Full text of Monthly Labor Review : December 1951, Vol. 73, No. 6
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Monthly
Labor
Review p
LIBRARY
D E C E M B E R 1951 VOL. 73 N O .
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Co-determination in Western Germany
New Rental Housing Characteristics in 9 Areas
Aircraft Agreements and Collective Bargaining
U N I T E D STATES D E P A R T M E N T OF L AB O R
Maurice J. Tobin, Secretary
B U R E A U OF L A B O R S T A T I S T I C S
\
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR
M aurice J. Tobin, Secretary
BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS
E w an C laque,
Commissioner
A r y n e s s J o y W ic k e n s ,
Deputy Commissioner
Assistant Commissioners
H erm an
B.
B yer
H e n r y J . F it z g e r a l d
C harles D . S tew art
Chief Statistician
S a m u e l W e is s
H . M . D outy, Chief, Division of Wages and Industrial Relations
W. D uane E vans, Chief, Division of Interindustry Economics
E dward D . H ollander, Chief, Division of Prices and Cost of Living
R ichard F. J ones, Chief, Division of Administrative Services
W alter G. K eim , Chief, Division of Field Service
H ersey E. R iley , Chief, Division of Construction Statistics
Samuel H. T hompson, Chief, Division of Productivity and Technological Developments
F aith M . W iu u m s , Chief, Division of Foreign Labor Conditions
S eymour L. W olfbein , Chief, D ivision of Manpower and Employment Statistics
P aul R . K erschbaum, Chief, Office of Program Planning
B oris Stern , Special Assistant to the Commissioner
M orris W eisz, Special Assistant to the Commissioner
R e g i o n s a n d D ir e c t o r s
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Monthly Labor Review
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR • BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS
*
L a w r e n c e R . K l e in ,
Chief, Office of Publications
CONTENTS
Special A
649
657
664
669
Co-determination in Western Germany
New Rental Housing Characteristics in Nine Areas
Collective Bargaining and Agreements in the Aircraft Industry
The 13th Annual CIO Convention
Summaries of Studies and Reports
672
675
680
682
682
687
690
692
694
695
699
702
703
705
706
Manpower Requirements in the Machine-Tool Industry
Paperboard-Container-Industry Work-Injury Rates, 1938-50
Use of Training in Reducing Industrial Accidents
Union Security Amendments to the Taft-Hartley Act
State Labor Legislation in 1951
Legislative Changes in State Minimum-Wage Laws
Exemptions from State Labor Law in New York Defense Indus
tries
1951 Conventions of Canadian Labor Federations
Rise in National Product and Real Income, 1929-50
Retirement and Employment Problems of the Older Worker
Some Observations of Labor on Retirement Security
Earnings in Ferrous Foundries, June 1951
Earnings in the Photographic and Blueprinting Industry
Earnings in the Manufacture of Tobacco Products, May 1951
General Wage Regulation 17; Ceiling Price Regulations 78-90
Departments
III
708
712
714
718
725
The Labor Month in Review
Recent Decisions of Interest to Labor
Chronology of Recent Labor Events
Developments in Industrial Relations
Publications of Labor Interest
Current Labor Statistics (list of tables)
December 1951 • VoL 73 • No. 6
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This Issue in B rief.. .
M it b e s t im m u n g is a rather long German word—
almost as long as its English translation, which is
co-determination. Specifically, it refers to C o
d e t e r m in a t io n in W e s t e r n G er m a n y (p. 649).
Co-determination itself is a somewhat nondescriptive English word meaning labor participa
tion in managerial decisions. A recent West
German statute provides for such participation in
the mining and steel industries, and it is the aim
of the free German labor movement to broaden the
industrial scope of the law. Whether co-deter
mination is in reality a sort of back-door socialism,
or a form of syndicalism, or a manifestation of in
dustrial democracy is a matter which has been and
still is a subject for vigorous debate, both inside
Germany and elsewhere. The lead article in this
issue objectively discusses co-determination in
terms of its roots, its operation, its significance,
and its prospects.
In the United States, except for some of the
top echelons of trade-union leadership, there is
hardly more than a polite interest in co-determi
nation in the ranks of labor. There is no do
mestic disposition to experiment with it. During
World War II, even the operation of joint labormanagement production committees on a volun
tary basis never won widespread and enthusiastic
acceptance. Traditionally, the American worker
has relied on collective bargaining rather than
legislation to determine labor-management bound
aries. This approach obtains in both new in
dustries and old. A classic example of what has
developed in the latter is found in C o l l e c t iv e
B a r g a in in g and A g r e e m e n t s in t h e A ir c r a ft
I n d u str y (p. 664). In this study of 26 plants in
which labor-management contracts exist more
than 200,000 workers are covered. The agree
ments typically apply to seniority, rates of pay,
ii
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job evaluation (with union review), premium pay,
vacations with pay (this for all workers covered),
paid holidays (at least six), sick leave with pay
(three out of four get some). Also generally pro
vided are various benefit plans, including health
and life insurance and retirement, variously
financed. Most of the contracts have clauses cover
ing work hazards. About half the workers covered
are under provisions setting up standing labormanagement committees as part of the grievance
procedure. The Machinists (AFL) had contracts
covering nearly two-thirds of the workers; the
UAW-CIO had most of the remainder.
O n e of t h e e f f e c t s of in creased p ro d u c tio n in th e
a irc ra ft in d u s try (em p lo y m en t h a s rise n a b o u t
100.000 in a year) is increased M a n p o w e r R e
q u ir e m e n t s in t h e M a c h in e - T ool I nd u stry
(p. 672). It is estimated that 36,000 more men
will be added by late 1952. These will include
5.000 skilled machine operators, 1,100 foremen, 400
tool and die makers, and 500 mechanical engineers.
Rental housing is a vital factor in a situation of
expanding production and the mobility of man
power. The study of N e w R e n t a l H o u sin g
C h a r a c t e r ist ic s in 9 A r ea s (p. 657) reflects the
Nation-wide tendency to build for sale rather than
for rent. Less than 2 percent of recently built
single-family houses were for rent. And consider
ing all kinds of new rental units in the nine cities,
between the last half of 1949 and the first quarter
of 1951, units renting for $90 a month and over
rose from 42 to 48 percent of the totals completed
in the respective periods.
Although the American labor movement, as
indicated above, does not seek a managerial role
via legislation, it was active in the busy year spent
by State legislatures passing other types of S tate
L abo r L e g is l a t io n in 1951 (p. 682) and in effect
ing L e g is l a t iv e C h a n g e s in S ta te M in im u m W a g e L aw s (p. 687). Most of the changes
involved workmen’s compensation. Other amend
ments of significance were relaxations of laws
(mainly affecting hours of work for women and
minors) during the period of military preparedness.
Labor Month
in Review
boards created to study cases
affecting railroad workers and the carriers, and
the start of bargaining sessions for new contracts
between the CIO Steelworkers and major steel
producers were the chief labor-management devel
opments of the month Instructions to Com
munist agents to infiltrate unions and instigate
wildcat strikes met with prompt countermeasures
and warnings by leaders of American labor.
E m e r g en c y
Railway Emergency Boards
Representatives of the Locomotive Firemen and
Enginemen (Ind.)—appearing before the Presi
dential Emergency Board appointed to investigate
the long-standing dispute between the union and
the Nation’s carriers—refused to present their case
to the Board after alleging that two of the three
board members did not come to the hearing with
open minds. The Board proceeded to hear the
arguments of the carrier’s representatives after
the Firemen’s spokesmen had withdrawn. The
Emergency Board had been named by President
Truman after the union had issued a strike notice
last month. The union seeks a 40-hour week for
yard-service employees with no loss in pay, an
“adequate” wage increase, and certain rules
changes.
The Locomotive Engineers (Ind.), who have not
yet had an emergency board during the current
40-hour-wages movement, requested that one be
named without posting a strike notice.
The Pullman conductors were voting on the
report of their board, which had recommended a
wage increase of $37.95 a month in contrast to the
$90 they had requested; rejection was urged by
Order of Railway Conductors (Ind.) officials in
submitting this report to local chairmen.
The union-shop dispute between 17 nonoperat
ing unions and some 400 railroads was presented
to ¡still another Emergency Board which started
hearings in Chicago. Management representa
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tives forced its appointment by walking out on
Mediation Board efforts to settle this issue.
Steel Negotiations
“Substantial” wage increases headed the list of
22 “improvements” laid before the management
of U. S. Steel Corp. and other producers in the basicsteel industry by the CIO Steelworkers as a
preliminary to negotiations which opened during
the month. Contracts covering some 600,000
steelworkers expire December 31.
Both union and management spokesmen debated
their case in public well ahead of actual negotia
tions. Benjamin F. Fairless, president of U. S.
Steel Corp., declared: “For every cent that the
basic wage is now boosted, . . . we must add
$20 million to the price of the products we sell.”
While the union argued that the steel industry
should agree to higher wages, union spokesmen
alleged that WSB limitations precluded a “satis
factory” wage adjustment. “We’re not going to
pierce the Wage Stabilization Board formula.
We’re not going to bend it,” Joseph Molony, the
union’s chief negotiator with Bethlehem Steel
declared. “We’re going to break it.” Two top
officials of the Federal Mediation and Conciliation
Service went to Pittsburgh as negotiations between
U. S. Steel and the union approached a stalemate
and talk of strike preparations were heard.
A study prepared by the Bureau of Labor
Statistics showed that the average plant worker in
basic steel earns $1.79 hourly (excluding overtime
premium pay but including shift differentials).
Wage Stabilization Policies
The Wage Stabilization Board unanimously
adopted an “equal pay for equal work” resolution
to foster maximum defense production and to pro
mote sound working relations. The Board recom
mended to ESA Director Putnam that health and
welfare plans, up to certain standards, be exempted
from wage stabilization regulations. Consideration
continued on three policy issues on which no
decision had been reached: A wage stabilization
policy to compensate for increases in productivity
(annual-improvement factors); the place of pen
sion plans in the stabilization program; and policy
dealing with pay of workers on commission.
Wage rates can be raised to correct intraplant
inequities, WSB ruled, but in no case can an
m
IV
LABOR MONTH IN REVIEW
individual employee’s wage be raised more than
10 cents an hour for this purpose.
A resolution adopted by the Board provides for
installation of new incentive wage plans or
amendment of incentive plans already operating.
To be approved, a plan must offer incentive-rated
workers 15 percent above the day or hourly rate
for a job. Labor members of WSB did not sup
port this resolution.
Application of the WSB cost-of-living and other
wage and salary stabilization regulations to rail
road and airline employees was announced by the
Railroad and Airline Wage Board. The Salary
Stabilization Board ruled that salaries of super
visory and management personnel can be increased
in relation to wage adjustments approved by
WSB for production workers.
The flexibility of existing WSB regulations was
demonstrated in the approval given to the recently
negotiated contracts of the CIO Rubber Workers
and the “Big 4” rubber companies. A 13-centan-hour increase was approved by application of
Regulations 6 (6 cents), 8 (6 cents), and 13
(1 cent).
Infiltration and Sabotage
The leadership of the Soviet-dominated World
Federation of Trade Unions openly proclaimed a
policy of infiltrating trade-unions throughout the
world in order to sabotage western rearmament.
Benoit Frachon, a French member of the WFTU
executive committee, laid down this “line” before
200 affiliated union leaders in the Russian zone of
Berlin. Communist agents were instructed to
work themselves into strategic unions where they
are to agitate for wildcat strikes.
M. Frachon praised a series of strikes in the
free world as helpful to the WFTU struggle
against rearmament. He cited the recent East
Coast longshore strike as a good example from
the Communist viewpoint; his statement was
denied promptly by J. J. Sampson, New York
insurgent waterfront leader, who asserted that his
men have frequently refused to load ships with
cargo destined for points behind the Iron Curtain.
Shortly after the WFTU endorsement of wild
cat strikes, John L. Lewis issued a sharp order to
Mine Workers’ locals barring use of the wildcat
tactic. William Green warned AFL unionists
against Communist infiltration as well as “Red”
efforts to involve unions in “phony campaigns.”
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James B. Carey of the CIO Electrical Workers
renewed his charges that Communist influence was
still strong in the United Electrical Workers (Ind.)
which holds contracts in many plants in the vital
electrical manufacturing industry. The AFL
Seafarers and Teamsters joined hands in an effort
to remove the influence of Harry Bridges’ Long
shore and Warehousemen from the West Coast,
Alaska, and Hawaii.
Communist influence is still strong in several
American unions, according to Senator Hum
phrey’s Labor-Management Relations Subcom
mittee, which published the text of findings that
resulted in expulsion of 11 unions charged with
Communist domination from the CIO. Hearings
on continued Communist influence in the labor
movement were announced.
Senator McCarran’s Subcommittee on Internal
Security reported that a Communist-dominated
independent union of Dining Car and Railroad
Food Workers, having contractual relations with
the Pennsylvania Railroad and members em
ployed by 10 other lines, is a potential Communist
courier system. Contacts maintained by leaders
of the group with centers of Communist influence
in New York and California were cited.
Meanwhile the Communists’ grip on another
segment of American labor appeared to be slipping.
Anguished protests appeared in the “Daily
Worker” after a group of party-line officers of the
Distributive, Processing, and Office Workers
(Ind.) were removed from their posts. In addi
tion, leaders of District 65, New York department
store stronghold of DPOWA, for the first time,
took issue with Communist policy within the
union.
Economic Briefs
The consumers’ price index for October 15
reached 187.4 (1935-39=100), 10.1 percent above
June 1950 (pre-Korea) and 6.7 percent above
October 1950. The 0.4-percent increase during
the month, which raised the old series index to
187.8 brought escalated wage increases to over a
million automobile workers.
The number of employees in industry, com
merce, and government stood at a record high for
the season, 46.8 million. Reductions in consumergoods manufacture reduced employment of pro
duction workers 150,000 below the October 1950
figure.
Co-determination in Western Germany
The Provisions of the Law on Labor Participation
in Management in the Steel and Mining Industries
and the Inherent Problems and Prospects
Oscar W eigert *
in Western Germany of a federal law
establishing a partnership (legally called “co-deter
mination”) between labor and management in
mining and iron and steel producing enterprises 1
has met with unusual interest, both abroad and
in the United States. This interest is caused by
the fundamental nature of the issues involved,
and also by the fact that the law put labor’s pro
gram for a “new economic order” into effect in at
least one significant economic sector. Protests
were raised against the enactment by some Euro
pean governments and by representatives of
American business; these protests were countered
by the Free Trade Union Committee of the
American Federation of Labor, the Congress of
Industrial Organizations, and the International
Confederation of Free Trade Unions.
The West German trade-unions continue to
press their demand for co-determination on an
industrial and Nation-wide level in other branches
of the economy. Success or failure of this sweep
ing program may largely depend upon the expe
rience gained in the implementation of the coal
and steel law which is now under way.
It is therefore useful to review the antecedents
of this law, to examine closely its essential provi
sions, to analyze labor’s general program of a
“new economic order” and the arguments of its
advocates and opponents, and to indicate some
of the economic and social problems likely to
arise in the course of this movement.
A d o pt io n
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Antecedents of the New Legislation
The new law is a lineal descendant of a broad
scheme of “ economic democracy,” embodied 30
years ago in the Weimar Constitution, under
which “ wage earners and white-collar workers
should cooperate on equal terms with entrepre
neurs in the entire economic development of the
productive forces.” Students of this era attribute
the general failure of its purpose both to the
unwillingness of German industry to accept labor
as a partner in economic controls and to the tradeunions’ lack of aggressiveness and trained person
nel.2 Whatever was achieved disappeared in the
political and economic holocaust under the Nazi
regime.
Programs of labor participation in the manage
ment field were revived early in the new West
German democracy. They appeared first in state
constitutions and in state laws on works councils,
somewhat after the Weimar pattern, but with a
tendency toward a stronger council share in deci
sions.3 However, the ultimate aim of the unions
was sighted on a target of broader dimensions than
that of the early twenties.
From the beginning of its existence the new
German trade-union movement put much of its
emphasis upon “ economic democracy.” Although
strongly anti-Communist and under continuous
attack from Communists within and outside West
Germany, the movement seeks fundamental
649
650
CO-DETERMINATION IN WESTERN GERMANY
changes in the economic system that would be
acceptable to its Socialist, Christian, and politi
cally neutral members. Its official spokesmen
have frankly stated that the trade-unions will be
satisfied with nothing less than a socio-economic
system under which labor in the economic process
would be “ not only a cost factor, but a human
being; not a subject, but an equal.” 4
In their first public demonstration, the general
work stoppage of November 12, 1948, the unions
called for “ democratization of the economy and
full co-determination of the trade-unions in all
organs of economic control.” Co-determination
was one of the four “ basic demands” announced a
year later by the founding convention of the West
German Trade Union Federation (DGB). In
May 1950, the DGB published a draft of a bill for
the “ creation of a new order in the German
economy”: a program of labor-management part
nership in the operation of individual enterprises
in all branches of the economy, and in economic
controls on the district, “ Land,” and national
level, through bipartite “ economic chambers” and
“ economic councils.”
The union’s drive for a “new economic order”
was supported by the Social Democratic Party,
the labor elements in the Christian Democratic
Party (the leading party in the government coali
tion), and by influential church groups such as the
German Catholic Convention (Deutscher Katholikentag) and the Congress of the German Protestant
Church.5
German management, following the collapse of
the imperial regime in 1918, had largely by force of
circumstance agreed to cooperate with the unions
“for the solution of all economic and social prob
lems . . . ” Yet both parties became disillu
sioned with the practical results of the program
upon which they had embarked. The Agreement
of November 1918 had become virtually inopera
tive by 1923.
A quarter of a century later, the representatives
for German management indicated their regret
for the failure of the program and their desire
under the new democracy to give it another try.
During the first half of 1950, negotiations con
ducted with the blessing of the federal government
seemed near final agreement but in the end broke
down.
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MONTHLY LABOR
Thus, by default, the matter was brought into
Parliament in the autumn of 1950. Discussion on
several bills calling for co-determination in vary
ing degrees of completeness were interrupted by
the legislation on coal and steel. Subsequently, a
bill involving co-determination for the railroads,
although not to the degree requested by the tradeunions, was passed by the Lower House but failed
of passage in the Upper House. During autumn
1951, labor’s whole program of “a new order” was
the subject of continuous discussion between gov
ernment and trade-union leaders.
Co-determination in Coal and Steel
At the end of 1950, it became apparent that the
“déconcentration and reorganization” of the West
German coal and steel industries were approaching
completion and that these industries might be
subjected to new controls by the Schuman Plan.6
At the beginning of the Occupation, the British
authorities had given the steel workers and miners
in the Ruhr an important part in managerial deci
sions. Labor wanted to maintain this role, and, as
far as mining was concerned, expand it when the
powers, which had been vested in the Allied au
thorities since 1945, were transferred to the Ger
man government or to inter-European agencies.
The DGB’s sustained drive for federal legislation
on co-determination for all industry had not yet
been successful. The unions, therefore, for the
time being concentrated their efforts on demand
ing immediate federal legislation providing co
determination in coal and steel.
Labor’s drive took dramatic forms early in 1951
when industry-wide strikes were authorized for
February 1 by the metal workers’ and miners’
unions. The DGB and its other affiliates promised
full cooperation. A few days before the date set
for the strike, an agreement was reached between
managerial experts appointed by the federal chan
cellor and the DGB and the two unions immedi
ately concerned.7 Its main terms were incorpo
rated by the administration in a bill which passed
the Parliament, after extensive and frequently
stormy discussions in the Lower House, and with
substantial amendments, based on a compromise
between Christian Democrats and Social Demo
crats. The law goes into effect at varying dates
REVIEW, DECEMBER 1951
CO-DETERMINATION IN WESTERN GERMANY
up to December 31, 1951, for different types of
corporations.
The General Character of the Law
In accordance with labor’s demands and with
the tenor of the coal and steel agreement, the law
for these two industries largely follows the pattern
of labor participation originally established by the
British Occupation authorities for the 24 corpora
tions which, under Allied control, have adminis
tered the steel-producing plants of the Ruhr since
1946.8 This pattern has been extended by the
new law to the mining industry (where labor par
ticipation had been less extensive) and to some
closely allied industries, such as coking and bri
quetting. As a rule, only corporations with at
least 1,000 employees are covered. Labor’s pro
posals for the coverage of smaller enterprises in
coal and steel—a matter of principle rather than
of practical importance—found no majority sup
port in the Parliament.
Labor’s influence upon management under the
co-determination bill will be channelled through
two institutions, prescribed by German law for
joint stock companies and similar corporations:
the Aufsichtsrat (supervisory board) 9 and the
Vorstand (board of managers). The new law
carries no provisions defining special authority
and functions for these two bodies. The board
of managers is responsible for the operation of the
enterprise, subject to constant control by the
supervisory board and to an annual review at the
stockholders’ meeting. The supervisory board is
conceived by the law primarily as an organ of
control. The company’s bylaws may, however,
prescribe that “ special categories of business oper
ations need the consent of the board,” and the
board itself may establish this condition. In car
rying out its controlling functions, for which no
limits are set in the law, the board may formulate
policies which the board of managers will in gen
eral have to accept. Most important in this con
nection is the fact that members of the board of
managers are not only appointed by the super
visory board but can be removed at any time for
an important cause. Under the new law, the
stockholders retain their right to elect the super
visory board, although their freedom of choice is
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651
greatly curtailed in the election of the labor mem
bers and an “ additional” impartial member.
Nothing is said in the law about the influence
which its provisions have upon rights of co
determination given to the works councils (elected
bodies representing the personnel, organized or
nonorganized, of all German production units,
including steel plants and coal mines) under other
statutes and collective agreements. Among these
are the right to send representatives purely for
information into meetings of supervisory boards
or to participate in the management’s decisions on
personnel and welfare matters. German jurists
assume that these rights will be preserved so far
as they are not contradictory to the new law.
Composition of the Supervisory Board
The main body of the co-determination law
deals with the composition of the supervisory
board. The law tries to reconcile the demand for
influential labor participation with the protection
of the stockholders and the requirements of
efficient management. The board consists of two
groups of equal size (normally five members each),
representing the stockholders and workers, plus
an “ additional” member, popularly called “ the
eleventh man.” This “ additional” member must
have no economic ties with the enterprise, nor be
active in it as an employer or employee, nor may
he represent an employers’ or labor organization.
The same conditions apply also to one of the five
members of each group. While these “ additional”
members within the two groups are selected in the
same way as the other members of their groups,
the one by the shareholders, the other by labor,
the “ eleventh man” is chosen in a bipartite pro
cedure in most cases.
All members of the supervisory board have,
according to an explicit provision of the law, equal
rights and duties (whose definition is left to the
corporation law), and they are legally “not bound
by mandate or instruction.” Yet the labor mem
bers of the board are recognized by the law as
mandatories of the organizations by which they
were nominated; they can be recalled only on the
request of these organizations. Thus, they have
to combine two loyalties, one to the enterprise,
the other to the people whom they represent.
652
CO-DETERMINATION IN WESTERN GERMANY
Nomination of the Labor Group
In regulating the membership of the labor group
and ordering the procedure for its nomination, the
law dealt with issues which had been extensively
debated in connection with earlier bipartite nego
tiations on a universal co-determination bill.
Should “outsiders”—particularly representatives
of the trade-unions and their confederations—or
only persons employed by the enterprise be ad
mitted to the supervisory board? Should nomina
tions be made by the works councils, as the
statutory bodies representing all employees, by
the industrial trade-unions, or by the DGB? How
can nonqualified or subversive labor representa
tives be eliminated? How much freedom to reject
a nomination or to make a proposal of its own
should be left to the stockholders’ meeting? These
questions were settled in the final reading of the
bill by a compromise which provided that:
(1) Two of the labor representatives—one a
manual and the other a white-collar worker—
must be employed by the enterprise. Both must
be nominated by the works councils after con
sultation with the trade-unions and their confeder
ations represented in the enterprise. The tradeunion confederation may object to these choices
“if there is reason to suspect that a nominee cannot
be expected to cooperate in full responsibility with
the other members of the board for the welfare of
the enterprise and of the national economy.”
The federal Minister of Labor has the final decision
in case of a veto.
(2) Two other labor representatives, who may
or may not be employees of the enterprise, are
nominated by the trade-union confederation after
consultation with the trade-unions and the works
councils. The fifth “additional” member of the
labor group is nominated in the same way and
cannot be an employee of the enterprise.
(3) Although the stockholders’ meeting can only
elect labor members nominated according to these
rules, it may refuse to elect them; in this case a
compromise between a majority in the meeting and
the nominating labor organizations is required.
The Supervisory Board’s Impartial Member
Throughout all the discussions on labor co
determination, one of the primary questions has
been how to handle the stalemates inevitable to
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MONTHLY LABOR
bipartite groups of equal size. The device used in
various “Land” laws on works councils and in the
several co-determination bills is to refer the deci
sion in such cases to a semi judicial body outside
the enterprise. This device has been rejected with
particular emphasis by management. The steel
and coal bill tries to achieve the same objective by
providing for the election of an eleventh and
impartial member who in effect can resolve evenly
contested issues.
How to select this “eleventh man” has been
the most disputed issue in parliamentary discus
sions. The final, very complicated compromise
tries to assure a solution by a bipartite agreement
but allows the stockholders a substantial amount
of discretion. While obliged by the law to elect
a person proposed by a qualified majority of the
supervisory board, they cannot be compelled to
do so; if no valid proposal is made, the stock
holders’ meeting is free to choose. In spite of the
influence which the stockholders’ meeting has in
the choice of the “eleventh man” it cannot remove
him; that is left to a local court which can act
only for an important cause and on the request
of at least three members of the supervisory board.
The “ Labor Director”
In accordance with the pattern established by
the British in the coal and steel industries, the
law for all industries does not prescribe any formal
representation of labor on the board of managers.
Instead, it provides that in every enterprise this
board must include a “labor director” (Arbeitsdirektor) as a member in full standing, without
defining his functions in detail. Labor’s special
relationship to the “labor director” is recognized
by the provision that his appointment and removal
can be vetoed by the majority of the labor group
in the supervisory board. Personnel management
and the cultivation of satisfactory industrial rela
tions within the enterprise have, on the whole,
received less attention in Germany than in this
country. The inclusion of labor specialists on the
managerial boards of the steel-producing enter
prises under Allied control has been praised as a
valuable innovation by West German labor.
Speakers for management have disapproved legal
intervention in this matter but have recognized
the need to improve the status and influence of
personnel directors in major enterprises.
REVIEW, DECEMBER 1951
CO-DETERMINATION IN WESTERN GERMANY
653
Practical Application of Co-determination
Program for a “ New Economic Order”
While the law on co-determination in coal and
steel has not yet moved into the stage of practical
experience, its implementation is under way, at
least in the steel industry, and has already raised
some serious problems.10 In accordance with
Allied Law 27, new steel corporations have been
formed since July 1951; the assets of former Ruhr
concerns are being transferred to these companies.
Under the co-determination law, the members of
the bipartite supervisory boards for these cor
porations should have been elected within 2
months after their formation. No stockholders
meetings have been called, however, because the
stocks have not yet been, transferred to their
future owners. In the interim, managers, fre
quently former employees of the liquidated con
cerns, were appointed as trustees. The DGB has
complained about a tendency of these trustees to
choose persons close to the managerial side as the
impartial “eleventh man” and in this way to
“sabotage” the balance between stockholders and
labor.
At the same time, the unions have protested
against an Allied decision—with which the German
federal administration concurred—to compensate
the stockholders of the former concerns by issuing
them shares of the new companies. Although the
High Commission in announcing this move empha
sized that the definite decision on ownership will
remain with the West German government, the
unions insist that this decision is being prejudiced
by the Allied action, and that this action may
compel them to request the immediate nationaliza
tion of coal and steel.
How grave a view the DGB takes of these de
velopments is indicated by a resolution of its
executive board on July 24, 1951. The board
threatened that the DGB would suspend its
collaboration in all German bodies dealing with
problems of economic policy if the co-determin
ation law in the coal and steel industries was not
carried out according to its intent and if the shares
of the new corporations were handed out to the
former stockholders. These issues, together with
other demands presented in the board’s resolutions,
were the subject of negotiations between the
federal government and trade-unions during the
autumn of 1951.
The pattern of labor participation established in
coal and steel by the British authorities and used
in the new legislation had been incorporated in the
DGB proposals for a “new economic order” and
in the draft of a bill published in May 1950 by the
trade-unions.11 This bill, however, covered a much
broader field than that of the new coal and steel
enactment. It was shaped largely after the model
of the Weimar Constitution and provided for labor
co-determination in individual enterprises in all
branches of the economy and, in addition, for labor
representation on equal footing with management,
in a whole hierarchy of joint economic councils,
ranging from the local to the national level. The
unions insist that these proposals form an indi
visible scheme, to be considered as the “nucleus of
a new social order characterized by absolute
equality for capital and labor.” They maintain
that only comprehensive and coordinated action
on enterprise, regional, and national levels can
create what the Weimar Republic was not able to
create—a genuine “economic democracy.” From
this point of view, the new coal and steel law also
is only part of a broad legislative program.
From January to July 1950, labor’s proposals
for a “new economic order” were the subject of
discussions in which representatives of the DGB,
the leading organizations of industry and trade,
and, in their final phase, the federal Chancellor and
members of his cabinet participated. These dis
cussions were not successful in producing a joint
proposal for federal legislation and were discon
tinued in July 1950.12
The speakers for industry, after some hesitation,
accepted most of the unions’ proposals for joint
economic chambers and councils, with reservations
as to details. They warned, however, against
assigning to such bodies any activities which
“might destroy the unity of the body politic and
finally this body itself.” After the negotiations
had failed, the unions expressed the opinion that
the agreement reached on joint advisory bodies
was not approved by the employers’ organizations
and that actually only the formation of a Nation
wide joint economic council had been conceded.
Only limited agreement could be reached be
tween industry and labor in matters concerning
co-determination in individual enterprises in all
9 7 5 8 0 6 -5 1 -
2
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654
CO-DETERMINATION IN WESTERN GERMANY
branches of the economy. Outstanding among
the remaining points to be resolved were the
following:
(1) The speakers for industry accepted labor
representation with full voting rights on super
visory boards, but in no case exceeding one-third
of the total membership. Their acceptance of this
point provided that labor members were to be
proposed by the works councils and be employees
of the enterprise ; and that the shareholders’ meet
ing was to have the final say in their selection.
(2) Management spokesmen also accepted a
labor proposal for the formation of joint production
committees within each enterprise; equal numbers
of delegates of management and of the works
councils, all to be employed within the enterprise,
form these committees. However, they could not,
as proposed by the DGB, interfere with mana
gerial decisions. They would be limited to re
ceiving information about important developments
in the enterprise regularly and to consultations.
(3) No agreement could be reached on the
unions’ demand that any executive having labor
relations, personnel, or welfare duties could not
hold his position if objections against him were
raised by the majority of labor members on super
visory boards.
Management’s and Labor’s Arguments
In their objections to co-determination most in
dustrialists have contended that extensive labor
participation as proposed by the DGB cannot be
reconciled with what they considered the “Western
concept of ownership.” Co-determination would
mean transferring half of the ownership rights to
labor, while “Western ideologies” require preserv
ing the full legal status of the legitimate owners,
subject only to those restrictions which are needed
to prevent misuses. The speakers for industry
further referred to the danger of managerial ac
tivities being crippled by co-determination. They
maintained that labor itself would suffer from the
decline of productivity following ill-advised inter
ference by joint production committees or one
sided decisions by supervisory boards. They
contended that industrial enterprises cannot be
“parliamentarized.” With special emphasis, the
speakers for industry opposed the proposal that
some labor representatives (for enterprises of a
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MONTHLY LABOR
certain size) should be nominated by the tradeunion confederation and include persons not em
ployed by the particular enterprise. Their argu
ment against such procedure was that decisions
vital to a concern would depend upon persons not
interested in its welfare, and that an unprece
dented amount of power would reside in a small
number of trade-union leaders and officials, open
ing the way for a shift from a competitive to an
entirely controlled economy.
In replying to these arguments, speakers for
the DGB asserted that they did not want to*act
against the principle of private ownership, but
only to “influence its economic functions.” Their
primary aim was to overcome German industry’s
feudal tradition (Herrschajtsanspruch), which had
led to its coalition with Nationalists and Nazis,
and to establish genuine equality between capital
and labor. The unions recognized the importance
of the managerial functions and did not want to
disturb them. Labor had, however, as much
right to co-determination as the stockholders,
most of whom had less insight into the operation
of the enterprise, and were less affected by its
results than the workers. The unions also argued
that in many German corporations the members
of the supervisory board represent outside interests
rather than small stockholders. Particularly! in
the basic industries, corporations had been mostly
controlled (according to the unions) by a relatively
small number of bankers and other holders of large
numbers of shares, so that participation of labor
would break down existing monopolies rather than
create a new one. In this connection, the unions
referred to the closing provision in the DGB bill,
stating that without exception all members of
supervisory boards and production committees,
as well as the members of the various economic
councils, would “represent the national economic
interest and not be bound by mandates or instruc
tions but only by their conscience.”
Government Proposals
After it became apparent that management and
labor could not agree on the coverage and type
of co-determination in individual enterprises,
proposals for the solution of this problem were
included in a bill on “plant constitution” (Betriebs-
REVIEW, DECEMBER 1951
CO-DETERMINATION IN WESTERN GERMANY
verjassung) which the federal cabinet submitted
in the autumn of 1950 to the Parliament.13 The
administration promised, at that time, other bills
dealing with joint economic chambers and councils.
These bills have not as yet been published. The
government’s plant constitution bill is generally
patterned after the Works Council Act of 1920.
However, its labor participation sections have no
counterpart in the Weimar legislation. There are
similarities between the plant constitution bill
and the DGB proposals, although the powers
given by the former to the labor members of
supervisory boards and joint production com
mittees are in many ways more limited than
proposed by the DGB.
The Government draft differs from the DGB
proposal particularly in the following points:
(1) Labor representation on supervisory boards
of corporations is limited to one-third instead of
one-half of the membership. However, in the
joint production committees for all major enter
prises, labor is to be represented equally with
management. The labor members of both bodies
must all be employees of the enterprise and are
to be nominated by the works councils.
(2) Labor participation in economic matters
is limited to few decisions of fundamental charac
ter, such as changes in the production program or
substantial reductions of the labor force, and to
what the bill calls “technical work problems”
(measures for the improvement of working methods
and labor efficiency).
(3) The essence of labor participation under the
bill is information and consultation. If the labor
members of a joint production committee disagree
with one of the fundamental managerial decisions
listed, they may appeal to a bipartite arbitration
board. Management, however, would remain free
to carry out its decisions even if the majority of
the arbitration board sides with labor. A similar
procedure applies if management and works
councils disagree on “technical work problems.”
The only sanction provided by the bill is restric
tions on any lay-offs which would be caused by
managerial action.
While the government bill on plant constitution
has been strongly criticized by the DGB, it has
been approved by management, with reservations
as to details. The Upper House of Parliament
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
655
which first dealt with the bill, proposed, among
other changes, to give binding powers to the deci
sions of the arbitration boards instead of the
indirect sanctions which the bill provides. It also
recommended allowing a higher percentage of labor
representation on the supervisory boards than the
ratio proposed by the government.14 The discus
sion in the Lower House also covered drafts sub
mitted by the major political parties, including one
of the Social Democratic Party which was identical
with the DGB bill.
In its resolution of July 24, 1951, in which the
DGB executive board protested against the type of
implementation accorded to the coal and steel law,
the board also demanded (1) labor participation of
the same character as prescribed for coal and steel
in the sequestered chemical enterprises which
originally formed the IG Farben trust; (2) recon
sideration of a bill not satisfactory to labor which
was adopted in July 1951 by the Lower House and
provided a degree of co-determination in the gov
ernment-owned railroad system; (3) speedy adop
tion of the DGB proposals “for a new economic
order” in their totality. The DGB demands were
strongly supported by a letter which the second
West German national trade-union center, the
West German White Collar Workers’ Union
(DAG), addressed to the West German Chan
cellor.15
Problems and Prospects
Throughout all the years during which the
trade-unions were striving to realize their program
of “a new economic order,” a lively debate has
gone on, within West Germany and outside, to
classify the philosophy of this program, to inter
pret its objectives, and to evaluate its potential
consequences. The co-determination program has
been labeled a “syndicalist revolution” and the
establishment of a corporate state within the
political state. It has been attacked, on the one
hand, as “disguised Marxism” and, on the other
hand, as a treacherous attempt to sell out labor’s
genuine interests to German and foreign capital.
There now seems to be agreement among inde
pendent observers that the ideology behind the
program combines many diversified elements and
that no single label can apply.
656
CO-DETERMINATION IN WESTERN GERMANY
Analysis of the coal and steel enactment re
veals a variety of objectives which the West Ger
man trade-unions try to reconcile. Their pri
mary aim is a decisive share for labor in economic
decisions in individual enterprises and on all levels
of the national economy. In realizing this aim,
the trade-unions want, however, to preserve the
principle of private ownership (with the exception
of a few key industries which they would prefer
to see nationalized) and to maintain the effective
ness of managerial operations.
No experience is yet available to indicate
whether it is actually possible to combine these
various objectives. The results of the British
arrangements in the steel industry had led to
“important benefits” for this industry, according
to an official British statement, and the workers
have made “a very reasonable and moderate use
of the rights they have received,” according to a
report by the West German Chancellor It must
not be overlooked, however, that there are funda
mental differences. Under past conditions in the
steel industry, all board members and the repre
sentatives of ownership interests were appointed
*0f the Bureau’s Division of Foreign Labor Conditions.
1G esetz
ueber die M itb e s tim m u n g der A rb e itn e h m e r in den A u fsich tsra e te n
u n d V o rsta en d en der U n tern eh m er des B ergbaue u n d der E is e n u n d S ta h l
erzeu gen den In d u s trie of M ay 21, 1951. For a detailed analysis see Karl
Fitting in B u n d e sa rb e itsb la tt, Bonn, 1951, p. 203 ff.
2 For a detailed analysis of this “ experiment in industrial democracy,” see
Labor Relations in Republican Germany, by Nathan Reich. New York,
1938.
2
See Labor Legislation in Western Germany under the Occupation (In
M onthly Labor Review, December 1950, p. 668).
4 Statement by Erich Buehrig, member of the DGB Executive Board, at
the June 1951 convention.
5 The minutes of the Catholic meeting were published in Pademorn in
1949. An address of Pope Pius X II on June 3,1950, dealing with economic
co-determination has been widely discussed; see Quentin Lauer, S. J. (In
Social Order, January 1951, p. 11).
For a discussion of the Protestant point of view, see R ech t u n d Gerechtigkeit
in der M itb e s tim m u n g by Eberhard Mueller. Stuttgart, 1950.
6 These processes have their legal basis in Law 27 of the Allied High Com
mission of M ay 16, 1950. The Schuman Plan was signed in Paris on April
18,1951, but still needs ratification by the various national parliaments.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
by the Occupation authorities; in the future, mem
bers of the various boards in coal and steel will be
proposed and chosen in accordance with the new
law and the stockholders—whoever they are—
will be able to press their own interests through
the medium of the stockholders’ meeting.
An attempt to evaluate the potential conse
quences of the recent law, or of any other parts of
the trade-union program that may be enacted,
seems to be premature under these conditions.
Two statements of general character can, however,
be made safely:
(1) General conditions in Western Germany,
such as the degree of economic prosperity, the
stability of political conditions, and the atmos
phere prevailing in industrial relations, will be of
decisive importance for the success or failure of
the trade-union program.
(2) If West German labor actually receives a
substantial degree of partnership in managerial
decisions, this new arrangement will modify not
only the operational processes of industry, but
industrial relations as well, and the character of
West German trade-unionism itself.
7 For the terms of this agreement and also for details of the preceding
negotiations, see Notes on Labor Abroad. Bureau of Labor Statistics,
February 1951, p. 11.
8 For British and Allied policies concerning the West German steel in
dustry, see M onthly Report of the Control Commission for Germany (Brit
ish Element), M ay 1950, p. 20.
8
The term “ A u fs ic h ts r a t” is frequently translated as “board of directors.”
However, this translation m aybe misleading because of substantial differences
in the statutory functions of such boards in Germany and the United States.
10 Statements included in this section are based upon Allied High Com
mission press releases and upon reports in the German press, particularly the
DGB paper, W e lt der A r b e it.
11 See G esetzvorschlag des D eu tsch en G ew erk sch a ftsb u n d es, publication of the
DGB executive committee, Duesseldorf, M ay 1950.
12 The bipartite discussions are reviewed in D e r A rbeitgeber, August 1, 1950,
p. 16, and in the DGB monthly, D ie Q uelle, July 1950.
13 Document No. 1546 of the German B u n d e sta g (Lower House); First
Election Period, October 31,1950.
14 For the amendments proposed by the Upper House, see Document No.
1546, Appendix 2. Ibid.
18D e r T echniker, Hamburg, September 10, 1951.
New Rental Housing
Characteristics
in Nine Areas
K athryn R. M urphy *
T h e r e n t a l m a r k e t accounted for only about
one out of every five privately financed dwelling
units completed in nine large metropolitan areas
in the fall and winter of 1950-51, according to
studies made by the Bureau of Labor Statistics.1
Most of these were in multifamily structures.
Families wishing to live in new single-family
houses had little choice but to buy, since less than
2 percent of such homes were built to rent.
The tendency to build for sale rather than for
rent in these large urban areas is in line with the
general trend toward greater home ownership in
recent years. In the United States as a whole,
the proportion of dwelling units occupied by
renters dropped from 56 to 45 percent between
1940 and 1950. Even in New York and Chicago,
where rental units bulk larger in the total housing
T
able
supply than elsewhere, a noticeable shift toward
owner-occupancy prevailed during the decade.
To encourage construction of privately financed
rental housing, the authority of the Federal
Housing Administration to insure mortgages on
rental housing was extended by the Housing Act
of 1948. More dwelling units were started in
multifamily structures (which contain the major
share of rental units) in both 1949 and 1950 than
in any years except 1925-28.
To determine the type of rental accommoda
tions being constructed and the income level and
other characteristics of the tenants, the Bureau of
Labor Statistics surveyed housing completed in
large metropolitan areas in the last half of 1949,2
the last quarter of 1950, and the first quarter of
1951. The nine areas for which information on
rental housing was obtained for all three periods
of the Bureau’s sales and rental price survey 3 ac
counted for approximately 45 percent of the
national total of privately financed rental housing
started in 1950.
The importance of rental housing in the total
residential building program varied markedly
among the nine areas. Atlanta, New York, and
Washington maintained high proportions of rental
units completed in all three periods surveyed
(table 1). At least 3 out of every 10 units com
pleted in these areas were for the rental market.
In sharp contrast, the volume of rental housing
completed was very small in Chicago and Detroit,
especially in the fall and winter of 1950-51.
1 .— Proportion of new nonfarm dwelling units completed 1 for the rental market, October 1950 through March 1951,
nine metropolitan areas
New nonfarm dwelling units completed
January—March 1951
Metropolitan area
Rental units ;
All
units
A tlanta............. ........
Chicago................ .
Dallas............ ...........
D etroit___________
Los Angeles_______
New York________
P ittsburgh________
San Francisco_____
Washington, D. C__
Nine areas combined.
2,115
4,835
2,345
7,450
16,425
18, 935
740
4,240
2,820
59, 905
Number
1,185
215
465
80
2,830
6, 715
360
790
1,080
13, 720
2 Does not include public or cooperative housing. Data exactly Comparable
to these are not available for 1949.
2 Estimates for rental housing completed include units in all types of struc-
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
October-December 1950
Percent
of all
units
completed
Rental units 2
Percent
unrented
on June 1,
1951
56
4
5
20
40
1
17
35
49
19
38
23
1
(0
13
1
00
20
5
7
All
units
Number
2,930
6,465
3,130
9,135
27,025
25,175
1,605
4,280
5,340
85,085
1,630
520
445
505
4, 295
7,420
340
465
1,615
17,235
Percent
Percent
of all
unrented
units
on Mar. 1,
completed
1951
56
8
14
5
16
30
21
11
30
20
3
9
23
00
22
2
7
8
7
8
tures in Atlanta and Los Angeles, but exclude units in 2-4 family structures in
other areas.
2 Less than 0.5 percent.
657
NEW RENTAL HOUSING
658
T able 2.—Percent distribution of dwelling units completed
in selected periods, 1949-51, by monthly contract rent,
9 metropolitan areas1
First Last Last
First Last
First Last
quar half
quar quar Last
Monthly con quar q uar Last
half quar
ter 1949
ter
ter
ter
ter half
ter
tract r e n t2
1949
1951 1950
1951 1950 1949 1951 1950
Under $50____
$50 to $59_____
$60 to $69_____
$70 to $79_____
$80 to $89_____
$90 to $99_____
$100 to $109___
$110 to $119___
$120 to $129___
$130 to $139___
$140 and o v er...
12
21
48
16
(b
(2)
(3)
1
1
(3)
1
37
46
13
2
(3)
1
(3)
1
Í3)
(2)
(3)
¿ Total 4____
100
100
Dallas
Chicago
Atlanta
1
10
10
10
4
42
9
(2)
(2)
4
1
18
17 \
36
9 X
6 /
(2)
(2)
(2)
3
12
46
23
9 ;
1
i J
l
6
10
2
3
4
7
3
23
32
8
i3)
7
16
3
12
(3)
4
(2)
(2)
(3)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
1
5
7
7
29
31
14
6
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
470 1,490
$102 $92
258
$99
340
$95
«270
$89
21
48
15
2
10
4
Units rented__ 1,120 1,585 1,240
$59
$64
$53
Average rent—
210
$117
New York
Los Angeles
Detroit
5
(2)
6
12
15
(3)
22
16
25
26
9
28
14 Íl 52
fi ( f
1 1
3
(2)
(2)
(3)
1
58
7
27
3
4
4
17
21 i 16
13
1 )> m 7
9 (2)
1 (2)
1
11
1
22
13
33
22
19
16
4
7 Íl 159
2 ( Í
l 1
18
2
2 (2)
(2)
(3)
3
3
10
12
15
21
25
24
10
12 f1 26
6 )
8
1
13
9
Under $ 5 0 -----$50 to $59_____
$60 to $69_____
$70 to $79_____
$80 to $89_____
$90 to $99_____
$100 to $109___
$110 to $119___
$120 to $129___
$130 to $139___
$140 and over-..
(6)
T o ta l4____
(2)
100
100
100
100
(«)
(2)
505
$83
780 2,460 3,355 6, 660 6,615 7, 275
$77 $115 $107
$75
$83
$87
7,350
$110
Units rented—
Average rent—
(«)
(«)
(6)
m
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(6)
4 \
(2)
(3)
(2)
\
Ì
100
10
33
17
20
6
3
4 )
2 \
1
(3)
100
100
San Francisco
Pittsburgh
2
(2)
4
(2)
26
17
22
7
17
7
12
38
14 \ 26
3
1
1 } (2)
3 (2)
100
Washington, D. C.
1
9
14
18
18
23
1
(2)
(2)
(2)
1
13
23
15
39
42
29
1
(2)
7
2 iJ
18 )
1
3
6
(2)
Under $50--- -$50 to $59_____
$60 to $69_____
$70 to $79_____
$80 to $89_____
$90 to $99_____
$100 to $109___
$110 to $119___
$120 to $129____
$130 to $139___
$140 and o v er...
(2)
(3)
(2)
(2)
17
9
29
20
1
16
9
(2)
(2)
(2)
2
1
(2)
8
(2)
5
16
5
(2)
29
5
6
14
21
36
52 1 56
ÍX 4
7
(2)
Í 2
(3) / ^ 1 2
12
4
(2)
T o ta l4____
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
Units rented__ 360
Average rent— $110
315
$100
540
$100
630
$99
430 1,150 1,030 1,510
$89
$96
$90 $86
4,190
$87
100
fl
(l
l
6
3Î
3
100
1 Does not include public or cooperative housing. Estimates for 1949
include units in all types of structures in all areas; estimates for 1950 and
1951 include units in all types of structures in Atlanta and Los Angeles,
but exclude emits in 2-4 family structures in other areas.
2 Contract rent is defined as the amount a tenant pays per month, which
m ay or may not include the cost of facilities and services.
2 Less than 0.5 percent.
* Distributions may not add to 100 because of rounding.
* One project of furnished apartments accounts for 52 percent of all rental
units completed in Dallas in this period.
6 Data for 1951 not shown because of small number of units completed.
Interarea Variations in Rent
In most of the areas surveyed, the average
rents for new units rose between 1949-51. The
nine metropolitan areas, however, showed sub
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
MONTHLY LABOR
stantial differences in rental scales for new hous
ing, and the pattern of interarea differences was
similar in all three periods surveyed (table 2).
Atlanta and Los Angeles had consistently the
lowest average rents for new units of any of the
nine areas. The Atlanta average for the three
periods ranged from $53 to $64; for the Los
Angeles area, between $75 and $83. In each of
the remaining areas the average monthly rent for
new units exceeded $80 in all periods surveyed.
Chicago, New York, and Pittsburgh were at the
top of the rental scale. In the latter two areas
the average rent did not fall below $100 in any
period.
Almost no units renting for under $60 were
completed in the selected periods of 1949-51 in
any of the nine areas except Atlanta, Dallas, and
Los Angeles. About 7 out of every 10 units
completed in Atlanta in 1949 and 1950 rented for
less than $60. Only about a third of those com
pleted in 1951 were in this low-rent range, but
in all three periods most of the new housing in
Atlanta rented for less than $80 a month. Rents
for at least three out of every five units completed
in the Los Angeles area were in the middle-rent
range of $60 up to $90. The remainder was
about equally divided between low- and highrent units in 1949 and 1950, with a shift to more
high-rent units in 1951. While Dallas had some
low-rent housing, built mostly for Negro occu
pancy, the rental construction in that area was
predominantly for tenants who could pay $100
or more a month for rent.
The new construction in San Francisco, New
York, Detroit, and Washington provided substan
tial numbers of units renting for less than $90, but
in Pittsburgh and Chicago, especially in 1950-51,
$90 a month was virtually the minimum rent for
new housing.
Changes in the rental scales for the nine areas
combined between 1949 and 1951 are summarized
below.
P e rcen ta g e d istr ib u tio n o f u n its
co m p le te d in
Monthly contract rent:
Less than $60.....................
$60 to $89______________
$90 to $109____________
$110 and over. ------- —
F ir s t
q u a rter
1951
7
45
21
27
L ast
q u a rte r
1950
13
44
23
20
L a s t h a lf
1949
8
50
28
14
REVIEW, DECEMBER 1951
NEW RENTAL HOUSING
In part these distributions reflect the relative
volume of housing completed in characteristically
high- or low-rent areas in each survey period.
However, they bring into focus also the over-all
significance of patterns noted in several areas.
For example, they show the consistently small
volume of new units which rented for less than $60
per month. Except in 1950, when a large number
of low-rent units were completed in Atlanta, only
about 1 in every 12 or 13 units completed could
be rented for less than $60. Construction above
the $60 level tended to shift toward increasing
proportions of high-rent units. Smaller propor
tions of units renting for $60 to $90 were finished
in 1950 and 1951 than in 1949, and there was a
similar decline in units with rents of $90 to $110.
Offsetting this was an increase in apartments
renting for $110 or more from 14 percent of the
total in 1949 to 27 percent in 1951. Some of this
increase in the percentage of high-rent units is
attributable to the greater fraction of all new
units located in the New York area in 1951 than
in earlier survey periods, but the shift toward more
“ luxury” apartments was not confined to New
York.
In the majority of areas the average monthly
rent for housing completed in 1949-51 was more
than double that for all rented housing.4 Sub
stantial numbers of the existing units were built
more than 30 years ago. Some were substandard
accommodations. In contrast, many of the new
units were in luxury-type buildings with air-con
ditioning and elevators, and all the new building
had been undertaken during a period of high con
struction costs. New units were also unaffected
by controls which had determined rent levels for
existing housing.
The differential between rents for new and
existing housing was narrowest in Atlanta, Los
Angeles, and Washington, this last area having
the highest average for rented housing as a whole
of any of the nine metropolitan areas surveyed.
In most areas the new units were rented
promptly in each survey period.5 Over 90 percent
of the units completed in the final quarter of 1950
had been rented by March 1, 1951, in all areas
except Dallas and Los Angeles (table 1). Nearly a
fourth of the new rental units in Dallas were
vacant, and over 80 percent of these vacancies
were units renting at $100 a month or more.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
659
A v e ra g e
Rents for N e w U n its , 1 9 4 9 - 5 1
Average Monthly Contract Rent
0
$25
$50
$75
$100
$125
Los Angeles
Atlanta
Last Quarter
First Quarter
1950
1951
The vacancy rate rose to 40 percent for rental
units completed in Dallas in the first quarter of
1951. The vacancy rate for units completed in
the Los Angeles area late in 1950 was almost as
high as in Dallas. However, the Los Angeles
vacancies were predominantly in the $60-to-$100
range, and many were in one project of almost 800
units which had been completed late in December.
For units completed in Los Angeles in the follow
ing quarter the vacancy rate was down to 13
percent.
Factors Influencing Rental Scales
Interarea differences in rental scales for new
housing reflect in part local practice with respect
to providing equipment6 such as stoves and
refrigerators and including the cost of utilities in
the rent. Consequently, contract rent more
nearly approximates total cost of shelter in some
areas than in others.
In the low-rent areas of Atlanta and Los An
geles, water was the only utility customarily
MONTHLY LABOR
NEW RENTAL HOUSING
660
T able 3.—Characteristics of new rental housing completed1 in selected periods, 1949-50, 9 metropolitan areas
Item
Last Last Last Last Last Last Last Last Last
qtr. half qtr. half qtr. half qtr. half qtr.
1950 1949 1950 1949 1950 1949 1950 1949 1950
Chicago
Atlanta
Average size of household (number of
persons)______________________
Percentage distribution 2 of units by
number of rooms:
1 and
rooms_________________
2 and 2 n rooms_________________
3 and
rooms_________________
4 and i n rooms--------- ---------------5 and 5Yi rooms_________________
6 or more ro o m s________________
All units__________________
Percent of units having specified utili
ties provided in rent:
Electricity_____________________
Gas (or other cooking fuel)----------H e a t ----------- ------------------------Hot water__________________ - W ater_____ _ _ ____ --- - --- Percent of units having specified equip
ment provided in rent:
Refrigerator.,- ______
----------Cooking stove_______________ --Furniture______________________
Garage_________ ______ _____
E le v ato r______________________
Air-conditioning..................... ...........
3.2
2.3
2.5
2.7
2.7
2.7
2.4
0)
3
12
22
64
(3)
(3)
6
8
66
19
1
(3)
(3)
22
51
27
(3)
(3)
11
50
33
6
(3)
(3)
6
38
32
23
1
3
10
48
35
3
1
3
10
54
27
5
1
(3)
(3)
36
31
32
(3)
1
4
30
47
17
1
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
15
14
22
23
97
43
45
45
53
60
66
65
66
64
64
6
6
9
10
100
Cl
C)
12
14
82
10
12
12
16
92
6
7
7
11
97
16
16
100
99
99
9
13
100
100
100
90
91
1
1
8
(*)
28
28
14
42
(»)
13
55
55
52
24
(3>
(3)
94
94
6
(3)
(3)
2
73
75
C)
7
(3)
(3)
20
20
8
100
(3)
73
24
24
8
70
C)
(3)
99
99
1
(3)
41
2
98
98
(3)
3
46
(3)
2.8
3.2
3.4
(s)
11
47
36
5
1
5
11
16
49
18
(3)
1
9
39
47
4
«
(3)
19
7
52
18
5
1
13
29
38
13
100
100
100
100
2
4
6
6
97
1
1
1
6
84
31
51
70
66
83
85
86
1
1
(3)
(3)
74
75
1
74
74
1
(3)
70
20
3
1 Does not include public or cooperative housing. Estimates for 1949 inelude units in all types of structures in all areas; estimates for 1950 include
units in all types of structures in Atlanta and Los Angeles but exclude units
in 2-4 families in other areas. Data not tabulated for 1951 because of lack of
funds.
included in the contract rent (table 3). Kent for
the great majority of units completed in these
areas in 1949 and 1950 7 did not cover the cost of
heat or hot water. A refrigerator and stove for
cooking were generally provided in Atlanta but
in only about a fourth of the units completed in
Los Angeles.
In New York, Pittsburgh, and Washington, on
the other hand, it was almost the universal
practice for heat, hot water, a refrigerator, and
stove to be provided in the rent for new units.
Gas and electricity were also provided in most units
in Pittsburgh and Washington.
Interarea differences in rental scales for new
housing also reflect variations in the quality,
location, and type of accommodations completed
in specified periods in each area. Information
obtained on selected features of the recently com
pleted units suggests that the rise since 1949 in
average rents for new units in most areas surveyed
reflected higher proportions of “deluxe” apart
ments completed in the later periods surveyed
rather than rising rents for comparable accommo
dations. Shifts in rental scales are most pro
nounced when the distribution for an entire area
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Pittsburgh
2.8
3.0
3
Los Angeles New York
2.6
3.6
(3>
(*)
Detroit
Dallas
Last Last Last Last Last Last Last Last
half qtr. half qtr. half qtr. half qtr.
1949 1950 1949 1950 1949 1950 1949 1950
Last
half
1949
San Fran Washington,
D. C.
cisco
2.8
2.7
2.0
3.1
0)
2
35
48
6
8
(3)
3
25
29
34
9
1
46
34
15
5
(3)
100
100
100
100
100
58
75
96
100
100
77
77
88
88
94
(3)
(3)
14
25
66
36
37
36
36
54
80
80
87
88
97
88
97
97
97
100
96
96
20
(3)
31
(3)
81
88
1
5
9
(3)
43
43
(3)
71
16
(3)
47
54
2
83
(3)
(3)
99
100
1
3
70
58
100
100
1
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
1
41
43
13
1
2 Distributions may not add to 100 because of rounding,
3 Less than 0.5 percent,
is dominated by the completion of one or two
projects containing several hundred units.
In Washington, for example, rents averaged
about $10 a month more for units completed in
1950 than in either 1949 or 1951. Garden-type
apartments predominated in 1949, when no ele
vator apartments were completed. Because of
two large elevator-apartment projects, 70 percent
of all new rental units included in the 1950 survey
were in the “ luxury” type of buildings usually
associated with elevator service. Elevator service
was less general in the units surveyed in 1951,
when the average rent dropped hack to about the
1949 average.
Fluctuations in the low-rent area of Atlanta
also illustrate the influence of large projects on
the area picture. The housing completed late in
1950, when the average monthly rent was $53,
included a Negro housing project8 of over 400
units renting for $45 to $55. In the following
quarter, a project of over 600 units, with air-con
ditioning and elevators and renting for $67.50
to $77.50 a month, was completed, and the average
rent for the area rose to $64.
The shifting proportions of “luxury” units com-
REVIEW, DECEMBER 1951
NEW RENTAL HOUSING
pleted in each period also tend to cloud the rela
tionship which would be expected between size of
unit and rents for an area. Ordinarily, within a
single project or group of similar projects, the rental
scale rises with the size of the unit. However,
in an area in which large numbers of apartments
with such “extras” as elevator and switchboard
service are completed, the area summary will
show the apparent contradiction that the smaller
units commanded higher rents than the larger
ones. The 1950 figures for New York illustrate
this point: The average rent for units with less
than two rooms was $13 higher than that for
two-room units and within $3 of being as high as
the average for three-room units.
Rent in Relation to Family Income
Generally, rents and tenants’ income levels are
closely correlated. High rents automatically
eliminate most low-income families as possible
tenants. Each of the surveys, however, included
families who lived in high-rent quarters but re
ported low incomes. Some of these were retired
people with savings and investments on which
they could draw but which would not be counted
as income.9 Other low-income families may have
had little choice but to occupy, at least tempora
rily, units with rents out of line with their incomes.
In general, families in the lower income brackets
spent a larger proportion of their incomes for rent
than did the higher income families.10
The parallel relationship between rent and
income is indicated by the steady ratio which rent
maintained to income in all three survey periods
in those areas with a substantial volume of new
rental housing (table 4). In Los Angeles and
Washington, for example, the ratio of average rent
to average income was consistently about 22 per
cent, irrespective of changes in the average
rents in the three periods. In New York the rentincome ratio in the three surveys varied between
21 and 24 percent. In Atlanta the range was
between 20 and 24 percent, the higher ratio being
for the last quarter of 1950, when a large Negro
housing development was completed and almost
three-fifths of all families surveyed reported in
comes below $3,000.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
661
At least 8 out of every 10 families living in the
new rental units in Atlanta reported incomes of
less than $5,000, with as many with incomes
below $3,000 as in the middle-income group of
$3,000 to $5,000. In Los Angeles the concen
tration was in the middle-income groups, with
the remainder about evenly distributed between
low and high incomes except in 1951 when there
were more tenants in the $5,000-and-over group.
In each of the other seven areas the proportions
of families with incomes of below $3,000 was well
under 20 percent in each survey period. In New
York and Dallas, families with incomes of over
$5,000 consistently outnumbered those in the
middle-income brackets. In each of the other
five areas, some survey periods showed more
renters in the middle-income than in the highincome levels.
Status of Veterans as Renters
The proportion of new rental units occupied by
families headed by World War II veterans de
clined in each successive survey period from 52
percent of the total in 1949, to 47 percent in 1950,
and 41 percent in 1951. The percentages of units
completed in the first quarter of 1951 which
were rented by veterans varied from 36 percent
in New York to 60 percent in Washington, with
veterans in the minority in all areas except San
Francisco and Washington (table 4). Rents for
units occupied by veterans tended to be somewhat
lower, on the average, than for those occupied by
other families in all areas except Atlanta and Dallas.
Veterans continued in 1951 to purchase the
majority of new houses sold in metropolitan areas.11
It seems likely that largely because of the avail
ability of sales housing under liberal financing
terms, veterans would prefer to buy homes rather
than to rent the higher-priced units which formed
an increasingly large share of the new rental hous
ing being completed in most areas.
Size of Household
The tendency observed in the 1949 survey for
small families to rent the new units was confirmed
by the 1950 survey.7 Except in Atlanta and Dallas
MONTHLY LABOR
NEW RENTAL HOUSING
662
T able 4. —Income and other characteristics of families renting dwelling units completed1 in selected periods, 1949-51,
9 metropolitan areas
First qtr. Last qtr.' Last half First qtr. Last qtr. Last half First qtr. Last qtr. Last half
1949
1950
1949
1951
1951
1950
1949
1950
1951
Item
Percentage of units rented by households headed by World
War II veterans
- ___ ____ -- ___
-------- ------ ------------------------- _____________ ______
38
$64
65
63
.22
56
$53
54
52
.24
63
$59
59
57
.20
Percentage distribution 3 by annual incom e:4
Under $ 2 non
_________ ___________
______ <¡¡9fine t.n $9 QQQ
____ ______ _______
__
ifa’nhn t.n $s qqq
- ___ ___ ______
___- -- - ___________ - ___
$4*000 to $4,*999
‘jts’nnn t.n $5 Q99
_____ __________________
$fi’nnn t.n $77499
___________ ______ $7 500 to $9 999
_____ _____ -- ____ - $10 000 and over
________________ _____________
Inmmp. unknown
_ _________________________
14
22
29
14
6
3
3
3
6
36
22
20
6
4
1
1
9
12
29
24
17
6
5
2
1
5
100
100
All nf.hp.rs
_ __
Eatio of rent to income 2
All families
0
100
____________________
48
$117
117
118
.23
0
0
2
6
19
28
18
20
Percentage distribution 3 by annual income:4
Under $2 000
_ ------------ ---- ----- ----------$ 9 nnn t.n $9. qqq
_________ _______ ijis’nnn t.n $9 999
__________ _________ $i’nnn in $4*999
_____ _________________ $5*000 to $5*999
____________________ - ___- -$6 000 to $7 499
_____ _____
______________
$7*500 to $9 999
- - ______ - - ______ _____ $10 000 and over
_______ ______ ________
___
Income, unknown
__ _______________________
All families
____________________
_________
Percentage distribution3 by annual income:4
Tinder $2,000
___ _ _ ______________ _______ -____ _______
_________
$2 000 to $2,999
$3 000 to $3*999
___
______ _____ _________
$4 666 to $4 999
- ___ - _____ _______
$5 000 to $5^999
________ ____ - ____________
$6 000 to $L499
_______________ - _______________
$7 500 to $9^999
__________________________________
$10,000 and over
__
__
__- -income unknown
_ _______________________ __
All families
____________________
- ______
7
100
100
0
0)
45
$99
112
96
.23
55
$95
97
93
.21
44
$89
89
89
.19
3
11
24
23
18
11
10
10
7
7
16
22
16
2
17
4
2
9
12
16
22
14
13
8
5
2
7
12
14
23
23
10
8
1
100
100
100
100
New York
67
$83
82
85
.19
53
$87
83
91
.23
40
$83
81
84
.20
31
$75
70
76
.22
48
$77
73
81
.22
36
$115
103
121
.21
53
$107
99
117
.22
40
$110
97
119
.24
(8)
1
5
18
19
20
15
9
6
7
2
12
18
32
21
8
2
4
1
3
7
23
18
18
9
5
3
14
15
15
20
14
15
6
5
2
8
8
15
29
19
13
8
5
3
1
1
4
10
18
22
11
15
14
6
2
5
il
20
21
12
8
11
10
1
6
19
21
20
9
6
11
6
0
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
(6)
(6)
0
m
0
0
0
(6)
(6)
(0)
(6)
0
0
51
$99
90
107
.22
5
2
2
18
8
28
13
8
3
2
22
1
12
18
10
19
12
6
6
16
100
100
100
58
$100
98
105
.25
1
1
7
19
12
30
1
24
17
26
9
3
4
14
100
9
Washington, D. C.
San Francisco
41
$100
97
102
.26
43
$110
106
114
.26
1 Does not include public or cooperative housing. Estimates for 1949 in
clude units in all types of structures in all areas; estimates for 1950 and 1951
include units in all types of structures in Atlanta and Los Angeles but exclude
units in 2-4 family structures in other areas.
2 The ratio of rent to income is based on the average rent paid by families
having annual income of less than $10,000 and the average income for this
group.
3 Distributions may not add to 100 because of rounding.
4 Family income represents total money income and does not cover total
assets. It includes income of husband and wife from all sources (i. e., wages,
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1
0
64
$92
90
97
.16
Los Angeles
Pittsburgh
Percentage of units rented by households headed by World
War IT veterans
___ _ _________________
Average monthly rent, all families __ ___ ______ ______
Veterans, World War II _________ ____________
- All others
___________________________________ --
70
$102
100
106
.25
26
26
18
7
4
3
15
D etro it6
Percentage of units rented by households headed by World
War TT veterans
__ _____ __ - - - _______ -- - Average monthly rent, a,11 families
____ - ___
Veterans WrorId War II
____ _______ _ ___ _
All others
______________ ___________ - - Eatio of rent to income 2
____ _______________
Dallas
Chicago
Atlanta
11
0
46
$89
83
94
.20
45
$90
90
88
.23
60
$86
86
86
.22
46
$96
92
99
.22
7
11
27
13
20
3
18
4
11
22
25
10
13
5
3
6
2
15
16
28
20
8
5
2
3
12
13
17
18
11
8
15
5
100
100
100
100
1
1
74
$87
87
86
.21
0
3
20
37
21
14
4
0
0
100
salaries, commissions, net receipts from self-employment or from keeping
roomers and boarders, regular contributions by other members of the family,
net income from savings and investments, pensions, retirement benefits).
Income data should be used with caution because of the relatively high error
in response and the large number of families not reporting incomes in some
areas.
5 Less than 0.5 percent.
8 Data for 1951 not shown because of small number of units completed.
R E V IE W , D E C E M B E R 1951
NEW RENTAL HOUSING
663
the average household occupying the new rental
housing was smaller than the average for all
households in the area as shown by the 1950
Census. This is not surprising, as very few of the
new units contained more than two bedrooms.
The relation between the size of unit and the
number of occupants is well illustrated in the
Washington area. A large number of “efficiency”
(no bedroom) apartments were completed in 1950
and very few of the larger units had more than
one bedroom. This reduced the proportion of
units with four or more rooms from about 60 percent
in 1949 to 20 percent in 1950. The corresponding
drop in the average number of persons occupying
the new units was from 3.1 to 2.0.
There was a general trend toward smaller units
between 1949 and 1950. This trend has occurred
in spite of increasing need for larger apartments,
as shown by the rise in recent years in 3- and
4-child families, according to reports of the
National Office of Vital Statistics. The propor
tion of rented units with five or more rooms was
lower in structures completed in the last quarter of
1950 than in the last half of 1949 in all areas except
Pittsburgh (table 3). In Los Angeles, for example,
only 6 percent of the 1950 units had five or more
rooms as compared with 24 percent in 1949. In
Atlanta the drop was from 18 to 6 percent; in
San Francisco from 43 to 14 percent, and in Wash
ington from 14 to 5 percent.
*Of the Division of Construction Statistics.
1 The Bureau of Labor Statistics survey covering units completed during
the first quarter of 1951 was done with funds provided by the Housing and
Home Finance Agency as part of their housing research program.
2See Family Income and New Rental Housing, Monthly Labor Review,
July 1951, pp. 8-12.
8Because the surveys were based on a sample of the rental units completed
in each area, the results are subject to sampling variability. Generally, the
reliability of an estimated percentage depends upon both the size of the
percentage and the size of the total on which it is based. Small percentages
are subject to larger relative errors than larger percentages. In addition, the
estimates (particularly of family income) are subject to biases due to errors
of response and to nonreporting.
A detailed statement of sampling variability covering the 1949 results is
available upon request. Sampling variability has not been computed for the
1950 and 1951 data because of budget reductions.
4The data for all rented housing were obtained from the 1950 Census of
Housing, Preliminary Reports on Housing Characteristics in Stated Metro
politan Areas. (Series HC-3) and from the dwelling unit surveys conducted
by the BLS as part of its program for revising the Consumers’ Price Index.
8See Construction, April 1951, p. 24 for details on length of time between
completion and rental.
6Most units were rented unfurnished, but one large project of furnished
apartments accounted for 52 percent of all rental units completed in Dallas
in the last half of 1949.
7This information was not tabulated for 1951.
8The proportion of new rental units occupied by nonwhite households was
tabulated only for the last quarter of 1950. The percentages are as follows:
Atlanta, 54; Dallas and Washington, 19; Chicago and Los Angeles, 9; and
the remaining areas, 5 percent or less.
8See footnote 4to table 4 for definition of income.
10For tables relating rent to income for each income class in the areas in
cluded in each of the three surveys, see Construction, May 1951, p. 17; June
1951, p. 25; and August 1951, pp. 48-49.
11See Construction, August 1951, p. 40-41.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Collective Bargaining
and Agreements in
the Aircraft Industry
A n n a B ercow itz *
A
—aircraft 1~ h as
increasingly become one of the most essential arms
of our national defense. At the same time it is
progressing as an important producer of civilian
transportation equipment. Prior to World War
II, when the industry was relatively small, planes
were largely built according to individual specifi
cations, and required considerable versatility of
labor, largely skilled.
During World War II, standardized models and
mass production became a necessity. With the in
creasing military demands immediately after Pearl
Harbor, output soared and the industry developed
into one of the Nation’s major industries.
Prior to the war in 1939, the industry employed
fewer than 35,000 production and related workers
(exclusive of workers employed in plants prima
rily engaged in producing aircraft engines and
parts, aircraft propellers and parts, and other
aircraft parts and equipment). By 1943, an alltime peak of 685,000 workers was reached. Twofifths of the working force were women, generally
employed on such jobs as light welding and rivet
ing, and assembling. With the cessation of fight
ing, production dropped precipitously, averaging
about 356,000 in 1945. Two years later employ
ment, continuing its downward trend, reached a
low level of about 111,000 workers.
Mobilization of the aircraft industry for defense
again got under way following the outbreak of war
in Korea. Plant operations were expanded and
employment began to rise, but at a much slower
pace than at the outbreak of World War II. The
average number of production workers rose from
664
c o m p a r a t iv e l y
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
n e w
in d u s t r y
about 122,000 early in 1950 to 151,000 in October,
and 170,000 in December; the yearly average was
136,000.
As the need for attracting workers to the
industry became more and more pressing, virtually
every collective-bargaining agreement was volun
tarily reopened before its scheduled expiration
date, primarily for reconsideration of wage rates.
An analysis of 26 collective bargaining agree
ments, representing all known organized plants
in the industry, was made by the Bureau of
Labor Statistics.2 These agreements, analyzed
during the winter of 1950-51, continued in effect
at least through May 1951.3 Three-fifths of the
agreements were of 2-year duration or less, the
others running from 3 to 5 years. Coverage under
these contracts steadily increased from 136,000
production and related workers in October 1950
to 205,700 in July 1951.
Two unions—the International Association of
Machinists (AFL) and the United Automobile,
Aircraft, and Agricultural Implement Workers
(CIO)—have succeeded in organizing nearly 90
percent of the production workers in the industry.
In October of 1950, the 12 IAM agreements in the
sample accounted for approximately 87,800 work
ers (or 64.4 percent); the UAW’s thirteen agree
ments for 47,900 workers (or 35.3 percent) and
one independent union for about 500 workers.
By July 1951, workers represented by both unions
had increased to about 136,000 for the IAM and
69,000 for the UAW.
The assembly of aircraft is concentrated largely
on the west coast, where about half the workers in
the study are employed. About 20 percent are
located in Texas, and 15 percent in the KansasMissouri area. The remaining workers are scat
tered throughout seven other States, primarily on
the eastern seaboard.
Major Wage Provisions and Related Practices
Wage Adjustments During Life of Agreement. With
few exceptions, the current agreements provide
either for wage reopenings or for automatic wage
adjustments geared to changes in the cost of living.
More than half of the workers in the study are
covered by contracts which permit wage reopen
ings at a specified time. The wage rates of one
out of every five organized workers (mostly in
AGREEMENT CLAUSES IN AIRCRAFT
UAW agreements) are, however, automatically
adjusted under clauses patterned after the 1950
General Motors-UAW agreement. Wages are
adjusted 1 cent an hour for every 1.14-point change
in the BLS Consumers’ Price Index. In addition,
more than half of the workers covered by the
latter provisions also receive an automatic annual
4-cent-an-hour increase, based on the general
improvement in industrial productivity.
Rate Structure of the Industry. Rates of pay in the
industry are, in the main, determined by the labor
grade system within which each job is classified as
a result of a job evaluation. This practice was
first inaugurated during World War II when
assembly-line methods were introduced to meet
production needs and a dwindling supply of skilled
workers. The range of jobs and skills became so
extensive and unwieldy that the National War
Labor Board, in its wage stabilization program for
the Southern California Aircraft Industry (SCAI),
in March 1943 brought about the reduction of more
than 1,000 job titles to less than 100. These in
turn were grouped into 10 labor grades, each with a
given rate range. A few months later, the Board
also approved a labor grade plan for Boeing
(Seattle) which differed from the SCAI plan by
setting a single rate for each labor grade instead of
a rate range.
With the removal of wage controls after the war,
the California companies developed their own
variations, in most cases increasing the number of
labor grades and establishing job descriptions on
a company-wide instead of industry-wide basis.
The industry has continued to operate on a labor
grade system with about 90 percent of the workers
in the study covered by such provisions. Although
the number of labor grades ranges from 8 to 17, 10
grades are most commonly designated. All but
one calls for rate ranges within a grade. (Boeing
still maintains a 10-grade system with one flat
rate for each grade.)
Progression Within Rate Ranges. Under the SCAI
plan, increases from the minimum to the maximum
rate within a labor grade were given on the basis
of individual merit as determined by management
review. Currently, about half of the agreements
in the study, covering approximately one out of
every four workers, call for automatic raises based
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665
exclusively on length of service. Most of these
provisions are included in the UAW agreements.
In the other agreements, merit increases prevail.
Under both the merit and automatic length of
service provisions, increases are usually given every
4 months in 5-cent hourly increments until the
maximum of the labor grade is attained.
