Full text of Monthly Labor Review : December 1953, Vol. 76, No. 12

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Monthly Labor Review
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR* BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS
L awrence R. K lein , Editor


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CONTENTS
Special Articles
1273
1274
1276
1278
1279
1281
1285
1288
1289

Dual Loyalty in Industrial Society
Dual Loyalty in Modern Society
Mutual Emotional Acceptance by Union and Management
Dual Allegiance at Swift & Co., Chicago
A Methodology in Studying Role Conflict
A Theoretical Examination of the Concept of Dual Loyalty
Occupational Wage Levels in 20 Labor Markets, Fall 1952-Spring 1953
Taxation and Lower Income Groups
The Federal Income Tax and the Working Man
Taxation of Low and Middle Incomes
Workmen’s Compensation in the United States: VIII—Rehabilitation
Summaries of Studies and Reports

1295
1299
1302
1307
1309
1311
1314

Injury Rates in the Fluid-Milk Industry, 1952
The Ford Plan for Employing the Handicapped
Personnel Conference of the American Management Association
Earnings in Power Laundries in Mid-1953
Wage Trends in Machinery Manufacture, 1951-53
Union Wage Scales in the Building Trades, 1953
Wages in Converted Paper Products in April 1953
Departments

h i

1318
1321
1324
1330
1337

The Labor Month in Review
Recent Decisions of Interest to Labor
Chronology of Recent Labor Events
Developments in Industrial Relations
Publications of Labor Interest
Current Labor Statistics (list of tables)
December 1953 • Voi. 76 • No. 12

A BLS Summary Study of Wages and Related
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The Labor Month
in Review
T h e l a b o r p r e s s in recent weeks has devoted an
extraordinary amount of space to economic indices.
This same preoccupation, with a somewhat more
apprehensive tone, occupied a goodly portion of
the CIO annual convention deliberations in Cleve­
land, November 16-20. A lengthy report to the
meeting expressed a “growing concern over what
lies ahead in the next 6 or 12 months and be­
yond . . .” It pointed to “signs” which “should
be a signal to the Nation to seek out and encourage
new sources of strength to halt the already ap­
parent slackening in production. . . . Once and
for all, all groups of the population must realize
that a healthy expanding peacetime economy can,
in the long run, only be based on an ever broader
consumption level.”
About 2 weeks later, at an employment confer­
ence in Washington sponsored by the Auto Work­
ers, largest of the CIO affiliates, the Secretary of
Labor analyzed the economic situation for the
1,000 local union delegates. After pointing to the
strong position and outlook for capital investment,
Government procurement, and consumer con­
sumption (with real per capita disposable income 2
percent higher than a year ago), the Secretary
noted that “the competitive system is again in full
swing. The buyer can now exercise discrimination
in his purchases and seek to get more for his dollar.
The result will be better values via closer scrutiny
of costs and prices.
“It is worth bearing in mind in times such as
these that growth is never a straight line upward
at a steady pace, whether it be in the case of a
child or in the case of the most complex economy
the world has ever known. The line of growth,
examined in the perspective of years, is a jagged
one . . . The present dip from last spring’s peaks
still leaves us on a very high plateau. It also
leaves us in a position for sound economic growth.”
The employment conference urged higher un­


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employment compensation benefits. From two
other sources had come earlier reports advocating
a review of the operations and benefit structure
of the State-operated unemployment insurance
systems. One was the findings of the American
Assembly (a broad, representative citizens’ group
of experts) on the subject of economic security
for Americans. The other was the tripartite
Federal Advisory Council of the Labor Depart­
ment, which pointed out, among other items, that
current benefits represent only 33 percent of
average earnings, compared with 41 percent in
1949.
T h e CIO c o n v e n t i o n in Cleveland, with unanim­
ity and with a visible enthusiasm abated only
by the United Steelworkers delegation, elected
Walter P. Reuther president for a second term.
It also unanimously approved the no-raid agree­
ment with the American Federation of Labor,
effective on January 1, 1954, for the two organi­
zations and those of their affiliated international
unions which ratify it. The basic policy of the
CIO was unchanged by any convention action.
The initiative for organization of new members,
however, appeared to have passed from the central
administration to the international unions, with
current success noted among telephone and elec­
trical workers. All officers were reelected without
opposition.
There appeared to be a community of interest
between the AFL and CIO, in seeking liaison
with farmer groups. This was evidenced by AFL
president, George Meany, in his address to the
annual meeting of the National Grange where
he called for an investigation of the “ shocking
spread” between retail prices and declining farm
prices. On the CIO side, a featured speaker at its
convention was Fred V. Heinkel of the Missouri
Farm Association. At the western hearings of
the House Agricultural Committee, five CIO
spokesmen, headed by O. A. Knight, president of
the Oil Workers, testified in behalf of policies
beneficial to farmers. Mr. Keuther, in a publi­
cized letter to Mr. Knight, asked him to make
clear that the CIO had no present or future intent
to organize farmers. He emphasized that the
farmers should be organized, but in their own,
separate groups.
With the conventions of both major labor organ­
izations committed to unity, attention was turned
to the scheduled December meetings of the joint
m

IV

THE LABOR MONTH IN REVIEW

unity committee and to signs of international
unions ratifying the no-raid agreement. It was
expected that not much action in this direction
would be forthcoming, pending anticipated dis­
cussion of the matter by the Teamsters in
February.
A chance that the 40-year-old jurisdictional
dispute between the AFL Machinists and Car­
penters might be settled appeared stronger with
a second meeting of representatives of the 2
unions with 2 outside consultants. The dispute
revolves around the issue of machinery installation.
O n t h e m u r k i e r s i d e of the labor news,
officials of the Teamsters in Michigan and Min­
nesota were involved in investigations by the
House labor committee over matters relating to
handling of the union’s health and welfare insur­
ance funds. The Michigan hearings were directed
especially at James R. Hoffa, an international
vice president of the union and head of its Central
States Conference. A Federal grand jury investi­
gation has been ordered.
The New York waterfront situation at midDecember still had two longshore unions (AFL
and ex-AFL) fighting for exclusive supremacy.
But Joseph P. Ryan was president of neither.
The independent ILA “retired” him as head of
the union the AFL had expelled for practices
inimical to honorable unionism. William V.
Bradley succeeded him. On December 1, the
bi-State (New York and New Jersey) commission
to control hiring in the port of New York went
into operation. Further important developments
awaited (a) the expiration of the 80-day TaftHartley injunction preventing a strike by either
union until December 25; (6) NLRB determination
of the scope of the bargaining unit; (c) NLRB
determination of the appropriate bargaining rep­
resentative through an election; and (d) NLRB
decision on the AFL charge that the expelled
union was employer-dominated. Aside from the
main issue of the struggle, the Teamsters have
claimed jurisdiction over loading and unloading
trucks entering piers and waterfront warehouses.
This work had formerly been done by ILAaffiliated “public loaders” now outlawed by the
bi-State legislation.
The UAW-CIO strike against the plants of
North American Aviation, Inc., was settled as
it approached the 60-day mark, for a 4-percent


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increase, approximately the original company
offer. The union had retreated from its orig­
inal demands for wage rates equal to those paid
aircraft workers employed by automobile com­
panies. Nonstriking workers had been given the
increase, which was substantially below the union’s
original and subsequent demands, and the com­
pany refused an arbitration offer. The union
position during the strike was shaken somewhat
by acceptance by one Machinists local at a
Douglas Aircraft Co. plant of a 5-cent-an-hour
raise in basic rates plus a 1-cent cost-of-living in­
crease. At Lockheed, United Aircraft, and other
Douglas plants the close cooperation pledged in
bargaining between the Machinists and °UAW
appeared to be in working order. In fact, a joint
meeting of shop stewards of the two organizations
from United plants in various parts of the country
recently discussed mutual negotiation problems.
A strike of photoengravers left New York City
without major daily newspapers for 10 days start­
ing November 28. Other unions connected with
production and distribution of the papers, includ­
ing the American Newspaper Guild, refused to
cross the engravers’ picket lines. Settlement was
on the basis of the publishers’ original offer of a
$3.75 package, and examination of the need for
additional adjustment by a fact-finding board.
The United States Supreme Court had hardly
rendered its 6-3 decision holding that nothing in
the Taft-Hartley Act prevents dismissal of an em­
ployee for derogatory remarks about the employ­
er s product (in this case television programs),
when the general counsel of the NLRB issued an
order against local 5 of the UAW-CIO and the
Studebaker Corp. in a somewhat tangential matter.
The charge was that the company discharged 15
employees upon complaint of the union that they
refused to buy Studebaker cars.
An NLRB ruling that it would deny its services
to unions whose officers are under indictment for
falsely swearing to non-Communist affidavits
was overruled by the United States district court.
The unaffiliated Fur Workers Union had appealed
the order.
In a policy effective in its 131 plants, some
engaged in secret military operations, the General
Electric Co. declared it would discharge all work­
ers who admit they are Communists or refuse to
answer questions raised in official hearings con­
cerning such activities.

Dual Loyalty in Industrial Society
E

N o t e .— The series of five notes which follow are excerpts from
papers delivered at a panel session of the Industrial Relations Research
Association in Cleveland, September 5, 1953. They are reproduced
here because the matter of institutional loyalties is important not only
for industrial relations but for the democratic process as a whole. Dr.
Clark Kerr, Chancellor of the University of California, has said:
“. . . we may find that the greater hope for democracy lies with a multi­
plicity of allegiances—to self, family, union, church, employer, and
government. . . . The great danger is not that loyalties are divided
today but that they may become undivided tomorrow.”

d i t o r ’s

Dual Loyalty
in Modern Society
T h e e x t e n t to which a person can be loyal to
more than one group, when these groups may make
competing demands upon him, has become a
matter of marked social concern. We are dealing
with the problem of the relationships between the
worker and his two major groups, the employing
company and his labor union. While a few
workers in any given sample feel very intensely
about either the employer or the union, it generally
appears that the “loyalty” of the worker in either
direction is of moderate intensity.
The worker in western civilization will find him­
self in a situation where his very survival is geared
to his acceptance by an employer. To a hardly
less significant extent, the worker finds it essential
to relate himself to another group-—the labor
union. This group likewise has a profound effect
upon his status, the rewards and punishments
received, his chances of advancement and even of
retaining his job. Can the worker feel allegiance
to both employer and union? Does he feel
friendly to the one, hostile to the other? What
grounds for optimism or pessimism about the
future of industrial relations can be derived from
studies of worker allegiance?


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In modern society, allegiance to two groups
which demand conflicting responses from the in­
dividual is provocative of both psychological and
social problems. And yet we must face up to the
fact that dual allegiances within areas of conflict
can, and do, exist, and that it may be of the
greatest importance to society that we learn to
understand, evaluate, and mold allegiances to
groups even when they appear on first glance to be
incompatible. Let us consider the problem of
allegiance by workers to company and union.
Allegiance of the worker to his employing com­
pany would appear to be a kind of psychological
minimum of personal equilibrium in the work
situation. If the job leads to satisfaction of basic
needs, it will come to be perceived as “good.”
More cautiously, we may say that if the job leads
to satisfactions perceived as greater than the
frustrations involved, a favorable relationship is
established. Since the company is an essential
part of the job situation, the company will like­
wise be perceived as “good.”
Further, the worker will find that he seems to
owe some of his gratifications to the union in the
establishment. When we ask workers if organiz­
ing a union has made any difference to them, they
recite benefits, very rarely frustrations. They
say wages are higher, supervision less harsh, work
conditions more pleasant, etc. Thus, it is not
1273

1274

DUAL LOYALTY

surprising that the worker develops allegiance to
his union.
In popular discussions of this relationship
between union and company, it is widely assumed
that a man can feel allegiance to one or the other
but not to both. Competition for worker loyalty
is common. Union and company strive to devise
tactics which will lead the worker to favor its
side of a given controversy. Many social scien­
tists accept this conflict as inevitable, and assume
that as loyalty to one side increases, hostility to
the other group will also rise.
At our Illini City research,1 we conducted
hundreds of structured but free-answer interviews
with workers in eight different establishments, all
unionized. Some of the questions dealt with the
worker’s perception of management, some with
his views of the union. Each interview was
coded by two staff members for favorable percepts
of the company and for favorable percepts of the
union, on a standard list of topics. We then
analyzed various functional relationships between
these two measures. Our main interest, of course,
was the differences among these establishments.
We were at once impressed with the fact that those
establishments ranking high in percentage of
responses favorable to the company also ranked
high in responses favorable to the union. Like­
wise, those companies about which many com­
plaints were registered tended to have unions
about which complaints were voiced.
A second type of analysis was then undertaken
by dividing each worker population in half at the
median on attitude favorable to the company, and
computing attitude scores for the union. In all
eight establishments the more favorable workers
also expressed more favorable attitudes regarding
the union. Examination of individual inter­
views showed clearly that some men strongly
favorable to the company were hostile to the
union, and vice versa. However, the group data
showed that they were the exceptions—not typical
of our sample of industrial workers.
1 A research team sponsored by the University of Illinois has conducted a
6-year study of union-management relations in 8 companies (representing 5
industries) in the midwestern community, Illini City. In Vol. 1—The Case
Studies (published Oct. 22, 1953), the investigators trace the history of the
labor-management relationships in each industry or company and describe
the situation in 1948-50. The case studies cover grain processing, metal
products, garment manufacture, trucking, and building construction. In
Vol. 2 Explorations in Comparative Analysis (to be available in the spring
of 1954), the investigators compare the relationships discovered and attempt
to develop generalizations, testing 20 hypotheses taken from the literature on
labor-management relations.—E d i t o r ’s N o t e .


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MONTHLY LABOR

We have therefore been led to the development
of the concept of “attitudinal climate” and to the
conclusion that this climate, whether favorable
or hostile, tends to embrace both company and
union. In general, the majority of workers in
every establishment could and did perceive both
company and union as groups which they could
favor and support. We made no attempt to
estimate the intensity of feeling involved, nor did
we pose conflict situations in an attempt to decide
how the worker would respond if there were a
clear conflict between the two groups.
It does seem justifiable, on the basis of our
observations, to suggest that workers disagree
with many spokesmen for both management and
unions. The workers do not accept the in­
evitability of conflict, nor do they accept the
necessity of binding themselves to one group or the
other. They accept the status of dual allegiance
and, at least under normal conditions, seem to
experience no internal stress as a result.
—Ross

Stagner

Institute of Labor and Industrial Relations
University of Illinois

Mutual Emotional Acceptance
by Union and Management
v a l u a t i n g the problems of multiple allegiance
in industrial society, it is apparent that even
allegiance of the employee to his enterprise is not
unitary. It is broken into separate allegiances:
First, to the basic purpose of the enterprise, and
second, to the supervisor. Allegiance to stock­
holders is a third kind of enterprise allegiance.
And, then, there is allegiance to the consumers of
the products or services of the enterprise.
These enterprise allegiances are not emotionally
unilateral, all resting on the lower-level employee,
but are emotionally bilateral. Management, if it
is realistic, perceives these same emotional accept­
ance areas.
Admitting the multiple nature of enterprise
allegiance, and emotional involvements, it is
possible for all of them to be positive and favorable.
We believe we documented this condition at least
for a period of years in our 1949 study of the

E

REVIEW, DECEMBER 1953

DUAL LOYALTY

S. Buchsbaum Co., Chicago. We shall briefly re­
view that study and bring it up to date.
An earlier research team which explored the
Buchsbaum labor-management situation in 1946
postulated four representative types of manage­
ment attitudes toward unions, and the implication
of each:
(1) Management is determined either (a) not
to recognize the union or (b) to get rid of it by any
available means. This, of course, means open
warfare.
(2) Management accepts the union for the time
being, but still wants to hold open the possibility
of getting rid of it at some future date. This leads
to undeclared war.
(3) Management accepts the union as being
here to stay, but nevertheless, the executives con­
tinue to function as much as possible as if the union
were not present. The union, not consulted,
often simply blocks action.
(4) Management accepts the union, both intel­
lectually and emotionally. Management modifies
its behavior accordingly and the union reciprocates.
At various times in its history, from 1888, the
Buchsbaum Co. constituted a rather clear-cut
example of all except the third of these attitudes,
each apparently held with conviction. A union
contract was signed in 1918; that union, according
to Mr. Buchsbaum, was broken in 1919. In 1935,
after a long strike, another organizing attempt was
defeated. Mr. Buchsbaum remarks of this period,
“I thought if I let the union in, it would ruin my
business.’’
By 1940, the workers were organizing again. In
a series of critical strike incidents, Mr. Buchsbaum
became impressed with the strikers’ respect for
property and with the apparent sincerity of some
of their fundamental contentions. Convinced
that the workers were concerned with the com­
pany’s as well as their own welfare, he told the
men he would sign a contract. Mr. Buchsbaum
attempted to manifest full emotional acceptance
of the union. He granted much more in the con­
tract than the union asked. “Union recognition
was their objective, and I gave them more than
they wanted. I gave them the checkoff system,
virtually a union shop and job security . . . an
immediate raise of 5 cents an hour . . . and an
open accounting procedure—all our figures on the
table—and we chose an impartial arbitrator to
decide any issues we could not settle ourselves.”

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1275

Grievance machinery was established; top
management cooperated earnestly with the union
in solving mutual problems. Some foremen, un­
willing to cooperate, were discharged. Discipline
problems are alleged to have almost disappeared
since the union assumed responsibility for disci­
pline. In 1951, the management proposed a 5-year
contract providing for an automatic annual pay
increase of 4 cents an hour; it was accepted by
the union.
At management and union invitation, Gottlieb
and Kerr entered the scene in 1949 to conduct an
evaluation of some of the probable attitudinal
results of this dramatic reversal from emotional
rejection to acceptance of the collective bargaining
organization. This survey included a unionrelated attitude objects section. The instrument
used for measuring general job satisfaction, not
mentioning the union, is “The Tear Ballot for
Industry.” Distributed to all personnel in the
3 plants during July and August 1949, a total of
467 completed anonymous ballots were returned.
Although the central tendency of job satisfac­
tion attitudes was of conventional order, the
structuring of employee attitudes did appear to
support the hypothesis of exceptional harmony in
the labor-management situation. Apparently,
mutual emotional acceptance and cooperation be­
tween management and union had tended to structure
employees’ satisfaction attitudes along integrated
rather than divisive lines. Evidence for this is a
positive Pearsonian coefficient of correlation be­
tween the total scores on the managementoriented ballot and the union-oriented ballot of
0.74. Corrected for attenuation, this value in­
creases to unity, suggesting that personnel no
longer carry “either-or” exclusive allegiance atti­
tudes. This apparent fusing of formerly con­
flicting allegiances appears to occur, though per­
haps less intensely, at the level of interpersonal
relations between worker and supervisor and
worker and shop steward.
In 1949, to account for these two positive cor­
relations between union and management attitude
satisfactions, one hypothesis was that “Divisive
rivalry affiliation attitudes disappear under unionmanagement cooperation. This hypothesis as­
sumes that in union-management relations in
which marked conflict and emotional rejection
exists, personnel attitudes toward union and
management will correlate negatively, implying

1276

DUAL LOYALTY

existence of strong exclusive preference reactions
of many workers toward union or management.”
Father Purcell’s significant negative correlation
(—0.48) is definite evidence in favor of this
hypothesis.
The Illini City research provides further evi­
dence of the integrating effects of a considerable
degree of mutual management-union emotional
acceptance. A positive rank-difference correla­
tion of 0.38 was obtained between employee com­
plaints against the management and employee
complaints against the union. Thus, we have
three coefficients from widely assorted psycho­
logical climates and enterprises ranging in magni­
tude from 0.74 through 0.38 to —0.48. Such
evidence definitely supports the 1949 hypothesis
that “. . . integrated structuring of workers’ atti­
tudes may reasonably be expected as a result of
union-management mutual emotional acceptance
and cooperation.” These researches show that
the industrial allegiances of free men and women
are delicate, definite, and, above all, voluntary.
— W

il l a r d

A.

K

err

Illinois Institute of Technology

Dual Allegiance
at Swift & Co., Chicago
i s i m p o r t a n t to know what the working people
themselves have to say about the possibilities of
dual allegiance. A 3-year study of the Chicago
plant of Swift & Co. and Local 28, a key local of
the United Packinghouse Workers of America
(CIO), recently completed,2 is one of the first
research efforts to get the answers from the
working people themselves. This study was made
during a crisis—the aftermath of a severe strike,
a power struggle between the Local and the Inter­
national UPWA. In this study I interviewed
over 385 packinghouse workers, including foremen
and union leaders. I graded each on a scale
from 1 to 5 on their degree of company and union
allegiance.
Here allegiance means : an attitude of favorability toward the company or union as institutions.
Allegiance does not mean complete satisfaction
with every aspect of the company or of the union.

It


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MONTHLY LABOR

Nor do we mean loyalty in the sense of strong
emotional attachment. Dual allegiance simply
means approval of the existence, objectives, and
overall policies both of company and union.
This research asks three basic questions:
(1) Will the average worker actually have dual alle­
giance to, and find the satisfaction he requires from both
company and union?
(2) Will the worker have allegiance which is necessarily
dual, in that he says his wants can be satisfied only by
both organizations?
(3) Will the worker’s allegiance to one of the two
organizations in the plant community pull him away from
the other organization, thus straining his dual allegiance?
Or will the allegiance he gives to one organization not
noticeably affect the allegiance he gives to the other?

Company allegiance we found to be a clear fact
in the Chicago Swift-UPWA plant community.
Foremen and rightwing union leaders had a degree
of company allegiance of 1.6, between favorable
and very favorable. The steward body was favor­
able and even leftwing union leaders were slightly
favorable. The old-timers have greater company
allegiance (1.43) than the short-service workers
(1.73) and the women (1.32) have more than the
men (1.62). Union men have just as much com­
pany allegiance (1.6) as nonunion men.
Union allegiance was also a clear fact. One
hundred percent of the union stewards and leaders
have union allegiance, understandably enough, but
a majority of the foremen have such allegiance
too. Our analysis shows a very significant differ­
ence between colored (1.75) and white (2.45) in
their attitudes toward the union, the Negroes
having much more union allegiance. Of all the
groups, only the long-service women, both colored
(3.19) and white (3.44), have no positive allegiance
to the union as an institution; they are indifferent
or opposed to the idea.
What is the relationship between the attitude
of union allegiance and actual “participation in
the union”? If we put the workers into 12 cells
or boxes by sex, race, and service, arrange the
boxes in order of union allegiance, and do a rank
correlation with their degree of union participation,
we find a high positive correlation of 0.86. We
have also actual membership as indicated by
checkoff lists. Again we find a remarkably high
rank correlation between those groups which have
3
The Worker Speaks His Mind, Harvard University Press, Cambridge,
Mass, (forthcoming).

DUAL LOYALTY

REVIEW, DECEMBER 1953

Distribution of attitudes (random, unstratified sample of 202
individuals)
Attitude
toward
Scale the
com­
pany

Favorability

Attitude
toward the
union

Number of workers
Very favorable.. ..

. ___

Favorable__________ .
N eutral__ ___________

...

-----------— --------

Unfavorable------. . . . . .
Very unfavorable------

- ...

.
--------

---------. ...

1.5

85
25

2 .0

68

1 .0

2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0

69
15
65

9
13

10

17
1
6

1
0
0

3
16

1

Percent of workers
R ankf i le

More or less favorable___________ _____
N eutral
_________ ___________
More or less unfavorable_______________

92
7
1

79
8

13

F orem en

57
16
27

the most union allegiance and their percentage of
union members. The figure is also around 0.86.
We come finally to dual allegiance itself. We
find that the employees do have dual allegiance
and they do believe in both company and union as
institutions. Nearly three-fourths of the men and
women do have positive allegiance to both Swift
& Co. and to the UPWA. This is all the more re­
markable in view of the crisis through which Local
28 was passing at the time. A high percentage of
the stewards (88 percent) have dual allegiance; the
stewards are quite union-minded. Even a slight
majority of the foremen (57 percent) also have
dual allegiance to both company and union. The
Kansas City-National Brotherhood of Packing­
house Workers research 3 shows even greater dual
allegiance; for example, nearly 95 percent of fore­
men there have dual allegiance.
We come now to our third “question.” Our
findings are that dual allegiance is not under strain
for most workers, but it is for a few. In the two
groups most identified with their respective organ­
izations—the stewards and foremen—their official
role certainly does tend to pull them away from
the opposite organization, though even they
generally have dual allegiance. As for the rankand-file, their dual allegiance is not under great
3
A project covering Local 12 of the National Brotherhood of Packinghouse
Workers (Ind.) and the Kansas City Swift & Co. plant.

1277

strain. If we do a rank order correlation among
the 12 subgroups of the plant community, we have
only a moderate negative correlation (—0.48).
This means that the order of company and union
allegiance of the 12 groups moves moderately in
opposite directions, the group most favorable to
the company tending to be least favorable to the
union and vice versa.
The extreme groups are short-service men and
long-service women. Other groups are not much
affected. Sex and service tend somewhat to affect
attitudes toward company and union in opposite
directions. We estimate that, for around twothirds of the production workers, dual allegiance
is not under strain.
Does this dual allegiance affect the behavior
of the worker torn between the “contradictory
expectations” of his company and union leaders?
The Swift-UPWA workers clearly oppose these
contradictory demands in the sense that they are
generally satisfied with their company leadership.
They are dissatisfied with their 1949-52 union
leadership (the aggressors in making the demands
contradictory). Forty-seven percent of the rankand-file workers at least are unfavorable to their
union leaders, 27 percent are neutral or indifferent,
and only 26 percent approve.
In view of this severe test put to our concept of
dual allegiance, it is remarkable that we should
find it at all—and even not under great strain, at
least for the majority of the rank-and-file workers.
They readily distinguish between their union
and its leaders (as they do between the company
and its foremen). Even while opposing their
leaders, they would not think of being without
their union; 75 percent tenaciously hold on to
their union allegiance.
The workers see no conflict in the coexistence
of their company and their union. But much
more: They want neither one to try to destroy
the other. The dual allegiance we found in Chi­
cago (and Kansas City) gives an important re­
minder that, unlike a few labor and management
leaders, the rank-and-file workers want both their
company and union to coexist. If their leaders
recognize this desire, at least one source of indus­
trial conflict should be diminished.
— R e v . T h e o d o r e V. P u r c e l l , S. J.
Loyola University

280067- 53-

-2


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1278

DUAL LOYALTY

A Methodology in Studying
Role Conflict
T h e pr o b l e m a n d im pl ic a t io n s of dual loyalty
of workers, i. e., to their union and their company,
has been viewed with increasing interest as the
union movement has grown in both size and scope.
Worker opinion and behavior may be situationally
based, and dual allegiance may be descriptive of
only a given phase of that opinion and behavior.
Individuals working in a unionized plant belong
to two organizational groups, the plant and the
union. Each group makes certain demands upon
the worker, has certain expectations of him. The
extent to which he lives up to those demands in
their eyes is, in a sense, one measure of his alle­
giance. To the degree that the expectations of
those groups are not contradictory, dual allegiance
is possible. All other things being equal, one
might predict that the worker will live up to the
expectations of both groups, and that dual
allegiance will exist.
“ Other things” may not be equal, however, and
then one could speculate that dual allegiance might
not necessarily exist. For instance, a union shop
clause conceivably could bring about the enroll­
ment of many workers who were opposed to the
idea of unionism. In spite of compatible demands,
allegiance might be forthcoming only to the com­
pany. Or, contrariwise, in a “ one plant town,”
job potential might be limited to a company dis­
liked by the worker and consequently his alle­
giance might be limited to the union. But it
seems logical that other things not being equal,
the former rather than the latter would tend to
be the case today. Particularly within the fairly
skilled trades in the present full employment, job
mobility is greater than union mobility, i. e., a
worker can move from plant to plant with greater
ease than from union to union. Therefore, the
data which indicate that more workers hold alle­
giance to their company than to their union are
not surprising.
Existing studies give no information about al­
legiance when expectations are contradictory; and
their research findings may not be predictive of
behavior. Let us assume that the demands of


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MONTHLY LABOR

management and union toward the worker are
contradictory. He cannot meet both sets of
expectations. Which set will he act in terms of?
Utilizing the reward and punishment theory,
one might speculate that the greatest reward and
least punishment will be found by meeting the
expectations of the most groups possible. One
then might hypothesize that the union worker will
act in terms of his perception of what the greatest
number of groups directly involved expect of him.
In a given situation, which calls forth opposing
demands, it would seem vital to know not only
what he perceives as being the anticipated results
of action on his part by both union and manage­
ment, but also how he perceives his fellow workers’
expectations of him—and anticipated rewards and
punishments from that group resulting from cer­
tain acts on his part. The fellow workers are
considered crucial because of their potential power
to reward and punish within the scope of the job
life of an individual.
It may be fruitful to attempt to adapt tech­
niques developed to study role conflict in other
areas, e. g., by Stouffer, to this particular problem.
Let us ask a broad question of the union worker
to provide a frame of reference for further question­
ing. “ Would you support a strike in your plant
if the demands of your union (which had been
ratified by the membership) were denied by the
company?” The response would not seem to be
adequate in prediction, since it is difficult for an
individual to predict his future behavior. The
second step would seem to be more crucial—to
try to tap the worker’s perception of how the per­
tinent groups would react to both affirmative and
negative action on his part.
One could set up four categories of response
conveying the ideas of approval and reward, ap­
proval with no action, disapproval with no action,
and disapproval and punishment. One might
ask: “ If you supported a strike, how do you think
37°ur company would react? your union officials?
your fellow union workers?” The same question
could be asked with respect to not supporting a
strike.
One then might have a rough measure of the
degree of reward and punishment anticipated from
the three groups by the union worker for either

REVIEW, DECEMBER 1953

DUAL LOYALTY

of two actions possible when union and manage­
ment expectations of him were antagonistic. For
the purposes of the initial hypothesis, responses
could be divided into approval and disapproval;
further research could fruitfully explore whether
anticipated approval or disapproval with tangible
rewards or punishments would be more effective
in determining a decision than approval or dis­
approval with no tangible action anticipated.
-— H ja lm a r R o se n
University of Illinois

A Theoretical Examination
of the Concept of Dual Loyalty
v ir t u e of our complex and industrialized
communities, most people find themselves mem­
bers of several different groups. Some individuals
are members of groups which at times are in
conflict with each other. Nowhere is this more
sharply illustrated than in the case of the worker
in the industrial field. He is a member of a
company. He also often belongs to a union.
On our panel social scientists who have made
pioneer studies have shown that dual loyalty is
possible and to some rather surprising degrees.
I would like to examine a little further what some
of the problems are that arise from those results,
and what we can and cannot expect in the way of
generalizations.
First and foremost, dual loyalty is not a thing
in itself. It is a process and one in a fluid state
depending on factors inside the individual, outside
of him in the relationships of the two specific
groups he has joined, and further outside of him,
namely the characteristics and values inherent in
the socio-economic structure of our society.
It is impossible as a matter of behavior to be
loyal or owe allegiance to two conflicting organi­
zations, because at any crisis one cannot choose
both. Can we predict from a finding that a
majority of workers in a plant have “dual loyalty”
what they are going to do in such a situation
which vitally concerns one of the two conflicting

By


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1279

groups? I would prefer to be cautious in applying
the label of dual loyalty to the results so far
gathered. I think what has been well demonstrated
is that there is generalized “well-meaning” to both
union and company among a majority of workers
in industries which were at the time of investiga­
tion not engaged in overt conflict, and in a
particular period in our economy.
The condition of “no overt conflict” is rather
the most prevalent form of accommodation of
union and management, and especially in contem­
porary America, so these findings have some
generality. I would like to examine the factors
in this process at three different levels.
On the first level, dual identification is very
much a problem in personality. Individual dif­
ferences and their relationship with group identi­
fication are here the key. Allegiances in the past,
aspirations, value system, other group member­
ship, etc., determine to a large extent whether
one worker is more identified with company or
with union or with both in a given situation. It
depends also on how each worker perceives a
discrepancy or convergence between his needs and
the perceived goals of either organization.
Whether such personality characteristics as
emotional maturity and democratic character
structure are required for the person showing dual
loyalty is not demonstrated. But, because the
implication exists, any investigation on dual
loyalty cannot rule out an investigation of per­
sonality. Should any tie-up with personality
factors be found, one would next have to worry
.about selection factors among workers in different
industries which have different degrees of dual
loyalty among the worker force but similar unioncompany conditions.
On the second level, what are the dimensions
of the union and company groups that make for
conflict or cooperation between them? Here the
kind of interaction will vitally affect the identifica­
tions of workers affiliated with both. Diversity
or similarity of group goals is one of the most
cogent factors. Also important are the hierarchy
structure and power fields within each group.
This affects the relationships which the worker
has to his company foremen, supervisor, and union
officers, and determines the kind and amount of

1280

DUAL LOYALTY

allegiance to each group. His perceptions of these
various group characteristics are not only deter­
mined by his personality characteristics, but also
by clarity of group goals and practices, accessi­
bility of information, and the amount of partici­
pation he is permitted.
The more unambiguous his perceptions of the
group, the more easily he can decide whether to in­
tegrate them into his self-concept and his needs,
the more decisive will be the kind of affiliation he
chooses. We could advance the hypothesis that
if membership and hence allegiance becomes a
clearly defined and perceivable thing, then inter­
pretation of affiliation by each member becomes
less related to his own personality characteristics;
under clear group goal definition, each group
becomes less of a “projective technique.”
Finally, we must consider the general economic
and political factors typical of our society which
influence dual loyalty. Is dual loyalty in indus­
try possible in our society? Can unions and
management ever effect the kind of cooperation
that would make dual loyalty possible, provided
group and personality factors are adequately
solved? From the studies we have heard, the
answer has been a ringing “ yes.” We might
want to know, however, what each organization
would have to give up to achieve dual loyalty.
And, if it had to give something up, would it
change its character as an autonomous organiza­
tion and still adequately represent the needs of
its members?
The Communist-Marxian view would of course
deny the value of dual loyalty. This is based on
its conception of economic processes in terms of
an inevitable warfare between two classes. Have
we enough evidence to disprove the Marxian
hypothesis? I think we have and there is added


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evidence from the case studies on good labor rela­
tions conducted by the National Planning Asso­
ciation.4 There, I was impressed again and again
that good relations were accompanied by changes
in perception of role on the side of both manage­
ment and union. Management saw more the
human being with needs and wants in the worker,
while the union disclaimed so-called co-determi­
nation in matters relating to production, profits,
and plant organization.
Forces in our society have accelerated the po­
tentials for dual loyalty. Similarly, there must
be factors that prevent or destroy it. With
knowledge of these factors we can answer the
problems about what is finally inevitable, con­
flict or dual loyalty, and what factors are respon­
sible for one or the other. For instance, what
effects would a recession versus full employment
have on the development of dual loyalty? or de­
fense production versus consumer production?
Can dual loyalty developed under full production
be maintained when adverse economic conditions
prevail?
Such investigations help us formulate answers
to other knotty questions. One of the most im­
portant for us, not only as scientists, but also as
citizens, is: What form of human organization in
a modern industrial society is best suited to bring
about group harmony and to make dual loyalty
not only desirable but also possible?
•— W a l t e r G r u e n
Committee on Human Development
University of Chicago
* See Monthly Labor Review, December 1948 (p. 626) and May 1949 (p.
542), for a summary of three of the National Planning Association’s case
studies in its series on Causes of Industrial Peace Under Collective Bargain­
ing. The Association has published 13 of 15 projected studies over the
period September 1948 to November 1953.

Occupational Wage Levels
in 20 Labor M arkets,
Fall 1952-Spring 1953
L . E a r l L e w is *

P a y l e v e l s among the 20 labor markets surveyed
by the Bureau of Labor Statistics during late
1952 and early 1953 were generally highest in the
San Francisco Bay area. This accords with find­
ings in the earlier studies of 40 major labor-market
areas.1 Within each area, wages were usually
higher in manufacturing than in nonmanufactur­
ing industries.2 However, occupational averages
in the public utilities group frequently exceeded
those in manufacturing, particularly among office
jobs. Differences in wage policies among firms in
the same industry group and in-plant differentials
arising out of wage-setting practices which permit
multiple rates for individual occupations also
contributed to the wide dispersion of wage rates
observed for workers employed at comparable
tasks within each area. Although each of these
wage variations has an important influence on
the wide dispersion of earnings found among
workers in comparable jobs, accurate measure­
ment of their individual effect on the overall
dispersion was not possible.

Interarea Differentials

San Francisco-Oakland and Los Angeles, to­
gether, accounted for most of the top area averages
for the 13 selected office occupations shown in
table 1. The highest averages for 10 of the 13 plant
jobs, table 2, were found in the San Francisco
Bay Area; other areas with relatively high wage
levels included Chicago and Milwaukee. Lowest
occupational averages in office or plant were
generally found in Dallas or Memphis; several of
the lowest averages were also found in Providence.


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For office occupations, differences between the
highest and lowest area averages usually ranged
from $10 to $15 a week (table 3). Among plant
jobs, the differences tended to be greater, ranging
from 45 to 75 cents an hour. The maximum inter­
area wage spread for most office occupations was
from 30 to 40 percent. Similar differences pre­
vailed for skilled plant jobs, whereas larger
spreads of 60 to 70 percent were observed for
unskilled plant jobs.
The greater interarea spread in wages for un­
skilled jobs reflects the comparatively low level
of pay in the South for work of this type. If
data for the four Southern areas are excluded, the
range in area averages for helpers, janitors, and
laborers becomes nearly the same as those re­
corded for skilled manual-type jobs and office
classifications. In other words, earnings of office
workers and skilled plant workers in the South
more nearly approach the level of wages in other
areas than do the rates of pay for unskilled work­
ers. For example, secretaries in Dallas averaged
about nine-tenths as much as those in San Fran­
cisco; laborers, on the other hand, received only
about two-thirds as much in Dallas as in the West
Coast city.
Table 4 provides a comparison of average
weekly earnings in a few selected professional
and technical occupations studied on an all­
industry basis in the 20 areas.
Interindustry Comparisons

The industrial composition of the 20 areas
varied substantially. Manufacturing industries
employed half or more of the workers within the
scope of study in each of the New England,
Middle West, and Middle Atlantic areas, except
New York City. Nonmanufacturing industries
dominated employment in New York City, all
southern areas except Baltimore, and all western
•Of the Bureau’s Division of Wages and Industrial Relations.
'For analysis of wage differences among 40 major labor markets surveyed
during 1951-52, see M onthly Labor Review, December 1952 (p. 620), and BLS
Bulletin 1135. For list of bulletins covering individual areas included in the
1952-53 study see on p. II of the September 1953 Review. P art of the 195253 findings are summarized here. A comprehensive summary bulletin is in
preparation.
2 Major industry groupings covered by each of these studies, in addition to
manufacturing, were transportation (except railroads), communication, and
other public utilities; wholesale and retail trade; finance, insurance, and real
estate; and selected service industries.

1281

1282

OCCUPATIONAL WAGE LEVELS

areas other than Los Angeles. Since pay levels
differ among industries, dissimilar industrial dis­
tributions of the labor force explain some of the
interarea variations in wage levels.
In each area, the average for most manufactur­
ing jobs was higher than the composite average
for the nonmanufacturing industries; however,
occupational averages in manufacturing were fre­
quently exceeded by those in individual nonmanufacturing groups such as public utilities.
The earnings advantage of manufacturing workers
was more consistent among office jobs than among
plant occupations. For example, averages for
office classifications in virtually all areas were from
$1 to $10 a week higher in manufacturing than in
nonmanufacturing. On the other hand, averages
for such skilled maintenance occupations as
carpenters and electricians in over half the areas
were highest in nonmanufacturing establishments.
Unskilled plant occupations, such as janitors and
trades helpers, nearly always averaged more in
manufacturing than in nonmanufacturing. The
relatively high nonmanufacturing averages for
T a b l e 1. —Average

M ONTHLY LABOR

some skilled maintenance jobs may be accounted
for in part by the fact that some nonmanufacturing
establishments bargain separately with the various
craft unions and pay the area’s prevailing con­
struction rate for maintenance work.
Pay levels among the five broad nonmanufac­
turing industry divisions studied were generally
highest in public utilities and lowest in services.3
Office salaries in the public utilities group exceeded
those in other nonmanufacturing groups in nearly
all instances where comparisons were possible, and
were frequently above manufacturing averages.
For example, secretaries employed by public
utility establishments averaged from $2 to $10 a
week more than those in manufacturing in 12 of
the 16 areas for which both averages were com­
puted ; stenographers and typists in public utilities
had the highest wages in nearly half the areas.
Plant occupation averages were generally higher
3 Sampling techniques permitted computation of separate averages for
manufacturing and public utilities in each of the 20 areas; retail trade in 13
areas; wholesale trade and finance in 12 areas; and services in 5 areas.

straight-time weekly earnings for 13 office occupations studied on an all-industry basis in 20 labormarket areas 1
[Area surveys conducted between August 1952 and April 1953 2]

Labor market

New England:
Boston.. . . . _ ______
Providence.
Middle Atlantic:
Buffalo____________ _ . .
Newark-Jersey C ity_______
New York_______________
Philadelphia.. _ _ _ _ _ _ .
South:
____ ___
A tlanta____
Baltimore.. __________ _.
Dallas__________________
Memphis_______________
Middle West:
Chicago________________
Cleveland. _______ _____
Kansas C ity___
______
Milwaukee____ ________
Minneapolis-St. Paul______
St. Louis________________
Ear West:
Denver__
...
.... .
Los Angeles____ _ _____
P o rtlan d ... . . . . . . . . .
San Francisco-Oakland____

Billers, Comp­
machine tometer
(billing opera­
machine)
tors

Clerks,
file,
class A

Clerks,
file,
class B

Clerks,
order

Clerks,
payroll

Key­
punch
opera­
tors

Secre­
taries

$45. 00
46.00

$47. 50
44. 50

$47. 50
45.00

$38. 00
36. 00

$46. 50
43.50

$51. 50
48. 00

$45. 50
43.50

$58.00
56.00

$49. 50
45.00

$48. 50
45.00

$46.00
44. 00

$47. 00
47. 00

$41.SO
39.00

47.00
50.00
54. 00
48. 00

51.00
54.50
55. 00
47.50

51.00
50.50
54.00
47.50

46. 50
42.00
43.00
38.00

50.00
53. 50
53.00
44.50

55.00
55. 00
59. 00
50.50

52. 00
49. 50
52.00
46. 00

6 6 . 00
6 6 .0 0
6 8 . 50

61.00

54.50
53.00
55. 00
49. 00

52.00
51. 50
53. 50
47.50

47. 50
51. 00
54.00
46.00

53. 00
52. 50
54.00
47. 50

47 on
45 50
47. 00
40.00

51.00
44.00
43. 50
46. 00

51.00
49. 50
49.50
48.00

55.00
46.00
43. 00
45.50

39.00
36.50
35. 50
37. 50

48.50
41.00
45.00
47.50

53. 00
52. 50
51.00
52.00

47.50
44.50
46.00
46.50

62. 50
60. 00
61.50
55.00

53.00
48. 50
51.00
47.50

43.50
44.00
44. 00
37.50

46. 50
45.50
44. 50
44.00

50. 50
47. 00
44. 50
45.00

40 50
39 50
42 50
38.00

55.50
53.50
49. 50
49. 50
45.00
50. 50

57.50
55. 00
50.50
50.00
48.50
51.00

54.50
53.50
49. 00
52.00
48.00
49.50

44.50
42.50
37. 50
42.00
39. 00
41.50

53.00
53. 50
48.00
50. 50
47. 00
49. 50

59.50
57.50
52.00
54.50
52.00
51.00

55.00
54. 50
47. 00
50. 50
44.50
49.00

69.00
67. 00
60.50
67. 00
59. 50
63. 50

58. 50
56.00
51. 50
53. 00
48. 50
51.00

53. 50
52. 50
46. 50
49. 00
45. 50
48.00

54. 50
51.40
47. 50
50. 50
46. 50
46.50

57. 00
54. 50
51. 50
53. 00
48. 00
51.50

49. 00
47.00
41 00
44 00
41. 00
43.50

46.00
54.50
50. 00
56.50

49. 50
61.50
51. 50
58.50

46. 50
54.00
51.50
55.50

40.00
46.00
43. 50
44.50

49. 50
59.50
52.50
59.00

52. 00
62.00
55. 50
62. 50

48. 50
60.50
52. 00
56. 00

61.00
69.50
64.50
69. 00

51.50
59.50
54.00
60.50

45.00
57.00
48.00
55.50

47.00
57.00
49. 50
57.00

50.00
55. 50
53 00
55.00

43 50
48. 00
43 00
49. 00

1 Earnings based on standard salaries paid for standard work schedules.
D ata limited to women workers employed full time.
2 The areas were surveyed during the following months: 1952: A u g u st—
Dallas; September— Portland; October— Baltimore, Cleveland, Kansas City,
and Philadelphia; November— Denver, Newark-Jersey City, and Minne-


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

Switch­
Stenog­ Switch­
board Typists, Typists
board operatorraphers, opera­
class A class B
general
recep­
tors
tionists

apolis-St. Paul; December— Providence and St. Louis. 1953: Jan uary —
Memphis and San Francisco-Oakland; February —Los Angeles and New
York; M arch— Atlanta, Boston, and Chicago; A p r il— Buffalo and M il­
waukee.

employee rates fell) to the averages for the several
occupations.4 The middle range within the allindustry distributions for general stenographers
amounted to $10 or more in nearly all areas,
with the ratios ranging from 15 to 30 percent.
A similar dispersion was found for routine copy
typists (class B), although middle ranges in most
cities covered a $7.50 to $10 spread. The degree
of dispersion among individual rates tended to
be smallest in the Far West cities.
Middle ranges for maintenance electricians
ranged from 15 cents or less among the 4 Far
West cities to 40 cents or more in Atlanta, Dallas,
and New York City; the ratios ranged from about
5 percent in Los Angeles and the San Francisco
Bay Area to more than 25 percent in Dallas.
Data for unskilled plant jobs such as janitors and
laborers showed the greatest degree of dispersion
of all jobs studied.
Variations in pay levels among industries,
among establishments within the same industry,
and, to some extent, among similar jobs within
individual establishments account for the degree
of dispersion noted in individual rates within the
same job classification and labor market. Pre­
vious Bureau studies of wages in numerous

in public utilities than in the other nonmanu­
facturing groups, with the notable exception of
automotive mechanics, for whom the highest
average earnings in each area were in wholesale
trade.
Rate Variations Within Areas

The wage structure of each area was character­
ized by a substantial variation in individual
worker pay rates within the same job classifica­
tion. As would be expected from differences in
general pay levels among industry divisions, the
degree of rate dispersion for the all-industry
distributions exceeded that for the individual
industry divisions. However, within each indus­
try division, the maximum spread between the
lowest and highest individual rates for a particular
job exceeded the difference between the lowest
and highest area averages for that job and division.
The method adopted for examining the degree
of dispersion among individual job rates involved
a determination of the ratios of the amount of
the “middle range” (within which one-half of the
* The “middle range” as used here is the central part of the earnings array,
excluding the upper and lower fourths.

T

able

1283

OCCUPATIONAL WAGE LEVELS

REVIEW, DECEMBER 1953

2.— Average straight-time hourly earnings for 13 plant occupations studied on an all-industry basis in 20 labor-market
areas 3
[Area surveys conducted between August 1952 and April 1953 J]

Labor market

New England:
Boston
. -- _______
Providence _____________
Middle Atlantic:
Buffalo__________ ______Np.wark-Jorsey City______
New York_______________
Philadelphia ___________
South:
A tlanta_________________
B altim ore______________
Dallas ________________
M em phis,. - ___________
Middle West:
Chicago __________ _____
Cleveland_____ - ----------Kansas C ity...... ........... . -Milwaukee
. ...............
Minneapolis-St. P a u l.........
St. Louis________________
Far West:
Denver__________________
Los Angeles _____________
Portland_________________
San Francisco-Oakland------

Me­
Labor­
Machanics,
Me­
Carpen­ Elec­ Helpers,
ma­ chanists,
auto­ chanics,
tricians, trades, Janitors ers,
ters,
terials
motive
mainte­
mainte­
mainte­ mainte­ mainte­
han­
nance mainte­ nance
nance
nance
nance
dling
nance

$1.90
1.69
2.05
2 .1 2

$1.42
1.34

$1.95
1.77

$1.82
1.63

$1 .8 6
1.69

$1.41
1.15

$1 .6 6
1.59

$2 .1 2
1.92

$1.61
1.44

$1.27
1.25

2.13
2.18

1.76
1.72
1.57
1.63

1.45
1.39
1.30
1.24

1.57
1.60
1.51
1.43

2 .1 2

2.09
2.13
2.05

1.91
1.97
1.97
1.78

2.14

1.91
1.99
1.83
1 .8 8

2.25
2 . 21
2.31
2.14

1.72
1.72
1.89
1.49

1.35
1.30
1.31

1. 96

1.62
1.63
1.61
1.41

1.35
1.50
1.36
1.08

.99
1.09

1.06
1.24
1.13
1.04

1.94
2.05
1.79

1.60
1.75
1.69
1.49

1.81
1.78
1.69
1.79

1.17
1.29
1.15
1.18

1.85
1.73
1.63
1.69

(3)
1.97
1.98
2.18

1.29
1.54
1.27
1.37

1.73
1.75
1.70

1.42
1.39

1.54
1.56
1.45
1.64
1.53
1.48

2.25
2.08
2.06
2 . 22
2.08
2.15

2 .1 0

2.05
2.06
1.91
2.08
1.96
1.93

1.58
1.64
1.45
1.71
1.46
1.43

2.32

1.77
1.74

2.04
2.15
2.16
2 .1 0

2.41
2.26
2.23
2.28
2.18
2.31

1.74
1.62
1.64

1.26
1.23
1.31
1.40
1.26

1.36
1.65
1.65
1.77

1.89
2.23
2.15
2.26

1.82

1.78
2.04
1.99
2.13

1.42
1.70
1.63
1.80

1.80
2.07
2.18

2.05
2.32
2 .2 0

1.47
1.80
1.79
1.91

1.46
1.47
1.53

2.06

2.29
2.09

2.28

1 .8 6

1.91
2 .0 1

2 .1 0
2 .0 1

2.08
2.09
2.06

2.19
2.09
2.16

1.89

1.90
2.23
2.13
2.26

1 .6 6

1.64
1.79

1.53
1.77
1.81
1.84

1 .0 1

.92

1 .2 0

1.45
1.27
1 .2 2
1 .1 2

1.39
1.38
1.50

i The data on straight-time hourly earnings (premium pay for overtime
and night work excluded) are limited to men workers employed full time.


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Watch­
men

$1 . 22
1.17

1.82
1.78
1.84
1.72

2 .1 0

Truck­
ers,
power
(fork­
lift)

$1.56
1.42

2 .1 1
2 . 02

2.25
2.33

Paint­
Tool
ers,
and
mainte­
die
nance makers

$2 .0 1
1.76

1.99
2.04

2 .0 0

Order
fillers

2 .0 0

1.90
1.82
2. 05
1.81
1.85
2 .1 0

2.03
2.32

2 .0 0
2 .0 2

2 .0 0

2 .2 0

1 See footnote 2, table 1, for dates of individual
3 Insufficient data to justify presentation of an

2.45

area surveys,
average.

1 .6 8

1 .2 0

.98
1.05
1 .0 1

.92

1 .2 1

1 .1 0

1284

OCCUPATIONAL WAGE LEVELS

T a ble 3. —Maximum inter area wage spread for selected

occupations
Highest area average
Occupation

Office

Billers, machine (billing machine).
Comptometer operators............ .
Clerks, file, class B ___________
Clerks, payroll....................
Stenographers, general.............
Typists, class B ._ ............ ...........

Plant: Skilled

Carpenters, maintenance...........
Electricians, maintenance_____
Machinists, maintenance....... .

Lowest
area
average

Amount

Percent
above
lowest

Weekly earnings
$43.50
44.50
35. 50
48.00
45.00
38.00

$56.50
61.50
46. 50
62. 50
60.50
49.00

30
38
31
30
34
29

Hourly earnings
$1.69
1.76
1.77

$2.33
2.28
2.26

Plant: Unskilled

Helpers, trades, m aintenance...
Janitors____________________
Laborers, material handling___

4. — Average straight-time weekly earnings for 5
professional and technical occupations studied on an
all-industry basis in 20 labor-market areas 1

T a ble

[Area surveys conducted between August 1952 and April
Labor market

1 . 08

.92
1.04

1.84

19532]

Chief
Junior
Nurses,
drafts­ Drafts­
Tracers indus­
men drafts­
men
men
trial

1.50

1.77

industries have indicated that wide differences in
pay rates for comparable work exist in the same
labor market even where the industry has been
more narrowly defined than in this analysis.
Earnings of a majority of office workers in each
area studied were based on formal rate-range
plans. Among plant workers, such plans either
predominated or were of about equal importance
with single-rate plans in all areas except Buffalo,
Denver, Memphis, Philadelphia, Portland (Oreg.),
and San Francisco-Oakland. In the latter areas,
earnings for the majority of the workers were
based on single-rate plans. Earnings of workers


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paid under formal rate-range plans are adjusted
periodically according to some determinant such
as length of service, merit, or a combination of
both. The value of each step and the spread
between the highest and lowest rate differ for a
given occupation among establishments and also
among jobs within an establishment; however,
the maximum rate frequently amounts to as
much as 15 to 20 percent more than the minimum
of the range.

New England:
Boston_____ _
Providence. . . .
Middle Atlantic:
B u ffa lo ...____
Newark-Jersey City
New York___
Philadelphia____
South:
Atlanta . . . .
Baltimore .
Dallas____
Memphis___
Middle West:
Chicago. _______
Cleveland______
Kansas C ity ..
Milwaukee____
Minneapolis-St. Paul.
St. Louis______
Far West:
Denver______
Los Angeles____
Portland___
San Fransisco-Oakland

$114. 50
(3)

$83.00
76. 50

$61.50
56. 50

$47.50
(3)

$62.00
58. 50

113. 50
118.50
130. 00
117.00

88.50
92.50
97. 00
87.50

69. 50
6 6 . 00
67.00
«

(3)
49.50
56.50
49.50

70 on
67.00
71.00
63.00

106. 00
(3)
(3)

78.00
80.00
70.00
79.00

61.50
55.50
49. 00
(3)

(3)
53. 50
(3)
(3)

89. 00
87.50
78.00
88.50
75.00
82.50

64.50
70. 00
64. 00
72.50
61.50
63. 00

54.00
(3)
(3)
59.00
(3)
53.50

64 00
63 50
63 50
62.50

8 8 .0 0

69.50
72.00
69.00
75.50

(3)
(3)
(3)
(,

62 50
74 50
64. 50
69.00

0
112 . 00

107. 50
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
113. 00
116.00
(3)
1 0 1 .0 0

90.00
82.50
85.00

65.50
64.00
6 6 .0 0

59. 50
68 00
66 50

on sianuara salaries paid lor standard work schedules
Data for draftsmen limited to men; for nurses (industrial), to women,
bee footnote 2 , table 1 , for dates of individual area surveys.
Insufficient data to justify presentation of an average.

Taxation and Lower Income Groups
E

N o t e .— These two articles are excerpts from, papers delivered
at a conference on taxation sponsored by the Economic Policy Com­
mittee of the Congress of Industrial Organizations in Washington,
October 16, 1963. They are presented here as the thoughtful comments
of recognized scholars in the tax field on the general subject of the
effect of taxation on lower income groups.

d i t o r ’s

The Federal Income Tax
and the Working Man
I a p p r o a c h this problem [the effect of income taxes
on workers], not with the question: How can we re­
duce the impact of the income tax on the working
man? Rather, the question is this: How can we
get a fairer, more impartial, and more effective in­
come tax, one on which we can continue to rely as
the workhorse of our Federal tax system? In seek­
ing an answer to this question, one encounters a
series of inequities and administrative defects that
not only weaken the income tax as a whole but also
fall into a pattern which seriously discriminates
against the employee—the wage earner and whitecollar worker—and clearly favors the self-employed
(especially the farmer) and the recipient of invest­
ment income.
Conceptually, it remains the most sensitive and
powerful instrument of social justice in the fiscal
field. It classifies people both according to size of
income and according to family obligations, the
two factors most widely recognized as determining
one’s ability to pay.
But growing erosion and corrosion of the income
tax phase is increasingly raising questions of how
far we can extend our reliance on this form of tax­
ation. Especially in the past 10 years, long-stand­
ing imperfections of the tax base and tax adminis­
tration have been severely aggravated by increased
rates and reduced exemptions and have been fur­
ther compounded by a whole host of new inroads
on the base and progressivity of the tax.


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Perhaps the most striking development of tax
avoidance in the past 10 years is in the area of
conversion of ordinary income into capital gains.
Another defect in the structure is the inadequate
allowances for expenses of earning income. While
expenses connected with business and farm income
are deductible before arriving at adjusted gross
income, those for wages and salaries are either al­
lowable only as items covered by the 10-percent
presumptive deduction (e. g., union dues, profes­
sional dues, cost of uniforms) or are not deductible
at all (e. g., commuting costs, specialized educa­
tional and training expenses, and additional costs
associated with “working wives”).
Probably the worst breach of all in the equity of
the income tax is the evasion of taxation by an un­
comfortably large proportion of the incomes not
subject to withholding at the source. Failure to
withhold income taxes from interest and divi­
dends permits the evasion of at least $300 million
of taxes each year.
Without citing further examples of defects,
loopholes, and tax concessions, we can face this
critical question: Are certain groups of taxpayers
systematically favored over others, and to what
extent? Even a cursory investigation shows un­
mistakably that as compared with wage and salary
earners, farmers and small businessmen are
strongly favored in that their incomes (a) are par­
tially nonfcaxable; (b) are more easily maneuverable into lower brackets by means of careful
income timing, use of family partnerships, and con­
version into capital gains; (c) are net of all
expenses, including many on the borderline of per1285

1286

TAXING LOWER INCOMES

sonal consumption; and (d) above all, are most
readily underreported without detection. Going
one step further, and adding in percentage deple­
tion, the conversion of timber income, coal royal­
ties, and the like into capital gains, and the liberal
allowances for mine development costs, one finds
the extractive industries or primary producers as
a whole gaining an increasingly favored position
in our income tax structure.
On the basis of the foregoing, we may draw
this important conclusion regarding the net effect
on progressivity: on balance, it is substantially
diminished. First of all, the combined effect of
excluding important categories of income from the
tax base, granting liberal deductions and exemp­
tions, allowing high incomes to take refuge in
lower brackets by income-splitting and conversion
into capital gains, and allowing much income to
escape illegally—the combined effect clearly
makes actual effective rates of taxation in terms of
true income considerably lower than apparent
rates in terms of reported taxable income. Sec­
ond, and more important, the differential impact
of the softnesses in income tax structure on differ­
ent income groups is undoubtedly such as to make
the average ratio of apparent to actual tax rates for
low incomes considerably higher than for middle
and upper bracket incomes. The source of in­
come—wages and salaries—which benefits least
from openings in the tax law and imperfections in
administration is the dominant element in small
incomes. On a relative basis, then, upper in­
comes are hit less hard, lower incomes harder,
than would appear to the naked eye from an
examination of tax rates and exemptions.
Unfortunately, no data are at hand for pur­
poses of isolating and measuring these inroads on
progressivity in the face of the more-thanoffsetting impact of rising real and money
incomes. Nevertheless, it may be interesting to
examine the existing base, distributed by taxable
brackets. Here we find that 70 percent of surtax
net income is estimated to be in the first surtax
bracket of $2,000 (of all taxpayers), and an addi­
tional 11 percent is to be found in the second $2,000
bracket (taxable at only 2 percentage points more
than the first). Although exemptions introduce
progressivity from the first dollar of taxable in­


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MONTHLY LABOR

come on, the significant fact remains that the much
vaunted—and also much maligned—graduated
rates of the individual income tax apply to only
about 19 percent of the surtax net income base.
It is amply clear that the income tax, however
preferable it may be to other forms of taxation,
even with its defects—tends to discriminate
against the wage earner as compared with other
income recipients in two ways: (1) it collects from
wages and salaries a higher proportion of the lia­
bilities legally due than it does from any other
source of income, and (2) it allows, by law, more
generous deductions and concessions to other
forms of income than to wage and salary incomes.
Where does the remedy lie? How can the damage
be repaired?
The preferred political way of reducing tax
disparities is to extend an existing privilege to new
groups rather than withdrawing it from the groups
who now enjoy it.
Operating, then, at a level of political realism,
organized labor will be sorely tempted to unlimber
its fiscal picks and shovels to dig out a few chunks
of the income tax base for itself. It will be
tempted to press for an extension of fringe bene­
fits—group life insurance and welfare funds, pen­
sion plans, health and welfare funds, food and
lodging and other benefits in kind—at the same
time taking pains to keep them on the “free list”
as far as income tax liability is concerned.
Taking this approach would be to enter a
tacit conspiracy with [others] trying to build their
own income-tax-proof shelters. This is not to
say that self-restraint should be carried to the point
of abandoning attempts to get Congress to allow
full deduction of the legitimate expenses incurred
in earning wage and salary income, including some
allowance for expenses of working mothers. But
it does argue for not making a hollow shell out of
the income tax by trying to match, concession for
concession and exclusion for exclusion, the prefer­
ential tax treatment which some groups have
managed to get under the income tax. A match­
ing process of this sort not only runs into the obj ection that two wrongs do not create a right, but
also plays into the hands of those who would
gradually sap the strength of the income tax and
force increasing resort to consumption taxes.

REVIEW, DECEMBER 1953

TAXING LOWER INCOMES

What kind of an action program does such
counsel point to? First, a determined effort to
tighten up enforcement and check evasion, espe­
cially in the administratively underdeveloped areas
of farm income, interest, rent, and dividend.
The second part of the program is to repair some
of the damage that has been done to the structure
of the income tax: to restore pieces of the base.
Structure and administration should be given
equal, if not superior, rank with rates and exemp­
tions as the key battlegrounds of income tax
policy. Yet it is clear that questions of revenues,
rates, and exemptions will not quietly wait upon
completion of attempts to perfect the tax base
and tax enforcement. In other words, the ques­
tion of revenue potential is always with us.
Of course, tightening the tax base and tax
enforcement would itself yield not inconsiderable
revenues. For example, to the $300 million which
could be picked up by interest and dividend
withholding, one may add from $500 million to
$1 billion by rigorous enforcement and perhaps
$500 million each in the areas of percentage
depletion and capital gains.
In order that revenue implications of various
moves may be realistically appraised, we should
briefly consider a few basic fiscal facts about the
income tax. Experience in recent years has indi­
cated that after all exclusions, deductions, and
exemptions, about 40 percent of total personal
income appears in the actual tax base, i. e., as
“ surtax net income” to which tax rates are applied.
With personal income running at about $290 bil­
lion, this implies a surtax net income base of
about $115 billion. Each percentage point of
rate change across the board, therefore, involves
$1.1 billion of revenue. With 70 percent of the
base in the first $2,000 surtax bracket, each per­
centage point change in the basic income tax
rate alone (20 percent after January 1), involves
over $800 million of revenue. With only about
10 percent of surtax net income in brackets above
$10,000 it is clear that the possibilities of balancing
tax reductions in the bottom bracket with tax
increases in the upper brackets is no longer a
promising fiscal exercise.


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1287

On one hand, there is little revenue to be gained
by raising the rates on upper bracket incomes as
now defined for tax purposes. But on the other,
there is a large revenue potential in so redefining
or “ unsplitting” income that it is restored to the
upper reaches of the income tax base where many
may feel it belongs.
For example [elimination of income splitting
would] push incomes of married couples into higher
brackets. This would yield some $3 billion of
additional revenue. Withdrawing the capital
gains privilege from some types of transactions
or restricting family partnerships would also help
restore some of the vigor of the upper brackets.
Interest and dividend withholding would also
make a contribution here.
Other, more traditional ways of broadening the
base would also have a large revenue effect. For
example, a reduction of the “ standard deduction”
from 10 percent to 7 percent would yield almost
$1 billion of added revenue. Or decreasing the
per capita exemption by $100 would increase
revenues by over $2.5 billion. Or, to take a
possibly more acceptable variation on this theme,
one might substitute a per capita tax credit of
$120 for the $600 per capita income exemption
($600 times the basic rate of 20 percent). This
would raise over $1 billion, all from brackets
above the first.
Incidentally, the net revenue gain from such
a move would about equal the net revenue loss
that would be incurred if the top rate of the tax
were to be cut off at 75 percent after $50,000
rather than letting it rise to 91 percent on incomes
over $200,000. It may be anathema to suggest
here, however faintly, that such a trade might
some day be advisable. Nonetheless, there is
something to be said for getting rid of 80 percent
and 90 percent rates which generate more heat
than revenue and are likely to have unfortunate
incentive effects. A reasonable and balanced
program of income tax reform might well dispense
with the fetish of 80 to 90 percent rates.
— W alter W . H eller
University of Minnesota

1288

TAXING LOWER INCOMES

Taxation of
Low and Middle Incomes
As lon g as the overall requirements of the tax
structure remain anywhere near the present level,
we cannot but continue to draw a substantial part
of the Federal tax bill from middle and lower
income groups. The problem of distribution of
burden, therefore, cannot be solved by arguing
that the tax burden should be placed on the “rich”
or the “high” incomes. While we must not over­
look defects in the tax law as applied to these
income ranges, the plugging of loopholes (arising
from capital gains, income splitting, and other
factors) will not solve the yield problem. Also,
very high rates, where they really apply, may pose
an incentive problem. However this may be,
we are left with the necessity of drawing a large
part of the tax bill from the middle and lower
income groups.
In all, it appears that the personal income tax is
the factor making for substantial progressivity
throughout the income range, and that the excises
are the factor making for regressivity. The estate
and gift taxes are not a major revenue factor, and
the corporation income tax, while progressive at
the upper end of the scale, is more or less propor­
tional over the middle range. Considering the
Federal tax structure as a whole (and it is the tax
system as a whole that matters, rather than the
individual components), we find some indication
of progressivity at the lower end of the scale,
followed by a stretch of more or less proportional
rates, with progressivity setting in once again
above the $7,000 line. While these data refer to
1948,1 doubt whether the current picture would be
very different.
In brief, a comparison between 1953 and 1945
shows no major changes in the tax shares, the most
significant move being an increase in the personal
and a corresponding decrease in the corporation
income tax share. Comparison between 1953 and
1939, however, shows a sharp decline in the excise
share, a fair increase in the corporation tax share
and a sharp rise in the personal income tax share.
Even if the latter development is offset, in part, by
a decline in the estate and gift tax share, there
remains a substantial shift from regressive to
progressive taxes. This suggests that the pro­
gressivity of the Federal tax structure has in­

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creased considerably over this period, but some
qualifications are in order.
In all, it would seem that the total tax structure
has moved in the direction of increased progres­
sivity, at least as between the low and middle
income ranges. But precise measurement is
difficult. One of the troubles is the very meaning
of “low,” “middle,” and “high” income changes
over the years. The median income of spending
units in 1941 amounted to about $1,600 as against
$3,420 for 1952. As per capita income increased,
be it due to inflation or real growth, people moved
up into higher brackets of money income. Thus,
an income of $4,000, which was quite high in 1939,
was only about a median income in 1953, and so
forth. Therefore, if we wish to see what happened
to the distribution of the tax bill over the years,
we should not focus on changes in the distribution
among constant dollar brackets of income, but try
to see what happens to the distribution of the
tax bill as between families in various deciles of
the income range. My own estimates show a
process of soaking the man in the middle, which—
like it or not—is what happens when the tax bill
increases.
This leads to the more basic problem of income
vs. excise or sales taxes. Arguments in equity
are a matter of social outlook; but let us suppose
that we are agreed that some progressivity is
desirable over the lower-middle as well as the
middle-upper income ranges. On this premise,
there is a conclusive argument for the use of in­
come, as against sales or excise taxes.
A comparison [as of 1948] between the incidence
of the personal income tax and of a hypothetical
sales tax with exemption of food and rent shows
the progressivity of the one and the regressivity
of the other tax. First, there is the fact that the
personal income tax permits exemptions and has
progressive bracket rates, whereas the sales tax
does not. But even if a flat income tax without
exemptions were applied, a second difference would
remain. This is because the sales tax is allocated
by consumption, and consumption declines as a
percentage of income when moving up the income
scale. Thus, the sales tax is regressive wherever
the flat rate income tax without exemptions would
be proportional.
•— R ic h a r d A. M u sg r a v e
University of Michigan

f

Workmen’s Compensation in the United States
VIII—Rehabilitation
Jerome P

ollack

*

W h e n workmen’s compensation legislation set
out to provide medical care and replace lost in­
come for injured workers, it embarked on a course
that could not be complete without a third goal—
the rehabilitation of the worker to optimal family,
social, and economic life. This goal is potentially
the most significant improvement in the concept
of workmen’s compensation.
The original legislation was based on an essen­
tially static concept of disability. The medical
care of the day was relatively limited. When
first aid and medical treatment had been rendered
there was little to do but accept the residual inca­
pacity as it stood. The medical care required by
statute usually ended after the initial healing
period and the program thereafter dealt primarily
with cash payments. Compensation for perma­
nent partial disabilities was based on indemnities
fixed by statute for specified losses. It was as­
sumed, moreover, that the “loss of both hands, or
both arms, or both feet, or both legs, or both eyes,
or of any two hereof shall, in the absence of con­
clusive proof to the contrary, constitute permanent
total disability.”1 Where further treatment held
no promise, the tendency to establish fixed liabili­
ties for fixed losses was both humane and practical.
The rise of rehabilitation, however, has intro­
duced infinitely improved means of regaining lost
health and overcoming loss of function. It has
narrowed the area of permanent disability so that
today it scarcely has any valid meaning except to
the extent that rehabilitation is unsuccessful or
not feasible. Certainly it has shattered the notion


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E

N o t e . — This is the last in a series of arti­
cles on workmen’s compensation. Previous articles
dealt with legislative and administrative progress,
appeals, Federal legislation, occupational diseases,
medical services, accident prevention, and problems
of administration.

d i t o r ’s

of presumptive permanent and total disability.
It has opened the prospect of improved methods
of evaluating disability which would overcome
some of the deep-seated deficiencies of the system.
Rehabilitation cannot, of course, be the sole objec­
tive of workmen’s compensation, although such
assertions are sometimes loosely made. But it
offers a set of services essential to the proper
functioning of workmen’s compensation legisla­
tion; the availability of these services to injured
workmen is supported by compelling reasons of
social and economic policy.
Nature and Effectiveness of Rehabilitation

In part, rehabilitation is an outgrowth of work­
men’s compensation experience. Compensation
administrators soon recognized the incompleteness
of the legislation and gave the movement for
vocational rehabilitation “its most direct and
substantial support.” 2 Their efforts paved the
way, when the First World War came, for the first
national legislation for rehabilitation of veterans.3
The war enlarged the need for rehabilitation and
stimulated awareness of its potentialities. Reha­
bilitation centers began to be established. Legis*Of the Social Security Department, United Automobile Workers (CIO).
• Presumptive permanent total disability is a common provision. Quota­
tion is from the New York law.
» Federal Grants for Vocational Rehabilitation. By M ary E. MacDonald.
Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 1944 (p. 11).
s See Rehabilitation and Employment of the Injured Workman. By
Colonel John N. Smith. ( I n Workmen’s Compensation Problems, U. S.
Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Standards, 1953. Bull. 167, pp.
222-226.)

1289

1290

WORKMEN’S COMPENSATION

lation followed, providing a financial base and
establishing organized programs of rehabilitation
successively for veterans, the industrially disabled,
and the general population. There emerged the
modern concept of rehabilitation made possible by
great advances in the general practice of medicine,
in orthopedic surgery, physical medicine, and
other medical specialties; and by the pioneering of
specialized institutions for the care of the disabled,
which had served such groups as handicapped
children, the ruptured and crippled, the deaf, and
the blind, and which had stimulated, concentrated,
and coordinated efforts to overcome disability.
Modern rehabilitation has been defined as “the
restoration of the handicapped to the fullest physi­
cal, mental, social, vocational, and economic use­
fulness of which they are capable.” Its practice
has developed in two segments: medical, aimed at
maximum recovery of health and the fullest pos­
sible restoration of lost function; and vocational, to
promote an optimal economic adjustment, through
vocational counseling and training, transitional
employment, and placement services. Currently
the psychosocial elements of evaluation, social
service, personal counseling, psychometrics, recrea­
tion, and psychiatric service are recognized as a
third coordinate segment. Each segment is a
composite of many disciplines. In severe cases,
the necessary medical specialists may include: “A
general surgeon, an orthopedic surgeon, a neurosur­
geon, a plastic surgeon, an internist, a urologist, a
roentgenologist, a doctor of physical medicine, a
psychiatrist, and sometimes others . . . indis­
pensable for the proper handling of a single case
. . .” 4 And before rehabilitation is completed,
many nonmedical specialists may have to be called
upon. Integration of the diverse disciplines, serv­
ices, and facilities toward a single goal is the crucial
administrative problem. The goal is total rehabil­
itation. The process cannot stop with the best
artificial appliance and its most skillful use if the
worker is unable to cope with his social environ­
ment or his employment. Proper rehabilitation
thus necessitates the availability, where needed,
of all the component services and of the institu­
tions which house and coordinate their work.
Of its effectiveness there is hardly room for
question. The will to live revealed by many
persons despite the most severe afflictions, their


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MONTHLY LABOR

courage and resourcefulness, combined with the
new ways to achieve restoration, inspires the
common designation of “miracles.” Many ac­
counts could be cited which recall Biblical passages.
A history of the Institute for the Crippled and Dis­
abled is appropriately entitled “Take Up Thy
Bed and Walk.” 5 Dr. Howard Rusk has given
an inspiring account of the rehabilitation of 500
paraplegics 6 under the program sponsored by the
United Mine Workers. These were—
. . . the toughest cases that anybody ever saw,
bar none. You always like to tell about your worst
case, but there were many as bad as this one:
This man was 40 years old and his back was broken
20 years before. How he survived that length of time
I don’t know. When he was found . . . he . . . had
not seen a doctor in 3}i years. There was not even
a wagon road to his house and he was carried down
in a sling between two bed poles by friends. The man
had 11 bed sores from the size of a plate to the size of
a dollar; stones in both kidneys and his bladder, and
his lower extremities were almost up under his chin.
You might ask, is it worth fooling with a person like
that? He thought it was. He wanted to live. And
we felt we had an obligation. It took 26 surgical pro­
cedures and 13 months before we could even start to
train this individual. . . . We trained that man to
walk, swing through a gait on crutches in 90 days,
and in control of automatic bladder and automatic
bowel. And during the last 3 months of his stay in
the institute he ran for sheriff in his county . . . and
he has been the sheriff there for more than 3 years.

New ways of rehabilitation hold promise of still
newer ways and broader applications. Rehabili­
tation is being extended to mental illness, heart
disease, epilepsy, blindness7 and aging.8 Its
horizons are expanding and the hope it holds for
tomorrow makes it all the more important to
perfect the institutional arrangements to bring
rehabilitation to the disabled.
* Rehabilitation of the Disabled. Washington, United Mine Workers of
America Welfare and Retirement Fund, [1950?] (p. 10).
s By David Hinshaw. New York, G. P. Putnam ’s Sons, 1948.
* Hope for paraplegics is in itself a startling innovation. “Until the last
10 years,” as Dr. Rusk has pointed out, “ paraplegics had been no problem
because the mortality rate was 90 percent the first year. There were 400
paraplegics in World War I. Only two are living today . . . In this war
it was a different story. We had 2,500 and they didn’t die because you could
control their infection and we knew about the management of their bed
sores.” ( I n Application of Rehabilitation to Workmen’s Compensation,
Medical Aspects of Workmen’s Compensation, Commerce and Industry
Association of New York, Inc., 1953, p. 62.)
7See Annual Report of the Federal Security Agency, 1952. Washington,
Office of Vocational Rehabilitation (pp. 251-275).
* See Rehabilitation of Older Workers. Edited by Wilma Donahue.
Ann Arbor, Mich., 1953.

REVIEW, DECEMBER 1953

v

WORKMEN’S COMPENSATION

Provision for Medical Rehabilitation

From the beginning, workmen’s compensation
legislation accepted, at least in part, a responsi­
bility for restoring health which often extended
into medical rehabilitation as it then existed.
4 True, restrictions on the total cost or duration of
care were the rule. Nevertheless, more than a
third of the laws enacted by the end of 1919
defined medical care to include such items as
“crutches and apparatus,” “artificial limbs,”
4 “mechanical appliances,” and the like and it is
probable that other States also furnished them
under the general provision that “all necessary”
or “reasonable” services, medicines, and supplies
were to be provided.
Although medical rehabilitation was partly
[ anticipated, it was largely an unforeseen develop­
ment requiring a greater emphasis on medical
care, a broader scope of services, and possibly a
reexamination of the arrangements for medical
care.
Progress toward adequate medical care, howI ever, has been slow. One authority poses the
I problem as follows: “Those laws which should
have restored the disabled worker to gainful
employment failed to provide even adequate
medical care by the statutory limitation of the
cost and duration of such care. It should be
obvious that no true rehabilitation can possibly
I be afforded if medical benefits are to be so
I restricted.” 9 Such restrictions still exist in as
many as 17 States. The practice is sometimes
I more enlightened than the legislation, but this
does not establish a satisfactory financial base for
medical rehabilitation.
Modern rehabilitation involves the total medical
practice as it affects the injured. It begins with
I the attending physician—and even with the
medical school. In order for the physician to
carry out his responsibility as defined by the
American College of Surgeons, “ . . . it is essenI tial for him to recognize the total medical problem
I of the patient in addition to his injury, as well as
his personal problems. The physician must
I
I

I
I
:

» Rehabilitation in Workmen’s Compensation. By Dr. Alexander P.
Aitken. ( I n Workmen’s Compensation Problems, U. S. Department of
Labor, Bureau of Labor Standards, 1953. Bull. 167, p. 212.)
io Ibid., p. 207.
ii General Acts of 1918, chapter 231.
12 Workmen’s Compensation Law of 1913, Ch. 112, sec. 23 (as amended by
Ch. 288, acts of 1919).


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1291

bring to bear on these problems all the skills and
disciplines that science and society can offer, and
utilize all community resources which can assist
him in the accomplishment of these objectives.” 10
The community resources bearing closest on
medical rehabilitation are the community hospital
and the rehabilitation center. The President’s
Commission on the Health Needs of the Nation
has underscored the need for establishing depart­
ments of physical medicine and rehabilitation in
general hospitals. The Commission concluded that
the average community hospital of 200 beds
could profitably assign perhaps 20 percent of its
beds for rehabilitation and convalescent care.
However, only 19 of 1,600 general hospitals
replying to a questionnaire by the Commission on
Chronic Illness had any bed allocation for reha­
bilitation services; and very few of these actually
offered comprehensive service. The President’s
Commission found, moreover, that: “All told,
there are less than a dozen comprehensive reha­
bilitation centers in existence . . .” and that they
meet only a small fraction of the need. To make
the miracles of medical rehabilitation a reality for
most of the Nation’s disabled workmen, a great
expansion in hospital and center facilities is
obviously needed.
Provision for Vocational Rehabilitation

A few States were prompt to amend their laws
to bring vocational rehabilitation within the scope
of the compensation system. Massachusetts was
the first to establish, in 1918, “a division for the
training and instruction of persons whose capacity
to earn a living has in any way been destroyed or
impaired through industrial accident.” 11 The
following year California, North Dakota, and
Oregon adopted similar measures. Oregon’s com­
pensation law set a high standard:
One purpose of this act is to restore the injured person
as soon as possible to a condition of self-support and
maintenance as an able-bodied workman, and final
settlement shall not be made in any case until the
commission is satisfied that such restoration is
probably as complete as can be made . . . the com­
mission is authorized to expend money from the
accident fund to accomplish this purpose in each case
and the amounts so spent shall not be charged against
the compensation allowed by th:s act to the injured
workman . . . 12

1292

WORKMEN’S COMPENSATION

But rehabilitation was also developing in a
broader direction. Support was growing for the
idea that it should be made available to all of the
disabled regardless of the origin of disability.
This idea was embodied in the Federal Vocational
Rehabilitation Act of 1920 which provided for
technical and financial assistance from the Fed­
eral Government for State-operated vocational re­
habilitation programs serving the general popula­
tion. There had been some resistance to the
inclusion of vocational rehabilitation under work­
men’s compensation; within that framework, re­
habilitation faced uncertain financing and restric­
tive standards of eligibility. The Federal-State
program, on the other hand, was readily accepted
as the means of providing vocational rehabilita­
tion for the occupationally disabled, and the drive
to bring rehabilitation under workmen’s compen­
sation generally abated.
As a result, only 17 States have made any stat­
utory provision whatsoever under their workmen’s
compensation laws to provide, promote, or facili­
tate rehabilitation. Fifteen States facilitate re­
habilitation by providing limited maintenance
allowances during its course; a few among them,
probably five, finance or help pay for rehabilitation
services as a direct part of workmen’s compensa­
tion. Four States and Puerto Rico directly
operate rehabilitation facilities for injured workers
under the workmen’s compensation program.
There thus exist in America today two basic
patterns in providing rehabilitation services for
injured workers: in a few States the services are
directly provided by the workmen’s compensa­
tion agency; overwhelmingly they are furnished
through cooperation with the Federal-State program.
Direct Provision oj Services. The few States
which directly operate rehabilitation facilities un­
der workmen’s compensation—Ohio, Oregon,
Rhode Island, and Washington—offer potentially
the most complete integration of the two programs.
There are evident benefits in centers concentrating
on traumatic disabilities; there is greater special­
ization; the cases tend to be relatively recent in
origin and can be processed before despair patterns
become confirmed. The patients generally retain
employment ties that may be reactivated and have
a job orientation that is often helpful. The
rehabilitation is financed as a workmen’s compen­


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MONTHLY LABOR

sation cost. To the injured worker it comes as an
insured right without any means test or any im­
plication of public assistance. Such centers have
been performing excellent services for the injured
employees under their jurisdiction.
The success of workmen’s-compensation-operated centers, however, requires an administrative
agency with considerable authority, empowered
not only to establish the necessary facilities and
provide the services, but also with clear authority
to refer cases for rehabilitation. Such agencies
are the exception rather than the rule in present
American compensation practice. The fact that
so few States have taken this course during four
decades does not inspire much hope for a major
trend for the direct provision of rehabilitation
services under workmen’s compensation.
Cooperation With Federal-State and Voluntary Com­
munity Centers. A plan of rehabilitation geared
to State, local government, and community cen­
ters offers a number of advantages. Community
centers tend to be broader in scope than centers
dealing exclusively with work injuries. They repre­
sent an investment in services and facilities avail­
able also to the worker’s family and to the worker
injured off the job. Community centers can make
for fuller utilization of scarce resources by avoiding
the duplication of personnel and facilities perform­
ing the same functions for different population
categories. Local arrangements, moreover, can
bring rehabilitation closer to the workers’ com­
munities—an important factor in inducing workers
to accept rehabilitation. Such arrangements can
provide for better integration of rehabilitation
with the sources of medical education, medical
service, placement agencies, and other community
services.
Considering its vast responsibilities and chron­
ically limited budgets, the Federal-State program
has achieved remarkable results, especially since
the Barden-LaFollette Act of 1943 broadened
its scope to embrace the full range of rehabilita­
tion including medical and psychiatric services.
Nevertheless, examination of the volume of re­
habilitation of injured workers, the delays in
securing service, the weaknesses in the referral
system, the shortages of personnel, the inadequate
financing, and other serious shortcomings, revives
the question as to whether it was proper for

REVIEW, DECEMBER 1953

WORKMEN’S COMPENSATION

workmen’s compensation to have transferred,
largely or entirely, the responsibility for rehabili­
tation to another program without at least shar­
ing in the cost and without taking definitive
responsibility for following its cases through to
complete rehabilitation. The question persists
whether the responsibility to purchase or provide
rehabilitation services must not be made an
integral part of workmen’s compensation, just as
medical care is.
The volume of rehabilitation is critically inade­
quate. The Labor Department and the Office
of Vocational Rehabilitation have estimated that
at least 200,000 of the nearly 2,000,000 workers
injured each year could benefit from rehabilita­
tion. By this standard of eligibility, “only 3
percent of the injured workers in the United
States are receiving the type of service needed.” 13
About 6,000 injured workers annually receive re­
habilitation services under the Federal-State
program, but each year fully twice as many sus­
tain serious permanent disabilities and are in
acute need of rehabilitation. Most of the rehabili­
tation is received, not by those currently becom­
ing disabled, but by a portion of the vast, and
growing, backlog of persons needing rehabilitation.
Authorities are unanimous in stressing the
crucial importance of promptness. Nevertheless,
the Task Force on the Handicapped has made
public the fact that, while the Rehabilitation
Center of the Liberty Mutual Insurance Co. in
Boston reported an average lag of 6.4 months
from injury to admission, under the Federal-State
program it had taken 7 years on the average for
occupationally disabled workers to find their way
to the rehabilitation agencies in 1951.14
The tendency has been to approach the matter
of referrals superficially. The problem is far too
deeply rooted to be overcome by merely urging
more prompt action or even through improvements
in the mechanics for referral. One important cause
>3 See Report of Rehabilitation Committee to 1950 Annual Convention of
the IAIABC. ( i n Workmen’s Compensation Problems, U. S. Department
of Labor, Bureau of Labor Standards, 1950. Bull. 142, p. 173.)
M See Report of the Task Force on the Handicapped to the Chairman.
Washington, Office of Defense Mobilization, Manpower Policy Commitee,
1952 (p. 31).
15 Hearings, Special Subcommittee, House Committee on Education and
Labor, pursuant to H. Res. 115, 1953, pp. 49-50.
is Rehabilitation of the Severely Disabled: UMWA Welfare and Retire­
ment Fund Experience. By Kenneth E. Pohlmann. ( I n American Journal
of Public Health and the Nation’s Health, New York, April 1953, p. 451.)


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1293

of delay is built into some of the statutes ; rehabili­
tation is not authorized until the worker qualifies
by becoming entitled to an award for major perma­
nent disability. Claim settlement procedures
which require the worker to maximize his disability
in order to secure fair compensation also interfere
with rehabilitation—and this is one of the deepseated evils of present compensation practice
that may prove exceedingly difficult to overcome.
Far greater access to facilities is needed. In­
jured workers usually must travel to the large
urban centers at considerable hardship and expense.
In most States, travel and maintenance expenses
are not provided under the compensation law and,
indeed, the regular cash benefits themselves are
insufficient for this purpose.
Rehabilitation is not only grossly underfinanced
but, partly as a consequence, seriously under­
staffed. As Mary E. Switzer, Director of the
Office of Vocational Rehabilitation, recently
testified: “. . . the urgent need for more trained
personnel is not limited to the field of medicine.
The need for physical therapists, occupational
therapists, speech and hearing therapists, rehabil­
itation counselors, special class teachers, social
workers, psychologists, and other specialists is
even greater.”15
Trends and Developments

The conquest of disability is one of the most
constructive achievements of our time. Notwith­
standing the many remaining lags, the merits of
rehabilitation are gaining recognition. In 1951,
the Industrial Commission of Ohio was authorized
to advance $300,000 to establish a rehabilitation
center. Puerto Rico appropriates $50,000 an­
nually for the rehabilitation of injured workers.
Numerous community rehabilitation facilities are
being planned and built.
Two of the more significant attempts to extend
rehabilitation for injured workers have come from
a labor union and an insurance company. The
union is the United Mine Workers, which con­
cluded that “the problems which the severely dis­
abled face in making a recovery are created in great
measure by the present inadequacies of our work­
men’s compensation, relief, and rehabilitation pro­
grams.” 16 The union’s Welfare and Retirement

1294

WORKMEN’S COMPENSATION

Fund set out to supplement and coordinate the re­
habilitation of disabled miners in conjunction with
the Federal-State and other public and community
agencies. The signal contribution made by this
program has been to demonstrate the effectiveness
of rehabilitation and to improve screening and re­
ferral procedures for its members. Other unions
are now studying the possibility of promoting re­
habilitation through collective bargaining.
The insurance company is Liberty Mutual, one
of the major insurers of workmen’s compensation
liabilities. It observed the slow progress in bring­
ing modern rehabilitation to injured workers. It
was concerned with the rising cost of workmen’s
compensation and saw rehabilitation as one con­
structive method for controlling cost. Since 1943
it has operated a center in Boston which has pro­
duced excellent results, having derived many of the
advantages of a program closely integrated in the
workmen’s compensation process. Its contribu­
tion is the demonstration that rehabilitation pays.
The savings in reduced medical and compensation
costs are difficult to measure by rigorous standards,
although many specific cases can be cited in which
very substantial amounts were saved. Stanwood
L. Hanson, in evaluating the center’s work, has
stated the case with candor: “Although we still
have many failures, the successes outweigh our
failures, and our gains in human values and in
17 Disabled Men Work Again. { I n American Journal of Public Health
and the Nation’s Health, New York, July 1952, p. 790.) See also The Rising
Cost of Workmen’s Compensation Cases and New Methods of Control,
published by the Liberty M utual Insurance Co.


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dollars far exceed the cost of providing these serv­
ices of rehabilitation.” 17

Sweeping changes are needed to modernize the
Nation’s workmen’s compensation laws. There
is probably no better place to start than with the
establishment of a definitive program of rehabili­
tation for occupationally disabled workers. Re­
habilitation should be as firmly established under
workmen’s compensation as the responsibility for
medical care. Whether the services should be
directly provided by the workmen’s compensation
board or purchased from community centers is
not the basic issue. The need is for the assump­
tion of responsibility for comprehensive rehabili­
tation and for a vast expansion in its availability.
The medical care provisions should be broadened
to cover the cost of medical restoration in full.
The administrative agency should be given clear
authority to make rehabilitation services and
income-maintenance benefits available to all who
need them. The administrative reforms which
are urgently needed in workmen’s compensation
generally—in the direction of a clinical rather than
a forensic system—can most logically and appro­
priately begin with rehabilitation. Once rehabili­
tation becomes a definitive part of workmen’s
compensation, further improvements will become
possible, such as the revision of the much-criticized
disability rating system. This is the most promis­
ing prospect for workmen’s compensation as it
stands today.

Summaries of Studies and Reports

Injury Rates in the
Fluid-Milk Industry, 1952
O ne of every 19 employees in the fluid-milk in­
dustry, on the average, suffered a disabling injury
in 1952. These injuries averaged 70 days lost
time—the equivalent of 3.7 days lost time for
each worker in the industry. This record repre­
sents a tremendous loss to both workers and
employers.
The industry’s work-injury frequency rate 1 of
23.1 in 1952 was approximately 62 percent greater
than the all-manufacturing rate of 14.3.2 In fact,
the rate for the fluid-milk industry has exceeded
the average for all manufacturing industries by at
least 20 percent in all but 1 of the 11 years for
which the Bureau of Labor Statistics has com­
puted figures for that industry. A comparison of
the two rates follows:
A llmanufacturing rate

1942
1943
1944
1945
1946
1947
1948
1949
1950
1951
1952

__________________
__________________
_______ _____ _____
__________________
__________________
__________________
__________________
__________________
__________________
__________________
__________________

19. 9
20. 0
18.4
18. 6
19. 9
18. 8
17. 2
14. 5
14. 7
15. 5
14. 3

Fluid-milk industry
-------------------------------------------

Rate

Index (allmanufactur­
ing=100)

24. 0
18. 2
22.0
24. 4
26. 6
24. 5
23. 2
23. 7
26. 9
27. 3
23. 1

121
91
120
131
134
130
135
163
183
176
162

The fluid-milk industry includes all establish­
ments primarily engaged in the wholesaling and/or
retailing of fluid-milk and milk products. Specifi­
cally, it includes firms engaged in house-to-house
delivery of milk, wholesale delivery of milk and
milk products to retail food stores and other es­
tablishments, and retail dairy stores. While dis­
tribution of milk and its products is the primary
work of the industry, some plants, to use excess


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milk, also engage in incidental manufacturing op­
erations such as the production of ice cream,
cheese, and butter.
Broad industry figures conceal important varia­
tions in the injury experience of individual plants.
Size, type of trade, and the kind of departmental
operations are characteristics which account for
differences in injury rates among plants. To
measure the effects of such influences on injury
rates in the fluid-milk industry, in 1952 the
Bureau enlarged the coverage of this industry and
requested participating plants to report their
injury experience by operating departments, in­
stead of plant as is customary. Detailed reports
were received from 3,565 plants, about 8 times as
many as were included in recent years. Reporting
plants included both wholesale and retail dis­
tributors of dairy products, those with integrated
wholesale and retail operations, and retail dairy
stores. These plants employed over 101,000
workers, about 3 times the number usually covered
in the annual surveys, and reported over 5,200
disabling injuries, including 15 fatalities and 3
permanent-total disability cases.
The additional plants participating in the special
study had a somewhat better injury experience
than those reporting regularly. As a result, the
injury-frequency rate for all reporting plants,
23.1, was 15 percent below the 1951 industry
average. Among plants which reported for both
years, however, the injury-frequency rate had
improved by only 2 percent. While these reduc­
tions, measured by percent, are substantially
different, the point difference in injury-frequency
rates for 1952 was not statistically significant.
Trade Comparisons

For wholesale distributors and retail milk
dealers, the frequency of disabling injuries differed
1 For definition, see footnote 1 on accompanying table.
Final figure released on November 4, 1953, which supersedes the preliminaiy figure previously published.
2

1295

1296

INJURIES IN FLUID-MILK INDUSTRY

very little. (See accompanying table.) Employ­
ees of the latter group, however, experienced 9
fatalities and 2 permanent-total disabilities. As a
result, disabling injuries in retail milk plants
averaged 80 days lost time per injury, while those
occurring in wholesale plants averaged only 49
days.
Integrated wholesale and retail milk plants
averaged 25.7 disabling injuries per million hours
worked—14 percent higher than the average for
retail milk plants and 9 percent greater than that
for wholesale distributors. Injury severity in the
integrated plants, however, was about average for
the industry.
Retail dairy stores averaged 15.6 disabling in­
juries per million hours worked. One fatality and

MONTHLY LABOR

3 permanent-partial disabilities included in the
176 reported injuries, however, kept the average
time lost at 70 days per injury—the industry
average.
Plant-Size Comparisons

Most special industry studies have shown that
injury-frequency rates tend to increase with plant
size until they reach a maximum at or near the
250 to 499 employee level, and then to decrease in
larger plants. However, the pattern of frequency
rates in the fluid-milk industry differed somewhat
from that in other industries, in that they con­
tinued to increase with plant size (see chart).
For the very small plants—less than 5 employees—

Work-injury rates in the fluid-milk industry, classified by type of trade and department, 1952
Frequency rates

Type of trade and department

Number
reporting

Number of
employees

Severity

1

Deaths and PermanentAll
Temporarydisabling permanentpartial
total
total
injuries
disabilities
disabilities
disabilities

Average number of
days lost or charged
per—
Disabling Temporarytotal
injury
disability

Severity
ra te 2

E s t a b li s h m e n ts

Total s.

3, 565

101,105

23.1

770
1, 517
204
885

23, 269
36, 473
5, 214
32, 267

22.2

0.1

0.8

.1
.1
.1

.3

22.2

70

15

1.6

22.8

49
80
70
72

14
15
14
16

1 .1
1. 8
1. 1
1 .8

66

15
17
13
12
9
n

1. 9
4.8

T ype of trade

Wholesale distributors__________ ____ _____
Retail milk dealers_______________________
Retail dairy stores_______________________
Integrated wholesale and retail milk plants__

23.5
15.6
25.7

(<)

.7
.8
1.0

21.3
15.2
24.6

D epartm ent

Milk handling operations: T o ta l3_____ _____
Pickup and hauling___________________
Receiving and weighing_______________
Testing (laboratory)__________________
Pasteurizing_________________________
Bottle washing.____ ______
Bottling and easing___________ ____ ___
Cold room__________________________
Cleanup____________________________
Loading____________________________
Delivery____________________________
Manufacturing operations: Total A-............
Ice cream_________ ______ __________
Butter and cheese____________________
Maintenance, and power operations: T o ta l3_._
Power and refrigeration_______________
Maintenance, except automotive_______
Maintenance, automotive_____________
Retail stores____________________________
Miscellaneous: T o ta l3_______________ ____
Administration and clerical____________
Foremen, general________ ____________
Jan ito rs...____ _______ ______________
Sales_______________________________

U n it s
1 2 ,1 0 2
121

1,664
928
221

1, 613
1, 652
871
1,162
1,019
2, 525
565
223
127
1, 700
541
593
566
660
2,954
1,988
149
434
127

59,986
591
3,179
1,187
540
2,293
4, 474
1, 783
2, 734
3, 253
37, 969
3,584
1, 750
439
5,113
1, 270
1,654
2,189
5, 527
13, 233
10, 782
491
571
795

1 The injury-frequency rate is the average number of disabling work injuries
for each million employee-hours worked. A disabling work injury is an
injury arising out of and in the course of employment which results in death
or any degree of permanent impairment, or makes the injured worker unable
to perform a regularly established job, open and available to him, throughout
the hours corresponding to his regular shift on any one or more days (including
Sundays, days off, plant shutdowns) after the day of injury.


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28.9
28.4
20.9
9.5
29.0
21.7
44.6
27. 7
33.1
39.4
27. 7
23.6
19.3
36.3
24.0
18.9
30.1
22.4
8.5
4. 5
2 .8
1 2 .8
1 2 .8

8.9

.1
.7

1.0

27.8
27. 7

.8

2 0 .1

.4
.2

.1
.1
.1
.1
.2

1.6
2 .8

.5
.5
.9
.8

1.9
.5
3.0
1.0
1 .8
1.0
.2

.9

.1
.9
.8
.6

9. 1
29. 0
19.9
41.8
27.2
32.6
38. 4
26.8
21.6

18.8
33.3
22.9
18. 9
28.3
21. 2
8. 5
4.3
2.7
11.0
1 2 .0

8.3

170
41
31
9
105
45
18
18
53
77
106
21

113
79
23
73
111

16
88

30
434
137
22

12

13
13
12

16
12
8

14
18
23
17
18
16
17
13
16
26
14

.8

.3
2.3

2.0

.5

.6
2. 1
2. 1

2. 5
.4
4.1
1.9
2. 2

2. 5
.4
.1
5. 6
1. 7
.2

3
The severity rate is the average number of days lost or charged for each
thousand employee-hours worked. The standard time-loss ratings for
fatalities and permanent disabilities are given in Method of Compiling
Industrial Injury Rates, approved by the American Standards Association,
1945.
3 Totals include figures not shown separately because of insufficient infor­
mation.
<Less than 0.05.

REVIEW, DECEMBER 1953

INJURIES IN FLUID-MILK INDUSTRY

the injury-frequency rate was only 10.0. Each
successively larger size-group had a slightly higher
injury-frequency rate, up to a maximum of 29.8
for the more-than-500 employee group. More­
over, 5 establishments in this last group, each
employing more than 1,000 workers, had an even
higher average rate of 34.4,3 representing a range
among the individual plants of from 6.9 to 84.5
disabling injuries per million hours worked.
The comparatively low frequency rate achieved
by the small plants appears to be attributable to
the personal supervision of the owner or manager
of plant and delivery operations. He can, there­
fore, detect hazardous working conditions and
unsafe practices as they develop and can take the
necessary steps to correct or remove them. How­
ever, as additional workers are employed, much
of the direct supervision of operations must be
delegated. Unfortunately, foremen and super­
visors rarely have had safety training and often
place greater importance on production re­
sponsibilities than on attention to safety.
In most industries, the larger plants have re­
duced their injury-frequency rates through special
safety measures which are made possible by the
high level of production. Safety programs may
include special training for foremen and super­
visors, and, in the very large plants, the employ­
ment of full-time safety personnel. In addition,
large plants find it feasible to equip and maintain
first-aid rooms, which do not, of course, prevent
accidents, but adequate first-aid treatment may
indirectly reduce the number of disabling injuries.
In the fluid-milk industry, however, a high level of
production usually means proportionately more
of the plant’s workers are delivery men who work
with little direct supervision, and the accident
problem is accented. This probably accounts for
the steady rise in injury-frequency rate as plant
size increases.
Group averages tend to conceal wide variations
in injury-frequency rates among individual plants.
Actually, 73 percent of the plants reported no
injuries in 1952. Most of these were small but
they included three plants with over 175 workers.
While no plant with average employment of 250
or more achieved an injury-free year, 9 such
3 Most plants within the fluid-milk industry are small; data in the chart
are shown, therefore, for only one size group above the 500 employee level.


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1297

Disabling Work Injuries in the Fluid-Milk Industry,
Classified by Size of Plant, 1952

establishments had injury-frequency rates of less
than 5, including 2 with an average employment
of over 700.
In contrast, 114 plants, or 3 percent of those sur­
veyed, had injury-frequency rates of 100 or more.
Again, most of these were small and none had
average employment exceeding 100. At this ad­
verse end of the scale, 335 establishments, employ
ing but 11 percent of the workers, reported 37
percent of the disabling injuries and 25 percent of
the time lost.
Injuries tended to be more severe among the
smaller plants. For plants with less than 100
employees, the average time charge per injury was
appreciably greater than the industry average,
while for plants ranging from 100 to 499 employees,
it was substantially less than average. The
largest plants, however, averaged 75 days lost per
injury, slightly above the figure for the industry
as a whole.

1298

INJURIES IN FLUID-MILK INDUSTRY

Departmental Comparisons

Many plants were unable to furnish injury data
according to the pattern of departmental opera­
tions for which data were requested, due to varia­
tions in internal organization. Most plants, how­
ever, reported their injury experience in detail for
some operations; only 641 failed to report any
such detail. The departmental figures reported
were combined into five major groups: milk han­
dling, manufacturing, maintenance and power,
retail stores, and miscellaneous.
Milk-Handling Operations. Nearly 75 percent of
the reported injuries occurred in these operations,
although they accounted for only 60 percent of
total man-hours worked in the industry. There­
fore, the average injury-frequency rate was sub­
stantially higher than for any other group of
operations (see table).
Within the group, injuries occurred with greatest
frequency in bottling and casing departments,
which, in fact, had the highest rate of any depart­
ment studied. Although they reported no fatal
injuries, a large number of permanent disabilities
raised the severity rate 4 25 percent above the
industry average. However, the relatively high
proportion of temporary disabilities held the
average time lost per disabling injury to a favor­
able 45 days.
Loading department employees also had an
unfavorable injury-frequency rate. A fatality
and 7 permanent disabilities among the 293 re­
ported injuries produced a high severity rate but,
again, the incidence of temporary disabilities held
the average time lost per injury to 53 days.
Only one other department in this group, clean­
up, had an injury-frequency rate of over 30.
Serious disabilities, however, were very infrequent,
and time lost-—per injury and per thousand hours
worked—was very low.
Driver salesmen experienced more than half of
the disabling injuries in the industry but, because
of the large number of drivers employed, their
injury-frequency rate was only 20 percent above
the industry average. About half of the industry’s
fatalities and a large proportion of the serious
disabilities involved drivers. As a result, driver


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M ONTHLY LABOR

salesmen accounted for more than half of the time
lost due to work injuries in the industry, but the
high incidence of temporary disabilities held theii
average time lost per injury to 77 days.
In contrast, laboratory workers had an injuryfrequency rate of 9.5—less than half that for any
other group of employees in the milk-handling
division. Furthermore, only 1 of the 26 reported
injuries resulted in a serious disability.
Two groups had extremely unfavorable severity
averages. For the relatively small number of
pick-up and hauling department employees, one
fatality among the 39 reported injuries produced a
very high average time lost per disabling injury
and a severity rate triple the industry average.
In bottle-washing departments, serious disabilities
were relatively frequent. One fatality and 8
permanent disabilities among 112 reported in­
juries accounted for 105 days lost time per injury.
Operations in which serious disabilities were
relatively infrequent included pasteurizing and
the cold room. As a result, the injury-severity
rates for each of those operations was 0.5 or less.
Manufacturing Operations. Many milk plants were
also engaged in incidental manufacturing opera­
tions. The frequency of injuries in these opera­
tions was slightly higher than the industry aver­
age, but approximately 20 percent less than in
milk-handling operations. Injuries, however,
tended to be more severe; the average time lost
per injury and the severity rate were both 50 per­
cent greater than the industry average.
Data available permitted computation of injury
rates for only two specific manufacturing opera­
tions—ice cream and butter and cheese. Com­
pared with industry averages, ice cream depart­
ments had favorable injury records; only 2 of the 78
reported injuries were serious disabilities. As a
result, the average time lost per disabling injury
was only 21 days and the severity rate was 0.4.
For butter and cheese departments, on the other
hand, the injury-frequency rate was about 50
percent greater than the industry average. Seri­
ous disabilities were also more frequent; con­
sequently, the severity rate was 2% times greater
than for the industry as a whole.
* For definition, see footnote 2 on accompanying table.

REVIEW, DECEMBER 195B

EMPLOYING THE HANDICAPPED

Maintenance and Power Operations. As a group,
the maintenance and power departments had in­
jury records only slightly more unfavorable than
the industry average. Power and refrigeration
departments had the best records within this
group, their injury-frequency rate being only 18.9.
Since none of the reported injuries resulted in
death or serious disability, the severity of in­
juries, both in terms of time lost per injury and
per thousand hours worked, was highly favorable.
Plant maintenance had a higher frequency rate
than automotive maintenance: 30.1, compared
with 22.4. A fatality in automotive maintenance,
however, raised the average time lost per disabling
injury about 50 percent above that for plant main­
tenance.
Retail Stores. Retail store clerks had better in­
jury records than any other operation studied
except office work. Furthermore, it was by far
the largest group reporting no fatalities or perma­
nent disabilities. Average time lost per injury
was only 16 days, and the severity rate was one
of the lowest in the survey.
Miscellaneous. Generally, the miscellaneous group
of workers had favorable injury-frequency records.
In some specific operations, however, serious dis­
abilities produced adverse severity records. For
example, general foremen had a frequency rate of
12.8 but, of the 15 reported injuries, 1 was a fatal­
ity and another a permanent finger injury. As a
result, the relatively small group of foremen had
the highest recorded average time lost per disabil­
ity and severity rate.
Similarly, janitors had a frequency rate of 12.8
but, again, 1 of the 16 reported injuries was a
serious permanent disability. Consequently, their
average time lost per disabling injury was 137 days.
Administrative and clerical workers experienced
only 2.8 disabling injuries per million hours worked
and sales personnel (except delivery salesmen),
only 8.9. Serious disabilities were also infre­
quent so that their severity averages were less
than half that for the entire industry.


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— G eor ge R. M cC ormack
Branch of Industrial Hazards

1299

The Ford Plan for
Employing the Handicapped1
T h e Ford Motor Co.’s “practical working plan”
for employment of the physically handicapped
works well for the company, despite a number of
problems which keep cropping up. Overall, it
has resulted in 1,200 placements of handicapped
people over the past 6 years. The program and
some of the experience gained under it are out­
lined here, in the hope they may be helpful to
others who are as sincerely concerned as is the
staff at Ford with continuing the effective place­
ment of the physically handicapped.
Ford’s basic policy regarding the employment
of physically handicapped persons goes back to
the World War I days when a great many disabled
veterans came home looking for their old jobs or
sought employment at the company for the first
time. The late Henry Ford believed that no man
was “disabled” if he had the courage to go ahead
and the willingness to do his level best in what­
ever he undertook. He believed that what a
handicapped person needed most was a chance to
become self-sustaining, to maintain his selfrespect and, above all, to play a productive role
in society. With this philosophy, he found work
at the company for large numbers of handicapped
people. Over the years, that basic policy has
been strengthened and expanded wherever pos­
sible.
Today, at the Rouge Plant in Dearborn, Mich.,
there are more than 4,100 known physically handi­
capped persons at work. These include 40 onearmed workers, 4 who have lost both arms, 62
with only one leg, 3 who are double-leg amputees,
and more than 300 others who have arm, hand,
or leg deformities of one kind or another. Eight
workers are totally blind, more than 250 have only
one eye and hundreds of others suffer from back
and spine injuries, deafness, diabetes, epilepsy,
nervousness, heart ailments, and other illnesses.
These figures have particular significance in a
“heavy” industry and in plants where nearly all
i Based on a paper presented at the fall meeting of the President’s Com­
mittee on Employment of the Physically Handicapped, Washington, D. C.,
September 22, 1953.

1300

EMPLOYING THE HANDICAPPED

of the 4,000 hourly job classifications are in direct
production activities. So-called “light” jobs are
in a very small minority, as compared with many
other types of manufacture. Even an “easy” job
such as sweeping floors or collecting scrap can be
an arduous, demanding kind of work in an auto­
mobile plant. Further, no special jobs are created
for the handicapped. The company’s policy is
that an individual is properly placed only on a
regularly established job that must be done any­
how, whether by an able-bodied or a handicapped
person—and the handicapped person must meet
production standards for the job.
Rehabilitation and placement of the physically
handicapped is a team effort at Ford Motor Co.
The team is made up of the safety, workmen’s
compensation, medical, and medical placement
departments—and the supervisors or foremen.
The safety department reflects the firm belief
that prevention is still the best solution to the
problem of physical handicaps. During the past
6 years, Ford has reduced its accident frequency
rate by 80 percent and the severity rate by more
than 60 percent. (In 1952, Ford Motor Co. re­
ceived the Award of Honor from the National
Safety Council for its outstanding performance in
preventing injury to its employees.) Therefore,
the great majority of physically handicapped
people at Ford either suffered nonoccupational
disabilities after being hired or were already dis­
abled at the time they were hired.
The workmen’s compensation department, of
course, is responsible for the prompt settlement of
valid claims for compensation. In addition, it
cooperates with company and private medical
authorities and State compensation commissions
in developing and arranging rehabilitation pro­
grams for disabled employees.
Job placement of the physically handicapped
actually begins with the medical department. In
addition to providing medical treatment and an
extensive industrial hygiene program, this depart­
ment examines all new employees and all em­
ployees returning from sick leave to determine
definitely their physical capabilities. If any
physical disability is found, the doctor’s diagnosis
and his recommendations as to work limitations
are forwarded to the next member of the team—the


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M ONTHLY LABOR

medical placement unit, a division of the com­
pany’s hourly personnel department.
The services of the medical placement unit are
available to all physically handicapped employees,
not just to those who have suffered occupational
injury or disease. An employee may go to the
unit on his own, complaining of a heart ailment,
for example, and ask to be placed in some easier
kind of work. Or an employee may be sent to
the unit by his supervisor, who feels that the man
is not performing efficiently because of some known
or perhaps undiscovered disability.
In either case, the employee is referred immedi­
ately to the medical department which, in turn,
gives the placement unit a full medical evaluation
as to his physical capabilities and an authoritative
recommendation as to the type of work the
employee may do. If the employee can present
medical evidence from his personal physician,
this also is taken into consideration by the com­
pany physicians.
Once the medical phase has been completed—
and this, of course, may involve treatment,
prosthesis, and even job training—the placement
unit begins its work. Placement involves a
number of important considerations: the em­
ployee’s physical and occupational capabilities;
occupational aptitudes, attitude, occupational and
wage history, seniority, and performance on pre­
vious assignments; and the suitability of current
job openings, as reported by supervisors; the
physical and other requirements of these jobs; and
the safety of the physically handicapped employee
and his fellow workers.
With this information as a guide, the placement
unit attempts to place the worker in a job that he
can do safely and efficiently. Finding these jobs
is not a matter of chance or last-minute searching.
Five staff members spend full time surveying all
kinds of jobs in the Rouge plant area to determine
which can be done by handicapped persons and
by what type of handicapped person. The unit
utilizes this running survey of current and poten­
tial job openings in making placements.
However, placement involves more than simply
looking over the list of jobs to find one for which
the handicapped worker seems to be qualified.
Each of the more than a dozen different plants in

REVIEW, DECEMBER 1953

EMPLOYING THE HANDICAPPED

the Rouge area has its own seniority system, so
that a man who has worked for many years in the
engine plant, for example, cannot because of his
disability “bump” a man in the glass plant with
fewer years of service. Therefore, wherever
possible, the opening must be in the plant where
the handicapped person has seniority. Or it may
be that the worker needs medical care which would
prevent his taking an otherwise suitable job; a
diabetic, for example, could not work on a shift
that would prevent his taking insulin at the proper
time.
If there are no obstacles of this nature, however,
the next step in placing the worker falls to the
fifth member of the team—the supervisor—whose
full cooperation is essential to proper placement of
the handicapped. Many supervisors have tended
to resist any placement policy which might
restrict the versatility of their work force or
materially reduce its productivity. This attitude
is the result of poor job placement in the past, of
unfounded prejudice, and of the very nature of
automotive manufacturing, which calls for fre­
quent changes in machines, methods, and products,
and thus for versatile employees. The Ford
Motor Co. has made a good deal of progress toward
minimizing this resistance. It has approached
the problem by constantly improving the whole
rehabilitation process, by giving the supervisor a
full voice in placement matters, by making certain
he is well informed as to the capabilities of handi­
capped persons sent to him, and by servicing any
complaints, either by him or by the handicapped
employee, after the job placement has been com­
pleted.
At Ford, there is a strong feeling that successful
placement depends upon maintenance of this per­
sonal relationship between the employee, the
placement officer, and the foreman, even in a plant
as large as the Rouge area. After a handicapped
person has been placed on a job, the placement
unit checks periodically to make sure that both the
employee and the foreman are satisfied. If the
employee is transferred later to another job, the
placement unit is notified so that it may approve
the new type of work the employee will be doing.
If the handicapped employee should be laid off
through no fault of his, the placement unit again
tries to place him permanently.

280067— 53------------ 3


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

1301

Unfortunately, not all handicapped people at
Ford have been placed successfully. If, as often
happens, no job opening can be found for an
employee who becomes disabled, his name is
placed on a “medical recall” list, and he is taken
off the active rolls until suitable work is available.
The number of people on this medical recall list
has been reduced to about 90 in the Rouge plant
area, all of whom the company is trying to return
to work at the earliest possible time. Meantime,
no handicapped persons from outside the company
can be hired, because it would be unfair to take on
other handicapped workers until jobs have been
found for people who have become disabled while
employed by the company.
Two examples serve to illustrate the accomplish­
ments of Ford’s “practical working plan” for the
employment of the physically handicapped:
Some years ago, an employee became totally
blind. When he was able to return to work, he
was given a job on the starter and generator
assembly line, where he could fit small pieces
together entirely by touch. He is on the job
today and his foreman states that he is doing as
well as any person with normal vision could do.
Another employee had both hands amputated
as the result of an accident. He was furnished
artificial hands and was sent to Kessler Institute
in New Jersey to learn how to use them. Although
he had been classed as a nonskilled worker at the
time of his injury, he was put on inspection work
when he returned to the company. Later, thanks
to the opportunity that was given him and the
cooperation of his foreman, he became a skilled
employee. What makes this case even more
interesting is that the employee has apparently
undergone a tremendous emotional and mental
readjustment. Before his accident, he was some­
what uncooperative, lacked initiative, and was in
frequent trouble with his supervisor. After re­
turning to work in a new and more responsible job,
however, he became very cooperative, demon­
strated a lot of initiative, and is now one of the
most loyal and enthusiastic employees in the plant.
— R o b e r t T. R o ss
Industrial Relations Staff, Ford Motor Co.

1302

AMA PERSONNEL CONFERENCE

Personnel Conference of the
American Management Association

MONTHLY LABOR

various speakers or panels in terms of personal
work experiences.
Setting Up Effective Personnel Administration

T h e o r g a n i z a t i o n a n d f u n c t i o n s of the person­
nel department and its relation to the workers
occupied the attention of more than 1,000 person­
nel executives at a conference of the American
Management Association 1 in New York City in
September 1953.
Those attending the conference came to ex­
change information, ideas, and opinions, and to
learn new personnel techniques from the practical
experience and research of other businessmen and
university research centers. Notable throughout
the conference was just such a free exchange of
information, regardless of competitive relation­
ships of many companies represented.
John Post, manager of the Industrial Relations
Department of the Continental Oil Co., set the
stage for the meeting in an opening address by
pointing out: “We are witnessing changes in
processes, methods, and machinery which simply
confound our,imagination. We even hear serious
talk about pushbutton factories. As a result,
occupations in the extractive and manufacturing
industries are diminishing as a percentage of gain­
fully employed . . . we have seen a spectacular
growth in service occupations and an almost fan­
tastic growth in clerical and administrative occu­
pations.” These changes, Mr. Post believes, will
alter management’s job so that more counseling
and less directing will be required. This offers
the industrial relations manager “an opportunity
to show skill and leadership as a planner, as a
molder of unity out of divergent or special points
of view, as a teacher, and as an inspiration to
thoughtful, farsighted action.”
Subsequent discussion at the conference centered
on four general topics: the dynamics of current
labor relations, latest techniques in personnel
administration, how to set up an effective per­
sonnel department, and motivating employees to
do a fair day’s work. Topics were covered by the
i The American Management Association is, in its own words, “a coopera­
tive organization of businessmen, government officials, consultants, college
Instructors, and other professionals who are interested in the development
of better management methods.” Since 1923, it has carried on its program
through conferences, workshop seminars, training courses, expositions,
publications (including 3 business magazines), and research. This meeting
was one of a series of conferences regularly held on various activities of business
and industry.


