Apr______ M ay_____ June....... . July........... Aug........... Sept....... . Oct______ Nov_____ Dec______ 1951: Jan............ Feb.......... . M ar_____ Apr........ M ay_____ June_____ July........... Aug............ Sept_____ 1947: 1948: 1949: 1950: 1951: 1952: 1950: C e re a ls M e a ts, and p o u l b a k e ry try , a n d p ro d fish u c ts T o ta l fo o d at hom e 95 .9 104.1 100.0 101.2 112.6 114.6 97.0 96 .5 97.3 9 7 .7 98 .9 100.5 103.1 103.9 104.0 104.3 104.4 107.1 109.9 111.9 112.0 111.7 112.6 112 3 112. 7 112 4 112.5 95 .9 104.1 100.0 101.2 112.6 114.6 9 7 .0 9 6 .5 97 .3 9 7 .7 9 8 .9 100.5 103.1 103.9 104.0 104.3 104.4 107.1 109.9 111.9 112.0 111.7 112.6 112.3 112.7 112 4 112.5 9 4 .0 103.4 102.7 104. 5 114.0 116.8 102.2 102.3 102.3 102.4 102.7 102.7 103.8 106.2 107.0 107.2 107.4 107.5 112.2 113.2 113.4 113.9 113.9 114.0 114.3 114 2 114.6 9 3 .5 106.1 100.5 104.9 117. 2 116.2 94 .4 9 5 .6 98 .7 9 9 .5 103.4 106.1 110.1 112.2 112.4 109.0 107.7 109.1 113. 5 116.3 117.2 117.3 117.4 116.9 117.6 118 4 118.6 Y e a r a n d m o n th D a iry p ro d u c ts F ru its and vege ta b le s O th e r fo o d s * 96 .7 106.3 9 6 .9 9 5 .9 107.0 111.5 9 5 .6 9 5 .3 9 4 .7 9 3 .3 9 2 .6 9 2 .3 9 3 .8 95 .7 97 .0 9 9 .6 100.1 100.7 105.2 106.1 106.2 106.0 105.7 105.9 106.5 106. 9 107.2 97 .6 100.5 101.9 9 7 .6 106.7 117.2 100.3 9 7 .6 9 5 .5 9 7 .4 9 9 .0 102.5 103.6 94 .7 91.1 9 2 .9 9 5 .8 9 9 .9 104.8 109.8 106.3 105.2 108.5 107.7 107.0 102. 3 100 .4 100.1 102.5 97 .5 101.2 114.6 109.3 95.1 93 .5 95. 5 95.1 9 3 .5 94.1 9 7 .7 105.3 107.7 110.4 109.2 117.0 111.2 110.3 112.7 112.4 113.5 113.8 114.8 116. 5 118.4 1951: O c t________ N o v _______ D e c —.........._ 1952: J a n _______ F e b _______ M a r _______ A p r ........... M a y ______ J u n e ... . . . J u l y ............ A u g ----------S e p t .............. O c t________ N o v _______ D e c _______ 1953: J a n ________ F e b _______ M a r _______ A p r ............... M a y ______ J u n e ____ __ J u l y ----------A u g ----------S e p t _______ O c t___ . . . N ov . D e c ___ . . 1 S ee fo o tn o te 1 to ta b le D - l. I n d e x e s fo r 18 fo o d s u b g r o u p s (1 9 3 5 -3 9 = 100) fro m 1923 to D e c e m b e r 1952 w e re p u b lis h e d in th e M a r c h 1953 M o n th ly L a b o r R e v ie w a n d in T o ta l fo o d 8 113.5 114.6 115.0 115.0 112.6 112.7 113.9 114.3 114.6 116.3 116.6 115.4 115.0 115.0 113.8 113.1 111.5 111.7 111.5 112.1 113.7 113.8 114.1 113.8 113.6 T o ta l fo o d at hom e 113.5 114.6 115.0 115.0 112.6 112.7 113.9 114.3 114.6 116.3 116.6 115.4 115.0 115.0 113.8 112.9 111. 1 111.3 111.1 111.7 113 .7 113.8 114.1 113.5 113.3 C e re a ls M e a t s , and p o u l b a k e ry try , and p ro d fish u c ts D a iry p ro d u c ts F ru its and vege ta b le s 119.1 117.7 116.3 117.1 116.7 115.2 114.8 114.5 116.5 116.4 119.4 119.2 116.9 114.3 113.0 110.9 107.7 107.4 106.8 109.2 111.3 112.0 114.1 113.5 111.1 107.9 109.2 110.7 112.0 112.7 112.0 110.4 109.3 108.9 110.2 111.0 112.5 113.2 113. 3 112.7 111.6 110.7 110.3 109.0 107.8 107.5 108.3 109.1 109.6 110.1 103.2 109.5 115.8 118.2 109.5 113.7 121.1 124.3 122.4 124.0 118.7 111.5 111.3 115.9 115.8 116.7 115.9 115.5 115 .0 115.2 121.7 118.2 112.7 106.6 107.7 114 .6 115.1 115. 2 115.3 115.5 115.7 115. 6 117.2 116.9 117.6 117.5 117.4 117.5 117.5 117.7 117.7 117.6 117.7 118.0 118. 4 118.9 119.1 119.5 120.3 120.4 1 S ee fo o tn o te 2 to ta b le D - l. * I n c lu d e s e g g s, f a ts a n d o ils, s u g a r a n d p re v io u s is s u e s . a n d s w e e ts , b e v e ra g e s O th e r fo o d s • 118.9 118.5 114.5 109.1 105.8 104.4 105.0 104.4 105.2 111.5 113.1 113.7 115.1 114.3 110.6 109. 7 107.3 109.1 110.4 110.3 110.9 112.3 114.4 116.7 117.4 (n o n a lc o h o lic ) o th e r m isc e lla n e o u s fo o d s. T able D -3 : Consumer Price Index1—United States average, all items and food 1947-49=100 Year 1913: Average........... 1914: Average_____ 1915: Average_____ 1916: Average_____ 1917: Average_____ 1918: Average_____ 1919: Average_____ 1920: Average_____ 1921: Average......... 1922: Average......... . 1923: Average_____ 1924: Average_____ 1925: Average_____ 1926: Average.......... 1927: A verage____ 1928: Average.......... 1929: Average_____ 1930: Average_____ 1931: Average......... 1932: Average.......... 1933 Average_____ 1934: Average_____ 1935: A v e ra g e ..___ 1936: Average_____ 1937: Average_____ 1938: Average......... 1939: Average_____ 1940: Average_____ 1 9 4 7 -4 9 = 1 0 0 All items Total food8 42.3 42.9 43.4 46.6 54.8 64.3 74.0 85.7 76.4 71.6 72.9 73. 1 75.0 75.6 74.2 73.3 73.3 71.4 65.0 58.4 55.3 57.2 58.7 59.3 61.4 60.3 59.4 59.9 39.6 40.5 40.0 45.0 57.9 66.5 74.2 83.6 63. 5 59.4 61.4 60.8 65.8 68.0 65.5 64.8 65.6 62. 4 51.4 42.8 41.6 46.4 49.7 50.1 52.1 70.7 71.8 72.5 77.9 91.6 107.5 123.8 143.3 127.7 119.7 121.9 122.2 125.4 126.4 124.0 122.6 122.5 119.4 108.7 97.6 92.4 95.7 98.1 99.1 102.7 4 8 .4 1 0 0 .8 47. 1 47.8 1 0 0 .2 99.4 1941: 1942: 1943: 1944: 1945: 1946: 1947: 1948: 1949: 1950: 1951: 1952: 1950: A v e r a g e . ...........A v e r a g e _______ A v e r a g e _______ A v e r a g e _______ A v e r a g e _______ A v e r a g e ________ A v e r a g e ________ A v e r a g e _______ A v e r a g e ............. A v e r a g e _______ A v e r a g e ________ A v e r a g e _______ J a n u a r y ............... F e b r u a r y ______ M a r c h _________ A p r i l . . .................. M a y ___________ J u n e ____________ J u l y ---------------- A u g u s t .................. S e p t e m b e r ......... O c t o b e r ________ N o v e m b e r ______ D e c e m b e r _____ 1951: J a n u a r y _______ F e b r u a r y ______ M a r c h _________ A p r i l ___________ M a y ___________ 8 S ee fo o tn o te 2 to ta b le D - l. 1935-39 = 100 Y e ar a n d m o n th A ll ite m s All items 1947-49=100 1 9 3 5 -3 9 = 1 0 0 Y e a r a n d m o n th * S e e fo o tn o te 1 to ta b le D - l. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1935-39=100 6 2 .9 6 9 .7 7 4 .0 7 5 .2 7 6 .9 8 3 .4 9 5 .5 1 0 2 .8 1 0 1 .8 1 0 2 .8 1 1 1 .0 1 1 3 .5 1 0 0 .6 1 0 0 .4 1 0 0 .7 1 0 0 .8 1 0 1 .3 1 0 1 .8 1 0 2 .9 1 0 3 .7 1 0 4 .4 1 0 5 .0 1 0 5 .5 1 0 6 .9 1 0 8 .6 1 0 9 .9 1 1 0 .3 110. 4 1 1 0 .9 Total food8 5 2 .2 6 1 .3 6 8 .3 6 7 .4 6 8 .9 7 9 .0 9 5 .9 1 0 4 .1 1 0 0 .0 1 0 1 .2 1 1 2 .6 1 1 4 .6 9 7 .0 9 6 .5 9 7 .3 9 7 .7 9 8 .9 1 0 0 .5 1 0 3 .1 1 0 3 .9 1 0 4 .0 1 0 4 .3 1 0 4 .4 107. 1 1 0 9 .9 1 1 1 .9 1 1 2 .0 1 1 1 .7 1 1 2 .6 All A ll ite m s ite m s 1 0 5 .2 1 1 6 .6 1 2 3 .7 1 2 5 .7 1 2 8 .6 1 3 9 .5 1 5 9 .6 1 7 1 .9 1 7 0 .2 1 7 1 .9 1 8 5 .6 1 8 9 .8 1 6 8 .2 1 6 7 .9 1 6 8 .4 1 6 8 .5 1 6 9 .3 1 7 0 .2 1 7 2 .0 1 7 3 .4 1 7 4 .6 1 7 5 .6 1 7 6 .4 1 7 8 .8 1 8 1 .5 1 8 3 .8 1 8 4 .5 1 8 4 .6 1 8 5 .4 1951: J u n e ................... J u l y --------------A u g u s t_______ S e p te m b e r____ O c to b e r______ N o v e m b e r____ D e c e m b e r____ 1952: J a n u a r y _____ F e b r u a r y ........ .. M a r c h ________ A p r il.......... ....... M a y ............. .. J u n e __________ J u ly - .................. A u g u s t-............ S e p te m b e r____ O c to b e r .- ......... N o v e m b e r____ D e c e m b e r____ 1953: J a n u a r y ______ F e b r u a r y _____ M a r c h ............ . A p r i l ______________ M a y _________ J u n e _____ __ . J u l y _______________ A u g u s t........ ..... S e p t e m b e r ______ O c to b e r______ T o ta l fo o d 8 A ll ite m s 110.8 110.9 110.9 111.6 112.1 112.8 113.1 113.1 112.4 112.4 112.9 113.0 113.4 114.1 114.3 114.1 114.2 114.3 114. 1 113.9 113.4 112.3 112.7 112.4 112.5 113.5 114.6 115.0 115. 0 112.6 112.7 113.9 114.3 114.6 116.3 116.6 115.4 115.0 115.0 113.8 113.1 111.5 185.2 185.5 185.5 186.6 187.4 188.6 189.1 189.1 187.9 188.0 188.7 189.0 189.6 190.8 191. 1 190.8 190.9 191. 1 190.7 190.4 189.6 1 1 3 .6 113 7 1 1 4 .0 1 1 1 .7 1 1 1 .5 1 1 2 .1 1 8 9 .9 1 1 4 .5 1 1 1 .7 1 1 5 .0 1 1 5 .2 1 1 5 .4 1 1 3 .7 1 1 3 .8 1 1 4 .1 1 1 3 .8 1 1 3 .6 1 9 0 .1 1 9 0 .6 1 9 1 .4 1 9 1 .8 192. 3 1 9 2 .6 1 9 2 .9 REVIEW, DECEMBER 1953 1381 D: PRICES AND COST OF LIVING T able D -4 : Consumer Price Index 1—All items indexes for selected dates, by city 1935 -3 9 = 1 0 0 1947-49= 100 C ity R e v is e p s e rie s O c t. 1953 O ld s e rie s Ju n e 4 1953 O c t. 1953 S e p t. 1953 A ug. 1953 J u ly 1953 Ju n e 1953 M ay 1953 A p r. 1953 M a r. 1953 F eb. 1953 Jan. 1953 D ec. 1952 N ov. 1952 O c t. 1952 Juno 1950 U n i t e d S ta t e s a v e ra g e 3___________ 115.4 115.2 115.0 114.7 114.5 114.0 113.7 113.6 113.4 113.9 114.1 114.3 114.2 101.8 192.9 190.9 A t l a n t a , O a ___ _____ ______________ B a l tim o r e , M d . ...................................... B o s to n , M a s s _____________________ C h ic a g o , 111_______________________ C i n c i n n a t i , O h io _________________ (3) (3) 117.6 115. 0 (3) (3) 116.6 115.3 (s) (3) 116.7 114.2 (3) 113.8 112.6 (’) (3) (3) 113.9 (») (*) (3) 112.1 114.2 (>) (3) 114.4 112.4 114.6 112.5 117.1 (3) 112.7 115.1 112.5 (3) (3) 113.4 115.0 113.3 (3) 101.6 102.8 102.8 101.2 (3) (3) 113.1 115.7 117.1 115.1 (3) 115.3 114.5 (3) (3) (3) 114.6 (3) (3) (3) (3) 116.3 C3) 197.7 194.6 180.6 195.7 195.0 (3) (3) 115.1 116.9 116.8 (3) 115.8 (3) 116.9 (3) 115.3 115.8 (3) 116.6 113.7 115.8 116.8 (3) 115.2 114.3 115.6 112.5 115.1 116.1 i 3) 114.9 (3) 115.7 (») 114.3 115.4 (*) 116.0 116.7 (») 115.3 113.6 115.3 116.0 (3) (3) 115.2 (3) (3) 115.4 115.1 (3) 115.5 116. 1 115.2 114.8 (3) 102.8 103.8 (3) 101.3 186.3 194.3 (3) (3) 112.7 114.9 (3) (3) 115.6 112.1 114.7 113.8 115.5 115.1 (3) (3) 111.2 114.1 (3) 111.1 113.7 114.6 112.0 114.7 113.4 (3) 112.4 114.6 113.4 115.0 102.1 100.9 101.6 101.1 (3) 193.1 187. 5 191.9 195.0 201.1 (3) 185.4 190.5 194.6 (’) (3) 112.9 114.7 113.5 (3) (3) (3) 113.2 116.8 114.2 (3) (3) (3) C3) (3) 114.9 115.6 (3) (3) C3) (3) (3) 113.1 115.6 113.8 (') (3) (3) (3) (3) 101.1 100. 9 (3) (3) (3) (3) (3) (3) (3) (3) 113.8 117.1 (3) C le v e la n d , O h io ._________________ D e t r o i t , M i c h ____________ _______ _ H o u s t o n , T e x _____________________ K a n s a s C i t y , M o _________________ L o s A n g e le s, C a l if ________ _____ _ 115.7 116.3 M in n e a p o lis , M i n n . --------------------N e w Y o r k , N. Y _______ ____ _ P h ila d e lp h i a , P a _________________ P i t t s b u r g h , P a ........................... ............. P o r t l a n d , O r e g _ . ------------ ---------- 116.6 113.3 115.3 114.7 116.1 (3) 113.2 115.2 S t . L o u is , M o .................. ........................ S a n F r a n c is c o , C a lif ______________ S c r a n t o n , P a .......................................... S e a ttle , W ash ... ------- ------------W a s h i n g to n , D. C ____________ (3) (3) (3) (3) (3) 117.1 117.2 116.9 (3) (3) (3) 116.2 (3) (3) 116.9 (3) (3) (3) (3) (3) (3) (3) 115.4 115.3 (3) (3) (3) 111. 4 113.8 (3) (3) (3) 115.8 116.1 (3) (3) (3) (3) 112.0 114.6 (3) 112.0 110. 2 113.5 1 See footnote 1 to table D -l. Indexes are based on time-to-time changes In the cost of goods and services purchased by urban wage-earner and clerical worker families. They do not indicate whether it costs more to live in one city than in another. 3 Average of 46 cities beginning January 1953. See footnote 1 to table D -l. * Prior to January 1953, indexes were computed monthly for 9 of these cities and once every 3 months for the remaining 11 cities on a rotating cycle. Beginning in January 1953, indexes are computed monthly for 5 cities and once every 3 months for the 15 remaining cities on a rotating cycle. 4 All “old series” indexes discontinued as of June 1953. Last “old series” indexes (1935-39=100) for the 14 cities not included in the revised index and for cities not surveyed in June are as follows: June 1953 Birmingham, Ala_____ ____ 196.6 I Mobile, Ala________________185.6 Jacksonville, F la__________ 198.2 Portland, Maine------------------181.9 Memphis, Tenn___________ 190.8 I 2 8 0 0 6 7 — 5 3 ------------ 8 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis f3) 111.7 114.2 (3) 111.1 113.7 112.8 115.4 (3) (3) (3) (3) (3) (3) (8) (3) 114.4 111.7 114.3 112.6 114.6 114.7 115. 