Job Evaluation Plans. Typically, under the terms
of the agreements analyzed, when a new job is set
up or an old one revised, management prepares a
job description, evaluates the job, and places it in
its appropriate labor grade. Jobs are usually
evaluated by a numerical or point method which
permits ready comparison of jobs on the basis of
a common unit. A series of variable factors cover
ing all of the major conditions that influence the
worth of the job, are assigned a point equivalent.
Such factors may be the complexity or responsibility
of the job, and ability required. The union has
the right to review the results, and to appeal
allegedly unfair evaluations either through the
regular or special grievance procedures.
In contrast to this general industry pattern,
joint union-management committees classify and
evaluate all jobs in a few of the smaller companies.
Wage Payments. Average hourly earnings of
production workers in the aircraft industry have
more than doubled between 1939 and 1950, rising
from about 75 cents to $1.62. They are continuing
their upward trend; by July 1951, they had risen
to an average of $1.75. For the most part, air
craft workers have averaged 40 or more hours per
week. The average was 41.4 hours in 1950.
After that, it rose to about 43.5 hours during the
first half of 1951.
Premium pay for work on other than the first
or day shift is called for in every agreement sur
veyed. With few exceptions, the aircraft worker
receives a higher premium for work on the third
shift than on the second. Commonly, the differ
ential is 8 cents an hour for work on either shift,
but third shift employees in addition benefit by a
time bonus, working
hours but receiving 8
hours’ pay.
Aircraft workers are, under certain circum
stances, guaranteed a minimum number of hours
pay. In virtually all cases they receive 4 hours
at the regular rate of pay if the employer fails to
666
AGREEMENT CLAUSES IN AIRCRAFT
notify them not to report for work at the regular
time, or if they are called to work and find no
work available.
For work in excess of 8 hours in any 1 day or
40 hours in 1 week, workers receive time and onehalf their regular rate of pay. More than half of
the workers also receive a similar premium for
work on Saturday; a somewhat smaller proportion
receive time and one-half for work on the sixth
day. For work on Sunday and the seventh day,
the penalty rate is commonly double time.
Vacations with Pay. Every worker covered by
the 26 agreements can look forward to vacation
with pay. Eighty-five percent of the agreements
provide for a maximum of 2 weeks’ vacation, the
others for more than 2 but not exceeding 3 weeks.
The majority of the agreements provide for
graduated plans, the length of vacation being
determined by minimum-service requirements.
Under these plans, workers receive 1 week’s vaca
tion after 1 year’s service, and 2 weeks after 2 to
5 years’ service but most commonly after 5 years.
The 3-week vacation is usually granted after 15
years’ service.
The remaining agreements have uniform plans
under which all workers receive a stipulated paid
vacation period after meeting minimum-service
requirements, generally after 1 year’s service.
Once having met the requirements, the vacation
period is the same for all workers (usually 2 weeks)
regardless of length of service.
Paid Holidays. Holidays with pay are almost
universal in the industry, most workers observing
at least six paid holidays. Workers at Boeing
(Wichita, Kans.), Glenn L. Martin, and Republic
enjoy seven holidays; those at Boeing (Seattle)
and Fairchild, eight. In contrast, only a few
1944 agreements provided for paid holidays, the
maximum then being six.
If called upon to work on a designated paid
holiday, workers at Boeing receive double their
base rate of pay in addition to their straight-time
holiday pay, or triple time. All of the other
workers in the study are compensated at double
their regular rate of pay.
Paid Sick Leave. Three out of every four workers,
including all of the workers on the West Coast,
receive some form of paid sick leave. Com
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
MONTHLY LABOR
monly, they are granted 1 week’s leave with pay,
after having met service requirements ranging
from 12 weeks (in one case) to 5 years, but usually
after 1 year. In addition, one out of three of
these workers receives additional payment on a
graduated scale which is based on length of service.
Most of the latter may be away on leave for a
maximum of 2 weeks and 3 days after 5 years’
service.
Under terms of agreements of four companies
covering about half of the workers in the study,
workers are compensated for unused sick leave.
Insurance, Health, and Pension Plans. Although
health, welfare, or retirement plans are referred
to in about half of the 26 agreements analyzed,
only 2 contained details of the specific benefits.
On the other hand, a recent Federal Security
Agency report,4 based on social insurance and
pension plans in operation in the airframe industry
on September 1, 1950, shows that all of the 19
plans studied provide for group life insurance and
hospitalization and surgical benefits. All but two
also provide for insurance against sickness and
accidents and all except four have provisions for
accidental death and dismemberment insurance.
Only five of these plans offer medical care other
than hospitalization or surgical. Retirement bene
fits are incorporated in only eight of the plans.
The group insurance plans and four of the
retirement plans are jointly financed by employers
and employees. The other four retirement plans
are financed by the employer alone.
Fifteen of the 19 plans analyzed by the Federal
Security Agency are applicable to workers included
in the 26 agreements studied by the Bureau.
Safety and Health. Except for the incessant noise
in the productive process, aircraft plants provide
comparatively pleasant working surroundings.
Buildings are generally spacious, light, and well
ventilated, and the air and floors are clean.5
By comparison, aircraft plants are considerably
safer places to work in than manufacturing estab
lishments as a whole. The accident frequency
rate for 1949 (the latest data available) was onefourth to one-third that of the average for all
manufacturing. Severity rates were likewise low.
Safety and health provisions are incorporated
in 22 of the 26 agreements analyzed; joint labormanagement safety committees operate under
R E V IE W , D E C E M B E R 1951
AGREEMENT GLAUSES IN AIRCRAFT
approximately two-thirds of these agreements.
Most of them indicate the concern by both man
agement and labor to maintain healthful and safe
working conditions.
Dispute Machinery
Grievance Procedures. Unsettled grievances may
usually be appealed through three or four steps.
At the final stage (prior to arbitration), the
majority of unsettled disputes are handled at the
local level. Standing joint union-management
committees attempt to resolve differences in
agreements covering about half the workers; top
local union officials and high plant management
officers are charged with this responsibility in
agreements with one-third of the workers. In- *
ternational union representatives (with or without
local union participation) and top company offi
cials handle disputes at the final stage in the
remaining cases.
Shop or grievance committeemen are almost
invariably compensated for time spent in adjust
ing grievances during working hours. In some
instances, however, a limit is placed on the amount
of time for which such compensation will be paid.
Arbitration. In the event that a dispute is still
unsettled at the final step, after having been
handled by union-management representatives, it
may in all cases be referred to arbitration. The
arbitrator is generally appointed on an ad hoc
basis, that is, each time the need arises. At
Boeing (Seattle), Goodyear, Glenn L. Martin, and
North American, permanent arbitrators adjudi
cate the disputes.
The arbitrator, in every case, is authorized to
act in disputes over the interpretation and applica
tion of provisions of the contract. In a few cases,
the scope is broadened to include such issues as
wage-rate determinations for modified or newly
created jobs and the settlement of disputes arising
out of a general wage reopening.
In common with general industry practice, ar
bitration costs are usually shared jointly. A few
agreements stipulate that the losing party to the
grievance defrays the costs.
Work Stoppages. The constitutions of both the
United Automobile Workers and the International
Association of Machinists specifically state that
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
667
local unions may not call a strike unless sanctioned
by their International Executive Council or Board.
In cases of extreme emergency, the International
President of either union may authorize a strike,
pending approval of the Executive Board.
Most of the agreements contain an outright ban
on work stoppages of any kind. Six agreements,
however, in which one-third of the workers in the
study are represented, permit stoppages under cer
tain conditions, such as failure to agree following
wage reopenings or failure to comply with the
arbitrator’s award.
Job Security
Because of the extremely sharp fluctuations in
production, insecurity of employment has been one
of the most disturbing elements in labor-manage
ment relations in the industry. During World
War II, workers were generally laid off and recalled
on a department or plant-wide basis. At the end
of the war when production was sharply curtailed,
employers were faced with the problem of adapt
ing broad seniority rights to restricted production
schedules.
Gradually, the application of job security was
narrowed down, until at present, seniority is now
generally exercised on an occupational group basis.
The narrowing of the unit, in part, reflects the
growing variation of skills and occupations now
found in most plants.
Length of service customarily governs in case
of lay-off, recall, or promotion, if other factors
such as ability, efficiency, or requirements of the
job are considered relatively equal.
Union Security Provisions
Employees must either join the union and re
main a member (union shop), or once having
voluntarily joined, must remain in good standing
for the duration of the agreement (maintenance of
membership), in about one-third of the agreements
covering about half of the workers. In the remain
ing agreements the union is recognized as the sole
bargaining agent for all employees, union and
nonunion members alike. Some of the largest
plants come within the latter category.
Union security provisions are bolstered in
virtually every agreement by the check-off of
668
AGREEMENT CLAUSES IN AIRCRAFT
union dues and such other items as initiation fees
and assessments, and are usually authorized in
writing. Once given, the written authorization
may not be revoked for the duration of the agree
ment or for 1 year, whichever is shorter (TaftHartley limitation) in half of the agreements
covering three out of every five workers. The
authorization is revocable at any time, in a few
agreements.
Union-Management Rights. Union activity, such
as solicitation of membership and distribution of
literature, is usually prohibited under terms of a
majority of the agreements. Beech, Lockheed,
and Glenn L. Martin, however, specifically permit
such activities on company property during the
employees’ free time or lunch period. All of the
plants located at Wichita, Kansas—Beech, Boeing,
and Cessna—allow the union representative to
interview new employees for the purpose of solicit
ing membership. Beech and Boeing provide
office space for these interviews as well as for the
handling of other union affairs.
Officials of the union are generally allowed to
visit plants in the industry during working hours,
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
usually in order to investigate grievances. Since
the Government now commands almost the entire
output of the industry, most agreements specify
that such visits are subject to Government regu
lations.
To guard against the possible danger of sabotage
during the national emergency, slightly less than
half of the agreements, covering two out of every
three workers in the study, deal with governmental
security regulations, sabotage or theft.
* Of the Division of Wages and Industrial Relations; assisted by William
Gary and Dorothy Kittner.
1 Aircraft plants are primarily engaged in the manufacture and assembly of
complete aircraft such as airplanes, gliders, dirigibles, and balloons. They
may also manufacture aircraft parts and auxiliary equipment. M any plants
farm out contracts for component parts.
2 In the fall of 1950,43 aircraft establishments were known to be in operation.
* In 14 plants, the main body of production workers was unorganized. Only
two of these plants employed 5,000 or more workers, each. W ith a few
exceptions, the other unorganized plants employed far less than 100 workers
each. No information could be obtained regarding unionization of the three
remaining small plants.
s Collective Bargaining Practices in the Aircraft Industry. Washington,
TJ. S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics. To be published in
bulletin-form shortly.
4 Nineteen Employee Benefit Plans in the Airframe Industry. Washing
ton, Social Security Administration. January 1951, 63 pages. (Bureau
Memorandum No. 71.)
8Causes of Industrial Peace Under Collective Bargaining: Lockheed
Aircraft Corporation and International Association of Machinists, Case
Study No. 6. By Clark Kerr and George Halverson. 1949, p. 13.
The 13th Annual
CIO Convention
K irk R. P etshek *
with the question of ideological as wel
as military and economic defense against Com
munist aggression, preoccupation with domestic
economic policy in general and with wage and
price controls in particular, and the determination
that labor’s voice should be heard in matters of
domestic and foreign policy dominated discussions
of the 1951 convention of the Congress of Industrial
Organizations, held in New York in November.
President Philip Murray reported that the
organization had made sharp membership gains
during the past year.1 The convention approved
a program for adjusting jurisdictional disputes
among CIO unions, condemned corrupt practices
in all places, and urged the abolishing of discrim
ination within the ranks of labor.
C oncern
Economic Policies
While the defense effort received primary con
sideration in the field of domestic economic policy,
such economic goals as public production and
distribution of electric power, national health
insurance, and Federal aid for education were
emphasized in several of the 51 resolutions passed.
As to long-term economic planning, one resolution
advocated democratic participation of labor, par
ticularly through industry councils, in reaching
long-range decisions within the national economy.
A fear of unemployment after defense produc
tion tapers off was partially responsible for this
recommendation; it was also the basis for another
resolution supporting guaranteed annual wages.
The more immediate unemployment problem led
to a plea, by Walter Reuther, United Automobile
Workers president, for better distribution of
defense contracts to areas where unemployment
exists at present, such as Detroit. He and other
speakers charged the Defense Department with
placing defense orders largely with big business
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
corporations and with partly disregarding the
advice of defense planning agencies. Great ex
pansion of our basic industrial facilities, partic
ularly copper and steel, was urged as a “ way to
break the bottleneck of monopoly and scarcity”.
The problem of inflation and economic controls
was a major issue at the convention. Top
stabilization officials urged that labor moderate
its wage demands and exercise restraint so as not
to endanger the stabilization program. They also
emphasized the flexibility of present wage controls
which permit consideration of wage inequities.
Michael DiSalle, Director, Office of Price Stabili
zation, bluntly warned against wage increases if
they have an unstabilizing effect. Eric Johnston,
retiring head of the Economic Stabilization Admin
istration, explained that wage control meant
neither a wage freeze nor a “ sieve for wage infla
tion.” Nathan Feinsinger, Chairman, Wage Sta
bilization Board, endorsed unfettered collective
bargaining insofar as compatible with wage con
trols, and promised that collectively bargained
wage increases would be examined in the light of
the realities of the industry concerned. He then
discussed increases based on higher productivity
and showed how much clarification this problem
still needs. In principle, he asserted, these in
creases are noninflationary, particularly if they
lead to joint labor-management attempts to in
crease production.
Mr. Murray led other union speakers in severe
criticism of present policies; the crucial phrase
“equality of sacrifice” was often repeated through
out the discussion. If prices as well as profits
were effectively controlled, labor would not ob
ject to wage control, Mr. Murray asserted. He
disapproved existing “one-sided discriminatory
regulation,” and gave assurances that labor would
match any sacrifices made by other segments of
the population. The disagreement with control
policies was more far-reaching than that arising
from the forthcoming negotiations in steel which
were close to the surface. The Defense Production
Act, and particularly the Capehart and Herlong
amendments, rather than the economic control
agencies, were the main targets of his criticism.
Deep concern was shown by union speakers as
to whether free collective bargaining could exist
in view of WSB regulations. The desire to pre
serve collective bargaining despite the “heavy
669
670
CIO CONVENTION
hand of government” was evidenced by repeated
advice to bargain irrespective of wage regulations
and permit WSB labor members to argue the
merits of particular settlements at the Board
level. Emil Rieve, CIO member of the Wage
Stabilization Board, gave assurance that there
was no intention on the part of the CIO to walk
out of the WSB. Speakers left no doubts that a
no-strike pledge at this time was out of the ques
tion, and the CIO was prepared to strike for its
demands if need be. Any strike that might
ensue, it was clearly implied, would be directed
against the employer rather than against WSB
actions.
Secretary of Labor Maurice Tobin supported
the idea of equality of sacrifice. No one, he said,
doubted that labor would measure up to its
responsibilities in these perilous times. He
further stated that, in June 1951, the wages of 20
million workers, mainly unorganized and many in
the white-collar category, lagged behind the in
crease in the cost of living.
International Problems
The foreign policy resolution indorsed President
Truman’s disarmament proposals and most of the
Administration’s foreign policy. The resolution
and several speakers, however, warned against
appeasement of Franco, Peron, or any other
dictator. Jacob Potofsky, chairman, of the Inter
national Committee, voiced the hope that col
laboration with the AFL in the international field
would continue, and that labor’s participation
in both the formulation and execution of foreign
policy would grow.
Free trade-union movements in Europe and
Asia were extolled as the only means of combating
communism at the grass roots, i. e., in the mills,
shops, and mines. Strong support for the Inter
national Confederation of Free Trade Unions was
expressed. Money spent on Marshall Plan aid
should be carefully watched to see that it flows to
the wage worker. Victor Reuther, CIO European
representative, asserted that a great deal must be
done at home to insure policies that would enable
labor abroad to maintain its freedom. A million
young men and women of the labor movement
should go to the underdeveloped areas of the
world, Congressman Javits urged, in order to
spread freedom and to counteract revolution.
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MONTHLY LABOR
The delegates’ great concern with the inter
national situation and the threat of communism
was shown in bold relief by their discussion of
civil rights. In considering a strong resolution on
civil rights, Walter Reuther pointed out that the
fight against communism is not confined to
military and economic measures, as discrimination
in the United States is a major Communist
propaganda weapon.
In the same vein, some segments of the labor
movement were taken to task in a moving address
by Lester Granger, executive director of the
National Urban League, who called for labor’s
all-out support on the issue of discrimination and
segregation. He pointed out that the silence on
racial problems maintained by some labor leaders
in their attempts to avoid a controversial problem,
might be taken for assent to discriminatory
practices. Mr. Murray urged universal adoption
of the principle of racial equality throughout the
labor movement and, emphasizing the international
importance of the issue, chided bigoted members
who were not making forthright efforts to end
such discrimination as may exist.
Jurisdictional Disputes
One of the most important actions taken by the
CIO since the expulsion of the Communistdominated unions 2 years earlier was this conven
tion’s approval of a program drafted at a pre
convention executive board meeting and designed
to adjust inter-union organizational disputes
among CIO affiliates. The CIO has not gen
erally been affected by jurisdictional disputes in
volving the question, which of two unions’ mem
bers should perform specific jobs. In recent
years, however, another type of dispute has
occurred in which two or even three CIO unions
have appeared on NLRB ballots, contending for
the right to represent the workers in a particular
plant. Since the expulsion of left-wing unions,
and partly as a result of many new bargaining
units established in defense plants, these disputes
have become increasingly numerous. The plan
adopted was to settle conflicts of representation
rights by resort to an impartial arbitrator. It
was embodied in a legally enforceable signed con
tract between CIO unions. The convention unan
imously endorsed this agreement.
The plan freezes the status quo in plants which
R E V IE W , D E C E M B E R 1951
CIO CONVENTION
a CIO affiliated union lias already organized.
Where organizational issues arise (situations in
which jurisdiction has not been determined) con
ferences between competing unions and media
tion by the CIO director of organization may (but
need not) precede arbitration. In his decision, the
arbitrator is to take into account each union’s
customary jurisdiction, extent of organization,
and ability to serve employees. No such conflict
is to remain unsettled.
Unions and Technological Progress
One of the few discordant notes of the conven
tion arose from a resolution commending the ac
complishments of TVA. The Utility Workers
Union challenged the resolution by pointing out
that any kind of public ownership does not repre
sent unmixed blessings in solving the industrial
relations problems in the public utilities industry.
In answer, one delegate pointed out that the good
of the country was furthered much more by the
production of inexpensive power for the consumer,
and the consequent development of new industries,
than by the protection of the special interests of
one group of workers.
Mr. Murray took the strongest possible stand
in favor of technological change in answer to a
delegate from the Railroad Workers Union who
challenged endorsement of the St. Lawrence Sea
way. The CIO president asserted that it was im
perative for labor to keep pace with the progressive
development of industry. Similar arguments had
been advanced since the beginnings of mechaniza
tion, and if this reasoning had prevailed the
Nation would still be in the horse-and-buggy days.
Every “great industrial advancement compre
hends changes of an enormous and miraculous
nature, and in the end the people derive the
benefit.” He said he knew of no instance where
technological change had caused unemployment
for any length of time. “The industrial revolu
tion that has taken place in the last 25 years has
brought into the employment field an additional
20 million people.”
Short flurries of debates also arose on resolutions
advocating Federal aid to education and in regard
to the method of selecting the executive vice
president.
For the first time in CIO history, a resolution
was adopted condemning corruption and pledg
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671
ing the CIO to stamp out any corrupt practices
that might occur within its ranks. Mr. Murray
asserted that racketeers would be removed as
firmly as the Communists had been, although no
instances of current abuses within the CIO were
known. The resolution was aimed at corrupt
practices whenever or wherever found.
The resolution for outright repeal of the TaftHartley Act was virtually the same as in past
years. General Counsel Arthur Goldberg, how
ever, indicated that if the injunction provisions
or other crucial portions of the law could be
amended, piece-meal, the CIO would welcome
such improvement.
Politically, the CIO girded itself for 1952. The
necessity of making an independent decision in
every, contest rather than having CIO support
taken for granted was emphasized. The legisla
tive record of the 82d Congress was sharply
criticized; President Truman’s policies generally
were endorsed.
Labor unity and AFL action with respect to the
United Labor Policy Committee were discussed
candidly by Mr. Murray in his report and his
keynote address and were the subject of a resolu
tion. In the CIO president’s opinion, the mutual
understanding created by joint discussions in the
ULPC could have led to labor unity. The disso
lution of the ULPC was deplored. Mr. Murray
argued that talks on “ organic” unity might imply
absorption by the AFL, which was still wedded to
craft unionism, and he strongly rejected this
possibility. Unity without prior understanding
on jurisdictional questions—such as the action
now taken in case of intra-CIO conflicts—could
not lead to peace in the labor movement. “ Favor
able labor unity can develop only through under
standing and j oint endeavor. ” No new committee
for negotiations with the AFL was appointed.
Mr. Murray and the other incumbent officers
were reelected. By a constitutional amendment
the president was given the right, subject to the
executive board’s approval, to appoint one of them
as executive vice president. In appointing Allan
Haywood to this job, Mr. Murray explained that
in practice Mr. Haywood was already performing
its functions.
♦Of the Bureau’s Division of Wages and Industrial Relations,
i Mr. M urray stated that the CIO had regained in numbers the 800,000
members lost due to the expulsion of 11 unions charged with Communist
domination. In addition, some 450,000 new workers had been organized.
Summaries of Studies and Reports
Manpower Requirements
In the Machine-Tool Industry
36,000 additional employees will
be required in the machine-tool industry to reach
its production peak in the current rearmament
program, in the third quarter of 1952. This will
be a 50-percent increase over the number employed
in the industry in July 1951. The additional
workers needed include about 5,100 skilled
machine-tool operators, 1,100 foremen, 500 mechan
ical engineers, and about 400 tool and die makers.
These estimates are based on the findings of a
recently completed study by the Bureau of Labor
Statistics.
This small industry which produces the metal
cutting instruments basic to armament produc
tion had increased its employment by approx
imately 50 percent and doubled its production
rate from the inception of the program in mid1950 (at the beginning of the Korean hostilities)
to July 1951. The rate of production required
to meet currently established goals will, it is
believed, be equal to the level achieved by the
industry in World War II. To help the industry
to meet its production objectives, the Govern
ment has instituted a program of assistance in
the form of price increases, financial aid, allocations
of scarce materials, and help in the recruitment of
needed workers.
A p p r o x im a t e l y
Development of the Industry
The machine-tool industry came into existence
early in the nineteenth century with the develop
ment of a technique to produce small arms with
interchangeable parts. As civilian use of massproduced metal products increased, the industry
expanded its original function. But the industry
is relatively small, even in a large machine-using
peacetime economy. Therefore, in periods of
national defense, great expansion of the industry
672
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
is required to meet the needs of metalworking
industries which will carry the main burden of the
rearmament program.
Munitions industries engaged in the mass
production of aircraft, tanks, guided missiles,
and other military goods depend upon the machinetool industry to supply them with the necessary
quantities and types of machine tools. These
are essential in the “tooling up” required to
produce quickly the thousands of precisely shaped
parts used in making military materiel.
Machine tools perform shaping operations on
metal with great precision by cutting, shaving,
grinding, or drilling, which makes each tool supe
rior for a given task. Lathes, drilling, boring, and
milling machines usually comprise three-quarters
of the industry’s output. The remainder of the
total product is made up chiefly of gear-cutting
machines, shapers, tapping, and special-purpose
machines.
Because of its wartime importance and its
position as a capital-goods industry, wide fluctua
tions occur in both production and employment.
Compared with all industry, employment in the
machine-tool industry fell more than proportion
ately during the depression which began in 1929.
By 1932, for example, machine-tool employment
declined about 75 percent from the 1929 level,
whereas in manufacturing as a whole it dropped
38 percent.
During World War II, the number of workers
in the industry rose from 36,600 in 1939 to 112,200
in 1942, a threefold increase. After the peak of
the machine-tool program had been reached at a
relatively early stage of the war, employment fell
off sharply despite tlie industry’s substantial con
version to direct military production. (See chart.)
Although a substantial general increase in
machinery production occurred in the first postwar
years compared to 1939 levels, machine tool out
put barely held its own. In 1950, employment in
the Nation’s machinery-producing industries to
taled 2,100,000, almost double the 1939 total.
MANPOWER IN MACHINE TOOLS
P ro d u c tio n -W o rk e rs E m p lo y m e n t in th e M a c h in e -T o o l
In d u s try , 1 9 2 3 - 5 0
Machine-tool employment, however, increased only
10 percent. This slower rate of increase may be
caused in part by the substantial use of wartime
manufactured machine tools for peacetime pro
duction.
In 1950, the 38,000 workers in the industry were
employed in slightly more than 300 plants. These
plants varied in size from shops with a few workers
to several with over 1,000. They were predom
inantly located in the Great Lakes region which
produced 60 percent of the industry’s output and
the New England region which produced 25 per
cent. Important cities for this industry are Cin
cinnati and Cleveland, Ohio ; Hartford-Bridgeport,
Conn.; Providence, R. I.; and Rockford, 111.
Production and Employment Trends
After the Korean hostilities in June 1950, the
industry shifted from decline to rapid growth.
Machine-tool production was recognized as the
major bottleneck in the mobilization period, again
following the pattern set in World War II. By
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673
August 1951, despite the substantial growth in
the previous year, it had a backlog of orders almost
twice as large as its current production level. The
situation became so critical that a governmental
program was organized to assist the industry in
meeting its production problems. A price ceiling
on its products, 12 percent above pre-Korean
levels, was set to allow for increases in labor and
material costs. The industry was given a priority
permitting it to build the machines needed for its
own expansion. The Nation’s public employment
services were directed to give priority to the in
dustry in the recruitment of skilled workers.
Firms were given tax amortization incentives to
permit expansion of facilities. The industry also
received a high priority for scarce materials.
Existent facilities rather than new plants will be
used to obtain the increased production. In addi
tion, extensive use of subcontracting is an impor
tant device to increase production. During World
War II many plants subcontracted the manu
facture of parts, units, and even whole machines
to plants in other industries. Some plants dealt
with as many as 50 shops which took on subcon
tracts. Information received from the industry in
1950 indicated that there would be similar wide use
of subcontracting with increase in demand. By
July 1951, large plants were already purchasing
from small firms many parts which they would
normally make themselves.
In 1949, the industry output amounted to $395
million. During the first quarter of 1951 the in
dustry was operating at a rate of about $700
million a year, according to preliminary data.
Based on the rise in production which occurred in
World War II, it is estimated that by the third
quarter of 1952, the industry will reach its re
quired peak.
In July 1951, total employment in the industry
was about 77,000, including about 60,500 produc
tion workers. These figures represent a sharp
increase over June 1950, before the outbreak of
hostilities in Korea, when 38,700 production work
ers were employed. The rapid expansion of
employment in the machine-tool industry in this
period is similar to that which occurred prior to
the United States entry into World War II.
Following the outbreak of war in Europe, pro
duction-worker employment increased from 34,100
in August 1939 to 57,800 in August 1940.
674
MANPOWER IN MACHINE TOOLS
Under the current mobilization program, em
ployment is expected to rise about 50 percent over
current levels. This increase will occur with a
rise in production to an estimated $1,875 million
(in March 1951 dollars),1 more than double the
current level. This figure is believed to be the
peak production rate that the industry will reach
in its expansion program. Even with this expan
sion, employment will only reach the World War II
levels.
Such a difference in rate of gain in employment
and production has held in earlier periods of
expansion, both in World War II and in the past
year. It is explained primarily by additional sub
contracting and by lengthening the workweek.
A third factor is the greater output per man-hour
that occurs with a rising volume of production.2
This results mainly from increased standardiza
tion of product and longer production runs for
individual types of machine tools. The effect of
these factors may be partly offset by the hiring
of new less-experienced workers.
Requirements for Key Occupations
Skilled workers form a high proportion of the
work force in this industry—three out of eight
plant employees—according to a special survey of
occupational composition in the fall of 1950. The
industry employs skilled machinists, tool and die
makers, and key professional and technical em
ployees such as mechanical engineers, tool de
signers, and draftsmen. Nearly half of the
industry’s plant workers are in three occupational
groups—machine-tool operators, assemblers, and
inspectors. Women make up about 10 percent of
the work force, most of whom have office jobs or
are among the less-skilled machine-tool operators.
An occupational analysis of the industry re
vealed that the increased production of machine
tools would require varying rates of employment
expansion among the key occupations. Further,
occupational requirements of individual plants are
related to the size of the plant, the method of
production (i. e., jobbing or production line), and
the types of machine tools produced. Assuming
that the defense expansion would bring about
substantial increases in average plant size and
changes in production methods conforming to
World War II experience, estimates of the changes
that would occur in the industry’s occupational
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
MONTHLY LABOR
Estimated employment requirements in selected key
occupations in the machine-tool industry
Number of workers
Key occupations
June
1951
Peak
Addi
tional
mobili
workers
zation
period 1 required
Total wage and salary workers.....................
77, 000
113,000
36,000
Department foremen, process, nonworking.
Draftsmen_______ _______ ___________
Mechanical engineers.......... ..........................
Tool designers.............. ...................... ..........Assemblers, bench and floor, class A--------Crane operators (electric-bridge)...................
Inspectors, class A ........ ......... ........ ...............
Machine-tool operators, class A ..------------Machinists, production and maintenance.. .
Millwrights...........................................
Tool and/or die makers.........................
2,600
1,750
1,375
625
3,900
450
950
11, 400
675
250
1,100
3, 700
2, 550
1,875
900
5, 500
700
1,500
16, 500
975
425
1, 500
1,100
800
500
275
1,600
250
550
5,100
300
175
400
Third quarter of 1952; assuming a 52-hour average workweek.
pattern were made. These show that the ratio of
tool and die makers to total employment would be
decreased by a fifth (from 2.1 percent of all pro
duction workers to 1.7 percent). Similarly, the
proportion of mechanical engineers would be
reduced by 16 percent, skilled assemblers by 10
percent, and specialized machine-tool operators by
5 percent. At the same time, the proportion of
skilled inspectors would rise by 13 percent.
Employment in selected key occupations in the
industry in June 1951 and the estimated require
ments for the peak mobilization period are shown
in the accompanying table. The estimates are
based on an assumed average actual workweek
of 52 hours, which means an average scheduled
workweek of 54 hours. This is somewhat beiow
that attained during the World War II peak.
Earnings and Working Conditions
Average weekly earnings for the industry
compare favorably with other manufacturing
industries. In July 1951, weekly earnings for the
industry averaged $81.84, compared with $75.42
in the machinery industry group and $68.79 in the
durable-goods industry group. Estimated average
straight-time hourly earnings in the machine-tool
industry, exclusive of overtime, were equal to the
average for the machinery groups as a whole, but
higher than that for all durable-goods industries.
The current longer workweek in the machine-tool
industry explains the higher average weekly
earnings.
Since the beginning of Korean hostilities, the
workweek has been lengthened by more than 5
REVIEW, DECEMBER 1951
PAPERBOARD-CONTAINER INJURIES
675
hours, averaging 47.4 hours in June 1951. A
further increase in average weekly hours is ex
pected as the industry apparently is following the
trend established in World War II. The average
workweek increased from 38.1 hours in January
1939 to a high of 55 hours in January 1942, but
declined somewhat thereafter.
The industry is not likely to enter into a threeshift work program, even at the peak of produc
tion. In World War II, in spite of considerable
pressure, the industry operated primarily on a
single-shift basis with some assistance from a
second shift. Currently, the industry has the
advantage of being able to utilize the additional
facilities built in World War II, and it has ex
perienced management. In July 1951, 19 percent
of the production workers in the industry were on
second-shift and about 3 percent on third-shift
work.
Labor turn-over data collected by the Bureau
of Labor Statistics show that the separation rate
in this industry during the first half of 1951 was
similar to the average of the entire durable-goods
industry group. This would indicate that the in
dustry is not at a disadvantage with other indus
tries in competition for labor.
— M a x A. R u tzic k
Paperboard-Container-Industry
Work-Injury Rates, 1938-50
percent higher than in 1938 in contrast to the 53
percent rise in the paperboard-container rate
recorded in 1944. In the postwar recovery the
all-manufacturing rate dropped to 14.5 in 1949,
about 4 percent below the 1938 average. At this
point the paperboard-container industry rate was
17 percent higher than the all-manufacturing
average. In 1950 the all-manufacturing rate also
turned upward, but its rise was much less pro
nounced than the paperboard-container increase.
for 3 years, the injuryfrequency rate 1 for paperboard-container manu
facturing turned upward in 1950. The 1950
average for the industry of 17.9 disabling work
injuries for each million employee-hours worked
was 6 percent above the 1949 postwar low and was
somewhat less favorable than the average for all
manufacturing.
In 1938, before wartime influences became
effective, the injury-frequency rates for the paperboard-container industry and for all manufacturing
were practically identical, 15.2 and 15.1, respec
tively. During the next few years, a variety of
circumstances—chiefly shortages of trained work
ers, new equipment, and repair parts, and pressure
for increased production to meet wartime needs—
caused a rise in the injury rates for most manu
facturing industries. By 1941 the rate for the
paperboard-container industry had advanced near
ly 50 percent to 22.4, and in 1944 it reached a peak
of 23.3. It held closely to this level through 1946
and then declined steadily to 16.9 in 1949, from
which it turned upward again in 1950.
The average injury rate for all manufacturing
followed a similar course during these years, but
at its^peak in 1943 (20.0) it was only about 32
A f t e r
d e c l in in g
s t e a d il y
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Division of Manpower and Employment Statistics
1 The price rise for machine tools which occurred after March 1951 is not
reflected in this estimate.
2 Available studies show that in World War II output per man-hour in
creased in this industry.
An Estimate of Injury Costs, 1950
Approximately 4,800 workers in the paperboardcontainer industry experienced disabling injuries
during 1950. This represents 1 disabling injury
for every 27 employees in the industry.
An estimated 10 of these injured workers died
as a result of their injuries and about 320 others
were permanently disabled in some degree by the
loss, or loss of use, of some body part or function.
The other 4,470 workers were more fortunate in
that they suffered no permanent ill effects, but
each was injured seriously enough to require at
least a full day for recovery.
The actual time lost by the industry’s injured
workers during 1950 is estimated at about 71,500
man-days of work. Based on the average earnings
of production workers in the industry during the
year,2 the immediate wage loss would approximate
$590,000. Time lost within the year, however,
676
PAPERBOARD-CONTAINER INJURIES
does not adequately measure the real work loss
resulting from these injuries. Many of the per
manently disabled workers will have their earning
ability reduced for the remainder of their lives.
For the fatally injured workers, the loss is equiva
lent to their total expected earnings throughout
the years in which they would have worked had
their careers not been cut short. If allowance is
made for the future losses resulting from the
injuries experienced in 1950, the economic timeloss would amount to about 400,000 man-days.
The total wage loss attributable to these injuries,
based on 1950 wage levels, therefore, would amount
to about $3,350,000. In part, this loss is covered
by workmen’s compensation payments financed
by the employers. But because these payments
are never equivalent to full wages, the injured
workers and their dependents must bear a con
siderable portion of this loss.
In addition to wage losses, payments for medical
and hospital care as well as many indirect costs
contribute to the total cost of injury-producing
accidents. Among the latter are damage to
equipment and materials; the cost of training
replacement workers; time lost by other workers
who stopped to offer assistance at the time of the
accident; and supervisory time spent caring for
the injured, investigating the accident, and reor
ganizing operations after the accident. Un
fortunately, the indirect costs are seldom recorded,
and, as a result, cannot be determined accu
rately. However, studies have indicated that for
manufacturing generally the indirect costs arising
from injury-producing accidents average about
four times the combined amounts of compensation,
hospital, and medical payments.3 Assuming that
this ratio is approximately correct for the paper
board-container industry, the estimated indirect
cost of the injury-producing accidents in 1950
amounted to at least $8 million, and the total cost,
including medical expenses, exceeded $12 million.
Intra-Industry Characteristics
The paperboard-container industry includes a
wide variety of plants differing greatly in size,
type of product, and method of operation. Each
of these characteristics influences the prevailing
hazard level in a particular plant, but their differ
ential effect is lost when comparisons are based
upon the industry-wide averages usually available.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
MONTHLY LABOR
Paperboard-Containers and A ll Manufacturing,
Comparison of Injury-Frequency Rates
Unfortunately, a detailed analysis, based upon
such variations, in order to pinpoint the areas of
greatest hazard is usually impossible because it
is difficult to secure adequate representation for
each division of the industry.
To provide for some of these comparisons,
however, the Bureau of Labor Statistics’ survey 4
of injuries in paperboard-container manufacturing
for the year 1950 was substantially revised and
expanded. Participating plants were requested
to report their injury experience in a breakdown
for each of their major operations as well as in the
customary plant summary form. These data
were classified into various subgroups to show the
wide differences in injury experience prevailing
within the industry.
Product Comparisons. Average injury-frequency
rates for the four major groups of plants ranged
from a high of 23.0 for plants manufacturing
corrugated or fiber boxes to a low of 12.9 for those
manufacturing set-up boxes. Between these limits,
the folded-box plants had an average frequency
REVIEW, DECEMBER 1951
PAPERBOARD-CONTAINER INJURIES
1.—Industrial injury rates for 851 paperboard
container plants classified by product and by extent of dis
ability, 1950
T able
Plants manufacturing
Item
T o ta l1
Establishments____. _
L il
Employees. .
73,281
Employee-hours worked
(thousands)___ ____ 151,690
Corru
gated and
fiber
boxes
Fiber
cans,
tubes,
drums,
etc.
Folded
boxes
Set-up
boxes
172
25, 679
35
5,116
189
19,875
424
20,043
53,807
10, 647
41,903
39,898
Disablin g injuries ___ . . .
Deaths.. ___ __ _
Permanent-partial _.
Temporary-total___
2,715
6
182
2, 527
1,237
3
48
1,186
176
700
54
122
34
664
515
1
42
472
Frequency rates:2
All disabling injuries
D eaths... . . . .
Permanent-partial _.
Temporary-total___
17.9
(3)
1.2
16.7
23.0
.1
.9
22.0
16.5
5.1
11.4
16.7
(3)
.8
15.9
Average days lost or
charged per injury:
All disabling injuries..
Temporary-total___
Severity rate 4... _ ___
85
15
1.5
67
14
1.5
289
21
4.8
69
14
1.2
12.9
(3)
1.1
11.8
76
17
1.0
1 Totals include figures not shown separately because of insufficient data.
2 The frequency rate is the average number of disabling injuries per million
hours worked. A disabling injury is one that results in death, permanenttotal disability, permanent-partial disability, or in an inability to work for at
least one full shift on any day after the day of injury.
3 Less than 0.05.
4 The severity rate is the average number of days lost or charged per
thousand hours worked.
rate of 16.7 and the plants manufacturing fiber
cans, tubes, and drums had a rate of 16.5 (table 1).
In the corrugated- and fiber-box plants, 1 in
every 21 full-time workers experienced a disabling
injury during 1950. Three deaths were reported
by the plants in this group, giving them an average
of 1 fatality for each 18 million man-hours worked.
Their ratio of permanent-impairment cases, how
ever, was relatively low, averaging somewhat less
than one in every million man-hours. Tem
porary-total disabilities occurred in these plants
at the rate of 22 per million man-hours, but the
average recovery time for these cases (14 days each)
was comparatively low. Reflecting this combina
tion of a low average time loss for temporary-total
disabilities and a low incidence of permanent
impairments, the average time charge5 for all
disabling injuries in this group of plants was only
67 days per case. This was lower than the average
time charge for any of the other plant groups.
The standard severity rate6for the corrugated- and
fiber-box plants, 1.5, was somewhat higher than
the rates for the set-up and folded-box plants; it
was substantially lower than for plants manufac
turing fiber cans, tubes, and drums.
975806— 51 ------ 3
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
677
The over-all frequency rate of 16.7 for plants
manufacturing folded boxes represented an aver
age of 1 disabling injury during the year for every
28 workers in that segment of the industry. One
fatality occurred in each 21 million man-hours
and there was 1 permanent impairment case for
each lb million man-hours. Recovery time for
the temporary-total disabilities experienced in
these plants averaged 14 days per case. The
average time charge for all cases was 69 days and
the standard severity rate for the group was 1.2.
Plants manufacturing fiber cans, tubes, and
drums, averaged 1 disabling injury for every 29
full-time workers. Their relatively favorable fre
quency rate, 16.5, however, was offset by a very
unfavorable record of injury severity. No fatal
ities were reported by these plants during 1950,
but their record of 5 permanent impairments in
each million man-hours worked coupled with an
average recovery time of 21 days per case for
temporary-total disabilities gave them a severity
rate of 4.8 and an average time charge of 289 days
per case. Therefore, the possibility of experienc
ing a serious injury appeared to be much greater
in these plants than in any other part of the
industry.
The set-up box plants, with an average fre
quency rate of 12.9, had the most favorable ex
perience in the industry. Their record showed 1
disabling injury for each 39 full-year workers, only
1 fatality in 40 million man-hours, and only a
fraction more than 1 permanent impairment per
million man-hours. Their average recovery time
for temporary-total disabilities, 17 days, was
relatively high. As a result, their average time
charge per case was 76 days, but their severity
rate of 1.0 was the lowest for any of the four
groups of plants.
Plant-Size Comparisons. Plant-size appears to
be very closely related to the occurrence of in
juries in the paperboard container industry.
Generally, the very small plants (with less than
50 employees each) and the large plants (with 500
or more employees) had the lowest injury-fre
quency rates. The highest average frequency rate
was for the plants employing 100 to 249 workers.
For the group of plants employing less than 20
workers apiece, the average frequency rate was
11.6. In each of the next 3 size groups, the
678
PAPERBOARD-CONTAINER INJURIES
average moved progressively higher: 13.6 for
plants with 20 to 49 employees; 19.1 for plants
with 50 to 99 employees; and 20.5 for those with
100 to 249 employees. The average rate then
dropped slightly to 19.0 for plants having 250 to
499 employees apiece. In the final group, made
up of plants having 500 or more employees each,
the average dropped sharply to 13.8.
This general pattern of injury-rate variations
in relation to plant size confirms the Bureau’s
findings in other industry surveys. The indica
tions are that the owner is frequently the super
visor in small shops; he has personal financial
interest in keeping the accident volume at a mini
mum, and is generally able to keep all operations
under close observation. He can, therefore, see
unsafe conditions and practices as they develop
and can take immediate action to eliminate
hazards before they cause accidents.
The high volume of production in large shops
makes it financially possible to give special atten
tion to safety. These plants usually can afford to
employ safety engineers to carry on scientific ac
cident-prevention programs and to provide all
guards and safety equipment known to be avail
able. Large plants also can maintain some form
of medical or trained first-aid service upon the
premises. They have the advantage of profes
sionally engineered plant lay-out and work
processes, and are generally in a position to utilize
mechanical equipment more extensively than are
the smaller plants. Material-handling operations
utilizing mechanical conveyors, hoists, and power
trucks can do much to avoid many of the injuries
associated with the manual performance of such
operations.
The problem of safety in medium-size plants is
complicated because the responsible head seldom
can devote much of his time to observing shop
operations, and, therefore, must delegate much
of the responsibility for safety to others. Un
fortunately, these safety responsibilities usually
must be assigned to foremen or supervisors who
rarely have had safety training and who frequently
place greater importance on their production re
sponsibilities than on attention to safety.
The group averages, however, tend to conceal
the wide differences in the frequency rates of the
individual plants within the various size groups.
Actually, nearly 44 percent of the plants included
in the survey operated throughout the year with
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MONTHLY LABOR
out a single disabling injury. Most of these were
small plants, but the list included 10 with over 100
workers, 2 of which employed nearly 250 workers
apiece. Although no plant with over 250 employ
ees achieved a zero frequency rate, 1 employing
600 workers finished the year with a rate of only 3.7.
At the other extreme, 8 plants with less than
100 employees reported rates of over 100. Another
group of 56 plants, none of which had as many as
500 employees, reported rates of over 50. No
plant with 500 or more employees had a rate
exceeding 30.
Departmental comparisons. Because the internal
organization of the reporting plants differed
greatly, many were unable to furnish complete
breakdowns of their operations according to a
standardized pattern. Nearly all, however, re
ported on some of their operations in sufficient
detail to permit the inclusion of those figures in
typical departmental groups. On this basis,
separate injury records were compiled for 18
production departments or operations and for 5
plant-service operations (table 2).
Production operations as a group had a some
what higher injury frequency than the servicedepartment group, but the injuries experienced by
service workers tended to be more severe.
The greatest concentration of injuries occurred
in the corrugating departments. For these opera
tions the average frequency rate was 42.5, repre
senting approximately 1 disabling injury in the
course of the year for every 11 full-time workers.
A relatively high proportion of these were serious
injuries. As a result, the corrugating departments
also had the highest average time charge per case
(91 days) and the highest severity rate (3.9)
among the entire group of production departments.
Only two other production departments had
frequency rates above 20—the printing depart
ments and the cutting departments. Each of
these operations had a comparatively high propor
tion of permanent-partial disabilities and as a
result ranked relatively high in the injury-severity
comparisons.
At the other extreme, two production depart
ments had frequency rates of less than 10—the
hand covering, topping, and turning operation, and
the labeling operation. The average recovery
time for temporary-total disabilities was high in
both of these departments, but their low incidence
PAPERBOARD-CONTAINER INJURIES
REVIEW, DECEMBER 1951
679
The shipping departments also had a very high
injury-frequency rate of 30.8. Injuries in these
departments, however, tended to be less serious
than those occurring in storage operations, giving
them a better than average ranking in respect to
injury severity.
Maintenance operations ranked third among the
service departments in injury frequency and
second in respect to injury severity. Their
frequency rate of 24.8, however, was higher than
that of any production department except the
corrugating department.
The administrative and clerical departments
had a particularly good record. Their injuryfrequency rate of 1.7 compared quite favorably
with the rates for similar activities in other
industries recently surveyed by the Bureau of
Labor Statistics. In the clay-construction prod
ucts industry, for example, the frequency rate
for clerical and administrative work in 1948 was
of permaneot impairments gave them relatively
low injury-severity rates.
In the middle ground 13 production depart
ments had frequency rates ranging from 12.9 for
gluing operations to 19.8 for stitching operations.
The tying and bundling department, with a
frequency rate of 14.1, had the best severity record
among all the production departments. In this
operation no fatalities or permanent impairments
occurred, and the recovery time for temporarytotal disabilities averaged only 10 days per case.
Among the operations with less-favorable records
were corner cutting and integrated cutting and
creasing.
Storage operations, with 1 disabling injury for
every 13 full-time workers, ranked as the most
hazardous of the plant-service activities. Along
with a high frequency rate (35.8) these operations
had a very high severity rate (4.6) and a very high
average time charge per injury (128 days).
T able 2.—Industrial injury rates for 851 'paperboard-container plants, classified by operation and by extent of
disability, 1950
Number of disabling injuries
Operations
Num
ber of Num
ber
report
of
ing
em
estab
lish ployees
ments
Em
ployee
hours
worked
(thou Total
sands)
Frequency rates of1—
Severity
Average num
ber of days
lost or charged Sever
Tempo
per injury
Perma
All
ity
nentrarydis Deaths partial
rate 2
total
abling
Perma Tempo injuries
disa
disa
All Tempo
nent
rary
rarybilities bilities
dis
total
Death partial total
abling
disa
disa
disa
injuries bilities
bility bility
Resulting in—
____________
851
73, 281 151, 690
2,715
6
182
2,527
17.9
m
1.2
16.7
85
15
1.5
Production operations------- ___ . . .
Bending, breaking, folding------Corner cutting . - __________
Corrugating________ _______
Covering, topping, turning inhand _
__ __________
Creasing
_ ___________
Cutting
________
Cutting and creasing: integrated.
Gluing
_____ ______
Labeling
________
Machine wrapping
____
Printing
________
Scoring
_ ____
Slitting
_____
Slotting
____ _ __________
Staying
_________
Stitching . _____
____ ____
Stripping
_ _____________
Tying and bundling
704
296
376
115
34,431
1,256
773
2,185
71,376
2,595
1, 547
4 ,703
1,301
40
27
200
1
71
1.0
1
18.2
15.4
17.5
42.5
(<)
6
7
1,229
40
21
192
17.2
15.4
13.6
40.8
57
16
83
91
14
16
22
15
1.0
.2
1.5
3.9
360
155
367
54
324
239
362
391
391
308
131
453
228
358
555
2,309
'838
1,969
' 905
3, 763
’ 627
2,555
5i 507
806
1,126
506
2,562
1,493
2,365
2,976
4,599
1,804
4,170
1,909
7, 650
1,217
5) 088
IT 730
1,678
2,320
1,047
5; 229
3; 029
4, 912
6,149
29
31
94
33
99
9
77
266
24
38
18
95
60
74
87
27
28
87
31
94
9
70
249
24
36
17
90
54
73
87
6.3
17.2
22. 5
17.3
12.9
7.4
15.1
22.7
14.3
16.4
17.2
18.2
19.8
15.1
14.1
5.9
15.5
20.8
16.3
12.2
7.4
13.7
21.3
14.3
15.5
16.2
17.2
17.8
14.9
14.1
43
54
70
69
58
32
52
83
18
26
28
27
51
17
10
24
12
15
11
16
32
14
14
18
11
12
12
12
13
10
.3
.9
1.6
1.2
.7
.2
.8
1.9
.3
.4
.5
.5
1.0
.3
.1
Service operations
. _ ______
Administrative and clerical.___
Die making
Maintenance and power
Shipping
__ ____
Storage
_______________
600
587
254
455
217
279
13,985
7,172
603
2,700
1,989
1,521
29,046
14,521
1, 297
5^737
4 , 220
3; 271
424
24
11
142
130
117
396
24
9
128
127
108
14.6
1.7
8.5
24.8
30.8
35.8
13.6
1.7
7.0
22.4
30.1
33.0
89
13
60
115
42
128
16
13
7
15
17
19
T o ta l3___________
1 The frequency rate is the average number of disabling injuries per million hours worked. A disabling injury is one that results in death, permanent-total disability, permanent-partial disability, or in an inability to
work for at least one full shift on any day after the day of injury.
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2
3
7
2
5
7
17
2
1
5
6
1
28
2
iL
3
9
.2
3.9
1.5
.4
1.7
1.7
1.0
.7
1.4
1.4
.9
1.0
1.0
2.0
.2
1.0
1.5
2.4
.7
2.8
1.3
(*)
.5
2.8
1.3
4.6
2 The severity rate is the average number of days lost or charged per thousand hours worked.
3 Totals include figures not shown separately because of insufficient data,
4 Less than 0.05.
TRAINING IN REDUCING ACCIDENTS
680
3.0, and in the fertilizer industry during 1946 the
rate for similar work was 2.8. In the pulp and
paper industry, surveyed in 1948, the clerical and
administrative rate was somewhat lower, 1.4.
—F
rank
S. M oE LR O Y and G
eorgeR
.M
cC o r m a c k
Branch of Industrial Hazards
1 The injury-frequency rate is the average number of disabling work injuries
for each million employee-hours worked.
A disabling work injury is one arising out of and in the course of employ
ment, which (a) results in death or in any degree of permanent physical
impairment, or (6) makes the injured unable to perform the duties of any
regularly established job, open and available to him, throughout the hours
corresponding to his regular shift on any day after the day of injury, including
Sundays, holidays, and periods of plant shut-down.
2 An average of $57.96 per week.
M onthly Labor Review, June 1951
(p. 747).
3 Industrial Accident Prevention, by H. W. Heinrich, New York, Me
Graw-Hill Book Co. (3d edition) 1950.
4 Detailed reports were received from 851 plants, employing over 73,000
workers in 1950 and reporting more than 2,700 injuries. The reporting group
represented nearly 60 percent of the industry’s employment. Included were
424 set-up box plants, 189 folded-box plants, 172 corrugated- or fiber-box
plants, and 35 fiberboard can, tube, or drum plants. A small group of 31
plants failed to indicate the particular type of container which they manu
factured.
»The average time charge is computed by adding the days lost for each
temporary-total disability to the standard time charges for fatalities and
permanent disabilities, as given in Method of Compiling Industrial Injury
Rates (approved by the American Standards Association, 1945), and by
dividing the total by the number of disabling injuries.
« The severity rate is the average num ber of days lost or charged for each
1,000 employee-hours worked.
Use of Training in
Reducing Industrial Accidents
o r k e r a t t i t u d e s and lack of knowledge or
skill about the job are held responsible for most
industrial accidents, in a thesis submitted to Yale
University and summarized in the Harvard Busi
ness Review.1 According to the author, convinc
ing evidence exists that the accident-frequency
rate in a typical plant can be cut by more than
half through the use of a new but tested approach.
Individualized safety education can overcome
deficient attitudes and lack of knowledge of a job,
by reorienting the individual's thinking about his
job and also by inducing improved work habits.
In general, the author maintains that the key
to solution of the accident problem is not unlike
that to any other industrial problem in which
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MONTHLY LABOR
employee cooperation is a critical factor. In a
plant having a relatively unfavorable accidentfrequency rate, workers must yield to managerial
“interest, praise, and criticism.” The issue is to
find out how management can best bring its in
fluence to bear, and the following specific recom
mendations for training are directed toward acci
dent prevention:
(1) Group-administered safety education, as gen
erally utilized by industry, is relatively ineffective.
It does not really accomplish what management thinks
it accomplishes. A general redirection of effort
toward a continuing, individualized, personalized in
struction is needed. The effectiveness of this type
of training has been demonstrated.
(2) The problem of training the employee to work
safely is not so much the act, for example, of teaching
him to put on his gloves. It is more than that. There
is the additional factor of establishing in the em
ployee’s daily conduct the habit of wearing his gloves.
Further, management must recognize that the factors
of skill and understanding can be trained into the
employee only with diligence and patience. Such
learning takes a long time, and management must
discard its ideas that these factors that enter so
definitely into the safety-training activity can be
acquired by the employee through the “shot in the
arm” variety of industrial education.
(3) During recent years increasing numbers of
educators have campaigned for individualized instruc
tion in the school room, pointing to the superior
results obtained over other methods. This experi
mentation provides an industrial education counter
part to the claims advanced by the formal educators
in that the great individual differences in the attitudes,
abilities, and habits of workers are recognized.
(4) The new approach to accident prevention is
applicable to industry in. general. The fact that the
General Electric plant where the tests were made is
larger than most company plants should not be con
sidered a restriction on this statement. Indeed,
smaller companies and plants are often in a better
position to practice individualized training because
of greater flexibility and the closer working relations
between employees and their supervisors. Consider
able benefits stand to be gained in safety, worker
efficiency, and cost reduction wherever there are
employee-operated machines which may cause injury;
factors such as size and kind of industry are, in large
part, extraneous.
As noted in the preceding quotation, the
recommendations are based upon actual experience
in a plant of the General Electric Co. The author
cites the positive results of the training program in
terms of a reduced number of accidents and money
savings to management. He attributes this
success to the addition of a very distinct element
*
^
R E V IE W , D E C E M B E R 1951
TRAINING IN REDUCING ACCIDENTS
to the usual engineering and group-education
methods—namely, personal supervision. The
latter approach is described as a challenge to
the foreman, demanding considerable attention to
details on his part. In fact, the need for correla
tion between acceptable worker performance and
positive managerial recognition was one reason
which led GE to try the new approach to accident
prevention which is here described.
Individualized Training Tests
On April 1, 1943, GE started an intensive
6-week individualized training period, which was
terminated abruptly because of war contingencies.
This was followed in January 1944 by an extended
application of the same principle.
In preparation for the first test, the supervisors
involved were asked to compile job breakdowns
of 32 jobs covering 98 percent of the employees
under their supervision. For each step, they
listed any action which might injure the worker,
make the work easier, or, in general, make or
break the job (e. g., wearing gloves, using hand
wheel in machine operation). Individualized
continuous instruction and follow-up of each
worker followed, with the foreman emphasizing
all possible safety aspects. It took over a week
to cover each worker on his job and, in addition,
the foremen reported that they had to repeat
supervision in order to make certain of perform
ance by employees in a safe manner. However,
the program proved effective. “The injury rate
for the two shifts coming under the program
dropped amazingly/’ i. e., on the first shift from
79 per 100,000 man-hours to 20 in a month and
then dropping to nearly 13. The second shift
decline was even greater: from 160 to 22 in the
first month and then to 17 per 100,000 man-hours,
after 2 months.
Almost as soon as the supervisors relaxed their
individualized attention to safety, the frequency
rates climbed to their earlier levels on both shifts.
However, all of the rise could not be attributed
to the relaxation mentioned. For example,
trained personnel was moving into the armed
forces and there were varied stresses and strains
of wartime.
The second and extended application of indivi
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681
dualized training was undertaken in 1944, with
supervisors including this work as a part of their
job. (In 1943 it had been made their sole job.)
Results were immediate with the second shift but
were delayed with the first. In 1945, the favorable
effects were unmistakable and continued in 1946,
as shown in the following accident frequency rates
of reported injuries covering 300 to 325 persons:
F req u en cy rate p e r 100,000 m a n
hours
Y ear
1941_________________
1942_________________
1943_________________
1944____________
1945_________________
1946_________________
F ir s t sh if
1 3 5 .5 5
1 120. 99
8 0 .3 4
95. 12
6 0 .0 7
4 2 .9 1
Second sh ift
101.
111.
121.
100.
63.
46.
27
44
79
59
90
56
1 It is questionable whether significance should be attached to
the decline already in progress before the experiment was started.
The preponderance of well-experienced employees in 1941 and
1942 may explain the situation in part.
The only difference in supervision, which the
author considers may have contributed to more
rapid accident reduction on the second than on the
first shift, was the type of foremen. Second shift
foremen were the younger of the two and may
have been more willing to become a part of an
experiment and to try something new. However,
by the final year of the experiment, 1946, foremen
on both shifts were contributing very satisfactorily
to the project.
During the period studied (1941-46) the injury
frequency rates were considerably higher for GE
as a whole than for the plant studied. Moreover,
individualized training has continued to reduce
the accident rate since 1946.
In discussing the implications of the program,
the author of the study refers to the dollars-andcents savings in direct costs. He also cites the
importance of lowering “indirect” or hidden costs
of accidents in lost time of workers who are not
injured, in supervisors’ time, damage to ma
chinery, etc.2 An even more rewarding phase to
many managements which reduce accident inci
dence is the elimination of at least some of the
physical and emotional suffering in the work force.
1 G. Roy Fugal. Reducing Industrial Accidents. (In Harvard Business
Review, vol. X X IX No. 4, July 1951, pp. 82-90.)
2 For a discussion of uninsured costs of industrial accidents, see Monthly
Labor Review, issue of June 1951 (p. 633).
682
AMENDMENTS TO LMRA
Union Security Amendments
To the Taft-Hartley Act
that a special election be held
by the National Labor Relations Board before the
inclusion of a union-shop clause in a collective
bargaining contract was eliminated by the first
amendment to the Labor Management Relations
Act of 1947 (Taft-Hartley law) enacted by the
Eighty-second Congress.1 Under the amended law,
however, employees are entitled to rescind their
union’s authority to include a union-shop provision
in the contract, provided (1) that 30 percent or
more of the employees petition the NLRB for such
an election; then the Board will conduct a secret
ballot, and (2) that a majority of eligible em
ployees vote for the rescission. In addition, the
measure validates over 4,000 representation elec
tions and collective-bargaining contracts whose
legality was threatened by a recent United States
Supreme Court decision. The approved unionshop elections were those held prior to the signing
of non-Communist affidavits by top officials of the
American Federation of Labor and the Congress
of Industrial Organizations.
The Act, entitled Amendments to the National
Labor Relations Act, as amended (Public Law 189,
82d Cong., 1st sess.), was approved by President
Truman on October 22, 1951. In signing the bill,
he said “union-shop elections have involved ex
penditures in excess of $3,000,000 of public funds.
Experience has proved them to be not only costly
and burdensome, but unnecessary as well. In
practically every election, the employees have con
firmed their desire for the union-shop agreement.”
During congressional hearings on the Act, it was
pointed out that unions had won approximately 97
percent of 44,587 union-shop elections held.
Union-shop elections had been invalidated by
the Supreme Court decision in the Highland Park
Manufacturing Co. case on May 14, 1951. The
court ruled that the CIO is a “national” labor
organization within the meaning of the LMRA,
and as such, its officers are required to file nonCommunist affidavits. This ruling raised the ques
tion of the validity of representation certification
and union-authorization certificates issued by the
NLRB during the period when top union officers
T h e r e q u ir e m e n t
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MONTHLY LABOR
had not complied with the non-Communist
affidavit requirements of the Taft-Hartley law.
Following the Supreme Court decision, the
NLRB, on July 11, 1951 ruled 2 that a contract
between a company and a CIO union, containing
a union-security clause authorized by elections
held at the time when the CIO was not in com
pliance with the non-Communist affidavit re
quirements, cannot bar a rival union from peti
tioning for an election. On August 2, 1951, the
Board reversed itself. This action, however,
was insufficient to legalize all the contracts with
union-shop clauses based on invalid elections.
The new amendment by Congress removes any
uncertainty relative to the legality of the con
tracts. It also eliminates the necessity for new
NLRB elections at an estimated cost of $850,000.
Further, as stated by the President, “the pro
tection accorded by this bill to outstanding
certifications will prevent the disruption of
stable labor-management relations during this
crucial period in our mobilization effort.”
1Sources: Public Law 189, 82d Cong., approved Oct. 22,1951; White House
release, Oct. 22,1951; and Congressional Record, vol. 97, No. 189, Oct. 9,1951,
pp. 13122 and 13125; Labor Relations Reporter, vol. 28, No. 22, July 16,1951,
L R R M p. 1283, and vol. 28, No. 28, Aug. 6, 1951, L RRM p. 137.
2In the case of Ford Motor Co. and the International Brotherhood of
Blacksmiths, Drop Forgers, and Helpers (AFL).
State Labor Legislation
In 1951
of 44 States and the 3 Terri
tories, meeting in regular session in 1951, enacted
one or more labor laws in their respective juris
dictions. A statutory 75-cent minimum wage
rate applicable to men, women, and minors was
established in Connecticut. Connecticut thus
became the first State to set a statutory minimum
wage rate equaling that of the Federal Fair Labor
Standards Act. Other 1951 achievements in
cluded a California law specifically providing for
the regulation of farm-labor contractors, and
legislation which strengthens the regulation of
private employment agencies in Illinois, New
T h e l e g is l a t u r e s
REVIEW, DECEMBER 1951
STATE LABOR LEGISLATION
Jersey, and Oklahoma. A number of laws were
passed affecting industrial health and the safety
of workers. Coverage of wage-payment and
wage-collection laws was broadened in four
States, and the commissioner of labor in Con
necticut was authorized to take assignments of
wage claims.
Emergency relaxation of certain provisions of
State labor laws—usually for the duration of the
present emergency—was enacted into law by a
number of States. As a rule, these acts apply to
maximum-hours provisions and provide safe
guards for the workers by setting up specific
conditions under which the relaxations may be
permitted.
The most numerous changes in State labor
legislation this year were made in the field of
workmen’s compensation; these will be discussed
in a later issue of the Monthly Labor Review.
Child Labor and School Attendance
Child-labor standards were strengthened in five
States in 1951. In New Hampshire, the 14-year
minimum age standard was broadened to apply
to all occupations except agriculture and domestic
service, instead of only to specified occupations.
The Delaware child-labor law was amended to
require age certificates for minors 16 and 17
years of age who are seeking employment. As of
autumn 1951, 22 States, the District of Columbia,
Hawaii, and Puerto Rico require certificates for
minors up to 18, and one other State requires
them for minors up to 17 years of age. A Cali
fornia law provided for an increase of 50 percent
in workmen’s compensation benefits for minors
illegally employed.
Child-labor regulation in Ohio was improved by
raising the minimum age from 16 to 18 for em
ployment of minors in a considerable number of
hazardous occupations. This provision is tem
porary, however, since the law in which it was
included, relaxing certain requirements concerning
employment of women and minors, is effective
until September 1, 1953. In Illinois, penalties
were materially increased for employment of
children under 14 in certain types of public
entertainment.
On the other hand, six States, Alaska, and
Hawaii, amended their child-labor laws to lower
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
688
certain standards, or to authorize relaxations.
Four of these amendments are limited in duration
to the present emergency period; the other four
are unlimited.
Florida and Hawaii acts permit children of
any age to be employed in the production of
motion pictures, under certain safeguards de
termined by the labor commissioner. The Hawaii
act limits such employment to time when the
children are not legally required to attend school.
A North Carolina law allows girls of 17 to work
until 10:30 p. m., instead of 9 p. m. as ticket takers
and cashiers in motion picture theaters.
Minors of 16 and 17 years of age in Alaska may
now work beyond the 8-hour day and 40-hour
week during school vacations, provided they work
in accordance with the prevailing wages and hours
of the particular industry in which they are em
ployed. The age at which girls may be employed
in restaurants in Alaska was reduced from 18 to
16 years.
Relaxation of child-labor laws which are limited
to the emergency period are discussed in this
article under “Emergency Relaxations.”
Compulsory school-attendance provisions, which
are closely related to regulation of employment of
children, were strengthened or clarified in a few
States. A conflict between the compulsoryattendance law and the child-labor law, which
had existed in Illinois since its child-labor amend
ment went into effect on June 30, 1947, was
eliminated. Under the 1951 law, children in that
State must be lawfully employed according to the
provisions of the child-labor law to be exempted
from school attendance. Formerly children 14
years of age and over were permitted to be excused
from school to work, although the child-labor law
set a minimum age of 16 for any work during
school hours.
The age requirements for school attendance in
Indiana were clarified by an amendment defining
the term “child” (as used in the compulsoryattendance law) to mean any child between the
ages of 7 and 16 years, instead of between 7 and
15 years. A Wisconsin act deleted the exemption
from compulsory school attendance for children
living more than 2){ miles from a school if no
public transportation is furnished. The minimum
school year was extended from 8 to 9 months in
South Dakota.
684
STATE LABOR LEGISLATION
Emergency Relaxations
Acts authorizing emergency relaxations of labor
laws under certain conditions were passed in a
number of States. All of these acts are limited to
the emergency or are to be in effect until a specific
date, usually 2 years after enactment. Most of
them affect maximum working hours of women
or minors.
Four States specifically relaxed certain provi
sions of their child-labor laws. The Indiana Legis
lature provided that girls between the ages of 16
and 18 may work until 9 p. m. instead of 7 p. m.
in nonhazardous occupations. An Ohio law sus
pended the prohibition of night work between 10
p. m. and 6 a. m. for girls between 18 and 21 years
of age, and permitted 16- and 17-year-old girls to
work until 9 p. m. instead of 6 p. m. In Utah
the minimum age was lowered from 16 to 14 years
for employment outside school hours in the firstprocessing of agricultural products as well as in
other nonhazardous industries. The minimum age
for house-to-house street trades in Wisconsin was
lowered from 13 to 12 years.
Under a New York law, dispensations from legal
requirements may be granted to individual em
ployers engaged in defense work. Various restric
tions and safeguards were provided for issuance
of such dispensations; for instance, none may be
issued for minors under 16 years of age. (For
more detail regarding this law, see article on p. 690
of this issue.)
In Ohio, various provisions of the women’s em
ployment laws were relaxed; for example, a 10-hour
day was permitted in offices, and the prohibition
against employment of women as taxi drivers was
suspended. A Maine act extended the maximum
working day for women 16 years of age and over
from 9 hours to 10 hours or longer. Utah’s
Industrial Commission was authorized, upon the
finding of a critical labor shortage, to permit em
ployment of females 18 years of age and over in
smelters and also in mines on other than under
ground work. Under an amendment to the
Washington 8-hour law for females, a tripartite
commission was established to consider applica
tions for relaxations and to issue defense produc
tion permits covering designated places of em
ployment.
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M ONTHLY LA BO R
Two other States extended emergency laws pre
viously enacted. In Massachusetts the authority
of the Commissioner of Labor and Industries to
suspend any laws or regulations relating to women
or minors, in cases of emergency or hardship, was
extended until July 1, 1952. California’s Defense
Production Act of 1950, which authorized the
governor to issue to individual employers permits
suspending the hours laws for females, was ex
tended until 1953; the governor was also em
powered to issue temporary permits in cases of
extreme emergency, pending the processing of an
application.
Industrial Health and Safety
In the past few years, legislation relating to in
dustrial health and safety has been receiving
increasing attention. The President’s Conference
on Industrial Safety meeting in 1949, and in 1950
and 1951 has stimulated interest in basic industrial
health and safety legislation. In 1951 a number
of States passed laws relating to this subject.
The general rule-making authority of the In
dustrial Accident Board of Montana was strength
ened by such legislation. Rule-making authority
limited to specific industries was also granted in
three States: In Michigan, to the construction of
buildings, bridges, and sewers; in Tennessee, to
the construction, operation, and maintenance of
elevators; and in Washington, to the construction,
repair, and operation of boilers.
Laws relating to the reporting of accidents or
to the violation of safety laws were passed in
five States: California, Connecticut, Idaho, Ore
gon, and Rhode Island. In California the mini
mum fine for failure to report an accident was
increased from $10 to $25. Every employer in
Rhode Island is now required to notify the
Division of Industrial Inspection immediately
regarding every fatal injury arising out of or in the
course of employment; the division is required to
conduct an on-the-scene investigation of the
accident as soon as possible.
The Connecticut Labor Commissioner was
authorized to inspect all rigging in the construc
tion industry and report violations to the proper
prosecuting authority. A 1951 amendmentAo
the Idaho law authorized the Commissioner’'of
REVIEW, DECEMBER 1951
STATE LABOR LEGISLATION
Labor to require that a place of business and
equipment be constructed and maintained in con
formity with reasonable standards of safety; it
also provided that, when he finds a violation of
any law relating to safety and sanitary conditions,
he must notify the employer direct, and must
make recommendations for the correction of such
conditions, instead of first making a report to the
Industrial Accident Board. The Oregon In
dustrial Accident Commission was authorized,
upon finding a violation of any safety regulation,
to post a notice of such violation; such notice is
not to be removed until the employer has complied
with the safety rule.
A schedule of hours for work under compressed
air was established by a new Indiana law—the
maximum daily hours to range from 8 hours when
the pressure is not more than 15 pounds a square
inch, to 1 hour when the pressure exceeds 48
pounds.
Industrial Relations
In five States legislation was enacted relating to
mediation, arbitration, or conciliation services or
procedures. The Arkansas Department of Labor
was authorized to proffer its services for mediation
and conciliation when a work stoppage is threaten
ed, rather than wait for a request from one of the
parties to the dispute. In Maine, an independent
panel of five labor mediators was created to sup
plement already existing conciliation and arbitra
tion services under the State’s Department of
Labor and Industry. Legislation providing for
voluntary mediation of disputes between public
employers and employees was passed in North
Dakota. The North Carolina law relating to
voluntary arbitration was revised; among changes
made was the deletion of a former requirement
that the parties agree in writing to continue at
work during arbitration proceedings. Oregon re
pealed a provision that a strike or lock-out must
involve at least 50 persons before the services of
its Board of Conciliation might be offered.
Amendments in this field include a requirement
in the anti-injunction act of Rhode Island that
the court make certain findings of fact before it
may issue an injunction in a labor dispute; in
Connecticut, the holding of representation elec
tions on the employer’s property during working
hours is authorized; and in Minnesota, wage de975806— 51 ----- 1
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685
ductions are permitted for the payment of union
dues when requested by the employee.
The Employment Peace Act in Wisconsin was
amended to permit an employer who works at
the trade of his employees to become a member of
the same labor organization as his employees.
Minnesota prohibited strikes by public employees
of the State, local subdivisions, or school districts.
For the first time since 1947, a law prohibiting
the closed shop was passed. A Nevada act placed
a ban on the closed shop as well as on all other
types of union-security agreements. The 1951
legislation amended a 1907 act, which the Nevada
Supreme Court in 1949 held to apply only to
“ yellow dog” contracts. Nevada is the twelfth
State to prohibit all types of union-security
agreements.
Private Employment Agencies
A California act provided for licensing farmlabor contractors after specified conditions have
been met; in addition, the State Labor Commis
sioner must be satisfied with the character, com
petency, and responsibility of applicants before
granting such licenses. They may be revoked if
contractors violate any State law regulating the
employment of women or minors in agriculture,
or regulating the payment of wages to farm em
ployees, or affecting their health and safety.
Amendments to Illinois and New Jersey laws
regulating private employment agencies require
an investigation of the character and responsibility
of the applicant for a license. The bond require
ments of the Illinois law were strengthened, and
the record-keeping requirements were revised to
specify the various types of records every agency
must keep. Under the New Jersey amendment,
which goes into effect January 1, 1952, the owner
as well as the operator of an agency must be
licensed; and the operator must pass a written
examination showing that he has knowledge of the
provisions of the private employment agency law
and the other labor laws of the State.
On the other hand, in Oklahoma and Iowa,
maximum placement fees were raised; in Okla
homa, the former 5-percent maximum was in
creased to range from 15 to 45 percent of the first
month’s wage; a similar 1951 amendment to the
Iowa law increased placement fees from 10 per
cent to 25 percent of the first month’s wage.
686
STATE LABOR LEGISLATION
Certain undesirable practices were barred in
1951 by Oklahoma legislation. For instance,
agencies were prohibited from furnishing employ
ment to children in violation of the child-labor
or compulsory school-attendance laws. Publish
ing false notices or sending a person to a place
where a lock-out or strike existed without notifying
him of the fact were also banned.
State Labor Departments
A Department of Labor and Industry and a
Department of Agriculture were created in
Montana to replace the former Department of
Agriculture, Labor, and Industry. The Depart
ment of Labor and Industry is headed by a
commissioner appointed by the governor for a
4-year term; it is charged with the enforcement of
all laws relating to hours of labor, conditions of
labor, payment of wages, and child labor, and with
administration of the free employment offices.
The separation of the two agencies was provided
for by a constitutional amendment passed in 1949
and adopted by referendum in November 1950.
Wage Standards
The establishment of a statutory minimum wage
of 75 cents an hour in Connecticut was one of the
major advances in 1951. The Connecticut law
applies to men, women, and minors, and in this
respect is similar to the laws of Hawaii, Massa
chusetts, New Hampshire, New York, Puerto
Rico, and Rhode Island. Two other States in
this group amended their minimum-wage laws.
The New Hampshire Commissioner of Labor was
authorized to make necessary adjustments in
wages found to be below the statutory rate of 50
cents an hour set in 1949. An amendment to the
Hawaii wage and hour law extended coverage to
salaried workers receiving a guaranteed monthly
salary up to $300, rather than up to $200 as
formerly.
In Minnesota—one of the 22 jurisdictions having
minimum-wage laws affecting only women or
women and minors—an amendment was passed to
exempt agricultural labor and domestic service in
private homes.
Substantial improvements were made in the
wage-payment and wage-collection laws of four
States. Connecticut extended coverage to all
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M O NTHLY LA BO R
employers rather than specified employers; Maine,
to amusement industries; New Hampshire, to
hotels, restaurants, granite-cutting enterprises, and
municipal corporations employing less than 10
persons. In Massachusetts, employers of agri
cultural workers were made subject to the penalty
provisions from which they were formerly ex
empted. Connecticut also provided additional
protection to workers by authorizing the State
Labor Commissioner to take assignments of wage
claims and collect them without cost to the
worker.
Other Important Legislation
Five States—Arkansas, Illinois, Minnesota,
New Hampshire, and North Carolina—passed
laws making it unlawful for an employer to have an
employee or applicant pay the cost of a medical
examination required as a condition of employ
ment. The North Carolina law applies only to
employers of 25 or more workers. Since the trend
in enacting such legislation began in 1949, 15 States
and Alaska have provided such laws, most of them
covering all employers.