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The highlight of the conference for many per­
sonnel administrators was the all-day discussion
of the organization of the personnel department.
Two personnel-conscious corporations, substan­
tially different in personnel organization, were
represented on the panel—The Radio Corporation
of America, RCA-Victor Division, a large, multi­
plant, highly unionized corporation, and PitneyBowes, Inc., manufacturers of office equipment, a
one-plant nonunion establishment. Paul Pigors
and Charles A. Myers of the Massachusetts Insti­
tute of Technology acted as co-chairmen at the
meeting.
Dr. Pigors opened the meeting by recommending
that the personnel administrator be made a part
of top management. He should not be thought
of only as “the welfare officer, doing nice things
for nice people; the chief clerk in the employment
department” but should report to the chief exec­
utive, and consult with line representatives to
put his ideas into operation. “If personnel admin­
istrators could always express their points of view
before plans and policies were decided upon, then
the implications for personnel relations could be
recognized in time to prevent many misunder­
standings and difficulties.”
Recognition appeared to have been given to the
need for such personnel participation in policy
formation in the organization charts of the PitneyBowes and RCA-Victor personnel departments
which were presented at the meeting. Comparison
indicated that, while the same personnel functions
are carried on by both departments, each company
had, of course, tailored its personnel organization
to its individual needs. In the Pitney-Bowes per­
sonnel department, the program is concentrated
under the direction of relatively few individuals.
In RCA-Victor, on the other hand, the personnel
function is divided into eight separate depart­
ments. These departments are Wage and Salary
Administration, Training, Safety and Health,
Security, Personnel Services, Employment, Organ­
ization Development, and Labor Relations. Var­
ious levels of personnel management exist, from
the office of vice president in charge of personnel
for the entire corporation down through separate

>

REVIEW, DECEMBER 1953

AMA PERSONNEL CONFERENCE

personnel departments for the various manufac­
turing divisions and the individual plants.
RCA-Victor deals, through its personnel depart­
ment, with 46 AFL, CIO, and unaffiliated unions.
It has had no strikes since 1936, according to
A. F. Watters, vice president in charge of person­
nel. The attitude of RCA-Victor toward the
unions in its plants, according to the speaker, is
to live with them and, from the viewpoint of the
personnel department, take advantage of what
help they can give in worker satisfaction, trans­
mittal of information, and the like.
On the question of unionization, J. J. Morrow,
director of personnel relations for Pitney-Bowes,
explained that the last time a union attempted to
organize the plant was in 1946. At that time the
company “ carefully described the advantages and
disadvantages of [proposed] unionization” to the
employees, and the union was defeated. On all
matters, it was explained, the company has en­
deavored to maintain such wages and working
conditions that the workers will not feel the need
for union representation. On wages, for example,
the company uses area surveys of the Bureau of
Labor Statistics and those from other sources to
make sure the company does not fall behind in its
pay scale.
The Pitney-Bowes personnel department carries
on an extensive program to keep employees in­
formed of company operations. Each employee
receives a handbook when he enters the company;
an employee magazine and a quarterly letter from
the president of the company are sent to him regu­
larly. He receives a copy of the company’s annual
report, and attends “ jobholders” meetings de­
signed to keep him informed on company policies
and programs. For the benefit of each employee,
according to Mr. Morrow, the company’s grievance
procedure permits him to carry a complaint
through various management levels as an indi­
vidual. A noncontributory retirement plan is
maintained, and the personnel department helps
employees in planning for their own retirement.
A profit-sharing plan is also in operation.
New Techniques in Personnel Administration
Representatives from three companies spoke on
the techniques which are being developed to deal
with changing problems of personnel. Mr. Claude
V. Swank, vice president of Johnson & Johnson,

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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

1303

discussed the steps being taken to restore “ middle”
management—the foremen, supervisors, and exec­
utives—to a more active supervisory status. In
many companies, he said, the middle management
group is “ so busy being trained they aren’t super­
vising the workers . . . Let’s consolidate our
gains and put this training to work.”
Industrial psychiatry, one of the newest devel­
opments in industrial medical care, was discussed
by Dr. Frederick W. Dershimer, director of psy­
chiatry in the medical division of E. I. Du Pont
de Nemours and Co. He defined mental health
as “ a state of continued natural growth in mental
productivity, as demonstrated and measured in
terms of useful performance.” Among industry’s
health-promoting mechanisms, Dr. Dershimer
cited its achievements in physical safety, its train­
ing of supervisors in human relations, its “ excel­
lent” medical services, and its acceptance of the
employee’s right to confidence on personal medical
matters which he discusses with the company
medical department.
A third new development in personnel tech­
niques—training programs—was discussed by
Chester C. Payne and Ralph G. Smith of the Dow
Chemical Co.’s education department. This
“ service” organization is maintained to develop
specific worker skills for various Dow Co. jobs.
Training programs in operation include those for
maintenance workers, power plant personnel, new
and potential plant supervisors, technical people,
laboratory assistants, and salesmen. In some de­
partments, job progression is geared to the training
program by agreement with the union. An eco­
nomic education program is now being carried to
20,000 employees in all Dow plants.
Although the company has been training cer­
tain of its employees since 1932, it has only
recently undertaken the training of production
workers. This new training program includes in­
doctrination and on-the-job training, lectures on
safety and operations, and classroom training
using mainly text materials prepared within the
company. Additional training for head operators,
crew leaders, subforemen, and certain hourly men
is provided.
Specialized training is also given for certain
types of employees. For example, college grad­
uates with technical training are given 6 to 8
special 6-week training assignments along with a
series of weekly lecture meetings. Workers in the

1304

AMA PERSONNEL CONFERENCE

power department are specially trained because of
the complicated equipment and frequent changes
in design. Assistants in the laboratory are
trained in laboratory techniques by the company.
Promotions for individuals in this latter group are
based in part on examinations administered by the
education department.
Training for new supervisors begins with a 1week induction course planned with the human
relations aspect of their jobs in mind. Monthly
meetings are held by supervisors to discuss com­
mon problems. Courses are offered to supervisors
by the company in discussion leadership and in
public speaking.
Motivation for a Fair Day’s Work

Giving workers a sense of personal worth seems
to result in higher productivity and greater job
satisfaction than does supervision based upon close
control and direct rewards and punishment, ac­
cording to Dr. Rensis Likert, director of the Insti­
tute for Social Research of the University of
Michigan. Dr. Likert, acting as chairman for
the meeting on employee motivation, took excep­
tion to the idea of motivation “to do a fair day’s
work” ; he said, rather, that a fair day’s work is a
byproduct of good human relations.
“Employee-centered” supervision—in which su­
pervisors see themselves as the employees’ repre­
sentatives, emphasize the leadership aspects of
their jobs, encourage team spirit, and treat em­
ployees as individuals rather than as cogs in a
machine—tends to be associated more often with
high production than does its contrast, “produc­
tion-centered” supervision. Studies made by the
University’s Survey Research Center in plants
employing a total of more than 50,000 workers
have borne out this finding.
Motivations currently overrated, according to
Dr. Linkert, include financial incentives in the
form of individual and group piece rates, and re­
wards in the form of employee benefits and recrea­
tional programs. Incentives, Dr. Likert said, do
not “in themselves lead to maximization of produc­
tion. Employees, when under direct pressure
from management, may restrict production by set­
ting and enforcing group standards and goals at a
low level of productivity.” Benefits and recrea­
tional programs may produce “a generally favor­
able attitude toward the company, but not neces­

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MONTHLY LABOR

sarily a higher rate of productivity.” Satisfaction
with working conditions may make the worker
happier. “Basically, the gratifications derived
from a routine job are not related to the content
of the work itself.” Moreover, motivation for
good supervision and employee relations must be­
gin at the top ; management must furnish the exam­
ple to be followed throughout the organization.
“Supervisory practices and group processes
which are, in part at least, inconsistent with cur­
rently accepted managerial philosophy” may, in
fact, encourage high productivity. Practices that
bring about high productivity may also work to
reduce absenteeism and produce high job satisfac­
tion, although in particular situations morale and
production are not necessarily related.
Greater group loyalty is characteristic of high
producing groups. These groups are proud of
their ability to turn out more work, and to produce
as usual when the supervisor is not present. In­
dividuals in the group are more willing to help each
other, and are likely to have higher production
goals. At the same time, there is usually less
feeling of pressure.
Robert E. Schwab, personnel planning super­
visor of the Detroit Edison Co., reported that em­
ployee participation in decision-making and a
training program for supervisors had improved
working effectiveness in his organization. The
utility’s program involved the following steps:
(1) The training of all supervisors, from top man­
agement down, in human relations and on “dem­
ocratic” supervision; (2) participation of all super­
visors, and on occasion employees, in the develop­
ment of company personnel policies and benefit
plans; (3) submission of results of a company-wide
attitude survey to supervisors and employees for
consideration, comments, and recommendations;
and (4) analysis of the relationship between par­
ticipation in decision-making and desirable atti­
tudes or actions on the part of supervisors and
employees.
Among supervisors trained in democratic leader­
ship, “a great many examples of the successful
application of participation to the solution of
problems in work groups resulted,” Mr. Schwab
said. These included more equitable distribution
of disagreeable jobs, improved physical arrange­
ments for offices, reduction of paper work, better
care of equipment, reduction in errors, and respon­
sibility for tools.

REVIEW, DECEMBER 1953

AMA PERSONNEL CONFERENCE

Supervisors, and occasionally employees, have
had a hand in the development of personnel poli­
cies, including those dealing with complaint pro­
cedures, safety, a hospitalization plan, transfers
and promotions, and revisions in the company
retirement plan. This participation “has resulted
in a better understanding of the problems involved,
better acceptance, and, we think, improved ad­
ministration/’ Mr. Schwab said.
Dr. Robert L. Kahn, program director for the
Survey Kesearch Center of the University of
Michigan, said that industry should lead the way
in trying new approaches in human relations
research and measuring the results. He suggested
three things: (1) Training programs to include
“learning experience” in the company. “People
must learn to live a good human relations ap­
proach.” (2) Human relations programs should
start with the head of the organization. “Top
management must provide hearty and active
support, not just lip service. It must set the
example that will be followed at successive organi­
zational levels.” (3) Human relations training
will not change the foreman unless the system of
which he is a part is reoriented, since he is tied by
expectations and personal relations to his super­
iors, his subordinates, and his colleagues.
Dynamics of Current Labor Relations

Specific items singled out for attention in the
discussion of recent labor relations were the long­
term union agreement, collective bargaining during
a downward turn of business, and the guaranteed
annual wage. David L. Cole, well-known arbi­
trator and former head of the Federal Mediation
and Conciliation Service, acted as chairman of the
meeting. Principal speakers were Campbell A.
Elliot, Director of Industrial Relations, Minneapolis-Moline Co., and John J. Dillon, New York
Regional Education Director for the United Auto­
mobile Workers, CIO, who were in opposition on
most of the points discussed.
Mr. Elliot declared that long-term agreements
(which he defined as contracts running for 2 years
or more without formal reopening provisions) have
not lived up to expectations, nor have they re­
moved the possibility of strikes. In many in­
stances, he said, employee-employer relations have
deteriorated under long-term agreements, partly
because of “the unwillingness on the part of some

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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

1305

employers to voluntarily make changes urged and,
more bluntly, demanded by some unions because
they are not satisfied with [various aspects] of the
agreement . . . I have even heard of employers
who have taken the naive position that a ‘living
document’ is a document to be lived with and
lived by and not one that, as has been suggested
by many unions, should have major surgery per­
formed on it periodically to keep it alive.”
Mr. Dillon, on the other hand, expressed the
belief that long-term collective bargaining agree­
ments are possible and practical “only to the
extent that both management and labor consider
such agreements as living documents” and work
out problems that the parties could not anticipate
at the time the agreements were negotiated. To
regard long-term contracts as legalistic, static
documents, which fail to deal with practical
problems as they arise, Mr. Dillon concluded, is to
make them unworkable and unacceptable.
In a question period following the discussion,
the “living document” concept of the long-term
contract, as advanced by the UAW-CIO, was
rejected by several of those in attendance as
incompatible with the basic theory under which
such contracts were drawn. Cost-of-living escala­
tion was also attacked because of the unwillingness
of unions or workers to accept wage cuts when
prices fall. Mr. Dillon admitted that, while wage
cuts were not liked, they might be necessary.
Another phase of the long-term contract which
came under scrutiny was the provision for pro­
ductivity increases. Two points were stressed
particularly: (1) Unions and workers in some
industries have attempted to limit output at times
when it appeared that technological developments
would cause layoffs; and (2) productivity, as
ordinarily measured, declines during depression
periods as output falls off and machines are not
used to their greatest capacity. Mr. Dillon
pointed out that productivity increase is based on
technological change and the growth of the econ­
omy and that it represents the worker’s share in
the gains brought about by improved methods and
machinery, rather than being dependent upon his
individual effort.
Contrary points of view were also expressed on
the direction collective bargaining should take in
the event of a downturn in business. Mr. Elliot
believed that purchasing power should be increased
“not by increasing production costs through wage

1306

AM A PERSONNEL CONFERENCE

increases and tlie like, but by decreasing prices,
with the decreases to be the result of (1) manage­
ment’s willingness to operate at the minimum fair
rate of return on investment and (2) labor’s
willingness to work for a fair wage and, in return
for a fair wage, to perform a fair day’s work.”
He also declared that management should “resist
adding to both direct and indirect labor costs
through collective bargaining.” However, he
added, “direct wage reductions should be the last
thing to think about . . . I recommend that first
consideration be given to correcting those intangi­
ble conditions which many times contribute more
to operating costs than those items which can be
accurately measured.”
Mr. Elliot’s “ intangibles,” as he called them, in­
cluded certain seniority, jurisdictional, piecework,
and work-sharing provisions, and restrictions on
technological changes. In addition, he indicated
that fringe benefits, such as holiday and vacation
pay, premium pay for undesirable or longer-thannormal work schedules, and group insurance plans
of some types might be the subject of close scru­
tiny during bargaining.
Mr. Dillon declared that “ American labor rejects
the defeatist attitude of the inevitability of de­
pression.” This country has the technical skill
and economic resources to provide full and con­
tinuous employment for all those able and willing
to work, he said, and we must create full employ­
ment and full production, “ making the good things
of life so necessary to satisfy the unlimited peace­
time demands of people.” To maintain full em­
ployment in the event industry fails to do so,
public works such as the building of schools,
hospitals, health centers, highways and parking
facilities, or river, seaway, and power projects,
might be undertaken.
Full production can be maintained, according to
Mr. Dillon, if the American people—worker,
farmer, and white-collar groups—are provided
with purchasing power adequate to balance pro­
ductive power. “ The way to solve the problem
is through joint planning now.”
He cited the guaranteed annual wage as the
next goal for organized labor. As he envisioned
it, it would assure 12 months of employment for
most workers and provide an additional cushion
for those thrown out of work. In addition, he be­
lieved that it would prevent plant moves, to the

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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

MONTHLY LABOR

South, for example, to escape unionization. Mr.
Dillon anticipated negotiations for the guaranteed
annual wage by the United Steelworkers (CIO) in
1954 and by the United Automobile Workers after
their 1955 convention.
Mr. Elliot declared that he did not have a good
definition for the guaranteed annual wage and
therefore was unwilling to discuss it. He did,
however, raise the question of whether it was
possible to give a wage guarantee without guar­
antees of markets and profits.
The question as to whether organic unity be­
tween the two major labor federations would have
any effect on collective bargaining procedures
brought comment from the chairman as well as
from both panel members. Mr. Cole expressed
the belief that any move narrowing union rivalries
would help bargaining. Mr. Elliot thought that
competition was healthy and that unity might be
detrimental to achieving satisfactory results in
bargaining. Mr. Dillon disagreed with this; he
said it was his opinion that union competition of
the type Mr. Elliot envisioned could only lead to
wage cutting.
On the subject of Taft-Hartley Act changes,
Mr. Elliot said that the law should be kept but
taken out of politics, while Mr. Dillon said the
law was being used to hurt unions and should be
changed, eventually at least, if not at once. The
fact that the law might be good or bad for unions,
depending upon its administration and interpre­
tation, was agreed upon.
Mr. Cole called for “ an enlightened and ra­
tional approach to the affairs of labor relations,”
and urged labor to avoid a “ defiant, chip-on-theshoulder attitude.” Industry, he said, should
“ listen to its more conciliatory and moderate
leadership and recognize that human progress is
not made in pendulumlike swings. . . . This is
not the time, if there ever is a time, for industry
to thump its chest in triumph. What could be
the reaction other than a deepening of the feeling
of hostility and discouragement the possibilities
of the conference table?”
Both labor and management representatives
agreed that joint solution of problems without
outside intervention, particularly government in­
tervention, was desirable. There is little possibil­
ity of eliminating government intervention in labor
disputes, Mr. Cole believes, but such intervention

REVIEW, DECEMBER 1953

should not be guided by partisan or political con­
siderations, and should be “ used sparingly and
never until it is clear . . . that the continuation
of a shutdown will truly impair the national health
and safety. It should never be lent to either party
for the purpose of providing a form of strategic
advantage.” He also expressed the opinion that
worker security would be a principal objective of
bargaining, rather than direct wage gains.
— T h e o d o r e W. K e e d y
Division of Wages and Industrial Relations

Earnings in
Power Laundries in Mid-1953
A v e r a g e w e e k l y e a r n i n g s (including commis­
sions) for retail routemen in power laundries
ranged from $60.50 (Dallas) to $115 (Detroit)
among the 33 areas surveyed by the Bureau of
Labor Statistics during the midmonths of 1953.1
(See table 1.) The averages were higher than a
year before in most of the 27 areas for which com­
parisons could be made, usually by amounts
ranging from $3 to $8 a week.2
In all cities surveyed, production-worker earn­
ings were also higher than in June 1952. The
largest increases, affecting all or most of the jobs
studied, were recorded for Buffalo, Cincinnati,
Houston, Louisville, Minneapolis-St. Paul, Phil­
adelphia, and St. Louis. A few decreases were
found; these were scattered among several jobs
and areas and usually averaged less than 4 per­
cent. As in the preceding year, the highest-paid
power laundry workers were found in the West
Coast cities (Portland, Los Angeles, and the San
Francisco Bay area) and in Milwaukee, Minneapolis-St. Paul, Chicago, Detroit, and New
York.
Men comprised about a third of all laundry
workers, including routemen, in the areas studied.
The proportion varied, however, by area, ranging
1The study was limited to establishments with more than 20 workers.
In the 33 areas, the number of employees of such laundries totaled about
99,000. Data were collected by personal visit of Bureau field representatives
to two-fifths of the establishments in this group, with a total of 53,000
employees.
2See Earnings in Power Laundries in June 1952, M onthly Labor Review,
November 1952 (p. 518). More detailed reports of earnings and related
practices for individual areas are available on request.


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

1307

EARNINGS—POWER LAUNDRIES

from a sixth of the plant (nonoffice) labor force
in Birmingham and Montgomery to two-fifths in
New York. Average hourly earnings for extractor
operators, the lowest-paid men’s job studied,
ranged from 65 cents in Montgomery (Ala.) to
$1.48 in the San Francisco Bay area (table 2).
Averages for this job amounted to less than 90
cents in all Southern areas studied and exceeded
$1.25 in only 3 of the 33 areas. A somewhat
higher level of earnings prevailed for stationaryboiler firemen and machine washers. Except for
a few areas, all in the South, these workers gen­
erally received 90 cents or more an hour, with
averages of $1.25 or more an hour noted for
almost half of the cities surveyed.
More than two-fifths of the women production
workers were employed as machine flatwork
1.— Retail routemen in -power laundries: Straighttime average weekly earnings,1 S3 selected areas, 1953

T able

Area

All
routemen

Routemen having sched­
uled workweek of—
5 days

5H

days

6

days

Atlanta, Ga________________________ $67.00
Baltimore, Md______ ________ ______ 75.00
Birmingham, Ala-. _ _ - ___
___ 72.50
Boston, Mass__________ ___________
75.00
Buffalo, N. Y --------------- ----------------- 1 0 1 .0 0
Chicago, 111_____________ __________ 105.00
Cincinnati, Ohio. _ __
84.50
Cleveland, Ohio____________________
92.50
Columbia, S. C __
6 8 .0 0

(2)
$78.00
(2)
69.50
78.50
(2)
84. 50
98.00

(2)
$74.00
(2)
79.50
105.00
106.50
(2)
76.50
(2)

(2)
$74. 50
72. 50
83.50
103. 50
105.00
(2)
92.50
(2)

Dallas, Tex___ _____ _ ___ ___ _ _ __ 60.50
Denver, Colo_______________________ 80.00
Detroit, Mich___ _ ________________ 115.00
Houston, Tex.. ___ _____ ____ _____
70.50
Jackson, Miss -- -- -84.00
Little Rock-North Little Rock, Ark _
70. 50
Los Angeles, Calif___________________ 89.00
Louisville, K y__________ _______ ___ 87.00

(2)
(2)
115.00
(2)
(2)

66.50
80.00
(2)
70. 50

(2)

58. 50
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
94.00
91.00

(2)
(2)
79.00
(2)
82.00
84.50

73.50
93.50
(2)
(2)
(2)
78.50

97.00
87.50
(2)
72.50
(2)

(2)
85.00
91.50
58.50

8 6 .0 0

93.00
72.00
(2)
(2)

64.50
Macon, Ga ____
Memphis, T enn___
_ _ ___ ___ __
70.00
Milwaukee, W is_____ _________ ___ 103.00
Minneapolis-St. Paul, M inn__________ 79.00
Montgomery, Ala----------------------------64.00
Newark-Jersey City, N. J . . . ________ 81.50
New York, N. Y ___ ___________ ____ 85.00
Philadelphia, Pa__ _ ___
97.00
Pittsburgh, P a_______ _____________ 86.50
Portland, Oreg __ ________ __
91.50
Providence, R. I. _______ ___ _______ 71.50
Richmond, Va............ ............................. 72.00
Roanoke, Va_______________________
84.50
St. Louis, Mo_____________________ _ 92.00
San Francisco-Oakland, Calif_________
8 8 . 50
Washington, D. C...................................... 74. 50

8 8 .0 0

1 0 1 .0 0

88.50
69.00

(?)

(2)
(2)
85.00
64.50
61.50
1 2 1 .0 0

(2)
(2)
(2)
124.00
(2)
77.50
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
84.50
(2)
85.50

2 Rounded to nearest half-dollar; excludes premium pay for overtime and
night work; includes commission earnings.
1 Insufficient data to justify presentation of an average.

1308

slightly higher in New York, Los Angeles, and
the San Francisco Bay area.

finishers or machine shirt pressers. Flatwork
finishers, numerically the larger group, averaged
less than 40 cents an hour in Macon (Ga.), Jackson (Miss.), Columbia (S. C.), and Montgomery
(Ala.), and between 40 and 55 cents in 8 other
southern areas. Workers in this job averaged
67 cents in Baltimore, 69 cents in Louisville, 72
cents in Denver, and 75 cents or more in the other
18 areas. The highest earnings found were $1.06
in Portland (Oreg.) and $1.10 in the San Francisco
Bay area.
Although the piecework method of wage pay­
ment prevails in many laundries,3 a majority of
the flatwork finishers were paid on a time basis in
all except a very few areas. A majority of the
women shirt pressers were employed on a piece­
work basis in all except 4 Southern and 2 West
Coast areas; averages for this job exceeded the
flatwork finishers’ earnings by amounts ranging
from 3 to 30 cents among the areas studied.
Earnings averaged slightly less than 50 cents an
hour in Macon and Montgomery and $1.10 or
T a b l e 2 .—

MONTHLY LABOR

EARNINGS—POWER LAUNDRIES

Related Wage Practices

The predominant workweek for retail routemen
was 5 days in 15 of the cities studied, 5){ days in
7 cities, and 6 days in 11 cities. Work schedules
of 40 hours a week or less were maintained by
laundries employing three-fourths or more of the
production workers in each of the West Coast
areas, Buffalo, Cincinnati, Cleveland, Detroit,
New York, Philadelphia, and Washington. Al­
though a 40-hour workweek was a common
practice in many other areas as well, significant
proportions of workers were also scheduled on a
longer workweek.
Paid holidays for plant workers were granted
by laundries employing a majority of the workers
in each area except Denver, Louisville, and
3
Piecework systems were not in effect for the production jobs studied
in laundries in Portland (Oreg.) and the San Francisco Bay area.

Workers in selected occupations in povjer laundries: Straight-time average earnings,1 3d selected areas, 1953
Women

Men
Area

Payroll
period
in 1953

Atlanta, Qa
____ ___________ _____
Baltimore, M d________ ____ _________
Birmingham, A la .._ ___ ______ ____
Boston, Mass_______________________
Buffalo, N. Y _______________________
Chicago, 111_________________________
Cincinnati, Ohio____________________
Cleveland, Ohio________ ____________
Columbia, S. C ______ _______________

June
August...
June
__do
__
_do__
May
June
July
April

Dallas, Tex_____________ ___________
Denver, Colo_______________
Detroit, Mich_______________________
Houston, Tex__....... .......................
Jackson, M iss.. ________ . . .
Little Bock-North Little Rock, A rk____
Los Angeles, Calif__________ I ________
Louisville, Ky _________________ . . .

Ju ly ... ..
June
__ do __
July
April
___do____
May . .
June

Macon, Oa____ _____
Memphis, Tenn_____________ _______
Milwaukee, Wis_______ _____
Minneapolis-St. Paul, M i n n ___
Montgomery, Ala __________________
Newark-Jersey City, N. J
New York, N. Y . . . . . .

April
June
July
_ do . __
April .
June. ..
__ do

Philadelphia, P a______ _ .
Pittsburgh, P a __________ _____
Portland, Oreg______________
Providence, R. I _____________
Richmond, Va_____
Roanoke, V a ....................
St. Louis, Mo___
San Francisco-Oakland, C a lif.................
Washington, D . C . . .

_ do____
__do____
__ do
__do___
,__do__
April
June
M ay___
August...

Firemen, Washers,
Extractor stationary
machine
operators
boiler

1 Excludes premium pay for overtime and nightwork.


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

$0.82
.89
.6 8

1.04
1 .2 1

1.19
.98
1.06
.72
.85
1 .0 1

1.19
.85
.78
.69
1 .2 0

.96
(2)

.70
1.30
1.13
.65

$0.84
1.25
1.59
1.33
1.35
.93

1 .0 2

(2)
1.19
1.60
0)
(2)

1 .1 1

1.18
1.57
1 .1 1

.89
.91
1.37
1.24

1 .1 0

(2)
1.36

.87
.87
1.49
1.35
.72

(2)
(2)
(2)
1.40
00

1.06

1.34
1.47

1 .1 0

1.28
1.37
1.36
1.19
1.34

1.38

1.39
1.39

1.45
1.04
.79
.81
.99
1.48
.92

1 .1 2
.8 6

00

1.18

1 .0 2

$0.92

(?)

1 .2 0

00

1.27
.93
.89

1 .1 2

2

Finishers,
flatwork, Identifiers
machine
$0. 41
.67
.43
.80

$0 .6 6

.8 6
.8 6

(2)
1.03
.94
.83
(2)

.8 8

.99
.64

.78
.75
.36

.8 6
.8 8

.50
.72

1.05
.77
.81
.62
1.15
.74
.50
.70
.99
.96
.6 8
1 .0 2

.89

1.29
1.38
1. 57

.96
.83
1.23
.78

1 .2 2
.8 6

1.04

$0.76
.77
.59
.96
.84
.97

1.42

1.05
1.16
1.57
1.05

00

Clerks,
retail
receiving

.6 6

.73
.87
1.28
.95

.47
.32
.47
.93
.69
.29
.46
.94
.92
.36
.87
.91
.78
.80
1.06
.78
.47
.54
.78
1 .1 0

.80

.6 8

.54
.87
.93
.96

.62
.89
.87
.6 8

.62
.57
(2)
(2)

$0.55

.6 6

.63
.8 8

.8 6

Markers

.76
.55
.98
.94
.51
.92

.8 8

.91
.58

.75
.83
.92
.65
.67
.57
1.09
.80
.44
.55
1 .0 1

.95
.54
1 .0 2

1 .0 2

1.03

.8 6

.92

.83
1.09
.83
.62
(2)
.80
1.29
.90

.8 8
1 .1 1

.98
.52
.55
.8 6

1.28
.83

Insufficient data to warrant presentation of an average.

Pressers,
machine, Wrappers,
bundle
shirts
$0.58
.75
.50
1.09
1.07
1.08
.87
1.05
.62

$0.44
.67
.42
.85
.91
.90
.82
.77
(2)

.63

.51
.53

.58
.77
.89
.61
.48
.51

1 .1 1

1 .0 0

.8 8

1.05
.6 6

.91
.47
.56
.98
.98
.48
1.04

.72

.43
.46
.93
.94
.41
.8 8

1 .1 0

.99

.93
.90
1.09
1.07
.69
.63
.93
1.19
.85

.84
.83
1.07
.89
.45
.53
.83
1.23
.83

REVIEW, DECEMBER 1953

1309

WAGE TRENDS IN MACHINERY

Roanoke. Newark-Jersey City laundries gener­
ally provided 7 paid holidays annually and 6
days were granted to the great majority of the
laundry workers in Buffalo, Detroit, Los Angeles,
Minneapolis-St. Paul, New York City, Philadel­
phia, Portland, St. Louis, San Francisco, and
Washington. Most workers in southern laundries
received from 3 to 5 paid holidays.
Paid vacations after a year’s service, typically
with 1 week’s pay,4 were received by a majority
of workers in all areas except Columbia and
Montgomery; in 26 of the 33 areas, three-fourths
or more of the workers were covered by such a
policy. Two-week paid vacations,5 after 5 years’
service, was the policy of laundries employing 90
percent or more of the workers in 13 areas and 60
percent in 2 areas. In the remaining areas, the
practice for 5-year workers was much less liberal.

Coverage of laundry workers under insurance
or pension plans, paid wholly or in part by the
employers, varied widely. Over half of the pro­
duction workers in laundries were covered by
life insurance in 18 cities; by sickness and acci­
dent insurance in 12 cities; by hospitalization
provisions in 15 cities; by surgical insurance in 14
cities; and by medical insurance in 12 cities.
Pension benefits exceeding those provided under
social security were available to an appreciable
degree in only 8 areas; in only 2 areas, Detroit
and New York, were they applicable to as many
as 50 percent of the production workers.

Wage Trends in
Machinery Manufacture, 1951-53

average hourly earnings for all machinery workers
was smaller during this period than for the entire
period 1945-53.2 Between January 1945 and Jan­
uary 1953 straight-time average hourly earnings
for machinery workers rose 74.4 percent or at an
annual rate of 7.2 percent. During 1951 and 1952
the annual rate of increase averaged 5.9 percent.

S t r a i g h t - t i m e h o u r l y e a r n i n g s of production
workers in machinery establishments in 29 major
centers of the industry rose an average of 12.1 per­
cent between January 1951 and January 1953, be­
cause of changes in wage rates or in incentive
earnings.1 Almost half of all machinery workers
were employed in these areas in January 1953.
Wage controls were in effect during the entire
period from late January 1951 through January
1953. The annual rate of increase in straight-time
1
The percentage increase does not reflect the effect on earnings of any
changes in the occupational composition of the machinery labor force during
this period, of shifts in employment among wage areas, or of changes in pre­
mium pay for overtime and night work. It is affected not only by general
wage changes, merit increases in pay, or changes in incentive earnings within
a plant, but also by any shifts in employment among plants within an area
and by any changes in the ratio of time and incentive workers in a job. The
methods used in constructing the indexes on which this article is based are
described in Wage Trends in Machinery Manufacturing, 1945-51, Monthly
Labor Review, January 1952 (p. 48).
s In most of the communities studied, at least three-fifths of the entire
increase in machinery earnings since 1945 occurred in the first 4 years following
World War II.

280067- 53■4

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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

—O

tto

H

ollberg

Division of Wages and Industrial Relations
4
5

Or its equivalent, 2 percent of annual earnings.
Or an equivalent 4 percent of annual earnings.

Period-to-period increase—
P ercen t
January 1945 to October 1946______________ 19.5
October 1946 to November 1947____________
9.7
November 1947 to November 1948_________
8.8
November 1948 to November 1949__________
1.5
November 1949 to January 1951____________
7.5
January 1951 to December 1951____________
5.4
December 1951 to January 1953____________
6.4
Annual rate of increase—
January 1945 to January 1953______________
7.2
January 1951 to January 1953______________
5.9

The increase in earnings during 1951 and 1952
was divided almost evenly between the two
years. Between December 1951 and January 1953
straight-time earnings advanced an average of 6.4
percent and in the preceding 11 months, the aver­
age gain was 5.4 percent (see table).

1310

WAGE TRENDS IN MACHINERY

Changes by City
The extent to which average hourly earnings of
machinery workers rose varied considerably from
one area to another—from 7.2 percent in Pitts­
burgh to 16.4 percent in Buffalo—over the January
1951 to January 1953 period. The differences
were due, in part, to time lags in the effective date
of wage increases. Although Pittsburgh showed
the smallest change in the 2-year period, it had the
largest increase in the immediately preceding
year—13.3 percent. This reflected the basic steel
settlement of December 1, 1950. On the other
hand, Buffalo, with the highest gain (16.4 percent)
in the 1951-53 period, showed an increase close to
the average for all cities in 1950. Over the 3year period November 1949 to January 1953,
straight-time earnings rose 25 percent in Buffalo
and 21 percent in Pittsburgh.
Over the entire period, increases in straighttime average hourly earnings varied from about

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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

MONTHLY LABOR

55 percent in Seattle to about 90 percent in Mil­
waukee. The other two West Coast areas, like
Seattle, showed lower-than-average increases,
partly because of the relatively high level of
earnings in 1945 in these areas and the consequent
smaller percentage changes resulting from a given
cents increase.
By January 1953, Milwaukee ranked as one
of the highest-wage areas studied. In that city,
the greatest change (in terms of both cents and
percent) occurred immediately following World
War II when earnings increased more percentage­
wise than in any city except Syracuse. Since
then, the pattern of increase for Milwaukee has
followed the overall average change for all areas
combined.
The increases in earnings in 1952 as compared
with 1951 differed more in individual cities than
in all cities combined. Only in Providence were
gains the same in both years (4.3 percent); the
difference in St. Louis, Cleveland, Minneapolis,
and Houston was small. The greatest disparity
was evident in both San Francisco and Seattle
where wages advanced 9.5 and 11.4 percent,
respectively, in the first year compared to 3.0
and 3.9 percent in the second. In these two
cities, most of the increases in rates between
December 1951 and January 1953 resulted from
automatic cost-of-living raises, but in 1951,
there were general wage increases in addition
to such cost-of-living adjustments. In these
West Coast cities, bargaining for metal trades
workers in a given area is conducted on essen­
tially an industrywide basis, and incentive sys­
tems of payment are rare. Consequently, the
effect of a wage adjustment is evident at a specific
point of time, rather than being spread over a
longer period as in areas where companies bar­
gain individually; wages in these West Coast
areas are also unaffected by fluctuations character­
istic of piecework production.
Occupational Differences
A common practice in the immediate post­
war years was to grant uniform cents-per-hour
general wage increases to all workers, regardless
of skill level, which resulted in higher percentage
increases for the unskilled than for the skilled
workers. For example, hourly wages for hand
truckers (laborers, material handling) rose by 89

*

REVIEW, DECEMBER 1953

UNION SCALES—BUILDING TRADES

Indexes of straight-time average hourly earnings in machinery
manufacture, selected cities and occupations, January
1951-January 1953, and percent increases, January 1945January 1953
Indexes (1947-49=100)
Item
Jan.
19511

All cities combined

1 1 1 .6

117.6

125.1

74.4

7.5

5.4

6.4

Baltimore__________
Boston__ _________
Buffalo____________
Chicago____ _______
C in cin n ati_________
Cleveland__________
Dallas______ ______
Denver_____ __ __
Detroit____ _ _
H artford.-. . _____
Houston________ . . .
Indianapolis________
Los Angeles________
Milwaukee____ _ _
Minneapolis-St. Paul.
Newark-Jersey C ity ...
New York City_____
Philadelphia________
Pittsburgh_________
Providence___ ..
St. Louis__ . _____
San F ra n cisco ...___
Seattle_________
Syracuse_____ _____
T u lsa ..____ _______

109.0
111.4

1 1 1 .8

119.1
122.5
128.2
125.7
123.8
121.7
122.3
131.5
123.3
125.8

64.7
76.0
69.0
80.0
76.1

6 .6

2.3
3.6
6.5
4.0

9.4
7.1

2 .1

8 .1

C i ty

112.9
1 1 2 .1
1 1 0 .0
1 1 2 .1

115.4
117.2
117.4
114.5
115.6
115.6
119.1
117.6
116.2
115.9
113.9
115. 6
120.5
117.9
117.8
116.0
117.8
118.8
117.9
116.3
116.3
115.4

6 6 .6

4.3
7.4
9.7
8.5
7.8
7.0
6.5
7.6
8.4
6.3
6.3
7.4

5.1
3.1
5.4

6 .6
6 .2

5.2
5.8
10.4
4.8

124.7
124.6
129.1
126.0
124.6
123.2
128.8
125.7
123.0
123.8
119.8
119.8

58.0
80.9
58.6
76.0
65.3
76.1
62.0
90.3
75.8
69.5
74.2
80.7
80.8
67.6
83.0
56.7
54.9

118.7

125.3

60.8

.8
2 .8
1 1 .1

109.1

115.8

122.7

64.2

5.4

6 .1

6 .0

108.9
113.5

114.5

121.4
129.8

61.4
89.4

5.3
7.9

5.1
6.7

6 .1

1 2 1 .1

113.1
110.7
1 1 0 .8

110.7
108.8
110.4

111.0

1 1 1 .2
1 1 0 .2

114.3
111.9
117.2
113.0
109.1
106.3
103.6
105.2
116.0

1 2 2 .2

111.0

8 .2

5.0
4.8
6 .8

5.7
13.3
9.3
5.4
3.4

6 .2

4.9
4.8
4.7
4.7
8.5

8 .2

5.5
9.5
7.8
7.1

6 .1

6 .8

6.9
1.4
5.3
1.3
4.3

5.7

6 .6

9.5
11.4
5.6
2.4

6 .2

9.3
5.8
4.3
6.5
3.0
3.9
5.5

O c c u p a tio n

M a c h i n i s t s , p ro duction__________
Tool and die makers
(other than in jobbing shops)_______
Truckers, hand_____

for some cities December 1950, February or March 1951 rather than
January 1951.
2 Data for some cities September, October or November rather than De­
cember 1951.
3 Latest data for some cities October, November, or December 1952, or
February 1953 rather than January 1953.
4 Includes data for 3 cities not shown separately.

percent from January 1945 to January 1953,
while those for tool and die makers and produc­
tion machinists advanced 61 and 64 percent,
respectively.
More recently, a tendency has been noted to
grant progressively larger cents-per-hour increases
to workers with higher skills. The differential in
straight-time earnings between hand truckers
and the two more highly skilled occupations
increased by about 4 cents from 1951 to 1953.
Although greater cents-per-hour increases oc­
curred for the higher paid jobs, the percentage
rise in their pay was lower than for hand truckers.
Tool and die makers had an increase of 11.5
percent and production machinists, 12.5 percent,
compared with 14.4 percent for hand truckers.
— R uth

W.

H o u r l y w ag e r a t e s of building-trades workers
in cities with populations of 100,000 or more ad­
vanced an average of 5.2 percent, or 13 cents, dur­
ing the year ending July 1, 1953, according to the
Bureau of Labor Statistics forty-seventh annual
survey of union scales in the building trades.1
Average scales on July 1, 1953, were $2.69 for all
construction-trades workers, $2.88 for journey­
men, and $1.95 for helpers and laborers.2
Five-sixths of the workers included in the study
had their scales increased during the 12-month
period. Increases typically varied from 5 to 20
cents an hour; a third of the workers benefiting
from scale revisions received upward adjustments
of 10 to 15 cents an hour.
Standard weekly hours showed practically no
change during the year, averaging 39.4 hours for
all building-trades workers. A 5-day, 40-hour
workweek—the most common straight-time work
schedule—applied to seven-eighths of the workers
studied.

7.2

1 Data

B enny

Division of Wages and Industrial Relations

https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

Union Wage Scales in the
Building Trades, 1953

Percent increases from—

Jan. Nov. Jan.
Dec.
Dec. Jan. 1945 to 1949 to 1951 to 1951 to
19512 19533 Jan.
Jan.
Dec. Jan.
1953
1951
1951
1953

1 1 0 .1

1311

1 Union scales are defined as the minimum wage scales or maximum sched­
ules of hours agreed upon through collective bargaining between trade unions
and employers. Rates in excess of the negotiated minimum, which may be
paid for special qualifications or other reasons, are not included.
The information presented in this report was based on union scales in effect
on July 1, 1953, and covered approximately 685,000 journeymen and 170,000
helpers and laborers in 52 cities with populations of 100,000 or more. Data
were obtained primarily from local union officials by mail questionnaire; in
some instances, Bureau representatives visited local union officials to obtain
the desired information.
Mimeographed listings of union scales are available for any of the 52 cities
included in the survey. A forthcoming bulletin will contain more detailed
information on the industry.
The current survey differs in several important respects from previous
annual surveys of wage scales in the building construction industry. First,
the limited funds available for wage surveys necessitated a reduction from 77
to 52 in the number of cities to be covered. The current survey was designed
to represent union wage scales in all cities of 100,000 or more population. All
cities with a half million or more population were included, but some cities
in the population groups of 250,000 to 500,000 and 100,000 to 250,000 were
omitted. Second, weights were assigned to some of the localities surveyed
in order to compensate for those which were not surveyed. This procedure
differs from that in earlier surveys which covered 77 areas, and in which aver­
ages for the smaller-sized cities were not necessarily representative of average
scales prevailing in that population group. Because a greater proportion of
larger cities than of smaller cities was included with equal weight in past sur­
veys, the data were disproportionately influenced by the large cities, which
typically have the higher wage scales. This upward bias is removed in the
current survey through a revised procedure which gives greater weight to the
smaller cities studied. In order to provide appropriate representation in the
combination of data, each geographic region and population group was con­
sidered separately when city weights were assigned.
2 Average hourly scales, designed to show current levels, are based on all
scales reported in effect on July 1, 1953, weighted by the number of union
members receiving that rate. These averages are not designed for close yearto-year comparisons because of fluctuations in membership and in classifica­
tions studied.

UNION SCALES—BUILDING TRADES

1312
Trend of Union Wage Scales

The increase of 5.2 percent in union scales for
building-trades workers in the year following
July 1, 1952, advanced the Bureau’s index of
union hourly rates to 131.6 (table 1). Reflected
in this increase were gains of 4.9 percent for jour­
neymen and 6.9 percent for helpers and laborers.3
The advance registered during the year was slight­
ly less than the gain achieved in each of the two
preceding 12-month periods. In each of the latter
periods, increases for both journeymen and helpers
and laborers averaged between 6 and 7 percent.
T

1.— Indexes of union scales of hourly wages and
weekly hours in the building trades, selected years 190758

able

[Average 1947-49=100]

Minimum hourly wage
rates
Date

Journey­ Helpers
All
and la­
men
trades
borers

Maximum weekly hours
Journey­ Helpers
All
and la­
men
trades
borers

1907: May
1913: May
1918: May
1919: M ay
1920: M ay
1 9 2 1 : May

15____
15____
15____
15____
15____
15____

18.2
22.5
28.2
32.3
43.6
44.4

19.0
23.5
29.3
33.4
44.7
45.6

14.5
16.9
22.7
26.2
38.1
38.4

124.1
118.0
116.1
115.5
115.0
114.9

116.8
115.0
114.6
114.1
114.0

1 9 2 2 : M ay
1926: M ay
1931: May
1933: May
1939: June
1940: June

15____
15____
15____
15____
1_____
1____

41.7
55.0
60.6
50.3
62.3
63.3

42.9
56.6
62.4
51.9
63.8
64.7

35.0
45.2
49.4
40.3
53.2
54.3

114.9
114.8
108.4
106.1
99.9
99.8

114.1
114.0
107.4
105.1
99.0
99.0

1941: June 1... - .
1942: July 1_____
1943: July 1__ _
1944: July 1_____
1945: July 1_____
1946: July 1_____

65.6
69.7
70.2
70.8
72.2
80.5

67.0
70.8
71.2
71.7
73.0
80.9

56.9
62.5
63.3
64.0
67.0
77.9

1 0 0 .2
1 0 1 .0

99.5

1947: July
1948: July
1949: July
1950: July
1951: July
1952: July
1953: July

92.1

92.3
101.7
106.0
110.5
117.4
124.6
130.7

91.1

1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .1
1 0 0 .2
1 0 0 .1
1 0 0 .1
1 0 0 .1

11_____
1_._
1_____
1_____
1_____
1_____

1 0 1 .8

106.1
110.7
117.8
125.1
131.6

1 0 2 .6

106.4
1 1 2 .2

119.9
127.7
136.5

100.9
1 0 1 .1
1 0 1 .1
1 0 0 .1

1 2 2 .6

1 0 0 .8
1 0 1 .0
1 0 1 .2
1 0 1 .2
1 0 0 .1

99.9
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .1
1 0 0 .2
1 0 0 .1
1 0 0 .1
1 0 0 .1

129.6
121.5
119.5
118.4
117.6
117.6
117.3
117.0
1 1 1 .1

108.1
102.7
1 0 2 .1

102.4
101.5
1 0 0 .8
1 0 0 .8
1 0 0 .8
1 0 0 .1
1 0 0 .1
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .0

99.9

1 0 0 .1
1 0 0 .1

Scale changes in the building industry resulted
primarily from contract negotiations. Relatively
few contracts covering building-trades workers
contain escalator clauses which link changes in
rates to the movement of consumer prices. Al­
though individual contracts may be negotiated and
become effective at various times throughout the
year, there is a general tendency for contracts to
be negotiated in the spring and early summer
months. Largely as a result of such labor-manage­
ment agreements, scales for journeymen advanced
13 cents an hour between July 1, 1952, and July


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

MONTHLY LABOR

1, 1953, compared with 16 cents in the previous 12
months; scale increases for helpers and laborers
were 13 cents compared with 11 cents.
Among individual journeymen trades, average
hourly increases varied from 5 cents for stone­
masons to 21 cents for machinists. Gains of 12
to 16 cents an hour were registered by 15 of the 24
journeymen trades studied. Bricklayers and
plumbers were the only crafts other than stone­
masons to show an average increase of less
than 12 cents; asbestos workers and marble
setters had hourly advances of 20 and 19 cents,
respectively.
Scale increases for the 9 helper and laborer
classifications included in the study averaged
from 9 to 14 cents an hour. Elevator constructors’
and terrazzo workers’ helpers showed the greatest
gain and composition roofers’ helpers, the smallest.
Workers benefiting from scale changes between
July 1, 1952, and July 1, 1953, typically had up­
ward adjustments of 5 to 20 cents an hour; such
adjustments prevailed for nearly three-fourths of
these workers. Of the journeymen whose wage
scales were adjusted, 1 of every 3 gained from 10
to 15 cents an hour and 1 of every 4, from 15 to 20
cents. Of the helpers and laborers affected by
scale advances, 1 of every 4 received from 5 to 10
cents an hour and 1 of every 3, from 10 to 15 cents.
Hourly Wage Scales

Wage scales in building construction are de­
signed, at least in part, to offset irregularity of
employment and to compensate for other condi­
tions that are usually not encountered by indus­
trial workers of comparable skill. Hence, hourly
wage scales of construction-trades workers are
generally somewhat higher than those in other
industries.
Union scales for all journeymen construction
workers averaged $2.88 an hour on July 1, 1953,
and ranged from $1.65 to $3.75. Labor-manage­
ment contracts stipulated hourly scales of $2.50
to $3 for approximately half of the journeymen
3
Average cents-per-hour and percent changes from July 1, 1952, to July 1,
1953, are based on comparable quotations for the various occupational classi­
fications in both periods weighted by the membership reported for the current
survey.
The reduction in the number of cities covered and the change in the method
of computation had only a minor effect on the amount of change between two
conscutive periods, and virtually no effect on the index series.

REVIEW, DECEMBER 1953

studied and $3 to $3.20 for about a fourth.
Negotiated rates of at least $3.20 were reported
for some workers in all but 2 of the 24 building
trades studied. Hourly scales under $2 were
applicable to small proportions of workers in six
trades.
By trade, average journeymen scales ranged
from $2.57 an hour for glaziers to $3.28 for brick­
layers. Other trades averaging $3 or more in­
cluded electricians and elevator constructors ($3
each), lathers ($3.14), stonemasons ($3.19), and
plasterers ($3.21).
Although hourly rates for individual helpers and
laborers ranged from 90 cents to $3.12, nearly 3
of every 5 had scales of $1.80 to $2.30 an hour.
Wage scales for helpers and laborers averaged
$1.95 on July 1, 1953, and varied from $1.81 for
composition roofers’ helpers to $2.27 for terrazzo
workers’ helpers. Except for building laborers,
all other classifications had scale levels of $1.97
or more.
City and Regional Variations

Because collective bargaining in the building
construction industry is generally conducted on a
locality basis, wage scales have always varied
considerably among cities, except where union
j urisdiction covers broad geographic areas. Varia­
tions in local building activities and in the demand
for skilled construction workers may also influence
local wage rates. The extent of unionization and
the general level of wages in a locality may also
affect the level of scales in the building trades.
For individual journeymen crafts, rates varied
widely among the cities covered in the survey.
Carpenters, for example, had scales on July 1,
1953, ranging from $2.05 in Charlotte and Rich­
mond to $3.40 in Newark.
Some construction workers in each of the sur­
veyed cities benefited from scale adjustments
during the 12-month period. In about half of the
cities, average increases varied from 9 to 15 cents
an hour for journeymen and from 7 to 16 cents
for helpers and laborers.
Union scales for the 24 journeymen trades
showed considerable variation within individual
cities. The differential and range of rates for
journeymen in 6 typical cities are as follows:


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

1313

UNION SCALES—BUILDING TRADES

D if fe r e n c e s in —
C e n ts p e r
hour

S c a le r a n g e

A tla n ta __
B o s t o n .____
Chicago. ________
Dallas_________ __
New Y o r k ____ __ _
San Francisco-O ak­
land _ _ _ _ _

P ercen t

77

$1.75 -$3.10
2.42%- 3.12%
2.85 - 3.57%
2.15 - 3.50
2.83 - 3.65

135
70
72%
135
82

29
25
63
29

2.55 - 3.54

99

39

The difference between the high and low scales
of the 9 helper and laborer classifications (repre­
senting a fifth of the workers in the industry) was
smaller than that for journeymen in the above
cities with the exception of New York and San
Francisco-Oakland, where the differentials were
95 cents and $1.12, respectively. In the other 4
typical cities, the differences varied from 23 cents
in Boston to 73 cents in Atlanta.
Wage levels of construction-trades workers var­
ied widely among the cities surveyed. Average
scales for journeymen ranged from $2.31 in
Charlotte, N. C., to $3.36 in Newark, N. J. About
four-fifths of the cities had levels between $2.50
and $3. Scale levels for helpers and laborers
varied from $1 in Jacksonville, Fla., to $2.56 in
Newark, N. J. In 2 of every 3 cities, the level
was $1.80 or higher.
When the cities are grouped according to popu­
lation, levels of hourly scales for journeymen and
for helpers and laborers were highest in the group
of largest cities and descended in accordance with
population size. The difference between scale
levels of journeymen and of helpers and laborers,
by city-size group, varied from 86 to 92 cents.
Hourly wage levels for both major classifications
of construction workers in each city-size grouping
on July 1, 1953, were as follows:
Cities with population of—
1,000,000 and over____________
500.000 to 1,000,000___________
250.000 to 500,000______ ______
100.000 to 250,000____________

Jou rneym en

H e lp e r s
and
la b o r e r s

$3. 07
2. 88
2.80
2. 65

$2. 21
2. 00
1.89
1. 73

Within each population group, however, city
averages for journeymen and for helpers and
laborers varied considerably, the spread being
wider for helpers and laborers than for journey­
men. The greatest differences between the high­
est and lowest levels were in cities having popu-

WAGES IN CONVERTED PAPER PRODUCTS

1314

lations of 250,000 to 500,000—84 cents for
journeymen and $1.34 for helpers and laborers.
Regionally, average hourly scales of unionized
building-trades workers in cities of 100,000 or
more population were highest in the Middle
Atlantic States ($2.91) and lowest in the South­
east ($2.17). The regional levels for the Middle
West and the Pacific Coast nearly equaled the
national level of $2.69 and were exceeded only
by those of the Middle Atlantic and Great Lakes
regions (table 2).
The wage levels for journeymen varied from
$2.49 in the Southeast to $3.16 in the Middle
Atlantic region. Roofers and glaziers in the
Southeast were the only journeymen trades to
average below $2.20 an hour.
Hourly rates for helpers and laborers averaged
highest ($2.17) in the Great Lakes and lowest
($1.28) in the Southeast. The national average
of $1.95 was also exceeded by the levels for the
Middle Atlantic, Middle West, and Pacific
regions. Averages of $2 or more were reported
for all 9 helper and laborer classifications on the
Pacific Coast and for all but 1 in the Middle
Atlantic and Great Lakes regions.
Standard Workweek
Straight-time weekly hours remained virtually
unchanged during the year ending July 1, 1953.
For all building-trades workers, weekly hours
averaged 39.4 compared with 39.3 in the 3 pre­
vious years.
T a ble 2. — Average union scales in the building trades,

by region/ July 1, 1953
All trades

Journey­
men

_ ____________

$2. 69

$2 .8 8

New England
___ __________ Middle Atlantic ____ _________ Border States
__ ____ _
-Southeast,
_______ __________
Great, Rakes _ ____________ ___Middle West
____ ___ ___ - -Southwest
_______ - -- -Mountain
__ _ _ ___
Pacific
________ _

2. 48
2.91
2.50
2.17
2.83
2.67
2.33
2. 37
2 . 68

2. 70
3.16
2.76
2. 49
2.97
2.83
2 . 62
2 . 62
2. 77

Region

XJnitp.il States

Helpers
and
laborers
$1.95
1 .8 8

2.14
1 .6 6

1.28
2.17
1.99
1.38
1.92
2.15

i The regions referred to in this study include: N ew England— Connec­
ticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, and Vermont;
M iddle A tlantic—N e w Jersey, New York, and Pennsylvania; Border States—
Delaware, District of Columbia, Kentucky, Maryland, Virginia, and West
Virginia; Southeast—Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Mississippi, North Caro­
lina, South Carolina, and Tennessee; Great Lakes—Illinois, Indiana, Michi­
gan, Minnesota, Ohio, and Wisconsin ; M iddle W est—Iowa, Kansas,
Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, and South Dakota; Southwest—
Arkansas, Louisiana, Oklahoma, and Texas; M oun tain —Arizona, Colo­
rado, Idaho, Montana, New Mexico, Utah, and Wyoming; Pacific—
California, Nevada, Oregon, and Washington.


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

MONTHLY LABOR

A 5-day, 40-hour workweek was applicable to
five-sixths of the journeymen and to nine-tenths
of the helpers and laborers. About 1 of every 8
journeymen and 1 of every 12 helpers and laborers
were employed under contracts stipulating a
35-hour workweek. Such schedules were more
common for bricklayers, lathers, painters, and
bricklayers’ tenders than for other crafts.
Straight-time weekly work schedules of 30 hours
prevailed for nearly a fifth of the plasterers and
about a tenth of the plasterers’ laborers.
— J o h n F. L a c isk e y
D ivision of Wages and Industrial Relations

Wages in Converted Paper
Products in April 1953
S t r a ig h t - tim e h o u r l y e a r n in g s averaged $1.38
in April 1953 for production workers engaged in
the manufacture of paper products from purchased
paper, according to a survey made by the Bureau
of Labor Statistics.1 Men in the industry aver­
aged $1.51 and women, $1.16. Women com­
prised about 40 percent of the labor force in the
industry as a whole.
The industry as studied by the Bureau is com­
prised of establishments making a great variety
of paper products 2 requiring many levels of skill.
Because of the diversified nature of the industry,
there was no great concentration of workers at
any wage level. A considerable number of
workers were reported in each 5-cent interval
between 95 cents and $1.55 an hour. However,
27.5 percent of the workers were above and 9.5
percent below this range (table 1). No single
5-cent interval accounted for more than 6.5 per­
cent of the total number of workers. About a
fourth of all production workers were paid on an
incentive basis, which also contributed to the wide
spread in earnings.
Converted paper product departments of paper
mills were excluded from the study. The 1947
1 The survey was limited to establishments employing 21 or more workers.
The earnings data exclude premium pay for overtime and late-shift work.
2 These products include bags, coated and glazed paper, envelopes, paperboard containers and boxes, pulp goods, and wallpaper.

REVIEW, DECEMBER 1953

WAGES IN CONVERTED PAPER PRODUCTS

Census of Manufactures indicates that 44 percent
of the total volume was produced in such depart­
ments. Previous Bureau studies show that the
workers employed in them, depending upon
product and region, receive, on the average,
higher pay in greater or less degree than those
represented by this survey. A high proportion
(42 percent) of paperboard container and box
production was also manufactured in paper mills.
Such integrated operations are rarer in set-up box
production where only 3 percent was produced in
paper mills. These proportions would probably
be smaller if numbers of workers rather than
quantities of materials consumed were used for
computation.
The industry as studied was largely located in
the Great Lakes and Middle Atlantic regions,
with each region having about 30 percent of the
production-worker employment. New England
and the South each accounted for approximately
15 percent of the total employment; the Middle
West and Far West regions each had less than 5
percent.
T

able

1315

Product Differentials
Workers engaged in making paperboard con­
tainers and boxes were slightly lower paid, on the
average, than those employed in plants making
other products from purchased paper. Hourly
earnings in the container and box group averaged
$1.36, but varied considerably for the different
types of containers. Set-up box plants, which
employed more women than men, averaged $1.19
(table 2). Plants making corrugated and fiberboard boxes had the highest earnings level, $1.48,
and employed the largest proportion of men.
Variations in the average hourly earnings in the
several segments of the paperboard container and
box industry reflected the sex and the skill compo­
sition of the labor force. In general, the higher
the proportion of men, the higher the average
earnings. By sex, average rates were comparable
in all branches, except the set-up box group, in
which there are generally more hand operations
and wage rates are typically lower. Excluding
the set-up box division, earnings of men in each

1.— Converted paper products industry: Percent dishibution of production workers by straight-time hourly earnings,1
region, and sex, April 1953
United States

Average hourly earnings
(in cents)

All
workers

TTnrìpr 7R
75 and under 80.
- 80 and under 85.
85 and under 90. . ___
90 and under 95__________
95 and under 100_________
100 and under 105 . . . . .
105 and under 110
.
110 and under 115.. . . . . .
115 and under 1 2 0 ._____ _
120 and under 125_____ _ .
125 and under 130___ ____
130 and under 135_________
135 and under 140. - - - --140 and under 145____ ____
145 and under 150______
150 and under 155_________
155 and under 160.
..
160 and under 165. ___
165 and under 170 . . . _ . . .
170 and under 175_________
175 and under 180_
180 and under 1 8 5 .___ . . .
185 and under 190. . - ___
190 and under 195. . _____
195 and under 200. _____ .
200 and over____________

(3)
1.3
1.7
2.9
3.6
4.0
4. 1
4.6
5.1
5.9
6.4
6. 4
6.5
6 .2

5.4
4. 2
4.2
3.5
3.0
2.7
2.7
2.4

Men

0.4
.6
1.4
2 .0

1. 7
2.4
2.4
3.3
3.6
5.0
5.0
6 .0
6 .8
6 .6

All
Women workers
(3)

1 .1

2 .8

3.5
5.3
6. 1
7.5

2.4
4.4
53
5.0
5.1
5.2
6.4
5.2
7.3
6. 2
7. 1
6.4
6.3
4.0
3.1
3.0
3. 1
2. 1

6 .8
8. 2

7.9
9. 7
8 .6

8.5
7.0
5. 1
3.4
2.3

Men

0.5
.5
1 .6

4.6
1.5
3.0
3.1
4.8
4. 1
7. 1
5.6
7.8
8.4
8.9
5.3
4.2
4.2
4.6
3.0
3. 1
2. 7

South

Middle Atlantic

New England

2

All
Women workers

2.3
5.8
9.4
6 .6

11. 3
8. 7
8 .8

9.1
7. 1
7.6
7.2
5.8
3.1
2 .0
1 .8
1 .1
.8

(3)
1.3
1.4
2.3
3.0
3.7
4.5
5.0
6 .0

7.3
7.0
6.5
5.9
6 .2

5.5
4.8
4.6
3.5

Men

All
Women workers
0 .1

0 .2
.2

.9
.9
.5
1 .8

2.5
3.7
4.7
6.5
6.9
6.5
6.4
7.1
6. 2
6.5
5. 2
4.3
3.5
3.1

2.9
3.1
4.4
6 .0

8.4
8 .6
8 .6

9.4
10.9
7.8
6. 1
5.1
5.8
3.2
2.7

Men

3.8
3.6
5. 2
7.6
8.3

1.7
2. 5
5. 0
6 .0

7.5
6. 2
3. 5
4. 5
6. 4
5. 8
5.3

6 .0
6 .1
4. 6
6 .1
6. 7

7.6
6.3
4.9
2.9
3. 5
2. 4
2.5

6 .6

6.3
3.8
4.9
3. 5
3.5

Great Lakes
All
Women workers
8.3

5. 9
5. 5
1 1 .0

9.8
5. 6

11. 3
4. 6
5. 5
8. 7
12.5
5. 9
2 .1
1. 1
.6
.2

(3)
0.7
.9
2. 4
2. 2
2 .1

2. 7
3.3
3. 5
5. 5

4. 9
5. 7
7.1
6 .6
6. 3
4.1
5. 2
3.8
3.3
3.4
3. 6
3. 6
2.7
2.9
2. 2
1. 9
9. 4

Men

Women
(3)
1 .6
2 .2
6 .0

0 .1
.1

(3)

5. 3
4. 6
5.2
6. 2
6.7

.1

.3
1 .1

1. 3
1. 5
1. 5
2. 6
3. 7

1 1 .6

8.4
8.7
9. 1
4. 6
4.9
2.4
1.9
1. 5
1.4

6 .0

7.8
7.3
5. 3
7. 4
5. 4
4. 5
4. 4
4. 7
5. 0
4.1
4. 2
3. 5
3.1
15. 0

1.3
6.3

5.4
5.8
5.0
4.3
3.8
3.8
3.5
3.3
2.9
2.5
2. 1
10.4

.2

3.4

5.3

1.7

2. 5

1 0 0 .0

1 0 0 .0

1 0 0 .0

1 0 0 .0

1 0 0 .0

1 0 0 .0

1 0 0 .0

1 0 0 .0

1 0 0 .0

1 0 0 .0

1 0 0 .0

1 0 0 .0

1 0 0 .0

1 0 0 .0

1 0 0 .0

Number of workers_______ 186, 268 114, 279
Average hourly earnings___ $1.38
$1. 51

71, 989
$1.16

25,350
$1. 30

16,194
$1. 41

9,156
$1 .1 0

58, 321
$1. 36

34, 686
$1. 51

23,635
$1.15

27,463
$1 .2 1

18, 538
$1 . 28

8,925
$1.07

58,113
$1. 47

34,925
$1.64

23,188
$1. 22

Total_____ _______

1 Excludes

2 .1

1.9
1 .6

1 .8
1 .1

.7

1 .0

.9

2 .1
1 .8

.6

1.3

.3
.4

1. 1
1 .0
.6

.2
.1

premium pay for overtime and nightwork.


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

2 .0

1.7
1 .6
.8

.3
.4
.4

2.4
2. 1

,2
.1
.1

1 .6
2 .1
2 .0

(3)
(3)
(3)

2 Includes

2 .8

2 .6

3.3
3. 1

2 .0
1 .1
.6
.8
.6

.3
.2

1 .1
6 .1

1.7
9.7

.3
.3
.2
.5

1.3

2 .0

2 .0
1 .8
1 .6
1 .1
.8
.8
1 .1
1.0

2 .8

2. 5
2.3
1. 5
1. 2
1. 1
1 .6
1. 5

data for regions not shown separately.

.4
.3
.3
.2
(3)
.1
(3)
.1
(3)

1 .8
2 .0
1. 5
. 5

.9
.3
.2
.5

s Less than 0.05 percent.

MONTHLY LABOR

WAGES IN CONVERTED PAPER PRODUCTS

1316

Nationwide wage-level relationships in the
industry were also found to prevail regionally.
Average earnings in container and box plants in
each region were slightly lower than those in other
branches of the industry; among containers and
boxes, the set-up box plants recorded the lowest
averages. The ratio of women’s to men’s pay in
the several regions was found, in general, to be
similar to that previously noted.
The average plant included in the survey em­
ployed about 125 workers. Earnings in the larger
establishments (over 250 workers) averaged about

branch averaged about $1.50; earnings of women
varied more, ranging from $1.18 to $1.27 (table 2).
Earnings in set-up plants averaged $1.37 for men
and $1.09 for women. As a rule, the average for
women in each branch of the paperboard con­
tainer and box industry was about 75 to 80 percent
of the men’s average in the same branch.
Regional and Plant-Size Differences

In the two leading regions 3—the Great Lakes
and Middle Atlantic—earnings for all workers
averaged $1.47 and $1.36, respectively, in all types
of converted paper products establishments com­
bined (table 1). These two regions were equally
important in terms of employment in each branch
of the industry. In the Great Lakes region, where
almost 23 percent of the workers earned $1.75 or
more, a markedly higher proportion of workers
were at the upper end of the earnings distribution
than in the Middle Atlantic area. Earnings in the
South averaged $1.21 and in New England, $1.30.4

s The regions used in this study include: N e w E n g l a n d — Connecticut,
Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, and Vermont,
M i d d l e A t l a n t i c —New Jersey, New York, and Pennsylvania; S o u th —Ala­
bama, Arkansas, Delaware, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, M ary­
land, Mississippi, N orth Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee,
Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; G r e a t L a k e s —Illinois, Indiana, Michigan,
Minnesota, Ohio, and Wisconsin; M i d d l e W e s t — Iowa, Kansas, Missouri,
Nebraska, North Dakota, and South Dakota; F a r W e s t —Arizona, California,
Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washing­
ton, and Wyoming.
4
Data for the Middle West and Far West regions were not adequate to
justify presentation of specific information. Wage rates reported for the
Middle West were about comparable with the Middle Atlantic region.
Average earnings for the Far West were higher than in any other region.

T a ble 2. —Paperboard container and box establishments: Percent distribution of production workers by straight-time hourly

earnings,1 industry branch, and sex, April 1958
Corrugated and fiberboard
boxes

Set-up boxes

Folding paper boxes

Other boxes, fiber cans,
tubes, drums, and similar
products.

Average hourly earnings (in cents)
All
workers

Men

All
Women workers
0 .1

75 and lindftr 80
80 and under 85
85 and under 90________ --- --------------90 and under 95_______________________
95 and under 100_____ ______________
100 and under 105_____________________
105 and under 110------------ -----------------110 and under 115_____________________
115 and under 120-------------------------------120 and under 125_____________________
125 and under 130----- ------------------------130 and under 135_____________________
135 and under 140----- -------------------------140 and under 145___ _________________
145 and under 150________ ________ --150 and under 155_____________________
155 and under 160____________________
160 and under 165_____________________
165 and under 170_____________________
170 and under 175_____________________
175 and under 180----- --------------------------180 and under 185........... ........ .....................
185 and under 190_____________________
190 and under 195
_ ______________
195 and under 200_____________________
200 and over---------- ----------------------------

Total_________________________
N umber of workers___________________
Average hourly earnings--------- --------------

0.7
.7
2.3
2.5
1.4
3.0
2.3

1 .1

1.3
3.1
2 .8

3.2
3.5
4.3
3.8
3.4
6.4
5.5
7.5
4.7
7.5
4.4
4.7
5.3
3.4
3.2
3.8
2.3
2.5

2 .8

2.5
6 .1

3.5
6 .2

4.9
8.5
5.2
5.6
6.5
4.5
3.8
4.9
3.0
3.2

8 .6

4.9
1 0 .6

7.1
6 .2

6.9
1 1 .2
1 1 .1

4.0
4.3
2 .1
2 .1
1 .8

3.3
4.7
7.4
7. 6
7.2
6.3
7.4
9.6
5.6
5.4
5.0
4.9
4.6
3.2
2.7
2 .1

1.9
1.5

All
Women workers

Men

0 .1

2.4
3.2
3.9
4.3
6.5
4.7
3.7
5.7
4.7
4.6
3.8
4.2
4.4
5.4
4.0
2.9
4.3
3.6
2.5
1.9

3.9
5.5
9.5
9.9
7.5
7.2
9.6
1 2 .1
6 .2

5.9
5.8
5.4
4.7
1.9
1.9
1 .6

.5

All
Women workers
1.5
3.4

.3
.7
1 .0

.8
.8

1.5
2.7

1.7
1.4
.5
1.7
3.3
4.3
5.0
5.3
7.9
9.3
7.8
7.8

1 .8
1 .1
2 .1

4.3
5.2
6 .1

6.9
7.8
9.7
6 .8

6.7
5.6
3.8
3.4
3.7
3.7
2.7
2.5

6 .6

1 .6

4.0
6.5
3.3
3.1
3.5
8.3
8 .6
1 0 .0
1 2 .8

6.9
10.9
3.2
2.5
2 .1
1 .1
1 .1
1 .2
1 .2

Men

2.7

1 .0

4.0
2.9
2.5
4,6
4.7
5.4
8 .6

7.8
8 .2

5.0
4.2
3.4
4.5
4.4
3.6
4.4
3.0
1.9
1.9
2.3

Women

1 .2

.9
.3
1 .6
2 .1

4.8
7.7
7.7
9.9
3.8
5.2
3.7
4.6
4.3
5.1

8 .6

6.3
6 .2

9.6
9.1
6.3
1 0 .0
8 .1

5.3
6.9
2 .6

3.1
4.2
4.6
1 .2

.3
.9

3.3

1.5
1.4
8.4

6.3

4.5
4.1
4.3
4.4
3.2
3.2
2.3
1.9
7.9

1 0 0 .0

1 0 0 .0

1 0 0 .0

1 0 0 .0

1 0 0 .0

1 0 0 .0

1 0 0 .0

1 0 0 .0

1 0 0 .0

1 0 0 .0

1 0 0 .0

17,494
$1.50

5,826
$1.18

30, 512
$1.19

11, 422
$1.37

19, 090
$1.09

30,656
$1.48

24,142
$1.53

6,514
$1.27

14,331
$1.38

8 , 955

5,376
$1.18

1 .6
1 .6
1 .0
8 .1

2 .0
2 .1
1 .2
1 0 .6

1 0 0 .0

23,320
$1.42

i Excludes premium pay for overtime and nightwork.


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

2.5
3.1
5.7
3.7

Men

.3
1.4
.5
.3
.2
.2

1 .1
.8
.8

.2

.3
.1
.1

2 .0

1.5

4.0

.8
.6
.6

2 .0

(2)
(2)
.1
(2)

2 .0
1 .6

2 Less

.9
.2

.7
.4
1 .0

than 0.05 percent.

1 .8
1 .6
2 .1
6 .2

6 .8

4.3
2.7
2 .8

3.4
2 .6
2 .1

3.3
9.1

$1.50

.4
.7
.7
.4
.5

.6
.6
.1
1 .2

REVIEW, DECEMBER 1953

WAGES IN CONVERTED PAPER PRODUCTS

10 percent higher than in the smaller establish­
ments. The size differential was most marked in
the New England region (20 percent) and smallest
in the Great Lakes and Middle Atlantic regions (5
percent). The main differences in the wage
structure between the larger and smaller establish­
ments appear to be in the proportion of workers
earning under $1 an hour. The proportion earn­
ing under $1 an hour in larger plants was about a
third of that in smaller plants—6.6 percent com­
pared with 18.4 percent; but the proportion earn­
ing over $2 in larger plants was only slightly
higher than that in smaller plants—7.2 percent
compared with 6 percent.
Minimum Rates
With the exception of the South, relatively few
workers were reported at the 75-cent minimum
wage level established under the Fair Labor


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1317

Standards Act. Almost a tenth of the women in
the South earned about 75 cents. However, about
an eighth of the workers in the industry, including
a fourth of the women, had earnings under $1 an
hour.
Starting rates for unskilled workers were 75
cents or less in plants employing slightly more than
a tenth of the production workers in the industry.
In many of these plants, however, a higher rate
was paid after a learning or probationary period.
About 45 percent of the workers were in plants
with entrance rates of $1 or more.
Starting-rate policies varied widely within each
region. A substantial number of workers were
employed in plants which had starting rates falling
within each 5-cent step between 75 cents and $1.25.
Minimum job rates after a learning or proba­
tionary period showed even greater variation.
— J a m es F. W a l k e r
Division of Wages and Industrial Relations

Recent Decisions of
Interest to Labor!

Labor Relations
National Emergency. The emergency strike pro­
visions of the Labor Management Relations (TaftHartley) Act were invoked to prevent a prolonged
tie-up of the Nation’s maritime industry. This
action followed the report of the Board of Inquiry
appointed by the President to investigate the
longshoremen dispute. A Federal district court
held2that the United States was entitled, under the
act, to an injunction restraining the longshore­
men’s unions and employers from taking part in a
strike or lockout in the maritime industry in
Atlantic ports from Maine to Virginia. The
court found that continuation of such a strike
would imperil the national health and safety.
As finally determined, the court order applies to
both the independent longshoremen’s union—
which was recently ousted from the American
Federation of Labor—and the newly formed AFL
union, and bars a strike until Christmas Day.
Although the new AFL union was not engaging
in any strike, it was included in the order because
its rival representation claim made it a participant
in the dispute. “Under the circumstances,” the
court stated, “any injunction to prevent effectively
the imperiling of the national welfare during the
80-day period must encompass both unions if it
is not to lose its vigor by being tossed between the
two.” Concerted action by any of the parties
to the dispute, the court noted, might “reactivate
the strike” or otherwise stop or interfere with the
continued operations of the industry so as again to
imperil the national health and safety.
Refusal To Reinstate. A court of appeals refused3
to enforce a National Labor Relations Board order
requiring the reinstatement of five employees who
had not been reemployed following a temporary
plant shutdown—allegedly because of their mem­
bership in and participation in the work of a union
1318


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committee. The court found, however, that two
of the employees, by their conduct just prior to
the shutdown, had interfered with production,
in breach of the collective-bargaining contract,
and so placed themselves in the category of non­
employees. As a result, the company was under
no statutory duty to reinstate these two after the
plant reopened.
Reversed also was the Board’s finding that the
employer’s failure to reemploy the other three
employees was due to their union membership or
activities, or for the purpose of discouraging mem­
bership in the union. The court found, instead,
that their jobs had been abolished or combined
with others to cut costs, amounting to economic
action on the part of the employer with which the
Board might not interfere.
Union’s Certification Revoked. The NLRB re­
voked 4 the certification of a local union, one of
whose officers had been convicted of having falsely
denied Communist Party affiliations. The union
failed to show sufficient cause why it should not
be held in noncompliance with section 9(h) of the
LMRA as of the time the certification was issued.
The Board, therefore, canceled the certification in
the interest of protecting its processes from further
abuse.
A Federal district court had convicted the
local’s officer of having falsely stated to agents of
the Federal Bureau of Investigation that he had
never been a member of the Communist Party
and had never knowingly attended a Communist
meeting.
Subsequently, the Board adopted5 a new
policy in representation cases involving unions
which had officers under indictment for filing
false non-Communist affidavits. The Board, in
an effort to avoid “irreparable consequences,”
Prepared in the U. S. Department of Labor, Office of the Solicitor.
The cases covered in this article represent a selection of the significant
decisions believed to be of special interest. No attempt has been made to
reflect all recent judicial and administrative developments in the field of
labor law or to indicate the effect of particular decisions in jurisdictions in
which contrary results may bo reached, based upon local statutory pro­
visions, the existence of local precedents, or a different approach by the courts
to the issue presented.
2 United States v. Longshoremen’s Association, et al. (D. C. S. N. Y., Oct. 5,
20, and 23,1953).
« N L R B y . N ational Die Casting Co. (C. A. 7, Oct. 9,1953).
1

4 in re Compliance Status of International Fur & Leather Workers U nion,
Local
(106 NLRB No. 223, Oct. 15, 1953).

» National Labor Relations Board, Statement of Policy, Oct. 23, 1953,
(Federal Register, Nov. 11, 1953, pp. 7185-7186).

DECISIONS OF LABOR INTEREST

determined to “hold in abeyance/’ pending dis­
position of the indictment, action which would
accord “final and official” status to such labor
organizations.
Unlawful Interference. (1) The NLRB, in setting
aside a representation election and ordering a new
vote, held 6 that an employer had interfered with
the first election by a pre-election speech to his
employees on company time and company prop­
erty, which contained implied threats of economic
reprisals if the union should win. The employer
had in his remarks stated that loss of the worker’s
personal identity as an employee would result
from union organization. A layoff in a neigh­
boring plant after union organization was de­
scribed by the employer as “a concrete illustration
of the change in loyalty of management” resulting
from the advent of a union.
(2) A court of appeals enforced an NLRB
order as to a company’s unlawful interference
with the organizational rights of its employees.7
An offer of a wage increase if the union lost a
representation election, made by the employer
the night before the election, was not protected,
the court held, by the free-speech provisions of
section 8(c) of the Labor Management Relations
Act. The election, in which the union was
defeated, was set aside by the NLRB. Prior to
the second election, however, the employer again
attempted to influence the results by circularizing
the employees with statements antagonistic to the
union. These statements likewise were found to
be not protected by the LMRA.
Unlawful Refusal To Furnish Information. In
conformity with the rulings of several circuit
courts, a court of appeals upheld8 an NLRB
order directing an employer, pursuant to statutory
collective-bargaining provisions, to furnish to a
union certain data which it requested. The
information asked for concerned individual wage
rates, wage ranges, and individual job classi­
fications of employees in the bargaining unit
involved.
Illegal Strike a Breach of Contract. The NLRB
held 9 that a union had breached its contract when
it struck in violation of a no-strike clause, and
thereby forfeited its bargaining rights and justified

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1319

the employer’s subsequent cancellation of the con­
tract and mass discharge of the union’s members.
Previous decisions by both the Board and the
courts have upheld lockout action by an employer
who had economic justification for such action to
protect his business. It is also well settled that an
employer may lawfully discharge employees who
actually participate in an economic strike in viola­
tion of a collective-bargaining contract. Here,
however, the Board upheld the discharge of all
members of the striking union whether or not they
were actual participants in its unlawful action.
In so doing, the Board noted that the employees
were members of a strong and militant union,
capable of disciplining its members, and applied a
theory of “constructive participation” in the strike
to all the union’s members. It placed upon those
members who did not physically participate a duty
to disavow positively the unlawful acts of their
bargaining representative or suffer the conse­
quences.
The plant later reopened with new employees.
These were organized by another union which was
recognized by the company. The Board, however,
ordered the employer to cease and desist from rec­
ognizing this new union prior to its certification,
and from discouraging membership in the old union
or “in any other manner interfering with the em­
ployees’ self-organizational rights.”
The Board also ordered the employer to offer re­
instatement with back pay to six employees it re­
garded as unlawfully discharged. These included
two nonunion women office employees whose hus­
bands were members of the union The wives’ dis­
charge, the Board ruled, was intended not only to
“discourage concerted activities of the husbands,”
but also to deter the wives from supporting the
striking union and to coerce them in exercising
their “statutory right to refrain from ‘engaging’
in concerted activities.” Also to be reinstated
were four watchmen, whose discharge occurred
after that of the other employees, their future em­
ployment having been conditioned on the abandon­
ment of their membership in the striking union
Refusal To Bargain. An employer’s refusal to ne­
gotiate with a group of union representatives unless
one of them was excluded from a bargaining session
« In re M oksnes M fg. Co. (106 NLRB No. 204, Sept. 30, 1953).
7 N L R B v. Pacific M oulded Products Co. (C. A. 9, Sept. 2, 1953).
i J V i E B v . H ekm an Furniture Co. (C. A. 6, Oct. 16, 1953).
9 In re M arathon Electric M fg. Corp. (106 N LRB No. 199, Sept. 29, 1953).

1320

DECISIONS OF LABOR INTEREST

was found 10by the NLRB to constitute an unlaw­
ful refusal to bargain under section 8(a)(5) of the
LMRA. The representative was a duly elected
member of the union’s negotiating committee, and
there was no evidence that he did not participate
in negotiations in good faith. Therefore, the
Board held, the employer’s action could not be
justified on the ground that the representative,
who was not an employee, might harmfully dis­
close to the employer’s competitors information
acquired through negotiations.
In so holding, the Board cited the case of Deena
Artware,11 in which a court held that “the act did
not require that the bargaining representative be
employed by the company with which the union
was bargaining.”
Radio Station Engaged in Commerce. In ordering 12
a representation election among the employees
of a California radio station affiliated with a
national network, the NLRB adhered to its policy
of treating activities relating to such “instrumen­
talities of commerce” as so “affecting” commerce
as to come within its jurisdiction. The station was
thus found by the Board to be “engaging in
commerce” within the meaning of the act.
It is to be noted, however, that while Chairman
Farmer and Member Rodgers concurred in the
assertion of jurisdiction in this case, it is not to be
inferred thereby that they agree with the Board’s
present jurisdictional standards.
Unemployment Compensation

Labor-Dispute Disqualification. (1) The Beau­
mont Court of Civil Appeals held 13 that non­
striking workmen at a plant where a strike was in
progress were justifiably unemployed. They
were prevented from going to their jobs, the
court stated, by threats and fear of violence,
were not participating in the strike, and therefore
were entitled to benefits under the Texas Unem­
ployment Compensation Act. Claimants’ fears
of violence were held to be well founded even
though no acts or threats of violence were actually
directed at them or their families. The facts
showed, the court stated, that they were told by


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the strike-strategy committee of the striking
union that some form of retaliation would be
taken against them if they crossed the picket lines.
Numerous acts of violence were committed against
persons other than the claimants who attempted
to cross the lines, the court stated, and many acts
of violence had occurred during a strike of the
same union against another company about 3
years prior to the present strike.
(2) The West Virginia Circuit Court of Kana­
wha County held 14 tipple workers in a mine
disqualified for benefits. These workers, under
union orders designed to enforce bargaining, first
refused to work overtime to maintain production
as they had done in the past, and then refused
to work 3 shifts as an alternative, thus causing a
shutdown. Claimants were not relieved from the
labor-dispute disqualification on the ground that
the employer shut down operations to enforce
changes in hours or working conditions, the court
stated, because a provision in the expired contract
permitted him to make such changes. Both
production and tipple workers were disqualified,
since production and processing were integrated
and workers of both categories were members of
the national union under whose direction 3-shift
work was refused.
Voluntary Leaving of Work. The Massachusetts
Municipal Court for the Dorchester District
held 15 that a claimant who became unemployed
because of a strike and failed to reapply for his
former work following settlement of the labor
dispute, left his employment voluntarily. The
claimant terminated his employment when the
strike was settled, the court found, and the mere
fact that there had been a strike, was not good
cause attributable to the employing unit, for his
leaving.
10

In re Roscoe Skipper, Inc. (106 N LRB No. 209, Oct. 5, 1953).

11 198 F (2d) 655 (C. A. 6).
h In re California Inland Broadcasting Co.

(106 NLRB No. 218; Oct. 13,

1953).
is Texas Co. v. Texas Employment Commission, et al. (Beaumont Ct. of
Civ. App., Tex., Sept. 17, 1953).
n Golden McCloud, et al. v. Board of Review (Cir. Ct. of Kanawha Co.,
W. Va., June 3, 1953).
i* Carchia v. England and Keystone Mfg. Co. (Municipal Ct. for the Dor­
chester Dist., Mass., Mar. 18, 1953).

V

Chronology of
Recent Labor Events
October 1, 1953
P r e sid e n t E ise n h o w e r , acting under the national emer­
gency provisions of the Taft-Hartley Act, created a board
of inquiry on the strike of the International Longshore­
men’s Association (Ind.) against the shipping industry in
North Atlantic ports which had begun earlier the same
day after the current contracts had expired. On October
5, following receipt of the board’s report, the Government
obtained a temporary restraining order in the Federal
District Court at New York; thereupon, the union directed
the strikers to return to work. The court order, having
been extended temporarily and broadened, on October 15,
to include the rival AFL union (see Chron. item for Sept.
22, 1953, MLR, Nov. 1953), was made effective for the
full statutory 80 days (through December 24) against
both the old and the new union—on October 20 and 23,
respectively. (Source: New York Times, Oct. 2, 6, 16,
21, and 24, 1953; Federal Register, Oct. 2, 1953, p. 6279;
■and Report to the President . . . by the Board of Inquiry,
Oct. 5, 1953; for discussion, see p. 1324 of this issue.)

October 2
T h e fifth annual convention of the International Union of

Electrical, Radio & Machine Workers (CIO) ended after
a 5-day session in Montreal, Canada. (Source: IUE-CIO
News, Oct. 7, 1953; see also p. 1328 of this issue.

October 5
T h e National Labor Relations Board, in the case of

Roscoe Skipper, Inc., Avon Park, Fla., and International
Union of United Brewery, Flour, Cereal, Soft Drink &
Distillery Workers of America, Local 284 (CIO), held that
the employer’s refusal to negotiate with the union’s duly
elected bargaining representatives because one of them
was no longer employed by the corporation constituted
refusal to bargain. (Source: Labor Relations Reporter,
Oct. 19, 1953, 32 LRRM, p. 1658; for discussion, see pp.
1319-1320 of this issue.)

October 8
T h e P r e sid e n t appointed James P. Mitchell as Secretary
of Labor, to succeed Martin P. Durkin (see Chron. item


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for Sept. 10, 1953, MLR, Nov. 1953). Mr. Mitchell, a
labor relations and personnel expert, had been serving as
Assistant Secretary of the Army for Manpower and
Reserve Forces. On the same date, the President accepted
the resignation of Lloyd A. Mashburn as Under Secretary
of Labor, effective October 9, to permit him to become
assistant general president of the International Union of
Wood, Wire & Metal Lathers (AFL). (Source: White
House press release, Oct. 8, 1953; and New York Times,
Oct. 9, 1953.)
T he S ec reta r y of t h e I n t e r io r released a revision of the
Federal mine safety code for bituminous and lignite mines
which had been developed in cooperation with the United
Mine Workers of America (Ind.) and the Bituminous Coal
Operators’ Association. The revised code supplements
the Federal Coal Mine Safety Act of 1952 (see Chron.
item for July 16, 1952, MLR, Sept. 1952), and deals with
such hazards as roof control and the use of blasting powder.
The original code was adopted in 1946 and thereafter was
incorporated into wage agreements between union and
operators. On October 14, the Bureau of Mines issued a
revised safety code for anthracite mines, developed through
joint efforts of the Bureau, the UMWA, and representa­
tives of Pennsylvania anthracite operators. (Source: New
York Times, Oct. 15, 1953; and United Mine Workers
Journal, Oct. 15, 1953.)

October 9
T he NLRB announced, in connection with its decision in
the case of United States Steel Corp., Pittsburgh Steamship
Division, Cleveland, Ohio, and United Steelworkers of
America (CIO), that the Board’s future policy would be
to grant a union’s request to withdraw from a runoff elec­
tion only on condition that it would not ask for another
representation election for 1 year thereafter. This rule
was considered essential in order “to prevent abuse and
evasion” of runoff election procedures. (Source: Labor
Relations Reporter, Oct. 19, 1953, 32 LRRM, p. 1659.)
T h e NLRB, in a supplemental decision, in the case of
Fawcett-Dearing Printing Co., Louisville, Ky., and Interna­
tional Mailers Union (Ind.), held that the temporary noncompliance of a union with annual report-filing provisions
of the Taft-Hartley Act does not require that the repre­
sentation election won by the union be set aside, but only
that the certification be withheld until the union complies.
(Source: Labor Relations Reporter, Oct. 19, 1953, 32
LRRM, p . 1660.)
T h e Federal Court of Appeals at Chicago, in the case of
National Labor Relations Board v. National Die Casting
Co., reversed the Board’s finding of discrimination in the
company’s refusal, after a legitimate economic shutdown,
to reinstate 5 union committeemen; the court held that
the conduct of 2 of the men had breached the union’s con­
tract and that the jobs of the other 3 either had been
abolished or combined with others. (Source: Labor Rela­
tions Reporter, Oct. 19, 1953, 32 LRRM, p. 2750; for dis­
cussion, see p. 1318 of this issue.)

1321

1322

CHRONOLOGY OF LABOR EVENTS

October 12
T he Federal District Court at East St. Louis, 111., issued a
temporary injunction designed to end a 4-week strike at
the Joppa, 111., steam electric project of the Atomic Energy
Commission (see Chron. item for Sept. 19, 1953, MLR,
Nov. 1953). The restraining order, obtained by NLRB
on complaint of the construction contractor and later
extended by the court, barred the deposed Local 595 of
the Iron Workers (AFL) and its business agent from con­
tinuing their illegal picketing. (Source: New York Times,
Oct. 13 and 17, 1953.)
T he Supreme Court of the United States denied review

to the following cases, thereby, in effect, sustaining de­
cisions of the lower courts:
(1) Joliet Contractors Association et al. v. NLRB. The
lower court, upholding the NLRB, ruled that bylaws
and working rules of a glaziers’ union which prohibited
members from accepting employment with building con­
tractors using preglazed sash, and designation of such
contractors as unfair, did not in themselves constitute a
secondary boycott, banned under the Taft-Hartlev Act.
The court had found no proof that the union regulations
had actually resulted in concerted refusal on the part of
the members “in the course of their employment.” (Source:
Labor Relations Reporter, Oct. 19, 1953, 32 LRRM,
p. 2750; and ibid., Feb. 10, 1953, 31 LRRM, p. 2361.)
(2) N LRB v. Swinerton et al., d. b. a. Swinerton and
Walberg Co. et al. The lower court supported the
NLRB’s finding that the general contractor and sub­
contractor at a machinery installation project illegally
discriminated against applicants who were members of
the Machinists Union (AFL) by refusing to hire them
because of their lack of membership in, or referral by, the
Carpenters Union (AFL). The court also confirmed the
Board’s authority to prosecute unfair labor practices
within the building and construction industry, which had
been contested on the ground that the Board had been
unsuccessful in conducting representation elections within
the industry. (Source: Labor Relations Reporter, Oct.
19, 1953, 32 LRRM, p. 2750; and ibid., Mar. 2, 1953, 31
LRRM, p. 2384.)
(3) United States Cold Storage Cor-p. v. NLRB. The
NLRB was upheld in its ruling that the employer unlaw­
fully refused to bargain by rejecting union requests for
conferences during a strike, and that the obligation to
bargain had not been satisfied by the employer’s invita­
tion to the union to present any new proposals in writing;
also that he illegally discharged economic strikers be­
cause of their striking before they had been replaced.
(Source: U. S. Law Week, Oct. 13, 1953, 22 LW, p. 3084.)
(4) N LRB v. National Marine Engineers' Beneficial
Association, No. 126 (CIO). The lower court held that
the Board may not arrange a settlement with a party
charged with an unfair labor practice complaint without
giving the charging party a hearing on his objections to
the settlement, to which he is entitled under the Adminis­
trative Procedure Act. (Source: U. S. Law Week, Oct.
13, 1953, 22 LW, p. 3084.)


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MONTHLY LABOR

(5)
Kent v. Civil Aeronautics Board. The lower court
ruled that the Board, which approved the merger of two
airlines, had authority under the Civil Aeronautics Act
(and in the public interest) to direct the integration of the
seniority lists of the flight engineers of the two airlines by
giving equal importance to the same length of service
with either airline. The court also upheld the Board’s
authority to forbid the merging line from entering into
future labor contracts which would discriminate against
engineers formerly employed by the merged line by disre­
garding their seniority status established on this basis.
(Source: Labor Relations Reporter, Oct. 19, 1953, 32
LRRM, p. 2750; and ibid., June 8, 1953, 32 LRRM,
p. 2144.1

October 15
T h e NLRB, in an action involving the International Fur

& Leather Workers Union of the U. S. & Canada, Local
214 (Ind.), the Am-O-Krome Co., Cincinnati, Ohio, and
the CIO (petitioner), canceled the local’s certification as
the representative of a bargaining unit in the company’s
plant. The Board took this action because an officer of
the local who had filed a non-Communist affidavit required
for the unit’s compliance under the Taft-Hartley Act had
been convicted of having made admittedly false statements
regarding his Communist-Party affiliation. The NLRB,
on October 23, issued a policy statement on future han­
dling of representation cases involving unions having offi­
cers under indictment for filing false non-Communist
affidavits. The Board will withhold action on requests
by such unions for an election unless another union is in­
volved in the case and deferment would prejudice the em­
ployer’s or the other union’s interests. If such a union
wins an election, the Board will withhold its certifica­
tion pending the outcome of the indictment. The NLRB
averred that it would draw “no inference of guilt from the
issuance of the indictments.” (Source: Labor Relations
Reporter, Oct. 26, 1953, 32 LRRM, p. 1673; and Federal
Register, Nov. 11, 1953, p. 7185.)

October 19
T h e Supreme Court of the United States denied review in
the case of West Texas Utilities Co., Inc., Abilene, Tex., v.
National Labor Relations Board, thereby in effect upholding
the lower court’s finding of civil contempt for bargaining
in bad faith. The employer’s negotiation of a wage
increase with an attorney claiming to represent a large
group of employees (see Chron. item for Apr. 28, 1953,
MLR, June 1953) was held to be a violation of a court
decree enforcing an NLRB order that the employer bargain
exclusively with the certified local unions, since the adjust­
ment of wage rates for a large percentage of the employees
affected was not a “grievance,” as claimed, within the
meaning of the grievance proviso in the Taft-Hartley Act.
(Source: Labor Relations Reporter, Oct. 26, 1953, 32
LRRM, p. 2769; and ibid., May 4, 1953, 32 LRRM, p.
2043.)

REVIEW, DECEMBER 1953

CHRONOLOGY OF LABOR EVENTS

T h e Supreme Court of the United States refused to review
the case of National Labor Relations Board v. Mid-Con­
tinent Petroleum Corp., sustaining, in effect, the lower
court’s reversal of the NLRB on its “1-year” certification
rule. (Source: Labor Relations Reporter, Oct. 26, 1953,
32 LRRM, p. 2769; ibid., May 22, 1953, 32 LRRM, p.
2127; for discussion, see p. 1326 of this issue.)

October 20
W illiam L. H u t c h e so n , president emeritus of the United

Brotherhood of Carpenters and Joiners of America (AFL)
and for 37 years its president, died of a heart ailment.
Until the recent temporary withdrawal of the union from
the American Federation of Labor (see Chron. item for
Sept. 8, 1953, MLR, Nov. 1953) he had also been first
vice president of the Federation. (Source: New York
Times, Oct. 21, 1953.)

October 21
T he International Hod Carriers’, Building & Common

Laborers’ Union of America (AFL) ended a special 3-day
constitutional convention, in celebration of its 50th
anniversary, in Washington, D. C. (Source: Union’s
undated press release; and Washington [D. C.] Post, Oct.
19-21, 1953.)

October 22
T he Federal Wage and Hour Administrator, under the
Fair Labor Standards Act, approved higher minimum
hourly wage rates for employees in the heavy products and
industrial equipment division of the metal, plastics,
machinery, instrument, transportation-equipment, and
allied industries in Puerto Rico, effective November 30,
1953. The new rates will be 75 cents for drydock operations,


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1323

68 cents for mining, primary metal, and heavy fabricated
metal products, and 58 cents for light machine-shop
products and small industrial equipment, instead of 53
cents, the old rate for the entire division. (Source:
Federal Register, Oct. 28, 1953, p. 6803.)

October 28
T he NLRB refused to assert jurisdiction over the opera­
tions of a rural electric cooperative corporation, thus
(according to a dissenting Board member) departing from
its 3-year policy of assuming jurisdiction over all cases
involving public utilities which are engaged in commerce
or in operations affecting commerce. The Board majority
(including the new chairman and another recent member)
ruled that the operations of the Inter-County Rural
Electric Cooperative Corp., Danville, Ky., did not have a
sufficient impact on interstate commerce to justify asser­
tion of jurisdiction, although it conceded that the coopera­
tive was engaged in commerce. (Source: Labor Relations
Reporter, Nov. 2, 1953, 33 LRRM, p. 1010.)

October 30
T he NLRB reversed a 5-year policy when it ruled unani­
mously, in a representation case involving the Walterboro
Manufacturing Corp., Walterboro, S. C., and the Inter­
national Ladies’ Garment Workers’ Union (AFL), that
part-time guards and watchmen are not to be included in
bargaining units with other employees because they are
guards within the meaning of the Taft-Hartley Act
regardless of the proportion of time spent on guard duties.
Heretofore, guards who devoted less than half their time
to guard duty were included in bargaining units with
nonguards. (Source: Labor Relations Reporter, Nov. 9,
1953, 33 LRRM, p. 1028.)

Developments in
Industrial Relations

T h e s t r u g g l e for dominance in the East Coast
longshore industry between the Ryan-led Interna­
tional Longshoremen’s Association and the newly
chartered ILA-AFL shifted in part from the New
York piers to the courts and National Labor Rela­
tions Board hearing rooms during October, with
the issuance of injunctions and requests for repre­
sentation elections. At the same time, the NLRB,
through actions against Communist-led unions,
review of past policies, and addresses of its newly
appointed chairman, was charting a new course in
its administration of the Taft-Hartley law. On
the West Coast, one of the largest and most signifi­
cant work stoppages of the year occurred late in
the month as the United Automobile Workers
(CIO) sought substantial wage increases for ap­
proximately 33,000 workers employed in the pro­
duction of Sabre-jets and other military equip­
ment at plants of North American Aviation, Inc.

New York Docks

A 5-day stoppage involving 50,000 longshore­
men in Atlantic Coast ports began October 1, 1953,
after negotiations between the International Long­
shoremen (Ind.) and the New York Shipping Asso­
ciation broke down. On the same day, the Pres­
ident invoked the national emergency provisions
of the Labor-Management Relations (Taft-Hart­
ley) Act of 1947 and appointed a board of inquiry.2
On October 5, after the board reported, a 10-day
restraining order against a strike along the East
Coast by the International Longshoremen’s Asso­
ciation was obtained by the Attorney General, and
the union instructed its members to return to work
on October 6.
The board had reported to the President that
wages, work guarantees, arbitration, hiring prac­
tices, and union security were the major issues in
dispute. Resolution of these issues, the board
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observed, was complicated by recently enacted
State laws governing dock labor practices, and the
membership drive of the newly chartered ILAAFL. No early termination of the stoppage, the
board reported, was likely.
The temporary order later was extended until
October 20 when it was superseded by the full
80-day injunction, in effect until Christmas Day.
The injunction was also broadened to include the
AFL Longshoremen’s Union. Sporadic violence
was met by police action and later restrained by
temporary injunctions against the expelled ILA,
and some of its locals and individual members.
A petition to the NLRB for a representation
election was submitted by the AFL Longshore­
men’s Union while it continued organizing activ­
ities on the New York docks, where it claimed a
membership of “well over 9,000” of the approxi­
mately 25,000 longshoremen in the area. Efforts
of the NLRB to expedite the election proceedings
were stymied when both unions refused to agree
to a consent election for the Port of New York and
thus eliminate the need for formal hearings on
the rival claims.
Late in October, the New York Shipping Asso­
ciation petitioned the NLRB to determine speedily
which union represented the longshoremen, in
order to facilitate negotiating a new contract be­
fore the injunction lapsed. A spokesman for the
Association stressed the incongruous position of
the employer’s being “ ordered to bargain” even
though it had not been determined which union
properly represented the waterfront workers.3 On
October 26, the shipping association announced it
would resume negotiations with the Ryan-led
Longshoremen’s Union, since such action seemed
to be required under the terms of the court order
and the Taft-Hartley Act.
NLRB Developments

Chairman Guy Farmer presented his views on
collective bargaining and the role of the NLRB in
an address, on October 6, to the Union Employers’
Section of the Printing Industry of America. He
said:
1 Prepared in the Bureau’s Division of Wages and Industrial Relations.
2 See Monthly Labor Review, November 1953 (p. 1215).
3 Federal Judge Edward Weinfeld, in granting the 80-day injunction, had
directed the Association to attem pt to settle its differences with its employees
before the order expired.

INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS
I do not believe that we are going to make either
management or labor happy. . . . We can only
hope that we may . . . influence . . . both . . .
in the direction of greater respect for one another and
a better understanding of their mutual problems.
The Board is not, in the real sense, in the business of
settling labor disputes. . . . We prescribe the rules
for negotiating by saying that both parties must make
a good-faith attempt to reach agreement. But we do
not sit there with you to see that this is done . . . ex­
cept for conducting elections we get into labor relations
only after labor-management relations have broken
down. . . .
If the Board can convince management and labor
that it is impartial and that neither will get more than
it is entitled to, management and labor will be more
inclined to settle their own problems by collective bar­
gaining and less inclined to come running to the Board
seeking to use its processes to gain an advantage.

In an address to the National Conference of
Business Paper Editors, on October 21, Mr.
Farmer expressed the view that the Board now
“reaches down too far into enterprises not suffi­
ciently important to the national economy to jus­
tify national consideration. It has always seemed
to me . . . Federal agencies should, as a matter
of self-restraint, impose limits on their own power,
and thus provide the opportunity for local prob­
lems to be settled on a local basis by the citizens
of the community in which those problems arise.”
Crajt Severance. The severance of craft units
from “long established” plant wide units has been
a frequent source of controversy in the labor
movement. A review of the issues, pro and con,
was held by the NLRB on October 7 as part of
the testimony in a case involving the Trona,
Calif., plant of the American Potash and Chemical
Corp. In this instance three AFL unions seek
to represent crafts now part of a plantwide unit:
the IBEW to represent the electricians; the
Operating Engineers, the powerhouse employees;
and the Machinists, several separate units com­
posed of pump packers, riggers, and toolroom
keepers. Their petitions were opposed by the
employer, by the Chemical Workers (AFL) as a
petitioner to represent the entire production and
maintenance unit except certain machinist classi­
fications, and the Mine Workers (District 50,
Ind.) which now represent the entire plant
(except for a machinists’ unit severed in January
1953).


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The employer and the Chemical Workers, as
well as other parties to the oral argument, sought
to persuade the Board to apply to the basic
chemical industry, of which American Potash is
a part, the doctrine of the National Tube case
(76 NLRB 1199). In this case, decided in April
1948, the Board found that the work of various
craft groups was closely “integrated” with the
work of the production workers and decided that
a plantwide unit was appropriate.
Opposing application of the National Tube
doctrine, AFL representatives urged a policy of
“utmost liberality . . . when the craft workers
involved have indicated their desire for repre­
sentation on a craft basis.” In refutation of a
major argument that craft severance promotes
instability, the AFL submitted a study of 222
cases in which the Board had approved craft
severance. Its analysis showed that the work
stoppages attributable to the craft unions sub­
sequent to certification at plants involved in
these severance cases was a small fraction of the
total stoppages occurring at these companies
during this period.
As a part of the general proceeding the Board
solicited testimony on other factors relevant to
the problem of granting severance of craft groups
from long-established plantwide units. In addi­
tion to the parties directly concerned in the
Trona case, testimony was received on these
matters from the AFL parent organization, the
CIO, and a number of international unions, as
well as from the United States Chamber of Com­
merce, the Manufacturing Chemists Association,
and the National Association of Manufacturers.
Non-Communist Affidavits. In an effort to oust
Communists from positions of influence and con­
trol in labor unions, the NLRB adopted a policy
of denying certification as collective bargaining
agents to unions that have officers under indict­
ment for filing false non-Communist affidavits.4
Under the new policy the Board indicated that
it would withhold action on petitions for repre* Under the Taft-Hartley Act a union may not use the services of the
Board for representation elections or unfair labor practice charges unless
each local and national officer files a sworn affidavit stating that “he is not
a member of the Communist Party or affiliated with such party, and
that he does not believe in, and is not a member of or supports any organi­
zation that believes in or teaches, the overthrow of the United States
Government.”

1326

INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS

sentation elections by such unions. However, if
another union was involved, or if delay would
prejudice the interest of the employer or the other
union, the Board indicated it would proceed with
the election. However, the NLRB stated that
it would not certify the union where officers are
under indictment as bargaining agent, even if it
won the election, pending disposition of the indict­
ment. Where the officer is convicted, the NLRB
policy provided that bargaining rights of the
union should be canceled.
The first NLRB action (which, in fact, took
place before the policy was formally announced)
involved the Fur and Leather Workers, expelled
from the CIO about 4 years ago. The Board
unanimously canceled the union’s bargaining
rights at a Cincinnati firm, after the local’s
secretary-treasurer was convicted last spring of a
charge of false statements when he disclaimed
Communist ties.
Under this new policy the Fur and Leather
Workers, whose national president is under indict­
ment,5and the Marine Cooks and Stewards, whose
president has been reindicted in Washington,
D. C., will not be able to obtain certification as
bargaining agents for any group of employees
until their presidents are cleared of these charges.
If they are convicted, all local bargaining rights
of the two national unions will be canceled.
Court Rejects N LRB Certification. The Supreme
Court upheld a Court of Appeals ruling against
the NLRB in a case involving continued certifica­
tion of a union disavowed by a majority of a
unit’s employees. In July 1951, the Mid-Conti­
nent Petroleum Corp. was charged by the Board
with engaging in an unfair labor practice when it
refused to continue to bargain with a union which
half the employees had repudiated about 2 months
after its certification. The Sixth Circuit Court
of Appeals held that, ‘‘where the will of the em­
ployees to revoke the power of their bargaining
agent is clear and unquestioned, effect must be
given to such revocation,” and found that the
Board had no basis for a requirement that a cer­
tification, except under extraordinary circum­
stances, must be respected for a full year. In its
appeal to the Supreme Court the Board argued
* See Monthly Labor Review, November 1953 (p. 1215).


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M ONTHLY LABOR

that its certification of a union “is for a reason­
able period” even though the employees subse­
quently decide to change bargaining agents. The
Supreme Court refused to review the lower court’s
decision.
Negotiations and Settlements
Aircraft. Late in October approximately 33,000
employees of North American Aviation, Inc.,
producer of jet aircraft for the Armed Forces,
became idle in Los Angeles and Fresno, Calif.,
and Columbus, Ohio, because of a wage dispute.
The United Automobile Workers (CIO) called the
strike at the Los Angeles and Columbus plants on
October 23 and at the Fresno plant on October 24
after the company rejected union proposals for
contract changes. In addition to increased fringe
benefits, UAW demands included a 23.4-cent
hourly increase, which the union said would bring
the company’s pay scale up to the level for air­
craft employees in automobile plants.
The company had offered a 4-percent base pay
increase, a 2-cent-an-hour cost-of-living adjust­
ment under a revised escalator formula, an
additional 4 cents an hour for top labor grades,
increased differentials for leadmen, and improved
vacations, life insurance, and hospital and surgical
benefits. These changes were put into effect on
October 19 for about 21,000 employees not
covered by the UAW-CIO contract.
Negotiations between the International Asso­
ciation of Machinists (AFL) and two other major
California aircraft companies were also in progress
during October. Union proposals included a
10-percent average wage adjustment and other
benefits for 28,000 employees of the Douglas
Aircraft Co. and an overall 12-percent increase
in wages and employee benefits for a comparable
number of workers of Lockheed Aircraft Corp.
The current contracts with Douglas expired
October 17, but were extended to November 1.
On October 18, the employees had rejected a
company offer of a 5-cent wage increase, an
additional 5 cents for leadmen, an escalator
clause, and increased vacations. At Lockheed,
negotiations have been under way since midSeptember on a new contract to replace the one
scheduled to expire on November 9.

REVIEW, DECEMBER 1953

INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS

Meat Packing. Agreements covering 68,000 em­
ployees of both Swift and Co. and Armour and
Co. were reached early in October with 3 unions.
The settlements included a general hourly wage
increase of 5 cents, effective September 28, and
company-paid hospital, medical, and surgical
programs for employees and their dependents.
Coverage under the health plan, estimated to
cost 4% cents an hour for each employee, was to
begin December 1.
Each company signed agreements with the
Meatcutters (AFL) and the Packinghouse Work­
ers (CIO). Swift also signed an agreement with
the Brotherhood of Packinghouse Workers (Ind.).
Throughout the negotiations close cooperation
was reported between AFL and CIO bargaining
committees. There were sporadic work stoppages
and threats of a national strike which culminated
in a half-day stoppage idling 17,000 workers at
20 Chicago plants of Swift and Co., on September
29.
Later in the month, Wilson & Co. and the
Cudahy Packing Co. reached agreement with the
CIO United Packinghouse Workers following the
Swift and Armour pattern. Negotiations for
similar settlements with approximately 100 inde­
pendent companies were reported in progress.
Dairies. A work stoppage began October 25 in­
volving 13,000 truck drivers and plant workers
employed by milk distributors in the New York
metropolitan area. The Teamsters (AFL) sought
a $15 weekly wage increase, a reduction in the
workweek to 35 hours from 40 hours, and fringe
benefits. The employers offered a $2.10 weekly
wage increase for plant workers, no change in
drivers’ wages, and fringe benefits estimated at
$1 a week for all workers. The strike ended
October 31 with agreement on a wage increase of
$6 a week and an additional $2.50 a week in
welfare, insurance, and vacation benefits.6
Telephone. The Communications Workers of
America (CIO) and the Chesapeake and Potomac
Telephone Co. of Virginia reached agreement on
a new 1-year contract covering approximately
6,500 telephone workers in Virginia. This is re­
ported to be the final 1953 contract settlement
between the union and the Bell Telephone system,
in a series of negotiations which started in January.7


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1327

Approximately 300,000 telephone workers are
covered by the more than 30 Bell system agree­
ments negotiated by the CWA during the inter­
vening period. General wage increases ranged
from $1 to $4 a week, and, in addition, the settle­
ments provided increased differentials for certain
employee groups, shortened wage progression
schedules, and upward reclassifications of certain
town wage schedules.
Automobiles. The Kaiser Motors Corp. and the
UAW-CIO renegotiated their collective agree­
ment covering the Willow Run p lan t8 as a result
of sharp cutbacks in aircraft contracts and a
reduction in Kaiser automobile sales. The con­
tract, originally negotiated to cover a work force
of approximately 13,000, proved unwieldy and
costly when applied to a sharply reduced force of
about 3,000. At the company’s request, the
union agreed to changes in the contract which the
company indicated would enable it to maintain
its competitive position. The changes included a
provision for consolidating certain job classifica­
tions; this would permit the company to shift
workers from job to job so as to minimize pay­
ments for time not worked, when a full day’s
work in a particular job is not available.
Railroad Workers. Negotiators for 15 nonoperat­
ing railroad unions notified the carriers’ repre­
sentatives that strike ballots, returnable by
December 1, were being distributed among their
members in the dispute over changes in nonwage
provisions of their contracts. Counter-proposals
submitted by the carriers were unacceptable and
union representatives requested the services of the
National Mediation Board. Although the Board
arranged for representatives of the carriers and
unions to meet in Chicago on November 3, plans
for the strike vote continued. The carriers, after
brief discussions, announced they were se ek in g a
declaratory judgment from the Federal District
(Chicago) Court to the effect that several of the
unions’ proposals were not proper issues for
negotiation. Those partieularjproposals related
6Editor’s Note.—On November 3, dealers raised milk prices by 1 cent a
quart. Industry spokesmen attributed half this increase to higher labor
costs resulting from the strike settlement and half to higher farm prices under
a Federal-State milk marketing order.
7See Monthly Labor Review, June 1953 (p. 639).
* Editor’s N ote—The sale of the Willow Run plant to General Motors
Corp. was announced on November 10, 1953.

1328

INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS

to requests for more liberal free pass (transporta­
tion) privileges and insurance and welfare benefits,
the costs of which would be defrayed by the
railroads. Such proposals, the carriers declared,
were not subject to collective bargaining under
the “rates of pay, rules, and working conditions”
provisions of the Kailway Labor Act. At the
same time the carriers offered to continue dis­
cussions with reference to improved vacations and
premium pay for holiday and Sunday work.
Steelworkers’ 1954 Proposals

The CIO Steelworkers’ Wage Policy Committee,
composed of several hundred district and local
union representatives, met in New York during
October to discuss contract proposals to be pre­
sented in 1954. One of these dealt with changes
in the 5-year pension and insurance agreements
which expire next fall. Union spokesmen urged
an increase in the present pension guarantee of
$100 a month (including Federal social security
payments) to qualified employees with 25 years’
service to from $175 to $200 a month (excluding
social security). The committee also recom­
mended that a program be developed whereby
workers would retain their pension protection if
they transferred from one company to another.
Substantial increases in health and welfare bene­
fits as well as a broadening of the insurance pro­
gram, completely financed by the companies, were
also urged.
The Steelworkers’ president told members of the
union’s wage policy committee that, although the
guaranteed annual wage would be a major demand
in contract negotiations next year, no strike would
be called to force its acceptance. He said that,
although he was confident of its ultimate success,
such a program would not come overnight.
The United Steelworkers has bad the guaranteed
annual wage as a long-range objective since the
union was formed in 1936. In 1943 an uncondi­
tional 52-week guarantee was demanded. In 1947
its proposal for a guarantee was reported as
“substantially less” than the 1943 demand. In
1952 the union proposed a “limited liability”
annual wage guarantee. Under this plan com­
pany contributions were estimated by the union
at 6% to 7 cents per man-hour which would go into
a trust fund. Overall weekly benefits would have


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M ONTHLY LABOR

been 30 times the standard hourly wage rate,
including State unemployment benefits, and would
have been payable for 52 consecutive weeks in any
one period of unemployment. The company’s
liability would have been limited to the amount in
the trust fund.
The annual wage guarantee under consideration
by the Steelworkers’ Wage Policy Committee is
reported to be somewhat similar to the 1952 pro­
posal. Under this plan the steel companies would,
as a first step, be asked to set up a trust fund based
on company contributions of 10 cents per man­
hour, to supplement State unemployment insur­
ance payments to qualified workers.
Other Guaranteed Annual Wage Developments

Another CIO union, the International Union
of Electrical Workers, in a major report to its
fifth annual convention set forth its program and
policies for negotiating guaranteed annual wage
agreements at the local union level. In general
the principles which, according to the IUE report,
should underlie such a plan, paralleled those set
forth at the UAW-CIO annual convention in
March 1953,9 with one major exception. The
UAW resolution stated that “financing should
combine pay-as-you-go to provide employers with
incentives to stabilize employment, with a reserve
trust fund to meet abnormal costs. Provision
should be made for reinsurance to reduce the size
of the required reserves and to spread the risks of
abnormal employment over the widest possible
area of the economy.” The IUE-CIO report
urged that “the plan should provide for the amount
of employer contributions and this should be the
full extent of his liability.” In addition, the IUE
report stated that “ vigorous efforts should be
made to improve unemployment compensation
payments and liberalize the eligibility require­
ments so that even workers not eligible for [the
guaranteed annual wage] will be more adequately
protected.”
Although most proposals for the annual wage
are pointed to negotiations in 1954 or 1955, the
AFL warehousemen’s union in St. Louis has
made it a current major bargaining issue. The
Warehouse and Distribution Workers’ Local of
• See Monthly Labor Review, May 1953 (p. 496).

REVIEW, DECEMBER 1953

INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS

the AFL Teamsters reported as of mid-August
1953 that 20 of its 300 contracts incorporate the
annual wage plan, covering roughly 30 percent
of the 10,000 warehouse and distribution workers
represented by the union in St. Louis. Union
negotiators expect the guarantee to be extended
as existing contracts expire.
While the St. Louis contracts providing an
annual guarantee cover approximately 3,000
workers, only about 2,200 top seniority employees
are actually protected. They are assured of 2,000
hours of work a year, exclusive of overtime. The
guarantee covers a specified number of employees
in each company based on 1952 employment
records and the number remains constant for the
contract period. Replacements for employees on
the guarantee list are based on seniority.
In Philadelphia, employees of the American
Sugar Refining Co. and the National Sugar Refin­
ing Co., represented by the International Long­
shoremen’s Union (Ind.) early in September rati­
fied a new contract continuing their guaranteed
annual wage plans which were started September
1, 1952. The plans cover around 2,000 produc­
tion and maintenance workers and guarantee 2,000
hours’ or 50 weeks’ pay, instead of 1,976 hours’
pay previously assured, to each employee with at


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1329

least 1 year’s seniority. The local union’s presi­
dent, in commenting on the employees’ reaction
to the plan, pointed out that it had cut absentee­
ism, improved morale, and restored harmony be­
tween the local and the company.
Employer interest in labor’s increasing empha­
sis on wage guarantees became more apparent
during the month. The Committee on Economic
Policy of the United States Chamber of Commerce
issued a report10 which questions the desirability
of a guaranteed annual wage. The report is
critical of attempts to obtain guaranteed wages
through “ overall tight economic planning” and
stresses the constant changes in the American
economy and the importance of stabilizing pro­
duction or sales, or both, prior to making formal
commitments on wage guarantees. It likewise
focuses attention on the need for further careful
study of proposals linking guaranteed wage plans
with unemployment compensation. Another re­
port, 11 prepared by Industrial Relations Counse­
lors, Inc., urges full exploration of the contributory
approach to guaranteed wage programs, particu­
larly in companies which already maintain a sub­
stantial benefit program.
10The Economics of the Guaranteed Wage, Washington, 1953 .
11The Guaranteed Annual Wage: An Active Issue, New York, 1953.

Publications
of Labor interest
E ditor’s N ote.— Correspondence regarding publications to which refer­
ence is made in this list should be addressed to the respective publishing agen­
cies mentioned. Data on prices, if readily available, are shown with the title
entries.
Listing of a publication in this section is for record and reference only and
does not constitute an endorsement of point of view or advocacy of use.