5 (3) (3) (3) (3) 112.2 114.6 113.0 (*) (3) (3) (») (3) (3) (s) 183.2 199.4 (3) (3) 197.8 (3) (3) 200.4 19 3 .4 188.7 (3) 192.9 199.1 (3) (3) (3) M ay 195S Cleveland, Ohio.. Milwaukee, Wis_ New Orleans, La. Norfolk, Va____ 192.8 196.9 190.1 191.3 Buffalo, N. Y ___ Denver, Colo........ Indianapolis, Ind.. Kansas City, Mo.. Manchester, N. H. 187.3 189.1 192. 5 181.8 184.7 Scranton, P a____ Seattle, W ash___ Washington, D. C 185.3 195.4 185.5 A pril 1953 Minneapolis, Minn Portland, Oreg___ Richmond, Va____ Savannah, Qa____ 188.0 198.9 181.5 197.: 1382 D: PRICES AND COST OF LIVING M ONTHLY LABOR T able D-5: Consumer Price Index1—All items and commodity groups, except food,2 by city [ 1 9 4 7 -4 9 = 1 0 0 ] All items Apparel Personal care Medical care Beading and recreation Transportation City and cycle of pricing United States average_____ ______ Monthly: Chicago, 111_______ _______ Detroit, Mich __ _ ... . . . . Los Angeles, Calif___ ________ New York, N. Y _____________ Philadelphia, P a___ _________ Jan., Apr., July, and Oct.: Boston, Mass. _____________ Kansas City, Mo______ ____ _ Minneapolis, M in n ... ________ Pittsburgh, P a___ ___________ Portland, Öreg______ _ _____ M ar., June, Sept., and Dec.: Atlanta, Oa.4._ _____ . . . . . Baltimore, M d __ __ ____ . Cincinnati, Ohio____ . _____ St. Louis, Mo__ _ . ______ San Francisco, Calif__________ Feb., May, Aug., and Nov.: Cleveland, Ohio______________ Houston, T e x ..... ................. Scranton, Pa. .. ______ . . .. Seattle, W ash____. . . . Washington, D. C____________ Other goods and services Oct. 1953 Oct. 1952 Oct. 1953 Oct. 1952 Oct. 1953 Oct. 1952 Oct. 1953 Oct. 1952 Oct. 1953 Oct. 1952 Oct. 1953 Oct. 1952 Oct. 1953 115.4 114.2 105.5 105.6 113.2 112.3 122.8 118.9 130. 7 128.4 108. 6 107.6 119. 7 115.8 117.1 117.2 116.3 113.3 115.3 115.0 115.5 114.8 112.4 114.6 108.4 103.6 104.1 105. 9 106.5 106.2 103.2 104.7 106.6 105.1 113.7 119.2 117.9 107.4 116.1 114. 7 118.9 118.1 105.4 116.6 122.4 121.5 121.0 121.6 120.4 116.2 117.0 118.5 121.5 119.6 133.4 120.8 127.7 134.2 135.8 133 6 125. 8 123.9 127.8 132. 7 110.9 112.7 103.8 107.1 111.3 109.0 110. 9 107.7 105. 4 109.7 116. 9 124. 6 114. 8 121.1 122.3 110.0 120.8 111.7 116.3 120.5 113.8 115.7 116.6 114. 7 116.1 113.4 115.2 (3) 113 4 115.0 103.6 105.3 106.6 104. 5 106.8 103.3 106.3 (3) 104.2 106.2 112. 3 115.9 117.1 112.7 111.7 110.5 115.3 (3) 105.9 112.0 124.3 119.6 137.9 120.8 121.0 122.5 118.6 (3) 115.4 117. 4 136.7 130.6 121.3 140.8 126.5 133.4 130 2 (3) 138.2 125.7 no. i 116.9 116.8 97.1 117.0 106.4 109. 7 (3) 106. 4 116.3 117. 7 118. 2 124. 7 119.6 119.8 115.4 114. 0 (3) 116.9 114.4 Sept. 1953 Sept. 1952 Sept. 1953 Sept. 1952 Sept. 1953 Sept. 1952 Sept. 1953 Sept. 1952 Sept. 1953 Sept. 1952 Sept. 1953 Sept. 1952 Sept. 1953 117.6 115.0 115.3 117.1 116.9 (3) 115.0 113.2 115. 5 114.5 111.1 103. 5 104.9 106. 0 105.1 0) 102.9 106.0 105.5 105. 4 115.0 108.1 109. 7 110.0 112.9 (3) 106.1 108. 7 109.5 113.0 117.2 132.6 123.0 133. 0 122.6 (3) 125. 2 117.6 130.1 119.2 129.1 140.1 131. 6 137.0 143.6 (3) 138. 2 127. 7 134.1 140.3 111.2 113. 0 99. 7 99.8 104.7 P) 116. 7 101.5 100. 3 102.1 117. 6 119. 0 116. 2 116. 7 115.3 Aug. 1953 Aug. 1952 Aug. 1953 Aug. 1952 Aug. 1953 Aug. 1952 Aug. 1953 Aug. 1952 Aug. 1953 Aug. 1952 Aug. 1953 Aug. 1952 Aug. 1953 115.1 116.8 113.2 116.8 114.2 114.0 115.8 114.0 114.6 114.1 104.9 106.6 106. 7 107.6 104 0 105. 5 108. 3 107.2 108.2 103.5 113.8 119.2 111.9 111.2 111.4 111.5 119.2 112.1 111.8 112.1 126.7 118.5 115.0 125.5 117.7 119.6 112.7 111.9 123. 7 116.8 125.1 127.2 130.2 133. 3 128.8 122.3 124.0 129.8 122.0 123.5 113. 7 113.8 117.6 112. 7 109.2 104.1 107. 4 118.6 107.8 109.6 116 5 119. 3 115. 4 125. 9 125.8 Oct. 1952 Sept. 1952 (3) 116.8 112. 0 114. 2 111.9 Aug. 1952 117.1 117. 6 114.1 123.2 122.0 Housing T o t a l h o u s in g O c t. 1953 United States average____ Monthly: Chicago, 111_____ ____ Detroit, M ich_______ Los Angeles, Calif___ New York, N. Y ____ Philadelphia, P a_____ Jan., Apr., July, and Oct.: Boston, M ass_______ Kansas City, M o ____ Minneapolis, Minn__ Pittsburgh, P a______ Portland, Oreg______ F e b ., M a y , A u g ., a n d N o v .: C l e v e l a n d , O h i o . - ............... H o u s t o n , T e x _____________ S c r a n t o n , P a ___ __________ S e a t t l e , W a s h ____ ________ W a s h i n g t o n , D . C _______ O ct. 1952 O c t. 1953 O ct. 1952 S o lid fu e ls a n d f u e l o il O ct. 1953 O ct. 1952 H ou sefu r n is h in g s O c t. 1953 O c t. 1952 H o u s e h o ld o p e r a t io n O ct. 1953 O c t. 1952 1 1 5 .2 1 2 8 .8 1 1 8 .8 1 0 7 .0 1 0 5 .0 1 2 5 .7 1 2 1 .1 1 0 8 .1 1 0 7 .9 1 1 6 .6 1 1 2 .8 1 2 3 .9 1 2 0 .9 124. 1 1 1 5 .4 1 1 3 .4 1 1 6 .3 1 1 4 .8 1 2 0 .8 1 1 2 .2 1 1 1 .6 (3) 1 3 3 .8 ( 3) ( 3) ( 3) ( 3) 1 1 7 .9 ( 3) 1 0 9 .9 (3) 9 9 .9 1 0 9 .6 1 0 9 .5 1 0 8 .8 1 0 2 .3 1 0 0 .0 1 0 3 .0 106. 7 1 0 7 .9 1 0 1 .8 1 2 3 .9 1 1 9 .2 ( 3) 131. 4 1 2 4 .3 1 2 1 .2 1 1 6 .5 (3) 125. 6 1 2 2 .8 1 0 9 .9 1 1 1 .3 1 0 9 .8 1 0 7 .7 1 1 0 .5 1 0 7 .8 1 1 0 .3 1 1 0 .4 1 0 8 .9 1 1 0 .0 120. 7 106. 9 1 0 8 .1 1 1 9 .3 1 1 3 .8 1 1 5 .8 1 0 7 .9 1 0 6 .0 116 9 1 0 8 .2 1 1 7 .7 1 1 8 .5 1 1 9 .3 1 1 6 .2 1 1 9 .8 (3) ( 3) 1 2 0 .9 ( 3) 1 1 4 .4 125. 2 1 0 5 .8 1 0 4 .0 1 1 0 .0 1 1 4 .5 1 0 5 .2 1 0 5 .9 1 0 1 .7 (3) 1 0 8 .0 1 0 5 .0 1 2 5 .7 1 1 3 .2 1 1 4 .8 1 2 1 .8 1 2 7 .3 1 2 2 .4 1 1 1 .5 ( 3) 1 2 0 .3 1 1 0 .3 1 0 8 .8 1 0 8 .0 1 0 7 .8 106. 7 1 1 1 .3 1 0 6 .3 1 0 6 .8 ( 3) 112. 5 1 1 6 .5 1 0 9 .8 1 2 1 .1 1 1 7 .4 1 1 8 .4 1 1 1 .9 1 0 7 .8 1 1 8 .1 (3) 1 1 1 .7 1 0 8 .7 1 2 4 .0 1 1 3 .6 1 1 6 .5 1 1 8 .6 1 1 8 .3 1 1 3 .9 115. 5 S e p t. 1952 (3) 1 1 2 .7 1 1 1 .0 1 1 3 .5 1 1 4 .1 1 3 1 .5 ( 3) 1 2 1 .3 ( 3) S eD t. 1953 1 2 9 .1 1 2 1 .7 (3) (3) (3) S e p t. 1952 ( 3) 118 9 1 1 2 .4 11 5 . 6 1 1 8 .8 S e p t. 1953 1 0 8 .8 9 7 .4 1 1 3 .2 9 9 .4 1 3 0 .1 S e p t. 1952 ( 3) 9 7 .1 108. 0 9 5 .8 1 1 9 .7 S e p t. 1953 1 1 5 .9 1 2 4 .5 125. 2 1 3 0 .7 ( 3) S e p t. 1952 ( 3) 1 2 3 .7 119. 7 1 2 2 .3 (3) S e p t. 1953 1 1 3 .8 103. 2 1 0 3 .9 1 0 9 .4 1 0 9 .7 (3) 1 0 6 .4 1 0 8 .8 S e p t. 1952 (3) 1 0 3 .2 1 0 3 .3 1 0 9 .0 107.1 S e p t. 1953 S e p t. 1952 1 2 7 .7 1 0 9 .2 1 2 1 .4 1 1 7 .2 (3) 1 0 7 .1 1 1 2 .0 1 1 3 .8 109.0 107.9 A ug. A ug. A ug. 1953 A ug. A ug. 1952 A ug. 1953 A ug. 1952 1953 A ug. A ug. 1952 1953 1952 A ug. 1953 A ug. A ug. 1952 1953 1952 102.7 105.6 111.9 98.2 114.9 121.0 (P 137.3 127.0 130.2 117.0 105. 0 103.8 101 5 107.6 108.6 104.8 106.6 102.5 109.7 107.7 110. 4 120.3 106. 7 110.2 113.1 118.2 122.5 115.3 118.9 116.4 1 See footnote 1 to ta b le D - l. 8 See ta b le s D - 2 , D - 3 , D - 6 , a n d D - 7 , fo r fo o d . https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis O ct. 1953 G a s a n d e le c tr ic ity 1 1 8 .7 S e p t. 1953 M a r ., J u n e , S e p t., a n d D e e .: A t l a n t a , O n . 4_____________ B a l t i m o r e , M d ___________ C i n c i n n a t i , O h i o . . ............... S t . L o u i s , M o _____ _____ _ S a n F r a n c i s c o , C a l i f _____ O ct. 1952 B ent 112.4 119.8 112.4 115. 8 115.5 130. 7 137.5 (3) 132.9 ( 3) 8 Not available. 118.6 134.5 117.2 123.0 118.0 106.8 106. 5 111.9 99.0 117.0 ( 3) 119.5 112.7 125.1 4 A tla n ta form erly p riced F e b ., M a y , A u g ., a n d N o v j 101.0 109.3 102.2 108.6 113.0 REVIEW, DECEMBER 1953 D: PRICES AND COST OF LIVING 1383 T able D-6: Consumer Price Index1—Food and its subgroups, by city [1947-49 = 100 Cereals and bakery products Total food at home City Oct. 1953 Sept. 1953 Oct. 1952 Oct. 1953 Sept. 1953 Oct. 1952 Oct. 1953 Sept. 1953 Oct. 1952 Meats, poultry, and fish Oct. 1953 Sept. 1953 Oct. 1952 U nited States average3_____ 113.6 113.8 115.0 113.3 113.5 115.0 120.4 120.3 117.5 111.1 113.5 116.9 Atlanta, Qa_______________ Baltimore, M d_________ . . . Boston, Mass______________ Chicago, Til_______________ Cincinnati, Ohio____ _____ 114.6 114.0 111.6 112.8 116.4 114.7 114.7 111.9 112.5 116.9 113.9 114.6 115. 2 115.4 116.9 114.6 113.4 110.5 112.3 116.4 114.7 114.3 111.5 112.0 117.0 113. 9 114.6 115. 2 115. 4 116.9 115.5 116.6 118.9 116. 7 119.4 116.8 116.9 118.7 116.3 119.9 115. 2 117.5 118.1 114.9 117.0 117.9 113.0 109.3 106.3 114.8 118.9 115.7 111.3 108.5 118.4 116.8 117.0 115.7 114. 2 117.9 Cleveland, O hio...................... Detroit, M ic h __________ .. Houston, Tex______________ Kansas City, Mo. _________ Los Angeles, Calif__________ 111.5 116.1 112.4 111. 1 113.8 111.3 116.7 112.2 111.5 113.8 115.4 118.4 113.9 114.4 113.7 111.4 115.2 112.3 110.9 112.8 111.2 116.3 112.0 111.0 112.9 115.4 118.4 113.9 114.4 113.7 116.9 118.2 115.0 120.2 122.3 117.0 118.5 114.9 120.4 122.6 114.0 115.4 113.9 117.5 117.5 107.1 110.6 110.9 107.3 111.4 109.5 114.4 110.3 109. 1 112.4 118.1 118.5 115. 2 116. 7 119.5 Minneapolis, M inn_________ New York, N. Y _______ Philadelphia, P a __________ Pittsburgh, P a ...____ ______ Portland, Oreg....................... 113.4 112.2 115.8 115. 0 113.6 112.8 112.6 115. 7 115.7 113.8 116.2 114.5 117.3 115.2 115.1 113.2 112.0 115.4 114.9 113.5 112. 6 112.6 115.5 115.7 114.0 116.2 114.5 117.3 115. 2 115.1 122.3 125.2 120.9 119.3 117.7 121.7 124.8 120.8 119.8 117.6 119.1 120.9 117.8 116.0 113.0 103.9 110.9 113.1 108.6 114.2 105.9 113.3 114. 8 111.8 117.2 115.4 118.1 117.7 113.1 125.8 St. Louis, Mo________ San Francisco, Calif . Scranton, P a________ Seattle, Wash__ . . . Washington, D. C___ 115.5 114.4 113.3 112.0 111.9 115.7 114.1 113.2 112.6 112.6 116.8 112.5 114.9 114.4 114.1 114.9 114.3 113.0 111.8 111.5 115.2 114.0 112.8 112.5 112.3 116.8 112.5 114.9 114.4 114.1 114.9 127.3 118.4 122.3 115.0 115.6 127.8 116.6 122.4 115.0 111.9 122.3 116.1 117.0 113.0 111.5 110.8 111.0 109.5 108.2 114.5 112.0 112.7 111.5 111.1 117.5 119.0 117.2 117.2 115.3 Food at home—Continued C ity F r u its a n d vegetables D a iry p ro d u c ts O ct. 1952 S e p t. 1953 O ct. 1952 S e p t. 1953 O ct. 1952 U n ite d S tates a v e ra g e 3______ __ . 110.1 109.6 113.2 107.7 106.6 111.3 117.4 116.7 115.1 A tla n ta , Q a ____________ . B altim o re , M d _______ ________ __________ B o sto n , M ass____ ____ _________ C hicago, 111. - . ______ C in c in n a ti, O hio_________ ________ ____ 110.2 111.9 111.3 110.5 112.0 110.1 112.1 110.6 110.2 111.9 113.2 112.1 115.5 118.1 113.4 114.9 108.2 100.8 107.8 110.8 115.8 107.7 104.0 105.5 109.6 115.4 112.2 114. 2 112.1 114.5 111. 2 115.1 110.1 125.1 124.4 109.2 115.5 109.9 122.5 122.6 109.0 112.8 110.5 121.5 120.2 C le v ela n d , O h io ._____ ___ ___________ . D e tro it, M ic h ____ _____ ___________ H o u sto n , T e x . ______________________ K a n sa s C ity , M o ____ ________________ L o s A ngeles, C alif_______________ ______ 108.0 109.6 110.4 108.3 108.6 105.9 109.4 107.0 108.7 108.5 113.7 113.5 116.1 115.9 111.2 104.7 114.1 108.7 105.4 103.5 102.7 114.3 112.2 103.8 103.2 110.0 121.9 112.9 109.3 102.9 120.2 119.0 114.6 114.2 117.7 118.7 118.3 114.2 113.1 116.8 116.6 115.8 110.8 111.0 112.6 M in n ea p o lis, M i n n . . . . . . . . ____ ______ N e w Y o rk , N . Y __________________ P h ila d e lp h ia , P a _____________ ____________ P itts b u r g h , P a _________________________ . . P o r tla n d , O reg............................................... ......... 106.6 108.1 114.0 112.3 109.4 106.7 107.6 111.1 112.5 109.4 113.5 107.7 116.3 111.8 111.6 115.6 103.6 111.3 110.7 104.5 111.0 103.0 111.3 108.7 102.7 115.7 110.7 115.8 114.5 104.0 125.1 116.1 116.3 126.3 119.4 123.0 116.4 116.7 126.3 119.5 120.6 115.3 116.7 121.6 114.1 S t. L o u is, M o ____________________________ S an F ran cisco , C a l i f ____ . . . . ___________ S c ran to n , P a ................................. ................. ......... S eattle, W a s h __________________ W a sh in g to n , D. C.......................................... 106.2 110.0 112.6 106.9 114.4 106.1 109.9 112.4 106.9 114.6 116.3 112.8 110.6 112.8 114.0 115.9 111.4 103.6 106.6 105.4 112.8 107.3 102.1 105. 5 104.5 115.8 96.8 112.7 108.1 112.4 125.0 115.7 116.5 114. 