An antidiscrimination law passed in Colorado
requires private employers to apply an educational
approach in their employment policies to avoid
discrimination based on race, creed, or color.
With respect to public employers, the act is
mandatory. It provides penalties for violations
and authorizes the courts to issue cease and
desist orders forbidding unlawful practices.
Eleven States currently have laws relating to
discrimination in employment. Three—Colorado,
Indiana, and Wisconsin—provide for an educa
tional approach. The other eight—Connecticut,
Massachusetts, New Jersey, New Mexico, New
York, Oregon, Rhode Island, and Washington—
have mandatory Fair Employment Practice Acts.
The home-work law enacted in Maine in 1949,
authorizing the Commissioner of Labor to regulate,
and, under certain conditions, to prohibit indus
trial home work, was repealed in 1951. In Illinois
the law was amended to provide that an original or
renewal fee shall not be required of an employer
with respect to an industrial home-worker who is
certified by the Department of Labor as being
physically handicapped.
— B
e a t r ic e
M
cC o n n e l l
B u reau o f L abor Stan d ard s
REVIEW, DECEMBER 1951
STATE MINIMUM-WAGE LAWS
Legislative Changes in
State Minimum-Wage Laws
M i n i m u m - w a g e l a w s are currently in effect in
26 States and the District of Columbia. During
the 12-month period ending June 30, 1951, 21
wage orders, based on these laws, were issued in
11 States, according to an analysis by the Women’s
Bureau of the United States Department of Labor.
Three States also amended their existing legislation
and 10 others considered minimum-wage bills at
their respective legislatures. In addition to legis
lative and administrative activity in this field,
several States issued new or revised budgets
required to maintain a self-supporting woman at
a minimum adequate standard of living; and two
court decisions had a significant effect on minimum
wages in two States.
Establishment of minimum wages is recognized
as being essential to the smooth functioning of
civilian industries in a defense economy. The
Wage Stabilization Board took official cognizance
of the importance of minimum wages by the
issuance of GWR No. 3 on January 3, 1951,
which gave blanket approval to wage increases
made in compliance with State minimum-wage
laws and orders.
State minimum-wage laws apply for the most
part to women and minors. Only five States—
Connecticut, Massachusetts, New Hampshire,
New York, and Rhode Island—have laws which
cover men. By establishing a floor to wages—
especially in the traditionally low-paid trade and
service occupations in which women’s employ
ment is largely concentrated—these laws help in
maintaining an adequate supply of workers in
these occupations and in recruiting additional
women in the labor market.
Eleven States—Colorado, Connecticut, Ken
tucky, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New
York, Ohio, Oregon, Rhode Island, Washington,
and Wisconsin—issued 21 wage orders in the
period studied; 3 new orders became effective in
Puerto Rico. Most of these orders apply to
industries or occupations employing large numbers
of women. A tabulation of the orders by indus
try, State and title, follows:
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687
Hotels and restaurants:
Colorado— Public housekeeping occupations.
Kentucky— Hotel and restaurant industry.
Massachusetts— Public housekeeping occupations.
New Hampshire— Restaurant occupation.
Ohio— Occupations furnishing food or lodging, or
both.
Laundry and dry cleaning:
Colorado— Laundry industry.
Connecticut— Laundry occupation.
Connecticut— Cleaning and dyeing occupation.
Oregon—Laundry, cleaning and dyeing.
Rhode Island— Laundry and dry cleansing.
Personal services:
Colorado— Beauty service occupations.
Massachusetts— Personal services occupations.
Food processing:
Washington— Food-processing industry.
Wisconsin— Canning or first processing fresh
fruits and vegetables.
Retail trade:
Colorado— Retail trade occupations.
Amusement and recreation:
New York— Amusement and recreation industry.
Hospitals and sanitariums:
Oregon—Hospitals, sanitariums,
and old people’s homes.
convalescent
Fruit and vegetable packing:
Washington— Fresh fruit and vegetable packing
industry.
Telephone and telegraph:
Washington— Telephone and telegraph industry.
M anufacturing:
Washington— Manufacturing and general work
ing conditions.
A separate order for minors not covered by other
industry orders was issued in the State of Wash
ington.
States issuing wage orders in the period studied
included the five States that have amended their
minimum-wage laws to include men. However,
these orders, as well as those of States whose laws
cover women and minors only, concentrated on
regulating important woman-employing industries.
In Connecticut, they covered the laundry and the
cleaning and dyeing industries; in Massachusetts,
public housekeeping and personal services; in New
Hampshire, restaurants; in New York, amusement
and recreation; and in Rhode Island, laundry and
dry cleansing.
688
s t a t e m i n i m u m -w a g e l a w s
Washington and Colorado issued the most
orders, both having completed long-term programs
of wage-order revision. Washington issued five
orders, including one for manufacturing and one
for minors; other orders in this State covered
occupations in the following trades or industries:
food processing; fruit and vegetable packing; and
telephone and telegraph. Women play an im
portant part in all the latter occupations, which
are interstate in character, but in which workers
are to a large extent exempt from the Federal Fair
Labor Standards Act. Colorado issued four orders
covering laundries, the retail trades, beauty
services, and public housekeeping.
Oregon revised its hospital wage order setting a
minimum of 65 cents an hour, applicable to an
8-hour day (in place of 9 hours) and a 44-hour
week. The new order eliminated the 7-hour day
and the 7-day week option formerly allowed the
employer. Overtime at time and one-half the
employee’s regular rate in emergencies is per
mitted; the hour regulations are not applicable in
the event of disaster within the community.
An amusement and recreation order, the first
to be issued for this industry in New York State,
brought approximately 75,000 additional workers
under minimum-wage protection. It established
differentials, classified in accordance with popula
tion of community, geographic location, and
occupation of the worker. Most such minimumwage differentials were set on an hourly basis,
ranging from 75 cents (for cashiers and certain
other occupations in moving-picture theatres) in
the largest communities to 50 cents (for ushers
and certain other employees) in the smallest
communities. For some workers, such as golf
caddies and bowling-pin setters, minimum wages
were scaled on a production basis.
In the majority of orders issued in the various
States during the period studied, the highest basic
hourly minimums established ranged from 65 cents
to 75 cents. Of the 21 orders issued, a 75-cent
minimum was set by the Connecticut order for
cleaning and dyeing and the New York order for
amusement and recreation. Minimums of 70 cents
were set by Connecticut for the laundry industry,
by Massachusetts for personal services, and by
Rhode Island for laundry and dry cleansing. A 65cent minimum was established by four of the five
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M ONTHLY LA BO R
Washington State orders (the one for minors not
being included); by the Colorado order for beauty
service; by Massachusetts for public housekeeping;
and by Oregon for hospitals and sanitariums.
Eight orders fixed minimums between 50 cents
and 65 cents. Under the Wisconsin canning order,
the rates established by the “all industries” order
apply, the highest of which is 45 cents.
Eleven of the 21 wage orders which became
effective in the period studied, followed the wellestablished practice of setting an overtime rate in
addition to the basic minimum wage. Nine of the
orders require that overtime be based on the
worker’s regular rate and two fixed the overtime on
the minimum rate. Overtime pay at time and onehalf the worker’s regular rate was required after 44
hours in the laundry and beauty service occupa
tions in Colorado; in the mercantile and laundry
occupations in Connecticut and in the laundry and
hospital orders in Oregon; after 45 hours in the
cleaning and dyeing occupations in Connecticut;
after 48 hours in the retail trade and public house
keeping orders in Colorado; and after 54 hours in
the canning industry in Wisconsin. Overtime at
time and one-half the minimum rate was required
after 48 hours in hotel and restaurant occupations
in Kentucky and after 45 hours in laundry and dry
cleansing jobs in Rhode Island.
Six of the 11 orders made the overtime rate
applicable to a workweek below the legal maximum
established by the maximum hours law for women
in the State. In three of the four States which
include this type of overtime provision in a mini
mum-wage order of the period studied, the maxi
mum weekly hours established by State hour law
for the industry are 48. The exception—Ken
tucky—has a 54-hour maximum. Time and onehalf is required for hours worked in excess of 44 a
week by the laundry and beauty service orders in
Colorado and by the laundry order in Connecticut;
for hours in excess of 45 a week, by the cleaning
and dyeing order in Connecticut and the laundry
and dry cleansing occupations order in Rhode
Island; and for hours in excess of 48 a week by the
hotel and restaurant order in Kentucky.
The five remaining orders permit employment
beyond the usual maximum hour limits in emer
gencies, if time and one-half the worker’s regular
rate is paid. The five orders in this latter group
REVIEW, DECEMBER 1951
STATE MINIMUM-WAGE LAWS
follow: Oregon requires such payment after 44
hours for the laundry, cleaning and dyeing indus
try and in hospitals, sanitariums, and convalescent
homes; Colorado requires it after 48 hours in both
public housekeeping and retail trade occupations;
Wisconsin’s canning order requires overtime pay
after 54 hours.
In a period characterized by rapidly rising prices
such as the one studied, the value of flexible mini
mum-wage laws with wage-board provisions that
permit periodic revisions of rates was demon
strated. Of the 21 orders issued by States during
the period, all except the New York amusement
order were revisions. All revised orders increased
the minimum rates established by the earlier orders
and many of them extended coverage. The
Massachusetts order for personal services, for ex
ample, established a minimum rate of 70 cents for
a variety of beauty and health services, replacing
the former beauty culture order, which had set a
minimum of $18 for a week of over 32 to 48 hours.
Quite as significant as the increase in rates was the
rejection of a wage-board recommendation for the
mercantile occupation by the Massachusetts mini
mum-wage commission. The Commission con
sidered the recommended rates too low to protect
the workers against economic conditions prevailing
at the time.
In the 12-month period studied, Massachusetts
demonstrated the effectiveness of a law which
provides for use of wage-board procedure to
increase the statutory minimum wage in line with
changes in the cost-of-living. When, as a result
of amendment of the State law, a statutory mini
mum of 65 cents became effective on January 1,
1950, none of the existing wage orders in the State
had established wages higher than that rate. The
peculiar wording of the amendment raised some
question as to the Commission’s authority to set
a higher minimum. However, in the personal
services occupations order, a minimum of 70 cents
for certain classes of workers was established,
effective December 14, 1950. A food-processing
order, under study at the end of the period, pro
posed a minimum of 75 cents.
Legislation
Connecticut amended its law in 1951 to set a
statutory minimum-wage rate of 75 cents an
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689
hour and thus became the first State to equal by
statute the Federal 75-cent minimum. It was
also the first State to amend its minimum-wage
(1939) law to extend coverage to men. The 1951
Connecticut amendment retained the wage-board
provisions. It provided that wage orders, in effect
as of July 1, 1951, shall be modified to increase
minimum wages to 75 cents, effective October 1,
1951; other provisions of the orders remain in
effect until further action under the amendment.
The Connecticut amendment deleted the pro
vision, which authorized establishment of mini
mum wages on a sex basis. During the 11-year
period in which the Connecticut law expressly
authorized sex differentials in wages, no wage
order establishing such a differential was issued.
In 1949, the State adopted an equal-pay law;
hence, this deletion establishes a consistent legis
lative policy of equal pay for women.
Procedural changes of major significance were
enacted by amendment into the Minnesota
minimum-wage law in 1951. The original law
(1913) provided that the regulatory body was
permitted to establish minimum wages only after
it was “of the opinion that the wages paid to
one-sixth or more of the women or minors” were
less than living wages. As this provision proved
to be a considerable handicap in collecting factual
information and initiating revisions of wage
orders, repeated efforts were made to delete the
“one-sixth” requirement. At the 1951 session,
the effort succeeded.
Among other important changes, the Minnesota
amendment made advisory boards mandatory.
Formerly they were discretionary. Recommenda
tions of such boards continue to be advisory under
the amendment, as in the original law.
A New Hampshire amendment strengthened its
law by requiring the employer to keep records of
hours worked and wages paid, to make such
records reasonably available for inspection, and
to furnish a sworn statement on demand.
In addition to the 3 States that enacted mini
mum-wage amendments in 1951, the District of
Columbia and 10 States—California, Colorado,
Illinois, Massachusetts, Nevada, New Jersey,
New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Wiscon
sin—considered changes in their minimum-wage
laws at 1951 legislative sessions. Several sought
unsuccessfully to bring men under coverage of
690
existing laws; a number sought to establish statu
tory rates; and several attempted to increase
statutory rates already established.
In 11 States without minimum-wage laws—
Delaware, Idaho, Indiana, Iowa, Michigan, New
Mexico, North Carolina, South Carolina, Ten
nessee, West Virginia, and Wyoming—bills were
introduced proposing adoption of such legislation.
Nearly all these bills had two characteristics in
common. They would have covered men as well
as women, and they would have set a statutory
rate, usually in addition to provisions for wage
boards. Exceptions were a West Virginia bill to
establish a statutory rate for women workers
only, and a Tennessee bill providing for general
worker coverage through the wage-board method,
but with no statutory minimums.
Other State Minimum-Wage Activities
Cost-of-Living. New York followed its custom
ary practice of obtaining factual cost-of-living
data by pricing a woman’s budget constructed at
a minimum adequate level. In February, the
New York State Department of Labor reported
its fourteenth survey of living costs for a resident
working woman living with her family. Priced
as of September 1950, the budget showed an
increase of almost 6 percent over the amount which
was found to be needed in January of the same
year.
In January 1951, the California industrial wel
fare commission reported the results of its first
official budget for a self-supporting woman.
Previous (nonofficial) budget figures for the State
were issued by the Heller Committee of the
University of California. The official budget
showed the cost of a minimum adequate standard
for a woman worker in California.
No other States priced a woman’s budget during
the year, but as has long been customary, various
State budgets were brought up to date by use of
either the Bureau of Labor Statistics Consumers’
Price Index or a State index, or by a combination
of the two. In Maine and Massachusetts, the
budgets are designed to reflect the needs of an
employed person, man or woman, without de
pendents. Data representing the annual cost of
maintaining a self-supporting woman at a mini
mum adequate standard of living, in accordance
with the purpose of State minimum-wage legisla
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
MONTHLY LABOR
EXEMPTIONS FROM STATE LABOR LAW
tion, were published by various States as follows:
As of
California_______________
District of Columbia_____
Maine__________________
Massachusetts___________
New Jersey______________
New York_______________
Utah____________________
Annual budget
October 1950__
November 1950
December 1950_
August 1950---October 1950—
September 1950
October 1950__
$2, 003. 98
2, 000.00
2, 236.04
*1,527.00
2, 492.00
2, 156.00
2, 230. 00
♦The Massachusetts budget does not include Federal income tax or social
security. The State levies no income tax on single persons with incomes
under $2,000.
Court Cases. In addition to legislative and ad
ministrative actions, two court decisions had a
significant effect on minimum wages during the
12-month period studied by the Women’s Bureau.
A Connecticut court set aside the State’s minimumwage order for restaurant occupations. Enforce
ment of a mercantile wage order also was tempo
rarily enjoined, but, following enactment of a
75-cent statutory minimum in the State, the in
junction was dissolved and the order became effec
tive October 1, 1951.
A temporary injunction restrained enforcement
of the Kentucky hotel and restaurant order on its
effective date. The inj unction was later dissolved,
and the order became effective in directory form
on February 26, 1951, and became mandatory on
August 1, 1951.
— A l ic e A n g u s M
o r u is o n
and
L oretta
S u l l iv a n
Legislative Division, Women’s Bureau
Exemptions from State Labor Law
In New York Defense Industries
w o r k required before dispensa
tions will be issued under New York State’s
1951 Defense Emergency Act has been delegated
to the Division of Industrial Relations, Women in
Industry and Minimum Wage of the New York
State Department of Labor.1 In addition to
determining whether, in a given instance, the
health and welfare of the workers would be
jeopardized by such dispensations, the Division
is given the responsibility of preventing the
misuse after issuance of such grants.
The purpose in granting dispensations is to
I n v e s t ig a t o r y
REVIEW, DECEMBER 1951
EXEMPTIONS FROM STATE LABOR LAW
exempt employers engaged in defense work from
regulations of labor law which constitute obstacles
to full production, if such exemption can be made
without threat to employees’ health and welfare.
Granting of a dispensation is prohibited if the
employer can overcome the obstacle by use of
available labor supply or by reasonable organiza
tional or other adjustment. No adjustment may
be granted concerning employment of minors
under age 16. No single dispensation can run
longer than 6 months, although if circumstances
justify it, upon reconsideration, an extension
may be granted.
Under the current law, dispensations cannot
waive work-permit requirements for minors under
18. They cannot permit boys under 18 or girls
under 21 to work more than 8 hours daily or 48
hours a week. Women over 21 cannot be per
mitted through dispensation to work more than
9 hours a day or 54 a week unless adequate lunch
and rest periods are included among conditions
guaranteed. Only in unusual cases of extreme
emergency will an exemption be granted permit
ting employment of boys under 18 and girls under
21 between 12 midnight and 6 a. m. No exemp
tion permitting women over 21 to work during
these hours will be granted unless guarantees
are provided of proper supervision, availability
of adequate transportation, and suitable facilities
for meals. Seven-day-week operation may not
be granted for more than 1 week in a month, and
then only when the daily hours scheduled for a
shift are 8 or less.
Provisional dispensations may be granted, it is
stated, in verified emergencies, for periods of not
more than 2 weeks, to allow women over 21 to
work on a third-shift basis; or in permitted occu
pations for not more than 9 hours a day and 54
hours a week. Provisional dispensations may also
permit women over 21 to work on a 7-day basis
in emergency, if hours are limited to 9 a day with
a maximum of 13 consecutive days.
Women and minors may be permitted through
dispensation to work at operations or in places
now prohibited by the labor law only in unusual
emergency, only when protection of workers’
health and welfare is guaranteed, and only when
granting of the dispensation is officially recom
mended by the Defense Dispensation Committee.
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Procedure
When an employer in defense work applies for
an exception from a regulation involving hours or
schedules of work (including meal periods and
third shifts), the required assurance that workers’
health and welfare will be safeguarded must be
obtained from records of the establishment in the
Labor Department’s division of industrial safety
service or through investigation of the plant itself.
If this procedure does not provide the necessary
proof, the case is referred to the division of indus
trial hygiene for study and suitable recommenda
tions. Similar standards are applied before exemp
tions from other labor law restrictions can be
granted.
Requests which are difficult to decide and those
which establish precedents are referred to a De
fense Dispensation Committee, composed of the
heads of divisions and bureaus in the State Labor
Department and an executive secretary, who serves
under the direction of the Deputy Industrial
Commissioner and who supervises over-all opera
tions in dispensation handling. Local processing
of applications is provided in order to afford max
imum convenience and service to employers.
Supervising industrial investigators in charge of
the local State industrial relations offices have
supervision of the handling of these applications.
Decisions concerning the application or grant,
denial, or revocation of a dispensation made under
authority of the Industrial Commissioner are sub
ject to appeal, within 20 days, to the Board of
Standards and Appeals. Further appeal, if neces
sary, may be made to the appellate division of the
New York Supreme Court.
World War II Precedents
A dispensation is designed to meet short-run
emergency needs for manpower, when other al
ternatives have been exhausted or are unavaila
ble. It must not be utilized, for example, as “a
means of avoiding employment of older workers,
handicapped workers, members of minority groups,
or other workers who are capable of adequate per
formance.” When training or wage increases are
feasible to solve the problem, or when a sufficient
number of workers can be transferred from the
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1951 CANADIAN LABOR CONVENTIONS
production of nonessential goods or services, the
employer should not resort to use of a dispensa
tion. Before regulations involving hours or sched
ules of work are relaxed, investigation must be
made to establish the fact that health and safety
of the workers are being guarded.
Certain principles which evolved from expe
rience under a similar procedure in the 3 wartime
years 1942-44 are given consideration in procedure
under the present emergency act. Employers in
the State were granted over 6,000 dispensations,
which applied to more than a million workers dur
ing that period. The greater number of these
concerned work hours of women and of minors 16
and 17 years of age, or the weekly day of rest.
Other dispensations concerned hours of male mes
sengers under 21; employment of women and
minors in prohibited occupations; time allowed for
meals; and part-time employment in minimumwage industries without payment of the pre
scribed weekly wage.
Early in the 1942-44 period it became evident
that many employers had asked for more exemp
tion than was actually needed. In most in
stances, the frequency of 7-day schedules was
voluntarily limited when the undesirability of in
terfering with the day of rest was recognized.
Also, the tendency toward over-use of dispensa
tions was lessened as organizational changes were
made, new workers were trained, and additional
supervisory personnel became available. Mul
tiple-shift operations were also encouraged to offset
the necessity for waiving hours restrictions when
ever possible.
Longer work schedules, it was found, do not
invariably result in greater output.
For max
imum output per scheduled hour of work, an
8-hour day, 40-hour week proved to be the most
efficient. Generally, increased hours of work
yielded greater output but at a regressive rate.
“ For hours above 8 per day and 48 per week, 3
hours of work produced 2 hours of output when
the work was light, and 2 hours of work produced
1 hour’s output when the work was heavy.”
When women workers’ hours were increased to
over 48 a week, excessive absenteeism tended in
time to bring back the average number of hours
worked weekly to around 48.
Hazards were greater when hours were increased,
as shown by the following excerpt from the Sep
tember 1951 Industrial Bulletin:
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MONTHLY LABOR
Work injuries tended to increase disproportionately
as hours were increased beyond 40. The accident rate
rose sharply as hours went beyond 54 per week.
The 7-day workweek, if continuous, is injurious to
health, production, and morale, and is justified only in
emergencies and for limited periods.
It was generally found that long-range, rather than
immediate considerations were the soundest, with moder
ation in the stretching of standards proving the most
beneficial course. In a short emergency spurt, workers
draw on reserve strength to help attain desired goals of
production. Extending working hours over a long emer
gency period, however, encourages a process of cumulative
fatigue which might well be disastrous since it would leave
the labor force ill prepared for future intensification of
effort. The ill effects of long hours and abnormal work
schedules on the health of working minors tended to be
even more severe, with one of the manifestations being a
greatly increased accident rate.
Conceived as a special service, the New York
dispensation law attempts to provide maximum
benefits, not only to defense employers and their
workers, but also to the public as a whole by
expediting the task of maintaining our Nation in
preparedness.
1 Data are from Industrial Bulletin, M onthly News Magazine, New York
State Department of Labor, September 1951, pages 9-11.
1951 Conventions of
Canadian Labor Federations
The 1951 annual conventions of the Canadian
Trades and Labor Congress, held at Halifax, N. S.,
and of the Canadian Congress of Labor at Van
couver, B. C., were concerned with labor unity,
and with rising prices, wage demands, social se
curity, and housing. The Communist issue ap
peared to have been finally settled last year by
both groups. The Canadian and Catholic Con
federation of Labor met in Quebec in mid-Sep
tember.
Unity Issue
The TLC, which was the first to meet (Septem
ber 10-15), voted by a close margin to end its
cooperation with three other Canadian federations
by withdrawing from the joint consultative com
mittee set up 8 months previously. CCL’s polit-
REVIEW, DECEMBER 1951
1951 CANADIAN LABOR CONVENTIONS
ical affiliation (with the Cooperative Common
wealth Federation, a socialist party) was one reason
for the TLC withdrawal; alleged raiding by CCL
and the Catholic Syndicates in Quebec was another.
This action, by coincidence, paralleled that of
the American Federation of Labor Executive
Council which dissolved its working arrangement
with the CIO in August.1 The report on unity
adopted by the TLC gave the Executive Council
discretion to join with other Canadian labor bodies
in making presentations to the government, as
had been done prior to the 1951 convention, until
such times “as the AFL and TLC formulate a
definite policy of joint action between AFL-TLC
and CIO-CCL.” There was considerable opposi
tion to dissolving the joint committee at the TLC
meeting.
The CCL convention, on the other hand, meet
ing September 17-21, moved closer to unification
with the other federations than at any previous
time. Its executive was instructed to discuss
plans for organic unity. A resolution stated in
part: “Fullest effectiveness of Canadian labor, in
advancing the welfare of all Canadian workers,
can only be accomplished by the bringing into
being of one unified central labor body.”
This interest in over-all unity was, however,
jarred by a threat to the unity of the CCL itself.
Just after his reelection and in the closing hour of
the convention, its secretary-treasurer, Pat Con
roy, suddenly resigned. Conroy gave as his reason
that the convention had rejected his judgment by
failing to reelect a candidate for office whom he,
and the majority of the executive committee, had
strongly supported. Underneath, however, is
claimed to have been a long-smoldering power play
and policy clash between top CCL officials.
Wage Price Issues and Social Security
Speakers at both conventions bitterly denounced
the Government’s failure to halt, or even to
attempt to halt, the steep rise in retail prices. Both
congresses demanded the reimposition of price
controls, and urged a roll-back of prices, subsidies
for basic food stuffs, reinstitution of the wartime
excess profit tax, and a price-control board. CCL
leaders told the convention only stronger support
of the CCL would get results.
Credit curbs on consumer purchases were
attacked by TLC President Bengough as class
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693
legislation which restricts buying by the poor or
else drives them to resort to loan sharks. A CCL
resolution criticized such curbs because they had
resulted in lay-offs by auto plants, the needle
trades, and other industries.
Unions in both federations were urged to seek
substantial wage increases for their members.
While each federation rejected a resolution for
coordinating the wage campaigns of member
unions, the CCL already has a national wage co
ordinating committee which was instructed to
intensify its work. The establishment of regional
wage coordinating committees was suggested.
One TLC delegate, who called for a national
referendum vote on the price-control issue, pre
dicted that a reasonable agreement could be
reached with labor on wage controls if effective
price controls were instituted.
National health insurance, increases in unem
ployment insurance benefits, reduction of the
waiting period, and extension of unemployment
insurance coverage to hospital employees were
demanded by both conventions. The organiza
tions differed, however, in their attitude to grant
ing unemployment benefit to workers who refused
to cross picket lines or handle “hot goods.” CCL
favored granting benefits in such cases, but TLC
felt that wildcat strikes might imperil the fund.
An increase in old-age pensions, to be payable
without a means test, was urged by both groups;
the CCL also asked for a cost-of-living bonus
for pensioners.
Internal Questions
Dues in the TLC were raised by its convention
from 35 cents to 40 cents monthly per member in
directly chartered locals whose membership was
outside of civic employment; initiation fees from
these locals were raised to $1 from 50 cents.
Monthly dues payable to the TLC by national
and international unions were raised from 2%
cents to
cents a member.
A resolution which was adopted by the TLC
recommended that affiliates demand the closed
shop or union shop, and check-off of union dues,
in their next agreement negotiations.
The CCL increased the number of its vice
presidents from 3 to 4, in order to make room for
George Burt, Canadian Director of the United
Automobile Workers. However, there is presently
694
n a t io n a l r e a l in co m e
one vacancy, as Alec MacAuslane of the oil
workers union, resigned his congress vice-presi
dency, in sympathy with Mr. Conroy, l i 'f e l l
MONTHLY LABOR
The PO P U LA TIO N increased from 1929 to 1950
by alm ost 2 5 p e rce n t..........
Canadian and Catholic Federation
This year’s convention of the CCCL adopted a
statement of principles concerning the objectives
of unions and their relations to employers, Church,
and State. It stresses the right of the worker to
participate in the management and profits of the
enterprise. While the statement derives from the
social doctrines of the Catholic Church these
unions appear to be moving toward greater inde
pendence from clerical supervision and joint
action with other labor organizations.
While the actual O U TP U T o f goods and
services rose 8 0 p e rc e n t.........
G ro ss N ational P ro d u ct in 1929 D olla rs
— J o se p h G o d so n
Labor Attaché, American Embassy, Ottawa
i The TLC and CCL include member organizations affiliated with the
AFL and CIO, respectively.
So that the average person's INCOM E in 1950
would buy 50 percent more* than it d id in 1929.
Personal Income Per Ca p ita in 1929 D o lla rs
Rise in National Product and
Real Income, 1929-50
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR
BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS
E conomic gro w th of the country since 1929 has
far outstripped the increase in population, accord
ing to estimates in the 1951 National Income
Supplement to the Survey of Current Business.1
This growth has evidenced itself both in an
increase in productivity per worker and also in a
rise in real income per capita between 1929 and
1950.
Since 1929, which like 1950 was a year of
relatively full employment, the real output of
goods and services has risen about 80 percent,
from $86 billion to $154 billion, as measured by
gross national product estimates in terms of 1939
dollars. The average rate of growth for each
year of this period was a little over 2% percent.2
Part of this rise was attributable simply to
the expansion in population, which meant that
more people were working in 1950 than in 1929.
The total population increased by about 25
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
percent, or 30 million people, to a total of 151
million; the expansion in the labor force was
roughly in the same proportion. However, even
after allowing for population growth, the rise in
per capita real output was about 44 percent.
Consumers received about two-thirds of this
amount, or $46 billion; a fifth, or $13 billion,
went to government; and a seventh, or $9 billion,
was applied to investment.
The gain in real output also reflects a substantial
increase in productivity per worker, apart from
the rise in the working population. In the private
sector of the economy, where productivity trends
are normally measured, the growth in real product
per man-hour of work has averaged something
more than 2 percent annually since 1929, according
to the National Income Supplement. These gains
have resulted largely from the increased amount
REVIEW, DECEMBER 1951
PROBLEMS OF OLDER WORKERS
and quality of capital equipment available per
worker, and similar factors which improve the
efficiency of labor in a particular enterprise.
Another cause, less generally recognized, has
also been important in productivity increases in
the last two decades. Workers have shifted from
fields in which productivity is low into those
where it is higher. The most significant of such
movements has been the transfer of workers from
agriculture to nonfarm occupations ; farm employ
ment in 1950 was considerably lower than in 1929,
despite the substantial rise in the labor force.
Between nonfarm industries similar shifts toward
higher productivity have also taken place, although
these changes are less easily discernible.
The rise in productivity and population has
been accompanied by a substantial increase in
real income. Personal income per capita rose
Retirement and Employment
Problems of the Older Worker
E v id e n c e presented in some of the papers1
offered at the Second International Gerontological
Congress indicates a basic dilemma underlying any
consideration of either the employment or the re
tirement problems of older persons. This dilemma
arises from the fact that on the one hand early
retirement, resulting from compulsory retirement
policies and a lack of suitable employment oppor
tunities, has been forced upon many older workers;
on the other hand, many older workers need
employment because of the inadequacy of the
social insurance program in the United States.
Both of these factors have to be kept in mind if
the problems of creating additional employment
opportunities for older people and the problems of
retirement are to be dealt with adequately and
in perspective.
Need for Additional Employment Opportunities
Among many of the papers presented at the
congress meetings there was general agreement
that additional employment opportunities can
and must be created for older persons. Professor
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695
about 50 percent, in terms of 1929 dollars, from
$700 in 1929 to $1,050 in 1950. Because of
higher taxes, however, the rise in disposable
income was less sharp; taxes took about 9 percent
of personal income in 1950, compared with only 3
percent in 1929. Thus, the gain in real income
after taxes was about 40 percent.
1 National Income and Product of the United States, 1929-50. Washington,
U. S. Department of Commerce, Office of Business Economics, 1951 (a supple
ment to the Survey of Current Business). 216 pp., charts, tables. $1. Super
intendent of Documents, Washington.
This book is intended to be the definitive treatise on the Department of
Commerce national income statistics. It presents for the first time in great
detail the concepts, sources, methodology, and relative reliability of these
statistics. The appendix tables present the latest revised data from 1929
to 1950.
The theoretical framework of the national income statistics was first set
forth in the 1947 National Income Supplement to the Survey of Current
Business. The current book includes no basic alterations in theory, but is
intended primarily to amplify the account in the earlier volume, which
contained almost nothing on sources and methods.
2 Data in this article are taken from pt. I, op . cit.
Witte 2 of the University of Wisconsin, in com
menting on what is needed for economic security
in old age, expressed concern lest the present
enthusiasm of the gerontological movement for
creating additional employment opportunities for
older persons give rise to the impression that
employment alone can solve the whole problem
of economic security for these people.
Many older persons are currently employed
and additional numbers are employable. In the
United States, 45 percent of all men—though
less than 10 percent of the women—over 65 are
employed at the present time. Criticisms, direct
ed against the Social Security Act under which
primary benefits become available at age 65,
obscure the fact that this law does not make
retirement compulsory at 65, and that the average
age of retirement under the law is 69, not 65.
However, the employment of older people needs
to be increased, Professor Witte told the meeting.
But even to maintain present employment, per
centage-wise, will not be easy; to increase it
appreciably will require most careful study. A
knowledge of where old people, now unemployed,
can fit in is needed. The possibilities for changing
job content in order to make jobs more suitable for
older workers and the opportunities for part-time
employment must be explored. Additional re-
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PROBLEMS OF OLDER WORKERS
search, the publication of accurate, specific in
formation on the subject, and the cooperation of
industry, labor, and the government, all will
be required if success in increasing the percentage
of employed older people is to be attained.
Ewan Clague, Commissioner of Labor Statis
tics, 3 pointed to the fact that the trend in the
United States is toward an aging population and
a declining rate of labor force participation in the
upper age brackets. He also agreed that the goal
of maintaining or even widening the scope of em
ployment opportunities for older people is a
feasible one, provided that positive measures for
extending the length of working life are developed
and applied.
In terms of the current and future social and
economic forces which may make this goal a
feasible one, Mr. Clague mentioned the following:
(1) The possibility of increased employment in the
professional and service fields, in which the em
ployment handicaps of older workers are often at
a m i n i m u m by comparison with the mass produc
tion manufacturing industries where their handi
caps are at a maximum. (2) The rapid extension
of secondary and higher education which offers
some real hope for increasing the mobility and
adaptability of the aging worker, thereby enlarging
his employment opportunties. (3) And finally,
the constant improvement in the physical vigor of
the population whereby older people will be
healthier and more capable of productive work
than their present counterparts.
These favorable social and economic forces can
be exploited, however, only if a systematic body
of knowledge regarding the employment potential
of older persons can be developed through scienti
fic study of the psychological and physical changes
accompanying the process of aging and through
realistic analysis of job requirements in relation to
these changes.
Both the possibility and the necessity for creat
ing additional employment opportunities for older
persons were also stressed by Solomon Barkin of
Textile Workers Union of America (CIO) 4in com
menting on jobs for older workers. He stated
that haphazard improvisation and selection of jobs
can no longer be relied upon. A systematic effort
must be made to formulate the principles and
develop the experience necessary to revamp jobs to
fit the increasing proportion of older persons.
This necessity of reexamining jobs is a responsi
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MONTHLY LABOR
bility of management, according to Mr. Barkin,
who pointed out that there is a historical prec
edent for the revamping of jobs to fit the quali
fications of the working population. The utiliza
tion of women and children in the early days of the
factory system, and of women with their increasing
availability in recent years is ample evidence of
the possibilities in this direction.
A careful analysis of the jobs at which older
persons are now employed is a significant source
of information about job traits and job require
ments in Mr. Bar kin’s opinion. Any analysis of
existing age distributions of employees on specific
jobs will, of course, suffer from the fact that
management has already exercised its selective
controls on the types of persons employed on
occupations. Nevertheless, such a study would
provide minimum directions.
Many current
trends in industrial management, such as increased
mechanization of operations, expansion of machine
tending jobs, improved plant lay-out, new machine
design, and abundant automatic methods for
materials handling, can be used to improve the
opportunities for employing older persons.
The failure to develop employment oppor
tunities for older workers and the alternative
establishment of compulsory retirement programs
were seen as expensive and wasteful processes by
a representative of the medical department of the
Consolidated Edison Co. of New York.5 Although
there is a paucity of scientifically accurate data
concerning the productivity of the older worker,
the available statistics tend to show that the older
worker more than compensates for his loss of
speed and strength with increased skill and loyalty.
The problem is essentially one of putting the older
person in the proper job whereupon he will cease
to be a problem and will continue to be a produc
tive worker.
Need for Other Solutions to the Problem
Coincident with the general agreement that
additional employment opportunities can and
must be created for older persons, there is wide
spread recognition of the fact that employment is
not and cannot be the whole answer to the prob
lems of economic security for older persons.
Statistical evidence to date does not indicate
as yet any significant reversal in the previous
decline in labor force activity among men 65 years
REVIEW, DECEMBER 1951
PROBLEMS OF OLDER WORKERS
and over, according to Mr. Clague.6 Nor does
evidence to date offer any facile hopes for reversing
or even halting the long-term historical trend.
Even if, under the pressure of a program of inten
sive defense preparations, the retirement of some
workers is delayed or if others are drawn into
gainful activity from retirement, recent expe
rience does not warrant any optimistic conclusion
that these gains can be retained under less favor
able employment conditions.
Projections of labor force trends recently pre
pared in the Bureau of Labor Statistics have been
based upon an assumption that the long-term
decline in labor force participation of men 65 years
old and over will continue in the next generation
unless some positive measures are taken to arrest
or slow down the decline. A continued uptrend
for women workers 45 years and over is expected
on the basis of long-term trends and recent post
war experience, according to BLS projections. At
the same time these projections indicate a further
sizeable decline (from 45 percent in 1950 to 35
percent in 1975) in the proportion of men 65 years
of age and over in the labor force.
Improving the health of older people increases
their employability, according to Professor W itte;7
but most people, if they live long enough, will
reach a stage when they will no longer be able to
support themselves by their earnings. Many
older people are not able to work full time at their
former occupations and cannot readily be fitted
into new jobs.
The impossibility of meeting the entire problem
of economic support in old age through finding
employment for older workers is illustrated by the
fact that women now exceed men among the people
over 65, and the proportion of older women is
rapidly increasing. Although the percentage of
older women who are employed, unlike that of
the men, has increased, it is still below 10 percent
for women over 65 years of age. More than half
of these older women are widowed and most of
them have not worked in industry for many years,
if at all. Thus the problem of creating employ
ment opportunities for these women who form
and will continue to form such a large part of the
ill be intensified.
Evidence that employment is not the whole
answer to the problem of economic security was
offered in another way by Walter C. McKain of
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697
the University of Connecticut. In a paper de
scribing attitudes toward retirement in a rural
community,8 Mr. McKain pointed out that the
efficiency of many farms is impaired by the gradual
retirement of the operator. As farmers grow old
they retire everything but themselves. They
reduce the number of livestock, they allow crop
land to lie idle, pasture is permitted to return to
brushland. All too frequently the deterioration
of the farm as an economic unit is the result.
Restoration of the farm then becomes the task of
the next generation.
Agricultural workers, especially farm operators,
all over the United States have characteristically
remained in the labor force long after they have
reached the age of 65, according to Mr. McKain.
In May 1951 one out of every nine persons over
20 years of age who was employed as a farmer or
farm manager was 65 years of age or older. Among
nonagricultural workers, only one out of every 21
persons was in this older age category.
Behind these statistics was another fact de
scribed by Mr. McKain, namely that security for
persons in agriculture is in many cases centered
in their own farms. They are not, as are their
urban brothers, covered by Old Age and Survivors
Insurance nor do they qualify for pension plans
adopted by their employers. Farmers, as is true
of other self-employed, can regulate their working
days and their working years. As they grow older
they can and do reduce the size of their business.
On the basis of what Mr. McKain has said, it is
difficult to escape certain conclusions. The proc
ess of a graduated entrance into retirement by a
gradual reduction in employment is apt to occur
when an individual is in control of his own busi
ness and simultaneously motivated by a con
tinuing need for economic security.
Case Studies
It is often argued that, from the point of view
of the individual worker, retirement is something
to be dreaded and to be avoided as long as possible.
Statistics indicate that older workers stay in the
labor market as long as possible and often show
reluctance to leave it. Mr. Clague cited evidence9
that during World War II many older persons
flocked back into the labor market when their
services were in demand; and that large numbers of
698
PROBLEMS OF OLDER WORKERS
workers eligible for Old Age and Survivors Insur
ance or for other pension benefits have continued
in employment in recent years instead of retiring.
Evidence relevant to this point and based
on the experience of individual companies was
presented. One firm, engaged in the manu
facture of cutting tools, has suggested that
retirement attitudes and problems differ sharply
between different occupational and educational
groups.10 This firm did not find confirmation of
the widely-held belief that retirement always con
stitutes a problem for the worker. By contrast,
among many of their workers it was not uncommon
to find the attitude that, having worked hard for
40 odd years, they had earned the right to retire
ment which they were ready to enjoy.
It should be pointed out, of course, that this
company has a flexible, noncompulsory retirement
system. On the basis of its experience with such
a plan, there is some evidence to suggest that where
financial ability is present, 9 out of 10 employees
who have had adequate counseling assistance will
voluntarily retire prior to age 70 and will live well
adjusted and satisfying lives thereafter. Concern
ing adjustment, one additional suggestion was
offered by this firm, to this effect: It is unrealistic
to expect that a man will make any greater ad
justment in the retirement phase of his life than
he was able to make during the previous course of
his life. The man who was insecure and a “wor
rier” throughout his working life, is apt to retain
this attitude in contemplating or living in retire
ment.
In a paper which reported the findings of a study
of 150 Southern Illinois coal miners, aged 50 years
and over, who were employed in 13 large mines in
5 counties,11it was pointed out that there may well
be systematic variations in attitudes toward retire
ment among different occupational groups. In
this study loss of income was found to be the
feature of work experience which most respondents
thought they would miss upon retirement. Also,
a desire to retire at or before the union pension age
of 60 was frequently expressed, although half of
the group had continued to work longer because of
economic necessity.
The viewpoints expressed in these papers, con
sidered together, suggest that there are a number
of reasons why employment is not the whole
answer to the problem of economic security for
older persons. First, there is the fact that positive
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MONTHLY LABOR
measures to develop additional employment oppor
tunities can only arrest or slow down, at best, the
declining labor force participation of older persons,
particularly of men 65 years of age and over. In
view of the present low rate of labor force partici
pation by women over 65, anticipated increases in
this rate will not substantially alter the problem
for the society responsible for coping with it. It is
a fact that many older persons are unable or unfit
to work, even at jobs which might be developed
to meet the needs of older persons. Furthermore,
evidence suggests that continuing employment of
older persons is not necessarily a desirable solution
in all instances from the point of view of the busi
ness or the community. And finally, among some
occupational and educational groups, opportunity
to retire from gainful employment is desired and
anticipated by the individual.
As Mr. Clague has pointed out,12 the economic
dilemma of the aged worker in the United States
has been intensified by the fact that this country
has lagged far behind Western Europe in the de
velopment of an adequate social insurance pro
gram. Professor Witte has stated13that the Ameri
can people must be made cognizant of the fact that
the United States, the wealthiest country in the
world, spends a much smaller part of its income for
old age security and for all forms of social security
and welfare than any other western country. He
has further emphasized that very little information
is available as to how large numbers of our older
citizens satisfy their economic needs. Some man
age by personal savings, by support received from
children or relatives, or by payments from indus
trial pensions or one of the public programs for old
age security. But details on how much income is
actually received from these sources are not
available.
It is known, however, or there is good reason to
suspect, that all of the present institutions for
satisfying the economic needs of older persons are
inadequate. Large numbers of these people exist
today under conditions of serious want or of
demoralizing fear and uncertainty. Professor
Witte’s own plea is for increased attention to social
security and the economic aspects of the problems
of an aging population.
One additional advantage may be seen in the
establishment of an adequate social insurance
program. When older people are free to choose
between continuing employment and a retirement
REVIEW, DECEMBER 1951
LABOR AND RETIREMENT SECURITY
free from want or the fear of economic insecurity,
it should simplify the difficulty of arriving at
objective answers to many of their current em
ployment and retirement problems.
— J e a n C am pbell
D ivision of Research, Women’s Bureau
1 Article is based on the facts and opinions presented to the Congress at its
September 1951 meetings.
2 Witte, Edwin E., W hat Is Needed for Economic Security in Old Age.
3 Clague, Ewan, Labor Force Trends in the United States.
4 Barkin, Solomon, Jobs for Older Workers.
3 Franco, S. J., W hy Retire Skills and Experience at Sixty-five?
9 Clague, op. cit.
7 Witte, op . cit.
8 McKain, Walter C., Jr., Retirement in the Rural Community.
9 Clague, op . cit.
10 Barrus, L. S., Counseling the Individual Older Worker.
11 Harlan, W. H., A ttitudes Toward Work and Retirement: Southern
Illinois Coal Miners.
12Clague, op . cit.
13 W itte, o p . cit.
Some Observations of Labor on
Retirement Security
R e t i r e m e n t s e c u r i t y has had a top priority in
organized labor’s programs during the past 3 years.
The philosophy on which such programs are based,
as well as some of the basic problems encountered
thus far, were discussed at the Second International
Gerontological Congress in September 1951.1
Labor sees retirement security as more than an
income maintenance program, although income
maintenance understandably has received and will
continue to receive major emphasis. Retirement
security is also related to such fundamental con
cerns of workers in a democracy as the right to
work and the right to the greatest possible degree
of self-determination.
Meaning to the Individual Worker
For the typical industrial wage earner, retire
ment is apt to be at best a traumatic experience.
Once the decision to retire is made by him, or
made for him by circumstances or authority
beyond his control, it means many things. A
lifetime pattern of work habits and work values is
broken or radically altered. He has looked to
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699
the job as a central point of orientation in living,
controlling where he lives and how he lives.
Retirement—withdrawal from gainful employ
ment—means, certainly in the vast majority of
cases, that the worker must cope, for an indefinite
period, with a drastic downward adjustment of
income. How drastic will depend on a combina
tion of circumstances, most of them beyond the
individual worker’s control: Whether, for example,
retirement comes after the magic age of 65;
whether his industry has a pension plan; the local
standards of public relief, if this must be a recourse;
not to mention socio-economic factors affecting
real income from whatever source derived.
Often, because of the frequency of failing health
or incapacity as a factor in industrial retirements,
the retirement period will bring substantial medi
cal costs as an offset—perhaps an overwhelming
offset—to such reductions in living expense as
he may be able to effect by careful planning.
Added to these economic problems are the emo
tional problems of family adjustments and changed
personal and community relationships.
The question of when retirement will come and
what it will bring by way of security or insecurity
is a matter of some concern and often acute
anxiety to nearly all individual workers.
Implications in Collective Bargaining
The industrial pension plans recently established
through collective bargaining represent a partial
answer to some of the most urgent retirement
security needs of the workers covered.
When the Federal Social Security Act was first
passed in 1935, it was widely hoped in America
that this legislation marked the beginning of a
comprehensive national social insurance system
which would develop and keep pace with the needs
of people. Organized labor strongly supported
the act and shared the hope.
After more than a decade of operation it appears
to labor that this hope was premature. Major
groups in the working population and major risks
remained uncovered. Primary insurance benefits
for workers past age 65 averaged nationally
about $26 per month. Inadequate to start with,
they had become more inadequate as living costs
pushed upward.
By 1948-49, concern with the inadequacy of
existing social security provisions had reached a
700
LABOR AND RETIREMENT SECURITY
point where, for the first time in history, retire
ment and health security took precedence over
wages on the agenda of large segments of American
labor, particularly among the major industrial
unions.
The report of the Steel Industry Fact-Finding
Board in the summer of 1949 is a well-recognized
bench mark in the development of public policy
on this subject. It upheld principles which
labor had already enunciated, namely that
industry should provide medical and similar
benefits as a fixed cost of doing business in the
absence of governmental programs. The emphasis
placed by labor on this obligation of industry
did not in any sense mean lessened concern with
public responsibility. Labor’s drive for retirement
security and for health programs, as repeatedly
stressed by responsible leaders, is a two-way drive:
a drive on the legislative front and a drive on the
collective-bargaining front.
This approach is predicated on the belief that
the primary vehicle for protection against the
economic hazards of old age and incapacity must
be an integrated, universal public insurance
program, assuring minimum levels of protection,
consistent with reasonable standards of health,
decency, and dignity. It recognizes that, in the
long run, security for particular groups of workers
is inseparable from the problem of security for
all workers. It further recognizes that sup
plementary industrial programs to fill gaps and
meet needs of particular industries are essential
now and will probably continue to have a signifi
cant, though perhaps altered, role as a more
adequate basic public program is developed.
Viewed in this light, one important implication
of the current collective-bargaining programs is to
be found in the incentives they create for legisla
tive action. Labor is convinced that the results
so far achieved on the two fronts are more than
coincidental and foreshadow an increasingly real
istic facing of the retirement security problem
by all groups concerned.
Content of Pension Program
The industrial pension plans established through
collective bargaining have as their primary
function the immediate supplementation of Federal
social insurance. They are not designed to re
place it and they have been established within a
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MONTHLY LABOR
labor-management contract framework which will
permit flexibility to meet changing needs of
workers as changes occur in the social and eco
nomic environment and in the Federal system.
The pension plans currently in effect represent
a deliberate allocation for retirement security
purposes of part of an economic increment to
employees which might otherwise have been al
located to the pay envelope or for other purposes
in accordance with normal collective-bargaining
procedure. Retirement security is recognized as
a form of deferred compensation. It is in no
sense a gratuity from the employer. Principles
upheld by the courts, affirmed by the Steel In
dustry Fact-Finding Board, and implicit in labormanagement negotiations on the subject have
made this clear.
The nature of the current collective-bargaining
plans is such that they are having and will con
tinue to have a profound effect on what may be
broadly called retirement policy. Their negoti
ation and implementation are focusing, as never
before, the attention of the public, management,
and labor on questions related to utilization of
older and handicapped workers, timing of retire
ments, pre- and post-retirement planning, and
eligibility conditions. This focus on basic public
policy considerations, which the plans necessitate,
is a healthy one and offers much promise for future
progress.
The UAW Program
As a concomitant of the principle of joint re
sponsibility and mutuality of interest inherent in
the collective-bargaining process and of the further
principle that money allocated for retirement
security is deferred compensation—something set
aside for the future benefit of workers—the United
Automobile Workers has established in all its
pension-plan agreements the principle of joint
union-management administration.
This concept of joint administration is still in a
pioneering stage. Already, however, its validity
is being demonstrated as a practical application of
industrial democracy and as a means whereby
management and labor can evaluate, on a day-today basis, the strengths and weaknesses of the
programs agreed to at the bargaining table and
their relation to general questions of retirement
policy.
REVIEW, DECEMBER 1951
LABOR AND RETIREMENT SECURITY
A second feature of all UAW pension plans is a
provision for the funding of benefits on an actuarially-sound basis by contractually-stipulated
employer payments into a trust fund.
One of the major policy questions with which
labor-management bargaining committees and
joint boards are concerned is the timing of retire
ment and the relation of health, work-capacity,
and worker self-determination to such timing.
To date satisfactory answers from either the
union or management viewpoint have not been
reached. Thus far the result is an amalgam,
reflecting thinking on both sides of the bargaining
table, which is necessarily restricted by the limita
tions—financial and structural—of the programs
developed.
There has been general and mutual recognition
in negotiations that superannuation of workers
actually occurs at varying ages, depending on both
individual and occupational factors. However,
the fact that social security benefits start only
after age 65 and the fact that the plans take these
benefits heavily into account have constituted a
difficult hurdle in the way of implementing this
recognition, as has the stereotype of age 65 itself.
In the UAW programs, “at or after age 65” has
been established as the standard for so-called
“normal retirement” with full benefits. Workers
having a requisite minimum period of service may
qualify for “early retirement,” however, at age
60—usually with the choice of an immediate,
actuarially reduced pension or deferred full pension
commencing at 65.
“Early retirement” between 60 and 65 is pro
vided for in most programs on the same basis as
“normal retirement”—at the option of the worker
without requirement of employer consent.
All of the UAW programs anticipate and provide
for the voluntary return of a retired worker to
active employment with the same employer.
Although the pension in such cases is suspended
during reemployment, the worker can accumulate
additional pension credits during this period. In
case the retired worker obtains part-time or full
time employment with other employers, his pen
sion is not affected. Opportunities for such em
ployment will naturally be influenced by general
economic and labor market conditions; employer
policies; the worker’s occupation; the possibilities
of his shifting, with or without retraining, to other
work; and his health and physical capacity. It is
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701
a safe prediction that both employers and unions
will be increasingly concerned in pension planning
with the implications of such opportunities or the
lack of them.
The UAW in common with that of most unions
has been opposed to the imposition of compulsory
retirement at any chronological age. It would be
a mistake, however, to assume that a clear-cut
line can be drawn between management and labor
attitudes on this question. Some employers have
readily conceded the unsoundness of compulsory
retirements for age alone and have been willing to
accept the principle of worker self-determination,
subject only to normal collective-bargaining con
tract procedures which cover lay-offs or separa
tions from employment at any age. A more typi
cal employer position is insistence on some stipu
lated cut-off age, with provision for management
discretion in making exceptions for workers able
and willing to work beyond it. Already a few
employers who argued strongly for compulsory
retirement in negotiations are realizing that flexi
bility, at least with respect to able, experienced
older workers in a tight labor market, has defi
nite advantages.
On the union side, the problem is complicated
by labor’s historic distrust of the individualized
approach to any question involving job tenure so
long as the decision is solely a management pre
rogative, open to discrimination, favoritism, and
abuses.
A solution which labor feels is sound and which
has been established in a number of plans is to
give to the joint pension board of administration
the authority to make exceptions to automatic
retirement on an individual case basis or, conversely,
to approve or disapprove company-initiated action
requiring a retirement under the plan.
The provision in the UAW and in most other
negotiated pension programs of a third type of
retirement benefit—for permanent and total dis
ability prior to normal retirement age—raises a
wide range of policy questions, starting with the
problem of definition. Another question of great
importance is the medical examination procedure
and its relation to the underlying objectives of a
meaningful permanent and total disability benefit.
The implications of exploring the best methods
for administration of permanent and total dis
ability retirement security for a large group of
workers—within a framework permitting ap-
702
EARNIN08 IN FERROUS FOUNDRIES
MONTHLY LABOR
may be expected to continue to fill gaps and meet
proaches substantially different from those devel
special needs in particular industries. One of the
oped in the past by commercial insurance com
most important aspects of these programs will be
panies—are obvious and challenging. Labortheir effect on retirement policy, particularly with
management programs, utilizing community re
respect to such fundamental considerations as the
sources, may possibly be the demonstration which
right of self-determination, the right to work, the
will show the validity of inclusion of this type of
benefit in the Federal social security system. k right to retire with a meaningful minimum secu
rity, and recognition of individual potentialities
In summary, retirement security programs
and needs.
presently established under collective bargaining
A great deal of study, planning and coordinated
should be judged not only by the point at which
action, in which labor, industry, and the commu
they have arrived but by the directions in which
nity will have essential parts, will be necessary if
they are moving or may be expected to move.
desirable goals are to be attained.
Retirement security for particular groups in our
society cannot be assured on a sound and long1
This article is a condensation of a speech entitled “ Retirement—A Labor
range basis except through advancement of the
Viewpoint” by Willard E. Solenberger, Program Consultant, Social Security
retirement security of all groups.
Department of the United Automobile Workers (CIO) and was delivered
Supplementary collective-bargaining programs
at the meeting in St. Louis on September 12,1951.
Earnings in
Ferrous Foundries, June 1951
of coremakers and
molders in 25 leading ferrous foundry areas
ranged from $1.32 to $2.34 in June 1951, accord
ing to a study made by the United States Depart
ment of Labor’s Bureau of Labor Statistics.1 In
three-fifths of the areas studied, earnings in these
important occupations averaged from $1.75 to $2
an hour; in about one-fourth of the areas, hourly
earnings averaged $2 or more.
Wood patternmakers usually had the highest
hourly earnings among the occupations studied
and earned, on the average, at least $2 in twothirds of the areas.
Earnings in ferrous foundries generally averaged
highest in the Great Lakes region. That area
accounted for nearly half of the employment in
cluded in the study. Among the important areas
in the Great Lakes region producing ferrous cast
ings are Chicago, Cleveland, Detroit, and Mil
waukee.
Between the summer of 1950, the date of the
Bureau’s previous study, and June 1951, average
earnings typically increased from 5 to 10 percent.
A v e r a g e h o u r ly e a r n in g s
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
A tenth of the increases amounted to less than 5
percent, and a slightly larger proportion to more
than 15 percent. About a fourth of the increases
ranged from 10 to 15 percent.
Related Wage Practices
Second-shift operations were reported in all
areas. Less than 1 percent of the ferrous foundry
workers in Baltimore to 35 percent in Indianapolis
were employed on the second shift. Nineteen of
the 25 areas had third-shift work; employment
on this shift varied from less than 1 percent of
the work force in Los Angeles to 15 percent in
St. Louis.
Shift differential payments were a common
practice in virtually all areas. Although a differ
ential of 10 percent of day-work rates was "the
prevailing practice for both second- and thirdshift workers in four areas, the typical premium
was 5 cents an hour for second-shift work, and
from 5 to 10 cents for third-shift work.
A workweek of 40 hours prevailed in all areas
except Hartford and San Francisco. In these two
areas, 45- and 48-hour schedules, respectively,
were most common, although a large segment of
the work force in each of these areas had a normal
working schedule of 40 hours. Ferrous foundries
REVIEW, DECEMBER 1951
EARNINGS IN p h o t o g r a p h i c INDUSTRY
Straight-time hourly earnings ' for men in selected occupations
in ferrous foundries in 25 areas, June 1951
Area
Chippers
and
grinders
Baltimore_____________
Birmingham__________
Boston_______________
Buffalo_______________
Chicago________ ______
Cincinnati______ ____
Cleveland___ _ . . . ___
D ayton_______ ____ . . .
Denver____________
Detroit______________
H artford.. . . . _____ _
Houston______________
Indianapolis__________
Los Angeles___________
M ilwaukee.. ..................
Minneapolis-St. P aul___
Newark-Jersey C ity____
New Y ork____ ______
Philadelphia________
Pittsburgh__ . . . . . . . .
Portland, Oreg_____ . . .
St. Louis__ ____ . .
San Francisco. _____. . .
Seattle__ _
Toledo____________
Area
$1.31
LÛP
1.32
1.68
1.65
1.48
1.78
1.80
1.33
1.84
1.63
1.29
1.67
1.45
1.84
1.52
1.41
1.40
1.68
1.63
1.62
1.77
1.63
1.61
1.75
Molders,
machine
Baltimore____________
Birmingham__________
Boston_____ ____ ____
Buffalo____
Chicago______________
Cincinnati ..
Cleveland_____ ____ ._
D ayton___ _________
Denver_______________
Detroit. _____
Hartford___ ______ . . .
H ouston.. ___________
Ind ian ap o lis____ ..
Los Angeles... ________
Milwaukee_____ _____
Minneapolis-St. Paul___
Newark-Jersey C ity____
New Y ork.. . . . _ _____
Philadelphia__________
Pittsburgh____ ______
Portland, Oreg____ . . .
St. Louis____ ______ .
San Francisco______ .
Seattle... _________ .
Toledo_____________ _
(2)
$1.60
1.83
2.19
1.96
2.14
2.00
2.34
1.67
2.12
2.07
(*)
2. 08
2.23
2. 27
1.79
2.10
1.92
1.78
1.85
1.88
1.95
1.96
1.90
2.05
Core
makers,
hand
Molders,
floor
$1.58
1.32
1.82
1.92
1.91
1.98
2.03
2.23
$1.79
1.33
1.80
1.79
1.85
1.92
2.02
1.84
1.66
2.02
1.68
2.07
1.87
1.85
1.62
1.85
2.06
1.71
1.89
1.83
2. 04
1.94
1.73
1.91
2.02
1.85
2.09
1.75
1.93
1.85
1.86
1.82
1.87
1.78
1.96
1.92
1.99
1.88
1.91
1.96
1.91
1.99
Pattern
makers,
wood
Shake
out men
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
$2.17
(2)
2.33
2.06
(2)
2.02
(2)
(2)
(2)
2. 45
1.91
1.84
1.72
1.71
2.05
2.03
«
2.12
2.48
(2)
(2)
$1.16
1.10
1.33
1.53
1.49
1.39
1.58
1.76
1.29
1.77
1.26
1.28
1.47
1.40
1.59
1.64
1.49
1.38
1.37
1.44
1.53
1.37
1.59
1.48
1.59
Molders,
hand,
bench
$1.72
(2)
1.80
1.79
1.84
1.78
1.90
(2)
(2)
2.15
1.67
(2)
1.84
1.83
1.89
1.71
2.18
1.83
1.90
(2)
1.86
1.83
2.02
1.90
1.80
Truckers,
hand
(2)
(2)
(2)
$1.36
1.41
1.37
1.34
(2)
(2)
1.51
1.29
(2)
1.24
1.39
1.30
(2)
1.29
(3)
1.27
1.31
(J)
1.29
1.51
(2)
(2)
1 Excludes premium pay for overtime and night work.
s Insufficient data to permit presentation of an average.
employing about a third of the total employment
in Boston and Cincinnati and two-fifths in Denver
and Houston had a 48-hour schedule.
Paid holidays were granted by establishments
having two-thirds or more of the ferrous foundry
workers in all areas except Birmingham and Pitts
burgh. Slightly less than half of the foundry
workers in Birmingham and about a fifth of those
in Pittsburgh received holiday pay. Six paid
holidays a year was the most common practice in
most areas. Nearly 70 percent of the ferrous
foundry workers in New York, and over 90 percent
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
703
in San Francisco and Seattle were granted seven
paid holidays a year.
Vacations with pay were customary in all areas
studied. Paid vacations of 1 week after a year’s
service and of 2 weeks after 5 years’ of employ
ment were generally provided.
Insurance and hospitalization plans financed at
least in part by the employer were in effect in all
areas. In about four-fifths of the areas, life in
surance plans were provided for a majority of the
ferrous foundry workers. Hospitalization plans
were common in most of the areas studied.
■— J o h n
F.
L a c is k e y
Division of Wages and Industrial Relations
1 Data were collected by field representatives under the direction of the
Blureau’s regional wage analysts. More detailed information on wages and
related practices in each of the selected areas is available on request. The
study included ferrous foundries employing 21 or more workers. Approxi
mately 96,000 workers were employed in establishments of this size in the 25
areas studied. All earnings data exclude premium pay for overtime and
night work.
Earnings in the Photographic and
Blueprinting Industry
S t r a i g h t - t i m e h o u r l y e a r n i n g s for over half of
all plant workers engaged in manufacturing photo
graphic equipment and supplies in the United
States amounted to $1.55 or more, with less than
2 percent averaging under $1, in April-May 1951 ; 1
for workers producing blueprinting equipment and
supplies, earnings were slightly lower and aver
aged $1.50 an hour 2 for the country as a whole.
Employment in the latter branch of the industry,
however, accounted for less than 5 percent of the
estimated industry employment.
Geographically, the photographic equipment
and supply industry is primarily concentrated in
the Middle Atlantic region where over four-fifths
of the plant workers are employed. In this region,
establishments having over 500 workers, while
representing less than 5 percent of all establish
ments in the industry, accounted for over 70 per
cent of the estimated industry employment. Fiftv-
MONTHLY LABOR
EARNINGS IN PHOTOGRAPHIC INDUSTRY
704
Percentage distribution of plant workers (excluding apprentices) in the photographic and blueprinting equipment and supplies
industry, by straight-time average hourly earnings 1 and product, United States and selected regions,2 April-M ay 1951
Average hourly earnings 1
(in cents)
United States
total
photographic
and blueprint
ing equipment
and supplies
combined
Photographic equipment and supplies
T o ta l3
United
States
New
England
Middle
Atlantic
Great
Lakes
Middle
West
Blueprinting
total
United States
Pacific
0.1
.2
.3
.5
.3
1.3
.9
2.4
2.7
4.4
4.4
7.3
6.2
6.1
5.0
4.5
53.4
0.1
.2
.3
.5
.3
1.3
.9
2.2
2.6
4.3
4.3
7.4
6.4
6.0
5.0
4.1
54.1
1.2
4.0
3.6
.6
12.6
5.6
7.2
7.7
8.4
5.2
7.9
9.9
4.8
2.0
5.6
13.7
0.1
.2
.2
.4
.1
.6
.7
2.3
2.6
3.8
3.8
6.8
6.2
6.1
4.7
3.7
57.7
0.1
.1
.3
.6
.8
3.0
1. 5
2.0
3.2
6.9
7.0
10.8
8.2
6.9
6.5
6.7
35.4
1.7
7.5
2.6
10.5
3. 5
6.5
4.0
5.3
3.5
4.3
5.7
3. 5
6.9
2.6
1.7
3.5
26.7
1.3
1.3
2.4
2.6
4.1
2.1
3.6
6.3
2.6
2.8
2.1
1.9
6.0
60.9
1.4
.1
.1
.1
.3
.9
.9
3.2
3.3
7.2
4. 5
10.2
3.7
8.3
4.4
14.9
36.5
Total. ________________
100.0
100. 0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
Number of plants____________
Number of workers____ ______
Median rate_________________
180
41, 658
159
40, 264
(0
4
485
$1.24
74
33,441
«
47
5,179
$1.43
8
229
$1.25
25
823
21
1,394
$1. 50
85.0 and under 90.0___________
90.0 and under 95.0 ______ - 95.0 and under 100.0- - ...........- 100.0 and under 105.0__________
105.0 and under 110.0--. .. ----110.0 and under 115.0_______ _
115.0 and under 120.0-------------120.0 and under 125.0-- 125.0 and under 130.0................ .
130.0 and under 135.0- __ -------135.0 and under 140.0-------140.0 and under 145.0---- ---------145.0 and under 150.0--------------150.0 and under 155.0---- ---------155.0 and over_______________
(*)
(4)
1 Excludes premium pay for overtime and night work.
2 Regions used in this study include: New England—Connecticut, Maine,
Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, and Vermont; Middle
Atlantic—New Jersey, New York, and Pennsylvania; Border Siafes—Dela
ware, District of Columbia, Kentucky, Maryland, Virginia, and West Vir
ginia; Southeast—Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Mississippi, North Carolina,
South Carolina, and Tennessee; Great Lakes—Illinois, Indiana, Michigan,
Minnesota, Ohio, and Wisconsin; Middle West—Iowa, Kansas, Missouri,
Nebraska, North Dakota, and South Dakota; Southwest—Arkansas, Loui
siana, Oklahoma, and Texas; Mountain—Arizona, Colorado, Idaho, Montana,
New Mexico, Utah, and Wyoming; and Pacific—California, Nevada, Oregon,
and Washington.
3 Includes data for other regions in addition to those shown separately.
3 Median rate is over $1.55 and exact amount cannot be determined.
eight percent of the workers in this area earned
$1.55 or more an hour and only 1 percent earned
less than $1. Earnings in the Great Lakes region,
the only other region containing more than 3 per
cent of the total employment, averaged $1.43 an
hour; about a third of the workers received at least
$1.55 an hour. (A breakdown by State of the
various regions appears in the footnotes of the
accompanying table.)
Higher earnings were generally recorded for the
largest-size establishments. Considering the coun
try as a whole, nearly 60 percent of the workers in
plants employing 501 or more workers, earned at
least $1.55 an hour, whereas such earnings were
applicable to only 35 percent of the workers in both
the medium-size plants (101 to 500 employees) and
the smallest-size plants (fewer than 100 em
ployees) .
The lowest rates paid by individual establish
ments to plant workers (exclusive of apprentices)
in the photographic and blueprinting equipment
and supplies industry varied widely and ranged
from 75 cents to more than $1.30 an hour. In
about two-fifths of the establishments having over
80 percent of the employment, the lowest hourly
rates paid were from $1 to $1.10.
Workers paid on an incentive basis were pri
marily found in only a few large plants in the
industry. Apprentices were relatively few in
number and, as in the case of incentive workers,
were employed by only a few plants.
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-—J a m e s P. C o r k er y
D ivision of Wages and Industrial Relations
1 Based on a mail-questionnaire study, which the Bureau of Labor Statistics
made at the request of the Wage and Hour and Public Contracts Division
in connection with determining the prevailing minimum rate for the indus
try under the Walsh-Healey Public Contracts Act of 1936. I t covered estabishments primarily engaged in manufacturing: (1) photographic apparatus,
equipment and supplies; (2) blueprint machines and other apparatus and
equipment used in blueprinting, whiteprinting, and related processes; sensi
tized papers and cloths, and specially prepared solutions for their develop
ment. Plants primarily engaged in producing photographs, or photographic
reproductions, photographic exposure meters, photographic light bulbs or
the manufacture of blueprints were excluded from the scope of the study.
2 Medians (rates above and below which half of the workers are found)
rather than weighted arithmetic averages are used in this report wherever
possible. Earnings distributions were secured only up to $1.55 which pre
cludes the computation of median rates for the photographic equipment and
supplies industry for the Nation as a whole and for workers in the Middle
Atlantic and Pacific regions.
705
EARN IN OS IN TOBACCO PRODUCTS
REVIEW, DECEMBER 1951
Earnings in the Manufacture of
Tobacco Products, May 1951
On a regional basis, earnings of cigarette workers
in the South averaged 6 cents an hour more than
those m the North. Nearly two-thirds of all
plant workers in the South earned at least $1.25
an hour, whereas only two-fifths of the workers in
the North had such earnings. It should be noted,
however, that 95 percent of the employment in
the production of cigarettes is concentrated in the
South.
In the chewing tobacco branch of the industry,
the highest average hourly earnings ($1.23) were
recorded for the Great Lakes region and the lowest
($0.96) for the Southeast region. A breakdown by
State of the various regions appears in the foot
notes of the accompanying table.
Wage rates paid to unskilled workers in the
tobacco industry after they have acquired experi
ence at their jobs (the job rate) were somewhat
higher than when they first began their employ
ment (the entrance rate). Many establishments
had provisions for automatic increases after
specified probationary periods; the accompanying
table presents average hourly earnings under job
rates, excluding the rates earned by probationary
workers.
The lowest entrance rates paid by individual
establishments to unskilled men workers in the
P l a n t w o r k e r s engaged in manufacturing to
bacco products had average straight-time hourly
earnings of $1.28 in May 1951.1 Cigarette workers
who accounted for 85 percent of the total employ
ment in the industry had the highest hourly
average ($1.29); 2 over a third of these workers
earned at least $1.40 an hour and fewer than 9
percent earned less than $1 an hour.
In each of the other three branches of the indus
try—chewing tobacco, smoking tobacco, and
snuff—earnings were substantially below those in
cigarette manufacture and averaged $1.16, $1.10,
and $1.18 an hour, respectively.
Although cigarettes are manufactured in New
Jersey, New York, and Pennsylvania, the bulk of
the industry is concentrated in large plants in
Kentucky, North Carolina, and Virginia. Smok
ing tobacco is produced principally in Missouri.
Virginia, North Carolina, Ohio, and Tennessee are
the leading States in the manufacture of chewing
tobacco. Tennessee ranks first in the production
of snuff and is followed in order by Illinois and
New Jersey.
Percentage distribution of -plant workers (excluding probationary workers) in the tobacco industry by straight-time average
hourly earnings 1 and by product, United States and selected regions,2 May 1951
Average hourly earnings 1
(in cents)
Under 75
75 find under 80
80 qnd under 85
85 qnd under 90
00 and under 95
95 and under 100
----- -100 and under 105 . ------------105 and under 110 ---- ------110 and under 115 _ ----------115 and under 120 - -----------120 and under 125----- -------------125 and under 130----130 and under 135 ----- -- -----135 and under 140 ------140 and over____________ --
Total, all
products—
United
States
(6)
0.6
.7
.7
.8
8.0
7. 1
7.4
4.0
6.4
7.9
10.6
9.8
4.8
31.2
Cigarettes
United
States
North 3
0.1
.3
.5
7.9
7.2
6.1
3.4
5.9
7.2
11.6
11.0
4.9
33.9
0.2
1.7
4.4
3.9
3.2
3.8
3.3
4.3
6.2
25.7
1.2
8.3
9.1
24.7
(6)
South
4
Smoking
tobacco—
United
States
Chewing tobacco
United
States 5
Border
States
Southeast
Great
Lakes
S n u ffUnited
States
0.1
.3
8.1
7.4
6.3
3.5
6.0
6.2
12.0
11.2
4.7
34.2
8.2
2.1
1.3
2.3
2.2
1.7
30.5
7.0
6.9
10.0
2.3
.4
3.1
22.0
0.2
3.9
7.2
4.1
4.1
7.8
4.6
10.0
6.6
10.4
16.5
6.5
5.7
3.8
8.6
4.3
3.6
1.9
1.6
2.3
5.8
12.7
1.9
9.7
33.1
6.1
5.4
1.5
10.1
0.5
7.4
17.5
8.5
10.8
17.1
7.7
11.7
4.9
3.6
2.3
2.0
.9
2.2
2.9
1.8
0. 6
.1
.2
2.8
.4
5.5
13.3
18.8
12.3
12.1
11.6
8.4
13.0
16.6
12.3
8.6
8.6
5.2
2.9
7.8
1.1
6.9
29.1
Total------ ------------ ---
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
Number of plants___________
Number of workers--------------Median r a t e __________ -- --
55
33,112
$1.28
18
28, 049
$1. 29
5
1,390
$1.24
13
26, 659
$1.30
10
1,245
$1.10
20
2,587
$1.16
6
931
$1.21
5
814
$0.96
7
787
$1.23
7
1, 231
$1.18
1 Excludes premium pay for overtime and night work.
2 Regions used in this study include: New England—Connecticut, Maine,
Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, and Vermont; Middle A t
lantic-N ew Jersey, New York, and Pennsylvania; Border States—Delaware,
District of Columbia, Kentucky, Maryland, Virginia, and West Virginia;
Southeast—Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Mississippi, North Carolina, South
Carolina, and Tennessee; Great Lakes—Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Minne
sota, Ohio, and Wisconsin; Middle West—lowa, Kansas, Missouri, Nebraska,
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N orth Dakota, and South Dakota; Southwest—Arkansas, Louisiana, Okla
homa, and Texas; Mountain—Arizona, Colorado, Idaho, Montana, New
Mexico, Utah, and Wyoming; and Pacific—California, Nevada, Oregon, and
Washington.
3 Includes New Jersey, New York, and Pennsylvania.
4 Includes Kentucky, North Carolina, and Virginia.
3Includes data for other regions in addition to those shown separately.
« Less than 0.05 of 1 percent.
ro6
WAGE AND PRICE REGULATIONS
tobacco industry ranged from 75 cents to more
than $1.25 an hour. In about two-thirds of these
establishments employing over 85 percent of the
total work force, these rates varied from 80 cents
to $1 an hour. In over half of the establishments
with almost 90 percent of the employment studied,
the lowest job rates for men ranged from 95 cents
to $1.25 an hour.
The minimum entrance rates paid to unskilled
women workers varied from 75 cents to more than
$1.15 an hour. In about half of the plants having
over 80 percent of the employment, these rates fell
within an 80- to 95-cent bracket. Most of the
women workers were employed in plants which had
established minimum job rates ranging from 90
cents to $1.10 an hour.
Minimum rates of men were generally higher
than those of women. The types of work per
formed by unskilled workers probably govern the
established minimum rates. Men perform the
General Wage Regulation 17 ;
Ceiling Price Regulations 78-80
W a g e - sta b liza tio n activity during October 1951
included the adoption of a new general wage regu
lation (GWIt 17) which outlines (a) the policies
which the Wage Stabilization Board will follow
in processing petitions for wage adjustments
based on interplant wage inequities; and (b) the
procedures which petitioners for such adjustments
must use. It was adopted on October 17, 1951,
MONTHLY LABOR
heavy and arduous tasks and unskilled women
workers are usually engaged in light and repetitive
assignments.
The lowest rates actually paid by individual es
tablishments to plant workers in May 1951 varied
from 75 cents to $1.25 an hour. In about half of
the establishments employing over 60 percent of
the plant workers in the tobacco industry, the
lowest hourly rates actually paid ranged from 90
cents to $1.10.
— J a m es P. C o r k er y
D ivision of Wages and Industrial Relations
1 Based on a mail-questionnaire study, which the Bureau of Labor Statistics
made at the request of the Wage and Hour and Public Contracts Division in
connection with determining the prevailing minimum rate for the industry
under the Walsh-Healey Public Contracts Act of 1936. It covered establish
ments with eight or more workers primarily engaged in manufacturing cigar
ettes, smoking tobacco, chewing tobacco, or snuff. Establishments covered
in the survey were requested to exclude overtime and shift premiums from
earnings data, but to include earnings under incentive systems of wage
payment.