Special Reviews

Peter E. Dietz, Labor Priest. By Mary Harrita
Fox. Notre Dame, Ind., University of Notre
Dame Press, 1953. 285 pp., bibliography,
illus. $4.75.
Detailed biography of a Catholic priest, a pio­
neer in social-work education and in social action
and labor education in the period between 1906
and 1922. Born on New York’s East Side, of
German parents, he studied in Germany after at­
tending several schools in this country and doing
many kinds of manual work. In Germany, he
came to know the European Catholic social move­
ment, out of which have come many of the
present-day leaders in western continental Europe,
including Adenauer.
As a student in this country, he had already
thought of what he would do on social problems
when he became a priest. On his return to the
United States, he continued thinking of social
work and preparing for it. The German experi­
ence had merely helped to confirm his previous
convictions.
The activities he inaugurated were legion. He
edited a social section of a magazine. He ran a
labor news service. He was secretary of a socialservice commission. He started two schools of
social work. He organized institutes for the study
of labor problems. He started a Catholic organi­
zation for labor people to help them do their work
better in the unions. He inaugurated the Sunday
Mass, still continued, for the Catholic and other
delegates to AFL conventions, held with a sermon
on the religious implications of the labor move­
ment. He urged general industrial conferences.
1330


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He was strongly in favor of people joining existing
unions. He fought the Socialist penetration
of unions. (For “Socialist” then, read “semiCommunist” now.) He helped solidify the AFL
policy, at that time, of opposition to government
action in economic life, but worked for employerlabor cooperation to handle the whole range of
economic life. He was not against government
action but was supremely in favor of union-man­
agement cooperation. He was a personal friend
of many labor leaders, and he and they “talked
the same language.”
The final 25 years of his life he spent as pastor
of a Milwaukee suburban parish. As he had not
succeeded in so many of his earlier undertakings
(being a kind of John the Baptist), he did not
succeed in his last and most ambitious work in the
labor field. It was a national labor college as an
outgrowth of the American Academy of Christian
Democracy. It was situated in Cincinnati. The
Archbishop of Cincinnati first welcomed it. But
after a while he came to oppose Father Dietz and
finally ended Father Dietz’ stay in the diocese.
Without Father Dietz, the labor college and the
academy collapsed. Father Dietz spent the rest
of his life in parish work.
Why Archbishop Mueller ordered Father Dietz
out of the diocese is the heart of the story and, to
my mind, the author blurs the story. He makes
it out a story of the Archbishop’s action being
decided by giving in to a committee of business­
men who approached him after Father Dietz had
openly opposed the current antiunion drive, called
the “open shop” drive. This was late in 1920.
Father Dietz had already been working for the
election of President Harding. For a priest to
get into politics was an unheard-of thing. Father
Dietz was also working publicly against American
entrance into the League of Nations, which, to the
minds of many then and now, was a very unin­
telligent thing to do. The author blurs this story
also but gives basic facts that help the reader
reach a judgment different from the author’s.
On special invitation, Father Dietz occasionally
spoke at Catholic meetings on industrial problems
after leaving his earlier work, which was super­
seded by a national organization, the National
Catholic Welfare Conference—likewise something
which he had envisaged.
This book tells the story of a pioneer working
at a time when his church was engrossed in the

PUBLICATIONS OF LABOR INTEREST

simple job of building churches and schools and
of getting men and women to staff them. Father
Dietz was an organizer of social action at a time
when his church was not ready for much of such
organization. And, as in the case of many other
pioneers, when the fruit of the work was ready
for the harvest he was not called on. However,
other pioneers were called on. The book is not a
study of Father Dietz’ ideas but of the methods
of organization and education that he worked at
or tried to get started in a very difficult period.
It is also a study of a very interesting man.
— R e v . R a y m o n d A. M cG o w a n .
The Musicians and Petrillo. By Robert D.
Leiter. New York, Bookman Associates,
Inc., 1953. 202 pp., bibliography, illus.
$3.75.
When the late William Green lost his union card
with the expulsion of the Mine Workers from the
A. F. of L. in 1936, he was invited to join the
American Federation of Musicians. The tradi­
tional “open” admittance policy of the union,
stretched a bit in this case to admit a man who was
obviously not a professional musician, brought
Mr. Green into the company of thousands of
members who were capable of performing publicly
but who could not hope to earn a livelihood as
performers.
Dr. Leiter’s history of the American Federation
of Musicians tells the story of a union plagued
throughout its existence by unemployment and
underemployment, and of leaders who were
reluctant to accept “progress” at the cost of em­
ployment opportunities for musicians. In 1947,
which was probably not an unusual employment
year for musicians, it was estimated that only
about 15 percent of the union membership worked
exclusively as musicians and about twice this
proportion depended upon work as musicians
for a part of their income. The book reviews the
early trials of the union, the development of
prestige and power, the technological revolution
in the entertainment world and its impact on
professional musicians, and the union’s struggles
to protect the interests of those members who
benefited by the reproduction of musical per­
formances and of the larger group for wdiom the
opportunities to play were rapidly vanishing.
Because power in the union flows through the

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1331

president, the activities of Joseph N. Weber, who
led the Musicians from 1900 to 1940, and of
James C. Petrillo, who has been the president since,
are spotlighted.
The author stresses the problems of techno­
logical change, which to musicians meant the sub­
stitution of mechanically reproduced sound for
live performances. Since employment data are not
presented, it is difficult to evaluate the conse­
quences of technological change. The develop­
ment of motion pictures as mass entertainment
brought thousands of musicians into theater pits,
but the addition of sound threw them out again.
Radio broadcasting started as a boon, but its in­
creasing use of phonograph records, which in the
home were no threat, has displaced musicians or
eliminated job opportunities. In television, the
kinescope or film became the threat to live per­
formances. The records, transcriptions, tapes, or
films—the fruits of technical advances—were to
the union the weapons of self-destruction, as the
musicians, themselves, had created them. That
the union, therefore, had the right to control the
output, limit its use, or stop it outright for its
own protection, was Mr. Petrillo’s claim as a basis
for action.
If notoriety is any criterion, the dynamic presi­
dent of the American Federation of Musicians
merits a book of his own. Dr. Leiter reports on
the battles which, because of the media of enter­
tainment involved, made Petrillo a household
name. One need not be a student of trade-union
history to recall the stories of the organization of
solo instrumentalists, the long campaign to or­
ganize the Boston Symphony Orchestra, the Interlochen dispute and other attempts to keep school
children and other “free” performers off the air,
the use of “standby” pay in radio broadcasting
and the events leading up to the Lea Act of 1946,
the ban on records, and the institution of the socalled “royalty” fund. The author credits Mr.
Petrillo with being a highly competent and success­
ful union leader, but deplores some of the methods
he has used and his failure to appreciate public
reaction. The quoted statements of the outspoken
Mr. Petrillo, who has provided much copy to news­
paper reporters and editorial writers, lend spice to
the book. On the whole, however, the author’s
attempts to interject the lively interplay of per­
sonalities into this history are somewhat awk­
wardly done, as if through afterthought, which is

1332

PUBLICATIONS OF LABOR INTEREST

not to the discredit of a conscientious researcher
and serious student of labor problems.
A chapter of the book is devoted to the activities
of Local 802 of New York City. In this chapter,
and throughout the book, it becomes plain that the
American Federation of Musicians, which carries
on some of the functions of a trade association, a
professional society, an employment exchange, and
a collection agency, is quite unlike any other large
union in the country. One of the most striking
differences is the union’s disregard of seniority.
In the nebulous music industry, employers are
generally free to hire and fire on the basis of merit,
youth, appearance, or any other criterion that has
meaning in the entertainment world.
As a thorough research job, and for its own
intrinsic interest, The Musicians and Petrillo
merits a place on the growing shelf of trade-union
histories.
—J o s e p h W. B l o c h .
Soviet Economic Growth— Conditions and Perspec­
tives. Edited by Abram Bergson. Evans­
ton, 111., and White Plains, N. Y., Row,
Peterson and Co., 1953. 376 pp. $6.
This volume records the proceedings of a con­
ference, sponsored by the American Council of
Learned Societies and the Social Science Research
Council, which brought together some of the best
United States experts on Soviet economics. The
main theme of the discussion was the prospect for
economic growth of the USSR in the coming two
decades. The prognostications for different as­
pects of economic growth were based on analyses
of past experience and probable changes in con­
trolling factors.
Twelve papers presented at the conference are
reproduced, with comments made by the partici­
pants in the meetings. Although forming"chapters
of the book, the papers are fully independent of
each other, differ widely in form, and should be
considered as individual contributions, as in pro­
ceedings of other scientific conventions. The book
differs from other such proceedings, however, in
presenting a more systematic selection of topics
and reporters.
The conference covered a broad area of prob­
lems. Three papers on general aspects of Soviet
economic growth are given first: National Income
(by Gregory Grossman); Capital Formation and
Allocation (by Norman M. Kaplan); and Popula­

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M ONTHLY LABOR

tion and Labor Force (by Warren W. Eason).
Next come four papers on the industrial develop­
ment of the USSR: Transportation (by James H.
Blackman); Industrial Resources (by Chauncy D.
Harris); Industrial Labor Productivity (by Walter
Galenson); and Industrial Production (by Donald
R. Hodgman). Except for the report on industrial
resources, these seven papers are highly technical
and stress methodological problems, reconciliation
of contradictory statistical series, and similar
topics. They are not designed for the general
reader but represent a valuable contribution to
scientific studies of Soviet economics.
This group of papers is followed by three reports
on agriculture in the USSR: Agricultural Resources
(by V. P. Timoshenko); Agricultural Organization
[collectivization] (by Lazar Volin); and Agricul­
tural Output and Employment (by Joseph A.
Kershaw). The two concluding reports in the
volume cover foreign trade—within the Soviet
bloc (by Oleg Hoeffding) and between this bloc
and the West (by Harry Schwartz). These five
papers, like the report on industrial resources, will
be appreciated not only by students of Soviet
economics but by general readers as well. In the
opinion of this reviewer, it will be regrettable if
these sections of the book are not reprinted for a
much broader circulation.
The conclusions of the conference are sound.
The twelve papers deflate the boastful claims of
the Soviets and the myth of the USSR’s inexhaust­
ible resources, its breathtaking economic progress,
and the advantages of its system of planning.
But they avoid the other extreme—an under­
estimation of the present strength of the Soviet
Union and its probable economic growth. They
give a well-balanced, realistic picture of the Soviet
economy: abundant but poorly distributed and
not inexhaustible natural resources; a ruthless
control of investments, and all economic activities
by a despotic government, guided by considera­
tions of power and little concerned about the
interests of the mass of the population; subjugation
and exploitation of the rural majority; dispropor­
tionate growth of industries supporting the military
power of the government.
Speculations by the authors about the economic
strength of the Soviets in 1970 are based on as­
sumptions which can be neither proved nor dis­
proved. They are presented as tentative, and the

REVIEW, DECEMBER 1953

PUBLICATIONS OF LABOR INTEREST

reader can adjust them to his own ideas on the
probable course of events. But for such adjust­
ment he would have to use the factual data pro­
vided in the book. This reviewer recommends the
book to the attention of all who are seriously
interested in developments behind the Iron
Curtain.
— W . S. W o y t in sk y .
Cooperative Movement
Consumers' Cooperation in Germany. By Erwin Hasselmann. Hamburg, Central Union of German Con­
sumers’ Cooperative Societies (Zentralverband Deutscher Konsumgenossenschaften), 1953. 81 pp., charts,
maps, illus.
Cooperation in the [British] Colonies. By Marjorie Nichol­
son. Manchester, England, Cooperative Union,
Ltd., Education Department, 1953. 96 pp., bibliog­
raphies, map, illus. (Design for Study, 6.) Is.
Report of the 8 4 th Annual Cooperative Congress, Llandudno,
[Wales], May 25-28, 1953. Edited by R. Southern.
Manchester, England, Cooperative Union, Ltd., 1953.
420 pp.
Beretmng for 1952 til Norges Kooperaiive Landsforenings
Representantskap. Oslo, Norges Kooperative Landsforening, 1953. 80 pp.
Report of the Norwegian Cooperative Union and Whole­
sale Society (NKL) on operations of its member societies,
which include consumers’, production, marketing, and other
organizations.

1333

tics, Oxford, England, August 1953, pp. 295-306,
charts. 3s. 6d.j
Compares employment experience of different sections
of the major textile industries in Great Britain in 1951 and
1952 on the basis of statistics of employment, unemploy­
ment, short-time working, payrolls, and machine activity.
Finds that it is normal for activity to decline first in earlier
stages of production, experience varying somewhat accord­
ing to degree of vertical integration prevailing in the trade.

Guaranteed Wage
The Economics of the Guaranteed Wage. Washington,
Chamber of Commerce of the United States, Economic
Research Department, 1953. 34 pp. 50 cents.
Report of the Chamber’s Committee on Economic
Policy.
The Guaranteed Annual Wage: An Active Issue. New
York, Industrial Relations Counselors, Inc., 1953.
28 pp. (Industrial Relations Memo 131.) $1.50.
Analyzes various employer-initiated plans and types of
union approach to the guaranteed annual wage, including
the supplementing of State unemployment insurance.
The Guaranteed Annual Wage in Collective Bargaining.
Princeton, N. J., Princeton University, Industrial
Relations Section, July 1953. 4 pp. (Selected
References, 52.) 20 cents.
Guaranteed Wage and Employment Plans in Collective Agree­
ments, [Canada]. {In Labor Gazette, Department of
Labor, Ottawa, September 1953, pp. 1269-1272. 25
cents.)

Employment and Unemployment

Industrial Relations

United Slates Census of Population, 1950: Employment and
Personal Characteristics— Employment by Age, Race,
Nativity, Education, Marital Status, Household Rela­
tionship, etc. Washington, U. S. Department of
Commerce, Bureau of the Census, 1953. 145 pp.
(Special Reports, Voi. IV, Part 1, Chapter A.) 70
cents, Superintendent of Documents, Washington.

Case Studies in Collective Bargaining. By Walter Hull
Carpenter, Jr. New York, Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1953.
465 pp., charts. $4.95.

Average Employment and Total Wages of Workers Covered
by State Unemployment Insurance Laws, by Industry
and State, 1952. Washington, U. S. Department of
Labor, Bureau of Employment Security, 1953. 23
pp.; processed.
Full Employment on Trial: A Case Study of British Expe­
rience. By Paul E. Sultan. Buffalo, N. Y., University
of Buffalo, School of Business Administration, Depart­
ment of Industrial Relations, 1953. 12 pp. (Re­
printed from Canadian Journal of Economics and
Political Science, May 1953.)
Unemployment in Textiles. By H. A. Turner. {In
Bulletin of the Oxford University Institute of Statis­
280067— 53-

5


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Collective Bargaining: Negotiations and Agreements. By
Selwyn H. Torff. New York, McGraw-Hill Book
Co., Inc., 1953. 323 pp. $5.50.
A new textbook covering the entire scope of union
agreements from preamble to signatures. Chapters are
devoted to such subjects as union security, worker senior­
ity, hours of work and overtime, paid vacations, benefit
plans, and grievance procedures. Opposing viewpoints of
unions and employers with respect to the negotiation of
particular clauses are summarized. The development and
legal status of the collective-bargaining process and criteria
for wage adjustments are briefly discussed.
Productivity and Wages in Collective Bargaining. {In
Management Record, National Industrial Conference
Board, Inc., New York, August 1953, pp. 281-285,
306-312, illus.)
Summary of proceedings at a round-table conference
held at the 37th annual meeting of the National Industrial
Conference Board.

1334

PUBLICATIONS OF LABOR INTEREST

Human Relations in Small Industry. By John Perry.
Washington, U. S. Small Defense Plants Administra­
tion, 1953. 68 pp. (Small Business Management
Series, 3.) 25 cents, Superintendent of Documents,
Washington.
Successful Labor Relations for Small Business. By James
Menzies Black and J. George Piccoli. New York,
McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc., 1953. xxii, 425 pp. $6.
Due Process on the Railroads: Disciplinary Grievance
Procedures Before the National Railroad Adjustment
Board, First Division. By Joseph Lazar. Los
Angeles, University of California, Institute of Indus­
trial Relations, 1953. 38 pp. $1.
Governmental Restraints on Featherbedding. By Benjamin
Aaron. Los Angeles, University of California, Insti­
tute of Industrial Relations, 1953. 42 pp. (Reprint
31, from Stanford Law Review, July 1953.)

Labor Legislation
Labor Law. By Paul H. Sanders. (In Vanderbilt Law
Review, Nashville, Tenn., August 1953, pp. 11931205. $1.50.)
Summarizes 1953 developments both through court
decisions and by legislation.
The Labor Management Relations1' [Taft-Hartley] Act and
the State’s Power To Grant Relief. By George Rose.
(In Virginia Law Review, Charlottesville, October
1953, pp. 765-813. $1.25.)
Labor Laws of the State of Arizona. Phoenix, State Labor
Department, Industrial Commission of Arizona, 1953.
102 pp.
Labor Laws Administered by Labor and Industrial Com­
mission of New Mexico. Santa Fe, Labor and Indus­
trial Commission, 1953. 36 pp.
Labor Laws of the State of Oklahoma, 1953 Edition. Okla­
homa City* Department of Labor, 1953. 144 pp.
A Statement of the Laws of Colombia in Matters Affecting
Business. By German Cavelier. Washington, Pan
American Union, Department of International Law,
Division of Law and Treaties, 1953. 186 pp. 2d ed.
Includes a 25-page summary of labor and social legisla­
tion. A similar report for the Dominican Republic was
published recently by the Pan American Union.

Labor Organizations
History of Labor and Unionism in the United States (a
Selected Bibliography). Compiled by Ralph E.
McCoy. Champaign, University of Illinois, Insti­
tute of Labor and Industrial Relations, 1953. 88
pp.; processed. (Bibliographic Contributions, 2.)


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MONTHLY LABOR

The Communist-Dominated Union Problem. By Alfred
Long Scanlan. (In Notre Dame Lawyer, Notre
Dame, Ind., Summer 1953, pp. 458-496. $1.)
How Do the Communists Work? By Victor Feather.
London, Batchworth Press, Ltd., 1953. 64 pp.
Is. 6d.
Description of “penetration by Communists of existing
democratic institutions, and particularly of trade unions.”
Fifty-sixth Report of Scottish Trades Union Congress,
Rothesay, April 15-18, 1953. Glasgow, Scottish
Trades Union Congress, 1953. 306 pp. 2s. 6d.
Trade Unions and Full Employment. [Stockholm], Swedish
Confederation of Trade Unions [Landsorganisationen
i Sverige (LO)], 1953. 109 pp. Kr. 2.
English translation of extracts from a 225-page report of
an organization committee appointed in 1946 to study
ways of extending LO activities and rendering them more
effective. Brief sections on the structure of Swedish trade
unionism, and on wage trends and policies, 1950-53, are
added in the English version.
Les Fédérations Syndicales Suisses en 1952. By Willy
Keller. (In Revue Syndicale Suisse, l'Union Syndi­
cale Suisse, Berne, Switzerland, September 1953, pp.
245-262, charts. 1 fr.)
Statistics for 1952 and earlier years showing develop­
ment of Swiss labor organizations.

Labor Turnover
The Cost of Labor Turnover. Chicago, International
Harvester Co., [1953]. 39 pp., charts; processed.
Analyzes the cost to the International Harvester Co. of
labor turnover in 1951, broken down by type of cost
(recruiting and training of workers, tools, materials, etc.).
Hiring and Separation Rates in Certain Industries, [Canada],
September 1950 to August 1952. Ottawa, Department
of Trade and Commerce, Dominion Bureau of Statis­
tics, 1953. 41 pp. 25 cents.

Manpower
Annual Report on the Labor Force, 1952. Washington,
U. S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census,
1953. 29 pp., chart. (Current Population Reports,
Labor Force, Series P-50, No. 45.)
Gives data on the total civilian labor force, on agricul­
tural and nonagricultural employment, and on unemploy­
ment by age and sex of workers and other breakdowns.
Manpower: The Nation’s First Resource. Washington,
National Planning Association, Special Committee on
Manpower Policy, 1953. 55 pp., bibliography.
(Planning Pamphlet 83.) $1.
Proceedings of the Second Conference on Scientific Manpower,
December 1952. Washington, National Science Foun­
dation, [1953?]. 47 pp.

REVIEW, DECEMBER 1953

PUBLICATIONS OF LABOR INTEREST

Scientific Research and Development in American Industry—
A Study of Manpower and Costs. Washington, U. S.
Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics,
1953. 106 pp., charts. (Bull. 1148.) 50 cents,
Superintendent of Documents, Washington.
Health Manpower Source Book: Section 2, Nursing Per­
sonnel. By Helen G. Tibbitts and Eugene Levine.
Washington, U. S. Department of Health, Education,
and Welfare, Public Health Service, 1953. 88 pp.,
bibliography. (Pub. 263, Sec. 2.) 40 cents, Superin­
tendent of Documents, Washington.
In addition to data on the supply of nurses in different
fields of practice during varying periods down to 1952,
the report contains information on median monthly earn­
ings (1946 and 1949) and on characteristics of nurses such
as age, sex, marital status, and education.

Migration and Migrants
L’Émigration d’Europe vers les Pays d’Outre-Mer. By
G. Koulicher. (In Revue du Travail, Ministère du
Travail et de la Prévoyance Sociale de Belgique,
Brussels, June 1953, pp. 561-577.)
Reviews European emigration trends during first half of
present century and discusses present-day problems.
Migrant Workers ( Underdeveloped Countries). Geneva,
International Labor Office, 1953. 129 pp. 75 cents.
Distributed in United States by Washington Branch
of ILO.
Report V (1) prepared for 37th session of International
Labor Conference, 1954. Following a brief review of the
background of ILO activities concerning migration, the
report takes up the nature and extent of labor migration
and measures to mitigate its consequences in countries
of Africa, Asia, and Latin America. The situation of
migrant workers at places of employment in some of the
countries is also discussed.

Occupations
Jobs That Take You Places. By Joseph Leeming. New
York, David McKay Co., Inc., 1953. 244 pp.,
bibliographies. Rev. ed. $3.
Employment Outlook in the Automobile Industry. By
E. Eleanor Rings and Arthur D. Rosenberg. Wash­
ington, U. S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor
Statistics, 1953. 33 pp., charts, illus. (Bull. 1138.)
25 cents, Superintendent of Documents, Washington.
Occupational Therapy as a Career. Washington, U. S.
Department of Labor, Women’s Bureau, 1953.
7 pp., illus. (Leaflet 16.) 5 cents, Superintendent
of Documents, Washington.
Preparing Tomorrow’s Nurses. By Elizabeth Ogg. New
York, Public Affairs Committee, Inc., 1952. 32 pp.,
bibliography, charts, illus. (Public Affairs Pam­
phlet 185.) 25 cents.


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

1335

Older Workers and the Aged
Enriching the Years. Albany, New York State Joint
Legislative Committee on Problems of the Aging,
1953. 199 pp., charts, illus.
The annual reports of the committee, since its estab­
lishment in 1947, have been notable contributions to
informed understanding of the problems of aging. This
1953 report includes data on a revealing study of destitute
aged on the old-age assistance rolls in a New Y ork community.
Proceedings of the Second Joint Conference on the Problem
of Making a Living While Growing Old: Age Barriers
to Employment. Philadelphia, Temple University,
School of Business and Public Administration, Bureau
of Economic and Business Research; Harrisburg,
Pennsylvania Department of Labor and Industry,
Bureau of Employment Security, 1953. 414 pp.
Retirement and Its Problems. (In Management Record,
National Industrial Conference Board, Inc., New
York, September 1953, pp. 325-328, 340-347.)
Papers presented at a round-table conference on prob­
lems of retirement and on current trends in pension plans.
When Should a Worker Be Retired? By Ron Stever.
Berkeley, California Personnel Management Asso­
ciation, Research Division, 1953. 11 pp.; processed.
(Management Report 170.) $1.

Social Security (General)
The Future of Social Security in America. By Arthur J.
Altmeyer. (In Social Service Review, Chicago,
September 1953, pp. 251-268. $1.75.)
Long-Range Cost Estimates for Old-Age and Survivors Insur­
ance, 1953. By Robert J. Myers and Eugene A.
Rasor. Washington, U. S. Department of Health,
Education, and Welfare, Social Security Administra­
tion, Division of the Actuary, 1953. 56 pp., charts.
(Actuarial Study 36.) Limited free distribution.
Present Values of OASI Benefits in Current Payment
Status, 194-0-52. By Louis O. Shudde. Washington,
U. S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare,
Social Security Administration, Division of the
Actuary, 1953. 15 pp. (Actuarial Study 35.)
Limited free distribution.
Proceedings of SOth Annual Meeting [of] National Council
on Teacher Retirement of the National Education Association, February 16-17, 1953, Atlantic City, N. J.
[Trenton, N. J. (P. O. Box 1780), John A. Wood,
Secretary of the Council], 1953. 87 pp.
A number of the addresses concern potential coordina­
tion of present State systems with the Federal old-age and
survivors insurance program.
Salarios y Seguridad Social. By D. Manuel Alonso Olea.
(In Revista Iberoamericana de Seguridad Social,

1336

PUBLICATIONS OF LABOR INTEREST

Madrid, March-April 1953, pp. 225-271.)
The subject is discussed in terms of the employer’s
labor costs in Spain and the payments and benefits re­
ceived directly and indirectly by the worker.
Social Security Trends in Spain. By Luis Jordana de
Pozas. (In Bulletin of the International Social Se­
curity Association, Geneva, April-May 1953, pp.
141-154.)

Wages, Salaries, and Hours of Labor
Occupational Wage Survey: Buffalo, N. Y. (Erie and
Niagara Counties), April 1953. Washington, U. S.
Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics,
1953. 21 pp. (Bull. 1116-20.) 20 cents, Superin­
tendent of Documents, Washington.
This is the final bulletin in a series on occupational wage
surveys in 20 cities during late 1952 and early 1953. For
list of cities, see table 1, p. 1282 of this issue.
Professional Engineers’ Income and Salary Survey, [1952]
Washington, National Society of Professional Engi­
neers, [1953]. 27 pp., charts, maps. $1.
Wage Chronology 35: Pennsylvania Greyhound Lines, Inc.,
1945-52. By Albert A. Belman. Washington, U. S.
Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics,
1953. 11 pp. (Serial R. 2104; reprinted from
Monthly Labor Review, July 1953.) Free.
Wage Chronology 36: A. T. & T.— Long Lines Department,
1940-52. By Albert A. Belman. Washington, U. S.
Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics,
1953. 12 pp. (Serial R. 2106; reprinted from
Monthly Labor Review, August 1953.) Free.
Regarding the Determinants of Union Wage Policy. By
Carl M. Stevens. {In Review of Economics and
Statistics, Cambridge, Mass., August 1953, pp. 221228. $2.)

Women in Industry
The Status of Women in the United States, 1953. Washing­
ton, U.fS.fDepartm ent of Labor, Women’s Bureau,
1953. 26 pp. (Bull. 249.) 15 cents, Superintendent
of Documents, Washington.
State Minimum-Wage Laws and Orders, July 1, 1942March 1, 1953. Washington, U. S. Department of
Labor, Women’s Bureau, 1953. 93 pp. (Bull. 247.)
50 cents, Superintendent of Documents, Washington.
State Minimum-Wage Order Provisions Affecting Working
Conditions, July 1, 1942, to September 15, 1953.
Washington, U. S. Department of Labor, Women’s
Bureau, 1953. 75 pp.; processed. (D-67.) Free.
Progress Toward Equal Pay in the Meat-Packing Industry.
Washington, U. S. Department of Labor, Women’s


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Bureau, 1953. 16 pp. (Bull. 251.) 10 cents, Super­
intendent of Documents, Washington.

Miscellaneous
Labor Problems: Cases and Readings. By George P. Shultz
and John R. Coleman. New York, McGraw-Hill
Book Co., Inc., 1953. 456 pp. $4.50.
Presents descriptions of specific cases and viewpoints
illustrating a wide range of labor problems, for use as a
supplement to standard texts in the field.
Pensions and Profit Sharing. By George B. Buck, Jr., and
others. Washington, Bureau of National Affairs,
Inc., 1953. 272 pp., forms. $5.50.
The Writings of the Gilbreths. Edited by William R.
Spriegel and Clark E. Myers. Homewood, 111.,
Richard D. Irwin, Inc., 1953. 513 pp. $7.35.
Labor Resources and Labor Income in Virginia: Vol. I,
Labor Resources; Vol. II, Labor Income and Per
Capita Income. Report to Advisory Council on the
Virginia Economy. Richmond, Department of Con­
servation and Development, Division of Planning and
Economic Development, 1953. 100 and 42 pp.;
Supplement to Vol. I, 23 pp.; processed.
Irish Statistical Survey, 1951-52. Dublin, Central Sta­
tistics Office, 1953. 63 pp., charts. 3s., Govern­
ment Publications Sale Office, Dublin.
Data on price and earnings indexes, employment, and
unemployment are included.
Report of the Director General [of the International Labor
Organization to the] Asian Regional Conference, Tokyo,
September 1953. Geneva, International Labor Office,
1953. 91 pp. 50 cents. Distributed in United
States by Washington Branch of ILO.
Major subjects covered by the report are the economic
factors affecting living standards in Asian countries,
1950-53; planning for economic development; trends in
social policy; and activities of the ILO directed toward
Asia.
Japan Statistical Yearbook, 1952. Tokyo, Prime Min­
ister’s Office, Bureau of Statistics, 1953. 472 pp.
In Japanese and English.
Contains sections on prices, wages, employment,
industrial disputes, industrial accidents, labor unions,
housing, and social insurances.
Statistical Notes of Japan, No. 1. Tokyo, Prime Min­
ister’s Office, Administrative Management Agency,
Statistical Standards Division, March 1953. 45 pp.
This first number of a new serial, which the issuing
office plans to publish semiannually, describes the prin­
cipal statistical activities of the Japanese Government
and summarizes laws pertaining to the collection and
reporting of statistics. It includes sections on the labor
force survey, the consumer price index, and national
income.

Current Labor Statistics
A.—Employment and Payrolls
1339 Table A -l:
1340
1344
1347
1347
1348
1349
1350

Estimated total labor force classified by employment status, hours
worked, and sex
Table A-2: Employees in nonagricultural establishments, by industry division
and group
Table A-3: Production workers in mining and manufacturing industries
Table A-4: Indexes of production-worker employment and weekly payrolls in
manufacturing industries
Table A-5: Federal civilian employment by branch and agency group
Table A-6: Employees in nonagricultural establishments for selected States 1
Table A-7: Employees in manufacturing industries, by State 1
Table A-8: Insured unemployment under State unemployment insurance pro­
grams, by geographic division and State

B.--Labor Turnover
1351

Table B -l:

1352 Table B-2:

Monthly labor turnover rates (per 100 employees) in manufacturing
industries, by class of turnover
Monthly labor turnover rates (per 100 employees) in selected groups
and industries

C.--Earnings and Hours
1354 Table C -l:
1370 Table C-2:
1370 Table C-3:
1371

Table C-4:

1372 Table C-5:

Hours and gross earnings of production workers or nonsupervisory
employees
Gross average weekly earnings of production workers in selected
industries, in current and 1947-49 dollars
Gross and net spendable average weekly earnings of production
workers in manufacturing industries, in current and 1947-49 dollars
Average hourly earnings, gross and excluding overtime, of produc­
tion workers in manufacturing industries
Hours and gross earnings of production workers in manufacturing
industries for selected States and areas 1

1 This table is included in the March, June, September, and December issues of the Review.
N ote .—Beginning with the May 1953 issue, data shown in tables A-2, A-3, A-4, A-5, C -l, C-2, C-3, and C -4
have been revised because of adjustment to more recent benchmark levels. These data cannot be used with
those appearing in previous issues of the Monthly Labor Review. Comparable data for earlier years are avail­
able upon request to the Bureau of Labor Statistics.


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

1337

1338

D.

CURRENT LABOR STATISTICS

M ONTHLY LABOR

—Prices and Cost of Living
Consumer Price Index—United States average, all items and com­
modity groups
Consumer
Price Index—United States average, food and its subgroups
Table D-2:
Consumer
Price Index—United States average, all items and food
Table D-3:
Consumer
Price Index—All items indexes for selected dates, by city
Table D-4:
Consumer
Price Index—All items and commodity groups, except
Table D-5:
food, by city
Table D-6: Consumer Price Index—Food and its subgroups, by city
Table D-7: Average retail prices of selected foods
Table D-8: Indexes of wholesale prices, by group and subgroup of commodities
Table D-9: Special wholesale price indexes

1379 Table D -l:
1380
1380
1381
1382
1383
1384
1385
1386

E. —Work Stoppages
1387 Table E—1:

Work stoppages resulting from labor-management disputes

F. —Building and Construction


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

Expenditures for new construction
Value of contracts awarded and force-account work started on fed­
erally financed new construction, by type of construction
1390 Table F-3: Urban building authorized, by principal class of construction and by
type of building
1391 Table F-4: New nonresidential building authorized in all urban places, by general
type and by geographic division
1392 Table F-5: Number and construction cost of new permanent nonfarm dwelling
units started, by urban or rural location, and by source of funds

1388 Table F -l:
1389 Table F-2:

1339

A: EMPLOYMENT AND PAYROLLS

REVIEW, DECEMBER 1953

A: Employment and Payrolls
T a ble A - l : E stim a te d to ta l labor force classified by em ploym ent statu s, hours worked, an d sex
[In thousands]
Estimated number of persons 14 years of age and over 1
1952

1953
Labor force status3
Oct.

Sept.3

Aug.

July

June

May

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

Total, both sexes
T o t a l la b o r fo rc e ................... ............ ...................

(4)

(9

(9

(9

(9

(9

66, 338

66,679

66, 255

65,959

66, 309

67, 047

66, 566

C iv i lia n la b o r fo rc e ______________ ________
U n e m p l o y m e n t ______________________
U n e m p l o y e d 4 w e e k s o r le s s _____
U n e m p l o y e d 5 - 1 0 w e e k s _________
U n e m p l o y e d 1 1 - 1 4 w e e k s —............
U n e m p l o y e d 1 5 - 2 6 w e e k s ________
U n e m p lo y e d o v e r 2 6 w e e k s ............
E m p l o y m e n t _________________________
N o n a g r i c u lt u r a l__________________
W o r k e d 3 5 h o u r s o r m o r e ___
W o r k e d 1 5 - 3 4 h o u r s _________
W o r k e d 1 - 1 4 h o u r s *_________
W i t h a jo b b u t n o t a t w o r k 8
A g r i c u l t u r a l - . ......................................
W o r k e d 3 5 h o u r s o r .m o re ___
W o r k e d 1 5 - 3 4 h o u r s _________
W o r k e d 1 - 1 4 h o u r s »_________
W i t h a jo b b u t n o t a t w o r k 6

63, 404
1, 162
727
236
72
82
46
62, 242
55, 083
46, 957
4, 906
, 711
, 509
7, 159
5, 713
, 175
185
86

63, 552
1,246
817
234
58
81
56
62,306
55,044
32, 767
18,114
1,543
2, 620
7,262
5, 772
1,261
154
76

64, 648
1,240
724
278
88
88
62
63,408
56,134
45, 598
4,482
1,260
4, 794
7, 274
5,512
1,442
190
130

64,668
1, 548
924
368
104
78
74
63,120
55, 492
43,196
5,054
1,224
6,018
7,628
5,898
1,436
186
108

64, 734
1,562
1,042
212
96
124
88
63,172
55,246
46, 304
4,924
1, 468
2, 550
7,926
6,334
1,346
178
68

62,964
1,306
656
326
116
150
58
61,658
55,268
45, 988
5,608
1,926
1,746
6,390
4,346
1, 578
230
236

62, 810
1,582
818
376
146
166
76
61,228
55,158
45, 478
5,660
2,074
1,946
6,070
4, 334
1,320
194
222

63,134
1, 674
812
394
188
184
96
61, 460
55, 740
46, 030
5, 712
2, 326
1, 672
5, 720
3,822
1, 324
250
324

62, 712
1, 788
930
480
132
160
86
60, 924
55, 558
44, 992
6, 368
2.172
2. 026
5, 366
3, 516
1,260
254
336

62, 416
1,892
1,018
456
150
176
92
60, 524
55,072
45, 244
5, 776
1,992
2,060
5, 452
3,404
1, 532
218
298

62,921
1,412
822
280
102
109
97
61, 509
55, 812
47,037
5,331
1,968
1, 476
5,697
3,877
1,323
248
249

63, 646
1,418
850
302
104
108
54
62, 228
55. 454
45, 950
5,934
2,002
1, 568
6. 774
5,254
1,198
194
128

63,146
1,284
704
312
86
104
78
61,862
54, 588
45,688
5, 220
1,844
1,836
7,274
5, 080
1,868
218
108

1

1

1

Males
Total labor force........................................

(4)

(4)

(4)

(4)

(4)

(4)

47,379

47,390

47,188

46,829

46, 580

46, 571

46, 568

Civilian labor force__ _______________
Unemployment__________ _____
Employment-_____ _____________
Nonagricultural______________
Worked 35 hours or more___
Worked 15-34 hours_______
Worked 1-14 hours •....... .......
With a job but not at work 6
A gricultural..._______ _______
Worked 35 hours or more__
Worked 15-34 hours_______
Worked 1-14 hours *..............
With a job but not at work 6

43, 626
736
42, 889
37, 241
33, 319
2,283
648
991
5,649
4,848
595
127
78

43,917
768
43,149
37,370
24,173
10, 968
560
1, 669
5, 779
4,891
707
109
71

45, 056
814
44, 242
38, 204
32,680
2,112
514
2, 898
6,038
5,052
726
150
110

45,260
1,024
44,236
38, 042
31,248
2,660
470
3,664
6,194
5,350
620
130
94

44,862
1,024
43,838
37, 626
33,166
2,258
634
1,568
6, 212
5, 458
568
122
64

43,848
898
42,950
37,470
32, 582
2,822
854
1,212
5,480
4,134
960
184
202

43, 898
1.104
42, 794
37, 498
32, 382
2,918
904
1,294
5, 296
4,130
846
140
180

43. 892
1, 108
42, 784
37, 758
32, 686
3, 048
934
1,090
5,026
3,610
946
188
282

43, 692 43,334
1, 244
1,360
42, 448 41, 974
37, 646 37, 166
32, 066 32,046
3, 250 2,918
984
810
1,392
1,346
4,802
4, 808
3,374
3, 248
1,128
930
204
178
254
294

43, 240
965
42, 275
37, 373
33,215
2, 430
767
961
4,902
3,615
866
200
221

43,218
814
42., 404
36, 916
32, 376
2,858
698
984
5, 488
4, 616
642
112
118

43,196
714
42, 482
36,662
32, 336
2, 444
658
1,224
5, 820
4, 560
1,012
152
96

18, 959

19,289

19,067

19,130

19,729

20, 476

19, 998

18, 912
478
18, 434
17, 660
13,096
2,742
1,170
652
774
204
474
54
42

19, 242
566
18, 676
17. 982
13, 344
2, 664
1, 392
582
694
212
378
62
42

19, 020
544
18, 476
17, 912
12, 926
3,118
1, 188
680
564
142
330
50
42

19,082
532
18, 550
17,906
13,198
2,858
1.182
668
644
156
404
40
44

19. 681
447
19,234
18, 439
13,822
2, 901
1,201
515
795
262
457
48
28

20,428
604
19,824
18, 538
13, 574
3, 076
1,304
584
1,286
638
556
82
10

19,950
570
19,380
17,926
13, 352
2, 776
1,186
612
1,454
520
856
66
12

Females
T o t a l la b o r fo r c e ..................................................
C iv i lia n la b o r fo rc e _______________________
U n e m p l o y m e n t ____________ _____ ____
E m p l o y m e n t —........................ ............ ........
N o n a g r i c u l t u r a l __________________
W o r k e d 3 5 h o u r s o r m o r e ___
W o r k e d 1 5 - 3 4 h o u r s _________
W o r k e d 1 - 1 4 h o u r s * .................
W i t h a jo b b u t n o t a t w o r k 8
A g r ic u l tu r a l______________________
W o r k e d 3 5 h o u r s o r m o r e ___
W o r k e d 1 5 - 3 4 h o u r s ..................
W o r k e d 1 - 1 4 h o u r s * ........... ..
W i t h a jo b b u t n o t a t w o r k 8

(4)

(4)

(4)

19, 778 19,635 19, 592
426
425
478
19, 353 19.157 19,166
17, 842 17, 674 17, 930
13, 638 8, 594 12, 918
2,624
7,146
2,370
983
746
1, 063
1,896
951
518
1,484
1,236
1, 510
880
865
460
554
716
580
45
40
58
5
20
7

(4)
19,408
524
18,884
17,450
11,948
2,394
754
2,354
1,434
548
816
56
14

1 Estimates are subject to sampling variation which may be large in cases
where the quantities shown are relatively small. Therefore, the smaller
estimates should be used with caution. All data exclude persons in institu­
tions. Because of rounding, the individual figures do not necessarily add to
group totals.
* Beginning with January 1953, figures are not entirely comparable with
those for previous months as a result of the introduction of materials from the
1950 Census into the estimating procedure used in deriving current labor
force estimates. However, the differences are minor in most respects. In
addition, revised estimating procedure, instituted in September 1953, re­
sulted in some slight discontinuities in the series on agricultural and non­
agricultural employment. For explanation, see Census Bureau’s Current
Population Reports, Series P-57, Nos. 129 and 135, Monthly Report on the
Labor Force for March and September 1953. Also, the total labor force
beginning January 1953 includes an additional 150,000 members of the Armed
Forces—the number overseas in 1940 who had been omitted from the 1940
Census and subsequent current estimates.


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(4)

(4)

19, 872 19,116
408
538
19,334 18, 708
17, 620 17, 798
13,138 13,406
2, 786
2,666
1,072
834
534
982
910
1,714
212
876
618
778
46
56
34
4

3 Census survey week contained legal holiday.
* Total labor force, which consists of the civilian labor force and the Armed
Forces, is not shown for the most recent months because of security
restrictions.
* Excludes persons engaged only in incidental unpaid family work (less than
15 hours); these persons are classified as not in the labor force.
8 Includes persons who had a job or business, but who did not work during
the census week because of illness, bad weather, vacation, labor dispute, or
because of temporary layoff with definite instructions to return to work
within 30 days of layoff. Does not include unpaid family workers.
Source: U. S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census.

1340

A: EMPLOYMENT AND PAYROLLS

M ONTHLY LABOR

T able A-2: Employees in nonagricultural establishments, by industry division and group 1
[In thousands]
1953

Annual
average

1952

Industry group and industry
Oct.
T o t a l e m p lo y e e s .................................... .....................
M i n i n g s .........................................................................
M e t a l . ......... ............... ................. - ..........................
I r o n ...........................................................................
C o p p e r . . ............ ................................ ............ ..
L e a d a n d z in c ......................................................
A n t h r a c i t e _____ _______ ___________________
B it u m in o u s - c o a l..................... ................................

Sept.

Aug.

July

49, 580 49, 632 49, 410 49, 215
811
99.9

284.3

C r u d e - p e t r o le u m a n d n a t u r a l- g a s p ro d u e t i o n . - _________________ _____________

June

May

April

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

1952

1951

49,416 49,058 48,860 48, 685 48, 369 48, 382 50,140 49,310 49,095 47,993 47,202

826
100.0
40.3
27.7
15.4

830
99.9
40.2
27.7
15.9

823
100.2
40.3
27.5
16.1

835
101.0
40.1
27.8
17.0

831
99.9
39.6
27.2
17.3

835
99.7
38.6
27.5
17.9

846
100.2
38.0
27.7
18.4

856
101.3
37.9
27.5
19.2

866
101.7
38.4
27.2
19.6

870
101.9
38.8
27.0
19.6

871
101.3
38.9
26.5
19.5

871
98.8
39.0
24.6
19.3

872
96.4
33.3
25.9
20.8

913
100.2
37.7
25.7
20.4

50.2
291.4

50.2
290.7

48.6
290.1

53.6
299.2

55.6
300.4

51.2
309.6

57.4
318.4

59.7
325. 4

60.5
330.7

62.0
331.2

62.3
330.7

62.5
330.4

63.4
333.8

69.1
372.0
269.3

279.8

283.9

279.7

276.2

271.4

272.1

270.9

272.0

275.0

273.4

271.8

273.6

276.0

N o n m e t a ll ic m i n in g a n d q u a r r y i n g - ..........

104.1

105.0

105.3

104.8

104.7

103.6

102.3

99.2

97.8

97.6

101.6

104.8

105. 6

102.3

102.0

C o n t r a c t c o n s t r u c t i o n .............................................
N o n b u ild i n g c o n s t r u c t i o n .............................
H ig h w a y a n d s t r e e t __________________
O th e r n o n b u il d in g c o n s t r u c t i o n _____

2,705

2,700
567
261.8
305. 6

2,703
575
268.7
306.3

2,662
546
253.4
292.1

2,608
530
241.8
287.8

2,509
499
219.4
280.0

2,416
456
186.8
269.6

2,301
410
155.2
255.0

2,280
403
150.3
252. 4

2,303
4Ò2
147.4
254.6

2, 497
460
176.5
283.9

2, 648
524
222.3
301.2

2, 728
569
250.3
318.7

2,572
501
207.9
293.3

2,588
490
201.3
289.0

2,133

B u il d in g c o n s tr u c tio n .................. .......................

951.1

G e n e r a l c o n t r a c t o r s ________ ____________

2,128
961.9

2,116
952.2

2,078 2,010
925.5

888.4

1,960
861.6

1,891
823.2

1,877
813. 2

1,901
824.1

2,037
888.6

2,124
940.4

2,159
960.9

2,071
919.6

2,098
950.2

S p e c ia l- tra d e c o n t r a c to r s ...............................
P l u m b i n g a n d h e a t i n g . ........................... .
P a i n t i n g a n d d e c o r a tin g ........................
E l e c t r i c a l w o r k ...............................................
O th e r s p e c i a l- tr a d e c o n t r a c to r s ______

1,182.3 1,166. 2 1,163.3 1,152. 9 1,121.8 1,098.8 1,068.1 1, 063. 5 1,076.6 1,148.8 1,183.8 1,198.0 1,151.3 1,147.3
298.5 295.0 288.1 283.3 278.1 278.1 277. 5 279.6 282.5 291.5 296.8 296.8 286.3 286.9
159.1 166.1 160.6 153. S 148.2 140.9 133.3 128.9 128.7 148.3 162.6 166.3 156. 5 155.7
157.9 155.8 154.5 150.6 149.2 148. 2 147.2 148.8 150.3 154.3 153.2 154. 6 151.3 139.5
566.8 549.3 560.1 565.1 546.3 531.6 510.1 506.2 515.1 554.7 571.2 580.3 557.3 565.3

M a n u f a c t u r i n g _______________________ _____ _
D u r a b l e g o o d s J______________________
N o n d u r a b l e g o o d s 3_____________ _____

17,011 17,215 17,265 17,069 17,162 17,040 17,077 17,135 17,013 16,884 16, 952 16,874 16, 778 16, 209 16,082
9, 873 9,952 10,019 10,007 10,121 10,096 10,117 10, Ì03 9,989 9,880 9, 856 9, 750 9, 594 9, 262 9,071
7,138 7,263
7,246 7,062 7,041 6,944 6,960 7,032 7, 024 7,004 7,096 7,124 7,184 6, 946 7,011

O r d n a n c e a n d a c c e s so rie s _____ _____ ______

205.6 206.5 207.0 210.8 206.6 203.0 195.6 190.5 184.1 181.0 178.6 176.6 176.2 166.4
77.0
1,628.7 1,715.0 1, 687. 5 1, 618.0 1,527.3 1,470.6 1, 441.7 1, 436. 5 1, 442. 0 1, 455.7 1,504. 7 1, 554.8 1,636.4 1,538. 5 1, 544.1
305.3 302.7 302.7 299.7 295.5 294.6 299.2 303.0 312.5 321.0 317.9 308.6 309.8 306.1
127.4 132.8 135.3 134. 2 127.0 122.1 118.2 116.0 114.4 115.9 117.5 121.1 123.4 125.2
361.0 339.4 274.1 194.5 174.5 162.0 150.3 156.3 159.8 171.0 199.7 280.8 217.1 230.3
127.8 127.2 126.9 127.3 122.6 121.1 122.9 123.9 125.5 126.5 123.8 126.3 124.8 121.2
290.1 290.0 290.7 289.7 285.8 283.2 284.2 283.6 282.5 287.2 290.3 290.5 284.6 281.2
32.8
30.0
30.2
27.5
39.2
28.5
27.2
28.1
50.9
27.8
49.3
33.4
34.9
30.3
89.0
82.5
75.5
78.1
79.1
92.0
94.4
94.4
86.3
75.7
84.0
86.2
87.9
86.8
235.4 240.0 237.8 231.4 224.2 217.1 213.6 208.4 210.4 215.7 219.6 221.7 220.8 217.6
146.2 142.9 144.8 143.9 137.8 135.3 138.3 136.4 133.5 136.2 140.7 143.7 138.5 139.5

F o o d a n d k in d r e d p r o d u c t s ___________ _
M e a t p r o d u c t s ....... .............................................
D a i r y p r o d u c t s _____________________ ___
C a n n i n g a n d p r e s e r v i n g .____ __________
G r a in - m ill p r o d u c t s ___ ______ __________
B a k e r y p r o d u c t s .................................................
S u g a r ________________ __________ ________
C o n f e c tio n e r y a n d r e l a t e d p r o d u c t s ___
B e v e r a g e s _______________________________
M is c e lla n e o u s fo o d p r o d u c t s .......................
T o b a c c o m a n u f a c t u r e s ........................................
C ig a r e tt e s ................................................ ..............
C ig a r s .............................. .........................................
T o b a c c o a n d s n u f l ______________________
T o b a c c o s te m m in g a n d r e d r y i n g ..............
T e x tile - m ill p r o d u c t s ...........................................
S c o u r in g a n d c o m b in g p l a n t s . ...................
Y a m a n d t h r e a d m ills __________________
B r o a d - w o v e n f a b r ic m i lls ..............................
N a r r o w fa b r ic s a n d s m a l lw a r e s .................
K n i t t i n g m i l l s ________________________ _
D y e in g a n d f in is h in g te x til e s ......................
C a r p e ts , r u g s , o th e r flo o r c o v e rin g s .........
H a t s ( e x c e p t c l o th a n d m i l l i n e r y ) ______
M is c e lla n e o u s te x til e g o o d s ____ ________
A p p a r e l a n d o th e r fin is h e d te x til e p r o d ­
u c t s ___________________ _____ _________ _
M e n ’s a n d b o y s ’ s u its a n d c o a ts _______
M e n ’s a n d b o y s ’ f u r n is h in g s a n d w o r k
c l o th in g ......................................................... ..
W o m e n ’s o u te r w e a r ____________________
W o m e n ’s, c h i l d r e n ’s u n d e r g a r m e n t s ___
M i l l i n e r y . ____ ___________ _____ ________
C h i l d r e n ’s o u te r w e a r ___________________
F u r g o o d s _______________________________
M is c e lla n e o u s a p p a r e l a n d a c c e s s o r ie s ..
O th e r f a b r i c a te d te x tile p r o d u c t s _______

See footnotes at end of table.


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

123.4

125.5
31.7
41.7
8.8
43.3

116.6
31.3
41.1
8.6
35.6

93.5
30.6
40.0
8.5
14.4

93.4
31.4
41.4
8.9
11.7

93.6
31.6
41.3
8.9
11.8

94.0
31.6
41.2
8.9
12.3

96.4
31.4
42.0
9.0
14.0

102.6
30.9
41.9
8.9
20.9

110.0
31.2
41.9
9.0
27.9

117.6
31.2
42.2
9.1
35.1

117.8
31.2
42.8
9.2
34.6

125.9
30.9
42.8
9.2
43.0

107.0
30.4
41.8
9.2
25.5

104.4
29.0
40.9
9.4
25.1

1,175. 7 1,195.8 1, 201.1 1,192.1 1,220.1 1, 214. 4 1,216.7 1, 231. 8 1. 231.3 1,227.9 1,243. 0 1, 242.8 1, 230. 2 1,201.7 1, 272. 7
7.0
7.2
7.2
6.9
7.0
6.6
6.5
6.9
6.8
6.7
6.9
6.7
6.4
6.8
150.6 153.4 150.9 154.9 153.3 153.6 156.6 156. 1. 156.8 157.7 158.1 157. 6 154.2 165.2
513.5 514.9 519.3 526.6 523.8 523.3 528.2 531.2 531. 5 537.9 535.7 532. 5 527.9 576.1
35.0
34.8
34.5
35.2
35.4
35.1
34.2
34.9
35.4
35.3
33.2
35.1
35.0
34.7
251.3 253.5 248.5 254.7 254.0 254.4 257.0 253.8 251.4 257.7 260.3 257.1 244.5 244.6
94.2
94.0
92.2
94.0
97.8
98.1
96.9
95.8
94.2
93.9
97.0
97.7 97.2
94.5
55.5
53.8
52.7
56.7
58.5
58.4
58.3
55.4
56.5
58.3
58.5
54.5
57.8
59.6
—
17.1
18.1
17.8
18.1
17.2
19. 1 18.6
18.5
18.0
18.6
19.2
17.6
17.1
17.7
69.0
71.6
71.4
73.0
73.4
72.8
72.2
73.3
72.8
71.4
72.6
72.6
69.6
73.5
1, 213. 5 1, 220.6 1, 239.9 1,178.6 1,200.1 1,187.2 1, 212.3 1,266.1 1, 264. 4 1, 234.5 1, 239. 4 1, 232.1 1,229. 5 1,190.8 1,187.1
142.6 142.4 131.0 140.7 138.6 137.8 139.8 137.8 132.6 134.1 135.4 136.8 132.5 142.2

_________

313.2
364.6
108.3
21.5
64.1
8.9
65.5
131.9

314.6
380.5
107.2
22.7
68.8
10.3
65.8
129.6

299.1
354.9
105.9
20.4
65.0
11.7
63.1
127. 5

311.0
349.7
108.5
17.4
67.8
12.0
64.5
128.5

310.8
338.4
110.9
17.9
65.2
9.8
64.6
131.0

311.1
359.1
113.1
21.6
63.8
7.2
65.3
133.3

310.9
396.8
113. 5
27.2
67.5
8. 7
65. 4
136.3

306. 6
402.2
112.1
27. 5
68.6
9.0
64.5
136.1

300.9
391.8
109.7
25.8
66.7
10.7
62.7
133.6

302.4
388.1
112.2
22.8
65.1
12.4
66.9
135.4

301.8
372.7
114. 7
20.6
65.7
14.0
70.5
136.7

300.4 286.1
370.9 371.7
113. 5 106.4
22.8
23.2
66.4
64 9
12.3
12.0
70.6
65.1
135.8 129.0

283.4
366.5
101.5
22.6
61.4
13.6
68.7
127.3

REVIEW, DECEMBER 1953

1341

A: EMPLOYMENT AND PAYROLLS

T able A -2 : Em ployees in nonagricultural establishm ents, b y in d u stry division and group 1— C ontinued
[ In th o u s a n d s !
A nnual
a v e ra g e

1952

1953
I n d u s tr y g ro u p a n d in d u s try

Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

J u ly

Ju n e

M ay

A p r.

M ar.

F eb.

Jan.

D ec.

N ov.

O c t.

1952

1951

M a n u f a c t u r i n g — C o n ti n u e d

L u m b e r a n d w o o d p r o d u c t s (e x c e p t
f u r n i t u r e ) ......... . . .................................
L o g g in g c a m p s a n d c o n t r a c to r s -----------S a w m ills a n d p la n in g m i l l s ------------------M ill w o r k , p ly w o o d , a n d p r e f a b r i c a t e d
s t r u c t u r a l w o o d p r o d u c t s ____________
W o o d e n c o n t a i n e r s ____________ _____ . . .
M is c e lla n e o u s w o o d p r o d u c t s ---------------

781.4
81 .7
461.4

792.4
8 4 .7
467.5

786.6
85. 5
460.2

800.1
8 9 .6
4 6 5 .7

782.2
83 .7
456.3

769.7
75 .7
450.4

757.1
72.6
441. 2

745.8
65 .2
437.5

744.3
63 .6
438.1

771.6
74 .7
452. 5

798.4
88.1
466. 2

795. 0
78.4
472.7

782.0
8 4 .0
457. 8

834.4
101.4
477. 4

119.8
59.2
59.3

120.0

120.1

60.2
60.0

61.2
59.6

123.1
6 1 .8
5 9 .9

121.3
61. 5
59.4

122.7
6 1 .0
5 9 .9

120.9
6 1 .2
6 1 .2

121.0
6 1 .0
61.1

121.3
61.1
6 0 .2

122.0
62.1
60.3

123.0
6 1 .0
60.1

124.8
58.7
6 0 .4

118.9
61 .0
60 .4

126.4
65.8
63.4

F u r n i t u r e a n d f ix t u r e s ___________________
H o u s e h o ld f u r n i t u r e ..................................
O ffice, p u b li c - b u il d in g , a n d p ro fe s s io n ­
a l f u r n i t u r e ____________ _______ _______
P a r t i t i o n s , s h e lv in g , lo c k e rs , a n d fix­
t u r e s _______ _______________________
S c re e n s , b li n d s , a n d m is c e lla n e o u s
f u r n i t u r e a n d f ix t u r e s -------------------------

371.9
262.6

371.6
262.9

369.9
261.4

371.6
2 6 4 .2

376. 5
269.4

383.0
275. 5

387.1
279.8

385. 5
278.1

382.6
275.2

382.8
275.0

381.7
274.3

375.4
269.4

361 .0
257.1

36 1 .3
257.1

3 9 .5

3 9 .7

3 9 .2

3 9 .0

3 9 .6

40 .0

40.1

40.1

40.1

40 .3

4 0 .2

40. 1

3 9 .9

40.7

3 7 .0

3 7 .5

37.1

3 6 .7

36 .3

36 .3

3 5 .9

3 6 .4

3 6 .6

3 6 .3

3 5 .9

3 5 .3

34.1

34.4

3 2 .8

31.5

32.2

3 1 .7

31 .2

3 1 .2

3 1 .3

30 .9

30 .7

3 1 .2

3 1 .3

3 0 .6

2 9 .9

29. 1

P a p e r a n d a llie d p r o d u c t s -------- --------P u l p , p a p e r , a n d p a p e r b o a r d m ills .
P a p e r b o a r d c o n ta in e r s a n d b o x e s ,.
O th e r p a p e r a n d a llie d p r o d u c t s . . .

544.2
268.6
147.4
128.2

541.2
267.3
146.2
127.7

533.4
265.4
141. 2
126.8

535. 9
264 .9
143.8
127.2

528. 5
261.4
140.9
126.2

527. 7
260.7
141. 3
125.7

527.3
261. 6
140.8
124.9

523. 2
261. 5
138.9
122.8

522.1
261.4
138. 6
122.1

526.6
262.4
141.0
123. 2

520.7
257.4
140. 5
122.8

516.7
256.8
138.1
121.8

505.6
257.1
129.6
119.0

511.5
258. 7
131.9
121.0

786.8
295.0
66.3
48.1
195.4
55.3
19.3
45.5

776.7
293.0
64 .7
47.3
192.1
53.9
19.1
4 5 .2

775.5
292.3
65.0
46.9
192.7
53.3
18.9
45.0

779.7
293 .8
6 5 .0
4 6 .9
194.3
54.1
18.9
4 4 .9

775.1
292. 5
65.3
46. 6
193 2
53. 6
17. 6
44 .5

774.3
291. 5
65.4
46.8
193. 8
53. 3
17.2
44 .3

774.3
290.5
66.3
47.4
194.0
53.2
17.5
4 3 .9

771.8
289 .2
66. 7
47 .0
194.1
52. 7
17.6
43. 4

772.5
288.4
66 .6
46.5
195. 8
52.8
17.7
44 .0

780. 6
291.6
67.4
46.1
196.7
54.9
19.3
44.1

779. 5
290.8
67.3
4 5 .8
195.3
55.1
2 1 .2
4 4 .0

774. 5
289.4
65. 5
46.1
194.7
54.5
20 .3
43 .7

762. 9
286.8
64.1
4.5.2
192.8
52.9
18.2
4 2 .9

755. 5
282.2
61.1
45.1
193.4
53. 5
18.5
42.7

6 1 .8

61 .8

62 .0

6 1 .5

61.1

60 .7

6 0 .5

6 0 .0

60.3

59.9

59.0

749.0
81 .7
267.6
9 8 .2

750.6
8 1 .5
267.1
9 8 .4

749.1
8 1 .2
264.4
98.1

748.7
81 .0
262.6
97 .9

741.7
8 1 .9
259.0
98.4

742.8
81.5
259.3
95 .8

P r i n t i n g , p u b li s h i n g , a n d a llie d in d u s tr ie s .
N e w s p a p e r s ______ _______ ______ _____ P e r io d ic a ls ......... ........................................... ........
B o o k s ________________________________
C o m m e r c ia l p r i n t i n g ........................................
L i t h o g r a p h i n g .............. ................... ...................
G r e e tin g c a r d s ------------ --------------------------B o o k b in d i n g a n d r e l a te d i n d u s t r i e s . . . .
M is c e lla n e o u s p u b li s h i n g a n d p r i n t i n g
s e r v ic e s ............ ................................—:-----------

774.6

798.6

C h e m ic a ls a n d a llie d p r o d u c t s ..................... I n d u s t r i a l in o r g a n ic c h e m ic a ls -------------I n d u s t r i a l o r g a n ic c h e m i c a l s .---------------D r u g s a n d m e d ic in e s ___________ _____ _
S o a p , c le a n in g a n d p o lis h in g p r e p a r a ­
ti o n s __________________________________
P a i n t s , p ig m e n ts , a n d f ille r s .......................
G u m a n d w o o d c h e m ic a ls ---------------------F e r ti liz e r s _______________________ _____ —
V e g e ta b le a n d a n i m a l oils a n d f a t s ------M is c e lla n e o u s c h e m ic a ls ................... ............
P r o d u c t s of p e t r o le u m a n d c o a l---------------P e tr o l e u m r e f i n in g ----- --------- -----------------C o k e a n d o th e r p e t r o le u m a n d co a l
p r o d u c t s ................................................... ..........

6 1 .9

61.4

61.4

757.2
84.9
278.0
93.1

754.0
85 .5
281.2
92.6

751.7
86.0
280.3
92.8

49 .6
75.7
7 .6
3 3 .2
43 .8
91.3

49 .3
76.4
7 .5
31.5
38 .3
91 .7

49.3
76.6
7.5
30.3
36.4
92.5

264.2
210.7

266.5
211.8

266.3
211.4

753.2
8 4 .7
278.1
9 4 .6

754. 7
84 .0
274.4
9 4 .2

762. 7
83 .4
272.2
95 .0

761.3
8 3 .0
270.6
95.3

752.2
8 2 .3
267.9
95.3

4 9 .7
75 .6
7 .4
3 3 .0
3 7 .3
92 .8

4 9 .9
75.4
7. 6
3 8 .6
3 8 .2
9 2 .4

50. 5
75. 5
7 .9
45.8
39 .9
92. 5

50. 5
75.0
7 .8
44.4
4 2 .6
92.1

50.1
74.3
7 .6
39. 2
44. 2
9 1 .3

49.4
73.7
7 .6
34 .8
45.8
90 .2

4 9 .6
73.4
7 .7
3 3 .0
4 8 .0
9 1 .9

4 9 .5
7 3 .6
7 .7
32 .7
4 9 .2
92 .7

4 9 .9
73.5
7 .7
3 3 .9
49.5
92 .7

49.8
73. 1
7 .9
35 .8
4 4 .2
9 1 .7

51.6
73 .6
8 .3
35.8
46.8
90 .3

264.3
209.4

261.0
206.8

260.3
207. 0

259. 0
206. 3

258.2
208.0

258.3
206.6

260.7
207.6

261.5
207.1

262. 8
207.6

253.9
202.1

252.7
198.6

53.5

54.7

54.9

5 4 .9

54 .2

53.3

52.7

5 2 .2

51.7

53.1

54 .4

55.2

51 .8

54.1

R u b b e r p r o d u c t s . . .................... ................. ..........
zm .v
T i r e s a n d i n n e r t u b e s ...................................... ................
R u b b e r f o o tw e a r ............................................
..............
O th e r r u b b e r p r o d u c t s . . . ........................... ..................

270.5
114.5
29.7
126.3

271.0
115.2
29.4
126.4

269.5
116.1
28.1
125.3

276.3
118.1
29.1
129.1

276.3
118.7
2 8 .9
128.7

276.6
118.2
29.4
129.0

276.4
117. 5
29.8
129.1

274.8
116.9
29.8
128.1

275.1
117.3
30.1
127.7

274.6
117.6
30.7
126.3

272.2
116.9
30 .2
125.1

267. 5
116.1
29.8
121.6

262.3
116.1
28 .3
117.9

263.3
111.2
2 9 .2
123.0

L e a t h e r a n d l e a t h e r p r o d u c t s .......... ...............
374.1
L e a th e r : ta n n e d , c u r r i e d , a n d f i n i s h e d . . ---------I n d u s t r i a l le a t h e r b e l tin g a n d p a c k i n g . . ---------B o o t a n d s h o e c u t s to c k a n d f in d i n g s ----- -----------F o o tw e a r (e x c e p t r u b b e r ) .............................. ..............
L u g g a g e --------- ---------------- ----------------------------------H a n d b a g s a n d s m a ll le a t h e r g o o d s --------- -----------G lo v e s a n d m is c e lla n e o u s le a t h e r g o o d s . ----------

383.2
46.8
5.1
1.6.4
246.5
18.9
3 0 .0
19.5

391.4
47.1
5 .3
17.5
254.0
18.6
29.4
19.5

383.8
46.8
5 .3
17.7
248.8
18.3
28.2
18.7

390 .2
4 7 .6
5 .4
18.0
254.5
1 9 .2
2 6 .7
1 8 .8

382.4
4 6 .9
5 .7
16.9
249.2
19 .2
26.1
18.4

393.3
4 6 .8
5 .8
18.1
255.4
19.1
29 .7
18.4

402. 5
47.4
5 .7
18.8
261.7
18.4
3 2 .2
18.3

403.1
47.8
5 .6
19.3
261.9
18.5
32 .1
17.9

398.7
48 .3
5 .6
1 9 .2
259.9
18.1
30.1
17.5

397.8
48 .7
5 .5
18 .9
256.1
18.9
29.7
2 0 .0

393.7
4 8 .4
5 .4
1 8 .0
249.6
19.1
3 1 .7
21 .5

391.8
4 7 .7
5 .2
17.4
248. 9
19.0
3 2 .0
2 1 .6

381.9
46 .5
5.1
17.5
246.7
17.8
2 9 .0
19.4

376.9
48 .0
5 .5
16.8
241.0
15.9
29.4
2 0 .3

S to n e , c la y , a n d g la ss p r o d u c t s . .................... ..
544.4
F l a t g la s s ................................ .............................. ..................
G la s s a n d g la s s w a r e , p r e s s e d o r b l o w n . . _______
G la s s p r o d u c t s m a d e o f p u r c h a s e d g la s s ________
C e m e n t, h y d r a u l i c . ...........................................................
S t r u c t u r a l c l a y p r o d u c t s ------------------------------------P o t t e r y a n d r e l a t e d p r o d u c t s ___________________
C o n c r e te , g y p s u m , a n d p la s te r p ro d u c ts ________
C u t- s to n e a n d s to n e p r o d u c t s ___________________
M is c e lla n e o u s
n o n m e ta l lic
m in e r a l
p r o d u c t s __________________________ ____________

549.0
35.9
105.7
16.2
41.7
78.6
54.2
107.9
18.9

546.8
35.5
103.7
16.4
41.9
79.3
53.1
108.3
18.9

538.9
35.1
100.4
16.3
41.8
80.0
48.5
108.1
18.4

547.7
3 4 .9
105.4
16.9
4 0 .9
80 .3
54.3
105. 8
1 8 .5

543.0
35 .0
104.2
17.0
41 .0
78.0
55.1
104.7
17.9

544.1
35 .3
104.3
17.7
40 .6
77.5
5 6 .3
104.1
18.3

541. 2
35 .4
103. 6
17.5
40 .6
76 .9
57.0
101.6
18 3

533.9
35 .6
101.1
17.0
40 .6
75.4
56.6
100.1
18.1

531.3
35.7
99 .9
17 .2
4 0 .6
75 .6
56.5
9 9 .2
17.9

538.9
35.7
100.6
17.3
4 0 .7
79.1
57 .0
101.9
18.2

541.6
35.1
101.4
17.3
40 .5
8 0 .6
57 .2
103.2
18.4

539.9
34 .3
100.3
16.7
41 .0
81 .4
57 .3
103.1
18.4

527. 9
32 .6
9 6 .2
16.2
3 9 .9
8 0 .9
57 .2
100.7
17.5

551.2
33 .2
98 .0
16.7
40 .6
8 5 .2
6 3 .0
101.5
18.9

89.9

89 .7

90.3

9 0 .7

90.1

9 0 .0

9 0 .3

8 9 .4

8 8 .7

8 8 .4

8 7 .9

8 7 .4

8 6 .9

94 .2

S ee fo o tn o te s a t e n d o f ta b le .

2 8 0 0 6 7 -5 3 -

-6


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

1342

A: EMPLOYMENT AND PAYROLLS

MONTHLY LABOR

T able A -2 : E m ployees in nonagricultural establishm ents, b y in d u stry division and group 1—C ontinued
[In thousands]
1953

Annual
average

1952

Industry group and industry
Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

July

June

May

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

1952

1951

Manufacturing—Continued
Primary metal industries......... . . ............. 1,304. 7 1,320.6 1,333.4 1,336.9 1, 346.0 1,338.4 1, 343. 9 1,343. 6 1,338.9 1,335.8 1,330. 5 1,317.6 1, 306.8 1,227.4 1,313.0
Blast furnaces, steel works, and rolling
656.0 666.7 665.1 662.1 655. 9 656. 6 656. 5 654. 4 653.0 649.7 645.1 643. 3 570 7 642 5
mills_________ _________________
Iron and steel foundries... ___ ___
239.2 241.3 243.1 248.7 250.5 253.2 253. 2 253. 7 255.3 255.8 254.7 251. 4 253.0 26öl 2
Primary smelting and refining of non52.4
52.5
52.2
ferrous metals_____ ___ ________
52.7
51. 5
51.2
50.8
49. 5 49.9
52.8
49.8
49. 9 50.6
50.3
Secondary smelting and refining of non12.8
12.4
12.9
12. 7 12. 6
ferrous metals
___
12.6
12.9
12.7
12.6
12.2
12.6
12.0
12.3
13.2
Rolling, drawing, and alloying of non121.7 122.4 121.5 123.8 123.4 123.1 122.0 119.9 118. 5 117.8 116.1 114.3 i n 2 110 8
ferrous metals
..
_________
96.6
92.9
95.3
92.8
94.9
97.2
98.3
97. 5 94.8
Nonferrous foundries.
................_ ._
98.2
89 8 87 0
97.8
91.8
Miscellaneous primary metal industries.
145.7 145.2 146.5 149.5 148.6 149.4 149.8 149.1 148.8 147.6 144.8 144.1 1318 1412
Fabricated metal products (except ordnance, machinery, and transportation equipm ent)... .. __________ 1,146. 2 1,156.0 1,163.0 1,151.7 1,168.0 1,162.3 1,160. 6 1,159.3 1, 149. 6 1,135.2 1,125.7 1,104. 6 1,088.1 1, 045.6 1,059.7
59.7
64.1
56.9
55.6
Tin cans and other tinware ............. ....
62.7
61.3
57. 8 57.0
56. 7 56 5
55. 4 58. 5 56 6
58 1
Cutlery, hand tools, and hardware__
155.0 159.6 159.1 164.6 165.3 164. 0 164.9 163. 2 160.8 158.3 154.3 150.9 149.8 1618
H e a tin g a p p a ra tu s (except electric) a n d

plumbers’ supplies
Fabricated structural metal products
Metal stamping, coating, and engraving
Lighting fixtures. .. ______ ______
Fabricated wire products..
Miscellaneous fabricated metal products____________________________

151.3
286.3
235.8
49.4
70.8

152.5
284.6
236.1
50.4
71.1

151.3
278.8
236.6
49.4
71. 5

153.4
279.7
242.1
50.1
72.4

153. 7
274. 6
241.8
50.3
72. 9

155. 0
272. 2
241.4
50. 9
73. 7

154.1
272. 7
240.8
50.8
73. 2

154. 2
272.0
237. 5
49.6
71. 7

152 6
270 5
231.3
48 3
71.3

154. 6
272.2
223.8
47.9
70.3

153. 8
268.0
215.2
47.4
69.1

154.0
262.9
209.3
46.5
67.0

142 8
252 8
196.7
45 6
63.9

144.7

144.6

143.7

146.0

145.9

146. 4

145.9

144. 7

143. 9

143.0

141.4

139.0

136 5

144 1
?41 9

2010
48 2
66ll
127 1

Machinery (except electrical).......... .......... 1,609.4 1,624.0 1,635.9 1,665.7 1, 698.4 1, 702.0 1, 714. 3 1. 727. 8 1.713.4 1, 702.1 1, 687. 5 1, 643.8 1,607. 2 1, 642. 4 1, 601.3
95.5
89.9
89.4
95. 7 95 8
94.2
94.5
96. 5
95.5
86.3
Engines and turbines___ . __
95.6
95. 9
88 9 81 2
Agricultural machinery and tractors__
160.3 170.1 179.3 184.5 187.1 190. 6 195.8 193.3 190 4 188.8 169.7 156.2 185.1 198 4
Construction and mining machinery__
126.6 128.9 131.0 133.5 130. 9 131.1 134. 2 133. 9 133. 2 132.9 132.1 130. 5 132 2 190 5
Metalworking machinery...............I ___
283.8 281.2 281.6 285.8 285. 6 285. 2 285. 4 283.3 283.9 282.8 279.4 278.5 280 3 26214
Special-industry machinery (except
183.4 185.7 186.8 191.0 190.3 190.9 191. 9 192.0 191 2 190.8 190.2 185.6 190 9 196 0
metalworking machinery).. ______
General industrial machinery_____ ..
233.9 234.0 236.4 236.9 234. 2 234. 4 234. 5 232.3 232 0 231.4 227.2 225.8 230. 7 224 4
Office and store machines and devices...
111.3 110.1 111.4 112.0 112.4 112. 6 112.3 111. 5 111.7 111. 7 110.7 110.4 109 8 106.3
Service-industry and household ma195.4 196.8 202.0 213.3 219 4 224. 7 227. 5 223. 7 217.0 208.1 200.6 193. 5 186. 5 182.2
chines.......... . . . . . . _. ________
Miscellaneous machinery parts______
239.4 239.7 242.7 245.9 246. 5 248. 9 249. 7 247. 7 246. 9 245.5 239.7 240.4 238.0 229 8
Electrical machinery.. ________ . . . .. 1,191.1 1,204.5 1,195.7 1,179.3 1,194. S 1, 202.0 1, 206. 5 1,204.0 1,192. 4 1,173. 5 1,166.6 1,142.3 1,118.6 1,068. 4 1,005.4
Electrical generating, transmission, distribution, and industrial apparatus.
390.1 39i. 0 391.7 393.7 393 6 393.0 390. 5 386. 1 381 5 378.4 374.3 369. 9 364. 8 354.9
63.2
Electrical appliances_____ __________
70.7
69.4
70.9
60.6
70.3
69.3
67. 9 65. 5 64.9
56. 2 59. 5
70 5 69. 9
33.1
Insulated wire and cable... _______
34.4
34 5 34 3 35.4
35 5 35. 6 35. 5
35. 4 35 1 34.6
32.8
31. 5 29 2
79.9
Electrical equipment for vehicles.____
90.9
80.5
87.7
87. 5 88.2
91 0 91. 0 90. 5 88.2
84 5 82.2
78 6
79 2
25.0
_____ ___ ..
27.3
23. 5 23.3
Electric lamps., . . .
27 2 26. 9
26.3
25 3
27 9
27 5 27 4
25.8
25 2 31 0
Communication equipment..... ...........
545.1 537 6 519.4 529.2 537 2 542. 8 546.0 543.1 535 3 533.8 518.8 501.2 464. 9 405 8
Miscellaneous electrical products_____
47.7
49. 5 50.3
47.3
45.9
45.9
46 3
48.6
48 2 48 0 47.4
47 0
46 6 46 5
Transportation equipment____________ 1,877.4 1,888.9 1,934.7 1,944.1 1, 950. 8 1. 955, 8 1, 969. 9 1,965.7 1, 930.0 1,891.5 1,862.6 1, 825.0 1,779.3 1, 674.9 1,510.3
Automobiles___ _ . ______________
897.1 950.1 965.5 969.4 982. 3 993.1 983.2 957. r 924 6 904.(1 887.9 850.0 793. 5 844 5
Aircraft and p a r t s .________________
755.9 747.3 740 9 733.6 728 4 727. 3 735. 0 729.2 721 4 711.4 694.5 684.3 641. 6 462 6
Aircraft
. . _________
457.3 451. 9 447 6 444.5 445. 6 446. 9 449.2 448.1 447. 8 444. 5 434.0 430.2 413 9 212 2
Aircraft engines and parts_________
168.8 167.3 167 9 165.9 161 3 159. 2 165. 6 163. 7 158 1 153. 9 150. 2 147.5 134 7 90 8
Aircraft propellers and parts..
__ .
16.4
15.2
16.4
16. 5
16.5
15.7
14.8
16.3
16.4
16. 6 16 3
10 8
16. 2
14.0
Other aircraft parts and eouipm ent..
113.4 111.9 109.1 106.8 105 1 104. 7 103. 7 100.8
97.3
95.1
99. 2
91.8
79 1 48 8
Ship- and boatbuilding and repairing .
147.1 147. 2 151 6 153.9 153 0 157.1 155.1 155. 7 158 1 158.8 155.9 155. 3 151. 0 116 0
Shipbuilding and repairing___ . ...
122.9 122.5 125.6 127.1 126.1 130. 5 129.7 131.0 134.1 135.3 133.5 134.3 131 2 101 6
26.8
Boatbuilding and repairing________
22.4
24.2
24.7
26. 6 25. 4 24.7
23.5
21.0
26.0
26.9
19. 8 14 4
24.0
Railroad equipment____ . _______
80.0
75.1
76.3
79.2
74.8
72.3
78. 6 79. 0
74.1
72.1
73 7
75. 3 75 8
74 3
13.9
Other transportation equipment_____
13.2
13.3
13.7
13. 8
14.3
14.6
14. 4
13.8
13. 5 13.4
13 1
12 9 12 6
Instruments and related products..........
Laboratory, scientific, and engineering
instruments . . . ________ _
Mechanical measuring and controlling
instrum ents___ . .
________
Optical instruments and lenses
___
Surgical, medical, and dental instruments . . . . . . ______________ . . .
Ophthalmic goods______________
Photographic apparatus____________
Watches and clocks______________

333.6

Miscellaneous manufacturing industries..
Jewelry, silverware, and plated ware .
Musical instruments and parts______
Toys and sporting goods.' ________
Pens, pencils, and other office supplies..
Costume jewelry, buttons, notions___
Fabricated plastic products_________
Other manufacturing industries..........
See footnotes at end of table

516.1


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

333.5

331.6

333.2

335.4

333.3

333.2

332. 5

326.3

322.8

318.7

310.2

2912

53.4

52 8

54.4

54. C

53. 6

53. 6

53. 5

53. C

52 8

52. 5

51.8

51.1

48 9

39.1

78.6
12.3

80.2
12. 2

81.1
12 1

82.6
12.3

81. £
12.3

81. 8
12. 4

81. £
12.4

80. £
12.3

80 2
12.3

79. 6
12.3

78.3
12.4

77.0
12.4

74.1
12.4

71.8
115

40.4
28. 2
73.2
47.4

40. 7
28 1
71.9
45.7

40 8
27.9
71.3
45.6

41.2
28. 4
69.4
47. 5

41 1
28. 7
68. 9
46.8

41.1
29. 0
68. 5
46. 8

40 9
29. 2
68.3
46.3

40. 4
29.9
67.9
45. 1

40 8
28. 9
68.0
44. 5

40. £
28. 5
67.9
44. 6

40. 6
27. 8
67.5
44.4

40.0
27. 5
66. 9
43. 8

39 6
28 1
66.1
41 0

40 0
29 0
62.1
37.7

515.3
56.8
18. 2
92. 7
32.8
71.9
77.1
165.8

508.8
55.3
18.1
91.2
32.4
71.8
76.4
161.6

490.2
52.8
17 7
87.4
31.9
68.3
74.6
157.5

501.5
54. 9
18.0
88.1
32.3
68.1
75. 5
164.6

497.2
54. 2
18.0
87.1
32.1
66.4
75.1
164.3

495.9
54. 6
18. 1
84. 3
32.0
67. 2
75.1
164.6

494.1
55. 0
18.3
81.3
31. 7
69.3
74.1
164.4

487.2 474.9
53. 6 52.8
18. 1 17. 8
77.8
73.7
31. 1 31.1
69.6
67. 6
73. 4 72.6
163.6 159.3

485.0
53. 8
17.5
79 8
32.6
67.1
72. 4
161.8

495.8
54. 2
17.4
87. 2
32. 6
68.4
72. 7
163.3

488.5
53. £
17.0
87. 9
32. 7
67.4
71.1
158. 5

456.0
50.5
16.3
75. 4
31. 5
62.1
66.9
153. 4

465.4
54.7
16.6
74.0
31.9
63.9
67.2
157.0

328. 5 327.5

REVIEW, DECEMBER 1953

A: EMPLOYMENT AND PAYROLLS

1343

T a ble A -2 : E m ployees in nonagricultural establishm ents, by in d u stry division and group 1—C ontinued
[In thousands]
Annual
average

1952
Industry group and Industry
Sept.
T r a n s p o r t a t i o n a n d p u b l i c u t i l i t i e s ___________
T r a n s p o r t a t i o n ....................................................................
I n t e r s t a t e r a i l r o a d s ....................................................
C l a s s I r a i l r o a d s - ............... ....................................
L o c a l r a i l w a y s a n d b u s l i n e s _____________
T r u c k i n g a n d w a r e h o u s i n g ................................
O t h e r t r a n s p o r t a t i o n a n d s e r v i c e s ............
B u s l i n e s , e x c e p t l o c a l ...................................... ..
A ir tr a n s p o r t a tio n (c o m m o n c a r r ie r ).
C o m m u n i c a t i o n ........................ ...........................................
T e l e p h o n e . .....................................................................
T e l e g r a p h .........................................................................
O t h e r p u b l i c u t i l i t i e s ........... ..........................................
G a s a n d e l e c t r i c u t i l i t i e s ___________ ________
E l e c t r i c l i g h t a n d p o w e r u t i l i t i e s ______
G a s u t i l i t i e s ________________________________
E le c t r i c l i g h t a n d g a s u t i li t ie s c o m b i n e d ..
L o c a l u t ilit ie s , n o t e ls e w h e r e c la s s ifie d ..
W h o l e s a l e a n d r e t a i l t r a d e _____________________
W h o l e s a l e t r a d e ........................................... ........................
R e t a i l t r a d e _________________ _________ ___________
G e n e r a l m e r c h a n d i s e s t o r e s ................................
F o o d a n d l i q u o r s t o r e s _____________________
A u t o m o t i v e a n d a c c e s s o r i e s d e a l e r s ____
A p p a r e l a n d a c c e s s o r i e s s t o r e s . .......................
O t h e r r e t a i l t r a d e . .......................................................

2,991

747
572

Aug.

July

May

June

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

1952

1951

4,323 4,334 4,340 4,315 4,279 4,244 4,235 4,210 4,210 4,293 4,286 4,296 4,220 4,166
2,999 2,998 2,999 2,990 2,966 2,949 2,928 2, 909 2,914 2, 995 2, 992 2,999 2, 941 2,921
1,395.1 1,405.6 1,409.6 1,399. 9 1,387.0 1,376.0 1, 360. 5 1, 356.4 1,367. 5 1, 406. 0 1,412.5 1,423. 2 1,399. 8 1,449.3
1,224.7 1, 235.0 1,238.8 1,229.2 1,217.5 1,204.9 1,188. 5 1,184.8 1,195. 5 1, 222. 7 1, 238.8 1, 249. 9 1, 226.2 1,275.9
127.9 128.4 130.6 131.0 130.7 130. 7 131.3 131.5 125.6 132.4 132.4 132.3 134.2 139 0
766.7 753.6 748.4 749.3 745.5 743.0 743.9 737.2 734.9 761.9 750. 8 745.9 714.6 675 6
709.1 710.6 710.7 709.5 703.1 698.9 691.9 683.8 686.0 694.9 696.0 697.1 692.1 656.9
53.0
52.9
52.5
52.5
52.6
53.5
51.5
52.4
52.9
52.1
51.9
51.4
53 0
51.9
99.4
105.6 105.1 104.9 104.6 102.0 101.1 100.8 100.0 100.0
98.8
97.8
95.6
85.2
746
752
736
734
732
759
742
750
731
738
717
690
747
734
697.3 703.5 709.5 700.1 697.3 682.3 693.5 689.2 684.9 686.5 684.4 682.4 672.7 638.9
47.6
48.6
48.6
47.7
48.3
48.9
48.1
47.9
48.3
49.1
48.6
48.9
48.6
50.1
584
582
562
560
565
578
564
565
563
575
566
562
563
655
555.7 560.5 558.8 552.2 544.3 542.1 543.0 541.4 540. 5 540.8 538.8 54.3.0 541.2 533.3
249.5 251.4 250.8 248.2 245.0 244.7 244.3 243.5 243.2 242.7 240.2 244.3 243.5 240.4
130.1 131.7 130.8 128.9 126.3 124.8 126.5 126.1 125.6 126.6 127.0 127.2 126.4 123.8
176.1 177.4 177.2 175.1 173.0 172.6 172.2 171.8 171.7 171.5 171.6 171.5 171.3 169 1
21.4
22.6
23.0
21.7
21.5
21.7
22.9
22.1
21.5
22.4
21.9
22.0
21.7
21.7

10,603 10,458 10,340 10,355 10,415 10,348 10,314 10,284 10,214 10,283 11,218 10,650 10,442 10,251 10,013
2,755 2, 736 2, 736 2, 736 2, 729 2, 712 2, 713 2, 730 2, 743 2,747 2, 787 2,780 2. 752 2, 721 2,655
7,848 7, 722 7,604 7,619 7,686 7, 636 7,601 7, 554 7, 471 7, 536 8, 431 7, 870 7,690 7,530 7,359
1,487.4 1,413.9 1,351.3 1, 350.3 1,402.3 1,406. 2 1,396.6 1,396. 4 1. 355. 0 1,406. 5 2,013. 2 1,626.3 1, 504. 8 1,453.2 1,429 3
1,415. ‘ 1,397.9 1,391.5 1,400.8 1,405. 7 1,399. 3 1, 398.2 1,389.2 1, 380.8 1,370.9 1,407. 2 1,381.7 1,375. 8 1, 353.8 1, 307 6
850.3 849.8 851.8 845.6 839.2 829.2 820.0 812.9 810.0 807.5 815.2 800.5 785.2 779. 5 763.7
605.9 586.8 540.7 551.9 594. 7 594.8 593. 2 585.7 5.58.2 573.6 705.6 617. 7 601.9 584.0 575.4
3,488.8 3,474.0 3,468.7 3,470.3 3,444.3 3, 406.4 3,392. 7 3, 369.9 3, 366. 7 3,377.6 3, 489. 5 3,443. 5 3,422.2 3,359.1 3,282.4

F i n a n c e , i n s u r a n c e , a n d r e a l e s t a t e 4________
B a n k s a n d t r u s t c o m p a n i e s 4..................................
S e c u r i t y d e a l e r s a n d e x c h a n g e s ......................... ..
I n s u r a n c e c a r r i e r s a n d a g e n t s ................................
O t h e r f i n a n c e a g e n c i e s a n d r e a l e s t a t e ____

2,052

2,055
512.5
63.8
755.3
723.6

2,077
519.1
64.8
760.8
732.0

2,075
519.3
65.2
757.5
732.9

2,046
5Ó6.8
64.9
744.6
729.5

2,025
499.1
65.2
737.2
723.1

2,014
499.0
65.0
735.5
714.4

1,993
496.7
64.9
732.3
699.1

1,977
493.4
64.7
726.9
692.2

1,969
488.6
64.1
720.8
695.1

1,978
489.6
64.2
719.6
704.2

1,973
486.8
64.2
716.7
705.1

1,973
484.6
64.4
715.2
709.0

1,957
480.0
64.5
707.2
704.8

1,861
431.0
63.7
671.4
694.7

S e r v i c e a n d m i s c e l l a n e o u s ______________ _______
H o t e l s a n d l o d g i n g p l a c e s . .................................... ..
P e r s o n a l s e r v ic e s :
L a u n d r i e s ................... ..................... .....................................
C l e a n i n g a n d d y e i n g p l a n t s . .................... ..
M o t i o n p i c t u r e s . . ’. . ..........................................................

5,334

5,392
483.8

5,412
541.7

5,413
537.8

5,397
495. 9

5,357
469.9

5,307
463.8

5,225
456.0

5,194
450. 5

5,192
442.7

5,237
446.8

5,266
446.1

5,303
456.3

5,280
476.9

5,207
476.5

346.8
180.6
234.1

350.5
175.8
234.3

354.7
180.4
233.8

354.1
186.8
233.8

348.6
184.2
232.1

343.5
180.7
234.4

340.4
175.0
232.0

340.0
171.9
229.4

341.7
172.4
229.6

342.0
172.5
228.5

342.3
175.3
232.6

343.7
176. 9
237.2

342.7
172.7
236.2

342.7
166.8
244.4

G o v e r n m e n t 4______________________________________
F e d e r a l 4__________________________________________
S t a t e a n d l o c a l • _________________________________

6,754
2,200

4, 554

6,663 6,449 6,478 6,638 6,669 6,653 6,666 6,625 6,675 7,095 6,742 6,704 6,633 6,373
2,220 2,248 2, 271 2, 285 2,282 2,304 2,324 2, 343 2 350 2,765 2, 363 2,363 2,403 2,261
4, 443 4,201 4,207 4,353 4,387 4,349 4,342 4.282 4.325 4,330 4,379 4,341 4,230 4,112

i The Bureau of Labor Statistics series of employment in nonagricultural
establishments are based upon reports submitted by cooperating firms. These
reports cover all full- and part-time employees in private nonagricultural
establishments who worked during, or received pay for, any part of the pay
period ending nearest the 15th of the month. Because of this, persons who
worked in more than 1 establishment during the reporting period will be
counted more than once. In Federal establishments the data generally refer
to persons who worked on, or received pay for, the last day of the month; in
State and local government, to persons who received pay for any part of the
pay period ending on, or immediately prior to, the last day of the month.
Proprietors, self-employed persons, unpaid family workers, and domestic
servants are excluded. These employment series have been adjusted to first
quarter 1951 benchmark levels indicated by data from government social
insurance programs. Revised data in all except the first 4 columns will be
identified by asterisks the first month they are published.
These data differ in several respects from the nonagricultural employment
data shown in the M onthly Report on the Labor Force (table A -l, civilian
labor force), which are obtained by household interviews. This M R LF
series relates to the calendar week which contains the 8th day of the month.
I t includes all persons with a job whether at work or not, proprietors, selfemployed persons, unpaid family workers, and domestic servants.
1 Durable goods include: ordnance and accessories; lumber and wood
products (except furniture); furniture and fixtures; stone, clay, and glass


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

products; primary metal industries; fabricated metal products (except ord­
nance, machinery, and transportation equipment); machinery (except elec­
trical); electrical machinery; transportation equipment; instruments and
related products; and miscellaneous manufacturing industries.
3 Nondurable goods include: food and kindred products; tobacco manu­
factures; textile-mill products; apparel and other finished textile products;
paper and allied products; printing, publishing, and allied industries; chem­
icals and allied products; products of petroleum and coal; rubber products;
and leather and leather products.
4 Beginning with January 1952, the data for Federal employment are not
strictly comparable with those for prior years, primarily as a result of changes
in definition. The following changes were made starting with that month:
(1) data refer to the last day of the month rather than the first of the month;
(2) employment of the Federal Reserve Banks and of the mixed-ownership
banks of the Farm Credit Administration were transferred from the Federal
total to the “ Banks and Trust Companies” group of the “Finance, Insur­
ance, and Real Estate” Division; (3) fourth-class postmasters, formerly ex­
cluded as nominal employees, are now included in the Federal total.
5State and local government data exclude, as nominal employees, paid
volunteer firemen and elected officials of small local units.
See N ote on p. 1337.

1344

A: EMPLOYMENT AND PAYROLLS

MONTHLY LABOR

T able A -3 : P roduction workers in m ining and m anufacturing industries 1
fin thousands]
Annual
average

1953
Industry group and industry
Sept.

Aug.

July

June

May

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

1952

1951

M in in g :
M e t a l . ................................ ....................... ............................... ..
I r o n _______________ ______________ _______________
C o p p e r ............................................................................. ..
L e a d a n d z i n c . .............. - ....................... ..................

86.5
35.5
23.9
12.8

86.4
35.4
23.9
13.3

86.7
35. 5
23.7
13.5

87.4
35.4
23.8
14.4

86.6
34.9
23.4
14.8

86.2
34.0
23.5
15.3

86.7
33.5
23.6
15.8

88.1
33.5
23. 5
16.6

88.8
34.1
23.4
17.0

88.9
34. 4
23.2
17.0

88.4
34.6
22.8
16.9

85.8
34.7
20.8
16. 7

83.8
29.1
22.3
18.1

88.4
33.8
22.4
17.8

A n t h r a c i t e _______________ ______ __________________
B i t u m i n o u s - c o a l ..................................................................

46.5
269.3

46.6
268.7

45.4
268.0

50.3
277.1

51.6
277.9

47.8
286.7

53.5
295.8

55.6
302.0

56.4
306.9

57.8
307.4

58.0
306.6

58.5
306.3

59.5
309.9

65.0
348.0

C r u d e -p e tr o le u m a n d n a tu r a l-g a s p r o d u c ­
tio n :
P e t r o le u m a n d n a tu r a l-g a s p r o d u c tio n
( e x c e p t c o n t r a c t s e r v i c e s ) ...............................

130.1

133.8

133.7

131.9

127.2

127.7

126. 5

125. 9

126.4

126.5

126.3

126.7

127. 9

124.8

N o n m e t a l l i c m i n i n g a n d q u a r r y i n g ................

91.4

91.7

91.2

90.8

89.0

88.2

85.0

83.8

83.6

87.5

90.6

91.6

88.6

89.2

M a n u f a c t u r i n g - - __________________________________
D u r a b l e g o o d s 1 .......................................................
N o n d u r a b l e g o o d s 3...............................................

7,933
5, 693

O r d n a n c e a n d a c c e s s o r i e s ...........................................

158.

F o o d a n d k i n d r e d p r o d u c t s ....................................
M e a t p r o d u c t s ............................................................... ..
D a i r y p r o d u c t s ___________ ___________________
C a n n i n g a n d p r e s e r v i n g ____________________
G r a i n - m i l l p r o d u c t s ....................................................
B a k e r y p r o d u c t s . ............................... ............. .............
S u g a r ____________________________________________
C o n f e c t i o n e r y a n d r e l a t e d p r o d u c t s ____
B e v e r a g e s . — _______ _____________ ______________
M i s c e l l a n e o u s f o o d p r o d u c t s .......................... ..

1, 201.

A p p a r e l a n d o th e r fin is h e d t e x t ile p r o d ­
u c t s __________________________________ _________
M e n ’s a n d b o y s ’ s u i t s a n d c o a t s _________
M e n ’s a n d b o y s ’ f u r n i s h i n g s a n d w o r k
c l o t h i n g ______________________________________
W o m e n ’s o u t e r w e a r . . . _____________ _______
W o m e n ’s , c h i l d r e n ’s u n d e r g a r m e n t s ___
M i l l i n e r y _____________________ _________ _______
C h i l d r e n ’s o u t e r w e a r . ........... .................... .............
F u r g o o d s ____________ ______ ___________________
M is c e lla n e o u s a p p a r e l a n d a c c e s s o r ie s ..
O t h e r f a b r i c a t e d t e x t i l e p r o d u c t s ________
L u m b e r a n d w o o d p r o d u c ts (e x c e p t fu r­
n i t u r e ) _____________________________ _________ _
L o g g i n g c a m p s a n d c o n t r a c t o r s __________
S a w m i l l s a n d p l a n i n g m i l l s _______________
M i llw o r k , p ly w o o d , a n d p r e f a b r ic a te d
s t r u c t u r a l w o o d p r o d u c t s _______________
W o o d e n c o n t a i n e r s __________________________
M i s c e l l a n e o u s w o o d p r o d u c t s . . .................
F u r n i t u r e a n d f i x t u r e s . ............... ...............................
H o u s e h o l d f u r n i t u r e ______________ __________
O ffic e , p u b lic - b u ild in g , a n d p r o fe s s io n ­
a l f u r n i t u r e _________________________________
P a r t it io n s , s h e lv in g , lo c k e r s , a n d fix ­
t u r e s __________________________________________
S c r e e n s , b lin d s , a n d m is c e lla n e o u s fu r ­
n i t u r e a n d f i x t u r e s .................... .......... ..................

See footnotes at end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

159.0

159.2

162.1

158.3

155.9

150.2

146.5

141.8

139.0

136.5

134.0

132.0

125.7

61.5

1, 284.7 1, 256.0 1,184.0 1,096.6 1,050.6 1,026. 5 1,024. 8 1, 032. 6 1.044. 7 1, 092.8 1,142.0 1, 223.4 1,127.1 1,142.4
240.3 238.9 239. 5 237.0 233.2 232.7 237.7 241.1 248.8 256.4 253. 5 243.9 245.6 242.9
87.6
94.2
92.1
87.1
79, 7
78.1
77.9
79, 5 82.5
85.1
93.5
83.1
76.4
87.3
330.4 308.7 243. 7 165.4 145.9 133.9 122.7 128.7 132.3 143.3 172.4 252. 9 188.8 201.6
94.4
93.7
93.4
89.3
93.4
95.1
93.9
87.7
90.6
92.3
94.0
91.6
89.3
92.3
182.4 182.2 183.9 184.0 181.0 178.5 179. 7 179.5 179.0 183.5 186.6 187.1 181.9 181.4
27.4
24.7
24.8
22.2
23. 1 24.9
33.6
43.1
23.2
22.3
22.7
44.3
28.0
29.3
74.8
61.3
68.4
62.0
72.2
64.0
65.5
70.2
77.1
79.1
79.3
71.6
72.6
73.0
140.2 144.2 139.2 131.8 131. 7 127.2 125. 4 122. 0 123.5 128.7 132.2 133. 6 132.2 133.8
107.2 103.0 104.1 103.8
98.2
97.4
97.3
98.9 102.1 105.9
99.8 101.5
95.6
94.9
117.1
28.9
39.7
7.6
40.9

T o b a c c o m a n u f a c t u r e s . . - ..........................................
C i g a r e t t e s . ......................................................................... ..
C i g a r s __________ ______ ______ ___________________
T o b acco a n d sn u ff—
..........................................
T o b a c c o s t e m m i n g a n d r e d r y i n g ________
T e x t i l e - m i l l p r o d u c t s ........... ..........................................
S c o u r i n g a n d c o m b i n g p l a n t s _____________
Y a m a n d t h r e a d m i l l s ______________ _______
B r o a d - w o v e n f a b r i c m i l l s __________ _______
N a r r o w f a b r i c s a n d s m a l l w a r e s ........... ..........
K n i t t i n g m i l l s _______________________________
D y e i n g a n d f i n i s h i n g t e x t i l e s ............................
C a r p e t s , r u g s , o t h e r f l o o r c o v e r i n g s _____
H a t s ( e x c e p t c l o t h a n d m i l l i n e r y ) ............ ..
M i s c e l l a n e o u s t e x t i l e g o o d s ________________

13,829 13,862 13.666 13,787 13,699 13,758 13,831 13,733 13,619 13,699 13,634 13,560 13,044 13,135
8,009 8, 065 8. 056 8,190 8,179 8,215 8,211 8.115 8,020 8,010 7, 916 7. 774 7, 481 7, 459
5, 820 5, 797 5, 610 5,597 5, 520 5, 543 5, 620 5, 618 5,599 5,689 5, 718 5, 786 5, 564 5,676

108.3
28.5
39.1
7.4
33.3

85.3
27.7
38.1
7.2
12.3

85.0
28.5
39.3
7.6
9.6

85.0
28.5
39.2
7.6
9.7

85.2
28.5
39.1
7.6
10.0

87.3
28.2
39.8
7.7
11.6

93.9 100.5
28.2
28.2
39.6 39.7
7. 7
7.7
18.4
24.9

108.1
28.1
40.0
7.8
32.2

108.5
28.2
40.6
7.9
31.8

116.7
28.0
40.6
7.9
40.2

97.9
27.5
39.6
7.9
22.9

95.7
26.3
38.7
8.1
22.6

1, 079.4 1,099.0 1.102. 7 1, 093.8 1,121.6 1,116.7 1,119.2 1,134.3 1,134.0 1,131. 7 1,146.1 1,145. 8 1,134. 9 1,105.8 1,175.8
6.4
6.4
6.6
6.6
6.2
6.3
6.4
5.9
6.3
6.3
6.4
6.2
6.1
6.0
140.4 142.8 140.2 144.4 142.9 143.0 146.0 145. 7 146. 5 147.3 147.5 147.0 143.6 154.2
485.0 486. 2 490.2 497.1 494.4 493.8 498.8 501.5 502.3 508.0 506.1 503.3 498.7 545.8
31.2
30.8
30.5
31.1
31.2
31.4
31.4
30.9
29.5
31.2
31.0
31.4
30.2
31.1
228.6 230.9 226.3 232.3 232.2 232.9 235.4 232. 3 230.2 236.2 238.7 235. 7 223.2 223.8
83.5
82.9
81.0
82.9
87.1
87.2
86.2
83.4
82.9
86.5
84.7
85.8
83.8
86.3
46.6
44.8
43.9
47.9
46.2
50.1
50.1
48.0
47.7
49.7
50.1 50.0
51.0
49.4
15.4
16.3
16.0
16.3
16.9
17.4
16.7
16.1
15.3
15.5
17.4
15.8
15.8
16.8
61.9
61.4
59.1
63.2
62.9
63.1
62.5
62.5
63.4
61.7
60.0
63.3
63.8
62.7
1, 086.6 1,095.7 1,113.6 1, 053. 2 1,072.2 1,060.8 1,086.0 1,138. 5 1,136. 6 1,108. 5 1,113.5 1,104.3 1,102.9 1,066.9 1,065.9
129.1 129.3 117.8 126.9 124.9 123.9 125.8 124.0 119.3 121.0 122.0 123.4 119.3 128.8

708.3

315. 2

290.9
323.9
97.0
19.0
58.4
6.7
58.4
112.3

292.5
339.2
95.5
20.2
60.6
8.0
58.4
109.9

276.8
314.0
94.1
18.1
59.1
9.4
55.8
108.1

287.6
308.8
96.3
15.1
61.8
9.6
57.3
108.8

288.2
297.9
99.0
15.5
59.1
7.5
57.3
111.4

289.4
317.8
101.2
19.2
57.9
5.1
58.0
113.5

288.6
355.5
101.5
24.5
61.4
6.5
58.0
116.7

284.2
360.3
100.2
24.8
62.4
6.8
57.3
116.6

278.8
351.1
98.2
23.2
60.5
8.2
55.3
113.9

280.2
346.6
100.6
20.3
59.3
9.8
59.4
116.3

279.9
330.9
102.6
18.1
59.5
11.3
62.8
117.2

278.8
330.0
101.6
20.4
60.4
9.6
63.3
115.4

265.1
331.2
95.0
20.6
59.1
9.4
57.8
109.5

263.4
326.4
91.1
19.9
56.1
10.7
61.0
108.5

715.0
76.3
428.9

724.0
78.7
434.0

717.8
80.4
425.8

730.9
83.8
431.9

712.5
77.9
422.3

700.5
70.3
416.4

688.0
66. 9
407.5

676.9
59.3
404.1

676.4
58.0
405.5

704.4
69.6
419.7

730.3
82.6
433.3

727.7
73.4
439.8

713.3
78.5
423.8

766.8
95.8
444.4

102.2
54.9
52.7

102.0
55.9
53.4

101.8
56.8
53.0

104.4
57.4
53.4

102.4
57.1
52.8

104.0
56.7
53.1

102.4
56.8
54.4

102.6
56.6
54.3

102.7
56.6
53.6

103.9
57.5
53.7

104.6
56.4
53.4

106.6
54.2
53.7

100.8
56.4
53.9

108.4
61.1
57.1

318.2
230.4

317.2
230.2

314.5
228.0

317.4
231.5

322.1
236. 5

328.5
242.3

332.7
247.0

331.9
245.9

329.2
242.9

330.0
243.1

328.5
242.1

322.1
237.2

309.1
225.5

310.6
226.0

32.4

32.6

32.0

32.0

32.6

33.1

33.1

33.2

33.3

33.5

33.4

33.2

33.0

33.8

28.9

29.2

28.8

28.5

28.2

28.1

27.7

28.3

28.7

28.6

28.2

27.6

26.6

27.0

26.5

25.2

25.7

25.4

24.8

25.0

24.9

24.5

2 4 .3

24.8

24.8

24.1

23.9

23.8

REVIEW, DECEMBER 1953

A: EMPLOYMENT AND PAYROLLS

1345

T able A -3 : P roduction workers in m ining and m anufacturing industries x—C ontinued
[In thousands]
1953

Annual
average

1952

Industry group and industry
Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

July

June

May

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

1952

1951

M a n u f a c t u r i n g — Continued

Paper and allied products....... ..................
Pulp, paper, and paperboard mills
Paperboard containers and boxes—
Other paper and allied products______
Printing, publishing, and allied indus­
tries .....................................................
Newspapers___ _____________ ______
Periodicals.................. .............. ............
Books....................... ..............................
Commercial printing............................. .
Lithographing........................................ .
Greeting cards____________ _______
Bookbinding and related industries__
Miscellaneous publishing and printing
services_______ __ _____ ________

Chemicals and allied products_________
Industrial inorganic chemicals_______
Industrial organic chemicals________
Drugs and medicines..... ....... ...........
Soap, cleaning and polishing prepara­
tions.......................... ......................
Paints, pigments, and fillers________
Gum and wood chemicals.......... ...........
Fertilizers __________ ____ ________
Vegetable and animal oils and fats___
Miscellaneous chemicals____________

451.3

454.3
229.1
121.5
103.7

450.6
227.0
120.3
103.3

442.0
224.8
115.0
102.2

445.6
225.2
117.8
102.6

439.7
222.2
115.6
101.9

439.5
221.8
116.3
101.4

439.3
222.6
116.2
100. 5

436.8
222.8
115.0
99.0

435.6
222.9
114.9
97.8

441.0
224.3
117.7
99.0

434.7
218.8
117.3
98.6

431.9
218.8
115.1
98.0

422.5
219. 4
107.4
95.8

434.3
223. 4
111.7
99.2

513.1

506.3
148.4
28.4
28.1
159. 9
42.6
14.8
35. 8

498.2
146. 5
27.3
27. 7
157.0
41. 6
14.7
35. 6

496.0 501.6
145.8 147.8
27. 7 27.8
27.1
27.5
157.0 158.9
40.9
41.9
14.5
14.3
35.4
35.4

498.7
147.7
28.3
27.2
157.6
41.5
13.2
35.1

497.9
146.3
28.4
27.5
158.3
41.3
12.7
34.9

499.2
146.1
29.1
27.8
158.7
41.4
13.1
34.6

496. 5 497.8
144.3 143.9
28.8
29.0
27.3
27.7
159.3 161.1
40.9
40.8
13.2
13.1
34.6
34.1

505.1
147.0
28.6
27.3
161.9
42.8
14.7
35.0

505.2
146.8
28.8
27.2
160.7
43 0
16.4
34.9

503.8
146. 4
29.0
27.5
160.4
42.6
15.6
34.6

494.2
144.4
28.7
27.1
158.1
40. £
13.8
33.9

493.9
142 9
28.6
27.3
158.5
41.7
14.1
33.4

48.3

47.8

47.6

48.0

48.1

48.5

48.4

48.2

48.0

47.8

47.4

47.7

47.5

47.5

516.9

515.2
60.0
194.4
57. 5

511.0
60. 5
197.0
56. 7

508.3
61.3
195.0
56.7

513.1
60.1
195.0
58.8

516.9 525.8
59. S 59.7
192.3 190.9
58.9
59.4

525.9
59.4
190.4
59.8

518. 7
59.0
189.2
59.6

516.1
58.3
189.7
61.4

518.3
58.1
189.2
61.6

518 3
57.9
187.8
61.5

518.2
57.7
186.6
01.1

515.5
58.8
185. 5
62.5

529.5
59.5
192.0
62.7

30.6
47. 5
6.
25.4
33.0
60.3

30.2
48.0
6.4
23.7
27.6
60.9

30.4
48.9
6. 4
22.6
25.5
61.5

31.1
48.4
6.3
25.2
26.3
61.9

31.5
47.9
6.5
30.8
27.3
61.9

32.1
47.9
6.7
37.9
29.2
62.0

32.1
47.5
6.7
36.6
31.8
61.6

31.8
47.1
6.5
31.4
32.8
61.3

31.3
46.9
6.5
27.1
34.5
60.4

31.6
46.8
6.6
25.5
36.6
62.3

31.6
46.7
6.6
25.3
37.7
63.2

31.8
46.7
6.6
26.6
37.9
63.2

31.6
46.6
6.9
28.3
32.7
62.5

33.4
47.5
7.3
28.7
36.2
62.1

190.0
145.3

190.4
145.4

189.7
144.5

187.6
143.1

187. 6
144.1

186.4
143.6

185. 7
143.6

185.8
144.0

186.5
143.5

188.0
143.7

189.1
143.9

182.6
140. 5

188.2
143.3

—

Products of petroleum and coal________
Petroleum refining..................................
Coke and other petroleum and coke
products........ ........ ........... ................

185.8

188.4
144.9
43.5

44.7

45.0

45.2

44.5

43.5

42.8

42.1

41.8

43.0

44.3

45.2

42.0

44.9

Rubber products.............
Tires and inner tubes..
Rubber footwear.........
Other rubber products.

209.1

215.4
89.0
24.1
102.3

215.3
89.6
23.7
102.0

213.2
90.1
22.5
100.6

220.3
92.4
23.5
104.4

220.2
92.7
23.3
104.2

220.5
92.2
23.8
104.5

220.5
91.6
24.2
104.7

219.2
91.2
24.2
103.8

219.2
91.5
24.5
103.2

219.2
91.8
25.2
102.2

216.6
90.8
24.7
101.1

212.5
90.2
24.3
98.0

208.2
90.8
22.9
94.6

212.0
87.4
23.9
100.7

L e a t h e r a n d l e a t h e r p r o d u c t s ___________
L e a th e r : ta n n e d , c u r r ie d , a n d fin is h e d .
I n d u s tr ia l le a th e r b e ltin g a n d p a c k in g .
B o o t a n d sh o e c u t s to c k a n d f in d in g s .. —
F o o t w e a r ( e x c e p t r u b b e r ) ...................................
L u g g a g e -------------------------------- ---------------------------H a n d b a g s a n d s m a l l l e a t h e r g o o d s _____ —
G lo v e s a n d m is c e lla n e o u s le a th e r g o o d s

334.3

343.5
42.0
4.1
14.5
222.8
16.3
26.9
16.9

351.3
42.4
4.3
15.6
229.4
16.2
26.2
17.2

344.0
42.0
4.3
15.8
224.4
16.0
25.1
16.4

350.9 343.5
42.9
42.2
4. 5
4.7
16.1
15.0
230.5 225. 7
16.8
16.8
23.6
23.0
16.5
16.1

354.5
42.2
4.9
16.2
231.7
16.8
26.6
16.1

363.3
42.8
4. 8
16.9
237.7
16.0
29.1
16.0

363.5
43.1
4.7
17.4
237.8
16.2
29.0
15.3

359.0
43.6
4.7
17.3
235. 7
15.8
26.9
15.0

358.6
44.0
4.6
17.0
232.3
16.6
26.7
17.4

354.7
43.7
4.6
16.1
225.9
16.9
28.7
18.8

352.2
43.0
4.4
15.5
224.7
16.7
28.9
19.0

343.1
41.8
4.3
15.6
223.2
15.5
25.8
16.8

338.7
43.3
4.8
15.0
218.4
13.8
26.0
17.5

S t o n e , c l a y , a n d g l a s s p r o d u c t s _____________
F l a t g l a s s ...................................................................... ..
G la s s a n d g la s s w a r e , p r e s s e d o r b lo w n
G la s s p r o d u c ts m a d e o f p u r c h a s e d g la s s
C e m e n t , h y d r a u l i c ...................................... ............
S t r u c t u r a l c l a y p r o d u c t s . _________________
P o t t e r y a n d r e l a t e d p r o d u c t s ____________
C o n c r e te , g y p s u m , a n d p la s t e r p r o d ­
u c t s ................ ....................................................................
C u t , - s t o n e a n d s t o n e p r o d u c t s ____________
M i s c e l l a n e o u s n o n m e t a l l i c p r o d u c t s ____

461.8

466.3
32.0
91.1
14.0
35.2
70.3
48.0

464.1
31.5
89.8
14.2
35.3
71.1
46.9

456.2
31.1
86.6
14.2
35.2
71.8
42.5

465.4
31.0
91.6
14.7
34.4
72.1
48.3

462.3
31.5
90.7
15.5
34.2
69.1
50.1

459. 2
31.5
89.9
15.3
34.1
68.6
50.8

453.2
31.8
87.7
14. 7
34.3
67.2
50.6

450.9
31.9
86. 5
14.9
34.2
67.5
50.7

458.4
32.0
87.2
14.9
34.6
70.9
51.0

461.1
31.2
87.9
15.0
34.3
72.3
51.2

459.4
30.5
86.7
14. 3
34.8
73.4
51.3

448.4
28.9
83.1
13.9
33.8
72.7
51.1

475.1
29.7
85.3
14. 5
34.7
77.5
56.9

90.2
16.7
68.8

90.1
16.7
68.5

89.5
87.4
85.4
86.1
83.0
81.6
80.7
83.0
84.6
84.2
16.2
16.3
16.2
15.6
16.2
16.0
15.8
16.1
16.4
16.2
69.1
69.6
69.2
69.6
69.8
69.3
68.7
68.7
68.2
68.0
...........
1,108.1 1,123.1 1,131.4 1,133.7 1,143.1 1,137.9 1,143. 5 1,144. 8 1,141.8 1,139.0 1,137.0 1,125. 8 1,115.6
563.7 571.6 570.5 567.2 561.8 562.4 563. 6 563.1 561.8 560. 8 557. fi 556. 6
—
209.5 211.6 213.6 219.5 221.1 224.1 224.2 224. 2 225.7 226.3 225.6 221.9
44.1
43.8
43.7
43.4
42.4
41.9
43.1
42.2
40.9
40.7
41.0
41.0
9.2
9.3
9.3
9.5
9. 5
9.6
9.6
9.5
9.4
9.3
9.1
8.7

82.3
15.3
67.3

84.7
16.6
75.1

P r i m a r y m e t a l i n d u s t r i e s .................. .......................
B la s t fu r n a c e s , s te e lw o r k s , a n d r o llin g
m ills
...........................................................................
I r o n a n d s t e e l f o u n d r i e s . ________ __________
P r im a r y s m e lt in g a n d r e fin in g o f n o n f e r r o u s m e t a l s . ___________ _____________
S e c o n d a r y s m e lt in g a n d r e fin in g o f n o n f e r r o u s m e t a l s __________ _________________
R o llin g , d r a w in g , a n d a llo y in g o f n o n fe r r o u s m e ta ls
____________________ _______
N o n f e r r o u s f o u n d r i e s . ................................. .............
M is c e lla n e o u s p r im a r y m e t a l in d u s ­
t r i e s _______________________________ ___

Fabricated metal products (except ord­
nance, machinery, and trans­
portation equipment).........................
Tin cans and other tinw are.......... ......
Cutlery, handtools, and hardware___
Heating apparatus (except electric) and
plumbers’ supplies__________ ____
Fabricated structural metal products
Metal stamping, coating, and engrav­
ing...... .............- ................... .............
Lighting fixtures..... .............................
Fabricated wire products_________
Miscellaneous fabricated metal prod­
ucts ... _. ____ ___________ ____
See footnotes at end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

460.6
31.2
90.5
14.8
34.5
69.8
48.9

039. 7 1,132.1
486. 5
223.4

560.2
237.1

42.0

42.3

9.2

10.2

100.0
77.6

99.6
77.3

97.9
79.4

100.5
80.6

100.8
79.5

100.4
82.0

99.4
82.9

97.7
82.9

96.5
82.2

96.1
82.3

94.5
79.8

92.6
77.0

90.1
74.9

90.8
72.8

119.0

118.2

119.3

122.4

122.0

122.6

123.0

122.5

122.5

121.5

118.8

117.8

113.7

118.9

942.7
55.6
127.2

949.5
56.9
131.8

937.6
54.0
130.9

956.3
52.7
136.4

951.7
50.9
137.4

952.3
50.3
136.5

952.3
50.1
137.4

942.1
50. 0
135.8

931.4
49.8
133.8

921.7
48.6
131.3

902.5
48.7
127.3

887. 7
51.9
124.3

850.1
49.7
123.2

874.3
50.8
136.7

121.2
220.4

122.3
218.5

120.2
214.2

123.3
216.1

123.3
211.5

124.6
210.0

123.7
210.7

123.7
210.0

122.4
209.6

124.8
211.1

124.5
207.3

124.2
203. 3

113.8
196. 0

116.3
188.1

—

198.5
40.2
59.8

199.3
41.4
59.7

199.4
40.6
60.0

204.8
41.1
60.9

204.8
41.3
61.6

204.9
41.9
62.5

204.9
41.9
62.1

201. 2 196.3
40. 6 39.4
60.6
60.4

188. 5
39.0
59.4

180.4
38.6
58.2

174 6
37. 8
56.2

164.2
36.9
53.3

172. 5
39.8
55.8

...................

119.8

119.6

118.3

121.0

120.9

121.6

121.5

120.2

119.0

117.5

115.4

113. 1 114.3

932.5
—

119.7

MONTHLY LABOR

A: EMPLOYMENT AND PAYROLLS

1346

T able A -3 : P roduction w orkers in m ining and m anufacturing industries 1— C ontinued
[I n th o u sa n d s]

1953

Annual
average

1952

Industry group and industry
Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

July

June

Apr.