6 113.7 123.8 116.0 115.6 115.4 113.8 120.4 114.1 113.8 113.7 113.3 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis S ep t. 1953 O ct. 1953 O ct. 1953 1 See footnote 1 to table D -l. Indexes for 56 cities for total food (193539=100 or June 1940=100) were published in the March 1953 Monthly Labor Review and in previous issues. See table D-7 for U. S. average prices for 46 cities combined. O ct. 1953 O th e r foods a t h o m e < 3 See footnote 2 to table D -l. • Average of 46 cities beginning January 1953. See footnote 1 to table D -l <See footnote 3 to table D-2. 1384 D: PRICES AND COST OF LIVING MONTHLY LABOR T able D - 7 : Average retail prices of selected foods C o m m o d it y C e r e a ls a n d b a k e r y p r o d u c t s : F l o u r , w h e a t —..................................... ______ 5 p o u n d s . . C o r n f la k e s 1____________________ _____ 12 o u n c e s . . _ _____ __ ________ p o u n d . . C o r n m e a l 2 _____ R i c e . . _________________________ _________ . d o ____ R o l l e d o a t s ................................ ........... _____ 20 o u n c e s . . B i s c u i t m i x ______________________ ___________ d o ____ B r e a d , w h i t e . ___________________ ________ p o u n d . . V a n i l l a c o o k i e s 2________________ ______ 7 o u n c e s . . S o d a c r a c k e r s _____________ ______ _______ p o u n d . . M e a t s , p o u l t r y , a n d fis h : B e e f a n d v e a l: R o u n d s t e a k ________________ ___________ d o ____ R i b r o a s t . _________________ ___________ d o___ C h u c k r o a s t _______ _____ _ ___________ d o ____ H a m b u r g e r . . . ........................... ___________ d o ____ V e a l c u t l e t s .................. ................ ___________ d o ____ P ork: P o r k c h o p s .......... ......................... ___________ d o ____ B a c o n ................................................ ___________ d o ____ H a m , w h o l e . . ............... ............. __________d o ____ L a m h , l e g ________________________ ___________ d o ____ O th e r m ea ts: F r a n k f u r t e r s ______ _________ ___________ d o ____ L u n c h e o n m e a t , c a n n e d . . . _____ 12 o u n c e s . P o u ltr y : F r y in g c h ic k e n s: D ressed > . ______ _________p o u n d _ R e a d y - t o - c o o k 4________ ..............._ _ _ d o ____ F is h : O c e a n p e r c h , f il le t , fr o z e n >___________ d o ____ H a d d o c k , f il le t , f r o z e n 8 . . ___________ d o ____ S a l m o n , p i n k , c a n n e d _____ . .1 6 - o u n c e c a n . . T u n a f is h , c a n n e d .......... ......... . . . 7 - o u n c e c a n . . D a ir y p ro d u cts: B u t t e r ________________ ___________ _________p o u n d C h e e s e _________ _________________ __________ d o _____ M i l k , fr e s h ( d e l i v e r e d ) 7_______ __________q u a r t . M i l k , fr e s h ( g r o c e r y ) ___________ ............... _ _ _ d o ____ I c e c r e a m . . _______ ____________ ___________ p i n t . . M i l k , e v a p o r a t e d _______________ 1 4 p j -o u n c e c a n . . A l l f r u it s a n d v e g e t a b l e s : F r o z e n f r u it s a n d v e g e t a b l e s : S t r a w b e r r ie s ________________ _ 12 o u n c e s . . O r a n g e j u ic e c o n c e n t r a t e .. . . . . . 6 o u n c e s . P e a s , fr o z e n ________________ ...........12 o u n c e s . . B e a n s , g r e e n _______ _______ . . . .1 0 o u n c e s . . F r e s h f r u it s a n d v e g e t a b l e s : A p p l e s _______________________ .......... ..p o u n d . . B a n a n a s _____________________ __________d o _____ P e a c h e s * _____________________ ___________ d o ____ L em ons do _ 38 2 41 >12 4 34 >42 c it i e s . c it i e s . c it i e s . c it i e s . c itie s . O ct. 1953 S ep t. 1953 Jan. 1953 Cents Cents Cents 5 2 .1 2 1 .8 12. 6 1 9 .9 18. 4 2 7 .9 1 6 .8 2 3 .4 2 7 .2 5 2 .0 2 1 .8 ]2 . 6 2 0 .6 18. 4 2 8 .1 1 6 .7 2 3 .4 2 7 .3 28. 2 16. 2 2 3 .5 2 5 .7 9 3 .4 7 0 .6 5 3 .5 4 2 .7 1 1 0 .6 9 4 .4 70. 5 5 3 .4 4 3 .2 1 1 1 .2 1 0 3 .0 80. 0 6 3 .6 5 3 .8 1 2 0 .6 8 3 .8 8 7 .5 6 7 .8 6 9 .6 8 8 .8 89. 1 7 2 .7 6 9 .7 7 2 .5 6 5 .2 6 5 .1 7 2 .3 56. 8 5 0 .6 5 7 .1 5 0 .5 5 9 .8 4 8 .6 4 6 .8 5 9 .3 4 7 .8 6 0 .1 4 9 .9 6 2 .6 4 3 .4 4 9 .3 5 2 .1 3 8 .4 4 3 .5 4 8 .9 5 2 .6 3 8 .5 4 4 .5 5 0 .9 5 3 .3 3 7 .9 7 8 .9 5 9 .7 23. 7 2 2 .6 3 0 .0 1 4 .3 7 8 .3 5 9 .4 2 3 .5 3 0 .0 1 4 .4 8 0 .3 60. 5 2 3 .8 2 2 .8 3 0 .4 1 5 .0 3 7 .4 2 1 .7 2 3 .2 2 4 .2 3 7 .2 2 1 .4 2 2 .9 2 4 .2 3 8 .5 1 8 .5 2 3 .4 2 4 .3 1 3 .1 1 6 .9 1 3 .9 1 6 .8 15. 2 2 2 .5 1 4 .2 1 6 .2 19. 8 22. 5 5 2 .3 2 1 .7 12. 6 18. 8 lb. 3 C o m m o d it y A l l f r u it s a n d v e g e t a b l e s — C o n t i n u e d F r e s h f r u it s a n d v e g e t a b l e s — C o n t i n u e d O r a n g e s , s iz e 2 0 0 ........ ........... .. _________d o z e n . . G r a p e f r u i t * _______ ________ ___________ e a c h . . G r a p e s * . ___________________ .......... . . . p o u n d . . S t r a w b e r r ie s * _______________ ___________ p i n t . W a t e r m e lo n s * ______________ ________ p o u n d . . B e a n s , g r e e n ________________ ________ * . d o ____ C a b b a g e ................ .... ................ ......................d o ____ C a r r o t s ______________________ ...................._ d o ____ L e t t u c e ............. ............................... __________ h e a d . . O n i o n s ........ ...................................... ________ p o u n d . P o t a t o e s ______________________ ____15 p o u n d s . . pound S w e e t p o t a t o e s _____________ ______ C e l e r y _______________________ ___________d o ____ T o m a t o e s ____________________ ................. - d o ____ C a n n e d f r u it s a n d v e g e t a b l e s : P e a c h e s _____________________ . . N o . 213 c a n . . P i n e a p p l e ___________________ __________d o . . . O r a n g e j u i c e ________________ .4 6 - o u n c e c a n . . F r u it c o c k t a il.. ____. . . . . N o . 2 (3 c a n . . C o r n _________________________ . . N o . 303 c a n . . T o m a t o e s 8__________________ . . . N o . 2 c a n . . P e a s . _______________________ . . . N o . 303 c a n . . B a b y f o o d s __________ ______ . .4 1 3 - 5 o u n c e s . D r i e d f r u it s a n d v e g e t a b l e s : P r u n e s . . . ............... ......... .............. ________ p o u n d . . N a v y b e a n s _________________ ___________d o __ O th e r fo o d s a t h o m e: P a r t i a l l y p r e p a r e d fo o d s : B e a n s w i t h p o r k ___________ .1 6 - o u n c e c a n . V e g e t a b l e s o u p _____________ .1 1 - o u n c e c a n . . G h e r k in s , s w e e t ____________ ____713 o u n c e s . . C a t s u p _______________________ _____ 14 o u n c e s . . B e v e r a g e s , n o n a l c o h o li c : C o f f e e ________________________ ________ p o u n d . . T e a _____ __________ _________ U p o u n d .. C o la d r in k c a r t o n o f 6. 6 o u n c e F a t s a n d o ils : L a r d .. . . . . __________ __ ________ p o u n d . . S h o r t e n in g , h y d r o g e n a t e d . ___________d o ____ S a l a d d r e s s i n g _______________ ___________ p i n t . . M a r g a r i n e , c o lo r e d 9. . . _ . _______ p o u n d . . P e a n u t b u t t e r ______________ ___________d o ____ S u gar a n d sw eets: S u g a r _________________________ ____5 p o u n d s . . C o r n s y r u p __________________ ____24 o u n c e s . . G r a p e j e l l y __________________ _____ 12 o u n c e s . . C h o c o l a t e b a r _______________ . . . 1 - o u n c e b a r . . E g g s , G r a d e A, l a r g e ____________ _________d o z e n . . M i s c e l l a n e o u s fo o d s : G e l a t i n , f la v o r e d _ 2 -5 o u n c e s O ct. 1953 S e p t. 1953 Jan. 1953 Cents Cents Cents 5 0 .4 5 1 .5 4 3 .3 10. 3 20. 6 2 1 .0 7 .0 1 4 .0 1 7 .8 6 .1 6 9 .3 11 8 1 3 .8 1 9 .6 1 9 .5 7 .1 13. 2 14. 6 6. 4 6 9 .4 12. 7 1 3 .8 1 5 .5 3 2 .4 7 .6 1 2 .3 1 5 .3 1 1 .0 1 0 4 .3 17. 5 1 4 .4 3 1 .6 33 4 38 7 3 5 .8 4 0 .6 1 9 .0 1 7 .4 2 1 .2 9 .8 33. S 3 4 .0 38. 4 3 1 .2 4 0 .3 2 9 .3 17. 5 2 9 .3 17. 6 2 8 .4 16. 5 1 4 .4 1 4 .3 3 0 .0 2 2 .3 1 4 .4 1 4 .3 2 9 .6 1 4 .3 1 4 .3 2 9 .3 2 2 .8 9 1 .6 32. 5 30 7 91.1 32. 5 30. 4 8 6 .4 3 2 .3 29. 3 2 5 .7 3 4 .0 3 4 .6 2 9 .0 4 9 .0 2 6 .8 3 4 .1 34. 7 2 9 .2 4 9 .1 1 6 .1 3 2 .8 3 4 .2 29 9 4 9 .0 5 3 .2 2 3 .5 2 4 .6 4. 5 7 9 .5 5 3 .1 23. 5 24 6 5 2 .9 2 3 .5 2 3 .9 7 7 .8 4. 5 66.9 8 5 8. 5 8. 6 38. 7 35. 5 4 0 .4 1 9 .0 1 7 .3 2 1 .3 9 .8 22.2 4. 5 19.2 1 8 .5 21 5 9 .8 <36 c it i e s . 1 45 c i t i e s . *40 c it i e s . 9 44 c it i e s b e g i n n i n g J u l y 1953, 43 c it i e sD e c e m b e r 1952 t h r o u g h J u n e 1953. ‘ P r ic e d o n ly in se a so n . N o te .—The United States average retail food prices appearing in table D -7 are based on prices collected monthly in 46 cities for use in the calculation of the food component of the revised Consumer Price Index. Average retail food prices for each of 20 large cities are published monthly and are available upon request. Prices for the 26 medium sized and small cities are not published on an individual city basis. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis REVIEW, DECEMBER 1953 1385 D: PRICES AND COST OF LIVING T able D -8 : Indexes of wholesale prices, by group and subgroup of com m odities 1 [ 1 9 4 7 -4 9 = 1 0 0 ] C o m m o d it y g ro u p O ct. 1953 2 S e p t. 1953 A ug. 1953 J u ly 1953 June 1953 M ay 1953 A p r. 1953 M ar. 1953 F eb. 1953 Jan. 1953 D ec. 1952 N ov. 1952 O ct. 1952 June 1950 c o m m o d i t i e s ____ _________________ ___________ _____ 1 1 0 .2 111.0 1 1 0 .6 1 1 0 .9 1 0 9 .5 1 0 9 .8 1 0 9 .4 1 1 0 .0 1 0 9 .6 1 0 9 .9 1 0 9 .6 110. 7 111. 1 1 0 0 .2 F a r m p r o d u c t s ____ ______________ _______________________ F r e s h a n d d r i e d p r o d u c e — ....................................... G r a i n s . ____________________________________________ L i v e s t o c k a n d p o u l t r y ___________________________ P l a n t a n d a n i m a l f ib e r s ___________________________ E g g s ___________ ______________________________________ H a y and seed s _________________________________ O t h e r fa rm p r o d u c t s ___________ _________ - .................. 9 5 .2 9 5 .1 8 7 .9 8 2 .0 103. 2 9 9 .6 1 2 6 .3 8 4 .3 1 4 6 .2 *9 8 .1 9 6 .0 * 8 8 .3 9 0 .6 1 0 3 .6 * 9 9 .0 1 2 2 .5 *81.1 * 1 4 9 .3 0 6 .4 9 8 .0 8 6 .5 8 8 .1 1 0 3 .9 9 7 .6 1 1 3 .8 8 5 .1 1 4 4 .3 9 7 .9 9 4 .7 8 5 .4 9 5 .9 105. 0 9 6 .4 1 0 6 .2 8 5 .5 1 4 0 .7 9 5 .4 1 0 9 .9 8 4 .2 8 6 .8 1 0 4 .0 9 3 .1 1 0 6 .5 8 9 .8 1 3 6 .7 9 7 .8 105. 4 9 3 .4 9 1 .7 1 0 4 .3 9 3 .6 9 8 .7 9 3 .7 1 3 5 .4 9 7 .3 1 0 6 .9 9 3 .8 8 7 .5 103 4 9 6 .7 1 0 2 .5 9 5 .3 1 3 7 .1 9 9 .8 1 0 5 .8 9 4 .7 9 1 .7 1 0 4 .6 1 0 0 .5 1 0 0 .6 97. 5 1 4 2 .5 9 7 .9 1 0 2 .2 93. 1 91. 2 1 0 2 .7 1 0 3 .0 89. 1 9 4 .9 1 3 4 .5 9 9 .6 1 0 7 .3 9 4 .6 92 7 1 0 0 .9 1 0 5 .3 9 3 .9 9 7 .2 1 3 3 .3 9 9 .2 112 3 96. 1 8 6 .8 1 0 1 .9 1 0 8 .9 9 9 .6 9 8 .3 1 3 4 .7 1 0 3 .6 1 1 3 .2 9 6 .5 9 3 .0 107. 1 1 1 3 .1 1 1 7 .6 98. 5 1 3 2 .5 1 0 4 .9 1 1 1 .7 9 5 .0 9 4 .8 1 0 9 .6 1 1 4 .8 1 2 4 .8 96. 7 1 3 6 .0 94. 5 8 9 .8 8 9 .6 9 9 .8 1 0 7 .3 8 1 .6 7 0 .6 8 7 .6 1 2 2 .4 P r o c e s s e d f o o d s __________________________________________ C e r e a l a n d b a k e r y p r o d u c t s . --------------------------M e a t s , p o u l t r y , fis h -------- ----------------------------------D a i r y p r o d u c t s a n d ic e c r e a m . . . -------------------C a n n e d , fr o z e n , f r u it s a n d v e g e t a b l e s . . ............... S u g a r a n d c o n f e c t i o n e r y ............... ..................................... P a c k a g e d b e v e r a g e m a t e r i a l s _____________________ A n im a l fa ts a n d o i l s ___________ __________ _________ C r u d e v e g e t a b l e o i l s _______________________________ R e f in e d v e g e t a b l e o i l s ---------- --------------------------------V e g e t a b l e o il e ’d p r o d u c t s ............................................. O th e r p r o c e s s e d f o o d s --------------------------------------------- 1 0 4 .7 1 1 2 .0 8 9 .0 1 1 2 .7 1 0 5 .0 1 1 0 .2 1 6 9 .8 9 4 .5 7 0 .1 7 3 .3 8 0 .3 1 1 7 .1 *106. 