2 Medians (rates above and below which half of the workers are found)
rather than weighted arithmetic averages are used in this report.
and establishes standards for distinguishing be
tween normal wage differentials, which are to
remain unaltered, and those differentials which
may be narrowed or eliminated.
In processing petitions for adjustments of inter
plant inequities, the Board will determine the
group of establishments in an industry or area
which is appropriate for comparative purposes and
make comparison on a limited number of key job
classifications.
The Office of Price Stabilization adopted 13
new ceiling regulations.1 These are summarized
here in tabular form.
Major Provisions of CPR’s Adopted in October 1951
OPR
No.
Date issued
Effective
date
Commodity covered
78___
Oct. 1__
Oct. 8__
Domestic and imported
distilled spirits and
wines.
Various levels. _
79___
Oct. 2__
Oct. 2__
Processed ducks __ _
All levels of, except
retail.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Distribution level
Scope of provision
Basic Alcoholic Beverage regulation: estab
lishes definitions and certain general
provisions, which form the basis for
and are to be used with supplementary
tailored regulations to be issued in
providing the basis for calculating ceil
ing prices.
Establishes dollar-and-cent ceilings during
April, May, and June. Permits addi
tion of costs of storage during the months
when there is no processing of fresh
ducks.
REVIEW, DECEMBER 1951
WAGE AND PRICE REGULATIONS
707
Major Provisions of CPR’s Adopted in October 1951—Continued
CPR
No.
80___
81___
82
83___
84___
85___
86— ,
87___
8 8 ..
89___
90___
Date issued
Effective
date
Commodity covered
Oct. 8__ Oct. 13._ Used machine tools and
used
machine-tool
extras.
Oct. 11._ Nov. 15. Frozen vegetables of
the 1951 pack.
Frozen
fruits
and
berries of the 1951
pack (excluding fro
zen citrus products
and other frozen con
centrates and purées)
Oct. 15__ Oct. 15__ New passenger auto
mobiles.
do
Distribution level
Various levels
Processors and base
distributors.
do.
.do __
Scope of provision
Fixes ceilings at stated percentage of
prices of new tools, based upon age and
condition of the used tools.
Provides base period method for cal
culating ceilings, permitting adjustments
to reflect changes in raw material and
other designated costs incurred since
1948.
Provides base period method for cal
culating ceilings, permitting adjustments
to reflect changes in raw material and
other designated costs incurred since
1948.
Retail, wholesale,and
individual sale.
Establishes the formula for fixing ceiling
prices on the basis of the manufacturer’s
ceiling price plus certain mark-ups and
listed charges that enter into the seller’s
price.
Provides a method under which ceiling
Oct. 17. . Oct. 3 0 - Certain converted pa Manufacturers
prices are determined by using either
perboard products.
an established price list that was in
effect Jan. 25 to Feb. 24, 1951, or a
pricing formula set forth in the regula
tion.
Establishes specific dollars-and-cents ceil
__ do____ Oct. 2 2 .. Canned Maine sardines Canners.
ings which are gross prices to which
of the 1951 pack.
must be applied all customary allow
ances or discounts.
Oct. 19__ Oct. 2 4 .. New tight cooperage__ Manufacturers, ware Establishes specific ceilings for new bour
housemen, dealers,
bon tight cooperage stock, new wine
grade tight cooperage stock, new primeor merchants.
produced oil grade tight cooperage stock,
and new tight cooperage produced from
such stock.
Establishes dollar-and-cent ceiling prices
All sellers.
__ do____ Oct. 1 9 - Processed feathers
on processed new and used waterfowl
feathers and down and processed chicken
and turkey feathers. (Such feathers are
listed as a strategic material and can be
sold only under a DO rated order or
for national stockpile). Provides for
exemption from price control of both
domestically produced and imported
raw and unprocessed feathers.
Furnishes dollar-and-cent ceilings for cer
Oct. 2 3 .. Oct. 2 9 .. Unbleached kraft paper. Manufacturers
tain standard grades produced by inte
grated mills in the South and West and
provides a method of pricing for all
other grades.
Oct. 25__ Oct. 2 6 .. In d u stria l m olasses Producers, distribu Fixes dollar-and-cent ceiling prices on cane
blackstrap molasses, beet final sugar
tors, and importers.
products.
molasses, citrus molasses, and Hydrol.
Establishes maximum prices to be paid
for exported molasses.
Manufacturers, ware Establishes dollar-and-cent ceilings on
Oct. 29__ Nov. 3__ Wooden agricultural
housemen and deal
wooden agricultural containers manu
containers (restricted
factured in the States east of the eastern
ers.
areas).
border of Colorado.
i Sources: Federal Registers, vol. 16, No. 192, Oct. 3, 1951, pp. 10073 and
10078; vol. 16, No. 196, Oct. 9, 1951, p. 10254; vol. 16, No. 199, Oct. 12, 1951,
pp. 10447 and 10454; vol. 16, No. 202, Oct. 17, 1951, p. 10594; vol. 16, No. 203,
Oct. 18,1951, pp. 10630 and 10634; vol. 16, No. 2085, Oct. 20,1951, p. 10739; vol.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
16, No. 206, Oct. 23, 1951, p. 10777; vol. 16, No. 207, Oct. 24, 1951, p. 10810;
vol. 16, No. 209, Oct. 26,1951, p. 10889; vol. 16, No. 211, Oct. 30,1951, p. 10985;
vol. 16, No. 215, Nov. 3,1951, p. 11237.
Recent Decisions
of Interest to Labor1
Wages and H ours2
Two-Year Limitation Applied to Federal Government. In a
suit brought by the Federal Government to recover
liquidated damages from a contractor who allegedly
violated the Public Contracts (Walsh-Healey) Act, a
United States district court in New Jersey held 3 that the
2-year period of limitation prescribed by the Portal-toPortal Act applied, and therefore the provisions of the
Walsh-Healey Act could not be enforced.
Under the Walsh-Healey Act, contractors who have
obtained Government contracts of $10,000 or more
cannot hire for work in performance of these contracts
any male person under 16 years of age or any female person
under 18. If this provision is violated, the contractor is
liable to damages of $10 a day for each minor so employed.
On April 17, 1947, the Secretary of Labor, in an admin
istrative hearing, charged the contractor with knowingly
employing minors in violation of the Walsh-Healey Act,
during the years 1942 to 1945. The hearing examiner, on
February 25, 1949, found that such violations by the
contractor had occurred, and ordered that he pay the
United States $15,600 as liquidated damages. The
action in the district court, based on this administrative
award, was begun on January 27, 1950.
The question presented to the court was whether the
2 years specified by the Portal Act within which the
Government must bring legal proceedings began to run
from the time of the administrative decision on February
25, 1949, or whether it began some time during the period
from 1942 to 1945. The Attorney General, presenting
the case for the United States, contended that the cause
of action did not accrue until after the administrative
hearing; the contractor argued that it accrued at the
time of the alleged violation, in the period 1942 to 1945.
In holding for the contractor, the court stressed the
difference between “cause of action”and “right of action.”
The cause of action, it said, is a legal wrong, “the thing
which becomes a ground for a suit.” The “right of action”
is the right to institute suit, and under the Walsh-Healey
Act this right did not become operative until after an
administrative hearing was held and findings of fact were
made. The court concluded that “whether or not the
United States could have immediately instituted suit is
not material, since under the Portal-to-Portal Act, . . .
it is the ‘cause of action’ not the ‘right of action’ which
is barred by the statutory limitation.”
708
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Interest Recovery from Government.— In a United States
district court in Pennsylvania, a union moved to obtain
the interest money which had been awarded to the Federal
Goverment by a judgment entered against a surety com
pany for violation by a contractor of the Walsh-Healey
Act. The court h eld 4 that the petition of the union
could not be granted.
In the initial case,5 the Federal Government, learning
that a contractor in bankruptcy had failed to pay his
employees 6 weeks’ wages, brought an administrative
proceeding against the contractor and then a court suit
against the contractor’s surety on its two bonds. As the
court stated, it was the undertaking of the surety to see
that the contractor would “well and truly perform and
fulfill all the undertakings, covenants, terms, conditions
and agreements’ contained in his Government contract.”
The surety did not contend that bankruptcy excused the
contractor’s default or relieved the surety from liability.
It did contend that the act forbade underpayment by
non-abiding contractors but did not intend to hold liable
an employer who, through no fault of his own, was guilty
of nonpayment of wages. The surety company thought
that the sole objective was to “compel government con
tractors to set up an approved wage scale, with no inten
tion to make them conform to it”—in short, that the
unpaid workmen should themselves seek their ordinary
legal remedies. (If the workmen acquired a judgment in
this manner against the bankrupt employer, the surety
might be free of all liability.)
The court pointed out that first of all this was a suit on
two bonds (which themselves are contracts), whereby a
surety had guaranteed that the contractor would “well
and truly perform” all contracts made with the United
States Government, under the provisions of the WalshHealey Act. The act provided that all persons employed
by the contractor in execution of the contract were to be
paid at not less than the minimum wages as set by the
Secretary of Labor. By his failure to pay his employees
for 6 weeks, the contractor had violated the wage provisions
of his contract. Each of the contracts contained a clause
stating that the minimum wage and overtime provisions
of the Walsh-Healey Act would be met.
In the second place, the court stated, the objectives of
the Walsh-Healey Act were not, and could not have been,
what the surety company argued. “No such futile legis
lation could have been intended,” said the court. Con
gress intended, the court thought, not only that minimum
wage rates be set, but that they would be paid. Accord
ingly the Government was awarded a judgment against
the surety, which included interest that had accrued.
After the Government had its judgment affirmed on
appeal, and the case was returned to the district court,
the union which represented the employees concerned
asked the district court to require the Government to pay
over to the employees not only the money received on the
judgment, but also the interest. The court denied the
union’s petition because this issue was “entirely outside
the limits of that presented in the original controversy.”
Further, the court stated that although originally the Gov
ernment and the union had sought a judgment against
DECISIONS OF INTEREST TO LABOR
i
«
the surety, the union was seeking to change the nature of
the suit by attempting to get a judgment against the
Government. The court did not think it had the power
to decide the question presented. In a separate opinion,
in circumstances similar to these, the Comptroller General
had ruled that the Government could not turn over
interest to a union.
Labor Relations
Union Entitled to Opportunity to Make Rebuttal Speech.
With one member dissenting, the National Labor Rela
tions Board ruled 8 that when the president of a company
made an anti-union speech to his assembled employees on
company time, he also, under certain circumstances, had
to grant union representatives, when requested, a similar
opportunity for a rebuttal speech. The ruling was made
in a case brought by the Retail Clerks’ International Asso
ciation (AFL), against Bonwit Teller, Inc., department
stores in New York City and White Plains, N. Y.
In a representation election previously held, a majority
of the employees had voted for representation, but their
votes were split between two unions, thus occasioning a
second election. On Friday, September 9, 1949, 6 days
before the second NLRB representation election, the
president of the company closed the New York store to
customers half an hour early. Assembling all the sales
clerks on the first floor, he proceeded to make an anti
union speech, in which he told them among other things
that wage increases were pending and that they did not
have to join a.union to receive the raises. The following
day he made a similar speech to his White Plains employ
ees. Both speeches were followed by letters and by in
formal talks to small groups of employees. On September
12, by letter, the union requested an opportunity to speak
to the employees under comparable conditions; the letter
was not answered. When the election occurred, the union
lost by a vote of 225 to 668.
In ruling that the company had unlawfully interfered
with its employees’ right to self-organization as guaranteed
by section 7 of the Labor Management Relations (TaftHartley) Act, the Board reasoned, in substance, as follows:
Since section 7 of the act permits employees to choose or
reject union representation, it “necessarily encompasses
the right to hear both sides of the story under circumstances
which reasonably approximate equality.” This does not
mean that the employer is “proscribed” from talking to his
employees and urging them to reject a union unless he
invites a union representative in to support the union
position. Nor does it always mean that an employer has
to let a union representative talk to his employees on the
employer’s premises. But it does mean that “where the
circumstances are such” as to prevent an equal hearing,
the union representative should be allowed to speak on the
premises, if the employer has done so.
Circumstances justified a finding that the company had
interfered with the employees’ freedom of choice, the
Board thought. In particular, it noted that the company
had applied its “no-solicitation rule” in a discriminatory
fashion. Although the company had the right to forbid
solicitation of members by the union at the store and
975806— 51-----------5
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
709
during store hours, it could not utilize its premises and
compensated time to campaign against the union without
giving the union a chance to reply.
Board Member Reynolds, dissenting, said the union
could hire any hall in which to talk to the sales force, and
therefore was not discriminated against. The majority of
the Board, however, answered that in this case there was
not time, since the employer made his initial speech only 6
days before the election.
In concluding, the Board stated that since department
stores have the “special privilege” of refusing to allow
solicitation of members by a union, they have an equal
obligation to assure that a union receives fair treatment.
Employees Forfeit Rights in Unlawful Strike. In an opinion
described by dissenting Member Houston as being “with
out precedent in Board history,” a 3-man NLRB majority
ruled7 that, when employees held a strike to compel their
employer to sign an illegal union-security agreement, they
forfeited their rights to reinstatement or other protection
of the LMRA, even though the employer had condoned
the strikers’ actions by reinstating the greater number of
them in their former jobs. The majority consisted of
Chairman Herzog, and Members Reynolds and Murdock.
Member Styles did not participate in the decision.
On January 1, 1948, a few months before a collectivebargaining agreement was to terminate, the union sub
mitted to the company its demands for changes in the
contract. Among the changes specified was a clause pro
viding that either the union or the company could termi
nate employment of new employees during a 3-month
probationary period. The company considered this an
illegal union-security clause, and refused to agree to its
insertion, because the union had not complied with the
non-Communist affidavit and filing provisions of the
LMRA, and therefore was not eligible to obtain a unionshop election. The act required (prior to its amendment
in October 1951) that an election be held before a union
shop could be established through collective bargaining.
The resulting strike on January 1, 1948, was an unlawful
strike and was called “at least in substantial part” for an
unlawful purpose, according to the Board ruling, which
agreed with the trial examiner’s findings. The ruling
distinguished strikes that were unlawful from their incep
tion (those that were outlawed by the act itself) and those
that were merely unprotected by the act (such as mass
picketing, sit-down strikes, or strikes in violation of
no-strike contracts). The majority of the Board made it
clear that they did not hold that participation in an
unlawful strike automatically terminated the strikers’
employment. Nor did their ruling determine whether
an employer, after permanently reinstating employees
who participated in an illegal strike, may thereafter dis
charge them. Their opinion added: “ We decide no more
than is required by the facts in this case; namely, that the
employees who participated in the unlawful strike of the
kind herein found, may not invoke the protection of the
act because they were denied permanent reinstatement at
the end of that strike, even though the respondents have
failed to assert the illegality of the strike as the basis for
denying reinstatement to such strikers.”
710
DECISIONS OF INTEREST TO LABOR
Whether or not the company “condoned” the conduct of
the strikers, the majority did not think too important,
since the Board itself “had no license to overlook such
conduct.” It added that to order reinstatement of these
employees would not effectuate the policies of the act and
would in fact “place the Board in the position of encour
aging, through its remedial processes, conduct subversive
of the statute.”
Board Member Houston dissented on two grounds.
He did not think the strike was unlawful, because it was
not shown that the strikers consciously sought to compel
the employer to do anything which “would necessarily”
violate the act. The union proposal for a security agree
ment was only one among many proposals, he pointed out,
stating that the Board had “not yet held that a union may
not lawfully propose the inclusion of union-security pro
visions in a contract,” merely because that union had not
yet been certified under section 9 (e) and section 9 (h)
(non-Communist affidavit section) of the act.
Further, the dissenter argued, even assuming that the
strike was unlawful, the principle of condonation should
have been applied. The company by reinstating most of
the strikers, had “condoned” their activities, and should
not have been allowed to discriminate against a few.
Member Houston pointed out that in the past the principle
of condonation had been used by the Board and the courts,
that it furthered the purposes of the act by helping to
settle strikes and industrial strife quickly, and that there
was no real validity in the distinction between unlawful
strikes and strikes which are unprotected.
In concluding, the dissenting member asked these
questions: (1) Where would the Board draw the line
“which would end the state of outlawry imposed by the
decision upon the strikers?” (2) What would happen if
the company, either orally or in writing, had urged the
strikers to return, and had expressly condoned their actions?
(3) Finally, “What would be the result if the strikers were
permanently reinstated” and the company then sought to
justify later discriminations on the basis of the previous
unlawful strike? Member Houston said he could find no
answer to these questions in the majority opinion.
Discrimination by Union in Requesting Discharge.
When
a union with a valid union-shop contract asked for the
discharge of an employee ostensibly for nonpayment of
dues but in reality for nonpayment of a union fine, the
NLRB ruled,8 the union violated the act and was re
sponsible for the losses suffered by the employee. The
Board also ruled that so long as the employer acted in
good faith and had no reason to question the union’s
demand, he could discharge the employee.
On March 22, 1949, when no union-shop contract was
effective, the union fined a member (Scheuermann) $500,
and expelled him. He tried to tender his dues for April
in late March, but they were refused by a shop steward,
and the dues he had paid for March were returned;
however, he continued his employment with the company.
On October 10, the employer and the union executed a
valid union-shop contract, and shortly thereafter a similar
incident involving another employee occurred. When the
latter employee offered to pay his dues, in the presence of
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MONTHLY LABOR
Scheuermann, the shop steward replied: “You know I can’t
take dues from you guys.” On November 11, 1949,
Scheuermann was discharged, on the union’s request.
The Board, agreeing with the General Counsel, decided
that even though Scheuermann had not actually tendered
his dues during a 30-day grace period, his duty to do so
was extinguished, since the shop steward, a union repre
sentative, had made it clear they would have been refused.
In concluding, the Board stated that the real reason why
the union asked for Scheuermann’s discharge was his
nonpayment of the $500 fine, and that this was a reason
which the act did “not countenance.”
Member Houston dissented. He thought that the
company also should have been held in violation of the act,
because it had reason to suspect the union’s motive. The
majority answered this by saying that although the
company knew of the fine levied on Scheuermann in
March, it could have no reason to suspect in October that
the union had been refusing Scheuermann’s dues and
wanted to get him discharged for nonpayment of the fine.
Further, the majority thought the company was not
required “to explore the implications,” as such a matter
“would necessarily lead to unwarranted intrusion in the
internal affairs of the union.”
Members Murdock and Styles dissented on a different
point. They thought that the union was not guilty of
violating the act, as, in fact, no proffer of dues had been
made during the 30-day period when the union was under
an obligation to accept the dues.
Refusal To Bargain.
With one member dissenting, the
NLRB ruled 9 that a company had refused to bargain in
good faith and thereby had violated section 8 (a) (5) of
the LMRA. Member Murdock, dissenting, thought that
on the record “bad faith bargaining” had not been proved.
Shortly after the union on July 20, 1950, had been
certified as bargaining agent, it requested a bargaining
conference. The company replied that vacations had
been planned for the summer and that its labor-relations
representatives would not be available until after Labor
Day. On September 15, 1950, the first conference was
held. In the next 3 months, 10 meetings were held; by
November 22, an impasse had clearly been reached.
Another meeting, on December 27, was called by Govern
ment conciliators, but it was to no avail. On January 2,
1951, a strike was called.
The Board thought that although the explanation of the
delay in meeting with the union was “on its face” reason
able, the company’s good faith could be tested “by con
sidering whether it would have acted in a similar manner
in the usual conduct of its business engagements.” This
incident by itself would not have been too significant, the
Board thought, but when “appraised in the context” of
the company’s entire actions, it was another aspect of a
calculated effort by the company to appear to be nego
tiating in good faith when in reality it was not.
Other company actions which seemed to the Board to
indicate a lack of good faith were the following: (1) Delay
in furnishing wage and pension data to the union; (2)
Insistence upon having a stenographer present at all bar
gaining sessions; (3) Unreasonable attitude in failing to
R E V IE W , D E C E M B E R 1951
DECISIONS OF INTEREST TO LABOR
grant to the union notice-posting facilities and a simple
recognition clause; (4) Institution of a wage increase of
10 cents an hour without notifying the union or without
giving it any credit for the wage increase.
The Board was careful to point out that no one of the
above incidents would have amounted to bad-faith bar
gaining, but that when they were all considered together,
that conclusion was inescapable. It stated that a com
pany need not capitulate or make concessions to the
demands of a union. But, it added, “the Board must
satisfy itself that the over-all attitude and position of
the respondent [company] reflects an honest endeavor to
make collective bargaining work.”
Refusal To Bargain. In a case similar to the one reviewed
above, the NLRB ruled 10 that a company, by refusing to
disclose to the union the findings of its survey of wage-rate
ranges, during contract negotiations, violated the LMRA
by not bargaining in good faith in accordance with
section 8 (a) (5) of the act.
Unlike the trial examiner, the board did not think the
company had violated the act merely by delaying negotia
tions pending completion of its survey on wage-rate ranges
of other employees in the area. But the Board agreed with
him that, once the survey had been completed, the data
obtained should have been shown to the union upon its
request. This latter point involved a question of fact, the
company witnesses saying that the union had been shown
“the chart,” and the union witnesses denying it. The trial
examiner, who took the testimony, “refused to credit”
that of the company’s witnesses. Both the majority and
the dissenting member recognized the well-settled policy
that the trial examiner’s “credibility resolution will not
be overruled,” and therefore the majority opinion accepted
the trial examiner’s crucial finding of fact.
Member Reynolds, in his dissent, stated he did not
believe “that the circumstances in the instant case warrant
strict adherence to the policy” as to credibility. He
believed that the company had not violated the act but
had tried to bargain in good faith.
Unemployment Compensation
Good, Cause for Voluntary Leaving. In reversing the State
Unemployment Commissioner, the Connecticut Superior
Court held 11 that a claimant had left work for good cause
when he quit his job because of the continual nagging and
meaningless faultfinding of one of his employers, and was
consequently not disqualified for unemployment benefits.
Shift Availability. The Connecticut Superior Court re
versed the State Unemployment Commissioner and held 12
that a married woman who restricted herself to work on
the second or third shifts because of home responsibilities
was not “available for work” within the meaning of the
benefit eligibility conditions, since she had not exposed
herself unequivocally to the labor market.
Holiday Pay Held Wages. The Michigan Supreme Court
held 13 that payments equal to 1 day’s wages, made by an
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711
employer to his employees under a union contract provid
ing for holiday pay, were “compensation for personal
services” in determining whether claimants were unem
ployed during the holiday week. The employer’s plant
had been closed for inventory during the entire week, and
claimants had performed no services. Under the Michigan
statute an individual is unemployed with respect to any
week during which he performs no services and with respect
to which no compensation for personal services is payable
to him. The court stated that to constitute compensation
for personal services it was not necessary that actual serv
ices have been performed during the week in question so
long as the payment was made as an incident to the status
of employee.
Labor-Dispute Disqualification. In affirming the Employ
ment Security Commission’s decision, the Iowa district
court held 14 that unemployment because of a labor dis
pute in the ham-skinning department of a meat-packing
plant disqualified workers in the hog-killing department
from receiving unemployment benefits. According to the
court, evidence sustained the commission’s findings that
the two departments were not separate establishments,
and that the hog killers were directly interested in the dis
pute because the same local union was bargaining agent
for both.
Existence of “Lock-out” Denied. The Pennsylvania Supe
rior Court held 15 that an employer’s refusal to grant a
wage increase did not constitute a lock-out. The union
contract expired June 30, 1950. No agreement for a
future contract having been reached by that date, the union
rejected the employer’s proposal to continue working under
the old agreement pending further negotiations. As a
result of the decision workers who were unemployed pend
ing negotiations for a new contract were disqualified as
unemployed “due to a stoppage of work, which exists be
cause of a labor dispute (other than a lock-out).”
1 Prepared in the U. S. Department of Labor, Office of the Solicitor.
The cases covered in this article represent a selection of the significant
decisions believed to be of special interest. No attem pt has been made to
reflect all recent judicial and administrative developments in the field of
labor law or to indicate the effect of particular decisions in jurisdictions in
which contrary results m ay be reached, based upon local statutory provisions,
the existence of local precedents, or a different approach by the courts to the
issue presented.
2 This section is intended merely as a digest of some recent decisions in
volving the Fair Labor Standards Act and the Portal-to-Portal Act. I t is
not to be construed and may not be relied upon as interpretation of these
acts by the Administrator of the Wage and Hour Division or any agency of
the Department of Labor.
3 17. S. v. Unexcelled, Chemical Corp. (D. N. L , June 22, 1951).
4 U. S . v. Continental Casualty Co. (E. D. Pa., Sept. 26, 1951).
3 U. S . v. Continental Casualty Co. 85 F. Supp. 573.
3 Bonwit Teller, Inc. (96 NLRB No. 73, Oct. 2, 1951).
2 Mackay Radio and Telegraph Co. (96 N LRB No. 106, Oct. 14,1951).
8 Westinghouse Electric Corp. (96 NLRB No. 71, Sept. 28, 1951).
3 Reed and Prince Mfg. Co. (96 N LRB No. 129, Oct. 16, 1951).
10 Westinghouse Electric Supply Co. (96 N L R B No. 58, Sept. 26,1951).
11 Goldberg v. Administrator (Conn. Super. Ct., July 18,1951).
12 Lem v. Administrator (Conn. Super. Ct., July 21,1951).
13 General Motors Corp. v. Michigan Unemployment Compensation Com
mission (Mich. Sup. Ct., Oct. 1, 1951).
14 Bailey v. Employment Security Commission (Iowa D. Ct., Oct. 9, 1951)..
18 Morris v. Board of Review (Pa. Super. Ct., Sept. 26, 1951).
Chronology of
Recent Labor Events
textile products industry in Puerto Rico. (Source:
Federal Register, vol. 16, No. 220, Nov. 10, 1951, pp.
11481 and 11482.)
T h e recently adopted WSB resolution concerning inter
plant inequities (see Chron. item for Sept. 27, 1951, MLR
Nov. 1951) was incorporated into General Wage Regula
tion 17. (Source: WSB release 129, Oct. 18, 1951.)
October 19
October 12, 1951
T h e P r e s i d e n t certified two strikes in the aircraft in
dustry to the Wage Stabilization Board for settlement op
the ground that they “substantially threaten the progress
of national defense.” The disputes involve approximately
17,800 members of the United Automobile, Aircraft &
Agricultural Implement Workers of America (CIO) at
the Wright Aeronautical Corporation, Woodridge, N. J.
and the Douglas Aircraft Co., Long Beach, Calif., plants.
(Source: White House release, Oct. 12, 1951.)
On October 18, the workers voted to return to their
jobs following a request by the WSB. (Source: New
York Times, Oct. 17 and 20, 1951, and CIO News, Oct.
20, 1951.)
October 17
A d m i n i s t r a t o r of the U. S. Department of Labor’s
Wage and Hour Division ordered minimum hourly wages
of 42)4 cents and 35 cents, effective November 19, for
employees in the beverage division and general division,
respectively, of the foods, beverages, and related products
industries in Puerto Rico, under provisions of the Fair
Labor Standards Act. (Source: Federal Register, vol.
16, No. 205, Oct. 20, 1951, p. 10735.)
On the same day, he ordered minimum hourly wages of
50 cents, effective November 19, for employees in the
gem stone division of the jewel-cutting and polishing
industry in Puerto Rico. (Source: Federal Register,
vol. 16, No. 205, Oct. 20, 1951, p. 10736.)
On October 18, he ordered minimum wages of 35 cents
an hour, effective November 26, for employees in the shoe
manufacturing and allied industries in Puerto Rico.
(Source: Federal Register, vol. 16, No. 206, Oct. 23, 1951,
p. 10773.)
On October 23, higher minimum hourly wage rates,
effective November 26, were ordered for employees in
certain industries in the Virgin Islands, ranging from 15
cents in the hand-sewing and hand-weaving operations of
the straw goods industry to 50 cents in the ship and boat
building and equipment industry. (Source: Federal
Register, vol. 16, No. 210, Oct. 27, 1951, p. 10932.)
On November 7, the Administrator ordered hourly wage
rates, effective December 10, of 60 cents for employees in
the daily newspaper division of the paper, paper products,
printing, publishing, and related industries and 35 cents
for employees in the general division of the textile and
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T he
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
T he
WSB unanimously agreed to assume jurisdiction,
for the first time, in a dispute voluntarily submitted by
the parties concerned. It involved 11 unions and 2
companies at the Hanford Atomic Energy Commission
project. (Source: WSB release 131, Oct. 19, 1951.)
October 22
T h e P r e s i d e n t approved the first amendment to the
Labor Management Relations Act of 1947, permitting
unions to write union-shop agreements without NLRB
authorization elections. (Source: Public Law 189, 82d
Cong., approved Oct. 22, 1951 and New York Times,
Oct. 23, 1951; for discussion see p. 682 of this issue.)
October 30
T h e P r e s i d e n t approved an act, amending the Railroad
Retirement Act and the Railroad Unemployment Insur
ance Act, to provide increased benefits for retired and
disabled railroad employees and for families of deceased
workers, and new benefits for the husband or wife of
retired workers. (Source: Public Law 234, 82d Cong.,
approved Oct. 30, 1951.)
1 h e WSB voted to reject a special committee’s (see
Chron. item for July 20, 1951, MLR Sept. 1951) recom
mendations for “ special treatment” of wage adjustments
in the tool and die industry at this time. (Source: WSB
release 132, Oct. 31, 1951.)
October 31
T h e E x e c u t i v e B o a r d of the Congress of Industrial
Organizations unanimously adopted a resolution designed
to eliminate jurisdictional disputes. The plan outlines
jurisdictional procedure and establishes the Office of
Organizational Disputes Arbitrator to render final and
binding awards on unresolved cases. (Source: CIO News,
Nov. 5, 1951.)
November 2
T he
N a tio n a l
L abor
R e l a t io n s
B oard,
in the case of
United Shoe Machinery Cory., Inc., et al. (Jaffrey, N. H.)
and Local 2605, United Steel Workers of America {CIO),
ruled that an employer violated the LMRA when he
refused to give the usual stock bonus awarded to 25-year
employees to an employee because of a break in his em
ployment during participation in a strike. (Source:
Labor Relations Reporter, vol. 29, No. 3, Nov. 12, 1951,
LRRM p. 1024.)
ch ronology of l a b o r e v e n t s
November 5
opened its
13th annual convention at New York City, N. Y. (Source:
CIO News, Nov. 5, 1951; for discussion see p. 669 of this
issue.)
T h e
C o n g r e s s o f I n d u s t r ia l O r g a n iz a t io n s
T h e United Automobile, Aircraft & Agricultural Imple
ment Workers of America (CIO) strike at various BorgWarner plants ended, following a second request for its
termination by the WSB. (Source: New York Times,
Nov. 3, 1951, and Nov. 6, 1951; for discussion see p. 715
of this issue.)
The United States Supreme Court denied review in the
case of Di Giorgio Fruit Corp. v. NLRB and thereby, in
effect, upheld a lower court’s decision in the Board’s
ruling (see Chron. item for Dec. 21, 1949, MLR Feb.
1950) that a union comprised exclusively of agricultural
workers is not a labor organization within the meaning
of the LMRA. (Source: Labor Relations Reporter, vol.
29, No. 3, Nov. 12, 1951, LRR pp. 18 and 25.)
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November 6
T h e P r e s i d e n t averted a railroad strike scheduled for
November 8 by creating a Board of Inquiry, under the
terms of the Railway Labor Act, to investigate the dispute
between the Brotherhood of Locomotive Firemen and
Enginemen and four major railroads. (Source: Federal
Register, vol. 16, No. 218, Nov. 8, 1951, p. 11321.)
November 9
A “ w i l d c a t ” s t r i k e of approximately 30,000 members
of the International Longshoremen’s Association (AFL)
ended, following a New York State board of inquiry’s
intervention and decision to investigate the intra-union
dispute. It was started on October 15 by 1,000 longshore
men in protest against a recently negotiated agreement
covering 65,000 dock workers employed by 173 shipping
companies from Maine to Virginia. The strike spread
rapidly in New York and also to Boston and Baltimore,
immobilizing more than 140 piers and tying up over $1
billion worth of cargo. (Source: New York Times, Oct.
16, 27, and 31, and Nov. 11, 1951.)
Developments in
Industrial Relations
A fa c tio n a l s t r ik e involving east coast long
shoremen, which immobilized activity at three
important ports, and brief “wildcat” strikes by
steel workers occurred in October. In addition,
walkouts took place in the automobile parts and
electrical products industries. During the month,
major stoppages threatened in several General
Electric plants and the railroad industry. In
contrast, two strikes in the critical aircraft
production industry were recessed and one in the
machine-tool industry was settled. Settlements
were negotiated in various industries. Among
these was increased health benefits for clothing
workers. The Wage Stabilization Board agreed
to accept its first dispute voluntarily submitted
by the parties concerned; received advisory re
ports from its tripartite panel on health, welfare,
and pension plans; and rejected recommendations
submitted by its tool and die study committee.
Strikes and Strike Settlements
Longshoremen. A “wildcat” strike of several
hundred longshoremen, beginning on October 15,
led to the virtual suspension of operations at
New York-New Jersey and Boston ports. The
walkout spread rapidly, immobilizing more than
100 piers and idling approximately 30,000 workers.
Its crippling effects were somewhat alleviated
when the strikers resumed the handling of military
cargoes on October 30.
The stoppage was called by several key insurgent
locals of the International Longshoremen’s As
sociation (AFL), following their refusal to ratify
a 2-year contract reached on October 8 by the
International and shipping and stevedoring firms
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
employing some 65,000 longshoremen on the
Atlantic Coast from Portland, Maine, to Hampton
Roads, Va. The dissenting faction contended that
the contract balloting was improperly conducted
and demanded a reopening of the agreement to
permit negotiation of more liberal wage, vacation,
and guaranteed-hours provisions than those ac
cepted by the union leadership. A significant
underlying factor in the dispute was the long
standing dissatisfaction of the insurgent groups
with the administration and policies of Joseph P.
Ryan, elected president of the union in 1927 and
voted lifetime tenure in his office in 1943.
An appeal by President Truman for a return to
work “in the national interest” was rejected by
the strikers on October 26. Earlier, the Federal
Mediation and Conciliation Service had referred
the dispute to the President. On October 29, the
New York State Mediation Board entered the
dispute. A complaint of unfair labor practice,
charging the striking locals with breach of con
tract, was filed by the employers with the National
Labor Relations Board on October 30.
The contract in question provides for a 10-cent
increase over the straight-time hourly rate of $2,
and 15 cents over the $3 hourly overtime rate; a
1/4-cent hourly increase (to 5 cents an hour) in
employers’ contributions to the union’s welfare
fund; a reduction in the number of working hours
required before employees become eligible for
vacation and welfare benefits; a cut in “daily
shape-ups” (at which dock workers are hired)
from two to one, with special hiring arrangements
for men starting work after 5 p. m .; a guarantee of
4 hours’ pay for each work call; and double time
rates for all work performed during mealtime on
Saturdays, Sundays, and legal holidays.
A New York State fact-finding board began
inquiry into the strike on November 5. The
strike was called off on November 9, pending an
investigation by the board of inquiry.
Another disturbance in shipping occurred when
several thousand members of the International
Longshoremen’s Association (AFL) on the Gulf
Coast were idled in mid-October by a brief walk
out. The union protested wage increases granted
deep-sea workers which were higher than those
offered to the remaining longshore workers.
INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS
Automobile Parts. A strike which began at the
Borg-Warner Corp. on October 9 spread rapidly,
affecting about 8,000 workers in ten plants in five
States. The principal issue involved a proposal
by the United Automobile Workers (CIO) for the
negotiation of a corporation-wide contract pro
viding wage increases, insurance, hospitalization,
pension, and other benefits. In his certification of
the dispute to theWSB on October 10, the President
stated that the strike seemed to be a substantial
threat to defense production. The union urged
the President to reconsider the certification and
rejected the Board’s request for termination of
the strike, claiming that only a minor portion of the
company’s output (15 percent) were military
items. The President rejected the union’s appeal
on October 24 and the strike remained in effect at
the end of the month despite a second request by
the Board. Following this request, the workers
approved a recommendation by the policy com
mittee of the union for a “recess” of the strike.
On November 5, most of the workers returned to
their jobs.
Steel. An 8-day “wildcat” strike involving a dis
pute over incentive pay rates and affecting about
18,000 workers at the Inland Steel Co.’s plant at
East Chicago, Ind., ended on October 18 when
members of the United Steelworkers of America
(CIO) agreed to arbitrate.
Upwards of 10,000 employees of the Tennessee
Coal, Iron & Railroad Co., Birmingham, Ala., were
idled beginning in late October when the company
banked six blast furnaces following a “wildcat”
strike which halted the supply of coke. The strike
by the United Steelworkers (CIO) occurred as a
protest over the layoff of “extra men.”
Dairy Products. A 2-year agreement between
major milk distributors and the Teamsters’ Union
(AFL) ended a 1-day strike by some 15,000 milk
drivers and inside plant workers in the New York
metropolitan area, and in parts of New Jersey and
Connecticut. It calls for a wage increase of 25
cents an hour ($10 a week) and a 2-cent hourly
increase (to 6 cents an hour) in employers’ con
tributions to the union’s health and welfare fund.
Aircraft. Strikers at the Wright Aeronautical
Corp. and the Douglas Aircraft Co.2 voted on
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October 18 to return to work following a recom
mendation by the executive board of the United
Automobile Workers (CIO) that the strikes be
“recessed” pending WSB consideration of the
issues. The strikes had been certified by the
President to the Board on October 12.
Machine Tools. The Federal Mediation and Con
ciliation Service announced on October 23 that an
“understanding” had been reached in the strike
that began August 1, when members of the Inter
national Association of Machinists (AFL) stopped
work at the Brown and Sharpe Manufacturing
Co., Providence R. I.2 The walkout ended on
October 26. Within the following week, a 2-year
contract was signed; it provided for increases of
8 cents for hourly paid employees and 5 cents for
incentive workers, and fringe benefits including a
surgical-benefit plan as well as other benefits.
Electrical Products. Production was resumed at
three Fort Wayne, Ind., plants of the General
Electric Co. when approximately 10,000 employees
who had been idled by a 4-day strike returned to
work in late October. The International Union of
Electrical, Radio and Machine Workers (CIO)
agreed to end the strike pending negotiations on a
grievance covering the wage scale of one worker.
Strike Threats
Electrical Products. On October 15, the United
Electrical, Radio and Machine Workers (Ind.)
ordered a strike vote of some 50,000 members in
46 General Electric plants. The strike call fol
lowed rejection of an offer to sign a new contract
on terms accepted by the International Union of
Electrical, Radio and Machine Workers (CIO).2
The IUE (CIO) agreement provides for a 2% per
cent general wage increase with a guaranteed
minimum hourly increase of 3% cents and an
escalator clause. The union is demanding a 15cent hourly wage increase, a further rise of 5 cents
an hour for day workers, a minimum pension of
$165 a month, and other benefits.
The UE (Ind.) announced on November 5, that
its locals at Schenectady and Elmira plants voted
against the strike call, but the outcome, according
to officials of the locals represented “ a postpone
ment, nothing else.”
716
INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS
Railroads. The long-deadlocked wage-rules dis
pute between the Nation’s major railroads and
three operating railroad unions3 took another
turn on October 24 when the Brotherhood of
Locomotive Firemen and Enginemen (Ind.) in
structed some 75,000 members to prepare for a
“ progressive” strike. No date was set for the
walkout which, the union explained, might take
the form of a series of stoppages or of a Nation
wide strike at a future date. The railroads have
been under Government control since August 1950
when they were seized in order to avert a threat
ened Nation-wide strike.
Significant Negotiations
Maritime. The Atlantic and Gulf Coast District
of the Seafarers’ International Union (AFL) and
a majority of the approximately 100 companies
having contracts with the union reached an agree
ment, effective November 1. The terms of agree
ment are similar to those granted to the Masters,
Mates, and Pilots Union (AFL).2
Clothing. Increased health benefits for about
150,000 clothing workers were announced on
October 8 by the Amalgamated Clothing Workers
(CIO) and the United States Clothing Manu
facturers Association.
Sickness and accident
benefits were increased from $15 a week to $20;
maximum surgical benefits were raised from $150
to $200; and hospitalization benefits went up
from $6 to $9 a day. All benefits provided by
the union’s social insurance fund are financed by
employers’ contributions of 2 percent of weekly
payrolls.
Communications. Wage increases ranging up to $5
a week for most of the 34,000 workers employed
by the New England Telephone & Telegraph Co.
were reported on October 29. The employees
were represented by the International Brotherhood
of Telephone Workers and the New England
Federation of Telephone Traffic Workers, both
independent unions.
Footwear. A 1-year agreement between the Inter
national Shoe Company and the United Shoe
Workers (CIO) was ratified by some 12,000 pro
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
MONTHLY LABOR
duction workers. It provides for a 6-cent hourly
general wage increase, an additional 3 cents an
hour for mechanics and their helpers, and improved
vacation benefits. The wage increases are retro
active to October 1, expiration date of the former
contract. Similar provisions were granted to
about 4,500 nonunion production workers.
Motion Pictures. Eight major Hollywood movie
studios and the International Alliance of Theatrical
Stage Employees and Moving Picture Machine
Operators (AFL) reached a 2-year agreement,
effective October 25. It provides for wage in
creases and the establishment of a health and
welfare fund for some 17,000 film technicians.
Nonjerrous Metals. The International Union of
Mine, Mill and Smelter Workers (Ind.) announced
on October 9 the negotiation of a company-wide
contract with the American Smelting and Refining
Co. The firm is the third of the “big four”
copper companies to reach an agreement with the
union since the nonferrous mining and smelting
strike in August. The Kennecott Copper Co.
and the Phelps Dodge Corp. settled with the
union earlier.2 4 The contract provides for an 8cent hourly wage increase and 8% cents an hour to
cover fringe benefits and intraplant wage inequi
ties. A company pension plan under which work
ers will accumulate pension benefits of $1 per
month for each year of service is also included in
the agreement.
Air Transport. An agreement providing a wage
increase of about 16 percent for some 1,000 pilots
and copilots, subject to WSB approval, was an
nounced on October 24 by the United Airlines and
the Air Line Pilots’ Association (AFL). It ended
negotiations that began in late 1949. An 11-day
strike by the union occurred in June 1951.8
WSB Actions
Wage inequity increases ranging from $39 to
$50 monthly were approved on October 11 by the
WSB (industry members dissenting) for some
1,700 ship radio operators represented by the
American Radio Association (CIO). The action
averted a three-coast shipping strike threat. Ap-
R E V IE W , D E C E M B E R 1951
i
INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS
proval was based on a manpower policy directive
of the Office of Defense Mobilization permitting
special wage adjustments in “rare and unusual”
cases to meet current or imminent manpower
shortages in essential defense or civilian industries.
The increases are retroactive to September 1
rather than June, when the increases were nego
tiated with East, Gulf, and West Coast shipping
companies; and they are in addition to the 6.2
percent increase in basic monthly and overtime
rates approved by the Board in September.2
The Board, on October 19, voted to assume
jurisdiction in its first voluntarily submitted dis
pute involving the Hanford (Wash.) Atomic En
ergy Commission project. The issue, involving 2
construction companies and 11 unions represented
by the Pasco (Wash.) Building Trades Council,
concerns increased “isolation pay”.6
On the same day, the Board submitted recom
mendations to the President regarding settlement
of the single issue that remained unresolved in the
dispute between the United Steelworkers (CIO)
and the American Smelting and Refining Co., at
975 8 0 6 — 51 -
-6
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717
its Garfield, Utah, plant.2 With industry mem
bers dissenting, it recommended that an incre
ment of 3% cents an hour be established between
the 19 labor grades previously agreed to by the
parties.
Wage adjustments in the tool-and-die industry
will remain subject to general wage stabilization
regulations, according to a WSB announcement on
October 31. Public and industry members re
jected a (public-labor) majority report of the Tool
and Die Study Committee recommending the ap
plication of a special wage policy in that industry.
Recommendations for the treatment of health,
welfare, and pension plans in the light of overall
stabilization objectives were submitted to the Board
on October 25 by the (public-labor) majority report
of a special tripartite panel. Industry members
dissented in a separate report filed on October 31.
1Prepared in the Bureau’s Division of Wages and Industrial Relations.
2See November issue of M onthly Labor Review, p. 591.
3See September issue of M onthly Labor Review, p. 318.
4See October issue of M onthly Labor Review, p. 471.
5See August issue of Monthly Labor Review, p. 193.
« For work in particular project areas.
Publications
of Labor Interest
E ditor ’s N ote .—Correspondence regarding publications to which
-eference is made in this list should he addressed to the respective pub
lishing agencies mentioned. D ata on prices, if readily available, are
shown with the title entries.
Listing of a publication in this section is for record and references only and
does not constitute an endorsement of point of view or advocacy of use.
Special Reviews
Manpower Resources and Utilization: Principles of Working
Force Analysis. By A. J. Jaffe and Charles D.
Stewart. New York, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1951.
532 pp.,^bibliography, charts. $6.50.
The publication of this book marks an important step
in the development of a theory of the structure and dy
namics of the labor force. Indirect contributions are made
to the slim body of knowledge on labor-market behavior
and to international comparisons of labor-force experience.
The joint work of the two authors provides a balanced
analysis in terms of demographic and socio-economic
trends and influences.
The thesis that “the working force of a nation is a
function of all the aspects of the entire society” is the core
of a broad presentation of the general subject of workingforce analysis. As a corollary, it is maintained that a
modern working force emerges automatically in the trans
formation of a primitive subsistence economy to a market
economy. Seeking answers to questions on such subjects
as differing work-participation rates, retirement rates,
and labor-force turn-over, the authors have provided
material ranging from the most general—in terms of de
scriptions of the socio-economic characteristics of nations—
to the most specific aspects of labor-force definition and
measurement.
The first section of the book is concerned with problems
of measurement and analysis of the working force. The
labor force is defined as that part of the population which
is active in terms of the economic organization of the
culture. Since there is “no official statement of the ra
tionale” of the United States labor-force measurement
program, Jaffe and Stewart present their analysis of its
principles of classification of labor-market relationships
in some detail.
A description of demographic and economic factors in
the structure of the labor force of the United States,
currently and over time, in Part II, assembles data from
scattered sources and points up several unsolved problems.
Among other questions discussed, data are presented on
the work-life expectancy of various demographic groups
in the work force and approximations of rates of retire
ment from various occupational groups in this country.
718
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In the third and most ambitious section of the book,
the writers examine the social and economic context of
the working force, with particular emphasis on techno
logical developments, the size and structure of populations,
and attitudes of industrialized society towards working.
Comparison of countries at the same and at different
stages of economic development broadens the horizon of
this discussion. The problems raised cover a wide range
of subject matter. They include the results of recent
opinion polls on attitudes to work or jobs; the effects of
migration, differential fertility, inventions, and improved
technology on the American labor force; and the differ
ences between the Orient and the Western World in atti
tudes toward work and leisure. The authors conclude
that the “working force implications of inventions and
technological innovations are probably fairly similar
throughout the world.” There will be differences among
the working forces of various nations due to cultural in
fluences, but there is a probability that the basic similari
ties in labor-force characteristics among nations at the
same technological level will outweigh dissimilarities due
to nontechnological influences. Although demographic
factors determine the maximum working force, they are
of secondary importance in determining its size and char
acteristics at any one time.
An extensive appendix will be a valuable source to per
sons interested in labor-force measurement and descrip
tion. A detailed discussion of the labor-force procedures
of the U. S. Bureau of the Census, as well as a description
of collection procedures in foreign countries, are included.
Comments on the results of application of United States
labor-force measurement techniques in Japan and Puerto
Rico, without any modifications to local conditions,
support the writers’ thesis that successful techniques of
work-force measurement grow out of the cultural patterns
and needs of the nation involved. The bibliography
should be helpful to students in the field.
— G l a d y s L. P a l m e r ’
University of Pennsylvania-
Goals and Strategy in Collective Bargaining.
By Frederick
H. Harbison and John R. Coleman. New York,
Harper & Brothers, 1951. 172 pp. $2.50. (Publi
cation of Industrial Relations Center, University of
Chicago.)
The provocative nature of this treatise on goals and
strategy in collective bargaining can best be gauged by
turning first to the authors’ Methodological Note in the
appendix. There we learn that this book is intended by
Professors Harbison and Coleman as “a theoretical rather
than an empirical study” of union-management relations.
It is based on the recent series of studies on “Causes of
Industrial Peace” instituted by the National Planning
Association, and on personal investigations conducted by
the authors in a large number of individual establishments
of various sizes. We learn also that the authors’ main
problem is the currently prevailing tendency to identify
“constructive relations” between labor and management
as “peaceful relations.”
PUBLICATIONS OF LABOR INTEREST
The major thesis of the book is contained in the last
chapter, on “Constructive Union-Management Relations.”
The authors apparently have no difficulty in disposing of
the arguments recently presented by a number of econ
omists that unions, by their very nature, are “either
potential or actual labor monopolies” and are therefore
to be compared with “cancerous growths” in our free enter
prise economy. This concept of unionism and of collective
bargaining, in the opinion of the authors, “does not seem
to square with experience,” particularly in the massproduction industries.
Professors Harbison and Coleman have even less diffi
culty in disposing of another argument directed against
unions and against collective bargaining, that they are a
“revolutionary force” and an instrument “for the planned
overthrow of capitalism.” This anachronistic idea is,
the authors believe, rejected by practically all careful
observers of collective bargaining. Constructive collective
bargaining involves peaceful negotiations, mutual under
standing, and agreement, and the authors are inclined to
agree with the thinking of most students in industrial
relations that industrial peace is one of the desirable ends
of collective bargaining.
To them, the question is whether peace is the most im
portant end of collective bargaining. “Is it not possible
that labor and management could peacefully combine to
exploit the public? Are there no dangers in a harmonious
accommodation of two bureaucracies which may cooperate
to tell the worker what he can and what he cannot do?”
The writers are not as yet ready to provide the answer
to these questions. They do, however, indicate the direc
tion for economists and social scientists to follow in search
for the answer. In their opinion, the most important
goal in a free society is “the maintenance and enhancement
of the dignity, worth, and freedom of the individual,”
and the strength and value of our democratic institutions
must of necessity be judged by the extent to which they
serve the goal of increasing individual freedom. To ap
praise the effects of union-management relations on the
individual, it becomes necessary “to study the goal of
the worker in an age of collective bargaining . . . as a
union member, as a member of the company organization,
and as a citizen in what has been termed industrial democ
racy. In these areas, social scientists may conduct fruit
ful research for many years to come, for here lies the core
of the nation’s industrial relations problem.”
— B o r is
White Collar— The American Middle Classes.
Stern .
By C.
Wright Mills. New York, Oxford University Press,
1951. xx, 378 pp., bibliography. $5.
This book deals with the changing occupational struc
ture of our society and its sociological implications. It
focuses primarily on the well-known phenomenon of con
tinual growth of “ white collar” occupations relative to
independent entrepreneurship, including farmers at one
extreme and“ wage earners” at the other extreme. Within
broad categories of occupations—entrepreneurs, pro
fessionals, salesmen, and office workers—the author ob
serves a continual differentiation of functions. The
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
719
captain of industry increasingly manages through a hier
archy of specialists, aides, and assistants. The professional
practitioner is more and more dependent on specialized
technicians, laboratories, and consultants. Selling is,
today, only partly an over-the-counter function, and to a
growing extent a vast accumulation of advertising, that
subordinates to itself vast numbers of entertainers, radio
and television technicians, and artists. In the office, too,
there is a continual differentiation of functions as new
machines, new business controls, and government require
ments for data increase.
It is this middle group between the “ captain of indus
try” and the wage earner that is characterized as the “ new
middle class.” This middle class is in a rather sorry plight,
according to the author. It has no philosophy, social out
look, or coherent will of its own. Presumably its thinking
and behavior are shaped by its reaction to the pressures of
the extreme and supposedly dominant classes. But de
spite the power of the extremes, the “ new middle classes”
manage to hover in this vacuum, and thus far have not
succumbed as a group to either the captains of industry or
to organized labor. The author assures us, however, that
they are to be had by either extreme if the bid is attractive
enough. In the past, it seems such bids as have been
made by the politicians and social reformers frequently
have been purposely given misleading labels.
— H arry
O b er .
Benefit Plans
Digest of Selected Health, Insurance, Welfare, and Retire
ment Plans under Collective Bargaining. Washington,
U. S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statis
tics, 1951. 99 pp. (Special Series, No. 6.) 50
cents, Superintendent of Documents, Washington.
Health and Welfare Plans in the Automobile Industry.
By
Evan Keith Rowe. Washington, U. S. Department
of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1951. 6 pp.
(Serial No. R. 2057; reprinted from Monthly Labor
Review, September 1951.) Free.
Seventy-Three Employee-Benefit Plans in the Petroleum
Refining Industry. By Joseph Zisman and Julia
Carson. Washington, Federal Security Agency, Social
Security Administration, 1951. 264 pp.; processed.
(Bureau Memorandum No. 70.)
United Mine Workers of America Welfare and Retirement
Fund [for Bituminous Coal Workers]: Four Year
Summary and Review for the Year Ending June SO,
1951. Washington, United Mine Workers of Amer
ica, 1951.
52 pp., charts, map.
Free.
Education and Training
Digest of Annual Reports of State Boards for Vocational
Education to the Office of Education, Division of Voca
tional Education, Fiscal Year Ended June SO, 1950.
Washington, Federal Security Agency, Office of
Education, Division of Vocational Education, 1951.
96 pp., charts; processed.
MONTHLY LABOR
PUBLICATIONS OF LABOR INTEREST
720
Training Municipal Employees. By Kenneth O. Warner
and others. (In Municipal Finance, Chicago, May
1951, pp. 139-167. 50 cents.)
Symposium of nine articles on training of municipal
employees in the United States and Canada.
Training Programs for Maximum Manpower Effectiveness:
Ninth Annual Industrial Relations Conference, [Uni
versity of Minnesota], April 12 and 13, 1951. Minne
apolis, University of Minnesota, Center for Contin
uation Study, 1951. 61 pp.; processed.
Union Leadership Training—A Handbook of Tools and
Techniques. By A. A. Liveright. New York, Harper
& Brothers, 1951.
forms. $3.50.
(In
Bulletin of the International Social Security Associa
tion, Geneva, April-May 1951, pp. 139-169.)
Proceedings of meeting of Association’s Committee of
Experts on Rehabilitation, Geneva, May 2-5, 1951.
Included is a summary of information furnished by 21
countries on their provisions for rehabilitating the handi
capped.
Rehabilitation of Finland's Disabled. By Kurt Jansson.
(In Journal of Rehabilitation, Washington, September-October 1951, pp. 10-14, illus.)
Industrial Accidents; Workmen’s Compensation
265 pp., bibliography, charts,
Work Injuries in the United States During 1949.
U. S. Government Films for School and Industry—16 MM
Motion Pictures, 35 MM Filmstrips— 1951—52 Cata
log. New York, United World Films, Inc., 1951.
79 pp., illus.
Contains a 21-page section listing films on industrial
and vocational skills.
Handicapped
An Experiment in Determining Occupational Goals for the
Severely Handicapped. By Doris K. Hirsch. (In
Jewish Social Service Quarterly, New York, June 1951,
pp. 403-407. $2.)
Description of the “prevocational training program for
the severely disabled” initiated by the United Vocational
and Employment Service of Pittsburgh.
The Handicapped.
(In Modern Industry, New York,
September 15, 1951, pp. 51-55, illus. 50 cents.)
“Judged by what they can do, not by what they can’t,”
Modern Industry points out, “the physically handicapped
are a major reserve of skilled manpower.”
Mobilizing the Physically Handicapped for Defense.
(In
Employment Security Review, U. S. Department of
Labor, Bureau of Employment Security, U. S. Em
ployment Service, Washington, September 1951,
pp. 3-32, illus. 15 cents, Superintendent of Docu
ments, Washington.)
Symposium of articles by various writers.
National Employ the Physically Handicapped Week—
Minutes of the Annual Meeting, Washington, August
17, 1951. By President’s Committee on National
Employ the Physically Handicapped Week. Wash
ington, U. S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor
Standards, 1951. 30 pp., illus.; processed.
New Horizons for Disabled.
(In Industrial Bulletin,
State Department of Labor, New York, October
1951, pp. 11-13, illus.)
Surveys new rehabilitation fields and methods used in
New York State. Two other articles in the same issue of
the Industrial Bulletin give information on employment
of the handicapped in the New York civil service and
in various fields in the city of Buffalo.
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The I. S. S. A. and the Problem of Rehabilitation.
Washing
ton, U. S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor
Statistics, 1951. 23 pp., charts. (Bull. No. 1025.)
20 cents, Superintendent of Documents, Washington.
Basic work-injury data for each major industry in the
United States.
Accidents and Accident-Prevention Policies in Agriculture:
III, Austria. (In Occupational Safety and Health,
International Labor Office, Geneva, April-June 1951,
pp. 68-75. 75 cents. Distributed in United States
by Washington Branch of ILO.)
Parts I and II of this series, published in the JanuaryMarch 1951 issue of the journal, dealt with the United
States and Italy.
Physiological Aspects of Electrical Accidents in the CoalMining Industry. By S. J. Davenport and G. G.
Morgis. Washington, U. S. Department of the
Interior, Bureau of Mines, 1951. 19 pp., bibliography;
processed. (Information Circular No. 7620.)
Discusses mechanical and physiological factors involved
in electric shock, outlines emergency treatment, and
suggests measures to prevent such mining accidents.
Emotions Can Be Killers. By Lydia G. Giberson, M.D.
(In National Safety News, Chicago, September 1951,
pp. 28-29, 75-78.
75 cents.)
Use Wrenches the Safe Way.
Washington, U. S. Depart
ment of Labor, Bureau of Labor Standards, 1951.
13 pp., illus. (Bull. No. 148.) 10 cents, Superin
tendent of Documents, Washington.
A Panel Discussion on Administration of Workmen’s Com
pensation Laws. Pittsburgh, Pa., Industrial Hygiene
Foundation of America, Inc., 1951. 37 pp., charts,
illus. (Transactions Bull. No. 17.)
Transactions of joint medical-legal conference, 15th
annual meeting of the Foundation, November 15, 1950.
Workmen’s Compensation Insurance Costs and Trends in
California. By Stanley Burke and others. Berkeley,
California Personnel Management Association, Re
search Division, 1951. 20 pp. ; processed. (Manage
ment Report No. 100.) $1.
Work Injuries Compensable in Pennsylvania.
By Alice
Warne. State College, Pa., Pennsylvania State
College, Bureau of Business Research, 1951. 58 pp.
(Bull. No. 50.)
REVIEW, DECEMBER 1951
PUBLICATIONS OF LABOR INTEREST
Industrial Health and Hygiene
Protection of the Health of Workers in Places of Employ
ment. Geneva, International Labor Office, 1951.
100 pp. 75 cents. Distributed in United States by
Washington Branch of ILO.
Report VIII (1) prepared for 35th session of Interna
tional Labor Conference, Geneva, 1952.
The Section on Preventive and Industrial Medicine and
Public Health of the American Medical Association,
Atlantic City, June 18-15, 1951. Reported by Jean
Spencer Felton, M.D. (In Industrial Medicine and
Surgery, Chicago, October 1951, pp. 468-474. 75
cents.)
Gives brief summaries of papers presented at the meet
ing. Subjects discussed include occupational hazards of
medical workers, and problems of the aging, including
employment.
A Guide for Uniform Industrial Hygiene Codes or Regula
tions for Dry Cleaning Operations. [Washington, Fed
eral Security Building, Room 3700], American Con
ference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 1951.
6 pp.; processed.
Supplement No. 1 to the general guide for uniform
industrial hygiene codes or regulations, issued in April
1949.
Memorandum on Carbon Monoxide Poisoning. London,
Ministry of Labor and National Service, Factory
Department, 1951. 35 pp., diagrams, illus. (Form
827.) 2s. net, H. M. Stationery Office, London.
Methyl Bromide Fumigation and Control in the DatePacking Industry. By Fred R. Ingram. (In A.M.A.
Archives of Industrial Hygiene and Occupational
Medicine, Chicago, September 1951, pp. 193-198.
$ 1.)
Account of experience with methyl-bromide poisoning
in California date-packing plants, and of studies of the
hazard by State health authorities, with recommended
control measures.
Occupational Cancer and Other Health Hazards in a Chro
mate Plant—A Medical Appraisal: I, Lung Cancers in
Chromate Workers, by T. F. Mancuso, M.D., and
W. C. Hueper, M.D.; II, Clinical and Toxologic
Aspects, by T. F. Mancuso, M.D. (In Industrial
Medicine and Surgery, Chicago, August 1951, pp.
358-363; September 1951, pp. 393-407; bibliographies,
illus. 75 cents each.)
721
Destination Unknown: Fifty Years of Labor Relations.
By
Walter Gordon Merritt. New York, Prentice-Hall,
Inc., 1951. 454 pp., bibliographical footnotes. $5.65
($4.25 to schools).
This book reflects the history of labor legislation from
the point of view of a corporation lawyer who spent a
substantial part of his career in the field. It begins with
the case of the Danbury hatters in which the author played
an important role, being the son of a Danbury hat manu
facturer and also directly involved in handling the case for
the manufacturers. It terminates with the passage of the
Taft-Hartley law and its effect on labor-management
relations.
Although handling cases almost exclusively from the
point of view of the employer, and from time to time being
strongly accused by the labor organizations of being anti
labor, the author concludes his book with the following
strong statement in favor of trade-unionism and collective
bargaining:
“Despite some tyranny and crime committed in the
name of labor, despite antisocial interference with efficiency
and production, despite some defiance of government and
some revolutionary tendencies, despite privations inflicted
upon an innocent society, and despite aims and philosophy
that conflict with individual liberty, I still place my faith
in labor organizations, in one form or another, as essential
to the functioning of democrarcy in a commercial nation.
I see no other solution between the extremes of private
capitalism and totalitarianism.
“I disagree with those who believe that the salvation of
America lies in the destruction of the principles or practice
of collective action among workers. I have not such
confidence in the self-restraint of employers that I would
leave the workers unorganized and unprotected. Nor
have I such confidence in the organizations of the workers
that I would leave employers and society unprotected from
their excesses.”
Proceedings, Fourth Annual Industrial Management Con
ference, Columbia, Mo., November 2-4, 1950. Colum
bia, University of Missouri, [1951?]. 93 pp.; proc
essed.
Subjects of talks and panel discussions included:
Understanding labor leaders, stabilizing production and
employment, patterns of negotiated pension plans, the
role of line and staff in industrial relations, and case
study methods in human-relations training.
1 he Operation of the Taft-Hartley Act’s Non-Communist
Provisions. By Walter L. Daykin. (In Iowa Law
Review, Iowa City, Summer 1951, pp. 607-628.
Industrial Relations
Better Relations Through Better Understanding: Proceedings
of the 83d Silver Bay Conference on Human Relations
in Industry, Silver Bay on Lake George, New York,
July 18-21, 1951. New York, Young Men’s Christian
Associations, National Council and Committee on
Industrial Service, 1951. 129 pp., illus.
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$1.)
Severance Pay Clauses in Recent Union Agreements. By
Lois E. Forde. (In Management Record, National
Industrial Conference Board, Inc.,
October 1951, pp. 359-362, 377.)
Triple Audit of Industrial Relations.
New
York,
By Dale Yoder,
Herbert G. Heneman, Jr., Earl F. Cheit. Minneapo
lis, University of Minnesota, Industrial Relations
Center, 1951. 77 pp., forms. (Bull. No. 11.) $1.,
PUBLICATIONS OF LABOR INTEREST
722
MONTHLY LABOR
International Labor Organization
Manpower
Lasting Peace the I.L.O. Way: The Story of the International
Labor Organization. Geneva, International Labor
Manpower and Partial Mobilization.
Office, 1951. 124 pp., bibliography, illus. 25 cents.
Distributed in United States by Washington Branch
of ILO.
The Competence of the International Labor Organization
under the United Nations System. By Joseph Sulkowski. (In American Journal of International Law,
1422 F Street NW., Washington, D. C., April 1951,
pp. 286-313. $2.)
Labor Legislation
Labor Law— 300 Questions and Answers.
By Reginald
Parker. New York, Claridge Publishing Corp.,
1951. 130 pp. 2d, rev., ed. $1.
State Minimum-Wage Laws.
Washington, U. S. Depart
ment of Labor, Women’s Bureau, 1951. Folder.
Free.
Outlines the objectives and effects of minimum-wage
laws, shows which States have such legislation, and gives
examples of minimum wage orders.
A Survey of Illinois Labor Relations Law. By Nathan
Hakman. (In Illinois Law Review, Chicago, M ayJune 1951, pp. 197-218.)
Kentucky Labor Laws, Annotated, 1950, Complete with
Amendments and Annotations to January 1, 1951.
[Frankfort], Department of Industrial Relations,
[1951?]. 41 pp.
Consolidagäo das Leis do Trabalho, [Brazil].
Edited by
[Antonio Ferreira] Cesarino Junior. Rio de Janeiro,
Livraria Freitas Bastos S.A., 1950. 2 vols.
Labor Organizations and Their Activities
Labor’s Coming of Middle Age.
By Daniel Bell. (In
Fortune, New York, October 1951, pp. 114-115, 137,
et seq. $1.25.)
Discussion of the social and political aspects of the labor
movement.
Labor Organization in Modern Society. By Karl A. Lundberg. (In Social Service Review, Chicago, Sep
tember 1951, pp. 376-382.
$1.75.)
The Union Work Permit.
By Herbert J. Lahne. (In
Political Science Quarterly, New York, September
1951, pp. 366-399. $1.50.)
History of the use and abuse, by certain unions, of the
practice of issuing to nonmembers, for a fee, permits to
work in closed shops.
Trade
Unionism in Australia. (In Current Affairs
Bulletin, Commonwealth Office of Education, Sydney,
April 9, 1951, pp. 3-15, bibliography, charts. 6d.)
Fortieth Annual Report on Labor Organization in Canada,
1950-51 Edition. Ottawa, Department of Labor,
1951.
88 pp.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Washington, U. S.
Department of Labor, Bureau of Employment Se
curity, 1951. 56 pp., maps, charts. Free.
Manpower Conservation.
(In Journal of the American
Medical Association, Chicago, October 13, 1951, pp.
660-664. 35 cents.)
This report of an American Medical Association com
mittee indicates the extent to which various manpower
groups might be drawn upon under present mobilization
plans, and discusses the implications for industrial health
services.
Manpower Problems in Our Defense Economy: [Proceed
ings of] Third Annual Labor-Management Conference,
New Brunswick, N. J., May 10, 1951. New Bruns
wick, Rutgers University, Institute of Management
and Labor Relations, 1951. 70 pp., charts; processed.
Reproduces papers on The Current Manpower Situa
tion, Methods of Attacking Manpower Problems, and
The Government’s Function in Labor-Management Dis
putes, and briefs panel discussions. Subjects discussed, in
addition to manpower, included the older worker, wages
and fringe benefits, in-plant training, and reducing strikes
and work stoppages.
Manpower Requirement in Metal Mining.
Washington,
U. S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statis
tics, 1951. 17 pp., chart; processed. (Manpower
Report No. 11.)
Techniques of College Recruiting.
Washington, Bureau of
National Affairs, Inc., 1951. 109 pp., illus. $3.
Report on an inquiry concerning management practices,
experience, and opinions on various aspects of recruitment
of college graduates for employment. A summary of the
findings was published in BN A ’s Personnel Policies Forum
Survey No. 5, Recruiting College Graduates.
Minority Groups
Ever Widening Horizons— The Story of the Vocational
Opportunity Campaigns, an Important Phase of the
Urban League’s Program. New York, National
Urban League, 1951.
31 pp.
The Integration of the Negro into the U. S. Navy.
By
Dennis D. Nelson. New York, Farrar, Straus and
Young, 1951. 238 pp., bibliography, illus. $4.
Historical account of utilization of Negroes in the United
States Navy since 1812.
The Relative Position of the Negro Male in the Labor Force
of Large American Cities. By Ralph H. Turner.
(In American Sociological Review, New York,
August 1951, pp. 524-529. $1.)
Based on 1940 Census returns for 90 cities of 100,000
population or over.
Selected Bibliography on the Negro.
New York, National
Urban League, Department of Research, June 1951.
124 pp.; processed. 4th ed. 50 cents.
Includes 32 pages of references on social and economic
problems.
PUBLICATIONS OF LABOR INTEREST
R E V IE W , D E C E M B E R 1951
Report of Progress, New York State Commission Against
Discrimination, 1950. White Plains, N. Y., [1951?].
First report of Oregon Fair Employment Practices
Advisory Committee.
Older Workers and The Aged
After Age J+5 What? By Harland Fox, T. R. Lindbom,
C. Harold Stone. (In Personnel Journal, Swarthmore,
Pa., October 1951, pp. 181-187. 75 cents.)
Results of a survey made in Minneapolis by Industrial
Relations Center, University of Minnesota, of extent to
which employees with the necessary skills for their usual
jobs continue in employment after reaching age 65, and
of how firms utilize those who can no longer handle their
usual jobs.
Begin Now to Enjoy Tomorrow.
By Ray Giles. Newark,
N. J., Mutual Benefit Life Insurance Co., 1951.
57 pp., illus.
Growing in the Older Years.
Edited by Wilma Donahue
and Clark Tibbitts. Ann Arbor, University of Mich
igan Press, 1951. 204 pp., bibliographies. $2.50.
Man and His Years.
Raleigh, N. C., Health Publications
Institute, Inc., 1951. 311 pp. $1.75, paper; $3.25,
cloth.
Account of the first national conference on aging,
sponsored by the Federal Security Agency.
National Trends in the Population and Labor Force Relating
to the Employment of Older Workers. Washington,
U. S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statis
tics, 1951. 11 pp., charts; processed. Free.
Selected References on Aging—An Annotated Bibliography,
July 1951. Washington, Federal Security Agency.
Library, 1951.
26 pp.; processed.
The BLS Consumers' Price Index.
By Max D. Kossoris.
Berkeley, California Personnel Management Assn.,
1951. 11 pp.; processed. Management Report No.
99.) $1.
An article giving the major findings of an investigation
of the index by a subcommittee of the Committee on
Education and Labor, U. S. House of Representatives, was
published in the November 1951 Monthly Labor Review
(p. 581).
BLS Consumers' Price Index and Its Use in Wage Admin
istration. Los Angeles, Calif., Merchants and Manu
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10 pp.
50 cents.)
Productivity
Case Study Data on Productivity and Factory Performance:
Gray Iron Foundries; Men’s Dress Shirts; Men’s Dress
Shoes—Goodyear Welt. Washington, U. S. Depart
ment of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1951.
3 separate reports, variously paged; processed. Free.
Productivity in the Cement Industry, 1939-50. Washington,
U. S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Sta
tistics, 1951. 5 pp.; processed. Free.
A similar report for the same period is also available for
the beet sugar and hosiery industries.
Trends in Man-Hours Expended, 1948-49: Cane Sugar
Refining; Household Electrical Appliances; Men's
Dress and Sport Shirts; Soap and Glycerin; Television
and Radio Sets (1947-49). Washington, U. S. Depart
ment of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1951.
5 separate reports, variously paged; processed. Free#
Increasing Productivity through Simplification, Standard
ization, Specialization. Washington, U. S. Economic
Cooperation Administration, Technical Assistance
Division, Special Projects Branch, 1951. 109 pp.,
illus.
Putting Work Simplification to Work.
By H. S. Hall.
Urbana, University of Illinois, College of Commerce
and Business Administration, 1951. 58 pp., bibli
ography, charts, diagrams. (Business Management
Service Bull. No. 605.) Free.
Union Wage Pressure and Technological Discovery. By
Gordon F. Bloom. (In American Economic Review,
Menasha, Wis., September 1951, pp. 603-617. $1.50.)
Social Security (General)
Prices
facturers Assn., 1951.
No. 33.)
Rent Control— The Role of the States. By Tighe E. Woods.
(In State Government, Chicago, October 1951, pp.
251, 257.
112 pp., charts, ill us.
A Law in Action— Oregon's Fair Employment Practices
Act, 1949-50. Portland, [1951?]. 8 pp.
723
(Survey Analysis,
Further Needs in Social Security Legislation in the Field of
the Social Insurances. By Eveline M. Burns. (In
Social Service Review, Chicago, September 1951,
pp. 283-288. $1.75.)
Selected Readings in the Field of Social Welfare Published
in the United States of America in 1950 and 1951.
Washington, Federal Security
June 1951. 24 pp.; processed.
Agency,
Library,
Estimated Amount of Life Insurance in Force as Survivor
Benefits under Social Security Act Amendments of 1950.
By Louis O. Shudde. Washington, Federal Security
Agency, Social Security Administration, Division of
the Actuary, 1951. 17 pp.; processed. (Actuarial
Study No. 31.)
PUBLICATIONS OF LABOR INTEREST
724
Wages and Hours of Labor
Employment, Hours, and Earnings—State and Area Data:
Volume II, Hours and Earnings in Manufacturing,
by State and Area, 1947-50; Volume IV, Manu
facturing Employment, by State, 1950. Washington,
U. S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics,
1951. Variously paged; processed. Free.
Volume I is on Area Employment, 1950, and Volume
III, on Nonagricultural Employment, by State, 1950 (noted
in Monthly Labor Review, October 1951, p. 477).
Pay Structure of the Federal Civil Service, June SO, 1950.
Washington, U. S. Civil Service Commission, 1951.
36 pp., charts; processed. (Pamphlet No. 33-2.)
Wage Chronology No. 18: Bethlehem Atlantic Shipyards,
1941-51. By Albert A. Belman. Washington, U. S.
Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics,
1951. 6 pp. (Serial No. R. 2044; reprinted from
Monthly Labor Review, September 1951.) Free.
Wages, Hours, and Fringe Benefits in Ohio Hardware Stores.
By Alton W. Baker and James C. Yokum. Columbus,
Ohio State University, Bureau of Business Research,
1950. 50 pp. (Research Monograph No. 60.)
The Economics of Armament Inflation.
By Jules Backman.
New York, Rinehart & Co., Inc., 1951. 234 pp.,
bibliographies, charts. $1.75.
In a chapter dealing with wage stabilization, based
chiefly on World War II experience, the author shows
that wage stabilization is an integral part of the controls
program when armament inflation dominates the economic
scene.
Wage-Hour Law: Coverage.
By Herman A. Wecht.
Philadelphia, Joseph M. Mitchell, 1951. 499 pp.
$15.
After a brief history of wage controls, terms used in
the Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938 are defined and
principles of the act’s coverage are set forth in detail.
The 1949 amendments to the act are separately discussed.
Texts of the act, as amended, and an interpretative bulletin
on general coverage issued by the U. S. Department of
Labor, are given in an appendix.
Working Under Wage Stabilization.
By John R. Dille.
Berkeley, California Personnel Management Associa
tion, Research Division, 1951. 11 pp.; processed.
(Management Report No. 98.) $1.
Designed to answer employers’ questions on operating
under the Government’s wage stabilization program.
Miscellaneous
Handbook of Labor Statistics, 1950 Edition.
Washington,
U. S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statis
tics, 1951. 239 pp. (Bull. No. 1016.) $1.25, Super
intendent of Documents, Washington.
This loose-leaf handbook is divided into 12 sections con
taining a total of 88 tables with text briefly explaining
methods employed in compiling the data and limitations
of their use. The major fields covered by the 12 sections
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are: Employment, unemployment, and payrolls; labor
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unit man-hour requirements; work injuries; building and
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programs; consumers’ cooperatives; and production,
income, and expenditures.
Elementary Economics.
By Leland J.
York, American Book Co., 1950.
charts. $4.75.
Gordon. New
xxx, 576 pp.,
“Mobilization”: Third Conference [Sponsored by Student
Association, School of Business and Public Adminis
tration, Cornell University], February 9-10, 1951.