May

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

1952

1951

M a n u f a c t u r i n g — Continued

Machinprv (ftYPopt electrical!_________ 1,214.4 1, 226.0 1,236.1 1, 264. 2 1,300.0 1, 306.6 1, 320. 5 1,334. 6 1, 323.1 1,312.9 1, 301.3 1, 259. 7 1, 227.0 1, 262. 5 1,245.1
70.2
71.2
69.8
70.5
70. 9 71.7
71.0
71.4
63.0
65. 9 60.8
64.6
63.9
68.8
117.0 126.4 135.4 140.5 143.0 146. 5 151.6 149.0 146.1 145. 3 126.6 113.2 140. 9 154.6
Agricultural machinery and tractors__
98.0 100.9 100.6 100.5 100. 5 99.6
99.9
97.8
98.5 100.3
Construction and mining machinery.95.4
97.4
90.6
93.8
Metfllwnrlrincr machinery ________
223.8 222.1 221.6 227.1 227.3 227.6 228.1 226.7 226.3 225.7 222.8 222.7 224.4 209.6
Special-industry machinery (except
metalwnrkjnc machinery! _ ______
134.3 135.3 136.6 140.6 140.0 141.1 142.1 142.2 141.2 141.0 140.8 136.9 142.6 150.1
163.7 163.7 165.7 167.2 166.0 166.5 167.0 165. 6 165.7 165.1 161.4 159. 9 164.3 163. 2
(Tenoral industrial machinery ____
91.0
90.7
91.7
90.5
89.4
89.9
91.5
91.7
91.5
91.5
90.8
90.0
88.8
Office and store machines and devices...
90.5
Service-industry and household m a 148.0 150.0 155.7 166.4 172.4 177.9 180.1 177.3 171.8 163.3 156.4 149. 5 144.3 142.6
chines
______________________
190.3 189.9 193.1 197.4 198.1 200.3 201.6 199.7 198.4 197.5 191. 5 192.8 189,9 184.7
Miscellaneous machinery parts______
TT.locf.ricaf machinery
______ _____
897.0
Electrical generating, transmission,
distribution, and industrial appara- —
____ _ ______________
tus
Electrical appliances___ . ______ Insulated wire and c a b le _________
E le c tr ic a l equipment for vehicles_____
Electric lamps __ ______________
Communication eq uipm ent________
Miscellaneous electrical products____

910.9

902.5

891. 5

910.6

919.1

926.0

924.7

915. 7

898.6

892.8

872.1

850.6

806.9

768.6

281.8
59.2
28.3
71.2
24.5
408.2
37.7

281.9
58.2
28.6
71.2
24.1
401.6
36.9

283.4
58.6
28.4
72.3
24.1
387.8
36.9

287.5
59.2
29.5
75.3
24.0
398.8
36.3

287.8
59.0
29.5
75.8
23.8
407.3
35.9

287.3
58.4
29.6
76.1
23.6
414.8
36.2

285.1
57.9
29.6
75.5
23.1
418.3
35.2

280.7
56.7
29.6
73.0
22.3
418.1
35.3

277.4
54.2
29.3
69.1
22.1
411.0
35. 5

274.8
53.8
28.8
66.6
21.7
410.2
36.9

271.3
52.3
27.6
64.3
20.1
398.0
38.5

267.6
50. 0
27.4
64.9
19.9
381 4
39.4

264.3
45. 7
26. 2
63. 5
21. 7
349. 5
36.1

261.8
47.7
24.0
64.3
27.1
307.1
36.8

Transportation equipment____________ 1, 464. 4 1, 477. 5 1. 522.6 1, 533.4 1, 548.3 1, 556.1 1, 575. 9 1, 573. 6 1, 543. 4 1,508.6 1,483.9 1. 450.1 1, 410.8 1, 320. 5 1, 219.8
Automobiles
_______________
729. 7 780.0 796.0 803.4 816.1 830.7 820.6 798. 0 ' 769.3 749.9 734.8 701.2 647.1 707.9
549.4 542.4 537.0 534.8 532.3 532. 8 542.3 538. 1 530.7 523.6 509.7 501.3 469.5 341.9
Aircraft and parts
______________
329.2 325.4 322.3 321.8 324.8 327.2 330.2 329.3 326.9 324.9 316.4 313.2 302.8 232.3
Aircraft _______________________
63.7
120.3 119.1 118.9 118.3 114.5 112.6 119.1 118.4 115.0 111. 7 108.6 106.5
95.9
Aircraft engines and parts_________
7.6
12.1
12.1
12.2
10.7
Aircraft propellers and parts _____
12.0
11.7
12.0
12.3
12.3
11.6
11.1
12.1
10.0
38.3
86.2
82.6
80.9
78.1
83.8
80.8
75. 4 73.6
70.9
87.9
80.7
60.8
Other aircraft parts and equipment
76.7
100.9
137.2
135.5
136.9
136.7
129.2
129.2
133.6
134.8
139.0
136.8
139.7
133.
2
Ship- and boatbuilding and repairing..
139.0
88.2
107.9 107.3 110.4 111.6 110.7 115.1 114.0 115.0 117. 5 118.5 116.8 118.0 115.4
Shipbuilding and repairing -------22.2
23.2
23.9
24.1
21.2
20.1
18.7
12.8
21.3
21.9
23.9
22.8
17.8
Boatbuilding and repairing_______
21. 5
61.4
58.8
58.5
62.9
62.1
56.2
59.3
57.7
59.3
55.1
62.7
58.4
59.8
58.4
Railroad equipment_______________
10.6
11.7
11.3
12.3
12.5
12.3
10.9
11.5
11.7
11.7
11.5
11.3
11.2
Other transportation equipment- __
11.2
Instruments and related products..-.......
Laboratory, scientiflc, and engineering
instruments____ __________ ____
Mechanical measuring and controlling
Instruments _________________ .
Optical instruments and lenses______
Surgical, medical, and dental instru­
ments . _____________________ .
Ophthalmic goods_________________
Photographic apparatus____________
Watches and clocks________________

243. 2

Miscellaneous manufacturing industries.. 429.0
Jewelry, silverware, and plated ware...
Musical instruments and parts______
Toys and sporting goods____________
Pens, pencils, and other office supplies
Costume jewelry, buttons, notions___ —
Fabricated plastic products..... .............
Other manufacturing industries_____

242.4

239.2

241.2

245.1

243.6

244.3

244.4

240.4

237.1

233. 6

227.6

216.7

32.7

31.8

33.5

33.8

33.6

34.1

34.3

34.1

34.3

34.2

33.6

32.9

32.0

25.8

56.0
9.7

57.0
9.6

57.7
9.6

59.6
9.7

59.3
9.7

59.2
9. 7

59.6
9.7

58.7
9.6

58.3
9.7

58. 1
9.6

56.5
9.8

55.6
9.8

53. 1
9.9

52 5
10.0

28.7
22.6
51.8
40.9

29.0
22.5
50.0
39.3

29.1
22.3
49.7
39.3

29.5
22.8
48.8
40.9

29.4
23.1
48.1
40.4

29.4
23.4
48. 0
40.5

29.4
23.6
47.9
39.9

28.9
23. 4
47.3
38.7

29.3
23.2
47.8
38.3

29.5
22.9
47.7
38.4

29.3
22.3
47.5
38. 1

28.7
22.1
47.0
37.5

28.6
22.7
46. 4
35.0

29 2
23.7
43.6
31.9

428.0
46.7
16.0
79.8
24.9
60.7
64.4
135.5

419.3
45.2
15.8
78.6
24.4
60.7
63.7
130.9

403.3
42.8
15.3
74.9
23.9
57.1
61.8

414.9
44. 7
15.6
75. 7
24.4
57.2
63.0
134.3

412.5
44.1
15.6
75.5
24.3
55.5
63.1
134.4

411.2
44. 4
15. 7
73.0
24.2
56.3
63.1
134.5

409.9
44.6
15.9
69.8
23.9
58.3
62.4

404.2 393.3
43.6
43.2
15.7
15.5
66.2
62.6
23.3
23.3
58.7
56.7
62. 1 61.2
134.6 1 3 0 . 8

403. 5
44. 1
15.2
68.6
24.8
56.3
61.2
133.3

414.5
44.9
15.0
75.9
25.0
57.2
61.4
135.1

407.7
44. 7
14.7
76.6
25.0
56.2
59.9
130.6

376. 7
41.1
13.8
64.8
24.0
51.6
55 8
125.6

388.3
44.7
14.1
64.5
24.8
53.7
57.0
129. 5

127.5

i S e e fo o t n o t e 1, t a b le A - 2 .
P r o d u c tio n a n d r e la te d w o r k e r s in c lu d e
w o r k in g fo r e m e n a n d a ll n o n s u p e r v is o r y w o r k e r s ( in c lu d in g le a d m e n a n d
tr a in e e s ) e n g a g e d in fa b r ic a t in g , p r o c e s s in g , a s s e m b lin g , i n s p e c t io n , r e c e iv in g ,
s to r a g e , h a n d lin g , p a c k in g , w a r e h o u s in g , s h ip p in g , m a in t e n a n c e , ja n ito r ia l,
w a t c h m a n s e r v i c e s , p r o d u c t s d e v e l o p m e n t , a u x i l i a r y p r o d u c t i o n f o r p l a n t ’s


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

o w n u s e (e . g .,
a s s o c ia te d w it h
i S ee fo o tn o te
* S ee fo o tn o te
S ee

N ote

on

135.0

240. 7 240.9

p o w e r p la n t ) , a n d r e c o r d -k e e p in g a n d o th e r s e r v ic e s c lo s e ly
t h e a b o v e p r o d u c t io n o p e r a t io n s ,
2, ta b le A -2 .
3 , ta b le A -2 .

p.

1337.

REVIEW, DECEMBER 1953

A: EMPLOYMENT AND PAYROLLS

1347

T able A -4 : Indexes of production-w orker em ploym ent and weekly payrolls in m anufacturing in d u strie s1
[1947-49 = 100]
E m p lo y ­
m ent

P e r io d

1939:
1940:
1941:
1942:
1943:
1944:
1945:
1946:
1947:
1948:

A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A

v e r a g e ___________________
v e r a g e ....... ............. . ................
v e r a g e .............. ........................
v e r a g e _____________ ______
v e r a g e ___________________
v e r a g e .............- ............. ...........
v e r a g e ........................................
v e r a g e ............. ...........................
v e r a g e _____________ ______
v e r a g e ___________________

W e e k ly
p a y r o ll

6 6 .2
7 1 .2
8 7 .9
1 0 3 .9
1 2 1 .4
1 1 8 .1
1 0 4 .0
9 7 .9
1 0 3 .4
1 0 2 .8

2 9 .9
3 4 .0
4 9 .3
7 2 .2
9 9 .0
1 0 2 .8
8 7 .8
8 1 .2
9 7 .7
1 0 5 .1

E m p lo y ­
m ent

P e r io d

W e e k ly
p a y r o ll

v e r a g e .................. .....................
v e r a g e ............... ........................
v e r a g e ........................................
v e r a g e .......... .............................

9 3 .8
9 9 .6
1 0 6 .2
1 0 5 .5

9 7 .2
1 1 1 .7
1 2 9 .6
1 3 5 .3

1 9 5 2 : O c t o b e r ........ ................................
N o v e m b e r ......... ........................
D e c e m b e r ..................................

1 0 9 .6
1 1 0 .2
1 1 0 .8

1 4 5 .7
1 4 6 .3
1 5 0 .9

1949:
1950:
1951:
1952:

A
A
A
A

E m p lo y ­
m ent

P e r io d

1 9 5 3 : J a n u a r y _________ __________
F e b r u a r y .....................................
M a r c h . . ___________________
A p r i l _______ _______________
M a y ________________________
J u n e ............ ............... .....................
July _________________________
August_____________________
S e p t e m b e r ..
_______
O c t o b e r ____________________

1 1 0 .1
1 1 1 .0
111. 8
1 1 1 .2
1 1 0 .8
1 1 1 .5
1 1 0 .5
1 1 2 .1
1 1 1 .8
1 1 0 .2

W e e k ly
p a y r o ll

1 4 8 .4
1 4 9 .3
1 5 1 .9
1 5 0 .0

149.9
1 5 0 .8

148.9
1 5 1 .4
1 5 0 .0

1 See footnote 1, tables A-2 and A-3.
See N ote on p. 1337.

T able A -5 : Federal civilian em ploym ent b y branch and agency group
[In thousands]
Execiitive 1
Year and month

All branches
Total

Department
of Defense

Post Office*
Department

Legislative

Judicial

Other agencies

Continental United States 3
1952: Average_______ ________________

2,403

2, 376.7

1,199. 2

521.7

655.8

22.6

3.9

1952: September______ ______________
October___________ ______ _____
November_____________ ______
December_____________________

2, 368
2, 363
2.363
2,765

2, 341.6
2, 337.1
2, 336.3
2, 738.6

1, 205. 5
1,206.0
1,205.7
1, 206. 0

490.3
490.7
492.5
897.5

645.8
640.4
638.1
635.1

22.6
22.5
22.5
22.6

3.8
3.8
3.8
3.9

1953: January_______________________
February____ ______ ___________
March___________________ _____
April______ . ______ ___ ______
M ay___ __________________ ____
J u n e ____
July..................... ......................... ......
August.
.. ___________ .
September. . _______ ______

2,350
2,343
2,324
2, 304
2, 282
2, 285

2, 323.6
2,316. 4
2, 297.3
2,278.0
2,256.1
2, 258.8

1, 204.8
1,197.7
1,181.0
1,160. 6
1,140.4

486.0
486.0
486.0
486.0
486.0

632.8
632.7
630.3
631.4
629.7

22.4
22.5
22.5
22.5
22.3

3.8
3.8
3.8
3.9
3.9

2, 271
2,248
2,220

2,244. 5
2, 221. 6
2,194. 6

1 ,1 3 8 .1
1,128. 2
1, 113.0
1, 09 4 .4

486 .0
488 .2
484.6
487.0

634 .7
628.1
6 2 4 .0
613.2

22.3
2 2 .2
2 2 .2
2 1 .9

3 .9
3 .9
3 .9
3 .8

Washington, D. O.3
1952:

Average____________________ _

.

257.4

235.9

9 2 .8

8 .7

134.4

20 .8

0 .7

1952:

September_____ _______________
October_________________ _____
November_____________________
December_____________________

254.6
254.2
253.9
259.9

233.0
232. 7
232.5
238.5

93.1
9 3 .2
93.1
93.1

8 .1
8 .2
8 .2
14.7

131.8
131.3
131.2
130.7

20 .8
20 .7
20 .7
20 .7

.8
.8
.7
.7

1953:

Ja n u a ry ...____________________
F eb ru ary ...___ ________________
March____ . . . . ______________
April.................................. ................
M ay........................................ ...........
June_________ ______ _____
July........................................... ..........
August___ ____________________
September......................................

252.6
251.6
249.4
245.9
242.7
242. 2
238.3
235.2
232.7

231.4
230.3
228.0
224 6
221.6
221.1
217.3
214.2
211.9

9 3 .5
93.4
9 2 .8
91.6
9 0 .2
90. 1
89 .6
8 8 .9
8 9 .6

8.1
8 .1
8.1
8 .1
8.1
8 .1
8 .0
7 .9
7 .8

129.8
128.8
127.1
124.9
123.3
122. 9
119.7
117.4
114.5

20 .5
20 .6
2 0 .7
2 0 .6
20.4
20. 4
20.3
20 .3
20 .1

.7
.7
.7
.7
7

i Includes all executive agencies (except Central Intelligence Agency) and
Government corporations. Civilian employment In navy yards, arsenals,
hospitals, and on force-account construction is also included.
3 Includes the 48 States and the District of Columbia
3 Includes all Federal civilian employment in Washington Standard Met­
ropolitan Area (District of Columbia and adjacent Maryland and Virginia
counties)


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

.7

.7
.7
.7

•Post Office Department employment was not available beginning with
February 1953; and the January figure was used through June. Beginning
with July 1953, actual data are reported.
See N ote onp. 1337.

MONTHLY LABOR

A: EMPLOYMENT AND PAYROLLS

1348

T able A -6 : Em ployees in nonagricultural establishm ents for selected S ta te s 1
[In th o u sa n d s]

1952

1953

Annual average

State
Sept.

Aug.

July

June

May

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

Sept.

1952

679.6
678.1
702.8
689.1
688.1
671.5
680.2
677.8
688.7
683.4
678.6
690.3
682.3
678.6
Alabama_______________
197.2
203.8
207.7
200.9
192.3
192.8
203.1
205.0
203.5
197.4
200.7
197.6
195.9
199.2
Arizona2__ . . ___. . . 322.2
314.9
318.1
311.1
309.0
308.3
316.8
313.7
308.1
307.9
310.1
310.7
310.9
Arkansas.. ____ _____ 314.1
3,
798.4
3,866.4
3,859.
4
3,
739.2
3,781. 7 3, 929.6
3, 887.2
California 2______________ 4,000.3 3, 974.6 3, 905.1 3, 891. 8 3, 875. 9 3,847.7 3,823.2
411.2
427.4
409.9
425.5
428.3
430.5
412.5
412.0
411.6
423.9
423.7
422.3
420.6
413.8
Colorado__ _ . -------- --

828.7
525.1
747.9
849.7
137.7

Illinois----- -------- ---------- 3,419.0 3,405. 4 3,386. 7 3,413.1 3,397. 4 3,390. 5 3,373.3 3,359. 9 3,358.2 3,455.6 3,384.3 3,361.0 3,346.1 3,312.2
Indiana____ _ .. ----------- 1,417. 2 1,401.1 1,403.8 1,406.1 1,402. 7 1,406.6 1,402.3 1,389. 9 1, 376. 8 1, 409. 0 1,388. 4 1,382. 5 1,383.0 1,345. 5
625.8
622.1
645.2
640.0
635.9
630.2
631.1
623.1
638.8
641.9
633.6
648.8
647.7
640.0
Iowa_________ ____ _____
543.2
550.4
548.2
549.4
539.8
556.4
549.9
540.1
539.9
549.6
551.0
551.8
553.3
551.7
Kansas 2____ __________
673.6
670.3
672.2
697.1
690.4
673.1
676.9
690.7
685.7
681.6
676.4
688.5
681.1
Louisiana--------- ------------ 695.8

3,264.8
1,351.2
628.0
511.1
654.5

278.4
271.2
273.4
283.2
285.6
289.9
264.7
267.5
284.0
286.4
286.5
273.6
285.9
Maine_____ . . . _________ 286.1
773.4
764.5
759.2
752.6
774.0
773.3
779.7
756.3
786.1
780.4
750.8
M aryland.
.
____
780.2
768.8
784.5
Massachusetts_______ . _ 1,801.3 1, 800. 7 1, 795.3 1,812.3 1,801.7 1, 793.5 1,780.4 1, 774.0 1, 775.1 1, 833. 0 1,806.1 1, 801.8 1, 799. 4 1, 783.4
854.1
827.2
834. 7 862.1
846.2
828.8
827.0
825.5
847.5
865.3
864.7
855.8
836.7
Minnesota _ __________
845.5
M issouri2___________ . .. 1, 289. 7 1,281.5 1,269. 8 1,281.2 1, 286.0 1,282.0 1, 273.2 1,264. 0 1,260.3 1,312.4 1, 287. 9 1, 289. 5 1,287. 9 1,266. 5

272.3
741.4
1, 793.2
826.3
1, 235.0

154.1
149.2
159.6
163.3
151.8
148.1
150.0
157.1
156.6
162.9
155.8
163.5
161.6
160.1
M ontana_______________
341.4
339.2
352.3
348.6
348.8
340.7
337.1
339.9
347.7
349.4
347.9
348.3
348.2
343.0
Nebraska______________
69.6
67.6
66.2
66.1
68.5
68.1
68.5
68.7
65.7
75.6
75.1
76.5
71.5
N evada2____ . _______
73.7
175.6
174.2
176.3
173.4
172.1
171.1
172.3
176.0
181.4
174.4
171.9
177.7
178.4
179.7
New Hampshire 2______ .
New Jersey-------- ----------- 1,838. 9 1, 832. 6 1,827.0 1, 828. 9 1,811.1 1, 786.1 1, 802.4 1,793.4 1, 800. 5 1, 849. 9 1, 826. 7 1,824. 7 1, 821. 6 1, 789. 9

149.0
332.0
58.2
172.4
1,755.2

174.1
170.2
176.4
174.2
178.1
175.6
175.6
173. 5
173.6
177.4
176.9
176.5
178.0
New Mexico 2____ . ------- 176.9
New York . . . . . . .
5, 994. 5 5, 966. 3 5, 946. 2 5, 964.2 5, 919. 0 5, 907. 9 5,916. 3 5,874. 7 5,871.6 6,099. 6 6,000.4 5, 987. 5 5,961. 7 5, 864. 5
994.9
990.8
990.2
991.1
996.8
999.6 1,035.8 1,021.8 1,018.0 1,008.3
991.6
North Carolina 2_________ 1,013.7 1,003.0
993.7
112.1
112.6 3 108.6
111.0
110.8
107.7
104.7
104.3
105.8
111.9
112.0
112.1
110.9
North Dakota 2._ _ ______ 112.6
Ohio_________ _________ 3,117.0 3,096. 9 3,085. 3 3,083. 4 3,061.1 3,048.3 3,037.3 3,006.0 3,002. 5 3,092.2 3,034. 7 3,029.4 3,016.0 2, 954.1

159.9
5, 795.1
970.8
111.5
2, 929.0

519.0
522.4
535.0
526.8
526.9
520.1
525.2
523.0
521.5
526.8
526. 9 529.0
525.2
Oklahoma_______
____
529.1
465.2
441.2
465.9
469.7
481.9
460. 8 449.1
440.7
495.0
488.1
468.9
Oregon 2 . ____ . . . ------- 496.2
488.7
477.9
Pennsylvania____
____ 3, 749. 5 3, 739. 9 3, 729.0 3, 747. 8 3, 729.3 3, 712. 8 3, 713.1 3, 693. 9 3,699.1 3,819.2 3, 764.8 3, 759.6 3,748.5 3, 666.6
315.3
314.1
312.1
311.3
304.1
308.0
304.7
305.0
304.7
303.9
Rhode Island____ _______ 305.6
307. 2 305. 5 306.4
524.4
525.2
533.0
533.0
522.8
523.2
538.3
534.0
524.0
526.0
523.2
522.0
South Carolina____ ____ 525.7
524.5

501.8
459.2
3, 716.4
307.7
493.0

122.1
122.6
119.4
118.7
114.9
113.8
114.7
121.9
122.8 3 119. 0
120.1
118.6
South D ak o ta2____ _____
120.9
119.8
842.4
822.2
818.3
813.8
816.7
823.7
823.0
820.5
806.7
831. 5 829.9
825.0
Tennessee____ . ________ 835.7
830.9
Texas_________ _______ 2,278. 7 2,269.2 2,275.3 2, 280. 8 2,267. 9 2,268.2 2,250. 9 2,241.1 2, 244. 2 2,299. 8 2,258.1 2,249. 9 2,248. 4 2,215.0
2 2 1 .2
211.2
209. 5
2 2 1 .1
2 2 5 .3
219.5
215.9
213.7
2 1 0 .7
2 2 1 .8
2 1 3 .3
U tah______ . . . _. _ ------- 223.4
218.8
215.2

122.3
786.0
2,105. 5

501.1
809.7
885.6
143.7

879.6
502.0
796.5
890.9
140.3

877.8
507.3
792.8
886.6
139.9

881.0
513.8
805.7
884.0
137.3

871.2
513.9
819.3
881.4
133.9

863.0
517.7
862.6
873.7
128.2

857.9
519.5
870.6
869.6
126.6

856.5
522.4
868.2
869.4
127.5

880.3
540.2
862.9
897.1
138.8

860.8
528.4
816.2
884.0
141.5

850.0
527.4
786.6
884.0
143.4

650.3
178.1
315.7
3, 518.3
390.1

846.0
529.1
796.1
873.5
137.0

Connecticut .
_____
District of Columbia___ _
F lorida2. . . ----- -------------Georgia---- --------------------.. . . . --------Idaho 2__

867.9
515.4
846.2
875.8
131.3

1951

846.7
525.9
766.5
882.6
146.0

1 0 5 .7

1 0 5 .7

1 0 4 .3

1 0 4 .2

1 0 3 .4

1 0 2 .0

1 0 0 .7

1 0 0 .1

9 9 .8

1 0 2 .4

1 0 1 .0

1 0 1 .8

9 9 .9

9 9 .5

2 0 6 .5
9 9 .4

9 1 0 .1
V i r g i n i a . _________________ ______
W a s h i n g t o n _____
. . . .
7 6 6 .9
5 0 7 .9
W e s t V i r g i n i a __________________
W i s c o n s i n 2 _____________________ 1 , 1 0 5 . 7
W y o m i n g 2 _______________ ______
8 8 .0

9 0 1 .2
7 5 6 .3
5 0 5 .4
1 ,1 0 2 .6
8 9 .2

9 0 2 .0
7 5 8 .9
5 0 1 .2
1 ,1 0 2 .1
8 8 .5

9 0 0 .5
7 5 0 .1
5 0 6 .3
1, 0 9 5 . 2
8 6 .7

8 9 5 .1
7 3 3 .4
5 0 5 .1
1 ,0 9 5 . 0
8 3 .9

8 9 3 .6
7 2 2 .0
5 0 5 .4
1 ,0 9 0 . 5
8 2 .3

89L 8
7 1 7 .8
5 0 6 .1
1 ,0 8 4 . 4
8 0 .8

8 8 6 .9
7 0 7 .5
5 0 3 .0
1 ,0 7 9 .0
7 9 .6

8 9 0 .5
7 0 7 .4
5 0 8 .6
1 ,0 7 5 .1
8 0 .8

9 2 3 .8
7 4 0 .8
5 2 8 .2
1 ,1 0 9 . 4
8 5 .9

9 0 4 .8
7 4 0 .1
5 1 6 .7
1 ,0 9 7 . 7
8 6 .6

9 0 1 .7
7 5 6 .0
5 1 6 .6
1 ,0 9 3 .4
8 8 .3

9 0 3 .0
7 6 6 .0
5 2 2 .4
1 ,0 9 7 .6
9 0 .5

8 9 0 .4
7 3 1 .3
5 2 1 .1
1 ,0 7 6 . 5
8 5 .7

8 6 0 .0
7 2 2 .2
5 3 2 .3
1 ,0 7 1 .9
8 2 .7

V e r m o n t ________________

...

..

1 D a t a fo r e a r lie r y e a r s a r e a v a ila b le u p o n r e q u e s t to t h e B u r e a u o f L a b o r
S t a t is t ic s o r t h e c o o p e r a tin g S ta te a g e n c y .
S t a t e a g e n c ie s a ls o m a k e a v a ila b le
m o r e d e ta ile d in d u s tr y d a ta .
S e e t a b le A - 7 fo r a d d r e s s e s o f c o o p e r a tin g S ta te
a g e n c ie s .


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

2 R e v is e d s e r ie s ; n o t c o m p a r a b le w i t h d a t a p r e v i o u s ly p u b l is h e d .
3 N o t c o m p a r a b le w it h p r e c e d in g d a ta s h o w n .

REVIEW, DECEMBER 1953

1349

A: EMPLOYMENT AND PAYROLLS

T able A-7 : Employees in manufacturing industries, by S tate1
[In thousands]
1953

1952

Annual average

State
Sept.
239.4
Alabama_______________
26.9
Arizona2,. _ _ _ _ __
A rk an sas__ _
81.7
California2 _ ................ 1,128. 4
71.1
Colorado— _____________
Connecticut , _________
65.8
Delaware
17.2
District of Columbia______
114.8
Florida 2
__. _
Georgia_________________ 313.4
27.4
Idaho 2___ - Illinois__________________ 1, 331. 4
674.8
Indiana____
____ _
168.4
Iowa—
_ _
______ - 134.5
Kansas 2_____
Kentucky__
Louisiana______ ____ _____ 162.4
Maine _______ - ___ ___
120.2
M aryland___
282.5
Massachusetts..- ________ 722.9
M ichigan.— _ ___ _
_ 1,157. 2
M in n eso ta______ _______
227.9
Mississippi
- 98.2
Missouri 2__
____
419.1
M ontana.. _____ . _____
20.1
60.6
Nebraska___- ________
Nevada 2__ _ _______ —
4.3
82.2
New Hampshire 2________
New Jersey. _ _ _________ 843. 4
New Mexico 2_____ . . .
16.1
New Y ork.'._____________ 2, 009. 3
North Carolina____ _
449.5
North Dakota__________
6.6
Ohio_______ _____ - . . .
1, 414.3
Oklahoma____. _______
86.5
Oregon 2______ _ _ _____
158.5
Pennsylvania________ .. 1, 518. 4
Rhode Island_______
145.8
South Carolina______ _
222.3
South Dakota 2- _ ___ . . .
12.1
Tennessee__
________
293.4
_ ____
Texas____
435.0
U tah__________
. . . ._
38.2
Vermont___ _____
41.3
Virginia_________________ 260.2
Washington___________ . . 211. 7
West Virginia________ . . . 138.3
Wisconsin . __________
479.6
Wyoming 2____ ________
7.0

Aug.

July

June

May

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

Sept.

1952

1951

236.2
27.4
78.9
1,128. 5
69.2
452.7
67.7
17.0
114.7
315.2
26.4
1, 333.3
664.6
173.3
139.2
154.5
162.6
120.3
284.0
727.6
1,195.8
232.2
97.9
422.7
19.9
61.2
4.4
82.9
812.3
16.6
2, 013. 2
445.9
6.7
1, 411. 5
86.6
155.2
1, 524. 8
146.4
223.2
12.2
295.5
437.9
33.7
41.3
257.0
204.9
138.8
482.5
7.0

232.8
28.1
78.5
1, 084.1
68.3
448. 5
63.1
16.9
114.2
310.9
26.6
1, 314.1
665.4
170.9
140.9
155.1
160.0
120.1
277.8
720.2
1, 217. 6
228.0
98.3
414.1
19.9
62.0
4.4
81.7
832.5
16.7
1, 969. 0
433.4
6.7
1, 408.1
85.3
157.2
1, 521.1
145.8
220.7
12.2
294.0
438.6
35.3
39.9
254.8
207.5
135.1
479.4
6.8

235.1
28.5
79.2
1, 057.8
67.8
455.4
62.4
16.9
117.4
309.9
24.7
1, 338. 2
661.1
171.2
142.0
156.3
157.8
120.9
275.9
733.5
1, 239.3
218.3
97.7
420.7
19.2
61.6
4.3
82.4
842.9
16.5
1, 982. 6
431.8
6.7
1, 413. 8
84.8
149.7
1, 529. 8
147. 5
222.5
12.2
292.8
437.6
31.9
40.5
254.0
202.6
137.6
471.0
6.4

233.8
28.8
79.7
1, 054. 9
66.3
452.6
62.5
16.8
120.0
310.5
22.8
1, 332. 4
665.2
171.0
141.5
155.5
156.1
111.9
270.1
730.6
1, 238. 9
216.1
97.0
417.7
18.5
59.3
4.2
81.7
836.0
16.5
1, 964.2
432.2
6.5
1, 408. 2
84.6
145.0
1, 525. 6
146.8
221.3
11.7
293.1
437.5
31.2
40.8
253.2
190.9
137.6
477.1
6.0

237.1
29.3
80.1
1, 051. 0
66.1
452.6
61.9
16.8
123.2
310.3
21.5
1, 336. 9
675.0
173.5
142.0
156.9
154. 6
107.4
269.4
734.9
1, 241.1
216.2
98.9
418.1
17.1
59.5
4.2
82.2
836.7
16.4
1, 987. 2
433.8
6.5
1, 412. 5
84.3
141.0
1, 529. 5
147.3
222.9
11.6
289.8
437.1
30.6
40.7
254.5
186.8
137.3
479.4
6.0

236.7
29.5
80.2
1,032. 9
66.5
452.0
61.5
17.0
126.6
311.5
19.7
1, 342. 0
675.4
174.4
142.6
157.4
152.8
112.5
267.2
741.8
1, 237. 4
216. 5
98.8
417.4
16.7
59.8
4.1
83.3
851.1
16.1
2, 030. 6
438.9
6.5
1, 421. 9
83.5
135.0
1, 534. 7
149.4
222.4
11.5
288.4
437.9
29.9
40.5
255.2
189.3
137.0
481.6
6.0

237.7
29.3
79.5
1. 023. 7
66.8
449.3
60.9
16.8
128.7
309.0
18.9
1, 334. 5
666.2
175.2
142. 4
161.0
152.0
117.1
264.3
738.8
1, 219. 6
215.0
98.3
413.0
16.6
59.9
4.2
84.5
847. 8
16.1
2, 014. 9
439.6
6.4
1, 409. 6
82.8
130.3
1, 527.0
149.2
221.8
11.6
286.4
437.2
29.6
40.3
254.6
186.8
134.7
478.8
5.9

236.3
29.2
79.4
1, 018. 4
66.9
446.2
60.5
16.9
127.5
308.5
19.1
1, 322. 9
653.9
172.8
142.7
163.4
150.4
117.6
265.2
733.6
1, 204.6
213.3
98.0
405.7
17.3
61.4
4.1
84.2
845.0
16.0
1, 986.9
441.2
6.7
1, 394.9
82.9
129.2
1, 518.8
148.4
221.9
11.8
285.9
436.4
29.7
39.6
256.0
186.6
136.4
474.8
6.0

238.4
29.8
82.2
1, 029. 0
71.3
445.6
60.4
17.3
124.2
310.1
22.4
1,322. 4
653.8
176.1
142.6
163.0
157.4
118.6
264.7
736.6
1,189.8
217.0
98.9
406.3
18.9
62.0
4.3
83.2
849.2
16.1
2, 010.4
447.6
6.7
1, 385. 7
84.0
135.6
1, 519. 5
150.2
222.3
12.4
287.6
437.5
31.2
39.3
258.0
190.1
138.1
475.0
6.5

237.8
29.7
82.7
1, 041. 7
73.6
442.0
60.8
17.2
117.3
310.7
25.0
1, 300.9
645. 4
174.4
140.0
149.4
159.9
120.9
265.6
732.1
1, 163. 2
215.5
98.8
404.2
19.7
61.7
4.4
83.4
847.9
16.7
2, 013. 9
449.5
6.8
1, 368.1
84.2
144.1
1, 510. 9
151.4
221.7
12.7
285. 5
437.1
32.8
39.4
256.2
196.6
136.2
475.8
7.0

236.5
28.9
82.6
1, 066.1
73.1
431.5
62.3
17.1
111.4
310.7
26.4
1, 276. 3
636.9
172.1
139.3
150.2
158.1
121.6
270.0
725.5
1,126. 9
213.4
98.0
401.6
20.4
61.3
4.4
81.8
843. 5
16.8
2, 020. 0
450.2
6.6
1, 362. 5
83.1
152.1
1, 507. 6
149. 6
221.4
12.5
283.3
434.6
34.1
39.3
255.7
207.5
135.2
470.1
7.2

233.8
28.5
81.7
1, 055. 5
71.8
429.3
64.2
17.2
109.9
308.4
28. 5
1, 263.1
639. 5
165.6
135.7
148.2
153.4
123.2
277.6
719.4
1, 099. 4
223.5
98.1
400.3
20.0
61.8
4.4
81.9
839.8
16.7
2, 008. 2
446.8
6.5
1, 349. 5
82.3
162.1
1, 492. 9
148.4
221.7
12.2
282.6
432.3
36.7
37.8
252.4
212.8
136.9
479.0
6.7

226.9
27.7
80.4
993.6
66.8
431.1
59.2
17.2
115.0
305.9
23.3
1, 256. 5
609.7
169.6
135.7
148.3
150.3
116.4
259.2
717.7
1, 080. 5
211.5
95.2
389.8
18.4
59.8
4.2
81.2
824.4
15.6
1, 942.0
432.4
6.5
1, 317.3
80.1
145.5
1, 444. 5
144.4
218.1
12.0
274.3
425.9
30.8
38.3
247.6
192.1
134.6
466.9
6.3

225.3
22.7
82.5
892.5
65.4
423.3
56.0
17.1
108.7
304.4
24.0
1, 246. 7
615.8
168.4
116.9
151.6
146.5
115.6
254.4
740.5
1,111.1
206.6
94.3
372.9
18.1
54.8
3.6
82.2
810.5
14.2
1, 918. 2
432.9
6.1
1, 315. 2
73.2
147.7
1, 494.1
149.8
218.4
11.6
264.6
401.9
31.3
38.7
242,6
191.8
138.1
463.1
6.1

1 D a t a fo r e a r lie r y e a r s a r e a v a ila b le u p o n r e q u e s t t o t h e B u r e a u o f L a b o r
S ta tis tic s o r th e c o o p e r a tin g S ta te a g e n c y .
S t a t e a g e n c ie s a ls o m a k e a v a il­
a b le m o r e d e ta ile d in d u s t r y d a ta .
2 R e v is e d s e r ie s ; n o t c o m p a r a b l e w i t h d a t a p r e v i o u s l y p u b l is h e d .

C o o p e r a tin g S t a te A g e n c i e s
A la b a m a — D e p a r t m e n t o f I n d u s tr ia l R e la t io n s , M o n t g o m e r y 5.
A r iz o n a — U n e m p lo y m e n t C o m p e n s a t io n D i v i s io n , E m p lo y m e n t S e c u r ity
C o m m is s io n , P h o e n ix .
A r k a n s a s — E m p lo y m e n t S e c u r ity D iv is io n , D e p a r t m e n t o f L a b o r , L it t le
R ock.
C a lifo r n ia — D iv is io n o f L a b o r S t a t is t ic s a n d R e s e a r c h , D e p a r t m e n t o f I n d u s ­
t r ia l R e la t io n s , S a n F r a n c is c o 1.
C o lo r a d o — U . S . B u r e a u o f L a b o r S t a t is t ic s , D e n v e r 2.
C o n n e c t ic u t— E m p lo y m e n t
S e c u r ity
D iv is io n ,
D e p a r tm e n t o f L ab or,
H a r tf o r d 15.
D e la w a r e — F e d e r a l R e s e r v e B a n k o f P h ila d e lp h ia , P h ila d e lp h ia 1, P e n n s y l ­
v a n ia .
D is t r ic t o f C o lu m b ia — U . S . E m p lo y m e n t S e r v ic e fo r D . C ., W a s h in g t o n 25.
F lo r id a — I n d u s t r ia l C o m m is s io n , T a lla h a s s e e .
G e o r g ia — E m p l o y m e n t S e c u r i t y A g e n c y , D e p a r t m e n t o f L a b o r , A t la n t a 3 .
I d a h o — E m p lo y m e n t S e c u r it y A g e n c y , B o is e .
I llin o is — I llin o is S ta te E m p lo y m e n t S e r v ic e a n d D iv is io n o f U n e m p lo y m e n t
C o m p e n s a tio n , C h ic a g o 54.
I n d ia n a — E m p lo y m e n t S e c u r ity D iv is io n , I n d ia n a p o lis 9.
I o w a — E m p lo y m e n t S e c u r it y C o m m is s io n , D e s M o in e s 8.
K a n s a s — E m p lo y m e n t S e c u r ity D iv is io n , S ta te L a b o r D e p a r tm e n t, T o p e k a .
K e n tu c k y — B u r e a u o f E m p lo y m e n t S e c u r ity , D e p a r tm e n t o f E c o n o m ic
S e c u r ity , F r a n k fo r t.
L o u is ia n a — D iv is io n o f E m p lo y m e n t S e c u r ity , D e p a r t m e n t o f L a b o r , B a to n
R o u g e 4.

Maine—Employment Security Commission, Augusta.
M a r y la n d — D e p a r t m e n t o f E m p lo y m e n t S e c u r ity , B a lt im o r e 1.
M a s s a c h u s e tts — D iv is io n o f S ta tis tic s . D e p a r tm e n t o f L a b o r a n d
tr ie s , B o s t o n 8.
M ic h ig a n — E m p lo y m e n t S e c u r ity C o m m is sio n , D e tr o it 2 .


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

M i n n e s o ta — D e p a r t m e n t o f E m p l o y m e n t S e c u r i ty , S t. P a u l 1.
M is s is s ip p i— E m p l o y m e n t S e c u r i ty C o m m is s io n , J a c k s o n .
M is s o u r i— D iv is io n o f E m p l o y m e n t S e c u r ity , J e ffe rs o n C it y .
M o n t a n a — U n e m p l o y m e n t C o m p e n s a tio n C o m m is s io n , H e le n a .
N e b r a s k a — D iv is io n o f E m p l o y m e n t S e c u r i ty , D e p a r t m e n t o f L a b o r ,
L i n c o ln 1.
N e v a d a — E m p l o y m e n t S e c u r i ty D e p a r t m e n t , C a r s o n C it y .
N e w H a m p s h i r e — D iv is io n o f E m p l o y m e n t S e c u r i ty , D e p a r t m e n t o f L a b o r ,
C o n c o rd .
N e w J e r s e y — D e p a r t m e n t o f L a b o r a n d I n d u s t r y , T r e n t o n 8.
N e w M e x ic o — E m p l o y m e n t S e c u r i ty C o m m is s io n , A lb u q u e r q u e .
N e w Y o r k — B u r e a u o f R e s e a rc h a n d S ta t is tic s , D iv is io n o f E m p l o y m e n t ,
N e w Y o r k D e p a r t m e n t o f L a b o r , 1440 B r o a d w a y , N e w Y o r k 18.
N o r t h C a r o lin a — D e p a r t m e n t o f L a b o r , R a le ig h .
N o r t h D a k o t a — U n e m p l o y m e n t C o m p e n s a tio n D iv is io n , B is m a r c k .
O h io — B u r e a u o f U n e m p l o y m e n t C o m p e n s a tio n , C o lu m b u s 16.
O k la h o m a — E m p l o y m e n t S e c u r i ty C o m m is s io n , O k la h o m a C i t y 2.
O re g o n — U n e m p l o y m e n t C o m p e n s a tio n C o m m is s io n , S a le m .
P e n n s y l v a n i a — F e d e r a l R e s e r v e B a n k o f P h ila d e lp h i a , P h i l a d e l p h i a 1 (m fg .) ;
B u r e a u o f R e s e a rc h a n d I n f o r m a t io n , D e p a r t m e n t o f L a b o r a n d I n d u s t r y ,
H a r r i s b u r g ( n o n m fg .).
R h o d e I s l a n d — D e p a r t m e n t o f L a b o r , P r o v id e n c e 3.
S o u th C a r o lin a — E m p l o y m e n t S e c u r i ty C o m m is s io n , C o lu m b ia 1.
S o u th D a k o t a — E m p l o y m e n t S e c u r i ty D e p a r t m e n t , A b e r d e e n .
T e n n e s s e e — D e p a r t m e n t o f E m p l o y m e n t S e c u r i ty , N a s h v ill e 3.
T e x a s — E m p l o y m e n t C o m m is s io n , A u s t in 19.
U t a h — D e p a r t m e n t o f E m p l o y m e n t S e c u r i ty , I n d u s t r i a l C o m m is s io n , S a lt
L a k e C i t y 13.
V e r m o n t— U n e m p l o y m e n t C o m p e n s a tio n C o m m is s io n , M o n tp e l ie r .
V ir g in ia — D iv is io n o f R e s e a rc h a n d S ta t is tic s , D e p a r t m e n t o f L a b o r a n d
I n d u s t r y , R ic h m o n d 14.

Washington—Employment Security Department, Olympia.
In d u s­

W e s t V ir g in ia — D e p a r t m e n t o f E m p l o y m e n t S e c u r i ty , C h a r l e s to n 5.
W is c o n s in — I n d u s t r i a l C o m m is s io n , M a d is o n 3.
W y o m in g —E m p l o y m e n t S e c u r i ty C o m m is s io n , C a s p e r .

A: EMPLOYMENT AND PAYROLLS

1350

M ONTHLY LABOR

T able A-8: Insured unemployment under State unemployment insurance programs,1 by geographic

division and State
[In thousands]
1953

1952

1951

G eographic d iv isio n a n d S tate
S e p t.

A ug.

J u ly

June

M ay

A p ril

M ar.

F eb .

Jan.

D ec.

N ov.

O ct.

S ep t.

S e p t.

C o n tin e n ta l U n ite d S ta te s __________

779.4

816.1

861.1

832.7

889.0

1,155. 9

891.5

685.8

631.4

687.1

859.8

N ew E n g la n d --------------------------------M a i n e . ----- --------------- -------------N ew H a m p s h ire ________________
V e rm o n t. -------------------------------M a s s a c h u s e tts .. . ---------------------R h o d e Is la n d __________________
C o n n e c tic u t____________________

66.1
5.3
7.2
1.2
34.5
9.3
8.6

64.0
4.9
5.5
1.1
31.4
10.0
11.1

66.6
5.8
5.8
1.1
34.7
9.7
9.5

61.9
6.3
6.2
1.0
32.7
9.3
6.4

74.6
9.9
7.6
1.1
38.0
11.2
6.8

79.6
11.6
7.2
1.4
39.4
11.7
8.3

76.3
8.1
6.0
1.6
39.3
12.9
8.4

81.4
8.9
5.4
1.9
42.5
13.4
9.3

88.2
9.7
5.9
2.1
45.6
14.0
10.9

71.1
7.9
4.9
1.7
38.8
10. 1
7.7

60.4
5.8
4.7
1.4
33.3
8.3
6.9

60.8
4.3
5.1
1.5
32.9
9.4
7.6

72.5
4.1
6.0
2.1
39.1
11.2
10.0

106.4
7.5
8 .2
1.7
52.7
21.8
14.5

M id d le A tla n tic ____________ ____ _
N ew Y o rk ______________________
N ew J e rse y ____________________
P e n n s y lv a n ia __________________

251.2
127.2
38.3
85.7

257. 0
132.2
39.1
85.7

283.8
153.6
45.9
84.3

275.0
156.6
40.2
78.2

289.1
163.4
45.5
80.2

313.5
164.3
48.6
100.6

301.4
157.8
43.7
99.9

310.9
165.5
45.1
100.3

350.9
185.9
54.6
110.4

280.8
158.0
40.4
82.4

223.4
122.6
32.4
68.4

211.6
108.4
32.1
71.1

217.8
107.4
31.8
78.6

298.6
178.2
42.9
77.5

E a s t N o rth C e n tra l_______ ____ ___
O hio. _____ . . . . . . _________
In d ia n a ------------------------------ . . .
Illin o is_________________________
M ic h ig a n ..____ ________________
W isco n sin ___________________ . .

152.4
25.2
14.7
43.3
52.4
16.8

155.8
23.0
14. 6
49.7
53.1
15.4

140.2
23.6
14.8
53.7
30.6
17.5

130.0
29.4
14.4
54.5
22.7
9.0

124.8
26.6
11.8
57.0
20.9
8.5

121.2
24.5
11.5
55.8
19.9
9.5

122.3
26.9
12 9
45.1
24.4
13.0

138.3
30.6
15.2
50.9
27.0
14.6

157.9
32.7
20.0
60.2
29.5
15.5

124.9
25.6
16.3
45.7
25.0
12.3

101.9
20.9
10. 2
38.8
24.7
7.3

102.9
19.9
10.8
40.9
24.1
7.2

127.2
23.6
12.4
52.3
29.6
9.3

158.0
30.4
15.1
62.1
44.5
5.9

West N o rth C e n tr a l_______________
M in n e s o ta ______________ ______
I o w a . _______________ ____ _____
M iss o u ri___ _________ ______ _
N o rth D a k o ta --------------------------S o u th D a k o ta __________________
N e b ra s k a ___ _______ ___________
K a n sa s ____ _________ ______ ___

32.3
5.8
3.7
16.4
.2
.2
1.0
5.0

31.1
6.7
4.0
14.2
.2
.2
.9
4.9

38.1
7.6
4.3
19.0
.3
.2
1.1
5.6

39.0
8.0
4.0
20.1
.5
.2
1.2
5.0

42.6
12.3
4.6
18.2
.9
.4
1.8
4.4

53.6
19.8
5.8
17.2
2.3
.9
2.6
5.0

68.9
25.1
8.0
18.6
4.2
1.9
4.7
6.4

74.3
25.5
8.9
20.2
4.4
2.2
5.9
7.2

70.2
22.2
7.8
22.3
3.8
2.0
5.0
7.1

45.7
12.7
4.5
17.6
2.2
1.0
2.7
5.0

28.7
6.3
2.8
14.9

23.2
4.7
3.0
12.4
,2
.2

25.1
5.1
6.0
10.9
.2
.2
.7
2.0

30.8
6.3
2.4
18.3
.1
.2
.6
2.9

S o u th A tla n tic _____________________
D e law a re _______________________
M a r y la n d ____________________ .
D is tric t of C o lu m b ia ______ . . .
V irg in ia _______________________
W est V irg in ia __________________
N o rth C a ro lin a _________________
S o u th C a ro lin a ______ __________
G eo rg ia ________________________
F lo rid a _________________________

91.7
1.2
8.2
2.6
8.4
12.4
21.3
9.3
11.9
16.4

101.8
.8
9.7
2.4
10.7
14.2
20.9
11.0
12.8
19.3

112.5
.9
10.7
2.5
13.7
16.6
24.5
12.3
14.3
17.0

105.2
.9
10.3
2.4
14.8
15.3
25.8
10.1
13.8
11.8

103.5
.9
12.2
2.6
11.3
15.3
27.3
10.6
13.6
9.7

101.0
1.0
12.5
3.0
7.5
16.6
28.2
10.3
13.5
8.4

104.1
1.3
10.6
3.5
9.3
17.6
28.3
10.8
14.0
8.7

105.6
1.6
12.1
3.6
9.4
17.3
27.0
10.6
14.8
9.2

111.7
1.6
13.1
3.1
10.3
17.6
26.7
11.4
16.9
11.0

84.6

E a s t S o u th C e n tra l________________
K e n tu c k y ______________________
T e n n essee_____ ____ _____ _____
A la b a m a ______________________
M iss is sip p i_____________________

52.5
14.9
19.3
12.2
6.1

58.7
17.0
19.3
14.2
8.2

60.9
17.0
21.2
14.1
8.6

57.5
17.3
18.4
13.9
7.9

66.2
19.6
21.6
15.4
9.6

69.3
20.2
23.0
16.0
10.1

71.3
20.0
22.9
16.9
11.5

75.0
19.6
26.0
17.1
12.3

W est S o u th C e n tra l___ ________ . . .
A rk a n sa s _________________ _____
L o u isia n a __________ _________ _
O k la h o m a ___ _____ ____________
T e x a s __________________________

37.3
5.7
8.8
6.0
16.8

45.1
7.5
11.2
8.2
18.2

'46.2
7.6
12.2
9.1
17.3

44.2
7.2
11.8
9.2
16.0

48.0
8.9
12.9
9.5
16.7

51.0
10.8
13.2
10.2
16.8

58.2
12.9
15.6
11.9
17.8

M o u n ta in __________________________
M o n ta n a ______________ _______
Id a h o __________________________
W y o m in g _____________________
Colorado___ ___________________
N ew M exico____________________
A rizo n a________________________
U t a h ______ ____________________
N e v a d a ________________ _______

11.0
.6
1.2
.2
1.5
2.0

12.7
.7
1.3
.2
1.8
2.3
3.8
1.8
.8

12.7
1.0
1.4
.2
1.8
1.9
3.5
2.1
.8

12.8
1.4
1.5
.3
1.6
1.7
3.2
2.3
.8

15.1
2.2
2.2
.5
2.0
1.8
3.2
2.4
.8

21.1
3.9
4.0
.7
2.8
2.2
3.3
3.1
1.1

P acific________________ _______ ____
W as h in g to n .............................. .........
O reg o n ............................................ ..
C alifo rn ia ________ ________ ____

85.0
16.9
9.6
58.5

90.0
15. 6

100.0
14.0
9.6
76.4

107.1
12.5
8.9
85.7

125.1
17.5
11.6
96.0

150.4
26.0
16.6
107.8

3 .3

1.5
.7

10.1
64.3

i Average of weekly data adjusted for split weeks in the month. For a
technical description of this series, see the April 1950 Monthly Labor Review
(p. 382).


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

960.6 1,014.5 1,083.6

.8

.4
.8

.7

2.7

2.0

71.3
.8
6.8
1.9
5.3
12.2
16.7
6.8
10.1
10.7

70.9
.6
5.9
1.6
4.9
11.4
15.2
6.4
10.0
14.9

79.3

9.7
2.3
6.9
13.3
20.0
8.1
13.3
9.7

7.2
1.7
6.0
11.9
17.1
6.9
10.6
17.2

94.7
1.1
6.5
1.4
8.2
8.5
28.5
9 .6
13.8
17.1

75.7
17.8
27.3
17.9
12.7

61.0
14.9
21.7
15.2
9.2

51.9
14.2
18.1
12.8
6.8

50.2
14.8
16.7
12.8
5.9

54.2
14.8
19.1
14.2
6.1

54.7
13.5
22.7
12.2
6.3

61.2
14.5
16.7
12.8
17.2

57.2
13.6
16.3
11.6
15.7

44.6
10.5
12.2
9.2
12.7

32.6
6.8
9.2
6.8
9.8

27.0
4.4
8.7
5.4
8.5

29.6
4.4
10.2
5.7
9.3

30.2
4.5
12.1
5.5
8.1

29.1
6.3
6.1
1.4
3.2
2.7
3.6
4.4
1.4

33.5
6.9
8.1
1.7
3.4
2.8
3.6
5.3
1.7

30.7
5.9
7.9
1.4
2.9
2.7
3.3
4.9
1. 7

19.4

6.2
.5

6.1
.4

6.7
.6

.7

.7

.7

1.8
1.8
2.5
2.9
1.2

9.6
1.2
1.9
.2
1.0
.9
2.0
1.5
.9

.1
.6
.8
1.8
1.1
.6

.1
.6

.7

182.7
34.4
24.2
124.1

203.4
43.5
31.2
128.7

213. 2
47.7

159.8
38.6
24.4
96.8

106.0
25.3
14.9
65.8

78.2
16.1
10.0
52.1

33.3

132. 2

1.3

3 .3

5.2

.7

.8

1.8
1.1
.6

75.2
12.8
6.9
55. 5

.1
.9
2.0
1.2
.5
79.9
9.6
6.3
64.0

Figures may not add to exact column totals because of rounding.
Soubck: U. S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Employment Security;

REVIEW, DECEMBER 1953

B: LABOR TURNOVER

1351

B : Labor Turnover
T a ble B - l : M o n thly labor tu rn o v er rates (per 100 employees) in m anufacturing industries, by
class of tu rn o v er 1
Class of turnover and year

Jan.

Feb.

Mar.

Apr.

May

June

July

Aug.

Sept.

Oct.

Nov.

Dec.

Total separation^
1953____ ___________ _________
1952...._______ _______________
1951_________________________
1950_________ _____— ........ ........
1949_______________ ____ ______
1948_____________ ___________
1947_________________________
1946__________________________
1939_________________________

3.8
4.0
4.1
3.1
4.6
4.3
4.9
6.8
3.2

3.6
3.9
3.8
3.0
4.1
4. 7
4.5
6.3
2.6

4.1
3.7
4.1
2.9
4.8
4.5
4.9
6.6
3.1

4.3
4. 1
4.6
2.8
4.8
4.7
5.2
6.3
3.5

4.4
3.9
4.8
3.1
5.2
4.3
5.4
6.3
3.5

4.2
3.9
4.3
3.0
4.3
4.5
4.7
5.7
3.3

4.3
6.0
4.4
2.9
3.8
4.4
4.6
5.8
3.3

4.8
4.6
5.3
4.2
4.0
5.1
6.3
6.6
3.0

2 5.3
4.9
5.1
4.9
4.2
5.4
5.9
6.9
2.8

4.2
4.7
4.3
4.1
4.5
5.0
6.3
2.9

3.5
4.3
3.8
4.0
4.1
4.0
4.9
3.0

3.5
3.6
3.6
3.2
4.3
3.7
4.5

Quit:
1953_________________________
1952______________ ___________
1951.._________________ ______
1950__________ ____ _________ _
1949____ _____________________
1948_________________________
1947____________ ______ ______
1946__ _______________________
1939«________________________

2.1
1.9
2.1
1.1
1.7
2.6
3.5
4.3
.9

2.2
1.9
2.1
1.0
1.4
2.5
3.2
3.9

2.7
2.2
2.7
1.3
1.7
3.0
3.7
4.3
.8

2.7
2.2
2.8
1.6
1.6
2.8
3.5
4.2
.7

2.6
2.2
2.5
1.7
1.5
2.9
3.1
4.0
.7

2.5
2.2
2.4
1.8
1.4
2.9
3.1
4.6
.7

2.9
3.0
3.1
2.9
1.8
3.4
4.0
5.3
.8

2 3.1
3.6
3.1
3.4
2.1
3.9
4. 5
5.3
1.1

2.8
2.5
2.7
1.5
2.8
3.6
4.7
.9

2.1
1.9
2.1
1.2
2.2
2.7
3.7

.6

2.5
2.0
2.5
1.2
1.6
2.8
3.5
4.2
.8

1.7
1.4
1.7
.9
1.7
2.3
3.0
.7

.3

.4
.3
.3
.2
.3
.4
.4
.4
.1

.4

.4
.3
.4
.3
.2
.4
.4
.3

.1

.1

.4
.4
.4
.2
.4
.4
.4
.2

.4
.3
.3
.2
.4
.4

.1

.4
.3
.3
.3
.2
.4
.4
.4
.1

.4
.3
.4
.4
.3
.4
.4
.4

.1

.4
.3
.4
.3
.2
.3
.4
.4
.1

2.4

.3
.4
.2
.2
.4
.4
.4

.9
1.3
1.0
1.2
2.8
1.2
1.0
1.4
2.6

1.0
1.1
1.2
1.1
3.3
1.1
1.4
1. 5
2. 7

.9
1.1
1.0
.9
2. 5
1. 1
1. 1
1.2
2. 5

1.1
2.2
1.3
.6
2.1
1.0
1.0
.6
2.5

1.3
1.0
1.4
.6
1.8
1.2
.8
.7
2.1

1.5
.7
1.3
.7
1.8
1.0
.9
1.0
1.6

.3
.3
.4
.2
.1
.1

.3
.3
.4
.3
.1

2.3
.3
.4
.4
.1
.1
.1
.2

4.1
4.4
4.2
4. 7
3, 5
4. 7
4.9
7.4
4.2

Discharge:
1953____ _____________________
1952______ ___________________
1951_____________________ ____
1950_________________________
1949..................................... .............
1948_______________ __________
1947___ ______ _______________
1946_________________________
1939 _________________________

.1

.4
.3
.3
.2
.3
.4
.4
.5
.1

Layoff:
1953................................................. .
1952....... ............................................
1951____________________ ____ _
1950__________________________
1949_________________________
1948______ ___________________
1947______________ ___________
1946_______________________ _
1939_________________________

.9
1.4
1.0
1.7
2.5
1.2
.9
1.8
2.2

.8
1.3
.8
1.7
2.3
1.7
.8
1.7
1.9

1.1
.8
1.4
2.8
1.2
.9
1.8
2.2

Miscellaneous including military:
1953....___ ____ ______ _______
1952........... ........................ ..............
1951__________ _______ _______
1950_________________________
1949
1948......................................... ........
1947 _________ _______________
1946______________ ____ ______

.4
.4
.7
.1
.1
.1
.1
.2

.4
.4
.6
.1
.1

.3
.3
.5
.1
.1
.1

.3
.3
.5

.3
.3
.4
.1
.1

.1

.1

.2

.1
.2

.3
.3
.4
.1
1
.1
.1
.2

Total accession:
1953____ _________ ____ _______
1952...................... ............................
1951_________________________
1950_________________________
1949............... .................. ............ .
1948..______ ____ ______ ______
1947._____ ____________ _____
1946________________ ____ _____
1939..................................................

4. 4
4.4
5.2
3.6
3.2
4.6
6.0
8.5
4.1

4.3
3.7
4. 5
3.5
2. 9
4.0
5.1
6.7
2.9

4.1
3.9
4. 5
4.4
3. 5
4.1
4.8
6. 1
3.3

5.1
4.9
4.9
4.8
4. 4
5.7
5.5
6. 7
3.9

.3
.3
.2
.3
.4
.4
.5

.1
.1

.8

.2

.2

4.2
3.9
4. 5
3.2
2.9
3.9
5.0
6.8
3.1

4.4
3.9
4.6
3.6
3. 0
4.0
5.1
7.1
3.3

.1
.1
.1

1 Month-to-month changes in total employment in manufacturing Indus­
tries as indicated by labor turnover rates are not comparable with the changes
shown by the Bureau’s employment and payroll reports, for the following
reasons:
(1) Accessions and separations are computed for the entire calendar month;
the employment and payroll reports, for the most part, refer to a 1-week pay
period ending nearest the 15th of the month.
(2) The turnover sample is not so large as that of the employment and
payroll sample and includes proportionately fewer small plants; certain
industries are not covered. The major industries excluded are: printing,
publishing, and allied industries; canning and preserving fruits, vegetables,
and sea foods; women’s, misses’, and children’s outerwear; and fertilizers.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

.1

.1

.2

.1
.1

.2

4.3
5.9
4. 5
6.6
4. 4
5.0
5.3
7.0
5.1

.4

.3
.4
.2
.4
.4
.4

2

2 4 .O

5.6
4.3
6.7
4.1
5.1
5.9
7.1
6.2

.8

.4

3.5

.3
.3
.3

.2
.3
.4
.4

.2

.1

.7
1.4
.8
2.3
1.2
.9
1.0
1.8

.7
1.7
1.1
2.5
1.4
.8
.7
2.0

1. 5
1.3
2.0
2.2
.9
1.0
2.7

.3
.4
.4
.1
.1

.3
.3
.3
,1
.1

.2

.3
.4
.3
.1
.1
.1
.1

5.2
4. 4
5.2
3. 7
4. 5
5.5
6.8
5.9

4.0
3.9
4.0
3.3
3.9
4.8
5.7
4.1

3.3
3.0
30
3.2
2.7
3.6
4.3
2.8

.1

1. 1

.1

.1

(3) Plants are not included in the turnover computations in months when
work stoppages are in progress; the influence of such stoppage is reflected,
however, in the employment and payroll figures. Prior to 1943, rates relate
to production workers only.
* Preliminary.
1 Prior to 1940, miscellaneous separations were included with quits.
fBeginning with data for October 1952, components may not add to total
because of rounding.
N o t e : Information on concepts, methodology, etc., is
given in a technical note on “Measurement of Labor Turn­
over,” which appeared in the May 1953 Monthly Labor Review.

1352

B: LABOR TURNOVER

M ONTHLY LABOR

T able B-2: Monthly labor turnover rates (per 100 employees) in selected groups and industries 1
Separation
Total

Industry group and industry

Quit

Discharge

Total accession

Mise., incl.
military

Layoff

Sept.

A u g .

Sept.

A u g .

Sept.

A u g .

Sept.

A u g .

1953

Sept.

A u g .

1953

1953

1953

1953

Sept.

A u g .

1953

1953

1953

1953

1953

1953

1953

M a n u fa c tu r in g

All m anufacturing..... ........... ....................
Durable goods A...................................
Nondurable goods’ ............................. .

5.3
5. 5
4.8

4.8
4.9
4.6

3.1
3.1
3.2

Ordnance and accessories^.........................
Food and kindred products,..................... .
Meat products___________________
Grain-mill products_______________
Bakery products_________________
Beverages:
Malt liquors—.............................
Tobacco manufactures............................... .
Cigarettes......................... .................
Cigars............... .................................. .
Tobacco and snuff________________
Textile-mill products................................. .
Yam and thread mills_____________
Broad-woven fabric mills__________
Cotton, silk, synthetic fiber.........
Woolen and worsted..................
Knitting mills__________________ _
Full-fashioned hosiery...... .............
Seamless hosiery______________
Knit underwear__ ____________
Dyeing and finishing textiles_______
Carpets, rugs, other floor coverings__
Apparel and other finished textile prod­
ucts........ ,................... ..............................
M en’s and boys’ suits and coats____
M en’s and boys’ furnishings and work
c lo th in g ...........................................
Lumber and wood products (except fur­
niture)------------- ----------------------------Logging camps and contractors..........
Sawmills and planing mills_________
Mill work, plywood, and prefabricated
structural wood products________
Furniture and fixtures................................
Household fu rn itu re ..._____ ______
Other furniture and fixtures________
Paper and allied products_____________
Pulp, paper, and paperboard mills__
Paperboard containers and boxes____
Chemicals and allied products_________
Industrial inorganic chemicals______
Industrial organic chemicals________
Synthetic fibers______ ________
Drugs and medicines______________
Paints, pigments, and fillers________
Products of petroleum and coal_________
Petroleum refining________________
Rubber products........ ........ ................. ......
Tires and inner tubes......... ........... ......
Rubber footwear.___ _______ _____
Other rubber products..........................
Leather and leather p ro d ucts....................
Leather_________________________
Footwear (except rubber)__________
Stone, clay, and glass products_________
Glass and glass products___________
Cement, hydraulic____ ___________
Structural clay pro d u cts.....................
Pottery and related products_______
Primary metal in d u stries..___ ________
Blast furnaces, steel works, and rolling
mills_____ ____________________
Iron and steel foundries____________
Gray-iron foundries____ ______
Malleable-iron foundries.... .........
Steel foundries................................
Primary smelting and refining of nonferrous metals:
Primary smelting and refining of
copper, lead, and zinc________
Rolling, drawing, and alloying of nonferrous metals:
Rolling, drawing, and alloying of
copper______ ____ _________ _
Nonferrous foundries...... ............... ......
Other primary metal industries:
Iron and steel forgings__________
See fo o tn o tes a t end of table.

5.1

4.2

6.6
5.0
5. 6
6.0

6.6
5.7
5.3
6.1

9.5
2.9
2. 5
3.4
2. 0


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

2.9
2.8
3.0

0.4
.4
.3

0.4
.4
.4

3.2

2.9

.6

.7

4.0
2.5
4.4
4.8

3.7
2.5
3.8
4.4

.5
.4
.6
.6

.7
.5
.9
.6

8.7

4.4

3.6

.6

.9

2.9
2.4
3.4
2.0

2.4
1.9
3.1
1.0

2.3
1.8
3.0
1.4

.3
.3
.2
.5

.3
.4
.3
.3

4.9
7.2
4. 9
4. 6
8.1
3.9
2.8
4.1
4.0
4. 5
3.1

4.6
5. 4
5.0
4.7
8.4
3.7
2.8
3.6
4.2
3.8
3.3

2.8
2.9
2.9
3.0
2.1
2.7
2.4
2.9
3.0
2.8
2.1

2.7
2.7
2.9
3.0
1.8
2.8
2.4
2.6
3.4
2.4
1.8

.3
.2
.3
.3
.3
.2
.1
.2
.1
.4
.3

4.9
3.7

5.2
4.8

4.2
2.7

4.2
3.3

5.3

5.1

4.8

6.6
8. 5
6.4

5.8
8.7
5.2

1.5
1.8
1.1

1.3
1.4
1.0

0.3
.3
.2

0.3
.3
.3

4. 0
4.1
3.8

4. 3
4.3
4.3

1.0

.5

.2

.1

4.1

3.9

1.9
1.9
.4
.5

1.9
2.4
.4
1.0

.2
.2
.2
.1

.2
.3
.3
.1

5.6
5.5
5. 5
6.2

6 9
5 9
5. 4
6.3

4.2

4.0

.2

.2

3.9

7.0

.1
.1
.1
.1

.1
.1
.1
.1

.1
.2

.1
.2
.1
.1

4.1
2.9
5.6
1.9

3 8
3 3
4. 7
1.6

.3
.2
.3
.3
.2
.3
.1
.1
.4
.4
.3

1.6
3.9
1.4
1.0
5.4
.8
.2
.7
.8
1.1
.5

1.3
2.2
1.4
1.0
6.0
.4
.1
.6
.3
.9
.9

.2
.1
.4
.4
.2
.1
.1
.3
.1
.2
.2

.3
.3
.4
.4
.3
.1
.1
.2
.2
.3

3.4
2. 9
4.1
4. 0
4. 8
3. 0
2. 4
3. 4
2.7
1.8
2.5

3. 8
3 9
3 9
3. 8
4 3
3 7
2 9
3. 9
3. 6
3 8
3.3

.2
.2

.2
.2

.4
.7

.6
1.1

.1
.1

.1
.2

4.9
4.3

4 9
4.8

4.6

.1

.2

4.7
7.5
4.6

4.2
5.9
4.1

.3
.3
.4

.4
.4
.4

1.4
.6
1.2

. 3.

( 4)

.3

( 4)

.3

.1

.1

5.3

5.3

1.0
2.2
.6

.3
.1
.2

.2
.3
.2

4.3
5.8
4.2

5. 4
8 3
5.0

5.5

4.8

2.9

3.4

.2

.3

2.3

.8

.1

.3

3.2

4.0

6.3
5. 8
7.5

6.2
6.2
6.3

4.3
3.9
5.2

4.2
4.0
4.6

.5
.4
.8

.5
.5
.4

1.3
1.3
1.2

1.3
1.4
1.0

.2
.2
.2

.2
.2
.2

5. 5
5.6
5.3

5. 8
5 3
7.1

4.5
3. 4
6.1

3.9
2.8
5.4

3.3
2.6
4.4

2.9
2.1
4.3

.5
.3
.8

.5
.3
.8

.5
.3
.7

.3
.2
.1

.3
.3
.2

.3
.2
.2

3.6
2. 7
5.4

4. 3
3. 2
6.2

3.1
3.6
2.8
4.0
2.2
3.8

2.6
3.7
2.3
2.8
2.1
3.1

2.1
2.4
1.8
1.3
1.9
2.6

1.6
2.5
1.2
.9
1.6
2.0

.3
.2
.1
.1
.1
.6

.2
.4
.2
.1
.1
.3

.5
.6
.7
2.4
.1
.5

.6
.4
.8
1.7
.3
.7

.2
.2
. 1
.2
.2
.1

.2
.4
.2
.2
.1
.3

2.1
2. 5
1. 4
2.6
1. 4
2.8

2. 2
2. 8
1. 6
1.9
1. 8
2.1

2.3
1.6

1.7
1.2

1.6
1.1

1.2
.8

.1

.4
.2

.2
.1

.2
.2

.2
.1

1.3
.7

1. 3
.7

4.5
4.3
4.8
4. 6

3.8
2.6
4.7
4.8

2.5
1.5
4.3
3.1

2.3
1.3
4.3
2.8

.2
.1
.2
.3

.2
.1
.2
.3

1.4
2.4
.2
.9

1.0
.9
1.4

.4
.3
.2
.4

.3
. 4.
.2
.3

2.9
1.3
4. 2
4.1

2. 9
1. 4
6.1
3.4

5.6
4.3
5.9

5.2
3.7
5.5

3.8
2.1
4.2

3.8
1.9
4.2

.2
.1
.3

.3
.3
.3

1.4
1.8
1.3

.9
1.4
.9

.2
.2
.2

.2
. 1
.2

3.5
2.6
3.7

4.0
2. 8
4.2

3.8
3.3
3.8
5.6
3.2

4.2
5.0
3.0
4.8
3.5

2.5
1.8
2.4
4,2
2.3

2.6
2.5
2.2
3.4
2.3

.3
.3
.4
.4
.2

.3
.3
.4
.4
.4

.8
1.0
.7
.8
.6

1.0
1.9
.1
.8
.7

.3
.3
.3
.3
.2

.3
.3
.3
.1
.2

3.5
4. 8
2.4
4.3
2.8

4.2
6. 0
2.8
4.3
3.2

.1
( 4)

( 4)

( 4)

4.2

3.8

2.2

2.1

.3

.4

1.4

1.1

.3

.3

2.5

2.9

3.2
5.9
6.1
6.0
5.8

2.8
5.7
4.6
8.2
5.6

2.0
2.6
2.6
3.3
2.2

1.8
2.7
2.7
3.1
2.5

.1
.4
.5
.4
.4

.2
.5
.5
.7
.5

.8
2.7
2.7
2.1
3.0

.5
2.2
1.1
4.2
2.5

.3
.1
.3
.1
.1

.2
.3
.4
.3
.1

1.9
3.1
4.0
4. 0
1.8

2.1
4.0
5.0
5.1
2.6

3.3

2.4

2.3

1.4

.4

.4

.2

.1

.3

.4

2.2

2.1

3.3
7.7

2.7
7.3

1.7
2.8

1.8
2.8

.5
.8

.4
.7

1.1
3.8

.3
3.5

.1
.3

.2
.3

2.3
4.3

2.4
3.8

5.3

3.6

2.3

2.6

.4

.4

2.4

.3

.2

.2

2.9

3.4

REVIEW, DECEMBER 1953

1353

B: LABOR TURNOVER

T a ble B -2 : M o n th ly labor tu rn o v er ra te s (per 100 employees) in selected groups and in d u s trie s 1—
C ontinued
Separation
Total

Industry group and industry

Continued
Fabricated metal products (except ordnance, machinery, and transportation
equipm ent)________________________
Cutlery, hand tools, and hardware__
Cutlery and edge tools. .................
Handtools_______ ____ ________
Hardware____________________
Heating apparatus (except electric)
and plumbers’ supplies__________
Sanitary ware and plumbers’
supplies____________________
Oil burners, nonelectric heating
and cooking apparatus, not elsewhere classified______________
Fabricated structural metal products..
Metal stamping, coating, and engraving_________ ______________

Quit

Total accession

Mise., incl.
military

Layoff

Discharge

Sept.

A ug.

Sept.

A ug.

Sept.

A ug.

Sept.

A ug.

Sept.

A ug.

Sept.

A ug.

1953

1953

1953

1953

1953

1953

1953

1953

1953

1953

1953

1953

M a n u f a c tu r i n g —

Machinery (except electrical)......................
Engines and turbines......... ..................
Agricultural machinery and tractors. .
Construction and mining machinery..
Metalworking machinery__________
Machine tools__________ ____ __
Metalworking machinery (except
machine tools)____ ________
Machine-tool accessories. . . . . .
Special-industry machinery (except
metalworking machinery)________
General industrial machinery_______
Office and store machines and devices
Service-industry and household machines_________________________ ______—
Miscellaneous machinery parts —........... .
Electrical machinery....................................
Electrical generating, transmission,
distribution, and industrial apparatus_____ . . . . . . _________
Communication equipment_________
Radios, phonographs, television
sets, and equipment__________
Telephone, telegraph, and related
equipment_________ ________
Electrical appliances, lamps, and
miscellaneous products___________
Transportation equipment_____________
Automobiles- ____________________
Aircraft and parts________________
Aircraft______________________
Aircraft engines and parts.............
Aircraft propellers and parts____
Other aircraft parts and equipm ent______ _______________
Ship- and boatbuilding and repairing..
Railroad equipm ent_______________
Locomotives and parts_________
Railroad and streetcars. . . ___
Other transportation equipment.........
Instrum ents and related products_______
Photographic apparatus____________
Watches and clocks _. _____________
Professional and scientific instruments.
Miscellaneous manufacturing industries...
Jewelry, silverware, and plated ware..

6.4
5.9
2.2
4.0
7.1

6.0
4.4
3.2
3.4
5.1

3.5
3.5
1.6
2.0
4.4

3.3
2.7
1.5
2.2
3.3

0.5
.3
.3
.3
.3

0.6
.3
.3
.2
.3

2.1
1.6
.2
1.4
1.9

1.8
1.1
1.2
.8
1.1

0.3
.4
.1
.2
.5

0.3
.3
.1
.1
.4

4.3
3.3
2.2
2.8
3.7

5.1
3.5
2.1
2.3
4.4

7.1

7.1

4.1

4.2

.6

.6

2.2

2.0

.2

.2

5.0

6.0

4.7

7.4

3.1

3.6

.5

.5

.9

3.2

.1

.2

3.8

4.6

9.0
5.1

6.8
4.8

4.9
3.4

4.8
3.1

.7

.7

.7
.8

3.2
.8

1.0
.7

.2
.2

.3
.2

5.9
4.7

7.2
4.8

9.6

8.9

3.7

3.8

.4

.5

5.0

4.1

.7

.5

5.5

4.7

4.3
3.3

2.3
2.2

.2
.3
.4
.1
.1

3.1
2.3

2.2
.4
.3

1.8
2.7
5.8
1.9
.4
.3

.2
.3

.4
.3
.3

.3
.4
.2
.4
.3
.3

1.4
.5

2.4
2.4
2.1

2.0
2.1
1.7
2.2
2.2
1.9

.3
.4

5.2
3.3
2.9

4.4
5.6
8.1
4.6
3.1
2.6

2.2
2.7
2.4

2.6
2.8
2.1
2.4
2.9
2.4

3.4
4.2

3.4
4.4

2.3
3.4

2.3
3.0

.3
.3

.4
.4

.7
.5

.5
.9

.1
.1

.2
.1

2.6
4.0

3.1
4.4

4.0
3.5
2.7

3.5
3.4
2.5

2.2
2.3
2.0

1.9
2.0
1.8

.4
.3
.2

.3
.4
.1

1.3
.7
.2

1.1
.8
.4

.1
.2
.2

.1
.3
.1

2.8
2.8
4.0

2.6
2.4
2.9

5.9
3.8
5.2

5.1
4.9
3.8

2.5
2.1

2.0
2.2

.3
.3

-2
.2

.5

.5

.3

.4
.3
.3

4.2
2.4

2.7

2.8
1.2
1.1

2.5
2.1

3.3

.3
.4
.3

4.7

2.5
2.4
4.1

3.4
6.6

2.5
4.4

1.8
4.4

1.6
3.4

.2
.7

.2
.5

1.

1.1
2

.6
.3

.2
.4

.2
.3

2.1
6.3

2.0
5.6

7.1

4.8

4.4

3.7

.8

.7

1.5

.2

.3

.2

6.7

6.3

(5)

(5)

2.7

(s)

(5)

2.0

5.7
7.4
9.1
5.1
5.2
4.1
4.2

4.8

3.9

3.3

6.0
7.0
3.8
3.7
4.1
1.9

3.1
2.7
3.5
3.6
3.2
1.4

2.9
2.8
2.8
2.8
3.0
1.8

6. 6
9.9
7.5
9.0
5.9
3.0
3.0
2.6

4.5
11.0
6.5
4.3
9.3
2.4
2.8
1.2
(5)
2.7
5.8
3.9

3.6
3.6
2.3
1.5
3.2
2.1
2.2
2.3

3.0
4.0
2.3
1.7
3.1
2.1

(5)

2.9
6. 5
5.4

(5)

1.9
4.7
4.7

1.5
.9

(5)

1.4

(5)

.1

(5)

.1

(«)

.5
.3
.3
.3
.3
.5
.3

.4

1.0

.4
.5
.4
.3
.5
.1

3.5
5.3
1.1
1.2
.2
2.4

.6
.3

.6
.5

2.2
5.7
4.0
6. 7
1.3
.1

.4

(4)
(6)

(«)

.4

.1

.1

.8
.6
.1

.9
.1
.2

.1

4.4

.5

2.9

.4

4.3
1. 2
4.8
3.3
1.2

.4

(4)
(5)

.4

.1

.3
.5
.4

(5)

.6
1.0
.1

(5)

.4

(5)

.3
.3

(5)

2.7

(6)

.2
.2
.2
.1

4.7
5.0
4.7
4.5
4.7
3.9
2.0

.2
.2
.8
.8
.7
.1
.2
.1

4.6
8.5
5.2
1.7
8.6
3.1
2.8
1.6

5.3
11.0

.6

.2
.3
.7
.7
.7
.1
.3
.2

.7
6.3
3.0
1.7
4.6
.1
.9

(5)

5.3
5.1
5.2
4.3
4.4
4.1
1.0

.3
.4

.3
.5
.8
.2
.1
.2
.1

(4)

.8
.6

1

(5)

.9
2.3
3.2
.5
.5
.3

(4)
(5)

.2
.1
.1

.3
.4

.2

.4

.2

.3

.3
.3

.3
.3
.4

(6)

4. 0

1.2
7.5
4.0
2.7
1.7

(6)

2.0
6.2
5.3

2.3

4.8
1.2
5.5
3.1
1.4
1.6

3.8

7.7
5.1

N o n m a n u fa c tu r in g

Metal mining................................................
Iron mining______________ _______
Copper mining_______ _____ ______
Lead and zinc m in in g ..........................
Anthracite mining............................ ...........
Bituminous-coal mining...........................„
Communication;
Telephone________________ _____
Telegraph1______________ ________

5.4

2. 2
5 3
7.1
1.3
1.8

(5)
00

5.3
1. 8
5. 6
4.6
1.6
2.3
2.4
2.3

4.1
1. 8
4.6
3.1
.9
1.2
(5)

(5)

1 S ee fo o tn o te 1, t a b l e B - l . C u r r e n t m o n t h d a t a s u b je c t to re v is io n w i t h o u t
n o t a t i o n ; r e v i s e d fig u re s fo r e a r l ie r m o n t h s w ill b e i n d i c a t e d b y fo o tn o te s .
2 S ee fo o tn o te 2, ta b le A -2 .
> S ee fo o tn o te 3, t a b le A -2 . P r i n t i n g , p u b li s h i n g , a n d a llie d in d u s tr i e s
a r e e x c lu d e d .


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

.3
.1
.3

.1
.3

.1

.3
(4)

1.0

«

.1

2.0
1.8

(6)
(s)

.1
.1

.5

(4)

.2
.1

.1
3.4
.2

1.0

.3
.4

.3

.1

.2
.2

.4

1.1

.1

.1

(°)
(5)

.2
.3

(5)
(5)

1.4
4.1

2.2
1.4
1.6

(=)
(“)

* L e s s t h a n 0.05.
5 D a t a a r e n o t a v a ila b le .
• D a t a r e l a te to d o m e s tic e m p lo y e e s e x c e p t m e s s e n g e rs a n d th o s e c o m p e n ­
s a te d e n t ir e l y o n a c o m m is s io n b a s is .

1354

C: EARNINGS AND HOURS

MONTHLY LABOR

C: Earnings and Hours
T able C - l : H ours and gross earnings of production w orkers or nonsupervisory employees
Mining
Metal
Total: Metal

Year and month

Iron

Coal
Copper

Lead and zinc

Anthracite

Bituminous

Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn­ hours
ings

Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn­ earn­ wkly.
ings
ings hours

Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn­ earn­ wkly.
ings
ings hours

Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn­ earn­ wkly.
ings
ings hours

Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn­ earn­ wkly.
ings
ings hours

Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn­ earn­ wkly.
ings
ings hours

1951: Average.. .
1952: Average...
September

$74. 56
81.65
85. 76

$1. 71 $72. 68
1.86 80.34
1.91 85. 95

$1.71 $78. 54
1.83 85.73
1.91 91.29

$1.70 $76.11
1.88 81.60
1.93 82.08

$1. 77 $66. 66
1.92 71.19
1.90 76.73

$2.20 $77. 79
2.26 78.32
2. 25 87. 91

1952: November.
December.
1953: Ja n u ary ...
February ..
M arch___
April.........
M ay____
June____
July_____
August__
September.

85.26
84.83
84. 71
84.08
84.48
84.67
86. 29
86. 96
88.82
91.52
94. 79

43.6
43.9
44.9

43.5
1.96 88.15
43.0
1.95 82. 78 41.6
43.5
43.0
1.97 82.21
40.7
42.9
1.96 83.42
41.5
43.1
1.96 84.03
41.6
43.2
1.96 84.84
42.0
43.8
1.97 88. 74 43.5
43.7
1.99 90.67
43.8
42.7
2.08 95. 82 42.4
44.0
2.08 96.98
43.1
44.5
2.13 99.43
43.8
Mining—Continued

C r u d e -petroleum
and natural - gas
production
.Petroleum and natural-gas production
(except contract
services)
1951: Average.......... $79. 76
1952: Average_____ 85. 90
September___ 89. 21

40.9
41.1
41.3

1952: November___
December___
1953: January_____
February........
M arch______
April_______
M ay...... .........
June________
July------------August______
September___

41.5
40.8
41.2
40.5
40.7
40.8
41.2
40.1
41.4
41.6
40.6

90. 47
87.72
89. 40
88.29
88.73
88.13
88.99
87. 02
92. 74
93. 60
92. 57

mining
and quarrying

73.14
71.28
70.19
70.85
72. 77
74.37
75. 94
76.78
77.63
78.60
78.23

44.6
44.0
42.8
43.2
44. 1
44.8
45.2
45.7
45.4
45.7
44.7

1.64
1.62
1.84
1.64
1.65
1.66
1.68
1.68
1.71
1. 72
1.75

80. 98
82.18
80.26
80.64
81.13
79. 57
79.00
79. 61
79. 52
79.30
82.15

42.4
42.8
41.8
42.0
42.7
42.1
41.8
41.9
41.2
41.3
41.7

1.91 80. 91
35.8
2.26
1.92 85.56
34.5
2.48
1.92 70. 75
28.3
2.50
1.92 86.75
34.7
2. 50
1.90 65. 70 26.6
2. 47
1.89 61.99
25.3
2.45
1.89 77.19
31.0
2.49
1.90 91.63
36.8
2.49
1.93 83.89
34.1
2.46
1.92 60.99
25.1
2.43
1.97 70.85
28.8
2.46
Contract construction

86. 27
91.73
87. 79
81.42
81. 76
79.61
84.97
91.25
84. 97
94.37
86.80

35.2
34.2
38.9

$2. 21
2.29
2.26

35.5
36.4
35.4
32.7
33.1
32.1
34.4
36.5
34.4
37.9
35.0

2.43
2. 52
2. 48
2.49
2. 47
2.48
2.47
2. 50
2. 47
2. 49
2. 48

88.13
90. 86
88.16
89.01
88. 67
89.15
90.58
92.25
91.82
93.41
90.52

37.9
38.7
39.8

$2.15 $80. 78
2. 27 86.72
2.31 94.18

37.5
2. 35
38.5
2. 36
37.2
2.37
37.4
2. 38
37.1
2. 39
37.3
2.39
37.9
2.39
38.6
2.39
38.1
2.41
2.42
38.6
37.1
2.44
Building

40.8
41. 1
43.6

85.02
39.0
87.02
40.1
83.93
38.5
85.19
38.9
84. 26
38.3
85.02
39.0
87. 20
40.0
91.34
41.9
92.16
41.7
96.08
42.7
40.2
90.85
construction

Highway and street

$1. 98 $74. 62
2.11 80.26
2.16 89.30
2.18
2.17
2.18
2.19
2. 20
2.18
2. IS
2.18
2.21
2.25
2.26

78. 41
78. 59
74.31
77. 22
75. 42
77.62
81.61
88.10
88.37
92.63
87. 54

41.0
41.8
45.1
39.6
40.3
38.5
39.2
37.9
39.4
40.4
43.4
42.9
43.9
41.1

Other nonbuilding
construction

$1.82 $85.26
1.92 91. 35
1.98 97. 94
1.98
1.95
1.93
1.97
1.99
1.97
2.02
2. 03
2.06
2.11
2.13

89.71
92. 40
89.32
90.02
89. 55
90.02
91.71
94.19
95.65
98. 59
93. 77

40.6
40.6
42.4

$2.10
2.25
2.31

38.5
40.0
38.5
38.8
38.6
38.8
39.7
40.6
40. 7
41.6
39.4

2. 33
2. 31
2.32
2.32
2.32
2. 32
2.31
2. 32
2.35
2.37
2.3g

Special-trade contractors

37.2
38.1
38.8

36. 6
38. 5
39.0

$2.19 $75.03
2.31 82. 78
2.35 86.19
85.12
88.37
86. 26
86.71
85. 79
86.71
87.40
88. 55
87.14
88.83
85.90

38.0
39.1
38.0
38.2
37.3
37.7
38.0
38.5
37.4
37.8
36.4
Masonry

Total: Special-trade
contraotors

$2. 05 $87. 32
2.15 91.99
2. 21 95.59
2.24
2. 26
2.27
2. 27
2. 30
2.30
2. 3ft
2.30
2. 33
2. 35
2.36

91.36
94. 50
91. 33
92. 20
92.82
92.57
94. 21
94.98
95. 20
96.35
93.50

37.8
37.7
38.7
36.4
37.5
36.1
36.3
36.4
36.3
36.8
37.1
36.9
37.2
36.1

$2. 26 $78. 05
2.39 81. 55
2. 41 88.30

35.0
34.7
37.1

$2.23 $89. 69
2.35 90. 05
2.38 94. 94

34.9
33.6
34.4

1952: November___ 87.93
35.6
December___ 89.41
36.2
1953: January........... 85.16
34.2
February...... . 87.25
34.9
M arch______ 88. 10 35.1
April....... ........ 88.10
35.1
M ay________ 90.36
36.0
June................ 91.98
36.5
July________ 92.46
36.4
August........ . 92. 85 36.7
September___ 91.44
36.0
See footnotes at end of table.

2. 47 82.90
2. 47 82. 50
2.49 77. 25
2.50 79.36
2. 51 81. 50
2.51 81.00
2. 51 86. 50
2. 52 89.00
2. 54 89.86
2. 53 91.48
2. 54 92. 60

33.7
33. 0
30.9
32.0
32.6
32.4
34.6
35.6
35.8
36.3
36.6

2. 46 91.04
2. 50 92. 50
2.50 89.80
2.48 95. 24
2. 50 95.99
2. 50 96. 57
2.50 97.15
2.50 96.19
2. 51 96. 72
2. 52 98. 50
2.53 97.73

32.4
32.8
31.4
33.3
33.1
33.3
33.5
33.4
33.7
34.2
33.7

Plumbing and heat­
ing

$2.31 $91. 34
2.44 94. 92
2.47 97.07
2. 51
2.52
2.53
2.54
2.55
2.55
2. 56
2. 56
2. 58
2. 59
2.59

Plastering anil lathing

37.0
37.0
38.4


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

1.90
1.94
1.98
1.95
1.95
1.95
1.96
1.96
1.98
2.01
2.07

30.3
31.5
34.1

ì oiai: ^oniract construction

$1.49 $81. 49
1.58 87. 85
1.62 91.94

Genera] contractors

1951: Average_____ $83.62
1952: Average.......... 88. 43
September___ 92. 54

45.1
46.6
46.8
45.2
45.1
45.4
45.4
44.8
43.6
46.4
47.5

43.0
42.5
43.2

Total: Nonbuilding
construction
45.0
45.0
46.4

88. 67 37.1
2.39
91. 68 38.2
2.40
88. 93 36.9
2.41
89. 78 37.1
2.42
89. 79
36.8
2.44
90.04
36.9
2.44
91.01
37.3
2. 44
91.99
37.7
2. 44
91.64
2. 47
37.1
93.00
37.5
2.48
90.39
36.3
2.49
Other special-trade
contractors 3

85.69
90.40
92. 66
88.14
87. 95
88. 53
88.98
87. 81
86.33
93.26
98.33

46.2
45.6
47.3

Nonbuilding construction
in uiiiiic utiiiu

$1.95 $67.05
2.09 71.10
2.16 75.17
2.18
2.15
2.17
2.18
2.18
2.16
2.16
2.17
2. 24
2. 25
2. 28

2.05
1.99
2.02
2.01
2. 02
2.02
2.04
2. 07
2.26
2. 25
2. 27

Total: Building con­
struction
1951: Average_____ $81. 47
1952: Average........ . 88.01
September___ 91.18
1952: November___
December.......
1953: January_____
February........
M arch______
A pril..............
M ay________
June________
July.......... ......
August______
September___

42.5
43.9
45.0

Avg.
hrly.
earn­
ings

93.38
98. 50
96.25
95.00
96.39
96.39
97. 41
97. 67
97.01
98. 56
94.69

37.5
39.4
38.5
38.0
38.1
38.1
38.2
38.3
37.6
38.2
36.7

$2.33 $78. 76
2.44 82. 72
2.47 87.00
2. 49
2.50
2. 50
2.50
2. 53
2. 53
2.55
2. 55
2. 58
2. 58
2. 58

77.63
79. 52
71. 78
79.12
78.30
76.05
77. 70
82. 44
82.70
77.40
81.08

35.9
35.8
36.8
34.5
35.5
31.9
34.7
34.8
33.8
35.0
36.0
35.8
34.4
35.1

82.76
84. 46
81.41
82.96
84.18
84.28
85.61
87. 75
88.35
89.41
88. 49

35.8
35.2
36.1
34.2
34.9
33.5
34.0
34. 5
34.4
34.8
35.1
35.2
35.2
34.7

$2.04 $70.95
2.12 76.53
2. 22 82.46
2.25
2. 24
2.25
2.28
2. 25
2. 25
2.22
2.29
2.31
2.25
2.31

78. 68
81.03
73.93
74.14
75. 94
76.05
79. 74
82. 58
83.31
83.17
81.27

36.2
36.1
38.0
35.6
36.5
33.3
33.1
33.9
33.8
35.6
36.7
36.7
36.8
35.8

Electrical work

$2.20 $102. 26
2.35 110. 30
2.41 113.16
2.42
2.42
2.43
2.44
2. 44
2.45
2.46
2. 50
2.51
2. 54
2. 55

Roofing and sheetmetal work

Carpentry

$2. 57 $73.24
2. 68 75. 90
2.76 81.70
2.81
2. 82
2.86
2.86
2. 90
2.90
2.90
2.88
2. 87
2.88
2.90

39.2
38.9
39.3

Painting and decorating

110. 64
114.11
111. 50
109.97
110. 21
109. 09
109. 98
110. 21
109.48
110. 26
105. 74

$2.55
2.71
2.74

39.8
40.9
40.4
39.7
39.5
39.1
39.0
39.5
39.1
39.1
37.1

2. 78
2.79
2.76
2.77
2.79
2.79
2.82
2. 79
2.80
2.82
2.85

Excavation and foun­
dation work

$1.96 $81. 93
2.12 85. 81
2.17 93.29
2. 21
2.22
2. 22
2. 24
2. 24
2.25
2.24
2. 25
2.27
2.26
2. 27

40.1
40.7
41.3

85.03
86. 80
82. 72
83. 25
83. 78
82.73
85.36
89.82
92.75
92.52
92.34

39.2
40.1
42.6

$2.09
2.11
2.19

38.3
39.1
37.6
37.5
37.4
37.1
38.8
40.1
40.5
40.4
39.8

2.22
2.22
2.20
2.22
2. 24
2.23
2.20
2.24
2.29
2.29
2.32

REVIEW, DECEMBER 1953

1355

C: EARNINGS AND HOURS

T a ble C -l : Hours and gross earnings of production workers or nonsupervisory employees 1—Continued
Manufacturing
Food and kindred products
Year and month

Total: Manu­
facturing

Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn­ hours
ings
1951: Average_____ $64. 71
1952: Average-------- 67. 97
September___ 69.63

40.7
40.7
41.2

1952: November----December----1953: January_____
February____
M arch______
April_______
M ay________
June________
Ju ly________
August______
September___

41.1
41.7
41.0
40.9
41.1
40.8
40.7
40.7
40.3
40.4
39.9

70.28
72.14
71.34
71.17
71.93
71. 40
71.63
71.63
71.33
71. 51
71.02

Durable goods •

Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn­ earn­ wkly.
ings
ings hours
$1.59 $69. 47
1. 67 73.04
1.69 75. 42

41.6
41.5
41.9

76.26
77.78
76.91
77.15
77. 52
77.38
77.19
77. 42
76. 70
77.08
76. 55

41.9
42.5
41.8
41.7
41.9
41.6
41.5
41.4
40.8
41.0
40.5

1.71
1. 73
1.74
1.74
1.75
1.75
1.76
1.76
1.77
1.77
1. 78

Nondurable goods 4

Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn­ earn­ wkly.
ings
ings hours
$1.67 $58.46
1.76 60.98
1.80 62.06
1.82
1.83
1.84
1.85
1.85
1.86
1.86
1.87
1.88
1.88
1.89

62. 56
63.59
62.88
62. 88
63. 60
62.81
63.20
63. 52
63.76
63.76
63.18

Total: Ordnance
and accessories

Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn­ earn­ wkly.
ings
ings hours

39.5
39.6
40.3
40.1
40.5
39.8
39.8
40.0
39.5
39.5
39.7
39.6
39.6
39.0

$1.48 $74.12
1.54 77. 22
1.54 79. 85
1.56
1.57
1.58
1.58
1. 59
1.59
1.60
1.60
1.61
1. 61
1.62

75.03
76.73
75. 85
77.38
77. 46
76.52
78. 25
78. 88
77.87
78.53
79.13

Total: Food and
kindred products

Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn­ earn­ wkly.
ings
ings hours

43.6
42.9
42.7

$1.70 $59. 92
1.80 63. 23
1.87 63.03

41.9
41.6
42.3

41.0
41.7
41.0
41.6
41.2
40.7
41.4
41.3
41.2
40.9
41.0

1.83
1.84
1.85
1.86
1.88
1.88
1.89
1.91
X. 89
1.92
1.93

64.64
65.68
65.35
64. 71
65. 28
64.64
66.17
67.14
66. 88
66.14
67.46

41.7
42.1
41.1
40.7
40.8
40.4
41.1
41.7
41.8
41.6
41.9

Meat products *

Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn­ earn­ wkly.
ings
ings hours
$1.43 $65. 78
1.52 70.30
1.49 70. 55
1.55
1.56
1. 59
1.59
1.60
1. 60
1.61
1.61
1.60
1.59
1.61

75.08
77.26
74.23
70.00
71.33
70.62
71.86
74. 29
72.85
73.08
77. 56

Avg.
hrly.
earn­
ings

41.9
41.6
41.5

$1.57
1.69
1.70

43.4
44.4
41.7
40.0
40.3
39.9
40.6
41.5
40.7
40.6
41.7

1. 73
1.74
1.78
1. 75
1.77
1.77
1.77
1.79
1.79
1.80
1.86

Food and kindred products—Continued
Sausages and
casings

Meatpacking,
wholesale

1951: Average.......... $68. 30
1952: Average.......... 73.39
September___ 73.28

41.9
41.7
41.4

78.66
81.54
77. 83
72. 40
73. 71
73.02
74.15
76.63
75. 52
75. 55
81.48

43.7
45.3
42.3
40.0
40.5
39. 9
40.3
41.2
40.6
40.4
42.0

1952: November___
December.......
1953: January_____
February____
M arch............
April...............
M ay...... ..........
June________
July________
August______
September___

$1.63 $65. 78
1.76 69. 72
1.77 70. 90
1.80
1.80
1.84
1.81
1.82
1.83
1.84
1.86
1.86
1. 87
1.94

Seafood, canned and
cured

1951: Average.......... $44. 40
1952: Average.......... 45. 57
September__ 48.02

29.8
31.0
31.8

1952: November___
December___
1953: Jan u ary .........
February...... .
M arch______
April........ ......
M ay................
June.... ...........
July________
August______
September___

25.7
30.0
27.5
30.1
28.0
29. 7
27.0
30.3
35.8
32.3
27.4

38.81
44. 70
41.80
46. 96
41.44
46. 04
40.23
43.33
56.92
50. 07
39.46

1. 51
1.49
1. 52
1. 56
1.48
1. 55
1.49
1.43
1.59
1.55
1.44

41.7
41.7
41.7

1952: November___
December.......
1953: January_____
February........
M arch______
A pril..............
M ay________
June________
July________
A ugust...........
September___

41.4
41.6
40.9
41.0
41. 2
41.2
41.4
42.1
41.9
41.6
41.6

64.17
64. 48
63.80
64.37
64.68
64. 68
65.41
66.94
67.46
66.98
68.22

See footnotes at end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

43.2
42.5
41.5
40.7
40.7
40.6
42.2
43.1
42.6
42.5
41.6

51.48
54. 51
56.30
50. 56
56. 52
53. 86
55.86
54.10
54. 78
57.81
58.10

41.8
41.0
44.2
39.0
39.5
40.8
40.4
39.8
38.2
39.9
39. 2
41.5
42.2
42.1

1.70
1.71
1.71
1.72
1. 75
1. 75
1.73
1.73
1.75
1. 75
1.80

65.25
65.84
67.45
67.61
65. 97
66.10
67.32
68.39
69.73
68.36
69.84

41.4
41.3
42.2

57.96
55.74
56. 99
58. 66
60.19
57. 54
58.63
58. 49
58.18
59.31
61.47

42.0
40.1
41.0
41.9
43.3
41.1
41.0
40.9
40.4
40.9
42.1

44.4
44.0
44.4
43.5
43.6
43.8
43.9
43.4
43.2
44.0
44.7
44.7
44.1
44.2

$1. 27 $65.85
1. 32 69.15
1. 29 70.22

45.1
44.9
45.3

68.95
69. 26
71. 20
68. 21
69. 60
69. 39
71.60
72.32
72.74
72.54
73.64

44.2
44.4
44.5
42.9
43.5
43.1
44.2
45.2
44.9
44.5
44.9

1. 32
1.38
1.38
1.40
1.42
1. 41
1.40
1.38
1.32
1.37
1.38

Sugar

$1.29 $60.15
1.36 64.41
1.37 65.51
1.38
1.39
1.39
1.40
1. 39
1.40
1.43
1.43
1.44
1.45
1.46

46.0
45.7
45.9

66. 59
67. 49
69. 77
68. 55
68. 55
69.77
69. 92
72. 05
72. 22
70.07
72.23

45.3
45.6
45.9
45.7
45.4
45. 9
46.0
47.4
47.2
46.1
46. 6

1.50
1.51
1. 54
1.54
1. 52
1. 53
1.53
1.53
1. 56
1. 55
1. 58

68. 59
66.44
64. 80
67. 32
74.63
70.21
70.55
72.58
73.79
69.36
73.68

1.56
1.56
1.60
1.59
1.60
1.61
1.62
1.60
1.62
1.63
1.64

47.3
45.2
40.0
40.8
43.9
41.3
41.5
42. 2
42.9
40.8
42.1

73. 71
72.58
74.82
71.45
72. 27
70. 38
73.48
74. 59
76.84
77.74
79. 28

45.5
45.1
45.3
45.5
44.8
44.8
43.3
43.8
42.4
44.0
44.4
45. 2
45.2
45.3

44.6
43.6
44.1

64.72
65.60
65.72
66.19
66.19
65. 41
67.86
68. 61
70. 68
68. 69
71. 67

42.3
42.6
42.4
42.7
42.7
42.2
43.5
43.7
43.9
43.2
43.7

1.47
1. 48
1.52
1.50
1.51
1.52
1.52
1.52
1.53
1.52
1.55

1.62
1.62
1. 67
1.65
1.65
1. 66
1.67
1.68
1.70
1.72
1. 75

41.0
41.1
42.4

64.94
67.08
68.80
69.03
79. 57
74. 64
75.12
78. 37
79.56
72.98
80.48

39.6
40.9
41.2
39.9
44.7
41.7
42.2
43.3
44.2
41.7
43.5

1.45
1.47
1.62
1.65
1. 70
1.70
1.70
1.72
1.72
1.70
1.75

67. 95
68.10
68.40
65.38
67.63
68.99
69.92
70.97
69. 77
69.46
70.84

1.53
1. 54
1. 55
1.55
1. 55
1. 55
1.56
1.57
1.61
1. 59
1.64

45.3
45.4
45.0
43.3
44.2
44.8
45.4
47.0
45.9
45.4
45.7

75.02
71.48
61. 77
69.42
68.71
66. 91
66.12
67. 37
67.83
67. 26
69.32

41.1
42.0
39.5
48.4
44.4
34.9
39.0
38.6
38.9
38.0
39.4
39.9
38.0
40.3

48.51
51.65
52. 72
53.20
53. 02
51. 61
52. 26
51.44
54.14
55. 76
55. 62

40.0
39.3
42.5

$1.27
1.32
1. 28

36.2
37.7
38.2
38.0
37. 6
36.6
37.6
38.1
40.4
41.0
40.9

1.34
1.37
1.38
1.40
1.41
1.41
1.39
1.35
1.34
1.36
1.36

Bakery products 1

$1.40 $58. 24
1.47 61. 57
1.47 62.70
1.50
1.50
1.52
1.51
1.53
1. 54
1.54
1.51
1.52
1.53
1. 55

62.67
62. 78
62. 58
63.04
63.65
63. 45
64.02
65. 36
65.73
65.41
66. 72

41.6
41.6
41.8

$1.40
1.48
1. 50

41.5
41.3
40.9
41.2
41.6
41.2
41.3
41.9
41.6
41.4
41.7

1.51
1.52
1.53
1.53
1.53
1.54
1.55
1.56
1.58
1.58
1. 60

Confectionery and
related products 1

Beet sugar

$1.54 $61.24
1.62 65.94
1.65 63.20
1.64
1.64
1. 67
1.73
1.78
1. 79
1.78
1.81
1.80
1.75
1. 85

46.1
46.0
46.4

Canning and
preserving 1

$1.40 $50. 80
1.47 51.88
1.50 54.40

Prepared feeds

$1.48 $64. 54
1.59 67.62
1.62 68.21

Cane-sugar refining

$1.46 $63.14
1.53 66.58
1.59 69.96

Ice cream and ices

$1.37 $62. 44
1.45 64.09
1. 47 66.15

Flour and other
grain-mill products

$1.46 $67. 34
1.54 71.71
1.55 73.39

2

41.2
42.1
41.2

Condensed and
evaporated müh

$1.37 $63.02
1.45 66.27
1.48 67.47

Grain- mill products 1

Biscuits, crackers,
and pretzels

$1.43 $53.41
1.52 56.17
1.53 57.81
1.55
1.55
1. 56
1.57
1.57
1.57
1.58
1.59
1.61
1.61
1.64

$1.57 $60.83
1.66 63. 80
1.68 65. 71

Canned fruits, vege­
tables, and soups

$1.49 $53. 09
1.47 54.12
1.51 57.02

Bread and other
bakery products

1951: Average_____ $59.63
1952: Average......... 63.38
September___ 63.80

73.44
72.68
70. 97
70.00
71.23
71. 05
73.01
74. 56
74. 55
74.38
74. 88

41.9
42.0
42.2

Dairy products s

$1.49 $49.97
1.57 52.27
1.60 53. 72
1.55
1.61
1.77
1.78
1.78
1. 72
1.74
1.71
1. 70
1. 77
1. 72

53.45
53. 84
51.87
52.54
52.66
51.46
54. 25
54.35
53.10
54.12
54. 79

40.3
39.9
40.7

$1.24
1.31
1.32

40.8
41.1
39.0
39.5
39.3
38.4
39.6
39.1
38.2
39.5
39.7

1.31
1.31
1.33
1.33
1.34
1.34
1.37
1.39
1.39
1.37
1.38

1356

MONTHLY LABOR

C: EARNINGS AND HOURS

T able C -l : Hours and gross earnings of production workers or nonsupervisory employees 1—Continued
Manufacturing—Continued
Food and kindred products—Continued
Year and month

Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn­ hours
ings
1951: Average_____
1952: Average_____
September__
1952: November__
December___
1953: January_____
February___
M arch______
April_______
M ay_______
June_______
July________
August_____
Septem ber..-

Beverages »

C o n fe c tio n e r y

$48.36
50.67
52.10

40.3
39.9
40.7

Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn­ earn­ wkly.
ings hours
ings
$1.20 $68.39
1.27 71.14
1.28 71.62

Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn­ earn­ wkly.
ings
ings hours
$1.64 $53.19
1.71 55. 73
1.73 56. 59

41.0
41.2
52.07
1.27 72.51
1.76
52.45
40.9
41.3
1.27 71.98
1.76
1.29 70.93
1.76
50.18
38.9
40.3
40.4
1.28 71. 51
1.77
50. 30 39.3
50.83
39.1
1.30 71.96
40.2
1.79
38.2
40.6
49.66
1.30 73. 49
1.81
52. 00
39.1
1.33 76.54
1.84
41.6
38.9
1.34 79. 66
52.13
42.6
1.87
1.34 80. 60 43.1
1.87
50. 65 37.8
1.32 79. 95 42.3
1.89
51.88
39.3
53.06
39.6
1.34 81.06
42.0
1.93
Food and kindred products—Continued
C o rn s ir u p , su g a r,
o il, a n d s ta r c h

1951: Average.......... $73.37
1952: Average__ __ 77.00
September___ 79.12
1952: November___
December___
1953: January-.........
February____
M arch........... April—............
M ay________
June________
July------------August______
September___

41.7
41.6
41.4

B o t tl e d s o ft d r in k s

44.2
43.5
43.0

79. 79 42.9
1.86
75.12
42.2
1.78
75. 95 41.5
1.83
77.78
42.5
1.83
1.81
76. 74 42.4
42.4
78.86
1.86
78.81
42.6
1.85
81. 65
43.2
1.89
43.5
1.88
81.78
79. 57 42.1
1.89
84. 78 43.7
1.94
Tobacco manufac­
tures—Continued
Tobacco stemming
and redrying

1951: Average_____ $38.02
1952: Average_____ 38.91
September___ 39. 01

39.2
39.3
42.4

1952: November___
December___
1953: January_____
February____
March______
April.......... .
M ay________
June________
July------------August______
September___

37.5
39.5
39.4
35.0
38.9
36.5
36.3
35.7
35.6
39.3
39.8

36.00
39. 50
40. 58
37.80
43. 96
42.34
42.83
42.13
41.65
39.69
37. 81

.96
1.00
1.03
1.08
1.13
1.16
1.18
1.18
1.17
1.01
.95

39.2
38.8
40.1

1952: November___ 54.68
40.5
December___
55.35
41.0
1953: January____
54. 54
40.4
February____ 54. 27
40.2
M a rch ........ .
53. 60
40.0
April_______
53. 20 39.7
M ay________ 53.73
40.1
June______ _ 53.47
39.9
Ju ly------------- 52.93
39.5
August______ 52.14
39.2
September___ 50.79
37.9
8ee footnotes at end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

38.5
38.4
40.3

45.05
46.26
46.59
45. 39
47.63
47.62
46.99
46. 99
47. 87
47.70
46.49

38.5
39.2
38.5
36.9
37.8
37.2
37.0
37.0
37.4
39.1
39.4

1.37
1.35
1.36
1.35
1.35
1. 35
1.35
1.36
1.38
1.37
1.42

Total: Textile-mill
products

55.35
55.90
54. 94
54. 94
54.80
53.84
53.98
53. 72
53.18
52. 90
51.51

82.82
82.62
80. 79
82.40
82.95
85.46
89.66
94. 98
97. 45
94. 57
95. 68

1.33
1.37
1.36
1.36
1.37
1.37
1.40
1.42
1.44
1.43
1.45

41.1
41.1
40.8

$1.92 $68. 74
2.00 70.88
2. 04 69.63

1.17
1.18
1.21
1.23
1.26
1.28
1.27
1.27
1.28
1. 22
1.18

58.11
59.98
57.67
54.75
57.04
57.37
53. 55
54.45
58.89
62.68
60. 89

40.2
39.6
38.9

2.04 76. 54 41.6
40.6
40.5
2.04 69. 50 38.4
39.8
2.03 70. 67 38.2
40.0
2.06 69.93
37.8
39. 5 2.10 69.01
37.3
40.5
2.11 71.24
38.3
38.2
41.7
2.15 70.67
42.4
2. 24 72. 91
39.2
43.7
2. 23 71.05
38.2
42.6
2. 22 73. 70 39.2
41.6
2. 301 73.33
38.8
Tobacco manufactures

Cigarettes

$1.13 $54.37
1.17 56.45
1.13 59. 45

Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn­ earn­ wkly.
ings hours
ings

39.4
39.2
41.0
39.8
40.8
39.5
37.5
38.8
38.5
35.7
36.3
39.0
40.7
39.8

42.3
42.1
42.7

$1.35
1.42
1.45

61.19
60.47
61.27
61.54
61.27
61.39
61.86
61.86
63. 57
63. 72
65.06

42.2
41.7
41.4
41.3
41.4
41.2
41.8
41.8
42.1
42.2
42.8

1.45
1.45
1.48
1.49
1.48
1.49
1.48
1.48
1. 51
1.51
1. 52

1.84
1.81
1.85
1.85
1.85
1.86
1.85
1.86
1.86
1.88
1.89

Cigars
$1.38 $39.10
1.44 40.13
1.45 41.04
1.46
1.47
1.46
1.46
1.47
1.49
1.50
1.50
1. 51
1.54
1.53

42.46
41.80
41.51
41.51
41.66
41. 25
42.83
42.22
41.22
42. 71
43.78

37.6
37.5
38.0
38.6
38.0
37.4
37.4
37.2
36.5
37.9
37.7
36.8
37.8
38.4

Avg.
hrly.
earn­
ings

$1.71 $57.11
1.79 59.78
1.79 61.92

Tobacco and snufl
$1.04 $45.99
1.07 47.87
1.08 50.44
1.10
1.10
1,11
1.11
1.12
1.13
1.13
1.12
1.12
1.13
1.14

38.8
39.1
40.2

Scouring and comb­
ing plants

$1.33 $57.82
1.36 62.80
1.36 65. 47

40.4
40.8
40.1
40.1
40.0
39.3
39.4
39.5
39.1
38.9
37.6

1.37
1.37
1.37
1.37
1.37
1. 37
1.37
1.36
1.36
1.36
1.37

39.6
40.0
41.7

Yarn

$1.46 $47.86
1.57 49.15
1. 57 50. 56

and thread
mills J

49.26
50.18
49.91
49. 48
47.88
49. 48
50.52
51.03
50.63
52. 63
54. 40

37.7
37.4
38.5

$1.22
1.28
1.31

37.6
38.9
38.1
37.2
36.0
37.2
37.7
37.8
37.5
38.7
40.6

1.31
1.29
1.31
1.33
1.33
1.33
1.34
1.35
1.35
1.36
1.34

38.6
38.7
39.5

37.2
61.38
1.65 50.30
39.3
65.25
41.3
1.58 51. 20
40.0
64. 71
40.7
1.59 50.18
39.2
40.4
63.02
1. 56 50.18
39.2
63. 92 40.2
1. 59 50.30
39.3
61. 30
38.8
1.58 48. 77 38.4
64.15
40.6
1.58 49.15
38.7
65. 35
41.1
1.59 49.66
39.1
66.14
41.6
1.59 49.15
38.7
62.09
39.3
1.58 48. 39 38.1
63.14
38.5
1.64 46.85
36.6
Textile-mill products—Continued

$1.24 $48.13
1.27 49.15
1.28 50.69
1.28
1.28
1.28
1.28
1.28
1. 27
1.27
1.27
1.27
1.27
1.28

T h r e a d m il ls

Y a r n m ills

50.30
51.33
50.18
50.18
50.18
48. 51
48.90
49. 53
49.15
48.13
46. 70

38.5
38.7
39.6
39.3
40.1
39.2
39.2
39.2
38.2
38.5
39.0
38.7
37.9
36.2

$1.25 $48.64
1.27 49.79
1.28 51.33

38.6
38.6
40.1

$1.26
1.29
1.28

50.31
52.22
50.18
52. 78
53.56
50.29
50.65
50.42
49. 39
49. 40
48.13

39.0
40.8
39.2
40.6
41.2
39.6
40.2
39.7
39.2
38.9
38.2

1.29
1.28
1.28
1.30
1.30
1. 27
1.26
1.27
1.26
1.27
1.26

1.28
1.28
1.28
1.28
1.28
1. 27
1.27
1. 27
1.27
1.27
1.29

C o tto n , s il k , s y n th e tic fib e r
W o o le n a n d w o r s te d

United States

$1.32 $50.70
1.34 49. 79
1.35 51.74
1.35
1.35
1.35
1.35
1.34
1.34
1.34
1.34
1.34
1.33
1.34

$1.21 $43. 51
1.30 44.93
1.33 45. 54

45.9
45.3
45.3
44.6
44.8
44.9
46.1
45.7
47.1
47.5
47.2

$1.22 $78.91
1.29 82.20
1.31 83.23

Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn­ earn­ wkly.
ings
ings hours

Miscellaneous food
products 2

Textile mill products

$0.97 $51.60
.99 53.18
.92 54.67

Broad-woven fabric
m ills5
1951: Average..
. $51. 74
1952: Average
51.99
September___ 54.14

62.88
61.16
61.61
60.21
60.48
60. 62
62. 24
62.15
65. 00
65.08
67. 02

46.2
46.0
46.3

41.9
42.6
41.7
42.0
42.5
41.9
43.0
44.4
44.5
43.3
43.9

Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn­ earn­ wkly.
ings hours
ings

Total: Tobacco man­
ufactures

M a n u f a c tu r e d ice

$1.66 $55.90
1.77 59. 80
1.84 61.58

55.73
58.36
56. 71
57.12
58. 23
57. 40
60.20
63. 05
64. 08
61.92
63. 66

43.6
43.2
43.2

D i s ti ll e d , r e c tifie d , a n d
b le n d e d liq u o r s

M a l t liq u o r s

52.78
53.17
52.26
52. 26
52.13
51. 48
52.00
51.21
50. 70
50.44
49.14

39.3
38.6
39.8
40.6
40.9
40.2
40.2
40. 1
39.6
40.0
39.7
39.3
39.1
37.8

North

$1.29 $53.54
1.29 55.25
1.30 56.63
1.30
1.30
1.30
1.30
1.30
1.30
1.30
1. 29
1.29
1.29
1.30

57.28
58.75
58.06
57.92
57. 23
56.12
56.40
56. 54
55.86
56. 26

38.8
38.1
39.6
39.5
40.8
40.6
40.5
40.3
39.8
40.0
40.1
39.9
39.9

South
$1.38 $49. 25
1.45 48. 76
1.43 50.55
1.45
1.44
1. 43
1.43
1.42
1.41
1.41
1.41
1.40
1.41

51.94
51.94
50.93
50.93
50. 93
50.17
50.80
49. 90
49. 27
49.01

39.4
38.7
39.8
40.9
40.9
40.1
40.1
40. 1
39.5
40.0
39.6
39.1
38.9

$1. 25 $57.87
1.26 62.56
1.27 64.43
1.27
1.27
1.27
1.27
1. 27
1. 27
1.27
1.26
1.26
1.26

63.44
65.83
64. 53
63.43
61.93
62. 56
63.34
63. 90
64. 06
61.62
60.06

39.1
40.1
41.3
39.9
41.4
41.1
40.4
39.7
40.1
40.6
40.7
40.8
39.5
38.5

Narrow fabrics and
smallwares

$1.48 $51.48
1.56 54.14
1.56 55.76

39.6
40.1
41.3

$1.30
1.35
1.35

54.94
56.03
55.62
54.95
55. 22
55. 08
55.20
55.75
53. 96
53.16
53.84

40.4
41.2
40.9
40.7
40.6
40.5
40.0
40.4
39.1
38.8
39.3

1.36
1.36
1.35
1.36
1.36
1.36
1.38
1.38
1.38
1.37
1.37

1.59
1.59
1.57
1.57
1.56
1.56
1.56
1.57
1.57
1.56
1.56

REVIEW, DECEMBER 1953

C: EARNINGS AND HOURS

1357

T able C -l: Hours and gross earnings of production workers or nonsupervisory employees 1—Continued
M a n u fa c t u r in g — C o n t in u e d

T e x tile -m ill p r o d u c ts— C o n tin u e d

Year and month

F u ll-f a s h io n e d h o s ie r y

United States
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn­ hours
ings

Avg.
hrly.
earn­
ings

Avg. Avg.
wkly.
earn­ wkly.
ings hours

1951: Average.......... $47.10
1952: Average........... 49.02
September___ 50.30

36.8
38.3
39.3

$1.28 $56. 94
1.28 57.61
1. 28 58. 52

50.94
50.05
49.02
50.05
50.31
48.49
48.36
48. 38
47.62
48.50
46.44

39.8
39.1
38.0
38.5
38.7
37.3
37.2
37.5
37.2
37.6
36.0

59.89
58.67
57.38
59.44
59. 36
56. 46
55.75
54.66
54.66
55.78
53.15

1952: November___
December___
1953: January-.........
February____
M arch______
April............. .
M ay................
June________
July________
August______
September___

S e a m le s s h o s ie r y

Knitting m ills 3

1.28
1.28
1.29
1.30
1.30
1.30
1.30
1.29
1.28
1.29
1.29
S e a m le s s h o s ie r y —
Continued

36.5
37.9
38.5

North

South

Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn­ earn­ wkly.
ings
ings hours

Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn­ earn­ wkly.
ings
ings hours

$1.56 $58.16
1. 62 57.00
1. 52 59.52

39.4
38.6
37.5
38.6
38.8
36.9
36.2
36.2
36.2
36.7
35.2

1. 52
1.52
1.53
1.54
1.53
1.53
1.54
1.51
1.51
1.52
1.51

K n i t o u te r w e a r

59. 28
58.06
57.29
58. 45
58. 6C
66.61
56.46
55.78
55. 72
55.18

35.9
37.5
38.9
39.0
38.2
37.2
38.2
38.3
37. C
36.9
36.7
36. S
36.3

$1.62 $55.80
1. 52 58.06
1. 53 57.53
1.52
1.52
1.54
1. 53
1.53
1.53
1.53
1.52
1.51
1.52

K n it u n d erw ea r

59. 95
59.28
57. 68
59.91
60.13
56.3C
54.82
53. 91
53.40
56.02

37.2
38.2
38.1
39.7
39.0
37.7
38.9
39.3
36.8
35.6
35.7
35.6
37.1

United States
Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn­ earn­ wkly.
ings hours
ings
$1.50 $37.17
1.52 40.3f
1.51 40.98

35.4
37.4
38.3

42.73
41.97
40.77
41.25
41. 25
39.63
39.60
40.07
39. 79
39. 74
38.26

39.2
38.5
37.4
37.5
37.5
35.7
36.0
37.1
36.5
36.8
35.1

1.51
1.52
1.53
1.54
1.53
1. 53
1.54
1.51
1.50
1. 51

Dyeing and finishing

South
1951: Average......... . $36.09
1952: Average-......... 39. 33
September___ 39. 90

34.7
37.1
38.0

1952: November___
December___
1953: January...........
February____
March........... April_______
M ay................
June................
July----- ------August______
September___

39.1
38.4
37.3
37.3
37.2
35.0
35.4
36.7
36.3
36.6

41.84
41.09
39. 91
40.28
40. 18
38.15
38. 23
38.90
38.84
38.80

$1.04 $47.23
1.06 49.14
1.05 51.56
1. 07
1.07
1.07
1.08
1.08
1. 09
1.08
1.06
1.07
1. 06

W o o l c a rp e ts, r u g s , a n d
carpet ya rn

1951: Average,......... $60.10
1952: Average........... 65. 74
September___ 70. 28

37.8
39.6
41.1

1952: November___
December___
1953: January_____
February........
M arch______
April_______
M a y ..............
Ju n e ................
Ju ly________
August______
September___

41. 5
41. 1
42.1
42.1
41. 4
40.3
38.6
38.9
38.6
39.3
38.3

72. 21
71.93
74.10
74. 52
72.86
70. 53
66.39
66. 91
66. 39
68. 38
66.26

51.71
50. 69
49.02
49. 79
50. 57
50.44
50. 70
51.19
50. 25
52.11
49.28

40.4
39.6
38.3
38.3
38.9
38. 5
38.7
38.2
37.5
38. 6
36.5

$1.23 $42. 78
1.26 45. 55
1. 27 47.84
1.28
1.28
1. 28
1.30
1.30
1.31
1.31
1. 34
1.34
1. 35
1.35

48.36
46. 77
46.32
47.19
46.80
45. 72
45. 96
45. 22
44. 96
45. 46
44. 52

37.2
38.6
40.2
40.3
39.3
38.6
39.0
39.0
38.1
38.3
38.0
38.1
38.2
37.1

$1.15 $56. 77
1.18 62. 58
1.19 64.50

39.7
42.0
43.0

64.20
66. 44
64. 78
64.90
63.12
62.10
60.79
63. 72
60.64
59.90
58.11

42.8
44.0
42.9
42.7
41.8
41.4
40.8
42.2
40.7
40.2
39.0

1.20
1.19
1.20
1.21
1.20
l. 20
1.20
1.19
1.18
1.19
1.20

Hats (except cloth and Miscellaneous textile
millinery)
goods 2

$1.59 $49.87
1.66 53. 20
1. 71 54. 77
1.74
1. 75
1.76
1.77
1.76
1.75
1. 72
1.72
1. 72
1.74
1. 73

38.4
39.0
40.6

54.60
56.70
57.66
57. 87
57. 13
51.80
55.65
57.83
51.80
54.72
49.69

36.4
37.2
38.3
37.4
39. 1
38.7
39.1
38.6
35. 0
37.1
38.3
35.0
36.0
33.8

$1.37 $57.11
1.43 60.09
1. 43 62. 25
1. 46
1.45
1.49
1.48
1. 48
1.48
1.50
1.51
1.48
1.52
1.47

62.10
64.02
62.06
61. 65
62. 67
62.73
61.86
62. 47
62.58
62. 27
62.31

40.5
40.6
41.5
41.4
42.4
41.1
41.1
41.5
41.0
40.7
41.1
40.9
40.7
40.2

$1.41 $66. 24
1.48 67.70
1.50 70.45

41.4
40.3
41.2

70.62
71.72
69. 80
71.38
71.49
71.48
72.14
70.86
69.19
69.36
72.31

41.3
41.7
41.3
41.5
42. 3
41.8
41.7
41.2
40.7
40.8
41.8

1.50
1.51
1.51
1.50
1.51
1. 53
1.52
1.52
1.53
1. 53
1. 55

1951: Average_____ $49.49
1952: Average_____
51.24
September___ 52.39

42.3
42.7
43.3

1952: November___ 51. 79
42.8
December___
53.68
44.0
1953: January—....... 50. 70 41.9
February____ 51. 72
43.1
March______
51.84
43.2
A pril.............. 51.97
42.6
M a y .......... .
52.83
43.3
June________ 51.91
42.9
42.4
July________
50.88
August______ 51. 55 42.6
41. 5
September___ 50.63
See footnotes at end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

A r t i f i c i a l le a th e r , o il­
c lo th ,
and
oth er
c o a te d f a b r ic s

C o r d a g e a n d t w in e

$1.17 $69. 71
1.20 75. 58
1.21 78. 93

43.3
44.2
45.1

$1. 61 $52. 26
1.71 53.06
1. 75 53.60

40.2
39.6
40.0

80.89
82.59
79.30
77.09
82.26
81.81
77. 51
81.45
80. 64
78. 58
79. 82

45.7
46.4
44.8
43.8
45.7
45.2
43.3
45.0
44.8
43.9
44.1

1. 77 53.47
1.78 55.62
1.77 52.80
1.76 54.14
1.80 54.14
1.81 53. 19
1.79 52.92
1.81 53.99
1.80 53. 72
1.79 54.13
1.81 53.45

39.9
41.2
39.4
40.1
40.1
39.4
39.2
39.7
39.5
39.8
39.3

1. 21
1.22
1.21
1.20
1.20
1.22
1.22
1. 21
1.20
1. 21
1.22

64.20
66. 59
64.93
64.33
62.40
61. 54
60.24
63.15
60.09
59. 79
57. 87

42.8
44.1
43.0
42.6
41.6
41.3
40.7
42.1
40.6
40.4
39.1

1. 09
1.09
1.09
1.10
1. 10
1.11
1.10
1.08
1.09
1.08
1.09

37.3
38.4
39.7

57. 76
59.89
58. 74
60. 21
61.46
62. 49
62.24
63. 43
62.37
63.14
62.95

38.0
39.4
38.9
39.1
39.4
39.3
38.9
39.4
38.5
38.5
39.1

45.66
45.47
44. 23
44. 81
45. 28
45. 16
44.81
45.05
44.01
44.11

37.8
38.6
39.4

$1.09
1.13
1.14

39.7
39.2
37.8
38.3
38.7
38.6
38.3
38. 5
37.3
37.7

1.15
1.16
1.17
1.17
1.17
1.17
1.17
1.17
1.18
1.17

Carpets, rugs, other
floor coverings 2

$1. 42 $63.44
1.48 68.23
1.49 71.91

39.9
41.1
42.3

$1. 59
1.66
1.70

72.24
73.35
72.93
75. 25
72.83
71.45
68.46
68. 74
69.20
70.12
68. 51

42.0
42.4
42.4
43.0
42.1
41.3
39.8
40.2
40.0
40.3
39.6

1. 72
1.73
1.72
1.75
1.73
1.73
1.72
1.71
1.73
1.74
1.73

1.50
1.51
1.51
1. 51
1.50
1.49
1.48
1.50
1.48
1.48
1.48

P a d d i n g s a n d u p h o ls te r y f i l l i n g

L a ce goods

$1.60 $52.97
1.68 57. 22
1.71 60.34
1. 71
1.72
1.69
1.72
1.69
1.71
1.73
1. 72
1.70
1.70
1.73

$1.05 $41.20
1.08 43. 62
1.07 44.92

Avg.
hrly.
earn­
ings

$1. 42 $58.15
1. 49 64.17
1. 52 68. 26
1. 52
1.52
1.51
1.54
1.56
1. 59
1.60
1.61
1.62
1.64
1.61

68.10
71.10
68.73
64.43
64.43
65.16
64.84
63. 24
65. 94
65. 77
64. 24

40.1
41.4
43.2

$1.45
1.55
1. 58

43.1
45.0
43.5
41.3
41.3
41.5
41.3
40.8
42.0
40.6
38.7

1.58
1. 58
1.58
1.56
1.56
1.57
1.57
1.55
1.57
1.62
1.66

Apparel and other finished textile products

Textile-mill products—Continued
P r o c e s s e d w a s te a n d
reco vered fib e r s

39.6
42.0
42.9

F e lt g o o d s (e x c e p t w o v e n
f e l t s a n d h a ts )

Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn­ earn­ wkly.
ings
ings hours

D y e i n g a n d f in i s h in g
te x tile s ( e x c e p t w o o l)

$1.43 $56. 23
1. 49 62.16
1.50 63.92
1.50
1.51
1.51
1.52
1.51
1.50
1.49
1.51
1.49
1.49
1.49

North

Total: Apparel and M en’s and boys’ suits Men’s and boys’ fur­
nishings and work
other finished tex­
and coats
clothing2 ,
tile products

$1.30 $46.31
1.34 47. 45
1.34 49.10
1.34
1.35
1.34
1.35
1.35
1.35
1.35
1.36
1.36
1. 36
1.36

48.36
48. 86
48. 81
49.98
49. 76
47. 73
47.09
48.05
48.24
49.78
46.98

35.9
36.5
37.2
37.2
37.3
36.7
37.3
37.7
37.0
36.5
36.4
36.0
36.6
34.8

$1.29 $52. 63
1.30 52.15
1.32 55. 42
1.30
1.31
1.33
1.34
1.32
1.29
1.29
1.32
1.34
1.36
1. 35

53.70
54.83
54.96
57.30
59.13
56. 78
56.93
58. 67
57. 41
59. 89
56. 99

35.8
35.0
36.7
35.8
36.8
36.4
37.7
38.9
37.6
37.7
36.9
36.8
37.2
35.4

$1.47 $38.16
1.49 40.50
1.51 41.64

36.0
37.5
38.2

$1.06
1.08
1.09

42.29
41.47
40. 66
41.31
41.86
41.58
41.03
41.51
40.96
41.89
40.68

38.8
38.4
37.3
37.9
38.4
37.8
37.3
37.4
36.9
37.4
36.0

1.09
1.09
1.09
1.08
1.09
1.10
1.10
1.11
1.11
1.12
1.13

1.50
1.49
1.51
1. 52
1.52
1. 51
1. 51
1.59
1.56
1. 61
1.61

1358

C: EARNINGS AND HOURS

M ONTHLY LABOR

T able C -l: Hours and gross earnings of production workers or nonsupervisory employees ‘—Continued
Manufacturing—Con tin ued
Apparel and other finished textile products—Continued
S h i r ts , c o lla r s , a n d
n ig h tw e a r

Year and month

Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn­ hours
ings
1951: A verage____ $38.09
1952: A verage____
39.90
September___ 40.23

35.6
37.0
37.6

1952: November___ 42.66
December___
41.80
1953: January_____ 40.33
February.. .. 40.82
M arch______
41.36
April______ . 41.42
M ay___ _ _ 40.66
June________ 41. 78
July________
41.13
August . . . .
41.66
September___ 40. 79

39.5
38.7
37.0
37.8
38.3
38.0
37.3
37.3
36.4
37.2
36.1

Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn­ earn­ wkly.
ings
ings hours
$1.07 $40.32
1.08 42. 86
1.07 43.55
1.08
1.08
1.09
1.08
1.08
1.09
1.09
1.12
1.13
1.12
1.13

W o m e n ’s s u i t s , c o a ts ,
a n d s k ir t s

1951: Average-------- $83.83
1952: Average_____ 64.94
September___ 67.32

32.9
33.3
34.0

1952: November___
December.......
1953: Jan u ary ___ .
February____
M arch______
April_______
M ay________
June___ ___
July------------August______
September___

32.6
34.7
35.2
35.4
32.7
29. 7
29.9
32.9
34.0
34.1
30.0

62. 27
68.36
71.10
71.15
63. 77
54. 65
55.02
62.51
68.34
69.22
60.30

43. 55
43.89
44.39
44.93
46.10
45. 75
44. 93
46.10
43.66
44. 89
43.68

36.0
37.6
38.2

$1.12 $33.20
1.14 35.15
1.14 35. 99

35.7
37.8
38.7

38.2
38.5
38.6
38.4
39.4
39.1
38.4
38.1
37.0
37.1
36.1

1.14 34.96
1.14 34.68
1.15 33. 76
1.17 34. 78
1.17 35. 22
1.17 34. 96
1.17 34.68
1. 21 34. 76
1.18 34. 22
1.21 35. 79
1.21 34.39

38.0
37.7
36.3
37.8
38.7
38.0
37.7
38.2
37.2
38.9
36.2

$1.94 $41.22
1.95 43.62
1.98 44.66

36.8
37.6
38.5

45. 43
44.37
43.66
44.63
44.86
44. 39
44.04
44. 04
41. 54
43.42
42.83

38.5
37.6
37.0
37.5
37. 7
37.3
36.7
36.7
35.5
36.8
36.3

1.91
1.97
2. 02
2.01
1.95
1.84
1.84
1.90
2.01
2.03
2.01

Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn­ earn­ wkly.
ings
ings hours

Women’s and children’s undergarments1

Women’s outerwear !