6 * 1 1 0 .8 * 9 7 .4 1 1 1 .3 1 0 4 .7 110. 1 1 6 9 .8 *106. 8 * 6 5 .7 6 8 .8 80. 5 1 1 6 .8 1 0 4 .8 1 0 8 .4 9 3 .6 1 1 0 .7 1 0 4 .7 1 1 0 .5 1 6 9 .8 82. 2 6 2 .9 7 0 .9 8 3 .4 1 1 6 .7 105. 5 1 0 8 .5 9 7 .0 1 1 0 .0 1 0 5 .0 1 0 9 .8 1 6 9 .8 7 2 .4 6 3 .1 7 8 .0 8 4 .0 1 1 7 .3 1 0 3 .3 1 0 7 .9 9 1 .6 1 0 7 .7 1 0 3 .7 1 0 9 .8 1 6 4 .6 6 0 .9 6 8 .4 7 9 .8 8 4 .6 1 2 0 .2 1 0 4 .3 1 0 9 .0 9 3 .8 1 0 7 .9 1 0 4 .0 1 0 9 .6 1 6 4 .6 6 4 .2 7 0 .5 7 9 .8 8 6 .5 1 2 1 .5 1 0 3 .2 1 0 9 .2 8 9 .2 1 0 8 .5 1 0 4 .4 1 0 9 .7 168 .1 60. 4 7 5 .4 7 9 .8 8 5 .0 1 2 0 .5 1 0 4 .1 1 0 8 .9 9 1 .2 1 0 9 .7 105. 1 1 0 9 .6 1 6 8 .9 6 0 .2 7 5 .6 7 9 .8 8 4 .3 1 2 0 .9 1 0 5 .2 1 0 7 .6 9 8 .2 1 1 0 .9 10 5 .6 1 0 8 .0 1 6 1 .9 5 3 .8 7 0 .5 6 9 .9 8 3 .3 1 1 4 .4 1 0 5 .5 1 0 6 .8 9 9 .3 1 1 1 .9 1 0 5 .4 1 0 8 .0 161 9 5 2 .1 7 0 .4 7 7 .0 83. 5 1 1 2 .8 1 0 4 .3 1 0 6 .8 9 3 .9 1 1 3 .0 105. 0 1 0 8 .2 1 6 1 .9 5 1 .0 7 1 .1 6 9 .3 81. 7 116. 9 107. 7 107 1 1 0 2 .0 115. 5 1 0 6 .0 109. 9 161. 9 57 0 66. 8 6 7 .0 81. 1 1 2 2 .1 108. 5 1 0 6 .4 104. 1 115 9 105 9 110. 7 161 9 58. 4 63. 9 64. 9 81. 7 124. 3 9 6 .8 9 6 .5 1 0 2 .4 9 0 .0 9 8 .0 9 4 .7 1 3 6 .9 6 3 .9 6 7 .9 6 7 .4 7 9 .2 1 0 6 .6 All A ll c o m m o d i t i e s o t h » r t h a n fa r m a n d f o o d s ............... .. 1 1 4 .5 * 1 1 4 .7 1 1 4 .9 1 1 4 .8 1 1 3 .9 1 1 3 .6 1 1 3 .2 1 1 3 .4 1 1 3 .1 1 1 3 .1 1 1 2 .9 1 1 2 .8 1 1 3 .0 1 0 2 .2 T e x t i l e p r o d u c t s a n d a p p a r e l ................................................... C o t t o n p r o d u c t s ........................ .............................................. W o o l p r o d u c t s ______________________________________ S y n t h e t i c t e x t i l e s ................... .................................... ......... S ilk p r o d u c t s _______________________________________ A p p a r e l. __________________________________________ O th e r t e x t i l e p r o d u c t s -------------------------------------------- 9 6 .5 9 2 .4 1 1 1 .6 8 5 .9 1 3 5 .8 9 8 .5 8 2 .7 * 9 6 .9 9 3 .7 1 1 1 .2 86. 7 134. 7 * 9 8 .5 8 2 .9 9 7 .5 94. 1 1 1 1 .8 8 6 .7 1 3 4 .7 9 9 .3 8 6 .5 9 7 .5 94. 1 1 1 1 .7 8 7 .5 1 3 4 .7 9 9 .3 8 5 .3 9 7 .4 9 3 .4 111 6 87. 5 1 3 4 .7 9 9 .4 8 5 .5 9 7 .6 9 3 .3 1 1 2 .0 8 7 .4 1 3 3 .0 9 9 .9 8 3 .8 9 7 .4 9 2 .9 1 1 1 .3 8 8 .0 1 3 1 .6 9 9 .9 8 2 .5 9 7 .5 9 3 .1 1 1 1 .9 8 7 .9 1 4 1 .4 9 9 .6 8 2 .8 9 8 .5 9 6 .1 11 1 .5 8 8 .3 1 4 1 .4 9 9 .9 8 3 .5 9 8 .8 9 7 .0 1 1 3 .0 8 8 .1 1 4 1 .4 1 0 0 .0 8 3 .1 9 8 .2 97. 7 112. 6 8 7 .8 1 3 9 .7 9 8 .3 8 4 .4 9 8 .6 98. 4 1 1 2 .6 8 9 .0 1 3 9 .3 98. 3 8 6 .9 9 9 .2 99. 2 113. 2 89. 5 1 4 0 .0 9 8 .4 94. 5 9 3 .3 9 0 .0 105. 3 9 1 .3 8 8 .8 9 2 .7 9 6 .3 H i d e s s k i n s a n d l e a t h e r p r o d u c t s ___________________ H i d e s a n d s k i n s _________________________ ________ _ L e a th e r ___________________________________________ F o o t w e a r _______ ______________________________ O th e r le a t h e r p r o d u c t s . ...................................................... 9 7 .0 6 4 .4 9 0 .4 1 1 1 .7 9 8 .5 9 9 .7 7 4 .2 9 4 .5 1 1 1 .8 *99.1 9 9 .9 7 4 .6 9 5 .0 1 1 1 .8 9 9 .5 1 0 0 .0 7 3 .4 9 6 .1 1 1 1 .7 9 9 .7 1 0 1 .0 7 6 .3 9 8 .0 1 1 1 .7 1 0 0 .3 1 0 0 .4 7 4 .8 9 7 .3 1 1 1 .5 1 0 0 .0 9 7 .9 6 6 .4 9 2 .7 1 1 1 .5 9 9 .3 9 8 .1 6 4 .8 93. 5 11 2 .1 9 9 .0 9 8 .0 66. 5 9 1 .9 112. 1 9 9 .0 9 7 .3 6 2 .1 9 2 .0 1 1 2 .0 9 9 .2 9 9 .0 7 0 .6 9 2 .9 1 1 2 .0 1 0 0 .3 9 7 .6 6 9 .2 9 0 .1 1 1 1 .0 9 9 .6 9 6 .6 6 5 .0 8 9 .9 1 1 0 .6 99. 2 9 9 .1 9 4 .3 98. 2 1 0 2 .7 9 5 .2 F u e l , p o w e r , a n d l i g h t i n g m a t e r i a l s --------------------------C oal __________________ _____ - ......................... E l e c t r i c i t y __ ___________ _________________________ P e t r o l e u m a n d p r o d u c t s ---------------------------------------- 1 1 1 .0 112. 5 132. 5 106. 0 9 8 .0 1 1 6 .6 * 1 1 0 .9 1 1 2 .3 1 3 1 .8 *106. 0 * 9 8 .0 1 1 6 .5 1 1 1 .0 1 1 1 .7 1 3 1 .8 105. 7 99. 1 1 1 6 .5 1 1 1 .1 111 .8 1 3 1 .8 106.1 9 8 .5 1 1 6 .8 1 0 8 .3 1 1 1 .2 1 3 1 .8 1 0 8 .2 9 8 .5 1 1 1 .1 1 0 7 .1 1 1 0 .8 1 3 1 .8 108. 2 97. 4 1 0 9 .4 1 0 7 .4 1 1 1 .2 1 3 1 .8 1 0 9 .5 9 8 .0 1 0 9 .3 1 0 8 .4 1 1 4 .4 1 3 1 .8 109. 5 100. 7 1 0 9 .0 10 8 .1 1 1 5 .9 1 3 1 .8 1 0 9 .5 1 0 0 .7 1 0 7 .9 1 0 7 .8 1 1 6 .3 1 3 1 .8 108 0 9 9 .6 1 0 7 .9 1 0 7 .2 1 1 6 .1 1 2 9 .0 104. 9 98. 5 1 0 7 .9 1 0 6 .7 1 1 3 .6 1 2 4 .3 1 0 4 .9 9 8 .0 108 .1 1 0 6 .6 113. 3 1 2 4 .3 1 0 0 .4 98. 5 1 0 8 .5 1 0 2 .4 1 0 4 .8 1 1 5 .6 9 4 .8 1 0 1 .S 1 0 3 .1 C h e m i c a l s a n d a llie d p r o d u c t s ------------------------------------I n d u s t r ia l c h e m i c a l s _____ ________________________ P a i n t a n d p a in t m a t e r ia l s --------------- ---------- -------D r u g s , p h a r m a c e u t i c a ls , c o s m e t i c s ---------------------F a t s a n d o ils , i n e d i b l e ____________________________ M ix e d fe r t iliz e r . _________________________________ F e r t i l iz e r m a t e r ia l s . ____ — -------------------------------O th e r c h e m i c a ls a n d p r o d u c t s ------------------------------ 1 0 6 .7 119. 5 1 0 7 .8 9 3 .5 5 3 .4 1 1 1 .7 1 1 2 .9 1 0 3 .4 1 0 6 .7 1 2 0 .0 *107. 3 9 3 .5 51. 1 * 1 1 2 .0 11 3 .0 1 0 3 .3 1 0 6 .3 1 2 0 .2 1 0 6 .3 9 3 .5 4 6 .9 111. 2 1 1 3 .8 1 0 2 .9 1 0 6 .2 1 2 0 .2 10 6 .1 9 3 .6 4 6 .7 1 1 0 .6 1 1 3 .8 1 0 2 .8 105. 6 1 1 9 .2 106.1 9 3 .1 46. 6 1 1 0 .7 1 1 0 .6 1 0 2 .6 105. 5 1 1 8 .0 1 0 6 .1 9 3 .1 4 9 .9 1 1 0 .7 1 1 2 .9 1 0 3 .0 1 0 5 .5 1 1 7 .0 1 0 6 .0 9 3 .0 5 5 .9 1 1 0 .7 1 1 3 .2 103 .1 1 0 4 .2 1 1 3 .9 1 0 6 .0 9 1 .6 5 9 .0 1 1 0 .7 1 1 2 .8 1 0 2 .9 1 0 3 .6 1 1 3 .1 105. 9 91. 4 52. 7 1 1 0 .8 112. 7 1 0 2 .9 1 0 3 .6 1 1 2 .8 1 0 6 .2 91. 5 63. 5 1 1 1 .2 1 1 2 .9 1 0 3 .1 1 0 3 .3 1 1 2 .3 1 0 6 .1 9 1 .3 52. 8 1 1 1 .1 1 1 3 .0 10 3 .1 103. 5 112. 7 1 0 6 .3 91. 9 5 3.1 1 1 0 .9 111.1 1 0 2 .9 1 0 3 .9 113. 9 106. 5 9 2 .0 51. 0 110. 7 111. 0 1 0 3 .0 9 2 .1 9 6 .3 9 4 .6 9 1 .3 4 8 .8 1 0 1 .2 9 8 .5 9 1 .1 R u b b e r a n d p r o d u c t s __________________________________ _________________________________ C rud e rubber T i r e c a s in g s a n d t u b e s ____________________________ O th e r r u b b e r p r o d u c t s . ----------------------------------------- 1 2 4 .2 1 1 1 .3 130.1 1 2 3 .2 * 1 2 4 .0 120.1 126.4 *123. 0 123. 5 1 2 0 .0 12 5 .1 1 2 3 .2 1 2 4 .6 1 2 1 .1 1 2 6 .4 1 2 4 .1 1 2 5 .0 1 2 2 .7 1 2 6 .3 1 2 4 .5 1 2 5 .4 1 2 4 .2 1 2 6 .3 1 2 4 .7 1 2 4 .8 1 2 2 .3 1 2 6 .3 1 2 4 .2 1 2 5 .7 1 2 6 .6 1 2 6 .3 1 2 4 .3 1 2 6 .2 129 4 1 2 6 .3 1 2 4 .3 1 2 7 .3 1 3 5 .5 1 2 6 .3 1 2 4 .3 1 2 7 .7 1 3 7 .3 1 2 6 .3 1 2 4 .3 1 2 6 .4 1 3 0 .3 1 2 6 .3 124. 3 1 2 6 .0 126. 6 1 2 6 .3 125. 2 1 0 9 .5 1 2 9 .0 1 0 6 .1 1 0 3 .6 L u m b e r a n d w o o d p r o d u c t s ___________________________ P l y w o o d _____________________________________________ 1 1 8 .4 1 1 7 .5 1 3 1 .2 1 0 4 .7 1 1 9 .2 118.3 *131. 4 * 1 0 6 .8 1 2 0 .4 119. 3 1 3 1 .7 1 1 2 .4 1 2 1 .1 1 2 0 .2 1 3 1 .6 1 1 2 .7 1 2 1 .5 1 2 0 .7 1 3 2 .0 1 1 2 .4 1 2 1 .8 1 2 1 .0 1 3 2 .0 1 1 2 .4 1 2 2 .2 1 2 1 .5 1 3 2 .0 1 1 2 .0 1 2 1 .7 1 2 0 .9 1 3 1 .9 1 1 2 .0 1 2 1 .1 1 2 0 .3 1 3 1 .9 1 1 0 .9 1 2 0 .5 1 2 0 .1 1 2 9 .3 1 0 8 .5 1 1 9 .7 1 1 9 .8 12 8 .3 1 0 2 .3 1 1 9 .7 1 2 0 .0 1 2 7 .5 1 0 2 .3 1 2 0 .2 120. 2 1 2 7 .7 10 6 .1 1 1 2 .4 113. 5 1 1 0 .9 1 0 1 .7 P u l p , p a p e r , a n d a l li e d p r o d u c t s _____________________ W o o d p u l p ........................ .................................- - - ...................W a s t e p a p e r _________________________________________ P aper ........ ................ — ................ - ........................................ P a p e r b o a r d . ........................................... ................ ..................... C o n v e r t e d p a p e r a n d p a p e r b o a r d . . ____________ B u i l d i n g p a p e r a n d b o a r d _________________ _____ - 1 1 7 .5 1 0 9 .7 1 1 2 .9 1 2 6 .5 1 2 6 .2 1 1 3 .2 1 2 3 .0 1 1 6 .9 1 0 8 .8 1 0 9 .6 1 2 6 .5 1 2 6 .0 1 1 2 .3 1 2 3 .0 1 1 6 .2 1 0 8 .8 9 8 .5 1 2 5 .9 1 2 3 .6 112 .1 1 2 3 .0 1 1 5 .8 1 0 8 .8 8 5 .0 1 2 5 .1 1 2 3 .7 1 1 2 .1 1 2 3 .0 1 1 5 .8 1 0 8 .8 8 5 .0 1 2 4 .7 1 2 3 .2 1 1 2 .4 1 2 3 .0 1 1 5 .4 108. S 8 5 .0 124. { 1 2 3 .1 111. 4 1 2 3 .0 1 1 5 .3 1 0 8 .8 8 8 .3 1 2 4 .9 1 2 3 .1 1 1 1 .4 1 1 8 .2 115.1 1 0 8 .8 8 3 .8 1 2 4 .9 1 2 3 .4 1 1 8 .2 1 1 5 .3 1 0 8 .8 8 3 .8 1 2 4 .9 123. 5 1 1 1 .5 1 1 8 .2 1 1 5 .8 1 0 8 .8 8 7 .0 1 2 4 .9 1 2 4 .2 1 1 2 .3 1 1 8 .2 1 1 5 .9 1 0 8 .8 8 9 .3 1 2 4 .9 124 .4 1 1 2 .3 118. 2 1 1 5 .5 108. 8 6 5 .7 1 2 4 .9 1 2 4 .8 1 1 2 .3 1 1 8 .2 1 1 5 .5 1 0 9 .3 7 1 .2 124. 9 1 2 4 .6 1 1 2 .2 1 1 5 .8 9 5 .9 9 0 .6 7 9 .0 1 0 3 .3 9 7 .2 9 3 .2 1 0 6 .3 M e t a l s a n d m e t a l p r o d u c t s ___________________ ________ 1 2 7 .8 1 3 3 .4 1 2 2 .1 1 2 8 .6 1 3 6 .9 1 1 8 .5 1 1 5 .8 1 1 7 .7 1 2 7 .1 *128. 5 *134. 6 1 2 2 .8 128. 6 * 1 3 6 .9 1 1 8 .7 1 1 5 .8 1 1 7 .9 1 2 7 .0 1 2 9 .4 1 3 6 .2 124. 5 1 2 8 .6 1 3 5 .6 1 1 8 .7 115. 6 1 1 7 .8 1 2 6 .3 1 2 9 .3 1 3 5 .7 1 2 6 .4 1 2 8 .6 1 3 4 .7 1 1 6 .4 1 1 5 .1 1 1 7 .5 1 2 5 .4 1 2 6 .9 130. f 1 2 7 .6 1 2 6 .6 134. 5 1 1 3 .5 1 1 4 .6 1 1 4 .4 1 2 4 .1 1 2 5 .7 128. € 1 2 6 .6 1 2 6 .6 1 3 3 .2 1 1 3 .8 1 1 4 .4 1 1 3 .6 1 2 4 .0 1 2 5 .0 1 2 7 .7 1 2 8 .2 1 2 6 .5 1 2 7 .9 1 1 3 .8 1 1 3 .8 1 1 3 .6 1 2 2 .8 1 2 5 .5 1 2 7 .7 1 3 1 .5 125. 3 1 2 6 .2 1 1 4 .3 1 1 3 .9 1 1 3 .6 1 2 2 .2 1 2 4 .6 1 2 7 .5 1 2 4 .4 125. 3 125. 9 1 1 4 .3 1 1 3 .9 1 1 3 .9 1 2 6 .7 1 2 4 .0 1 2 7 .1 1 2 2 .5 1 2 5 .3 1 2 5 .9 1 1 3 .6 1 1 3 .8 1 1 3 .9 1 2 6 .5 1 2 4 .0 1 2 7 .0 1 2 2 .3 125. 4 1 2 5 .9 1 1 8 .1 1 1 3 .6 1 1 3 .9 1 2 6 .5 1 2 3 .9 1 2 7 .0 122. 5 1 2 5 .1 1 2 5 .3 118 .1 113. 6 1 1 4 .1 1 2 5 .9 1 124 .1 127. 3 1 2 2 .9 125.1 1 2 5 .3 118.1 113. 7 114. 0 1 2 3 .8 1 0 8 .8 1 1 3 .1 1 0 1 .8 1 0 9 .0 111. 1 103. 2 1 0 2 .0 1 0 0 .1 1 1 3 .2 N o n fe r r o u s m e t a l s ________________________________ TVTetal c o n t a in e r s _______________________________ H ard w are _________________________________ P l u m b i n g e q u i p m e n t _____________________________ H e a t i n g e q u i p m e n t ______________________________ S t r u c t u r a l m e t a l p r o d u c t s ________________________ N o n s t r u c t u r a l m e t a l p r o d u c t s ------------------------------ See footnotes at end of table. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 111.1 1386 D: PRICES AND COST OF LIVING MONTHLY LABOR T able D-8: Indexes of wholesale prices, by group and subgroup of commodities 1—Continued [ 1 9 4 7 -4 9 = 100] O ct. 1953 2 C o m m o d it y g r o u p S e p t. 1953 A ug. 1953 J u ly 1953 June 1953 M ay 1953 A p r. 1953 M ar. 1953 F eb. 1953 Jan. 1953 D ec. 1952 N ov. 1952 O ct. 1952 June 1950 M a c h i n e r y a n d m o t i v e p r o d u c t s ________ ___________ A g r i c u lt u r a l m a c h in e r y a n d e q u i p m e n t ________ C o n s t r u c t io n m a c h in e r y a n d e q u i p m e n t ___ M e t a l w o r k i n g m a c h i n e r y ______________ _________ G e n e r a l p u r p o s e m a c h in e r y a n d e q u i p m e n t ___ M i s c e l l a n e o u s m a c h i n e r y ______________ __________ E l e c t r i c a l m a c h i n e r y a n d e q u i p m e n t ___________ M o t o r v e h i c l e s ____ _________ _______________ _____ 1 2 4 .1 122 .4 131. C 1 3 2 .7 1 2 8 .2 1 2 4 .1 1 2 6 .5 1 1 8 .6 1 2 4 .0 122. c 1 3 0 .9 * 1 3 2 .8 *127 9 *124 2 *126 2, 1 1 8 .6 1 2 3 .7 1 2 2 .3 1 3 0 .5 1 3 1 .9 1 2 6 .9 1 2 3 .9 1 2 5 .6 1 1 8 .6 1 2 3 .4 1 2 2 .7 130. 8 1 3 1 .8 1 2 5 .8 1 2 3 .3 1 2 4 .8 1 1 8 .6 1 2 2 .9 1 2 2 .6 129 .4 1 3 1 .3 1 2 4 .9 1 2 2 .4 1 2 4 .2 1 1 8 .6 1 2 2 .4 1 2 2 .4 129. 1 1 3 0 .1 1 2 3 .8 1 2 2 .0 1 2 2 .6 1 1 8 .6 1 2 2 .0 1 2 2 .3 1 2 8 .6 1 2 9 .8 1 2 3 .6 1 2 0 .6 1 2 1 .3 1 1 8 .9 1 2 1 .8 1 2 2 .2 12 7 .1 1 2 9 .1 12 2 .1 1 2 0 .3 1 1 9 .9 1 2 0 .0 1 2 1 .6 1 2 1 .8 1 2 6 .2 1 2 9 .0 1 2 2 .0 1 2 0 .1 119. 