Ithaca, N. Y., Cornell University, School of Business
and Public Administration, 1951. 83 pp.; processed.
Various phases of the problem, including manpower,
were discussed by leaders in business, education, and
government.
Shift Problems and Practices.
By Herbert R. Northrup.
New York, National Industrial Conference Board,
Inc., 1951. 23 pp. (Studies in Personnel Policy,
No. 118.) $1 to companies associated with Board.
Small Industry in Economic Development. By Henry G.
Aubrey. (In Social Research, New York, September
1951, pp. 269-312, bibliography. $1.)
Part of the research project on the financing of world
economic development. The article includes discussion
of manpower and employment, and many references of
labor interest are given in the 7-page bibliography.
Social and Economic Problems of Democracy's Workers.
By
Wesley B. Sibley and Frank W. Dalton. Ann Arbor,
Mich., George Wahr Publishing Co., 1950. 213 pp.,
bibliographies.
A study outline designed for use in supplemental class
room training of apprentices.
Co-determination: Germany's Move Toward a New EconomyBy William H. McPherson. (In Industrial and Labor
Relations Review, Ithaca, N. Y., October 1951, pp.
20-32. $1.25.)
An article on this subject is published in this issue of the
Monthly Labor Review (p. 649).
Economic Survey of Asia and the Far East, 1950.
Pre
pared by Secretariat of Economic Commission for
Asia and the Far East. New York, United Nations,
Department of Economic Affairs, 1951. 541 pp.
(Sales No.: 1951, II, F. 4.) $3.75.
Includes chapters on population, manpower and em
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Economic Survey of Europe in 1950.
Prepared by Re
search and Planning Division, Economic Commission
for Europe. Geneva, United Nations, Department
of Economic Affairs, 1951. 263 pp., bibliographies,
charts. (Sales No.: 1951, II, E. 1.) $2.50.
Development and Welfare in the West Indies—Report by the
Comptroller for the Year 1950. Barbados, Adminis
trative Secretary, Development and Welfare in the
West Indies, [1951]. 114 pp., illus. 66 cents.
Current Labor Statistics
A.—Employment and Payrolls
727 Table A -l:
728 Table A-2:
732 Table A-3:
734 Table A-4:
735 Table A-5:
Table A-6:
736 Table A-7:
Table A-8:
737 Table A-9:
738 Table A-10
739 Table A -ll
Estimated total labor force classified by employment status, hours
worked, and sex
Employees in nonagricultural establishments, by industry division
and group
Production workers in mining and manufacturing industries
Indexes of production-worker employment and weekly payrolls in
manufacturing industries
Federal civilian employment and payrolls, by branch and agency group
Federal civilian payrolls by branch and agency group 1
Civilian Government employment and payrolls in Washington, D. C.f
by branch and agency group
Personnel and pay of the military branch of the Federal Government1
Employees in nonagricultural establishments for selected States 3
Employees in manufacturing industries, by States 3
Insured unemployment under State unemployment insurance pro
grams, by geographic division and State
B.—Labor Turn-Over
740 Table B -l
741 Table B-2
Monthly labor turn-over rates (per 100 employees) in manufacturing
industries, by class of turn-over
Monthly labor turn-over rates (per 100 employees) in selected groups
and industries
C.—Earnings and Hours
743 Table C -l : Hours and gross earnings of production workers or nonsupervisory
employees
758 Table C-2: Gross average weekly earnings of production workers in selected
industries, in current and 1939 dollars
759 Table C-3: Gross and net spendable average weekly earnings of production
workers in manufacturing industries, in current and 1939 dollars
759 Table C-4: Average hourly earnings, gross and exclusive of overtime, of produc
tion workers in manufacturing industries
760 Table C—5: Hours and gross earnings of production workers in manufacturing
industries for selected States and areas 3
1 Beginning with the January 1951 issue payroll data in table A-6 have been combined with table A-5.
* Beginning with September 1950 issue, omitted for security reasons.
1 This table is included quarterly in the March, June, September, and December issues of the Review.
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725
CURRENT LABOR STATISTICS
726
D.—Prices and Cost of Living
766 Table D -l : Consumers’ price index for moderate-income families in large cities, by
group of commodities
Consumers’
price index for moderate-income families, by city, for
Table
D-2
:
767
selected periods
768 Table D-3 : Consumers’ price index for moderate-income families, by city and
group of commodities
Indexes
of retail prices of foods, by group, for selected periods
Table
D-4:
769
770 Table D-5 : Indexes of retail prices of foods, by city
771 Table D-6 : Average retail prices and indexes of selected foods
772 Table D-7: Indexes of wholesale prices, by group of commodities, for selected
periods
773 Table D-8 : Indexes of wholesale prices, by group and subgroup of commodities
E.—Work Stoppages
774 Table E -l:
Work stoppages resulting from labor-management disputes
F.—Building and Construction
775 Table F -l
776 Table F-2
777 Table F-3
778 Table F-4
779 Table F-5
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Expenditures for new construction
Value of contracts awarded and force-account work started on federally
financed new construction, by type of construction
Urban building authorized, by principal class of construction and by
type of building
New nonresidential building authorized in all urban places, by general
type and by geographic division
Number and construction cost of new permanent nonfarm dwelling
units started, by urban or rural location, and by source of funds
727
A: EMPLOYMENT AND PAYROLLS
R E V IE W , D E C E M B E R 1951
A: Employment and Payrolls
Table A -l: Estimated Total Labor Force Classified by Employment Status, Hours Worked, and Sex
Estimated number of persons 14 years of age and over1 (in thousands)
1950
1951
Labor force
Oct.
Sept.3
Aug.
July
June
May
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
Nov.3
Oct.
(9
(9
64,674
65,453
65, 438
Total, both sexes
Total labor force *.
C iv ilia n lab or fo rce.................................................
U n e m p lo y m e n t - ....................... .....................
U n e m p lo y e d 4 w e e k s or le s s ............
U n e m p lo y e d 5-10 w e e k s ......... ...........
U n e m p lo y e d 11-14 w e e k s _________
U n e m p lo y e d 15-26 w e e k s .................
U n e m p lo y e d o v e r 26 w e e k s .............
E m p lo y m e n t -------- ---------------- -------------N o n a g r ic u ltu r a l......................................
W o r k e d 35 h o u r s or m o r e .........
W o r k e d 15-34 h o u r s - ...................
W o r k e d 1-14 h o u r s *__________
W ith a jo b b u t n o t a t w o r k e.
A g r ic u ltu r a l..............................................
W o r k e d 35 h o u r s or m o r e ____
W o r k e d 15-34 h o u r s - ...................
W o r k e d 1-14 h o u r s *....................
W it h a jo b b u t n o t a t w o rk •_
(9
(9
(9
(9
(9
(9
(9
63,452 63,186 64,208 64,382 63, 783 62,803 61,789
1,744
1,609
1,980
1,856
1,606
1,616
1,578
862
825
1,004
1,122
1,216
' 944
870
342
366
358
390
408
280
330
91
141
173
102
92
128
126
237
150
163
78
104
100
126
145
153
112
134
116
116
90
61,836 61,580 62,630 62, 526 61,803 61,193 60,044
54,168 54,054 54, 942 54,618 53, 768 53,753 53,400
43,040 29, 204 43, 656 42,312 44,088 45,055 43,996
4.931
5, 651
5,061
5,080
4,898
7,488 20,070
2,185
2,071
1,818
1,570 2,082
1,558
1, 922
1,567
1,697
4,648
5, 838 2, 537
1,718 2,962
6,645
8,035
7,440
7,908
7, 526 7, 688
7, 668
4,809
5,960
5,
799
6,110
5,724
5,
658
6,090
1,699
1,351
1,335
1,592
1,468
1, 270 1,436
239
215
206
280
224
238
' 228
246
91
124
97
142
200
80
(9
62,325 61,313 61, 514 62, 538 63, 512 63,704
1,940
2, 240
2,229
2, 503
2,407
2,147
955
1,240
1,153
1,184
1,039
966
420
475
498
640
677
502
128
147
167
208
276
215
183
175
251
217
241
298
257
204
194
213
183
167
60,179 58,905 59,010 60,308 61,271 61, 764
53,785 52,976 52, 993 54,075 53. 721 53,273
44,053 42,911 43, 505 44,177 43, 546 42, 720
7,023
6,417
6,002
5,561
5,806
5,476
1,999
2,319
2,331
2,251
2, 236
2,311
1, 531
1, 427
2,022
1,676
1,577
1,945
8,491
6,234
7, 551
6.018
5,930
6,393
5, 487 6, 647
3,983
3, 895
4,412
3,790
1,611
1, 594
1,505
1,467
1,415
1,418
245
306
348
308
268
370
88
399
163
348
353
297
Males
Total labor force *.
Civilian labor force.................................
Unemployment...............................
Employment__________________
.
Nonagricultural____________
.
Worked 35 hours or more_.
.
Worked 15-34 hours..........
Worked 1-14 hours ' _____
With a job but not at work 8___
Agricultural..................................
Worked 35 hours or more__
Worked 15-34 hours_______
Worked 1-14 hours 1_______
With a job but not at work *
(9
43, 522
' 890
42,632
36,756
31,206
3,654
780
1,116
5,876
5,110
' 554
142
70
(9
43, 672
842
42,830
37,050
22,174
12,240
760
1,876
5, 780
4,810
690
154
126
(9
44,720
956
43,764
37,604
31, 554
2,726
656
2,668
6,160
5,128
724
132
176
(9
44,602
1,098
43, 504
37, 234
30, 492
2,614
608
3,520
6, 270
5,346
680
122
122
(9
44, 316
1,167
43,149
36, 862
32,021
2, 578
815
1,448
6,287
5,301
724
175
87
(9
43,508
950
42, 558
36, 596
32,184
2, 457
893
1,062
5,962
5,107
619
156
80
(9
43,182
1,028
42,154
36,349
31, 420
3,029
897
1,003
5,805
4, 583
859
165
198
(9
(9
(9
45,644
45,934
45,978
43,379 42,894 43,093 43, 535 44,019
1,309
1, 459
1, 659
1,594
1,277
42,102 41,300 41,433 42,076 42, 710
36,463 35, 980 36,072 36, 585 36, 654
31,346 30,284 31,054 31,308 31,175
3, 447
2, 947 3, 217
3,355
2,877
980
998
984
961
975
952
1,062
1,110
1,357
1,265
6,156
5,362
5,
491
5,
320
5,639
4,982
3, 751
3,644
3, 724
4,226
842
1,134
1,066
939
1,077
200
268
253
300
220
133
319
338
298
255
Females
Total labor force'----------------------------- ------
(9
(9
Civilian labor force______________________ 19,930 19, 514
764
726
Unemployment_____________________
Employment ______________________ 1 9 ,2 0 4 18, 750
N onagricultural__________________ 1 7 , 4 1 2 17,004
7, 030
Worked 35 hours or more______ 11,834
3,834
7,830
Worked 15-34 hours________ 1, 058
1 ,1 4 2
Worked 1-14 hours *. ______ _
1,086
'6 0 2
With a job but not at work 1___
1, 746
1, 792
Agricultural
_____ __________
914
'980
Worked 35 hours or more............
746
716
Worked 16-34 hours__________
70
86
Worked 1-14 hours 1___
___
16
10
With a job but not at work 8___
(9
19,488
622
18,866
17,338
12,102
2,354
902
1,980
1,528
530
868
106
24
(9
1 Estimates are subject to sampling variation which may be large in cases
where the quantities shown are relatively small. Therefore, the smaller
estimates should be used with caution. All data exclude persons in Institu
tions. Because of rounding, the individual figures do not necessarily add
to group totals.
1 Census survey week contains legal holiday.
3 Total labor force consists of the civilian labor force and the Armed Forces.
« Beginning with January 1951, data on net strength of the Armed Forces
and total labor force are not available.
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(9
19, 780 19,467
813
758
19,022 18, 654
17,384 16,906
11,820 12,067
2,483
2,284
1,267
962
1,089
2,318
1,748
1,638
764
659
975
788
105
84
2
10
(9
(9
19,294 18,607
716
659
18, 635 17,890
17,157 17,051
12,871 12,576
2,474
2,622
1,288
1,178
564
635
1,478
840
692
226
492
716
74
59
11
48
(9
(9
18,946
870
18,077
17,322
12,707
2,599
1,336
680
754
186
479
48
42
18, 419
813
17,605
16,996
12, 627
2, 451
1,252
665
610
146
338
70
55
19, 519
19,460
18, 421 19,003 19, 493
770
631
844
17, 577 18,232 18, 561
16,921 17, 490 17,167
12, 451 12, 869 12,371
2, 970
2,785
2,614
1,351
1,321
1,290
475
515
566
1,395
743
656
505
232
171
752
401
371
80
106
55
30
29
61
19,436
768
18,668
16,766
11, 894
3,200
1,199
473
1,902
942
855
99
6
(9
19,030
3 Excludes persons engaged only in incidental unpaid family work (less than
15 hours); these persons are classified as not in the labor force.
« Includes persons who had a job or business, but who did not work during
the census week because of illness, bad weather, vacation, labor dispute or
because of temporary lay-ofl with definite instructions to return to work
within 30 days of lay-ofl. Does not include unpaid family workers.
Source: U. S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census.
A: EMPLOYMENT AND PAYROLLS
728
MONTHLY LABOR
Table A-2: Employees in Nonagricultural Establishments, by Industry Division and Group 1
[In thousands!
Annual
average
1950
1951
Industry group and industry
Oct.
S e p t.
Aug.
July
June
May
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
1949
1950
Total employees............................................ 46,819 46,887 46,679 46,432 46, 567 46,226 45,998 45,850 45,390 45, 246 46, 595 45,873 45,898 44,124 43,006
927
915
911
930
938
939
932
906
924
937
925
932
904
917
913
Metal
_______ ____ - ................ ........ 105.0 105.0 105.6 105.1 105.0 103.3 103.8 105.3 105.8 105.2 104.4 102.5 101.5 101.0 100.1
36.4
36.5
36.1
38.3
38.5
37.6
36.9
35.9
36.6
39.2
39.1
36.2
35.5
33.7
Tron
_ ________________________
28.4
29.0
28.8
28.5
28.9
29.2
29.3
29.0
28.1
27.3
28.7
29.3
29.0
28.1
Cop par
______________________
19.9
21.6
20.3
19.9
20.3
20.3
20.2
21.6
19.9
21.4
21.0
20.6
19.7
19.7
T/ftftd and zinc
- ______________
74.3
65.5
70.2
70.3
67.6
72.2
74.4
72.8
67.9
68.3
72.7
73.0
75.1
77.3
A nth racite_________________________
Bituminous-coal-------------------------------
365.0
Crude petroleum and natural gas prod notion
______________________
Nonmetallic mining and quarrying........ .
109.0
Contract construction___________________ 2,738
371.1
359.4
378.4
377.2
381.9
396.3
402.3
402.8
404.8
404.3
266.7
269.6
267.8
264.8
258.4
254.6
250.2
251.5
253.3
256.7
109.6
110.2
108.2
108.3
105.9
103.1
99.6
97.1
98.0
98.3
2, 752
544
237.4
307.0
Non building construction_____________
O f tie r
368.2
nnnhnilding construction______
2, 799
2,754
563
245.8
317.6
556
242.5
313.8
2,686
540
232.6
307.7
2, 598
508
213.5
294.2
2,471
460
181.3
278.6
2, 326
394
149.5
244.0
2,228
371
134.8
235.8
2, 281
383
141.1
242.1
2, 403
428
164.0
263.8
405.8
375.6
399.0
254.8
255.5
255.3
259.0
101.9
102.1
97.4
2,671
505
208.6
296.3
2,631
534
228.5
305.8
2,318
96.4
2,150
447
183.0
264.1
2,208
2,236
2,198
2,146
2,090
2,011
1,932
1,857
1,898
1,975
2,066
2,097
1,871
945
960
945
925
892
848
807
763
798
839
892
905
797
1,263 1,276 1,253 1,221 1,198 1,163 1,125 1,094 1,100 1,136 1,174 1,192 1,074
309.5 308.2 300.1 297.3 291.3 289.3 284.7 282.6 287.4 290.4 294.0 296.6 270.6
186.9 189.4 183.0 175.0 167.6 155.9 146. 7 130.2 123.0 132.8 147.4 158.1 132. 5
154.4 155.1 149.9 145.6 142.1 139.1 138.3 139.0 138.7 140.0 138.7 137.6 128.6
612.3 623.3 620.1 602.7 596.6 578.4 555.5 541.7 550.4 572.4 593.9 600.1 541.7
Special-trade contractors_____________
Plumbing and heating...........................
Ofbor special-trade contractors_______
428
178.1
250.3
1,727
763
974
245.8
124.4
125.1
479.0
Manufacturing................ ................................ 15, 926 16, 004 15, 980 15,813 15, 956 15, 853 15,955 16, 022 15,978 15, 784 15. 789 15,765 15, 827 14, 884 14,146
Durable goods ............................. 8,913
Nondurable goods 1.......................... 7,013
Ordnance and accessories----------- ------
53.8
Food and kindred products....................... 1,638
Meat products....... .................................
Dairy products____________________
Canning and preserving.........................
Grain-mill products.................................
Bakery p ro d u cts__________________
Sugar
_____________________
Confectionery and related products___
Beverages
________ __________
Miscellaneous food products_________
Tobacco manufactures...............................
Cigarettes ______________________
Cigars
_______________________
Tobacco and snuff-------------------------Tobacco stemmine and redrving_____
95
Textile-mill products------------------------- 1,226
Yarn and thread mills______________
Broad-woven fabric mills___________
Knitting mills_____________________
Dyeing and finishing te x tile s ..._____
Carpets, rues, other floor coverings
Other textile-mill products__________
Apparel and other finished textile products____________ _____ _________ 1,132
M en’s and boys’ suits and coats...........
Men’s and boys’ furnishings and work
clothing
_____________________
Women’s outerwear___ ___________
Women’s, children’s undergarments__
Millinery ______________________
Children’s outerwear_______________
Fur goods and miscellaneous apparel...
Other fabricated textile products.........
Lumber and wood products (except furniture)............... ............. .................. .
Logging camps and contractors______
Sawmills and planing mills_________
Millwork, plywood, and prefabricated
structural wood products............. ......
Wooden containers............ .................
Miscellaneous wood products................
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
801
1_______
8,893
7,111
52.2
8,866
7,114
49.4
8,839
6,974
46.5
8,998
6,958
42.3
8,975
6,878
40.1
9,003
6,952
37.7
8,969
7,053
35.5
8,877
7,101
33.3
8,742
7,042
30.8
8, 717
7,072
29.7
8,664
7,101
29.0
8,618
7,209
27.7
8,008
6, 876
24.7
7,465
6, 681
24.8
1,708 1,689 1,615 1,532 1,478 1,466 1,476 1,478 1, 499 1, 534 1,576 1,643 1,542 1,523
297.7 293.0 299.3 296.7 291.2 291.6 295.3 299.4 312.8 315.2 305.7 300.8 295.6 288.6
148.6 155.9 158.3 157.5 150.4 143.7 139.1 135.2 134.4 137.1 139.6 142.8 144.5 146.2
342.9 324.7 252.7 179.6 162.7 153.3 150.0 152.5 157.0 168.5 197.4 253.2 202.9 207.1
131.8 132.0 131.6 128.7 123.1 126.1 126.4 127.4 127.5 124.6 125.2 128.4 123.9 120.6
288.7 288.9 288.2 286.6 284.6 286.2 287.5 285.7 286.3 288.1 290.9 292.2 285.9 281.7
51.8
30.1
28.8
29.1
50.7
30.5
29.8
30.1
29.6
28.6
44.8
31.8
34.5
32.7
97.2
89.8
90.5
101.5
95.5
87.5
92.1
99.4 100.6 106.1 110.2 114.2
99.5
96.9
227.8 233.3 232.2 224.1 211.8 210.0 213.4 211.7 212.2 212.1 215.4 217.7 216.3 211.4
138.0 136.3 135.4 139.0 134.5 134.5 138.1 137.6 136.1 137.7 139.8 142.7 138. 5 137.6
96
26.1
41.2
11.9
16.8
91
25.9
39.9
11.7
13.0
81
26.0
39.0
11.7
4.4
83
25.7
40.6
11.9
4.4
81
25.4
39.4
12.1
4.4
83
25.6
40.8
12.1
4.8
85
25.7
42.0
12.2
4.9
87
25.8
42.3
12.1
6.7
88
25.9
41.2
12.0
8. 5
90
26.1
42.3
12.0
9.4
91
26.3
43.3
12.1
9.3
96
26.2
43.0
12.4
14.0
88
25.9
41.2
12.3
8.8
94
26.6
44.5
13.0
10.1
1,232 1,246 1,262 1,301 1,302 1,309 1,319 1,365 1,352 1,352 1,355 1,357 1,297 1,224
164. 6 165.3 164.5 168.6 171.0 171.2 172.5 174.3 172.0 170.7 171.5 171.3 162. 0 149.3
582.0 592.0 605.8 619.9 605.8 599.1 596.6 636.1 633.0 633.9 637.5 638.7 616.1 581.9
226.7 231.2 230.1 235.5 241.4 250.1 256.1 256.2 252.0 254.0 253.9 256.0 242.8 231.4
84.0
94.0
93.3
93.6
83.3
88.1
89.4
94.6
86.4
83.7
87.6
93. 5 93.3
89.7
62.4
62.2
62.4
48.4
50.7
55.6
61.7
49.0
61.0
58.9
58.6
62. 2 62. 4
60. 6
126.7 125.4 126.9 133.1 135.8 140.3 137.8 141.7 138.9 137.3 136.7 135.5 125.7 116.0
1,155 1,165 1,110 1,120 1,118 1,168 1,229 1,237 1,190 1,184 1,175 1,221 1,159 1,136
152.2 153. 5 142.9 149.5 148.9 152.0 155.3 155.4 152. 7 151.9 151.2 152.4 148.3 141.5
65.0
100.0
142.4
251.2
305.9
94.6
19.7
65.0
92.1
138.6
263.4
289. 5
97.0
16.8
64.9
98.1
140.3
271.6
283.4
99.3
17.1
61.8
94.4
141.2
280.2
301.5
105.7
20.0
65.4
94.9
148.1
281. S
339.8
107.8
25.4
68.1
95.9
154.3
277.7
352.7
107.4
26.3
70.0
94.4
152.9
269.6
338.1
103.6
24.3
67.3
88.7
146.0
269.5
329.9
106.6
21.4
65.6
92.2
146. 5
271.8
308.4
110.9
18.4
65.2
97.4
151.7
273.3
331.9
113.2
22.8
68.9
101.2
157.2
263. 2
320.3
105. 4
22.0
66.5
89.6
143.5
257.8
328.6
98.9
22.3
63.4
88.2
135.8
807
80. 4
474.3
817
76. 4
483.2
813
77.3
477.0
838
80. 7
488.7
815
828
78. C 70.3
482.0 473.7
785
56.1
457.1
800
804
69. S 69. 5
459.0 460. 8
817
72. 4
471.1
838
77.5
484.3
849
78.4
492.5
792
67. S
461.6
736
61.4
431.7
114.5
76.8
60.9
117.1
77.6
62.8
115. £
80.3
62.1
122.6
82.4
63.2
122.5 123.4
82. C 82.5
63. 5i 64.8
123. C 122.8
83.5
83.2
64 8
65.0
128. C 129.9
82.3
81.5
63.8
63.9
131.0
82.7
64.0
124.3
77.7
60.8
110.5
73.3
59.0
256.3
319.5
97.9
22.3
62.3
101.1
143.0
255.0
329.1
97.8
22 .2
126.2
82. S
64.2
REVIEW, DECEMBER 1951
729
A: EMPLOYMENT AND PAYROLLS
Table A-2: Employees in Nonagricultural Establishments, by Industry Division and Group 1—Con.
[In thousands!
Annual
average
1950
1951
Industry group and industry
Oct.
Manufacturing—Continued
Furniture and fixtures_________ ____ _
Household furniture...............................
Other furniture and fixtures ............ .
Paper and allied products............... .........
Pulp, paper, and paperboard mills___
Paperboard containers and boxes_____
Other paper and allied products..........
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
May
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Dee.
Nov.
Oct.
1950
1949
337
334
225. 6
108.3
333
224.0
108.9
331
223.7
106.9
334
226.0
108.1
349
240.5
108.6
366
2fifi 0
109 fi
374
265.0
109.1
373
265.1
107.6
370
262.9
106.8
374
266.5
107.0
378
376
270. 5 270.9
105.8 107.1
357
255.5
101.5
315
220 0
94.6
487
491
247. 5
132.2
111.1
494
493
247 Q 247.1
132 7 133.0
113 2 113.1
500
248.8
136.5
114.7
497
246.0
137.4
114.0
500
245.5
139.1
115.7
498
242.2
139.3
116.0
496
242.2
139.4
114.7
496
242.4
139.5
114.3
499
244.5
140. 9
113.8
500
242.8
141.9
114.9
491
241.7
1400
109.5
472
235.8
128.5
107.7
447
226.9
117.1
103.1
762
299.7
52.4
49.1
206.3
41.1
113.6
759
299.7
52.6
48.9
204.8
41.1
112.1
757
760
297.1 297 1
52.8
52 8
49 1 49 3
204.8 206.9
41 3 41 1
D2.8
112 .2
758
296. 7
52. 8
48 8
206. 2
40.9
112.8
758
765
295. 5 298.9
53 0 53.1
48 1 48 6
207. 3 207.4
42.0
40 8
113.2 114.5
759
295.9
53.3
48.4
205.3
42.4
113.7
754
292.9
52.8
48. 4
204.8
42.1
113.1
743
293.3
52.1
46.7
200.8
40 7
108.9
727
282.5
53.4
44.6
197.1
41.1
108.0
81.0
224.2
105.3
76.3
40.1
51.7
170. 6
748
80.1
221.7
104.8
76.0
42.4
53.4
169.3
738
79.4
216.9
103.7
75.5
39.9
55.1
167.5
729
78.5
214.5
101.1
73.1
37.5
57.6
166.3
724
77 fi
213.9
mi 3
720
77.1
211.3
100.2
73.7
7 3 .8
32 Q 32.1
fi9 2 60.9
lfi4 8 164.6
720
76.6
208.8
99.5
74.0
32.9
61.9
166.4
686
71. 5
95. 8
71.4
34 0
54. 5
158 3
664
68.4
192.1
92.3
67.3
34.3
56 1
153.0
Printing, publishing, and allied industries.
769
Newspapers......... ................................
Periodicals............................................ .
Books...
Commercial printing___ _____ _____
Lithographing.............. ..........................
Other printing and publishing............. —
764
759
298 7 298 0
53. 6 53 4
fiG 8 50 2
204.0 202. 5
41 1
42.1
114.6 114.1
758
299.1
52.2
49.0
204.2
40. 4
Chemicals and allied products________
Industrial inorganic chemicals..............
Industrial organic chemicals........... ......
Drugs and medicines_______________
Paints, pigments, and fillers......... ......
Fertilizers........ ........................................
Vegetable and animal oils and fats___
Other chemicals and allied products__
770
761
84 fi
232.2
107 4
75.7
744
Products of petroleum and coal...............
Petroleum refining...............................
Coke and byproducts_________ ____
Other petroleum and coal products___
267
Rubber products..... ......... ......................
Tires and inner tu b e s ..____ ________
Rubber footwear_____ ____________
Other rubber products..........................
112 .9
1fi8 1
749
K4 0
231. 8
107 fi
7fi 6
30 4
49 8
IfiQ 1
84 0
230.9
107 3
76.9
29 9
47 fi
107 9
742
82.6
229.0
106.0
76.5
31.4
47.9
168.6
742
81.4
225.6
105.5
76.5
36.4
49.1
167.7
265
212 3
22 1
30 fi
266
213 2
22 2
30 3
266
213 7
22 2
30 fi
263
210.4
22.0
30.9
260
207.7
21.6
30.4
258
205.7
21. 5
30. 7
257
204 7
21 4
30 fi
256
204.1
21. 3
30.1
254
202.3
21.3
30.1
254
201 fi
21 2
31 2
254
201.5
21.2
30.8
252
199.3
21.4
31.3
245
194. 6
20 8
29 5
245
198.7
19.5
27.1
267
273
117 1
30 9
124 8
273
ufi 8
30 9
12fi 8
271
115 0
30 4
125 7
273
114.3
31.2
127.7
272
112.8
30.8
128.3
270
111.7
30 3
128 4
271
112 fi
30 fi
128 3
273
114.6
30.8
128.0
273
115.1
30.1
127.5
272
116 1
29.1
127 0
272
117.2
28.5
126.6
269
115. 7
28.0
125.3
252
110.9
25. 6
114. 9
234
106.6
26.4
100.5
Leather and leather products........... ......
Leather...................................................
Footwear (except rubber)__________
Other leather products..........................
362
366
42 1
230 fi
03 2
382
4fi 0
243 7
92 9
374
382
47.3
244.6
90.5
369
47.6
232.7
88.9
392
410
49 1 fio fi
247.4 259. 6
413
51. 8
261.7
99.2
403
51.8
256.8
94.5
398
51 9
251.7
94.0
399
>51.8
248.4
98.6
406
51.4
253.4
101. 5
388
394
50. 5 49.7
252.3 251.0
87.2
91.1
Stone, clay, and glass products........... .
Glass and glass products........................
Cement, hydraulic...................... ..........
Structural clay products..................... .
Pottery and related p ro d u cts..............
Concrete, gypsum, and plaster products.
Other stone, clay, and glass products...
559
560
14fi 7
43.6
93.6
fi7 1
103.3
116. 3
560
144 8
4 4 !1
562
147.2
43.4
92.9
59. 2
102.5
116.7
560
148.3
42.7
91.1
60.4
101.0
116.4
547
143.9
41.9
87.5
60.9
97.4
115.6
548
143.8
42.0
88.2
60.4
97.8
115.3
548
144. 6
42.4
87.2
60.8
98.2
114.3
550
145.6
42.7
88.6
60.9
98.3
113.7
544
144.1
43.1
87.9
58.1
98.5
112.5
512
133.5
42.1
82.4
57.9
92.2
103.5
32 fi
fiO fi
Primary metal Industries......... ............... 1,345
Blast furnaces, steei works, and rolling
mills_____ . . . . . . ......... ................
Iron and steel foundries............. ..........
Primary smelting and refining of nonferrous metals.. ______ ___________
Rolling, drawing, and alloying of nonferrous metals_____ ______________
Nonferrous foundries...........................
Other primary metal industries............
Fabricated metal products (except ordnance, machinery, and transportstion equipm ent)....................... .........
Tin cans and other tin w a re ............ .
Cutlery, hand tools, and hardware.. . .
Heating apparatus (except electric) and
plumbers’ supplies______________
Fabricated structural metal products..
Metal stamping, coating, and engraving
Other fabricated metal products...........
982
1,349
fifil 3
281.0
9 3 .8
57 fi
103.8
ufi. 1
1,352
4fi. 0
237.0
90. 7
557
141 8
' 4 3 .8
9 3 .2
5 7 ,4
104.1
116. 7
1,341
fifil 1
280.9
fififi fi
277.9
1,357
655.0
285.3
1,347
648.7
284.1
749
95 9
99 3
559
554
148 8
42.4
89.7
61.0
146. 9
42.3
88.5
61.1
99.3
116.0
10 0 .5
116.1
1,3 4 4
fi44 8
282. 6
1,341
643. 4
279.9
1,331
1, 327
640. 1 640.3
274.8 270.8
1
1,318
638.1
267.5
1,301
635.6
262.5
1,289
633. 7
256.4
2 0 0 .1
1,220
614.1
231.8
484
122.6
41.8
79.8
57. 5
84.6
97.1
1,101
550.4
217.0
54.9
55.6
55. 5
56.8
55.4
56.4
56. 6
56.8
56.9
56.6
54.8
55. 5
54.6
52.3
96. 9
106. 5
148.6
97.4
109.0
147.8
98.0
106. 8
146.6
101.2
109.9
148.8
100.0
111.1
147.5
103.1
HO 9
146.5
104.0
110.7
146.0
104.3
110.7
144.4
104.3
110.1
144.1
104.1
109.6
141.8
102.9
106.6
138.9
102.3
104.8
137.6
96.9
93.0
129.8
87.0
75.8
118.4
988
51. 0
155. 7
994
50. 8
158. 6
991 1,019 1,026 1,033 1,031 1,022 1,016 1,018 1,017 1.013
49.0
49.7
51.9
49.4
50. 2
49. 4 48 Q 48. 2 50. 7 fi1 4
156. 6 161.6 163.4 165.0 167.1 168.3 168.4 168.8 168. 0 166.1
933
48^4
156.9
859
45.8
142.3
149.2
230.2
168.7
233.3
150. 5
231.1
169.0
233. 5
152.2
227. 9
174.7
229. 7
150. 6
201.4
169.8
206.1
132. 0
198. 5
147.9
192.4
157.9
227.3
185.7
236.6
159.1
229.8
188.2
236.0
161. 6 1fi2 7
228 1 22fi 9
192.6 192.3
236.4 234 fi
160.4
222.7
190.8
232.0
158. 6
220. 4
187.4
230.0
lfi1 2
210 8
186.6
230 3
163. 4
219. 3
185.6
230. 7
164. 4
216. 7
184.8
229.1
Machinery (except electrical)................... 1,608 1,578 1,570 1,597 1,611 1,598 1,592 1 , 5 7 9 1,557 1,528 1, 492 1,459 1,426 1,352 1,311
90.2
Engines and turbines.................... ........
72.5
91. 8 92.1
78.8
72.9
72.6
93. 7 94.9
85. 7 83.8 83. 2 81.3
88.8
Agricultural machinery and tractors__
166. 5 167. 8 194. 7 195.8 193.1 193.1 192.1 189.7 186.8 175. 4 164. 4 163.5 172.4 181.3
Construction and mining m achinery...
123.8 121.9 121.1 120.7 118.2 117.0 117.0 115.5 114.0 1 1 2 . 4 110.9 Ì08.9 100.7 101.3
Metalworking machinery....... ..........
292.6 288.3 293.5 294.3 289.6 287.0 282.6 277.2 268.1 259.4 251.5 242.9 220.2 208.7
8pecial-industry machinery (except
metalworking machinery)....... ...........
197.7 198. 5 196.8 197.9 197.7 197.1 194.8 192.8 188.5 183.4 180.6 178.2 167.6 171.8
General industrial machinery................
234.3 231.9 230.1 228.7 227.6 226.8 224.1 219.0 216.4 212.2 207.1 203.0 188.5 186.4
Office and store machines and devices..
90.9
90.6
106.4 105.1 102.5 105.0 104.4 103.3 10Z3 101.4 100.0
97.9
95.9
99.2
Service-industry and household machines____ _______ _______ _____
157.1 158. 5 164.5 173.2 176.9 179.7 184.1 184. 8 181.7 182.6 185.5 182.0 176.2 145.4
Miscellaneous machinery parts............. .......
205.6 202.9 201.9 203.0 200.3 199.2 195.9 193.0 188.9 186.1 182.4 178.2 162.7 153.3
See fo o tn o te s a t end o f table.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
730
A: EMPLOYMENT AND PAYROLLS
MONTHLY LABOR
Table A-2: Employees in Nonagricultural Establishments, by Industry Division and Group 1—Con.
[In thousands]
1951
Annual
average
1950
Industry group and industry
Oct.
M an u factu rin g— C o n tin u e d
E le c tr ic a l m a c h in e r y —........................................
E le c tr ic a l g e n e r a tin g , tr a n s m is sio n ,
d is tr ib u tio n , a n d in d u str ia l a p p a
r a tu s ............ ..........................................................
E le c tr ic a l e q u ip m e n t for v e h ic le s .............
C o m m u n ic a tio n e q u ip m e n t .........................
E le c tr ic a l a p p lia n c e s , la m p s , a n d m is
c e lla n e o u s p r o d u c ts ______ ______ ______
T r a n s p o r ta tio n e q u ip m e n t - ..............................
A u to m o b ile s — ....................................................
A irc raft a n d p a r ts ...............................................
A irc ra ft........................... .....................................
A ircra ft en g in e s a n d p a r ts........................
A ircraft p ro p ellers a n d p a r t s .................
O th er a ir cra ft p a rts a n d e q u i p m e n t ..
S h ip a n d b o a t b u ild in g a n d r e p a ir in g . .
S h ip b u ild in g a n d r e p a irin g «________
B o a t b u ild in g a n d r e p a ir in g ....................
R a ilr o a d e q u ip m e n t ............... .......................
O th er tr a n s p o r ta tio n e q u ip m e n t ..............
I n s tr u m e n ts a n d r e la te d p r o d u c ts ..............
O p h th a lm ic g o o d s ............................................
P h o to g r a p h ic a p p a r a tu s ________________
W a tc h e s a n d c lo c k s _____________ ._______
P r o fessio n a l a n d s c ie n tific in s t r u m e n t s .
M isc e lla n e o u s m a n u fa c tu r in g in d u s tr ie s .
J e w e lr y , s ilv e r w a r e , a n d p la te d w a r e ...
T o y s a n d sp o r tin g g o o d s ...............................
C o s tu m e J ew elry, b u tto n s , n o tio n s ____
O th e r m is c e lla n e o u s m a n u fa c tu r in g
in d u s tr ie s _____________________________
T ran sportation an d p u b lic u tilitie s....................
T r a n s p o r ta tio n .........................................................
I n te r s ta te r a ilr o a d s .......................................
C la ss I r a ilr o a d s ........................................... ..
L oca l r a ilw a y s a n d b u s li n e s ..................... ..
T r u c k in g a n d w a r e h o u s in g .........................
O th er tr a n s p o r ta tio n a n d s e r v ic e s ______
A ir tr a n s p o r ta tio n (c o m m o n c a rrier)—
C o m m u n ic a tio n ____________ __________ _
T e le p h o n e ______________________ _____ _
T e le g r a p h ...........................................................
O th e r p u b lic u t ili t ie s ............................................
G as a n d ele c tr ic u t i l i t i e s ...............................
E le c tr ic lig h t an d p o w e r u t ili t ie s ____
G as u t ilit ie s .................................................... ..
E le c tr ic lig h t a n d gas u t ilit ie s c o m
b in e d ________________ _______________
L o ca l u t ili t ie s ............... .......................................
T r a d e .................................................................... .............
W h o le sa le tr a d e .......................................................
R e ta il tr a d e _________________ _______ ______
G e n e ral m e r c h a n d is e s to r e s .........................
F o o d a n d liq u o r s to r e s ....................................
A u t o m o t iv e a n d acc essories d e a le r s.........
A p p a re l a n d acc essories s to r e s ....................
O th er r e ta il tr a d e _______________ _______
See footnotes at end of table.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
954
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
May
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
1950
1949
942
927
914
932
930
941
944
931
924
936
929
915
836
759
377.7
82.3
334.0
376.7
81.2
320.9
372.9
80.6
313.6
376.3
81.5
324.6
369.9
81.7
327.5
365.0
80.8
343.6
359.0
79.4
353.4
352.8
78.7
347.3
349.0
77.9
345.1
349.5
77.4
355.9
344.7
75.9
354.6
341.5
75.0
345.6
317.3
70.1
309.2
295.2
64.5
271.1
148.2
148.3
146.4
150.0
150.9
151.9
152.3
152.6
151.8
153.3
154.1
152.8
139.8
128.3
1,493 1,507 1,496 1,490 1,525 1,513 1,520 1,527 1,493 1,425 1,404 1,380 1,394 1,273 1,212
812.0 812.7 819.1 875.6 891.4 913.9 935.6 925.8 897.6 895.7 887.7 922.7 839.4 769.0
491.5 485.4 471.3 451.7 428.5 415.9 400.0 382.7 354.2 339.1 323.4 305.1 275.4 255.6
329.4 329.5 319.7 304.9 289.1 281.7 271.4 258.2 236.7 228.2 217.6 205.0 184.2 169.7
89.6
77.2
98.5
95.3
92.9
84.5
81.1
74.6
63.4
70.4
66.6
60.1
54.5
51.8
10.5
10.2
11.5
10.5
10.4
10.5
9.5
9.4
9.1
8.9
9.3
8.5
8.1
7.9
52.1
50.1
46.7
41.9
48.3
44.4
42.9
40.5
33.6
37.8
31.5
35.2
28.7
26.2
116.9 113.7 115.4 112.4 109.1 108.6 109.5 108.9
91.9
88.9
96.6
88.6
84.4 100.3
104.2 100.5 101.1
97.7
95.0
94.4
94.3
93.8
75.5
82.4
77.8
75.3
71.4
88.2
13.2
14.5
12.7
14.3
14.7
14.8
14.5
13.4
14.8
14.1
14.1
13.3
13.0
12.1
74.9
72.5
74.4
72.9
68.6
62.2
73.2
70.1
65.9
66.3
66.1
64.3
62.2
76.1
11.4
11.2
10.8
13.2
10.8
13.2
11.2
11.9
13.6
12.3
13.1
13.7
11.4
10.9
299
301
298
308 305
297
290
295
286
272
277
280
280
250
238
27.2
27.0
27.5
27.8
27.9
27.8
27.5
28.0
26.9
26.7
26.2
27.2
25.4
26.8
62.2
62.5
59.3
60.6
59.1
58.6
57.8
57.0
55.1
54.5
55.6
55.5
51.3
52.6
33.9
33.2
34.1
34.3
34.2
34.0
34.0
34.5
33.7
33.3
33.9
32.8
30.1
31.4
181.1 177.5 178.4 176.5 175.5 173.4 170.0 167.4 164.1 164.0 161.1 158.1 143.4 127.1
472
471
47.7
73.5
53.5
467
48.3
73.3
54.5
460
48.5
70.8
52.3
479
50.5
75.1
54.3
487
52.8
77.2
56.1
500
54.9
78.9
60.8
508
56.8
78.0
64.5
504
58.2
76.1
65.1
489
57.3
71.5
62.0
500
57.5
75.8
61.5
508
58.2
82.0
64.3
510
58.2
84.5
65.7
459
54.8
73.3
58.2
426
55.4
68.7
57.7
296.0
290.9
288.4
298.9
300.4
305.6
308.6
304.5
298.3
305.2
303.1
301.7
272.3
243.8
4,156 4, 177 4,187 4,176 4,161 4,137 4,132 4,112 4,082 4,072 4,125 4,123 4,132 4,010 3,979
2,912 2, 925 2,926 2,918 2,921 2, 911 2,909 2,893 2,866 2,858 2,908 2,911 2,912 2,801 2, 756
1,458 1,467 1,468 1,468 1,463 1,463 1,451 1,429 1,428 1,460 1,465 1,462 1,390 1,367
1,286 1,296 1,296 1,296 1,290 1,287 1,274 1,253 1,253 1,277 1,292 1,291 1,220 1,191
141
143
141
141
144
144
144
144
145
145
145
145
148
158
620
619
629
614
626
624
620
624
617
616
622
621
584
548
691
698
697
695
684
672
669
678
669
681
684
684
679
684
83.9
81.4
84.5
81.5
76.9
76.1
79.4
78.5
75.1
74.2
74.4
74.4
76.7
74.6
700
687
694 696
698
680
675
671
678
664
668
670
670
663
686
647.7 651.5 648.2 637.3 630.4 629.0 625.9 622.6 618.4 620.3 614.8 620.9 614.8 632.2
47.7
47.4
48.5
48.3
47.8
48.8
48.4
47.9
48.3
48.0
47.9
47.2
52.5
48.6
561
560
553
550 556
544
545
546
545
646
547
548
550
546
537
530.2 534.8 533.7 527.2 521.0 519.8 519.1 519.9 521.0 622.2 523.5 525.1 520.6 512.0
235.2 236.9 237.5 234.9 232.4 231.9 231.5 232.3 232.0 232.5 233.2 234.0 234.0 233.5
118.7 120.3 119.8 118.3 116.1 115.6 115.6 115.8 116.4 117.2 117.6 118.1 114.9
—
176.3
25.5
177.6
26.3
176.4
25.9
174.0
25.5
172.3
25.4
172.0
24.6
9, 894 9, 769 9, 637 9, 667 9, 732 9,683 9,627
2, 616 2,598 2,598 2,594 2,581 2, 568 2, 579
7,278 7,171 7,039 7,073 7,151 7,115 7,048
1,545 1,485 1,399 1,407 1,458 1, 475 1,453
1,278 1,269 1,258 1,268 1,270 1,271 1,264
757
756
750
751 753
742
739
498
512
561 545
548
550
542
3,143 3,119 3,127 3,130 3,125 3, 077 3,050
9,713
2,590
7,123
1,512
1,264
736
574
3,037
172.5
24.9
171.8
24.7
172. 6
24.8
172. 5
24.6
172. 7
24.7
173 0
24.8
9, 554 9, 592 10, 443 9, 896 9,752
2,593 2, 587 2, 616 2, 618 2, 625
6,961 7,005 7, 827 7, 278 7,127
1,431 1,459 2,052 1,654 1, 539
1,257 1,244 1,264 1,242 1,219
735
743
753
746
741
515
642
523
565
555
3,023 3,036 3,116 3,071 3,073
171.6
25.2
24.6
9, 524 9,438
2,544 2, 522
6,980 6,916
1,493 1, 480
1,209 1,198
728
676
536
554
3,014 3,008
REVIEW, DECEMBER 1051
A: EMPLOYMENT AND PAYROLLS
731
T able A-2: Employees in Nonagricultural Establishments, by Industry Division and Group 1—Con.
[In thousands]
1951
Annual
average
1950
Industry group and industry
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
May
June
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
1950
1949
Finance......... ................................................... 1,890
Banks and trust companies.......................
Security dealers and exchanges................. —
Insurance carriers and agents..................
Other finance agencies and real estate...
1, 891
466
63.3
676
686
1,912
471
64.3
687
690
1, Ô08 1,893
471
460
64.3
63.8
682
671
691
698
1,874
452
63.8
663
695
1,865
451
63.9
662
688
1,854
449
63.9
662
679
1, 839
446
63.4
657
673
1. 831
441
62.0
653
675
1, 828
439
61.3
655
673
1,820
436
61.1
651
672
1,821
433
60.8
651
676
1. 812
427
59.6
646
680
416
55.5
619
672
Service.............. ........................................
Hotels and lodging places..........................
Laundries___________ ______ ______
Cleaning and dyeing plants....................
Motion pictures__________ __________
4, 832
473
363.2
157.6
247
4, 839
507
364.2
153.4
245
4, 852
510
368.9
157.6
245
4, 789
452
359.5
158.7
249
4,745
445
354.4
153.0
249
4, 682
435
351.3
150.4
243
4, 657
432
350.9
145.1
240
4, 866
429
353.6
145.8
242
4,694
430
353.3
146.8
242
4,723
433
353.1
149.2
243
4,757
441
355.5
151.1
244
4,781
456
353.5
147.5
241
4,782
464
352.2
146.9
237
4, 770
4, 835
478
364.8
161.3
248
1,763
Government.......................................... ......... 6. 532 6, 545 6,400 6,356 6, 377 6, 377 6,292 6,217 6,122 6, 088 6. 376 6,037 8,039 5,910 5,811
Federal *................................ ............ ........ 2,322 2,337 2, 329 2,313 2,271 2,244 2,201 2,146 2,085 2,027 2,333 1,980 1,948 1, 910 1,900
State and local •......................................... . 4, 210 4,208 4,071 4,043 4,106 4,133 4,091 4,071 4,037 4,061 4,043 4,057 4,091 4,000 3,911
1 The Bureau of Labor Statistics’ series of employment in nonagricultural
establishments are based upon reports submitted by cooperating establish
ments and, therefore, differ from employment information obtained by
household interviews, such as the Monthly Report on the Labor Force
(table A-l), in several important respects. The Bureau of Labor Statistics’
data cover all full- and part-time employees in private nonagricultural estab
lishments who worked during, or received pay for, the pay period ending
nearest the 15th of the month; in Federal establishments during the pay
period ending just before the first of the month; and in State and local govern
ment during the pay period ending on or just before the last of the month,
while the Monthly Report on the Labor Force data relate to the calendar
week which contains the 8th day of the month. Proprietors, self-employed
persons, domestic servants, and personnel of the Armed Forces are excluded
from the BLS but not the M R L F series. These employment series have
been adjusted to bench-mark levels indicated by social insurance agency
data through 1947. Revised data in all except the first fo u r columns will be
identified by asterisks the first month they are published.
1 Includes: ordnance and accessories; lumber and wood products (except
furniture); furniture and fixtures; stone, elay, and glass products; primary
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
metal industries; fabricated metal products (except ordnance, machinery,
and transportation equipment); machinery (except electrical); electrical
machinery; transportation equipment; instruments and related products;
and miscellaneous manufacturing industries.
1 Includes: food and kindred produets; tobacco manufactures; textile-mill
products; apparel and other finished textile products; paper and allied
products; printing, publishing, and allied industries; chemicals and allied
products; products of petroleum and coal; rubber products; and leather and
leather products.
* B a ta b y re g io n , from J a n u a r y 1940, are a v a ila b le u p o n r e q u e st to the
B u r e a u of L a b o r S ta tis tic s .
1 Fourth class postmasters (who are considered to be nominal employees)
are excluded here but are included in table A-6.
• Excludes as nominal employees paid volunteer firemen, employees hired
to conduct elections, and elected officials of small local governments.
All series may be obtained upon request to the Bureau of Labor Statis
tics. Requests should specify which industry series are desired.
MONTHLY LABOR
A: EMPLOYMENT AND PAYROLLS
732
Table A-3: Production Workers in Mining and Manufacturing Industries 1
[In th o u sa n d s]
A nnual
a v er a g e
1950
1951
Industry group and Industry
O c t.
Mining :
S e p t.
92.3
35.2
24.9
17.0
M e ta l . _
____________________________
Iron
________________________________
C opp er
. ___________________________
L ead an d z in c ___________________________
A ug.
93.1
35.2
25.2
17.3
J u ly
92.5
34.3
25.3
17.6
June
92.6
34.6
25.1
17.6
M ay
91.3
33.8
24.9
17.4
A pr.
91.7
33.1
25.3
17.6
Mar.
93.2
32.6
25.6
19.0
Feb.
93.6
32.7
25.7
19.0
Jan.
93.2
32.6
25.7
18.7
Dec.
92.7
32.4
25.5
18.4
Nov.
90.9
32.6
24.9
17.7
O c t.
89.7
32.8
24.6
17.4
1950
89.4
31.9
24.8
17.2
1949
89.0
30.4
24.3
18.1
63.8
64.2
61.6
66.0
66.1
63.6
67.9
68.4
68.4
68.5
69.8
69.9
70.6
72.8
B itu m in o u s -c o a l..................................................
342.8
346.2
334.6
353.4
353.1
357.4
372.2
377.0
377.4
380.6
379.6
381.5
351.0
373.4
C r u d e p etr o le u m a n d n a tu r a l gas p ro
d u c tio n :
P e tr o le u m an d n a tu r a l gas p r o d u c tio n
(e x c e p t c o n tr a c t s e r v ic e s ) ____________
N o n in e t a llic m in in g a n d q u a r r y in g ............ —
129.8
95.9
133.4
96.5
131.9
94.6
129.9
94.8
126.0
93.0
124.9
90.2
124.0
86.8
123.2
84.7
122.7
85.2
124.7
86.0
124.1
89.4
126.0
89.6
125.7
85.2
127.1
83.7
A n th r a c ite . ______________________________
Manufacturing.....................................................
D u r a b le good s *....... ..................................
N o n d u r a b le g o o d s * . . . ...................—
12,983 13,070 13,055 12, 885 13,064 12,993 13,108 13,189 13,186 13, 018 13, 056 13,044 13,133 12, 264 11,597
7, 286 7, 275 7, 252 7,226 7,409 7,406 7, 445 7, 428 7,371 7,256 7, 254 7, 210 7,186 6, 622 6,096
5,697 5, 795 5,803 5,659 5,655 5, 587 5,663 5,761 5, 815 5, 762 5,802 5,834 5,957 5,642 5, 501
43.6
O r d n a n ce an d a c c e ss o r ie s ...............................
F o o d an d k in d r e d p r o d u c t s . . . ......................
M e a t p r o d u c ts ............................. ................... ..
1,249
C a n n in g a n d p r e s e r v in g ________________
G r a in -m ill p r o d u c ts ____________________
B a k e r y p r o d u c ts ________________________
S ugar
__________ ___________________
C o n fe c tio n e r y a n d r e la ted p r o d u c ts __ _
B ev e r a g e s . . ________________________ . . .
M isc e lla n e o u s food p r o d u c ts___________
42.3
40.2
38.0
33.9
32.2
30.3
28.7
27.0
25.0
23.6
23.3
1,317 1,301 1,225 1,146 1,099 1,085 1,096 1,099 1,120 1,155 1,196
234.6 232.6 235.5 233.2 229.2 229.2 233.3 237.7 250.8 253.7 244.3
99.0
95.2
96.9 100.4
94.6
107.2 113.7 116.2 115.6 109.5 103.1
315.8 298.7 226.1 153.9 136.9 128.0 124.6 127.2 131.6 142.7 171.4
93.2
95.2
95.4
95.4
93.8
93.1
96.9
91.1
99.1
98.6
98.7
192.6 192.4 192.2 192.0 189.5 189.7 190.0 188.3 187.8 190.4 193.4
46.5
23.8
23.5
24.3
39.9
24.8
24.4
27.0
24.9
25.4
24.6
93.5
80.3
82.6
75.3
83.8
89.4
73.1
73.6
71.2
78.6
84.7
146.6
145.4 146.8 146.1 148.8
156.0 161.0 UK). 9 155.1 145.3 143.4
99.2 102.8 102.4 101.7 102.6 104.4
99.1
99.4 101.7
102.0 100.2
89
23.7
39.0
10.3
15.7
84
23.6
37.8
10.2
11.9
75
23.7
36.9
10.2
3.7
76
23.3
38.4
10.3
3.6
74
22.9
37.2
10.4
3.6
76
23.1
38.6
10.5
4.0
78
23.3
39.9
10.7
4.2
80
23.3
40.1
10.5
6.9
80
23.3
39.0
10.6
7.4
83
23.5
40.2
10.5
8.3
84
23.7
41.2
10.5
8.3
22.3
19.8
20.2
1,260 1,168 1,172
240.0 235.9 231.3
101.9 104.4 107.9
226.3 176.9 180.8
96.8
95.3
94.2
196.3 191.5 191.2
45.8
28.5
29.9
97.2
83.0
83.1
149.4 149.1 150.6
106.6 102.6 103.8
89
23.7
41.0
11.0
13.0
81
23.3
39.1
10.8
7.8
87
24.1
42.4
11.5
9.0
T o b a c c o m a n u fa c tu r e s ........................................
C ig a r e tte s _______________________________
C igars
___________________________
T o b a c c o a n d s n u f f . . __________________
T o b a c c o s te m m in g a n d r e d r y in g ............
88
T e x tile -m ill p r o d u c t s ............. ............ ..............
Y arn an d th read m il ls _________ _____ _
B r o a d -w o v e n fab ric m il ls ............................
K n ittin g m ills ________ __________________
D y e in g a n d fin ish in g t e x t ile s .. _______
C a r p e ts, rugs, o th e r floor c o v e r in g s ____
O th er te x tile -m ill p r o d u c ts _____________
1,132
1,137 1,153 1,167 1,205 1,206 1, 214 1,223 1,269 1,257 1,258 1,262 1,264 1,206 1,136
153.5 154.2 153. 6 157.8 160.1 160.2 161.8 163.6 161.5 159.9 160.9 160.7 151.8 140 3
551.1 561.8 573. 7 587.7 574.3 567.3 564.4 604.3 602.0 603.6 606.3 607.4 585.6 551.4
207.2 211.8 210.3 215.7 221.6 230.3 236.4 235.9 232.1 233.9 233.9 236.3 223.6 213.4
83.4
83.7
76.9
83.9
84.4
80.1
77.6
83.3
83.3
78.1
79.2
73.4
74.3
73.4
51.2
55.0
54.5
53.3
54.3
54.6
64.5
54.9
53.2
47.7
43.1
50.7
41.2
40.6
111.4 110.2 i l l . 8 117.9 120.4 125.0 122.6 126.6 123.7 122.7 122.3 121.3 111.9 102.8
1,014
1,036 1,047
139.3 140.2
A p p are l a n d o th e r fin ish e d te x tile p rodu c ts ................................. .....................................
M e n ’s a n d b o y s ’ s u its and c o a ts _______
M e n ’s an d b o y s ’ fu r n ish in g s a n d w ork
c lo th in g _____________ _________ ________
W o m e n ’s ou terw ea r ___________________
W o m e n ’s, c h ild r e n ’s u n d e r g a r m e n ts .
M illin e r y __________ _____________________
C h ild r e n ’s ou te r w e a r __________________
F u r good s a n d m is c e lla n e o u s a p p a r e l.
O th er fa b ric a ted te x tile p r o d u c t s .............
L u m b e r an d w ood p r o d u c ts (e x c e p t furn it u r e ) ......... ........................................................
L o g g in g c a m p s an d c o n t r a c t o r s ..............
S a w m ills a n d p la n in g m il ls ______ ______
M illw o r k , p ly w o o d , a n d p refa b rica ted
str u c tu r a l w o o d p r o d u c t s . . .................. ..
W o o d e n c o n ta in e r s. . . _______________
M isc e lla n e o u s w o o d p r o d u c ts .....................
F u r n itu r e a n d fix tu r e s____________________
H o u s e h o ld f u r n itu r e .........................................
O th er fu r n itu r e a n d fix tu r e s......................
Bee fo o tn o te s a t e n d of ta b le .
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
—
738
289
990 1,000
129.3 135.4
998 1,047 1,106 1,115 1,070 1,064 1,056 1,100 1,042 1,022
135.0 138.2 141.0 141.1 138.4 137.4 137.0 138.2 134.3 128.1
238.6
283.4
87.5
19.8
57.0
89.7
120.9
237.4 233.1
293.9 271.0
84.2
87.3
17.1
19.6
59. 5 59.4
80.1
88.7
120.2 116.0
245.2
255.4
86.6
14.3
59.2
85.8
117.6
252.9
249.1
88.9
14.6
56.3
82.7
118.6
261.1
267.4
94.9
17.5
59.5
83.1
125.4
262.7
305.1
97.2
22.8
62.1
84.2
131.3
258.8
317.4
97.0
23.7
64.2
82.6
130.4
251.0
303.3
93.1
21.7
61.8
76.9
124.0
743
76.6
441.1
751
72.5
448.4
748
73.3
443.2
773
76.7
455.9
764
74.2
449.2
752
66.5
442.5
722
52.1
426.0
736
65.4
427.8
754
739
64. S 67.9
429.4 440.0
98.6
71.2
55.0
101.6
72.1
56.6
100.7
74.4
55.9
107. i
76.6
56.8
107.2
76.2
57.3
107.7
76. E
58.5
107.4
77.4
58.7
107.1
77.3
58.4
110.3
76. £
57. i
285
196.0
89.0
284
194.9
89.3
284
195.9
87.8
286
197. c
89.0
301
211.4
89.7
317
226.8
90.5
326
236.1
90.0
324
235.4
321
8 8 .5
233.1
87.6
251.2
296.2
96.1
18.9
59.9
80.3
124.4
253.3
274.8
100.5
15.9
59.6
85.3
130.0
254.2 245.3
297. C 286.8
102.5
95.2
20.1
19.4
63.1
60.7
89. C 78.4
135.5 121.7
239.8
294.3
89.4
19.5
580
76 5
115.8
785
773
73. C 73.8
452.3 461.5
730
63.5
431.1
676
57.6
401.3
112.4
75.8
57.4
113.8
76. 5
57.4
114.8
77.
57.7
108.5
72.2
54.8
95 7
67.9
53.1
326
238.4
87.1
327
241.5
85.7
329
241.!
86. £
311
227.9
82.6
272
194.8
77 6
REVIEW, DECEMBER 1951
A: EMPLOYMENT AND PAYROLLS
733
Table A-3: Production Workers in Mining and Manufacturing Industries 1—Continued
[In th o u sa n d s]
1951
A nnual
a v er a g e
1950
I n d u s tr y grou p a n d I n d u str y
O c t.
M an u factu rin g— C o n tin u e d
P a p e r a n d a llie d p r o d u c ts .
P u lp , p a p e r, a n d p a p e rb o a rd m ills
P a p e r b o a r d c o n ta in e r s a n d b o x es
O th er p a p e r a n d a llie d p r o d u c ts
412
S e p t.
A ug.
J u ly
June
M ay
A pr.
M ar.
Feb.
Jan.
D ec.
N ov.
O c t.
1950
1949
417
2 1 3 .6
112.3
9 0 .6
419
213.7
112.4
92.4
418
213.5
112.4
9 2 .5
426
214. £
116.4
94 .3
424
213. C
117.0
9 4 .3
427
212.4
118.7
95.4
424
209. 1
119.0
9 5 .6
423
209. i
119.1
94.5
423
209.2
119. 6
94. 5
428
212.3
121.3
9 4 .5
427
210 7
122 0
9 4 .3
421
210 3
120 4
90 5
404
205 1
109 8
88 8
382
515
152.6
35 .4
36 .8
167.7
3 2 .6
90.1
510
150.5
3 5 .2
3 6 .3
166.2
3 1 .9
8 9 .5
507
1 5 1 .C
3 4 .0
3 5 .3
166.8
3 1 .4
8 8 .5
512
152.2
3 3 .7
3 5 .9
168.8
3 1 .9
89 .4
510
151. Ç
3 4 .6
3 5 .7
167.8
32.1
8 7 .7
510
150.6
35. 4
3 6 .0
167.9
3 2 .2
87. 5
512
150. C
3 5 .6
36 .3
169.7
3 2 .2
8 7 .7
510
149.6
3 5 .2
36.1
169.5
3 1 .8
8 8 .0
510
148. £
3 4 .6
35 .8
170.0
3 1 .7
8 8 .6
518
152.4
3 5 .0
36 .7
171.1
32 .9
89 .9
515
150 3
3 5 .0
36. 6
170 2
3 3 .3
8 9 .6
514
149
35
36
170
33
89.
503
148
34
35
166
31
85
495
1Q7 6
QQ 6
85 2
P r in tin g , p u b lis h in g , a n d a llie d in d u s tr ie s .
N e w s p a p e r s ... ____ _______
P e r io d ic a ls .........................................
B o o k s _________
C o m m e r c ia l p r in t in g ..............
L ith o g r a p h in g ...........................
O th er p r in tin g a n d p u b l is h i n g ..
519
C h e m ic a ls a n d a llie d p r o d u c ts ____
I n d u s tr ia l in o r g a n ic c h e m ic a ls ___
I n d u s tr ia l o rg a n ic c h e m ic a ls ___
D r u g s a n d m e d ic in e s ___________ .
P a in t s , p ig m e n ts , a n d fille r s ____
F e r tiliz e r s ______ _.
V e g e ta b le a n d a n im a l oil a n d f a t s .
O th e r c h e m ic a ls a n d a llie d p r o d u c ts
551
542
6 1 .6
173.9
70.0
4 8 .6
2 5 .5
4 7 .8
114.5
530
6 1 .3
173.2
70.1
49 .7
2 3 .5
37 .8
114.6
526
61.0
172.3
70.3
50.2
2 2 .9
3 5 .6
114.0
528
60 .4
171.5
70.1
50 .0
24 .7
3 6 .3
115.2
531
59.4
169.5
70.1
4 9 .8
2 9 .6
3 7 .6
115.1
538
59. 2
168.4
69 .7
49 .8
33 4
40 .3
117 0
539
58 .6
166.7
69.3
49 .6
3 5 .6
42.1
116.8
532
58.1
163.3
6 8 .6
49 .5
3 3 .2
4 3 .9
115.4
526
57.3
162.8
66 .9
4 7 .5
3 0 .9
45. 5
115.1
524
57.1
161.9
67 .4
48 .3
26. 5
47 .6
114.7
521
56. 5
160.2
66. 4
48. 2
25. 7
49. 6
114. 6
523
55. 9
159.1
65 8
48 7
26 6
50. 8
115. 8
496
52 9
151.8
62 7
46 8
27' 8
43 8
110 2
485
52 3
145.8
60 8
43 3
28 6
46 1
108 4
P r o d u c ts o f p e tr o le u m a n d coal
P e tr o le u m r e f i n i n g . . . ............
C o k e a n d b y p r o d u c t s ..
O th e r p e tr o le u m a n d co a l p r o d u c ts . .
199
197
153.7
19.2
2 4 .5
198
154.1
19.4
24.1
198
154.3
19 .3
2 4 .3
198
153.8
19.1
2 4 .8
194
150.8
18.7
24 .4
194
150. 2
18 6
24 8
192
149.0
1 8 .5
24 .5
191
148.2
18. 4
2 4 .3
190
147.1
18. 5
24 .3
191
147.3
18.4
25 .0
191
147. 5
18. 4
24. 6
190
146 5
18 6
25.1
185
142 8
18 1
23 9
188
148 8
16 9
R u b b e r p r o d u c t s ..........................
T ir e s a n d in n e r t u b e s ____
R u b b e r fo o tw e a r ___
O th er r u b b e r p r o d u c ts ____
212
218
92.0
2 5 .3
101.1
219
91 .2
2 5 .2
102.2
217
9 0 .0
2 4 .8
102.2
220
8 9 .9
25.7
104.7
220
8 8 .3
25 .4
106.0
219
87.4
24 8
106 3
220
8 8 .3
2 5 .0
106.3
222
90. 6
2 5 .3
106.3
222
91 .3
2 4 .9
105.8
222
92.1
2 3 .9
105.7
222
93. 4
23. 2
105. 0
219
92 0
22. 8
104 1
203
87 8
20 6
94 3
186
83 6
21 6
80 9
L e a th e r a n d le a th e r p r o d u c ts
321
L e a th e r _____________
F o o tw e a r (e x c e p t r u b b e r ) ...
O th e r le a th e r p r o d u c ts ........................... ........ ..............
327
37. 5
207 .8
81 .4
342
4 0 .2
220.8
81.4
336
41. 5
215.0
7 9 .3
344
42 .7
221.8
79.3
331
4 2 .8
210.4
77.4
353
44 4
224 ! 9
84.1
371
45. 9
237.0
8 7 .6
374
4 7 .0
2 3 8 .9
8 7 .6
364
47. 3
234.2
8 2 .8
359
47 3
229.1
8 2 .9
360
47 2
22 5 .8
8 6 .9
367
46 7
230.3
8 9 .7
355
347
229 ! 4
7 9 .7
45 1
22 6 .2
7 5 .8
S to n e , c la y , a n d g la ss p r o d u c ts . .
G la ss a n d g la ss p r o d u c ts .
C e m e n t, h y d r a u lic __________
S tr u c tu r a l c la y p r o d u c t s ..
P o t t e r y a n d r e la te d p r o d u c ts
C o n c r e te , g y p s u m , a n d p la ste r p r o d u c ts
O th er s to n e , c la y , a n d g la ss p r o d u c ts
482
127.5
3 7 .3
8 5 .3
51 .5
8 7 .0
9 3 .3
481
127.3
3 7 .7
85.3
51 .8
8 7 .8
91.4
478
124.3
3 7 .5
8 4 .8
51. 6
8 7 .8
9 1 .8
485
129.8
37 .3
84 .8
53 .3
87 .0
92 .8
484
131.1
3 6 .5
8 3 .0
5 4 .6
8 5 .8
92 .8
483
132 0
36 3
81 7
55 2
85.4
92 8
479
130.1
3 6 .2
8 0 .3
5 5 .3
8 4 .3
92. 9
473
127. 5
3 5 .9
79 .5
55.1
8 2 .8
9 2 .2
473
127. 5
3 5 .9
79.8
5 4 .7
8 3 .0
91.8
474
127.7
36 3
79.4
55 1
8 3 .5
91 .6
477
128. 9
36 7
80. 5
55.1
8 4 .4
91 .1
471
127. 0
37. 0
79. 8
52. 2
8 4 .5
90. 0
441
117,3
36 0
74 8
52 3
7 8 .7
81 8
416
106 8
36 0
72. 5
52. 2
7 2 .4
75 6
479
P r im a r y m e ta l in d u s t r ie s ............
1,154
B la s t fu rn a ces, s te e l w o r k s, a n d r o llin g
m ills _____________
Iro n a n d s te e l f o u n d r i e s ...
P r im a r y s m e ltin g a n d r e fin in g o f n o n ferrous m e t a l s ..
R o llin g , d r a w in g , a n d a llo y in g o f n o n ferrous m e ta ls .
N o n fe r r o u s fo u n d r ie s
O th e r p r im a r y m e ta l in d u s tr ie s .................
.......
F a b r ic a te d m e ta l p r o d u c ts (e x c e p t o rd n a n c e , m a c h in e r y , a n d tr a n sp o r ta tio n e q u ip m e n t ) .............
T in c a n s a n d o th e r t i n w a r e . . .
C u tle r y , h a n d to o ls , a n d h ard w a r e
H e a tin g a p p a r a tu s (e x c e p t e le c tr ic )
a n d p lu m b e r s ’ s u p p lie s .
F a b r ic a te d s tr u c tu r a l m e ta l p r o d u c ts .
M e ta l s ta m p in g , c o a tin g , a n d e n g r a v in g
O th e r fa b r ic a te d m e ta l p r o d u c ts
M a c h in e r y (e x c e p t e le c t r ic a l) ..........
E n g in e s a n d tu r b in e s ________
A g r ic u ltu r a l m a c h in e r y a n d t r a c t o r s ..
C o n s tr u c tio n a n d m in in g m a c h in e r y ..
M e ta lw o r k in g m a c h in e r y ..
S p e c ia l- in d u s t r y m a c h in e r y ( e x c e p t
m e ta lw o r k in g m a c h in e r y ) ___
G e n e ra l in d u str ia l m a c h in e r y .
O ffice a n d s to re m a c h in e s a n d d e v ic e s .
S e r v ic e -in d u s tr y a n d h o u s e h o ld m a c h in e s ___________
M isc e lla n e o u s m a c h in e r y p a rts
Pee fo o tn o te s a t e n d o f ta b le
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
808
1,243
1,159
1,165
1,155
1,172
1,162
1,161
1,159
1,153
1,149
1,1 4 2
1,126
573.4
250.1
575. 8
250.0
571.6
247.1
571.8
253.7
565.0
252.5
45 .8
46. 5
4 6 .8
4 7 .8
4 6 .4
4 7 .2
47. 4
47 .3
4 7 .2
4 7 .0
4 5 .4
78.2
88.1
123.8
78. 7
9 0 .8
122.8
79.8
8 8 .2
121.6
83.1
9 1 .5
124.1
8 1 .9
9 3 .2
123.2
84 9
03 3
86. 8
94 .2
120.8
87 .1
94. 5
120.5
87 2
12 2 .5
85. 9
93.4
122.0
119.3
85. 9
9 1 .3
116.9
811
44 .9
130.0
816
44. 7
132.4
813
4 3 .2
130.9
843
4 3 .5
136.6
850
4 2 .9
138.1
859
43 1
140.3
858
42. 7
141. 7
852
42.1
143. 7
847
44. 2
144.0
852
45 4
143.7
850
44. 2
142. 9
120. 6
179.1
141.5
195.1
121. 7
180.3
141.9
195.2
122.8
177.1
147.3
191.3
128.4
176.9
158.8
198.3
130.1
178.5
161.9
198.0
132 8
177.7
166.4
198. 3
133. 9
176.4
166.1
197. 0
132.0
174.6
164.5
195.4
129. 9
173.2
161.6
193. 7
133 2
173.2
161.6
194.6
135 3
171.7
160.9
195. 2
561 6
251.5
561.1
249 .4
558.8
244.9
559 0
240 .7
556 4
238.0
93 9
553 6
232.8
7
1
6
2
0
2
1,117
552. 6
226.8
6
7
7
6
7
8
45 9
1,053
141
36
36
164
31
85
2
0
4
4
9
3
22 0
940
535 6
204.0
476 7
188.9
46 .3
45 .4
4 3 .3
85. 8
89. 7
115.7
80 7
78 8
7 0 .6
6 3 .3
9 7 .1
850
45 9
141.4
776
42 8
132 ! 7
701
3 9 .9
118.4
137.1
170.9
160.7
194.3
123 9
156.5
146.9
173 0
106.0
152.3
125.8
159.0
1,252
1,219
1,242
1,211
1,235
1,231
1,215
1,192
1,001
1,239
1,163
1,133
1,104
1,040
69. 8
69 .3
6 7 .9
67 0
61. 9
71.2
68. 6
65. 7
6 4 .0
63. 7
60 .3
55. 0
54 5
53 .9
129. 7 130.0
151.6
142.4
149.7
135.4
124. 8
124.3
151. 5 153.1
151.0
146.5
133. 5
151.8
72 .4
9 3 .8
91. 5
9 0 .8
90 .7
8 8 .9
8 6 .3
8 7 .3
8 4 .7
8 3 .8
80. 6
87 .8
82 .3
73 0
211.3
230 .3
232.8
227 .9
222. 9 21 8 .4
157.9
226. 7 232.1
204.4
197. 2 189.7
226.7
169.0
149.3
169. 2
89 .3
150.2
167. 9
8 8 .2
149.4
166. 8
86 .2
150.2
166.8
8 8 .5
149.8
165. 7
8 8 .0
150.0
164. 7
86. 9
149.0
162. 7
8 6 .0
147.3
158.8
85 .4
143.9
157. 7
8 4 .2
140.5
154. 5
8 3 .2
137.6
150.1
8 1 .9
135.8
146. 7
8 0 .3
126.6
134 3
7 5 .6
131.1
132.3
7 5 .4
121. 9
165. 7
123.1
162. 5
128. 4
161.5
137.3
163.2
141.5
161.1
144 1
160 1
148. 4
157.7
148. 7
156.1
146. 8
153.0
147.9
151.1
151 2
148. 0
147 6
144.1
143 2
130.6
115 4
120.4
A: EMPLOYMENT AND PAYROLLS
734
M ONTHLY LABO R
Table A-3: Production Workers in Mining and Manufacturing Industries 1—Continued
[In th o u sa n d s]
A nnual
a v era g e
1950
1951
I n d u s tr y grou p a n d in d u s tr y
O c t.
M a n u factu rin g— C o n tin u e d
E le c tr ic a l m a c h in e r y _____________ _______ E le c tr ic a l g e n e r a tin g , tr a n s m is sio n , d istr ib u tio n , a n d in d u str ia l a p p a r a t u s ...
E le c tr ic a l e q u ip m e n t for v e h ic le s ______
C o m m u n ic a tio n e q u ip m e n t ____________
E le c tr ic a l a p p lia n c e s , la m p s , a n d m isce lla n e o u s p r o d u c ts _________________
718
T r a n s p o r ta tio n e q u ip m e n t - .............. ............... 1,193
A ircraft a n d p a r t s . . . ................ ........ ...............
A ir c r a ft.. . _________________________
A ircraft e n g in e s a n d p a r ts ____________
A ircraft p rop ellers a n d p a r ts _________
O th er aircraft p a rts a n d e q u ip m e n t ..
S h ip a n d b o a t b u ild in g a n d r e p a ir in g ..
S h ip b u ild in g a n d r e p a ir in g __________
B o a t b u ild in g a n d r e p a i r in g ___ _____
R a ilr o a d e q u i p m e n t ________________ __
O th er tr a n s p o r ta tio n e q u ip m e n t ----------I n s tr u m e n ts a n d r e la te d p r o d u c ts____ __
O p h th a lm ic g o o d s ______________________
P h o to g r a p h ic a p p a r a tu s ________________
W a tc h e s a n d c lo c k s __ . . . __________
P r o fe ssio n a l a n d s c ie n tific in s tr u m e n ts .
227
M isc e lla n e o u s m a n u fa c tu r in g in d u s t r i e s ..
J e w e lr y , silv e r w a r e , a n d p la te d w a r e __
T o y s a n d sp o r tin g g o o d s _______________
C o stu m e je w e lr y , b u tto n s , n o tio n s _____
O th er m isc e lla n e o u s m a n u fa c tu r in g
i n d u s t r i e s . . . ......................................................