W o r k s h ir ts

S e p a r a te t r o u s e r s

1.18
1.18
1.18
1.19
1. 19
1. 19
1.20
1.20
1.17
1.18
1.18

43.84
41.89
41.10
42.00
42. 22
41. 55
40. 77
41.47
39.29
40.63
40. 77

36.8
37.2
38.6
38.8
37.4
36.7
37.5
37. 7
37.1
36.4
36.7
35.4
36.6
36.4

$0.93 $51.16
.93 52.39
.93 54. 32
.92
.92
.93
.92
.91
.92
.92
.91
.92
.92
.95

51.74
54.30
54.93
55.69
54. 45
51.84
50.34
50. 66
52. 59
54. 91
49. 27

35.2
36.2
35.9
36.4
36.3
36.0
35.2
34.7
34.6
35.2
32.2

$1.47 $50. 54
1.48 51. 48
1.53 53.45
1.47
1.50
1. 53
1.53
1. 50
1.44
1.43
1.46
1.52
1.56
1.53

51.10
53.51
52.69
53.34
54. 75
55. 78
52. 60
49.16
48. 76
53.66
49.70

C o r s e ts a n d a llie d
g a r m e n ts

$1.08 $43. 79
1.10 47.24
1.11 47.62
1.13
1.12
1.12
1.12
1. 12
1. 12
1.12
1. 13
1.11
1.11
1.12

34.8
35.4
35.5

48.01
48.26
48.13
48.88
49. 52
49. 39
48. 73
47. 71
44.50
47.86
45.85

36.8
38.1
38.4
38.1
38.0
37.6
37.6
37.8
37. 7
37.2
36.7
35.6
37.1
36.1

35.0
36.4
35.6
35.8
36.5
36.7
35.3
33.9
34.1
35.3
32.7

1951: Average_____
1952: Average____
September__

$42.44
43.15
45.43

36.9
37.2
38.5

1952: November__
December__
1953: January.........
February___
M arch......... .
April.............
M ay_______
June...............
July_______
August_____
September__

45.90
45.08
43. 52
44.13
44. 72
44. 01
43.54
44.27
43.07
44.76
44.17

38.9
38.2
37.2
37.4
37.9
37.3
36.9
37.2
36.5
37.3
36.5

$1. 15 $44.49
1. 16 46. 46
1. 18 47. 58
1. 18

1. 18
1. 17
1. 18
1. 18
1. 18
1. 18
1. 19
1. 18
1. 20
1. 21

Logging camps and
contractors

49.23
48.50
48.26
47.63
48.64
47. 75
47.38
48.13
47. 37
47. 75
46. 49

37.7
38.4
39.0
39.7
38.8
38.0
37.8
38.3
37.6
37.6
37.6
37.3
37.9
36.9

C u r t a in s , d r a p e r ie s ,
and
oth er h o u se f u r n is h i n g s

$1.18 $39. 89
1. 21 42. 67
1.22 43.90
1.24
1.25
1.27
1.26
1.27
1.27
1.26
1.28
1.27
1.26
1.26
Lumber

36.6
38.1
39.2

T e x tile b a g s

$1.09 $44. 93
1.12 47.60
1.12 50.93

48. 47
55.13
61.29
67.77
66. 66
51. 79
44.40
50. 05
58. 55
64.13
57.46

36.0
36.4
38.3
32.1
35.8
37.6
40.1
40.4
34.3
30.0
32.5
35.7
38.4
33.8

$1.44 $38.01
1.45 39. 96
1.51 39.38

36.9
37.7
37.5

$1.03
1.06
1.05

41.42
40.45
40. 02
40.34
41.69
40. 45
39.74
39. 53
38.45
38.20
36. 95

38.0
37.8
37.4
37.7
38.6
37.8
36.8
36.6
35.6
35.7
33.9

1.09
1.07
1.07
1.07
1.08
1.07
1.08
1.08
1.08
1.07
1.09

$1.60 $41.38
1.61 43.52
1.64 44.74

36.3
37.2
37.6

$1.14
1.17
1.19

1.46
1.47
1.48
1.49
1.50
1.52
1.49
1.45
1.43
1.52
1. 52

1. 51
1. 54
1.63
1.69
1. 65
1.51
1.48
1. 54
1.64
1.67
1.70

39.3
41.1
41.3

39.6
39.9
40.1

44. 97 39.8
1.13 49.39
39.2
1.26 49. 52
43.82
38.1
1.15 50.04
39.4
1. 27 50.30
42. 55
37.0
1.15 49.53
39.0
1. 27 50.05
42.90
37.3
1.15 48.01
37.8
1.27 51.22
43.82
38. 1 1.15 48.13
37.6
1.28 49. 67
42.80
36.9
1.16 47. 88 37.7
1.27 50.70
41.61
1.14 49. 66 38.2
36.5
1.30 52.26
41.15
36.1
1.14 49.13
37.5
1.31 53. 32
36.2
40.18
1.11 49. 52 37.8
1.31 52.66
38.2
43.17
1.13 49. 65 37.9
1.31 50.96
41.81
37.0
1.13 49.14
37.8
1.30 50.05
and wood products (except furniture)—Continued

39.3
39.3
38.8
38.8
38.5
39.0
40.2
40.7
40.2
38.9
38.5

1952: November___ 81.20
40.6
December___
39.5
76.63
1953: January_____ 76.19
40.1
February____ 77.74
40.7
M arch___. . .
77.18
40.2
April_______
79.78
39.3
M ay________ 80.55
39.1
June________ 84.46
40.8
July------------- 83.84
40.5
August.......... . 77.59
38.6
September___ 80.58
39.5
See' footnotes at end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

2.00
1.94
1.90
1.91
1.92
2. 03
2.06
2.07
2.07
2.01
2.04

65. 76
64.37
62. 47
63.34
63. 43
64. 71
65.61
67.16
65. 85
68.72
67.89

40.5
40.8
41.3
41.1
41.0
40.3
40.6
40.4
40.7
40.5
41.2
40.4
41.4
40.9

$1.46 $59. 54
1.55 63.65
1.62 67.73
1.60
1. 57
1. 55
1.56
1. 57
1.59
1.62
1.63
1.63
1.66
1.66

66. 42
65.03
63.11
63. 99
64. 08
65.37
66.42
67.98
66. 66
69. 55
68. 71

40.5
40.8
41.3
41.0
40.9
40. 2
40.5
40.3
40.6
40.5
41.2
40.4
41.4
40.9

South

$1.47 $41.36
1.56 43.03
1.64 43.96
1. 62
1.59
1.57
1.58
1.59
1.61
1.64
1.65
1.65
1.68
1.68

43.76
44.17
42. 42
42.84
42.53
43. 76
43.16
43. 76
43. 98
43. 99

42.2
42.6
43.1

1.26
1.28
1.29
1.32
1.29
1.30
1.30
1.31
1.31
1.31
1.30

42.9
43.3
42.0
42.0
41.7
42.9
41.9
42.9
42.7
42.3

1.02
1.02
1.01
1.02
1.02
1.02
1.03
1.02
1.03
1.04

84.50
82.22
80. 77
82.26
82. 47
82. 64
84.24
85. 46
83.11
88.48

38.6
39.0
39.6
39.3
38.6
38.1
38.8
38.9
38.8
39.0
39.2
38.3
40.4

Total: Lumber and
wood products (ex­
cept furniture)

65. 92
65.00
63.09
63.96
64. 21
65.19
66.10
67. 48
66. 34
67.24
66.83

40.8
41.2
41.5

$1.47
1.54
1.62

41.2
41.4
40.7
41.0
40.9
41.0
40.8
41.4
40.7
41.0
40.5

1.60
1.57
1.55
1.56
1.57
1.59
1.62
1.63
1.63
1.64
1.65

Millwork, plywood,
and prefabricated
structural wood
products *

West
$0.98 $76.04
1.01 81. 51
1.02 85.54

43.64
37.3
1.17
43. 55 36.6
1.19
44. 40 37.0
1.20
1.21
45. 50 37.6
1.19
44. 51
37.4
42. 46 36.6
1.16
43.17
36.9
1.17
37.1
1.22
45. 26
1.23
45. 51 37.0
36.3
1.25
45.38
42.38
33.9
1.25
Lumber and wood
products
(sxcept
furniture)

$1. 19 *59. 98
1. 25 63.45
1.26 67.23

S a w m ills a n d p la n in g m ills , gen eral

Sawmills and planing
mills s

$1.82 $59.13
1.89 63.24
1.99 66. 91

C a n v a s p r o d u c ts

$1.17 $47.12
1.23 49.88
1.27 50. 53

United States
1951: Average_____ $71. 53
1952: Average......... 77.68
September___ 82.19

38.4
38.7
40.1

Avg.
hrly.
earn­
ings

minmery

$1.19 $57. 60
1.24 58.80
1.24 62.81
1.26
1.27
1.28
1.30
1.31
1.31
1.31
1. 30
1.25
1.29
1.27

35.1
35. 5
35.4

Apparel and other finished textile products—Continued
Miscellaneous apparel Other fabricated tex­
and accessories
tile products 1

H o u s e h o ld a p p a r e l

Avg. Avg.
Avg. Avg.
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg. hrly. wkly. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
wkly. earn­
earn­ earn­ wkly.
earn­
earn­
earn­ hours
ings
ings hours ings
ings hours ings
ings

U n d e r w e a r a n d n ia h tw e a r , e x c e p t c o r se ts

$1.12 $39. 74
1.16 40. 92
1.16 42.85

W o m e n ’s d r e s s e s

$1.97 $64.02
2. 09 66.94
2.16 68.95
2.15
2.13
2.12
2.12
2. 12
2.13
2.16
2.18
2.17
2.19

67.88
69. 01
67. 65
69. 21
69. 63
69. 63
69.89
69.89
68.31
68.31
66.40

42.4
42.1
42.3

$1.51
1.59
1.63

41.9
42. 6
41. 5
42.2
42.2
42.2
42.1
42.1
41.4
41.4
40.0

1.62
1.62
1.63
1.64
1.65
1.65
1.66
1.66
1.65
1.65
1 66

REVIEW, DECEMBER 1953

1359

G: EARNINGS AND HOURS

T able C -l : Hours and gross earnings of production workers or nonsupervisory employees 1—Continued
M anufacturing—Continued
Lumber and wood products (except furniture)—Continued
Wooden containers !

P ly w o o d

M illw o r k

Year and month
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn- hours
mgs
1951: Average........... $61. 89
1952: Average......... 65.83
September___ 68.91

42.1
42.2
42.8

68.16
68.00
67.30
68.36
68. 36
68. 79
68.88
69.86
68. 72
68.39
66.83

42.6
42.5
41.8
42.2
42.2
42.2
42.0
42.6
41.9
41.7
40.5

1952: November___
December.......
1953: January_____
F eb ru ary ___
M arch......... .
April............. M ay...........
June________
July________
August______
September___

Avg.
hrly.
earnings

$1. 47 $68.10
1.56 70.62
1. 61 71.74
1.60
1.60
1.61
1.62
1.62
1. 63
1.64
1.64
1.64
1.64
1.65

Household furniture *
1951: Average_____ $55.08
58. 93
1952: Average_____
September___ 60.49

40.8
41.5
42.3

61. 34
63.06
60.30
61.01
61.57
61. 09
60.24
60.24
58.21
60.24
59.60

42.3
42.9
41.3
41.5
41.6
41.0
40.7
40.7
39.6
40.7
40.0

1952: November___
December___
1953: January_____
February____
M arch______
April..... ..........
M ay..............
Ju n e................
July________
August______
September___

41 9
41.6
41.0

77. 65
80.59
77.15
75.58
76.59
76.59
74. 59
75.03
72. 71
68.43
78. 91

42.2
43.8
41.7
41.3
41.4
41.4
40.1
41.0
39.3
37.6
42.2

1952: November___
December.......
1953: January_____
February____
M arch.............
April...............
M ay ................
June................
July________
August______
September___

68. 97
72. 77
70. 95
73. 65
73. 68
73. 25
73.18
72.16
69.89
70. 98
68. 21

43.1
42.8
42.7
41.8
44.1
43.0
44.1
43.6
43.6
43.3
42.7
41.6
42.0
40.6

Avg.
hrly.
earnings

1. 65
1.65
1. 65
1.67
1.69
1.68
1.69
1. 69
1. 68
1.69
1.68

41.4
41.3
41.4

1. 30 68.91
1.45 55. 51
42.7
1. 32 71. 56
42.9
1.47 56. 63
41.6
1.31 64.87
1.46 54. 50
1.32 66.08
41.7
1.47 55.04
1.34 66.98
1.48 56. 28
42.0
41.3
1. 35 66.26
1.49 55.76
1.34 64.48
1.48 55. 74 41.6
1.34 64. 55
41.5
1.48 55. 61
40.9
1.33 61. 56
1.47 54.40
1.34 64.00
41.5
1.48 55. 61
1.34 66.02
40.2
1.49 53.87
Furniture and fixtures—Continued

42.8
43.9
40.8
41.3
41.6
40.9
39.8
39.6
38.0
40.0
40.5

$1. 65 $69.06
1.75 71.17
1.74 72.92
72.62
72.91
72.34
73.03
73.16
73. 51
73.03
73. 03
70. 56
71.82
73.67

41.6
40.9
41.2
40.8
41.9
41.1
40.8
41.1
41.3
40.8
40.8
39.2
39.9
40.7

1951: Average........... $59.92
1952: Average_____ 64.18
September___ 68.05

41.9
42.5
43.9

68.98
68. 67
65.99
66.41
67.94
66.68
67.58
67.73
66.94
68.59
67.72

44.5
44.3
42.3
42.3
43.0
42.2
42.5
42.6
42.1
42.6
41.8

1952: November___
December___
1953: January_____
February........
M arch.........
April...............
M ay................
June................
July.......... .
August______
September___

See footnotes at end

of

table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

F ib e r c a n s , tu b e s ,
an d dru m s

$1. 43 $64.84
1.51 65. 44
1. 55 66.98

41. 3
40.9
41.6

71.23
73. 61
70. 47
71.32
72.50
71.57
69.80
69. 55
71.72
73.62
74.94

42.4
43.3
42.2
42.2
42.4
42.1
41.3
41.4
41.7
42.8
42.1

1. 55
1. 55
1.56
1.57
1.58
1. 58
1.59
1.59
1.59
1. 61
1.62

60. 06
61.92
61.05
60.90
61.59
63. 34
62.46
63. 33
61.42
61.45
62.13

41.1
41.5
41.7
42.0
43.0
42.1
42.0
41.9
42.8
42.2
42.5
41. 5
41.8
41.7

40.3
40.8
41.9

64. 88
68. 22
68. 64
68.39
67. 23
66.33
64.12
66.07
64. 68
67.16
66.09

40.3
41.6
41.1
41.2
40.5
40.2
39.1
39.8
39.2
40.7
40.3

1. 61
1.63
1.59
1.60
1.61
1.62
1.62
1.63
1.62
1.60
1.63

1. 43
1. 44
1.45
1.45
1.47
1.48
1.48
1. 49
1.48
1.47
1.49

72.27
72. 60
71. 55
71.81
72. 31
71.81
72.24
72. 41
73.44
73.44
73.87

43.1
42.8
43.5
43.8
44.0
43.1
43.0
43.3
43.0
43.0
43.1
43.2
43.2
42.7

Avg.
wkly. Avg.
earn- hours
ings

$1.17 $51. 24
1. 21 53. 63
1.24 55. 02
1.24
1.24
1.22
1.22
1.24
1. 25
1.24
1.24
1.25
1.24
1.25

53. 95
55. 51
54.21
54. 60
54. 89
55.15
55.44
55.99
55.06
55. 59
55.49

1. 61 71. 06
1.64 73. 08
1.67 71.15
1.66 70. 22
1.66 71.40
1.65 71. 40
1.64 70.55
1. 66 70.81
1.65 69. 26
1.65 70.04
1.64 72. 76
Paper and

42.0
41.9
42.0
41. 5
42. 7
41.7
42.0
41.9
42.1
42.0
42.1
41.4
41.8
41.1

43.2
42.2
41.6

Avg.
wkly. Avg.
earn- hours
ings

$1. 22 $57. 27
1.28 60.59
1.31 62.31
1. 30
1.30
1.30
1.30
1.31
1.31
1.32
1. 33
1.33
1.33
1.35

Pulp, paper, and
paperboard mills
44.4
43.6
44.0

77.26
77.43
77.00
77. 26
77.44
77.62
77.44
78. 68
80.10
79. 74
80. 59

44.4
44.5
44.0
43.9
44.0
44.1
44.0
44.2
44.5
44.3
43.8

63.15
64.63
62. 51
62. 67
63. 65
63.19
62. 58
62. 73
60.89
62.42
62.37

58. 02
60.35
60. 75
62.10
62. 51
61.95
61.95
60.70
59. 28
63.80
61. 41

41.2
41. 5
42.1

$1.39
1.46
1.48

42.1
42.8
41.4
41.5
41.6
41.3
40.9
41.0
39.8
40.8
40.5

1. 50
1.51
1.51
1.51
1.53
1. 53
1.53
1. 53
1.53
1.53
1.54

43.9
41. 4
40.9

$1.42
1.47
1.48

39. 2
40.5
40.5
41.4
41.4
41.3
41.3
40.2
39.0
41.7
40.4

1. 48
1. 49
1.50
1.50
1.51
1.50
1.50
1. 51
1.52
1.53
1.52

Paperboard con­
tainers and boxes 1

$1.60 $60.19
1.69 64.45
1.72 67.74
1.74
1.74
1.75
1.76
1.76
1. 76
1.76
1.78
1.80
1.80
1.84

Avg.
hrly.
earn­
ings

W o o d office f u r n i t u r e

$1. 54 $62. 34
1.62 60. 86
1.63 60. 53

42.3
1.68
43.5
1. 68
42.1
1.69
1.68
41.8
42.0
1.70
42.0
1.70
1.70
41.5
41.9
1. 69
40.5
1.71
41.2
1.70
1. 72
42.3
allied products

$1. 52 $71.04
1.61 73.68
1.63 75. 68
1. 65
1.65
1.66
1.67
1.07
1. 67
1.68
1.68
1.70
1.70
1.73

Avg.
hrly.
earnings

Total: Furniture
and fixtures

Office, public-build­
ing, and profes­
sional furniture s

$1. 50 $66. 53
1.59 68.36
1. 61 67.81

Total: Paper and
allied products

$1.30 $65. 51
1.39 68.91
1.41 70. 91

Miscellaneous wood
products

69.11
68.95
66.41
66.83
68.37
67.10
67.84
68. 00
67.36
69.01
68.13

41.8
42.4
43.7

$1.44
1. 52
1.55

44.3
44.2
42.3
42.3
43.0
42.2
42.4
42.5
42.1
42.6
41.8

1. 56
1.56
1.57
1.58
1.59
1. 59
1.60
1.60
1.60
1. 62
1.63

Printing, publishing, and allied industries

Other paper and
allied products

$1. 57 $59. 77
1.60 62. 40
1.61 64.14

41.8
41.6
42.2

64.26
65.60
65.36
64.90
65.68
65.31
65.31
64.58
65.31
64.74
65.00

42.0
42.6
41.9
41.6
42.1
41.6
41.6
41.4
41.6
41.5
41.4

1.68
1.70
1.67
1.09
1.71
1.70
1.69
1.68
1.72
1. 72
1.78

Avg.
hrly.
earnings

M a t t r e s s e s a n d beds p r in g s

Paper and allied products—Continued

P a p e r b o a r d boxes

42.2
42.0
42.0

$1. 46 $60.45
1.56 64. 87
1. 58 67.46

Screens, blinds, and
miscellaneous fur­
niture and fixtures

$1. 66 $53. 43
1.74 57.69
1.77 58.80
1. 78
1. 74
1. 76
1.79
1.78
1.78
1.79
1.79
1. 80
1.80
1.81

Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkiy.
earn- hours
mgs

$1. 18 $49. 37
1.22 50. 82
1.24 52.08

W o o d h o u s e h o ld f u r ­
n i tu r e , u p h o ls te r e d

39.8
41.4
42.3

Partitions, shelving,
lockers, and fixtures

Avg.
hrly.
earnings

1.24 52. 95
42.0
42.7
52.08
1.24 54. 31
52.95
42.7
43.8
51.85
42.5
51. 05 41. 5 1.23
51.41
42.6
1.23 51.97
41.8
42.9
41.9
1.24 53. 20
51.96
52.25
1.25 53. 38
42.7
41.8
42.4
1.24 52.58
51.58
41.6
41.5
1.25 52.08
42.0
51.88
51. 28 40.7
1.26 51. 25 41.0
1.26 49.60
40.0
50. 53 40.1
49.14
1.26 48. 50 38.8
39.0
Furniture and fixtures—Continued

$1.23 $58.11
1.28 64.58
1.29 66.83

1.84
1.84
1.85
1.83
1.85
1.85
1.86
1.83
1.85
1.82
1.87

41.3
41.7
42.7

Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn- hours
ings

$1.58 $48.85
1. 65 50. 39
1.68 51.34

W o o d h o u s e h o ld f u r ­
n i tu r e (e x c e p t u p ­
h o ls te r e d )

$1.35 $50.80
1.42 53.38
1.43 55.08

M e t a l office f u r n i t u r e

1951: Average.......... $69.14
1952: Average.......... 72.80
September___ 71.34

Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn- hours
ings

Furniture and fixtures

W o o d e n b o x e s, oth er
th a n c ig a r

T o ta l: P r i n t i n g ,
p u b lish in g , a n d
allied industries

$1. 43 $77. 21
1. 50 81.48
1.52 83.71
1.53
1. 54
1.56
1.56
1.56
1.57
1.57
1.56
1.57
1. 56
1.57

83. 07
84.93
83.21
83. 76
85. 24
85.19
85.80
85. 36
84.92
85. 97
87.30

38.8
38.8
39.3
39.0
39.5
38.7
38.6
39.1
38.9
39.0
38.8
38.6
38.9
38.8

$1.99 $83.45
2.10 87.12
2.13 89.06
2.13
2.15
2.15
2.17
2.18
2.19
2. 20
2.20
2. 20
2.21
2. 25

Periodicals

Newspapers

88. 57
91. 64
86.38
87.82
89.28
91.36
92.85
92. 35
90.36
90.36
93.03

36.6
36.3
36.5
36.3
37.1
35.4
35.7
36.0
36.4
36.7
36.5
36.0
36.0
36.2

$2. 28 $79. 20
2. 40 83.60
2.44 89.01
2.44
2.47
2.44
2.46
2.48
2. 51
2.53
2. 53
2. 51
2. 51
2. 57

83. 77
80.73
83.13
86.80
87. 64
83.92
83.71
82. 68
85.84
91.24
96.41

39.8
40.0
41.4

$1.99
2.09
2.15

39.7
39.0
39.4
40.0
40.2
39.4
39.3
39.0
40.3
41.1
42.1

2.11
2.07
2.11
2-17
2.18
2.13
2.13
2.12
2.13
2. 22
2. 29

C: EARNINGS AND HOURS

1360

M ONTHLY LABOR

T able C -l : Hours and gross earnings of production workers or nonsupervisory employees 1—Continued
M a n u f a c tu r in g — C o n ti n u e d
P r i n t i n g , p u b li s h i n g , a n d a llie d i n d u s tr i e s — C o n t i n u e d

Y e a r a n d m o n th

Books

C o m m e r c ia l p r i n t i n g

L ith o g ra p h in g

G r e e ti n g c a rd s

B o o k b in d i n g a n d r e ­
l a t e d in d u s tr i e s

M is c e lla n e o u s p u b ­
lis h in g a n d p r i n t i n g
s e rv ic e s

A vg.
w k ly .
e a rn ­
in g s

A vg.
w k ly .
h o u rs

A vg.
h r ly .
e a rn ­
in g s

A vg.
w k ly .
e a rn ­
in g s

A vg.
w k ly .
h o u rs

A vg.
h r ly .
e a rn ­
in g s

A vg.
w k ly .
e a rn ­
in g s

A vg.
w k ly .
h o u rs

A vg.
h rly .
e a rn ­
in g s

A vg.
w k ly .
e a rn ­
in g s

A vg.
w k ly .
h o u rs

A vg.
h r ly .
e a rn ­
in g s

A vg.
w k ly .
e a rn ­
in g s

A vg.
w k ly ,
h o u rs

A vg.
h rly .
e a rn ­
in g s

A vg.
w k ly .
e a rn ­
in g s

A vg.
w k ly .
h o u rs

1951: A v e r a g e ............. $67.32
1952: A v e r a g e _______ 71.24
S e p te m b e r ____ 75.17

3 9 .6
39 .8
4 1 .3

$1.7 0
1.79
1 .8 2

$75.20
80.00
81.41

40 .0
4 0 .2
4 0 .5

$1.88
1.9 9
2.01

$75.79
81.61
86.74

40.1
4 0 .2
4 1 .5

$1.89
2.03
2 .0 9

$43.47
45.84
45. 72

3 7 .8
3 8 .2
3 8 .1

$1.15
1.20
1.20

$62. 24
62,33
63. 20

3 9 .9
3 9 .2
3 9 .5

$1.56
1 .5 9
1.60

$91.42
98.25
99.8 2

3 8 .9
3 9 .3
3 9 .3

$2.35
2. 50
2. 54

1952: N o v e m b e r ____
D e c e m b e r ____
1953: J a n u a r y ..............
F e b r u a r y ........._
M a r c h ________

40.1
40 .8
3 9 .7
3 9 .3
4 0 .2
39 .8
4 0 .1
3 9 .7
3 8 .9
4 0 .2
39 .4

1.8 0
1.81
1.84
1.8 3
1 .8 6
1 .8 6
1 .8 7
1 .8 5
1.86
1.8 5
1.8 5

81.20
83.64
82.4 2
82.1 9
83.8 4
84. 02
83.81
84.00
83.60
84. 21
85.20

4 0 .2
4 0 .8
40 .4
3 9 .9
40. 5
4 0 .2
40.1
40 .0
40 .0
40 .1
40 .0

2 .0 2
2 .0 5
2 .0 4
2 .0 6
2. 07
2. 09
2 .0 9
2.10
2. 09
2 .1 0
2 .1 3

84.8 7
83.64
82. 37
84. 44
84. 24
85. 06
85.0 7
85.46
87.34
87. 56
87.53

41 .2
4 0 .8
39 .6
40.4
40 .5
40. 7
4 0 .9
4 0 .5
4 1 .2
4 1 .3
4 0 .9

2.0 6
2.0 5
2.0 8
2 .0 9
2.08
2.0 9
2.0 8
2.11
2.1 2
2.1 2
2.1 4

47.80
47.09
47. 50
46.62
48. 51
48.63
48.50
46. 75
45.23
47. 75
47. 71

39 .5
3 8 .6
3 8 .0
3 7 .0
3 8 .2
3 7 .7
3 7 .6
37.1
3 5 .9
3 7 .6
3 6 .7

1.21
1.2 2
1.2 5
1 .2 6
1.27
1.29
1.2 9
1.2 6
1.2 6
1.27
1.30

65.69
66.26
65.93
65.11
65. 76
65. 74
66.63
66.70
65.8 6
67.09
66. 47

40 .3
40 .4
4 0 .2
3 9 .7
40. 1
39. 6
3 9 .9
3 9 .7
3 9 .2
3 9 .7
39 .1

1.6 3
1.64
1.6 4
1.6 4
1.64
1.66
1 .6 7
1.6 8
1.68
1.69
1.70

100.22
102.51
102.03
103.36
106. 37
102. 56
101.39
102. 83
103. 23
105.07
107.05

3 9 .3
4 0 .2
3 9 .7
39 .6
4 0 .6
3 9 .6
3 9 .3
39. 4
3 9 .4
3 9 .5
3 9 .5

2.55
2.55
2. 57
2.61
2 .6 2
2. 59
2.58
2.61
2. 62
2. 66
2 .7 1

April________
M a y .................. J u n e __________
J u l y ----------------A u g u s t -----------S e p te m b e r ____

72.18
73.85
73.05
71.92
74. 77
74.03
74.99
73.45
72.35
74. 37
72.89

A vg.
h r ly .
e a rn ­
in g s

C h e m ic a ls a n d a llie d p r o d u c t s
T o t a l: C h e m ic a ls a n d
a llie d p r o d u c ts

I n d u s t r ia l in o r g a n ic
c h e m ic a ls 2

A l k a l i e s a n d c h lo rin e

I n d u s t r ia l o r g a n ic
c h e m ic a ls 1

P la s tic s , excep t s y n ­
th e tic ru b b e r

S y n t h e ti c r u b b e r

1 9 5 1 : A v e r a g e ------------- $ 6 7 .8 1
1 9 5 2 : A v e r a g e ________
7 0 .4 5
S e p t e m b e r ........... 7 1 . 0 4

4 1 .6
4 1 .2
4 1 .4

$ 1 .6 3
1 .7 1
1 .7 2

$ 7 4 .8 8
7 7 .0 8
7 7 . 71

4 1 .6
4 1 .0
4 0 .9

$ 1 .8 0
1 .8 8
1 .9 0

$ 7 4 .9 3
76. 52
76. 38

4 1 .4
4 0 .7
4 0 .2

$ 1 .8 1
1 .8 8
1 .9 0

$ 7 1 .9 8
7 5 .1 1
7 6 .9 2

4 0 .9
4 0 .6
4 0 .7

$ 1 .7 6
1 .8 5
1 .8 9

$ 7 2 .6 6
7 6 .3 1
7 7 .8 9

4 2 .0
4 1 .7
4 2 .1

$ 1 .7 3
1 .8 3
1 .8 5

$ 7 8 .3 1
8 0 .2 0
8 2 .2 1

4 1 .0
4 0 .3
4 0 .3

$ 1 .9 1
1 .9 9
2. 04

1 9 5 2 : N o v e m b e r ____
D e c e m b e r _____
1 9 5 3 : J a n u a r y ________
F e b r u a r y .............

4 1 .7
4 1 .7
4 1 .2
4 1 .3
4 1 .5
4 1 .5
4 1 .5
4 1 .4
4 1 .5
4 1 .3
4 1 .7

1 .7 4
1 .7 5
1 .7 6
1 .7 7
1 .7 8
1 .7 9
1 .8 1
1 .8 2
1 .8 5
1 .8 5
1 .8 7

7 9 .9 0
79. 87
7 9 .5 4
80. 36
80. 56
8 1 .5 6
8 1 .7 7
8 4 .0 0
8 3 .2 1
83. 23
8 6 .1 1

4 1 .4
4 1 .6
4 1 .0
4 1 .0
4 1 .1
4 1 .4
4 1 .3
4 2 .0
4 1 .4
4 0 .8
4 1 .2

1 .9 3
1 .9 2
1 .9 4
1 .9 6
1 .9 6
1 .9 7
1 .9 8
2 .0 0
2 .0 1
2 .0 4
2 .0 9

7 9 .0 4
7 9 .4 6
7 9 . 27
7 9 . 71
79. 90
8 1 .3 2
80. 75
8 7 .6 0
8 4 .6 4
82. 62
8 4 .4 6

4 1 .6
4 1 .6
4 1 .5
4 1 .3
4 5 .4
4 1 .7
4 1 .2
4 3 .8
4 1 .9
4 0 .7
4 0 .8

1 .9 0
1 .9 1
1 .9 1
1 .9 3
1. 93
1 .9 5
1 .9 6
2 .0 0
2 .0 2
2 .0 3
2 .0 7

7 8 .0 6
7 8 .2 8
7 7 .3 3
77. 38
7 9 .1 5
7 9 .7 6
7 9 .7 3
80. 36
81. 59
8 0 .5 9
83. 85

4 1 .3
4 1 .2
4 0 .7
4 0 .3
4 0 .8
4 0 .9
4 1 .1
4 1 .0
4 1 .0
40. 7
4 0 .9

1 .8 9
1 .9 0
1 .9 0
1 .9 2
1 .9 4
1 .9 5
1 .9 4
1 .9 6
1 .9 9
1 .9 8
2 .0 5

82. 40
81. 22
8 0 .9 4
8 1 .1 3
81. 56
81. 94
8 3 .4 2
8 3 .8 5
82. 68
8 3 .7 3
8 5 .0 0

4 3 .6
4 3 .2
4 2 .6
4 2 .7
4 2 .7
4 2 .9
4 3 .0
4 3 .0
4 2 .4
4 2 .5
4 2 .5

1 .8 9
1 .8 8
1 .9 0
1 .9 0
1 .9 1
1 .9 1
1 .9 4
1 .9 5
1 .9 5
1 .9 7
2 .0 0

8 3 .0 3
8 5 .0 8
84. 04
8 5 .6 8
8 5 .8 6

4 0 .5
4 1 .1
4 0 .6
4 0 .8
4 0 .5
4 1 .0
4 1 .2
4 0 .9
4 0 .7
4 0 .6
4 0 .4

2 .0 5
2 .0 7
2 .0 7
2 .1 0
2 .1 2
2 .1 1
2 .1 2
2 .1 2
2 .1 6
2 .1 8
2 .2 6

M a rc h ... . .
A p r il . - - .. - .
M a y .......... .............
J u n e ________
J u l y --------------------A u g u s t _______
S e p t e m b e r _____

7 2 .5 6
7 2 .9 8
7 2 . 51
7 3 .1 0
7 3 .8 7
7 4 .2 9
7 5 .1 2
75. 35
7 6 .7 8
7 6 . 41
7 7 .9 8

S y r M e t t e fib e r s

E x p l o s iv e s

D r u g s a n d m e d ic in e s

S o a p , c le a n in g a n d
p o lis h in g p r e p a r a t io n s 2

S o a p a n d g ly c e r in

86. 51
8 7 .3 4
8 6 . 71
8 7 .9 1
8 8 . 51
9 1 .3 0

P a in t s , p ig m e n ts , a n d

fille rs 2

1 9 5 1 : A v e r a g e ________ $ 6 2 . 6 5
1952: A v erag e.
- . . 6 6 .4 7
S e p t e m b e r _____
6 7 .9 4

3 9 .4
3 9 .8
4 0 .2

$ 1 .5 9
1 .6 7
1 .6 9

$ 6 7 . 77
7 0 .0 9
7 1 .8 9

4 0 .1
3 9 .6
3 9 .5

$ 1 .6 9
1 .7 7
1 .8 2

$ 6 2 .4 7
6 3 .4 4
6 3 .1 2

4 1 .1
3 9 .9
3 9 .7

$ 1 .5 2
1 .5 9
1 .5 9

$ 7 0 .8 9
73. 93
7 7 .2 3

4 1 .7
4 1 .3
4 2 .2

$ 1 .7 0
1 .7 9
1. 8 3

$ 7 7 .1 9
8 1 .1 4
8 6 .0 3

4 1 .5
4 1 .4
4 2 .8

$ 1 .8 6
1. 9 6
2 .0 1

$ 6 8 .5 5
7 1 .3 8
7 1 .8 6

4 1 .8
4 1 .5
4 1 .3

$ 1 .6 4
1 .7 2
1 .7 4

1 9 5 2 : N o v e m b e r _____
D e c e m b e r ______
1 9 5 3 : J a n u a r y ________
F e b r u a r y _____

3 9 .9
3 9 .9
3 9 .6
3 9 .0
3 9 .8
3 9 .7
4 0 .1
4 0 .1
4 0 .1
3 9 .9
4 0 .0

1 .6 9
1 .6 9
1 .7 0
1 . 71
1 .7 3
1 .7 3
1 .7 3
1 .7 4
1 .7 8
1 .7 7
1 .8 6

7 2 .5 8
7 3 .1 2
7 1 .3 7
7 1 .0 0
73. 47
7 4 .0 7
7 3 .8 7
7 3 .5 3
76. 02
7 5 .7 9
7 7 .7 4

4 0 .1
4 0 .4
3 9 .0
3 8 .8
3 9 .5
3 9 .4
3 9 .5
3 8 .7
3 9 .8
4 0 .1
4 0 .7

1 .8 1
1 .8 1
1 .8 3
1 .8 3
1 .8 6
1 .8 8
1 .8 7
1 .9 0
1. 9 1
1 .8 9
1 .9 1

6 4 .0 6
6 4 .6 2
6 4 .1 2
68. 39
6 8 .0 6
6 8 .2 3
6 8 .0 6
6 6 .9 0
6 8 .2 8
7 3 .1 0
7 3 .4 4

3 9 .3
3 9 .4
3 9 .1
4 1 .2
4 1 .0
4 1 .1
4 1 .0
4 0 .3
4 0 .4
4 3 .0
4 3 .2

1 .6 3
1 .6 4
1. 64
1 .6 6
1 .6 6
1 .6 6
1 .6 6
1 .6 6
1 .6 9
1 .7 0
1. 7 0

7 6 .6 8
7 8 .0 7
7 7 .9 3
7 8 .3 5
7 8 .8 1
7 7 .6 8
7 6 .8 9
7 7 .0 8
7 6 .7 0
78. 66
7 9 .6 8

4 1 .9
4 2 .2
4 1 .9
4 1 .9
4 1 .7
4 1 .1
4 0 .9
4 1 .0
4 0 .8
4 1 .4
4 1 .5

1 .8 3
1 .8 5
1 .8 6
1 .8 7
1 .8 9
1 .8 9
1 .8 8
1 .8 8
1 .8 8
1 .9 0
1 .9 2

8 4 .0 0
8 5 .0 6
8 5 .2 7
8 5 .2 8
8 6 .1 1
8 5 .2 8
8 4 .0 4
8 3 .8 4
8 3 .4 3
8 5 .4 8
87. 78

4 2 .0
4 1 .9
4 1 .8
4 1 .6
4 1 .4
4 1 .0
4 0 .6
4 0 .7
4 0 .5
4 0 .9
4 1 .6

2 .0 0
2 .0 3
2 .0 4
2 .0 5
2 .0 8
2 .0 8
2 .0 7
2 .0 6
2 .0 6
2 .0 9
2 .1 1

7 3 .3 9
7 4 .2 7
7 3 .5 7
74. 64
75. 42
76. 02
7 8 .3 2
7 6 .2 0
7 6 . 31
7 5 .5 8
7 6 .4 1

4 1 .7
4 2 .2
4 1 .8
4 1 .7
4 1 .9
4 2 .0
4 2 .8
4 2 .1
4 1 .7
4 1 .3
4 1 .3

1 .7 6
1 .7 6
1 .7 6
1 .7 9
1 .8 0
1 .8 1
1 .8 3
1 .8 1
1 .8 3
1 .8 3
1 .8 5

M a r c h ________
A p r i l ____ _____
M a y _________
J u n e __________
J u l y ----------------A u g u s t ___
__
S e p te m b e r ____

6 7 .4 3
6 7 .4 3
6 7 .3 2
6 6 .6 9
6 8 .8 5
6 8 .6 8
6 9 .3 7
69. 77
71. 38
70. 62
7 4 .4 0

P a i n t s v a r n is h e s , la c q u e r 8 a n d e n a m e ls

G um and w ood
c h e m ic a ls

V e g e t a b le a n d a n im a l
o ils a n d fa t s 2

F e r tiliz e r s

V e g e ta b le o ils

1 9 5 1 : A v e r a g e ________ $ 6 7 . 7 2
1 9 5 2 : A v e r a g e ____ _ 7 0 . 4 7
S e p t e m b e r _____
7 0 .9 7

4 1 .8
4 1 .7
4 1 .5

$ 1 .6 2
1 .6 9
1 .7 1

$ 5 6 .5 5
5 9 .3 6
5 9 .2 1

4 2 .2
4 2 .1
4 1 .7

$ 1 .3 4
1 .4 1
1 .4 2

$ 5 2 .3 3
5 6 .2 3
5 7 . 51

4 2 .2
4 2 .6
4 2 .6

$ 1 .2 4
1 .3 2
1 .3 5

$ 5 9 .3 4
6 1 . 51
6 1 .1 0

4 6 .0
4 5 .9
4 7 .0

$ 1 .2 9
1 .3 4
1 .3 0

$55. 22
5 7 .0 7
5 7 .1 2

4 6 .4
4 6 .4
4 8 .0

1 9 5 2 : N o v e m b e r ___
D e c e m b e r ______
1 9 5 3 : J a n u a r y ............
F e b r u a r y .............
M a r c h ....... .............
A p r i l ____________
M a y ____________
J u n e _____________

4 1 .9
4 2 .3
4 1 .9
4 1 .8
4 2 .0
4 2 .2
4 2 .9
4 2 .0
4 1 .5
4 1 .2
4 1 .1

1 .7 3
1 .7 3
1 .7 4
1 .7 6
1 .7 8
1 .7 9
1 .8 1
1 .7 8
1 .8 0
1 .8 0
1 .8 0

5 9 .9 2
5 9 .8 6
6 2 .2 5
61 09
6 1 .8 0
61. 65
6 4 .2 2
6 4 .0 2
6 6 .5 0
64. 57
6 8 .7 9

4 1 .9
4 1 .0
4 1 .5
4 1 .0
4 1 .2
4 1 .1
4 1 .7
4 1 .3
4 2 .9
4 2 .2
4 2 .2

1 .4 3
1 .4 6
1 .5 0
1 .4 9
1 .5 0
1. 50
1 .5 4
1 .5 5
1 .5 5
1. 5 3
1 .6 3

5 6 .1 5
5 7 .5 3
5 7 .1 2
5 7 . 24
5 9 .0 0
6 0 .6 9
6 0 . 63
5 9 .0 8
5 9 .9 2
58. 65
6 1 .0 3

4 1 .9
4 2 .3
4 2 .0
4 2 .4
4 3 .7
4 4 .3
4 2 .7
4 1 .9
4 2 .2
4 1 .3
4 1 .8

1 .3 4
1 .3 6
1 .3 6
1 .3 5
1 .3 5
1 .3 7
1 .4 2
1 .4 1
1 .4 2
1 .4 2
1 .4 6

6 2 .2 7
6 1 .5 7
6 1 .1 8
6 1 .7 4
6 2 .8 3
63. 35
6 5 .8 6
6 7 .4 9
6 7 .1 8
6 5 .1 0
6 5 .1 0

4 7 .9
4 7 .0
4 6 .0
4 5 .4
4 5 .2
4 4 .3
4 4 .2

1 .3 0
1 .3 1
1 .3 3
1 .3 6
1 .3 9
1 .4 3
1 .4 9
1 .5 2
1 .5 2
1 .5 0
1 .4 0

5 8 .1 9
5 6 .8 8
5 6 .7 3
56. 75
5 8 .1 1
5 8 .2 1
5 9 .6 2
6 2 .3 5
6 1 .9 2
6 0 .0 7
59. 56

4 8 .9
4 7 .4
4 6 .5
4 5 .4
4 5 .4
4 4 .1
4 3 .2
4 3 .3
4 2 .7
4 2 .3
4 6 .9

J u l y ___________
A u g u s t __________
S e p t e m b e r _____

7 2 .4 9
7 3 .1 8
7 2 .9 1
7 3 .5 7
74. 76
7 5 . 54
7 7 .6 5
74. 76
7 4 .7 0
7 4 .1 6
7 3 .9 8

See footnotes at end of table,


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

44 .4
4 4 .2
4 3 .4
4 6 .5

A n i m a l o ils a n d f a t s

$ 1 .1 9
1 .2 3
1 .1 9

$ 6 8 . 40
7 0 .3 4
6 9 .7 3

4 4 .7

$ 1 .5 2
1 .5 7
1. 5 6

1 .1 9
1 .2 0

7 3 .8 0
7 3 .7 6
7 1 .8 4
73. 39
7 3 .0 2
73. 02
7 5 .4 1
7 5 .2 8
7 3 .9 2
73. 06
7 5 .8 6

4 5 .0
4 6 .1
4 4 .9
4 5 .3
4 4 .8
4 4 .8
4 5 .7
4 5 .9
4 6 .2
4 5 .1
4 5 .7

1 .6 4
1 .6 0
1 .6 0
1 .6 2
1 .6 3
1 .6 3
1 .6 5
1 .6 4
1 .6 0
1 .6 2
1 .6 6

1. 22
1 .2 5
1 .2 8
1 .3 2
1 .3 8
1 .4 4
1 .4 5
1 .4 2
1. 2 7

4 5 .0

44 .8

REVIEW, DECEMBER 1958

C: EARNINGS AND HOURS

1361

T able C -l: Hours and gross earnings of production workers or nonsupervisory employees 1—Continued
M a n u fa c t u r in g — C o n t in u e d
C h e m ic a ls a n d a llie d p r o d u c t s — C o n tin u e d

M is c e lla n e o u s
c h e m ic a ls 3

Y e a r a n d m o n th

1 9 5 1 : A v e r a g e ................
1952: A v e r a g e .
1 9 5 2 : N o v e m b e r ___
D e c e m b e r ____
1 9 5 3 : J a n u a r y _______
F e b r u a r y _____

C o m p re sse d a n d
l iq u ifie d g a se s

T o ta l: P r o d u c ts o f
p e tr o le u m a n d c o a l

A vg.
w k ly .
earn ­
in g s

A vg.
w k ly .
hours

A vg.
h r ly .
earn­
in g s

A vg.
w k ly .
earn ­
in g s

A vg.
w k ly .
hours

A vg.
h r ly .
earn­
in g s

A vg.
w k ly .
earn­
in g s

A vg.
w k ly .
hours

A vg.
h r ly .
earn­
in g s

A vg.
w k ly .
earn­
in g s

$63. 50
6 5 .3 5
6 5 .1 2

4 1 .5
4 1 .1
4 0 .7

$ 1 .5 3
1 .5 9
1 .6 0

$51. 74
5 4 .4 9
5 3 .4 1

3 8 .9
3 9 .2
3 8 .7

$ 1 .3 3
1 .3 9
1 .3 8

$72. 42
7 3. 9 2
7 5 .1 2

4 2 .6
4 2 .0
4 2 .2

$1. 70
1 .7 6
1 .7 8

6 7 .4 8
6 8 .0 6
6 8 .3 9
6 8 .8 8
69. 38
68. 95
6 8 .9 5
6 9 .7 0
69. 60
7 0 .0 0
7 0 .7 6

4 1 .4
4 1 .5
4 1 .2
4 1 .0
4 1 .3
4 0 .8
4 0 .8
4 1 .0
4 0 .7
4 0 .7
4 0 .9

1 .6 3
1 .6 4
1 .6 6
1 .6 8
1 .6 8
1 .6 9
1 .6 9
1 .7 0
1 .7 1
1 .7 2
1 .7 3

56. 37
5 6 .0 9
5 6 .1 2
5 5 .5 4
5 7 .1 8
5 6 .8 3
5 6 .9 2
5 7 .3 7
5 6 .1 7
5 7 .0 0
5 8 .6 1

3 9 .7
3 9 .5
3 8 .7
3 8 .3
3 8 .9
3 8 .4
3 8 .2
3 8 .5
3 7 .7
3 8 .0
3 9 .6

1 .4 2
1 .4 2
1 .4 5
1 .4 5
1 .4 7
1 .4 8
1 .4 9
1 .4 9
1 .4 9
1 .5 0
1 .4 8

7 6 .1 4
7 7 .1 1
7 6 .6 2
8 0 .6 5
7 9 .9 5
7 9 .3 8
78. 73
79. 38
8 1 .1 8
8 1 .9 4
8 3 .1 4

4 2 .3
4 2 .6
4 2 .1
4 2 .9
4 2 .3
4 2 .0
4 2 .1
4 2 .0
4 2 .5
4 2 .9
4 3 .3

1 .8 0
1 .8 1
1 .8 2
1 .8 8
1 .8 9
1. 8 9
1 .8 7
1 .8 9
1 .9 1
1 .9 1
1 .9 2

_
_

M a y ___
J u n e ___
J u l y ____
A u g u st.
S e p t e m b e r ____ -

E s s e n t i a l o ils ,
p e r f u m e s , c o s m e tic s

P r o d u c t s o f p e tr o le u m a n d co a l

r e ir o ie u m re n n m g

A vg.
w k ly .
hours

A vg.
h r ly .
earn ­
in g s

A vg.
w k ly .
earn ­
in g s

A vg.
w k ly .
hours

A vg.
h r ly .
earn ­
in g s

A vg.
w k ly .
earn­
in g s

$80. 98
84. 85
88. 99

4 0 .9
4 0 .6
4 1 .2

$ 1 .9 8
2 .0 9
2 .1 6

$ 8 4 .6 6
8 8 . 44
91. 94

4 0 .7
4 0 .2
4 0 .5

$ 2 .0 8
2 .2 0
2. 27

$69. 39
7 3 .7 4
7 9 .4 2

4 1 .8
4 1 .9
4 3 .4

$ 1 .6 6
1 .7 6
1 .8 3

87. 94
8 8 .1 0
8 8 .1 0
8 7 .4 5
8 7 .8 9
8 8 .2 9
89. 60
88. 94
9 2 .3 2
9 1 .4 3
9 4 .3 5

4 0 .9
4 0 .6
4 0 .6
4 0 .3
4 0 .5
4 0 .5
4 1 .1
4 0 .8
4 1 .4
4 1 .0
4 1 .2

2 .1 5
2 .1 7
2 .1 7
2 .1 7
2 .1 7
2 .1 8
2 .1 8
2 .1 8
2 .2 3
2 .2 3
2. 29

9 1 .9 8
92. 34
9 1 .9 4
9 1 .0 3
9 1 .7 1
9 1 .8 8
9 2 .5 7
91. 94
9 6 .0 0
9 4 .1 3
97. 27

4 0 .7
4 0 .5
4 0 .5
4 0 .1
4 0 .4
4 0 .3
4 0 .6
4 0 .5
4 1 .2
4 0 .4
4 0 .7

2. 26
2 .2 8
2. 27
2. 27
2 .2 7
2 .2 8
2 .2 8
2. 27
2 .3 3
2. 33
2. 39

7 5 .8 9
74. 62
7 5 .4 4
7 5 .6 2
7 5 .3 0
7 6 .4 5
7 9 .4 8
7 8 .5 8
8 0 .6 0
8 3 .6 1
8 4 .0 8

4 1 .7
4 1 .0
4 1 .0
4 1 .1
4 0 .7
4 1 .1
4 2 .5
4 1 .8
4 2 .2
4 3 .1
4 2 .9

1 .8 2
1 .8 2
1 .8 4
1 .8 4
1 .8 5
1 .8 6
1 .8 7
1. 8 8
1 .9 1
1 .9 4
1 .9 6

R u b b e r p r o d u c ts
T o ta l: R u b b e r
p r o d u c ts

1 9 5 2 : N o v e m b e r ____
D e c e m b e r _____
1 9 5 3 : J a n u a r y ________
F e b r u a r y ...........
A p r i l ........... ............
M a y ____________
J u n e ____________
J u l y ______ ______
A u g u s t _________

T ir e s a n d in n e r
tu b e s

C o k e a n d o th e r p etr o le u m a n d c o a l
p r o d u c ts

A vg.
w k ly .
hours

A vg.
h r ly .
earn ­
in g s

L e a th e r a n d le a th e r p r o d u c ts

R u b b e r fo o tw ea r

O th e r ru b b e r
p r o d u c ts

T o ta l: L e a th e r a n d
le a th e r p r o d u c ts

L e a th e r : ta n n e d ,
c u r r ie d , a n d f in is h e d

$ 6 8 . 61
7 4 .4 8
7 5 .2 1

4 0 .6
4 0 .7
4 1 .4

$ 1 .6 9
1 .8 3
1 .8 3

$ 7 8 . 01
85. 65
8 6 .2 8

3 9 .6
4 0 .4
4 0 .7

$ 1 .9 7
2 .1 2
2 .1 2

$ 5 7 . 81
6 2 .2 2
62. 99

4 1 .0
4 0 .4
4 0 .9

$ 1 .4 1
1. 54
1 .5 4

$ 6 3 .1 9
6 6 .5 8
6 7 .6 5

4 1 .3
4 1 .1
4 1 .5

$ 1 .5 3
1 .6 2
1 .6 3

$46. 86
5 0 .6 9
5 1 .2 1

3 6 .9
3 8 .4
3 8 .5

$1. 27
1 .3 2
1 .3 3

$ 6 0 . 61
64. 48
6 5 .9 3

3 9 .1
3 9 .8
4 0 .2

$1. 55
1 .6 2
1 .6 4

7 6 .8 6
7 9 .1 9
7 8 .0 9
7 9 .3 0
8 0 .2 9
79. 3 2
7 8 .1 8
78. 55
78. 98
7 5 .8 4
7 3 .1 5

4 1 .1
4 1 .9
4 1 .1
4 1 .3
4 1 .6
4 1 .1
4 0 .3
4 0 .7
4 0 .5
3 9 .5
3 8 .5

1. 8 7
1 .8 9
1 .9 0
1 .9 2
1 .9 3
1. 9 3
1 .9 4
1. 9 3
1 .9 5
1 .9 2
1. 9 0

8 7 .2 3
90. 42
8 9 .2 4
9 1 .8 0
9 3 .8 3
9 1 .5 8
9 1 .3 0
8 9 .2 0
9 0 .4 5
86. 69
8 0 .4 4

4 0 .2
4 1 .1
4 0 .2
4 0 .8
4 1 .7
4 0 .7
4 0 .4
4 0 .0
4 0 .2
3 8 .7
3 6 .4

2 .1 7
2 .2 0
2. 22
2 .2 5
2. 25
2. 2 5
2 .2 6
2. 23
2. 25
2 .2 4
2 . 21

6 8 .3 0
66. 49
64. 96
6 7 . 57
6 7 .5 7
6 7 .8 2
6 0 .3 1
6 8 .0 6
6 8 .6 4
6 5 .6 9
6 3 .6 8

4 1 .9
4 1 .3
4 0 .1
4 1 .2
4 1 .2
4 1 .1
3 7 .0
4 1 .0
4 1 .1
4 0 .3
3 9 .8

1. 63
1 .6 1
1 .6 2
1 .6 4
1 .6 4
1 .6 5
1 .6 3
1 .6 6
1 .6 7
1 .6 3
1 .6 0

6 9 .8 1
72. 33
7 1 .7 4
7 1 .0 6
7 1 .7 2
7 1. 21
7 0 .9 3
7 1 .2 8
70. 64
6 8 .8 0
6 9 .3 7

4 1 .8
4 2 .8
4 2 .2
4 1 .8
4 1 .7
4 1 .4
4 1 .0
4 1 .2
4 0 .6
4 0 .0
4 0 .1

1. 6 7
1 .6 9
1. 70
1 .7 0
1 .7 2
1. 7 2
1 .7 3
1 .7 3
1 .7 4
1 .7 2
1 .7 3

5 0 .7 6
5 3 .4 6
5 3 .0 6
5 3 .1 9
5 3 .8 4
51. 79
5 1 .6 1
5 2 .3 3
5 1 .8 2
5 1 .9 2
4 9 .4 8

3 7 .6
3 9 .6
3 9 .3
3 9 .4
3 9 .3
3 7 .8
3 7 .4
3 8 .2
3 8 .1
3 7 .9
3 5 .6

1 .3 5
1 .3 5
1 .3 5
1 .3 5
1 .3 7
1. 3 7
1 .3 8
1 .3 7
1 .3 6
1 .3 7
1 .3 9

6 7 .8 0
69. 22
6 7 .7 0
6 7 .7 0
6 7 .0 3
67. 60
6 9 .1 9
69. 26
6 8 .4 6
6 9 .2 0
6 8 .6 0

4 0 .6
4 1 .2
4 0 .3
4 0 .3
3 9 .9
4 0 .0
4 0 .7
4 0 .5
3 9 .8
4 0 .0
3 9 .2

1 .6 7
1. 6 8
1 .6 8
1 .6 8
1 .6 8
1. 6 9
1 .7 0
1 .7 1
1 .7 2
1 .7 3
1 .7 5

L e a th e r a n d le a th e r p r o d u c ts — C o n tin u e d
I n d u s tr ia l le a th e r
b e lt in g a n d p a c k in g

1952: A v e r a g e ,

...

_
D ecem ber.
19 5 3 : J a n u a r y . . .
F e b r u a r y ..
M a r c h _____
A p r i l _______
M a y _______
J u n e _______
J u l y ------------A u g u s t ____

__
...

B o o t a n d sh o e c u t
s to c k a n d fin d in g s

F o o tw e a r (e x c e p t
ru b ber)

3a o

H a n d b a g s a n d s m a ll
le a th e r g o o d s

L uggage

G lo v e s a n d m is c e l­
la n e o u s le a th e r g o o d s

$64. 50
6 4 .1 2
6 7 .2 6

4 3 .0
4 1 .1
4 2 .3

$ 1 . 50
1 .5 6
1 .5 9

$46. 25
4 9 .4 0
4 8 .9 0

3 7 .6
3 8 .9
3 8 .2

$ 1 .2 3
1 .2 7
1 .2 8

$ 4 4 .2 8
4 8 .2 6
4 8 .7 7

3 8 .0
3 8 .1

$ 1 .2 3
1. 2 7
1 .2 8

$53. 72
5 6 .8 4
57. 39

3 9 .5
4 0 .6
4 0 .7

$ 1 .3 6
1 .4 0
1 .4 1

$ 4 3 . 59
4 5 .0 8
4 6 .3 4

3 7 .9
3 8 .2
3 8 .3

$ 1 .1 5
1 .1 8
1 .2 1

$42. 67
4 4 .1 5
44. 74

3 7 .1
3 7 .1
3 7 .6

$ 1 .1 5
1 .1 9
1 .1 9

64. 43
6 7 .3 1
6 9 .2 3
7 0 .0 9
7 1 .9 4
6 8 .2 2
6 7 .3 9
6 4 .8 8
6 3 .6 8
69. 96
6 8 .0 6

4 1 .3
4 2 .6
4 3 .0
4 3 .0
4 3 .6
4 1 .6
4 1 .6
4 0 .3
3 9 .8
4 2 .4
4 1 .5

1. 5 6
1 .5 8
1 .6 1
1 .6 3
1 .6 5
1. 64
1 .6 2
1. 61
1 .6 0
1 .6 5
1 .6 4

47. 97
5 1 .7 3
5 1 .3 5
51. 22
5 1 .3 5
50. 29
4 9 .3 7
5 1 .7 4
50. 95
5 0 .9 4
4 7 .3 5

3 6 .9
4 0 .1
3 9 .5
3 9 .4
3 9 .2
3 8 .1
3 7 .4
3 8 .9
3 8 .6
3 8 .3
3 5 .6

1. 3 0
1 .2 9
1 .3 0
1 .3 0
1 .3 1
1 .3 2
1 .3 2
1 .3 3
1 .3 2
1 .3 3
1 .3 3

4 7 .1 9
5 1 . 09
5 1 .4 8
5 1 .6 1
5 2 .0 0
4 9 .1 0
4 8 .8 1
49. 90
4 9 .6 5
4 9 .2 4
4 5 .8 9

3 6 .3
3 9 .3
3 9 .3
3 9 .4
3 9 .1
3 7 .2
3 6 .7
3 7 .8
3 7 .9
3 7 .3
3 4 .5

1 .3 0
1. 3 0
1 .3 1
1 .3 1
1 .3 3
1 .3 2
1 .3 3
1 .3 2
1 .3 1
1 .3 2
1 .3 3

62. 75
6 1 .1 7
57. 34
5 6 .1 6
5 9 .2 8
58. 75
5 7 .6 0
55. 57
5 6 .2 6
5 6 .3 0
5 9 .7 0

4 2 .4
4 1 .9
4 0 .1
3 9 .0
4 0 .6
4 0 .8
4 0 .0
3 7 .8
3 8 .8
3 9 .1
3 9 .8

1 .4 8
1 .4 6
1 .4 3
1 .4 4
1 .4 6
1. 4 4
1 .4 4
1. 4 7
1 .4 5
1 .4 4
1 .5 0

4 8 .1 2
46. 05
4 5 .3 6
4 8 .0 9
4 8 . 31
4 5 .8 7
4 4 .0 4
46. 36
45. 99
4 7 .5 8
4 4 .5 3

4 0 .1
3 8 .7
3 7 .8
3 9 .1
3 9 .6
3 7 .6
3 6 .4
3 8 .0
3 7 .7
3 9 .0
3 6 .2

1 .2 0
1 .1 9
1 .2 0
1 .2 3
1 .2 2
1 .2 2
1 .2 1
1. 2 2
1 .2 2
1 .2 2
1 .2 3

45. 60
4 5 . 01
4 3 .9 2
4 4 .2 8
4 4 .0 3
4 4 .7 7
4 3 .9 2
4 4 .1 7
4 2 .8 3
4 4 . 53
4 2 .9 4

3 8 .0
3 7 .2
3 6 .3
3 6 .9
3 7 .0
3 7 .0
3 6 .3
3 6 .5
3 5 .4
3 6 .5
3 5 .2

1 .2 0
1 .2 1
1 .2 1
1 ,2 0
1 .1 9
1 .2 1
1 . 21
1 .2 1
1 .2 1
1 .2 2
1 .2 2

S to n e , c la y , a n d g la s s p r o d u c ts
T o ta l: S to n e , d a y ,
a n d g la s s p r o d u c ts

G la ss a n d g ia s s w a r e ,
p ressed or b lo w n 3

F la t g la s s

G la s s c o n ta in e r s

P r e s s e d a n d b lo w n
g la s s

G la ss p r o d u c ts m a d e
o f p u r c h a s e d g la s s

1 9 5 1 : A v e r a g e ________ $ 6 3 .9 1
1 9 5 2 : A v e r a g e ________
6 6 17
S e p t e m b e r ____
6 7 .4 8

4 1 .5
4 1 .1
4 1 .4

$ 1 .5 4
1 .6 1
1 .6 3

$ 8 3 .8 5
8 6 .0 5
8 6 .5 5

4 0 .9
4 0 .4
3 9 .7

$2. 05
2 .1 3
2 .1 8

$59. 20
6 2 .0 9
6 3 .1 2

4 0 .0
3 9 .8
3 9 .7

$ 1 .4 8
1. 56
1. 5 9

$ 6 0 . 55
6 3 .1 2
64. 80

4 0 .1
3 9 .7
4 0 .0

$ 1 . 51
1. 59
1 .6 2

$57. 46
6 0 .8 9
6 1 .0 7

3 9 .9
3 9 .8
3 9 .4

$ 1 .4 4
1 .5 3
1. 5 5

$ 5 3 .1 9
5 6 .3 0
5 7 .1 3

4 0 .6
4 0 .8
4 1 .1

$ 1 .3 1
1 .3 8
1 .3 9

1 9 5 2 : N o v e m b e r ____
D e c e m b e r _____
1 9 5 3 : J a n u a r y ________
F e b r u a r y ______
M a r c h . . _____
A p r i l . . .................
M a y .........................
J u n e ..........................
J u l y _____ _______
A u g u s t _________

4 1 .3
4 1 .5
4 0 .6
4 1 .0
4 1 .3
4 1 .1
4 1 .2
4 1 .1
4 0 .8
4 1 .1
4 0 .4

1 .6 7
1 .6 7
1 .6 8
1 .6 9
1 .7 0
1 .7 1
1 .7 2
1. 7 2
1 .7 3
1. 74
1 .7 6

9 7 .8 1
9 5 .7 1
9 9 .5 3
9 8 .1 8
98. 47
97. 63
101. 52
95. 65
9 6 .4 6
9 4 .8 7
9 1 .9 5

4 1 .8
4 0 .9
4 1 .3
4 1 .6
4 1 .9
4 1 .9
4 2 .3
4 0 .7
4 0 .7
4 0 .2
3 8 .8

2 .3 4
2 .3 4
2 .4 1
2 .3 6
2. 3 5
2. 3 3
2 .4 0
2. 35
2 .3 7
2. 36
2 .3 7

6 4 .6 4
6 5 . 53
6 4 .1 5
6 6 . 23
6 7 .8 0
6 7 .8 9
6 8 .4 6
68. 40
6 7 .0 8
6 8 .6 3
69. 87

3 9 .9
4 0 .7
3 9 .6
3 9 .9
4 0 .6
3 9 .7
3 9 .8
4 0 .0
3 9 .0
3 9 .9
3 9 .7

1 .6 2
1. 61
1 .6 2
1 .6 6
1 .6 7
1 .7 1
1 .7 2
1 .7 1
1. 72
1 .7 2
1 .7 6

6 5 . 61
6 7 .0 8
6 5 .3 4
6 6 .6 3
6 9 .0 5
7 0 .5 8
7 1. 4 6
7 1. 2 3
6 7 .7 3
7 1 .5 1
6 9 . 81

4 0 .5
4 0 .9
3 9 .6
3 9 .9
4 1 .1
4 0 .1
4 0 .6
4 0 .7
3 8 .7
4 0 .4
3 9 .0

1. 6 2
1 .6 4
1 .6 5
1 .6 7
1 .6 8
1. 76
1 .7 6
1. 7 5
1 .7 5
1 .7 7
1 .7 9

63. 67
6 3 . 59
6 2 . 41
65. 27
6 6 .4 0
6 4 .6 8
64. 57
6 4 .9 1
65. 80
6 4 .8 5
69. 66

3 9 .3
4 0 .5
3 9 .5
3 9 .8
4 0 .0
3 9 .2
3 8 .9
39. 1
3 9 .4
3 9 .3
4 0 .5

1. 6 2
1. 5 7
1 .5 8
1 .6 4
1 .6 6
1. 6 5
1 .6 5
1 .6 6
1 .6 7
1 .6 5
1 .7 2

6 0 .9 1
63. 22
6 0 .0 6
6 0 .2 0
6 1 .1 7
59. 57
5 9 .1 8
58. 75
57. 28
5 9 .1 3
5 8 .8 0

4 2 .3
4 3 .9
4 2 .0
4 2 .1
4 1 .9
4 0 .8
4 1 .1
4 0 .8
3 9 .5
4 0 .5
4 0 .0

1 .4 4
1. 4 4
1 .4 3
1 .4 3
1 .4 6
1 .4 6
1 .4 4
1. 4 4
1 .4 5
1 .4 6
1 .4 7

68. 97
6 9 .3 1
6 8 . 21
69. 29
7 0 .2 1
70. 28
7 0 .8 6
7 0 .6 9
70. 58
7 1 .5 1
7 1 .1 0

S e e fo o t n o t e s a t e n d o f ta b le ,


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

MONTHLY LABOR

G: EARNINGS AND HOURS

1362

T able C -l : Honrs and gross earnings of production workers or nonsupervisory employees 1—Continued
M a n u f a c tu r in g — 0 o n ti n u e d
S to n e , c la y , a n d g la ss p r o d u c t s - - C o n t i n u e d
C e m e n t, h y d r a u l ic
Y e a r a n d m o n th
A vg.
w k ly .
e a rn ­
in g s

A vg.
w k ly .
h o u rs

A vg.
b r ly .
e a rn ­
in g s

S t r u c t u r a l c la y
p ro d u c ts 5
A vg.
w k ly .
e a rn ­
in g s

A vg.
w k ly .
h o u rs

A vg.
h r ly .
e a rn ­
in g s

A vg.
w k ly .
e a rn ­
in g s

A vg.
w k ly .
h o u rs

1951: A v e r a g e _______
1952: A v e r a g e ______
S e p t e m b e r ____

$65. 21
67. 72
69.22

41 .8
41 .8
4 1 .7

$1.56
1.62
1.66

$60.03
60.09
61.35

41.4
4 0 .6
4 0 .9

$1.45
1.48
1.50

$57. 92
58. 51
60.49

42 .9
42. 4
4 2 .9

1952: N o v e m b e r ___
D e c e m b e r ____
1953: J a n u a r y _ __
F e b r u a r y _____

71.23
71.23
70.97
70. 55
71.40
71.23
72.38
73.99
76. 26
75.00
77. 56

4 1 .9
4 1 .9
41. 5
41 .5
42 .0
41. 9
4 1 .6
41 .8
4 1 .9
4 1 .9
4 1 .7

1.70
1.70
1.71
1 .7 0
1.70
1. 70
1.74
1.77
1. 82
1.79
1.86

61.51
61.81
60.28
61.05
62. 37
63.09
63.24
64. 74
65.41
65. 57
64.40

40 .2
40.4
39 .4
3 9 .9
40. 5
40. 7
4 0 .8
4 1 .5
4 1 .4
4 1 .5
4 0 .5

1.53
1.53
1.53
1.53
1. 54
1. 55
1. 55
1. 56
1.58
1.58
1.59

59. 36
58.80
56.30
57.13
59. 50
60. 92
60.35
62. 64
62.35
62.93
61.89

42.1
42 .0
40 .8
41.4
42. 2
42. 6
42 .2
4 3 .2
4 3 .0
43.1
42.1

M arch.

. ..

A n r i l _________
M a y __________
J u n e __________
J u l v __________
A u g u st
- -S e p te m b e r ____

P o tte ry a n d
r e l a te d p r o d u c t s

F lo o r a n d
w a l l tile

B rick, a n d
h o llo w tile

C o n c r e te , g y p s u m ,
a n d p la s t e r p r o d ­
u c ts 1

A vg.
h r ly .
e a rn ­
in g s

$57.91
61.15
62.08

38.1
3 8 .7
3 8 .8

$1.52
1.58
1.60

$68. 25
70. 65
72. 66

45 .2
4 5 .0
4 5 .7

$1. 51
1.57
1.59

$67 50
70. 22
72. 22

45 .0
45.3
46 .0

1952: N o v e m b e r -----D e c e m b e r ____
1953: J a n u a r y ______
F e b r u a r y _____
M a r c h . _____
A p r i l _________
M a y __________
J u n e ____
J u l y ___________
A u g u s t — ___
S e p t e m b e r ____

63. 52
63.11
62. 65
63. 96
64. 35
62. 87
61.92
61.09
60. 76
59. 57
59.07

39.7
3 9 .2
3 8 .2
3 9 .0
39 .0
38.1
37 .3
3 6 .8
3 6 .6
36 .1
3 5 .8

1. 60
1.61
1.64
1.64
1.65
1 .6 5
1.66
1.66
1.6 6
1.65
1.65

71.32
72.45
69.12
70. 79
70. 63
72. 32
71.88
73.54
73.37
76.33
74. 56

4 4 .3
4 5 .0
4 3 .2
43 .7
43. 6
44.1
44. 1
4 4 .3
4 4 .2
4 4 .9
4 3 .6

1.61
1.61
1.60
1.62
1. 62
1 .6 4
1.63
1.66
1. 66
1.70
1.71

70.31
71.87
67.82
69. 64
69.64
71.16
71.16
72. 82
71.72
75.77
72.31

4 4 .5
4 5 .2
4 3 .2
43.8
43.8
44.2
4 4 .2
44.4
4 4 .0
45 .1
43.3

39.9
39 .9
4 0 .1

63.68
64. 87
65.20
65. 44
66. 33
66. 40
66. 80
67.97
68. 64
68.97
69.12

39 .8
39 8
40.0
3 9 .9
40 2
40.0
4 0 .0
4 0 .7
4 1 .1
41.3
4 0 .9

1. 41
1 .4 0
1.38
1.38
1.41
1.43
1.43
1.45
1.45
1.4 6
1.47

1951: A v e r a g e _____
19/52: A v e ra g e
S e p te m b e r ____

$69.44
71. 57
74.13

43. 4
42. 6
43 .1

1952: N o v e m b e r . . .
D e c e m b e r ____
1953: J a n u a r y ______
F e b r u a r y _____
M a r c h . . '____
A p r i l __________
M a y . . ..............
J u n e _______ . .
J u l y ___________
A u g u st.
__
S e p te m b e r ____

74.99
74.21
72. 58
72.91
75. 08
76. 72
78.04
77.43
77. 51
75. 65
76.32

4 3 .6
4 3 .4
42. 2
41.9
42.9
43. 1
4 3 .6
4 3 .5
4 3 .3
4 2 .5
4 2 .4

1. 72
1.71
1 .7 2
1. 74
1. 75
1. 78
1. 79
1. 78
1.79
1. 78
1.80

66.05
69. 91
71. 96
74.65
71.20
72. 36
71.00
68. 35
70. 72
71.40
72.36

A vg.
w k ly .
e a rn ­
in g s

A vg.
w k ly .
h o u rs

$1. 51 $58.15
1.57
59. 98
1. 59
6 1 .3S
1.60
1 .6 3
1.63
1.64
1. 65
1. 66
1.67
1.67
1.6 7
1.67
1.69

62. 09
63.04
59. 59
60.68
62.81
64. 08
64. 88
66.01
66. 91
66.10
65.11

40.1
39.2
3 9 .6
39.3
39 9
3 8 .2
3 8 .9
39 5
40.3
40.3
41.0
41.3
40 .8
3 9 .7

A vg.
h r ly .
e a rn ­
in g s

4 1 .5
41.1
4 1 .9

$1.42
1.46
1.46

$68. 46
69. 83
70. 76

4 2 .0
4 0 .6
4 0 .9

62.88
62.02
60. 85
62. 17
62. 27
62. 88
64. 90
64.17
64.02
64, 79
63.9 6

41.1
40 8
40. 3
40. 9
40. 7
41.1
4 1 .6
41.4
41 .3
4 1 .8
4 1 .0

1.63
1.52
1.51
1.52
1.53
1. 53
1. 56
1. 55
1. 55
1.55
1 .5 6

72. 39
72. 92
73.16
73. 62
74. 29
74. 57
75. 30
73. 67
73.35
74.34
74.40

4 0 .9
4 1 .2
41.1
4 0 .9
41.5
41 .2
4 1 .6
4 0 .7
40 .3
40 .4
4 0 .0

A vg.
w k ly .
e a rn ­
in g s

$1.45 $63. 76
1. 53
61.60
59. 72
1.55
1. 58
1.58
1.56
1.56
1.59
1. 59
1.61
1. 61
1.62
1.62
1.64

M is c e lla n e o u s n o n m e ta l lic
m in e ra l
p ro d u c ts'

$1.50 $.58.93
1. 55 60.01
61.17
1.57
1. 58
1.59
1.57
1. 59
1. 59
1. 61
1. 61
1.64
1.63
1.68
1.67

C l a y r e fr a c to r ie s

63.41
64.64
63. 41
64.43
65. 32
64.26
65. 28
66.13
68.20
69.24
66.93

1.77

1.77

A vg.
h r ly .
e a rn ­
in g s

40.1
38. 5
3 7 .8

$1.59
1.60
1.58

37.3
37.8
3 7 .3
3 7 .9
38. 2
3 7 .8
3 8 .4
38 .9
38 .1
3 8 .9
3 7 .6

1.70
1.71
1.70
1.70
1.71
1. 70
1.70
1.70
1.79
1.78
1.78

A b r a s i v e p r o d u c ts

$1. 63 $72. 28
1. 72
73. 45
1.73
71.98

1.78
1 ,8 0
1. 79
1. 81
1.81
1.81
1.82
1.84
1. 86

A vg.
w k ly .
h o u rs

79.07
81.67
81.06
80. 54
82.88
81. 51
82. 52
79. 59
78. 01
78. 61
73.68

41.3
39 7
3 8 .7

$1.75
1.85
1.86

41.4
42.1
42.0
4 1 .3
42. 5
41 .8
42.1
40.4
3 9 .6
3 9 .5
3 7 .4

1.91
1.94
1.93
1.95
1.95
1.95
1. 96
1.97
1.97
1.99
1.97

P r i m a r y m e ta l in d u s tr i e s

N o n c l a y r e fr a c to r ie s

$1.60 $66. 78
65. 70
1.6 8
1. 72
66.96

A vg.
h r ly .
e a rn ­
in g s

C u t- s to n e a n d
s to n e p r o d u c t s

S to n e , c la y , a n d g la ss p r o d u c t s — C o n .

A s b e s to s p r o d u c ts

A vg.
w k ly .
h o u rs

$1. 35 $60. 25
1 .3 8
62. 64
1.41
63.76

C o n c r e te p r o d u c ts

1951: A v e r a g e ______
1952: A v e r a g e ______
S e p t e m b e r ____

A vg.
w k ly .
e a rn ­
in g s

S ew er p ip e

T o ta l: P r im a ry
m e ta l in d u s tr i e s

B la s t f u rn a c e s , s te e l­
w o r k s , a n d ro llin g
m ills !

B l a s t f u r n a c e s , s te e lw o r k s , a n d r o llin g
m i l l s , e x c e p t e le c tro ­
m e t a l lu r g i c a l p r o d ­
u c ts

E l e c tr o m e t a ll u r g i c a l
p r o d u c ts

3 8 .6
36.3
3 7 .2

$1.73
1.81
1.80

$75.12
77. 33
81.7 9

4 1 .5
40.7
41.1

$1.81
1.90
1.99

$77. 30
79. 60
87.12

4 0 .9
4 0 .0
4 0 .9

$1.89
1.99
2.13

$77. 30
79.60
87.12

40 9
40 0
4 0 .9

$1.89
1.99
2.13

$74.46
76.04
76.48

4 1 .6
41.1
4 0 .9

$1.79
1.85
1.87

34.4
3 6 .6
3 6 .9
3 7 .7
36 7
3 7 .3
3 6 .6
3 5 .6
3 5 .9
3 5 .7
3 6 .0

1 .9 2
1.91
1 .9 5
1 .9 8
1.94
1. 94
1.94
1.9 2
1.97
2 .0 0
2.01

82.80
84.02
84. 65
83. 21
84. 23
83. 22
83. 84
84.87
85. 07
85 .2 8
85.65

41. 4
41.8
41 7
41. 4
41.7
41.2
41 .3
41.4
40.9
4 1 .0
4 0 .4

2. 00
2.01
2 .0 3
2. 01
2 .0 2
2. 02
2.0 3
2.0 5
2.0 8
2 .0 8
2 .1 2

86. 31
86.51
89.01
85.89
85. 89
84. 63
86. 72
87. 53
89. 76
90.64
91.35

41.1
41.0
41.4
4 0 .9
40 .9
4 0 .3
41.1
4 0 .9
4 0 .8
4 1 .2
4 0 .6

2 .1 0
2.11
2 .1 5
2 .1 0
2. 10
2. 10
2.11
2.1 4
2.20
2. 20
2. 25

86. 31
86. 51
89.01
85. 89
85 .8 9
84. 63
86. 72
87.5 3
89. 76
90.64
91.35

41.1
4 1 .0
41 .4
4 0 .9
4 0 .9
40 .3
41.1
4 0 .9
4 0 .8
4 1 .2
4 0 .6

2 .1 0
2.11
2 .1 5
2.10
2. 10
2 .1 0
2.11
2.14
2. 20
2. 20
2. 25

79.07
79. 87
80.29
80. 51
79. 30
79.10
79. 95
79. 95
83.8 2
81.99
86.29

4 1 .4
4 1 .6
41 .6
41 .5
41.3
41 .2
41 .0
4 1 .0
4 1 .7
41 .2
4 2 .3

1.91
1.92
1.93
1.94
1.92
1.92
1.95
1.95
2.01
1 .9 9
2.04

P r i m a r y m e ta l i n d u s t r i e s - - C o n t i n u e d
ir o n a n a s ie e i
fo u n d r ie s 3

G r a y -ir o n f o u n d r ie s

1951: A v e r a g e ______
1952: A v e ra g e
S e p te m b e r ____

$71.66
72. 22
73.80

42.4
40 .8
4 1 .0

$1.69
1.77
1.80

$70. 05
69. 89
72.69

42 .2
40. 4
41.3

1952: N o v e m b e r ___
D e c e m b e r ___
1953: J a n u a r y _____
F e b r u a r y _____
M a r c h . ._ .
A p r i l _________
M a y ....................
J u n e _________
J u l y . . _______
A u g u s t _______
S e p te m b e r ____

74.30
76.96
74.89
76. 63
78. 96
78. 40
77. 27
78.44
77.33
76.55
75.05

40 .6
41. 6
40 .7
41 .2
4 2 .0
41. 7
41.1
41. 5
4 0 .7
4 0 .5
3 9 .5

1.83
1.8 5
1.84
1.8 6
1.88
1.8 8
1.88
1 .8 9
1.90
1.89
1.90

71.91
73. 75
72.32
73. 49
76. 49
77.10
75. 81
76.78
75.89
74.70
73.84

40. 4
4 1 .2
40.4
4 0 .6
41.8
41. £
4 1 .2
41.5
4 0 .8
4 0 .6
3 9 .7

S ee

footnotes

at

e n d of


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

ta b le .

IVLUUtUUlt-lTO'H

$1.66 $72.07
1. 73 70. 56
73.82
1.76
1.78
1.79
1.79
1.81
1.88
1.84
1.84
1. 85
1 .8 6
1.84
1 .8 6

75.17
76. 63
75. 70
80. 79
81.66
79. 68
79.23
79. 52
78.09
75. 79
74. 09

P r i m a r y s m e l ti n g a n d
P r im a ry
s m e ltin g
and
r e f in in g
of
r e fin in g o f c o p p e r ,
n o n f e r r o u s m e ta ls 1
le a d , a n d z in c

S te e l f o u n d r ie s

f o u n d r ie s

4 1 .9
39 2
3 9 .9

$1.72
1.80
1.85

$75. 86
77. 70
75. 67

43.1
42.0
4 0 .9

$1.76
1.8 5
1.85

$69. 97
75. 48
77. 56

41 .4
41.7
4 1 .7

$1.09
1.81
1.8 6

$69. 38
75.06
76.49

41 .3
4 1 .7
4 1 .8

$1.68
1.80
1.83

4 0 .2
4 1 .2
4 0 .7
42.3
42 .5
41. 5
4 1 .7
4 1 .2
41. 1
4 0 .1
3 9 .2

1.87
1.86
1.86
1.91
1.92
1. 92
1.90
1.93
1.90
1.89
1.89

79.10
83.10
79. 52
SI 29
82 29
80. 95
79. 58
81.95
79.19
79. 99
78.60

4 1 .2
42.4
4 1 .2
41. 9
42 2
41 .3
4 0 .6
41.6
4 0 .2
4 0 .4
39 .3

1.92
1.96
1 .9 3
1.9 4
1.95
1. 96
1.96
1.97
1.97
1.98
2 .0 0

77.79
78.58
79.61
79. 65
79.65
79. 46
79. 46
80.10
80.34
80.38
84.6 7

4 1 .6
4 1 .8
4 1 .9
4 1 .7
41.7
4 1 .6
4 1 .6
41. 5
4 1 .2
4 0 .8
41.3

1.87
1.88
1.90
1.91
1.91
1. 91
1.91
1. 93
1.95
1.97
2. 05

76. 86
77. 89
78.54
79.15
79. 15
78. 35
78.35
79. 61
79.84
79.49
8 3 .5 8

4 2 .0
42.1
42.0
42.1
42. 1
41. 9
41.9
41. 9
4 1 .8
41 .4
4 2 .0

1.83
1.85
1.87
1.88
1.88
1.87
1.87
1.90
1.91
1. 92
1.99

REVIEW, DECEMBER 1953

0: EARNINGS AND HOURS

1363

T able C -l : Honrs and gross earnings of production workers or nonsupervisory employees 1—Continued
M a n u fa c t u r in g — C o n t in u e d

P r im a r y m e ta l i n d u s tr i e s — C o n ti n u e d

Y ear a n d m o n th

P r i m a r y r e fin in g o f
a lu m in u m

A vg.
w k ly .
e a rn ­
in g s

A vg.
w k ly .
h o u rs

A vg.
h r ly .
e a rn ­
in g s

S e c o n d a ry s m e ltin g
and
re f in in g
of
n o n f e r r o u s m e ta ls

R o llin g ,
d r a w in g ,
and
a llo y in g of
n o n ferro u s m e ta is 2

A vg.
w k ly .
e a rn ­
in g s

A vg.
w k ly .
e a rn ­
in g s

A vg.
w k ly .
h o u rs

1951: A v e r a g e ___
1952: A v e r a g e ___
S e p te m b e r ^

$70. 97
76. 08
80.90

4 1 .5
4 1 .8
4 1 .7

$1.71
1.82
1.94

$64. 94
68.15
68.97

41.1
41 .3
4 1 .3

1952: N o v e m b e r .
D e c e m b e r ..
1953: J a n u a r y ___
F e b r u a r y ..
M a r c h ____
A p r i l .............
M a y ............
J u n e _______
J u l y _______
A u g u s t ____
S e p te m b e r.

81.18
80.32
81. 56
80.98
79. 38
80.59
80. 57
80. 79
80.00
81.37
86.72

4 1 .0
4 1 .4
41.4
4 0 .9
40. 5
40 .7
40 .9
40 .6
4 0 .0
3 9 .5
3 9 .6

1.9 8
1.94
1.97
1.98
1.96
1.9 8
1.97
1.99
2. 00
2 .0 6
2 .1 9

73. 44
75. 60
71.72
72. 91
74.62
74.03
74. 69
73. 22
71.69
73. 69
73. 98

4 3 .2
4 3 .7
41.7
41 .9
4 2 .4
4 2 .3
42.2
4 1 .6
4 0 .5
4 1 .4
41 .1

A vg.
h r ly .
e a rn ­
in g s

$1. 58 $68. 78
1.65
74.88
1.67
77.33
1.7 0
1.73
1. 72
1 .7 4
1.76
1.75
1. 77
1.76
1.77
1. 78
1.80

80. 28
82.51
82. 75
82. 75
83. 57
83. 38
83.4 2
85. 26
82. 29
82. 54
83.02

A vg.
w k ly .
h o u rs

A vg.
h r ly .
e a rn ­
in g s

a l lo y in g o f c o p p e r

A vg.
w k ly .
e a rn ­
in g s

A vg.
w k ly .
h o u rs

A vg.
h r ly .
e a rn ­
in g s

i r o n a n d s te e l
f o r g in g s

N o n f e r r o u s f o u n d r ie s

A vg.
w k ly .
e a rn ­
in g s

A vg.
w k ly .
e a rn ­
in g s

A vg.
w k ly .
h o u rs

A vg.
h r ly .
e a rn ­
in g s

A vg.
w k ly .
h o u rs

A vg.
h r ly .
e a rn ­
in g s

40. 7
4 1 .6
4 1 .8

$1.69
1.80
1.85

$70. 76
76.49
79.66

40.
4 1 .8
42 6

$64.22
69. 95
72. 89

3 9 .4
40. 2
3 9 .4

$1.63
1.74
1.85

$73. 74
77. 79
79.23

41.
4 1 .6
4 1 .7

$1.76
1.87
1.90

4 2 .7
4 3 .2
43. 1
43.1
43 .3
4 3 .2
4 3 .0
4 3 .5
4 2 .2
41 .9
41.1

1 .8 8
1.91
1.92
1.92
1.93
1.93
1.94
1.96
1.95
1. 97
2.0 2

83.14

4 3 .3
44.1
43 .7
4 3 .4
43 7
44.1
4 4 .6
4 4 .9
4 3 .4
43. 1
4 1 .2

75. 48
75. 67
77. 61
78.68
79. 29
77. 42
74. 59
77. 27
75. 60
75. 46
79.60

4 0 .8
40 .9
4 1 .5
42.3
42.4
41 .4
40. 1
41.1
4 0 .0
39.1
3 9 .8

1.8 5
1.8 5
1.87
1.86
1.87
1.87
1.86
1.88
1.89
1.93
2 .0 0

81.87
84.0 0
82.84
82.10
82. 71
80. 56
80. 24
80 .9 7
80. 59
78. 99
79.19

4 2 .2
4 3 .3
42 .7
42.1
4 2 .2
41.1
41. 2
41.1
4 0 .7
4 0 .3
4 0 .2

1.94
1.94
1.94
1.95
1.9 6
1.9 6
1.9 5
1.97
1. 98
1. 96
1.97

86.00
85. 22
85.5 0
86.09
87.3 2
89. 20
90. 25
86. 37

86. 20
83.64

‘ » u i i u j w u u ic M i
vexeep i oru n an ce,
m a c h in e r y , a n d tr a n s p o r t a tio n e q u ip m e n t )

P r im a r y m e ta l in d u s tr ie s — C o n tin u e d

M is c e lla n e o u s
p r i­
m a r y m e ta l i n d u s ­
tr ie s 2

R o l li n g , d r a w i n g , a n d
a l lo y in g o f a l u m i n u m

W e ld e d a n d h e a v y r iv e te d p i p e

W ir e d r a w i n g

T o ta l:
F a b ric a te d
m e ta l
p ro d u c ts
(ex cep t o rd n a n c e ,
m a c h in e r y ,
and
tra n s p o rta tio n
e q u ip m e n t)

1951: A v e r a g e ___
1952: A v e r a g e . . .
S e p te m b e r.

$80. 65
82.15
81.79

4 2 .9
41 .7
41.1

$1.88
1.97
1.99

$84. 87
86.0 9
81.81

4 3 .3
42. 2
4 0 .7

$1.96
2.04
2.01

$80.41
80. 54
82.00

4 3 .0
41.3
4 1 .0

$1.87
1.95
2 .0 0

$75. 07
81.14
83.18

4 0 .8
41.4
41 .8

$1.84
1.9 6
1.99

$68. 81
72.38
74. 52

41. 7
41. 6
42 .1

1952: N o v e m b e r .
D e c e rn b e r . .
1953: J a n u a r y ___
F e b r u a r y ...
M a r c h _____
A p r i l ......... ..
M a y ...........
J u n e ............ ..
J u l y -----------A u g u s t ____
S e p te m b e r ..

87. 55
90. 06
89. 87
89.03
90.09
88.41
86. 74
86.94
85. 89
86. 72
85. 63

42. 5
4 3 .3
4 3 .0
42 .6
4 2 .9
42 .3
4 1 .5
4 1 .6
4 0 .9
41.1
4 0 .2

2. 06
2.0 8
2. 09
2.09
2. 10
2.0 9
2. 09
2 .0 9
2 .1 0
2.11
2.1 3

89. 25
95. 47
94.8 3
93. 96
94. 61
92. 65
90. 92
89. 44
88. 99
89.8 6
87. 42

4 2 .5
4 4 .2
43. 5
43.3
43 .2
4 2 .5
41 .9
4 1 .6
4 1 .2
4 1 .6
40. 1

2 .1 0
2.16
2. 18
2.1 7
2. 19
2 .1 8
2. 17
2 .1 5
2 .1 6
2 .1 6
2 .1 8

86. 51
86. 50
87. 55
84.87
86 93
86.11
85.4 9
86.73
81.4 5
84.23
82.74

42. 2
42, 4
4 2 .5
41.4
42 .2
41 .8
41. 5
41 .9
4 0 .6
4 0 .3
3 9 .4

2. 05
2.04
2. 06
2. 05
2. 06
2. 06
2. 06
2. 07
2.0 8
2. 09
2.1 0

87. 55
87. 55
85. 90
86. 73
87. 36
85.91
82.01
81.5 9
82.18
83.18
82.95

42 .5
4 2 .5
41. 7
42.1
4 2 .0
41 .5
40.4
3 9 .8
3 9 .7
3 9 .8
3 9 .5

2. 06
2. 06
2 06
2.0 6
2. 08
2.0 7
2. 03
2. 05
2 .0 7
2 .0 9
2 .1 0

75.90
78 ’37
76. 74
76.80
77. 59
77.23
77.04
77.28
76.41
76. 59
75.70

42.4
43 .3
42 .4
4 2 .2
42. 4
4 2 .2
42 1
4 2 .0
4 1 .3
41 .4
4 0 .7

T i n c a n s a n d o th e r
ti n w a r e

$1. 65 $66.49
1. 74
69. 72
1. 77
74. 04
1. 79
1. 81
1.81
1. 82
1. 83
1.83
1. 83
1. 84
1. 85
1. 85
1.86

71 46
74. 52
73 51
73 39
73 21
73 80
74 16
75 24
78 32
78 94
77. 83

41 3
41 5
43^3
41 3
42 1
41 3
41 n
40 Q
41 0
41 2
41 8
42 8
42 Q
4 2 .3

$1 61
1 68
1.71
1 73
1 77
1 78

1 79

1 79
1 80
1 80
1 80
1 83
1 §4
1.84

F a b r ic a te d m e ta l p r o d u c t s — C o n ti n u e d

C u t l e r y , h a n d to o ls ,
and h a rd w a re 3

A v e r a g e _______
A v e r a g e _______
S e p t e m b e r ____

$66.30
69. 05
70.04

4 1 .7
41.1
4 1 .2

N o v e m b e r ____
D e c e m b e r ____
J a n u a r y ..............
F e b r u a r y ____
M a r c h ________
A p r i l ______ . .
M a v _____
J u n e __________
J u l y ---------------A u g u s t ____
S e p te m b e r ____

73. 60
75. 25
74.80
74. 69
74. 69
74.87
75. 12
75.36
73. 39
72. 62
72. 62

42 .3
4 3 .0
42. 5
4 2 .2
42 .2
42 .3
42. 2
42. 1
4 1 .0
40 .8
4 0 .8

C u tl e r y a n d edge
to o ls

$1. 59 $60. 74
1.6 8
63. 55
1.70
65.05
1.74
1.7 5
1. 76
1.77
1.77
1.7 7
1. 78
1.79
1. 79
1. 78
1.78

67.84
68. 75
66. 40
66. 49
66.40
66.65
66.08
65. 92
65. 29
67. 57
67.16

H a n d to o ls

H e a t in g a p p a r a t u s
(ex cep t
e le c tric )
and
p lu m b e r s ’
s u p p lie s 3

H a rd w a re

4 1 .6
4 1 .0
4 1 .7

$1.46
1.55
1.56

$69. 70
69. 38
68.9 5

42 .5
41.3
4 0 .8

$1.64
1.68
1.69

$66. 49
70. 6f
72.69

41 .3
41.1
41 .3

$1. 61
1. 72
1 .7 6

$68. 71
70. 99
73.39

42.4
42 .7
4 1 .5
41 3
41. 5
41.4
41.3
4 1 .2
4 0 .3
4 1 .2
4 0 .7

1 .6 0
1.61
1.60
1. 61
1.60
1.61
1.60
1.60
1.62
1.64
1.65

72.38
73.43
74. 10
74.58
75. 78
75. 54
75. 00
75. 96
74.34
73.03
73.39

4 1 .6
4 2 .2
42. 1
41.9
42. 1
42.2
41 .9
42. 2
41 .3
4 0 .8
4 1 .0

1.74
1.74
1. 76
1 .7 8
1.80
1. 79
1. 79
1.80
1.80
1.79
1.79

76. 25
78. 30
77. 83
77. 11
70. 93
77. 71
78.14
78. 02
75.03
73. 89
74.07

4 2 .6
43. 5
43 .0
42.6
42 .5
4 2 .7
42. 7
4 2 .4
4 1 .0
4 0 .6
4 0 .7

1. 79
1 .8 0
1.81
1.81
1.81
1.8 2
1.83
1.84
1.83
1.82
1.82

73. 34
75. 78
72. 90
74. 21
74. 21
74.48
73. 31
72.98
72. 98
72. 80
71. 76

O il b u r n e r s , n o n e le c tr ie
h e a tin g
and
cooK in g a p p a r a t u s ,
n o t e ls e w h e r e c la s s if te d

F a b r ic a te d s tr u c t u r a ]
m e ta l p r o d u c t s 3

S t r u c tu r a l s te e l a n d
o r n a m e n ta l m e ta lw ork

M e ta l doors, sa sh ,
fr a m e s y
m o ld i n g ,
a n d tr i m

A v e r a g e ..............
A v e ra g e .
S e p t e m b e r ____

$66.18
69. 87
72.83

4 0 .6
41.1
42 .1

$1.63
1 .7 0
1.73

$71. 49
74. 87
76.86

4 2 .3
4 2 .3
4 2 .7

$1.69
1.77
1.80

$71.49
75. 05
77. 83

42 .3
42. 4
4 3 .0

$1.69
1.77
1.81

$71. 57
74.23
71.45

42.1
4 1 .7
41 .3

N o v e m b e r ____
D e c e m b e r ____
J a n u a r y ______
F e b r u a r y ___ _
M a r c h ________
A p r il... . . . .
M a y --------------J u n e __________
J u l y ---------------A u g u st . . . .
S e p te m b e r ____

72. 45
74. 87
72. 04
73.16
73. 34
73. 21
72. 27
72.32
72. 50
72.32
71.50

41.4
4 2 .3
4 0 .7
41.1
4 1 .2
4 0 .9
40 .6
4 0 .4
40. 5
4 0 .4
3 9 .5

1 .7 5
1.77
1. 77
1.78
1 .7 8
1.79
1. 78
1.79
1. 79
1.79
1.81

78.14
79. 92
78. 38
79.24
79. 79
79. 61
79.85
80. 46
79. 00
81. 56
80. 45

42. 7
4 3 .2
42 .6
4 2 .6
42. 9
42 .8
42. 7
42 .8
4 1 .8
42. 7
4 1 .9

1.83
1.8 5
1.84
1.86
1.86
1.8 6
1.87
1.88
1.89
1.91
1.92

77. 90
78. 51
78. 94
79.18
79. 92
79. 55
80. 35
81.97
79. 71
82.46
80.41

42. 8
4 2 .9
42.9
42.8
43.2
4 3 .0
43 .2
4 3 .6
42.4
4 3 .4
42.1

1.82
1.83
1.84
1.85
1.85
1.85
1.86
1.88
1.88
1.90
1.91

80.14
81.89
78. 40
77. 49
80. 56
78. 58
79.34
81.13
78.44
78.31
77. 55

42. 4
43 1
41. 7
4 1 .0
42.4
4 1 .8
42.2
42 .7
4 1 .5
41 .0
4 0 .6

S ee fo o tn o te s a t e n d of ta b le .


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

1.89
1. 90
1.88
1.89
1.90
1.88
1.88
1.90
1. 89
1.91
1.91

40 .9
40. 8
4 1 .7

$1. 68 $75. 24
1 74
73 60
1.76
75.11
1 78
41. 2
76 30
42.1
78 62
1. 80
75 39
40. 5
1. 80
76 73
4 1 .0 . 1 81
41. 0
1. 81 76 76
77 38
40. 7
1.83
40. 5
1.81
76 19
40.1
1. 82 74 26
74 OQ
40.1
1 82
74 9Q
1 82
40 0
3 9 .0
1.84
72. 95

B o ile r -s h o p p r o d u c ts

$1. 70 $71. 90
1.7 8
74.80
1. 73
75.36
76. 99
80 04
78. 38
79. 79
79. 55
80.3 5
79.85
80.09
80. 98
82.41
81.06

S a n ita r y w a re a n d
p lu m b e r s ’ s u p p lie s

42. 8
42. 5
42.1
42. 3
43. 5
42. 6
42. 9
43. 0
43. 2
42 7
4 2 .6
42. 4
42. 7
4 2 .0

40 8
41 6
40 1
40 6
40 4
40 3
40 1
30 5
30 2
30 1
3 7 .8

$1
1
1.
1.

80

QA
cy*

85

I1. 0Q/7
1 89
1 O
00u
1.

1 5»
OQ
1.
1 OQ
1 92
1 00
1 88
11. O
80
CT
1 on
1.
ctU
1.93

S h e e t m e ta lw o r k

$1. 68 $70 39
75 18
1. 76
1.79
79. 24
1. 82
1. 84
1. 84
1. 86
1 85
1.8 6
1.87
1. 88
1. 91
1. 93
1.93

41 8
40 0
40. 6

80 11
80 35
78 20
79 20
79 10
80 33
79 99
78 81
75 70
80 37
81.2 5

41 0
49 0
43! 3
43 3
43 2
49 5
49 4
42 3
49 5
42 1
41 7
40 1
42 3
42! 1

$1 68
1 79
1. 83
1
1
1
1
1
1

85
8f>
84
87
87
89

1 QO

1 89
1 89
1 90
1.93

G: EARNINGS AND HOURS

1364

M ONTHLY LABOR

T able C -l : Hours and gross earnings of production workers or nonsupervisory employees 1—Continued
M a n u f a c t u r in g —C o n t i n u e d
F a b r i c a t e d m e ta l p r o d u c t s (e x c e p t o r d n a n c e , m a c h in e r y , a n d tr a n s p o r t a t i o n e q u i p m e n t ) — C o n ti n u e d
M e t a l s ta m p in g , c o a tin g , a n d e n g r a v i n g s

Y ear a n d m o n th

A vg.
w k ly .
e a rn in g s

A vg.
w k ly .
h o u rs

A vg.
h r ly .
e a rn in g s

V itr e o u s -e n a m e le d
p ro d u c ts

A vg.
w k ly .
e a rn m gs

A vg.
w k ly .
h o u rs

1951: A v e r a g e ...........
1952: A v e r a g e -------S e p te m b e r...

$58.38
74.29
77.23

4 0 .7
41.5
4 2 .2

$1.68
1.79
1.83

$52.92
53.86
55. 92

3 7 .8
3 7 .4
3 8 .3

1952: N o v e m b e r ___
D e c e m b e r ___
1953: J a n u a r y . ..........
F e b r u a r y ____
M a r c h _______
A p r il _______
M a y . ..................
J u n e _________
J u l y ....................
A u g u s t ______

79. 00
82.91
80.22
79.10
79.52
79.29
79.15
78.58
78.88
78.12
76.99

42.7
44.1
4 2 .9
4 2 .3
4 2 .3
42.4
42 .1
4 1 .8
4 1 .3
4 0 .9
40.1

1. 85
1 .8 8
1 .8 7
1 .8 7
1 .8 8
1.87
1 .8 8
1.88
1. 91
1.91
1 .9 2

56.79
60.35
59.49
58.8 9
59.49
57.08
57.53
58. 22
63.4 5
60. 76
58 .7 8

3 8 .9
4 0 .5
3 9 .4
3 9 .0
39.4
3 7 .8
38 .1
3 8 .3
4 1 .2
3 9 .2
3 7 .2

S e p te m b e r__

A vg.
h r ly .
e a rn in g s

S ta m p e d a n d p ressed
m e ta l p r o d u c t s

A vg.
w k ly .
e a rn in g s

$1.4 0 $70. 58
77.33
1. 44
80.14
1.4 6
1. 46
1.49
1.51
1.51
1.51
1.51
1.51
1. 52
1.5 4
1.5 5
1 .5 8

81. 70
85.69
83. 52
82.1 8
82.41
82.1 8
81.83
81. 67
82 .1 5
80. 95
79. 59

A vg.
w k ly .
h o u rs

A vg.
h r ly .
e a rn in g s

L i g h tin g f ix tu r e s

A vg.
w k ly .
e a rn in g s

A vg.
w k ly .
h o u rs

A vg.
h r ly .
e a rn in g s

F a b r i c a t e d w ire
p ro d u c ts
A vg.
w k ly .
e a rn ­
in g s

$71.91
79. 61
82.40

4 2 .3
4 3 .5
4 4 .3

$1.70
1.83
1 .8 6

$73. 43
74.26
74.37

42 .2
4 0 .8
40 .2

1952: N o v e m b e r . . . .
D e c e m b e r ___
1953: J a n u a r y ...........
F e b r u a r y ____
M a r c h ______
A p r i l ________
M a y ................. .
J u n e _________
J u l y -------------A u g u s t ______
S e p te m b e r ...