7 1 1 9 .9 121. 5 1 2 1 .8 1 2 6 .2 1 2 9 .0 1 2 1 .9 1 1 9 .7 1 1 9 .6 1 1 9 .8 1 2 1 .4 1 2 1 .7 1 2 6 .3 1 2 9 .0 1 2 1 .9 1 1 9 .6 1 1 9 .6 1 1 9 .7 121. 4 1 2 1 .6 126. 2 128. 9 121. 8 1 1 9 .6 119. 5 1 1 9 .7 1 2 1 .3 121. 5 1 2 5 .8 129. 1 1 2 1 .8 1 1 9 .4 119 0 119. 7 1 0 6 .3 1 0 8 .3 108.1 1 0 8 .8 1 0 7 .0 1 0 5 .0 1 0 2 .1 1 0 6 .7 F u r n i t u r e a n d o t h e r h o u s e h o l d d u r a b l e s _______ H o u s e h o ld f u r n i t u r e _____ _ _ _ _ _____ ________ C o m m e r c i a l f u r n i t u r e . ............................. ................... F l o o r c o v e r i n g ........................ ....................................... H o u s e h o l d a p p l i a n c e s . __________________________ R a d i o s _____________________ ______ ____ T e l e v i s i o n s e t s ___________ ___________ . . . O t h e r h o u s e h o l d d u r a b l e g o o d s ________________ 1 1 4 .8 1 1 4 .2 1 2 5 .8 125. 2i 1 0 9 .0 9 4 .8 7 4 .2 1 2 6 .8 1 1 4 .9 1 1 4 .2 1 2 5 .8 125. 2 109. 1 * 0 4 .8 * 7 4 .2 1 2 6 .9 1 1 4 .8 1 1 3 .8 125. 8 1 2 5 .3 1 0 8 .9 9 5 .0 7 4 .0 1 2 6 .9 1 1 4 .7 1 1 3 .8 1 2 5 .8 1 2 5 .2 1 0 8 .8 9 5 .0 7 4 .3 1 2 6 .7 1 1 4 .3 114.1 1 2 5 .7 1 2 4 .8 108.1 9 5 .4 7 5 .0 1 2 5 .5 1 1 4 .1 1 1 4 .0 1 2 4 .3 1 2 5 .0 108. 1 9 4 .9 7 4 .9 1 2 5 .4 1 1 3 .9 1 1 3 .8 1 2 3 .2 1 2 4 .2 1 0 8 .0 9 4 .9 7 4 .9 1 2 5 .4 1 1 3 .1 1 1 3 .6 1 2 3 .2 124. 1 1 0 7 .9 9 5 .5 7 4 .9 1 2 1 .8 1 1 2 .9 113. 4 1 2 3 .2 1 2 4 .1 1 0 7 .4 9 5 .5 7 5 .6 1 2 1 .7 1 1 2 .7 1 1 3 .2 123. 0 124. 1 1 0 7 .4 9 5 .0 7 4 .5 1 2 1 .2 1 1 2 .3 113. 0 1 2 3 .2 122. 7 1 0 7 .5 9 5 .0 7 4 .9 1 1 9 .6 1 1 2 .1 1 1 2 .8 1 2 3 .2 122. 4 1 0 7 .2 (>) 1 1 9 .6 1 1 2 .0 112. 6 123. 2 122. 4 1 0 7 .2 ( 3) ( 3) 1 1 9 .5 1 0 3 .1 1 0 1 .8 1 0 6 .2 1 0 9 .1 1 0 0 .1 (3) (3) 1 0 6 .8 N o n m e t a l l i c m in e r a l s — s t r u c t u r a l ________ _______ F l a t g l a s s . _____________ ________________ C o n c r e t e i n g r e d i e n t s . . ...................................... C o n c r e t e p r o d u c t s . . _________ _________ S t r u c t u r a l c la y p r o d u c t s ________________ G y p s u m p r o d u c t s ___________________ P r e p a r e d a s p h a l t r o o f i n g ____________ O t h e r n o n m e t a l l i c m in e r a l s _____________ 1 2 0 .7 1 2 4 .7 1 1 9 .4 1 1 7 .4 1 3 2 .0 1 2 2 .1 1 0 9 .9 1 1 8 .0 1 2 0 .7 124. 7 1 1 9 .3 117. 4 *132 0 122 1 *109 8 * 1 1 7 .8 1 1 9 .6 1 2 4 .7 1 1 8 .6 1 1 6 .1 1 3 1 .4 122. 1 1 0 5 .8 1 1 7 .8 1 1 9 .4 1 2 4 .7 1 1 8 .4 1 1 5 .6 131.1 12 2 .1 1 0 5 .8 1 1 7 .3 11 8 .1 1 2 2 .9 1 1 8 .2 1 1 5 .5 125. 1 122.1 1 0 6 .2 1 1 6 .4 1 1 7 .2 1 1 6 .4 1 1 7 .9 115. 5 1 2 4 .7 12 2 .1 1 0 6 .0 1 1 5 .3 116 9 1 1 6 .4 1 1 7 .6 1 1 4 .2 1 2 4 .6 122. 1 1 0 6 .0 1 1 5 .3 115.1 116. 4 1 1 3 .8 112. 8 1 2 4 .3 1 1 8 .3 1 0 6 .0 1 1 5 .3 1 1 4 .6 1 1 4 .4 1 1 3 .1 1 1 2 .8 1 2 4 .0 1 1 7 .7 1 0 6 .0 1 1 5 .3 1 1 4 .6 1 1 4 .4 1 1 3 .1 1 1 2 .8 1 2 4 .0 1 1 7 .7 106. 0 1 1 5 .3 1 1 4 .6 1 1 4 .4 1 1 3 .1 112. 7 1 2 4 .0 117. 7 1 0 6 .0 1 1 5 .3 114. 5 1 1 4 .4 1 1 2 .9 112. 7 1 2 4 .0 117. 7 1 0 6 .0 1 1 5 .1 1 1 4 .4 114. 4 1 1 3 .0 112. 7 1 2 4 .0 117. 7 106. 0 1 1 2 .7 105. 4 1 0 5 .6 105. 7 104. 5 110. 5 102. 3 9 8 .9 1 0 5 .7 T o b a c c o m a n u f a c t u r e s a n d b o t t l e d b e v e r a g e s 4_____ C i g a r e t t e s * _____________________________ C i g a r s 4. __________________________ O t h e r t o b a c c o p r o d u c t s 4_______ _______ A l c o h o l ic b e v e r a g e s 4___________ N o n a l c o h o l i c b e v e r a g e s . ........................ 1 1 8 .1 1 2 4 .0 1 0 3 .5 1 2 0 .7 1 1 4 .9 1 2 5 .1 1 1 6 .2 1 2 4 .0 103. 5 1 2 0 .7 1 1 1 .2 1 2 5 .1 1 1 5 .6 1 2 4 .0 103. 5 1 2 0 .7 1 1 0 .0 1 2 5 .1 1 1 5 .6 1 2 4 .0 1 0 3 .5 1 2 0 .7 1 1 0 .0 1 2 5 .1 1 1 4 .9 1 2 4 .0 1 0 2 .9 1 2 0 .7 1 1 0 .0 1 2 0 .6 1 1 4 .8 1 2 4 .0 1 0 2 .9 1 2 1 .5 1 1 0 .0 1 1 9 .9 1 1 4 .8 1 2 4 .0 1 0 2 .9 1 2 1 .5 1 1 0 .0 1 1 9 .8 1 1 4 .8 1 2 4 .0 1 0 2 .9 1 2 2 .4 no. 0 1 1 9 .8 1 1 1 .9 1 1 2 .0 1 0 2 .9 1 2 0 .3 1 1 0 .1 1 1 9 .8 1 1 1 .9 1 1 2 .0 1 0 2 .9 120. 3 110. 7 1 1 9 .7 1 1 0 .8 1 0 5 .7 1 0 2 .4 1 1 8 .4 1 1 1 .2 1 1 9 .7 1 1 0 .8 1 0 5 .7 1 0 2 .4 118. 4 1 1 1 .2 1 1 9 .7 1 1 0 .8 1 0 5 .7 1 0 2 .4 118. 4 1 1 1 .2 1 1 9 .7 101. 4 1 0 2 .8 1 0 0 .6 1 0 3 .3 100. 9 1 0 0 .8 M i s c e l l a n e o u s . _____ ____________________ 9 o y s , s p o r tin g g o o d s, s m a ll a r m s . ... M a n u f a c t u r e d a n i m a l f e e d s ____ N o t i o n s a n d a c c e s s o r ie s _________ J e w e lr y , w a tc h e s , p h o to e q u ip m e n t. O th e r m i s c e l l a n e o u s ________________ 9 4 .4 1 1 4 .1 8 1 .0 9 3 .5 1 0 2 .0 1 1 9 .5 * 9 4 .7 1 1 4 .0 * 8 1 .6 9 3 .5 * 1 0 2 .0 1 1 9 .3 9 6 .4 1 1 4 .0 8 5 .0 9 3 .5 1 0 1 .8 1 1 9 .6 9 5 .3 1 1 4 .1 8 2 .7 93. 2 1 0 1 .8 1 1 9 .8 9 5 .8 1 1 4 .0 8 3 .7 9 3 .2 1 0 1 .8 1 1 9 .9 9 9 .7 1 1 4 .3 91. 1 9 3 .2 1 0 1 .9 1 2 0 .3 9 8 .5 1 1 3 .7 8 8 .7 93. 2 1 0 1 .8 1 2 1 .1 1 0 1 .7 1 1 2 .9 9 5 .0 9 4 .3 1 0 1 .8 1 2 1 .0 1 0 1 .2 1 1 2 .8 9 4 .4 9 2 .9 1 0 1 .0 1 2 1 .2 1 0 3 .0 1 1 2 .8 9 7 .9 92 9 1 0 1 .0 1 2 0 .8 1 0 5 .1 113. 1 102 1 9 2 .9 1 0 1 .0 1 2 0 .8 1 0 5 .7 1 1 3 .2 1 0 3 .3 9 1 .1 1 0 1 .0 1 2 0 .8 108. 4 1 1 3 .2 1 0 8 .4 90. 9 1 0 1 .0 1 2 0 .8 9 6 .9 104. 8 93. 7 8 8 .7 9 6 .6 1 0 5 .4 i T h e r e v is e d w h o le s a le p r ic e i n d e x ( 1 9 4 7 -4 9 = 1 0 0 ) is t h e o f fic ia l i n d e x for J a n u a r y 1952 a n d s u b s e q u e n t m o n t h s . T h e o ffic ia l i n d e x for D e c e m b e r 1951 a n d p r e v io u s d a t e s is t h e fo r m e r i n d e x ( 1 8 2 6 = 1 0 0 ) . T h e r e v is e d i n d e x h a s b e e n c o m p u t e d b a c k to J a n u a r y 1947 for p u r p o s e s o f c o m p a r is o n a n d a n a l y s i s . P r i c e s a r c c o lle c te d fro m m a n u f a c t u r e r s a n d o t h e r p r o d u c e r s . I n s o m e c a s e s t h e y a r e s e c u r e d fro m t r a d e p u b li c a t i o n s o r fr o m o t h e r G o v e r n m e n t a g e n c ie s w h ic h c o ll e c t p r ic e Q u o ta t io n s in t h e c o u r s e o f t h e ir r e g u la r w o r k . F o r a m o r e d e t a il e d d e s c r ip t io n o f t h e i n d e x , s e e A D e s c r ip t i o n o f t h e R e v i s e d W h o l e s a l e P r ic e I n d e x , M o n t h l y L a b o r R e v i e w , F e b r u a r y 1952 ( p . 1 8 0 ), o r r e p r in t S e r ia l N o . R . 2067. (3) s P r e li m in a r y . » N o t a v a ila b le . 4 F i g u r e s s h o w n i n t h i s s e r ie s a r e t h e o f fic ia l i n d e x e s . B e g i n n i n g w i t h J a n u a r y 1953 t h e m e t h o d o f c a lc u l a t in g e x c is e t a x e s a n d d i s c o u n t s w a s c h a n g e d a n d o ffic ia l in d e x e s for e a r lie r d a t e s a r e n o t s t r i c t l y c o m p a r a b le w i t h t h e s e . F o r a n a l y t i c a l p u r p o s e s in d e x e s p r io r to 1953 h a v e b e e n r e c a l c u l a t e d fo r c o m p a r a b ility a n d are a v a ila b le o n r e q u e s t. * R e v is e d . T a ble D -9 : Special wholesale price in dexes1 [1 9 4 7 -4 9 = 1 0 0 ] 1953 1952 1950 C o m m o d it y g r o u p O ct. 2 All f o o d s __________ . A l l f i s h ____________ S p e c ia l m e t a l s a n d m e t a l p r o d u c t s M e t a l w o r k i n g m a c h i n e r y _________ M a c h in e r y a n d e q u ip m e n t . T o t a l t r a c t o r s _________ _ S t e e l m il l p r o d u c t s . . . . . . B u i l d i n g m a t e r i a l s .............. .. . S o a p s _______ . S y n t h e t i c d e t e r g e n t s ___ . R e f in e d p e t r o l e u m p r o d u c t s E a s t c o a st p e tr o le u m . M id -c o n t in e n t p e tr o le u m G u lf c o a s t p e t r o l e u m ___ __ P a c ific c o a st p e t r o le u m . . P u l p , p a p e r a n d p r o d u c t s , e x c l. b l d g , p a p e r 1 S e e f o o t n o t e 1, t a b l e D - 8 . * P r e lim in a r y * R e v is e d . https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1 0 5 .2 1 1 1 .3 1 2 5 .7 1 3 9 .6 1 2 7 .2 1 2 4 .1 1 4 2 .5 120 .1 8 6 .5 9 1 .0 1 1 5 .8 1 1 3 .5 1 1 0 .1 1 2 2 .8 1 1 8 .8 1 1 7 .4 S e p t. A ug. *106.8 104.9 *126.2 139.7 *127.1 1 0 4 .8 1 0 7 .8 124. 1 * 1 4 2 .6 1 2 3 .7 1 4 2 .7 1 2 0 .8 8 5 .8 9 1 .0 1 1 5 .6 1 1 3 .8 1 0 9 .6 1 2 2 .8 1 1 8 .8 1 1 6 .1 120.4 * 8 6 .2 9 1 .0 115. 6 113.8 1 0 9 .6 1 2 2 .8 1 1 8 .8 1 1 6 .7 126.8 139.1 126. 5 J u ly 1 0 4 .9 1 0 2 .5 1 2 6 .8 1 3 8 .8 1 2 6 .0 1 2 4 .3 1 4 2 .7 1 2 1 .3 8 5 .8 9 0 .8 1 1 6 .1 1 1 3 .8 1 0 9 .7 124 .1 1 1 8 .8 1 1 5 .6 June 1 0 3 .8 1 0 0 .9 1 2 5 .0 1 3 8 .7 1 2 5 .3 1 2 3 .8 137 .1 120. 5 85. 5 9 0 .8 1 0 9 .1 107 3 1 0 0 .0 1 1 6 .8 1 1 8 .8 1 1 5 .6 M ay 10 4 .1 1 0 6 .5 124. 1 1 3 8 .2 1 2 4 .4 1 2 3 .8 1 3 4 .4 120 2 8 7 .1 9 0 .8 109 .1 1 0 7 .8 9 9 .6 1 1 6 .8 1 1 8 .8 1 1 5 .2 A p r. 1 0 3 .4 9 8 .9 1 2 3 .6 1 3 7 .6 1 2 3 .7 1 2 3 .6 131.1 1 1 9 .9 8 7 .2 9 0 .8 1 0 8 .9 1 0 9 .3 9 9 .6 1 1 5 .2 1 1 8 .8 1 1 5 .2 M ar. 1 0 4 .0 1 0 2 .8 1 2 4 .2 1 3 6 .6 1 2 2 .8 1 2 2 .8 131.1 1 1 9 .2 86. 7 9 1 .8 1 0 8 .6 108. 5 9 9 .6 1 1 4 .6 1 1 8 .8 1 1 5 .0 F eb. 10 4 .1 1 0 8 .0 1 2 3 .5 1 3 6 .5 1 2 2 .5 1 2 1 .7 1 3 0 .9 1 1 8 .7 8 6 .6 9 1 .8 1 0 7 .2 1 0 8 .8 9 9 .7 1 1 4 .6 1 0 8 .7 1 1 5 .2 Jan. 1 0 5 .0 110. 5 1 2 3 .0 1 3 6 .4 1 2 2 .4 1 2 1 .7 131. 1 1 1 8 .5 87. 1 9 1 .8 1 0 7 .7 1 1 1 .6 1 0 1 .0 1 1 5 .0 1 0 4 .2 1 1 5 .7 D ec. 104. 5 104. 6 1 2 3 .0 1 3 6 .4 122 .4 1 2 1 .6 1 3 0 .9 1 1 8 .3 8 7 .2 9 1 .8 107. 7 1 1 1 .8 1 0 1 .0 1 1 5 .0 1 0 4 .2 1 1 5 .8 N ov. 1 0 8 .6 113. 2 1 2 2 .9 1 3 6 .3 1 2 2 .3 1 2 1 .5 1 3 0 .9 118 .4 8 6 .8 91. 8 1 0 8 .0 1 1 1 .8 1 0 1 .8 1 1 5 .0 104. 2 1 1 5 .4 O ct. 109. 5 101. 6 123. 1 136. 3 1 2 2 .2 1 2 1 .3 1 3 1 .0 1 1 8 .6 87. 0 9 1 .8 1 0 8 .4 1 1 1 .8 1 0 1 .8 1 1 5 .0 107. 0 1 1 5 .5 June 9 5 .0 92. 4 1 0 8 .3 1 0 9 .8 106. 1 107. 5 1 1 4 .9 1 0 7 .5 80. 9 8 2 .9 1 0 2 .1 9 8 .1 1 0 1 .8 1 0 9 .7 9 4 .1 9 5 .6 REVIEW, DECEMBER 1953 1387 E: WORK STOPPAGES E: Work Stoppages T able E - l : W ork stoppages resulting from labor-m anagem ent d is p u te s 1 W o r k e r s i n v o l v e d In s t o p p a g e s N u m b e r o f s to p p a g e s M a n - d a y s I d le d u r i n g m o n t h or y e a r M o n th a n d year B e g i n n i n g in m o n th or y e a r 1 9 3 5 -3 9 ( a v e r a g e ) 194749 ( a v e r a g e ) 1945 .......... ................ . 1 9 4 6 - .........................1 9 4 7 .......... .................... 1948. - ....... 1949.......... . 1 950 ........................... . 1951 ______________ ______________ 1952 ! . . ........................ 1952: O c t o b e r _____ N o v e m b e r .. D e c e m b e r ... 1953: J a n u a r y * ___ F e b r u a r y * .. M a r c h *____ A p r il *______ May *_____ J u n e 3_______ J u ly * ___ A u g u s t 3— S e p t e m b e r 3. O c t o b e r 3___ 2 ,8 6 2 3, 573 4 ,7 5 0 4 ,9 8 5 3 ,6 9 3 3 ,4 1 9 3 ,6 0 6 4. 843 4, 737 5 ,1 1 7 459 209 179 350 350 450 500 525 500 475 450 375 350 * A l l k n o w n w o r k s t o p p a g e s , a r is in g o u t o f l a b o r - m a n a g e m e n t d i s p u t e s , i n v o l v i n g s ix o r m o r e w o r k e r s a n d c o n t i n u i n g a s lo n g a s a f u ll d a y o r s h ift a r e i n c lu d e d in r e p o r t s o f t h e B u r e a u o f L a b o r S t a t i s t i c s . F i g u r e s o n “ w o r k e r s i n v o l v e d ” a n d “ m a n - d a y s i d l e ” c o v e r a ll w o r k e r s m a d e i d le for o n e or m o r e s h i f t s in e s t a b l i s h m e n t s d i r e c t l y i n v o l v e d in a s t o p p a g e . T h e y d o n o t https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis In e ffe c t d u r in g m o n th B e g i n n i n g in m o n th or y e a r I n effect, d u r in g m o n th 1.130.000 2.380.000 3.470.000 4.600.000 2.170.000 1.960.000 3.030.000 2.410.000 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 2 . 220.000 ... 16, 39. 38, 116, 34, 34. 50, 38, 22, 59, 3,540,000 ... 768 535 369 500 550 650 700 750 725 700 675 600 550 4 5 0 .0 0 0 98. 800 3 3 ,6 0 0 200, 000 120.000 1 8 0 ,0 0 0 275, 000 270, 000 2 5 0 .0 0 0 260. 