393
S e p t.
A ug.
J u ly
June
M ay
A pr.
M ar.
Feb.
Jan.
D ec.
N ov.
O ct.
1950
1949
709
695
684
704
707
718
724
716
711
724
721
710
636
552
274 .6
67.4
247.8
273.1
66.0
236.2
271.1
6 5 .6
229.5
275.0
6 7 .0
241.2
270.0
67. 1
247.2
266.4
66.1
261 .5
262.1
6 4 .6
273.2
258 .3
63 .9
269.5
255.8
63 .4
267.8
257.2
6 3 .0
278.3
254.4
6 1 .8
278.4
251.7
6 0 .9
272.2
229. 7
56. 0
237.0
210.7
4 9 .0
191.8
119.3
119.3
117.7
121.2
122.2
123.6
123.9
124.4
124.0
125.4
126.2
125.0
113.3
100.8
1.004
1,175
1,160
1,139
1,157
1,233
1,253
1,233
1,243
1,237
1,197
1,187
1,210
/1 3 .6
760.4
794.8
790.6
767.3
767.3
752.4
793.4
738.1
774.1
678. 9
676. 2 684.0
224. 5 201.8
264.2
251.9
287 .6
239.3
298.9
317.9
332.7
309.3
356.0
346 .6
359.9
135.7
151.5
177.3
170.0
161.4
195.4
204.1
216 .2
211.3
236. 6 225.6
241.4
242 .8
39 i
43 .6
53 .9
51.3
46 .3
48 .5
5 9 .4
55.1
62 .8
57.1
66.0
6 4 .6
6 8 .6
5.4
6 .2
5 .9
5 .7
6.1
6 .5
7 .5
7 .5
7 .4
6 .7
7 .4
7 .3
8.1
21.5
2 9 .4
23.7
25.7
31 .8
27.3
3 4 .8
3 6 .8
3 3 .5
33 .0
41. 8
3 9 .8
38.1
71.4
7
5
.8
76.1
94
.9
8
2
.7
78.7
9 7 .9
9 5 .6
9 4 .7
94.3
98.4
101.5
100. 5
60 .2
64 .4
6 4 .3
70.3
66 .3
82.1
8 1 .5
8 2 .7
8 4 .7
81.1
87 .7
8 6 .8
9 0 .3
11.2
12.4
11. 5
12.4
11.7
1 3 .2
1 3 .2
12.9
1 2 .8
12 .8
13.2
11.2
11.6
47.9
51.7
5 0 .4
52.1
51.9
54.1
48.5
5 9 .2
58 .3
47 .2
55. 5
57.2
59 .8
9 .7
10.4
11.9
11.2
11.
S
1
1
.4
11.3
9
.3
9 .0
10.0
9 .4
9 .0
9 .6
186
205
211
211
209
222
218
215
223
221
221
224
223
20. 6
2 1 .8
21.3
2 2 .2
22.0
22.9
2 2 .5
2 2 .6
2 2 .8
22. 5
23.1
2 2 .0
22.1
3 7 .3
4 0 .7
4 0 .2
4 0 .9
42 .0
4 0 .9
42 .5
4 4 .0
4 3 .0
4 2 .2
42 .8
4 4 .9
44. 5
2 5 .5
2 8 .8
2 8 .0
28 .9
28 .9
2 8 .3
2 8 .8
2 8 .9
2 8 .6
2 9 .2
29.1
28. 7
28.1
103.0
115.3
119.2
117.8
123.4
119.6
121.9
127.6
127.6
125. 7
128.5
128 .6
127.3
436
385
424
432
413
427
429
400
409
422
383
391
389
44. 6
48.1
4 7 .8
47 .2
48.2
46. i
47 .2
41.1
4 3 .3
45 .3
39 .2
38. 7
39.4
6 4 .2
7 5 .3
73 .0
62 .3
6 6 .7
6 8 .9
6 7 .0
6 5 .5
6 7 .6
69 .4
6 1 .8
64.0
63 .7
4 9 .2
5 6 .2
52.1
54. 9
52.8
55 .9
55.1
4 5 .7
4 7 .5
51 .9
44.3
4 5 .2
4 4 .5
987
643. 5
188.5
126.6
37.4
5 .3
1 9 .2
8 5 .0
7 5 .0
10. 0
6 1 .0
9 .2
227.2
200. 5
243 .9
240 .9
237.4
247.8
' S ee fo o tn o te 1, ta b le A -2 . P r o d u c tio n w o rk ers refer to a ll fu ll-a n d parttim e e m p lo y e e s e n g a g ed in p r o d u c tio n a n d r e la te d p ro cesses, s u c h as fabrie a tin g , p ro ce ssin g , a sse m b lin g , in s p e c tin g , sto rin g , p a c k in g , s h ip p in g , m a in
te n a n c e a n d repair, a n d o th er a c tiv itie s c lo se ly a s so c ia te d w it h p r o d u c tio n
op era tio n s.
251.0
255.7
25 8 .0
1 S ee fo o tn o te 2, ta b le
* S e e fo o tn o te 3 , ta b le
255.5
250 .6
257.6
256.4
256.1
177
21. 9
38.4
26.6
90.1
354
4 6 .0
59.8
4 8 .3
A-2.
A-2.
Table A-4: Indexes of Production-Worker Employment and Weekly Payrolls in Manufacturing
Industries1
[1939 a v e r a g e —100]
P e r io d
1939*
1940!
1941 :
1945*
1943*
1944i
1946!
194fi •
1947:
A verage
A verage
A v er age
A verage
A verage
A verage
A verage
A verage
A v e r a g e .................................
E m p lo y
m ent
100.0
107. 5
132. 8
156 9
183.3
178.3
157.0
147. 8
156.2
1 S ee fo o tn o te 1, ta b le s A - 2 a n d A -3 .
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
W e e k ly
p a y r o ll
100.0
113.6
164.9
241. 5
331.1
343.7
293. 5
271. 7
326.9
P e rio d
E m p lo y
m ent
W e e k ly
p a y ro ll
1948: A v e r a g e ________________
1649: A v e r a g e ________________
1950: A v e r a g e
155.2
141.6
149.7
351.4
325.3
371.7
1950: O c to b e r ________________
N o v e m b e r . ___________
D e c e m b e r ............................
1961! J a n u a r y
F e b r u a r y .............................
160.3
159.2
159.4
158.9
161.0
415.8
414.6
426.0
424.0
430.0
P e r io d
1951: M a r c h _________________
A p r il ------------- ----------- M a y ___________________
J u n e __________________
J u l y ____________________
A u g u s t ________________
S e p te m b e r ____________
O c to b e r . .
1
E m p lo y
m ent
161.0
160.0
158.6
159.5
157.3
159.4
159.5
158.5
W e e k ly
p a y ro ll
435.0
433.2
428.4
434 3
422.8
430.2
436.9
REVIEW, DECEMBER 1951
CURRENT LABOR STATISTICS
735
T able A-5: Federal Civilian Employment and Payrolls, by Branch and Agency Group
(In th o u sa n d s]
E x e c u tiv e 1
Y ear an d m o n th
A ll b ra n ch es
L e g isla tiv e
T o ta l
D e fe n s e
a g en cies *
P o s t O ffice
D e p a r tm e n t *
J u d ic ia l
A ll o th er
a g en cies
E m p lo y m e n t— T o ta l (in c lu d in g areas o u tsid e c o n tin e n ta l U n it e d S ta te s)
1949: A v e r a g e ...
1950: A v e r a g e ...
2,100. 5
2 ,0 8 0 .5
2,089. 2
2 ,0 6 8 .6
899.2
837.5
511.1
521.4
678.9
709.7
7 .7
8.1
3 .6
3 .8
1950: O c to b e r ___
N ovem ber.
D ecem b er.
2 ,1 1 7 .4
2 ,1 5 2 .0
2 , 50& 9
2 ,1 0 5 .3
2 ,1 3 9 .9
2,496. 9
932.3
970.0
995.9
483.8
482 .2
811.8
689.2
687.7
689.2
8 .2
8 .2
8.1
3 .9
3 .9
3 .9
1951: J a n u a r y ...
F e b r u a r y ..
M a r c h ____
A p r il............
M a y ______
J u n e .............
J u l y ---------A u g u s t ___
S e p te m b e r .
O c t o b e r ...
2 ,2 0 4 .3
2 ,2 6 5 .5
2, 332.3
2,385. 5
2 ,4 3 2 .6
2 ,4 6 2 .3
2,503. 4
2, 521.3
2, 528. 7
2, 514. 3
2 ,1 9 2 .3
2 ,2 5 3 .5
2, 320. 2
2,373. 5
2,420. 5
2 ,4 5 0 .1
2 ,4 9 1 .0
2, 509. 3
2, 516. 7
2, 502. 2
1 ,0 1 7 .3
1 ,0 7 6 .8
1,133. 4
1,180. 0
1,212. 1
1 ,2 3 7 .5
1 ,2 6 5 .3
1, 267. 7
1, 277. 2
1, 278. 9
486.5
487.1
489 .0
488.4
492.1
491.2
489.4
495.5
496.0
495. 7
688.5
689.6
697.8
705.1
716.3
721.4
736.3
746.1
743.5
727.6
8.1
8.1
8 .2
8 .1
8 .2
8 .3
8 .5
8.1
8 .1
8 .2
3 .9
3 .9
3 .9
3 .9
3 .9
3 .9
3 .9
3 .9
3 .9
3 .9
P a y r o lls-- T o t a l (in c lu d in g areas o u tsid e c o n tin e n ta l U n ite d S ta te s )
1949: A v e r a g e ____
1950: A v e r a g e ____
$558,273
585, 576
$553,973
580,792
$231,856
235,157
$129,895
135,300
$192,222
210,335
$2,870
3,2 1 5
$1,430
1,569
1950: O c to b e r ____
N o v e m b e r ..
D e c e m b e r ..
613,359
621,491
672,724
608,511
616,609
667,988
267,622
273, 633
275,681
129,665
129, 869
185,732
211,224
213,107
206,575
3,250
3,292
3,207
1,598
1,590
1,529
1951: J a n u a r y ____
F e b r u a r y ...
M a r c h ......... ..
A p r il.............
M a y ............
J u n e _______
J u l y ................
A u g u s t ..........
S e p t e m b e r ..
O c to b e r ____
680,926
638,193
706,184
687, 876
742,529
721, 693
735,991
769,173
707,508
792,881
676,007
633, 514
701, 569
683,273
737,428
716,681
731,168
764,167
702,576
787,177
319,738
303,042
345,685
337, 876
370, 700
360,686
364, 256
385,852
347,046
401,540
132,037
129,603
133, 342
129, 796
131,353
131,156
133,044
130,860
134,916
135,056
224,232
200,869
222, 542
215, 601
235,375
224,839
233,868
247,455
220,614
250,581
3,249
3 .1 8 2
3,261
3,1 9 7
3,338
3,3 7 9
3,195
3, 257
3,213
3 ,4 4 5
1,670
1,497
1,354
1,406
1,763
1,633
1,628
1,749
1,719
2,259
E m p lo y m e n t — C o n tin e n ta l U n ite d S ta te s
1949: A v e r a g e __
1950: A v e r a g e ...
1 ,9 2 1 .9
1 ,9 3 0 .5
1 ,9 1 0 .7
1 ,9 1 8 .7
761.4
732.3
509.1
519.4
640.2
667.0
7 .7
8.1
3 .5
3 .7
1950: O c to b e r ___
N ovem ber.
D ecem b er.
1 ,9 6 8 .3
2 ,0 0 0 .3
2 ,3 5 2 .8
1 ,9 5 6 .3
1, 988. 3
2 ,3 4 0 .9
828.3
862.9
885.6
482.0
480.4
808.9
646.0
645.0
646.4
8 .2
8 .2
8.1
3 .8
3 .8
3 .8
1951: J a n u a r y ...
F e b r u a r y ..
M a r c h .........
A p r il............
M a y ............
J u n e ...........
J u l y .............
A u g u s t ___
S e p te m b e r .
O c to b e r ___
2,047. 4
2 ,1 0 5 .0
2,169. 3
2, 219. 9
2 ,2 6 3 .9
2, 290. 5
2 ,3 2 9 .8
2 ,3 4 9 .0
2, 355. 3
2,340. 9
2,035. 5
2 ,0 9 3 .1
2,157. 3
2, 208. 0
2,251. 9
2 ,2 7 8 .4
2,317. 5
2 ,3 3 7 .1
2,343. 4
2, 328.8
905.1
961.0
1, 015. 5
1, 059. 7
1 ,0 8 9 .8
1 ,1 1 3 .3
1 ,1 4 1 .2
1 ,1 5 6 .1
1,164. 4
1,165. 5
484.7
485.3
487.1
486 .6
490 .3
48 9 .3
487.5
493.4
494.0
493 .6
645.7
646.8
654 .7
661.7
671 .8
675.8
688 .8
687.6
685 .0
669 .7
8.1
8.1
8 .2
8 .1
8 .2
8 .3
8 .5
8.1
8. 1
8 .2
3 .8
3 .8
3 .8
3 .8
3 .8
3 .8
3 .8
3 .8
3 .8
3 .9
P a y r o lls — C o n tin e n ta l U n it e d S ta te s
1949: A v e r a g e ...
1950: A v e r a g e .. .
$519, 529
549,328
$515,269
644, 587
$203, 548
211,508
$129,416
134, 792
$182, 305
198,287
$2, 870
3,215
$1,390
1,526
1950: O c to b e r ___
N ovem b er.
D ecem ber.
576,155
583,978
634, 578
571,357
579,140
629,886
243,233
248,667
250, 324
129,178
129,413
185,044
198,946
201,060
194,518
3,250
3,292
3,207
1,548
1,5 4 6
1,485
1951: J a n u a r y . . .
F e b r u a r y ..
M a r c h ____
A p r i l ...........
M a y ............
J u n e ..............
J u l y ..............
A u g u s t ___
S e p te m b e r .
O c to b e r ___
641,330
601, 374
664,389
648,017
698,694
677,493
693,405
724,164
665,042
744,440
636,455
596, 736
659,812
643,454
693,638
672,525
688,626
719,202
660,153
738,791
292,875
277, 870
317,140
310, 605
340, 465
330,332
337, 591
357,459
320,781
371,379
131,549
129,123
132,847
129. 310
130, 850
130,613
132, 500
130, 329
134,356
134,495
212,031
189, 743
209,825
203,539
222, 323
211,580
218, 535
231, 414
205,016
232,917
3,249
3,1 8 2
3,261
3,1 9 7
3. 338
3,379
3,195
3, 257
3 ,2 1 3
3,4 4 5
1,626
1 ,4 5 6
1 ,3 1 6
1 ,3 8 6
1,718
1,5 8 9
1,584
1,705
1.676
2,204
• S ee fo o tn o te 2, ta b le A -7 .
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
* S ee fo o tn o te 3, ta b le A -7 ,
‘ I n c lu d e s fo u r th cla ss p o s tm a s te r s , e x c lu d e d fro m ta b le A -2 .
M ONTHLY LA BO R
A: EMPLOYMEIS!T AND PAYROLLS
736
Table A-7: Government Civilian Employment and Payrolls in Washington, D. C.,1 by Branch and
Agency Group
[In th o u sa n d s]
Federal
Y e a r a n d m o n th
T o ta l
governm ent
D is t r ic t of
C o lu m b ia
governm ent
E x e c u t iv e *
L e g isla tiv e
T o ta l
A ll a g en cies
D e fe n s e
a g en cies *
P o s t O ffice
D e p a r tm e n t
J u d ic ia l
A ll o th er
a g en cies
E m p lo y m e n t
1949: A v e r a g e - ..
1950: A v e r a g e ...
241.8
242.3
19.5
20.1
222.3
222 .2
214.0
213.4
70.4
6 7 .5
8 .2
8 .1
135.4
137.8
7 .7
8 .1
0 .6
.7
1950: O c t o b e r ...
N ovem ber
D ecem ber.
244.8
247.9
256.2
20.1
20 .4
20 .3
224.7
227.5
235.9
215.8
218.7
227.1
70 .8
72.4
74.1
7 .5
7 .6
12.7
137.5
138.7
140.3
8 .2
8 .1
8 .1
.7
.7
1951: J a n u a r y ...
February.
M a r c h ____
A p r il............
M a y ............
J u n e ______
J u l y ............
A u g u s t ----S e p te m b e r
O c t o b e r ...
253.8
258.8
264.6
268.5
271.4
272.9
280.3
281.1
278 .2
2 7 3 .9
2 0 .6
20.4
2 0 .3
20 .3
20.1
2 0 .5
19 .9
1 9 .8
2 0 .2
2 0 .2
233 .2
238.4
244.3
248.2
251.3
252.4
260.4
26 1 .3
258 .0
253 .7
224.4
229.6
235.4
239.4
242.4
243.4
251.2
252 .5
249 .2
244.8
7 4 .8
7 7 .4
8 0 .2
8 2 .2
83 .6
8 3 .9
8 7 .7
8 8 .7
8 7 .4
8 6 .6
7 .8
7 .7
7 .7
7 .8
7 .8
7 .7
7 .9
7 .9
7 .8
7 .7
141.8
144. 6
147.5
149.4
151.0
151.8
155.6
155.9
154.0
150.5
8 .1
8 .1
8 .2
8 .1
8 .5
8 .1
8 .1
8. 2
.7
.7
.7
.7
•7
.7
.7
.7
.7
8 .2
8 .3
.7
.7
P a y r o lls
$75, 570
8 i;e o 2
$5,050
6,321
$70, 520
76,281
$67, 410
72; 780
$21,119
22,888
$2,791
2,937
$43,500
46,955
$2, 870
3, 215
$240
286
1950: O c to b e r ___
N ovem b er.
D e c e m b e r ..
84,657
85,380
85,285
6,680
5, 796
5,558
78,977
79,684
79, 727
75,424
75, 991
76,228
24,495
24,545
24,786
2,892
2,888
3,8 3 5
48,037
48,558
47,607
3,2 5 0
3,2 9 2
3,2 0 7
303
301
292
1951: J a n u a r y ___
February. .
M a r c h ..........
A p r il..............
M a y ..............
J u n e _______
J u l y ..............
A u g u s t .........
S e p te m b e r .
O c to b e r ___
91,052
84,018
93,837
9 1 ,887
104,400
94,102
96,344
102,943
89,830
102,408
5,923
5,431
6,5 7 8
6;618
5,883
5,623
4,4 7 4
4; 591
5,397
6,234
85,129
78,587
88,259
86,269
98,617
88,479
91,870
98,352
84,433
96,174
81,564
75,120
84,709
82,781
94, 863
84,798
88,374
94, 766
80.905
92,371
26, 543
25,725
29,403
28,739
31,082
29,480
30,893
35, 357
28,258
32,530
2,944
2,8 2 8
2,949
2,855
2,946
2, 839
2,9 3 7
2,9 7 5
2,860
2,9 9 6
52,077
46,567
62,357
61,187
60,835
52,479
54,544
56,434
49,787
56,845
3,2 4 9
3 ,1 8 2
3,261
3,1 9 7
3,3 3 8
3,3 7 9
3,195
3,257
3,2 1 3
3,445
316
285
289
291
316
302
301
329
315
358
1949: A v e r a g e .
1950: A v e r a g e .
l D a t a for th e e x e c u tiv e b ra n ch of th e F e d e r a l G o v e r n m e n t a lso in c lu d e
areas in M a r y la n d an d V ir g in ia w h ic h are w it h in th e m e tr o p o lita n area, as
d e fin e d b y t h e B u r e a u of t h e C e n su s.
1 I n c lu d e s G o v e r n m e n t co r p o r a tio n s (in c lu d in g F e d e r a l R e s e r v e B a n k s
an d m ix e d -o w n e r sh ip b a n k s of th e F a r m C r e d it A d m in istr a tio n ) a n d o th er
a c tiv itie s p erform ed b y G o v e r n m e n ta l p erso n n e l in e s ta b lis h m e n ts su c h as
n a v y y a r d s, arsen als, h o sp ita ls , a n d fo rce -a cco u n t c o n s tr u c tio n . D a t a w h ic h
are b a se d m a in ly on re p o r ts to th e C iv il S erv ice C o m m is sio n are a d ju ste d to
m a in ta in c o n t in u it y of cove ra g e a n d d e fin itio n .
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
» C o v ers c iv ilia n e m p lo y e e s of th e D e p a r tm e n t of D e fe n s e (S e c r e ta r y of
D e fe n s e , A r m y , A ir F o r ce, a n d N a v y ) , N a tio n a l A d v iso r y C o m m itte e for
A e r o n a u tic s , C a n a l Z o n e G o v e r n m e n t, S e le c tiv e S e r v ic e S y s te m , N a tio n a l
S e c u r ity R e so u r c e s B o a r d , N a t io n a l S e c u r ity C o u n c il, W a r C la im s C o m -
A: EMPLOYMENT AND PAYROLLS
R E V IE W , D E C E M B E R 1951
737
T able A-9. Employees in Nonagricultural Establishments for Selected States 1
[In thousands]
1951
1950
S ta te
S e p t.
A ug.
J u ly
636.1
177.6
305. C
3, 524.7
385 .0
630.7
176.6
3 0 5 .7
3 ,4 6 2 .9
383.4
June
A nnual
a v er a g e
1947
M ay
A pr.
M ar.
Feb.
Jan.
D ec.
N ov.
O ct.
S e p t.
*634.7
*177.8
309.4
* 3 ,4 1 9 .0
*377.9
625.5
176.9
307.6
3,392. 4
372.8
622.2
179.0
306.5
3 ,3 6 7 .3
367 .7
627 .2
179.1
304 .9
3 ,3 3 7 .3
363.. 1
621.1
176.7
297.7
3,308. 9
3 5 7 .6
616.2
173.2
298.4
3 ,2 8 9 .2
3 5 8 .2
629.2
174.2
307.4
3,390. 2
367 .2
619.8
169.3
304.0
3 ,3 5 0 .2
360 .4
622.1
167.2
304 .5
3,369. 5
363 .9
6 2 2 .2
164.5
3 0 2 .2
3 ,3 6 0 .2
3 6 3 .0
147.9
2 8 3 .0
3 ,0 7 7 .0
330.5
A la b a m a _____________ ■
A r iz o n a ________________
A r k a n s a s ______________
3,
C a lifo r n ia _____ ________
C o lo r a d o .—.........................
646 .0
180.3
310 .7
533.3
391.1
C o n n e c t ic u t ___________
D is t r ic t o f C o l u m b i a ..
F lo r id a ________________
G e o rg ia ---------- -------------I d a h o ................. ...................
8 2 9 .5
5 2 7 .7
667.5
838. 5
139.1
820.9
529.3
662.4
841.5
139.9
818 .0
530.1
660 .6
831 .7
140.4
820 .6
*521.1
*680. 4
*828. 2
139.6
818.2
*517.1
693.8
829.5
136.3
814 .8
*515.1
703.1
826 .4
132.9
8 0 6 .9
511.8
727.3
8 2 2 .6
128.6
802.7
*503.6
727.4
813.8
128.3
799.1
*497. 2
724.0
809 .7
130.1
819 .4
*506. 7
725.0
826 .2
135.9
805 .6
493 .4
690 .6
817 .2
137.0
797 .6
488 .4
667.3
8 2 4 .8
137.8
790.8
*485.3
655 .7
814 .2
142.2
631 .8
740.0
121 .7
I llin o is _________ _______
I n d ia n a ________________
I o w a 3_________________
K a n s a s 3_______________
M a in e _________________
3, 229.3
1,30 4 .0
651.8
512.9
272.6
3, 217.5
1 ,2 9 2 .7
639 .0
506.5
276.5
3, 220.0
1 ,2 8 7 .1
636.0
502 .0
274.2
* 3 ,2 3 2 .3
*1, 298.0
637.3
504.4
*270.8
*3,209. 2
1, 290.0
630.9
495.4
260.4
* 3 ,1 9 6 .9
1 ,2 8 1 .2
622.5
491.2
254.1
*3,184. 7
1 ,2 8 2 .8
612.0
483 .6
252.4
*3 ,1 5 5 .0
1,268. 7
607.8
470.0
254.9
*3,156.1
1, 264.7
609 .6
470.7
253.1
3, 222. 5
1 ,2 9 4 .9
618.4
482.9
261.4
3 ,1 7 4 .3
1, 280.5
614 .0
475 .2
258.2
3 ,1 7 9 .0
1 ,2 5 5 .6
617.7
475.0
265.3
3 ,1 5 7 .8
1, 273.3
6 1 9 .6
475.5
270.5
3 ,1 4 8 .1
1 ,1 9 6 .4
570 .9
423 .2
262 .0
M a r y la n d _____________
M a s s a c h u s e tts _________
M in n e s o ta 3___________
M iss o u r i____ _____ _____
M o n t a n a ______________
766.2
1 ,8 0 2 .6
843 .9
1,2 2 8 .0
155.5
771.0
1 ,7 9 6 .1
837.7
1,220. 9
155.6
749.8
1, 788.6
836.3
1, 203.0
154.7
*743.5
* 1,806.4
830.9
*1, 212.1
*154.4
732.4
1 ,8 0 1 .0
823.0
1 ,2 0 1 .7
151.3
725.9
1, 794.6
808.2
1,188. 2
148.5
724. 2
1 ,7 8 5 .1
807.1
1 ,1 8 5 .7
143.0
712.3
1. 778. 2
805.0
1 ,1 7 6 .9
143.0
703.6
1 ,7 6 9 .6
808 .8
1,177. 0
144.7
726.2
1, 826.7
830.4
1 ,2 1 7 .3
149.9
719.2
1, 792.8
821.9
1 ,1 9 5 .5
152.6
720.8
1, 793.9
825.7
1,198. 7
154.5
3 721.3
1,777. 2
83 4 .8
1 ,1 9 4 .3
156.8
670.8
1 ,7 0 1 .5
770.6
1 ,1 1 6 .4
136.4
N e b r a s k a ______________
N e v a d a 3___________
N e w H a m p s h i r e 3____
N e w J e r s e y ___________
N e w M e x ic o 3_________
33 0 .4
6 1 .0
173.6
1 ,6 9 1 .5
161.7
32 8 .6
6 1 .0
176.7
1 ,6 9 1 .7
161.6
328.1
60 .3
176.0
1 ,6 8 1 .0
161.2
*327. 2
58 .9
173.9
1,687. 5
160.9
323.8
56 .8
169.7
1 ,6 7 9 .8
158.0
319.3
5 6 .4
170.9
1 ,6 8 2 .1
157.8
315. 2
5 4 .6
169.4
1 ,6 6 6 .5
156.7
313 .7
5 3 .8
169.3
1, 664.0
153.3
31 4 .3
5 3 .8
167.7
1,653. 2
153.5
32 7 .0
5 5 .7
171.6
1 ,6 8 9 .9
157.4
323.1
55.1
169.3
1 ,6 7 1 .0
155.6
323.5
5 5 .9
170.9
1 ,6 6 8 .6
155.6
3 2 1 .8
5 7 .8
174.5
1 ,6 6 6 .9
158.7
295.5
5 3 .4
166.7
1 ,6 1 3 .5
122.0
N e w Y o r k _____________
N o r th C a r o lin a ________
N o r t h D a k o t a ________
O k la h o m a _____________
O regon 2_______________
5,805. 7
938.3
115.8
504.3
477 .0
5, 779.8
927.6
116.0
503.0
476.1
5, 726.4
917.7
115.7
501.5
467.8
5, 721.3
*923.9
116.1
*498.3
468.7
5 ,6 8 9 .0
917.4
114.6
*494.1
455.6
5 ,6 8 9 .1
911.3
110.9
491.8
447 .7
5, 708.8
931.6
108.0
486 .0
435.1
5 ,6 6 4 .0
919.6
108.3
475.3
42 9 .4
5 ,6 4 5 .5
918.2
110.6
480.4
427.6
5 ,8 3 1 .3
937.9
115.4
492.3
44 7 .5
5, 727.0
93 0 .5
116.7
483.4
449.4
5, 745.1
928.9
116.9
484.6
461 .6
5, 701. 7
927.7
117.1
483 .6
479.1
5,557. 7
863 .6
99.1
433 .6
417 .4
P e n n s y lv a n ia __________
R h o d e I s la n d _____ . .
S o u th C a r o lin a ________
S o u th D a k o t a 2________
T e n n e s s e e ______ _____
3 ,7 5 3 .3
286 .2
484 .9
126.1
75 6 .6
3, 729.9
285.7
482 .5
125.6
754 .6
3,7 1 5 . 5 *3,740. 4
299.2
293.3
475.4
*474.1
125.0
124.7
749.3
*750.1
*3, 723.7
301.1
470.4
122.5
752.5
3, 710. 6
305.3
465 .8
120.0
751.1
3, 702.8
3 0 1 .7
469.5
118.5
750.0
3 ,6 5 6 .3
30 6 .7
46 2 .5
119.6
742.1
3 ,6 4 7 .7
3 0 4 .6
46 1 .0
120.0
739.1
3, 737.1
310.8
469 .7
125.9
756.4
3 ,6 8 8 .2
308.4
462 .2
125.6
748.1
3,678. 5
307 .5
461 .6
127.7
745.1
3 ,6 7 4 .4
3 0 3 .9
458 .7
128.4
747.2
3 ,6 2 8 .3
2 9 2 .9
426.1
110.2
700.5
T exas .
. . _______
U t a h ___________________
2 ,0 4 7 .4
218 .0
2,043. 8
' 212.0
2,029. 4
' 214.0
*2,018. 7
*212.0
1 ,9 9 4 .2
*206. 0
1 ,9 8 4 .2
*202.0
1 ,9 7 2 .4
*197.0
1 ,9 4 1 .6
1 ,9 4 9 .0
1 ,9 4 4 .5
1 ,9 3 8 .0
97.9
814.2
*678.7
*192.0
97.8
808.2
*675.1
1 ,9 8 9 .5
99.4
819.3
*702.0
1,944. 7
*195.0
100.0
829.5
*718. 5
204.0
99.9
803.8
*727.3
659.9
West Virginia ______
Wisconsin__________
Wyoming__________
533.3
1,072.6
86.9
533.6
1,066.1
88.4
529.1
1,073.9
88.9
*537.3
1,054.3
*86.8
534.6
1,043.6
82.0
526.6
1,038.6
79.1
529.9
1,032.6
77.8
522.4
1,021.8
76.4
525.4
1,024.8
77.9
539.3
1,050.2
81.3
534.3
1,040.1
82.0
533.3
531.9
1,040. 4 *1,048.2
86.4
82.7
984.5
72.7
V erm ont.................. .
Virginia
Washington________ ...
100.1
867. 9
750.5
101.4
856.1
741.7
101.4
844. 4
736.6
101.4
*839. 5
*732. 2
1 Data for earlier years are available upon request to the Bureau of Labor
Statistics or the cooperating State agency.
State agencies also make available more detailed industry data.
See table A-10 for addresses of cooperating State agencies.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
97.0
822.8
*687.3
202.2
99.7
827.3
*707.5
199.7
97.8
813.3
*710. 2
200.0
98.2
813.3
*723.4
3 Revised series; not comparable with data previously published.
3 Not comparable with preceding data shown.
’Revised data; estimates previously published not affected.
773.7
179.7
98.6
A: EMPLOYMENT AND PAYROLLS
738
T
able
M ONTHLY LABOR
A-10: Employees in Manufacturing Industries, by State 1
[In thousands]
1950
1951
S ta te
S e p t.
A ug.
J u ly
June
M ay
A pr.
M ar.
Feb.
Jan.
D ec.
N ov.
O ct.
S e p t.
A nnual
a v er a g e
1947
A la b a m a - - - ___ - -A r i z o n a ____________ A r k a n s a s ______________
C a lifo r n ia ______________
C o lo r a d o _______________
222 .7
19 .6
7 8 .4
926 .0
6 7 .3
219.1
18.8
7 6 .9
933 .8
65.1
220.5
18.4
77.1
880.1
6 4 .5
224.0
♦18.8
78 .6
850 .8
•6 2 .0
216.1
18.3
76 .5
842.1
61.1
217.4
17.7
7 7 .7
840.8
6 0 .6
224.7
17.4
78.1
832.9
5 9 .9
224.0
16.9
76 .7
823.5
5 9 .8
220.9
16.3
7 6 .6
804.4
6 0 .7
222.0
16.0
7 6 .7
810.7
63 .3
221.3
16 .2
77.7
823.1
6 3 .8
222 .3
16.0
79.1
838 .3
6 4 .7
223.3
15 .4
7 8 .7
843 .3
62.1
224.1
1 4 .2
75.1
718.8
5 7 .5
C o n n e c t ic u t ____ ______
D e la w a r e
-D is t r ic t o f C o lu m b ia
F lo r id a ________________
G e o r g i a ___ _____ ______
421 .5
5 3 .4
17.3
9 7 .0
293.1
416 .5
5 4 .5
17.3
9 6 .2
2 9 4 .6
413 .2
5 0 .8
17.5
9 5 .9
291.0
417.3
5 0 .6
*17.2
99 .5
288 .5
418 .0
50.1
17.0
100.8
290.1
418.7
4 9 .3
16.8
102.7
290 .9
415 .7
4 9 .4
1 6 .8
105.7
291 .6
415 .9
4 8 .9
*16.5
105. 7
291 .5
409 .2
48 .7
*16.8
103.9
2 9 0 .6
410.3
4 8 .3
17.4
102.5
289.9
4 0 7 .6
4 8 .2
16.4
9 7 .6
291 .7
401 .2
4 6 .8
16 .2
9 4 .1
299 .5
3 9 3 .8
5 0 .9
16.1
9 1 .7
297 .0
415.7
4 5 .9
1 6 .8
9 2 .8
273.7
I d a h o .. _______________
I llin o is _________________
I n d ia n a _________ ____
I o w a 2___ ___________ K a n s a s 2_____ ______ -
2 5 .0
1,198. 7
603 .0
171.4
119.6
25.1
1 ,1 9 6 .4
5 9 2 .6
169.6
116.6
2 0 .2
1 9 .8
*1, 229. 3 *1, 224.0
603.7
606. 2
162.6
163.3
107.6
110.5
21.1
* 1 ,2 1 1 .7
5 9 8 .4
161.6
104.1
2 2 .2
1, 210. 7
5 9 6 .7
154.1
101.6
2 4 .7
1, 200. 9
5 9 6 .0
152.8
100.3
2 5 .6
1,2 0 0 . 8
5 7 5 .3
152.1
9 8 .8
2 7 .7
1,178. 6
593 .7
153.7
9 7 .2
2 0 .5
1, 2 4 0.4
56 2.4
1 4 9.6
8 1 .5
K e n t u c k y --------- ----------L o u is ia n a _____________
M a in e ___ _______ ____
M a r y la n d - - - _________
M a s s a c h u s e t t s ________
144.2
141.9
113.8
272.3
728.0
145 .2
140.5
117.8
278 .7
732.4
M ic h ig a n
___________
M in n e s o ta ___ _______
M is s is s ip p i____ __
-_
M i s s o u r i . . ___ M o n t a n a ______________
1 ,0 7 1 .0
213.9
89.1
375 .8
17.9
1,070. 3
212 .2
8 9 .4
378 .2
1 7 .7
N e b r a s k a ------- -----------N e v a d a 2 _- _ - N e w H a m p s h ir e 2_____
N e w J e r s e y ____________
N e w M e x i c o 2. . ______
5 6 .2
3 .8
8 1 .7
766.9
1 4 .2
5 5 .6
3 .8
8 2 .0
768.0
14.1
5 5 .9
3 .8
8 1 .7
756 .2
14.0
5 5 .2
3 .7
8 2 .2
*766.3
14.0
N e w Y o r k _____________
N o r th C a r o lin a _______
N o r t h D a k o t a - - - - -_
O h io ----------------------------O k la h o m a --------------------
1,950. 6
423 .2
5 .9
1, 285. 6
7 5 .6
1, 941. 4
419.1
6 .0
1, 285.1
75 .6
1, 882. 9
411.1
6 .0
1, 267.8
74.4
O regon 2_____________ P e n n s y l v a n i a ________
R h o d e I sla n d - , ___
S o u th C a r o lin a -----------S o u th D a k o ta 2_- - - - -
157.5
1,488. 7
135.9
215.5
11 .7
157.8
1, 486. 2
136.1
215.3
11.7
T e n n e s s e e __________ T e x a s . ________________
U t a h ___________________
V e r m o n t___________ __
V ir g in ia .. __________
256.9
399.1
3 6 .7
3 8 .8
248 .0
W a s h in g to n ___________
W e s t V ir g in ia _______
W is c o n s in .- ___
W y o m in g _________ . . .
203.3
141.4
472 .9
6 .6
2 3 .0
2 1 .2
2 5 .3
2 6 .5
1, 203. 5 *1, 217. 6 *1, 210. 9 * 1 ,2 1 9 .4
600 .2
597 .0
*597.4
5 9 0 .3
165.1
167.2
164.7
168.0
115.7
111.7
110.1
118.7
144.7
138.9
109.5
248.7
736.6
146.1
137.7
107.4
245 .6
747.8
147.5
138.5
109.4
245.8
744.3
153.1
136.7
111.5
243.5
753 .2
154.7
136.5
109.2
233.5
741.6
154.4
140.8
108.5
237.1
742.5
147.3
143.6
108.9
233.8
742 .4
145.4
142.3
114.6
23 8 .5
742.9
141. 5
141.4
118.2
8 241. 5
71 8 .3
136.3
151.0
114.5
230.3
721.9
1 ,0 8 5 .1 . *1,132. 6 * 1 ,137.1
206.1
202.5
211.1
90 .5
88 .7
8 8 .3
367.4
373 .2
370 .6
17.4
*17.5
16.9
1,157. 4
203.3
8 9 .7
367 .2
16.7
1 ,1 6 7 .1
203.7
8 7 .9
3 6 9 .0
16.8
1 ,1 6 2 .1
201.6
8 6 .8
367. 5
17.3
1 ,1 3 7 .8
199.7
8 7 .6
363 .8
17.8
1,137. 4
203.3
8 9 .5
364 .9
18.4
1, 144.2
203.9
9 2 .2
359 .6
1 9 .6
1 ,1 7 8 .3
20 4 .7
9 0 .8
3 6 3 .8
20.5
1,152. 2
213 .2
9 0 .6
36 2 .4
19.7
1 ,0 4 1 .7
199.5
9 1 .9
34 8.8
18.4
53.1
3 .6
8 1 .2
766.1
13.8
5 2 .6
3 .6
8 4 .5
774. 5
13.6
5 2 .6
3 .6
8 4 .6
770.5
13.3
5 2 .3
3 .5
8 5 .0
779.2
1 2 .8
52 .5
3 .5
83.1
768 .2
12.4
5 3 .0
3 .4
8 2 .3
767 .9
12.8
5 2 .6
3 .4
8 1 .6
765.4
13.1
5 3 .0
3 .4
8 0 .8
764 .6
13.1
5 1 .6
3 .5
8 2 .2
761.1
13.1
4 9 .3
3 .3
8 2 .8
775.3
9 .1
1, 885.8
*416. 6
*6.0
*1, 285.0
73 .5
1 ,8 7 0 .0
412.8
5 .9
1, 284. 5
7 2 .2
1 ,9 0 5 .1
410.1
5 .8
1, 287.8
7 1 .7
1, 949. 5
431.1
5 .8
1 ,2 8 9 .0
7 0 .3
1 ,9 4 4 .3
432.2
6 .0
1, 284. 5
68 .3
1 ,9 1 7 .1
431.1
6 .3
1, 274.3
68 .7
1, 923.9
431.1
6 .5
1, 270. 7
6 8 .6
1, 923.9
436.4
6 .5
1, 259. 2
6 8 .6
1,944. 8
440.1
6 .3
1, 253. 4
68 .4
1, 912. 2
440.1
6 .2
1, 239.3
6 7 .8
1, 903.7
411.8
6 .1
1, 245.1
6 2 .4
151.1
1, 479. 9
143.5
213.4
11.7
153.1
*1.500.1
*147. 6
*216. 6
11 .6
145.1
1, 502.9
149.9
214.5
11.4
141.3
1, 518.9
154.5
213.6
11.3
135.2
* 1 ,5 1 6 .7
151.2
218.5
11.3
133.4
1, 506.4
160.2
217.3
11.4
131.2
1, 493.4
156.9
216.4
11.5
136.4
1, 495.1
155.2
216.1
11.4
140.5
1, 494.3
157.1
215.5
11.7
149.6
1,483. 0
157.8
216.0
11 .6
159.5
1, 470.1
154. C
215 .6
11.6
132.8
1, 524.5
152.5
202.1
11.3
257.7
396 .8
31.1
3 9 .3
245.1
254.9
394.0
3 3 .3
3 8 .9
238 .6
*255.7
*391.1
*30.9
3 9 .3
*239.1
259.4
383 .9
*29.2
3 9 .2
234 .7
259.6
386.1
*28.9
40 .0
231.8
261.3
384.7
28 .4
3 8 .0
240.8
260.1
3 8 1 .6
2 8 .2
3 9 .2
238.8
257.2
377 .9
28 .8
38.1
237.6
256.1
374.6
3 0 .5
3 7 .3
237.5
257.1
371 .2
3 1 .3
3 7 .2
238 .2
255.1
367 .5
3 2 .0
37.1
241 .2
255.6
364 .2
3 3 .4
3 7 .4
238 .4
253.6
323.6
2 6.5
3 9 .8
234.5
201 .2
141.5
472 .6
6 .5
200.3
140.7
482 .2
6 .6
*198.0
*142.5
457.2
*6 .2
*191.0
141.6
452 .7
5 .9
*183.3
140.2
453.9
5 .9
*179.8
139.3
453.7
6 .0
*178. 4
137.6
448.3
6 .0
*175.7
137.8
447.0
6.1
*178.1
138.6
449.8
6 .8
*184. 2
139.2
44 9 .2
7 .0
*195.3
139.1
446.4
7.1
197.2
136.1
453.3
6 .5
173. 5
137.0
433.1
6 .3
144.4
139.5
116.4
258.5
723.7
*145.6
*140. 8
115.6
*255.3
735.4
1 D a t a J a n u a r y 1947 to d a te are a v a ila b le u p o n r e q u e s t to t h e B u r e a u of
L a b o r S ta tis tic s or t h e co o p e r a tin g S ta te a g e n c y . S ta te a g en cies a lso m a k e
a v a ila b le m ore d e ta ile d in d u s t r y d a ta .
2 R e v is e d series; n o t c o m p a r a b le w it h d a ta p r e v io u s ly p u b lis h e d .
8 N o t co m p a r a b le w it h p re c e d in g d a ta s h o w n .
’ R e v is e d d ata; e s tim a te s p r e v io u s ly p u b lis h e d n o t a ffe c te d .
C oo p era tin g S ta te A gen cies:
A la b a m a — D e p a r tm e n t o f I n d u s tr ia l R e la tio n s , M o n tg o m e r y 5.
A r iz o n a — U n e m p lo y m e n t Compensation D iv is io n , E m p lo y m e n t S e
c u r ity C o m m is sio n , P h o e n ix .
A r k a n sa s— E m p lo y m e n t S e c u r ity D iv is io n , D e p a r tm e n t o f L a b o r,
L it t le R o c k .
C alifor n ia— D iv is io n o f L a b o r S ta tis tic s a n d R ese a r c h , D e p a r tm e n t of
I n d u s tr ia l R e la tio n s , S a n F r a n c isc o 1.
C o lorad o— D e p a r tm e n t o f E m p lo y m e n t S e c u r ity , D e n v e r 2.
C o n n e c tic u t— E m p lo y m e n t S e c u r ity D iv is io n , D e p a r tm e n t o f L a b o r,
H a r tfo r d 5.
D e la w a r e — F e d e r a l R e s e r v e B a n k o f P h ila d e lp h ia , P h ila d e lp h ia 1, P a .
D is t r ic t of C o lu m b ia — U . S. E m p lo y m e n t S e r v ic e for D . C ., W a s h in g
t o n 25.
F lo r id a — U n e m p lo y m e n t C o m p e n s a tio n D iv is io n , I n d u s tr ia l C o m m is
s io n , T a lla h a sse e .
G eorgia— E m p lo y m e n t S e c u r ity A g e n c y , D e p a r tm e n t o f L a b o r , A t
la n ta 3.
I d a h o — E m p lo y m e n t S e c u r ity A g e n c y , B o is e .
I llin o is — D iv is io n o f P la c e m e n t a n d U n e m p lo y m e n t C o m p e n s a tio n ,
D e p a r tm e n t o f L a b o r, C h ic a g o 54.
I n d ia n a — E m p lo y m e n t S e c u r ity D iv is io n , I n d ia n a p o lis 9.
I o w a — E m p lo y m e n t S e c u r ity C o m m is sio n , D e s M o in e s 8.
K a n s a s — E m p lo y m e n t S e c u r ity D iv is io n , D e p a r tm e n t of L ab or, T o p e k a .
K e n t u c k y — B u r e a u o f E m p lo y m e n t S e c u r ity , D e p a r tm e n t of E c o n o m ic
S e c u r ity , F r a n k fo r t.
L o u is ia n a — D iv is io n o f E m p lo y m e n t S e c u r ity , D e p a r tm e n t o f L a b o r,
B a t o n R o u g e 4.
M a in e — E m p lo y m e n t S e c u r ity C o m m is sio n , A u g u s ta .
M a r y la n d — D e p a r tm e n t o f E m p lo y m e n t S e c u r ity , B a ltim o r e 1.
M a s s a c h u s e tts — D iv is io n o f S ta tis tic s , D e p a r tm e n t of L a b o r a n d In
d u str ie s, B o s t o n 10.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Michigan—Employment Security Commission, Detroit 2.
Minnesota—Division of Employment and Security, St. Paul 1.
Mississippi—Employment Security Commission, Jackson.
Missouri—Division of Employment Security, Department of Labor and
Industrial Relations, Jefferson City.
Montana—Unemployment Compensation Commission, Helena.
Nebraska—Division of Employment Security, Department of Labor,
Lincoln 1.
N e v a d a — E m p lo y m e n t S e c u r ity D e p a r tm e n t, C a rso n C it y .
N e w H a m p s h ir e — D iv is io n o f E m p lo y m e n t S e c u r ity , D e p a r tm e n t of
L a b o r, C o n c o rd .
New Jersey—Department of Labor and Industry, Trenton 8.
New Mexico—Employment Security Commission, Albuquerque.
New York—Bureau of Research and Statistics, Division of Placement
and Unemployment Insurance, New York Department of Labor,
•New York 18.
N orth Carolina—Department of Labor, Raleigh.
North Dakota—Unemployment Compensation Division, Bismarck.
Ohio—Bureau of Unemployment Compensation, Columbus 16.
Oklahoma—Employment Security Commission, Oklahoma City 2.
Oregon—Unemployment Compensation Commission, Salem.
Pennsylvania—Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia, Philadelphia 1,
(mfg.); Bureau of Research and Information, Department of Labor
and Industry, Harrisburg (nonmfg.).
Rhode Island—Department of Labor, Providence 3.
South Carolina—Employment Security Commission, Columbia 1.
South Dakota—Employment Security Department, Aberdeen.
Tennessee—Department of Employment Security, Nashville 3.
Texas—Employment Commission, Austin 19.
Utah—Department of Employment Security, Industrial Commission,
Salt Lake City 13.
Vermont—Unemployment Compensation Commission, Montpelier.
Virginia—Division of Research and Statistics, Department of Labor
and Industry, Richmond 19.
Washington—Employment Security Department, Olympia.
West Virginia—Department of Employment Security, Charleston 5.
Wisconsin—Industrial Commission, Madison 3.
Wyoming—Employment Security Commission, Casper.
R E V IE W , D E C E M B E R 1951
A: EMPLOYMENT AND PAYROLLS
739
Table A - l l: Insured Unemployment Under State Unemployment Insurance Programs,1 by Geographic
Division and State
fin thousands]
1951
Geographic division and
State
S e p t.
A ug.
J u ly
Continental United States.
859 .8
939 .2
N e w E n g la n d ...............
M a i n e . . . ................
N e w H a m p s h ir e V e r m o n t............... ..
M a s s a c h u s e t t s ...
R h o d e I s la n d ____
C o n n e c t ic u t ...........
106.4
775
8. 2
1 .7
62 .7
2 1 .8
14 .5
110.5
7. 4
7. 3
1. 5
54.1
22. 5
17 .7
Middle Atlantic...
298. 6
178.2
42. 9
77. 5
E a s t N o r th C e n tr a l.
O h i o ........................
I n d ia n a ...................
I lli n o i s ....................
M ic h ig a n ..............
W is c o n s in _______
1950
June
M ay
A p r il
M ar.
Feb.
1 ,0 0 1 .6
934.7
949.9
932.1
904.2
1 ,0 2 5 .1
111.7
8 .5
7 .0
1 .5
5 6 .2
2 2 .2
16.3
112.6
9 .2
7 .6
1 .4
5 9 .4
22.1
1 2 .9
122.2
1 2 .5
9 .9
1 .5
6 5 .5
19.9
12 .9
99 .8
11.2
7 .6
1 .2
55.1
13.1
11.6
6 4 .0
6 .2
4 .2
1 .0
3 3 .5
9 .6
9 .5
7 5 .8
7 .9
4 .6
1.3
41.1
9 .2
11.7
91 .6
10.2
5 .8
1 .7
49.8
10.6
13.6
8 9 .0
11.4
6 .3
1 .7
49 .0
9 .3
11.3
315.1
189.0
4 2 .9
83. 2
344 .8
215.5
46. 5
8 2 .8
327 .2
204.7
4 6 .7
7 5 .8
311.7
190.4
4 8 .8
7 2 .5
299.7
183.9
43.1
72.7
268.1
163.2
36.1
68 .8
281.1
171. S
4 0 .0
69.3
351.4
217.5
51.3
8 2 .6
158.0
30. 4
15.1
62. 1
44. 5
5 .9
184.3
31 .8
20 .1
70 .6
55.1
6. 7
191.0
3 3 .4
2 2 .9
7 6 .8
51.1
6 .8
158.6
28 .4
1 7 .6
74.3
3 2 .5
5 .8
158.8
2 7 .0
17.0
7 8 .3
3 0 .6
5 .9
150.9
27 .7
14.9
72 .9
2 7 .8
7 .6
133.7
3 0 .0
11.4
5 2 .6
2 9 .8
9 .9
176.4
3 9 .9
14.4
68.1
3 9 .9
14.1
W e s t N o r th C e n tr a l.
M in n e s o t a .............
I o w a ____ ________
M is s o u r i.................
N o r th D a k o t a . . .
S o u th D a k o t a ___
N e b r a s k a ________
K a n s a s ____ ____ _
3 0 .8
6 .3
2. 4
18.3
.1
.2
.6
2. 9
31. 5
6. 7
2. 8
1 6 .7
.2
.2
.6
4 .3
3 5 .2
7 .2
3 .2
18.2
.2
.2
.7
5. 5
3 1 .9
7 .0
3 .1
18 .2
.2
.3
.7
2 .4
3 9 .0
11 .2
3 .5
19.9
.5
.4
1.1
2 .4
5 2 .2
18.4
4 .8
20 .3
1 .9
1.1
2 .1
3 .6
6 1 .0
20 .6
6 .2
2 0 .2
3 .2
2.1
3 .8
4 .9
S o u th A t la n t ic .......................................
D e la w a r e ..........................................
M a r y la n d .........................................
D is t r ic t o f C o lu m b ia ..................
V ir g in ia ..............................................
W e s t V ir g in ia ................................
N o r th C a r o lin a .............................
S o u th C a r o lin a ..............................
G e o rg ia ...............................................
F lo r id a ...............................................
94 .7
1.1
6. 5
1.4
8. 2
8. 5
2X. 5
9. 6
1 3 .8
17.1
107.0
1 .2
8. 5
1. 5
10. 5
10. 4
3 1 .0
10. 5
15.4
18 .0
112.7
1 .2
1 0 .7
1 .6
12. 7
11. 7
3 0 .6
11. 0
16.1
17.2
9 8 .0
1 .2
11.0
1 .5
1 2 .5
10.3
2 5 .5
9 .1
15.5
11.4
9 0 .9
1.1
12.1
1.7
9.1
10.6
24.8
8 .0
14.2
9 .3
78.0
1 .0
11.6
2.1
5 .4
11.0
20.1
7.1
12.2
7 .5
E a s t S o u th C e n tr a l.
K e n t u c k y .............
T e n n e s s e e ______
A la b a m a ...............
M is s is s ip p i...........
54.7
l3. 5
22. 7
12.2
6 .3
5 8 .3
14.9
22. 7
13. 2
7. 5
6 3 .5
16.4
25. 5
13. 9
7. 7
5 8 .5
16.4
2 2 .0
13.4
6 .7
6 0 .0
17.9
2 2 .6
12.9
6 .6
W e st S o u th C e n tr a l.
A r k a n s a s ..............
L o u is ia n a ...............
O k la h o m a ..............
T e x a s ................. ..
3 0 .2
4. 5
12.1
5. 5
8 .1
3 5 .8
5. 3
14. 4
6. 5
9. 6
3 7 .8
5. 4
15. 9
6 .8
9. 7
3 8 .0
5 .5
15 .6
7 .2
9 .7
6 .7
.7
.1
.7
.9
2. 0
1. 2
.5
8 .0
.7
.9
.2
1.1
1 .0
2 .0
1. 5
.6
9 .1
.8
1 .0
.3
1. 4
1 .1
2. 0
1 .8
.7
7 9 .9
9. 6
6 .3
64. 0
8 8 .7
10. 3
6. 4
72 .0
9 6 .0
9 .3
5. 9
80 .8
N e w Y o r k ____
N e w J e r se y ___
Pennsylvania.
M o u n t a in ..............
M o n ta n a ____
I d a h o ________
W y o m in g ___
C o lo r a d o .........
N e w M e x ic o .
A r iz o n a ........... .
U t a h ..................
N e v a d a ______
P a c ific ......................
W a s h in g to n .
O r eg o n ............
C a lif o r n ia ....
.6
D ec.
N ov.
O c t.
S e p t.
S e p t.
1,144. 6 1 ,0 4 5 .0
895 .3
782.8
8 4 5 .7
1,885. 6
77.4
10.3
6 .8
1 .3
4 1 .9
6 .9
10.2
65 .9
6 .8
5 .8
1. 1
3 5 .6
6 .3
10.3
74. 5
5. 2
6 6
1 4
42 1
8 .4
1 0 .9
207.9
355.1
238 .4
41.1
7 5 .6
354.1
257.8
3 8 .7
5 7 .6
319 .0
226.2
35 4
5 7 .4
318 4
221 fi
34 3
6 2 .5
631.8
355.5
82.1
194.2
200 .7
4 0 .9
14.7
7 6 .5
64.8
13.8
178.0
3 6 .4
13.3
6 8 .2
49.8
10.3
129.0
3 0 .2
8 .6
5 8 .6
2 3 .3
8 .3
113.1
2 8 .5
9 4
57.5
12.8
4 .9
133 fi
32 3
7 9
71 3
16 1
6 .0
371.4
112.9
29.7
149.0
58.7
70 .3
21.4
7 .4
2 4 .2
3 .1
2 .4
4 .8
7 .0
65 .6
19.3
7 .0
2 4 .3
2 .4
2 .1
4.1
6 .4
4 8 .5
12.0
4 .3
2 2 .9
1 .3
1.1
2 .1
4 .8
3 4 .7
6 .8
2 .9
2 0 .0
.3
.5
1. 0
3 .2
2 8 .4
5 .6
2. 6
16.2
.2
.3
K
2 .8
29 2
6 3
ft 5
15.2
J1
58.0
15.8
5.5
29.1
g
2 .8
.4
1.7
5.3
72 .6
1.1
8 .3
2 .7
6 .6
11 .2
17.5
7 .2
10.5
7 .6
8 3 .5
1 .6
11 .2
3 .8
8 .0
13.7
17.7
8 .2
11.6
7 .8
94 .3
1 .9
13.2
3 .3
8 .7
14.2
1 8 .0
9 .4
14.1
11.6
8 5 .5
1.4
11.2
2 .8
7 .7
13 .0
16.8
8 .7
12.9
11.0
70.4
.8
8 .5
2 .7
5 .6
9 .4
14.5
8 .3
9. 7
10.9
6 9 .8
1 n
7. 7
2. 6
6 .3
10 4
12.6
8 .8
7. 6
13.8
8 5 .3
9
10 3
ft o
7 2
13 4
15 1
9 .6
ft 9
16. 9
181.5
3.1
28.8
4.7
17.8
26.6
31.2
17.0
23.5
28.8
6 0 .7
17.7
22.4
13.4
7 .2
5 9 .7
15.8
21 .8
13.9
8 .2
6 6 .0
15.9
25 .0
14.3
10.8
6 5 .0
14.3
2 5 .8
15.1
9 .8
5 7 .5
13.6
2 2 .2
13.8
7 .9
46.6
12.0
1 6 .9
12.3
5 .4
4 2 .9
11 5
14. 5
12.1
4 .8
48 9
98.4
25.2
33.6
29.6
42 .7
7.1
17.6
7 .5
10.5
47.1
8 .6
18.4
8 .9
1 1 .2
5 2 .3
9 .5
19 .6
10.7
12.5
6 1 .7
12.7
22.4
12.7
13.9
5 4 .0
11.1
18.1
11.1
1 3 .7
43.8
8 .4
13.9
9 .2
12.3
3 6 .0
6 .2
11.7
7 .6
10.5
34 .8
6 2
12. 4
7 .0
10.2
41 5
67.8
14 3
ft o
12 ! 3
23.1
13.0
8 .9
1.1
.8
.3
1 .5
1.1
1 .8
1 .6
.7
11.3
2 .0
.9
.4
1 .8
1 .2
2.1
1 .9
1 .0
16.6
3 .9
1 .9
.8
2 .1
1 .6
2 .3
2 .8
1 .2
2 5 .3
6 .9
4 .4
1 .5
2 .3
2.1
2 .6
3 .8
1 .7
3 0 .3
7 .3
5 .9
1 .9
3 .1
2 .3
3 .1
4 .7
2 .0
2 8 .6
6 .2
6 .2
1 .6
3 .1
2 .0
3 .2
4 .4
1 .9
19.8
3 .7
4 .3
.9
2 .5
1 .7
2 .8
2 .4
1 .5
13.4
1 .9
2 .0
.4
2 .1
1 .2
2 .6
* 1 .9
1 .3
10.2
1 .2
.9
.3
1. 7
1 .0
2 .6
1 .5
1 .0
11. 2
1 0
1 0
23.5
2
1
2
1
4.0
2.3
1 .0
2.0
101.1
6 .7
3 .9
90. 5
113.5
8 .7
5 .0
99 .8
127.2
14.2
8 .2
104.8
167.3
25.4
18.3
123.6
179.6
28.8
19.9
130.9
193.2
3 1 .2
2 2 .4
139.6
167.9
2 6 .2
1 7 .9
123.8
133.8
19.0
13. 7
101.1
98.8
11. 7
103 2
11 1
fi 4
8 5 .7
245.1
30.6
17.7
196.8
sp e c ifie d m o n th s ; for s u b s e q u e n t m o n th s , th e a v er a g es are b a se d o n w e e k ly
d a ta a d ju s te d for s p lit w e e k s in th e m o n th a n d are n o t s tr ic tly co m p a ra b le
w ith ea r lier d a ta .
F o r a te c h n ic a l d e s c r ip tio n o f th is series, see th e A pril
1950 M o n t h ly L a b o r R e v ie w (p . 382).
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Jan.
1949
7 fi
79.5
12 4
Ifi 5
14 2
5 .8
fi Q
1
2
9
7
12.0
12.2
13.9
106.1
27.5
46.2
21.1
.2
10.0
10.1
21.6
2.0
2.3
.5
6.1
4.3
F ig u r e s m a y n o t a d d to e x a c t c o lu m n to ta ls b e c a u se o f r o u n d in g .
Source:
U . S . D e p a r tm e n t o f L a b o r, B u r e a u of E m p lo y m e n t S e c u r ity .
MONTHLY LABOR
B: LABOR TURN-OVER
740
B: Labor Turn-Over
T able B - l: Monthly Labor Turn-Over Rates (Per 100 Employees) in Manufacturing Industries, by
Class of Turn-Over 1
Class of turn-over and year
Total separation:
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
May
June
July
Ang.
Sept.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
I960
...............................................
1949 ......................................................
1948
.................................................
1947
.................................................
1946
........................................
1939
.................._..........................
4.1
3.1
4.6
4.3
4.9
6.8
3.2
3.8
3.0
4.1
4.2
4.5
6.3
2.6
4.1
2.9
4.8
4.5
4.9
6.6
3.1
4.6
2.8
4.8
4.7
5.2
6.3
3.5
4.8
3.1
5.2
4.3
5.4
6.3
3.5
4.3
3.0
4.3
4.5
4.7
5.7
3.3
4.4
2.9
3.8
4.4
4.6
5.8
3.3
5.3
4.2
4.0
5.1
5.3
6.6
3.0
»5.1
4.9
4.2
5.4
5.9
6.9
2.8
4.3
4.1
4.5
6.0
6.3
2.9
3.8
4.0
4.1
4.0
4.9
3.0
3.6
3.2
4.3
3.7
4.5
3.5
Quit:
19M
1950........................................................
1949
.................................................
1948 ......................................................................................................
1947
1946
..........................................
.........................................
1939 J
2.1
1.1
1.7
2.6
3.5
4.3
.9
2.1
1.0
1.4
2.5
3.2
3.9
.6
2.5
1.2
1.6
2.8
3.5
4.2
.8
2.7
1.3
1.7
3.9
3.7
4.3
.8
2.8
1.6
1.6
2.8
3.5
4.2
.7
2.5
1.7
1.5
2.9
3.1
4.0
.7
2.4
1.8
1.4
2.9
3.1
4.6
.7
3.1
2.9
1.8
3.4
4.0
5.3
.8
»3.1
3.4
2.1
3.9
4.5
5.3
1.1
2.7
1.5
2.8
3.6
4.7
.9
2.1
1.2
2.2
2.7
3.7
.8
1.7
2.3
3.0
.7
Discharge:
1051
_________ _____
................. ..............................
1950
1949 _____ _____ _______________
1948
.................................................
1947
..........................................
1946
...........................................
1939 ......................................................
.3
.2
.3
.4
.4
.5
.1
.3
.2
.3
.4
.4
.1
.3
.2
.3
.4
.4
.4
.1
.4
.2
.2
.4
.4
.4
.1
.4
.3
.2
.3
.4
.4
.1
.4
.3
.2
.4
.4
.3
.1
.3
.3
.2
.4
.4
.4
.1
.4
.4
.3
.4
.4
.4
.1
» .3
.4
.2
.4
.4
.4
.1
.4
.2
.4
.4
.4
.2
.3
.2
.4
.4
.4
.2
.3
.2
.3
.4
.4
.1
1950 ......................................................
1949 .......................- .............................
1948
.................................................
1947
.................................................
1946
.................................................
1939 ...................................................
1.0
1.7
2.5
1.2
.9
1.8
2.2
.8
1.7
2.3
1.2
.8
1.7
1.9
.8
1.4
2.8
1.2
.9
1.8
2.2
1.0
1.2
2.8
1.2
1.0
1.4
2.6
1.2
1.1
3.3
1.1
1.4
1.5
2.7
1.0
.9
2.5
1.1
1.1
1.2
2.6
1.3
.6
2.1
1.0
1.0
» 1.3
.7
1.8
1.0
.8
2.3
1.2
.9
1.0
1.8
1.1
2.5
1.4
.8
.7
2.0
1.3
2.0
2.2
2.5
1.4
.6
1.8
1.2
.8
.7
2.1
1.0
2.7
Miscellaneous, including military:
1951
1950
.................................................
1949
.............................................
1948
.................................................
1947 ......................................................
1946........................................................
.7
.1
.1
.1
.1
.2
.6
.1
.1
.1
.1
.2
.5
.1
.1
.1
.1
.2
.5
.1
.1
.1
.1
.2
.4
.1
.1
.1
.1
.2
.4
.1
.1
.1
.1
.2
.4
.4
.2
.1
.1
.1
.2
.3
.1
.1
.1
.2
» .4
.4
.1
.1
.1
.2
.4
.1
.1
.1
.2
.3
.1
.1
.1
.1
.3
.1
.1
.1
.1
Total accession:
1951
.......... ...................
1950 .................................. - ..............
1949...................................................... 1948-................. ...................................
1947........................................................
1946 ...................................................
1939........................................................
5.2
3.6
3.2
4.6
6.0
8.5
4.1
4. 5
3.2
2.9
3.9
5.0
6.8
3.1
4.6
3.6
3.0
4.0
5.1
7.1
3.3
4.5
3.5
2.9
4.0
5.1
6.7
2.9
4.5
4.4
3.5
4.1
4.8
6.1
3.3
4.9
4.8
4.4
5.7
5.5
6.7
3.9
4.2
4.7
3.5
4.7
4.9
7.4
4.2
4.5
6.6
4.4
5.0
5.3
7.0
5.1
»4.3
5.7
4.1
5.1
5.9
7.1
6.2
5.2
3.7
4.5
5.5
6.8
5.9
4.0
3.3
3.9
4.8
5.7
4.1
3.0
3.2
2.7
3.6
4.3
2.8
Lay-off:
1051
.5
» Month-to-month changes in total employment in manufacturing indus
tries as indicated by labor turn-over rates are not comparable with the
changes shown by the Bureau’s employment and payroll reports, for the
following reasons:
(1) Accessions and separations are computed for the entire calendar month;
the employment and payroll reports, for the most part, refer to a 1-week pay
period ending nearest the 15th of the month.
(2) The turn-over sample is not so large as that of the employment
and payroll sample and includes proportionately fewer small plants; certain
Industries are not covered. The major industries excluded are: printing,
publishing, and allied industries; canning and preserving fruits, vegetables,
and sea foods; women’s, misses’, and children’s outerwear; and fertilizers.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
.6
.9
1.0
1.6
1.7
.9
.9
(3) Plants are not included in the turn-over computations in months when
work stoppages are in progress; the influence of such stoppage is reflected,
however, in the employment and payroll figures. Prior to 1943, rates relate
to production workers only.
1 Preliminary figures.
* Prior to 1940, miscellaneous separations were included with quits.
N o te : Information on concepts, methodology, and special studies, etc., is
given in a “Technical Note on Labor Turn-Over,” October 1949, which is
available upon request to the Bureau of Labor Statistics.
REVIEW, DECEMBER 1951
B: LABOR TURN-OVER
741
T able B-2: Monthly Labor Turn-Over Rates (Per 100 Employees) in Selected Groups and Industries1
Separation
Industry group and industry
Total
Quit
Discharge
i
Mise., inch
military
Lay-off
oiai accession
Septem August Septem August Septem
August Septem
August Septem
August Septem
August
ber
ber
ber
ber
ber
ber
1951
1951
1951
1951
1951
1951
1951
1951
1951
1951
1951
1951
M a n u fa c tu r in g
Durable goods *........................................
Nondurable goods ».___ _______ ____
5.1
5.0
5.4
5.3
3.2
3.0
3.2
3.0
0.4
.3
0.4
.3
1.1
1.4
1.3
1.6
0.4
.3
0.5
.4
4.5
3.9
4.7
4.0
Ordnance and accessories............................
Food and kindred p ro d u cts......................
Meat products..... ............................. .
Grain-mill products............................ .
Bakery products....................................
Beverages:
M alt liquors___ ______________
Tobacco manufactures..................... ...........
Cigarettes............. ............. ............. ......
Cigars............................. ............ ..........
Tobacco and snuff________________
Textile-mil! products_______ ______
Yarn and thread mills............. ......
Broad-woven fabric mills__________
Cotton, silk, synthetic fiber_____
Woolen and w orsted..___ _____
Knitting mills______ __________ .
Full-fashioned hosiery................. .
Seamless hosiery......................
Knit underwear_____ ____ _____
Dyeing and finishing tex tiles_______
Carpets, rugs, other floor coverings__
Apparel and other finished textile prod
ucts__________ ___________ ________
M en’s and boys’ suits and c o a ts___
Men’s and boys’ furnishings and work
clothing______ ______ _______ _
Lumber and wood products (except fur
niture).................... ............ ...................
Logging camps and contractors_____
Sawmills and planing mills___ _ . . .
Millwork, plywood, and prefabricated
structural wood products..................
Furniture and fixtures.____ _________
Household furniture_______________
Other furniture and fixtures
Paper and allied products............. ............
Pulp, paper, and paperboard mills___
Paperboard containers and boxes____
Chemicals and allied products................. .
Industrial inorganic chemicals..
Industrial organic chemicals................
Synthetic fib ers_______ _____ _
Drugs and medicines............................
Paints, pigments, and fillers_______
Products of petroleum and coal..............
Petroleum refining____________ ____
Rubber products.........................................
Tires and inner tubes______________
Rubber footwear. .............. ..................
Other rubber products___ _________
Leather and leather products........... ..........
Leather...................................................
Footwear (except rubber)__________
Ftone, clay, and glass products..... .............
Glass and glass products............ ..........
Cement, hydraulic________________
Structural clay products.............. ......
Pottery and related products
Frimary metal industries._____________
Blast furnaces, steel works, and rolling
mills_______ ____ _____________
Iron and steel foundries.......... .............
Gray-iron foundries____________
Malleable-iron foundries________
Steel foundries___ ____________
Primary smelting and refining of nonferrous metals:
Primary smelting and refining of
copper, lead, and zinc________
Rolling, drawing, and alloying of nonferrous metals:
Rolling, drawing, and alloying of
copper_____________________
Nonferrous foundries... ___________
Other primary metal industries:
Iron and steel forgings__________
See footnotes at end of table.
3.8
6.4
6.1
6.8
4.8
3.4
6.6
7.0
6.5
5.6
2.8
4.4
3.5
5.0
3.7
2.4
4.0
3.3
4.6
3.8
.5
.5
.5
.4
.4
.5
.6
.6
1.0
.6
.3
1.3
1.8
1.2
.5
.3
1.7
2.6
.6
.9
.2
.2
.3
.2
.2
.2
.3
.5
.3
.3
3.0
5.9
6.0
5.2
5.1
5.0
6.5
7.0
7.4
6.0
8.8
5.1
3.1
6.9
3.7
5.7
5.6
5.7
5.1
10.3
4.8
5.0
4.9
4.5
4.0
6.1
7.1
4.5
4.1
5.1
3.3
6.3
7.7
6.2
5.9
9.1
4.8
4.5
4.7
5.1
5.6
6.6
5.7
2.6
1.7
3.3
2.2
2.4
1.6
2.7
2.8
1.3
2.7
2.5
2.9
3.1
1.6
2.2
3.8
2.5
1.4
3.3
1.9
2.6
1.9
2.9
3.0
1.5
2.8
2.6
2.6
3.1
1.9
2.4
.7
.5
.2
.8
.3
.2
.1
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.1
.2
.2
.2
.7
.4
.2
.4
.5
.3
.2
.3
.3
.6
.2
.2
.1
.2
.2
.3
2.1
1.3
(4)
2.4
.3
2.6
3.5
2.2
1.5
8.1
1.7
2.2
1.7
1.1
1.9
3.4
2.2
.7
.9
.8
.1
2.8
5.0
2.2
1.8
6.1
1.7
1.5
1.9
1.7
3.0
3.5
.3
.7
1.2
.4
.9
.5
.4
.6
.6
.7
.2
.1
.2
.1
.3
.3
.4
.9
1.6
.6
.8
.6
.6
.8
.8
.9
.1
.2
.1
.1
.5
.4
3.2
6.5
6.5
6.8
5.6
4.0
4.3
4.1
4.1
4.2
2.9
2.7
3.2
2.5
2.2
2.8
4.2
6.1
4.9
7.3
4.3
3.9
3.7
4.5
4.4
6.0
2.8
2.5
2.4
3.3
2.2
2.6
5.8
5.0
6.2
4.3
3.8
2.7
3.8
2.9
.3
.1
.3
.1
1.6
2.1
1.9
1.0
.1
.1
.2
.3
4.3
2.5
4.1
3.0
6.6
7.6
4.4
4.5
.3
.3
1.8
2.6
.1
.2
5.2
5.0
6.8
7.8
7.0
7.5
9.3
7.2
5.3
6.3
5.7
5.3
7.7
5.4
.5
.5
.6
.4
.5
.4
.7
.5
.5
1.4
.8
1.0
.3
.5
.2
.4
.3
.4
5.6
7.0
6.1
6.0
8.4
6.4
5.8
6.6
5.9
8.0
4.5
3.7
5.6
3.3
4.2
3.3
1.9
2.5
3.6
1.6
1.2
3.9
2.6
5.3
4.8
5.9
6.5
5.9
4.8
5.8
3.9
5.2
5.0
4.2
6.8
6.5
6.9
5.4
4.4
3.4
5.4
3.0
3.6
2.8
3.8
2.3
4.1
1.6
1.2
4.5
2.4
6.0
6.0
6.0
7.8
6.2
5.3
7.1
3.7
5.2
6.8
4.3
3.6
4.3
4.2
4.5
3.0
2.8
3.8
2.2
3.1
2.0
.4
2.0
2.6
1.3
.9
2.8
1.9
4.1
. 3.3
3.1
2.2
3.1
3.1
3.1
3.2
4.1
2.8
2.8
3.7
4.1
4.2
3.7
2.9
2.4
4.0
1.8
2.6
1.4
.9
1.9
2.4
1.1
.9
3.0
1.5
4.6
4.0
3.5
2.0
3.9
2.9
2.6
3.0
3.7
2.7
2.9
.4
.5
.5
.5
.4
.3
.4
.2
.5
.2
.1
.1
.4
.4
.6
.6
.5
.3
.3
.4
.3
.5
.3
.1
.1
.3
.1
2.4
1.5
1.8
.8
.8
.3
.6
.7
.3
.8
2.3
.2
1.2
.1
.1
.8
.3
.2
1.4
1.8
5.4
1.5
1.7
3.5
(4)
.6
3.2
.7
.4
.4
.3
.5
.4
.4
.3
.3
.4
.3
.3
.2
.3
.2
.2
.3
.3
.9
.2
.5
.3
.7
.4
.6
.3
.3
.2
.3
.3
.3
.3
.4
.4
.4
.4
.2
.2
.3
.5
.1
.2
.3
.2
.4
.4
1.0
.2
.4
.3
.5
.4
.6
.3
.4
.5
.3
2.6
6.1
7.4
3.3
2.9
2.3
3.4
2.3
3.1
2.0
1.4
2.0
2.4
1.5
1.2
3.7
3.1
4.5
4.1
3.3
3.0
3.3
3.7
5. 5
2.8
4.7
2.4
3.4
3.5
6.0
6.3
5.4
3.4
3.1
3.4
2.2
3.2
2.1
2.1
1.9
1.7
1.2
1.0
3.6
2.8
5.7
3.8
3.2
2.5
3.8
3.6
4.1
3.7
4.8
3.0
3.7
3.2
5.8
5.5
5.8
6.1
3.2
6.6
6.5
7.1
6.0
2.5
4.1
3.4
4.5
4.8
4.3
2.9
2.8
7.4
5.2
975806— 51----- 7
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
.2
.2
.2
.3
.2
.1
.2
.3
.4
.4
.5
.2
.3
.3
.2
.2
.4
.3
.1
.3
.3
.4
.4
.5
.4
.4
1.4
1.4
.9
2.5
.7
.2
1.1
.6
.2
.8
1.1
.2
.3
.1
.1
.6
.2
.1
1.0
2.1
3.9
1.9
1.0
1.7
(4)
.3
1.8
.8
2.5
4.6
4.0
5.6
4.8
.2
.6
.4
.6
.8
.2
.8
.6
.8
.9
.1
.8
1.4
.1
.3
.1
.8
1.5
.2
.1
.4
.3
.3
.6
.2
.4
.4
.4
.5
.2
2.5
5.6
4.3
4.9
7.4
2.8
6.2
5.3
6.1
7.2
2.0
2.0
.1
.1
1.9
.4
.3
.4
3.0
1.9
2.2
7.7
1.4
3.1
1.3
3.5
.1
.6
.2
.7
1.0
3.4
.4
3.0
.3
.3
.3
.5
1.9
4.3
1.9
4.0
4.6
2.8
3.1
.6
.4
1.4
.7
.4
.4
4.2
4.5
(*)
0)
(4)
B: LABOR T URN-OVER
742
MONTHLY LABOR
T able B-2: Monthly Labor Turn-Over Rates (Per 100 Employees) in Selected Groups and Indus
tries 1—Continued
Separation
Total
Quit
Discharge
Mise., incl.
military
Lay-off
Industry group and industry
Septem August Septem August Septem August Septem August Septem August Septem August
ber
ber
ber
ber
ber
ber
1951
1951
1951
1951
1951
1951
1951
1951
1951
1951
1951
1951
M a n u fa c tu r in g — Continued
Fabricated metal products (except ord
nance, machinery, and transportation
equipment)................................................