84.63
84.48
80.93
80.10
80.10
8 2.0 6
84.44
83.61
82.52
83. 58
81.61

43.4
43.1
41.5
41 .5
4 1 .5
42.3
43.3
43 .1
42.1
4 2 .0
4 0 .4

1.95
1.96
1.95
1.93
1.93
1.9 4
1.95
1.94
1. 96
1.9 9
2 .0 2

80.7 9
86.44
85. 41
8 5 .6 5
85.8 9
84.28
84. 71
83.6 9
82.12
80.70
78.80

42.3
44.1
43.8
4 3 .7
43 .6
43 .0
4 3 .0
4 2 .7
4 1 .9
4 1 .6
4 0 .0

A vg.
w k ly .
h o u rs

A vg.
h r ly .
e a rn in g s

$64.64
68.00
69 .4 9

40 .4
4 0 .0
40 .4

$1.6 0
1.70
1.7 2

$65. 03
68.30
70. 97

4 0 .9
40 .9
4 1 .5

$1.59
1.67
1.71

$72.11
73.02
73. 95

43.7
42.7
4 2 .5

$1.65
1.71
1.74

4 3 .0
44 .4
4 3 .5
4 2 .8
4 2 .7
42.8
4 2 .4
4 2 .1
4 1 .7
4 1 .3
4 0 .4

1.90
1.93
1.92
1 .9 2
1.93
1.92
1.93
1.94
1.97
1.96
1.9 7

70.93
76.36
75.24
75.1 2
74.40
71.10
70.98
70.98
71.42
70.62
69.1 7

41 .0
42 .9
41 .8
4 1 .5
41 .8
40 .4
40.1
40.1
3 9 .9
3 9 .9
3 9 .3

1. 73
1. 78
1.80
1.81
1. 78
1.76
1. 77
1.77
1.7 9
1.77
1.76

72.56
75.43
73.50
73. 22
73. 63
72. 51
72.16
72.16
72. 22
73.26
71.82

4 1 .7
43.1
42 .0
4 1 .6
4 1 .6
4 1 .2
4 1 .0
41 .0
3 9 .9
4 0 .7
3 9 .9

1. 74
1. 75
1. 75
1 .7 6
1. 77
1.76
1.7 6
1.7 6
1.81
1.80
1.8 0

77.79
79.83
78.84
79.1 0
80.44
80. 70
80.7 0
79.97
77. 78
77.41
75.95

43 .7
4 4 .6
4 3 .8
4 3 .7
4 4 .2
44.1
44.1
4 3 .7
4 2 .5
4 2 .3
4 1 .5

1.78
1. 79
1.80
1.81
1.82
1.83
1.83
1.83
1.83
1.83
1.83

43.8
42.1
4 1 .5

$1.69
1.73
1.75

$74. 75
76. 37
77.00

4 5 .3
44 .4
4 4 .0

77.33
79.82
79,17
79.17
81.70
80.78
81. 77
81.03
78.26
78.12
77.19

4 3 .2
44.1
4 3 .5
4 3 .5
44.4
4 3 .9
4 4 .2
4 3 .8
4 2 .3
4 2 .0
4 1 .5

1.79
1.81
1.82
1.8 2
1.84
1.84
1.85
1.85
1.85
1.86
1.86

80 .3 6
82. 24
81. 45
82.1 7
84.18
8 4 .0 0
83. 27
83.2 5
79. 97
78.37
77.35

4 5 .4
4 6 .2
4 5 .5
4 5 .4
4 6 .0
45 .9
4 5 .5
4 5 .0
4 3 .7
4 3 .3
4 2 .5

M a c h i n e r y (e x c e p t e le c tric a l)

T o ta l: M a c h in e ry
(e x c e p t e le c tric a l)

S c r e w -m a c h in e
p r o d u c ts

$1. 74 $74.02
72.83
1.82
72.63
1.85
1.91
1.96
1.95
1.9 6
1 .9 7
1.96
1 .9 7
1.96
1 .9 6
1.9 4
1.97

A vg.
w k ly .
e a rn in g s

$1.73
1.85
1.8 9

B o lts , n u ts , w a sh ers.
a n d r iv e ts

1951: A v e r a g e ..........
1952: A v e r a g e _____
S e p te m b e r ...

A vg.
h r ly .
e a rn ­
in g s

4 0 .8
41 .8
4 2 .4

F a b r i c a t e d m e ta l p r o d u c t s ( e x c e p t o r d n a n c e , m a c h in e r y , a n d t r a n s p o r t a t i o n e q u i p m e n t ) —
C o n ti n u e d
M e t a l s h i p p i n g b a r r e ls ,
d r u m s , keg s, a n d p a ils

A vg.
w k ly .
h o u rs

M is c e lla n e o u s fa b rie a te d m e ta l p r o d u c t s s

$1.65 $76.38
1. 72
79.61
79.85
1 .7 5
1.7 7
1.78
1.79
1.81
1.83
1.83
1.83
1.85
1.83
1.81
1.8 2

80. 94
83.5 2
82.99
83.03
84.0 5
83.4 6
82.8 8
82. 29
81.73
81.73
82.17

E n g in e s a n d
tu r b i n e s *

43.4
4 2 .8
4 2 .7

$1.7 6
1.86
1 .8 7

$79.12
82.26
80.4 8

4 3 .0
42. 4
4 1 .7

$1.84
1.94
1.93

42 .6
43.5
43 .0
4 2 .8
43.1
42.8
4 2 .5
4 2 .2
4 1 .7
4 1 .7
4 1 .5

1.90
1.92
1.93
1.94
1.95
1.95
1.95
1.9 5
1.96
1. 96
1.98

84.1 8
87.06
83.62
84.2 3
83. 42
83.43
84.66
84. 67
83.64
84.4 5
85.2 6

42 .3
43.1
41 .6
41 .7
4 1 .5
41 .3
4 1 .5
4 1 .3
40 .6
4 0 .6
4 0 .6

1.99
2.02
2.01
2 .0 2
2.01
2 .0 2
2.04
2. 05
2 .0 6
2.08
2 .1 0

M a c h i n e r y ( e x c e p t e le c tr ic a l) — C o n t i n u e d
S te a m

e n g in e s, tu r -

vintEy

ana

w h e e ls

1951: A v e ra g e _____
1952: A v e r a g e _____
S e p te m b e r ...

$83. 27
89. 02
91.16

4 2 .7
42 .8
4 3 .0

1952: N o v e m b e r . . .
D e c e m b e r ...
1953: J a n u a r y _____
F e b r u a r y ___
M a r c h ______
A p r il................
M a y ...................
J u n e .................
J u l y — ..........
A u g u s t _____
S e p te m b e r ...

93. 31
96.3 6
97.01
96.7 8
86.90
86. SO
98.08
87. 94
83. 98
99.84
96. 50

43.4
4 4 .2
4 3 .5
4 3 .4
40 .8
40.8
4 3 .4
4 0 .9
3 8 .0
4 3 .6
4 2 .7

D ie s e l a n d o th e r i n ­
t e r n a l c o m b u s ti o n
e n g i n e s , n o t e ls e ­
w h e r e c la s s ifie d

$ 1 .9 5 $78. 26
2.0 8
80. 37
2 .1 2
77.64
2.15
2.18
2. 23
2 .2 3
2.1 3
2.13
2.2 6
2 .1 5
2.21
2 .2 9
2 .2 6

C o n s tr u c tio n
and
m i n i n g m a c h in e r y ,
e x c e p t f o r o ilfie ld s

81.90
84.94
80. 34
81. 36
82. 57
82. 39
81. 59
83. 63
83.43
80.00
82.00

43 .0
42 .3
4 1 .3
4 2 .0
4 2 .9
4 1 .2
4 1 .3
41.7
4 1 .4
4 1 .0
4 1 .4
4 1 .3
3 9 .8
4 0 .0

44 .4
43 .3
4 1 .9

$1.69
1.77
1 .7 9

$77.29
79.48
78.4 4

4 5 .2
44.4
43 .1

1952: N o v e m b e r . . .
D e c e m b e r ...
1953: J a n u a r y _____
F e b r u a r y ___
M a r c h ______
A p r i l ________
M a y ..................
J u n e ................
J u l y ..................
A u g u s t _____
S e p te m b e r-

42.8
43. 1
4 2 .8
42.1
43.1
42 .6
42 .5
42 .0
4 1 .0
4 0 .1
4 0 .3

1.82
1.85
1.85
1.88
1.89
1.89
1.90
1.91
1 .9 0
1.91
1.91

79. 74
81. 65
81.53
80. 97
82.40
79. 79
80.65
82.18
80.2 2
79.65
74.87

43.1
43 .9
43 6
43 3
43 .6
42 .9
4 2 .9
4 2 .8
4 2 .0
4 1 .7
3 9 .2

.
.
.
.
.
.
.

77.90
79. 74
79.18
79.15
81.46
80.51
80.75
80.22
77.90
76.59
76.97

S e e f o o tn o te s a t e n d o f ta b le .


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

A g r i c u l t u r a l m a c h in e r y
(e x c e p t tra c to rs)

T r a c to r s

$1. 82 $73. 26
1.90
75. 41
1.8 8
71.55

4 0 .7
3 9 .9
3 9 .1

$1.80
1.89
1.83

$75. 67
77. 02
71. 98

40 .9
3 9 .7
3 8 .7

$1.85
1.94
1.86

$70.88
73. 97
71.10

4 0 .5
4 0 .2
3 9 .5

72.94
77.20
77.41
78. 59
78. 78
79.18
77.41
76.81
75.85
76.42
76.04

3 8 .8
4 0 .0
3 9 .9
4 0 .3
4 0 .4
40.4
3 9 .9
3 9 .8
39 .3
3 9 .8
3 9 .4

1.88
1.93
1.94
1.9 5
1.95
1.9 6
1.94
1.93
1.9 3
1.92
1.93

74.88
79. 40
79.40
80.8 0
80.60
80. 20
79.20
78.80
77.22
79 .4 0
78.00

3 9 .0
3 9 .9
3 9 .7
4 0 .0
39 .9
39 .9
3 9 .6
3 9 .6
39.0
40.1
3 9 .0

1.92
1.99
2.00
2 .0 2
2 .0 2
2. 01
2 .0 0
1.99
1.9 8
1.98
2 .0 0

71.21
74. 77
74.99
78. 73
77.11
78.12
75. 58
74.61
74.45
73 .6 6
74.43

3 8 .7
4 0 .2
40.1
40 .6
40 .8
40 .9
4 0 .2
3 9 .9
3 9 .6
3 9 .6
3 9 .8

1.95
1.98
1.95
1.97
1.9 8
1.99
1.99
2.0 2
2 .0 2
2.01
2 .0 5

O ilfie ld m a c h in e r y
a n d to o ls

1951: A v e r a g e _____ . $75.04
1952: A v e r a g e .......... .
76.64
S e p t e m b e r - _ 75.00

A g r ic u l tu r a l m a c h in e ry a n d tr a c to r s 1

M e ta lw o r k in g
m a c h in e ry J

$1. 71 $85.74
91.87
1.79
93.93
1 .8 2

4 6 .6
4 6 .4
4 6 .5

$1.84
1.98
2 .0 2

$84.85
89.96
91.37

47 .4
47.1
47.1

94.92
97. 85
97.70
96 67
98. 23
97.60
97.44
94.89
93.18
94. 53
95.21

46 .3
47.5
47.2
4 6 .7
47 .0
4 6 .7
46 .4
45.4
4 4 .8
4 4 .8
4 4 .7

2. 05
2. 06
2 .0 7
2.0 7
2 .0£
2. 0£
2.1 0
2. 0£
2.08
2 .1 1
2 .1 3

92.00
94.84
94 .9 2
94. 74
96.02
96.08
95.27
93. 43
91.15
91.80
93.9 8

46 .7
47 .9
47.7
4 6 .9
4 7 .3
47.1
4 6 .7
4 5 .8
4 4 .9
4 5 .0
4 5 .4

1.85
1.86
1.87
1.87
1.89
1.86
1.88
1.92
1.91
1.91
1.91

$1. 75 $75.82
1.84
77. 61
1.80
75. 96
1.84
1.86
1.87
1.89
1.89
1.91
1.88
1.87
1.8 8
1.8 6
1.87

M e ta lw o r k in g m a ­
c h i n e r y (e x c e p t m a ­
c h in e tools')

M a c h i n e to o ls

$1.79
1.91
1.94
1.97
1.98
1. 99
2 .0 2
2.03
2. 04
2 .0 4
2 .0 4
2 .0 3
2. 04
2.071

C o n s tr u c t io n a n d
m i n in g m a c h in e r y 5

78.51
80.11
79.98
79. 71
81.65
80.28
80. 51
80.60
78.47
77. 55
76.40

44 .6
43 .6
4 2 .2

$1.70
1.78
1.80

4 2 .9
4 3 .3
43 .0
42 .4
4 3 .2
4 2 .7
4 2 .6
42 .2
4 1 .3
4 0 .6
4 0 .0

1.83
1.85
1.86
1.88
1.89
1.88
1.89
1.91
1.90
1.91
1. 91

M a c h in e - t o o l
a c c e s s o r ie s

$82. 26
86.14
86 .4 6

4 5 .2
45.1
4 4 .8

$1.82
1.91
1.93

$87.98
95.53
98 .2 8

4 6 .8
4 6 .6
4 6 .8

$1.88
2.05
2 .1 0

8 9 .6 0
92.26
90.45
90. 45
90.65
91.76
90.34
90.09
89.93
88. 74
8 6 .2 9

44 .8
4 5 .9
45.0
45 .0
45.1
4 5 .2
44 .5
4 4 .6
44 .3
4 3 .5
4 2 .3

2 .0 0
2.01
2.01
2.01
2.01
2.03
2.03
2.0 2
2.0 3
2 .0 4
2 .0 4

99. 22
102. 24
102.29
100. 75
102. 56
101.27
101.99
97.61
96.3 0
98. 99
9 9 .4 4

4 6 .8
48 .0
4 7 .8
47.3
4 7 .7
47.1
4 7 .0
4 5 .4
4 5 .0
4 5 .2
4 5 .2

2.12
2 .1 3
2.14
2.13
2 .1 5
2.15
2 .1 7
2.15
2 .1 4
2 .1 9
2 .2 0

REVIEW, DECEMBER 1953

1365

C: EARNINGS AND HOURS

T able C -l : Hours and gross earnings of production workers or nonsupervisory employees 1—Continued
Manufacturing—Continued
Machinery (except electrical)—Continued

ear and month

Special-industry ma­
chinery (except
metalworking machinery)2
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn­ hours
ings

Average_____ $74. 73
Average_____ 77. 40
September___ 78. 26

43. 7
43.0
43.0

November___
December___
January_____
February.- . .
M arch_____
April_______
M ay _______
June_____ ..
July________
August ___
September___

42.9
43.9
43.3
43.5
43. 7
43.3
43.2
43.0
42.3
42.2
41.7

78. 94
81.65
80. 54
81.78
82. 16
81. 84
81.65
81.27
80. 37
79. 76
80. 06

Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn­ earn­ wkly.
ings
ings hours
$1.71 $74. 56
1.80 77. 96
1.82 78. 26
1.84
1.86
1.86
1.88
1.88
1. 89
1.89
1.89
1.90
1.89
1.92

P u m p s , air a n d gas
c o m p resso rs

Average_____ $76. 88
Average_____ 78. 66
September___ 77. 76

44.7
43. 7
43.2

79. 67
82.09
81.16
81.22
83. 47
82. 70
82. 56
82. 37
80. 83
81.06
84.28

43.3
43.9
43.4
43.2
43. 7
43.3
43.0
42.9
42.1
42.0
43.0

November___
December___
January_____
February__
March. ____
April ______
M ay ______
June________
July________
August____ .
September___

41.9
40.9
41.0

November___
December.. .
January...........
February. March______
April_______
M ay________
June______ .
July________
August______
September___

40.7
41. 1
40.7
40.5
40.5
40. 5
40.1
40.4
39.9
40.2
40.4

76.11
76. 86
76.92
76.14
76. 55
76. 95
75. 79
77. 57
77. 01
77. 59
78.38

43.4
40.6
40.2

November___
December___
January
February. . . .
March.
___
April _____
M ay________
June .
July .. _____
August______
September___

41.1
41.5
40.2
40.3
40.3
39. 8
39.7
39.9
40.2
40.1
40.0

78.09
79. 68
76.38
76. 57
77. 38
78. 01
76. 62
77.01
77. 99
76. 59
76.80

See footnotes at end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

42.3
43.0
42.8
42.4
43.2
41.9
43.6
42.9
43.1
43.3
42.1

81.51
85. 75
83. 57
82. 75
85. 55
85.22
85.36
84.97
85. 36
82.06
84.08

42.9
44.2
43.3
43.1
44. 1
43. 7
44.0
43.8
44.0
42.3
42.9

1.84
1.87
1.87
1.88
1.91
1. 91
1.92
1.92
1.92
1.93
1.96

41. 5
40.9
41.1

83. 84
83.84
84.46
82. 42
82. 62
82.82
81.40
83. 62
83. 01
82.18
82.61

41. 1
41. 1
41.2
40.4
40.3
40.4
39.9
40.2
40.1
39.7
40.1

$1.73 $68. 79
1.83 68.54
1.85 69.80
1.86
1.89
1.87
1.88
1.90
1. 90
1.91
1.90
1.92
1.91
1.94

77.68
81.60
82.22
81.29
83. 50
82.12
79. 73
78.96
80.16
78. 20
77. 22

39.8
41.1
42.0
41.1
42.5
42.6
41.9
42.6
41. 9
41.1
40.7
40.9
39.9
39.0

70. 28
73.18
73.08
73.60
73.08
72.38
72.80
72. 45
69.60
70.12
69.17

41.1
42.3
42.0
42.3
42.0
41.6
41.6
41.4
40.0
40.3
39.3

75.86
76. 36
75.58
75. 23
76. 11
76.01
76. 54
77. 51
75.58
79. 97
77.79

43.1
42.9
42.7
42.5
43.0
42. 7
43.0
43.3
42.7
43.7
41.6

1.90
1.94
1.93
1.92
1.94
1.95
1.94
1.94
1.94
1.94
1.96

69. 53
70. 28
69.37
69. 89
69. 55
69. 43
69. 03
70. 75
70.98
71.51
72. 54

81.88
86.12
82. 98
82. 70
83. 62
84. 22
83. 22
82.84
81.97
81.22
82.40

44.5
46.3
45.1
44.7
45.2
44.8
44. 5
44.3
43.6
43.9
43.6

1.71
1.73
1.74
1.74
1.74
1. 74
1.75
1.75
1.74
1.74
1.76

45.1
43.2
42.0

83. 61
86.78
83. 42
82.41
85. 22
84.24
84.83
82.74
83. 50
82. 32
83.42

43.1
44. 5
43.0
42.7
43.7
43.2
43.5
42.0
42.6
42.0
43.0

1.76
1.78
1.77
1.77
1.77
1. 78
1.78
1.79
1.77
1.83
1.87

$1.60 $70. 64
1. 68 75. 81
1.69 78.35

40.6
41.2
41.9

40.9
41.1
40.1
40.4
40.2
39.9
39.9
40.2
40.1
40.4
40.3

1. 70 77. 46
1. 71 81. 18
1. 73 80. 79
1.73 80. 26
1.73 81. 45
1. 74 80. 51
1.73 78. 53
1. 76 77. 95
1.77 79.15
1.77 77.39
1.80 76.83

41.2
42. 5
42.3
41.8
42.2
41.5
40.9
40.6
40.8
40.1
39.4

77. 28
79.61
77.33
78.35
79. 52
79.15
77. 64
78.44
76.17
78.28
78.88

43.2
42.1
41.7
42.0
42.8
41.8
41.9
42.3
42.1
41.3
41.5
40.3
41.2
41.3

$1.70 $82. 09
1.80 87. 36
1.81 86.76
1.84
1.86
1.84
1.85
1.85
1. 88
1.87
1.87
1.88
1.85
1.89

1.94
1.95
1.94
1.93
1.95
1. 95
1.95
1.97
1.96
1.96
1.94

1.84
1.86
1.85
1.87
1.88
1.88
1.88
1.89
1.89
1.90
1.91

1.88
1.91
1.91
1.92
1.93
1.94
1.92
1.92
1.94
1.93
1.95

76.13
77. 75
75. 67
75.89
77.23
77.83
76. 70
77.08
73.13
77.16
79.13

43.0
41. 7
41.7
41.6
41.8
40.9
40.8
41.3
41.4
40.8
41.0
38.9
40.4
41.0

83. 33
86.14
85. 61
86.68
87. 47
86. 24
86.24
85.06
85. 50
85. 46
84. 55

$1.87 $77.08
1.99 79.24
1.99 79. 74

44. 5
45.1
45.0
44.6
45.1
44.9
44.4
43.6
44.1
42.8
43.3

2. 06
2.10
2.13
2.12
2.13
2.13
2. 12
2.11
2.13
2.10
2.14

44.7
43.1
42.5
43.4
44.4
43.9
44.0
44.4
44.0
44.0
43.4
43.4
43.6
42.7

79. 99
78. 77
81.75
83. 42
80. 06
76. 24
77. 78
77.41
74.88
75.05
75.85

40.3
40. S
42.2

1.92
1.94
1.95
1.97
1.97
1. 96
1.96
1.96
1.97
1.96
1.98

1.90
1.88
1.91
1.94
1.92
1.93
1.93
1. 94
1.94
1.90
1.96

B a l l a n d roller
bea rin g s

76. 45
79. 29
77.98
79.19
80. IS
79. 38
76. 52
78.12
76.95
77.04
77. 87

41.1
42.4
41.7
41.9
42.2
42.0
40.7
40.9
40.5
41.2
41.2

Avg.
hrly.
earn­
ings

44.3
43.3
43.1

$1.74
1.83
1.85

43.1
44.2
43.4
43.2
43.8
43.4
43.4
43.2
42.8
42.7
42.8

1.87
1.90
1.90
1.91
1.93
1.93
1.93
1.93
1.93
1.94
1.96

M e c h a n ic a l s to k e r s
a n d in d u s tr ia l f u r ­
n a ce s a n d ovens

76.13
79.92
79.18
79.34
82. 32
80. 46
81.13
81.02
77. 46
80. 48
79.73

43.2
43.0
43.7

$1.68
1.79
1.84

41.6
43.2
42.8
42.2
43.1
42. 8
42.7
42.2
41.2
41.7
41.1

1.83
1.85
1.85
1.88
1.91
1.88
1.90
1.92
1.88
1.93
1.94

C o m m e rc ia l la u n d r y ,
d r y -c le a n in g , a n a
p r e s s in g m a c h in e s

$1.72 $75. 37
1.84 76.65
1.85 76.03

42. 1
41.9
42.8
43.0
41.7
39.5
40.3
39.9
38.6
39.5
38.7

43.4
41.2
40.1

80.60
83. 98
82.46
82. 51
84. 53
83 76
83. 76
83.38
82. 60
82.84
83. 89

$1.77 $72. 58
1.86 76. 97
1.89 80.41

D o m e stic la u n d r y
e q u ip m e n t

$1.67 $76. 82
1.76 74. 57
1.77 73.38
1.83
1.86
1.85
1.86
1.87
1. 88
1.88
1.88
1.88
1.91
1.93

43.9
43.9
43.6

General industrial
machinery 2

Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn­ earn­ hours
ings
ings

M e c h a n ic a l p o w e rtr a n s m is s io n e q u ip ­
m ent

$1.74 $69.32
1.84 75. 07
1.87 78.07

F abricated p ip e ,
fittin g s , a n d valves

$1.72 $71.81
1.79 73.39
1.80 73.81

91.67
94.71
95. 85
94. 55
96. 06
95.64
94. 13
92.00
93.93
89. 88
92. 66

$1.78 $79.12
1.88 80.17
1.91 80.33

Service-industry and
household machines2

42.6
41.0
40.7

P r in tin g -tr a d e s m a ­
c h in ery a n d eq u ip -

Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn­ earn­ wkly.
ings
ings hours

I n d u s tr ia l tr u c k s ,
tra cto rs, etc.

$1.67 $80. 28
1.74 81.22
1. 76 80.22

Miscellaneous machinery p arts2

$1.75 $74.30
1.85 75. 36
1.89 75.06
1.89
1.92
1.93
1.94
1.96
1. 96
1.94
1.94
1.96
1.96
1.98

47.1
45.6
45.3

T y p e w r ite r s

$1.90 $68.16
2.00 68. 88
2. 04 68.78
2. 04
2.04
2.05
2. 04
2. 05
2. 05
2. 04
2.08
2. 07
2.07
2. 06

$1.63 $80.07
1.68 82. 08
1.69 81.99

B lo w e r s, e x h a u st a n d
ve n tila tin g f a n s

42. 9
42.8
43.1

P a p e r -in d u s tr ie s
m a c h in e ry

Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn­ earn­ wkly.
ings hours
ings

42.2
40.8
41.3

$1.77 $71. 64
1.86 74.47
1.88 75.86

R e frig era to rs a n d airc o n d itio n in g u n its

$1.83 $69. 65
1.89 76. 04
1.88 79. 38
1.90
1.92
1.90
1.90
1.92
1. 96
1.93
1.93
1.94
1.91
1.92

Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn­ earn­ wkly.
ings
ings hours

C o m p u tin g m a c h in e s
a n d cash registers

$1.75 $78. 85
1.84 81.80
1.87 83.84
1.87
1.87
1.89
1.88
1.89
1. 90
1.89
1.92
1.93
1.93
1.94

T e x tile m a c h in e ry

C o nveyors a n d co n vey­
in g e q u ip m e n t

43.7
42.9
42.6

S e w in g m a c h in e s

Average_____ $79.42
Average_____ 76. 73
September___ 75.58

78.68
81.27
80.04
79. 71
82. 08
79. 61
83.28
81.51
82. 75
82. 70
81.67

43.1
42.6
42.3

$1. 72 $77. 35
1.80 79. 79
1.80 80.09

Office and store machines and devices 2
A verage____ $73. 33
Average___
75. 26
September___ 76.67

F o o d -p ro d u cts
m a c h in e ry

77.07
80. 91
78. 04
76. 43
75. 47
75. 72
75. 18
76.44
76. 74
76. 93
74. 89

44.6
43.8
43.2

$1.69
1. 75
1.76

43.3
44.7
43.6
42.7
42.4
42.3
42.0
42.0
42.4
42.5
40.7

1.78
1.81
1.79
1.79
1.78
1.79
1.79
1.82
1.81
1.81
1.84

M a c h in e sh o p s (Job
a n d r e p a ir )

$1.77 $74.30
1.81 78. 55
1.83 78.44
1.86
1.87
1.87
1.89
1.90
1.89
1.88
1.91
1.90
1.87
1.89

79. 86
81.96
79.30
80. 29
80.91
80. 78
79. 48
80. 09
78. 77
79.99
79. 84

43.2
43.4
43.1

$1.72
1.81
1.82

43.4
44.3
43.1
43.4
43.5
43.2
42.5
42.6
41.9
42.1
41.8

1.84
1.85
1.84
1.85
1.86
1.87
1.87
1.88
1.88
1.90
1.91

___________ _______________________
T able

0: EARNINGS AND HOURS

___________

MONTHLY LABOR

C -l. Hours and gross earnings of production workers or nonsupervisory employees1—Continued
Manufacturing—Continued
Electrical machinery

Y e a r a n d m o n th

T o t a l: E le c t r ic a l
n a c h in e r y

A vg.
w k ly .
e a rn ­
in g s

A vg.
w k ly .
h o u rs

A vg.
h rly .
e a rn ­
in g s

E le c tr ic a l
g e n e ra t­
in g , tra n s m is s io n ,
d is tr ib u tio n , a n d
in d u s tr ia l a p p a ra ­
tu s 3

A vg.
w k ly .
e a rn ­
in g s

A vg.
w k ly .
h o u rs

A vg.
h rly .
e a rn ­
in g s

W iring devices and
supplies

A vg.
w k ly .
e a rn in g s

A vg.
w k ly .
h o u rs

A vg.
h rly .
e a rn ­
in g s

Carbon and graphite
products ( electrical)

A vg.
w k ly .
e a rn ­
in g s

A vg.
w k ly .
h o u rs

A vg.
h rly .
e a rn ­
in g s

Electrical indicating,
m e a s u r in g , a n d
re co rd in g in s tr u ­
ments

A vg.
w k ly .
e a rn ­
in g s

A vg.
w k ly .
h o u rs

A vg.
h rly .
e a rn ­
in g s

M otors, g e n e r a to r s ,
and motor-generator
sets

A vg.
w k ly .
e a rn ­
in g s

A vg.
w k ly .
h o u rs

1951: A v e r a g e _____
1952: A v e r a g e _____
S e p te m b e r ...

$64.8^
68. 6-s
69.8 1

41.
41.
41.

$1. 57
1 .67
1 .6 8

$ 7 0 .3
7 3 .9 '
75 .1 8

42.
41.
42.

$ 1 .6 '
1. 7 '
1. 70

$ 6 3 .1 ,
64. 7S
6 5 .1 0

42.
41.0
41.

$1.50
1. 58
1.5 0

$69.40
75. 58
7 7 .1 0

40.0
41.
4L

$1. 71
1.81
1 .8 6

$69. 4^
71.48
7 2 .0 7

42.6
41.
4 1 .0

$1.60
1. 7
1.7 0

$75. 36
80. 2 '
82. 26

42.
42.1
4 2 .4

1952: N o v e m b e r . . .
D e c e m b e r ____
1953: J a n u a r y _____
F e b r u a r y ...........
M a r c h ________
A p r i l __________
M a y .. . ..
J u n e ___________
J u l y ____________
A u g u s t ............ ..
S e p t e m b e r ------

70. 7Î
7 1 .5 "
71.7 2
7 1 .2 8
72. 21
7 1 .8 6
70. 99
71.4 6
7 0 .5 8
72. 39
72. 27

41.
42.
41.
4 1 .2
4 1 .5
4 1 .3
4 0 .8
4 0 .8
4 0 .1
4 0 .9
4 0 .6

1. 70
1. 70
1 .7 2
1 .7 3
1 .7 4
1. 74
1 .7 4
1. 75
1 .7 6
1 .7 7
1 .7 8

75.78
77. 4"
76. 8(
76 91
77. 80
77. 70
76. 50
7 7 .1 9
76. 30
77. 27
77. 71

42.
42.
4 2 .0
41.
4 2 .1
4 2 .0
4 1 .4
4 1 .5
4 0 .8
4 1 .1
4 0 .9

1.80
1.81
1. 83
1 .8 4
1 .8 5
1. 85
1 .8 5
1 .8 6
1 .8 7
1 .8 8
1 .9 0

66. 30
68 .0 4
66 .9 1
67. 40
6 7 .9 0
68. 72
6 8 .0 0
6 7 .8 9
67. 37
68. 45
6 7 .9 4

41.
4 2.0
4 1 .3
4 1 .1
4 1 .4
4 1 .4
41. C
4 0 .9
4 0 .1
4 0 .5
4 0 .2

1 .6
1.60
1 .6 0
1 .6 4
1 .6 4
1 .6 6
1 .6 6
1 .6 6
1 .6 8
1 .6 9
1 .6 9

77. 40
79. 24
78. 77
78. 91
78. 96
78. 58
7 7 .9 8
7 7 .8 3
78. 44
7 7 .4 9
79. 27

42.
42
4 1 .0
42.
4 2 .6
4 1 .8
41.
4 1 .4
4 1 .5
4 1 .0
4 1 .5

1.84
1 .86
1 .8 8
1 .8 7
1 .8 8
1 .8 8
1 .8 7
1 .8 8
1 .8 9
1 .8 9
1 .9 1

73. 41
73. 7C
7 3 .3 0
7 4 .1 1
7 4 .1 1
72. 75
72. 27
72. 92
72. 90
73. 62
74. 93

42.
4 2 .6
4 1 .7
4 1 .4
4 1 .4
41.
4 0 .6
4 1 .2
40. 5
4 0 .9
4 1 .4

1. P
1. 70
1 .7 6
1. 70
1 .7 0
1. 77
1 .7 8
1 .7 7
1 .8 0
1 .8 0
1 .8 1

82. 84
84. 0 .
83. 95
84. 4C
8 5 .2 0
85. 00
82. 78
84. 42
82. 62
83. 64
84. 25

42.
43.
4 2 .4
4 2 .2
42.
4 2 .5
41.
4 2 .0
4 0 .9
4 1 .2
40. 7

Powe r and distribulion transformers

S w itc h g e a r, s w itc h ­
board, and indus­
trial controls

Electrical welding
apparatus

E le c tr ic a l a p p lia n c e s

I n s u la te d w ire a n d
c a b le

A vg.
h r ly .
e a rn ­
in g s

$ 1 .7 9
1 .9 1
1 .9 4
1 .9 4 '
1 .9 5
1 .9 8
2. 00
2 .0 0
2 .0 0
1 .9 9
2. 01
2. 02
2 .0 3
2. 07

E le c tric a l e q u p m e n t
fo r v e h ic es

1951: A v e r a g e _______
1952: A v e r a g e _______
S e p t e m b e r ____

$68. 95
72. 04
7 2 .3 4

4 0 .8
4 0 .7
4 1 .1

$ 1 .6 9
1 .7 7
1 .7 6

$69. 28
72. 16
7 2 .9 3

4 2 .5
42. 2
4 2 .4

$1. 63
1.71
1 .7 2

$ 8 4 .1 8
9 1 .2 8
9 1 .4 6

4 5 .5
46. 1
4 5 .5

$ 1 .8 5
1 .9 8
2 .0 1

$ 6 7 .3 2
72. 32
73. 21

3 9 .6
40. 4
4 0 .9

$ 1 .7 0
1. 79
1 .7 9

$ 6 4 .8 7
72. 11
7 4 .6 5

4 2 .4
4 3 .7
4 4 .7

$1. 53
1. 65
1 .6 7

$69. 08
7 2 .9 8
76. 30

4 0 .4
40. 1
4 0 .8

$ 1 .7 1
1 .8 2
1 .8 7

1952: N o v e m b e r -----D e c e m b e r _____
1953: J a n u a r y . ............
F e b r u a r y ______
M a r c h _________
A p r i l — ............. ..
M a y ______ . . .
J u n e ___________
J u l y -----------------A u g u s t ________
S e p t e m b e r ____

73. 12
75. 48
7 5 .6 2
7 5 .4 8
77. 42
76. 63
77. 46
76. 45
7 5 .5 8
7 7 .1 6
77. 38

4 0 .4
4 1 .7
4 1.1
4 0 .8
4 1 .4
4 1 .2
4 1 .2
41. 1
4 0 .2
4 0 .4
4 0 .3

1.81
1.81
1 .8 4
1 .8 5
1 .8 7
1 .8 0
1 .8 8
1 .8 6
1 .8 8
1 .9 1
1 .9 2

73. 60
74. 99
73. 85
74. 34
75. 29
75. 90
7 4 .8 2
74. 46
7 5 .1 2
76. 31
7 6 .9 6

4 2 .3
43. 1
4 2 .2
4 2 .0
4 2 .3
4 2 .4
4 1 .8
4 1 .6
4 1 .5
4 1 .7
4 1 .6

1 .7 4
1. 74
1 .7 5
1 .7 7
1 .7 8
1. 79
1. 79
1. 79
1 .8 1
1 .8 3
1 .8 5

93. 32
93. 12
8 9 .0 4
87. 84
8 9 .0 4
86. 28
84. 80
83. 78
84. 82
8 8 .1 0
8 7 .9 5

4 6 .2
4 6 .1
4 4 .3
43. 7
4 4 .3
4 2 .5
4 2 .4
4 2 .1
4 2 .2
4 3 .4
4 2 .9

2. 02
2 .0 2
2. 01
2. 01
2.01
2. 03
2. 00
1 .9 9
2. 01
2 .0 3
2. 05

7 5 .3 5
75. 95
78. 73
7 8 .2 5
78. 58
77. 83
7 6 .8 9
7 4 .8 0
75. 36
75. 81
76. 99

4 1 .4
4 1 .5
4 2 .1
4 1 .4
4 1 .8
41. 4
4 0 .9
4 0 .0
4 0 .3
3 9 .9
4 0 .1

1 .8 2
1 .8 3
1 .8 7
1 .8 9
1 .8 8
1 .8 8
1 .8 8
1 .8 7
1 .8 7
1 .9 0
1 .9 2

7 6 .9 1
76. 78
75. 51
73. 70
7 3 .7 8
73. 53
7 3 .8 7
7 2 .9 3
7 0 .8 6
69. 32
7 1 .4 0

44. 2
4 4 .9
4 3 .9
43. 1
4 3 .4
4 3 .0
4 3 .2
4 2 .4
4 1 .2
4 0 .3
4 0 .8

1 .7 4
1.71
1 .7 2
1. 71
1 .7 0
1 .7 1
1.71
1 .7 2
1. 72
1 .7 2
1 .7 5

73. 26
78. 91
7 7 .1 5
7 9 .1 5
77. 93
78. 96
7 7 .1 9
7 7 .9 0
75. 20
7 6 .1 4
74. 61

3 9 .6
42. 2
4 1 .7
42. 1
4 1 .9
4 2 .0
4 1 .5
4 1 .0
4 0 .0
4 0 .5
3 9 .9

1 .8 5
1 .8 7
1 .8 5
1 88
1 .8 6
1 .8 8
1 .8 6
1 .9 0
1 .8 8
1 .8 8
1 .8 7

E le c tr ic la m p s

C o m m u n ic a tio n
e q u ip m e n t *

Radios, phonographs,
television sets, and
equipm ent

Telephone, telegraph,
and related equip­ M i s c e l l a n e o u s e l e c t r i ­
cal p r o d u c ts 3
ment

Radio tubes

1951: A v e r a g e _______
1952: A v e r a g e _______
S e p t e m b e r ____

$58. 20
58. 89
5 9 .7 4

4 0 .7
3 9 .0
3 9 .3

$1. 43
1. 51
1 .5 2

$60. 27
64. 21
65. 41

4 1 .0
4 0 .9
4 1 .4

$1. 47
1 .5 7
1 .5 8

$.58. 32
62. 12
63. 29

4 0 .5
4 0 .6
4 1 .1

$1. 44
1 .5 3
1. 54

$55. 06
57. 49
5 9 .0 2

4 1 .4
40. 2
4 0 .7

$ 1 .3 3
1 .4 3
1 .4 5

$77. 33
8 2 .0 3
82. 40

4 3 .2
4 3 .4
4 3 .6

$ 1 .7 9
1 .8 9
1 .8 9

$60. 60
6 5 .9 3
6 8 .8 1

4 0 .4
4 0 .7
4 1 .7

$ 1 .5 0
1. 62
1 .6 5

1952: N o v e m b e r ____
D e c e m b e r _____
1953: J a n u a r y _______
F e b r u a r y ...........
M a r c h _________
A p r i l ......................
M a y ___________
J u n e ............. .........
J u l y ____________
A u g u s t ________
S e p t e m b e r ____

62. 37
63. 45
65. 99
67. 39
66. 49
66. 49
6 5 .8 5
6 3 .1 2
6 1 .7 8
63. 76
6 6 .8 3

4 0 .5
41. 2
4 1 .5
4 1 .6
4 1 .3
4 1 .3
4 0 .9
3 9 .7
3 9 .1
3 9 .6
4 0 .5

1 .5 4
1 .5 4
1 .5 9
1. 62
1 .6 1
1 .6 1
1 .61
1 .5 9
1 .5 8
1 .6 1
1. 65

65. 99
66. 72
66. 65
65. 77
66. 67
66. 18
65. 53
66. 66
6 5 .3 4
68. 06
6 8 .3 8

41. 5
41. 7
4 1 .4
4 0 .6
4 0 .9
4 0 .6
4 0 .2
4 0 .4
3 9 .6
4 1 .0
4 0 .7

1. 59
1. 60
1 .6 1
1 .6 2
1 .6 3
1 .6 3
1 .6 3
1 .6 5
1 .6 5
1 .6 6
1 .6 8

63. 71
64. 12
6 3 .9 9
63. 92
6 4 .2 4
64. 00
6 3 .3 6
64. 64
6 3 .5 0
65. 69
6 6 .1 7

4 1 .1
41. 1
4 0 .5
402
4 0 .4
4 0 .0
39 6
3 9 .9
3 9 .2
4 0 .3
4 0 .1

1. 55
1. 56
1 .5 8
1 .5 9
1 .5 9
1 .6 0
1 .6 0
1 .6 2
1 .6 2
1 .6 3
1 .6 5

6 1 .2 7
63. 33
64. 82
62. 51
63. 69
62. 67
62. 21
6 2 .7 3
62. 22
6 5 .1 0
6 4 .1 2

41. 4
4 2 .5
4 3 .8
4 1 .4
4 1 .9
4 1 .5
4 1 .2
4 1 .0
4 0 .4
4 2 .0
4 1 .1

1 .4 8
1. 49
1 .4 8
1 .5 1
1 .5 2
1. 51
1. 51
1 .5 3
1. 54
1 .5 5
1. 56!

8 3 .9 6
85. 55
8 3 .8 5
82. 26
8 2 .8 8
8 2 .2 9
82. 71
8 2 .9 1
7 7 .5 9
8 4 .1 2
84. 05

4 3 .5
44. 1
4 3 .0
4 2 .4
42. 5
4 2 .2
42. 2
4 2 .3
4 0 .2
4 2 .7
4 3 .1

1 .9 3
1 .9 4
1 .9 5
1. 94
1 .9 5
1 .9 5
1 .9 6
1 .9 6
1 .9 3
1.971
1 .9 5

6 7 .0 8
66. 42
6 7 .1 3
67. 03
6 7 .0 3
6 7 .3 0
6 7 .4 7
6 8 .0 4
67. 70
7 1 .2 1
68. 80

4 0 .9
4 0 .5
4 0 .2
3 9 .9
3 9 .9
4 0 .3
4 0 .4
4 0 .5
4 0 .3
4 1 .4
4 0 .0

1 .6 4
1 .6 4
1. 67
1 .6 8
1 .6 8
1. 67
1 .6 7
1 .6 8
1 .6 8
1 .7 2
1 72

E le c tr ic a l m a c h in e r y — C o n ti n u e d

Stor ige batteries

P rim ary batt eri es
(dry and w °'t)

T ra n s p o r ta tio n e q u ip m e n t

X -ra y and non-radio
electronic tvt>es

T o ta l: T r a n s p o r ta ­
tio n e q u ip m e n t

A u to m o b ile s 3

M otor vehicles, bodies,
parts, and accessories

1951: A v e r a g e ______
1952: A v e r a g e _______
S e p t e m b e r ____

$66. 17
73. 16
7 9 .2 4

4 0 .1
4 1 .1
4 3 .3

$ 1 . 65

1 .7 8
1 .8 3

$53. 99
56. 66
56. 96

3 9 .7
3 9 .9
4 0 .4

$1. 36
1 .4 2
1 .4 1

$74. 58
72. 93
7 5 .1 5

4 5 .2
4 2 .9
4 2 .7

$ 1 .6 5
1 .7 0
1 .7 6

$75. 67
81. 56
8 4 .8 2

4 0 .9
41 4
4 2 .2

$ 1 .8 5
1 .9 7
2 .0 1

$75. 45
83. 03
8 8 .2 0

3 9 .5
40. 5
4 1 .8

$ 1 .9 1
2. 05
2 .1 1

$76. 04
8 3 .8 4
8 9 .0 3

3 9 .4
40. 5
4 1 .8

$ 1 .9 3
2. 07
2 .1 3

1952: N o v e m b e r ____
D e c e r n b e r _____
1953: J a n u a r y _______
F e b r u a r y _____
M a r c h . . .............
A p r i l ___________
M a y . . ..................
J u n e ___________
J u l y ____________
A u g u s t ________
S e p t e m b e r ____

75. 71
7 3 .8 0
7 3 .3 1
7 3 .3 5
7 4 .3 0
75. 81
75. 62
78. 54
79. 76
8 2 .8 0
7 9 .1 3

4 1 .6
4 1 .0
4 0 .5
4 0 .3
4 0 .6
4 1 .2
41. 1
4 2 .0
4 2 .2
4 2 .9
4 1 .0

1 .8 2
1 .8 0
1 .8 1
1 .8 2
1 .8 3
1 .8 4
1 .8 4
1 .8 7
1 .8 9
1 .9 3
1 .9 3

5 7 .1 7
5 6 .9 1
58. 00
58. 40
5 8 .6 9
58. 80
60. 38
58. 40
5 7 .1 7
60. 94
59. 75

3 9 .7
3 9 .8
4 0 .0
4 0 .0
4 0 .2
4 0 .0
4 0 .8
4 0 .0
3 9 .7
4 0 .9
4 0 .1

1 .4 4
1. 43
1 .4 5
1. 46
1 .4 6
1 .4 7
1 .4 8
1 .4 6
1 .4 4
1 .4 9
1 .4 9

7 2 .2 4
7 4 .6 5
73. 57
73. 39
7 2 .1 4
7 1 .7 8
69. 77
6 7 .7 3
6 8 .1 1
7 1 .3 8
7 2 .4 0

4 2 .0
4 2 .9
4 1 .8
4 1 .0
4 0 .3
40. 1
40. 1
3 8 .7
3 8 .7
4 0 .1
4 0 .0

1. 72
1. 74
1 .7 6
1 .7 9
1 .7 9
1. 79
1 .7 4
1. 75
1 .7 6
1 .7 8
1 .8 1

85. 48
8 7 .1 1
8 5 .0 6
85. 69
8 5 .4 9
85. 70
84. 67
8 5 .7 0
84. 86
84. 04
8 1 .9 7

4 1 .9
4 2 .7
4 1 .9
4 1 .8
4 1 .7
4 1 .6
4 1 .3
4 1 .2
4 0 .8
4 0 .6
3 9 .6

2. 04
2. 04
2 .0 3
2 .0 5
2 .0 5
2. 06
2. 05
2 .0 8
2 .0 8
2. 07
2. 07

89. 25
9 0 .3 1
86. 94
87. 99
8 8 .2 0
8 8 .8 3
87. 15
8 9 .2 3
87. 91
8 5 .2 0
8 2 .8 2

4 1 .9
4 2 .4
4 1 .4
4 1 .7
4 1 .8
4 1 .9
4 1 .5
4 1 .5
4 0 .7
4 0 .0
3 8 .7

2 .1 3
2 .1 3
2 .1 0
2 .1 1
2 .1 1
2. 12
2. 10
2 .1 5
2 .1 6
2 .1 3
2 .1 4

90. 30
9 1 .3 8
87. 77
8 9 .0 3
89. 25
8 9 .6 7
88. 19
9 0 .0 6
88. 32
85. 60
83. 38

4 2 .0
4 2 .5
4 1 .4
4 1 .8
4 1 .9
4 1 .9
4 1 .6
4 1 .5
4 0 .7
4 0 .0
3 8 .6

2 .1 5
2 .1 5
2 .1 2
2. 13
2 .1 3
2 .1 4
2. 12
2 .1 7
2 .1 7
2 .1 4
2 .1 6

See footnotes at e n d of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

REVIEW, DECEMBER 1958

C: EARNINGS AND HOURS

1367

T able C -l: Hours and gross earnings of production workers or nonsupervisory employees1—Continued
M a n u fa c t u r in g — C o n tin u e d
T r a n s p o r ta tio n e q u ip m e n t — C o n tin u e d

Trailers (truck and
automobile )

Truck and bus bodies
Y e a r a n d m o n th
A vg.
w k ly .
earnIn g s

A vg.
w k ly .
hours

A vg.
w k ly .
earnin g s

A vg.
h r ly .
earnin g s

A vg.
w k ly .
hours

A vg.
h r ly .
earnin g s

A vg.
w k ly .
earnin g s

A vg.
w k ly .
hours

A vg.
h r ly .
earnin g s

A ircraft engines and
parts

A ircraft

A ir c r a ft a n d p a r t s 3

A vg.
w k !y .
earnin g s

A vg.
w k ly .
hours

A vg.
h r ly .
earn in g s

A vg.
w k ly .
earn in g s

A vg.
w k ly .
hours

A vg.
h r ly .
earnin g s

A ircra ft propellers
and parts
A vg.
w k iy .
earnin g s

A vg.
w k iy .
hours

A vg.
h r ly .
earnin g s

1 9 5 1 : A v e r a g e ________
1 9 5 2 : A v e r a g e _______
S e p t e m b e r _____

$ 6 6 . 50
7 0 .1 8
7 6 .3 2

4 0 .8
4 0 .8
4 2 .4

$ 1 .6 3
1 .7 2
1 .8 0

$ 6 5 .1 9
7 0 .7 6
7 1 .9 8

4 1 .0
40. f
4 0 .9

$1. 59
1 .7 5
1. 7 6

$ 7 8 . 40
8 1 . 7C
8 4 .1 5

4 3 .8
43. C
4 3 .6

$ 1 .7 9
1.9C
1 .9 3

$ 7 5 . 78
79. 66
83. 22

4 3 .3
4 2 .6
4 3 .8

$ 1 .7 5
1 .8 7
1 .9 0

$ 8 5 .8 1
86. 92
8 7 .0 3

4 5 .4
43. i
4 3 .3

$ 1 .8 9
1 .9 8
2 .0 1

$ 8 9 .1 7
9 2 .2 5
9 4 . 71

4 6 .2
45. C
4 5 .1

$ 1 .9 3
2 .0 5
2 .1 0

1 9 5 2 : N o v e m b e r _____
D e c e m b e r _____
1 9 5 3 : J a n u a r y ________
F e b r u a r y ______
M a r c h __________
A p r i l ___________
M a y ____________
J u n e _____________
J u l y _____________
A u g u st S e p t e m b e r ____

7 1 .6 4
72. 45
7 1 .5 6
7 3 .0 3
7 5 .2 1
7 4 .8 5
72. 94
7 2 .1 8
7 3 .1 2
76. 08
7 5. 81

39 8
40 7
4 0 .2
4 0 .8
4 1 .1
4 0 .9
4 0 .3
4 0 .1
4 0 .4
4 1 .8
4 1 .2

1 .8 0
1 .7 8
1 .7 8
1 .7 9
1 .8 3
1 .8 3
1 .8 1
1 .8 0
1 .8 1
1 .8 2
1 .8 4

70. 64
74. 52
7 3 . 21
7 2 .9 0
72. 72
7 4 .9 8
73. 93
7 3 .1 6
7 1 .7 4
73. 28
71. 97

4 Ö .6
4 2 .1
40. S
4 0 .5
4 0 .4
4 1 .2
4 0 .4
4 0 .2
3 9 .2
3 9 .4
3 8 .9

1. 7 4
1. 77
1 .7 9
1 .8 0
1 .8 0
1 .8 2
1 .8 3
1 .8 2
1 .8 3
1 .8 6
1 .8 5

8 4 . 48
8 6 . 04
8 5 .7 3
8 5 .1 4
8 4 .1 8
8 3 .1 6
82. 57
8 1 .9 9
8 2 .5 9
8 3 .6 0
8 2 .6 0

4 3 .1
43 9
4 3 .3
4 3 .0
4 2 .3
4 2 .0
4 1 .7
4 1 .2
4 1 .5
4 1 .8
4 1 .3

1 .9 6
1 .9 6
1 .9 8
1 .9 8
1 .9 9
1 .9 8
1 .9 8
1 .9 9
1 .9 9
2 .0 0
2 .0 0

8 2 .6 0
8 4 .0 0
8 3 .5 0
8 2 . 91
8 2 . 17
8 2 .1 7
80. 97
8 0 .1 8
80. 57
81. 97
8 0 .1 9

4 2 .8
4 3 .3
4 2 .6
4 2 .3
4 1 .5
4 1 .5
4 1 .1
4 0 .7
4 0 .9
4 1 .4
4 0 .5

1 .9 3
1 .9 4
1 .9 6
1 .9 6
1 .9 8
1 .9 8
1 .9 7
1 .9 7
1 .9 7
1 .9 8
1 .9 8

8 8 . 94
9 2 . 16
92. 00
89. 49
8 7 .8 4
8 5 .4 0
85. 80
8 4 .8 4
86. 68
86. 07
87. 29

4 3 .6
4 5 .4
4 5 .1
4 4 .3
4 3 .7
4 2 .7
4 2 .9
4 2 .0
4 2 .7
4 2 .4
4 3 .0

2. 04
2. 03
2. 04
2 .0 2
2. 01
2. 00
2. 0 0
2 .0 2
2 .0 3
2 .0 3
2 .0 3

9 5 10
94. 02
92. 08
9 1 .0 8
8 3 .8 2
8 3 .8 4
8 3 . 43
84. 67
84. 66
86. 32
85. 69

4 5 .5
4 5 .2
4 4 .7
4 4 .0
4 1 .7
4 1 .3
4 1 .3
4 1 .1
41. 5
4 1 .7
4 1 .8

2 .0 9
2 .0 8
2 .0 6
2 .0 7
2 .0 1
2 .0 3
2. 02
2 .0 6
2 .0 4
2 .0 7
2 .0 5

Other aircraft parts
and equipm ent

S h ip - a n d b o a tb u ild in g a n d r e p a ir in g 3

Shipbuilding and
repairing

B oatbuilding and
repair ing

Locomotives and
p a rts

1 9 5 1 : A v e r a g e .................
1 9 5 2 : A v e r a g e ________
S e p t e m b e r _____

$ 7 8 .6 6
81 22
8 2 .0 8

4 3 .7
4 3 .2
4 3 .2

$ 1 .8 0
1 .8 8
1 .9 0

$ 6 9 . 83
7 5 .1 7
7 7 .1 6

3 9 .9
4 0 .2
4 0 .4

$ 1 . 75
1 .8 7
1 .9 1

$ 7 1 . 42
7 6 . 78
7 8 . 57

3 9 .9
40. 2
4 0 .5

$ 1 . 79
1 .9 1
1. 9 4

$60. 95
6 6 .2 3
6 9 .0 3

4 0 .1
3 9 .9
3 9 .9

$ 1 .5 2
1 .6 6
1. 7 3

$76. 48
7 7. 74
7 6 .0 2

4 0 .9
4 0 .7
3 9 .8

$ 1 .8 7
1 .9 1
1. 91

$ 8 1 .1 2
8 1 . 14
8 1 .1 4

4 1 .6
4 1 .4
4 1 .4

$ 1 .9 5
1 95
1. 9 6

1952: N o v e m b e r . .
D e c e m b e r ____
1 9 5 3 : J a n u a r y .................
F e b r u a r y _____
M a r c h . _______
A p r i l ___________
M a y _____________
J u n e ____________
J u l y _____________
A u gu st .
S e p t e m b e r _____

8 3 .3 3
8 5 .9 4
8 4 .6 3
85. 65
8 6 .2 9
8 5 .1 0
83. 30
83. 75
8 4 .3 8
83. 98
84. 00

4 3 .4
4 4 .3
4 3 .4
4 3 .7
4 3 .8
4 3 .2
4 2 .5
42 3
4 2 .4
4 2 .2
4 2 .0

1 .9 2
1 .9 4
1 .9 5
1 .9 6
1 .9 7
1 .9 7
1 .9 6
1 .9 8
1 .9 9
1 .9 9
2. 00

72. 95
77. 99
7 6 .0 3
76. 60
78. 79
8 0 .1 0
8 0 .1 9
79. 40
80. 57
80. 77
7 8 .6 9

3 7 .8
4 0 .2
3 9 .6
3 8 .3
3 9 .2
3 9 .7
3 9 .7
3 9 .5
3 9 .5
3 9 .4
3 8 .2

1 .9 3
1 .9 4
1 .9 2
2 .0 0
2 .0 1
2. 0 2
2. 02
2 .0 1
2 .0 4
2 .0 5
2 .0 6

7 3 .7 0
7 9 .6 0
77. 62
7 8 .1 1
8 0 . 73
8 1 .9 5
8 1 .7 4
8 1 .1 4
8 2 . 53
8 2 . 71
8 0 . 81

3 7 .6
4 0 .2
3 9 .6
3 8 .1
3 9 .0
3 9 .4
3 9 .3
3 9 .2
3 9 .3
3 9 .2
3 8 .3

1 .9 6
1 .9 8
1 .9 6
2 .0 5
2 .0 7
2 .0 8
2. 08
2 .0 7
2 .1 0
2 .1 1
2 .1 1

67. 47
6 9 . 77
6 8 .4 6
6 8 .1 1
6 9 .4 9
7 1 .8 6
7 2 .2 8
7 0 . 41
70. 93
70. 75
6 8 .0 6

3 9 .0
40. 1
3 9 .8
3 9 .6
4 0 .4
4 1 .3
4 1 .3
4 0 .7
4 0 .3
4 0 .2
3 7 .6

1 .7 3
1 .7 4
1 .7 2
1 .7 2
1 .7 2
1 .7 4
1 .7 5
1 .7 3
1. 7 6
1 .7 6
1 .8 1

7 6. 8 0
8 1 .1 2
7 9 .3 7
7 9 .9 8
8 1 .4 1
8 1 .6 1
7 9 . 79
8 1 .2 0
77. 99
79. 76
80. 94

4 0 .0
4 1 .6
4 0 .7
4 0 .6
4 0 .5
40. 2
3 9 .5
4 0 .0
3 8 .8
3 9 .1
3 9 .1

1 .9 2
1 .9 5
1 .9 5
1 .9 7
2 . 01
2 .0 3
2 .0 2
2 .0 3
2 .0 1
2 .0 4
2 .0 7

7 8 . 94
8 1 .0 9
7 8 .9 4
79. 56
8 4 .4 6
85. 07
80. 55
85. 06
7 8 .1 6
8 2 .3 9
8 2 .3 5

4 0 .9
4 1 .8
4 0 .9
4 0 .8
4 1 .4
4 0 .9
3 9 .1
4 0 .7
3 8 .5
3 9 .8
3 9 .4

1 .9 3
1 .9 4
1 .9 3
1 .9 5
2 .0 4
2. 0 8
2. 0 6
2 .0 9
2 .0 3
2 .0 7
2 .0 9

I n s t r u m e n ts a n d r e la te d p r o d u c ts

T r a n s p o r ta tio n e q u ip m e n t -- C o n t in u e d

Railroad and streetcar

O th e r tr a n s p o r ta tio n
e q u ip m e n t

T o ta l: I n s t r u m e n ts
a n d r e la te d p r o d u c ts

L a b o r a to r y ,
sc ie n ­
tific , a n d e n g in e e r ­
in g in s t r u m e n ts

M e c h a n ic a l m e a s u r ­
in g a n d c o n tr o llin g
in s tr u m e n ts

O p t ic s 1 i n s t r u m e n t s
a n d le n se s

1 9 5 1 : A v e r a g e ________
1952: A v e r a g e ... . . .
S e p t e m b e r _____

$70. 40
7 4 .0 0
6 9 .3 6

4 0 .0
4 0 .0
3 7 .9

$ 1 .7 6
1 . «5
1 .8 3

$ 6 8 .5 3
7 3 .0 2
7 3 .9 6

4 2 .3
42. 7
4 3 .0

$ 1 .6 2
1 .7 1
1. 7 2

$68. 20
7 2 . 07
7 3 .4 3

4 2 .1
4 1 .9
4 2 .2

$ 1 .6 2
1 .7 2
1 .7 4

$ 8 6 .8 5
9 3 11
9 6 .0 1

4 5 .0
45. 2
4 5 .5

$ 1 .9 3
2. 06
2 .1 1

$68. 69
7 1 .6 6
73. 79

42. 4
4 2 .4
4 2 .9

$ 1 .6 2
1 .6 9
1. 7 2

$ 7 2 . 07
7 6 . 50
7 7 .7 1

4 2 .9
42. 5
4 2 .7

$ 1 .6 8
1 .8 0
1 .8 2

1 9 5 2 : N o v e m b e r _____
D e c e m b e r _____

74. 87
80. 93
7 9 . 98
8 0 .4 0
7 8 .4 1
7 8 . 21
79. 0 0
7 8 .0 1
7 8 .0 0
77. 39
8 0 .1 3

39 2
41. 5
4 0 .6
4 0 .4
3 9 .6
3 9 .5
3 9 .9
3 9 .4
3 9 .0
3 8 .5
3 8 .9

1 .9 1
1 .9 5
1 .9 7
1 .9 9
1 .9 8
1. 9 8
1 .9 8
1 .9 8
2 .0 0
2 .0 1
2 .0 6

80 28
7 5 .6 8
7 1 .2 3
7 2 .0 4
72. 39
7 2 .2 2
7 5 .1 7
7 5 .1 7
7 0 .3 1
7 2 .0 7
7 3 .4 2

44 6
4 3 .0
4 0 .7
4 0 .7
4 0 .9
4 0 .8
4 1 .3
4 1 .3
3 9 .5
3 9 .6
3 9 .9

1 80
1. 76
1 . 75
1 .7 7
1 .7 7
1 .7 7
1 .8 2
1 .8 2
1 .7 8
1 .8 2
1 .8 4

74 38
75. 76
73. 57
7 3 .3 9
7 3 . 74
7 2 .1 0
73. 22
7 3 .8 7
7 1 .8 6
7 3 .3 9
7 4 .3 4

4 2 .5
4 2 .8
4 1 .8
4 1 .7
4 1 .9
41. 2
4 1 .6
4 1 .5
4 0 .6
4 1 .0
4 1 .3

1. 75
1 .7 7
1 .7 6
1 .7 6
1 .7 6
1. 75
1 .7 6
1 .7 8
1 .7 7
1. 79
1 .8 0

96. 64
97. 52
9 3 .6 6
92. 82
9 2 .1 9
8 0 .5 7
8 9 .8 7
9 0 .0 9
82. 40
8 8 .6 2
9 1 .1 6

4 5 .8
4 6 .0
4 4 .6
4 4 .2
4 3 .9
3 9 .3
4 3 .0
4 2 .9
4 0 .0
4 2 .2
4 2 .8

2 .1 1
2 .1 2
2 .1 0
2 .1 0
2 .1 0
2. 0 5
2 .0 9
2 .1 0
2 .0 6
2 .1 0
2 .1 3

7 4 .7 3
76. 4 6
7 3 . 74
74. 34
7 4 .1 6
74. 05
7 3 .5 1
74. 52
7 1 .9 6
7 3 .6 7
7 5 .4 4

4 2 .7
4 3 .2
4 1 .9
4 2 .0
4 1 .9
4 1 .6
4 1 .3
4 1 .4
4 0 .2
4 0 .7
4 1 .0

1 .7 5
1 .7 7
1 .7 6
1 .7 7
1 .7 7
1 .7 8
1 .7 8
1 .8 0
1 .7 9
1 .8 1
1 .8 1

80. 22
81. 72
8 0 .2 9
80. 29
8 0 . 11
8 1 .4 7
8 1 .2 2
7 9 .9 8
78. 26
7 8 .0 2
7 7 .0 4

4 3 .6
4 3 .7
4 3 .4
4 3 .4
4 3 .3
4 3 .8
4 3 .9
4 3 .0
4 2 .3
4 2 .4
4 2 .1

1 .8 4
1 .8 7
1 .8 5
1 .8 5
1 .8 5
1 .8 6
1 .8 5
1 .8 6
1 .8 5
1. 8 4
1 .8 3

19S3; J a n u a r y
F e b r u a r y ______
M a r c h . _______
A p r i l ____________
M a y . . ________
J u n e _____________
J u l y _____________
A u g u s t _________
S e p t e m b e r _____

M is c e lla n e o u s m a n u fa c t u r in g in d u s t r ie s

I n s t r u m e n ts a n d r e la te d p r o d u c ts — C o n tin u e d

S u r g ic a l,
m e d ic a l,
a n d d e n ta l in str u ­
m e n ts

O p h th a lm ic g o o d s

1 9 5 1 : A v e r a g e ________
1 9 5 2 : A v e r a g e ________
S e p t e m b e r _____

$60. 86
64. 68
66. 30

4L 4
41 2
4 1 .7

$ 1 .4 7
1 .5 7
1 .5 9

$55. 49
5 6 .6 3
5 7 .6 3

1 9 5 2 : N o v e m b e r _____
D e c e m b e r _____
1 9 5 3 : J a n u a r y ------------F e b r u a r y _______
M arch
____
A p r i l ____________
M a y _____________
June
_______
J u l y _____________
A u g u s t _________
S e p t e m b e r _____

66. 08
6 6 . 56
66. 56
6 6 .3 3
67. 72
66. 98
66. 24
66. 74
67. 65
67 90
6 7 .7 3

41 3
4 1 .6
4 1 .6
41. 2
41. 8
4 1 .6
4 1 .4
4 1 .2
4 1 .5
4 1 .4
4 1 .3

1 .6 0
1 .6 0
1 .6 0
1 .6 1
1 .6 2
1. 61
1 .6 0
1 .6 2
1 .6 3
1 .6 4
1 .6 4

5 9 .1 8
59. 74
5 8 .3 2
5 7 .8 9
5 8 .1 8
5 8 .1 8
58. 44
5 8 .6 9
57. 67
5 7 .1 3
5 8. 5 5

S e e fo o tn o te s a t e n d o f ta b le .


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

4 0 .8
3 9 .6
4 0 .3
4 1 .1
4 1 .2
4 0 .5
4 0 .2
4 0 .4
4 0 .4
4 0 .3
4 0 .2
39. 5
3 9 .4
4 0 .1

P h o to g r a p h ic
a p p a r a tu s

W a t c h e s a n d c lo c k s

T o t a l: M is c e lla n e o u s
m a n u fa c t u r in g i n ­
d u s tr ie s

$ 1 .3 6
1 .4 3
1 .4 3

$ 7 3 .0 8
7 6 . 73
76. 78

4 2 .0
4 1 .7
4 1 .5

$ 1 .7 4
1 .8 4
1 .8 5

$59. 57
60. 55
6 2 .0 2

4 0 .8
40 1
4 0 .8

$1. 46
1. 51
1. 5 2

$57. 67
6 1 .5 0
62. 82

4 0 .9
4 1 .0
4 1 .6

1 .4 4
1 .4 5
1 .4 4
1 .4 4
1 .4 4
1. 4 4
1 .4 5
1 .4 6
1 .4 6
1 .4 5
1 .4 6

7 9 .2 9
80. 09
7 5 .3 3
7 4 . 59
7 6 .1 1
7 6 .4 8
7 6 .5 2
7 6 .3 0
7 5 .3 6
7 7 .3 0
78. 72

4 2 .4
4 2 .6
4 0 .5
4 0 .1
4 0 .7
4 0 .9
4 0 .7
4 0 .8
4 0 .3
4 0 .9
4 1 .0

1 .8 7
1 .8 8
1 .8 6
1 .8 6
1 .8 7
1. 8 7
1 .8 8
1 .8 7
1 .8 7
1 .8 9
1 .9 2

6 2 . 73
6 3 .8 6
6 5 .1 6
6 6 .1 4
6 7 .1 0
66. 78
67. 20
6 7 . 78
6 6 .9 8
67. 24
66. 99

4 1 .0
4 1 .2
4 1 .5
4 1 .6
4 2 .2
4 2 .0
4 2 .0
4 2 .1
4 1 .6
4 1 .0
4 1 .1

1 .5 3
1 .5 5
1 .5 7
1 .5 9
1 .5 9
1. 59
1 .6 0
1 .6 1
1. 61
1 .6 4
1 .6 3

64 26
6 5 . 57
6 4 .1 7
6 4 .1 2
6 4 . 74
6 4 .4 3
6 4 .2 1
6 3 .8 0
6 2 .3 3
6 3 .1 1
62. 73

4 2 .0
4 2 .3
4 1 .4
41. 1
4 1 .5
4 1 .3
4 0 .9
4 0 .9
3 9 .7
4 0 .2
3 9 .7

$ 1 .4 1
1. 5 0
1. 51
1 .5 3
1. 5 5
1. 55
1. 56
1 .5 6
1 .5 6
1. 57
1 .5 6
1 .5 7
1. 57
1. 58'

J e w e lr y , s ilv e r w a r e ,
a n d d a te d w a re 3

$ 6 1 .3 0
65. 99
6 8 . 57

4 1 .7
4 2 .3
4 3 .4

$ 1 .4 7
1. 56
1 .5 8

7 1 .8 4
7 2 .3 2
6 8 .4 1
68. 48
6 9 .2 8
68. 59
6 8 .2 0
67. 36
65. 28
67. 48
6 8 . 81

4 4 .9
45. 2
4 3 .3
4 2 .8
4 3 .3
4 2 .6
4 2 .1
4 2 .1
4 0 .8
4 1 .4
4 1 .7

1 .6 0
1 .6 0
1. 68
1 .6 0
1 .6 0
1 .6 1
1 .6 2
1 .6 0
1 .6 0
1 .6 3
1 .6 5

G: EARNINGS AND HOURS

1368
TABLE

M ONTHLY LABOR

C -l: Hours and gross earnings of production workers or nonsupervisory employees1—Continued
M anufacturing—C ontlnued
Miscellaneous manufacturing industries—Continued

Year and month

Jew elry and findings

Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn­ hours
ings
1951: Average_____ $58.38
1952: Average......... - 63.33
September___ 65.69

41.7
42.5
43.5

1952: November___
December___
1953: January_____
February____
M arch______
April................
M ay________
June________
July________
August______
September___

44.6
45.2
43.9
42.8
43.2
42.1
41.5
41.7
40.2
40.5
40.5

67.79
68. 70
66.73
65. 91
66.10
64. 41
63. 91
63. 38
60. 70
62.78
63.18

Silverware and plated
ware

Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn­ earn­ wkly.
ings
ings hours
$1.40 $65. 73
1.49 70.98
1.51 74.74
1. 52
1.52
1.52
1.54
1.53
1.53
1.54
1.52
1. 51
1.55
1.56

80. 08
79.28
71.74
73. 44
75. 69
76.13
76.03
74. 73
73. 50
75.68
78. 40

Musical instruments
and parts

Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn­ earn­ wkly.
ings
ings hours

41.6
42.0
43.2

$1.58 $63. 65
1.69 68.64
1.73 70. 47

40.8
41.1
41.7

45.5
1.76 72. 58 42.2
45.3
1.75 72. 93 42.4
42.2
41.2
1.70 71.28
42.7
1.72 72.21
41.5
43.5
1.74 72. 73 41.8
43.5
1.75 72.28
41.3
43.2
1. 76 70.88
40.5
42.7
1.75 70. 35
40.2
42.0
1.75 68.78
39.3
43.0
1. 76 70. 80 40.0
43.8
1.79 70. 67 39.7
Manufacturing—Continued

Toys and sporting
goods 3

Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn­ earn­ wkly.
ings
ings hours
$1.56 $53. 60
1.67 58. 73
1. 69 60.15
1. 72
1.72
1.73
1.74
1.74
1.75
1.75
1.75
1.75
1.77
1.78

61.27
62. 06
60.15
61.00
62.06
61.05
60. 90
60. 60
58. 20
59.40
58.74

Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn­ earn­ wkly.
ings
ings hours
$1.35 $53. 72
1.45 58.84
1.46 60.15

39.7
40. 5
41.2
41.4
41.1
40.1
40.4
41.1
40.7
40.6
40.4
38.8
39.6
38.9

1.48
1.51
1.50
1.51
1.51
1.50
1. 50
1.50
1.50
1. 50
1.51

1951: Average_____ $54.91
1952: Average_____ 57. 26
September___ 59. 08

41.6
40.9
41.9

1952: November___ 58. 79
December___
59. 76
1953: January_____ 57. 86
February --_ _ 57. 57
M arch_____
58. 29
A pril-............. 59. 02
M ay________ 59.13
June________ 59.86
July------------- 57.38
August—
58. 29
September___ 58.95

41.4
41.5
39.9
39.7
40.2
40.7
40.5
41.0
39.3
40.2
40.1

Costume jewelry,
buttons, notions

$1.32 $53. 73
1.40 55.74
1.41 56. 71
1.42
1.44
1.45
1.45
1.45
1.45
1.46
1.46
1.46
1.45
1.47

59.74
59. 47
60.30
60. 01
61.01
61.01
60. 38
59.83
55.39
55. 97
56. 68

40.1
40.1
40.8
41.2
41.3
41.3
41.1
41.5
41.5
40.8
40.7
38.2
38.6
38.3

Fabricated plastic
products

$1.34 $60. 59
1.39 64. 79
1.39 65.88
1.45
1.44
1.46
1.46
1.47
1.47
1.48
1. 47
1.45
1.45
1.48

67. 62
68. 96
70. 09
69. 21
69. 28
68. 79
68.88
67.16
66.91
67. 48
66. 99

41. 5
41.8
42.5
42.8
43.1
43.0
42.2
42.5
42.2
42.0
41.2
41.3
41.4
40.6

Other manufacturing
industries

$1.46 $59.18
1.55 62. 02
1. 55 62.73
1.58
1.60
1.63
1.64
1.63
1.63
1.64
1.63
1.62
1.63
1.65

61.27
61.41
59.04
60. 04
61.81
61.56
61.41
60. 70
57. 45
58. 95
59. 43

1951: Average1952: Average.
1952: November__
December___
1953: January____
February___
March_____
April_______
M ay_______
June_______
July_______
August..........

$58. 26
61.22
62.79

39.1
38.5
39.0

37.7
37.0
37.7

$1.31 $81.32
1.39 86. 51
1.42 88.83

64. 57 38.9
1.66 55.35
37.4
1.48
63.63
38.8
1.64 52. 26 36.8
1.42
63. 69 38.6
1.65 52.56
36.5
1.44
63. 58 38.3
1.66 53. 07 36.6
1.45
63.03
38.2
1.65 52. 20
36.5
1.43
63. 2C 38.3
1.65 52. 20 36.5
1.43
64.63
38.7
1.67 54.68
37.2
1. 47
65.13
39.0
1.67 54.09
37.3
1.45
64.35
39.0
1.65 54. 38
37.5
1.45
64.08
38.6
1.66 53. 57 37.2
1.44
68.16
39. 4
1.73 59. 75 38.3
1.56
Transportation and public utilities—
Continued

90.31
92. 2Í
92.02
89. 25
88.82
89. 67
90. 95
93. 53
90.95
91.15
93.94

64. 06
65. 68
64. 37
63. 90
64. 37
64.62
64. 24
64. 71
64.24
64.88
63.92

41.1
40.8
41.0

$1.44 $70. 93
1. 52 74.30
1.53 76. 26

41.6
42.1
41.0
40.7
41.0
40.9
40.4
40.7
39.9
40.3
39.7

1.54
1.56
1.57
1.57
1.57
1.58
1.59
1.59
1.61
1.61
1.61

41.4
40.4
39.1
39. 5
40.4
40.5
40.4
40.2
38.3
39.3
39.1

74.29
76. 30
74.61
76. 95
75. 30
76.82
74.43
77. 75
7S.31
75. 36

41.0
40.6
41.0
39.1
40.8
39.9
40.5
40.7
41.3
39.8
41.8
42.1
40.3

42.8
42.2
42.5
42.6
43.1
43.0
41.9
41.9
42.1
42.5
43.3
42.3
42.2
42.7

$1.90 $68.24
2.05 72.48
2.09 74. 55
2.12
2.14
2.14
2.13
2.12
2.13
2.14
2.16
2.15
2.16
2. 20

73.74
74.1C
73.63
73. 46
73.63
73.63
75. 90
75. 60
74. 76
74. 76
77. 46

44.6
43.4
42.6
41.9
42.1
41.6
41.5
41.6
41.6
42.4
42.0
42.0
42.0
42.1

$1.53 $71. 65
1.67 75.12
1. 75 76.13
1.76
1.76
1.77
1.77
1.77
1.77
1.79
1.80
1. 78
1. 78
1.84

78. 77
78. 21
78.40
77. 46
77. 87
78.50
79.52
80. 22
81.32
80.93
82. 35

41.9
41.5
41.6
41.9
41.6
41.7
41.2
41.2
41.1
41.2
41.5
41.7
41.5
41.8

Wholesale trade

Retail trade (except
eating and drink­
ing places)

$1.65 $72. 49
1.73 75. 89
1.75 76. 73

41.9
41.7
41.7

$1.73 $64.31
1.82 67. 80
1.84 68.38

40.7
40. 6
40.7

$1.58 $50. 65
1.67 52.67
1.68 53.20

40.2
39.9
39.7

$1.26 $37. 75
1.32 38.41
1.34 38.12

36.3
35.9
35.3

1952: November___
December___
1953: January.
February........

42.1
41. 6
41.4
41.0
41.0
41. 0
40.9
40.9
41.2
41. 2
41. 6

1.80
1.79
1.80
1.81
1.81
1.84
1. 84
1.83
1.86
1.86
1.88

41.9
41.9
42.3
41.5
41.4
41.4
41.5
41.7
41.8
41.8
42. 0|

1.89 69.19
1.89 69.53
1.90 69. 08
1.90 69. 66
1.92 69. 89
1.94 70.12
1.95 70.93
1.97 71.10
1.98 72.09
1.98 72. 45
2. 00 72. 27

40.7
40.9
40.4
40. 5
40.4
40.3
40.3
40.4
40.5
40.7
40.6

1.70
1. 70
1.71
1. 72
1.73
1.74
1.76
1.76
1.78
1.78
1.78

52. 65
52. 54
53.45
53.70
53.70
53.96
54. 21
55.16
56. 26
56. 40
55. 66

39.0
39.8
39.3
39.2
39.2
39.1
39.0
39.4
39.9
40.0
39.2

1.35 37.15
1.32 38.48
1.36 38. 85
1.37 38.17
1.37 37.82
1.38 37.93
1.39 38.52
1.40 39.65
1.41 40. 54
1.41 39.85
1.42 39.31

34.4
37.0
35.0
34.7
34.7
34.8
34.7
35.4
36.2
35.9
35.1

M a r c h .................

M a y __________

June..............
July________
August______
September___

See footnotes at end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

41.3
42.1
41.4
41.6
42.0
41.1
40.9
40.7
39.6
40.0
38.6

1.48
1.50
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.48
1.48
1.48
1.49
1.49
1.50

Local railways and
buslines •

$1.73 $72. 23
1.83 76.56
1.86 77.74
1.90
1.87
1.87
1.90
1.85
1.86
1.87
1.86
1.86
1.87

77. 81
78. 66
76. 01
76. 61
76.78
77. 92
79. 06
78.89
78. 93
78. 40
78. 23

46.3
46.4
46.0

$1.56
1.65
1.69

45. 5
46.0
44. 5
44.8
44.9
45.3
45.7
45.6
45.1
44.8
44.2

1.71
1.71
1.71
1.71
1.71
1.72
1. 73
1.73
1.75
1. 75
1.77

Electric light and
power utilities

$1.71 $72. 91
1.81 76.18
1.83 77. 61
1.88
1.88
1.88
1.88
1.89
1.91
1.93
1.93
1.95
1.95
1.97

80.45
78. 88
79.27
78.50
78. 91
79.13
80.15
81.54
82.35
82.17
83. 60

41.9
41.4
41.5

$1.74
1.84
1.87

41. 9
41.3
41. 5
41.1
41.1
41.0
41.1
41.6
41.8
41.5
41.8

1.92
1.91
1.91
1.91
1.92
1.93
1.95
1.96
1.97
1.98
2.60

ent stores and
Genera] merchandise D epartm
general mail-order
stores 3
houses

41.8
41. 5
41.6

April________

61.12
63.15
61.69
61.98
62. 58
60.83
60. 53
60. 24
59. 00
59. 60
57. 90

$1.34
1.44
1.46

Retail trade

Electric light and gas
utilities combined

79.19
79.19
80.37
78. 85
79. 49
80.32
80.93
82.15
82.76
82. 76
84. 00

1.48
1.52
1.51
1.52
1.53
1.52
1. 52
1.51
1.50
1.50
1.52

39.8
40.9
41.3

Wholesale and retail trade

1951: Average$68. 97
1952: Average.
71.80
September___ 72.80
75. 78
74.46
74. 52
74. 21
74.21
75.44
75. 26
74.85
76.63
76.63
78. 211

$1.36 $53. 33
1.46 58. 90
1.46 60.30

Total: Gas and elec­
tric utilities

Telegraph 3

Other public utilities—Continued
Gas utilities

39. 5
40.3
41.2

Avg.
hrly.
earn­
ings

Other public utilities

Line construction.
Switchboard operat­
installation, and
ing employees 7
maintenance employees 8
$1.49 $49.39
1.59 51.43
1.61 53. 53

Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn­ earn­ wkly.
ings
ings hours

Class I railroads «

Communication
Telephone

Sporting and athletic
goods

Transportation and public utilities

Miscellaneous manufacturing industries—Continued
Pens, pencils, and
other office supplies

Games, toys, dolls, and
children’s vehicles

$1.04 $44.23
1.07 44. 77
1.08 44.90
1.08
1.04
1. 11
1.10
1.09
1.09
1.11
1.12
1.12
1.11
1.12

43.19
45. 90
44.50
43. 77
43.67
43.79
44.38
45. 59
45. 86
45.36
45.23

37.8
37.0
36.5

$1.17
1.21
1.23

35.4
38.9
35, 6
35.3
35.5
35.6
35.5
35.9
36.4
36.0
35.9

1.22
1.18
1.25
1.24
1.23
1.23
1.25
1.27
1.26
1.26
1.26

REVIEW, DECEMBER 1953

1369

C: EARNINGS AND HOURS

T able C -l: Hours and gross earnings of production workers or nonsupervisory employees1 Continued
Wholesale and retail trade—Continued
Other re tail trade

Retail trade—Continued
Year and month

Food and liquor stores

Automotive and acces­
sories dealers

Lumbe r and ha rdwaresu pply stoi*es

Furniture and appliance stört s

Apparel and accessories
stores

Avg.
hrly.
earn­
ings

Avg.
wkly.
earn­
ings

Avg.
wkly.
hours

Avg.
hrly.
earn­
ings

Avg.
wkly.
earn­
ings

Avg.
wkly.
hours

Avg.
hrly.
earn­
ings

Avg.
wkly.
earn­
ings

Avg.
wkly.
hours

Avg.
hrly.
earn­
ings

Avg.
wkly.
earn­
ings

Avg.
wkly.
hours

Avg.
hrly.
earn­
ings

Avg.
wkly.
earn­
ings

Avg.
wkly.
hours

1951: Average—............
1952: Average.,............
September......... .

$54.54
56.52
56. 52

40.1
39.8
39.8

$1.36
1.42
1.42

$66.28
69.61
70. 51

45.4
45.2
45.2

$1.46
1.54
1. 56

$42. 24
43. 68
43. 55

36.1
35.8
35.7

$1.17
1.22
1.22

$59.48
61.06
61.20

43.1
42.7
42.5

$1.38
1.43
1.44

$58.86
61.19
62.49

43.6
43.4
43.7

$1.35
1.41
1.43

1952: Novem ber......... .
December_____
1953: January............ .
February______
M a rc h ,......... .
April..................
M ay....................
Ju n e________ _
J u ly ...................
August________
September_____

56.99
57.13
57. 62
57.48
57. 57
57.81
57. 66
58. 95
60.25
60.10
60. 21

39.3
39.4
39.2
39.1
38.9
38.8
38.7
39.3
39.9
39.8
39.1

1.45
1.45
1.47
1.47
1. 48
1. 49
1.49
1.50
1.51
1.51
1.54

71.26
71.28
71.12
71.55
72. 90
74. 09
74. 70
74.98
74. 98
74.98
73.26

45.1
45.4
45.3
45.0
45.0
44.9
45.0
44.9
44.9
44.9
44.4

1.58
1.57
1.57
1.59
1.62
1.65
1. 66
1.67
1.67
1.67
1.65

43.65
45.49
44. 73
43.65
43. 30
43. 75
44. 58
45. 09
45.61
45.01
44.93

35.2
36.1
35.5
35.2
35.2
35.0
35.1
35.5
36.2
36.3
35.1

1.24
1.26
1.26
1.24
1. 23
1. 25
1.27
1.27
1.26
1.24
1.28

62.46
65.66
60. 76
60.06
60.48
60. 90
61.03
61.89
62.31
62.60
61.89

42.2
43.2
41.9
42.0
42.0
42.0
41.8
42.1
42.1
42.3
42.1

1.48
1.52
1.45
1.43
1. 44
1.45
1.46
1. 47
1.48
1.48
1.47

61.78
61.92
61.06
61.92
62.49
62.78
64.37
64. 67
65.10
65. 97
65.36

42.9
43.3
42. 7
42.7
42.8
43.0
43.2
43.4
43.4
43.4
43.0

1.44
1.43
1.43
1.45
1. 46
1.46
1.49
1.49
1.50
1.52
1.52

Service and miscellaneous

Finance, insurance, and real estate10

Personal services
Banks and Security
trust com­ dealers and
exchanges
panies

Avg.
wkly.
earnings

Avg.
wkly.
earnings

Insurance
carriers

Avg.
wkly.
earnings

Hotels, year-round 11

Cleaning and d yeing
plants

Laundries
Avg.
wkly.
earn­
ings

Avg.
wkly.
hours

Avg.
hrly.
earn­
ings

Avg.
wkly.
earn­
ings

Avg.
wkly.
hours

Avg.
hrly.
earn­
ings

Avg.
wkly.
earn­
ings

Avg.
wkly.
hours

Avg.
hrly.
earn­
ings

Motionpicture pro­
duction and
distribu­
tion 10
Avg.
wkly.
earnings

1951: A verage...
1952: Average.-.
September.

$50.32
52. 50
52.41

$83.68
81.07
77.78

$61.31
63.38
63.25

$35. 42
37.06
36.89

43.2
42.6
42.4

$0.82
.87
.87

$37.81
38.63
38. 95

41.1
41.1
41.0

$0.92
.94
.95

$43.99
45.10
46.07

41.5
41.0
41.5

$1.06
1.10
1.11

$83.95
90.49
90.19

1952: November.
December .
1953: January__
February..
March___
April.........
M ay..........
Ju n e_____
July-------August__
September.

53.42
53.56
54. 29
54.61
54. 40
54. 47
54. 65
54. 28
54.90
54.68
54.53

80.10
83. 27
84.06
83. 21

64.06
65.34
65. 75
66.23
66.32
66. 55
60. 52
67. 20
68.73
67.86
67.06

37 22
37 75
37 31
37 fi/5
37 47
37 83
37 89
38 22
38 40
38 52
38.58

42.3
42.9
42. 4
42.3
42.1
42. 5
42.1
42.0
42.2
42.8
42.4

.88
.88
.88
.89
.89
.89
.90
.91
.91
.90
.91

38.88
39. 55
39.36
38.88
39. 38
39. 58
40. 67
40.08
39.30
39.10
39.90

40.5
41.2
41.0
40.5
40.6
40.8
41.5
40.9
40.1
39.9
40.3

.96
.96
.96
.96
.97
.97
.98
.98
.98
.98
.99

44.96
45.92
45.02
43.73
45. 02
45.36
48.19
47.08
44.69
44.46
46.63

40.5
41.0
40.2
39.4
40.2
40.5
41.9
41.3
39.2
39.0
40.2

1.11
1.12
1.12
1.11
1. 12
1.12
1.15
1.14
1.14
1.14
1.16

88.85
90.20
87. 44
90. 76
90. 98
89. 64
84. 51
91. 46
90.98
90. 97
95.61

86.01

86. 78
84. 48
82. 55
81.72
78. 71
79.81

i Data are based upon reports from cooperating establishments covering
both full- and part-time employees who worked during, or received pay for,
any part of the pay period ending nearest the 15th of the month. For min­
ing, manufacturing, laundries, and cleaning and dyeing plants, data refer
to production and related workers only. For the remaining industries, unless
otherwise noted, data relate to nonsupervisory employees and working super­
visors. Data for the th r ee current months are subject to revision without notation; revised figures for earlier months will be identified by asterisks the
first month they are published.
>Italicized titles which follow are components of this industry.
8 See footnote 2, table A-2.
4 See footnote 3, table A-2.
» Figures for class I railroads (excluding switching and terminal companies)
are based upon monthly data summarized in the M-300 report by the Inter­
state Commerce Commission and relate to all employees who received pay
during the month, except executives, officials, and staff assistants (ICO
Group I).
• Data include privately and government operated local railways and buslines.


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

i Data relate to employees in such occupations in the telephone industry
as switchboard operators, service assistants, operating-room instructors, and
pay-station attendants. During 1952 such employees made up 47 percent of
the total number of nonsupervisory employees in telephone establishments
reporting hours and earnings data.
8Data relate to employees in such occupations in the telephofte industry as
central office craftsmen; installation and exchange repair craftsmen; line,
cable, and conduit craftsmen; and laborers. During 1952 such employees
made up 23 percent of the total number cf nonsupervisory employees in
telephone establishments reporting hours and earnings data.
« Beginning with 1952, data relate to domestic employees, except messen­
gers, and those compensated entirely on a commission basis and are not strictly
comparable with figures shown for 1951.
,
.
10 Data on average weekly hours and average hourly earnings are not avail-

^i^M oney payments only; additional value of board, room, uniforms, and
tips, not included.
See N ote on p. 1337

1370

C: EARNINGS AND HOURS

MONTHLY LABOR

T able C -2 : Gross average weekly earnings of production w orkers in selected industries, in c u rren t and
1947-49 dollars 1
M a n u f tic tu r ln g

B it u m ic o u s coal
m ir tin g

M a n u f a c t u r i n g B i t u m i n o u s co al
m i n in g

L a u n d r ie s

Y e a r a n d m o n th
C u rre n t
d o lla r s
1939:
1941:
1946:
1948:
1949:
1950:
1951:
1952:

A v e r a g e ____ ______
A v e r a g e ____________
A v e r a g e ......................._
A v e r a g e ___________
A v e r a g e — ..................
A v e r a g e ____________
A v e r a g e ____________
A v e r a g e ____________

$23. 86
29. 58
43. 82
54.14
54. 92
59.33
64. 71
67.97

1947-49 C u r r e n t 1947-49 C u r r e n t
d o lla rs d o lla r s d o lla rs d o lla r s
$40.17
47.03
52. 54
52. 67
53. 95
57. 71
58.30
59.89

$23. 88
30.8 6
58.03
72.12
63. 28
70. 35
77. 79
78.32

$40. 20
49. 06
69. 58
70.16
62.1 6
68. 43
70.08
69.0 0

$17.64
18. 69
30.2 0
34.2 3
34. 98
35.4 7
37. 81
38.63

1947-49
d o lla r s
$29.70
29. 71
36. 21
33.3 0
34.36
34. 50
34.06
34.04

• These series indicate changes in the level of average weekly earnings prior
to and after adjustment for changes in purchasing power as determined
from the Bureau's Consumer Price Index, the years 1947-49 having been
selected for the base period.

T able

C u rre n t
d o lla r s

1947-49 C u r r e n t
d o lla r s d o lla r s

1947-49 C u r r e n t 1947-49
d o lla r s d o lla r s d o lla rs

1952: S e p te m b e r _________
O c to b e r _______ . . .
N o v e m b e r _________
D e c e m b e r _________

$69. 63
70. 38
70.28
72.14

$61.03
61.63
61.49
63.23

$87.91
75. 58
86. 27
91.7 3

$ 7 7.05
66.18
75.48
80.39

$38.95
38.8 6
38. 88
39. 55

$34.14
34. 03
34.02
34.66

1953: J a n u a r y ______ _____
F e b r u a r y __________
M a r c h _____________
A p r i l __________ .
M a y ______________
J u n e ___________
J u l y ________________
A u g u s t 5__________
S e p te m b e r 2________

71.34
71.17
71.93
71. 40
71.63
71.63
71.33
71. 51
71.02

62. 63
62. 76
63. 32
62. 80
62 .8 3
62. 56
62.1 9
62.1 8
61. 65

87. 79
81.42
81. 76
79. 61
84. 97
91.25
84. 97
94. 37
8 6 .8 0

77.08
71.80
71.97
70. 02
74. 54
79.69
74.08
8 2 .0 6
75. 35

39 .3 6
38. 88
39. 38
39.58
40. 67
40. 28
39.3 0
39.10
39. 90

34.56
34. 29
34. 67
34. 81
35.68
35.18
34. 26
3 4 .00
34. 64

j

Preliminary,

See N ote on p. 1337.

C-3: Gross and net spendable average weekly earnings of production workers in manufacturing
industries, in current and 1947-49 dollars 1
Gross average
weekly earn­
ings

Period

Net spendable average weekly
earnings
Worker with
no dependents

Worker with 3
dependents

Index
Cur­
Cur­
Amount (1947-49 rent 1947-49 rent
= 100) dollars dollars dollars
1941: January_________ $26.64
1945: January_______
47. 50
July------------------- 45. 45
1946: Ju n e____________ 43.31
1939:
1940:
1941:
1942:
1943:
1944;
1945:
1946:
1947:
1948:
1949:
1950:
1951:
1952:

L a u n d r ie s

Y e ar a n d m o n th

Average________
Average______ .
A verage.______
Average..................
Average________
Average_______
Average..... ...........
Average_________
Average..................
Average_________
Average...................
Average...................
Average............ ......
Average_________

23. 86
25. 20
29.58
36. 65
43.14
46. 08
44. 39
43.82
49. 97
54.14
54. 92
59. 33
64.71
67. 97

Period

50.3
89.7
85.8
81.8

$25. 41
39. 40
37.80
37.30

$42.14
51. 77
48. 77
46. 74

$26. 37
45.17
43. 57
42. 78

$43. 73
59.36
56. 22
53. 61

45.1
47.6
55.9
69.2
81.5
87.0
83.8
82.8
94. 4
102.2
103.7
112.0
122.2
128.4

23. 58
24. 69
28.05
31. 77
36. 01
38. 29
36 97
37. 72
42. 76
47. 43
48.09
51.09
54.04
55.66

39. 70
41.22
44. 59
45. 58
48. 66
50. 92
48.08
45. 23
44. 77
46.14
47. 24
49. 70
48.68
49.04

23. 62
24. 95
29.28
36. 28
41.39
44. 06
42. 74
43. 20
48. 24
53.17
53.83
57.21
61.28
63.62

39. 76
41. 65
46. 55
52.05
55.93
58. 59
55.58
51.80
50. 51
51. 72
52.88
55. 65
55.21
56.05

Net spendable average weekly
earnings
W orker with
no dependents

Worker with 3
dependents

Index
Cur­
Cur­
Amount (1947-49 rent 1947-49 rent 1947-49
= 100) dollars dollars dollars dollars

1947-49
dollars

1 Net spendable average weekly earnings are obtained by deducting from
gross average weekly earnings, social security and income taxes for which the
specified type of worker is liable. The amount of income tax liability de­
pends, of course, on the number of dependents supported by the worker as
well as on the level of his gross income. Net spendable earnings have, there­
fore, been computed for 2 types of income-receivers: (1) A worker with no
dependents; (2) a worker with 3 dependents. See footnote 1, table C-2.
The computation of net spendable earnings for both the worker with no
dependents and the worker with 3 dependents are based upon the gross aver-


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

Gross average
weekly earn­
ings

September_______ $69. 63
October........ ........
70.38
November_______
70. 28
December________ 72.14

131.5
132.9
132.7
136.2

$56. 93
57. 52
57. 44
58.89

$49. 89
50. 37
50. 25
51.61

$64. 93
65.53
65. 45
66.94

$56.91
57. 38
57. 26
58.67

January_________
February____ ____
March___ _______
A pril________ ...
M a y __________
June---------------July_____________
A ugust2______
September2______

134.7
134.4
135.8
134.8
135.3
135.3
134.7
135.1
134.1

58.27
58.13
58. 72
58.31
58. 49
58.49
58. 26
58.40
58.02

51.16
51.26
51.69
51.28
51.31
51.08
50. 79
50. 78
50.36

66.30
66.16
66. 77
66. 34
66. 53
66.53
66. 29
66.43
66.04

58.21
58. 34
58. 78
58.35
58. 36
58.10
57. 79
57. 77
57.33

71.34
71.17
71.93
71.40
71.63
71.63
71.33
71. 51
71.02

age weekly earnings for all production workers in manufacturing industries
without direct regard to marital status and family composition. The pri­
mary value of the spendable series is that of measuring relative changes in
disposable earnings for 2 types of income-receivers.
2 Preliminary.
See N ote on p. 1337.

REVIEW, DECEMBER 1953

C: EARNINGS AND HOURS

1371

T able C -4 : A verage hourly earnings, gross and excluding overtim e, of production w orkers in
m anufacturing industries 1
Manufacturing
Excluding
overtime

Period
Gross
amount

1941: Average____
1942: Average____
1943: Average____
1944: Average____
1945: Average........
1946: Average____
1947: Average........
1948: Average____
1949: Average........
1950: Average........
1951: Average____
1952: Average........

Durable
goods

Index
Amount (1947—
49
= 100)

$0. 729
.853
.961
1.019
1.023
1.086
1. 237
1.350
1.401
1. 465
1.59
1.67

$0. 702
.805
.894
.947
». 963
1.051
1.198
1.310
1.367
1.415
1.53
1.61

Gross

Nondurable
goods

Ex­
clud­
ing
Gross
over­
time

54.5 $0.808 $0. 770
62.5
.947
.881
69.4 1.059
.976
73.5 1.117 1.029
»74.8 1.111 »1.042
81.6 1.156 1.122
93.0 1.292 1.250
101.7 1.410 1.366
106.1 1.469 1.434
109.9 1.537 1.480
118.8 1.67
1.60
125.0 1.76
1.69

$0. 640
.723
.803
.861
.904
1.015
1.171
1.278
1.325
1.378
1.48
1.54

Durable
goods

Excluding
overtime

Ex­
clud­
ing
over­
time

Period

$0.625
.698
.763
.814
». 858
.981
1.133
1.241
1.292
1.337
1.43
1.49

1952: Septem ber...
October____
Novem ber...
D ecem ber...

$1.69
1.70
1.71
1.73

$1.63
1.63
1.65
1.65

1953: January___
February__
March........
April______
M ay______
June........ .
July.............
August»___
September 3..

1.74
1. 74
1.75
1.75
1.76
1.76
1. 77
1.77
1.78

1.67
1.68
1.68
1.69
1.69
1.70
1.71
1.71
1. 73

1 Overtime is defined as work in excess of 40 hours per week and paid for
at time and one-half. The computation of average hourly earnings excluding
overtime makes no allowance for special rates of pay for work done on
holidays.


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

Manufacturing

Gross
amount

Nondurable
goods

Ex­
clud­
ing
over­
time

Gross

Ex­
clud­
ing
Gross
over­
time

126.6
126. 6
128.1
128.1

$1.80
1.81
1.82
1.83

$1.73
1.73
1.74
1.75

$1.54
1. 54
1.56
1.57

$1.49
1.49
1.51
1. 51

129.7
130.4
130. 4
131.2
131.2
132.0
132.8
132.8
134. 3

1.84
1.85
1.85
1.86
1.86
1.87
1.88
1.88
1.89

1.76
1. 77
1. 77
1.78
1.79
1.80
1.81
1.81
1.83

1.58
1.58
1.59
1.59
1.60
1.60
1.61
1.61
1. 62

1.53
1. 54
1. 54
1.55
1.55
1.55
1.56
1.56
1.58

Index
Amount (1947-49
= 100)

ll-month average; August 1945 excluded because of VJ-holiday period.
* Preliminary.
See N ote on p. 1337.

3

M ONTHLY LABOR

C: EARNINGS AND HOURS

1372

T able C -5. H ours and gross earnings of production w orkers in m anufacturing industries for selected
S tates and areas 1

Year and month

Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn­ hours
ings
40.1
40.1
40.7
40.9
41.0
41.2
40.2
39.8
40.4
40.3
40.1
40.0
39.8
40.2
39.4

1951: Average.......... $50.93
1952: Average_____ 52. 53
1952: September___ 54. 95
October_____ 54.81
November___ 55.35
December___ 56.44
1953: January-------- 55.48
February____ 54.92
M arch............ 55.35
April. _______ 55.61
M ay________ 55.34
June________ 55 . 20
July________ 5 5 . 32
August._____ 55.48
September___ 55.16

Mobile

State

Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn­ earn­ wkly.
ings
ings hours

Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn­ earn­ hours
ings
ings

Birmingham

State

Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn­ earn­ wkly.
ings hours
ings
$1.27 $60.35
1.31 63.18
1.35 66.99
1.34 67.73
1.35 66.17
1.37 68.64
1.38 68. 45
1. 38 67.37
1.37 68. 45
1.38 68. 28
1.38 67.32
1.38 68.06
1.39 70.80
1.38 70.12
1.40 70. 62

40.5
40.5
40.6
41.3
40.1
41.1
40.5
40.1
40.5
40.4
39.6
39.8
40.0
40.3
39.9

$1.49
1. 56
1.65
1.64
1. 65
1.67
1.69
1. 68
1.69
1.69
1.70
1.71
1.77
1.74
1. 77

$54.95
60.20
61.71
62.31
59.00
63. 55
59.95
59.43
59.04
62.02
63.18
63.36
66.26
65.53
66.66

40.7 $1.35
40.4
1.49
40.6
1. 52
40.2
1.55
39.6
1.49
41.0
1.55
1. 51
39.7
1.52
39.1
39.1
1.51
39.5
1.57
1.56
40.5
1.58
40.1
40.9
1. 62
1. 61
40.7
40.4
1.65

Little Rock-North
Little Rock
41.9
40.9
41.9
41.6
41.1
41.0
40.6
41.3
40.6
40.7
40.0
41.3
42.0
40.8
40.6

$45. 25
45.81
46. 93
47. 01
46.44
47.15
46. b9
47. 50
47.10
47. 62
47.20
49.15
49.14
48.55
47.91

43.1

$66.81

Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn­ earn­ wkly.
ings
ings hours
$1.55 $65.26
71.40
75. 65
73. 46
73. 22
76.46
76.01
74. 57
76.31
77.28
73.67
75. 71
76.82
77. 76
80. 36

80. "48" 2 43. 5 2 Ï. 85
1.84
79. 67 43.3
43.4
1.80
78.12
1.80
79. 74 44.3
1.81
78. 55 43.4
1.84
42.1
77.46
1.86
78. 86 42.4
42.4
1.89
80.14
41.6
1.85
76.96
42.4
1.87
79.29
1.89
41.7
78. 81
1.91
41.6
79.46
1.93
42.0
81. 06

$1.08 $71. 79
1.12 75. 85
1.12 77.90
1.13 77. 81
1.13 77.05
1.15 78.07
1.15 77. 51
1.15 77.61
1.16 78.30
1.17 78.47
1.18 78. 57
1.19 79.05
1.17 78. 60
1.19 79.62
1.18 78.83

San FranciscoOakland
$73.11
77.27
79.70
79.14
78.12
79.27
78.12
78.93
80. 03
79.70
80. 43
80.66
79. 56
81.11
80.39

39.5
39.6
40.5
40.3
39.2
39.5
38.8
39.2
39.4
39.3
39.5
39.3
38.8
39.7
39.1

Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn­ earn­ hours
ings
ings

Avg.
hrly.
earn­
ings

40.5
41.4
42.5
42.3
41.0
42.1
40.6
40.8
41.0
41.5
40.1
41.1
41.4
40.6
41.1

42.1 $1.55 $44.19
42.0
1.70 47.20
1.78 48. 88
42.5
41.5
1.77 49.07
41.6
1.76 48.38
43.2
1.77 49. 26
1.78 48.31
42.7
41.2
1.81 48. 55
1.83 49.20
41.7
1.84 49.80
42.0
1.81 48. 52
40.7
1.82 49. 73
41.6
1.86 50.09
41.3
1.92 49. 53
40.5
1.96 49.73
41.0

40.5
40.6
41.3
41.2
40.4
40.7
40.1
40.1
40.2
40.2
40.0
40.0
40.0
40.6
39.9

$1.77 $61.08
1. 87 64. 27
1.88 66.65
1.89 69.59
1.91 66.84
1.92 68.01
1.93 66.63
1.94 68.12
1.95 69. 85
1.95 67.04
1.96 67.46
1.98 67.89
1.97 66. 26
1.96 69.00
1.98 66.90

37.1
37.6
38.5
40.0
38.1
38.5
37.4
37.6
38.4
36.9
37.4
37.5
36.7
38.8
37.5

Sacramento

Los Angeles

Fresno

State

$1.65
1.71
1.73
1.74
1. 75
1.77
1.78
1.81
1.82
1.82
1.80
1.81
1.81
1.78
1. 79

$71.22
76. 20
77.84
77. 35
77. 70
79.18
78.78
78.01
78. 60
79.31
78. 61
78.88
79.08
79. 75
78. 78

40.9
41.3
41.7
41.4
41.3
41.8
41.2
40.8
40.8
41.1
40.6
40.5
40.0
40.9
40.2

$1.74 $72.03
1.84 73.00
1. 86 89. 80
1.87 81.93
1.88 71.07
1.90 76.08
1.91 71.63
1.91 71. 66
1.92 73.15
1.93 65.69
1.93 70.34
1.95 71.05
1.95 76.33
1.95 74.09
1.96 88.16

$1.85 $69.30
1. 95 72.00
1.97 71.95
1.96 70.36
1.99 71.03
2.01 73. 57
2.01 75.98
2.02 75.85
2.03 77.93
2.03 73.96
2.03 78.24
2.05 79.90
2. 05 71.57
2.04 74. 01
2.06 76.40

$1.09
1.14
1.15
1.16
1.18
1.17
1.19
1.19
1.20
1.20
1.21
1.21
1.21
1.22
1. 21

4 4 .4

37.6
39.7
37.7
37.4
38.0
34.8
37.4
37.8
39.7
40.2
44.7

$1.67 $68. 75
1.76 71.30
1.69 73.45
1.73 75.03
1.83 72. 29
1.86 75.13
1.91 74.41
1.94 /5. 66
1.94 77. 00
1.94 73.88
1.96 74.85
2. 00 72.67
1.81 72.02
1.79 74. 70
1.80 71.15

40.6
39.3
41.7
42.3
38.1
39.7
39.4
39.5
39.9
38.9
39.1
38.0
40.0
40.9
38.8

$1.69 $64.02
1.81 67.16
1. 76 65.77
1.77 67.82
1.90 71.15
1.89 71.32
1.89 68. 91
1.91 69.43
1.93 70. 69
1.90 71. 28
1.92 71.28
1.91 72.83
1.80 72.45
1.83 72. 56
1.83 70. 75

41.3
41.2
40.6
41.1
42.1
42.2
40.3
40.6
41.1
41.2
41.2
42.1
41.4
41.7
40.2

San Diego

$1.75 $70.39
1.83 69. 92
1.89 72.89
1.84 71.98
1.89 70.97
1.92 72.80
1.90 72. 64
1.91 73.20
1.93 74.42
1.89 74.30
1. 88 74.38
1.88 74.71
1. 92 76.14
1. 84 76.93
1.97 73. 72

$1.55 $63.08
1.63 67.07
1.62 68.62
1.65 71.05
1. 69 73.01
1.69 71.06
1.71 68.95
1.71 69. 29
1. 72 70. 79
1.73 71.38
1. 73 70. 52
1.73 72.14
1.75 71.80
1.74 71.97
1.76 72. 28

40.9
38.5
39.3
38.8
38.3
39.0
38.6
38.6
39.0
38.7
38.6
38.7
39.3
39.6
37.8

$1.72
1.82
1.86
1.86
1.85
1.87
1 .8 8

1.90
1.91
1.92
1.93
1.93
1.94
1.94
1.95

Connecticut
State

Denver

State

Stockton

San Jose
41.4
40.8
42.6
40.6
38.8
39.5
39.8
39.2
40.2
38.1
39.9
40.0
39.5
41.4
42.5

41.1
39.8
47.5

Colorado

C alifornia—C ontinued

1951: Average_____
1952: Average_____
1952: September___
O c to b e r..___
November___
December___
1953: January_____
February____
M arch.. ___
April________
M ay________
June________
July------------August______
September___

State

Phoenix

California

Arkansas—Con.

1951: A verage____
1952: Average_____
1952: S ep tem b er....
October_____
November___
December___
1953: January_____
February____
M arch______
April_______
M ay_______
June________
Ju ly________
August______
September___

Arkansas

Arizona

Alabama

41.5
41.4
42.1
42.8
43.2
42.3
40.8
41.0
41.4
41.5
41.0
41.7
41.5
41.6
41.3

$1.52 $67.20
1. 62 70.28
1.63 71.14
1.66 72.40
1.69 73.63
1.68 74.99
1.69 74.32
1.69 74.45
1.71 74.90
1.72 74. 55
1.72 74.98
1.73 74.80
1.73 73. 57
1.73 74. 52
1.75 74.23

42.6
42.0
42.0
42.5
42.8
43.3
42.9
42.8
42.8
42.6
42.6
42.5
41.8
42.1
41.7

$1.58
1.67
1.69
1.70
1.72
1.73
1.73
1.74
1. 75
1.75
1.76
1. 76
1.76
1.77
1.78

C onnecticut—C ontinued

1951: Average_____
1952: Average_____
1952: September___
October_____
November___
December___
1953: January_____
February____
M arch______
April__ __
M ay________
June________
J u ly ..............
August............
Septem ber...

Bridgeport

Hartford

42.1
42.2
42.5
42.7
42.8
43.4
42.6
42.2
42.5
42.0
41.8
41.4
40.7
41.0
40.7

45.1
43.7
42.2
43.2

$68.48
72. 58
73. 95
74. 73
75. 76
77.25
75.83
75. 96
76.93
76.44
75. 66
74.93
73.67
74. 62
74.89

S ee f o o tn o t e s a t e n d o f ta b le .


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

$1.63 $75.60
1.72 77. 28
1. 74 75. 28
1.75 77.42
1.77 80. 55
1.78 81. 62
1. 78 79. 75
1.80 79. 75
1.81 80.63
1.82 80. 44
1.81 79.72
1.81 79.35
1.81 80. 34
1.82 79.61
1.84 81.47

4 4 .4

44.7
43.9
43.9
44.3
44.2
43.8
43.6
43.9
43.5
43.8

New Britain
$1. 68 $68.67
1. 77 69.53
1. 79 69.08
1.79 69.88
1.81 71. 91
1. 82 71. 72
1. 82 73.06
1.82 72.64
1.82 74.04
1.82 73. 53
1.82 74.04
1.82 74.12
1.83 73.01
1.83 73.78
1.86 72.92

43.9
42.2
41.7
42.0
42.7
42.5
43.1
42.6
42.8
42.5
42.8
42.6
42.2
42.4
41.2

New Haven

$1. 56 $60. 27
1.65 65.00
1. 66 66.88
1.67 68. 04
1. 68 69.70
1.69 70.19
1.70 68. 39
1.70 69.89
1.73 70. 22
1.73 70.14
1.73 70.47
1.74 71.32
1.73 68.88
1.74 71.49
1. 77 70.38

41.0
41.4
41.8
42.0
42.5
42.8
41.7
42.1
42.3
42.0
42.2
42.2
41.0
42.3
41.4

$1.47 $70. 41
1.57 74.64
1.60 77.01
1. 62 78.54
1.64 77.36
1. 64 78.12
1.64 77.18
1.66 78. 60
1.66 79. 71
1.67 79. 76
1.67 79.80
1.69 78. 58
1. 68 76.19
1.69 84. 00
1.70 82.88

Stamford
42.0
41.9
42.6
42.8
42.4
42.5
42.2
41.9
42.4
42.2
42.0
41.8
40.1
43.3
42.5

Waterbury
$1.68 $66.11
1.78 68. 75
1.81 71.23
1.84 72. 51
1.82 74.02
1.84 74. 09
1.83 73.89
1. 87 75. 52
1.88 76.04
1.89 76.64
1.90 79.12
1.88 79. 30
1.90 78.04
1.94 76.29
1.95 75.76

42.3
41.8
42.5
43.1
43.1
43.4
42.8
43.2
43.3
43.3
44.2
44.3
43.6
43.1
42.8

$1. 56
1.65
1.68
1.68
1.71
1. 71
1.73
1.75
1. 76
1. 77
1. 79
1.79
1.79
1.77
1.77

1373

C: EARN IN 0 8 AND HOURS

REVIEW, DECEMBER 1953

T able C -5: H ours an d gross earnings of production w orkers in m anufacturing industries for selected

States and areas1—Continued

A tla n ta

S ta te

0 ■ 'a m p a - S t P e t e r s b u r g

S ta te

W ilm in g to n

S ta te

G e o r g ia

F lo r id a

D e la w a r e

Y ea r a n d m o n th
A vg.
w k ly .
earn­
in g s

A vg.
w k ly .
hours

4 1 .5
4 1 .0
4 2 .4
4 0 .9
4 0 .9
4 1 .4
4 1 .7
4 0 .6
4 0 .8
4 1 .1
4 1 .0
4 1 .2
4 0 .4
4 0 .2
4P 4

1 9 5 1 : A v e r a g e ------------- 563. 5 0
1 9 5 2 : A v e r a g e ----------- 6 6 . 4 6
66. 82
1 9 5 2 : S e p t e m b e r ------O c t o b e r . . ------- 6 6 . 2 6
N o v e m b e r _____ 6 8 . 3 0
7 0 .5 9
D e c e m b e r ____
1 9 5 3 : J a n u a r y ------------- 7 2 . 1 0
69. 67
F e b r u a r y ______
M a r c h __________ 6 9 . 6 5
A p r i l ____________ 7 0 . 9 0
M a y _____________ 6 9 . 3 3
70. 41
J u n e ___________
6 9 .6 9
J u l y _____________
6 7 .1 7
A u g u s t _________
S e p t e m b e r -------- RU 7fi

A vg.
v k ly .
earn­
in g s

A vg.
w k ly .
hours

A vg.
h r ly .
earn ­
in g s

A vg.
w k ly .
earn ­
in g s

A vg.
w k ly .
lo u r s

A vg.
h r ly .
earn­
in g s

A vg.
w k ly .
earn ­
in g s

A vg.
w k ly .
hours

A vg.
h r ly .
earn­
in g s

A vg.
w k ly .
earn ­
in g s

A vg.
w k ly .
hours

A vg.
h r ly .
earn ­
in g s

A vg.
w k ly .
earn­
in g s

A vg.
w k ly .
lo u r s

$ 1 .5 3 $ 7 2 .8 9
76. 85
1 .6 2
78. 29
1. 58
7 8 .3 4
1 .6 2
7 9 .6 8
1 .6 7
83. 32
1 . 71
8 3 .1 6
1. 7 3
1. 7 2
8 1 .1 1
8 1 .1 0
1 .7 1
8 4 .0 8
1 .7 3
81. 62
1 .6 9
8 5 .3 3
1 .7 1
8 5 .5 2
1. 7 3
8 0 .1 4
1 .6 7
1 .6 9
7 9 .7 9

4 1 .3
4 0 .9
4 1 .4
4 0 .8
4 1 .2
4 2 .4
4 2 .3
4 1 .3
4 1 .4
4 2 .0
4 1 .2
4 2 .2
4 1 .9
4 0 .7
4 0 .4

$ 1 .7 7
1 .8 8
1 .8 9
1 .9 2
1 .9 3
1 .9 7
1 .9 6
1 .9 7
1. 9 6
2 .0 0
1 .9 8
2 .0 2
2 .0 4
1 .9 7
1 .9 8

4 9 .8 6
5 3 .4 3
5 4 .1 4
53. 72
5 5 .5 3
5 5 .8 0
5 5 .6 3
55. 72
5 5 .5 0
5 5 .1 3
54. 87
54. 86
5 5 .0 8
5 4 .7 4
5 5 .1 5

4 2 .5
4 2 .8
4 2 .2
4 2 .1
4 3 .3
4 3 .4
4 3 .4
4 3 .3
4 3 .1
4 2 .4
4 2 .1
4 1 .9
4 1 .4
4 1 .2
4 1 .2

$ 1 .1 7
1 .2 5
1. 2 8
1. 2 8
1 .2 8
1. 2 9
1 .2 8
1 .2 9
1. 2 9
1 .3 0
1 .3 0
1 .3 1
1. 3 3
1 .3 3
1 .3 4

$ 47. 34
5 1 .6 8
5 1 .8 8
5 2 .1 7
5 4 .4 4
5 4 . 21
5 5 .5 3
5 5 .3 9
5 3 .1 5
53. 75
5 3 .9 0
5 3. 21
5 3 .8 1
5 2 .6 8
5 2 .6 1

4 1 .0
4 1 .8
4 1 .5
4 1 .8
4 2 .9
4 2 .5
4 2 .7
4 3 .4
4 1 .6
4 2 .0
4 1 .5
4 1 .1
4 1 .3
4 0 .4
4 0 .2

$ 1 .1 6
1 .2 4
1 .2 5
1 .2 5
1. 2 7
1 .2 8
1 .3 0
1 .2 8
1. 2 8
1 .2 8
1 .3 0
1 .3 0
1 .3 0
1 .3 0
1 .3 1

$ 4 6 .2 5
4 7 .8 8
49. 25
4 9 .4 1
5 0 .0 2
50. 55
4 9 .9 7
5 0 . 50
50. 75
5 0. 7 5
5 0 .3 8
50. 90
50. 27
50. 80
1 49. 54

3 9 .9
3 9 .9
4 0 .7
4 0 .5
4 1 .0
4 1 .1
4 0 .3
4 0 .4
4 0 .6
4 0 .6
4 0 .3
4 0 .4
3 9 .9
4 0 .0
3 8 .7

$ 1 .1 6
1 .2 0
1. 21
1 .2 2
1. 2 2
1 .2 3
1 .2 4
1. 25
1 .2 5
1 .2 5
1. 2 5
1. 2 6
1. 2 6
1. 2 7
1 1. 2 8

5 3 .2 2
57. 94
5 9 .8 6
59. 86
6 0 . 71
6 1 .8 3
60. 24
6 3 .3 4
62. 78
6 3 .9 1
62. 83
6 4 .5 3
63. 40
6 4 .6 8
6 3 .2 0

4 0 .6
4 0 .8
4 1 .0
4 1 .0
4 1 .3
4 1 .5
4 0 .7
4 1 .4
4 1 .3
4 1 .5
4 0 .8
4 1 .1
4 0 .9
4 1 .2
1 4 0 .0

A vg.
h r ly .
earn ­
in g s

G e o r g ia — C o n t i n u e d

Id ah o

Savannah

S ta te

4 1 .8
4 2 .7
4 2 .1
4 2 .6
4 3 .1
4 3 .5
4 1 .8
4 1 .6
4 2 .9
4 2 .0
4 2 .4
4 2 .4
4 2 .8
4 2 .1

1 9 5 1 : A v e r a g e ________ $ 5 5 . 5 9
1 9 5 2 : A v e r a g e ------------- 6 0 . 2 1
59. 78
1 9 5 2 : S e p t e m b e r ------6 1 .3 4
O c to b e r .
...
N o v e m b e r -------- 6 2 . 0 6
D e c e m b e r ______ 6 2 . 6 4
1 9 5 3 : J a n u a r y ------------- 5 9 . 9 0
6 1 .1 5
F e b r u a r y ______
M a r c h __________ 6 3 . 4 9
A p r i l ____________ 6 2 . 1 6
62. 75
M a y _______ . . .
J u n e _____________ 6 3 . 6 0
J u l y --------------------- 6 5 . 4 8
6 4 .4 1
A u g u s t _________
S e p t e m b e r _____

$ 1 .3 3
1 .4 1
1. 4 2
1 .4 4
1. 4 4
1 .4 4
1 .4 4
1 .4 7
1 .4 8
1 .4 8
1 .4 8
1 .5 0
1 .5 3
1 .5 3

$69. 60
7 5 .0 3
75. 66
7 2 .6 8
76. 86
76. 96
7 5 .9 2
7 2 .6 7
70. 98
72. 67
78. 72
7 8 .8 8
7 8 . 81
80. 56
70 03

4 0 .7
4 1 .0
4 1 .8
3 9 .5
4 1 .1
4 1 .6
4 0 .6
4 0 .6
4 0 .1
4 0 .6
4 1 .0
4 1 .3
4 1 .7
4 1 .1
39. 6

1 9 5 1 : A v e r a g e .................
1 9 5 2 : A v e r a g e ________
1 9 5 2 : S e p t e m b e r ____
O c t o b e r ________
N o v e m b e r _____
D e c e m b e r _____
1 9 5 3 : J a n u a r y _______
F e b r u a r y _____
M a r c h _________
A p r i l ___________
M a y ___________
J u n e __________
J u l y ------------------A u g u s t . ...............
S e p t e m b e r .. .