000 230, 000 110.000 1 9 0 ,0 0 0 Number 584, 000 215, 000 82, 300 250, 000 200, 000 230, 000 350, 000 370. 000 400, 000 410. 000 400. 000 210, 000 250, 000 900, 700, 000, 000, 600, 100, 500, 800, 900, 100, 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 5, 000, 000 1, 560, 000 854. 000 1, 250, 000 1, 000, 000 1, 100, ooo 2, 500, 000 3, 000, 000 3, 750, 000 3. oon. 000 2, 800, 000 1, 550, 000 1, 450, 000 P e r c en t of e sti m a te d w o r k in g t i m e 0 .2 7 .4 6 .4 7 1.43 .4 1 .3 7 .59 .4 4 .23 .5 7 .5 3 .20 .09 .1 5 .12 .12 .2 7 .34 .40 .30 .3 1 .1 7 .1 5 m e a s u r e t h e i n d ir e c t o r s e c o n d a r y e f f e c t s o n o t h e r e s t a b l i s h m e n t s o r i n d u s t r ie s w h o s e e m p l o y e e s a r e m a d e i d l e a s a r e s u lt o f m a t e r ia l or s e r v i c e s h o r t a g e s . * D o e s n o t i n c l u d e m e m o r ia l s t o p p a g e i n c o a l m i n i n g i n d u s t r y . * P r e lim in a r y . 1388 F: BUILD IN O AND, CONSTRUCTION MONTHLY LABOR F: Building and Construction T able F -l: Expenditures for new construction 1 [Value of work put in place] Expenditures (in millions) Type of construction 1953 Nov.8 Oct.8 Sept. Aug. July June 1952 May April Mar. Feb. Jan. Dec. 1952 Nov. 1951 Total Total Total new construction *________ _____ $2,998 $3,214 $3,290 $3,319 $3, 270 $3,199 $2, 941 $2, 735 $2, 521 $2, 278 $2, 361 $2, 550 $2, 858 $32, 638 $30, 895 Private construction__________________ 2,047 Residential building (nonfarm)______ 1,020 New dwelling units____________ 900 Additions and alterations______ . 95 Nonhousekeeping1__________ 25 Nonresidential building (nonfarm) •__ 522 Industrial_____________________ 178 Commercial___________ ___ .. 190 Warehouses, office, and loft buildings____. __________. 79 Stores, restaurants, and garages111 Other nonresidential building-....... 154 Religious_____________ ____ 46 Educational____________ ___ 41 Social and recreational-. _ 17 Hospital and institutional7___ 26 Miscellaneous___ ____ ______ 24 Farm construction............. ...... ......... 100 Public utilities____ ______ _ ____ 396 Railroad. . . . ________ _____ 45 Telephone and telegraph___ ___ 50 Other public utilities___________ 301 All other private 8______________ 9 Public construction ................................... 951 Residential building __ _____ 41 Nonresidential building (other than military or naval facilities)________ 362 Industrial_____________________ 140 Educational_________ ______ _ 158 Hospital and institutional_______ 22 Other nonresidential.-____ ____ 42 Military and naval facilities 18_______ 105 Highways........... ............................. ...... 280 Sewer and water____ ____ ___ 67 Miscellaneous public service enterprises 11_______ ___________ 18 Conservation and development_____ 68 All other public 78________________ 10 2,118 1,055 930 100 25 511 178 178 2,165 1,077 950 102 25 506 179 174 2,199 1,105 970 110 25 498 179 168 2,181 1,111 975 112 24 492 178 165 2,149 1,110 980 107 23 479 187 152 1, 988 1,007 880 105 22 451 192 129 1, 851 944 830 94 20 426 193 113 1,729 863 770 74 19 430 198 114 1,575 758 675 64 19 434 204 112 1, 627 816 735 63 18 431 201 109 1, 795 942 850 75 103 155 46 41 16 26 26 119 423 49 55 319 10 1,096 45 71 103 153 45 39 15 26 28 144 428 44 54 330 10 1,125 47 66 102 151 43 38 15 27 28 158 427 44 54 329 11 1,120 43 60 105 149 41 36 15 27 30 155 410 43 53 314 13 1,089 46 56 96 140 38 34 14 26 28 148 399 41 52 306 13 1, 050 50 52 77 130 35 32 13 26 24 138 380 40 52 288 12 953 49 49 64 120 33 31 11 25 20 120 352 40 48 264 9 884 49 49 65 118 33 30 10 26 19 108 320 34 48 238 8 792 47 50 62 118 34 31 10 26 17 100 275 27 43 205 8 703 48 374 145 160 23 46 112 390 69 378 150 155 25 48 116 400 73 373 154 150 26 43 121 405 71 372 154 147 28 43 121 375 67 384 169 142 32 41 121 330 63 374 162 140 33 39 115 260 61 369 158 139 34 38 114 200 60 353 153 133 33 34 111 140 57 21 74 11 23 76 12 19 77 11 19 79 10 17 76 9 15 70 9 14 70 8 13 65 6 i Joint estimates of the Bureau of Labor Statistics, U. S. Department of Labor, and the Building Materials Division, U. 8. Department of Com merce. Estimated construction expenditures represent tne monetary value of the volume of work accomplished during the given period of time. These figures should be differentiated from permit valuation data reported in the tabulations for building authorized (tables F-3 and F-4) and the data on value of contract awards reported in table F-2. 8 Preliminary. * Revised. 8 Includes major additions and alterations. * Includes hotels, dormitories, and tourist courts and cabins. * Expenditures by privately owned public utilities for nonresidential building are included under “ Public utilities.” https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 18 433 193 112 1, 934 21, 812 1, 024 11, 100 915 9. 870 91 1, 015 18 185 443 5,014 194 2.320 113 1,137 21,564 10, 973 9. 849 934 190 5,152 % 117 1, 371 51 58 121 35 32 11 27 16 97 275 29 44 202 8 734 47 50 62 128 37 33 11 28 19 97 314 43 45 226 9 755 49 49 515 64 622 136 1, 557 38 399 33 351 12 125 394 30 23 288 112 1.610 347 4, 003 38 438 48 570 261 2, 995 8 85 924 10, 826 49 654 544 827 1, 664 ’452 345 164 419 284 1, 646 Z, 729 399 487 2,843 64 9 331 595 315 123 131 33 28 101 110 54 328 131 132 34 31 109 115 56 342 142 134 36 30 111 112 66 361 154 136 38 33 121 240 58 4, 119 1, 667 1, 619 ’ 473 360 1,388 2, 860 692 3, 469 ' 946 1, 513 528 482 887 2, 518 716 11 56 5 13 61 5 13 67 5 16 74 5 193 854 66 213 853 80 71 7 Includes Federal contributions toward construction of private nonprofit hospital facilities under the National Hospital Program. * Covers privately owned sewer and water facilities, roads and bridges, and miscellaneous nonbuilding items such as parks and playgrounds. ! Includes non housekeeping public residential construction as well as housekeeping units. 18 Covers all construction, building as well as nonbuilding (except for production facilities, which are included in public industrial building). 11 Covers primarily publicly owned airports, electric light and power systems, and local transit facilities. 11 Covers public construction not elsewhere classified such as parks, playgrounds, and memorials. REVIEW, DECEMBER 1953 F: BUILDING AND CONSTRUCTION 1389 T able F -2 : Value of contracts aw arded and force-account w ork sta rte d on federally new construction, by ty p e of construction 1 financed Value (in thousands) Type of construction 1953 2 Sept. Aug.2 1952« 1952« 1951« ' July 3 | Ju n e 2 M a y 2 i Apr.2 j Mar.2 j Feb.2 j Jan .3 Dec.* Nov. Oct. Sept. Total Total 1 ! 1 Total new construction1. $161,432 $208, 352 $170,228 $352, 393 $261,092 $355,132 $235, 796 $198, 606 $237, 344 $645, 851 $337, 705 $294,344 $515,056 $4,730,311 $4, 230, 552 Airfields *______ 8,160 11,191 12, 651 10, 274 4, 773 21,246 16, 637 4,401 9,877 12, 661 17,442 13, 740 9, 849 140. 991 278. 630 Building_______ 43, 371 62, 697 41, 624 132,074 112,102 217,155 76,08£ 129,168 152, 984 194, 654 223, 273 143,316 373,397 2, 596, 961 2, 183 951 Residential______ 394 30 (6) 3,412 62C 3,025 580 4,807 2, 224 1,171 797 2,383 8 966 1, 172 23 296 Nonresidential___ 42, 977 62, 667 41,624 128, 662 111,482 214,130 75, 503 124, 361 150, 760 193,483 222,476 140, 933 372, 225 2, 573, 665 2,174; 985 Educational 7___ 10,356 18, 380 16, 557 18,429 20,150 18, 794 18,238 14,340 11, 651 15, 679 14, 771 13,046 10,311 130, 949 60, 570 Hospital and institutional. ___ 8,512 6,283 10,088 18,490 23, 790 6,097 10,119 7,949 18, 756 9,516 15, 788 19,499 4, 985 211, 877 305, 787 Administrative and general 8 ___ 1,959 2,135 1,719 4,506 4,462 4,220 1,978 1,785 4,931 3,538 3,122 3,245 5,394 43,195 57,146 Other nonresidential building . 22,150 35, 869 13,260 87,237 63,080 185,019 45,168 100,287 115,422 164, 750 188, 795 105,143 351, 535 2,187, 644 1, 751, 482 Airfield buildings 3, 900 2, 630 1,110 17, 659 10, 584 12,032 2, 360 8, 301 8,397 12,819 7, 754 11,456 91 911 1, 858 80 671 Industrial10___ 8, 815 21, 280 6,315 36,004 33, 849 147,136 16, 673 85,091 74, 657 111,690 139, 666 46, 898 302, 347 1, 305, 897 055 481 Troop housing__ 823 3,077 2, 378 9,483 4, 567 6, 739 15,049 1,612 13, 862 14, 520 17, 736 7, 522 11,933 285! 602 225, 909 Warehouses_____ 3,406 160 880 8,382 5, 262 4,962 2, 977 1,110 8, 667 8,167 15,441 20,102 12, 007 276 455 75 824 Miscellaneous n„_ 5,206 8, 722 2, 577 15, 709 8,818 14,150 8,109 4,173 9,839 17, 554 8,198 19,165 23,390 239,435 460, 783 Conservation and develo p m en t.___ 9, 770 14, 663 11, 564 31, 396 14,179 10, 665 40,302 4, 379 21,444 18, 852 20, 969 31,634 27, 581 287, 498 396, 841 Reclamation____ 1,844 11,086 4,060 4,540 9,419 3,083 5, 577 444 10,461 5, 724 3,456 6,902 13,970 92, 916 86, 928 River, harbor, and flood control__ 7,926 3, 577 7,504 26, 856 4, 760 7, 582 34, 725 3,935 10,983 13,128 17, 513 24, 732 13, 611 194, 582 309 913 Highways. _ 97, 543 105, 629 94, 738 122, 202 110, 664 92, 771 90, 692 47,092 42,101 56, 795 48, 714 77, 715 79, 002 1, 005, 808 850 946 Electrification___ 557 10,695 5,293 40,069 11,815 2,981 4, 743 8,709 3, 304 346, 455 10, 935 2,633 9, 153 305, 193 515, 962 All o th er12 ___ 2,031 3,477 4, 358 16,378 7, 559 10, 314 7,339 4,857 7,634 16,434 16,372 25,306 16; 074 183; 091 214, 991 1 Excludes classified military projects, but includes projects for the Atomic Energy Commission. Data for Federal-aid programs cover amounts con tributed by both owner and the Federal Government. Force-account work is done not through a contractor, but directly by a Government agency, using a separate work force to perform nonmaintenance construction on the agency’s own properties. 2 Beginning with data for January 1953, awards of less than $25,000 in value are excluded; over the past 2 years the total value of such awards has repre sented less than 1% of the total. ' Revised. 1 Includes major additions and alterations. 1 Excludes hangars and other buildings, which are included under “ Other nonresidentia!” building construction. fLess than $25,000. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 7 Includes projects under the Federal School Construction Program, which provides aid for areas affected by Federal Government activities. 8 Includes armories, offices, and customhouses. ' Includes all buildings on civilian airports and military airfields and air bases with the exception of barracks and other troop housing, which are in cluded under “Troop housing.” i° Covers all industrial plants under Federal Government ownership, in cluding those which are privately operated. 11 Includes types of buildings not elsewhere classified. 12 Includes sewer and water projects, railroad construction, and other types of projects not elsewhere classified. ‘ December 1952 volume is high principally because of contracts let for ex pansion of TVA facilities to provide power for the Atomic Energy Commis sion and the Tennessee Valley Authority. 1390 F: BUILDING AND CONSTRUCTION M ONTHLY LABOR T able F -3 : U rban building authorized, by principal class of construction and by ty p e of building Number of new dwelling units—House keeping only Valuation (In thousands) New residential building Period Housekeeping Total all classes J 1942 1940 _ 1947194819491950 1951. 1952. Non Privately financed dwelling units Publicly housefinanced keepdwell ing ' ing 1-family 2-fam M ulti Total ily * family 4 units $2, 707. 573 4, 743, 414 5, 563, 348 6, 972. 784 7.398, 144 10, 480, 350 8, 918,168 8,926, 672 $598, 570 2, 114,833 2, 885, 374 3, 422, 927 3, 724. 924 5, 819, 360 4. 380,137 4, 647,014 $478, 658 1, 830, 26C 2, 361. 752 2, 745, 219 2, 845. 399 4. 850. 763 3, 817, 697 4, 050, 435 $42, 629 103, 042 151, 036 181, 493 132, 365 178, 985 171,343 213, 790 1952: Jan u ary ............. February_____ M arch............ April.......... ........ M ay......... ......... June.............. . Ju ly .................... August_______ September____ October_______ November......... December_____ 527, 773 611.085 783, 787 858. 403 829. 940 887, 561 807,019 751,678 800, 125 822, 292 644. 786 602, 222 267, 068 345, 392 408. 