Cutlery, hand tools, and hardware---Cutlery and edge tools...................
Hand tools___________________
Hardware------ ------- —..................
Heating apparatus (except electric)
and plumbers’ supplies---------------Sanitary ware and plumbers’
supplies____________________
Oil burners, nonelectric heating
and cooking apparatus, not
elsewhere classified— ....... ........
Fabricated structural metal productsMetal stamping, coating, and en
graving................................................
Machinery (except electrical)................... Engines and turbines--------------------Agricultural machinerv and tractors.Construction and mining m achinery..
Metalworking machinery.....................
Machine tools. . ......................
Metalworking machinery (except
machine tools)---------------------Machine-tool accessories-----------Special-industry machinery metal
working machinery............ ................
General industrial machinery----------Office and store machines and devices..
Service-industry and household ma
chines. ____ .. __________ ____ _
Miscellaneous machinery p a r ts ..........
Electrical machinery--------------------------Electrical generating, transmission,
distribution, and industrial appa
--------- ----- ------------ratus.
Communication equipment----- ------Radios, phonographs, television
sets, and equipment -----------Telephone and telegraph equip
m e n t.. ___________ ________
Electrical appliances, lamps, and
miscellaneous products----------------Transportation equipment-------------------Automobiles_____________________
Aircraft and p arts..--------- -------------Aircraft..... ....................... ............—
Aircraft engines and p a r ts --------Aircraft propellers and parts------Other aircraft parts and equip
m ent. —
Ship and boat building and repairing..
Railroad equipm ent_______________
Locomotives and parts...................
Railroad and street cars..... ...........
Other transportation equipm ent........
Instruments and related products_______
Photographic apparatus_______ ____
Watches and clo ck s---------------------Professional and scientific instru
m ents.................................................
Miscellaneous manufacturing industries...
Jewelry, silverware, and plated ware..
3.3
3.5
2. 8
2.7
4.1
0.4
.5
.8
.4
.4
0.5
.5
.5
.4
.6
3.9
3.9
.5
5.6
4.9
3.8
4.7
5.4
6.5
5.7
4.7
4.5
6.7
3.2
3.1
2.4
2.8
3.5
7.7
7.9
1.6
.9
.5
1.1
1.0
2.3
1.4
1.3
1.0
1.6
0.4
.4
.1
.4
.5
0.4
.3
.1
.4
.4
4.5
3.7
3.7
3.7
3.7
4.9
4.4
4.3
3.6
4.8
.5
3.0
3.2
.3
.3
4.3
4.8
.5
.5
4.4
3.6
.4
.3
1.9
4.2
9.0
8.1
3.7
3.7
6.6
6.0
7.7
6.8
4.0
3.7
4.2
3.8
.5
.6
.5
.8
1.9
1.5
2.7
1.9
.2
.2
.3
.3
6.3
6.1
5.6
6.0
5.6
4.2
4.8
(5)
4.1
4.0
4.2
8.2
4.3
4. 4
5.0
4.1
4. 5
4. 6
2.8
3.0
3. 2
(°)
3.1
3.2
3.4
2.8
2.8
3. 2
3.1
3.1
3.3
3.6
.3
.4
.5
1.7
.5
.7
(s)
,i
.2
(4)
4.6
.7
.4
.8
.3
.4
.6
.4
.5
.3
.4
.4
.3
.6
.5
.5
.3
.2
.3
.5
.4
.4
.5
.3
.3
.4
4.7
3.9
4.3
0)
4.2
4.7
5.1
4.5
3.9
4.3
3.0
4.6
4.6
4.8
3.2
4.9
3.4
6.1
2.6
3.5
2.7
3.6
.4
.5
.4
.7
(4)
.7
.1
1.6
.2
.2
.2
.2
3.7
4.7
3.7
5.0
4.1
3.8
3.6
4.7
4.1
3.1
2.6
2.9
2.8
2.6
2.8
2.2
.4
.4
.3
.4
.6
.2
.8
.2
.1
1.4
.3
.2
.3
.3
.4
.3
.4
.5
3.3
3.9
3.5
3.5
4.1
3.4
4.3
4.4
4.4
5.8
4.3
4.7
1.9
3.0
3.0
2.1
2.9
2.5
.3
.5
.3
.2
.6
.3
1.6
.4
.7
2.6
.3
1.3
.5
.5
.4
.9
.5
.6
3.4
4.1
4.8
3.4
4.2
4.5
3.8
3.4
5.4
2.4
(3)
1.9
3.4
.2
.2
.4
.9
.7
.9
.3
.6
.7
3.0
0)
3.5
5.8
3.2
3.2
.8
1.0
4.7
6.2
2.9
«
(3)
2.3
0)
(3)
(4)
.2
.4
.2
.4
.4
.5
.3
.4
.5
.3
.5
.5
.6
.4
1.1
2.4
3.8
(4)
(4)
(4)
.3
1.9
1.5
1.8
.1
.1
(4)
.1
.8
.1
.8
1.2
.2
.2
.2
.1
.2
(4)
.2
5.5
5.9
5. 4
5.1
5.3
4.0
2.7
3.0
3.2
2.1
4.5
4.7
3.7
1.8
2.8
3.0
2.1
3.9
4.1
3.0
1.8
5.1
(5)
4.3
4.0
4.9
2.0
3.8
0)
2.8
5.4
13.2
3.7
2.8
5.0
3.0
2.8
1.2
3.3
4.0
0)
2.6
2.2
3.3
1.3
2.5
(3)
2.0
3.7
6.1
2.2
1.9
2.5
1.9
1.8
.7
2.1
4.6
2.9
4.0
3.3
6.0
3.9
3.1
1.3
1.8
2.2
3.2
2.2
.2
.1
.1
.3
.4
.2
6.3
4.6
7.5
5.3
3.6
3.1
6.2
2.7
5.6
6.7
1.8
2.6
5.6
3.8
6.9
4.5
1.7
1.7
5.2
2.1
5.1
5.3
1.4
1.8
.3
.2
.2
.2
.5
.2
.2
.4
.3
.2
.3
.1
.2
«
(3)
1.5
0)
4.8
6.9
7.2
5.3
5.6
4.3
2.9
0)
.4
.1
(3)
0)
.1
.4
.1
«
.5
.3
li
.5
(3)
7.5
0)
6.5
3.9
.5
.9
1.1
.4
.5
.1
.5
.4
.9
1.2
.6
.6
.4
.4
3.9
5.7
3.7
7.7
7.7
5.7
3.7
3.8
6.2
4.2
7.3
7.2
7.1
4.5
.3
11.5
(5)
6.5
5.3
8.8
3.1
3.6
0)
2.6
9.1
15.8
7.1
5.7
9.5
4.5
3.1
1.3
2.9
.4
.1
5.7
.5
.2
1.0
.7
.5
.2
.7
.3
.8
.2
.8
.5
1.3
.3
.3
.3
.3
1.0
1.3
1.8
.5
2.0
1.2
.3
.2
.3
.3
.4
.3
4.4
2.8
1.7
4.1
4.8
2.1
.3
.2
.2
.1
.1
.7
.2
.4
.4
.2
.3
.3
.3
.2
.3
.1
.3
6.1
2.3
8.0
6.4
3.4
2.1
5.0
2.7
3.9
5.2
2.0
2.5
(4)
(3)
m
.4
.4
.5
.3
.8
«
1.0
1.2
.8
.3
.3
«
N o n m a n u fa c tu r in g
Metal mining________________________
Copper
__________________
Lead and zinc. ......... ...............-..........
Anthracite mining---- ------------------------Bituminous-coal m ining.. ..................... .
Communication:
Telephone................... .........................
Telegraph___ ____________________
0)
(s)
2.6
2.6
0)
(5)
i See footnote 1, table B -l. Data for the current month are subject
to revision without notation; revised figures for earlier months will b e
indicated b y footnotes.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
2.1
1.8
(4)
(4)
.1
0)
(3)
.1
.1
.1
(4)
.4
1.6
1.0
(3)
«
.3
.4
.2
.5
.3
(3)
(3)
2 See footnote 2, table A-2.
3 See footnote 3. table A-2. Printing, publishing,
and allied industries are excluded.
.2
.2
(3)
(3)
4 Less than 0.05.
3 Not available,
2.5
1.9
743
0: EARNINGS AND HOURS
REVIEW, DECEMBER 1951
C: Earnings and Hours
T able C -l: Hours and Gross Earnings of Production Workers or Nonsupervisory Employees 1
M in in g
Metal
Year and month
Total: Metal
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn hours
ings
Coal
Iron
Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
Copper
Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
1949: Average_____ $61.55
1950: Average........... 65.58
40.9 $1. 505 $58.91
42.2 1. 554 61.96
39.7 $1.484 $63.96
40.9 1.515 72.05
1950: September___
October_____
November___
December____
66. 38
69. 84
69.92
73.53
42.2
43.9
43.0
43.9
1.573
1.591
1.626
1.675
62.80
66.53
63. 77
70.51
41.1
43.4
41.6
42.3
1.528
1.633
1.533
1.667
1961: January_____
February____
M arch______
April-----------M ay...............
J u n e ........... .
July------------August______
September___
74.33
73. 46
72.83
74.62
74.96
70.89
72. 32
76.49
75. 25
43.7
43.7
43.3
44.0
44.2
41.8
42.0
45.1
43.6
1.701
1.681
1.682
1.696
1.696
1.696
1. 722
1.696
1.726
70.31
70. 98
69.22
73.31
75.48
65.19
67.58
78.15
74.43
41.8
42.5
41.3
43.2
44.4
38.3
39.2
45.7
42.9
1.682
1.670
1.676
1.697
1.700
1.702
1.724
1. 710
1.735
Lead and zinc
Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn earn wkiy.
ings
ings hours
Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
42.3 $1,512 $64. 79
45.0 1.601 66.64
41.4 $1. 565 $56. 78
41.6 1.602 63.24
72.46
75. 68
78.78
79.82
45.2
46.4
46.1
47.2
1.603
1.631
1.709
1.691
68. 06
71.95
73. 01
75. 34
41.2
42.8
42.3
43.2
1.652
1.681
1.726
1.744
68. 45
75.59
60. 85
65.14
82. 21
78. 49
77. 89
76.82
76.00
75.36
75.86
76.68
77.99
47.3
46.5
46.5
46.0
45.7
45.4
44.6
46.0
46.2
1.738
1.688
1.675
1.670
1.663
1.660
1.701
1. 667
1.688
75. 34
74.17
74. 30
77. 96
76.23
76.20
76.85
76.39
74.99
43.1
42.8
43.0
43.7
42.9
43.2
43.1
43.6
42.2
1.748
1.733
1.728
1.784
1.777
1.764
1.783
1. 752
1. 777
71.33
66. 65
50.68
47. 20
66.67
68. 94
79.50
58. 52
60.72
Mining—Continued
Bituminous
Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn earn wkiy.
ings
ings hours
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
30.2 $1,880 $63.28
32.1 1.970 70. 35
32.6
35.0
$1,941
2.010
34.5
37.2
31.0
32.8
1.984
2.032
1.963
1.986
71.92
72.99
73. 27
77. 77
35.5
36.1
36.4
38.5
2.026
2.022
2.013
2.020
35.9
30.2
23.1
21.6
30.1
31.0
35.3
26.3
27.4
1.987
2.207
2.194
2.185
2. 215
2.224
2.252
2. 225
2. 216
76.63
75. 67
74. 66
75. 63
73.86
77. 67
73. 71
77.12
81.50
37.6
34.1
33.6
33.9
33.3
34.8
32.7
34.8
36.4
2.038
2.219
2.222
2.231
2. 218
2.232
2. 254
2. 216
2.239
Contract construction
Crude petroleum and
natural gas production
Petroleum and
natural gas production
(except contract
services)
Anthracite
Nonbuilding construction
Nonmetallic mining
and quarrying
Total: Contract con
struction
Total: Nonbuilding
construction
1949: Average.......... $71. 48
1950: Average........... 73.69
40.2 $1. 778 $56.38
40.6 1.815 59.88
1950: September___
October...........
November___
December........
73. 47
77.67
76.21
75.58
40.6
41.4
40.6
40.2
1.814
1.876
1.877
1.880
62. 51
64.03
63.31
62.12
45.1
45.8
44.9
43.5
1.386
1.398
1.410
1.428
75.89
77.92
77. 52
77. 36
37.7 2.013
38. 5 2.024
38.0 2.040
37.3 2. 074
1951: January_____
February____
M arch.........
April............
M ay________
June________
July------------August— ........
September___
76.90
77.15
76. 69
80. 30
78.30
78.74
83. 32
78. 27
83.33
40.6
40.5
40.6
41.2
40.4
40.4
42.1
40.2
42.0
1.894
1.905
1.889
1.949
1.938
1.949
1.979
1. 947
1.984
61.96
60. 77
63.74
65.88
67.22
67. 82
68.84
70.08
70.98
43.3
42.0
43.6
45.0
45.7
45.7
45.8
46.5
46.3
1.431
1.447
1.462
1.464
1.471
1.484
1.503
1.507
1.533
77. 61
75. 47
76. 99
79.36
81.62
82. 41
83.73
84. 71
85.37
37.1
35.7
36.3
37.4
38.3
38.4
39.0
39.2
39.0
2.092
2.114
2.121
2.122
2.131
2.146
2.147
2.161
2.189
43.3 $1,302 $70.81
44.0 1.361 73.73
•
37.8 $1. 874 $70. 44
37.2 1.982 73. 46
Highway and street
Other nonbuilding
construction
40.9 $1,723 $65.65
40.9 1. 796 69.17
41.5 $1,583 $73. 66
41.1 1.683 76.31
40.5
40.7
$1.820
1.875
75.86
77.65
75.42
75.58
41.5
42.5
40.9
40.2
1.828
1.827
1.844
1.880
70.84
73.32
70.91
69. 49
41.5
42.8
41.2
39.8
1.707
1.713
1.721
1.746
79.72
80.92
78.59
79. 46
41.5
42.3
40.7
40.5
1.921
1.913
1.931
1.962
74.70
72. 20
74.19
78. 26
81.26
81.48
84.81
85. 40
84. 65
39.4
37.7
38.5
40.3
41.8
41.3
42.9
42.7
41.8
1.896
1.915
1.927
1.942
1.944
1.973
1.977
2.000
2.025
66.10
65. 83
67.40
71.43
75. 68
75.56
79. 22
80.03
79. 29
38.1
37.3
38.1
40.4
42.4
41.7
43.6
43.4
42.2
1.735
1.765
1.769
1.768
1.785
1.812
1.817
1.844
1.879
79. 80
75.80
78. 25
82. 65
85.16
85.98
89.21
89.46
88.81
40.2
37.9
38.7
40.2
41.3
41.0
42.4
42.1
41.5
1.985
2.000
2.022
2.056
2.062
2.097
2.104
2.125
2.140
Contract construction—Continued
Building construction
Special-trade contractors
Total: Building con
struction
1949: Average_____ $70.95
1950: Average.......... 73. 73
General contractors
36.7 $1,935 $67.16
36.3 2.031 68. 56
Total: Special-trade Plumbing and heating
contractors
36.2 $1.855 $75. 70
35.8 1.915 77. 77
37.2 $2.034 $78. 60
36.7 2.119 81.72
Painting and
decorating
38.6 $2.037 $70. 75
38.4 2.128 71.26
Electrical work
35.7 $1.982 $86. 57
35.4 2. 013 89.16
39.2
38.4
$2,211
2.322
1950: September___
October_____
November___
Deoember___
75.86
77.87
78.07
77. 80
36.7
37.4
37.3
36.7
2.067
2.082
2.093
2.120
70.73
72. 71
72.94
71.69
36.2
37.0
36.8
35.7
1.954
1.965
1.982
2.008
79.62
81.95
82.00
82. 24
37.0
37.8
37.7
37.4
2.152
2.168
2.175
2.199
83.67
84.65
85.08
86. 53
38.4
38.9
39.1
39.1
2.179
2.176
2.176
2.213
72.89
76.62
74.93
74.60
35.8
36.8
36.2
35.9
2.036
2.082
2.070
2.078
92.38
94.04
95.01
96. 44
38.7
39.2
39.1
39.9
2.387
2.399
2.430
2.417
1951: January...........
February____
M arch.............
April...... .........
M ay________
June________
July________
August—.........
September___
78.35
76.14
77.44
79.75
81.83
82. 71
83.63
84.53
85. 52
36.7
35.3
35.8
36.8
37.5
37.7
38.1
38.3
38.3
2.135
2.157
2.163
2.167
2.182
2.194
2.195
2.207
2.233
72.56
68. 75
69. 93
72.97
75.24
75.28
76.28
77.21
77.83
36.1
34.0
34.5
36.0
36.9
36.9
37.3
37.7
37.4
2.010
2.022
2. 027
2.027
2.039
2.040
2.045
2. 048
2.081
82. 51
81.49
82. 95
84. 48
86.60
88.32
88.97
90.13
91.34
37.1
36.3
36.8
37.3
37.9
38.3
38.6
38.8
39.0
2.224
2. 245
2.254
2. 265
2. 285
2.306
2. 305
2.323
2. 342
86.60
85. 99
88.93
89. 05
91.80
92.11
92.19
92.98
93. 77
38.8
38.1
38.9
38.8
39.4
39.5
39.6
39.4
39.5
2.232
2. 257
2.286
2.295
2.330
2.332
2.328
2.360
2.374
74. 41
75. 44
74. 91
77.40
79.24
79.68
79. 24
80.81
80.66
35.2
35.4
35.2
36.1
36.6
36.7
36.4
36.4
36.3
2.114
2.131
2.128
2.144
2.165
2.171
2.177
2.220
2.222
98. 77
97. 42
98.74
98. 72
102.12
103.70
103. 54
104. 76
107. 52
39.7
39.0
39.4
39.6
40.3
40.7
40.7
41.0
41.4
2.488
2.498
2.506
2.493
2.534
2.548
2. 544
2.555
2.597
S ee fo o tn o te s a t e n d o f ta b le .
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
G: EARNINGS AND HOURS
744
M ONTHLY LABOR
T able C -l: Hours and Gross Earnings of Production Workers or Nonsupervisory Employees 1—Con.
Contract construction—Continued
Building construction—Continued
Special-trade contractors—Continued
Year and month
Other special-trade
contractors
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn hours
ings
1949: Average.......... $71. 39
1950: Average....... . 74.71
Plastering and lath
ing
Masonry
Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
36.1 $1. 979 $68. 72
35.8 2.087 70.85
33.8 $2. 033 $80.39
33.9 2.090 86.70
Roofing and sheetmetal work
Carpentry
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn earn wkly.
ings hours
ings
Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn earn wkly.
ings hours
ings
Excavation and foun
dation work
Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
34.9 $2.301 $67.14
35.0 2.477 69.86
36.6 $1.837 $62.86
37.0 1.888 64.49
35.7 $1. 759 $69. 66
35.3 1.827 74.92
37.8
38.6
$1.844
1.941
1950: September___
October......... .
November___
December___
76. 59
79. 06
79.07
78.23
36.3
37.1
37.0
36.2
2.110
2.131
2.137
2.161
71.88
77. 36
80. 53
72.06
33.2
35.6
37.3
33.3
2.165
2.173
2.159
2.164
92.89
93.07
87.49
93.14
36.6
36.2
34.9
35.7
2.538
2. 571
2. 507
2.609
71.17
71.17
72.80
70.92
38.2
37.4
37.8
35.8
1.863
1.903
1.926
1.981
65. 99
68.19
67.64
66.36
36.2
36.8
36.6
35.6
1.823
1.853
1.848
1.864
75. 01
78. 40
79. 97
80.39
38.0
38.6
38.3
38.5
1.974
2. 031
2. 088
2.088
1951: January_____
February____
M arch.........
April_______
M ay________
77.87
76.32
78.10
80.84
82. 29
85. 28
86.86
87.70
89.12
35.9
34.8
35.5
36.4
36.9
37.6
38.3
38.6
38.9
2.169
2. 193
2. 200
2.221
2.230
2. 268
2. 268
2. 272
2.291
75.19
66.22
73.01
77.50
78.83
77.23
83. 96
82. 73
83. 55
34.3
30.5
33.4
35.1
35.7
34.4
37.4
36.9
37.5
2.192
2.171
2.186
2.208
2.208
2. 245
2. 245
2. 242
2.228
87.89
90. 88
89. 44
92.87
93.31
92.10
91.38
91.26
90. 54
34.4
34.9
34.4
35.8
36.0
35.6
35.5
36.0
35.9
2.555
2.604
2.600
2.594
2. 592
2.587
2. 574
2.535
2. 522
71.71
64.98
64.52
70.85
72.16
73.70
76. 76
75.80
77.65
36.2
32.8
32.9
35.8
36.5
37.0
37.7
37.9
38.1
1.981
1.981
1.961
1.979
1.977
1.992
2.036
2.000
2.038
66. 65
64.58
65.25
68.95
71.14
71.11
73. 63
73. 67
75. 93
35.3
33.9
34.0
35.8
36.9
36.6
37.8
37.7
38.1
1.888
1.905
1.919
1.926
1.928
1.943
1. 948
1. 954
1.993
81.37
81.28
77. 88
78.19
82.23
80. 80
83.15
87. 91
86.01
38.6
37. 2
36.6
37.9
39.9
39.3
40.7
41.9
40.9
2.108
2.185
2.128
2.063
2.061
2.056
2.043
2. 098
2.103
J u n e __________
J u ly ___________
A u g u s t _______
S e p te m b e r ____
Manufacturing
Total: Manufacturing
1949: Average-------- $54. 92
1950: Average........... 59.33
Durable goods s
39.2 $1. 401 $58.03
40.5 1.465 63.32
Food and kindred products
Ordnance and
Nondurable goods 1 Total:accessories
Total: Food and kin
Meat products
dred products
39.6 $1. 469 $51.41
41.2 1.537 54.71
38.8 $1. 325 $58. 76
39.7 1.378 64. 79
40.0 $1. 469 $53. 58
41.8 1.550 56.07
41.5 $1. 291 $57. 44
41.5 1.351 60.07
41.5
41.6
$1.384
1.444
1950: September___
October...........
November___
December___
60. 64
61.99
62.23
63.88
41.0
41.3
41.1
41.4
1.479
1.501
1. 514
1.543
65.14
66.39
66.34
68.32
41.7
42.1
41.8
42.2
1. 562
1. 577
1.587
1.619
55.30
56. 58
57.19
58.44
40.1
40.3
40.3
40.5
1.379
1.404
1.419
1.443
67. 41
68. 64
70.53
68.34
43.1
43.2
43.4
42.5
1.564
1. 589
1.625
1.608
56. 36
56. 83
58. 07
59.85
42.0
41.6
41.9
42.3
1.342
1.366
1.386
1.415
62.59
61.24
65. 49
69.92
41.7
40.8
43.4
45.2
1. 501
1. 501
1.509
1.547
1951: January_____
February____
M arch______
April_______
M ay________
63.76
63.84
64. 57
64.70
64.55
65.08
64. 24
64.52
65. 45
41.0
40.9
41.1
41.0
40.7
40.7
40.2
40.4
40.6
1.555
1. 561
1.571
1.578
1.586
1.599
1.598
1.597
1.612
67.65
68.18
69.30
69.68
69.60
70. 27
68.79
69.68
70.84
41.5
41.6
41.9
42.0
41.8
41.8
40.9
41.4
41.6
1.630
1.639
1. 654
1.659
1.665
1.681
1.682
1.683
1.703
58. 53
58.32
58.40
58.16
57.93
58. 47
58.48
57. 95
58.75
40.2
40.0
40.0
39.7
39.3
39.4
39.3
39.1
39.4
1.456
1.458
1.460
1.465
1.474
1.484
1.488
1.482
1.491
69. 55
70.92
72. 71
70. 97
72.45
71.02
73.10
72.40
76.03
42.0
42.7
43.1
42.7
43.2
42.4
43.1
43.2
44.1
1.656
1.661
1.687
1.662
1.677
1.675
1.696
1.676
1.724
60.11
59.04
59.12
59. 66
60.40
61.80
61.65
61.34
61.94
41.8
41.0
41.0
41.2
41.6
41.9
42.2
42.1
42.6
1.438
1.440
1.442
1.448
1.452
1.475
1.461
1. 457
1.454
65.83
60. 25
61.92
62.91
63.90
67.88
68.26
67. 53
68.51
42.8
39.9
40.6
41.2
41.6
41.8
41.8
41.3
41.9
1.538
1.510
1.525
1.527
1.536
1.624
1.633
1.635
1.635
J u n e . . ______
J u ly ___________
A u g u s t _______
S e p te m b e r ____
Manufacturing—Continued
Food and kindred products—Continued
Meat packing
63.77
62.23
66. 55
71.48
41.6
40.7
43.3
45.5
1.533
1. 529
1.537
1.571
62.45
60.78
65.58
67.23
42.8
41.4
43.2
43.8
1.459
1.468
1.518
1.535
56. 81
56. 74
56. 62
57.68
44.7
44.5
44.1
44.3
1.271
1.275
1.284
1.302
66.95
61.21
63. 01
63.91
65.03
69.47
69.81
69. 55
69. 97
43.0
39.9
40.6
41.1
41.5
41.7
41.7
41.5
41.9
1.557
1.534
1.552
1.555
1.567
1.666
1.674
1.676
1.670
65.84
61.04
64.37
64.17
64.17
66. 51
67.50
67. 66
67.79
42.7 1.642
40.0 1. 526
42.1 1.529
41.4 1.550
41.4 1.550
42. 2 1.576
42.8 1.577
42.5 1.592
42.0 1.614
59. 09
59.45
59. 98
59. 67
60.52
61.11
62.02
60. 93
62.19
44.1
44.1
44.4
44.3
45.1
45.4
45.4
45.0
45.0
1.340
1.348
1.351
1.347
1.342
1.346
1.366
1.354
1.382
1950: Septem ber..
October___
November..,
December. . .
1951: January.......
February__
M arch..........
April............
M ay........... .
June.............
fo o tn o te s
a t end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Condensed and evap
orated milk
44.8 $1. 219 $56.13
44.5 1.261 57.36
41.9 $1.371 $54.61
42.4 1.434 56.11
$58. 02
60.94
See
Dairy products
41.5 $1.398 $57. 44
41.6 1.465 60.80
1949; Average-----1950; Average.......
J u ly ------------A u g u s t _____
S ep te m b e r -.
Sausages and casings
Ice cream and ices
Canning and preserv
ing
45.3 $1. 239 $55. 00
45.6 1.258 57.29
44.9 $1. 225 $43.77
44.1 1.299 46.81
38.8
39.3
$1.128
1.191
68.59
57.58
57. 91
58.90
46.1
45.7
45.1
45.2
1.271
1.260
1.284
1.303
58.43
58. 74
58.76
60.79
44.2
44.1
43.4
44.5
1.322
1.332
1.354
1.366
47.18
49. 05
48. 06
46.82
41.1
40. 5
38.6
37.4
1.148
1.211
1.245
1.252
60. 89
61. 56
63. 75
62.56
64.34
64. 26
65. 47
63.65
64.68
45.0
45.1
46.5
45.9
47.0
46.8
46.8
46.7
46.4
1.353
1.365
1.371
1.363
1.369
1.373
1.399
1.363
1.394
61.82
62.01
61.66
61.66
61.27
61.46
63. 57
62. 78
63.80
44.8
44.2
44.2
44.2
44.4
44.6
45.7
45.1
44.9
1.380
1.403
1.395
1.395
1.380
1.378
1. 391
1.392
1.421
49. 41
48.84
48.64
50. 39
48.88
49. 25
49.20
53.38
53. 75
38.3
37.8
37.5
38.7
38.1
38.6
40.8
42.0
43.0
1.290
1 292
1.297
1.302
1.283
1. 276
1.206
1.271
1.250
G: EARNINGS AND HOURS
REVIEW, DECEMBER 1951
745
T able C -l: Hours and Gross Earnings of Production Workers or Nonsupervisory Employees 1—Con.
M a n u fa c tu r in g — C o n tin u e d
F o o d a n d k in d r e d p ro d u c ts— C o n tin u e d
Year and month
Grain-mill products
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn hours
ings
1949: Average.
1950: Average.
$56. 94
59.02
Flour and other
grain-mill products
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Prepared feeds
Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
Bakery products
Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
Sugar
Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
Cane-sugar refining
Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
43.8 $1.300 $58. 91
43.3 1.363 60.95
44.7 $1.318 $54.98
44.1 1.382 57.21
46.2 $1.190 $51.67
45.3 1.263 53.54
41.7 $1.239 $56.01
41.5 1.290 59.94
42.4 $1.321 $56.62
43.0 1.394 61.83
42.1
43.0
$1.345
1.438
1950: September.
October__
November.
December..
61.34
59.97
69.78
63.60
44.0
43.3
42.7
44.2
1.394
1.385
1.400
1.439
64.66
60.85
61.42
66. 55
45.5
43.4
43.5
45.8
1.421
1.402
1.412
1.453
59.14
59.89
59.00
61.10
45.7
46.0
44.7
45.6
1.294
1.302
1.320
1.340
53.85
54.19
54. 47
55.04
41.2
41.4
41.3
41.6
1.307
1.309
1.319
1.323
63. 54
56.90
61.10
63.43
43.7
41.9
45.7
45.7
1.454
1.358
1.337
1.388
69.01
56. 83
57.29
67.67
45.7
39.6
40.4
45.6
1.510
1.435
1.418
1.484
1951: January__
February...
M arch____
April...........
M ay...........
June_____
July______
64. 92
63.58
62. 71
63.16
64.75
65.13
68.14
67.94
68. 51
44.8
43.7
43.1
43.5
44.5
44.4
45.7
45.2
45.4
1.449
1.455
1.455
1.452
1. 455
1.467
1.491
1.503
1.509
68.02
65. 03
62. 88
62. 57
63.36
64.00
68.54
69. 67
71.11
46.4
45.0
44.0
44.0
44.4
44.6
46.5
46.6
47.0
1.466
1.445
1.429
1.422
1.427
1.435
1.474
1.495
1.513
61.42
59. 98
59.83
62.10
64.36
66.31
67. 40
65. 75
68.26
45.6
44.2
43.8
45.0
46.4
47.3
47.7
46.7
47.8
1.347
1.357
1.366
1.380
1.387
1.402
1.413
1.408
1.428
54.68
55.49
55.32
56.37
57. 24
57.93
58.15
57. 93
58.31
41.3
41. 5
41.5
41.6
41.9
42.1
42.2
41.8
41.8
1.324
1.337
1.333
1.355
1.366
1.376
1.378
1.386
1.395
60. 36
61.93
58.82
59. 72
65.66
63. 76
62. 77
58.49
63.49
40.4
40.8
39.4
40.0
42.8
41.0
41.0
39.1
41.8
1.494
1. 518
1.493
1.493
1.534
1.555
1.531
1.496
1.519
63. 87
63.08
61.06
59.60
73.60
66.41
63.14
59. 68
64.47
42.1
40.8
40.2
39.6
47 0
41.9
41.4
39.6
42.5
1.517
1.546
1.519
1.505
1.566
1.585
1.525
1.507
1.517
A u g u s t ____
S e p te m b e r -
M a n u fa c tu r in g — C o n tin u e d
F o o d a n d k in d r e d p r o d u c ts— C o n tin u e d
Beet sugar
1949: Average___
1950: Average___
$56.09
58.69
1950: September.
October___
November.
December1951: January__
February...
M arch........
April...........
M ay_____
J u n e _______
July______
A u g u s t.........
S e p te m b e r ..
Confectionery and
related products
Confectionery
Beverages
Bottled soft drinks
M alt liquors
42.3 $1.326 $45.12
42.5 1.381 46. 72
40.0 $1.128 $42.63
39.9 1.171 44.81
39.8 $1.071 $64. 21
39.9 1.123 67.49
41.0 $1. 566 $48. 40
41.0 1.646 49.12
43.8 $1.105 $69.46
42.9 1.145 72.66
41.1
40.8
$1.690
1.781
58.04
57.35
64.07
62.06
40.9
42.8
47.6
45.1
1.419
1.340
1.346
1.376
49. 35
49.00
48.15
47. 71
41.3
41.0
40.5
40.4
1.195
1.195
1.189
1.181
47.13
47.19
47.10
47.30
41.2
41.0
41.1
41.6
1.144
1.161
1.146
1.137
67. 86
68.14
67.81
68.78
41.2
41.0
40.9
40.6
1.647
1.662
1.658
1.694
49.53
49.92
50.30
50.36
42.7
43.0
43.1
42.9
1.160
1.161
1.167
1.174
72. 71
72. 48
73.02
74.01
40.8
40.2
40.5
39.9
1.782
1.803
1.803
1.855
57. 24
61.51
55. 71
61. 95
51.14
60. 76
64.20
58. 29
64.02
38.6
40.6
36.7
40.7
33.8
39.3
40.1
38.0
40.7
1.483
1.515
1.518
1.522
1.513
1.546
1.601
1.534
1.573
49. 49
49.31
48. 82
49. 00
49.93
51.64
49. 71
50. 45
52.62
40.4 1. 225
39.7 1.242
39. 5 1.236
39. 2 1. 250
39.5 1.264
40.5 1.275
38.9 1.278
39.6 1.274
41.3 1.274
48. 33
47. 44
47.00
46.84
47.83
49.04
47.10
47. 67
49. 73
41.1 1.176
39.9 1.189
39. 7 1.184
39.1 1.198
39.3 1.217
40.2 1.220
38.7 1.217
39.2 1.216
40.9 1.216
71.61
71.13
72. 35
71. 97
73. 75
75.21
75.64
74.78
75.21
41.2
40.3
40.9
40.5
41.2
41.9
42.0
41.8
41.9
1.738
1.765
1.769
1.777
1.790
1.795
1.801
1.789
1.795
50. 25
50.53
50. 74
51.72
53.45
54.62
56.16
54.86
53.64
42.8
42.5
42.6
42.6
43.7
44.3
45.4
44.6
43.4
1.174
1.189
1.191
1. 214
1.223
1.233
1.237
1.230
1.236
75.93
76. 45
78. 27
76. 99
79.30
80. 57
81.42
80.24
80.98
40.3
39.9
41.0
40.5
41.3
41.9
42.1
41.9
42.2
1.884
1.916
1.909
1.901
1.920
1.923
1.934
1.915
1.919
M a n u fa c tu r in g — C o n tin u e d
Food and kindred products—Continued
Distilled, rectified,
and blended liquors
1949: Average....
1950: Average . .
$57.00
61.94
1950: September.
October__
November.
December..
1951: Ja n u ary ...
February..
M arch___
April..........
M ay......... .
J u n e _______
July.......... .
A u g u s t____
S e p tern ber.
Miscellaneous food
products
Tobacco manufactures
Total: Tobacco
manufactures
cigarettes
Cigars
Tobacco and snuff
39.2 $1. 454 $52.17
40.3 1. 537 54.99
41.9 $1. 245 $37. 25
42.2 1.303 41.08
37.1 $1.004 $46. 33
37.9 1.084 50.19
37.7 $1.229 $32. 41
39.0 1.287 35.76
36.7 $0.884 $39.10
36.9
.969 42.79
37.2
37.7
$1.051
1.135
65.18
64.95
65.31
66.46
42.0
40.8
41.6
41.8
1. 552
1.592
1.570
1.590
56.16
56.06
56. 44
56.85
43.0
42.6
42.5
42.3
1.306
1.316
1.328
1.344
42.02
41. 21
42. 45
43.72
39.2
38.3
37.8
38.9
1.072
1.076
1.123
1.124
50.36
45.10
50.07
54.11
39.5
35.4
37.9
40.2
1.275
1.274
1.321
1.346
37.57
39.35
39.50
38.40
38.1
39.0
38.5
38.1
.986
1.009
1.026
1.008
44.23
44. 24
42.97
44. 77
39.0
38.5
36.6
38.1
1.134
1.149
1.174
1.175
73. 85
69.83
67. 23
68.10
67.78
69.79
68.50
67.74
67.10
43.8
41.2
39.9
39.5
39.5
40.6
39.8
39.5
39.1
1.686
1.695
1.685
1. 724
1.716
1.719
1.721
1.715
1. 716
58. 54
59. 08
58.14
57. 78
57. 20
58. 22
59. 21
58. 99
59. 98
42.3
42.2
42.1
41.3
41.3
41.5
41.7
41.6
41.8
1.384
1.400
1.381
1.399
1.385
1.403
1.420
1.418
1.435
44.12
43.17
42. 03
42.58
42.49
44. 49
44. 03
43.82
44.60
38.7
37.9
36.8
36.8
36.6
37.9
37.6
38.3
39.4
1.140
1.139
1.142
1.157
1.161
1.174
1.171
1.144
1.132
55. 20
52. 76
48. 57
50. 59
51.41
55.37
53.70
55.97
55.86
40.5
39.4
36.3
37.2
37.8
40.3
39.2
40.5
40.1
1.363
1.339
1.338
1.360
1.360
1.374
1.370
1.382
1.393
38.09
38.10
37.91
37. 72
36.70
37. 50
37.83
38.14
39. 57
37.6
37.5
37.2
36.8
35.8
36.3
36.8
37.1
37.9
1.013
1.016
1.019
1.025
1.025
1.033
1.028
1.028
1.044
45.68
45. 25
44.62
44. 27
43. 56
46.85
44.99
46. 76
48.27
38.1
37.8
37.0
36.5
36.0
38.4
37.0
38.3
38.9
1.199
1.197
1.206
1.213
1.210
1.220
1.216
1.221
1.241
See fo o tn o tes a t end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
G: EARNINGS AND HOURS
746
M ONTHLY LABOR
T able C -l: Hours and Gross Earnings of Production Workers or Nonsupervisory Employees 1—Con.
M anufacturing—Cont inued
Tobacco manufac
tures—Con.
Y ear
and month
Tobacco stemming
and redrying
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn hours
ings
Textile-mill products
Total: Textile-mill
products
Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn earn wkly.
ings hours
ings
Yarn and thread
mills
Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn earn wkly.
ings hours
ings
37.7 $1.189 $40. 51
39.6 1.236 45. 01
Broad-woven fabric
mills
Yarn mills
Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn earn wkly.
ings hours
ings
36.4 $1.113 $40. 55
38.9 1.157 45.09
Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn earn wkly.
ings hours
ings
36.3 $1.117 $44. 48
38.8 1.162 49.28
Cotton, silk, syn
thetic fiber
United States
Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn earn wkly.
ings hours
ings
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
37.5 $1.186 $42.89
40.1 1.229 48.00
37.2
40.1
$1.153
1.197
1.214
1.300
1.306
1.313
48.62
52.29
52.62
53. 33
41.1
41.3
41.4
41.7
1.183
1.266
1.271
1.279
1.317
1.316
1.304
1.319
1.320
1.319
1.312
1.301
1.318
53. 37
53. 54
53 29
52. 64
51.57
50.63
48.74
46.46
47.42
41.6
41.7
41.5
41.0
40.1
39.4
38.2
36.7
36.9
1.288
1.284
1. 284
1.284
1.286
1.285
1.276
1.266
1.285
1949: Average.......... $34. 20
1950: Average......... 37. 59
38.3 $0.893 $44.83
39.4
.954 48. 95
1950: September —
October.........
November__
December___
39. 26
37.37
34.53
38. 52
43.1
41.2
35.6
40.0
.911
.907
.970
.963
49.98
52. 58
53.19
53. 57
40.7
40.6
40.7
40.8
1.228
1.295
1.307
1.313
46.40
49.33
49. 57
49. 90
40.1
40.2
40.3
40.6
1.157
1.227
1.230
1.229
46. 56
49.16
49. 61
49. 90
40.0
40.0
40.2
40.5
1.164
1.229
1.234
1.232
49.90
53.17
53.68
54. 36
41.1
40.9
41.1
41.4
1951: January____
February___
M arch_____
April....... ......
M ay..............
June-----------July--..........
August'...........
September—
38.79
35. 85
37. 81
38.84
41.72
43.07
41.00
35.25
37. 52
39.7
34.7
35.3
35.8
38.0
38.8
36.8
37.7
42.2
.977
1.033
1.071
1.085
1.098
1.110
1.114
.935
.889
53. 59
53. 94
53.34
52.87
51.37
51.07
49. 58
47.98
48.89
40.6 1.320
40.8 1.322
40. 5 1.317
39.9 1.325
38.8 1.324
38.6 1.323
37.7 1.315
36.6 1.311
36.9 1.325
49. 61
50. 02
49. 94
49 64
48. 05
47. 78
46.70
45.05
45. 52
40.5
40. 6
40.5
40 1
39.0
38.5
37.6
36.3
36.3
1.225
1. 232
1. 233
1.238
1.232
1.241
1.242
1.241
1.254
49. 73
49.98
50. 02
49 93
48. 39
47.81
46.92
45.11
45.67
40.4
40. 5
40. 5
40.2
38.9
38.4
37.6
36.2
36.3
1.231
1.234
1. 235
1.242
1.244
1. 245
1.248
1.246
1.258
54. 39
54. 22
53. 72
53.95
52.67
52.10
50.25
48.14
48.90
41.3
41. 2
41.2
40 9
39 9
39.5
38.3
37.0
37.1
Manufacturing—Continued
Textile-mill products—Continued
Cotton, silk, synthetic fiber-—Continued
Woolen and worsted
North
United States
South
North
Full-fashioned hosiery
Knitting mills
38.9 $1.316 $41.47
39.8 1.357 44.13
36.8 $1.127 $52.09
47.4 1.180 53.63
54. 81
56. 30
58.08
58. 39
40.9
39.1
40.0
40.1
1.340
1.440
1.452
1.456
45.63
47.67
47.91
47.24
38.9
39.2
38.7
38.1
1.173
1.216
1.238
1.240
54. 35
57.87
58.73
57. 41
39.1
39.5
39.1
38.4
58.88
57. 10
57.28
58. 69
57.35
58.16
57.47
55. 76
56.39
40.3
39.3
40.0
40.2
39.2
39.7
39.2
38.3
38.1
1.461
1.453
1. 432
1.460
1.463
1.465
1.466
1.456
1.480
47.94
49. 24
48. 54
46. 76
45.04
45.18
44. 57
44. 55
44.98
37.9
38.8
38.1
36.7
35.3
35.6
35.4
35.3
35.5
1.265
1.269
1.274
1.274
1.276
1.269
1.259
1.262
1.267
59. 25
61.11
60. 45
57.16
55.14
54.01
54.01
53.82
54. 30
38.3
39.2
38.6
36.5
35.1
34.8
35.3
35.2
35.4
37.0 $1.133 $51.19
40.0 1.177 54. 01
1949: Average------- $46.36
1950: Average------- 51.23
38.0 $1.220 $41.92
40.5 1.265 47. 08
1950: September-..
October____
November.
December__
51.58
55.94
56.16
56.37
41.1
41.5
41.6
41.6
1.255
1.348
1. 350
1.355
47.83
51.25
51. 50
52. 46
41.2
41.3
41.3
41.8
1.161
1.241
1.247
1.255
1951: January....... . 56.61
February___ 57.08
M arch_____
56.02
April.............. 54.96
M ay.............. 54.13
June_______ - 54.25
July— ..........
51.60
A ugust......... . 48.75
Septem ber-. .
41.5
41.6
40.8
40.0
39.6
39.6
38.0
35.9
1.364
1. 372
1.373
1.374
1.367
1.370
1.358
1.358
52. 25
52. 46
52.33
52.04
50.90
49.72
47.86
45. 79
41.6
41.7
41.6
41.4
40.3
39.4
38.2
36.9
1. 256
1.258
1. 258
1.257
1.263
1.262
1.253
1.241
37.5 $1. 389 $53.98
37.9 1.415 54. 25
36.9
37.7
$1.468
1.439
1.390
1.465
1.502
1.495
54.12
58. 52
60.29
57. 87
39.3
39.3
39.1
37.8
1.377
1.489
1.542
1.531
1.547
1. 559
1.566
1.566
1.571
1. 552
1.530
1.529
1.534
61.01
63. 05
63.17
59.19
56. 70
55.18
54.48
54.40
37.5
38.4
38.1
35.7
34.2
34.0
34.2
34.3
1.627
1.642
1.658
1.658
1.658
1.623
1.593
1.586
Manufacturing—Continued
Textile-mill products—Continued
Full-fashioned ho
siery—Continued
Seamless hosiery
38.2 $1.317 $31. 45
38.2 1.396 34. 94
1950: September___
O ctober____
Novem ber..
December___
54.68
57.18
57.47
57.28
39.0
39.6
39.2
39.1
1.402
1. 444
1.466
1.465
36.98
38.08
38.31
37. 65
37.5
37.7
37.6
36.8
.986
1.010
1.019
1.023
1951: January_____
February____
M arch__ .
April______
M ay________
June________
Ju ly ________
August______
September__
57.65
59. 38
58.12
55.65
53.84
53. 39
53.83
53. 59
38.9
39.8
38.9
37.2
35.7
35.5
36.1
35.8
1.482
1.492
1.494
1.496
1.508
1.504
1.491
1.497
37.73
38. 79
38. 17
35.46
34.31
35. 80
35.39
35.18
35.32
36.6
37.3
36.6
34.1
32.8
34.0
34.0
33.5
33.9
1.031
1.040
1.043
1.040
1.046
1.053
1.041
1.050
1.042
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Knit underwear
37.7 $0.930 $30. 78
38.2
.998 34. 37
35.1 $0.877 $40.96
35.4
.971 43. 73
38.1 $1. 075 $36. 34
38.6 1.133 39.60
36.2
37.5
$1.004
1.056
39.62
40.35
41.59
41.25
39.0
39.1
39.5
39.1
1.016
1.032
1.053
1. 055
36.46
37.59
37. 65
36.98
37.2
37.4
37.2
36.4
.980
1.005
1.012
1.016
42. 75
46. 43
46.10
45. 42
38.0
40.2
39.4
38.2
1.125
1.155
1.170
1.189
42.63
43. 43
43. 06
43.11
40.1
39.7
39.0
38.8
1.063
1.094
1.104
1. Ill
40. 93
41.90
41.70
41.37
40.51
40.26
38.20
39. 57
38.4
38.8
38.5
38.2
37.3
36.8
35.5
36.2
1.066
1.080
1.083
1.083
1.086
1.094
1.076
1.093
37.21
38. 15
37. 47
34 30
32.94
34. 87
34.85
34.35
36.3
37.0
36.2
33.3
31.8
33.4
33.7
33.0
1.025
1.031
1. 035
1.030
1.036
1.044
1.034
1.041
47. 46
48. 30
47.93
48.03
46.37
46. 41
45. 26
46.19
46.56
38.9
39.4
39.0
38 8
38.2
38.2
37.5
37.8
37.7
1.220
1.226
1.229
1.238
1.214
1.215
1.207
1.222
1.235
43.13
44. 29
44.12
43. 55
41.27
41.99
40. 55
40.88
41.65
38.3
39.4
38.8
38.3
36.3
36.8
35.6
35.8
36.0
1.126
1.124
1.137
1.137
1.137
1.141
1.139
1.142
1.157
35.5 $0. 886 $35. 06
35.8
.976 38.12
1919: Average. - ... $50. 31
1950: Average........... 53.33
Knit outerwear
South
North
United States
South
747
G: EARNINGS AND HOURS
REVIEW, DECEMBER 1951
T able C -l: Hours and Gross Earnings of Production Workers or Nonsupervisory Employees 1—Con.
M anufacturing—C ontinued
'
Apparel and other
fin is h e d te x tile
products
Textile-mill products—Continued
Year and month
Dyeing and finishing
textiles
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn hours
ings
Carpets, rugs, other
floor coverings
Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
Wool carpets, rugs,
and carpet yam
Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
Other textile-mill
products
Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
Fur-felt hats and hat
bodies
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
1949: Average_____ $51. 50
1950: Average.......... 53.87
40.3 $1.278 $56. 80
40.9 1.317 62.33
39.5 $1.438 $56.23
41.5 1.502 62.72
38.7 $1.453 $47. 89
41.1 1.526 52.37
38.9 $1.231 $49.21
40.6 1.290 51.05
1950: Septem ber...
October....... .
November__
December___
55. 76
56. 26
58 19
58.88
42.6
41.4
41.8
42.0
1.309
1.359
1.392
1.402
62.94
66. 46
66.82
67.28
41.6
42.6
42.4
42.1
1.513
1.560
1.576
1.598
62.19
66.36
66. 63
66.90
40.7
42.0
41.8
41.4
1.528
1.580
1.594
1.616
53.37
54.77
55 88
56.59
40.9
40.9
41.3
41.7
1.305
1.339
1.353
1.357
50. 87
50. 48
51.98
56.83
1951: January____
February___
M arch_____
A p r il______
M ay________
June___ ___
July________
A ugust... .
September___
59.13
60. 12
58. 19
56. 18
54. 40
55.97
52. 56
51.19
53. 41
41.7
42.4
41.3
39.7
38. 5
39.5
37.3
36.0
37.4
1.418
1.418
1.409
1.415
1.413
1.417
1.409
1.422
1.428
65.91
67. 25
66. 49
64.76
61.38
59.48
58. 43
58. 51
59. 41
41.4
41.9
41.4
40.4
38.7
37.6
37.1
37.1
37.6
1. 592
1.605
1.606
1.603
1.586
1. 582
1. 575
1. 577
1.580
65. 65
66. 30
65. 08
62. 83
58.51
56.43
54.92
54.50
55.84
40.7
41.0
40.3
39.0
36.8
35.6
35.0
34.8
35.5
1.613
1. 617
1. 615
1. 611
1.590
1. 585
1.569
1.566
1. 573
56.83
56.11
56. 62
55.70
54.51
54. 55
53.70
52.33
54.11
41.6
40.9
41.3
40.6
39. 7
39.7
39.2
38.2
38.9
1.366
1.372
1.371
1.372
1.373
1.374
1.370
1.370
1.391
58.08
59. 45
55.43
50.69
49.42
51.73
50.38
47.14
49. 72
Total: Apparel and
other finished tex
tile products
Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
35.3 $1.394 $41. 89
35.9 1.422 43.68
35.8
36.4
$1.170
1.200
35.8
35.5
36.1
38.4
1.421
1.422
1. 440
1.480
43.09
45. 51
44. 50
45.88
35.7
37 3
36.9
36.5
1.207
1.220
1.206
1.257
38.8
39.4
37.1
33.5
33.8
35.0
34.2
33.2
32.2
1.497
1.509
1. 494
1.513
1.462
1.478
1. 473
1.420
1.544
47. 42
48.38
47. 27
44.97
43.56
44.05
45.10
46.15
46.05
36.9
37.5
37.4
36.5
35.3
35.3
35.4
35.8
35.7
1.285
1.290
1.264
1.232
1.234
1.248
1.274
1.289
1.290
M anufacturing—C ontinued
Apparel and other finished textile products —Continued
M en’s and boys'
suits and coats
M en’s and boys’ fur
nishings and work
clothing
Shirts, collars, and
nightwear
Work shirts
Separate trousers
36.0 $0.927 $34. 91
36.7
.988 39. 43
35.7 $0. 978 $27.44
37.8 1.043 31.34
1949: Average_____ $46. 67
1950: Average_____ 50.22
34.7 $1.345 $33.30
36.9 1.361 36.43
36.2 $0.920 $33.37
36.8
.990 36.26
1950: September__
October_____
November ..
December___
47. 75
51. 77
52. 57
55. 57
35.4
37 9
37 9
37.7
1.349
1.366
1.387
1.474
37.18
38 38
38.53
38. 59
37.4
38.3
37.7
37.0
.994
1.002
1.022
1.043
37.20
38.02
39.35
39.42
37.5
38.4
38.2
37.4
.992
.990
1.030
1.054
38. 45
40. 91
40. 32
40.41
36.9
38.7
38.0
36.8
1.042
1.057
1.061
1.098
1951: January. . . . _
February____
M arch___
April__ . ..
M ay. ______
J u n e _______
J u l y . . ______
August______
September___
55.23
56. 32
57.13
54. 90
53. 29
52. 85
52.82
52. 25
52.82
37.6
38.0
38. 6
37.5
36.3
36.0
36.2
35.4
35.5
1.469
1.482
1.480
1. 464
1.468
1.468
1.459
1.476
1.488
39.11
39. 68
40. 17
38. 96
37. 28
36.82
36.15
36. 93
37.88
37.0
37.4
37.9
37.0
35.5
35.0
34.4
35.1
35.5
1.057
1.061
1.060
1.053
1.050
1.052
1. 051
1.052
1.067
39.09
39. 87
40. 05
39.15
36.96
35.97
35.30
36.12
37. 59
36.6
37.3
37.5
37.0
34.9
34.0
33.4
34.2
35.0
1.068
1.069
1. 068
1.058
1.059
1.058
1.057
1.056
1.074
41.78
43. 08
43.69
42.37
38. 86
39.28
38.61
39.25
39. 46
37.4
38.6
38.8
37.9
35.1
35.1
35.1
35.2
35.2
1.117
1.116
1.126
1.118
1.107
1.119
1.100
1.115
1.121
Women’s outerwear
35.5 $0.773 $49. 69
35.9
.873 49.41
34.7
34.7
$1.432
1.424
33.03
32.95
32.18
33.10
37.2
36.9
35.6
35.9
.888
.893
.904
.922
46.43
50.94
48.37
51.84
32.2
34.7
34.6
35.1
1.442
1.468
1.398
1.477
33.38
33.05
34. 91
33.51
33.56
32. 88
32.62
32.31
31.33
36.2
36.2
37.7
36.5
36.4
35.9
35.3
35.0
33.8
.922
913
.926
.918
.922
.916
.924
.923
.927
55.01
56. 08
52. 49
48.37
47.30
47. 52
52. 35
53. 45
51.35
36.0
36.7
35.9
35.1
34.3
33.8
34.9
35.4
34.3
1.528
1. 528
1.462
1.378
1.379
1.406
1.500
1. 510
1.497
M anufacturing—Continued
Apparel and other finished textile products—Continued
Women’s dresses
Household apparel
and chil
Women’s suits, coats, Women’s
dren’s undergar
and skirts
ments
1.020
1.035
1.044
1.045
53.56
53 27
47.53
51.82
33.9
35.0
31.6
33.8
1. 580
1.522
1.504
1.533
1.062
1.069
1. 062
1.072
1.068
1.076
1.080
1.077
1.082
61.60
68.84
62.07
52.94
45. 91
49.42
57. 66
61.44
63.13
38.0
41.1
38.6
34.2
31.0
32.9
35.9
37.1
37.4
1.621
1.675
1.608
1. 548
1.481
1.502
1.606
1.656
1.688
30,1
33.8
32.1
34.2
1.924
1.960
1.873
1.961
39.95
41.76
40 96
39.28
37.8
39.1
38.1
36.3
1.057
1.068
1.075
1.082
38.35
40.16
39.25
37.10
37.6
38.8
37.6
35.5
72.20
73.39
62.86
53.79
55.15
55. 71
68.43
67. 30
63.81
35.6
35.8
32.4
30.6
32.1
31.0
34.2
33.5
32.1
2.028 40. 85
2. 050 42.81
1.940 42.21
1. 758 40. 88
1.718 38. 27
1.797 38.99
2.001 38. 41
2.009 39. 48
1.988 40.85
36.9
38.5
38.2
36.8
34.6
35.0
34.6
35.6
36.6
1.107
1.112
1.105
1.111
1.106
1.114
1.110
1.109
1.116
38.34
40. 84
40. 25
39. 77
37.38
38. 52
38. 56
38. 66
40.03
36.1
38.2
37.9
37.1
35.0
35.8
35.7
35.9
37.0
1950: September___
October____
November . .
December___
44.37
47. 66
47 37
49.81
31.9
33.8
34.2
35.2
1.391
1.410
1.385
1.415
35.28
36. 43
36.64
35.58
36.6
37.4
37. 5
35.9
.964
.974
.977
.991
1951: January____
February........
M arch___...
April_______
M ay________
Ju n e... ____
July_____ ..
August______
September___
51.91
52. 56
52. 20
50. 65
49. 46
48. 92
48.96
52.02
50. 91
35.9
36.3
36.3
35.1
34.3
34.5
35.4
35.8
34.4
1.446
1.448
1.438
1.443
1.442
1.418
1.383
1.453
1.480
36.60
39. 74
39. 89
39.13
38. 00
37.22
34.48
37.29
37.74
36.2
38.7
38.8
38.1
37.0
36.1
34.0
37.1
37.4
1.011
1.027
1.028
1.027
1.027
1.031
1.014
1.005
1.009
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
$1.517
1.540
57. 91
66.25
60.12
67.07
36.5 $0.883 $66.38
.960 63. 77
36.1
Bee footnotes at end of table.
35.3
35.2
36.6 $0.978 $34.08
36.9 1.040 36.55
34.4 $1.372 $32.23
34.8 1.382 34.66
Millinery
36.1 $0. 944 $53. 55
36.4 1.004 54.21
33.8 $1. 964 $35.79
33.6 1.898 38.38
1949: Average_____ $47.20
1950: Average.......... 48.09
1 If
U n d erw ear and
nightwear, except
corsets
C: EARNIN OS AND HOURS
748
M ONTHLY LABOR
T able C -l: Hours and Gross Earnings of Production Workers or Nonsupervisory Employees 1—Con.
Manufacturing—Continued
Lumber and wood
products (except
furniture)
Apparel and other finished textile products—Continued
Year and month
Children’s outerwear
Fur goods and mis
cellaneous apparel
Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn earn wkly.
ings hours
ings
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn hours
ings
36.3 $1.021 $42. 05
36.5 1.068 43.45
Other fabricated
textile products
Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
36.0 $1.168 $39. 74
36.7 1.184 42.06
Curtains and
draperies
Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
Total: Lumber and
wood products (ex
cept furniture)
Textile bags
Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
$51. 72
55.31
40.6
41.0
$1. 274
1.349
1949: Average__
1950: Average__
$37.06
38.98
38.1 $1. 043
38.2 1.101
1950: September.
October__
November.
December..
38.12
40.48
39.29
40.26
35.3
37.0
37.0
36.3
1.080
1.094
1.062
1.109
44. 59
47.91
46.05
45.09
37.1
38.7
37.5
36.9
1.202
1.238
1. 228
1. 222
43.88
43. 45
42. 86
43.55
38.8
39.0
38.1
38.3
1.131 $37.33
1.114 39. 82
1.125 38.31
1.137 39. 29
36.6 $1.020 $43.93
38.4 1.037 44.19
36.8 1.041 43. 30
37.6 1.045 43.90
39.4 $1.115
39.6 1.116
38.9 1.113
39.2 1.120
57.84
58. 83
57.03
57.59
41.2
41.9
41.0
41.4
1.404
1.404
1.391
1.391
1951: January__
F ebruary..
M arch.......
April__ . . .
M ay_____
June...........
July--------August___
September.
42.18
42.70
40. 77
40.74
40.35
40. 90
41.83
41.56
41.64
36.9
37.1
36.5
36.8
35.9
36.1
36.5
36.2
35.8
1.143
1.151
1.117
1.107
1.124
1.133
1.146
1.148
1.163
44.58
44.98
45.60
44.88
44. 82
46.14
43. 61
45. 90
46. 51
36.1
36.9
37.1
36.7
36.0
36.5
36.4
36.6
37.0
1.235
1. 219
1. 229
1.223
1.245
1.264
1.198
1. 254
1. 257
44.23
44. 12
44.05
43.15
42.81
44.59
43.48
44.03
44.32
38.7
38.6
38.3
37.1
36.5
37.5
37.1
37.6
37.4
1.143
1.143
1.150
1.163
1.173
1.189
1.172
1.171
1.185
37.9
37.6
36.4
36.0
35.2
35.7
35.3
35.8
35.4
39.4
39.2
39.0
37.4
36.8
37.6
37.8
39.5
38.9
55. 73
56.13
55. 58
58. 95
59. 72
61.51
57.43
60.14
60. 56
40.5
40.5
40.6
41.4
41.5
41.9
39.8
40.8
40.4
1.376
1.386
1.369
1.424
1.439
1.468
1.443
1.474
1.499
39.83
39.93
38. 44
38.12
37.21
38.27
38.05
37.70
37.56
1.048
1.062
1.056
1.059
1.057
1.072
1.078
1.053
1.061
44. 64
44. 73
45.16
43.12
42. 65
44.03
44.00
46. 57
45.98
1.133
1.141
1. 158
1.153
1.159
1.171
1.164
1.179
1.182
Manufacturing—Continued
Lumber and wood products (except furniture)—Continued
Logging camps and
contractors
Sawmills and planing mills
Sawmills and planing mills, general
United States
South
Millwork, plywood,
and prefabricated
s t r u c t u r a l wood
products
West
1949: Average........... $61.31
1950: Average_____ 66.25
39.1 $1.568 $52.37
38.9 1.703 54.95
40.6 $1. 290 $53.06
40.7 1.350 55.53
40.6 $1.307 $35. 66
40.5 1.371 38.90
42.1 $0.847 $67.12
42.1
.924 70.43
38.8 $1. 730 $55.06
38.7 1.820 60.52
41.9
43.2
$1.314
1.401
1950: September__
October_____
November___
December___
70.07
70.31
65. 40
66.87
38.8
38.8
37.2
38.9
1.806
1.812
1.758
1.719
57.69
58. 56
56.53
56.83
41.0
41.8
40. 7
41.0
1.407
1.401
1.389
1.386
58.49
59. 34
57.15
57.49
40.9
41.7
40.5
40.8
1.430
1. 423
1. 411
1.409
39.63
41.25
40. 34
40.79
42.2
43.6
42.6
42.8
.939
.946
.947
.953
74.33
74.82
72.96
73.68
39.1
39.4
38.5
38.7
1.901
1.899
1.895
1.904
62.06
63. 71
63.12
64.84
43.4
44 0
43.5
43.9
1.430
1.448
1.451
1.477
1951: January_____
February____
M arch______
April_____
M ay________
June________
July------------August______
September___
61.99
64.10
57.93
71.10
71.64
77.10
62. 55
76.17
72.19
37.3
38.2
36.3
39.0
39.0
41.7
35.7
40.8
39.3
1.662
1.678
1.596
1.823
1.837
1.849
1. 752
1.867
1.837
54.84
55. 30
55. 06
58. 49
59. 22
60.92
57. 46
59.44
59.94
40.0
39.9
40.1
41.1
41.3
41.5
39.6
40.3
39.8
1.371
1.386
1.373
1.423
1.434
1.468
1.451
1.475
1. 506
55.54
56.00
55. 58
59.16
59. 95
61.79
58.17
60.21
60. 66
39.9
39.8
39.9
41.0
41.2
41.5
39.6
40.3
39.7
1.392
1.407
1. 393
1.443
1.455
1.489
1.469
1.494
1. 528
40.11
40. 05
40. 34
41.82
41.81
41.12
40.62
40.91
42.0
41.5
41.8
42.8
43.1
42.0
41.7
42.0
.955
.965
.965
.977
.970
.979
.974
.974
70.73
71.71
69.94
75.61
75.62
79.31
72.38
76.12
37.5
37.9
37.3
39.4
39.1
40.4
37.1
38.6
1.886
1.892
1.875
1.919
1.934
1.963
1.951
1.972
63. 47
63. 88
64. 71
65.04
65.32
65.48
63. 56
64.96
66.45
42.8
42.9
43.2
43.3
43.2
42.8
41.6
42.4
42.3
1.483
1.489
1.498
1.502
1.512
1.530
1.528
1.532
1.571
Manufacturing—Continued
Lumber and wood products (except furniture)—Continued
Millwork
Wooden containers
Wooden boxes, other
than cigar
1949: Average.......... $54.23
1950: Average_____ 59.05
42.2 $1.285 $41.90
43.2 1.367 46.03
40.6 $1.032 $42. 48
40.7 1.311 46.56
1950: September___ 60.63
October____
61.81
November___ 61.52
December___ 61.89
43.4
43.9
43.6
43.4
1.397
1. 408
1.411
1.426
47. 50
48. 74
48. 50
48.43
40.7
41.8
41.7
41.5
1.167
1.166
1.163
1.167
1951: January_____
February____
M arch______
April...............
42.2
41.8
42.2
42.7
42.6
42.2
41.1
41.9
42.0
1.424
1.439
1.450
1.455
1.463
1.471
1.473
1.475
1.487
48.31
47. 72
48. 51
48.70
49. 27
50.46
48.63
49.07
49.85
41.4
41.1
41. 5
41.8
41.9
42.3
40.9
41.1
41.2
1.167
1.161
1.169
1.165
1.176
1.193
1.189
1.194
1.210
M a y .............
June________
July------------August______
September___
60.09
60.15
61.19
62.13
62.32
62.08
60. 54
61.80
62.45
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Furniture and fixtures
Miscellaneous wood
products
Total: Furniture
and fixtures
Household furniture
41.0 $1. 036 $44.16
41.5 1.122 47.07
40.7 $1.085 $49. 48
41.4 1.137 53.67
40.1 $1.234 $47. 04
41.9 1.281 51.91
39.8
41.9
$1.182
1.239
47. 64
49.31
49.16
49.43
41.5
42.8
42.6
42.8
1.148
1. 152
1.154
1.155
49.10
49. 80
50. 07
50.16
42.4
42.6
42.5
42.4
1.158
1.169
1.178
1.183
55.42
56. 27
56. 87
56.77
42.6
42 6
42.6
42.3
1.301
1. 321
1.335
1.342
53.84
54 57
55.30
54.78
42 7
42. 7
42 7
42.2
1.261
1 278
1 295
1. 298
49.37
49.26
49. 62
49.64
49.82
50.35
49. 27
48.63
49. 52
42.6
42.8
42.7
42.9
42.8
42.6
41.3
40.9
41.2
1.159
1.151
1. 162
1.157
1.164
1.182
1.193
1.189
1.202
50. 51
50.23
50. 54
51.49
51.72
52. 26
50. 75
51.24
52. 54
42.2
42.1
42.4
42.8
42.5
42.8
41.7
41.9
42.1
1.197
1.193
1.192
1.203
1.217
1.221
1.217
1.223
1.248
56.93
58.15
58. 67
56.96
56.28
56.03
55.74
57.31
58. 46
41.8
42.2
42.3
41.1
40.4
40.4
39.7
40.7
41.2
1.362
1.378
1.387
1.386
1.393
1.387
1.404
1.408
1. 419
54. 75
55.78
56.37
54.04
52. 96
52.64
51.91
53. 52
55. 34
41.7
42.0
42.1
40.6
39.7
39.7
38.8
40.0
40.9
1.313
1.328
1.339
1.331
1.334
1.326
1.338
1.338
1.353
REVIEW, DECEMBER 1951
749
C: EARNINGS AND HOURS
T able C -l: Hours and Gross Earnings of Production Workers or Nonsupervisory Employees 1—Con.
Manufacturing—Continued
Furniture and fixtures—Continued
Year and month
Wood household
furniture, except
upholstered
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn hours
ings
Wood household fur
niture, upholstered
Avg. Avg.
hrly, wkly. Avg.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
1949:
1950:
Average_____
Average..........
$43.68
48.39
4 0 .0
4 2 .3
$1.092
1.144
$50.18
56.35
41.4
1950:
September___
October_____
November___
December___
49.97
51.39
51.58
50. 87
4 3 .0
4 3 .4
4 3 .2
4 2 .5
1.162
1.184
1.194
1.1 9 7
58.61
60 .4 9
60 .6 5
60.43
42 .5
4 2 .9
4 2 .5
42 .2
January_____
February____
M arch______
A pril...............
M ay........... .
June................
July________
August__ . .
51.06
52.31
52.11
50.84
49.73
49. 45
4 7 .5 0
4 9 .8 2
50. 51
4 2 .2
4 2 .7
4 2 .4
41 .4
4 0 .5
40 .2
3 8 .9
4 0 .6
4 1 .0
57.06
58. 92
59 .6 8
55.8 8
53. 91
55.11
5 4 .3 7
55.6 3
58.44
3 9 .9
4 1 .0
4 1 .3
3 8 .7
37 .1
3 7 .8
3 7 .6
3 8 .5
4 0 .3
1951:
S e p te m b e r ____
1.210
1.225
1. 229
1.228
1.228
1.230
1.221
1.2 2 7
1 .2 3 2
3 8 .9
Mattresses and
bedsprings
Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
Paper and allied products
Total: Paper and
allied products
Other furniture
and fixtures
Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn earn wkly.
ings hours
ings
Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
Pulp, paper, and
paperboard mills
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
$1,290 $51.69
1.361
57.27
3 9 .7
4 1 .2
$1,302
1.390
$55.47
58.53
4 0 .7
4 1 .9
$1.363
1.3 9 7
$55. 96
61.14
41 .7
43 .3
$ 1 .342
1.412
$59.83
65.0 6
42 .4
4 3 .9
$1.411
1.482
1.379
1.410
1.427
1.432
59.59
57.69
61.70
60.74
4 2 .2
4 0 .8
4 2 .0
4 1 .8
1.412
1.414
1.469
1.453
59.71
61.24
61. 25
62.34
4 2 .2
42 5
4 2 .3
4 2 .7
1.415
1.441
1.448
1.460
63.10
63.27
64.9 2
66.44
4 4 .0
4 4 .0
44 .1
4 4 .5
1.434
1.438
1.472
1.493
66.8 9
67.2 0
69.00
70.63
44 .3
4 4 .5
4 4 .9
1.510
1.510
1. 554
1.573
1.430
1.437
1.445
1.444
1.453
1.458
1.4 4 6
1.4 4 5
1.4 5 0
61.0 2
59. 70
64. 24
58.00
57.29
56.47
58.84
58.48
6 2 .6 5
4 1 .4
4 0 .5
4 2 .6
3 9 .7
3 9 .0
3 9 .6
3 9 .2
3 9 .7
4 1 .0
1.474
1.474
1.508
1.461
1.4 6 9
1.426
1.501
1.473
1 .5 2 8
63.0 0
64. 33
64.6 3
64. 52
64. 20
63.8 2
64. 30
6 5 .6 9
65.2 1
42 .2
4 2 .6
4 2 .8
4 2 .5
42.1
42.1
4 1 .7
4 2 .3
4 1 .8
1.493
1.5 1 0
1.510
1.518
1.525
1.516
1.5 4 2
1 .5 5 3
1.5 6 0
65.9 6
65. 36
66.1 6
. 38
65.9 2
65.56
6 5 .4 4
64 .8 2
6 5 .4 0
4 3 .8
4 3 .4
4 3 .7
4 3 .7
4 3 .4
43.1
4 2 .8
4 2 .7
4 2 .8
1.506
1.506
1.514
1.519
1.5 1 9
1.521
1 .5 2 9
1. 518
1 .5 2 8
70.8 9
70.49
70. 80
71.37
70. 96
70.84
7 1 .7 3
70. 66
71 .0 3
4 4 .7
4 4 .5
4 4 .7
4 4 .8
4 4 .6
4 4 .3
4 4 .5
4 4 .3
4 4 .2
1.586
1.584
1. 584
1.593
1.591
1.599
1 .6 1 2
1 .5 9 5
1.6 0 7
66
44.4
Manufacturing—Continued
Paper and allied products—Continued
Paperboard con
tainers and boxes
1949:
1950:
A v e r a g e _______
A v e r a g e ..........__
$52. 45
57.96
1950:
S e p te m b e r ____
O c to b e r _______
N o v e m b e r ____
1951:
Other paper and
allied products
Printing, publishing, and allied industries
Total: Printing,
publishing, and
allied industries
Newspapers
Periodicals
Books
41.2 $1. 273 $51.07
43.0 1.348 55.48
40.6 $1. 258 $70. 28
42.0 1.321 72.98
38.7 $1,816 $78.37
38.8 1.881 80.00
37.3 $2.101 $70. 21
36.9 2.168 74.18
38.9 $1.805 $61.07
39.5 1.878 64.08
38.6
39.1
$1,582
1.639
December___
60.96
61.18
62. 16
63.70
44.3
44.4
44.4
44.7
1.376
1.378
1.400
1.425
57.06
57.11
59. 07
60.26
42.9
42.4
42. 9
43.2
1 330
1.347
1.377
1.395
74. 48
74.22
74. 52
76.42
39.2
39.0
39.2
39.8
1.900
1.903
1.901
1.920
81.11
81.07
82.29
85.42
36.9
36.8
37.2
38.1
2.198
2. 203
2. 212
2.242
79.98
77.33
76.07
76.81
41.1
40.4
39.7
39.8
1.946
1.914
1.916
1.930
64.70
64.16
64. 52
66.33
39.5
39.1
39.1
39.6
1.638
1.641
1.650
1.675
J a n u a r y _______
F e b r u a r y ...........
M a r c h ________
A p r il__________
M a y .................
J u n e ................... ..
J u ly ___________
A u g u s t - ..............
S e p te m b e r ____
61.89
61.80
63.17
62. 74
61.38
60. 05
58. 59
58. 34
59. 27
43.1
42.8
43.3
43.0
42.1
41.5
40.6
40.6
41.1
1.436
1.444
1. 459
1.459
1.458
1.447
1.443
1.437
1.442
60.07
58.83
59. 91
59.82
59.99
60.15
58.95
59.14
59. 55
42.6
41.9
42.1
42.1
42.1
42.3
41.4
41. 5
41.5
1.410
1.404
1.423
1.421
1.425
1.422
1.424
1.425
1.435
74.22
74.23
75. 74
75.78
75. 66
75.82
75.50
75. 58
77.85
38.9
38.4
38.9
38.9
38.7
38.8
38.6
38.7
39.3
1.908
1.933
1.947
1.948
1.955
1.954
1.956
1.953
1.981
79.12
79. 96
82.13
82.98
83. 49
83.16
82. 36
82.15
85.02
35.8
36.0
36.6
36.8
36.7
36.7
36.3
36.3
36.9
2. 210 77.95
2. 221 79. 23
2. 244 78. 56
2. 255 77.34
2. 275 75. 93
2. 266 77. 70
2.269 79.64
2. 263 81.16
2.304 84.09
40.1
40.2
39.9
39.4
38.9
39.3
39.7
40.3
41.0
1.944
1.971
1.969
1.963
1.952
1.977
2.006
2.014
2.051
66.60
66. 21
67. 43
68.05
67.99
68.99
66. 20
68. 68
69. 39
39.5
38.9
39.5
39.7
39.9
40.3
39.1
40.4
40.6
1.686
1.702
1.707
1.714
1.704
1.712
1.693
1.700
1.709
Manufacturing—Continued
Printing, publishing, and allied industries—Continued
Commercial printing
Lithographing
Chemicals and allied products
Other printing and
publishing
38.7 $1,619 $58.63
39.1 1.667 62.67
1949: Average_____ $69. 44
I960: Average_____ 72.34
39.7 $1. 749 $69.17
39.9 1.813 73.04
1950: September___
October_____
November___
December___
73.61
73. 78
73. 42
75.60
40.6
39.9
40.1
41.0
1.813
1.849
1.831
1.844
75.67
76.09
74.89
74. 95
40.9
41.4
40.9
41.0
1.850
1.838
1.831
1.828
65 90
65. 69
66. 59
67.33
38.9
39.5
39.9
40.1
1.694
1. 663
1.669
1.679
1951: January_____
February____
March______
April....... ........