41.1 $1.71
1.78
40.8
41.2
1.81
1. 82
41.5
1.86
41.3
1. 86
41.7
1.86
41.5
1. 87
41.4
1.88
41.6
1. 88
41.2
1.88
40.8
1. 88
41.0
1.92
40.1
40.4
1.90
40. 5 1.90

$70.08
72. 64
74. 51
75. 77
76. 57
77.66
77. 25
77. 54
77.92
77.46
76.93
77.15
77. 21
76.94
77 07

$64.81
67.08
67.38
68.69
69.35
71. 51
70. 44
69.06
69. 09
67.39
68. 61
68. 50
66.30
67.30
69.10

41.8
41.5
41.8
42.1
42.4
43.1
42.0
41.1
41.1
40.3
40.8
40.8
39.6
40.5
40.4

S ta t e

S ta t e

42.1 $1.49
42.4
1.49
43.4
1. 50
1.54
43.2
1. 55
43.6
1.54
42.7
1. 57
42.3
1.60
42.6
1.60
42.4
1.62
42.1
1.64
41.5
1.64
41.4
1. 65
42.5
1. 68
41.8

See footnotes at end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

$ 1 .7 1
1 .8 3
1 .8 1
1 .8 4
1 .8 7
1 .8 5
1 .8 7
1 .7 9
1 .7 7
1 .7 9
1 .9 2
1 .9 1
1. 9 2
1. 9 6
1 .9 2

4 1 .4
4 1 .2
4 1 .5
4 1 .9
4 1 .7
4 2 .3
4 1 .6
4 1 .6
4 1 .8
4 1 .3
4 1 .1
4 1 .1
4 0 .7
4 1 .2
4 0 .8

$6 8 . 72
7 2 .1 8
7 3 .0 8
7 4 . 59
7 5 .0 2
7 6. 81
7 5 .9 1
7 6 .3 6
7 7 .0 4
76. 48
7 6 .0 2
7 6 .1 4
7 5 .5 2
7 6 . 21
76. 56

$ 1 .6 6
1. 7 5
1. 7 6
1 .7 8
1 .8 0
1 .8 2
1. 8 2
1 .8 4
1 .8 4
1 .8 5
1 .8 5
1. 8 5
1 .8 6
1. 8 5
1 .8 8

4 0 .5
4 0 .5
4 0 .1
4 1 .4
4 0 .8
4 2 .3

$73. 05
7 5 .8 6
7 1 .8 3
7 5 .9 2
7 6 .5 4
80. 98

___

—

—

—

$ 1 .8 0
1 .8 7
1 .7 9
1 .8 3
1 .8 7
1 .9 1

4 1 .9
3 9 .8
3 9 .5
4 0 .3
3 9 .5
3 9 .9

$ 7 1 .3 8
7 1 .6 7
71. 28
73. 22
7 1 .6 8
7 4 . 57

$ 1 .7 1
1 .8 0
1 .8 0
1 .8 2
1. 81
1 .8 7

$55.21
59.22
60. 62
60. 35
60.33
61.20
61. 72
61.98
63.00
64.30
64.02
63.19
64.58
64.02
64.78

$1. 66
1 .7 7
1. 7 8
1. 8 1
1 .8 2
1. 8 4

4 5 .5
4 4 .7
4 4 .1
4 5 .3
4 5 .4
4 6 .0

$75. 57
78. 97
78. 49
8 2 .0 0
82. 85
84. 74

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

________

—

K an sas

$66.39
69.86
73. 42
74.37
71.62
75.62
74. 77
72.96
73. 48
72.24
73.80
74. 77
70.32
76.17
76. 66

40.0
40.3
41.3
41.9
40.4
42.3
41.0
40.3
40.4
39.9
40.2
40.6
37.9
40.5
40.4

$1.66
1.73
1. 78
1. 78
1. 78
1.79
1. 82
1.81
1. 82
1.81
1.83
1.84
. 1. 86
1.88
1.90

$67.84
71.42
73.31
73. 68
74. 70
76. 88
75. 80
74.22
74. 54
74.91
73.11
73. 37
73. 78
74.75
72. 72

43.1
42.6
42.9
42.7
43.0
43.7
42.6
42.3
42.1
41.8
41.2
41.0
41.3
41.3
40.4

W ich itE

Topeka

S ta t e

D e s M o in e s

$1. 55
1.62
1.61
1. 63
1.64
1. 66
1.68
1.68
1. 68
1.67
1. 68
1.68
1.67
1. 66
1.71

I to c k fo rc

P e o r ia

$1. 58 $60. 26
1. 68 65. 55
1.71 64. 91
1. 72 65. 55
1. 74 65.97
1.76 73.69
1.78 68.80
1. 76 66. 28
1.77 70.99
1.79 67.18
1.77 58. 81
1. 78 62.42
1. 79 63. 40
1.81 66.97
1.80 65. 57

41.6
42.2
41.9
41.8
41.7
4 4 .4

41.8
42.0
43.6
40.6
38.2
40.6
40.3
41.5
39.9

$1.45
1.56
1.55
1. 57
1.58
1.66
1.64
1. 58
1.63
1. 66
1.54
1. 54
1. 58
1. 61
1.64

B a to n R o u g e

41.2 $1.34
1. 41 $84.46
42.0
1.44 88.20
42.1
1.41 86.73
42.8
43.4
1.39 85.90
1.43 85.44
42.8
1.48 90. 74
41.7
1.49 85.88
41.6
1.50 86.10
42.0
1.52 86.53
42.3
1. 55 88.20
41.3
1.53 89. 46
41.3
41.4
1. 56 92.45
1.55 89.02
41.3
1.58 93. 66
41.0

41.4 $ 2.04
2.09
42.2
2.10
41.3
2.08
41.3
2.12
40.3
2.12
42.8
2.11
40.7
2.10
41.0
2.09
41.4
2.11
41.8
42.2
2.12
2.14
43.2
2.14
41.6
2.23
42.0

$75. 44
76. 73
77. 00
79. 34
80. 84
82.19
80.17
79. 71
77. 86
78.35
77.17
74. 26
73. 51
74.43
73. 59

44.9
43.7
43.6
43.9
44.5
44.7
43.5
43.4
42.2
42.0
41.4
40.4
39.8
39.9
39.3

$1.68
1. 76
1. 77
1.81
1.82
1. 84
1.84
1.84
1.84
1. 87
1.87
1.84
1.84
1.86
1.87

M a in e

L o u is ia n a

K e n tu c k y

1 9 5 1 : A v e r a g e ----------1 9 5 2 : A v e r a g e ----------- $62. 73
. 63.18
1952: S e p t e m b e r .
O c t o b e r _______ _ 65.14
66.53
N ovem ber—
D e c e m b e r ____ _ 67.36
.
65.67
1953: J a n u a r y .. . . .
F eb ru ary
. . . 66.55
_
67.87
..................
M arch
A p r i l ___________ _ 67.69
.
68.10
M a y ___________
J u n e ___________ . 67.98
J u l y ------------------ . 68.01
A u g u s t ________ . 70.00
S e p t e m b e r . . . . 70.14

D a v e n p o r t-R o c k
I s la n d -M o lin e

S ta te

S ta t e

S ta te

$ 1 .3 1
1. 4 2
1 .4 6
1 .4 6
1. 4 7
1 .4 9
1 .4 8
1 .5 3
1 .5 2
1. 5 4
1 .5 4
1. 5 7
1. 5 5
1. 57
1 .5 8

I llin o is

Iow a

I n d ia n a

A vg.
h r ly .
earn ­
in g s

$53. 20
56.82
58. 75
59. 20
59.57
58. 87
59.90
60.19
60. 75
63. 76
62.06
61.45
61.85
63. 83
63.04

40.0 $1.33
1.41
40.3
1.44
40.8
41.4
1.43
1.46
40.8
1.45
40.6
1.49
40.2
1. 52
39.6
1. 50
40.5
1.54
41.4
1. 54
40.3
1.54
39.9
1. 55
39.9
1. 58
40.4
1.58
39.9

P o r tla n d

S ta t e

N e w O r le a n s

$52.44
55.17
55.45
56. 47
55. 25
57. 22
58. 32
58.34
57. 96
56.88
56.57
56. 79
56.60
56.31
56.32

40.2 $1.31
1.35
40.8
1.35
41.1
1.37
41.2
1.38
40.0
1. 39
41.3
1.39
42.0
1. 40
41.6
1.39
41.6
1.40
40.5
1.39
40.7
1.39
40.9
1. 41
40.3
1.40
40.3
1.41
40.1

$53. 92
56.96
57. 99
59.13
58.16
59.93
59. 39
60. 20
60.15
58.82
59.49
58. 27
60. 62
60.38
61.08

41.2
41.9
42.5
42.7
42.2
42.5
41.9
42.1
42.1
41.5
42.0
41.5
42.5
42.2
42.0

$1.31
1.36
1.36
1.39
1. 38
1.41
1.42
1.43
1 . 43
1. 42
1.42
1.40
1.43
1 .43
1.45

1374
T

able

C: EARNINGS AND HOURS

M ONTHLY LABOR

C-5. Hours and gross earnings of production workers in manufacturing industries for selected
States and areas 1—Continued
M a ry la n d

M a s s a c h u s e tt s

S ta te

B a l tim o r e

B o s to n

S ta t e

N e w B e d fo rd

F a l l R iv e r

Y ear a n d m o n th
A vg.
w k ly .
e a rn ­
in g s

A vg.
w k ly .
h o u rs

1951: A v e r a g e _______ $60.84
1952: A v e r a g e _______ 63. 84
1952: S e p t e m b e r ____ 63. 90
O c to b e r _______ 64. 78
N o v e m b e r ____ 65.46
D e c e m b e r ____ 66. 97
1953: J a n u a r y ____
66.59
F e b r u a r y ____
66. 71
M a r c h ________ 67. 68
A p r i l __________ 67.45
M a y _______ . 67.35
J u n e __________ 67. 57
J u l y __________
67. 24
A u g u s t _______ 66.13
S e p t e m b e r ____ 66. 51

4 0 .9
4 0 .5
41 .3
41 .3
41.1
4 1 .6
41 .0
4 0 .7
4 1 .0
4 0 .8
4 1 .0
41.1
4 0 .4
4 0 .3
40 .1

A vg.
w k ly .
e a rn ­
in g s

A vg.
w k ly .
h o u rs

$1.49 $64.35
67. 22
1.58
69.14
1.5 5
1. 57 68.90
1.59
69. 56
1.61
71.00
1. 62
70. 50
1.64
70.38
71.34
1.65
71.20
1. 65
1. 64
71.28
72.02
1. 64
1. 66 72.70
1.64
72.03
1.66
71. 71

4 1 .2
4 0 .7
4 1 .6
4 1 .2
41 .3
4 1 .9
4 1 .2
4 0 .9
4 1 .2
4 0 .9
41.1
4 1 .3
4 0 .9
4 0 .8
4 0 .3

A vg.
h r ly .
e a rn ­
in g s

A vg.
h r ly .
e a rn ­
in g s

A vg.
w k ly .
e a rn ­
in g s

A vg.
w k ly .
h o u rs

$1. 56 $60. 75
1.6 5
63.43
61.62
1.6 6
1. 67 64.87
64. 96
1.6 9
1.70
66.98
1.71
66. 74
1.72
66.83
1.73
67.16
1.74
6 6 .3 4
1.73
66.91
67.16
1. 75
1. 78 66.90
1.77
66. 66
1.7 8
66.07

4 0 .5
4 0 .4
4 0 .9
4 0 .8
4 0 .6
4 1 .6
41 .2
4 1 .0
41 .2
4 0 .7
4 0 .8
4 0 .7
40 .3
4 0 .4
3 9 .8

A vg.
h rly .
e a rn ­
in g s

A vg.
w k ly .
e a rn ­
in g s

A vg.
w k ly .
h o u rs

$1.50 $62. 37
1. 57 65.04
1 .5 8
66. 67
1.59
66.02
1.60
66. 66
68. 72
1.61
1.62
67. 98
1.63
67.80
67.97
1.63
1.63
67. 54
1.64
67. 87
68.11
1. 65
67. 89
1.66
1. 65
69. 08
1.66
68.28

4 0 .7
40 .4
4 0 .9
4 0 .5
4 0 .4
41 .4
4 1 .2
4 0 .6
4 0 .7
4 0 .2
4 0 .4
40 .3
3 9 .7
4 0 .4
3 9 .7

M a s s a c h u s e tt s — C o n ti n u e d

1951: A v e r a g e _______ $64. 74
1952: A v e r a g e _______ 69.39
1952: S e p t e m b e r ____ 70.14
O c to b e r _______ 70.31
N o v e m b e r ____ 70.30
D e c e m b e r ____ 72.08
1953: J a n u a r y _______ 70.47
F e b r u a r y _____ 70. 97
M a r c h ________ 70. 55
A p r i l ____
. . . 71.04
M ay
71.04
J u n e _________ 71. 62
J u l y ---------------- 71.10
A u g u s t _______
70.00
S e p t e m b e r ____ 68.11

4 1 .5
4 1 .8
4 2 .0
42.1
4 1 .6
42 .4
4 1 .7
4 1 .5
41. 5
4 1 .3
41 .3
4 1 .4
41.1
4 0 .7
3 9 .6

41 .1
4 0 .6
4 0 .7
4 1 .0
4 0 .8
41 .7
4 1 .5
41.1
4 1 .7
4 1 .2
4 1 .4
4 1 .0
41 .0
4 1 .3
3 9 .5

$1. 56 $67. 72
1. 66 68.21
68. 78
1.6 7
69. 29
1. 67
69. 36
1.69
71.72
1. 70
71.80
1. 70
1. 71
71.10
72.14
1.70
1.7 2
71.69
1. 72 72.0 4
1. 73
71.75
1. 73
72. 57
1.72
72. 69
1.72
69. 92

A vg.
w k ly .
e a rn ­
in g s

A vg.
w k ly .
h o u rs

$1 .5 3 $46. 34
1.61
49.6 3
52. 27
1.63
51.99
1.63
1.65
50. 65
53. 47
1.66
1.65
54.40
1.67
53. 86
54. 54
1.6 7
52.92
1.6 8
52.92
1.68
54.12
1.69
52.33
1.71
1.71
52. 22
53. 27
1. 72

3 7 .0
3 7 .6
3 9 .6
3 8 .8
3 7 .8
3 9 .9
4 0 .0
3 9 .6
4 0 .1
3 9 .2
3 9 .2
3 9 .5
3 8 .2
3 8 .4
3 8 .6

S ta t e
$1. 65 $74. 55
81.3 4
1.6 8
1.69
85. 72
1. 69 87.54
1.70
86. 55
1. 72 89.6 3
1.73
86.31
1. 73
86. 44
1.73
87.14
1. 74
87.0 2
1.74
86. 23
1. 75 87. 28
1. 77 85. 84
86.1 5
1.76
1. 77 85.41

40.1
41 .0
42.1
4 2 .6
4 2 .2
43 .3
4 2 .1
4 2 .0
4 2 .3
42 .1
4 1 .9
41 .6
4 0 .8
4 1 .2
4 0 .4

D e tro it

1951: A v e r a g e _______ $77. 43
1952: A v e r a g e _______ 84.7 9
1952: S e p t e m b e r ____ 94.9 8
O c to b e r _______ 89. 76
N o v e m b e r ____ 89. 51
D e c e m b e r ____ 98.0 5
1953: J a n u a r y _______ 98. 45
F e b r u a r y . ......... 95. 65
M a r c h ________ 96. 33
A p r i l __________ 94.6 9
M a y __________ 99. 65
J u n e _____ _____ 101. 64
J u l y ----------------- 93. 56
A u s u s t _______ 92.1 8
S e p t e m b e r ____ 86.4 2

4 0 .2
4 1 .2
4 4 .3
4 2 .5
4 2 .3
45 .1
4 5 .2
44 .1
4 4 .7
44 .0
4 5 .9
4 5 .6
4 2 .8
4 2 .5
3 9 .9

M u sk e g o n
$1.9 3 $75.18
82. 37
2. 06
2 .1 4
78.99
81.04
2.11
2 .1 2
90. 99
89. 72
2 .1 7
89. 25
2 .1 8
87. 74
2 .1 7
85. 04
2 .1 6
2 .1 5
83. 51
80. 77
2 .1 7
81.32
2 .2 3
2 .1 9
81.61
2 .1 7
78. 40
2 .1 7
80.33

3 9 .4
4 0 .2
3 9 .3
4 0 .0
4 2 .8
4 2 .5
4 2 .4
4 1 .7
4 1 .2
4 0 .6
3 9 .4
3 9 .9
3 9 .5
3 8 .3
3 8 .9

M i n n e s o ta — C o n .
S t. P a u l
1951: A v e r a g e _______ $66.03
1952: A v e r a g e .............. 70. 27
1952: S e p t e m b e r ____ 70. 84
O c to b e r _______ 73. 51
N o v e m b e r ____ 73. 83
D e c e m b e r ____ 74. 54
1953: J a n u a r y _______ 71.57
F e b r u a r y _____ 73.31
M a r c h ________ 72. 66
A p r i l _________
73.28
M a y _________
73.47
J u n e __________ 74. 23
J u l y ___________ 74.43
A u g u s t . . . .......... 72. 79
S e p t e m b e r ____ 75.95

4 0 .5
4 0 .3
4 0 .0
4 1 .2
41.1
4 1 .6
40 .1
4 0 .6
4 0 .4
4 0 .5
4 0 .4
4 0 .3
4 0 .0
3 9 .3
3 9 .8

$1 .8 6 $76.32
1.98
81. 36
2 .0 4
89. 92
2. 06
92. 40
2. 05
90. 69
2. 07
94. 35
2 .0 5
88.31
2. 08
88.31
88. 99
2 .0 6
2. 07
88. 56
87. 80
2 .0 6
88. 96
2 .1 0
2 .1 0
87.16
89. 71
2 .0 9
88.0 5
2 .1 1

3 9 .4
4 0 .5
4 1 .9
4 2 .6
4 2 .2
4 3 .6
4 1 .4
41 .4
4 1 .7
4 1 .5
4 1 .2
40 .9
4 0 .0
4 1 .0
3 9 .7

$1.9 4 $76. 08
85.00
2 .0 8
96.01
2 .1 5
97.07
2 .1 7
2 .1 5
97.91
96.17
2 .1 6
98.44
2 .1 3
2 .1 3 101.95
2 .1 3
99.50
2.13 108. 70
2 .1 3 100.84
2 .1 8 101. 53
2 .1 8 105.82
2 .1 9
98.3 5
2. 22 99.1 5

See f o o tn o te s a tte n d of ta b le .


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

$1.91 $74. 68
2 .0 5
78. 44
89. 71
2.01
86. 42
2 .0 3
79. 61
2 .1 3
2.11
81.9 6
2.11
81.8 9
87.21
2 .1 0
2. 06 92. 54
2 .0 6
91.9 8
90. 87
2 .0 5
2 .0 4
95. 22
2. 07
90. 57
2 .0 5
84. 28
2 .0 7
81.67

4 0 .0
41 .3
4 4 .8
4 5 .0
45.1
44.4
4 6 .0
4 6 .7
4 6 .0
4 8 .9
4 6 .9
4 4 .2
4 5 .3
4 4 .3
4 4 .5

$1 .2 5 $52.43
1.32
53. 52
55.18
1.32
1.34
58.23
1.34
56. 48
1.34
56.68
56.14
1.3 6
1.36
56. 00
55. 32
1.36
54. 65
1.35
1.35
55.58
1.37
57.23
1.37
56. 52
1.3 6
56.66
55. 77
1.38

3 8 .9
3 8 .5
3 9 .7
3 9 .6
39. 5
4 0 .2
40 .1
4 0 .0
3 9 .8
3 9 .6
3 9 .7
40 .3
3 9 .8
3 9 .9
3 9 .0

A vg.
h rly .
e a rn ­
in g s
$ 1 .35
1.39
1.39
1. 42
1.43
1.41
1. 40
1.40
1.39
1.38
1.40
1.42
1.42
1.42
1.43

4 2 .0
4 1 .7
4 4 .9
4 4 .0
4 1 .4
42 .4
4 2 .3
4 4 .0
4 5 .7
4 5 .4
4 5 .3
4 6 .0
4 4 .2
4 2 .5
41.1

$1. 78 $64. 59
1.88
69.3 5
2. 00
69. 52
72.18
1 .9 6
1.92
71.02
1.93
72. 40
1.94
71. 56
1.98
71.65
2.0 3
71.48
2.0 3
71.10
72.03
2.0 1
2 .0 7
72. 58
2. 05
72.09
1.98
71.85
1.99
72. 65

$1.90 $70. 64
74. 64
2.0 6
2 .1 4
76. 85
79.02
2 .1 6
2 .1 7
76. 62
2 .1 7
81.58
2 .1 4
79. 69
77. 23
2 .1 8
79. 54
2 .1 6
80.64
2. 22
80.11
2 .1 5
2. 30
81. 77
2 .3 4
79.37
2. 22
80. 66
2 .2 3
80. 29

4 1 .6
4 1 .7
4 2 .2
4 2 .9
4 1 .8
4 3 .6
4 2 .8
41 .5
4 2 .4
4 2 .6
4 2 .5
4 2 .7
4 1 .6
42 .1
4 1 .6

$1.70
1.79
1. 82
1.84
1.83
1.87
1.86
1.86
1.88
1.89
1.89
1. 92
1.92
1.92
1.93

4 1 .5
4 1 .7
4 1 .8
4 2 .1
41. 6
42 .0
4 1 .5
4 1 .3
41 .2
4 0 .7
4 1 .1
41 .2
4 1 .4
4 1 .6
4 0 .9

$1. 55 $66.16
1.66
68. 11
67. 77
1.66
1.71
69. 68
1. 71
68.18
1.72
70.18
1. 72
70. 86
1. 73
70. 56
1.74
66. 90
1.75
69. 65
1.7 5
69.34
1. 76
70.79
1.74
72.07
1.7 3
79.11
1.78
71.97

40 .1
39. 5
3 7 .7
3 8 .7
3 8 .6
3 9 .4
3 9 .3
39 .1
38.1
3 8 .7
3 8 .3
3 9 .0
3 9 .1
4 1 .4
3 9 .1

M in n e a p o lis
$1. 65 $65. 82
1. 72
70.16
1.80
71.90
1.80
71.28
1. 77
71.26
72. 48
1.78
1.80
71. 58
72.19
1.80
72. 18
1 .7 6
1.80
71.98
70.70
1.81
1.82
72. 78
1.81
73.88
1.91
72. 45
1. 84
74.82

4 1 .7
4 1 .9
4 2 .2
4 1 .8
4 2 .0
4 2 .3
4 1 .4
4 1 .6
4 1 .3
4 1 .1
4 0 .5
41.1
41. 6
41.1
4 1 .4

$1. 58
1.67
1.71
1.71
1. 71
1.72
1.73
1.74
1. 75
1. 76
1. 75
1. 77
1.78
1. 78
1.81

M is s o u r i
Jackson

$1.03
1.09 $48.03
1.10
49. 76
1.10
50.05
1.10
48. 56
1.10
49.34
51.88
1.12
1.13
49 .0 3
1.13
49.08
1.15
50.14
1.14
49. 57
1.13
49. 20
47.84
1.13
1.14
47. 88
1.17
49.3 7

G ra n d R a p id s

D u lu th

S ta t e

M is s i s s i p p i

41.1
4 1 .7
4 2 .2
4 2 .8
4 3 .0
4 2 .4
4 1 .6
4 1 .4
4 1 .3
4 1 .5
4 0 .8
41 .4
4 1 .0
4 1 .4
3 9 .9

A vg.
w k ly .
h o u rs

M in n e s o ta
S a g in a w

S ta t e
$1.63 $42.40
1. 74 45.4 5
4 6 .4 2
1.77
1.79
47.02
1 .8 0
47. 30
1.79
46.64
1.78
46. 59
1.81
46. 78
1.80
46. 67
1.81
47. 73
1.82
46. 51
1.84
46. 78
1.8 6
46. 53
1.85
47. 20
1.91
4 6 .6 8

A vg.
w k ly .
e a rn ­
in g s

F lin t

M ic h i g a n — C o n t i n u e d
L a n sin g

A vg.
h r ly .
e a rn ­
in g s

M ic h i g a n

W o r c e s te r

S p r in g f ie ld - H o ly o k e

A vg.
h rly .
e a rn ­
in g s

4 2 .5
4 2 .9
4 3 .9
4 2 .6
4 2 .9
4 3 .6
41 .2
4 0 .9
41 .1
40 .3
4 1 .0
4 0 .2
3 9 .9
4 0 .8

S ta t e

$1.1 3
1.16
1.14
1.14
1.15
1.19
1.19
1.20
1.22
1.23
1.20
1.19
1.20
1.21

$59. 94
64. 21
65.52
66. 29
65. 51
66. 61
65. 51
66. 72
67.60
66. 79
67. 07
68. 05
68. 51
68. 72
68.15

4 0 .0
40. 5
4 0 .9
4 0 .9
4 0 .0
40 .7
3 9 .9
4 0 .4
4 0 .6
40.1
3 9 .9
40 .2
40 .1
4 0 .5
39.1

K a n s a s C ity
$1.5 0 $65. 80
1.58
69 .6 0
71. 75
1.60
1.62
70. 40
1.64
69.83
1.64
70.12
1.64
70.82
1.65
72.45
1.66
70.18
1.67
69.08
1.68
69.08
1.69
71. 75
1. 71 73.69
74.82
1.70
1.74
71.73

4 1 .3
4 0 .7
4 1 .0
4 0 .0
3 9 .9
4 0 .3
4 0 .7
4 1 .4
40 .1
3 9 .7
3 9 .7
4 1 .0
4 1 .4
4 1 .8
4 0 .3

$1.60 $63.11
1. 71 67. 27
1.75
68. 58
1. 76 69. 28
1. 75 69.33
1.74
71.00
1.74
70.28
1.75
71.18
1.75
72. 26
72.00
1.74
1. 74 72.3 6
72. 25
1.75
1. 78
72.59
1.79
72.48
1.78
72.66

S t. L o u is
3 9 .9
4 0 .3
4 0 .6
4 0 .9
4 0 .5
4 1 .3
4 0 .3
4 0 .7
40 .9
4 0 .5
40. 5
4 0 .2
40 .1
4 0 .4
3 9 .4

$1.58
1. 67
1.69
1.69
1. 71
1. 72
1.75
1. 75
1.77
1.78
1.79
1.80
1.81
1.80
1.85

REVIEW, DECEMBER 1953

1375

G: EARNINGS AND HOURS

T able C-5. Hours and gross earnings of production workers in manufacturing industries for selected
States and areas1—Continued
M o n ta n a

N eb rask a

N evada

S ta te

S ta t e

S ta te

N e w J e rse y

N e w H a m p s h ire

S ta te

M a n c h e s te r

S ta t e

Y ear a n d m o n th

1951: A v e r a g e __ __
1952: A v e r a g e _______
1952: S e p t e m b e r . - .
O c to b e r.
. _
N o v e m b e r . __
D e c e m b e r .. .
1953: J a n u a r y . _ . .
F e b r u a r y ____
M a r c h ________
A p ril.
M a y __________
________
Ju n e
J u l y ___________
A u g u s t . . ___
S e p t e m b e r ____

A vg.
w k ly .
e a rn ­
in g s

A vg.
w k ly .
h o u rs

$72.13
76. 46
77. 59
77. 73
77. 58
77.91
78. 49
80.11
78. 07
79. 03
78. 07
82. 89
78.23
81.13
8 0 .0 4

41. 2
4 1 .0
4 1 .0
4 1 .4
4 0 .8
4 0 .6
4 0 .7
4 1 .4
41.1
4 1 .0
4 0 .6
4 2 .9
40. 5
4 1 .5
41.1

A vg.
h rly .
e a rn ­
in g s

A vg.
w k ly .
e a rn ­
in g s

A vg.
w k ly .
h o u rs

$ 1 .7 5 $58. 84
1 .8 6
61.1 6
1.8 9
60. 54
1.8 8
61.7 9
63. 78
1 .9 0
1 .9 2
65. 88
62. 01
1 .9 3
62. 75
1 .9 4
62. 75
1 .9 0
1 .9 3
63.31
64. 00
1 .9 2
1 .9 3
66. 74
64. 51
1 .9 3
1 .9 5
65.33
1 .9 5
66.9 5

4 2 .6
4 1 .9
4 1 .2
4 1 .8
4 2 .4
4 3 .0
40.1
41.1
4 1 .0
41.1
41.1
43. 2
4 1 .9
41 .8
42.1

A vg.
h rly .
e a rn ­
in g s

A vg.
w k ly .
e a rn ­
in g s

A vg.
w k ly .
h o u rs

$1 .3 8 $73. 54
80. 90
1 .4 6
80. 45
1.4 7
1.4 8
81.95
83.1 6
1. 51
82. 94
1.5 3
1. 55 82.7 4
1. 53 83.83
85. 46
1.5 3
1. 54 84. 22
1. 56 86.43
1. 54 83. 62
1. 54 83. 84
89. 46
1 .5 6
87. 43
1 .5 9

4 1 .2
4 1 .7
41 .9
4 1 .6
4 2 .0
4 2 .1
4 2 .0
4 1 .5
42.1
41 .9
43.1
4 1 .6
41.1
4 2 .4
40.1

A vg.
w k ly .
e a rn ­
in g s

A vg.
w k ly .
h o u rs

A vg.
h rly .
e a rn ­
in g s

A vg.
w k ly .
e a rn ­
in g s

A vg.
w k ly .
h o u rs

$1.79 $54. 27
1.9 4
56.17
1.9 2
57. 27
55.
32
1.9 7
56. 00
1 .9 8
58.
66
1.97
57. 96
1.97
2. 02
58. 38
2. 03
57. 82
2. 01
56. 96
2. 01
56. 96
2.01
58. 22
57.37
2.0 4
57. 51
2.11
2 .1 8
57 .0 2

4 0 .5
4 0 .7
4 1 .2
3 9 .8
4 0 .0
4 1 .6
4 1 .4
4 1 .7
4 1 .3
4 0 .4
4 0 .4
4 1 .0
4 0 .4
4 0 .5
3 9 .6

$ 1 .3 4
1.3 8
1.39
1.3 9
1 .4 0
1.41
1 .4 0
1 .4 0
1 .4 0
1.41
1.41
1 .4 2
1 .4 2
1.4 2
1 .4 4

$51.84
54. 32
55. 27
52.17
53. 58
57 .3 7
56. 40
56. 54
56. 66
54.14
53.68
55. 91
54. 43
56. 06
54.10

3 8 .4
3 8 .8
3 9 .2
3 7 .0
3 8 .0
4 0 .4
4 0 .0
40.1
3 9 .9
3 8 .4
3 7 .8
39.1
3 8 .6
3 9 .2
3 8 .1

A vg.
h r ly .
e a rn ­
in g s

$69. 01
1951: A v e r a g e ___
1952: A v e r a g e . . . . 72.33
1952: S e p t e m b e r . . . 73. 44
O c t o b e r . . ___ 74. 39
N ovem ber
_ 7 4 .20
D e c e m b e r . . . . 75. 61
1953: J a n u a r y _______ 75.31
F e b r u a r y _____ 75. 65
M a rc h
____
75. 85
A p r i l ___ ____ 75. 61
75. 56
M a y . . __
J u n e __________ 76. 69
J u l y ___________ 76.01
A u g u s t . . . . . . 75. 60
S e p t e m b e r ____ 75.27

4 1 .6
41. 4
41 .8
42.1
4 1 .8
42.1
4 1 .7
4 1 .5
4 1 .7
4 1 .5
41. 2
41. 5
4 0 .8
40.8
4 0 .6

$1.6 6 $67. 94
1. 75 72. 04
73. 65
1 .7 6
1.7 7
73. 99
75. 65
1.7 8
76. 37
1 .8 0
75. 86
1.81
1 .8 2
74.8 4
1 .8 2
73.69
1.8 2
74.1 7
1 .8 3
74. 68
1 .8 5
75.1 7
74. 05
1 .8 6
1 .8 5
73. 63
1 .8 5
72. 92

4 1 .3
41. 5
4 1 .8
4 1 .8
4 2 .2
4 2 .5
42.1
4 1 .6
41.1
4 1 .0
41.1
4 1 .3
40. 6
4 0 .5
4 0 .0

$1.6 5 $67. 65
1 .7 4
71.31
72.83
1 .7 6
72.96
1.7 7
1 .7 9
74.03
74.29
1.8 0
74. 46
1.8 0
74. 51
1 .8 0
74. 35
1.7 9
1.81
74. 61
1 .8 2
74. 67
1 .8 2
75.12
1 .8 2
77.16
1 .8 2
76. 51
75. 62
1 .8 2

4 1 .2
41.1
4 1 .5
4 1 .5
4 1 .8
4 1 .5
4 1 .3
4 1 .3
4 1 .4
4 1 .2
4 1 .3
4 1 .3
41 .8
4 1 .2
4 0 .7

$ 1 .3 5 $67. 28
71.0 2
1 .4 0
72. 38
1.41
72. 54
1.41
1.41
73. 29
1 .4 2
74. 58
74.4 8
1.41
74. 27
1.41
1 .4 2
73. 95
74 .2 8
1.41
1 .4 2
74. 27
74. 76
1.4 3
74.9 5
1.41
1 .4 3
73. 59
1 .4 2
73. 53

41.1
41.1
41. 5
41. 5
41. 5
41. 9
4 1 .7
41. 4
4 1 .2
4 1 .2
41 .1
41.1
4 0 .8
4 0 .5
4 0 .2

A vg.
h rly .
e a rn ­
in g s
$ 1 .6 4
1 .7 3
1 .7 4
1. 75
1 .7 7
1 .7 8
1.7 9
1 .7 9
1. 79
1 .8 0
1.81
1 .8 2
1 .8 4
1 .8 2
1 .8 3

$1 .6 4 $65. 85
68. 69
1.7 3
1.7 5
71.01
1.7 6
71.5 0
74. 31
1.7 7
1.7 9
76.71
76. 82
1 .8 0
76. 68
1.8 0
74. 74
1.8 0
1.81
74. 81
1.81
75. 24
1 .8 2
75.12
1 .8 5
75. 68
71.6 8
1 .8 6
1 .8 6
70. 84

4 0 .7
4 0 .5
4 1 .0
4 1 .4
4 1 .7
4 2 .9
4 2 .7
4 2 .2
4 1 .5
4 1 .4
4 1 .5
4 1 .3
4 1 .2
4 0 .0
3 9 .6

A lb u q u e r q u e

S ta te

T re n to n

P e rth A m b o y

P a te rs o n

A vg.
w k ly .
h o u rs

N e w M e x ic o

N e w J e rse y — C o n tin u e d
N ew a rk -T e rse y C ity

A vg.
w k ly .
e a rn ­
in g s

A vg.
h rly .
e a rn ­
in g s

$ 1 .6 2
1.7 0
1.7 3
1.7 3
1.7 8
1.7 9
1.8 0
1.8 2
1.8 0
1.81
1.81
1.8 2
1.8 4
1.7 9
1 .7 9

$68. 02
71.88
73. 52
71.71
72. 42
72. 41
7 1 .7 5
71.17
73.68
70.4 9
75. 71
75. 42
72. 75
75.71
76. 36

4 3 .6
4 3 .3
4 3 .5
4 3 .2
4 2 .6
43 .1
4 1 .0
4 0 .9
42.1
3 9 .6
4 1 .6
4 1 .9
41.1
4 1 .6
41. 5

$1. 56 $69.00
1 .6 6
71.8 3
1 .6 9
74. 46
75. 26
1 .6 6
72. 93
1 .7 0
72. 87
1 .6 8
1 .7 5
73. 00
1. 74 71.0 8
72. 76
1 .7 5
1.7 8
68.97
1 .8 2
71.9 8
73. 02
1 .8 0
69. 43
1 .7 7
1 .8 2
70. 52
69. 20
1. 84

45.1
4 3 .8
4 5 .4
4 4 .8
44. 2
43 .9
4 3 .2
4 3 .0
4 2 .8
4 0 .1
40. 9
4 2 .7
40. 6
4 1 .0
4 0 .0

$1.5 3
1. 64
1 .6 4
1. 68
1. 65
1 .6 6
1 .6 9
1. 66
1. 70
1. 72
1 .7 6
1. 71
1.71
1 .7 2
1. 73

N ew Y o rk
A lb a n y -S c h e n e c ta d y T ro y

S ta te
$64. 90
1951: A v e r a g e
67. 77
1952: A v e r a g e .
1952: S e p t e m b e r ____ 68. 97
69.07
O c t o b e r ______
69. 74
N o v e m b e r. .
D e c e m b e r ____ 70.81
70. 82
1953: J a n u a r y _____
F e b r u a r y _____ 71.04
M a rc h
______ 71.26
A p r il.. .
70. 54
70. 59
M a y _________
71.27
June.
__ __
J u l y ___________ 71.25
A u g u s t . . . . . 71.45
S e p t e m b e r ____ 70.42

3 9 .7
3 9 .8
4 0 .2
4 0 .2
4 0 .4
4 0 .7
4 0 .3
4 0 .2
40. 2
3 9 .9
3 9 .8
3 9 .9
3 9 .5
3 9 .7
3 9 .0

$1.6 3 $70.75
72. 45
1 .7 0
1 .7 2
73. 21
74 .4 8
1 .7 2
1 .7 3
73. 05
74.0 5
1 .7 4
73.18
1 .7 6
1. 77
74. 73
76.8 2
1.7 7
77. 84
1.7 7
1.7 7
76. 93
1 .7 8
78. 60
76.13
1 .8 0
77. 62
1.8 0
77.11
1 .8 0

4 1 .5
4 0 .9
41.1
4 1 .4
4 2 .0
4 2 .3
4 1 .0
4 1 .3
41.1
4 0 .8
40. 4
4 0 .9
4 0 .0
4 0 .3
4 0 .0

$ 1 .7 0
1 .7 7
1 .7 8
1.8 0
1 .7 4
1 .7 5
1.7 9
1.81
1.8 7
1.91
1 .9 0
1 .9 2
1 .9 0
1.9 3
1 .9 3

$61.05
64.59
65. 46
67. 26
67. 73
68. 86
67. 94
67. 61
67.30
67. 41
67. 76
68. 06
67.04
65.81
65.81

3 9 .2
39.1
3 9 .4
4 0 .3
4 0 .6
4 1 .0
4 0 .3
3 9 .9
3 9 .8
3 9 .7
3 9 .9
4 0 .0
3 9 .4
3 8 .8
3 8 .6

$1.5 6 $73. 76
1.6 5
77. 35
78. 41
1 .6 6
1.6 7
80. 76
82. 24
1.6 7
82. 68
1 .6 8
1.6 9
81.5 6
82. 59
1.6 9
1.6 9
8 3 .0 2
1. 70 83.0 0
82. 67
1 .7 0
84. 41
1 .7 0
85. 20
1 .7 0
84. 40
1 .7 0
81.0 4
1.71

4 1 .7
4 1 .4
4 1 .5
4 2 .2
42 .6
4 2 .7
4 2 .0
4 2 .2
4 2 .2
4 2 .0
41 .8
42.1
42.1
4 1 .8
40.1

N a s s a u a n d S u ffo lk
C o u n ti e s

E lm ira

B u ffa lo

B in g h a m to n

$1.7 7 $64. 85
68.4 8
1 .8 7
1.8 9
67. 74
1.9 2
70. 08
1.9 3
70. 85
1 .9 4
72. 89
1 .9 4
72. 50
71.5 5
1.9 6
1 .9 7
73.4 0
1.9 7
71.98
1.9 8
71.7 3
2. 00
71.98
2 .0 2
68. 93
2 .0 2
70. 20
2 .0 2
71.3 5

4 0 .7
40. 7
4 0 .2
4 0 .7
4 1 .0
4 1 .7
4 1 .3
4 0 .8
41. 4
4 0 .5
40 .8
40 .8
3 9 .3
3 9 .8
3 9 .7

$1.6 0 $75. 24
82. 69
1 .6 8
1. 68 81. 87
83. 66
1 .7 2
1. 73 85. 73
88. 57
1.7 5
8 6 .8 4
1 .7 6
1. 76 87. 79
84. 90
1.7 7
79.83
1.7 8
83. 79
1.7 6
83.
34
1.7 6
82. 96
1.7 6
82.
67
1.7 7
84.2 8
1.8 0

1951: A v e r a g e _______ $63. 23
1952: A v e r a g e _______ 65. 49
1952: S e p t e m b e r ____ 6 7 .09
O c to b e r _______ 6 5 .88
N o v e m b e r ___ 66. 50
D e c e m b e r ____ 67. 73
1953: J a n u a r y _______ 6 7 .83
F e b r u a r y _____ 68. 07
M a r c h __ __
68. 07
A p r il
. .
66. 84
M a y __ ______ 66. 51
J u n e _________ 66. 74
J u l y ___________ 67.29
A u g u s t _______
67. 76
S e p t e m b e r ____ 65. 91

3 7 .8
38.1
3 8 .5
3 8 .3
3 8 .6
3 8 .9
3 8 .4
3 8 .4
3 8 .5
3 8 .2
38 .1
3 8 .0
3 7 .5
3 7 .7
3 6 .7

S e e f o o tn o t e s a t e n d o f ta b le .


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

$1.6 7 $69. 43
1. 72 72. 61
1.7 4
73. 54
74.1 4
1 .7 2
1 .7 2
75. 35
1 .7 4
76.0 9
75. 86
1.7 7
1 .7 7
74. 67
7 6 .1 4
1 .7 7
76. 61
1 .7 5
1. 75 76. 67
1 .7 6
77. 58
1 .7 9
76. 49
76. 78
1 .8 0
77. 90
1 .8 0

4 1 .5
41. 2
4 1 .5
4 1 .6
4 1 .9
4 2 .2
4 1 .9
4 1 .3
41. 9
4 1 .9
4 1 .8
4 1 .8
4 1 .4
4 1 .6
42.1

U tic a -R o m e

S y ra c u se

R o c h e ste r
$1.6 8 $68.86
1.77
71 .1 6
1. 77 73. 75
1 .7 8
73. 68
1 .8 0
73. 92
7b. 29
1 .8 0
1.81
76. 52
76. 40
1.81
77. 44
1 .8 2
77.87
1 .8 3
77.09
1.8 3
77. 44
1.8 6
1.8 5
76. 25
1.8 5
76. 82
1 .8 5
76. 75

4 2 .8
4 1 .9
4 2 .7
4 2 .4
4 2 .3
4 2 .7
4 2 .8
4 2 .4
4 2 .6
4 2 .7
4 2 .4
4 2 .3
4 1 .7
4 1 .8
4 1 .9

$1.61
1.7 0
1 .7 3
1 .7 4
1 .7 5
1 .7 6
1.79
1 .8 0
1 .8 2
1 .8 2
1 .8 2
1 .8 3
1 .8 3
1 .8 4
1 .8 3

$1. 72
1 .8 4
1. 86
1. 87
1. 90
1. 92
1. 92
1 .9 6
1 .9 7
1 .9 5
1 .9 8
1 .9 8
1 .9 9
1 .9 7
2. 00

N o r t h C a r o lin a

N e w Y o r k — C o n ti n u e d
N e w Y o rk C ity

4 3 .8
44. 9
44.1
44. 7
45. 2
4 6 .2
4 5 .2
44. 7
4 3 .2
40 .9
4 2 .4
42. 2
4 1 .8
4 1 .9
4 2 .2

$62. 25
65. 54
65. 05
66. 55
68. 72
69. 43
68. 97
68. 66
68. 92
69. 29
69.1 0
69.38
68. 50
68. 98
69. 74

4 0 .3
4 0 .5
4 0 .5
4 0 .7
4 1 .5
4 1 .7
4 1 .4
4 1 .3
4 1 .2
41. 1
4 0 .8
40 .9
4 0 .5
4 0 .6
4 0 .8

$1.5 5
1 .6 2
1.61
1 .6 4
1 .6 6
1 .6 7
1 .6 6
1 .6 6
1 .6 7
1 .6 8
1 .6 9
1.7 0
1 .6 9
1.7 0
1.71

W e s t c h e s te r C o u n t y
$63. 41
66. 25
69.5 0
69.8 5
67. 75
67. 41
68.7 8
69. 85
71.11
69. 83
69. 92
72. 83
69. 31
70. 92
69. 59

3 9 .7
3 9 .8
4 0 .8
4 0 .8
3 9 .9
4 0 .0
40. 2
4 0 .5
4 0 .9
4 0 .2
40.1
4 0 .7
3 9 .2
40 .0
3 9 .3

$1. 60 $46.00
47.6 7
1 .6 6
48. 89
1 .7 0
49. 78
1.71
49. 67
1 .7 0
50. 30
1 .6 8
49.11
1. 71
49. 08
1 .7 3
49. 32
1 .7 4
48. 22
1 .7 4
48. 98
1 .7 4
48.1 9
1 .7 9
48. 34
1 .7 7
1 .7 7
48. 46
47.11
1. 77

S ta te
39.1
39. 6
40. 7
41. 2
40. 9
41. 2
40 .1
3 9 .9
40 .1
3 9 .2
3 9 .5
3 9 .5
3 9 .3
3 9 .4
3 8 .3

$ 1 .1 8
1. 20
1. 20
1. 21
1. 21
1. 22
1. 23
1. 23
1. 23
1 .2 3
1. 24
1. 22
1 .2 3
1 .2 3
1 .2 3

1376

MONTHLY LABOR

C : EARNINGS AND HOURS

T able C-5. Hours and gross earnings of production workers in manufacturing industries for selected
States and areas1—Continued
N o r t h C a r o lin a —
C o n tin u e d

N o r th D a k o ta

C h a rlo tte

S ta t e

O h io

F arg o

O k la h o m a

S ta t e

S ta t e

O k la h o m a C i t y

Y e a r an d m o n th
A vg.
w k ly .
e a rn ­
in g s

A vg.
w k ly .
h o u rs

A vg.
h rly .
e a rn ­
in g s

A vg.
w k ly .
e a rn ­
in g s

A vg.
w k ly .
h o u rs

A vg.
h rly .
e a rn ­
in g s

A vg.
w k ly ,
e a rn ­
in g s

A vg.
w k ly .
h o u rs

1951: A v e r a g e _______ $49.48
1952: A v e r a g e ......... ..
51.01
1952: S e p t e m b e r ____ 53. 47
O c t o b e r ____ __ 51.83
N o v e m b e r ____ 52. 03
D e c e m b e r ____ 52. 06
1953: J a n u a r y _______ 50.8 2
F e b r u a r y _____ 51.18
M a r c h ................ 52.35
A p r i l .................... 51.44
M a y __________ 51.73
J u n e . . - ______ 51.84
J u l y ---------------- 51.58
A u g u s t _______
51.71
S e p t e m b e r ____ 49.7 6

40 .1
4 0 .3
4 1 .8
41.1
4 1 .0
4 0 .9
4 0 .2
4 0 .3
4 0 .9
4 0 .5
40 .1
4 0 .5
4 0 .3
4 0 .4
3 8 .6

$1.24
1.27
1 .2 8
1 .2 6
1 .2 7
1 .2 7
1 .2 7
1 .2 7
1 .2 8
1 .2 7
1.29
1.28
1 .2 8
1.28
1.29

$59. 72
64 .0 4
65. 70
66.34
68.83
65. 25
63 .0 6
61.53
61.28
63 .6 4
64.98
66.87
6 9 .0 0
68.7 5
65.7 4

4 4 .9
4 5 .1
4 5 .5
4 6 .4
4 6 .7
4 4 .9
4 3 .7
4 2 .7
4 2 .7
4 3 .3
4 4 .2
4 5 .7
4 6 .4
4 6 .7
4 5 .4

$1.33
1.4 2
1.44
1.43
1.47
1.45
1.44
1.4 4
1.44
1.4 7
1 .4 7
1.4 6
1.4 9
1.47
1.4 5

$61.08
67.78
71.52
73.45
75. 52
68.6 6
64.85
64.16
62.3 7
63.72
66.44
67. 90
70. 45
67. 65
67.7 7

4 3 .7
44 .3
4 3 .9
4 6 .6
4 7 .2
4 4 .2
4 2 .6
4 2 .0
41 .5
4 1 .2
4 1 .8
43 .5
43 .3
4 3 .0
4 4 .5

O k la h o m a — C o n .

4 3 .1
4 2 .7
4 1 .9
4 2 .2
4 3 .3
4 2 .6
4 1 .6
4 1 .7
4 1 .9
4 0 .9
41.1
4 1 .4
4 1 .3
4 0 .8
4 0 .5

$1.4 0
1.53 $75.14
1.63
77.28
1.58
78.2 6
1.6 0
78.46
1.55
80. 03
1.52
79.7 6
1.53
79.41
1 .5 0
8 0 .4 9
1.55
79. 76
1.59
79.72
1.5 6
80. 21
1.63
80.41
1.5 7
79.88
1 .5 2
79.86

A vg.
w k ly .
h o u rs

A vg.
h rly .
e a rn ­
in g s

A vg.
w k ly .
e a rn ­
in g s

A vg.
w k ly .
h o u rs

A vg.
h rly .
e a rn ­
in g s

A vg.
w k ly .
e a rn ­
in g s

A vg.
w k ly .
h o u rs

41.1
4 1 .5
4 1 .7
4 1 .6
4 2 .2
4 1 .7
4 1 .4
4 1 .8
4 1 .4
4 1 .2
4 1 .2
41.1
4 0 .9
4 0 .6

$ 1 .8 3
1 .8 6
1 .8 8
1 .8 9
1 .9 0
1.91
1 .9 2
1.93
1.93
1.93
1 .9 5
1 .9 6
1 .9 5
1 .9 7

$62. 60
65.68
67.0 4
68.2 6
68.48
70. 09
68.15
69.64
70. 22
69.63
69. 72
68.5 6
70.30
69.94
71.04

42 .3
4 2 .1
4 1 .9
4 2 .4
4 2 .8
4 3 .0
4 1 .3
4 1 .7
4 1 .8
4 1 .2
4 1 .5
41 .3
4 1 .6
4 0 .9
41 .3

$1.48
1.56
1 .6 0
1.61
1.6 0
1.63
1.65
1.6 7
1 .6 8
1.69
1.68
1.6 6
1.69
1.71
1.7 2

$60.48
63.3 6
64.38
63. 66
64. 09
65.4 2
63. 75
64.14
66. 07
65.91
68. 02
67.39
66.94
66. 72
68.3 6

4 3 .2
4 3 .4
4 3 .5
4 3 .6
4 3 .9
44 .5
4 2 .5
4 2 .2
4 2 .9
4 2 .8
4 3 .6
4 3 .2
42.1
4 1 .7
4 2 .2

$75.61
79.56
79. 82
78.91
82.14
81.2 4
80.6 4
80. 97
82.3 8
82.4 2
83.2 8
83.5 8
8 3 .0 5
8 1 .7 0
8 0 .3 2

39 .1
3 8 .9
3 8 .3
3 8 .9
39 .1
39 .1
3 8 .7
3 8 .7
3 9 .0
3 8 .6
3 8 .8
3 8 .6
39.1
3 8 .4
3 7 .9

A vg.
h r ly .
e a rn ­
in g s
$1.40
1.46
1.48
1.46
1.46
1.47
1.50
1.52
1.54
1.54
1.56
1.56
1.59
1 .6 0
1.62

P e n n s y lv a n ia

S ta t e

$1.54
1.7 0
1 .7 5
1.7 6
1.81
1.8 2
1 .8 0
1.8 2
1.81
1.8 4
1.8 2
1.81
1.83
1 .7 7
1 .8 5

A vg.
w k ly .
e a rn ­
in g s

O re g o n

T u lsa

1951: A v e r a g e - ............ $66.37
1952: A v e r a g e _______ 72.59
1952: S e p t e m b e r ____ 73.33
O c to b e r _______ 74.27
N o v e m b e r ____ 78.37
D e c e m b e r ____ 77. 53
1953: J a n u a r y _______ 74.88
F e b r u a r y _____ 75.89
M a r c h ________ 75.84
A p r i l __________ 75. 26
M a y __________ 74.8 0
J u n e __________ 74.93
J u l y ___________ 75.58
A u g u s t _______
72.22
S e p t e m b e r ____ 74.93

A vg.
h r ly .
e a rn ­
in g s

P o rtla n d

$1.9 4 $70.89
73.39
2. 05
2. 09
73.3 0
72.93
2. 03
73.37
2 .1 0
74.95
2. 08
74. 51
2. 08
2. 09
74 .2 0
2.11
76.84
2.1 3
76 .6 0
2 .1 4
78.01
2 .1 6
76.17
2 .1 2
75.33
2 .1 3
77. 55
2 .1 2
75. 71

39.1
3 8 .7
3 8 .8
3 9 .2
3 8 .2
3 8 .8
3 8 .4
3 8 .3
3 8 .9
3 8 .8
3 8 .8
3 2 .9
3 8 .2
3 8 .6
38.1

A lle n to w n - B e th l e h e m -E a s to n

S ta t e

$1.82
1 .9 0
1 .8 9
1 .8 6
1 .9 2
1.93
1 .9 4
1 .9 4
1 .9 7
1 .9 8
2. 01
2. 01
1.9 7
2. 01
1.9 9

$63. 74
66. 54
68 .5 0
68.94
69.58
70.91
71.31
70 .8 8
71 .3 6
70 .4 8
70 .9 5
7 0 .9 2
70. 71
71.9 7
72.1 6

4 0 .2
4 0 .2
4 0 .4
4 0 .6
4 0 .4
4 0 .7
4 0 .5
4 0 .4
4 0 .6
4 0 .1
4 0 .3
4 0 .0
3 9 .5
3 9 .8
3 9 .4

$1.59
1.6 6
1 .7 0
1.7 0
1.72
1.74
1.7 6
1.7 5
1 .7 6
1.7 6
1.7 6
1.7 7
1.7 9
1.81
1.83

$61.62
63.7 6
67.6 2
65.92
68.8 2
66. 03
68.5 4
66.7 7
66.96
65.7 4
67.4 2
66. 57
66.24
67.97
69. 09

$1.56
1.61
1.68
1.65
1.6 9
1.68
1.7 2
1.6 9
1.6 9
1.69
1.72
1.73
1.73
1.73
1 .7 8

3 9 .6
3 9 .6
4 0 .3
4 0 .0
4 0 .7
3 9 .4
3 9 .8
3 9 .6
3 9 .6
3 8 .9
3 9 .2
3 8 .5
3 8 .2
3 9 .2
3 8 .9

E rie 3

4 1 .1
4 1 .2
4 1 .6
4 0 .7
4 1 .4
41.1
4 2 .4
4 1 .4
4 2 .6
43.1
41 .1
41 .1
3 9 .2
4 0 .4
4 0 .2

$67.24
70.33
69.97
68.34
71.83
72.13
77.34
75.31
78. 51
80.6 8
74.23
73.69
70.8 0
74. 21
73.16

$1.64
1.71
1.68
1.68
1.74
1.76
1.82
1.82
1.84
1.87
1.81
1.79
1.81
1.84
1.82

P e n n s y lv a n ia — C o n tin u e d
H a rris b u rg
1951: A v e r a g e ............. $57.89
1952: A v e r a g e _______ 61.07
1952: S e p t e m b e r ____ 63.65
O c to b e r _______ 63.93
N o v e m b e r ____ 64.72
D e c e m b e r ____ 63.71
1953: J a n u a r y _____
65. 57
F e b r u a r y _____ 63.48
M a r c h . . ............ 64.11
A p r i l _______
62.37
M a y __________ 6 5 .0 0
J u n e _______
6 4 .4 0
J u l y ___________ 63.1 0
A u g u s t ________ 63.75
S e p t e m b e r ____ 63.46

4 0 .4
4 0 .5
4 0 .7
4 0 .9
4 0 .4
4 0 .5
4 0 .6
40.1
4 0 .4
3 9 .5
4 0 .2
3 9 .9
3 9 .0
3 9 .4
3 8 .6

L a n c a s te r 3
$1.43
1.51
1 .5 6
1.5 6
1 .6 0
1.5 7
1.6 2
1.5 8
1.5 9
1.58
1 .6 2
1.61
1 .6 2
1.62
1.6 4

$57.21
59.49
59. 71
61.2 6
59.44
63.5 0
6 2 .0 0
63.75
62.78
63.0 3
63.24
62.9 0
63. 65
63.33
62.2 0

4 1 .4
4 1 .2
4 1 .7
4 1 .9
4 0 .3
4 2 .5
4 1 .5
4 2 .3
4 1 .8
4 1 .8
4 1 .8
4 1 .6
4 1 .6
4 1 .5
4 0 .6

$1.38
1.44
1.43
1 .4 6
1.48
1.4 9
1.49
1.51
1 .5 0
1.51
1.51
1.51
1.53
1.53
1.53

P h il a d e l p h i a
$65.89
69.97
71.19
71.41
72.81
73.7 6
73.11
73.68
73.77
73.0 6
73. 60
73.73
73.28
74.58
75.08

4 0 .7
4 0 .8
41.1
4 0 .9
4 1 .3
4 1 .6
4 0 .8
4 1 .0
41.1
4 0 .7
4 0 .8
4 0 .6
4 0 .0
4 0 .4
4 0 .3

P e n n s y lv a n ia — C o n tin u e d
W ilk e s - B a r r e H a z l e to n 3
1951: A v e r a g e _______ $45.98
1952: A v e r a g e _______ 49. 74
1952: S e p t e m b e r ____ 50.7 0
O c to b e r _______ 52.11
N o v e m b e r ____ 53.29
D e c e m b e r ____ 51.4 2
1953: J a n u a r y
.
52.0 7
F e b r u a r y ____ 51.61
M a r c h _____
51.78
A p r i l __________ 50.0 9
M a y ______
51.13
J u n e .................
51.0 7
J u l y ___________ 49. 79
A u g u s t _______
50.73
S e p t e m b e r ____ 4 9 .5 0

3 6 .9
3 8 .0
3 8 .7
3 8 .8
3 9 .5
3 8 .6
3 8 .2
3 8 .4
3 8 .5
3 7 .3
38 .1
3 7 .8
37 .1
3 7 .3
3 6 .4

S e e f o o tn o te s a t e n d o f ta b le .


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

$1.25
1.31
1.31
1 .3 4
1 .3 5
1.33
1 .3 6
1 .3 4
1 .3 5
1 .3 4
1.34
1 .3 5
1 .3 4
1.3 6
1.3 6

4 1 .2
4 1 .4
4 0 .9
4 2 .5
41.1
4 2 .5
4 2 .3
4 2 .0
4 2 .7
4 2 .2
4 1 .9
4 2 .7
41.1
4 2 .0
4 0 .7

$72.85
75.94
80.3 3
8 0 .2 6
8 0 .0 9
81.94
82.3 7
81.15
81.4 4
79 .5 2
80.8 4
81.7 6
8 2 .3 4
83.84
84 .4 8

4 0 .7
4 0 .5
4 0 .9
4 1 .2
4 0 .8
4 1 .3
4 1 .0
4 0 .8
4 0 .8
3 9 .8
4 0 .5
4 0 .8
4 0 .4
4 0 .7
4 0 .4

R e a d in g 3
$1.79 $60.92
62.13
1.8 8
1.9 6
63.75
1.9 5
65.85
1.9 6
64.48
1.9 8
67.4 0
2.01
67.05
1.9 9
65.69
2 .0 0
67.8 6
2 .0 0
67. 03
2 .0 0
67.4 0
2. 00 67. 40
2 .0 4
67.1 0
2 .0 6
66.26
2 .0 9
63.13

3 9 .0
3 9 .4
4 0 .3
4 0 .7
3 9 .9
4 0 .8
4 0 .2
4 0 .2
41 .1
4 0 .7
4 0 .7
4 0 .6
4 0 .4
3 9 .7
38.1

R h o d e Is la n d

Y o rk 3
$54.71
57.13
56.48
59.88
58.0 3
61.33
61.29
61.91
63 .9 2
63.51
62 .5 6
64.73
62.18
63.42
61.38

$1.62
1 .7 2
1.73
1.75
1 .7 6
1 .7 7
1 .7 9
1 .8 0
1 .8 0
1 .8 0
1 .8 0
1 .8 2
1 .8 3
1.85
1.8 6

P itts b u rg h

S ta t e
$1.33
1 .3 8
1 .3 8
1.41
1.41
1.44
1.45
1.47
1 .5 0
1.51
1.4 9
1.5 2
1.51
1.51
1.51

$55.86
59. 62
61.18
6 0 .1 6
60.61
6 3 .3 0
62. 07
61.51
61.48
61.24
60.9 5
61.81
60. 77
57.4 6
58.29

3 9 .9
4 0 .2
4 1 .2
4 0 .3
3 9 .6
4 1 .8
4 1 .2
4 0 .9
4 0 .9
4 0 .7
4 0 .4
4 0 .8
4 0 .1
3 7 .8
3 7 .9

$1.5 6 $48. 27
1.58
51.08
1.58
52. 03
1.62
51.9 4
1.62
51.81
1.65
51.89
1.67
53.8 0
1.63
54.15
1.65
55. 56
55.64
1.65
1.66
55. 54
54.74
1.66
1 .6 6
54.83
1 .6 7
54.16
1 .6 6
55.17

3 8 .4
3 8 .7
3 9 .3
3 9 .2
39 .1
3 8 .9
39.1
39 .1
4 0 .0
3 9 .6
3 9 .9
3 9 .3
39 .5
3 8 .8
3 8 .8

$1.26
1 .3 2
1.32
1.33
1.33
1.33
1.38
1.39
1.39
1.41
1.39
1.39
1.39
1 .4 0
1.42

S o u th C a r o lin a

P r o v id e n c e
$ 1 .4 0 $56.38
1.4 8
59.16
1.4 8
6 0 .8 6
1.49
59.86
1.53
5 9 .6 0
1.51
63.1 5
61.1 2
1.51
1 .5 0
61.65
62.10
1 .5 0
1 .5 0
60. 75
1.51
60.6 4
1.52
61.16
1.51
60. 60
1.5 2
60. 79
1.54
59.8 0

S c ra n to n 3

4 0 .5
4 0 .8
4 1 .4
4 1 .0
4 0 .0
42 .1
4 1 .3
4 1 .1
4 1 .4
4 0 .5
4 0 .7
4 0 .6
4 0 .4
4 0 .8
3 9 .6

$1.3 9 $47.48
1.4 5
47.8 8
1.4 7
4 9 .7 8
1 .4 6
49.73
50.1 4
1.49
51.04
1 .5 0
1.48
4 9 .8 2
49.8 2
1 .5 0
49.4 5
1 .5 0
49.9 7
1.5 0
49. 72
1.4 9
50. 22
1.51
1 .5 0
49.4 8
1.49
49.3 5
4 9 .6 4
1.51

S ta t e
3 9 .9
3 9 .9
4 0 .8
41.1
4 1 .1
4 1 .5
4 0 .5
4 0 .5
4 0 .2
4 0 .3
40 .1
4 0 .5
3 9 .9
3 9 .8
3 9 .4

C h a r l e s to n
$1.19 $45. 65
48.0 3
1 .2 0
1 .2 2
48.73
1.21
4 9 .3 2
1.22
48.6 7
1.23
47.88
1.23
47. 52
1.23
49.1 7
1.23
4 8 .8 0
52. 07
1.2 4
1.24
49.85
1 .2 4
50.8 8
1 .2 4
49.4 8
1.2 4
49.52
51.21
1 .2 6

4 0 .4
4 0 .7
4 1 .3
4 1 .1
4 0 .9
3 9 .9
3 9 .6
4 0 .3
4 0 .0
4 1 .0
4 0 .2
4 0 .7
3 9 .9
3 9 .3
3 9 .7

$1.13
1.18
1.18
1.20
1.19
1.20
1 .2 0
1.22
1.22
1.27
1.24
1.25
1.24
1.26
1.29

REVIEW, DECEMBER 1953

1377

C: EARNINGS AND HOURS

T able C-5. Hours and gross earnings of production workers in manufacturing industries for selected
States and areas1—Continued
S o u th D a k o t a
S ta t e

T e n n essee

S io u x F a lls

C h a t ta n o o g a

S ta t e

K n o x v ille

M e m p h is

Y e a r a n d m o n th

1951:
1952:
1952:

1953:

1951:
1952:
1952:

1953:

A v e r a g e ______
A v e r a g e _______
S e p t e m b e r ____
O c to b e r _______
N o v e m b e r ____
D e c e m b e r ____
J a n u a r y _______
F e b r u a r y _____
M a r c h ________
A p r i l _________
M a y __________
J u n e ________ __
J u l y ---------------A u g u s t _______
S e p te m b e r ____

A v e r a g e _______
A v e r a g e _______
S e p te m b e r ____
O c to b e r ^ . . . .
N o v e m b e r ____
D e c e m b e r ____
J a n u a r y ---------F e b r u a r y _____
M a r c h .................
A p r i l ____ . . _
M a y __________
J u n e _________
J u l y ---------------A u g u s t _______
S e p te m b e r ____

A vg.
w k ly .
e a rn ­
in g s

A vg.
w k ly .
h o u rs

$58.46
62. 76
63. 50
63.16
66.18
66. 56
66.34
60. 91
62.19
60.84
63.35
64. 51
63. 27
62.35
65.36

43.3
44.2
44.3
44.1
45.8
45.8
44.8
41.4
42.4
41.2
43.3
43.5
42.6
42.8
43.9

A vg.
h rly .
e a rn ­
in g s

A vg.
w k ly .
e a rn ­
in g s

A vg.
w k ly .
h o u rs

$1.35 $62. 84
1.42 69. 01
1.43 70. 80
1.43 69.13
1.44 73.14
1.45 75. 91
1.48 74. 77
1.47 67. 09
1.47 67.83
1.48 66.88
1.46 69. 62
1.48 70. 36
1.49 68. 87
1.46 67.34
1.49 67.70

44.5
45.4
46.3
45.1
47.9
49.2
48.0
42.8
43.2
42.2
44.0
44.4
43.7
42.9
43.4

T en n essee— C on.

T exas

N a s h v ill e

S ta t e

40.3
40.2
40.7
40.9
40.5
41.6
40.2
40.4
40.9
40.9
41.2
41.0
40.3
40.1
39.1

$53. 20
55.07
55. 76
56.03
56.30
57.82
56.28
57.37
58. 08
58.90
59.33
58.63
58. 03
57.74
57.48

$1.32 $62. 75
1.37 66. 57
1.37 69.76
1.37 68.80
1.39 69.50
1.39 70. 25
1.40 68. 62
1.42 67.97
1.42 68. 97
1.44 69. 39
1.44 68.39
1.43 69. 30
1.44 70.89
1.44 70.81
1.47 70.96

A vg.
w k ly .
e a rn ­
in g s

A vg.
w k ly .
h o u rs

$1.41 $51.86
1.52 54. 67
1.53 55. 88
1.53 56.58
1.53 56.86
1.54 56. 99
1.56 55.48
1.57 56.03
1.57 56.58
1.58 56.98
1.58 56.57
1.58 56.57
1. 58 56. 84
1. 57 57.12
1. 56 57.89

40.2
40.8
41.7
41.6
41.5
41.6
40.5
40.6
41.0
40.7
40.7
40. 7
40.6
40.8
40.2

A vg.
h rly .
e a rn ­
in g s

1951:
1952:
1952:
1953:

A v e r a g e _______
A v e r a g e _______
S e p t e m b e r ____
O c to b e r _______
N o v e m b e r ____
D e c e m b e r ____
J a n u a r y _______
F e b r u a r y _____
M a r c h ________
A p r i l _________
M a y __________
J u n e ........ ...........J u l y ----------------A u g u s t ________
S e p te m b e r ____

47.1
46.5
47.0
46.1
43.3
45.5
45.0
45.7
45.9
45.3
45.4
45.5
45.7
45.6
45.4

$73.01
78.12
80.76
79.31
75.78
79.63
78. 92
80.14
80. 88
82.93
82. 51
82. 54
82.20
82. 67
82.64

41.1
40.2
41.3
38.3
40.2
40.3
40.1
40.2
40.6
40.6
40.6
40.7
42.3
40.6
42.1

1951:
1952:
1952:
1953:

A v e r a g e _______
A v e r a g e ..............
S e p te m b e r ____
O c to b e r _______
N o v e m b e r ____
D e c e m b e r ____
J a n u a r y ___ __
F e b r u a r y _____
M a r c h ________
A p r i l ____ . . .
M a y _________
J u n e __________
J u l y . . . ..............
A u g u s t _______
S e p te m b e r ____

$70. 02
74 21
74.84
75. 47
76. 95
75. 95
77.80
77. 97
79.82
76. 50
72.85
77.83
80.04
77.59
81.79

40.3
40.2
39.0
39.7
40.4
40.3
40.5
40.4
40.9
39.3
37.6
39.7
40.1
39.1
37.9

See footnotes a t end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

40.6
41.0
41.8
41.8
41.7
42.3
40.7
40.5
41.1
40.5
40.2
40.3
40.2
41.0
39.3

A vg.
w k ly .
e a rn ­
in g s

$1.32 $58. 49
1.36 61.20
1.36 63.76
1.37 66.03
1.38 66.14
1.39 63.91
1.38 62.00
1.40 63. 58
1 41 64.53
1.42 66.30
1.42 66. 56
1.43 66.08
1.43 63. 99
1.44 65. 44
1.46 67.06

A vg.
w k ly .
h o u rs

40.9
40.8
41.4
42.6
42.4
41.5
40.0
40.5
41.1

41.7
41.6
41.3
40.5
40.9
40.4

40.2
40.2
40.8
40.8
41.2
41.0
40.3
39.7
40.3
39.2
39.5
40.7
39.1
39.7
39.3

$1.27
1.33 $56.44
1.34 58. 66
1.34 58. 52
1.35 54.92
1.37 56.16
1.37 55.74
1.38 55.58
1.39 57.94
1.39 59. 57
1.39 57. 51
1.41 58.46
1.40 62.13
1.40 59.60
1.41 61.50

41.5
42.2
41.8
39.8
40.4
40.1
39.7
40.8
40.8
40.5
40.6
41.7
40.0
41.0

38.1
38.9
39.8
38.6
37.4
37.9
38.5
38.9
38.8
38.4
38.2
38.0
39.2
39.0
37.9

$1.83 $63.36
1.93 65.82
1.92 67. 26
1.97 68.17
1.98 68. 68
1.95 68. 91
1.97 69. 55
1.98 69. 60
1.99 70.18
1.98 70.05
2.01 71.96
2.02 70.84
2.05 71.68
1.98 71.02
1. 96 71.19

40.1
39.7
39.8
40.1
40.4
40.3
40.2
40.0
40.1
39.8
40.2
39.8
39.6
39.9
38.9

A vg.
w k ly .
e a rn ­
in g s

A vg.
w k ly .
h o u rs

$1.43 $58. 22
1. 50 62.63
1.54 63.94
1.55 64.08
1. 56 63.49
1.54 63.62
1.55 61.50
1.57 63. 69
1 57 64.90
1.59 65.48
1.60 64.14
1.60 63.12
1.58 64.45
1.60 63.12
1.66 63.80

42.5
42.9
43.5
43.3
42.9
42.7
41.0
41.9
42.7
42.8
42.2
41.8
42.4
41.8
41.7

$1.57 $66. 78
1.66 70.64
1.63 71.06
1.68 70.72
1.73 73.78
1.74 75. 68
1.79 72.10
1. 79 73.10
1.80 73. 22
1.80 74.16
1.78 72.80
1.79 74.05
1.73 72.98
1.82 74.88
1.69 76.08

42 0
41.8
41.8
41.6
42.4
43.0
41.2
41.3
41.6
41.9
40.9
41.6
41.7
41.6
41.8

S ta t e

$1.59 $57.32
1.69 59.35
1.70 60. 51
1.70 60.84
1.74 57. 82
1.76 60.93
1.75 61.23
1.77 61.75
1.76 61.79
1.77 62.37
1.78 62. 97
1.78 63.20
1.75 62.20
1.80 62.83
1.82 63. 25

43.3
42.7
43.1
43.1
40.8
42.8
42.9
43.1
43.2
43.1
43.2
43.2
42.6
43.1
43.3

A vg.
h rly .
e a rn ­
in g s

$1.37
1.46
1.47
1.48
1.48
1.49
1.50
1. 52
1. 52
1.53
1.52
1.51
1.52
1.51
1.53

B u r li n g to n

$1.33 $55.03
1.39 56.49
1.40 57.21
1.41 58.01
1.42 55.25
1.42 57.99
1.43 57. 97
1.43 58.62
1.43 59. 01
1.44 57.98
1.45 59.24
1.46 58. 99
1.46 56. 93
1.46 58. 87
1.46 59.45

40.5
39.5
39.4
40.3
37.7
39.5
38.9
39.2
40.0
39.4
39.8
39.5
38.6
40.2
40.1

$1.36
1.43
1.45
1.44
1.47
1.47
1.49
1.50
1.48
1.47
1.49
1.49
1.47
1.46
1.48

W a sh in g to n
R ic h m o n d

$1.36 $56. 68
1.39 56.68
1.40 58. 20
1.38 58.90
1.39 60.03
1.39 58.18
1.40 59.28
1.42 59.16
1.46 59.98
1.42 58.36
1.44 58. 51
1.49 58.31
1.49 60.83
1.50 60.34

40.2
40.2
40 7
40.9
41.4
40.4
40.6
40.8
40.8
39.7
39.8
39.4
41.1
40.5

S ta t e

$1.41
1.41
1 43
1.44
1.45
1.44
1.46
1.45
1.47
1.47
1.47
1.48
1.48
1.49

$72.45
76.16
77.16
76. 51
77. 51
78.75
79.13
79.68
79.84
79.23
78.73
79.59
79. 91
79.16
77. 67

38.7
38.7
39.1
38.6
38.2
38.9
38.8
39.2
39.1
38.8
38.6
38.9
39.6
38.7
37.9

$1.87 $72.60
1.97 74.36
1.97 76.47
1.98 76.28
2. 03 76. 88
2. 03 75. 69
2. 04 75. 89
2.03 75. 71
2.04 77. 22
2. 04 76.04
2. 04 74. 65
2.05 75.83
2.02 75.84
2.05 77. 50
2.05 76.30

39.1
38.5
38.8
38.7
38.7
38.6
38.2
38.4
38.9
38.5
37.9
38.1
38.3
38.7
38.0

$1.85
1.93
1.97
1.97
1.99
1.96
1.98
1.97
1.98
1.98
1 97
1.99
1.98
2.00
2.01

40.2
40.6
40.8
40.7
40.4
41.3
40.7
40.9
40.5
40.7
40.5
41.4
40.6
40.0

K enosha

S ta t e

C h a r l e s to n

$1.58
1.66 $78.35
1.69 80.39
1.70 81.19
1.70 81.40
1.71 81.61
1.73 83.43
1.74 83.44
1.75 85. 07
1.76 85.05
1.77 85.06
1.78 85.05
1.81 88.18
1.78 85.26
1.83 88.00

S e a t tle

W isc o n sin

W e s t V ir g in ia
S ta t e

A vg.
h rly .
e a rn ­
in g s

V erm o n t
S a lt L a k e C i t y 3

N o r f o lk - P o r ts m o u t h

T acom a

$1.73 $69.63
1.85 75.10
1.92 76.50
1.90 76.16
1.91 74.07
1.89 74.11
1.92 75. 82
1.93 76. 96
1.95 77.33
1.95 76.15
1.94 76.80
1.96 76.90
2.00 80.20
1.98 77.46
2.16 74. 21

$1.29 $53. 59
1.34 55.76
1.34 56.85
1.36 57. 27
1.37 57. 55
1.37 58. 80
1.37 56.17
1.38 56. 70
1.38 57. 95
1.40 57. 51
1 39 57.08
1.39 57.63
1.40 57.49
1.40 59.04
1.44 57.38

A vg.
h r ly .
e a rn ­
in g s

V ir g in ia

W a s h i n g to n — C o n t i n u e d
Spokane

A vg.
w k ly .
h o u rs

S ta t e

42.4 $1.48 $64. 53
42.4
1. 57 66.73
1.60 67.32
43.6
43.0
1.60 64.34
1.62 69. 55
42.9
1.63 70.12
43.1
42.1
1.63 71.78
1.63 71.96
41.7
41.8 . 1.65 73.08
1.66 73.08
41.8
41.2
1.66 72. 27
41.5
1.67 72. 85
1.70 73.18
41.7
41.9
1.69 73.89
41.5
1.71 71.15

S ta t e

$1.55 $51.05
1.68 53.47
1.72 54. 67
1.72 54. 67
1.75 55. 62
1. 75 56.17
1. 75 55. 21
1. 75 54. 79
1.76 56. 02
1.83 54.49
1.82 54.90
1.81 57.39
1.80 54.74
1.81 55.58
1.82 55. 41

A vg.
w k ly .
e a rn ­
in g s

U ta h

V e r m o n t— C o n .
S p r in g f ie ld

A vg.
h r ly .
e a rn ­
in g s

$1.95
1.98
1.99
2. 00
2.02
2.02
2.05
2.08
2.10
2.09
2.10
2.13
2.10
2.20

$68. 77
71.77
71.14
73 55
75.12
75. 90
75.19
75. 67
76. 28
76.22
75. 76
74. 55
72.05
73. 72
72.98

42.5
42.2
42.1
42.5
42.8
42.9
42.3
42.3
42.5
42.3
42.1
41.9
41.9
42.0
41.4

$1.62 $73. 74
1.70 75.34
1.69 75.40
1 73 79.31
1.75 78.42
1.77 76. 71
1.78 81.40
1. 79 81.96
1.79 79. 29
1.80 80.30
1.80 77.36
1.78 74.79
1.72 73.28
1.76 74. 75
1.76 78.06

41 2
40.1
39.4
40.7
40.6
40.1
41.2
41.4
40.2
40.6
39.7
38.8
38.5
39.2
40.1

$1.79
1.88
1.91
1.95
1.93
1.91
1.97
1.98
1.97
1.98
1.95
1.93
1.90
1.91
1.95

MONTHLY LABOR

C: EARNINGS AND HOURS

1378

T able C -5 . H ours and gross earnings of production w orkers in m anufacturing industries for selected
S tates and a re a s 1— C ontinued
W is c o n s in — C o n ti n u e d
M a d is o n

L a C ro s se

W y o m in g

M ilw a u k e e

R a c in e

S ta te

C asper

Y ear a n d m o n th

1951: A v e r a g e . ___
1952: A v e r a g e _______
1952: S e p t e m b e r ____
O c to b e r _______
N o v e m b e r ____
D e c e m b e r ..........
1953: J a n u a r y _______
F e b r u a r y ......... ..
M a r c h ________
A p r i l __________
M a y . ________
J u n e _________
J u l y ---------------A u g u s t ___ . . .
S e p te m b e r ____

A vg.
w k ly .
e a rn ­
in g s

A vg.
w k ly .
h o u rs

A vg.
h rly .
e a rn ­
in g s

A vg.
w k ly .
e a rn ­
in g s

A vg.
w k ly .
h o u rs

$63.11
68.47
68.88
69.41
70.36
72.89
69.11
71.92
71.74
71.53
72.61
73.49
71. 53
73. 58
76.05

3 9 .2
3 9 .5
3 9 .4
3 9 .4
3 9 .9
4 0 .6
3 8 .0
3 9 .8
3 9 .4
39 .3
39. 7
40.1
3 8 .8
3 9 .7
4 0 .6

$1.61
1.73
1 .7 5
1.76
1 .7 6
1 .7 9
1 .8 2
1.81
1 .8 2
1.82
1.83
1.83
1.84
1.8 5
1.8 7

$69.36
73. 56
73.17
75.11
77. 54
80.30
76. 75
75.12
73. 94
73.14
73.81
76. 40
72.13
72.78
74.72

4 1 .3
4 1 .0
4 0 .8
4 1 .2
4 2 .0
4 3 .0
4 0 .8
4 0 .4
4 0 .2
39. 7
3 9 .7
4 0 .3
3 9 .4
3 9 .4
3 9 .7

A vg.
w k ly .
e a rn ­
in g s

A vg.
w k ly .
h o u rs

A vg.
h rly .
e a rn ­
in g s

A vg.
w k ly .
e a rn ­
in g s

A vg.
w k ly .
h o u rs

A vg.
h rly .
e a rn ­
in g s

A vg.
w k ly .
e a rn ­
in g s

A vg.
w k ly .
h o u rs

$1.6 8 $74. 79
1.80
77.79
78. 32
1.81
1. 84
79. 51
81.41
1.85
82.34
1 .8 7
81.26
1 .8 9
1.8 7
81.37
1.8 5
81.83
82.12
1.84
1.8 6
80.84
1. 90 79. 80
79. 76
1.83
83.0 7
1.85
1.88
81.9 7

4 2 .2
4 1 .7
4 1 .5
41.9
4 2 .4
4 2 .6
4 2 .0
4 1 .8
4 1 .9
4 1 .9
4 1 .4
41. 1
4 1 .2
4 2 .0
4 1 .2

$1.77
1.86
1 .8 9
1.9 0
1.92
1.93
1.94
1 94
1.9 5
1.96
1 95
1 94
1.94
1 .9 8
1 .9 9

$75. 54
77. 85
77.17
78. 84
80.0 8
79. 49
80. 21
79. 81
82. 09
80. 82
79. 57
78.41
75.61
76.15
76.53

4 1 .9
4 1 .2
4 1 .2
4 1 .7
4 2 .0
4 1 .7
4 1 .8
4 1 .4
4 2 .2
4 1 .9
4 1 .5
41.1
4 0 .3
4 0 .3
4 0 .5

$1.8 0
1.8 9
1 .8 8
1 .8 9
1.91
1.91
1.9 2
1.93
1. 95
1.93
1 .9 2
1.91
1 .8 8
1 .8 9
1 .8 9

$71.89
76.36
78.72
75.01
78. 72
78.38
77. 81
79. 60
79. 39
78. 21
79.20
79. 20
84. 67
80. 54
78. 59

3 9 .2
4 0 .4
4 1 .0
3 9 .9
4 1 .0
4 0 .4
39.1
4 0 .2
4 0 .3
3 9 .5
4 0 .0
3 9 .8
41.1
4 1 .3
39.1

A vg.
h r ly .
e a rn ­
in g s

1 D a t a fo r e a rlie r y e a rs a r e a v a ila b l e u p o n r e q u e s t to t h e B u r e a u o f L a b o r
S ta t is tic s o r t h e c o o p e r a tin g S t a t e a g e n c y . S t a t e a g e n c ie s a lso m a k e a v a il­
a b l e m o r e d e t a il e d i n d u s t r y d a t a . S ee t a b l e A -7 fo r a d d r e s s e s o f c o o p e ra tin g
S t a t e a g e n c ie s .


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

A vg.
h r ly .
e a rn ­
in g s

A vg.
w k ly .
e a rn ­
in g s

$1.83
1.8 9
1. 92 $90. 86
1.8 8
89. 47
1. 92
94.02
1.94
89.15
1 .9 9
94. 39
88.76
1.9 8
1.97
90. 40
1.98
91.25
93.30
1.9 8
1.9 9
91.88
94.2 5
2 .0 6
96.1 7
1. 95
91.34
2. 01

A vg.
w k ly .
h o u rs

41 .3
4 0 .3
4 1 .6
3 9 .8
4 1 .4
39.1
4 0 .0
4 0 .2
41.1
4 0 .3
40 .8
41 .1
3 9 .2

2 N o t c o m p a r a b le w ith p r e c e d in g d a t a s h o w n .
3 R e v i s e d se rie s; n o t c o m p a r a b le w i t h d a t a p r e v i o u s l y p u b li s h e d .

A vg.
h r ly .
e a rn ­
in g s

$2.20
2. 22
2. 26
2. 24
2 .2 8
2. 27
2 .2 6
2. 27
2. 27
2. 28
2.31
2. 34
2 .3 3

REVIEW, DECEMBER 1953

1379

D: PRICES AND COST OF LIVING

D: Prices and Cost of Living
T a ble D - l : C onsum er P rice I n d e x 1— U nited S tates average, all item s and com m odity groups
[1 947-49 = 100]

H o u sin g 3
Y e a r a n d m o n th

A ll
I te m s

T o ta l
fo o d 3

A p p a re l
T o ta l *

R ent

G as an d
S o lid
H o u se H o u se­
e le c tr ic ­ fu e ls a n d f u r n is h ­ h o ld o p ­
fu e l oil
in g s
e r a tio n
it y

T ra n s­
p o rta ­
tio n

M e d ic a l P e r s o n a l
c a re
c a re

R e a d in g
O th e r
and
goods
and
re c re a ­
tio n
s e rv ic e s

A v e r a g e --------------A v e r a g e —......... ..
A v e r a g e _________
A v e r a g e ..................
A v e r a g e . . . ............
A v e r a g e ---------------

9 5 .5
102.8
101.8
102.8
111.0
113.5

9 5 .9
104.1
100. 0
101.2
112.6
114.6

97.1
103. 5
99.4
98.1
106.9
105.8

9 5 .0
101.7
103. 3
106.1
112.4
114.6

94.4
100.7
105. 0
108.8
113.1
117.9

97.6
100.0
102.5
102.7
103.1
104.5

88.8
104.4
106.8
110.5
116.4
118.7

9 7 .2
103.2
99.6
100.3
111. 2
108.5

9 7 .2
102.6
100.1
101.2
109.0
111.8

90 6
100.9
108. 5
111.3
118.4
126.2

9 4 .9
100.9
104.1
106.0
111.1
117.2

97 .6
101.3
101.1
101.1
110. 5
111.8

95. 5
100.4
104.1
103.4
106. 5
107.0

96.1
100 .5
103. 4
105.2
109.7
115.4

1950: J a n u a r y _________
F e b r u a r y ________
M a r c h ___________
A p r i l ____________
M a v .................. ........
J u n e _____________
J u ly
--------------A u g u s t . ...................
S e p te m b e r _______
O c t o b e r _________
N o v e m b e r _____
D e c e m b e r -----------

100.6
100.4
100.7
100.8
101.3
101.8
102.9
103.7
101.4
105.0
105. 5
106.9

9 7 .0
96. 5
9 7 .3
9 7 .7
9 8 .9
100. 5
103.1
103.9
104.0
104.3
104.4
107.1

96 .7
96 .7
96.8
96.7
96. 5
9 6 .5
96.4
97.1
9 9 .2
100.9
101.6
102. 2

104.4
104.6
104.6
104.7
104.7
104.9
105.3
106.1
107.1
108.1
108.8
109.4

107.5
107.7
107.8
108.1
108.5
108. 7
109. 1
109.3
109.5
109.6
110.0
110 4

102.5
102. 8
102.8
102.9
102.8
102.7
102.8
102.7
102.8
102.7
102.7
102.7

109.9
109.6
109.9
109.7
106.8
107. 6
108.1
109.8
111.6
113.4
114.3
114.8

97 .4
97 .6
97 .7
97 .7
97. 5
97 .4
98.1
99.7
102.4
104.7
106.0
107.1

9 9 .4
99.4
9 9 .5
99.4
96 .7
99 .6
99 .9
101.2
102.3
103.6
104.4
105.6

110.2
110.0
109.8
109.6
110.1
109.9
111.2
112.4
112.7
112.6
112.9
114.1

105.0
105.0
105.1
105.1
105. 3
105. 4
105.6
106 0
107.0
107.1
107.4
108.0

99.4
9 9 .2
99.1
99.1
9 9 .0
99 .2
99.5
100 8
101. 3
103. 3
106.1
107.4

104.3
104.6
104.4
104.0
103.8
102. 5
101.7
101.9
102.7
103 0
103.6
104.1

103.9
103. 9
103. 9
103.8
103.9
103.7
104.1
106.3
106.8
107.1
107.4
107.9

1951: J a n u a r y --------------F e b r u a r y ________
M a r c h ___________
A p r i l .........................
M a v _____________
J u n e ------- ------------J u l y ........ ............ ..
A u g u s t _____ _____
S e p te m b e r ............
O c to b e r --------------N o v e m b e r _______
D e c e m b e r ...........

108.6
109.9
110.3
110.4
110.9
110.8
110.9
110.9
111.6
112.1
112.8
113.1

109 9
111 .9
112.0
111.7
112.6
112.3
112.7
112.4
112.5
113.5
114.6
115.0

103.8
105.6
106.2
106. 4
106.6
106. 6
106.3
106.4
109.3
109.2
108. 5
108.1

110.4
111.2
111.7
111.9
112.2
112.3
112.6
112.6
112.9
113.2
113.7
113.9

110. 6
111.3
111.9
112.2
112.5
112.7
113.1
113.6
114.2
114.8
115.4
115.6

103.1
103.1
103.1
102.8
103.2
103.0
103.1
103. 2
103. 2
103 3
103.3
103.4

115.1
116.4
110.7
116.7
115.2
115.4
115.9
116.2
116.6
117.1
117.4
117.6

109.3
110.5
111. 1
111.6
112.1
112.0
112.0
111.1
111.3
110.9
111.1
110.8

107.2
108.1
108.4
108.3
108.7
108.7
109.1
109.0
108.8
109.6
110.4
111.1

114.7
115.8
116.9
117.2
117.6
117. 5
117.8
118.7
119.7
120.5
122.1
122.2

108. 5
108.9
109.9
110.3
110.7
111.0
111.0
111.2
111.8
112.6
113.1
114.3

109. 8
110.6
110.7
110.7
110.8
110.8
110.6
110. 4
110.0
110.0
110.6
111.1

105. 6
106. 4
107.0
107.3
107.3
106. 5
106.8
106. 4
105.8
105. 9
106.3
106.5

108 .4
108.7
108.9
109.0
109.2
109.1
109.1
109 1
109.6
109.6
112.4
112.8

1952:

J a n u a r y --------------F e b r u a r y ________
M a r c h ----------------A p r i l ..........................
M a y _____________
J u n e _____________
J u l y _____________
A u g u s t __________
S e p te m b e r ___ . . .
O c t o b e r . . _______
N o v e m b e r ..............
D e c e m b e r _______

113.1
112.4
112.4
112.9
113.0
113.4
114.1
114.3
114.1
114.2
114.3
114.1

115.0
112.6
112.7
113.9
114.3
114.6
116.3
116. 6
115.4
115.0
115.0
113.8

107.0
106.8
106. 4
106.0
105.8
105.6
105.3
105.1
105. 8
105.6
105. 2
105.1

113.9
114.0
114.0
114.0
114.0
114.0
114.4
114.6
114.8
115.2
115.7
116.4

116.0
116.4
116.7
116.9
117.4
117. 6
117.9
118.2
118.3
118.8
119.5
120.7

103.5
103.8
103.8
103.9
104.1
104.3
104.2
105.0
105.0
105.0
105. 4
105.6

117.7
117.6
117.7
117.3
115.6
115.8
118.6
119.0
119.6
121.1
121.6
123.2

110.2
110.0
109.4
108.7
108.3
107.7
107.6
107.6
108.1
107.9
108.0
108.2

110.9
110.8
111.0
111.0
111.2
111.2
111. 8
111.9
112.1
112.8
113.3
113. 4

122.8
123.7
124.4
124.8
125.1
126.3
126.8
127.0
127.7
128.4
128.9
128.9

114.7
114.8
115.7
115.9
116.1
117.8
118. 0
118. 1
118.8
118.9
118.9
119.3

111.0
111.1
111.0
111.3
111.6
111.7
111.9
112.1
112.1
112.3
112.4
112.5

107.2
106.6
106. 3
106.2
106.2
106.8
107.0
107.0
107.3
107.6
107.4
108 .0

113.2
114.4
114.8
115.2
115.8
115.7
11 6 .0
115.9
115 9
115 8
115.8
115.9

1953:

J a n u a r y . ..................
F e b r u a r y ________
M a r c h ___________
A p r i l ....................... ..
M a y _____________
J u n e . . .............. ........

113.9
113. 4
113.6
113.7
114.0
114.5
114.7
115.0
115.2
115.4

113.1
111.5
111. 7
111. 5
112. 1
113.7
113.8
114.1
113.8
113.6

104.6
104.6
104.7
104.6
104. 7
104.6
104. 4
104.3
105.3
105.5

116.4
116.6
116.8
11 7 .0
117. 1
117.4
117.8
118.0
118.4
118.7

121.1
121.5
121.7
122.1
123.0
123.3
123.8
125.1
126.0
126.8

105.9
106.1
106.5
106.5
106.6
106.4
106.4
106.9
106.9
107.0

123.3
123.3
124.4
123.6
121.8
121.8
123. 7
123.9
124.6
125.7

107.7
108.0
108.0
107.8
107. 6
108.0
108. i
107.4
108.1
108.1

113.4
113.5
114.0
114.3
114. 7
115.4
115.7
115.8
116.0
116.6

129.3
129.1
129.3
129.4
129. 4
129.4
129.7
130 .6
130.7
130.7

119.4
119.3
119.5
120.2
120. 7
121.1
121. 5
121.8
122.6
122.8

112.4
112.5
112.4
112.5
112.8
112.6
112. 6
112.7
112.9
113.2

107.8
107. 5
107.7
107 9
108.0
107.8
107.4
107.6
107.8
108.6

115.9
115.8
117.5
117.9
118.0
118.2
118.3
118.4
118.5
119.7

1947:
1948:
1949:
1950:
1951:
1952:

J u l y ______________

A u g u s t -------------S e p te m b e r _______
O c to b e r ____ _____

i A m a jo r r e v is io n w a s i n c o r p o r a te d in t h e C o n s u m e r P r ic e I n d e x b e g in n in g
J a n u a r y 1953. T h e r e v i s e d i n d e x , b a s e d o n 46 c i t i e s , h a s b e e n l i n k e d t o t h e
p r e v i o u s l y p u b l i s h e d “ i n t e r i m a d j u s t e d ” i n d e x e s fo r 34 c i t i e s a n d r e b a s e d o n
1 9 4 7 -4 9 = 1 0 0 to fo rm a c o n ti n u o u s s e rie s. F o r t h e c o n v e n ie n c e o f u s e rs , t h e
“ A l l - i t e m s ” i n d e x e s a r c a ls o s h o w n o n t h e 1 9 3 5 - 3 9 = 1 0 0 b a s e in t a b l e D - 3 .
T h e r e v is e d C o n s u m e r P r ic e I n d e x m e a s u r e s t h e a v e r a g e c h a n g e in p r ic e s
o f g o o d s a n d s e rv ic e s p u r c h a s e d b y u r b a n w a g e - e a r n e r a n d s a la r ie d - c le r ic a l
w o r k e r f a m i l i e s . D a t a f o r 46 l a r g e , m e d i u m , a n d s m a l l c i t i e s a r e c o m b i n e d
fo r th e U n ite d S ta te s a v e ra g e .
F o r a h is to r y a n d d e s c r ip tio n o f th e in d e x , see T h e C o n s u m e r P r ic e I n d e x ,
in t h e F e b r u a r y 1953 M o n t h l y L a b o r R e v i e w ; t h e p a m p h l e t , T h e C o n s u m e r
P r i c e I n d e x — A S h o r t D e s c r i p t i o n o f t h e I n d e x a s R e v i s e d , 1953; T h e I n t e r i m
A d j u s t m e n t o f C o n s u m e r s ’ P r i c e I n d e x , i n t h e A p r i l 1951 M o n t h l y L a b o r
R e v i e w ; I n t e r i m A d j u s t m e n t o f C o n s u m e r s ’ P r i c e I n d e x , B u l l e t i n 1039,


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

a n d t h e f o ll o w i n g r e p o r t s : C o n s u m e r s ’ P r i c e I n d e x , R e p o r t o f a S p e c ia l S u b ­
c o m m i t t e e o f t h e H o u s e C o m m i t t e e o n E d u c a t i o n a n d L a b o r (1 9 5 1 ); a n d
R e p o r t o f t h e P r e s i d e n t ’s C o m m i t t e e o n t h e C o s t o f L i v i n g (1 9 4 5 ).
M im e o e ra p h e d ta b le s a re a v a ila b le u p o n r e q u e s t sh o w in g in d e x e s fo r t h e
U n i t e d S t a t e s a n d 20 i n d i v i d u a l c i t i e s r e g u l a r l y s u r v e y e d b y t h e B u r e a u
f o r “ A ll i t e m s ” a n d 8 m a j o r c o m p o n e n t s f r o m 1947 t o d a t e . I n d e x e s a r e a l s o
a v a i l a b l e f r o m 1913 f o r “ A 11 i t e m s , ” f o o d , a p p a r e l , a n d r e n t , f o r a ll l a r g e c i t i e s
c o m b i n e d , a n d f r o m v a r y i n g d a t e s f o r i n d i v i d u a l c it i e s .
2 I n c lu d e s “ F o o d a w a y fro m h o m e ” ( r e s ta u r a n t m e a ls a n d o t h e r fo o d
b o u g h t a n d e a t e n a w a y f r o m h o m e ) ; p r i o r t o J a n u a r y 1953, p r i c e s f o r t h i s
c a t e g o r y w e r e e s t i m a t e d t o m o v e l i k e p r i c e s f o r “ F o o d a t h o m e ” b u t , s in c e
t h a t d a te , h a v e b e e n m e a s u r e d b y p r ic e s o f r e s t a u r a n t m e a ls .
3 In c lu d e s “ O th e r s h e lte r.”
< I n c l u d e s to b a c c o , a lc o h o lic b e v e ra g e s , a n d “ m is c e lla n e o u s s e r v ic e s ”
( s u c h a s le g a l s e r v ic e s , b a n k in g fe e s, a n d b u r ia l s e rv ic e s ) .

1380

MONTHLY LABOR

D: PRICES AND COST OF LIVING

T a ble D -2 : Consumer Price Index1—United States average, food and its subgroups
[1 9 4 7 -4 9 = 1 0 0 ]

F ood at hom e

F ood at hom e
T o ta l
fo o d 1

Y e a r a n d m o n th

A vg...........
A vg...........
Avg_____
A vg..........
A vg..........
Avg_____
Jan ______
Feb............
M ar......... .
Apr______
M ay_____
June....... .
July...........
Aug...........
Sept....... .
Oct______
Nov_____
Dec______
1951: Jan............
Feb.......... .
M ar_____
Apr........
M ay_____
June_____
July...........
Aug............
Sept_____

1947:
1948:
1949:
1950:
1951:
1952:
1950:

C e re a ls
M e a ts,
and
p o u l­
b a k e ry
try , a n d
p ro d ­
fish
u c ts

T o ta l
fo o d
at
hom e

95 .9
104.1
100.0
101.2
112.6
114.6
97.0
96 .5
97.3
9 7 .7
98 .9
100.5
103.1
103.9
104.0
104.3
104.4
107.1
109.9
111.9
112.0
111.7
112.6
112 3
112. 7
112 4
112.5

95 .9
104.1
100.0
101.2
112.6
114.6
9 7 .0
9 6 .5
97 .3
9 7 .7
9 8 .9
100.5
103.1
103.9
104.0
104.3
104.4
107.1
109.9
111.9
112.0
111.7
112.6
112.3
112.7
112 4
112.5

9 4 .0
103.4
102.7
104. 5
114.0
116.8
102.2
102.3
102.3
102.4
102.7
102.7
103.8
106.2
107.0
107.2
107.4
107.5
112.2
113.2
113.4
113.9
113.9
114.0
114.3
114 2
114.6

9 3 .5
106.1
100.5
104.9
117. 2
116.2
94 .4
9 5 .6
98 .7
9 9 .5
103.4
106.1
110.1
112.2
112.4
109.0
107.7
109.1
113. 5
116.3
117.2
117.3
117.4
116.9
117.6
118 4
118.6

Y e a r a n d m o n th

D a iry
p ro d ­
u c ts

F ru its
and
vege­
ta b le s

O th e r
fo o d s *

96 .7
106.3
9 6 .9
9 5 .9
107.0
111.5
9 5 .6
9 5 .3
9 4 .7
9 3 .3
9 2 .6
9 2 .3
9 3 .8
95 .7
97 .0
9 9 .6
100.1
100.7
105.2
106.1
106.2
106.0
105.7
105.9
106.5
106. 9
107.2

97 .6
100.5
101.9
9 7 .6
106.7
117.2
100.3
9 7 .6
9 5 .5
9 7 .4
9 9 .0
102.5
103.6
94 .7
91.1
9 2 .9
9 5 .8
9 9 .9
104.8
109.8
106.3
105.2
108.5
107.7
107.0
102. 3
100 .4

100.1
102.5
97 .5
101.2
114.6
109.3
95.1
93 .5
95. 5
95.1
9 3 .5
94.1
9 7 .7
105.3
107.7
110.4
109.2
117.0
111.2
110.3
112.7
112.4
113.5
113.8
114.8
116. 5
118.4

1951: O c t________
N o v _______
D e c —.........._
1952: J a n _______
F e b _______
M a r _______
A p r ...........
M a y ______
J u n e ... . . .
J u l y ............
A u g ----------S e p t ..............
O c t________
N o v _______
D e c _______
1953: J a n ________
F e b _______
M a r _______
A p r ...............
M a y ______
J u n e ____ __
J u l y ----------A u g ----------S e p t _______
O c t___ . . .
N ov .
D e c ___ . .

1 S ee fo o tn o te 1 to ta b le D - l.
I n d e x e s fo r 18 fo o d s u b g r o u p s (1 9 3 5 -3 9 =
100) fro m 1923 to D e c e m b e r 1952 w e re p u b lis h e d in th e M a r c h 1953 M o n th ly
L a b o r R e v ie w

a n d

in

T o ta l
fo o d 8

113.5
114.6
115.0
115.0
112.6
112.7
113.9
114.3
114.6
116.3
116.6
115.4
115.0
115.0
113.8
113.1
111.5
111.7
111.5
112.1
113.7
113.8
114.1
113.8
113.6

T o ta l
fo o d
at
hom e

113.5
114.6
115.0
115.0
112.6
112.7
113.9
114.3
114.6
116.3
116.6
115.4
115.0
115.0
113.8
112.9
111. 1
111.3
111.1
111.7
113 .7
113.8
114.1
113.5
113.3

C e re a ls M e a t s ,
and
p o u l­
b a k e ry
try ,
and
p ro d ­
fish
u c ts

D a iry
p ro d ­
u c ts

F ru its
and
vege­
ta b le s

119.1
117.7
116.3
117.1
116.7
115.2
114.8
114.5
116.5
116.4
119.4
119.2
116.9
114.3
113.0
110.9
107.7
107.4
106.8
109.2
111.3
112.0
114.1
113.5
111.1

107.9
109.2
110.7
112.0
112.7
112.0
110.4
109.3
108.9
110.2
111.0
112.5
113.2
113. 3
112.7
111.6
110.7
110.3
109.0
107.8
107.5
108.3
109.1
109.6
110.1

103.2
109.5
115.8
118.2
109.5
113.7
121.1
124.3
122.4
124.0
118.7
111.5
111.3
115.9
115.8
116.7
115.9
115.5
115 .0
115.2
121.7
118.2
112.7
106.6
107.7

114 .6
115.1
115. 2
115.3
115.5
115.7
115. 6
117.2
116.9
117.6
117.5
117.4
117.5
117.5
117.7
117.7
117.6
117.7
118.0
118. 4
118.9
119.1
119.5
120.3
120.4

1 S ee fo o tn o te 2 to ta b le D - l.
* I n c lu d e s e g g s, f a ts a n d o ils, s u g a r a n d

p re v io u s is s u e s .

a n d

s w e e ts ,

b e v e ra g e s

O th e r
fo o d s •

118.9
118.5
114.5
109.1
105.8
104.4
105.0
104.4
105.2
111.5
113.1
113.7
115.1
114.3
110.6
109. 7
107.3
109.1
110.4
110.3
110.9
112.3
114.4
116.7
117.4

(n o n a lc o h o lic )

o th e r m isc e lla n e o u s fo o d s.

T able D -3 : Consumer Price Index1—United States average, all items and food
1947-49=100
Year

1913: Average...........
1914: Average_____
1915: Average_____
1916: Average_____
1917: Average_____
1918: Average_____
1919: Average_____
1920: Average_____
1921: Average.........
1922: Average......... .
1923: Average_____
1924: Average_____
1925: Average_____
1926: Average..........
1927: A verage____
1928: Average..........
1929: Average_____
1930: Average_____
1931: Average.........
1932: Average..........
1933 Average_____
1934: Average_____
1935: A v e ra g e ..___
1936: Average_____
1937: Average_____
1938: Average.........
1939: Average_____
1940: Average_____

1 9 4 7 -4 9 = 1 0 0

All
items

Total
food8

42.3
42.9
43.4
46.6
54.8
64.3
74.0
85.7
76.4
71.6
72.9
73. 1
75.0
75.6
74.2
73.3
73.3
71.4
65.0
58.4
55.3
57.2
58.7
59.3
61.4
60.3
59.4
59.9

39.6
40.5
40.0
45.0
57.9
66.5
74.2
83.6
63. 5
59.4
61.4
60.8
65.8
68.0
65.5
64.8
65.6
62. 4
51.4
42.8
41.6
46.4
49.7
50.1
52.1

70.7
71.8
72.5
77.9
91.6
107.5
123.8
143.3
127.7
119.7
121.9
122.2
125.4
126.4
124.0
122.6
122.5
119.4
108.7
97.6
92.4
95.7
98.1
99.1
102.7

4 8 .4

1 0 0 .8

47. 1
47.8

1 0 0 .2

99.4

1941:
1942:
1943:
1944:
1945:
1946:
1947:
1948:
1949:
1950:
1951:
1952:
1950:

A v e r a g e . ...........A v e r a g e _______
A v e r a g e _______
A v e r a g e _______
A v e r a g e _______
A v e r a g e ________
A v e r a g e ________
A v e r a g e _______
A v e r a g e ............. A v e r a g e _______
A v e r a g e ________
A v e r a g e _______
J a n u a r y ...............
F e b r u a r y ______
M a r c h _________
A p r i l . . ..................
M a y ___________
J u n e ____________
J u l y ---------------- A u g u s t ..................
S e p t e m b e r .........
O c t o b e r ________
N o v e m b e r ______

D e c e m b e r _____
1951: J a n u a r y _______
F e b r u a r y ______
M a r c h _________
A p r i l ___________
M a y ___________

8 S ee fo o tn o te 2 to ta b le D - l.

1935-39 = 100

Y e ar a n d m o n th
A ll
ite m s

All items

1947-49=100

1 9 3 5 -3 9 = 1 0 0

Y e a r a n d m o n th

* S e e fo o tn o te 1 to ta b le D - l.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

1935-39=100

6 2 .9
6 9 .7
7 4 .0
7 5 .2
7 6 .9
8 3 .4
9 5 .5
1 0 2 .8
1 0 1 .8
1 0 2 .8
1 1 1 .0
1 1 3 .5
1 0 0 .6
1 0 0 .4
1 0 0 .7
1 0 0 .8
1 0 1 .3
1 0 1 .8
1 0 2 .9
1 0 3 .7
1 0 4 .4
1 0 5 .0
1 0 5 .5
1 0 6 .9
1 0 8 .6
1 0 9 .9
1 1 0 .3
110. 4
1 1 0 .9

Total
food8
5 2 .2
6 1 .3
6 8 .3
6 7 .4
6 8 .9
7 9 .0
9 5 .9
1 0 4 .1
1 0 0 .0
1 0 1 .2
1 1 2 .6
1 1 4 .6
9 7 .0
9 6 .5
9 7 .3
9 7 .7
9 8 .9
1 0 0 .5
1 0 3 .1
1 0 3 .9
1 0 4 .0
1 0 4 .3
1 0 4 .4
107. 1
1 0 9 .9
1 1 1 .9
1 1 2 .0
1 1 1 .7
1 1 2 .6

All

A ll
ite m s

ite m s

1 0 5 .2
1 1 6 .6
1 2 3 .7
1 2 5 .7
1 2 8 .6
1 3 9 .5
1 5 9 .6
1 7 1 .9
1 7 0 .2
1 7 1 .9
1 8 5 .6
1 8 9 .8
1 6 8 .2
1 6 7 .9
1 6 8 .4
1 6 8 .5
1 6 9 .3
1 7 0 .2
1 7 2 .0
1 7 3 .4
1 7 4 .6
1 7 5 .6
1 7 6 .4
1 7 8 .8
1 8 1 .5
1 8 3 .8
1 8 4 .5
1 8 4 .6
1 8 5 .4

1951: J u n e ...................
J u l y --------------A u g u s t_______
S e p te m b e r____
O c to b e r______
N o v e m b e r____
D e c e m b e r____
1952: J a n u a r y _____
F e b r u a r y ........ ..
M a r c h ________
A p r il.......... .......
M a y ............. ..
J u n e __________
J u ly - ..................
A u g u s t-............
S e p te m b e r____
O c to b e r .- .........
N o v e m b e r____
D e c e m b e r____
1953: J a n u a r y ______
F e b r u a r y _____
M a r c h ............ .
A p r i l ______________

M a y _________
J u n e _____ __ .
J u l y _______________

A u g u s t........ .....
S e p t e m b e r ______

O c to b e r______

T o ta l
fo o d 8

A ll ite m s

110.8
110.9
110.9
111.6
112.1
112.8
113.1
113.1
112.4
112.4
112.9
113.0
113.4
114.1
114.3
114.1
114.2
114.3
114. 1
113.9
113.4

112.3
112.7
112.4
112.5
113.5
114.6
115.0
115. 0
112.6
112.7
113.9
114.3
114.6
116.3
116.6
115.4
115.0
115.0
113.8
113.1
111.5

185.2
185.5
185.5
186.6
187.4
188.6
189.1
189.1
187.9
188.0
188.7
189.0
189.6
190.8
191. 1
190.8
190.9
191. 1
190.7
190.4
189.6

1 1 3 .6
113 7
1 1 4 .0

1 1 1 .7
1 1 1 .5
1 1 2 .1

1 8 9 .9

1 1 4 .5
1 1 1 .7
1 1 5 .0
1 1 5 .2
1 1 5 .4

1 1 3 .7
1 1 3 .8
1 1 4 .1
1 1 3 .8
1 1 3 .6

1 9 0 .1
1 9 0 .6
1 9 1 .4
1 9 1 .8
192. 3
1 9 2 .6
1 9 2 .9

REVIEW, DECEMBER 1953

1381

D: PRICES AND COST OF LIVING

T able D -4 : Consumer Price Index 1—All items indexes for selected dates, by city
1935 -3 9 = 1 0 0

1947-49= 100
C ity

R e v is e p
s e rie s
O c t.
1953

O ld
s e rie s
Ju n e 4
1953

O c t.
1953

S e p t.
1953

A ug.
1953

J u ly
1953

Ju n e
1953

M ay
1953

A p r.
1953

M a r.
1953

F eb.
1953

Jan.
1953

D ec.
1952

N ov.
1952

O c t.
1952

Juno
1950

U n i t e d S ta t e s a v e ra g e 3___________

115.4

115.2

115.0

114.7

114.5

114.0

113.7

113.6

113.4

113.9

114.1

114.3

114.2

101.8

192.9

190.9

A t l a n t a , O a ___ _____ ______________
B a l tim o r e , M d . ......................................
B o s to n , M a s s _____________________
C h ic a g o , 111_______________________
C i n c i n n a t i , O h io _________________

(3)
(3)

117.6
115. 0

(3)

(3)

116.6
115.3

(s)

(3)

116.7
114.2
(3)
113.8
112.6

(’)
(3)
(3)
113.9
(»)

(*)
(3)
112.1
114.2
(>)

(3)
114.4
112.4
114.6
112.5

117.1
(3)
112.7
115.1
112.5

(3)
(3)
113.4
115.0
113.3

(3)
101.6
102.8
102.8
101.2

(3)
(3)

113.1
115.7

117.1
115.1
(3)
115.3
114.5

(3)
(3)
(3)
114.6

(3)

(3)
(3)
(3)
116.3
C3)

197.7
194.6
180.6
195.7
195.0

(3)

(3)

115.1
116.9
116.8
(3)
115.8

(3)
116.9
(3)
115.3
115.8

(3)
116.6

113.7
115.8
116.8

(3)

115.2
114.3
115.6

112.5
115.1
116.1
i 3)
114.9

(3)
115.7
(»)
114.3
115.4

(*)
116.0
116.7
(»)
115.3

113.6
115.3
116.0

(3)

(3)
115.2
(3)
(3)
115.4

115.1

(3)
115.5
116. 1
115.2
114.8

(3)
102.8
103.8
(3)
101.3

186.3
194.3

(3)

(3)
112.7
114.9
(3)
(3)

115.6
112.1
114.7
113.8
115.5

115.1

(3)

(3)

111.2
114.1
(3)

111.1
113.7

114.6
112.0
114.7
113.4

(3)
112.4
114.6
113.4
115.0

102.1
100.9
101.6
101.1
(3)

193.1
187. 5
191.9
195.0
201.1

(3)
185.4
190.5
194.6

(’)

(3)
112.9
114.7
113.5
(3)

(3)
(3)
113.2
116.8
114.2

(3)
(3)
(3)
C3)
(3)

114.9
115.6
(3)
(3)
C3)

(3)
(3)
113.1
115.6
113.8

(')
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)

101.1
100. 9
(3)
(3)
(3)

(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)

113.8
117.1

(3)

C le v e la n d , O h io ._________________
D e t r o i t , M i c h ____________ _______ _
H o u s t o n , T e x _____________________
K a n s a s C i t y , M o _________________
L o s A n g e le s, C a l if ________ _____ _

115.7
116.3

M in n e a p o lis , M i n n . --------------------N e w Y o r k , N. Y _______ ____ _
P h ila d e lp h i a , P a _________________
P i t t s b u r g h , P a ........................... .............
P o r t l a n d , O r e g _ . ------------ ----------

116.6
113.3
115.3
114.7
116.1

(3)
113.2
115.2

S t . L o u is , M o .................. ........................
S a n F r a n c is c o , C a lif ______________
S c r a n t o n , P a ..........................................
S e a ttle , W ash ... ------- ------------W a s h i n g to n , D. C ____________

(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)

117.1

117.2

116.9

(3)

(3)
(3)
116.2

(3)
(3)
116.9
(3)
(3)
(3)

(3)
(3)

(3)
(3)
115.4

115.3

(3)
(3)

(3)
111. 4
113.8
(3)

(3)

(3)

115.8
116.1
(3)
(3)
(3)

(3)

112.0
114.6

(3)
112.0
110. 2
113.5

1 See footnote 1 to table D -l. Indexes are based on time-to-time changes
In the cost of goods and services purchased by urban wage-earner and clerical
worker families. They do not indicate whether it costs more to live in one
city than in another.
3 Average of 46 cities beginning January 1953. See footnote 1 to table D -l.
* Prior to January 1953, indexes were computed monthly for 9 of these cities
and once every 3 months for the remaining 11 cities on a rotating cycle.
Beginning in January 1953, indexes are computed monthly for 5 cities and
once every 3 months for the 15 remaining cities on a rotating cycle.
4 All “old series” indexes discontinued as of June 1953. Last “old series”
indexes (1935-39=100) for the 14 cities not included in the revised index and
for cities not surveyed in June are as follows:
June 1953

Birmingham, Ala_____ ____ 196.6 I Mobile, Ala________________185.6
Jacksonville, F la__________ 198.2
Portland, Maine------------------181.9
Memphis, Tenn___________ 190.8 I

2 8 0 0 6 7 — 5 3 ------------ 8


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f3)
111.7
114.2

(3)

111.1

113.7
112.8
115.4

(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)

(3)

(3)

(8)
(3)

114.4
111.7
114.3
112.6
114.6

114.7
115. 5
(3)
(3)

(3)
(3)
112.2
114.6
113.0

(*)
(3)
(3)
(»)
(3)

(3)

(s)

183.2
199.4

(3)
(3)
197.8

(3)

(3)
200.4
19 3 .4
188.7

(3)
192.9
199.1
(3)
(3)
(3)

M ay 195S

Cleveland, Ohio..
Milwaukee, Wis_
New Orleans, La.
Norfolk, Va____

192.8
196.9
190.1
191.3

Buffalo, N. Y ___
Denver, Colo........
Indianapolis, Ind..
Kansas City, Mo..
Manchester, N. H.