651 465, 793 443,519 411, 226 420, 336 401.450 438, 618 450, 175 319,189 275, 596 230, 354 300, 957 353, 6U4 409, 964 388, 013 368, 060 369, 052 347, 555 384, 202 388. 207 276, 724 233, 845 16, 287 17, 276 18, 807 20, 425 20, 737 17, 489 17, 301 19, 001 20, 719 17, 479 14, 498 13, 770 1953; January............. February_____ M arch___ _____ A p ril.,............... M a y _________ J u n e _______ July--------------August 8..... ........ September 7____ 590, 397 665, 229 941,507 1,015, 568 910, 269 886 089 884, 063 802,374 785, 682 278, 931 331,971 482, 342 501, 327 454. 976 447. 820 410, 770 392, 541 377, 700 233,070 281, 720 417, 691 438, 360 395. 168 385. 891 352, 921 338, 663 322, 997 13,369 16, 345 19, 861 20, 964 20. 095 16. 970 17, 967 14,682 14, 674 'lew non resi dential building Addi tions, altera tions, and repairs Total $77, 283 $296,933 $22, 910 $1, 510, 688 $278, 472 184.892 181, 531 355, 587 43, 369 1, 458, 602 771, 023 430, 195 372, 586 42, 249 29, 831 1, 713, 489 892, 404 502.312 496, 215 139, 334 38, 034 2, 367. 940 1, 004, 549 516, 179 747, 160 285, 627 39, 785 2, 410, 315 937, 493 575, 286 798, 612 327, 553 84, 504 3, 156. 475 1, 092. 458 798, 499 391, 097 587, 476 37,875 2,815, 669 1,097,011 534, 605 382,789 460,375 51,713 2, 637,037 1,130, 534 563, 211 20,426 28, 684 1, 432 159,148 71, 441 34, 426 27, 160 26, 089 1, 632 160, 555 77,417 43, 237 36. 341 80, 957 4, 570 197. 739 91, 869 50, 026 35, 404 75, 698 3, 257 219, 5S1 94 074 56, 325 34, 769 62, 057 6, 729 211,040 106, 595 53, 352 25, 678 63, 596 3, 605 291, 571 117,562 48, 909 33, 983 22, 554 2. 395 252,128 109. 607 50, 636 34, 894 12,119 5, 781 232, 974 99. 354 48. 768 33, 897 15, 947 7, 247 233, 568 104. 746 52, 528 44, 489 15, 680 4, 243 246, 654 105, 539 52, 785 27, 967 21, 822 7, 451 217,087 79, 237 38,314 27, 981 35,172 3,370 214, 990 73,094 33, 905 32, 492 32, 280 5,153 195, 643 78,390 34, 914 33, 906 33, 111 3, 101 213, 028 84,088 39, 953 44, 790 80, 979 6! 693 268, 016 103, 478 56. 068 42,003 26,005 7,077 362,123 119,037 57, 225 39, 713 23, 150 6, 235 311, 049 114, 859 52, 739 44. 959 19, 976 4, 677 288, 053 125, 563 51. 721 39,882 5, 210 11,135 332, 523 124, 425 46, 697 39,196 9, 730 13,109 278.386 108, 609 44, 528 40, 029 21, 929 15, 425 254,387 116, 240 47, 721 1 Building for which building permits were issued and Federal contracts awarded in all urban places, including an estimate of building undertaken in some smaller urban places that do not issue permits. The data cover federally and nonfederally financed building construction combined. Estimates of non-Federal (private and State and local govern ment) urban building construction are based primarily on building-permit reports received from places containing about 85 percent of the urban popula tion of the country; estimates of federally financed projects are compiled from notifications of construction contracts awarded, which are obtained from other Federal agencies. Data from building permits are not adjusted to allow for lapsed permits or for lag between permit issuance and the start of construc tion. Thus, the estimates do not represent construction actually started during the month https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Privately financed 1-fam 2-family ily 7 138, 908 358.151 393, 606 392, 532 413, 543 624,377 435, 219 457,389 P ub licly fi Multi- nanced fam ily 4 15, 747 30, 237 24, 326 47,718 33, 423 75. 283 36. 306 87,341 26, 431 135.312 33. 310 140.812 29, 895 69,491 37,454 68, 368 95,946 98,310 5, 833 15,114 32, 194 38, 953 66. 640 53, 626 27. 902 35. 003 40, 204 45, 964 43, 672 41, 107 41,842 39,110 42, 767 42, 655 30, 854 26, 309 2, 892 3,019 3,471 3, 566 3, 550 3.080 2, 938 3, 289 3, 588 3,055 2, 521 2, 485 3, 632 5, 215 6,351 6, 795 6,130 4, 722 5,856 6, 369 6. 173 7,075 4,939 5, 111 3, 419 3.047 10, 094 9, 235 6, 736 7,008 2,483 1,663 1,701 1,624 2, 475 4,141 26, 833 31,047 44. 647 46,074 42, 477 41. 351 37, 015 35, 686 33, 615 2,347 2,815 3.312 3, 524 3, 294 2. 635 2. 906 2,246 2,383 5, 734 6, 091 8,079 7, 627 6, 968 7. 735 6, 776 6, 596 6,723 3. 973 3, 869 9. 268 3,918 2, 457 2, 282 571 1,046 2,678 Urban is defined according to the 1940 Census, and includes all incorporated places of 2,500 inhabitants or more in 1940 and a small number of places, usually minor civil divisions, classified as urban under special rule. Sums of components do not always equal totals exactly because of rounding. Covers additions, alterations, and repairs, as well as new residential and nonresidential building. » Includes units in 1-family and 2-family structures with stores. 4 Includes units in multifamily structures with stores. s Covers hotels, dormitories, tourist cabins, and other nonhousekeeping residential buildings. 8 Revised. 7 Preliminary. REVIEW, DECEMRER 1953 1391 F: BUILDING AND CONSTRUCTION T able F -4 : N ew nonresidential building authorized in all urb an places,1 by general ty p e and by geographic division 2 Valuation (in thousands) Geographic division and type of new nonresi dential building 1952 1953 Sept.3 Aug.< July June May Apr. Mar. Feb. Jan. Dec. Nov. Oct. Sept. 1952 1951 Total Total 1 All types ___________ $254. 387 $278. 386 $332, 523 $288,053 $311,049 $362,123 $268, 016 $213,028 $195. 643 $214, 990 $217,087 $246, 654 $233, 568 $2, 637,037 $2,815,669 165, 928 7,398 14,312 20, 554 16,337 197,698 4, 958 12, 952 15,378 11,952 16. 233 17, 486 21,323 22, 552 14, 538 New E n g lan d ____ 37.062' 44.733 40, 125 46, 485 47, 769 50,012 40, 731 29. 334 21, 679 30. 952 52,323 30, 510 41, 537 440, 529 423,143 Middle Atlantic__ 55, 860 50,315 55. 290 597. 588 46,413 744.183 57,025 49, 537 38. 805 92 818 East North Central. 56. 482 74 963 102, 275 68, 768 76,925 215, 776 205, 435 25, 759 23. 548 30,470 18, 584 32, 934 25. 074 19, 846 18, 280 11, 544 18,391 10, 736 25, 093 24,945 West North Central 270, 783 306, 997 25. 533 40.810 44, 496 35,810 36, 831 52, 476 22. 201 35, 083 30, 272 26, 219 21, 967 21,322 23, 856 South Atlantic ... 9, 879 11.913 10,443 120,165 117,328 9.150 7, 216 7,737 10. 684 10 086 8, 558 10. 164 6, 575 11,631 10, 891 East South Central 274, 142 281,588 West South Central. 28. 193 22, 425 28,101 41,131 28, 552 50, 546 28, 222 22, 049 26, 945 23, 035 17, 547 22, 861 22, 221 6, 904 12, »50 7, 500 101, 699 9, 958 103. 345 9,602 15. 421 9. 961 17, 762 10.749 11,082 17, 562 12. 836 8. 978 M o u n ta in _______ 444, 429 435, 953 Pacific___________ 39, 875 39, 908 44, 503 38,877 49, 058 39, 452 69,154 28,170 36, 599 44, 886 33, 105 46,162 30, 870 22, 773 40, 434 351, 520 30, 342 26. 302 513,007 32.097 23, 252 48, 178 19,088 Industrial buildings*. .. 25,972 41, 198 39. 523 37, 982 46,826 1, 514 3,423 28. 097 1,923 2, 559 31,916 1,284 1. 169 2, 512 1,982 2, 237 1,904 2, 553 1,704 1,291 New England_____ 4, 522 7, 628 60, 919 4, 121 6, 085 97,144 6, 983 3, 725 3, 086 9.010 7,133 5, 501 4. 729 6, 213 7, 335 Middle A tlantic.... 5, 059 13, 460 111,839 205,815 5,051 4, 458 9, 469 11,612 6. 307 21,156 18.399 12,380 20, 762 10, 228 7,787 East North Central. 2, 911 24, 305 1, 582 3,954 1, 752 25, 306 2, 369 1,629 2,316 1, 712 1,246 1, 225 3,090 2. 147 3,055 West North Central. 5, 444 1, 142 1, 936 25, 237 24,181 1,752 1, 577 2, 780 4, 076 2, 199 1,357 3, 774 3,689 12, 340 2, 341 South Atlantic____ 399 869 16, 084 109 1,938 28, 584 924 577 1, 552 3, 771 662 447 707 441 East South Central. 1,359 812 1,177 640 17, 192 647 18, 328 856 797 1,987 361 801 1,713 1, 026 2,033 2,258 West South Central. 361 1, 086 1, 208 5, 983 338 6, 103 709 4, 475 489 668 625 209 492 271 356 M o u n ta in ..._____ 4, 215 4, 437 61,831 75, 629 4, 572 3, 105 3, 280 4. 214 9, 107 5, 954 8,178 8. 774 5, 269 5, 562 5, 587 Pacific___________ 84, 291 75, 300 686. 346 63,181 53, 673 739, 912 124, 887 84,822 62, 400 64, 662 112,910 96,137 101,017 Commercial buildings •_ 93, 263 91, 247 2, 557 2, 765 28, 766 2, 219 1,647 30, 506 5,180 1,374 5, 105 4, 420 7, 481 2, 832 New E n g la n d ...__ 4, 935 3,649 3, 487 121, 120 111,793 7, 149 9.319 12, 632 12, 519 15, 082 9, 739 Middle A tlantic.. . 16. 293 13, 096 16. 260 16, 237 21, 798 17, 039 14,338 144. 107 9, 555 25, 865 11, 778 155,535 East North Central. 22, 023 20, 176 26. 805 16,182 17, 706 35, 344 14, 945 12, 915 11, 075 16, 949 56. 056 43, 206 5, 278 2, 175 4, 495 4, 292 6, 048 7, 518 4,193 6, 808 10, 296 12,813 7, 928 8. 056 6, 699 West. North Central. 87, 085 6, 615 9, 246 8,102 99, 315 9, 166 11, 234 10, 470 7, 474 8, 977 21, 162 22, 294 12, 903 14,316 11,493 South A tlan tic___ 2,106 26. 015 1, 466 2, 547 1,951 36. 535 2, 951 2, 885 2,017 3, 385 2, 782 3, 405 3, 514 3.083 3, 666 East South Central. 91, 771 93,132 9, 201 11, 829 9, 786 6, 437 8, 038 11, 800 9, 386 5. 715 12. 071 20, 558 10, 736 13,493 13, 347 West South Central. 2, 003 30.392 2,132 6, 441 1, 235 26, 161 3,186 4, 697 3,031 4, 204 10,471 3, 307 8. 080 3, 149 5, 095 Mountain . . . ____ 101, 032 8,326 11, 029 14,144 137, 730 8, 778 10, 325 8, 600 12, 126 13, 162 15, 934 13, 906 14, 759 13, 201 16, 499 Pacific____ ______ 84, 771 81,482 1,101. 141 83,808 105, 549 1,146. 507 114,991 71, 923 123, 702 119, 215 80,144 96, 029 100. 476 136, 250 102, 894 Community buildings 6, 750 8,306 78, 221 106, 079 2, 145 8, 001 1 230 9, 282 4,397 6, 649 8. 881 1, 561 7, 172 4, 541 8, 911 New England_____ 13,811 193, 155 10,435 13, 951 30,392 167,869 9. 840 19. 593 16, 169 14, 509 Middle Àtlantic. .. 11,327 23, 349 9. 949 12, 890 14,607 227, 139 263, 047 East North Central. 17, 844 20. 252 46, 284 26, 956 25, 579 27.351 19,144 14, 396 18, 737 13, 746 18, 161 15, 764 20, 169 103,712 106, ORO 3, 247 12, 210 10, 105 9, 515 6, 189 9,416 11, 921 9, 697 18, 026 7. 136 17, 728 6,626 10,319 West North Central 115, 572 7,975 5, 155 9,315 11,386 142,405 7, 181 15, 302 9,082 South A tlan tic.___ 12, 070 8,913 15,814 13.360 15, 572 24, 538 6, 113 57. 008 5, 743 8,011 43. 328 3,918 4,977 1, 451 3, 575 2, 258 5, 83’ 6 4, 500 5. 435 4, 406 1, 469 East South Central. 117, 264 124,350 8, 758 15, 499 12, 920 14, 414 10, 292 9, 063 11, 406 9, 009 8, 624 8, 428 6, 685 West South Central. 10, 209 11,011 3. 356 2, 540 34, 827 2, 541 52,160 7, 255 7, 515 3, 053 4. 718 621 3,800 3, ,371 4.877 9, 246 5,385 Mountain 174. 243 8, 599 141, 209 P acific______ _ . 16 681 13. 432 17, 792 10, 518 17,871 13. 605 34, 997 9, 290 10, 935 15, 053 17,453 11, 812 6,838 152, 537 109, 308 6,003 22, 739 10, 937 13, 720 5, 814 23, 037 3, 875 7, 087 4, 384 13, 700 13, 824 13,476 Public buildings *_____ 13, 951 463 6, 421 350 70 4, 454 149 606 916 1, 294 67 0 20 420 711 New England. ___ 165 1,342 19, 434 731 546 16, 242 51 609 40 1, 585 256 6,145 381 125 285 Middle Atlantic___ 1,188 007 2, 222 15, 650 25, 332 1,638 1,133 17, 488 673 5, 467 5, 743 1,269 666 731 448 East North Central. 544 4, 246 603 682 2, 463 0 243 51 1, 502 332 452 502 467 606 285 West North Central. 1,212 814 2,499 16, 547 1, 926 18,147 189 1,812 1, 027 287 1,197 611 4,114 209 1, 227 South A tlan tic___ 519 10, 841 248 50 0 305 480 125 639 419 105 175 44 55 0 East South Central 111 7,348 349 2,163 15,899 648 450 1,119 2,608 360 339 387 212 14 176 West South Central. 14, 480 184 451 520 281 4,101 0 289 419 320 5 307 906 506 96 M o u n ta in _______ 286 405 11, 240 50, 035 7,458 22, 466 7,485 753 3, 302 2,850 1,912 1, 254 3, 484 790 1,718 Pacific___________ Public works and utility 9,889 7,919 135, 525 115, 708 8,740 14,313 7, 787 31, 547 11,482 12, 758 20, 819 13, 641 11,668 14,140 12,113 buildings 9 __ _____ 359 6. 296 924 1, 260 344 8,801 379 1,716 4, 651 1,597 2,860 536 3, 632 143 567 New E n g la n d ..___ 494 791 1, 413 23, 540 11,161 1, 477 345 1, 586 735 1,065 709 5, 335 1,112 1,301 1, 528 Middle Atlantic 661 33.612 1, 826 35, 028 5,019 2, 247 4, 611 2,314 1,700 605 7, 383 1,509 3, 904 2, 565 4,184 East North Central. 330 700 7, 618 226 9, 672 1, 465 376 1,840 778 351 573 614 1,174 1,363 418 West North Central 986 12, 736 939 420 9, 629 1, 287 3, 858 5,919 1,767 181 673 2, 541 1,602 2,078 1,156 South Atlantic ___ 154 407 3, 720 312 410 1, 988 848 180 380 24 287 889 123 28 650 East South Central 19, 991 312 784 1, 002 246 11,058 662 812 1, 470 777 15, 505 654 3, 724 1,760 890 West South Central 444 3, 365 128 2, 094 257 340 20 312 120 128 44 951 74 462 1, 576 Mountain__ 24, 648 7«2 416 5,105 26, 279 713 4, 260 6, 596 2,708 1, 258 2, 954 1,880 1,176 468 1,354 Pacific 209, 968 21, 595 21, 894 191, 227 12,969 13, 666 11, 736 18,620 8, 215 20, 334 25,316 22, 380 21, 607 26, 707 25, 226 Allother buildings 18__ 1, 135 10, 599 2,052 10,044 781 681 252 292 537 1,372 1,631 fsJftw England 1,401 1, 193 1,297 1, 425 22 331 2, 077 18, 935 1,991 2, 260 1, 539 830 760 1,625 2, 097 1,937 1,987 2,766 2, 288 1,975 Middle Àltantlc . 65. 234 8, 020 59, 426 6, 753 3, 745 4,829 1, 547 2,364 2, 564 6, 806 p, 770 7, 296 8, 464 8, 612 8,077 Fast North Central. 19,839 3,108 18, 727 1,389 2, 007 582 447 1, 453 651 1,465 2, 758 1,635 1, 999 1,901 1, 609 West North Central. 19, 605 13, 320 931 1, 669 2,141 673 994 2, 206 1,300 1,277 1,384 1,763 5, 565 1,499 1,478 8outb Atlantic____ 6, 497 467 429 6, 587 330 353 1, 447 778 385 671 383 1,349 599 1,060 1,872 East South Central. 1, 446 20, 573 2, 635 18,821 1,185 2,228 994 2,182 2,417 2, 046 2, 540 2,339 3, 218 2, 454 4, 096 West South Central. 12, 651 12, 726 583 2, 213 906 509 762 1,307 523 1, 158 2, 221 1,021 1,767 Mountain 1, 216 1,340 2,622 32, 638 32, 640 2,292 2, 761 2, 174 2,036 3, 470 3,077 3, 213 2,985 3,535 2,665 3, 093 3,004 Pacific___________ 1 Building for which permits were issued and Federal contracts awarded In all urban places, including an estimate of building undertaken in some smaller urban places that do not issue permits. Sums of components do not always equal totals exactly because of rounding. » For scope and source of urban estimates, see table F-3, footnote 1. * Preliminary. « Revised. 1 Includes factories, navy yards, army ordnance plants, bakeries, ice plants, Industrial warehouses, and other buildings at the site of these and similar production plants. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis • Includes amusement and recreation buildings, stores and other mercantile buildings, commercial garages, gasoline and service stations, etc. ? Includes churches, hospitals, and other institutional buildings, schools, libraries, etc. s Includes Federal, State, county, and municipal buildings, such as courthouses, city halls, fire and police stations, jails, prisons, arsenals, armorie«, army barracks, etc. • Includes railroad, bus and airport buildings,roundhouses,radiostations, gas and electric plants, public comfort stations, etc. 10 Includes private garages, sheds, stables and barns, and other buildings not elsewhere classified. 1392 F: BUILDING AND CONSTRUCTION T able F -5 : N u m b er and construction cost of new p erm an en t nonfarm dwelling un its sta rte d , by urb an or rural location, and by source of funds 1 Number of new dwelling units started All units Period Privately financed Total non farm Urban Rural non farm 1925----- ------- ------------------------1933 8________________________ 1941 4_........- ............— ------------1944 3_____ ____ ------- -------------1946.----------------------- -------------1947.........- ........................................ 1948_____ ____ - ------ --------------1949_____ ______ ______ - ........... 1950«________________________ 1951............— ............. -...............1952_________________________ 937,000 93,000 706,100 141, S00 670, 500 849, 000 931, 600 1,025,100 1, 396, 000 1, 091, 300 1,127,000 752,000 45, 000 434,300 96,200 403, 700 479, 800 524, 900 588, 800 827, 800 595, 300 609,600 1951: First quarter....................... . January------- ------- —........ February________ ____ March_________ ______ Second q u a rte r---------------April--------------------- -----M ay____ _______ _____ June______ ______ - ........ . Third quarter......... ............ . Ju ly .................................. . August______ __________ . September-------------------Fourth quarter___________ October. -------- -----------November_____________ December______________ 260,300 85, 900 80, 600 03. 800 329, 700 96, 200 101, 000 132, 500 276, 000 90, 500 89,100 96, 400 225, 300 90, 000 74, 500 60,800 1952: First quarter ____________ January..... ............ .......... February______________ M arch. --------- ------- -----Second quarter. ________ A pril.................................... M ay.................. .................. Juno---------------------------Third quarter__ ________ Ju ly ............................... —. A ugust........ .............. ...... September_____________ Fourth quarter.. ________ October_______________ Novem ber.___________ December........ ................... 1953: First quarter_____________ January__ ____ _______ February______________ March_________________ 3econd quarter____________ April_________________ M ay__________ _____ _ June__ .. ___________ Third quarter 8__________ Ju ly »_________________ A u g u s t 8____________________ S e p te m b e r 3____ __________ Fourth Quarter...................... October8 _____________ Total non farm Estimated construction cost (in thousands) > Urban Rural non farm Total non farm Urban Rural non farm 185,000 937, 000 48,000 93,000 271, 800 619, 500 45, 600 138, 700 266, 800 662, 500 369, 200 845, 600 406, 700 913, 500 436, 300 988, 800 568, 200 1, 352, 200 496, 000 1, 020, 100 517, 400 1,068, 500 752,000 45, 000 369, 500 93, 200 395, 700 476, 400 510, 000 558, 600 785, 600 531,300 554,600 185, 000 48,000 250, 000 45, 500 266, 800 369, 200 403, 500 432, 200 566, 600 48S, 800 513, 900 0 0 86, 600 3,100 8, 000 3, 400 18,100 36, 300 43, 800 71, 200 58, 500 0 0 64, 800 3, 000 8, 000 3, 400 14, 900 32, 200 42, 200 64, 000 55,000 0 $4, 475, 000 $4, 475,000 0 285, 446 285, 446 21, 800 2,826,192 2, 530, 765 100 496, 054 483, 231 0 3, 769. 767 3, 713, 776 0 5, 643, 436 5, 617, 425 3,200 7, 203, 119 7, 028' 980 4, 100 7, 702, 971 7, 374, 269 1, 600 11, 788, 595 11, 418, 371 7, 200 9, 800, 892 9, 186, 123 3, 500 10, 208, 983 9, 706, 276 147, 800 49, 600 47,000 51, 200 192, 000 51, 900 55, 400 84, 700 141, 200 45. 900 45, 900 49, 400 114, 300 44, 400 38, 500 31, 400 112, 500 36, 300 33, 600 42, 600 137, 700 44, 300 45,600 47, 800 134, 800 44, 600 43. 200 47, 000 111, 000 45, 600 36, 000 29, 400 248, 900 82, 200 76, 500 90, 200 280, 200 92,300 97, 600 90, 300 270, 400 86, 800 88, 300 95, 300 220, 600 88, 900 72, 200 59, 500 137, 200 46, 400 43, 200 47. 600 148. 500 48, 300 52, 300 47, 900 135, 700 42, 300 45,100 48, 300 109. 900 43, 400 36, 200 30, 300 111, 700 35, 800 33, 300 42, 600 131, 700 44, 000 45, 300 42, 400 134, 700 44, 500 43, 200 47, 000 110, 700 45, 500 36, 000 29, 200 11, 400 3, 700 4. 100 3, 600 49, 500 3,900 3, 400 42, 200 5,600 3, 700 800 1, 100 4,700 1. 100 2, 300 1,300 10, 600 3, 200 3, 800 3, 600 43, 500 3,600 3,100 36, 800 5, 500 3, 600 800 1, 100 4, 400 1,000 2, 300 1,100 800 500 300 (7) 6, 000 300 300 5, 400 100 100 0 246, 500 64,900 77, 700 103, 900 319, 300 106, 200 109.600 103, 500 302, 500 102. 600 99. 100 100.800 258, 700 101,100 86, 100 71, 500 137, 400 36, 100 42, 800 58, 500 175,800 59, 000 60, 700 56. 100 156, 000 52, 400 50, 800 52,800 140, 400 53, 800 46. 000 40,600 109,100 28, 800 34, 900 45, 400 143, 500 47, 200 48, 900 47, 400 146, 500 50, 200 48. 300 48, 000 118, 300 47,300 40, 100 30, 900 226,800 61,400 74, 300 91, 100 294,900 97, 000 101, 000 96, 900 297, 700 101, 100 97, 400 99, 200 249,100 99, 200 82, 300 67,600 119,100 32, 800 39, 700 46, 600 152, 700 50, 400 52, 400 49, 900 151,600 50, 900 49. 400 51, 300 131, 200 52,100 42, 300 36,800 107, 700 28, 600 34, 600 44, 500 142, 200 46, 600 48, 600 47,000 146, 100 50, 200 48. 000 47, 900 117, 900 47, 100 40, 000 30, 800 19, 700 3, 500 3,400 12, 800 24, 400 9,200 8, 600 6,600 4,800 1, 500 1. 700 1,600 9. 600 1,900 3, 800 3,900 18, 300 3,300 3, 100 11, 900 23,100 8,600 8, 300 6, 200 4, 400 1, 500 1, 400 1, 500 9, 200 1,700 3, 700 3,800 257. 100 72, 100 79, 200 105,800 324, 300 111,400 108, 300 104, 600 282, 700 96, 700 94. 000 92, 000 140, 600 38, 400 43, 100 59. 100 165,900 57, 400 55, 200 53,300 116, 500 33, 700 36.100 46, 700 158, 400 54,000 53,100 51,300 238,100 123,800 35, 400 38, 600 49, 800 158, 000 54,100 52, 500 51, 400 114, 300 32. 800 35, 200 46. 300 157, 000 53, 300 53,100 50. 600 16, 800 3,000 4, 500 9. 300 7, 900 3, 300 2, 700 1,900 48,100 48, 600 47,800 48, 600 19,000 3, 900 5, 400 9, 700 9,300 4.000 2, 700 2. 600 4,300 300 88, 000 (10) (i°) (>°) 68, 200 (10) (10) 73, 800 96,100 315,000 107, 400 105, 600 102,000 278,400 96, 400 93.000 89,000 0°) 88,000 i T h e e s ti m a t e s s h o w n h e r e d o n o t in c lu d e t e m p o r a r y u n i t s , c o n v e rs io n s , d o r m i to r y a c c o m m o d a tio n * , tr a ile r s , o r m i lit a r y b a r r a c k s . T h e y d o in c lu d e p r e l a b r ic a te d h o u s in g u n it s . T h e s e e s ti m a t e s a re b a s e d o n b u il d in g - p e r m it r e c o rd s , w h ic h , b e g in n in g w ith 1945, h a v e b e e n a d j u s t e d for la p s e d p e r m its a n d for la g b e tw e e n p e r m it is s u a n c e a n d s t a r t of c o n s tr u c tio n . T h e y a re b a s e d a lso o n r e p o r ts of F e d e r a l c o n s tr u c tio n c o n t r a c t a w a r d s a n d b e g in n in g in 1946 o n field s u r v e y s in n o n p e r m it- is s u in g p la c e s. T h e d a t a in th i s ta b le re fe r to n o n f a r m d w e llin g u n it s s t a r t e d , a n d n o t to u r b a n d w e llin g u n it s a u t h o r iz e d , a s s h o w n in ta b le F - 3 . A ll of th e s e e s ti m a t e s c o n t a in s o m e e rro r. F o r e x a m p le , if th e e s ti m a t e o f n o n f a r m s t a r t s is 50,006, th e c h a n c e s a re a b o u t 19 o u t o f 20 t h a t a n a c tu a l © n u m e r a tio n w o u ld p r o d u c e a fig u re b e tw e e n 48,000 a n d 52,000. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Publicly financed (i ) (10) (10) (10) (10) (10) 1,000 3, 000 (0 300 Total Privately financed Publicly financed o o $295, 427 12 823 55 991 26,011 174, 139 328, 702 370 224 614 769 502! 707 200 2, 293, 974 755, 600 716, 629 821, 745 2, 964, 810 866, 652 922, 661 1,175, 497 2, 527, 033 827, 173 804,317 895, 543 2,015; 075 806, 955 672, 078 536, 042 2,191, 489 ' 721, 014 681, 607 788, 868 2, 549, 238 828, 339 895, 309 825', 590 2, 472, 196 791, 783 795, 624 884^ 789 1, 973, 200 ' 796’ 682 650, 660 525, 858 102, 485 34, 586 35 022 32 R77 415 572 38 313 27, 352 349 907 54] 837 35 390 a 693 10, 754 41 R7.R 10i 273 21,418 10,184 1, 400 200 300 900 1,300 600 300 400 400 (’) 300 100 400 200 100 100 2,167,659 566, 665 682, 895 918,099 2,920, 186 949, 001 1, 006, 552 964, 633 2, 761,316 945, 587 895, 675 920, 054 2, 359, 822 928,677 785, 969 645,176 2,006,918 ' 537,697 654, 631 814, 590 2, 705, 653 874, 524 926,803 904, 326 2, 718, 369 931, 214 882, 446 904, 709 2, 275,' 336 910, 701 751, 664 612, 971 160 741 28 968 28^ 264 103, 509 214, 533 74 477 79 749 2,200 '900 900 400 1,400 ' 700 (7) 700 2, 346, 213 641, 703 720, 234 984, 276 3, 083, 256 1,057,899 1,027, 221 998,136 2, 741, 780 941, 943 904, 778 895,059 , 2,183, 710 610! 344 674, 399 898| 967 3, 000,120 1,022. 836 l ’, 001, 693 975, 591 2, 703,441 938, 871 895, 598 868! 972 162, 503 31, 359 45, 835 85, 309 83,136 35, 063 25 528 22, 545 C) 300 100 C) (7) (10) (10) (10) (10) (10) (10) (10) (.0) 60 307 4 2 ’ 947 14, 373 13 79Q 15, 345 84, 486 17, W 34,305 32, 205 C o ,0 0 *7 3,072 9,180 26,087 (10) 1 P r i v a t e c o n s tr u c tio n c o s ts a re b a s e d o n p e r m it v a lu a tio n , a d j u s t e d f o r u n d e r s t a t e m e n t of c o s ts s h o w n o n p e r m i t a p p lic a tio n s . P u b lic c o n s tr u c ti o n c o s ts a re b a s e d o n c o n t r a c t v a lu e s o r e s ti m a t e d c o n s tr u c tio n c o s ts f o r in d i v id u a l p ro je c ts . 3 D e p r e s s io n , lo w y e a r. 4 R e c o v e r y p e a k y e a r p r io r to w a r ti m e l i m it a ti o n s , • L a s t fu ll y e a r u n d e r w a r ti m e c o n tr o l. 4 H o u s in g p e a k y e a r. t L e ss t h a n 50 u n its . 8 P r e li m in a r y . * R e v is e d . 10 N o t a v a ila b le . U. S . G O V E R N M E N T P R I N T I N G O F F I C E ! I 9 S 3