187.3
189.1
192. 5
181.8
184.7

Scranton, P a____
Seattle, W ash___
Washington, D. C

185.3
195.4
185.5

A pril 1953

Minneapolis, Minn
Portland, Oreg___
Richmond, Va____
Savannah, Qa____

188.0
198.9
181.5

197.:

1382

D: PRICES AND COST OF LIVING

M ONTHLY LABOR

T able D-5: Consumer Price Index1—All items and commodity groups, except food,2 by city
[ 1 9 4 7 -4 9 = 1 0 0 ]

All items

Apparel

Personal care

Medical care

Beading and
recreation

Transportation

City and cycle of pricing

United States average_____ ______
Monthly:
Chicago, 111_______ _______
Detroit, Mich __ _ ... . . . .
Los Angeles, Calif___ ________
New York, N. Y _____________
Philadelphia, P a___ _________
Jan., Apr., July, and Oct.:
Boston, Mass. _____________
Kansas City, Mo______ ____ _
Minneapolis, M in n ... ________
Pittsburgh, P a___ ___________
Portland, Öreg______ _ _____

M ar., June, Sept., and Dec.:
Atlanta, Oa.4._ _____ . . . . .
Baltimore, M d __ __ ____ .
Cincinnati, Ohio____ . _____
St. Louis, Mo__ _ . ______
San Francisco, Calif__________

Feb., May, Aug., and Nov.:
Cleveland, Ohio______________
Houston, T e x .....
.................
Scranton, Pa. .. ______ . . ..
Seattle, W ash____. . . .
Washington, D. C____________

Other goods and
services

Oct.
1953

Oct.
1952

Oct.
1953

Oct.
1952

Oct.
1953

Oct.
1952

Oct.
1953

Oct.
1952

Oct.
1953

Oct.
1952

Oct.
1953

Oct.
1952

Oct.
1953

115.4

114.2

105.5

105.6

113.2

112.3

122.8

118.9

130. 7

128.4

108. 6

107.6

119. 7

115.8

117.1
117.2
116.3
113.3
115.3

115.0
115.5
114.8
112.4
114.6

108.4
103.6
104.1
105. 9
106.5

106.2
103.2
104.7
106.6
105.1

113.7
119.2
117.9
107.4
116.1

114. 7
118.9
118.1
105.4
116.6

122.4
121.5
121.0
121.6
120.4

116.2
117.0
118.5
121.5
119.6

133.4
120.8
127.7
134.2
135.8

133 6
125. 8
123.9
127.8
132. 7

110.9
112.7
103.8
107.1
111.3

109.0
110. 9
107.7
105. 4
109.7

116. 9
124. 6
114. 8
121.1
122.3

110.0
120.8
111.7
116.3
120.5

113.8
115.7
116.6
114. 7
116.1

113.4
115.2
(3)
113 4
115.0

103.6
105.3
106.6
104. 5
106.8

103.3
106.3
(3)
104.2
106.2

112. 3
115.9
117.1
112.7
111.7

110.5
115.3
(3)
105.9
112.0

124.3
119.6
137.9
120.8
121.0

122.5
118.6
(3)
115.4
117. 4

136.7
130.6
121.3
140.8
126.5

133.4
130 2
(3)
138.2
125.7

no. i

116.9
116.8
97.1
117.0

106.4
109. 7
(3)
106. 4
116.3

117. 7
118. 2
124. 7
119.6
119.8

115.4
114. 0
(3)
116.9
114.4

Sept.
1953

Sept.
1952

Sept.
1953

Sept.
1952

Sept.
1953

Sept.
1952

Sept.
1953

Sept.
1952

Sept.
1953

Sept.
1952

Sept.
1953

Sept.
1952

Sept.
1953

117.6
115.0
115.3
117.1
116.9

(3)
115.0
113.2
115. 5
114.5

111.1
103. 5
104.9
106. 0
105.1

0)
102.9
106.0
105.5
105. 4

115.0
108.1
109. 7
110.0
112.9

(3)
106.1
108. 7
109.5
113.0

117.2
132.6
123.0
133. 0
122.6

(3)
125. 2
117.6
130.1
119.2

129.1
140.1
131. 6
137.0
143.6

(3)
138. 2
127. 7
134.1
140.3

111.2
113. 0
99. 7
99.8
104.7

P)
116. 7
101.5
100. 3
102.1

117. 6
119. 0
116. 2
116. 7
115.3

Aug.
1953

Aug.
1952

Aug.
1953

Aug.
1952

Aug.
1953

Aug.
1952

Aug.
1953

Aug.
1952

Aug.
1953

Aug.
1952

Aug.
1953

Aug.
1952

Aug.
1953

115.1
116.8
113.2
116.8
114.2

114.0
115.8
114.0
114.6
114.1

104.9
106.6
106. 7
107.6
104 0

105. 5
108. 3
107.2
108.2
103.5

113.8
119.2
111.9
111.2
111.4

111.5
119.2
112.1
111.8
112.1

126.7
118.5
115.0
125.5
117.7

119.6
112.7
111.9
123. 7
116.8

125.1
127.2
130.2
133. 3
128.8

122.3
124.0
129.8
122.0
123.5

113. 7
113.8
117.6
112. 7
109.2

104.1
107. 4
118.6
107.8
109.6

116 5
119. 3
115. 4
125. 9
125.8

Oct.
1952

Sept.
1952
(3)
116.8
112. 0
114. 2
111.9
Aug.
1952
117.1
117. 6
114.1
123.2
122.0

Housing
T o t a l h o u s in g

O c t.
1953

United States average____
Monthly:
Chicago, 111_____ ____
Detroit, M ich_______
Los Angeles, Calif___
New York, N. Y ____
Philadelphia, P a_____
Jan., Apr., July, and Oct.:
Boston, M ass_______
Kansas City, M o ____

Minneapolis, Minn__
Pittsburgh, P a______
Portland, Oreg______

F e b ., M a y , A u g ., a n d N o v .:
C l e v e l a n d , O h i o . - ...............
H o u s t o n , T e x _____________
S c r a n t o n , P a ___ __________
S e a t t l e , W a s h ____ ________
W a s h i n g t o n , D . C _______

O ct.
1952

O c t.
1953

O ct.
1952

S o lid fu e ls a n d
f u e l o il

O ct.
1953

O ct.
1952

H ou sefu r n is h in g s

O c t.
1953

O c t.
1952

H o u s e h o ld
o p e r a t io n

O ct.
1953

O c t.
1952

1 1 5 .2

1 2 8 .8

1 1 8 .8

1 0 7 .0

1 0 5 .0

1 2 5 .7

1 2 1 .1

1 0 8 .1

1 0 7 .9

1 1 6 .6

1 1 2 .8

1 2 3 .9
1 2 0 .9
124. 1
1 1 5 .4
1 1 3 .4

1 1 6 .3
1 1 4 .8
1 2 0 .8
1 1 2 .2
1 1 1 .6

(3)
1 3 3 .8
( 3)
( 3)
( 3)

( 3)
1 1 7 .9
( 3)
1 0 9 .9
(3)

9 9 .9
1 0 9 .6
1 0 9 .5
1 0 8 .8
1 0 2 .3

1 0 0 .0
1 0 3 .0
106. 7
1 0 7 .9
1 0 1 .8

1 2 3 .9
1 1 9 .2
( 3)
131. 4
1 2 4 .3

1 2 1 .2
1 1 6 .5
(3)
125. 6
1 2 2 .8

1 0 9 .9
1 1 1 .3
1 0 9 .8
1 0 7 .7
1 1 0 .5

1 0 7 .8
1 1 0 .3
1 1 0 .4
1 0 8 .9
1 1 0 .0

120. 7
106. 9
1 0 8 .1
1 1 9 .3
1 1 3 .8

1 1 5 .8
1 0 7 .9
1 0 6 .0
116 9
1 0 8 .2

1 1 7 .7
1 1 8 .5
1 1 9 .3
1 1 6 .2
1 1 9 .8

(3)

( 3)
1 2 0 .9
( 3)
1 1 4 .4
125. 2

1 0 5 .8
1 0 4 .0
1 1 0 .0
1 1 4 .5
1 0 5 .2

1 0 5 .9
1 0 1 .7
(3)
1 0 8 .0
1 0 5 .0

1 2 5 .7
1 1 3 .2
1 1 4 .8
1 2 1 .8
1 2 7 .3

1 2 2 .4
1 1 1 .5
( 3)
1 2 0 .3
1 1 0 .3

1 0 8 .8
1 0 8 .0
1 0 7 .8
106. 7
1 1 1 .3

1 0 6 .3
1 0 6 .8

( 3)
112. 5
1 1 6 .5

1 0 9 .8
1 2 1 .1
1 1 7 .4
1 1 8 .4
1 1 1 .9

1 0 7 .8
1 1 8 .1
(3)
1 1 1 .7
1 0 8 .7

1 2 4 .0
1 1 3 .6
1 1 6 .5
1 1 8 .6
1 1 8 .3

1 1 3 .9
115. 5

S e p t.
1952

(3)
1 1 2 .7
1 1 1 .0
1 1 3 .5
1 1 4 .1

1 3 1 .5
( 3)
1 2 1 .3
( 3)

S eD t.
1953

1 2 9 .1
1 2 1 .7

(3)
(3)
(3)

S e p t.
1952

( 3)
118 9
1 1 2 .4
11 5 . 6
1 1 8 .8

S e p t.
1953

1 0 8 .8
9 7 .4
1 1 3 .2
9 9 .4
1 3 0 .1

S e p t.
1952

( 3)
9 7 .1
108. 0
9 5 .8
1 1 9 .7

S e p t.
1953

1 1 5 .9
1 2 4 .5
125. 2
1 3 0 .7
( 3)

S e p t.
1952

( 3)
1 2 3 .7
119. 7
1 2 2 .3
(3)

S e p t.
1953

1 1 3 .8
103. 2
1 0 3 .9
1 0 9 .4
1 0 9 .7

(3)
1 0 6 .4
1 0 8 .8

S e p t.
1952

(3)
1 0 3 .2
1 0 3 .3
1 0 9 .0

107.1

S e p t.
1953

S e p t.
1952

1 2 7 .7
1 0 9 .2
1 2 1 .4
1 1 7 .2

(3)
1 0 7 .1
1 1 2 .0
1 1 3 .8

109.0

107.9

A ug.

A ug.

A ug.

1953

A ug.

A ug.

1952

A ug.

1953

A ug.

1952

1953

A ug.

A ug.

1952

1953

1952

A ug.

1953

A ug.

A ug.

1952

1953

1952

102.7
105.6
111.9
98.2
114.9

121.0
(P
137.3
127.0
130.2

117.0

105. 0
103.8
101 5
107.6
108.6

104.8
106.6
102.5
109.7
107.7

110. 4
120.3
106. 7
110.2
113.1

118.2
122.5
115.3
118.9
116.4

1 See footnote 1 to ta b le D - l.
8 See ta b le s D - 2 , D - 3 , D - 6 , a n d D - 7 , fo r fo o d .


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

O ct.
1953

G a s a n d e le c tr ic ity

1 1 8 .7

S e p t.
1953

M a r ., J u n e , S e p t., a n d D e e .:
A t l a n t a , O n . 4_____________
B a l t i m o r e , M d ___________
C i n c i n n a t i , O h i o . . ...............
S t . L o u i s , M o _____ _____ _
S a n F r a n c i s c o , C a l i f _____

O ct.
1952

B ent

112.4
119.8
112.4
115. 8
115.5

130. 7
137.5
(3)

132.9

( 3)

8 Not available.

118.6
134.5
117.2
123.0
118.0

106.8
106. 5
111.9
99.0
117.0

( 3)

119.5
112.7
125.1

4 A tla n ta form erly p riced F e b ., M a y , A u g ., a n d N o v j

101.0
109.3
102.2
108.6
113.0

REVIEW, DECEMBER 1953

D: PRICES AND COST OF LIVING

1383

T able D-6: Consumer Price Index1—Food and its subgroups, by city
[1947-49 = 100

Cereals and bakery products

Total food at home

City
Oct.
1953

Sept.
1953

Oct.
1952

Oct.
1953

Sept.
1953

Oct.
1952

Oct.
1953

Sept.
1953

Oct.
1952

Meats, poultry, and fish
Oct.
1953

Sept.
1953

Oct.
1952

U nited States average3_____

113.6

113.8

115.0

113.3

113.5

115.0

120.4

120.3

117.5

111.1

113.5

116.9

Atlanta, Qa_______________
Baltimore, M d_________ . . .
Boston, Mass______________
Chicago, Til_______________
Cincinnati, Ohio____ _____

114.6
114.0
111.6
112.8
116.4

114.7
114.7
111.9
112.5
116.9

113.9
114.6
115. 2
115.4
116.9

114.6
113.4
110.5
112.3
116.4

114.7
114.3
111.5
112.0
117.0

113. 9
114.6
115. 2
115. 4
116.9

115.5
116.6
118.9
116. 7
119.4

116.8
116.9
118.7
116.3
119.9

115. 2
117.5
118.1
114.9
117.0

117.9
113.0
109.3
106.3
114.8

118.9
115.7
111.3
108.5
118.4

116.8
117.0
115.7
114. 2
117.9

Cleveland, O hio......................
Detroit, M ic h __________ ..
Houston, Tex______________
Kansas City, Mo. _________
Los Angeles, Calif__________

111.5
116.1
112.4
111. 1
113.8

111.3
116.7
112.2
111.5
113.8

115.4
118.4
113.9
114.4
113.7

111.4
115.2
112.3
110.9
112.8

111.2
116.3
112.0
111.0
112.9

115.4
118.4
113.9
114.4
113.7

116.9
118.2
115.0
120.2
122.3

117.0
118.5
114.9
120.4
122.6

114.0
115.4
113.9
117.5
117.5

107.1
110.6
110.9
107.3
111.4

109.5
114.4
110.3
109. 1
112.4

118.1
118.5
115. 2
116. 7
119.5

Minneapolis, M inn_________
New York, N. Y _______
Philadelphia, P a __________
Pittsburgh, P a ...____ ______
Portland, Oreg.......................

113.4
112.2
115.8
115. 0
113.6

112.8
112.6
115. 7
115.7
113.8

116.2
114.5
117.3
115.2
115.1

113.2
112.0
115.4
114.9
113.5

112. 6
112.6
115.5
115.7
114.0

116.2
114.5
117.3
115. 2
115.1

122.3
125.2
120.9
119.3
117.7

121.7
124.8
120.8
119.8
117.6

119.1
120.9
117.8
116.0
113.0

103.9
110.9
113.1
108.6
114.2

105.9
113.3
114. 8
111.8
117.2

115.4
118.1
117.7
113.1
125.8

St. Louis, Mo________
San Francisco, Calif .
Scranton, P a________
Seattle, Wash__ . . .
Washington, D. C___

115.5
114.4
113.3
112.0
111.9

115.7
114.1
113.2
112.6
112.6

116.8
112.5
114.9
114.4
114.1

114.9
114.3
113.0
111.8
111.5

115.2
114.0
112.8
112.5
112.3

116.8
112.5
114.9
114.4
114.1

114.9
127.3
118.4
122.3
115.0

115.6
127.8
116.6
122.4
115.0

111.9
122.3
116.1
117.0
113.0

111.5
110.8
111.0
109.5
108.2

114.5
112.0
112.7
111.5
111.1

117.5
119.0
117.2
117.2
115.3

Food at home—Continued
C ity

F r u its a n d vegetables

D a iry p ro d u c ts

O ct. 1952

S e p t. 1953

O ct. 1952

S e p t. 1953

O ct. 1952

U n ite d S tates a v e ra g e 3______ __ .

110.1

109.6

113.2

107.7

106.6

111.3

117.4

116.7

115.1

A tla n ta , Q a ____________ .
B altim o re , M d _______ ________ __________
B o sto n , M ass____ ____ _________
C hicago, 111. - .
______
C in c in n a ti, O hio_________ ________ ____

110.2
111.9
111.3
110.5
112.0

110.1
112.1
110.6
110.2
111.9

113.2
112.1
115.5
118.1
113.4

114.9
108.2
100.8
107.8
110.8

115.8
107.7
104.0
105.5
109.6

115.4
112.2
114. 2
112.1
114.5

111. 2
115.1
110.1
125.1
124.4

109.2
115.5
109.9
122.5
122.6

109.0
112.8
110.5
121.5
120.2

C le v ela n d , O h io ._____ ___ ___________ .
D e tro it, M ic h ____ _____ ___________
H o u sto n , T e x . ______________________
K a n sa s C ity , M o ____ ________________
L o s A ngeles, C alif_______________ ______

108.0
109.6
110.4
108.3
108.6

105.9
109.4
107.0
108.7
108.5

113.7
113.5
116.1
115.9
111.2

104.7
114.1
108.7
105.4
103.5

102.7
114.3
112.2
103.8
103.2

110.0
121.9
112.9
109.3
102.9

120.2
119.0
114.6
114.2
117.7

118.7
118.3
114.2
113.1
116.8

116.6
115.8
110.8
111.0
112.6

M in n ea p o lis, M i n n . . . . . . . . ____ ______
N e w Y o rk , N . Y __________________
P h ila d e lp h ia , P a _____________ ____________
P itts b u r g h , P a _________________________ . .
P o r tla n d , O reg............................................... .........

106.6
108.1
114.0
112.3
109.4

106.7
107.6
111.1
112.5
109.4

113.5
107.7
116.3
111.8
111.6

115.6
103.6
111.3
110.7
104.5

111.0
103.0
111.3
108.7
102.7

115.7
110.7
115.8
114.5
104.0

125.1
116.1
116.3
126.3
119.4

123.0
116.4
116.7
126.3
119.5

120.6
115.3
116.7
121.6
114.1

S t. L o u is, M o ____________________________
S an F ran cisco , C a l i f ____ . . . . ___________
S c ran to n , P a ................................. ................. .........
S eattle, W a s h __________________
W a sh in g to n , D. C..........................................

106.2
110.0
112.6
106.9
114.4

106.1
109.9
112.4
106.9
114.6

116.3
112.8
110.6
112.8
114.0

115.9
111.4
103.6
106.6
105.4

112.8
107.3
102.1
105. 5
104.5

115.8
96.8
112.7
108.1
112.4

125.0
115.7
116.5
114. 6
113.7

123.8
116.0
115.6
115.4
113.8

120.4
114.1
113.8
113.7
113.3


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

S ep t. 1953

O ct. 1953

O ct. 1953

1 See footnote 1 to table D -l. Indexes for 56 cities for total food (193539=100 or June 1940=100) were published in the March 1953 Monthly Labor
Review and in previous issues. See table D-7 for U. S. average prices for 46
cities combined.

O ct. 1953

O th e r foods a t h o m e <

3 See footnote 2 to table D -l.
• Average of 46 cities beginning January 1953. See footnote 1 to table D -l
<See footnote 3 to table D-2.

1384

D: PRICES AND COST OF LIVING

MONTHLY LABOR

T able D - 7 : Average retail prices of selected foods
C o m m o d it y

C e r e a ls a n d b a k e r y p r o d u c t s :
F l o u r , w h e a t —..................................... ______ 5 p o u n d s . .
C o r n f la k e s 1____________________ _____ 12 o u n c e s . .
_ _____ __ ________ p o u n d . .
C o r n m e a l 2 _____
R i c e . . _________________________ _________ . d o ____
R o l l e d o a t s ................................ ........... _____ 20 o u n c e s . .
B i s c u i t m i x ______________________ ___________ d o ____
B r e a d , w h i t e . ___________________ ________ p o u n d . .
V a n i l l a c o o k i e s 2________________ ______ 7 o u n c e s . .
S o d a c r a c k e r s _____________ ______ _______ p o u n d . .
M e a t s , p o u l t r y , a n d fis h :
B e e f a n d v e a l:
R o u n d s t e a k ________________ ___________ d o ____
R i b r o a s t . _________________ ___________ d o___
C h u c k r o a s t _______ _____ _ ___________ d o ____
H a m b u r g e r . . . ........................... ___________ d o ____
V e a l c u t l e t s .................. ................ ___________ d o ____
P ork:
P o r k c h o p s .......... ......................... ___________ d o ____
B a c o n ................................................ ___________ d o ____
H a m , w h o l e . . ............... ............. __________d o ____
L a m h , l e g ________________________ ___________ d o ____
O th e r m ea ts:
F r a n k f u r t e r s ______ _________ ___________ d o ____
L u n c h e o n m e a t , c a n n e d . . . _____ 12 o u n c e s .
P o u ltr y :
F r y in g c h ic k e n s:
D ressed > .
______ _________p o u n d _
R e a d y - t o - c o o k 4________ ..............._ _ _ d o ____
F is h :
O c e a n p e r c h , f il le t , fr o z e n >___________ d o ____
H a d d o c k , f il le t , f r o z e n 8 . . ___________ d o ____
S a l m o n , p i n k , c a n n e d _____ . .1 6 - o u n c e c a n . .
T u n a f is h , c a n n e d .......... ......... . . . 7 - o u n c e c a n . .
D a ir y p ro d u cts:
B u t t e r ________________ ___________ _________p o u n d
C h e e s e _________ _________________ __________ d o _____
M i l k , fr e s h ( d e l i v e r e d ) 7_______ __________q u a r t .
M i l k , fr e s h ( g r o c e r y ) ___________ ............... _ _ _ d o ____
I c e c r e a m . . _______ ____________ ___________ p i n t . .
M i l k , e v a p o r a t e d _______________ 1 4 p j -o u n c e c a n . .
A l l f r u it s a n d v e g e t a b l e s :
F r o z e n f r u it s a n d v e g e t a b l e s :
S t r a w b e r r ie s ________________
_ 12 o u n c e s . .
O r a n g e j u ic e c o n c e n t r a t e .. . . . . . 6 o u n c e s .
P e a s , fr o z e n ________________ ...........12 o u n c e s . .
B e a n s , g r e e n _______ _______ . . . .1 0 o u n c e s . .
F r e s h f r u it s a n d v e g e t a b l e s :
A p p l e s _______________________ .......... ..p o u n d . .
B a n a n a s _____________________ __________d o _____
P e a c h e s * _____________________ ___________ d o ____
L em ons
do _

38
2 41
>12
4 34
>42

c it i e s .
c it i e s .
c it i e s .
c it i e s .
c itie s .

O ct.
1953

S ep t.
1953

Jan.
1953

Cents

Cents

Cents

5 2 .1
2 1 .8
12. 6
1 9 .9
18. 4
2 7 .9
1 6 .8
2 3 .4
2 7 .2

5 2 .0
2 1 .8
]2 . 6
2 0 .6
18. 4
2 8 .1
1 6 .7
2 3 .4
2 7 .3

28. 2
16. 2
2 3 .5
2 5 .7

9 3 .4
7 0 .6
5 3 .5
4 2 .7
1 1 0 .6

9 4 .4
70. 5
5 3 .4
4 3 .2
1 1 1 .2

1 0 3 .0
80. 0
6 3 .6
5 3 .8
1 2 0 .6

8 3 .8
8 7 .5
6 7 .8
6 9 .6

8 8 .8
89. 1
7 2 .7
6 9 .7

7 2 .5
6 5 .2
6 5 .1
7 2 .3

56. 8
5 0 .6

5 7 .1
5 0 .5

5 9 .8
4 8 .6

4 6 .8
5 9 .3

4 7 .8
6 0 .1

4 9 .9
6 2 .6

4 3 .4
4 9 .3
5 2 .1
3 8 .4

4 3 .5
4 8 .9
5 2 .6
3 8 .5

4 4 .5
5 0 .9
5 3 .3
3 7 .9

7 8 .9
5 9 .7
23. 7
2 2 .6
3 0 .0
1 4 .3

7 8 .3
5 9 .4
2 3 .5
3 0 .0
1 4 .4

8 0 .3
60. 5
2 3 .8
2 2 .8
3 0 .4
1 5 .0

3 7 .4
2 1 .7
2 3 .2
2 4 .2

3 7 .2
2 1 .4
2 2 .9
2 4 .2

3 8 .5
1 8 .5
2 3 .4
2 4 .3

1 3 .1
1 6 .9

1 3 .9
1 6 .8
15. 2
2 2 .5

1 4 .2
1 6 .2

19. 8

22. 5

5 2 .3
2 1 .7
12. 6
18. 8

lb. 3

C o m m o d it y

A l l f r u it s a n d v e g e t a b l e s — C o n t i n u e d
F r e s h f r u it s a n d v e g e t a b l e s — C o n t i n u e d
O r a n g e s , s iz e 2 0 0 ........ ........... .. _________d o z e n . .
G r a p e f r u i t * _______
________ ___________ e a c h . .
G r a p e s * . ___________________ .......... . . . p o u n d . .
S t r a w b e r r ie s * _______________ ___________ p i n t .
W a t e r m e lo n s * ______________ ________ p o u n d . .
B e a n s , g r e e n ________________ ________ * . d o ____
C a b b a g e ................ .... ................ ......................d o ____
C a r r o t s ______________________ ...................._ d o ____
L e t t u c e ............. ............................... __________ h e a d . .
O n i o n s ........ ...................................... ________ p o u n d .
P o t a t o e s ______________________ ____15 p o u n d s . .
pound
S w e e t p o t a t o e s _____________ ______
C e l e r y _______________________ ___________d o ____
T o m a t o e s ____________________ ................. - d o ____
C a n n e d f r u it s a n d v e g e t a b l e s :
P e a c h e s _____________________ . . N o . 213 c a n . .
P i n e a p p l e ___________________ __________d o . . .
O r a n g e j u i c e ________________ .4 6 - o u n c e c a n . .
F r u it c o c k t a il..
____. . .
. . N o . 2 (3 c a n . .
C o r n _________________________ . . N o . 303 c a n . .
T o m a t o e s 8__________________ . . . N o . 2 c a n . .
P e a s . _______________________ . . . N o . 303 c a n . .
B a b y f o o d s __________ ______ . .4 1 3 - 5 o u n c e s .
D r i e d f r u it s a n d v e g e t a b l e s :
P r u n e s . . . ............... ......... .............. ________ p o u n d . .
N a v y b e a n s _________________ ___________d o __
O th e r fo o d s a t h o m e:
P a r t i a l l y p r e p a r e d fo o d s :
B e a n s w i t h p o r k ___________ .1 6 - o u n c e c a n .
V e g e t a b l e s o u p _____________ .1 1 - o u n c e c a n . .
G h e r k in s , s w e e t ____________ ____713 o u n c e s . .
C a t s u p _______________________ _____ 14 o u n c e s . .
B e v e r a g e s , n o n a l c o h o li c :
C o f f e e ________________________ ________ p o u n d . .
T e a _____ __________ _________
U p o u n d ..
C o la d r in k
c a r t o n o f 6. 6 o u n c e
F a t s a n d o ils :
L a r d ..
. . . . __________ __ ________ p o u n d . .
S h o r t e n in g , h y d r o g e n a t e d . ___________d o ____
S a l a d d r e s s i n g _______________ ___________ p i n t . .
M a r g a r i n e , c o lo r e d 9. . . _ . _______ p o u n d . .
P e a n u t b u t t e r ______________ ___________d o ____
S u gar a n d sw eets:
S u g a r _________________________ ____5 p o u n d s . .
C o r n s y r u p __________________ ____24 o u n c e s . .
G r a p e j e l l y __________________ _____ 12 o u n c e s . .
C h o c o l a t e b a r _______________ . . . 1 - o u n c e b a r . .
E g g s , G r a d e A, l a r g e ____________ _________d o z e n . .
M i s c e l l a n e o u s fo o d s :
G e l a t i n , f la v o r e d _
2 -5 o u n c e s

O ct.
1953

S e p t.
1953

Jan.
1953

Cents

Cents

Cents

5 0 .4

5 1 .5

4 3 .3
10. 3

20. 6

2 1 .0
7 .0
1 4 .0
1 7 .8
6 .1
6 9 .3
11 8
1 3 .8
1 9 .6

1 9 .5
7 .1
13. 2
14. 6
6. 4
6 9 .4
12. 7
1 3 .8
1 5 .5

3 2 .4
7 .6
1 2 .3
1 5 .3
1 1 .0
1 0 4 .3
17. 5
1 4 .4
3 1 .6

33 4
38 7
3 5 .8
4 0 .6
1 9 .0
1 7 .4
2 1 .2
9 .8

33. S

3 4 .0
38. 4
3 1 .2
4 0 .3

2 9 .3
17. 5

2 9 .3
17. 6

2 8 .4
16. 5

1 4 .4
1 4 .3
3 0 .0
2 2 .3

1 4 .4
1 4 .3
2 9 .6

1 4 .3
1 4 .3
2 9 .3
2 2 .8

9 1 .6
32. 5
30 7

91.1
32. 5
30. 4

8 6 .4
3 2 .3
29. 3

2 5 .7
3 4 .0
3 4 .6
2 9 .0
4 9 .0

2 6 .8
3 4 .1
34. 7
2 9 .2
4 9 .1

1 6 .1
3 2 .8
3 4 .2
29 9
4 9 .0

5 3 .2
2 3 .5
2 4 .6
4. 5
7 9 .5

5 3 .1
23. 5
24 6

5 2 .9
2 3 .5
2 3 .9

7 7 .8

4. 5
66.9

8 5

8. 5

8. 6

38. 7
35. 5
4 0 .4
1 9 .0
1 7 .3
2 1 .3
9 .8

22.2

4. 5

19.2
1 8 .5
21 5
9 .8

<36 c it i e s .
1 45 c i t i e s .
*40 c it i e s .
9 44 c it i e s b e g i n n i n g J u l y 1953, 43 c it i e sD e c e m b e r 1952 t h r o u g h J u n e 1953.
‘ P r ic e d o n ly in se a so n .

N o te .—The United States average retail food prices appearing in table D -7 are based on prices collected
monthly in 46 cities for use in the calculation of the food component of the revised Consumer Price Index. Average retail
food prices for each of 20 large cities are published monthly and are available upon request. Prices for the 26 medium­
sized and small cities are not published on an individual city basis.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

REVIEW, DECEMBER 1953

1385

D: PRICES AND COST OF LIVING

T able D -8 : Indexes of wholesale prices, by group and subgroup of com m odities 1
[ 1 9 4 7 -4 9 = 1 0 0 ]

C o m m o d it y g ro u p

O ct.
1953 2

S e p t.
1953

A ug.
1953

J u ly
1953

June
1953

M ay
1953

A p r.
1953

M ar.
1953

F eb.
1953

Jan.
1953

D ec.
1952

N ov.
1952

O ct.
1952

June
1950

c o m m o d i t i e s ____ _________________ ___________ _____

1 1 0 .2

111.0

1 1 0 .6

1 1 0 .9

1 0 9 .5

1 0 9 .8

1 0 9 .4

1 1 0 .0

1 0 9 .6

1 0 9 .9

1 0 9 .6

110. 7

111. 1

1 0 0 .2

F a r m p r o d u c t s ____ ______________ _______________________
F r e s h a n d d r i e d p r o d u c e — .......................................
G r a i n s . ____________________________________________
L i v e s t o c k a n d p o u l t r y ___________________________ P l a n t a n d a n i m a l f ib e r s ___________________________
E g g s ___________ ______________________________________
H a y and seed s
_________________________________
O t h e r fa rm p r o d u c t s ___________ _________ - ..................

9 5 .2
9 5 .1
8 7 .9
8 2 .0
103. 2
9 9 .6
1 2 6 .3
8 4 .3
1 4 6 .2

*9 8 .1
9 6 .0
* 8 8 .3
9 0 .6
1 0 3 .6
* 9 9 .0
1 2 2 .5
*81.1
* 1 4 9 .3

0 6 .4
9 8 .0
8 6 .5
8 8 .1
1 0 3 .9
9 7 .6
1 1 3 .8
8 5 .1
1 4 4 .3

9 7 .9
9 4 .7
8 5 .4
9 5 .9
105. 0
9 6 .4
1 0 6 .2
8 5 .5
1 4 0 .7

9 5 .4
1 0 9 .9
8 4 .2
8 6 .8
1 0 4 .0
9 3 .1
1 0 6 .5
8 9 .8
1 3 6 .7

9 7 .8
105. 4
9 3 .4
9 1 .7
1 0 4 .3
9 3 .6
9 8 .7
9 3 .7
1 3 5 .4

9 7 .3
1 0 6 .9
9 3 .8
8 7 .5
103 4
9 6 .7
1 0 2 .5
9 5 .3
1 3 7 .1

9 9 .8
1 0 5 .8
9 4 .7
9 1 .7
1 0 4 .6
1 0 0 .5
1 0 0 .6
97. 5
1 4 2 .5

9 7 .9
1 0 2 .2
93. 1
91. 2
1 0 2 .7
1 0 3 .0
89. 1
9 4 .9
1 3 4 .5

9 9 .6
1 0 7 .3
9 4 .6
92 7
1 0 0 .9
1 0 5 .3
9 3 .9
9 7 .2
1 3 3 .3

9 9 .2
112 3
96. 1
8 6 .8
1 0 1 .9
1 0 8 .9
9 9 .6
9 8 .3
1 3 4 .7

1 0 3 .6
1 1 3 .2
9 6 .5
9 3 .0
107. 1
1 1 3 .1
1 1 7 .6
98. 5
1 3 2 .5

1 0 4 .9
1 1 1 .7
9 5 .0
9 4 .8
1 0 9 .6
1 1 4 .8
1 2 4 .8
96. 7
1 3 6 .0

94. 5
8 9 .8
8 9 .6
9 9 .8
1 0 7 .3
8 1 .6
7 0 .6
8 7 .6
1 2 2 .4

P r o c e s s e d f o o d s __________________________________________
C e r e a l a n d b a k e r y p r o d u c t s . --------------------------M e a t s , p o u l t r y , fis h -------- ----------------------------------D a i r y p r o d u c t s a n d ic e c r e a m . . . -------------------C a n n e d , fr o z e n , f r u it s a n d v e g e t a b l e s . . ...............
S u g a r a n d c o n f e c t i o n e r y ............... .....................................
P a c k a g e d b e v e r a g e m a t e r i a l s _____________________
A n im a l fa ts a n d o i l s ___________ __________ _________
C r u d e v e g e t a b l e o i l s _______________________________
R e f in e d v e g e t a b l e o i l s ---------- --------------------------------V e g e t a b l e o il e ’d p r o d u c t s .............................................
O th e r p r o c e s s e d f o o d s ---------------------------------------------

1 0 4 .7
1 1 2 .0
8 9 .0
1 1 2 .7
1 0 5 .0
1 1 0 .2
1 6 9 .8
9 4 .5
7 0 .1
7 3 .3
8 0 .3
1 1 7 .1

*106. 6
* 1 1 0 .8
* 9 7 .4
1 1 1 .3
1 0 4 .7
110. 1
1 6 9 .8
*106. 8
* 6 5 .7
6 8 .8
80. 5
1 1 6 .8

1 0 4 .8
1 0 8 .4
9 3 .6
1 1 0 .7
1 0 4 .7
1 1 0 .5
1 6 9 .8
82. 2
6 2 .9
7 0 .9
8 3 .4
1 1 6 .7

105. 5
1 0 8 .5
9 7 .0
1 1 0 .0
1 0 5 .0
1 0 9 .8
1 6 9 .8
7 2 .4
6 3 .1
7 8 .0
8 4 .0
1 1 7 .3

1 0 3 .3
1 0 7 .9
9 1 .6
1 0 7 .7
1 0 3 .7
1 0 9 .8
1 6 4 .6
6 0 .9
6 8 .4
7 9 .8
8 4 .6
1 2 0 .2

1 0 4 .3
1 0 9 .0
9 3 .8
1 0 7 .9
1 0 4 .0
1 0 9 .6
1 6 4 .6
6 4 .2
7 0 .5
7 9 .8
8 6 .5
1 2 1 .5

1 0 3 .2
1 0 9 .2
8 9 .2
1 0 8 .5
1 0 4 .4
1 0 9 .7
168 .1
60. 4
7 5 .4
7 9 .8
8 5 .0
1 2 0 .5

1 0 4 .1
1 0 8 .9
9 1 .2
1 0 9 .7
105. 1
1 0 9 .6
1 6 8 .9
6 0 .2
7 5 .6
7 9 .8
8 4 .3
1 2 0 .9

1 0 5 .2
1 0 7 .6
9 8 .2
1 1 0 .9
10 5 .6
1 0 8 .0
1 6 1 .9
5 3 .8
7 0 .5
6 9 .9
8 3 .3
1 1 4 .4

1 0 5 .5
1 0 6 .8
9 9 .3
1 1 1 .9
1 0 5 .4
1 0 8 .0
161 9
5 2 .1
7 0 .4
7 7 .0
83. 5
1 1 2 .8

1 0 4 .3
1 0 6 .8
9 3 .9
1 1 3 .0
105. 0
1 0 8 .2
1 6 1 .9
5 1 .0
7 1 .1
6 9 .3
81. 7
116. 9

107. 7
107 1
1 0 2 .0
115. 5
1 0 6 .0
109. 9
161. 9
57 0
66. 8
6 7 .0
81. 1
1 2 2 .1

108. 5
1 0 6 .4
104. 1
115 9
105 9
110. 7
161 9
58. 4
63. 9
64. 9
81. 7
124. 3

9 6 .8
9 6 .5
1 0 2 .4
9 0 .0
9 8 .0
9 4 .7
1 3 6 .9
6 3 .9
6 7 .9
6 7 .4
7 9 .2
1 0 6 .6

All

A ll c o m m o d i t i e s o t h » r t h a n fa r m a n d f o o d s ............... ..

1 1 4 .5

* 1 1 4 .7

1 1 4 .9

1 1 4 .8

1 1 3 .9

1 1 3 .6

1 1 3 .2

1 1 3 .4

1 1 3 .1

1 1 3 .1

1 1 2 .9

1 1 2 .8

1 1 3 .0

1 0 2 .2

T e x t i l e p r o d u c t s a n d a p p a r e l ...................................................
C o t t o n p r o d u c t s ........................ ..............................................
W o o l p r o d u c t s ______________________________________
S y n t h e t i c t e x t i l e s ................... .................................... .........
S ilk p r o d u c t s _______________________________________
A p p a r e l.
__________________________________________
O th e r t e x t i l e p r o d u c t s --------------------------------------------

9 6 .5
9 2 .4
1 1 1 .6
8 5 .9
1 3 5 .8
9 8 .5
8 2 .7

* 9 6 .9
9 3 .7
1 1 1 .2
86. 7
134. 7
* 9 8 .5
8 2 .9

9 7 .5
94. 1
1 1 1 .8
8 6 .7
1 3 4 .7
9 9 .3
8 6 .5

9 7 .5
94. 1
1 1 1 .7
8 7 .5
1 3 4 .7
9 9 .3
8 5 .3

9 7 .4
9 3 .4
111 6
87. 5
1 3 4 .7
9 9 .4
8 5 .5

9 7 .6
9 3 .3
1 1 2 .0
8 7 .4
1 3 3 .0
9 9 .9
8 3 .8

9 7 .4
9 2 .9
1 1 1 .3
8 8 .0
1 3 1 .6
9 9 .9
8 2 .5

9 7 .5
9 3 .1
1 1 1 .9
8 7 .9
1 4 1 .4
9 9 .6
8 2 .8

9 8 .5
9 6 .1
11 1 .5
8 8 .3
1 4 1 .4
9 9 .9
8 3 .5

9 8 .8
9 7 .0
1 1 3 .0
8 8 .1
1 4 1 .4
1 0 0 .0
8 3 .1

9 8 .2
97. 7
112. 6
8 7 .8
1 3 9 .7
9 8 .3
8 4 .4

9 8 .6
98. 4
1 1 2 .6
8 9 .0
1 3 9 .3
98. 3
8 6 .9

9 9 .2
99. 2
113. 2
89. 5
1 4 0 .0
9 8 .4
94. 5

9 3 .3
9 0 .0
105. 3
9 1 .3
8 8 .8
9 2 .7
9 6 .3

H i d e s s k i n s a n d l e a t h e r p r o d u c t s ___________________
H i d e s a n d s k i n s _________________________ ________ _
L e a th e r
___________________________________________
F o o t w e a r _______
______________________________
O th e r le a t h e r p r o d u c t s . ......................................................

9 7 .0
6 4 .4
9 0 .4
1 1 1 .7
9 8 .5

9 9 .7
7 4 .2
9 4 .5
1 1 1 .8
*99.1

9 9 .9
7 4 .6
9 5 .0
1 1 1 .8
9 9 .5

1 0 0 .0
7 3 .4
9 6 .1
1 1 1 .7
9 9 .7

1 0 1 .0
7 6 .3
9 8 .0
1 1 1 .7
1 0 0 .3

1 0 0 .4
7 4 .8
9 7 .3
1 1 1 .5
1 0 0 .0

9 7 .9
6 6 .4
9 2 .7
1 1 1 .5
9 9 .3

9 8 .1
6 4 .8
93. 5
11 2 .1
9 9 .0

9 8 .0
66. 5
9 1 .9
112. 1
9 9 .0

9 7 .3
6 2 .1
9 2 .0
1 1 2 .0
9 9 .2

9 9 .0
7 0 .6
9 2 .9
1 1 2 .0
1 0 0 .3

9 7 .6
6 9 .2
9 0 .1
1 1 1 .0
9 9 .6

9 6 .6
6 5 .0
8 9 .9
1 1 0 .6
99. 2

9 9 .1
9 4 .3
98. 2
1 0 2 .7
9 5 .2

F u e l , p o w e r , a n d l i g h t i n g m a t e r i a l s --------------------------C oal
__________________ _____ - .........................

E l e c t r i c i t y __ ___________ _________________________
P e t r o l e u m a n d p r o d u c t s ----------------------------------------

1 1 1 .0
112. 5
132. 5
106. 0
9 8 .0
1 1 6 .6

* 1 1 0 .9
1 1 2 .3
1 3 1 .8
*106. 0
* 9 8 .0
1 1 6 .5

1 1 1 .0
1 1 1 .7
1 3 1 .8
105. 7
99. 1
1 1 6 .5

1 1 1 .1
111 .8
1 3 1 .8
106.1
9 8 .5
1 1 6 .8

1 0 8 .3
1 1 1 .2
1 3 1 .8
1 0 8 .2
9 8 .5
1 1 1 .1

1 0 7 .1
1 1 0 .8
1 3 1 .8
108. 2
97. 4
1 0 9 .4

1 0 7 .4
1 1 1 .2
1 3 1 .8
1 0 9 .5
9 8 .0
1 0 9 .3

1 0 8 .4
1 1 4 .4
1 3 1 .8
109. 5
100. 7
1 0 9 .0

10 8 .1
1 1 5 .9
1 3 1 .8
1 0 9 .5
1 0 0 .7
1 0 7 .9

1 0 7 .8
1 1 6 .3
1 3 1 .8
108 0
9 9 .6
1 0 7 .9

1 0 7 .2
1 1 6 .1
1 2 9 .0
104. 9
98. 5
1 0 7 .9

1 0 6 .7
1 1 3 .6
1 2 4 .3
1 0 4 .9
9 8 .0
108 .1

1 0 6 .6
113. 3
1 2 4 .3
1 0 0 .4
98. 5
1 0 8 .5

1 0 2 .4
1 0 4 .8
1 1 5 .6
9 4 .8
1 0 1 .S
1 0 3 .1

C h e m i c a l s a n d a llie d p r o d u c t s ------------------------------------I n d u s t r ia l c h e m i c a l s _____ ________________________
P a i n t a n d p a in t m a t e r ia l s --------------- ---------- -------D r u g s , p h a r m a c e u t i c a ls , c o s m e t i c s ---------------------F a t s a n d o ils , i n e d i b l e ____________________________
M ix e d fe r t iliz e r . _________________________________
F e r t i l iz e r m a t e r ia l s . ____ — -------------------------------O th e r c h e m i c a ls a n d p r o d u c t s ------------------------------

1 0 6 .7
119. 5
1 0 7 .8
9 3 .5
5 3 .4
1 1 1 .7
1 1 2 .9
1 0 3 .4

1 0 6 .7
1 2 0 .0
*107. 3
9 3 .5
51. 1
* 1 1 2 .0
11 3 .0
1 0 3 .3

1 0 6 .3
1 2 0 .2
1 0 6 .3
9 3 .5
4 6 .9
111. 2
1 1 3 .8
1 0 2 .9

1 0 6 .2
1 2 0 .2
10 6 .1
9 3 .6
4 6 .7
1 1 0 .6
1 1 3 .8
1 0 2 .8

105. 6
1 1 9 .2
106.1
9 3 .1
46. 6
1 1 0 .7
1 1 0 .6
1 0 2 .6

105. 5
1 1 8 .0
1 0 6 .1
9 3 .1
4 9 .9
1 1 0 .7
1 1 2 .9
1 0 3 .0

1 0 5 .5
1 1 7 .0
1 0 6 .0
9 3 .0
5 5 .9
1 1 0 .7
1 1 3 .2
103 .1

1 0 4 .2
1 1 3 .9
1 0 6 .0
9 1 .6
5 9 .0
1 1 0 .7
1 1 2 .8
1 0 2 .9

1 0 3 .6
1 1 3 .1
105. 9
91. 4
52. 7
1 1 0 .8
112. 7
1 0 2 .9

1 0 3 .6
1 1 2 .8
1 0 6 .2
91. 5
63. 5
1 1 1 .2
1 1 2 .9
1 0 3 .1

1 0 3 .3
1 1 2 .3
1 0 6 .1
9 1 .3
52. 8
1 1 1 .1
1 1 3 .0
10 3 .1

103. 5
112. 7
1 0 6 .3
91. 9
5 3.1
1 1 0 .9
111.1
1 0 2 .9

1 0 3 .9
113. 9
106. 5
9 2 .0
51. 0
110. 7
111. 0
1 0 3 .0

9 2 .1
9 6 .3
9 4 .6
9 1 .3
4 8 .8
1 0 1 .2
9 8 .5
9 1 .1

R u b b e r a n d p r o d u c t s __________________________________
_________________________________
C rud e rubber
T i r e c a s in g s a n d t u b e s ____________________________
O th e r r u b b e r p r o d u c t s . -----------------------------------------

1 2 4 .2
1 1 1 .3
130.1
1 2 3 .2

* 1 2 4 .0
120.1
126.4
*123. 0

123. 5
1 2 0 .0
12 5 .1
1 2 3 .2

1 2 4 .6
1 2 1 .1
1 2 6 .4
1 2 4 .1

1 2 5 .0
1 2 2 .7
1 2 6 .3
1 2 4 .5

1 2 5 .4
1 2 4 .2
1 2 6 .3
1 2 4 .7

1 2 4 .8
1 2 2 .3
1 2 6 .3
1 2 4 .2

1 2 5 .7
1 2 6 .6
1 2 6 .3
1 2 4 .3

1 2 6 .2
129 4
1 2 6 .3
1 2 4 .3

1 2 7 .3
1 3 5 .5
1 2 6 .3
1 2 4 .3

1 2 7 .7
1 3 7 .3
1 2 6 .3
1 2 4 .3

1 2 6 .4
1 3 0 .3
1 2 6 .3
124. 3

1 2 6 .0
126. 6
1 2 6 .3
125. 2

1 0 9 .5
1 2 9 .0
1 0 6 .1
1 0 3 .6

L u m b e r a n d w o o d p r o d u c t s ___________________________

P l y w o o d _____________________________________________

1 1 8 .4
1 1 7 .5
1 3 1 .2
1 0 4 .7

1 1 9 .2
118.3
*131. 4
* 1 0 6 .8

1 2 0 .4
119. 3
1 3 1 .7
1 1 2 .4

1 2 1 .1
1 2 0 .2
1 3 1 .6
1 1 2 .7

1 2 1 .5
1 2 0 .7
1 3 2 .0
1 1 2 .4

1 2 1 .8
1 2 1 .0
1 3 2 .0
1 1 2 .4

1 2 2 .2
1 2 1 .5
1 3 2 .0
1 1 2 .0

1 2 1 .7
1 2 0 .9
1 3 1 .9
1 1 2 .0

1 2 1 .1
1 2 0 .3
1 3 1 .9
1 1 0 .9

1 2 0 .5
1 2 0 .1
1 2 9 .3
1 0 8 .5

1 1 9 .7
1 1 9 .8
12 8 .3
1 0 2 .3

1 1 9 .7
1 2 0 .0
1 2 7 .5
1 0 2 .3

1 2 0 .2
120. 2
1 2 7 .7
10 6 .1

1 1 2 .4
113. 5
1 1 0 .9
1 0 1 .7

P u l p , p a p e r , a n d a l li e d p r o d u c t s _____________________
W o o d p u l p ........................ .................................- - - ...................W a s t e p a p e r _________________________________________
P aper
........ ................ — ................ - ........................................
P a p e r b o a r d . ........................................... ................ .....................
C o n v e r t e d p a p e r a n d p a p e r b o a r d . . ____________
B u i l d i n g p a p e r a n d b o a r d _________________ _____ -

1 1 7 .5
1 0 9 .7
1 1 2 .9
1 2 6 .5
1 2 6 .2
1 1 3 .2
1 2 3 .0

1 1 6 .9
1 0 8 .8
1 0 9 .6
1 2 6 .5
1 2 6 .0
1 1 2 .3
1 2 3 .0

1 1 6 .2
1 0 8 .8
9 8 .5
1 2 5 .9
1 2 3 .6
112 .1
1 2 3 .0

1 1 5 .8
1 0 8 .8
8 5 .0
1 2 5 .1
1 2 3 .7
1 1 2 .1
1 2 3 .0

1 1 5 .8
1 0 8 .8
8 5 .0
1 2 4 .7
1 2 3 .2
1 1 2 .4
1 2 3 .0

1 1 5 .4
108. S
8 5 .0
124. {
1 2 3 .1
111. 4
1 2 3 .0

1 1 5 .3
1 0 8 .8
8 8 .3
1 2 4 .9
1 2 3 .1
1 1 1 .4
1 1 8 .2

115.1
1 0 8 .8
8 3 .8
1 2 4 .9
1 2 3 .4

1 1 8 .2

1 1 5 .3
1 0 8 .8
8 3 .8
1 2 4 .9
123. 5
1 1 1 .5
1 1 8 .2

1 1 5 .8
1 0 8 .8
8 7 .0
1 2 4 .9
1 2 4 .2
1 1 2 .3
1 1 8 .2

1 1 5 .9
1 0 8 .8
8 9 .3
1 2 4 .9
124 .4
1 1 2 .3
118. 2

1 1 5 .5
108. 8
6 5 .7
1 2 4 .9
1 2 4 .8
1 1 2 .3
1 1 8 .2

1 1 5 .5
1 0 9 .3
7 1 .2
124. 9
1 2 4 .6
1 1 2 .2
1 1 5 .8

9 5 .9
9 0 .6
7 9 .0
1 0 3 .3
9 7 .2
9 3 .2
1 0 6 .3

M e t a l s a n d m e t a l p r o d u c t s ___________________ ________

1 2 7 .8
1 3 3 .4
1 2 2 .1
1 2 8 .6
1 3 6 .9
1 1 8 .5
1 1 5 .8
1 1 7 .7
1 2 7 .1

*128. 5
*134. 6
1 2 2 .8
128. 6
* 1 3 6 .9
1 1 8 .7
1 1 5 .8
1 1 7 .9
1 2 7 .0

1 2 9 .4
1 3 6 .2
124. 5
1 2 8 .6
1 3 5 .6
1 1 8 .7
115. 6
1 1 7 .8
1 2 6 .3

1 2 9 .3
1 3 5 .7
1 2 6 .4
1 2 8 .6
1 3 4 .7
1 1 6 .4
1 1 5 .1
1 1 7 .5
1 2 5 .4

1 2 6 .9
130. f
1 2 7 .6
1 2 6 .6
134. 5
1 1 3 .5
1 1 4 .6
1 1 4 .4
1 2 4 .1

1 2 5 .7
128. €
1 2 6 .6
1 2 6 .6
1 3 3 .2
1 1 3 .8
1 1 4 .4
1 1 3 .6
1 2 4 .0

1 2 5 .0
1 2 7 .7
1 2 8 .2
1 2 6 .5
1 2 7 .9
1 1 3 .8
1 1 3 .8
1 1 3 .6
1 2 2 .8

1 2 5 .5
1 2 7 .7
1 3 1 .5
125. 3
1 2 6 .2
1 1 4 .3
1 1 3 .9
1 1 3 .6
1 2 2 .2

1 2 4 .6
1 2 7 .5
1 2 4 .4
125. 3
125. 9
1 1 4 .3
1 1 3 .9
1 1 3 .9
1 2 6 .7

1 2 4 .0
1 2 7 .1
1 2 2 .5
1 2 5 .3
1 2 5 .9
1 1 3 .6
1 1 3 .8
1 1 3 .9
1 2 6 .5

1 2 4 .0
1 2 7 .0
1 2 2 .3
125. 4
1 2 5 .9
1 1 8 .1
1 1 3 .6
1 1 3 .9
1 2 6 .5

1 2 3 .9
1 2 7 .0
122. 5
1 2 5 .1
1 2 5 .3
118 .1
113. 6
1 1 4 .1
1 2 5 .9 1

124 .1
127. 3
1 2 2 .9
125.1
1 2 5 .3
118.1
113. 7
114. 0
1 2 3 .8

1 0 8 .8
1 1 3 .1
1 0 1 .8
1 0 9 .0
111. 1
103. 2
1 0 2 .0
1 0 0 .1
1 1 3 .2

N o n fe r r o u s m e t a l s ________________________________
TVTetal c o n t a in e r s
_______________________________
H ard w are
_________________________________
P l u m b i n g e q u i p m e n t _____________________________
H e a t i n g e q u i p m e n t ______________________________
S t r u c t u r a l m e t a l p r o d u c t s ________________________
N o n s t r u c t u r a l m e t a l p r o d u c t s ------------------------------

See footnotes at end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

111.1

1386

D: PRICES AND COST OF LIVING

MONTHLY LABOR

T able D-8: Indexes of wholesale prices, by group and subgroup of commodities 1—Continued
[ 1 9 4 7 -4 9 = 100]

O ct.
1953 2

C o m m o d it y g r o u p

S e p t.
1953

A ug.
1953

J u ly
1953

June
1953

M ay
1953

A p r.
1953

M ar.
1953

F eb.
1953

Jan.
1953

D ec.
1952

N ov.
1952

O ct.
1952

June
1950

M a c h i n e r y a n d m o t i v e p r o d u c t s ________ ___________
A g r i c u lt u r a l m a c h in e r y a n d e q u i p m e n t ________
C o n s t r u c t io n m a c h in e r y a n d e q u i p m e n t ___
M e t a l w o r k i n g m a c h i n e r y ______________ _________
G e n e r a l p u r p o s e m a c h in e r y a n d e q u i p m e n t ___
M i s c e l l a n e o u s m a c h i n e r y ______________ __________
E l e c t r i c a l m a c h i n e r y a n d e q u i p m e n t ___________
M o t o r v e h i c l e s ____ _________ _______________ _____

1 2 4 .1
122 .4
131. C
1 3 2 .7
1 2 8 .2
1 2 4 .1
1 2 6 .5
1 1 8 .6

1 2 4 .0
122. c
1 3 0 .9
* 1 3 2 .8
*127 9
*124 2
*126 2,
1 1 8 .6

1 2 3 .7
1 2 2 .3
1 3 0 .5
1 3 1 .9
1 2 6 .9
1 2 3 .9
1 2 5 .6
1 1 8 .6

1 2 3 .4
1 2 2 .7
130. 8
1 3 1 .8
1 2 5 .8
1 2 3 .3
1 2 4 .8
1 1 8 .6

1 2 2 .9
1 2 2 .6
129 .4
1 3 1 .3
1 2 4 .9
1 2 2 .4
1 2 4 .2
1 1 8 .6

1 2 2 .4
1 2 2 .4
129. 1
1 3 0 .1
1 2 3 .8
1 2 2 .0
1 2 2 .6
1 1 8 .6

1 2 2 .0
1 2 2 .3
1 2 8 .6
1 2 9 .8
1 2 3 .6
1 2 0 .6
1 2 1 .3
1 1 8 .9

1 2 1 .8
1 2 2 .2
12 7 .1
1 2 9 .1
12 2 .1
1 2 0 .3
1 1 9 .9
1 2 0 .0

1 2 1 .6
1 2 1 .8
1 2 6 .2
1 2 9 .0
1 2 2 .0
1 2 0 .1
119. 7
1 1 9 .9

121. 5
1 2 1 .8
1 2 6 .2
1 2 9 .0
1 2 1 .9
1 1 9 .7
1 1 9 .6
1 1 9 .8

1 2 1 .4
1 2 1 .7
1 2 6 .3
1 2 9 .0
1 2 1 .9
1 1 9 .6
1 1 9 .6
1 1 9 .7

121. 4
1 2 1 .6
126. 2
128. 9
121. 8
1 1 9 .6
119. 5
1 1 9 .7

1 2 1 .3
121. 5
1 2 5 .8
129. 1
1 2 1 .8
1 1 9 .4
119 0
119. 7

1 0 6 .3
1 0 8 .3
108.1
1 0 8 .8
1 0 7 .0
1 0 5 .0
1 0 2 .1
1 0 6 .7

F u r n i t u r e a n d o t h e r h o u s e h o l d d u r a b l e s _______
H o u s e h o ld f u r n i t u r e _____ _ _ _ _ _____ ________
C o m m e r c i a l f u r n i t u r e . ............................. ...................
F l o o r c o v e r i n g ........................ .......................................
H o u s e h o l d a p p l i a n c e s . __________________________
R a d i o s _____________________
______ ____
T e l e v i s i o n s e t s ___________ ___________ . . .
O t h e r h o u s e h o l d d u r a b l e g o o d s ________________

1 1 4 .8
1 1 4 .2
1 2 5 .8
125. 2i
1 0 9 .0
9 4 .8
7 4 .2
1 2 6 .8

1 1 4 .9
1 1 4 .2
1 2 5 .8
125. 2
109. 1
* 0 4 .8
* 7 4 .2
1 2 6 .9

1 1 4 .8
1 1 3 .8
125. 8
1 2 5 .3
1 0 8 .9
9 5 .0
7 4 .0
1 2 6 .9

1 1 4 .7
1 1 3 .8
1 2 5 .8
1 2 5 .2
1 0 8 .8
9 5 .0
7 4 .3
1 2 6 .7

1 1 4 .3
114.1
1 2 5 .7
1 2 4 .8
108.1
9 5 .4
7 5 .0
1 2 5 .5

1 1 4 .1
1 1 4 .0
1 2 4 .3
1 2 5 .0
108. 1
9 4 .9
7 4 .9
1 2 5 .4

1 1 3 .9
1 1 3 .8
1 2 3 .2
1 2 4 .2
1 0 8 .0
9 4 .9
7 4 .9
1 2 5 .4

1 1 3 .1
1 1 3 .6
1 2 3 .2
124. 1
1 0 7 .9
9 5 .5
7 4 .9
1 2 1 .8

1 1 2 .9
113. 4
1 2 3 .2
1 2 4 .1
1 0 7 .4
9 5 .5
7 5 .6
1 2 1 .7

1 1 2 .7
1 1 3 .2
123. 0
124. 1
1 0 7 .4
9 5 .0
7 4 .5
1 2 1 .2

1 1 2 .3
113. 0
1 2 3 .2
122. 7
1 0 7 .5
9 5 .0
7 4 .9
1 1 9 .6

1 1 2 .1
1 1 2 .8
1 2 3 .2
122. 4
1 0 7 .2
(>)
1 1 9 .6

1 1 2 .0
112. 6
123. 2
122. 4
1 0 7 .2
( 3)
( 3)
1 1 9 .5

1 0 3 .1
1 0 1 .8
1 0 6 .2
1 0 9 .1
1 0 0 .1
(3)
(3)
1 0 6 .8

N o n m e t a l l i c m in e r a l s — s t r u c t u r a l ________ _______
F l a t g l a s s . _____________ ________________
C o n c r e t e i n g r e d i e n t s . . ......................................
C o n c r e t e p r o d u c t s . . _________ _________
S t r u c t u r a l c la y p r o d u c t s ________________
G y p s u m p r o d u c t s ___________________
P r e p a r e d a s p h a l t r o o f i n g ____________
O t h e r n o n m e t a l l i c m in e r a l s _____________

1 2 0 .7
1 2 4 .7
1 1 9 .4
1 1 7 .4
1 3 2 .0
1 2 2 .1
1 0 9 .9
1 1 8 .0

1 2 0 .7
124. 7
1 1 9 .3
117. 4
*132 0
122 1
*109 8
* 1 1 7 .8

1 1 9 .6
1 2 4 .7
1 1 8 .6
1 1 6 .1
1 3 1 .4
122. 1
1 0 5 .8
1 1 7 .8

1 1 9 .4
1 2 4 .7
1 1 8 .4
1 1 5 .6
131.1
12 2 .1
1 0 5 .8
1 1 7 .3

11 8 .1
1 2 2 .9
1 1 8 .2
1 1 5 .5
125. 1
122.1
1 0 6 .2
1 1 6 .4

1 1 7 .2
1 1 6 .4
1 1 7 .9
115. 5
1 2 4 .7
12 2 .1
1 0 6 .0
1 1 5 .3

116 9
1 1 6 .4
1 1 7 .6
1 1 4 .2
1 2 4 .6
122. 1
1 0 6 .0
1 1 5 .3

115.1
116. 4
1 1 3 .8
112. 8
1 2 4 .3
1 1 8 .3
1 0 6 .0
1 1 5 .3

1 1 4 .6
1 1 4 .4
1 1 3 .1
1 1 2 .8
1 2 4 .0
1 1 7 .7
1 0 6 .0
1 1 5 .3

1 1 4 .6
1 1 4 .4
1 1 3 .1
1 1 2 .8
1 2 4 .0
1 1 7 .7
106. 0
1 1 5 .3

1 1 4 .6
1 1 4 .4
1 1 3 .1
112. 7
1 2 4 .0
117. 7
1 0 6 .0
1 1 5 .3

114. 5
1 1 4 .4
1 1 2 .9
112. 7
1 2 4 .0
117. 7
1 0 6 .0
1 1 5 .1

1 1 4 .4
114. 4
1 1 3 .0
112. 7
1 2 4 .0
117. 7
106. 0
1 1 2 .7

105. 4
1 0 5 .6
105. 7
104. 5
110. 5
102. 3
9 8 .9
1 0 5 .7

T o b a c c o m a n u f a c t u r e s a n d b o t t l e d b e v e r a g e s 4_____
C i g a r e t t e s * _____________________________
C i g a r s 4. __________________________
O t h e r t o b a c c o p r o d u c t s 4_______ _______
A l c o h o l ic b e v e r a g e s 4___________
N o n a l c o h o l i c b e v e r a g e s . ........................

1 1 8 .1
1 2 4 .0
1 0 3 .5
1 2 0 .7
1 1 4 .9
1 2 5 .1

1 1 6 .2
1 2 4 .0
103. 5
1 2 0 .7
1 1 1 .2
1 2 5 .1

1 1 5 .6
1 2 4 .0
103. 5
1 2 0 .7
1 1 0 .0
1 2 5 .1

1 1 5 .6
1 2 4 .0
1 0 3 .5
1 2 0 .7
1 1 0 .0
1 2 5 .1

1 1 4 .9
1 2 4 .0
1 0 2 .9
1 2 0 .7
1 1 0 .0
1 2 0 .6

1 1 4 .8
1 2 4 .0
1 0 2 .9
1 2 1 .5
1 1 0 .0
1 1 9 .9

1 1 4 .8
1 2 4 .0
1 0 2 .9
1 2 1 .5
1 1 0 .0
1 1 9 .8

1 1 4 .8
1 2 4 .0
1 0 2 .9
1 2 2 .4
no. 0
1 1 9 .8

1 1 1 .9
1 1 2 .0
1 0 2 .9
1 2 0 .3
1 1 0 .1
1 1 9 .8

1 1 1 .9
1 1 2 .0
1 0 2 .9
120. 3
110. 7
1 1 9 .7

1 1 0 .8
1 0 5 .7
1 0 2 .4
1 1 8 .4
1 1 1 .2
1 1 9 .7

1 1 0 .8
1 0 5 .7
1 0 2 .4
118. 4
1 1 1 .2
1 1 9 .7

1 1 0 .8
1 0 5 .7
1 0 2 .4
118. 4
1 1 1 .2
1 1 9 .7

101. 4
1 0 2 .8
1 0 0 .6
1 0 3 .3
100. 9
1 0 0 .8

M i s c e l l a n e o u s . _____ ____________________
9 o y s , s p o r tin g g o o d s, s m a ll a r m s .
...
M a n u f a c t u r e d a n i m a l f e e d s ____
N o t i o n s a n d a c c e s s o r ie s _________
J e w e lr y , w a tc h e s , p h o to e q u ip m e n t.
O th e r m i s c e l l a n e o u s ________________

9 4 .4
1 1 4 .1
8 1 .0
9 3 .5
1 0 2 .0
1 1 9 .5

* 9 4 .7
1 1 4 .0
* 8 1 .6
9 3 .5
* 1 0 2 .0
1 1 9 .3

9 6 .4
1 1 4 .0
8 5 .0
9 3 .5
1 0 1 .8
1 1 9 .6

9 5 .3
1 1 4 .1
8 2 .7
93. 2
1 0 1 .8
1 1 9 .8

9 5 .8
1 1 4 .0
8 3 .7
9 3 .2
1 0 1 .8
1 1 9 .9

9 9 .7
1 1 4 .3
91. 1
9 3 .2
1 0 1 .9
1 2 0 .3

9 8 .5
1 1 3 .7
8 8 .7
93. 2
1 0 1 .8
1 2 1 .1

1 0 1 .7
1 1 2 .9
9 5 .0
9 4 .3
1 0 1 .8
1 2 1 .0

1 0 1 .2
1 1 2 .8
9 4 .4
9 2 .9
1 0 1 .0
1 2 1 .2

1 0 3 .0
1 1 2 .8
9 7 .9
92 9
1 0 1 .0
1 2 0 .8

1 0 5 .1
113. 1
102 1
9 2 .9
1 0 1 .0
1 2 0 .8

1 0 5 .7
1 1 3 .2
1 0 3 .3
9 1 .1
1 0 1 .0
1 2 0 .8

108. 4
1 1 3 .2
1 0 8 .4
90. 9
1 0 1 .0
1 2 0 .8

9 6 .9
104. 8
93. 7
8 8 .7
9 6 .6
1 0 5 .4

i
T h e r e v is e d w h o le s a le p r ic e i n d e x ( 1 9 4 7 -4 9 = 1 0 0 ) is t h e o f fic ia l i n d e x for
J a n u a r y 1952 a n d s u b s e q u e n t m o n t h s . T h e o ffic ia l i n d e x for D e c e m b e r 1951
a n d p r e v io u s d a t e s is t h e fo r m e r i n d e x ( 1 8 2 6 = 1 0 0 ) . T h e r e v is e d i n d e x h a s
b e e n c o m p u t e d b a c k to J a n u a r y 1947 for p u r p o s e s o f c o m p a r is o n a n d a n a l y s i s .
P r i c e s a r c c o lle c te d fro m m a n u f a c t u r e r s a n d o t h e r p r o d u c e r s . I n s o m e c a s e s
t h e y a r e s e c u r e d fro m t r a d e p u b li c a t i o n s o r fr o m o t h e r G o v e r n m e n t a g e n c ie s
w h ic h c o ll e c t p r ic e Q u o ta t io n s in t h e c o u r s e o f t h e ir r e g u la r w o r k . F o r a m o r e
d e t a il e d d e s c r ip t io n o f t h e i n d e x , s e e A D e s c r ip t i o n o f t h e R e v i s e d W h o l e s a l e
P r ic e I n d e x , M o n t h l y L a b o r R e v i e w , F e b r u a r y 1952 ( p . 1 8 0 ), o r r e p r in t
S e r ia l N o . R . 2067.

(3)

s P r e li m in a r y .
» N o t a v a ila b le .
4
F i g u r e s s h o w n i n t h i s s e r ie s a r e t h e o f fic ia l i n d e x e s . B e g i n n i n g w i t h J a n ­
u a r y 1953 t h e m e t h o d o f c a lc u l a t in g e x c is e t a x e s a n d d i s c o u n t s w a s c h a n g e d
a n d o ffic ia l in d e x e s for e a r lie r d a t e s a r e n o t s t r i c t l y c o m p a r a b le w i t h t h e s e .
F o r a n a l y t i c a l p u r p o s e s in d e x e s p r io r to 1953 h a v e b e e n r e c a l c u l a t e d fo r c o m ­
p a r a b ility a n d are a v a ila b le o n r e q u e s t.
* R e v is e d .

T a ble D -9 : Special wholesale price in dexes1
[1 9 4 7 -4 9 = 1 0 0 ]

1953

1952

1950

C o m m o d it y g r o u p
O ct. 2

All f o o d s __________ .
A l l f i s h ____________
S p e c ia l m e t a l s a n d m e t a l p r o d u c t s
M e t a l w o r k i n g m a c h i n e r y _________
M a c h in e r y a n d e q u ip m e n t .
T o t a l t r a c t o r s _________ _
S t e e l m il l p r o d u c t s . . . . . .
B u i l d i n g m a t e r i a l s .............. .. .
S o a p s _______ .
S y n t h e t i c d e t e r g e n t s ___ .
R e f in e d p e t r o l e u m p r o d u c t s
E a s t c o a st p e tr o le u m .
M id -c o n t in e n t p e tr o le u m
G u lf c o a s t p e t r o l e u m ___ __
P a c ific c o a st p e t r o le u m . .
P u l p , p a p e r a n d p r o d u c t s , e x c l. b l d g , p a p e r
1 S e e f o o t n o t e 1, t a b l e D - 8 .
* P r e lim in a r y
* R e v is e d .


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

1 0 5 .2
1 1 1 .3
1 2 5 .7
1 3 9 .6
1 2 7 .2
1 2 4 .1
1 4 2 .5
120 .1
8 6 .5
9 1 .0
1 1 5 .8
1 1 3 .5
1 1 0 .1
1 2 2 .8
1 1 8 .8
1 1 7 .4

S e p t.

A ug.

*106.8
104.9
*126.2
139.7
*127.1

1 0 4 .8
1 0 7 .8

124. 1
* 1 4 2 .6

1 2 3 .7
1 4 2 .7
1 2 0 .8
8 5 .8
9 1 .0
1 1 5 .6
1 1 3 .8
1 0 9 .6
1 2 2 .8
1 1 8 .8
1 1 6 .1

120.4

* 8 6 .2
9 1 .0
115. 6

113.8

1 0 9 .6
1 2 2 .8
1 1 8 .8
1 1 6 .7

126.8
139.1
126. 5

J u ly

1 0 4 .9
1 0 2 .5
1 2 6 .8
1 3 8 .8
1 2 6 .0
1 2 4 .3
1 4 2 .7
1 2 1 .3
8 5 .8
9 0 .8
1 1 6 .1
1 1 3 .8
1 0 9 .7
124 .1
1 1 8 .8
1 1 5 .6

June

1 0 3 .8
1 0 0 .9
1 2 5 .0
1 3 8 .7
1 2 5 .3
1 2 3 .8
137 .1
120. 5
85. 5
9 0 .8
1 0 9 .1
107 3
1 0 0 .0
1 1 6 .8
1 1 8 .8
1 1 5 .6

M ay

10 4 .1
1 0 6 .5
124. 1
1 3 8 .2
1 2 4 .4
1 2 3 .8
1 3 4 .4
120 2
8 7 .1
9 0 .8
109 .1
1 0 7 .8
9 9 .6
1 1 6 .8
1 1 8 .8
1 1 5 .2

A p r.

1 0 3 .4
9 8 .9
1 2 3 .6
1 3 7 .6
1 2 3 .7
1 2 3 .6
131.1
1 1 9 .9
8 7 .2
9 0 .8
1 0 8 .9
1 0 9 .3
9 9 .6
1 1 5 .2
1 1 8 .8
1 1 5 .2

M ar.

1 0 4 .0
1 0 2 .8
1 2 4 .2
1 3 6 .6
1 2 2 .8
1 2 2 .8
131.1
1 1 9 .2
86. 7
9 1 .8
1 0 8 .6
108. 5
9 9 .6
1 1 4 .6
1 1 8 .8
1 1 5 .0

F eb.

10 4 .1
1 0 8 .0
1 2 3 .5
1 3 6 .5
1 2 2 .5
1 2 1 .7
1 3 0 .9
1 1 8 .7
8 6 .6
9 1 .8
1 0 7 .2
1 0 8 .8
9 9 .7
1 1 4 .6
1 0 8 .7
1 1 5 .2

Jan.

1 0 5 .0
110. 5
1 2 3 .0
1 3 6 .4
1 2 2 .4
1 2 1 .7
131. 1
1 1 8 .5
87. 1
9 1 .8
1 0 7 .7
1 1 1 .6
1 0 1 .0
1 1 5 .0
1 0 4 .2
1 1 5 .7

D ec.

104. 5
104. 6
1 2 3 .0
1 3 6 .4
122 .4
1 2 1 .6
1 3 0 .9
1 1 8 .3
8 7 .2
9 1 .8
107. 7
1 1 1 .8
1 0 1 .0
1 1 5 .0
1 0 4 .2
1 1 5 .8

N ov.

1 0 8 .6
113. 2
1 2 2 .9
1 3 6 .3
1 2 2 .3
1 2 1 .5
1 3 0 .9
118 .4
8 6 .8
91. 8
1 0 8 .0
1 1 1 .8
1 0 1 .8
1 1 5 .0
104. 2
1 1 5 .4

O ct.

109. 5
101. 6
123. 1
136. 3
1 2 2 .2
1 2 1 .3
1 3 1 .0
1 1 8 .6
87. 0
9 1 .8
1 0 8 .4
1 1 1 .8
1 0 1 .8
1 1 5 .0
107. 0
1 1 5 .5

June

9 5 .0
92. 4
1 0 8 .3
1 0 9 .8
106. 1
107. 5
1 1 4 .9
1 0 7 .5
80. 9
8 2 .9
1 0 2 .1
9 8 .1
1 0 1 .8
1 0 9 .7
9 4 .1
9 5 .6

REVIEW, DECEMBER 1953

1387

E: WORK STOPPAGES

E: Work Stoppages
T able E - l : W ork stoppages resulting from labor-m anagem ent d is p u te s 1
W o r k e r s i n v o l v e d In s t o p p a g e s

N u m b e r o f s to p p a g e s

M a n - d a y s I d le d u r i n g m o n t h
or y e a r

M o n th a n d year
B e g i n n i n g in
m o n th or y e a r

1 9 3 5 -3 9 ( a v e r a g e )
194749 ( a v e r a g e )
1945 .......... ................ .
1 9 4 6 - .........................1 9 4 7 .......... ....................
1948. - .......
1949.......... .
1 950 ........................... .
1951
______________ ______________
1952 ! . . ........................
1952: O c t o b e r _____
N o v e m b e r ..
D e c e m b e r ...
1953: J a n u a r y * ___
F e b r u a r y * ..
M a r c h *____
A p r il *______

May *_____
J u n e 3_______
J u ly *
___
A u g u s t 3—
S e p t e m b e r 3.
O c t o b e r 3___

2 ,8 6 2
3, 573
4 ,7 5 0
4 ,9 8 5
3 ,6 9 3
3 ,4 1 9
3 ,6 0 6
4. 843
4, 737
5 ,1 1 7
459
209
179
350
350
450
500
525
500
475
450
375
350

* A l l k n o w n w o r k s t o p p a g e s , a r is in g o u t o f l a b o r - m a n a g e m e n t d i s p u t e s ,
i n v o l v i n g s ix o r m o r e w o r k e r s a n d c o n t i n u i n g a s lo n g a s a f u ll d a y o r s h ift
a r e i n c lu d e d in r e p o r t s o f t h e B u r e a u o f L a b o r S t a t i s t i c s . F i g u r e s o n “ w o r k ­
e r s i n v o l v e d ” a n d “ m a n - d a y s i d l e ” c o v e r a ll w o r k e r s m a d e i d le for o n e or
m o r e s h i f t s in e s t a b l i s h m e n t s d i r e c t l y i n v o l v e d in a s t o p p a g e . T h e y d o n o t


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

In e ffe c t d u r ­
in g m o n th

B e g i n n i n g in
m o n th or y e a r

I n effect, d u r in g m o n th

1.130.000
2.380.000
3.470.000
4.600.000
2.170.000
1.960.000
3.030.000
2.410.000

...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...

2 . 220.000

...

16,
39.
38,
116,
34,
34.
50,
38,
22,
59,

3,540,000 ...
768
535
369
500
550
650
700
750
725

700

675
600
550

4 5 0 .0 0 0
98. 800
3 3 ,6 0 0

200, 000

120.000
1 8 0 ,0 0 0
275, 000
270, 000
2 5 0 .0 0 0
260. 000
230, 000

110.000
1 9 0 ,0 0 0

Number

584, 000
215, 000
82, 300
250, 000
200, 000
230, 000
350, 000
370. 000
400, 000
410. 000
400. 000
210, 000
250, 000

900,
700,
000,
000,
600,
100,
500,
800,
900,
100,

000
000
000
000
000
000
000
000
000
000

5, 000, 000
1, 560, 000
854. 000
1, 250, 000
1, 000, 000
1, 100, ooo
2, 500, 000
3, 000, 000
3, 750, 000
3. oon. 000
2, 800, 000
1, 550, 000
1, 450, 000

P e r c en t of e sti­
m a te d w o r k ­
in g t i m e

0 .2 7
.4 6
.4 7

1.43
.4 1
.3 7

.59
.4 4

.23
.5 7
.5 3

.20
.09
.1 5

.12
.12
.2 7

.34
.40
.30
.3 1
.1 7
.1 5

m e a s u r e t h e i n d ir e c t o r s e c o n d a r y e f f e c t s o n o t h e r e s t a b l i s h m e n t s o r i n d u s ­
t r ie s w h o s e e m p l o y e e s a r e m a d e i d l e a s a r e s u lt o f m a t e r ia l or s e r v i c e s h o r t a g e s .
* D o e s n o t i n c l u d e m e m o r ia l s t o p p a g e i n c o a l m i n i n g i n d u s t r y .
* P r e lim in a r y .

1388

F: BUILD IN O AND, CONSTRUCTION

MONTHLY LABOR

F: Building and Construction
T able F -l: Expenditures for new construction 1
[Value of work put in place]
Expenditures (in millions)
Type of construction

1953
Nov.8 Oct.8 Sept.

Aug.

July

June

1952
May

April

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

1952

Nov.

1951

Total Total

Total new construction *________ _____ $2,998 $3,214 $3,290 $3,319 $3, 270 $3,199 $2, 941 $2, 735 $2, 521 $2, 278 $2, 361 $2, 550 $2, 858 $32, 638 $30, 895
Private construction__________________ 2,047
Residential building (nonfarm)______ 1,020
New dwelling units____________
900
Additions and alterations______ .
95
Nonhousekeeping1__________
25
Nonresidential building (nonfarm) •__
522
Industrial_____________________
178
Commercial___________ ___ ..
190
Warehouses, office, and loft
buildings____. __________.
79
Stores, restaurants, and garages111
Other nonresidential building-.......
154
Religious_____________ ____
46
Educational____________ ___
41
Social and recreational-. _
17
Hospital and institutional7___
26
Miscellaneous___ ____ ______
24
Farm construction............. ...... .........
100
Public utilities____ ______ _ ____
396
Railroad. . . .
________ _____
45
Telephone and telegraph___ ___
50
Other public utilities___________
301
All other private 8______________
9
Public construction ...................................
951
Residential building
__ _____
41
Nonresidential building (other than
military or naval facilities)________
362
Industrial_____________________
140
Educational_________ ______ _
158
Hospital and institutional_______
22
Other nonresidential.-____ ____
42
Military and naval facilities 18_______
105
Highways........... ............................. ......
280
Sewer and water____ ____ ___
67
Miscellaneous public service enterprises 11_______
___________
18
Conservation and development_____
68
All other public 78________________
10

2,118
1,055
930
100
25
511
178
178

2,165
1,077
950
102
25
506
179
174

2,199
1,105
970
110
25
498
179
168

2,181
1,111
975
112
24
492
178
165

2,149
1,110
980
107
23
479
187
152

1, 988
1,007
880
105
22
451
192
129

1, 851
944
830
94
20
426
193
113

1,729
863
770
74
19
430
198
114

1,575
758
675
64
19
434
204
112

1, 627
816
735
63
18
431
201
109

1, 795
942
850

75
103
155
46
41
16
26
26
119
423
49
55
319
10
1,096
45

71
103
153
45
39
15
26
28
144
428
44
54
330
10
1,125
47

66
102
151
43
38
15
27
28
158
427
44
54
329
11
1,120
43

60
105
149
41
36
15
27
30
155
410
43
53
314
13
1,089
46

56
96
140
38
34
14
26
28
148
399
41
52
306
13
1, 050
50

52
77
130
35
32
13
26
24
138
380
40
52
288
12
953
49

49
64
120
33
31
11
25
20
120
352
40
48
264
9
884
49

49
65
118
33
30
10
26
19
108
320
34
48
238
8
792
47

50
62
118
34
31
10
26
17
100
275
27
43
205
8
703
48

374
145
160
23
46
112
390
69

378
150
155
25
48
116
400
73

373
154
150
26
43
121
405
71

372
154
147
28
43
121
375
67

384
169
142
32
41
121
330
63

374
162
140
33
39
115
260
61

369
158
139
34
38
114
200
60

353
153
133
33
34
111
140
57

21
74
11

23
76
12

19
77
11

19
79
10

17
76
9

15
70
9

14
70
8

13
65
6

i Joint estimates of the Bureau of Labor Statistics, U. S. Department of
Labor, and the Building Materials Division, U. 8. Department of Com­
merce. Estimated construction expenditures represent tne monetary value
of the volume of work accomplished during the given period of time. These
figures should be differentiated from permit valuation data reported in the
tabulations for building authorized (tables F-3 and F-4) and the data on
value of contract awards reported in table F-2.
8 Preliminary.
* Revised.
8 Includes major additions and alterations.
* Includes hotels, dormitories, and tourist courts and cabins.
* Expenditures by privately owned public utilities for nonresidential
building are included under “ Public utilities.”


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

18
433
193
112

1, 934 21, 812
1, 024 11, 100
915 9. 870
91 1, 015
18
185
443 5,014
194 2.320
113 1,137

21,564
10, 973
9. 849
934
190
5,152
% 117
1, 371

51
58
121
35
32
11
27
16
97
275
29
44
202
8
734
47

50
62
128
37
33
11
28
19
97
314
43
45
226
9
755
49

49
515
64
622
136 1, 557
38
399
33
351
12
125
394
30
23
288
112 1.610
347 4, 003
38
438
48
570
261 2, 995
8
85
924 10, 826
49
654

544
827
1, 664
’452
345
164
419
284
1, 646
Z, 729
399
487
2,843
64
9 331
595

315
123
131
33
28
101
110
54

328
131
132
34
31
109
115
56

342
142
134
36
30
111
112
66

361
154
136
38
33
121
240
58

4, 119
1, 667
1, 619
’ 473
360
1,388
2, 860
692

3, 469
' 946
1, 513
528
482
887
2, 518
716

11
56
5

13
61
5

13
67
5

16
74
5

193
854
66

213
853
80

71

7 Includes Federal contributions toward construction of private nonprofit
hospital facilities under the National Hospital Program.
* Covers privately owned sewer and water facilities, roads and bridges, and
miscellaneous nonbuilding items such as parks and playgrounds.
! Includes non housekeeping public residential construction as well as
housekeeping units.
18 Covers all construction, building as well as nonbuilding (except for
production facilities, which are included in public industrial building).
11 Covers primarily publicly owned airports, electric light and power
systems, and local transit facilities.
11 Covers public construction not elsewhere classified such as parks,
playgrounds, and memorials.

REVIEW, DECEMBER 1953

F: BUILDING AND CONSTRUCTION

1389

T able F -2 : Value of contracts aw arded and force-account w ork sta rte d on federally
new construction, by ty p e of construction 1

financed

Value (in thousands)
Type of construction

1953 2
Sept.

Aug.2

1952«

1952«

1951« '

July 3 | Ju n e 2 M a y 2 i Apr.2 j Mar.2 j Feb.2 j Jan .3

Dec.*
Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
Total
Total
1
!
1
Total new construction1. $161,432 $208, 352 $170,228 $352, 393 $261,092 $355,132 $235, 796 $198, 606 $237, 344 $645, 851 $337, 705 $294,344 $515,056 $4,730,311 $4, 230, 552
Airfields *______
8,160 11,191 12, 651 10, 274 4, 773 21,246 16, 637 4,401
9,877 12, 661 17,442 13, 740 9, 849
140. 991
278. 630
Building_______
43, 371 62, 697 41, 624 132,074 112,102 217,155 76,08£ 129,168 152, 984 194, 654 223, 273 143,316 373,397 2, 596,
961 2, 183 951
Residential______
394
30 (6)
3,412
62C 3,025
580 4,807
2, 224
1,171
797
2,383
8 966
1,
172
23
296
Nonresidential___
42, 977 62, 667 41,624 128, 662 111,482 214,130 75, 503 124, 361 150, 760 193,483 222,476 140, 933 372, 225 2, 573, 665 2,174; 985
Educational 7___
10,356 18, 380 16, 557 18,429 20,150 18, 794 18,238 14,340 11, 651 15, 679 14, 771 13,046 10,311
130,
949
60,
570
Hospital and institutional. ___
8,512
6,283 10,088 18,490 23, 790 6,097 10,119
7,949 18, 756
9,516 15, 788 19,499
4,
985
211,
877
305,
787
Administrative and
general 8 ___
1,959
2,135
1,719
4,506
4,462
4,220
1,978
1,785 4,931
3,538
3,122
3,245
5,394
43,195
57,146
Other nonresidential
building .
22,150 35, 869 13,260 87,237 63,080 185,019 45,168 100,287 115,422 164, 750 188, 795 105,143 351, 535 2,187, 644 1, 751, 482
Airfield buildings
3, 900
2, 630
1,110 17, 659 10, 584 12,032
2, 360 8, 301
8,397 12,819
7, 754 11,456
91 911
1, 858
80 671
Industrial10___
8, 815 21, 280 6,315 36,004 33, 849 147,136 16, 673 85,091 74, 657 111,690 139, 666 46, 898 302, 347 1, 305,
897 055
481
Troop housing__
823
3,077
2, 378
9,483
4, 567 6, 739 15,049
1,612 13, 862 14, 520 17, 736
7, 522 11,933
285! 602 225, 909
Warehouses_____
3,406
160
880
8,382
5, 262 4,962
2, 977
1,110
8, 667 8,167 15,441 20,102 12, 007 276 455
75 824
Miscellaneous n„_
5,206
8, 722 2, 577 15, 709
8,818 14,150
8,109
4,173
9,839 17, 554
8,198 19,165 23,390
239,435
460, 783
Conservation and develo p m en t.___
9, 770 14, 663 11, 564 31, 396 14,179 10, 665 40,302
4, 379 21,444 18, 852 20, 969 31,634 27, 581
287, 498
396, 841
Reclamation____
1,844 11,086
4,060
4,540
9,419
3,083
5, 577
444 10,461
5, 724 3,456
6,902 13,970
92, 916
86, 928
River, harbor, and
flood control__
7,926
3, 577 7,504 26, 856 4, 760 7, 582 34, 725 3,935 10,983 13,128 17, 513 24, 732 13, 611
194,
582
309
913
Highways. _
97, 543 105, 629 94, 738 122, 202 110, 664 92, 771 90, 692 47,092 42,101 56, 795 48, 714 77, 715 79, 002 1, 005, 808 850 946
Electrification___
557 10,695
5,293 40,069 11,815 2,981
4, 743 8,709
3, 304 346, 455 10, 935 2,633
9,
153
305,
193
515,
962
All o th er12 ___
2,031
3,477
4, 358 16,378
7, 559 10, 314
7,339
4,857
7,634 16,434 16,372 25,306 16; 074
183; 091
214, 991
1 Excludes classified military projects, but includes projects for the Atomic
Energy Commission. Data for Federal-aid programs cover amounts con­
tributed by both owner and the Federal Government. Force-account work
is done not through a contractor, but directly by a Government agency, using
a separate work force to perform nonmaintenance construction on the agency’s
own properties.
2 Beginning with data for January 1953, awards of less than $25,000 in value
are excluded; over the past 2 years the total value of such awards has repre­
sented less than 1% of the total.
' Revised.
1 Includes major additions and alterations.
1 Excludes hangars and other buildings, which are included under “ Other
nonresidentia!” building construction.
fLess than $25,000.


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

7 Includes projects under the Federal School Construction Program, which
provides aid for areas affected by Federal Government activities.
8 Includes armories, offices, and customhouses.
' Includes all buildings on civilian airports and military airfields and air
bases with the exception of barracks and other troop housing, which are in­
cluded under “Troop housing.”
i° Covers all industrial plants under Federal Government ownership, in­
cluding those which are privately operated.
11 Includes types of buildings not elsewhere classified.
12 Includes sewer and water projects, railroad construction, and other types
of projects not elsewhere classified.
‘ December 1952 volume is high principally because of contracts let for ex­
pansion of TVA facilities to provide power for the Atomic Energy Commis­
sion and the Tennessee Valley Authority.

1390

F: BUILDING AND CONSTRUCTION

M ONTHLY LABOR

T able F -3 : U rban building authorized, by principal class of construction and by ty p e of building
Number of new dwelling units—House­
keeping only

Valuation (In thousands)
New residential building
Period

Housekeeping
Total all
classes J

1942
1940 _
1947194819491950
1951.
1952.

Non­
Privately financed dwelling units
Publicly housefinanced keepdwell­
ing '
ing
1-family 2-fam­ M ulti­
Total
ily * family 4 units

$2, 707. 573
4, 743, 414
5, 563, 348
6, 972. 784
7.398, 144
10, 480, 350
8, 918,168
8,926, 672

$598, 570
2, 114,833
2, 885, 374
3, 422, 927
3, 724. 924
5, 819, 360
4. 380,137
4, 647,014

$478, 658
1, 830, 26C
2, 361. 752
2, 745, 219
2, 845. 399
4. 850. 763
3, 817, 697
4, 050, 435

$42, 629
103, 042
151, 036
181, 493
132, 365
178, 985
171,343
213, 790

1952: Jan u ary .............
February_____
M arch............
April.......... ........
M ay......... .........
June.............. .
Ju ly ....................
August_______
September____
October_______
November.........
December_____

527, 773
611.085
783, 787
858. 403
829. 940
887, 561
807,019
751,678
800, 125
822, 292
644. 786
602, 222

267, 068
345, 392
408. 651
465, 793
443,519
411, 226
420, 336
401.450
438, 618
450, 175
319,189
275, 596

230, 354
300, 957
353, 6U4
409, 964
388, 013
368, 060
369, 052
347, 555
384, 202
388. 207
276, 724
233, 845

16, 287
17, 276
18, 807
20, 425
20, 737
17, 489
17, 301
19, 001
20, 719
17, 479
14, 498
13, 770

1953; January.............
February_____
M arch___ _____
A p ril.,...............
M a y _________
J u n e _______
July--------------August 8..... ........
September 7____

590, 397
665, 229
941,507
1,015, 568
910, 269
886 089
884, 063
802,374
785, 682

278, 931
331,971
482, 342
501, 327
454. 976
447. 820
410, 770
392, 541
377, 700

233,070
281, 720
417, 691
438, 360
395. 168
385. 891
352, 921
338, 663
322, 997

13,369
16, 345
19, 861
20, 964
20. 095
16. 970
17, 967
14,682
14, 674

'lew non­
resi­
dential
building

Addi­
tions,
altera­
tions,
and
repairs

Total

$77, 283 $296,933 $22, 910 $1, 510, 688 $278, 472 184.892
181, 531 355, 587 43, 369 1, 458, 602 771, 023 430, 195
372, 586
42, 249 29, 831 1, 713, 489 892, 404 502.312
496, 215 139, 334 38, 034 2, 367. 940 1, 004, 549 516, 179
747, 160 285, 627 39, 785 2, 410, 315 937, 493 575, 286
798, 612 327, 553 84, 504 3, 156. 475 1, 092. 458 798, 499
391, 097 587, 476 37,875 2,815, 669 1,097,011 534, 605
382,789 460,375 51,713 2, 637,037 1,130, 534 563, 211
20,426
28, 684
1, 432
159,148
71, 441 34, 426
27, 160 26, 089
1, 632
160, 555
77,417 43, 237
36. 341
80, 957
4, 570
197. 739 91, 869 50, 026
35, 404
75, 698
3, 257
219, 5S1
94 074 56, 325
34, 769
62, 057
6, 729
211,040 106, 595 53, 352
25, 678
63, 596 3, 605
291, 571 117,562 48, 909
33, 983
22, 554
2. 395
252,128 109. 607 50, 636
34, 894
12,119
5, 781
232, 974
99. 354 48. 768
33, 897
15, 947
7, 247
233, 568 104. 746 52, 528
44, 489
15, 680
4, 243
246, 654 105, 539 52, 785
27, 967
21, 822 7, 451
217,087
79, 237 38,314
27, 981
35,172
3,370
214, 990
73,094 33, 905
32, 492 32, 280
5,153
195, 643
78,390 34, 914
33, 906 33, 111
3, 101
213, 028
84,088 39, 953
44, 790
80, 979
6! 693
268, 016 103, 478 56. 068
42,003
26,005
7,077
362,123 119,037 57, 225
39, 713 23, 150 6, 235
311, 049 114, 859 52, 739
44. 959
19, 976
4, 677
288, 053 125, 563 51. 721
39,882
5, 210 11,135
332, 523 124, 425 46, 697
39,196
9, 730 13,109
278.386 108, 609 44, 528
40, 029
21, 929 15, 425
254,387 116, 240 47, 721

1 Building for which building permits were issued and Federal contracts
awarded in all urban places, including an estimate of building undertaken
in some smaller urban places that do not issue permits.
The data cover federally and nonfederally financed building construction
combined. Estimates of non-Federal (private and State and local govern­
ment) urban building construction are based primarily on building-permit
reports received from places containing about 85 percent of the urban popula­
tion of the country; estimates of federally financed projects are compiled from
notifications of construction contracts awarded, which are obtained from
other Federal agencies. Data from building permits are not adjusted to allow
for lapsed permits or for lag between permit issuance and the start of construc­
tion. Thus, the estimates do not represent construction actually started
during the month


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

Privately financed

1-fam­ 2-family
ily 7

138, 908
358.151
393, 606
392, 532
413, 543
624,377
435, 219
457,389

P ub­
licly fi­
Multi- nanced
fam­
ily 4

15, 747 30, 237
24, 326 47,718
33, 423 75. 283
36. 306 87,341
26, 431 135.312
33. 310 140.812
29, 895 69,491
37,454 68, 368

95,946
98,310
5, 833
15,114
32, 194
38, 953
66. 640
53, 626

27. 902
35. 003
40, 204
45, 964
43, 672
41, 107
41,842
39,110
42, 767
42, 655
30, 854
26, 309

2, 892
3,019
3,471
3, 566
3, 550
3.080
2, 938
3, 289
3, 588
3,055
2, 521
2, 485

3, 632
5, 215
6,351
6, 795
6,130
4, 722
5,856
6, 369
6. 173
7,075
4,939
5, 111

3, 419
3.047
10, 094
9, 235
6, 736
7,008
2,483
1,663
1,701
1,624
2, 475
4,141

26, 833
31,047
44. 647
46,074
42, 477
41. 351
37, 015
35, 686
33, 615

2,347
2,815
3.312
3, 524
3, 294
2. 635
2. 906
2,246
2,383

5, 734
6, 091
8,079
7, 627
6, 968
7. 735
6, 776
6, 596
6,723

3. 973
3, 869
9. 268
3,918
2, 457
2, 282
571
1,046
2,678

Urban is defined according to the 1940 Census, and includes all incorporated
places of 2,500 inhabitants or more in 1940 and a small number of places,
usually minor civil divisions, classified as urban under special rule.
Sums of components do not always equal totals exactly because of rounding.
Covers additions, alterations, and repairs, as well as new residential and
nonresidential building.
» Includes units in 1-family and 2-family structures with stores.
4 Includes units in multifamily structures with stores.
s Covers hotels, dormitories, tourist cabins, and other nonhousekeeping
residential buildings.
8 Revised.
7 Preliminary.

REVIEW, DECEMRER 1953

1391

F: BUILDING AND CONSTRUCTION

T able F -4 : N ew nonresidential building authorized in all urb an places,1 by general ty p e and by
geographic division 2
Valuation (in thousands)
Geographic division and
type of new nonresi­
dential building

1952

1953
Sept.3

Aug.<

July

June

May

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

Sept.

1952

1951

Total

Total

1
All types ___________ $254. 387 $278. 386 $332, 523 $288,053 $311,049 $362,123 $268, 016 $213,028 $195. 643 $214, 990 $217,087 $246, 654 $233, 568 $2, 637,037 $2,815,669
165, 928
7,398 14,312 20, 554 16,337
197,698
4, 958 12, 952
15,378 11,952 16. 233 17, 486 21,323 22, 552 14, 538
New E n g lan d ____
37.062' 44.733 40, 125 46, 485 47, 769 50,012 40, 731 29. 334 21, 679 30. 952 52,323 30, 510 41, 537 440, 529 423,143
Middle Atlantic__
55,
860
50,315
55.
290
597.
588
46,413
744.183
57,025
49,
537
38.
805
92
818
East North Central. 56. 482 74 963 102, 275 68, 768 76,925
215, 776 205, 435
25, 759 23. 548 30,470 18, 584 32, 934 25. 074 19, 846 18, 280 11, 544 18,391 10, 736 25, 093 24,945
West North Central
270, 783 306, 997
25. 533 40.810 44, 496 35,810 36, 831 52, 476 22. 201 35, 083 30, 272 26, 219 21, 967 21,322 23, 856
South Atlantic ...
9, 879 11.913 10,443
120,165
117,328
9.150
7, 216 7,737
10. 684 10 086 8, 558 10. 164 6, 575 11,631 10, 891
East South Central
274, 142 281,588
West South Central. 28. 193 22, 425 28,101 41,131 28, 552 50, 546 28, 222 22, 049 26, 945 23, 035 17, 547 22, 861 22, 221
6, 904 12, »50
7, 500
101, 699
9, 958
103. 345
9,602
15. 421
9. 961 17, 762 10.749 11,082 17, 562 12. 836 8. 978
M o u n ta in _______
444, 429
435, 953
Pacific___________ 39, 875 39, 908 44, 503 38,877 49, 058 39, 452 69,154 28,170 36, 599 44, 886 33, 105 46,162 30, 870
22,
773
40,
434
351,
520
30,
342
26.
302
513,007
32.097
23,
252
48,
178
19,088
Industrial buildings*. .. 25,972 41, 198 39. 523 37, 982 46,826
1, 514 3,423
28. 097
1,923
2, 559
31,916
1,284
1. 169 2, 512
1,982
2, 237 1,904
2, 553
1,704
1,291
New England_____
4,
522
7,
628
60,
919
4,
121
6,
085
97,144
6,
983
3,
725
3,
086
9.010
7,133
5, 501
4. 729 6, 213 7, 335
Middle A tlantic....
5, 059 13, 460
111,839
205,815
5,051
4, 458 9, 469 11,612
6. 307 21,156 18.399 12,380 20, 762 10, 228 7,787
East North Central.
2, 911
24, 305
1, 582 3,954
1, 752
25, 306
2, 369
1,629
2,316
1, 712
1,246
1, 225
3,090
2. 147 3,055
West North Central.
5, 444
1, 142
1, 936
25, 237
24,181
1,752
1, 577
2, 780 4, 076
2, 199
1,357
3, 774 3,689 12, 340
2, 341
South Atlantic____
399
869
16,
084
109
1,938
28,
584
924
577
1,
552
3,
771
662
447
707
441
East South Central.
1,359
812
1,177
640
17, 192
647
18, 328
856
797
1,987
361
801
1,713
1, 026
2,033
2,258
West South Central.
361
1,
086
1,
208
5,
983
338
6,
103
709
4,
475
489
668
625
209
492
271
356
M o u n ta in ..._____
4, 215 4, 437
61,831
75, 629
4, 572 3, 105 3, 280 4. 214
9, 107 5, 954 8,178
8. 774
5, 269 5, 562 5, 587
Pacific___________
84,
291
75,
300
686.
346
63,181
53,
673
739,
912
124,
887
84,822
62,
400
64,
662
112,910
96,137 101,017
Commercial buildings •_ 93, 263 91, 247
2, 557
2, 765
28, 766
2, 219
1,647
30, 506
5,180
1,374
5, 105
4, 420 7, 481
2, 832
New E n g la n d ...__
4, 935
3,649 3, 487
121, 120 111,793
7, 149 9.319 12, 632 12, 519 15, 082
9, 739
Middle A tlantic.. . 16. 293 13, 096 16. 260 16, 237 21, 798 17, 039 14,338
144. 107
9, 555 25, 865 11, 778
155,535
East North Central. 22, 023 20, 176 26. 805 16,182 17, 706 35, 344 14, 945 12, 915 11, 075 16, 949
56. 056
43, 206
5, 278
2, 175 4, 495 4, 292 6, 048 7, 518
4,193
6, 808 10, 296 12,813
7, 928 8. 056 6, 699
West. North Central.
87, 085
6, 615 9, 246 8,102
99, 315
9, 166 11, 234 10, 470 7, 474
8, 977 21, 162 22, 294 12, 903 14,316 11,493
South A tlan tic___
2,106
26.
015
1,
466
2,
547
1,951
36. 535
2,
951
2,
885
2,017
3,
385
2, 782
3, 405
3, 514 3.083 3, 666
East South Central.
91, 771
93,132
9, 201 11, 829 9, 786 6, 437 8, 038 11, 800
9, 386
5. 715 12. 071 20, 558 10, 736 13,493 13, 347
West South Central.
2, 003
30.392
2,132
6, 441
1, 235
26, 161
3,186
4, 697
3,031
4, 204 10,471
3, 307
8. 080 3, 149 5, 095
Mountain . . . ____
101, 032
8,326 11, 029 14,144
137, 730
8, 778 10, 325
8, 600
12, 126 13, 162 15, 934 13, 906 14, 759 13, 201 16, 499
Pacific____ ______
84,
771
81,482
1,101.
141
83,808
105,
549
1,146.
507
114,991
71,
923
123,
702
119,
215
80,144
96, 029 100. 476 136, 250 102, 894
Community buildings
6, 750 8,306
78, 221
106, 079
2, 145 8, 001
1 230
9, 282 4,397
6, 649
8. 881
1, 561
7, 172 4, 541
8, 911
New England_____
13,811
193,
155
10,435
13,
951
30,392
167,869
9.
840
19.
593
16,
169
14, 509
Middle Àtlantic. .. 11,327 23, 349 9. 949 12, 890 14,607
227, 139 263, 047
East North Central. 17, 844 20. 252 46, 284 26, 956 25, 579 27.351 19,144 14, 396 18, 737 13, 746 18, 161 15, 764 20, 169
103,712
106, ORO
3, 247 12, 210 10, 105
9, 515 6, 189 9,416
11, 921
9, 697 18, 026 7. 136 17, 728 6,626 10,319
West North Central
115, 572
7,975
5, 155
9,315 11,386
142,405
7, 181 15, 302 9,082
South A tlan tic.___ 12, 070 8,913 15,814 13.360 15, 572 24, 538
6,
113
57.
008
5,
743
8,011
43. 328
3,918
4,977
1,
451
3,
575
2,
258
5,
83’
6
4, 500
5. 435 4, 406 1, 469
East South Central.
117, 264
124,350
8, 758 15, 499 12, 920 14, 414 10, 292
9, 063 11, 406 9, 009 8, 624 8, 428 6, 685
West South Central. 10, 209 11,011
3.
356
2,
540
34,
827
2,
541
52,160
7,
255
7,
515
3,
053
4.
718
621
3,800
3, ,371
4.877
9, 246 5,385
Mountain
174. 243
8, 599
141, 209
P acific______ _ . 16 681 13. 432 17, 792 10, 518 17,871 13. 605 34, 997 9, 290 10, 935 15, 053 17,453 11, 812 6,838
152, 537
109, 308
6,003 22, 739 10, 937 13, 720 5, 814 23, 037
3, 875
7, 087 4, 384 13, 700 13, 824 13,476
Public buildings *_____
13, 951
463
6, 421
350
70
4, 454
149
606
916
1, 294
67
0
20
420
711
New England. ___
165
1,342
19,
434
731
546
16, 242
51
609
40
1,
585
256
6,145
381
125
285
Middle Atlantic___
1,188
007
2, 222
15, 650
25, 332
1,638
1,133 17, 488
673
5, 467 5, 743
1,269
666
731
448
East North Central.
544
4, 246
603
682
2, 463
0
243
51
1, 502
332
452
502
467
606
285
West North Central.
1,212
814
2,499
16, 547
1, 926
18,147
189 1,812
1, 027
287
1,197
611
4,114
209
1, 227
South A tlan tic___
519
10, 841
248
50
0
305
480
125
639
419
105
175
44
55
0
East South Central
111
7,348
349
2,163
15,899
648
450 1,119
2,608
360
339
387
212
14
176
West South Central.
14, 480
184
451
520
281
4,101
0
289
419
320
5
307
906
506
96
M o u n ta in _______
286
405 11, 240
50, 035
7,458
22, 466
7,485
753 3, 302
2,850
1,912
1, 254 3, 484
790
1,718
Pacific___________
Public works and utility
9,889
7,919
135,
525
115,
708
8,740
14,313
7, 787 31, 547 11,482 12, 758 20, 819
13, 641 11,668 14,140 12,113
buildings 9 __ _____
359
6. 296
924
1, 260
344
8,801
379
1,716
4, 651
1,597
2,860
536
3, 632
143
567
New E n g la n d ..___
494
791
1,
413
23,
540
11,161
1,
477
345
1,
586
735
1,065
709
5, 335
1,112
1,301
1, 528
Middle Atlantic
661
33.612
1, 826
35, 028
5,019
2, 247
4, 611
2,314
1,700
605 7, 383
1,509
3, 904
2, 565 4,184
East North Central.
330
700
7, 618
226
9, 672
1, 465
376
1,840
778
351
573
614
1,174
1,363
418
West North Central
986
12, 736
939
420
9, 629
1, 287
3, 858
5,919
1,767
181
673 2, 541
1,602 2,078
1,156
South Atlantic ___
154
407
3,
720
312
410
1, 988
848
180
380
24
287
889
123
28
650
East South Central
19, 991
312
784
1, 002
246
11,058
662
812
1, 470
777 15, 505
654
3, 724
1,760
890
West South Central
444
3,
365
128
2, 094
257
340
20
312
120
128
44
951
74
462
1, 576
Mountain__
24, 648
7«2
416
5,105
26, 279
713
4, 260 6, 596
2,708
1, 258 2, 954
1,880
1,176
468
1,354
Pacific
209,
968
21,
595
21,
894
191,
227
12,969
13,
666
11,
736
18,620
8,
215
20,
334
25,316
22,
380
21, 607 26, 707
25, 226
Allother buildings 18__
1, 135
10, 599
2,052
10,044
781
681
252
292
537
1,372
1,631
fsJftw England
1,401
1, 193 1,297
1, 425
22
331
2,
077
18,
935
1,991
2,
260
1,
539
830
760
1,625
2,
097
1,937
1,987
2,766
2, 288
1,975
Middle Àltantlc .
65. 234
8, 020
59, 426
6, 753
3, 745
4,829
1, 547 2,364
2, 564
6, 806 p, 770
7, 296 8, 464 8, 612 8,077
Fast North Central.
19,839
3,108
18,
727
1,389
2,
007
582
447
1,
453
651
1,465
2,
758
1,635
1,
999
1,901
1, 609
West North Central.
19, 605
13, 320
931
1, 669
2,141
673
994
2, 206
1,300
1,277
1,384
1,763
5, 565 1,499
1,478
8outb Atlantic____
6,
497
467
429
6,
587
330
353
1,
447
778
385
671
383
1,349
599
1,060
1,872
East South Central.
1, 446
20, 573
2, 635
18,821
1,185
2,228
994
2,182
2,417
2, 046 2, 540
2,339
3, 218
2, 454
4, 096
West South Central.
12, 651
12, 726
583
2, 213
906
509
762
1,307
523
1, 158
2, 221
1,021
1,767
Mountain
1, 216
1,340
2,622
32, 638
32, 640
2,292
2, 761
2, 174
2,036
3, 470
3,077
3, 213 2,985
3,535
2,665
3, 093 3,004
Pacific___________
1 Building for which permits were issued and Federal contracts awarded
In all urban places, including an estimate of building undertaken in some
smaller urban places that do not issue permits. Sums of components do not
always equal totals exactly because of rounding.
» For scope and source of urban estimates, see table F-3, footnote 1.
* Preliminary.
« Revised.
1 Includes factories, navy yards, army ordnance plants, bakeries, ice plants,
Industrial warehouses, and other buildings at the site of these and similar
production plants.


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

• Includes amusement and recreation buildings, stores and other mercantile
buildings, commercial garages, gasoline and service stations, etc.
? Includes churches, hospitals, and other institutional buildings, schools,
libraries, etc.
s Includes Federal, State, county, and municipal buildings, such as
courthouses, city halls, fire and police stations, jails, prisons, arsenals,
armorie«, army barracks, etc.
• Includes railroad, bus and airport buildings,roundhouses,radiostations,
gas and electric plants, public comfort stations, etc.
10 Includes private garages, sheds, stables and barns, and other buildings
not elsewhere classified.

1392

F: BUILDING AND CONSTRUCTION

T able F -5 : N u m b er and construction cost of new p erm an en t nonfarm dwelling un its sta rte d , by
urb an or rural location, and by source of funds 1
Number of new dwelling units started
All units

Period

Privately financed

Total
non­
farm

Urban

Rural
non­
farm

1925----- ------- ------------------------1933 8________________________
1941 4_........- ............— ------------1944 3_____ ____ ------- -------------1946.----------------------- -------------1947.........- ........................................
1948_____ ____ - ------ --------------1949_____ ______ ______ - ...........
1950«________________________
1951............— ............. -...............1952_________________________

937,000
93,000
706,100
141, S00
670, 500
849, 000
931, 600
1,025,100
1, 396, 000
1, 091, 300
1,127,000

752,000
45, 000
434,300
96,200
403, 700
479, 800
524, 900
588, 800
827, 800
595, 300
609,600

1951: First quarter....................... .
January------- ------- —........
February________ ____
March_________ ______
Second q u a rte r---------------April--------------------- -----M ay____ _______ _____
June______ ______ - ........ .
Third quarter......... ............ .
Ju ly .................................. .
August______ __________
. September-------------------Fourth quarter___________
October. -------- -----------November_____________
December______________

260,300
85, 900
80, 600
03. 800
329, 700
96, 200
101, 000
132, 500
276, 000
90, 500
89,100
96, 400
225, 300
90, 000
74, 500
60,800

1952: First quarter ____________
January..... ............ ..........
February______________
M arch. --------- ------- -----Second quarter. ________
A pril....................................
M ay.................. ..................
Juno---------------------------Third quarter__ ________
Ju ly ............................... —.
A ugust........ .............. ......
September_____________
Fourth quarter.. ________
October_______________
Novem ber.___________
December........ ...................
1953: First quarter_____________
January__ ____ _______
February______________
March_________________
3econd quarter____________
April_________________
M ay__________ _____ _
June__ .. ___________
Third quarter 8__________
Ju ly »_________________
A u g u s t 8____________________

S e p te m b e r 3____ __________

Fourth Quarter......................
October8 _____________

Total
non­
farm

Estimated construction cost
(in thousands) >

Urban

Rural
non­
farm

Total
non­
farm

Urban

Rural
non­
farm

185,000
937, 000
48,000
93,000
271, 800
619, 500
45, 600
138, 700
266, 800
662, 500
369, 200
845, 600
406, 700
913, 500
436, 300
988, 800
568, 200 1, 352, 200
496, 000 1, 020, 100
517, 400 1,068, 500

752,000
45, 000
369, 500
93, 200
395, 700
476, 400
510, 000
558, 600
785, 600
531,300
554,600

185, 000
48,000
250, 000
45, 500
266, 800
369, 200
403, 500
432, 200
566, 600
48S, 800
513, 900

0
0
86, 600
3,100
8, 000
3, 400
18,100
36, 300
43, 800
71, 200
58, 500

0
0
64, 800
3, 000
8, 000
3, 400
14, 900
32, 200
42, 200
64, 000
55,000

0 $4, 475, 000 $4, 475,000
0
285, 446
285, 446
21, 800 2,826,192 2, 530, 765
100
496, 054
483, 231
0 3, 769. 767 3, 713, 776
0 5, 643, 436 5, 617, 425
3,200 7, 203, 119 7, 028' 980
4, 100 7, 702, 971 7, 374, 269
1, 600 11, 788, 595 11, 418, 371
7, 200 9, 800, 892 9, 186, 123
3, 500 10, 208, 983 9, 706, 276

147, 800
49, 600
47,000
51, 200
192, 000
51, 900
55, 400
84, 700
141, 200
45. 900
45, 900
49, 400
114, 300
44, 400
38, 500
31, 400

112, 500
36, 300
33, 600
42, 600
137, 700
44, 300
45,600
47, 800
134, 800
44, 600
43. 200
47, 000
111, 000
45, 600
36, 000
29, 400

248, 900
82, 200
76, 500
90, 200
280, 200
92,300
97, 600
90, 300
270, 400
86, 800
88, 300
95, 300
220, 600
88, 900
72, 200
59, 500

137, 200
46, 400
43, 200
47. 600
148. 500
48, 300
52, 300
47, 900
135, 700
42, 300
45,100
48, 300
109. 900
43, 400
36, 200
30, 300

111, 700
35, 800
33, 300
42, 600
131, 700
44, 000
45, 300
42, 400
134, 700
44, 500
43, 200
47, 000
110, 700
45, 500
36, 000
29, 200

11, 400
3, 700
4. 100
3, 600
49, 500
3,900
3, 400
42, 200
5,600
3, 700
800
1, 100
4,700
1. 100
2, 300
1,300

10, 600
3, 200
3, 800
3, 600
43, 500
3,600
3,100
36, 800
5, 500
3, 600
800
1, 100
4, 400
1,000
2, 300
1,100

800
500
300
(7)
6, 000
300
300
5, 400
100
100
0

246, 500
64,900
77, 700
103, 900
319, 300
106, 200
109.600
103, 500
302, 500
102. 600
99. 100
100.800
258, 700
101,100
86, 100
71, 500

137, 400
36, 100
42, 800
58, 500
175,800
59, 000
60, 700
56. 100
156, 000
52, 400
50, 800
52,800
140, 400
53, 800
46. 000
40,600

109,100
28, 800
34, 900
45, 400
143, 500
47, 200
48, 900
47, 400
146, 500
50, 200
48. 300
48, 000
118, 300
47,300
40, 100
30, 900

226,800
61,400
74, 300
91, 100
294,900
97, 000
101, 000
96, 900
297, 700
101, 100
97, 400
99, 200
249,100
99, 200
82, 300
67,600

119,100
32, 800
39, 700
46, 600
152, 700
50, 400
52, 400
49, 900
151,600
50, 900
49. 400
51, 300
131, 200
52,100
42, 300
36,800

107, 700
28, 600
34, 600
44, 500
142, 200
46, 600
48, 600
47,000
146, 100
50, 200
48. 000
47, 900
117, 900
47, 100
40, 000
30, 800

19, 700
3, 500
3,400
12, 800
24, 400
9,200
8, 600
6,600
4,800
1, 500
1. 700
1,600
9. 600
1,900
3, 800
3,900

18, 300
3,300
3, 100
11, 900
23,100
8,600
8, 300
6, 200
4, 400
1, 500
1, 400
1, 500
9, 200
1,700
3, 700
3,800

257. 100
72, 100
79, 200
105,800
324, 300
111,400
108, 300
104, 600
282, 700
96, 700
94. 000
92, 000

140, 600
38, 400
43, 100
59. 100
165,900
57, 400
55, 200
53,300

116, 500
33, 700
36.100
46, 700
158, 400
54,000
53,100
51,300

238,100

123,800
35, 400
38, 600
49, 800
158, 000
54,100
52, 500
51, 400

114, 300
32. 800
35, 200
46. 300
157, 000
53, 300
53,100
50. 600

16, 800
3,000
4, 500
9. 300
7, 900
3, 300
2, 700
1,900

48,100

48, 600

47,800

48, 600

19,000
3, 900
5, 400
9, 700
9,300
4.000
2, 700
2. 600
4,300
300

88, 000

(10)
(i°)

(>°)

68, 200

(10)
(10)

73, 800
96,100
315,000
107, 400
105, 600
102,000
278,400
96, 400
93.000
89,000

0°)

88,000

i T h e e s ti m a t e s s h o w n h e r e d o n o t in c lu d e t e m p o r a r y u n i t s , c o n v e rs io n s ,
d o r m i to r y a c c o m m o d a tio n * , tr a ile r s , o r m i lit a r y b a r r a c k s . T h e y d o in c lu d e
p r e l a b r ic a te d h o u s in g u n it s .
T h e s e e s ti m a t e s a re b a s e d o n b u il d in g - p e r m it r e c o rd s , w h ic h , b e g in n in g
w ith 1945, h a v e b e e n a d j u s t e d for la p s e d p e r m its a n d for la g b e tw e e n p e r m it
is s u a n c e a n d s t a r t of c o n s tr u c tio n . T h e y a re b a s e d a lso o n r e p o r ts of F e d e r a l
c o n s tr u c tio n c o n t r a c t a w a r d s a n d b e g in n in g in 1946 o n field s u r v e y s in n o n ­
p e r m it- is s u in g p la c e s. T h e d a t a in th i s ta b le re fe r to n o n f a r m d w e llin g u n it s
s t a r t e d , a n d n o t to u r b a n d w e llin g u n it s a u t h o r iz e d , a s s h o w n in ta b le F - 3 .
A ll of th e s e e s ti m a t e s c o n t a in s o m e e rro r. F o r e x a m p le , if th e e s ti m a t e
o f n o n f a r m s t a r t s is 50,006, th e c h a n c e s a re a b o u t 19 o u t o f 20 t h a t a n a c tu a l
© n u m e r a tio n w o u ld p r o d u c e a fig u re b e tw e e n 48,000 a n d 52,000.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

Publicly financed

(i )
(10)

(10)
(10)

(10)

(10)

1,000

3, 000
(0

300

Total

Privately
financed

Publicly
financed
o
o
$295, 427
12 823
55 991
26,011
174, 139
328, 702
370 224
614 769
502! 707

200

2, 293, 974
755, 600
716, 629
821, 745
2, 964, 810
866, 652
922, 661
1,175, 497
2, 527, 033
827, 173
804,317
895, 543
2,015; 075
806, 955
672, 078
536, 042

2,191, 489
' 721, 014
681, 607
788, 868
2, 549, 238
828, 339
895, 309
825', 590
2, 472, 196
791, 783
795, 624
884^ 789
1, 973, 200
' 796’ 682
650, 660
525, 858

102, 485
34, 586
35 022
32 R77
415 572
38 313
27, 352
349 907
54] 837
35 390
a 693
10, 754
41 R7.R
10i 273
21,418
10,184

1, 400
200
300
900
1,300
600
300
400
400
(’)
300
100
400
200
100
100

2,167,659
566, 665
682, 895
918,099
2,920, 186
949, 001
1, 006, 552
964, 633
2, 761,316
945, 587
895, 675
920, 054
2, 359, 822
928,677
785, 969
645,176

2,006,918
' 537,697
654, 631
814, 590
2, 705, 653
874, 524
926,803
904, 326
2, 718, 369
931, 214
882, 446
904, 709
2, 275,' 336
910, 701
751, 664
612, 971

160 741
28 968
28^ 264
103, 509
214, 533
74 477
79 749

2,200
'900
900
400
1,400
' 700
(7)
700

2, 346, 213
641, 703
720, 234
984, 276
3, 083, 256
1,057,899
1,027, 221
998,136
2, 741, 780
941, 943
904, 778
895,059 ,

2,183, 710
610! 344
674, 399
898| 967
3, 000,120
1,022. 836
l ’, 001, 693
975, 591
2, 703,441
938, 871
895, 598
868! 972

162, 503
31, 359
45, 835
85, 309
83,136
35, 063
25 528
22, 545

C)

300
100

C)

(7)

(10)
(10)

(10)
(10)

(10)

(10)

(10)

(.0)

60 307
4 2 ’ 947

14, 373
13 79Q
15, 345
84, 486
17, W
34,305
32, 205

C
o
,0
0
*7

3,072
9,180
26,087
(10)

1 P r i v a t e c o n s tr u c tio n c o s ts a re b a s e d o n p e r m it v a lu a tio n , a d j u s t e d f o r
u n d e r s t a t e m e n t of c o s ts s h o w n o n p e r m i t a p p lic a tio n s . P u b lic c o n s tr u c ­
ti o n c o s ts a re b a s e d o n c o n t r a c t v a lu e s o r e s ti m a t e d c o n s tr u c tio n c o s ts f o r
in d i v id u a l p ro je c ts .
3 D e p r e s s io n , lo w y e a r.
4 R e c o v e r y p e a k y e a r p r io r to w a r ti m e l i m it a ti o n s ,
• L a s t fu ll y e a r u n d e r w a r ti m e c o n tr o l.
4 H o u s in g p e a k y e a r.
t L e ss t h a n 50 u n its .
8 P r e li m in a r y .
* R e v is e d .
10 N o t a v a ila b le .

U. S . G O V E R N M E N T P R I N T I N G O F F I C E ! I 9 S 3