M ay________
June________
July________
74.58
73. 24
75. 52
74. 76
74. 60
74.86
74.86
74.68
77.19
40.6
39.4
40.3
40.0
39.7
39.8
39.8
39.7
40.5
1.837
1.859
1.874
1.869
1.879
1.881
1.881
1.881
1.906
73.79
75. 33
74. 85
76. 52
74. 79
75.95
76.42
77. 98
78.97
39.8
40.2
40.2
40.4
39.7
40.1
40.2
41.0
41.3
1.854
1.874
1.862
1.894
1.884
1.894
1.901
1.902
1.912
67.31
66.81
68.17
67.60
67. 69
67.11
66.44
66.04
67. 67
39.9
38.8
39.2
39.3
39.4
39.2
38.9
38.8
39.3
1.687
1.722
1. 739
1.720
1.718
1.712
1.708
1.702
1.722
A u g u s t _______
S e p te m b e r ____
See fo o tn o tes a t end of table.
975806— 51------8
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
39.3 $1. 760 $62. 66
40.0 1.826 65.18
Total: Chemicals
and allied products
Industrial inorganic
chemicals
Industrial organic
chemicals
41.0 $1.430 $63.90
41.5 1.610 67.89
40.6 $1.574 $60.83
40.9 1.660 65.69
39.5
40.6
$1,540
1.618
64.16
64. 55
65. 52
66.43
41.8
42.0
42.0
42.1
1.535
1.537
1.560
1.578
68.24
71.13
71.91
72.59
40.4
41.4
41.4
41.6
1.689
1.718
1.737
1.745
67.52
67.98
69.34
69. 75
40.8
40.9
41.2
41.2
1.655
1.662
1.683
1.693
66.99
67.17
67. 54
67.84
68.14
68. 72
69.01
68.06
68.39
42.0
41.8
41.9
41.8
41.7
41.7
41.6
41.4
41.7
1.595
1.607
1.612
1.623
1.634
1.648
1.659
1.644
1.640
73.13
73. 79
73.65
73.69
74.53
75.50
76. 36
75. 77
76.06
41.2
41.5
41.4
41.4
41.8
41.9
42.0
42.0
41.7
1.775
1.778
1. 779
1.780
1.783
1.802
1.818
1.804
1.824
70.11
70. 26
71.15
71.82
72. 07
72.48
73.06
72.01
72.62
41.0
40.8
41.2
41.3
41.3
41.3
41.3
41.1
40.8
1.710
1.722
1.727
1.739
1.745
1.755
1.769
1.752
1.780
C: EARNINGS AND HOURS
750
M ONTHLY LABO R
T able C -l: Hours and Gross Earnings of Production Workers or Nonsupervisory Employees 1—Con.
Manufacturing—Continued
Chemicals and allied products—Continued
Year and month
Plastics, except syn
thetic rubber
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn hours
ings
Synthetic rubber
Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn earn wkiy.
ings
ings hours
Synthetic fibers
Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
Drugs and medicines
Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn earn wkly.
ings hours
ings
Paints, pigments,
and fillers
Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
40.4 $1. 494 $66. 74
41.8 1.568 71.93
39.8 $1,677 $55.20
40.8 1.763 58.40
38.6 $1,430 $56.60
39.3 1.486 59. 59
40.4 $1,401 $59. 78
40.9 1.457 64.80
67. 48
67.83
69.20
70. 43
42.6
42.0
42.4
42.3
1. 584
1. 615
1.632
1.665
72. 58
72.16
76.63
76.03
40.3
41.0
41.2
41.3
1.801
1. 760
1.860
1.841
59. 94
60. 45
61. 10
61.26
39.2
39.2
39.6
39.7
1. 529
1. 542
1. 543
1. 543
41.2
41.3
41.5
41.5
72.08
70. 72
71.61
72. 21
72. 20
72.15
73.91
72.45
75.02
42.7
41.5
42.0
42.3
42.1
41.9
42.6
41.9
42.6
1.688
1.704
1. 705
1.707
1.715
1.722
1.735
1.729
1.761
75.19
76. 97
77.12
78.00
78. 87
78.40
79.32
81.00
79. 99
40.6
40.9
41.0
41.4
41.6
41.2
41.1
41.2
40.5
1.852
1.882
1.881
1.884
1.896
1.903
1.930
1.966
1.975
61.61
61.39
62. 29
62. 81
63.08
62. 69
63.32
62. 37
63. 54
39.7
39.3
39.5
39. 7
39.8
39.6
39.5
39.3
39.1
1. 552 f61. 60
1.562 61.96
1.577 62.28
1. 582 63.08
1.585 62.17
1.583 62. 36
1.603 61.63
1.587 61.92
1.625 61.94
1949: Average.......
1950: Average.......
$60.36
65.54
1950: Septem ber..
October.......
N ovem ber..
December...
1951: January.......
February___
M arch_____
April______
M ay......... .
June_______
J u ly .......... .
A ugust.........
Septem ber,..
60.19
61. 12
62.00
62. 75
Fertilizers
Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
41.0 $1. 458 $44.72
42.3 1.532 47.00
41.6
41.3
$1,075
1.138
1.461
1. 480
1.494
1.512
67. 35
67. 45
66. 79
66.90
43.2
42.8
42.3
42.1
1. 559
1.576
1. 579
1. 589
48.18
46. 80
47.31
48.72
41.5
40.8
41.0
41.5
1.161
1.147
1.154
1.174
141.4 fl. 488
41.5 1.493
41.6 1.497
41.8 1.509
41.2 1. 509
41.3 1.510
40.2 1.533
40.5 1.529
40.3 1.537
68.61
69.05
69.07
68. 79
68. 83
68.54
68.84
67.73
67.44
42.8
42.6
42.4
42.1
42. 1
42.0
41.8
41.4
40.9
1.603
1.621
1.629
1.634
1.635
1.632
1.647
1.636
1.649
49.96
48. 42
50. 56
50. 98
53. 29
52.96
54.36
53.00
54.61
42.3
41.0
42.7
42.2
42.8
42.0
42.6
41.8
42.8
1.181
1.181
1.184
1.208
1.245
1.261
1.276
1.268
1.276
Manufacturing—Continued
Chemicals and allied products—Continued
Vegetable and ani
mal oils and fats
1949: Average.......... $51.12
1950: Average_____ 53.46
Other chemicals and
allied products
Products of petroleum and coal
Soap and glycerin
47.2 $1.083 $60. 67
45.5 1.175 64. 41
40.8 $1. 487 $66. 54
41.5 1.552 71.81
Total: Products of
petroleum and coal
40.9 $1. 627 $72.36
41.7 1.722 75.01
Petroleum refining
40.4 $1. 791 $75.33
40.9 1.834 77.93
Coke and byproducts
40.2 $1. 874 $61.07
40.4 1.929 62.85
39.3
39.7
$1,554
1.583
1950: September___
October...........
November___
December.......
55.03
54.41
55. 58
56.72
45.9
47.6
46.9
46.8
1.199
1. 143
1.185
1.212
66.13
66. 24
66. 89
68.75
42. 2
41.9
41.7
42.1
1.567
1.581
1. 604
1.633
74.99
74.59
75. 85
77.82
43.0
42.5
42.4
42.9
1.744
1. 755
1. 789
1.814
76. 77
77. 71
78.32
78.32
41.7
41.6
41.2
41.2
1.841
1.868
1.901
1.901
79. 72
80.93
81.64
81.03
41.2
41.1
40.7
40.7
1.935
1.969
2. 006
1.991
63.91
63. 68
63. 60
67.64
39.6
40.2
40.0
40.2
1.614
1.584
1.590
1.680
1951: January_____
February____
M arch______
April...............
M ay________
J u n e ..............
July________
August__
September___
56. 90
56. 36
56.28
58. 39
59. 22
60.43
61.59
59.85
58.70
46.0
44.8
43.9
44.4
43.9
44.3
44.5
44.3
48.0
1.237
1.258
1.282
1.315
1.349
1.364
1.384
1.351
1.223
69.13
70. 05
69. 96
68. 68
68. 02
68.14
68.68
68.02
69. 51
42.0
42. 3
42.3
41.8
41. 5
41.4
41.4
41.2
41.5
1.646
1.656
1. 654
1.643
1.639
1.646
1.659
1.651
1. 675
76.83
79. 36
79. 64
75. 87
74. 05
75.48
76. 40
75. 52
76.84
42.4
43.2
43.0
41.3
40.6
40.8
40.9
40.8
41.2
1.812
1.837
1.852
1.837
1.824
1.850
1.868
1.851
1.865
79.58
78. 44
78. 93
81.33
81.31
81.2Q
84. 06
80.95
83.21
41.0
40.6
40.6
41.2
40.9
40.7
41.8
40.8
41.5
1.941
1.932
1.944
1.974
1.988
1.995
2. Oil
1.984
2.005
82.95
81.28
81.89
84. 87
84. 77
84.76
87.94
83.94
86. 56
40.7
40.2
40. 2
40.9
40. 5
40.4
41.6
40.3
41.2
2.038
2. 022
2. 037
2.075
2. 093
2.098
2.114
2.083
2.101
68. 82
69. 63
68. 08
68. 96
69. 12
70.42
70.88
70.20
70. 96
40.2
40.2
39.4
40.0
40.0
40.1
40.5
40.3
40.0
1. 712
1.732
1. 728
1.724
1.728
1.756
1.750
1.742
1.774
Manufacturing—Continued
Products of petro
leum and coal—Con.
Other petroleum and
coal products
Leather and leather
products
Rubber products
Total: Rubber
products
Tires and inner
tubes
Rubber footwear
Other rubber
products
Total: Leather and
leather products
1949: Average_____ $61.18
1950: Average_____ 66. 78
42.9 $1.426 $57. 79
44.7 1.494 64.42
38.3 $1,509 $63.26
40.9 1.575 72.48
36.4 $1. 738 $48. 94
39.8 1.821 52.21
38.6 $1,268 $54.38
40.1 1.302 59.76
40.1 $1.356 $41. 61
42.2 1.416 44. 56
36.6
37.6
$1.137
1.185
1950: Septem ber...
October_____
November___
December.......
69. 76
69. 94
69.15
69.67
46.2
45.8
44.9
44.6
1.510
1. 527
1. 540
1. 562
66. 58
66.29
66. 52
68. 76
41.9
41.9
41.5
41.6
1. 589
1.582
1.603
1.653
75. 46
73. 12
73. 70
76.21
40.9
40.2
40.1
39.9
1.845
1.819
1.838
1.910
53.95
56.00
54. 52
59.34
41.5
42.2
42.0
42.6
1.300
1.327
1.298
1.393
61.30
62. 48
62. 71
64.29
42.9
43.3
42.6
42.8
1.429
1.443
1.472
1.502
45. 72
46. 04
45.94
47.26
38.1
37.8
37. 5
38.3
1.200
1.218
1.225
1.234
1951: January_____
February........
March.............
April...............
M a v .......... .
June________
July________
August______
September___
68.08
67. 68
68. 97
69.10
69. 73
67.69
69. 09
70. 42
71.92
43.7
43.3
43.9
43.9
44.3
43.2
43.7
44.4
44.7
1.558
1. 563
1. 571
1. 574
1.574
1.567
1.581
1. 586
1.609
66. 78
63.37
65. 88
65. 96
68. 56
71.27
70.81
69. 69
70. 36
40.4
38.9
40.0
40.0
41.3
41.9
41.0
40.9
41.0
1.653
1. 629
1. 647
1.649
1. 660
1.701
1.727
1.704
1.716
73.69
66.95
71.40
70.15
75. 92
82.44
83. 67
82. 27
82.44
38.4
35.5
37.6
37.0
39.4
41.7
41.4
41.3
41.2
1.919
1.886
1.899
1.896
1. 927
1.977
2.021
1.992
2.001
57. 53
55. 87
58.17
59.82
61.48
59.98
54.68
57.04
56.02
41.6
40.6
41.4
42.1
42.9
42.3
39.0
40.8
40.1
1.383
1.376
1.405
1.421
1.433
1.418
1.402
1.398
1.397
63.06
61.95
63.13
63. 81
64. 09
64.47
63. 29
61.52
62.89
41.9
41.3
41.7
41.9
42.5
42.0
41.1
40.5
41.0
1. 505
1.500
1.514
1. 523
1.508
1.535
1.540
1. 519
1.534
48.30
49.43
48. 73
46. 65
45. 38
46. 90
47.12
46. 43
45.99
38.7
39.2
38.4
36.5
35.4
36.7
37.1
36.5
35.9
1.248
1. 261
1.269
1.278
1. 282
1.278
1.270
1.272
1.281
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
751
C: EARNINGS AND HOURS
REVIEW, DECEMBER 1951
T able C -l: Hours and Gross Earnings of Production Workers or Nonsupervisory Employees 1—Con.
M anufacturing—C on tinued
Stone, clay, and glass products
Leather and leather products—Continued
Year and month
Footwear (except
rubber)
Leather
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn hours
ings
Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn earn wkly.
ings hours
ings
Other leather
products
Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn earn wkly.
ings hours
ings
1949: Average____
1950: Average____
$54.11
57.21
1950: September..
October.......
November...
December...
58 64
59. 44
59.79
61.17
40.3
40.3
40.4
40.7
1.455
1.475
1.480
1.503
43.32
42. 76
42 23
44.02
37.6
36.7
36.0
37.4
1.152
1. 165
1.173
1.177
45.00
47 64
47. 96
48.06
38.1
39 5
39.7
39.3
1.181
1.206
1.208
1.223
1951: January........
February__
M arch_____
April............
M ay______
Ju n e............
July----------August____
September...
61. 58
62. 52
60. 71
60. 49
59. 71
P0.30
59. 44
58. 90
58.87
40.7
40.6
39.6
39. 1
38.6
38.8
38.5
38.0
38.3
1. 513
1.540
1.533
1. 547
1. 547
1.554
1.544
1. 550
1.537
45. 88
46. 99
46.43
43.65
41.70
43. 79
44.39
43. 49
42.80
38 3
38.8
37. 9
35.4
33.9
35.6
36.3
35.5
34.6
1.198
1.211
1. 225
1.233
1.230
1.230
1.223
1.225
1.237
47 89
48. 82
48. 52
47. 27
47.43
48. 24
47.85
48.08
48.28
38.9
39.4
39.0
38.0
37.7
38.5
38.4
38.4
38.2
1.231
1.239
1.244
1.244
1. 258
1.253
1.246
1.252
1.264
38.9 $1.391 $39. 35
39.7 1.441 41. 99
35.9 $1.096 $41.10
36.9 1.138 44. 85
Total: Stone, clay,
and glass products
Glass and glass
products
Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
Glass containers
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn earn wkly.
ings hours
ings
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
39.8 $1,368 $56. 71
41.2 1.437 61.58
39.0 $1,454 $53. 80
40.3 1.528 56.36
39.3
39.8
$1.369
1.416
60.88
63.11
63. 66
63.60
41.5
42. 5
42.3
42.2
1.467
1.485
1.505
1.507
61.31
65. 66
67. 03
65. 89
39.0
41.4
41.3
41.0
1. 572
1.586
1.623
1.607
54 69
61.19
59.94
60.29
37.1
40.9
40.5
40.9
1.474
1.496
1.480
1.474
63 48
63. 15
64. 53
65.09
65.11
65. 25
65.04
64.23
65.13
41.6 1. 526
41.3 1.529
41.9 1. 540
42. 1 1. 546
41.9 1. 554
41.8 1.561
41.4 1.571
41.2 1. 559
41.3 1.577
66.10
65. 04
66.17
66.91
65. 81
65.97
67.14
61.90
64.35
40.6
40.3
41.0
41.3
40.4
40.4
40.4
38.4
39.0
1. 628
1.614
1.614
1.620
1.629
1.633
1.662
1.612
1.650
60.95
58. 82
59. 84
61.32
60.53
59.89
61.44
55.84
61.07
40.5
39.5
40.0
41.1
40.3
39.9
40.5
37.4
39.3
1. 505
1. 489
1.496
1.492
1.502
1.501
1.517
1.493
1. 554
37.5 $1,096 $54.45
38.5 1.165 59.20
Manufacturing—Continued
Stone, clay, and glass products—Continued
Pressed and blown
glass
Cement, hydraulic
1949: Average........... $50.30
1950: Average........... 53. 71
38.6 $1,303 $57. 49
39.7 1.353 60.13
1950: September___ 56 70
October. ___ 58. 24
November___ 61 15
December___ 58. 84
40.5
41.1
41 4
41.0
1.400
1 417
1.477
1.435
61.66
61. 59
62.10
62.43
1951: January......... .
February........
March.............
April_______
M ay________
June________
July________
August__
September___
39.9
39.9
41.0
40.9
39.5
39.4
40.9
38.9
39.4
1.431
1. 432
1. 428
1.417
1.424
1.430
1.471
1. 415
1. 432
62. 45
62.93
64.08
64.08
65.35
65.71
65.78
66.12
66. 55
57.10
57. 14
58. 55
57. 96
56. 25
56. 34
60.16
55. 04
56.42
t
Structural clay
products
Brick and hollow
tile
Pottery and related
products
Sewer pipe
41.8 $1,186 $48. 61
42.9 1.253 52.17
39.2 $1.240 $48. 85
39.7 1.314 52.16
36.4
37.5
$1,342
1.391
55.73
57. 77
57. 51
57.16
43.2
44. 2
43.7
43.5
1.290
1.307
1.316
1.314
54.88
55.05
54.14
53.98
40.5
40 3
39.2
39.2
1.355
1.366
1.381
1.377
53.70
55. 91
57.47
56.84
38.3
39.4
39.8
38.8
1.402
1.419
1.444
1.465
55.88
54. 24
57. 34
58. 94
60. 02
59.25
58. 49
58. 57
58.90
42.3
41.5
42.6
43.4
44.0
43.6
43.2
43.1
42.9
1. 321
1.307
1.346
1.358
1.364
1.359
1.354
1.359
1.373
56. 50
54. 86
56. 00
57.31
58. 90
57.47
55. 57
58. 57
59. 44
40.3
39.3
39.8
40.3
41.1
40.3
38.7
40.7
40.0
1. 402
1.396
1.407
1.422
1.433
1.426
1.436
1.439
1.486
57 05
57. 69
58.64
58. 65
57. 26
57.04
55. 37
56.81
56.85
38.6
38.9
39.3
39.1
38.1
37.8
36.5
37.3
37.3
1.478
1.483
1.492
1. 500
1.503
1.509
1. 517
1.523
1.524
41.6 $1.382 $49.73
41.7 1.442 54.19
39.0 $1. 275 $49. 57
40.5 1.338 5.375
41 8
41.9
42.1
41.9
1.475
1.470
1.475
1.490
56.00
57.73
57.86
58.25
41.3
41.8
41.3
41.4
1.356
1 381
1.401
1.407
41 3
41.7
42.1
41.8
42.0
41.8
41.4
41.9
41.7
1. 512
1.509
1. 522
1.533
1. 556
1.572
1.589
1.578
1.596
59. 00
57. 65
59. 93
60. 78
61.68
61.51
60. 96
60.82
61.55
41.2
40.4
41.3
41.6
42.1
41.9
41.5
41.4
41.2
1.432
1.427
1. 451
1.461
1.465
1.468
1.469
1.469
1.494
M anufacturing—Continued
Primary metal industries
Stone, clay, and glass products—Continued
Concrete, gypsum,
and plaster products
Concrete products
Other stone, clay,
and glass products
43.8 $1,319 $59.31
45.0 1.392 61.15
43.8 $1,354 $54. 72
43.9 1.393 60.94
1950: September___
October_____
November___
December-----
65.35
66.38
65. 57
66.23
45 7
46.0
45.6
45.8
1.430
1.443
1.438
1.466
63.59
64.09
63 64
65.19
44.5
44 6
44.1
44.9
1.429
1.437
1.443
1.452
64.52
65. 79
66.55
67.03
42.9
43.2
43.1
43.3
1 504
1.523
1. 544
1.548
1951: January_____
February____
March______
April________
M ay......... ......
June________
July------------A ugusts
September___
64.68
65.37
66. 74
67. 80
68. 26
69.13
69.14
70.34
70. 57
44.3
44.2
45.0
45.5
45.6
45.9
45.7
46.4
46.4
1.460
1.479
1. 483
1.490
1.497
1.506
1. 513
1. 516
1.521
63.32
63. 19
65. 61
66. 14
67. 51
67.80
69. 07
69.33
69. 49
43. 4
42.9
44.3
44.6
45.4
45.5
46.2
45.7
45.9
1. 459 67. 25
1.473 66. 96
1. 481 67. 76
1.483 67. 85
1.487 68. 72
1.490 68.29
1.495 67. 32
1. 517 68.34
1. 514 68.42
43.0
42.3
42.3
42.3
42.5
42.0
41.4
41.9
41.9
1. 564
1.583
1. 602
1.604
1.617
1.626
1.626
1. 631
1.633
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Blast furnaces, steel
works, and rolling
mills
Iron and steel
foundries
38.3 $1. 587 $63 04
40.8 1.648 67. 47
38.3 $1,646 $55.09
39.9 1.691 65.32
37.2
41.9
$1. 481
1.559
69.10
69. 81
70.14
74.36
41.4
41 9
41 8
42.3
1.669
1.666
1.678
1.758
69 30
68. 87
69 03
75.21
40.2
40. 8
40.8
41.1
1.724
1.688
1.692
1.830
67.57
70.04
69.23
72.37
42.9
43.8
43.0
44.1
1.575
1.599
1.610
1.641
74. 42
73 12
75.11
75. 70
75. 02
76.03
74. 76
74.59
75. 56
41.6
41.1
41.8
42.1
41.7
41.8
41.1
41.3
41.2
1.789
1. 779
1.797
1.798
1.799
1.819
1.819
1.806
1.834
76. 41
74.16
77. 35
77.92
76.90
78.70
77.64
76.77
78.30
40.6
40.0
41.3
41.6
41.1
41.4
40.8
40.9
40.8
1.882
1.854
1.873
1.873
1.871
1.901
1.903
1.877
1.919
71.66
71.48
73. 31
72. 93
72. 46
72.08
70.22
70. 94
71.36
43.3
42.8
43.3
43.1
42.8
42.5
41.6
41.9
41.9
1. 655
1.670
1.693
1.692
1.693
1.696
1.688
1.693
1.703
39.2 $1. 396 $60. 78
41.4 1.472 67.24
1949. Average........... $57. 77
1950. Average-------- 62.64
See footnotes at end of table.
Total: Primary
metal industries
752
C: EARNINGS AND HOURS
MONTHLY LABOR
T a ble C -l: Hours and Gross Earnings of Production Workers or Nonsupervisory Employees 1—Con.
Manufacturing—Continued
Primary metal industries—Continued
Year and month
Gray-iron foundries
Avg. Avg.
wbly. wkly.
earn hours
ings
1949: Average....... .
1950: Average____
$54.38
65.06
1950: Septem ber..
October____
Novem ber...
December__
1951: January....... .
February___
M arch_____
April—......... .
M ay_______
June_______
Ju ly _______
August_____
September.—.
Malleable-iron
foundries
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
Steel foundries
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
37.5 $1. 450 $54.30
42.3 1.538 65. 46
35.7 $1. 521 $56. 73
41.3 1.585 65. 43
67. 97
70.26
69.18
71.97
43.6
44.3
43.4
44.4
1.559
1.586
1.594
1.621
67.69
69.18
69. 28
72.03
42.2
42.6
42.5
43.6
1.604
1.624
1.630
1.652
66. 08
70.63
69.90
72.17
70.88
70. 75
70.47
68.15
68.14
68.43
43.6
42.7
43.4
42.8
42.7
42.5
41.3
41.2
41.2
1.620
1.637
1.663
1.656
1.657
1. 658
1.650
1.654
1.661
71.52
70.89
73.40
74.73
73.23
71.20
69. 37
71.14
71.04
42.7
42.5
43.1
43.4
42.5
41.3
40.9
41.7
41.4
1. 675
1.668
1.703
1. 722
1.723
1.724
1.696
1.706
1.716
P rim a ry sm elting
and refining of
nonferrous metals
Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
P rim ary sm elting
and refining of
copper, lead, and
zinc
Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
Primary refining of
aluminum
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
37.3 $1. 521 $60.36
41.1 1. 592 63. 71
40.4 $1. 494 $58. 99
41.0 1.554 62.37
40.1 $1. 471 $61. 95
40.9 1. 525 63. 97
41.3
40.9
$1,500
1. 564
69.38
69.17
72.31
41.3
42.8
42.2
43.3
1.600
1. 621
1.639
1.670
64. 44
66.40
67. 73
69. 47
41.2
41.5
41.0
41.7
1.564
1.600
1.652
66. 30
67. 97
41.0
41.7
40.9
41.6
1.541
1.559
1.621
1. 634
68. 84
70.01
41.0
40.4
41.0
41.7
1. 548
1.664
1.679
1. 679
73.19
74. 48
74.61
75. 65
74.90
76. 29
74.45
76. 02
76. 71
42.8
43.2
43.1
43.4
42.8
43.3
42.3
43.0
42.9
1. 710
1.724
1.731
1.743
1.750
1.762
1.760
1.768
1.788
70. 67
69.18
69.14
70.18
70.18
70.73
69.90
70. 63
69.49
41.5
41.3
41.3
41.9
41.8
41.9
40.9
41.5
40.9
1.703
1.675
1.674
1.675
1.679
69.93
68.06
68.72
70. 01
69. 35
69. 72
68. 26
69.84
68. 66
41.5
41.2
41.5
42.2
41.8
41.7
40.2
41.4
40.7
1.685
1.652
1.656
1.659
1. 659
1.672
1.698
1.687
1.687
69. 41
69. 21
69. 66
71.19
71.06
72.63
72.93
71.39
70.70
41.0
41.0
41.1
41.8
41.7
42.4
42.4
41.6
41.2
1.695
1.703
1.704
1.713
1.720
1.716
1.716
1.666
1.688
1.709
1.702
1.699
63.18
65.01
63. 47
67.23
1.693
1.688
Manufacturing—Continued
Primary metal industries—Continued
R olling, draw ing,
and alloying of
nonferrous metalo
R olling, draw ing,
and alloying of
copper
R olling, draw ing,
and alloying of
aluminum
primary metal
Nonferrous foundries Otherindustries
Iron and steel
forgings
1949: Average.......... $58.05
1950: Average_____ 66.75
38.7 $1. 500 $59.29
41.9 1.593 70.24
38.5 $1. 540 $56. 21
42.7 1.645 59.99
38.9 $1. 445 $60. 92
40.1 1. 496 67. 65
39.0 $1. 562 $63. 34
41.5 1. 630 71. 27
39.1 $1. 620 $63.18
41.9 1.701 74.09
38.2
41.6
$1. 654
1. 781
1950: September___ 65. 21
October_____ 68. 05
November___ 69.18
December....... 72.46
41.4
41.8
41.7
43.0
1. 575
1.628
1.659
1.685
68.09
70.22
71.48
76.08
41.8
42.1
41.8
43.9
1.710
1.733
1951: Jan u ary ..........
February........
M arch.............
April—............
M ay.... ...........
Ju n e................
Ju ly ________
A ugust...........
September___
40.9
40.8
40.7
40.6
40.4
40.9
40.4
40.0
40.0
1.662
1.674
1.676
1.677
1.681
1.696
1.702
1.683
1.690
68.87
69.52
70.05
70.14
69.15
72.22
71.92
69.62
69. 36
40.8
40.7
40.8
40.9
40.3
41.6
41.5
40.5
40.3
1.708
1.717
1.715
1.716
1.736
1.733
1.719
1.721
67.98
68.30
68. 21
68.09
67.91
69.37
68. 76
67.32
67.60
1.629
1.668
57. 56
63. 59
64. 43
66. 01
39.4
40.4
40.6
40.9
1.461
1. 574
1.587
1.614
70. 61
72. 29
72. 80
75. 47
42. 9 ,
42.8
42.8
43.6
1.646
1.689
1. 701
1. 731
74. 13
75. 17
76. 65
77. 60
42.8
43.3
43.8
43.4
1.732
1.736
1.750
1.788
77.83
80.29
82.86
81.11
42.6
43.4
44.1
43.4
1.827
1.850
1.879
1.869
1.688
64.68
64.96
64.08
62. 83
63.99
63.29
62. 33
62. 53
63.77
40.1
40.1
39.7
39.0
39.4
38.9
37.8
38.6
39.0
1.613
1.620
1.614
1.611
1.624
1.627
1.649
1.620
1.635
72. 33
72. 70
73.12
73. 52
73. 85
73. 57
71.43
73.12
75. 91
42.1
42.0
42.0
42.3
42.2
41.8
40.7
41.5
42.6
1. 718
1.731
1.741
1.738
1.750
1.760
1.755
1.762
1.782
77. 94
76. 83
78. 17
79. 22
78. 90
80. 31
78. 32
78. 24
79. 07
42.8
42.1
42.3
42.8
42.6
42.9
42.2
42.2
41.9
1.821
1.825
1.848
1.851
1.852
1.872
1.856
1.854
1.887
82.34
81.49
83.87
85.78
84. 41
85.91
82.15
83.12
83.49
43.2
42.6
43.5
43.9
43.4
43.7
42.3
42.8
42.4
1.906
1.913
1.928
1.954
1.945
1.966
1.942
1.942
1.969
Manufacturing—Continued
Primary metal in
dustries—Con.
Wire drawing
Fabricated metal products (except ordnance, machinery, and transportation equipment)
T otal: F abricated
m e ta l p ro d u c ts
(except ordnance,
m ach in ery , and
transportation
equipment)
Tin cans and other
tinware
Cutlery, hand tools,
and hardware
Cutlery and edge
tools
Hand tools
1949: Average_____ $63.66
1950: Average........... 73. 79
39.2 $1. 624 $57.82
42.9 1. 720 63. 42
39.6 $1. 460 $56. 24
41.4 1. 532 60.90
40.4 $1. 392 $54. 82
41.6 1. 464 61.01
39.3 $1. 395 $50.84
41.5 1.470 55. 54
40.0 $1. 271 $54. 54
41.7 1.332 61.31
38.6
41.2
$1.413
1. 488
1950: September___ 77.86
October_____ 77.00
November___ 78.80
December........ 80.36
44.8
44.2
45. 0
44. 4
1.738
1. 742
1.751
1.810
66.66
66.20
68.26
42.1
42.3
41.9
42.4
1.561
1.576
1.580
1. 610
63.90
60.56
58.85
63.07
43.0
41.0
40.2
42.1
1.486
1.477
1.464
1. 498
62. 96
64.99
64. 09
67.12
42.0
42.9
42.0
43.0
1.499
1.515
1.526
1. 561
57.14
60. 71
60. 56
62. 57
42.2
43.9
43.1
43.6
1.354
1.383
1.405
1.435
64.63
66.13
67. 31
68. 59
42.3
42.8
42.9
43.3
1.528
1.545
1 569
1.584
1951: January............ 81.95
February____ 79. 42
March.............. /9. lò
A pril............... 80. 46
M ay.................. 79. 35
June................ 80. 44
J u ly ............ . 81.00
August......... . 78. 68
September__ 79. 58
44.2 1.854
43.0 1.847
42.6 1.858
43.4 1.854
42.8 1.854
42.9 1.875
43. 5 1.862
42.6 1.847
42.4 1.877
67.80
68.18
69. 55
69.51
69.18
69. 43
67.98
68.52
70.10
41.8
41.7
42.1
42.0
41.8
41.8
41.0
41.4
41.9
1. 622
1.635
1.652
1. 655
1. 655
1.661
1.658
1.655
1.673
63. 26
63.36
64.07
63.95
64.83
64.95
41.0
40.2
40.4
40.4
40.8
40.8
41.6
42.7
43.3
1.543
1.576
1.586
1.583
1.589
1.592
1.603
1.629
66. 25
66.49
66. 40
66.33
65. 44
42.0
42.2
42.0
42.0
41.9
41.8
41.1
42.1
42.1
1. 558
1.570
1.583
1.581
1.583
1.606
1.593
1.561
1.576
60.99
61.72
60.40
61.21
60.11
60.55
58. 65
59.07
60.86
42.5
42.8
42.0
42.3
41.8
41.5
40.7
40.6
41.4
1.435
1.442
1.438
1.447
1.438
1.459
1.441
1.455
1.470
68. 51
42.9
43.1
43.3
43.2
42.9
43.0
42.1
42.2
41.8
1. 597
1.618
1.630
1.636
1.639
1.637
1.627
1,634
1.652
See footnotes at end of table,
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
65.72
66.68
69. 56
72.22
1.668
67.13
65.47
65. 72
66.35
69. 74
70.58
70.42
70.31
70. 39
68.50
68. 95
69.05
REVIEW, DECEMBER 1951
C: EARNINGS AND HOURS
753
Table C -l: Hours and Gross Earnings of Production Workers or Nonsupervisory Employees 1—Con.
Manufacturing—Continued
F a b r ic a te d m e ta l p r o d u c ts (e x c e p t o rd n a n c e, m a c h in e r y , a n d tr a n sp o r ta tio n e q u ip m e n t)— C o n tin u e d
Y ea r an d m o n th
H e a tin g a p p a r a tu s
(e x c e p t electric) a n d
p lu m b e r s ’ s u p p lie s
H a r d w a re
A vg.
w k ly .
earn
in g s
S a n ita r y w a re a n d
p lu m b e r s ’ s u p p lie s
O il b u r n e rs, n o n
e le c tr ic h e a tin g a n d
co o k in g a p p a r a tu s,
n o t else w h e r e
cla ssified
F a b r ic a te d s tr u c
tu r a l m e ta l p r o d u c ts
S tr u c tu r a l s te e l a n d
o r n a m e n ta l
m e ta lw o r k
A vg.
h r ly .
earn
ings
A vg.
w k ly .
ea r n
in g s
A vg.
w k ly .
h o urs
A vg.
h r ly .
earn
in g s
A vg.
w k ly .
ea r n
in g s
A vg.
w k ly .
h ours
A vg.
h r ly .
earn
in g s
A vg.
w k ly .
earn
in g s
A vg.
w k ly .
h ours
A vg.
h r ly .
ea r n
in g s
A vg.
w k ly .
earn
in g s
A vg.
w k ly .
h ours
A vg.
h r ly .
earn
ta g s
A vg.
w k ly .
ea r n
in g s
A vg.
w k ly .
h o urs
A vg.
h r ly ,
ea r n
in g s
3 9 .3 $1,432
41. 6
1.506
$57.04
63.91
38 .7
41.1
$1,474
1.555
$59. 79
67.64
3 8 .5
4 1 .6
$1,553
1.626
$55. 46
61.20
3 8 .8
4 0 .8
$1,429
1.500
$59.90
63.29
4 0 .5
41.1
$1,479
1.540
$60. 91
63.23
41.1
41.3
$1 482
1.531
A vg.
w k ly .
hours
1949: A v e r a g e _____
1950: A v e r a g e _____
$56.28
62.65
1950: S e p t e m b e r ...
O c to b e r _____
N o v e m b e r ...
D e c e m b e r ___
64.23
65. 82
63.97
68.09
4 1 .9
4 2 .6
4 1 .3
4 2 .8
1.533
1. 545
1. 549
1.591
66.83
68. 09
67. 27
68.88
42 .3
4 2 .4
4 1 .6
42.1
1.580
1.606
1.617
1.636
71.18
72.41
72.85
74.13
4 2 .8
43.1
4 2 .6
43.1
1.663
1.680
1.710
1.720
64.13
65.20
63. 67
65.49
4 2 .0
4 1 .9
4 1 .0
4 1 .5
1.527
1.5 5 6
1.553
1.578
65.02
65. 93
66.25
67.8 7
41 .6
42.1
4 2 .2
4 2 .0
1.563
1.5 6 6
1. 570
1.616
63.44
64. 85
65.80
67.55
41 3
42 0
42.1
41 .7
1 fi
1 fi 44
1 fifiS
1 .6 2 0
1951: J a n u a r y _____
F e b r u a r y ___
M a r c h _______
65. 41
66.14
66.41
66.41
66. 24
67. 56
66.14
66. 26
66. 91
4 1 .4
41. 6
41 .4
4 1 .4
41. 4
4 1 .4
4 0 .8
4 0 .8
4 0 .8
1.580
1. 590
1.604
1.604
1.600
1. 632
1.621
1.624
1. 640
6 8 .8 5
69. 60
70.89
7 0 .2 2
69. 67
69. 50
67.40
66. 62
69. 31
41 .4
4 1 .5
4 1 .9
4 1 .5
4 1 .2
4 1 .2
3 9 .6
3 9 .7
4 0 .7
1. 663
1.677
1.692
1.692
1.691
1.687
1.702
1.6 7 8
1.703
74. 07
75.40
76. 75
76.35
75.45
76.01
74.13
70. 21
75.10
4 2 .4
4 2 .6
4 2 .9
4 2 .7
4 2 .2
4 2 .8
4 1 .0
3 9 .8
41 .4
1. 747
1.770
1.789
1.788
1.788
1.776
1.808
1.764
1.814
65.28
66.13
67.52
66.67
65.73
64.80
62.34
63. 31
64.44
4 0 .7
4 1 .0
4 1 .5
4 1 .0
4 0 .6
40.1
3 8 .6
3 9 .3
3 9 .8
1.604
1.613
1.627
1.626
1.619
1.616
1.615
1.611
1.619
69 .1 7
69. 43
70.51
71.86
71.57
71.44
69. 93
71.70
73.0 2
4 2 .2
4 2 .0
42.4
4 2 .7
4 2 .7
4 2 .6
4 1 .7
4 2 .6
4 2 .9
1. 639
1.653
1.663
1.683
1.676
1.677
1.677
1.683
1.702
6 8 .6 4
68. 64
69.47
71.0 2
71. 53
72.20
70.17
71. 95
73.02
41. 7
41 4
4 1 .7
42 0
42 fi
42 »
41 4
42 3
4 2 .8
1 fi4fi
1 fifi»
1 fififi
1 fiö1
1 fiRíf
1 fi»7
1 fififi
1 7fi1
1.706
A p ril............
M a y ..................
J u n e ...................
J u ly -------------A u g u s t .............
S e p t e m b e r ...
M a n u fa c tu r in g — C o n tin u e d
F a b r ic a te d m e ta l p r o d u c ts (e x c e p t o rd n a n c e, m a c h in e r y , a n d tr a n sp o r ta tio n e q u ip m e n t)— C o n tin u e d
M a c h in e r y (e x c e p t
M e ta l s ta m p in g ,
c o a tin g , a n d
e n g r a v in g
T o ta l: M a c h in e r y
(e x c e p t electrica l)
$59. 78
62.16
1950: S e p te m b e r .
O c to b e r ___
N ovem ber.
D e c e m b e r ..
64.38
65.00
65. 92
68.15
41.4
41.4
4 2 .2
4 2 .2
1951
6 8.02
69.14
70.18
71.48
70. 89
70.72
70. 09
71.98
74. 29
4 1 .6
4 1 .8
42 .3
4 2 .7
4 2 .5
4 2 .4
4 2 .3
4 3 .0
4 3 .6
J a n u a r y ____
F e b r u a r y __
M a r c h _____
A p r il_______
M a y _______
J u n e ................
J u ly _______
A u g u s t ____
S e p te m b e r ..
4 0 .2 $1.487
40. 6
1. ö3l
S ta m p e d a n d p ressed
m e ta l p r o d u c ts
O th er fa b ric a ted
m e ta l p r o d u c ts
$57. 60
62.14
3 9 .7
41.1
$1.451
1.512
$58.54
64.22
3 9 .5
4 1 .3
$1.482
1.555
$60. 30
66.15
3 9 .7
4 1 .5
1.5 5 5
1. 670
1. 562
1.615
63.90
65 .7 7
64.96
66.81
4 1 .6
4 2 .6
41 .8
42.1
1.536
1.644
1.554
1.587
66.34
67.05
66. 77
68. 71
4 1 .7
4 1 .8
41 .5
42.1
1.591
1.604
1.609
1.632
68. 46
68.60
68.64
70.64
4 1 .9
41 .7
41.6
4 2 .2
1.634
1.645
1.650
1.674
67.32
68.66
67.85
70.01
1. 635
1. 654
1.659
1.674
1.668
1.668
1.657
1.674
1.704
66.7 0
68.83
69. 01
71.30
70. 52
69. 76
68. 59
69. 84
70.09
4 1 .3
42.1
4 1 .9
4 2 .8
4 2 .2
4 1 .7
4 1 .0
4 1 .5
4 1 .3
1. 615
1.635
1.647
1.666
1.671
1.673
1. 673
1.683
1.697
67.9 3
67.86
69.56
68.1 4
67.43
68.67
66.74
67.0 2
68.64
4 1 .6
4 1 .2
41 .6
4 0 .8
40 .4
4 0 .8
3 9 .4
3 9 .8
40 .4
1. 633
1.647
1.672
1.670
1.669
1.683
1.694
1.684
1.699
69. 51
69. 76
71.47
70.23
68.9 2
71.07
68. 69
68. 89
70.54
4 1 .6
4 1 .3
4 1 .6
41.0
4 0 .4
4 1 .2
3 9 .5
3 9 .8
4 0 .4
1. 676
1.689
1.718
1.713
1.706
1.725
1.739
1.731
1.746
68. 75
68. 84
71.05
71.47
70. 76
70.89
69.47
69.43
70.64
$1. 519 $58. 38
1.594
64.7 6
3 9 .5
41 .7
X
1949: A v e r a g e ___
1950: A v e r a g e ___
S h e e t-m e ta l w o rk
y*
B o ile r -s h o p p r o d u c ts
1.553
$60. 44
67.21
39 6
41 .8
$1 fi3fi
1.608
42 .6
4 2 .7
4 2 .3
4 2 .9
1.584
1.608
1.604
1.632
68. 94
71.00
72.03
74.20
42 4
42 0
43 fi
4 3 .7
1 fi7fi
1.698
4 2 .0
41 .9
42 .8
43 .0
4 2 .5
4 2 .6
4 1 .6
4 1 .7
4 2 .2
1.637
1.643
1.660
1.662
1. 665
1.664
1. 670
1. 665
1.674
74. 47
75. 08
76.43
76. 78
76 3Ò
76. 65
75. 42
76.03
77.29
43 4
43 fi
43 8
43 0
43 fi
43 fi
43 fi
43 1
4 3 .3
7lfi
1 72fi
1 74fi
1 749
1 7*0
1 7 fi2
1 7fi4
1 7fi4
1.785
1 fi9fi
1 fififi
1
M a n u fa c tu r in g — C o n tin u e d
M a c h in e r y (e x c e p t e le c tr ic a l)— C o n tin u e d
E n g in e s a n d
tu r b in e s
A g ric u ltu r a l
m a c h in e r y
a n d tractors
1949: Average_____ $63.13
1950: Average_____ 69.43
38.9
40 .7
$1. 623
1.706
$61.11
64.60
1950: September___
70. 81
69.48
74. 57
78.29
41 .0
40 .0
42 .2
43 .4
1.727
1.737
1.767
1.804
64.35
64. 82
67. 51
70. 79
40 .5
39.5
40 .4
41 .4
1951 January...........
77.81
77. 81
80.56
80.44
79.38
79.91
77. 05
78. 51
78.60
42.8
4 2 .8
43 .5
4 3 .6
4 3 .0
43.1
41 .9
4 2 .3
4 1 .9
1.818
1.818
1.852
1.845
1.846
1.854
1.839
1.856
1.876
71.84
71.28
73.06
73.69
73.29
74.21
73. 36
71.68
74.32
41. 1
40.8
41 .0
41.1
4 0 .9
41 .0
4 0 .8
4 0 .0
4 0 .5
October_____
November___
December.......
February.........
March_______
April________
M ay......... ......
J u n e ......................
July___ ____ _
August_____
S e p te m b e r ___ _
S ee fo o tn o te s a t e n d of ta b le .
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
3 9 .3 $1.556
40.1
1.611
A g ric u ltu r a l
m a c h in e r y
(e x c e p t tra cto rs)
T ra c to rs
$61. 86
66.09
3 9 .2
4 0 .3
1.589
1.641
1.671
1.710
65. 97
65.2 7
69.50
73.68
40 .5
3 8 .9
41.1
42.1
1.629
1.678
1.691
1.750
1. 748
1. 747
1.782
1.793
1.792
1.810
1.798
1.7 9 2
1.835
74.70
73.50
74.52
75.74
75.73
75.73
75.13
73.10
76.75
4 1 .8
4 1 .2
4 0 .9
4 1 .3
4 1 .2
4 1 .0
4 0 .9
3 9 .6
4 1 .0
1.7 8 7
1. 784
1.822
1.834
1.838
1.847
1.837
1.8 4 6
1.8 7 2
$1. 578 $59. 93
1.640
62.67
C o n s tr u c tio n and
m in in g
m a c h in e r y
39.3
39.8
$1.525
1.572
$58.74
65.97
3 9 .8
42.4
62.37
64.00
64. 69
66.78
4 0 .5
40 .2
39.4
40 .5
1.540
1.592
1.642
1.649
67.62
69.96
70. 31
71.70
4 2 .8
43 .7
43.4
43.8
1.580
1.601
1.620
1.637
6 8 .0 6
68. 47
71.23
71.25
70. 39
72.54
71.66
70. 27
72.24
4 0 .2
4 0 .3
41.1
4 0 .9
40 .5
41.1
4 0 .9
4 0 .5
4 0 .4
1.693
1.699
1.733
1.742
1.738
1.765
1.752
1.735
1.788
73. 06
74.18
74.13
75.62
75.63
74. 61
73.63
75.66
75. 71
43.8
44.1
44.1
4 4 .8
4 4 .7
4 4 .2
4 3 .7
4 4 .9
4 4 .8
1.668
1.682
1.681
1.688
1.692
1.688
1.685
1.6 8 5
1.690
M e ta lw o r k in g
m a c h in e r y
$1.476 $61.11
1.556
71.54
3 9 .5
4 3 .2
$ 1 .5 4 7
1.6 5 6
73.24
77. 83
78.23
80.5 8
43.7
45 .2
4 5 .3
46.1
1.6 7 6
1.722
1.7 2 7
1.748
81 .3 1
82.9 9
83.69
84.87
85.0 7
85.08
83. 57
85.00
86.26
4 6 .2
4 6 .7
46 .7
47 .1
4 7 .0
4 6 .8
4 6 .3
4 6 .4
4 6 .5
1. 760
1.777
1.792
1.802
1.810
1.818
1.805
1.8 3 2
1.8 5 5
M ONTHLY LABOR
C: EARNINGS AND HOURS
754
Table C -l: Hours and Gross Earnings of Production Workers or Nonsupervisory Employees 1—Con.
Manufacturing—Continued
Machinery (except electrical)—Continued
Machine tools
Year and month
Metalworking ma
chinery
(except
machine tools)
Machine-tool acces
sories
Special-industry ma
chinery (except
metalworking ma
chinery)
General industrial
machinery
Office and store ma
chines and devices
Avg.
Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg Avg. Avg. hrly.
brly. wkly. wkly. hrly. wkly. wkly. hrly. wkly. wkly. hrly. wkly. wkly. hrly. wkly. wkly.
wkly. wkly.
earn
earn
earn hours earn earn hours earn earn hours earn earn hours earn earn hours earn ings hours ings
ings
ings ings
ings ings
ings ings
ings ings
ings
1949: Average---1950: Average---1950: September.
October__
November.
December-
1951: January----
February—
March___
April..........
May_____
June_____
July_____
August----September.
$59.15
69 72
72.24
76. 78
77.51
80.86
81.78
82.65
82.90
84.13
84.38
83.99
81. 84
85.46
83.71
39.3 $1. 505 $61.85
43.2 1.614 70.54
44. i 1.638 71.64
45.7 1.680 73.12
45.7 1.696 73.69
46.9 1.724 76. 51
47.3 1.729 76.91
47. 5 1.740 79.83
47.4 1.749 80.28
47.8 1.760 82.58
47.7 1.769 82.17
47.4 1.772 82. 08
46.9 1.745 80. 95
47.4 1.803 80. 28
46.3 1.808 82. 95
39.8 $1,554 $64.16
42.7 1.652 74.69
42.9 1.670 75.64
43.6 1.677 82. 72
43.4 1.698 81.26
44.2 1.731 82.30
43.5 1.768 82. 62
44.6 1.790 84. 17
44.7 1.796 85.69
45.7 1.807 86. 76
45.6 1.802 87.05
45.4 1.808 88.27
44.8 1.807 86.25
45.0 1.784 87.37
45.6 1.819 91.25
39.7 $1. 616 $60. 57
43.5 1.717 65.74
43.9 1.723 67. 44
45.6 1.814 69. 49
45.6 1.782 70.86
45.9 1.793 73. 25
45.8 1.804 73. 80
46.4 1.814 74. 59
46.8 1.831 75.15
47.1 1.842 76.01
46.8 1.860 74. 55
47.0 1.878 75.37
46.0 1.875 74.00
46.4 1.883 73.23
47.5 1.921 74.48
40.3 $1. 503 $59.53
41.9 1.569 66.33
42.6 1.583 68. 91
43.0 1.616 71.39
43.1 1.644 72.23
44.1 1.661 74.49
43.9 1.681 74. 32
43.9 1.699 75.19
44.1 1.704 75.71
44.5 1.708 77.15
43.8 1.702 77. 59
44.0 1.713 78.00
43.4 1.705 75.04
43.0 1.703 76. 65
43.2 1.724 78.15
39.5 $1. 507 $62. 53
41.9 1.583 66. 95
42.8 1.610 69. 55
43.8 1.630 70. 89
43.8 1.649 71.11
44.5 1.674 73.27
44.0 1.689 71.82
44.1 1. 705 72. 46
44.2 1.713 72.97
44.7 1.726 73.01
44.8 1.732 73.08
44.8 1.741 73.46
43.4 1. 729 72. 57
44.0 1.742 73.97
44.1 1.772 74.71
39.6
41.1
42.0
42.3
42.2
42.9
42.1
42.4
42.3
42. 2
42.0
42.0
41.4
41.3
41.3
$1,583
1.629
1.656
1.676
1.685
1.708
1.706
1. 709
1.725
1.730
1.740
1.749
1.753
1. /9i
1.809
Manufacturing—Continued
Machinery (except electrical)—Continued
Computing machines
and cash registers
1949: Average_____ $67.87
1950: Average.......... 71.70
1950: September__ 74.56
October ___ 76.00
Novem ber__ 73.89
December___ 77.42
1951: January------- 75. 90
February__ 76. 90
March __ 77.75
77. 48
April...........
May............... 77.81
Tune
78.19
July________ 77.87
81.24
August
September__ 82. 75
Typewriters
39.9 $1. 701 $56.04
40.9 1.753 62.08
41.7 1.788 66.60
42.2 1.801 67.14
41.3 1.789 69.61
42.4 1.826 69.07
41.5 1.829 67.47
42.0 1.831 68.23
41.8 1.860 68.44
41.7 1.858 68.03
41.5 1.875 68. 54
41.5 1.884 68.35
40.9 1.904 67.20
41.9 1.939 66. 77
41.9 1.975 67.02
Service-industry and Refrigerators and airconditioning units
household machines
39.0 $1. 437 $60. 66
41.5 1.496 67.26
43.5 1. 531 67.90
43.4 1.547 70. 60
44.0 1. 582 70. 26
43.8 1.577 69. 76
42.7 1.580 68. 45
43.1 1.583 70.88
43.1 1.588 73.98
43.0 1.582 71.36
43.0 1. 594 69.28
42.8 1.597 69.67
42.0 1.600 70.04
41.5 1.609 69. 51
41.6 1.611 71.25
39.7 $1. 528 $59. 98
41.7 1.613 66.42
41.4 1.640 64.95
42.3 1. 669 67. 73
41.6 1.689 68.45
41.4 1.685 66. 29
40.5 1.690 65. 69
41.4 1.712 68. 59
42.2 1. 753 73.82
41.2 1.732 68. 87
40.3 1.719 67.23
39.9 1.746 67.24
40.0 1. 751 69.24
39.7 1.751 68. 29
40.6 1.755 70. 52
Miscellaneous ma
chinery parts
39.0 $1. 538 $57. 59
41.1 1.616 66.15
39.7 1.636 68. 68
40.8 1.660 70. 46
40.5 1.690 71.30
39.6 1.674 73. 78
39.1 1.680 47. 58
40.3 1.702 73.26
41.8 1.766 74. 60
39.9 1.726 75.07
39.2 1.715 74.64
38.6 1.742 74. 22
39.5 1.753 72.85
39.0 1.751 73. 92
40.0 1.763 74.30
Ball and roller bear
ings
38.6 $1. 492 $57.53
42.0 1. 575 68. 55
42.9 1.601 71.36
43.6 1.616 72.44
43.5 1.639 74.90
44.1 1.673 77. 29
44.0 1.695 78.00
43.4 1.688 73.23
43.7 1.707 77.92
43.9 1.710 77.31
43.7 1.708 76.78
43.0 1.726 78.17
42.5 1.714 75.97
42.9 1.723 77.30
42.8 1.736 76.95
38.1
42. 5
43.3
43.9
44. 4
44.7
44.7
42.7
44.3
44.1
43.8
43.6
42. 8
43.5
43.4
$1. 510
1.613
1.648
1. 650
1.687
1.729
1.745
1. 716
1.759
1.753
1.753
1.793
1.775
1.777
1. 773
Manufacturing—Continued
Machinery (except
electrical)—Con.
Electrical machinery
Machine shops (job Total: Electrical ma
chinery
and repair)
1949: Average......... $58.70 39.0 $1. 505 $56. 96
1950: Average......... 65.18 41.7 1.563 60.83
1950: September__ 65.79 41.8 1.574 61.48
October........ 68.79 43.1 1.596 64.12
November__ 69. 54 42.9 1.621 64.33
December___ 72.63 44.1 1.647 65.15
1951: January........ 73. 59 43.7 1.684 64.42
February...... 74. 69 44.3 1.686 64.80
March........._ 72.83 43.3 1.682 65.34
April............. 73.69 43.4 1.698 65. 58
May.... ....... . 74.13 43.4 1.708 66. 57
June.............. 72.80 42.6 1.709 67.15
July_______ 71.91 42.2 1.704 66.13
72.59 42.5 1.708 66.59
August___ _
September__ 74. 26 42.7 1.739 68.35
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Electrical generat
ing transmission, Motors, generators, Electrical equipment
transformers, and
distribution, and
for vehicles
industrial controls
industrial appa
ratus
39.5 $1.442 $59.61
41.1 1.480 63. 75
41.4 1.485 64.85
42.1 1.523 67.35
41.8 1.539 68. 48
41.9 1. 555 69.03
41.4 1.556 68.38
41.3 1.569 68.72
41.3 1.582 70.18
41.3 1.588 70.06
41.5 1.604 71.57
41.5 1.618 71.91
40.4 1.637 70. 87
40.9 1.628 72.03
41.6 1.643 73.39
39.5 $1. 509 $61.30
41.1 1. 551 64. 90
41.6 1.559 65.45
42.2 1.596 68. 36
42 3 1.619 69.13
42.3 1.632 69. 68
41.9 1.632 69. 60
41.7 1.648 69. 60
42.1 1.667 71.40
42.0 1.668 71.23
42.4 1.688 73.10
42.4 1.696 73.53
41.3 1.716 72.18
41.9 1.719 73.23
42.3 1.735 74. 74
39.7 $1. 544 $59.16
41.1 1.579 66.22
41.4 1.581 67.33
42.2 1.620 70.44
42.1 1.642 67.89
42.1 1.655 69. 85
41.8 1.665 66. 22
41.6 1.673 65.36
42.1 1.696 66.97
42.0 1.696 67.97
42.6 1.716 68.00
42.6 1.726 67.58
41.2 1.752 70. 02
41.8 1.752 68.88
42.2 1.771 69.95
Communication
equipment
39.1 $1,513 $53. 56
41.7 1. 588 56. 20
41.9 1.607 56. 69
42.9 1.642 59. 02
41.5 1.636 58.83
41.9 1.667 59.76
40.5 1.635 60.22
39.9 1.638 60. 61
40.2 1.666 60. 58
40.7 1.670 60.60
40.5 1.679 61.05
39.8 1.698 62. 05
40.9 1.712 60. 34
40.0 1.722 60. 83
41.0 1.706 63.34
39.5
40.9
41.2
41.8
41.2
41.5
41.3
41.2
41.1
41.0
41.0
41.2
39.7
40.5
41.4
$1.356
1.374
1.376
1.412
1.428
1.440
1.458
1.471
1.474
1.478
1.489
1.506
1. 520
1. 502
1.530
755
C: EARNINGS AND HOURS
REVIEW, DECEMBER 1951
T a ble C -l: Hours and Gross Earnings of Production Workers or Nonsupervisory Em ployees1—Con.
Manufacturing—Continued
Electrical machinery—Continued
Year and month
R a d io s , p h o n o
graphs, television
sets, and equip
ment
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn hours
ings
-949: Average_____ $50. 68
1950: Average_____ 53. 85
Telephone and tele
graph equipment
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn earn wkly.
ing» hours
ings
Transportation equipment
Electrical appliances,
lamps, and miscel
laneous products
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
39.5 $1,283 $61. 43
40.7 1.323 65.84
39.3 $1. 563 $56. 52
40.1 1.642 61.58
Total: Transporta
tion equipment
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Automobiles
Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
Aircraft and parts
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
39. 5 $1. 431 $64. 95
41.0 1.502 71.18
39.2 $1. 657 $65.97
41.0 1.736 73. 25
38.9 $1. 696 $63. 62
41.2 1. 778 68.39
40.6
41.6
$1. 567
1. 644
1950: September___
October_____
November___
December___
54.44
57. 03
56.32
56. 96
40.9
41.6
40.9
41.1
1.331
1.371
1.377
1.386
67.11
67. 61
70. 39
71.93
40.7
40.8
40.9
41.6
1.649
1. 657
1.721
1. 729
62. 43
65. 71
66.18
67.14
41.4
42.2
42. 1
42.2
1.508
1.557
1. 572
1.591
72. 39
73.02
71.78
75.18
40.9
41.0
40.1
41.4
1.770
1.781
1.790
1.816
73.81
75. 21
72. 76
76.28
40.6
41.1
39.5
40.9
1.818
1.830
1.842
1.865
71.18
70.18
71. 78
75.08
42.7
41.9
42.4
43.3
1.667
1. 675
1. 693
1.734
1951: January____
February____
M arch.........
April_______
M ay________
June_______
July________
August______
September___
57.32
57.31
57.13
56. 74
57.41
58.42
57.35
57.38
59.80
40.8
40.5
40.4
40.1
40.2
40.4
39.2
39.9
40.9
1.405
1.415
1.414
1.415
1.428
1.446
1.463
1.438
1.462
71.31
72.97
75.79
77.33
76. 85
76.28
76. 27
77.21
80.14
41.1
41.6
42.6
43.3
43.2
43.0
42.8
43.4
44.5
1.735
1.754
1.779
1.786
1.779
1.774
1.782
1.779
1.801
64. 80
65.38
65.07
65.52
65. 44
66.62
64. 55
64.32
65. 81
41.3
41.3
40.9
41.0
40.8
41.2
39.6
39.9
40.5
1.569
1.583
1.591
1.598
1.604
1.617
1. 630
1.612
1.625
72. 06
74.05
75. 73
74. 81
74. 97
75.14
74.33
76.34
77. 62
39.9
40.8
41.2
40.9
40.9
40.4
39.9
40.8
41.2
1.806
1.815
1.838
1.829
1.833
1.860
1.863
1.871
1.884
71.48
74.29
76.13
74. 52
74.90
74. 88
73.30
76. 71
77. 92
38.7
39.9
40.3
39.7
39.8
38.9
37.9
39.6
40.0
1.847
1.862
1.889
1.877
1.882
1.925
1.934
1.937
1.948
76.78
75. 86
77. 35
77.13
77. 22
77.31
77.48
77.39
79.10
43.7
43.3
43.9
44.0
43.9
43.8
43.7
43.5
43.8
1.757
1.752
1.762
1.753
1.759
1.765
1.773
1. 779
1.806
Manufacturing—Continued
Transportation equipment—Continued
Aircraft engines and
parts
Aircraft
Aircraft propellers
and parts
Other aircraft parts
and equipment
Ship and boat build
ing and repairing
Shipbuilding and
repairing
1949: Average_____ $62. 69
1950: Average_____ 67.15
40.5 $1. 548 $65. 24
41.4 1.622 71.40
40.7 $1. 603 $66. 83
42.1 1.696 73.90
41.0 $1. 630 $65. 08
42.4 1. 743 70.81
40.4 $1,611 $61. 67
41.7 1.698 63.28
38.0 $1,623 $61.88
38.4 1.648 63.83
37.8
38.2
$1. 637
1.671
1950: September___
October_____
November___
December___
70. 50
69.17
68. 72
72.08
42. 7
42.1
41.5
42.6
1.651
1.643
1.6561
1. 692
74. 59
69. 48
80. 82
83.01
43.8
39.7
45.0
44.8
1.703
1.750
1. 796
1.853
77. 62
81.17
80. 67
88. 54
43.9
44.6
43.3
45.9
1.768
1.820
1.863
1.929
67.53
77.08
75.91
79. 57
39.7
43.6
43.6
44.6
1.701
1. 768
1.741
1.784
62.89
62. 89
64.47
66.67
38.3
38.3
38.7
39.9
1.642
1. 642
1.666
1. 671
63. 36
63. 23
65.08
67. 34
38.1
38.0
38.6
39.8
1.663
1.664
1.686
1.692
1951: January_____
February____
M arch______
A pril......... .
M ay________
June................
July________
August______
September___
74. 52
73.49
75.04
74.43
74.69
75.00
75. 78
76.39
78.45
43.2
42.7
43.5
43.5
43.3
43.3
43.4
43.5
44.1
1. 725
1. 721
1.725
1. 711
1.725
1.732
1. 746
1.756
1.779
82. 94
83. 49
86.19
86. 80
86.67
88.06
86.24
84.69
87.30
45.1
45.3
45.7
46.0
46.2
46.3
45.7
45.0
45.4
1.839
1.843
1.886
1.887
1.876
1.902
1.887
1.882
1.923
87.11
90.01
90.42
90.38
87.68
90. 77
92.16
90.54
87.37
45.3
46.3
46.3
46.9
46.0
47.3
48.1
47.5
45.2
1.923
1.944
1.953
1.927
1.906
1.919
1.916
1.906
1.933
80. 06
78.10
79. 34
79. 25
78.45
77.43
76.00
76.04
77.78
44.8
44.1
44.2
44.1
43.9
43.5
42.6
42.6
42.9
1.787
1.771
1. 795
1.797
1.787
1.780
1.784
1.785
1.813
64. 24
68. 80
68. 78
68. 31
68. 46
70.42
71.59
71.72
71.48
38.7
40.4
40.2
39.9
39.8
40.1
40.4
40.0
40.0
1.660
1.703
1.711
1.712
1.720
1.756
1.772
1. 793
1.787
64. 73
69.41
69. 33
68. 92
68.96
71.04
72.40
72. 52
72.06
38.6
40.4
40.1
39.7
39.7
40.0
40.4
40.0
39.9
1.677
1. 718
1. 729
1. 736
1.737
1.776
1.792
1.813
1.806
Manufacturing—Continued
Instruments and re
lated products
Transportation equipment—Continued
Boat building and
repairing
Railroad equipment
1949: Average_____ $54. 84
1950: Average....... __ 55.99
40.5 $1. 354 $63. 54
40.6 1.379 66. 33
1950: September___
October_____
November___
December___
55.50
57.12
56. 54
58.06
40.1
41.3
40.1
40.8
1.384
1.383
1.410
1.423
1951: January_____
February.........
M arch______
April________
M a y ________
June__ ______
July________
August______
September___
58.90
57. 72
59. 49
59. 80
59. 64
58. 56
60.80
60.06
62.01
40.4
39.0
39 9
40.6
40.0
39.3
40.4
39.8
40.4
1.458
1.480
1.491
1. 473
1.491
1.490
1.505
1.509
1.535
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Locomotives and
parts
Railroad and street
cars
Other transportation Total: Instruments
equipment
and related products
38.9 $1. 586 $57. 60
38.9 1.606 64.44
39.7 $1,451 $55. 28
41.9 1. 538 60.81
39.6
41.2
$1,396
1.476
1.606
1.606
1.593
1.617
63.58
64. 77
65.47
66. 75
42.5
42.5
42.4
42.6
1. 496
1. 524
1. 544
1. 567
1.586
1. 599
1.599
1.578
1.605
1.614
1.603
1.609
1.627
65. 79
67.06
67.64
68. 55
68.78
69.44
68.18
68.67
70.13
41.8
42.2
42. 3
42.5
42.3
42.6
41.8
42.0
42.4
1.574
1.589
1.599
1.613
1.626
1.630
1.631
1.635
1.654
39.2 $1. 621 $65. 47
39.6 l. 675 70.00
39.3 $1. 666 $61. 70
40.3 1.737 62.47
68. 72
69.04
69. 51
72. 52
40.4
40.0
40.2
40.9
1.701
1. 726
1. 729
1.773
73.05
74.74
73. 53
76. 39
40.9
41.0
40.4
40.7
1.786
1.823
1.820
1.877
64.12
62.86
65. 36
67.98
39.8
38.9
40. 1
41.0
1.611
1.616
1.630
1. 658
73.88
69. 86
70.73
71. 96
46.0
43.5
44.4
44.5
72. 41
71.16
75.13
77.36
76.55
75.64
75.82
76.13
75. 29
41.0
40.8
41.1
41.5
41.2
40.3
40.7
40.3
40.2
1. 766
1.744
1.828
1.864
1.858
1.877
1.863
1.889
1.873
75. 96
75. 35
82. 40
83. 27
80.36
79. 75
82.43
80.43
79.96
40.6
41.7
42.3
42.1
41.4
40.3
41.8
41.5
41.6
1.871
1.807
1.948
1. 978
1.941
1.979
1.972
1.938
1.922
67.90
66. 97
68.06
70. 74
72.90
71.69
70.98
69. 85
68.67
41.1
39.7
40.2
40.7
41.0
40.3
39.9
39.0
38.6
1.652
1.687
1.693
1.738
1.778
1.779
1.779
1. 791
1.779
66.14
67. 48
69.08
64. 70
65.81
68.43
66.85
67.74
68. 66
41.7
42.2
43.2
41.0
41.0
42.4
41.7
42.1
42.2
G: EARNINGS AND HOURS
756
M ONTHLY LABO R
Table C -l: Hours and Gross Earnings of Production Workers or Nonsupervisory Employees 1—Con.
M a n u fa c tu r in g — C o n tin u e d
M is c e lla n e o u s m a n u
fa ctu rin g in d u s tr ie l
I n s tr u m e n ts a n d r e la te d p r o d u c ts— C o n tin u e d
Y e a r a n d m o n th
Ophthalmic goods
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn hours
ings
1949: A verage...
1950: A verage...
$47.04
50.88
1950: September.
October__
November.
December.
1951: Ja n u a ry ...
February..
M arch___
April.........
M ay_____
June_____
July-------August__
September.
Watches and
clocks
P h o to g r a p h ic
a p p a r a tu s
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Professional and
scientific instruments
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
T o ta l: M is c e lla n e
o u s m a n u fa c tu r in g
in d u str ie s
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
39.6 $1.188 $59.91
40.7 1.250 65.59
39.7 $1. 509 $49. 53
41.2 1.592 53.25
39.0 $1. 270 $57.01
39.8 1. 338 63.01
39.7 $1. 436 $50.23
41.7 1. 511 54.04
39.9
41.0
$1.259
1.318
52.17
54.13
54. 50
55.70
41.6
41.7
41.6
42.1
1.254
1.298
1.310
1.323
69.15
69.22
69.60
70.85
42.4
42.0
41.8
42.2
1.631
1.648
1.665
1.679
55.15
58.06
59. 47
59.40
40.7
41.8
42.0
41.6
1. 355
1. 389
1 . 416
1 . 428
65.73
66.78
67. 57
69.18
43.1
43.0
42.9
43.1
1. 525
1. 553
1 . 575
1 . 605
56.04
56.98
57.01
57.50
42.1
42.3
42.2
41.7
1.331
1.347
1.351
1.379
55.47
55.66
55. 61
56.23
55.60
56.07
55. 41
55.28
56.17
41.8
41.6
41.5
41.5
40.7
40.9
40.3
40.2
40.5
1,327
1.338
1.340
1.355
1.366
1.371
1.375
1.375
1.387
70.56
72. 76
71.99
73. 24
73. 77
72.82
73.04
71.93
72. 98
41.8
42.3
42.1
41.9
42.2
41.8
41.5
41.6
41.8
1.688
1.720
1. 710
1.748
1.748
1.742
1.760
1.729
1.746
55. 61
58. 77
60. 40
60.49
61.07
59.78
57. 66
59. 62
60. 01
38.7
41.1
41.8
41.6
41.8
41.0
40.1
41. 2
41.1
437
430
445
1 . 454
1 . 461
1 . 458
1 . 438
1 . 447
1 . 460
68.43
69.11
70. 03
71.12
71.10
72. 73
71.06
71.95
73.96
42.5
42.5
42.6
43.1
42.7
43.5
42.5
42.7
43.3
610
626
644
1 . 650
1 . 665
1 . 672
1 . 672
1 . 685
1 . 708
57.37
58.41
58.18
58.03
57. 39
57.85
56.46
56.60
57. 51
41.3
41.6
41.5
41.3
40.7
40.8
39.9
40.0
40.5
1.389
1.404
1.402
1.405
1.410
1.418
1.415
1.415
1.420
1.
1.
1.
1
1
.
.
1.
M a n u fa c tu r in g — C o n tin u e d
Miscellaneous manufacturing industries—Continued
Jewelry, silverware,
and plated ware
1949: A verage...
1950: Average__
$55.06
59.45
1950: September.
October__
November.
December.
1951: January__
February..
March___
April_____
M ay_____
June_____
July_____
August__
September.
Jewelry and
findings
Silverware and
plated ware
Toys and sporting
goods
41.4 $1.330 $51.33
42.8 1.389 54.25
40.8 $1. 258 $58.30
41.6 1.304 64.08
42.0 $1.388 $47.00
43.8 1.463 50.98
39.1 $1.202 $46.06
40.4 1.262 49.52
39.3
40.0
$1.172
1.238
63.48
65.06
65.19
63. 52
44.8
44.9
44.9
43.9
1.417
1.449
1.452
1.447
57.06
59.03
58.37
58.14
43.0
43.5
43.4
43.0
1.327
1.357
1.345
1.352
69. 56
70.93
71. 56
68. 48
46.5
46.3
46.2
44.7
1.496
1.532
1. 549
1.532
52.11
53. 42
53.90
53.49
41.1
41.7
41.4
40.4
1.268
1.281
1.302
1.324
51.42
51.40
52.66
53.41
41.2
40.6
41.3
41.4
1.248
1.266
1.275
1.290
62. 29
64.08
62.93
62.46
61.45
61.23
58.59
59.48
61.62
43.2
43.5
42.9
42.4
41.3
40.9
39.4
39.6
41.0
1.442
1.473
1.467
1. 473
1.488
1.497
1.487
1.502
1.503
58.32
59.79
58. 73
57. 93
56. 58
56. 61
54. 43
55. 60
57.46
43.2
43.2
42.9
42.1
41.0
40.7
39.3
39.8
41.4
1.350
1.384
1.369
1.376
1.380
1.391
1.385
1.397
1.388
66. 27
68.20
66. 95
66. 40
65. 49
64.90
61.94
62.88
65.53
43.2
43.8
43.0
42.7
41.5
41.0
39.4
39.4
40.6
1. 534
1. 557
1. 557
1.555
1.578
1.583
1.572
1. 596
1.614
53.20
54.10
54.06
53.48
52.10
52.68
52.13
53. 34
54.32
40.0
39.9
39.9
39.7
39.0
39.2
38.7
39.6
40.0
1.330
1.356
1.355
1.347
1.336
1.344
1.347
1.347
1.358
53.58
54.24
53. 44
53.13
53. 45
54.40
53. 44
52.32
53.05
40.9
41.5
40.7
40.1
39.8
40.0
39.5
38.5
39.5
1.310
1.307
1.313
1.325
1.343
1.360
1.353
1.359
1.343
Manufacturing—Con.
Transportation and public utilities
Miscellaneous
manufacturing
industries—Con.
Communication
viass I ranroaas *
Other miscellaneous
manufacturing
industries
1949: Average__
1950: Average__
$51. 20
54.91
1950: September.
O ctober...
November.
December.
1951: Ja n u a ry ...
February..
March___
April.........
M ay......
June_____
July-------August---September.
See fo o tn o te s at en d of ta b le .
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Costume jewelry,
buttons, notions
Local railways and
bus lines 8
40.0 $1.280 $61. 73
41.1 1.336 63.20
43. 5 $1.419 $64.61
40.8 1. 549 66.96
56.66
57. 75
57.30
58.25
42.0
42.4
42.1
41.7
1.349
1.362
1.361
1.397
63.18
64. 54
64.63
63.00
40.5
41.8
41.4
40.0
1.560
1.544
1.561
1.575
58.37
59.34
59. 54
59.34
58.83
59.22
57.85
57.87
58. 63
41.4
41.7
41.9
41.7
41.2
41.3
40.4
40.5
40.8
1.410
1.423
1.421
1.423
1.428
1.434
1.432
1.429
1.437
67.86
69.50
71.48
70. 99
71.80
73.05
72.14
74.66
42.2
41.2
42.0
40.8
41.1
41.2
40.3
42.3
1.608
1.687
1.702
1.740
1.747
1. 773
1.790
1.765
Telephones 8
Switchboard operat
ing employees 7
44.9 $1.439 $51. 78
45.0 1.488 54.38
38.5 $1.345
38.9 1,398 $46.65
37.5
$1.244
67. 42
67. 77
68.26
69.96
45.1
45.3
45.6
46.3
1.495
1.496
1.497
1.511
55.80
56.18
54.04
56.30
39.6
39.4
38.0
39.1
1.409
1.426
1,422
1.440
48.00
49.00
44.93
47.37
38.4
38.4
36.0
37.3
1.250
1.276
1.248
1.270
70.23
70.66
70.42
70. 92
72.17
72. 77
73.19
72. 81
72.96
45.9
46.0
45.7
45.9
46.5
46.8
46.5
46. 2
46.0
1.530
1.536
1.541
1. 545
1.552
1.555
1.574
1. 576
1.586
56. 41
57. 58
56. 52
56.12
56. 59
58.12
59.30
58.88
59.97
38.9
39.2
38.9
38.7
39.0
39.4
39.8
39.2
39.4
1. 450
1.469
1.453
1. 450
1.451
1.475
1.490
1.502
1.522
47. 78
49.09
47. 80
47. 45
47 42
49. 26
50.77
50.07
51.30
37.3
37.7
37.4
37.3
37.4
38.1
38.7
37 9
38.2
1.181
1.302
1.278
1.272
1.268
1.293
1.312
1.321
1.343
REVIEW, DECEMBER 1951
C: EARNINGS AND HOURS
757
T a ble C -l: Hours and Gross Earnings of Production Workers or Nonsupervisory Employees1—Con.
Transportation and public utilities—Continued
Communication
Year and month
Line construction,
installation, and
maintenance employees *
Other public utilities
Telegraph »
Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
hrly. wkly. wkly. hrly.
earn- hours earn- earn- hours
earnings
ings
ings
ings
1949: Average...........................
1950: Average............................
$73.30
1950: September.......................
October............................
November_______ ____
December____ _______
76.02
75. 91
74.37
77. 72
42.9
42.5
41.5
42.8
1.772
1.786
1.792
1.816
1951: January...........................
February.........................
M arch..............................
April.................................
M ay..................................
June...............................
Ju ly________________
August______________
September___________
77.13
79. 74
78. 47
77.69
79. 49
81.20
82. 78
82.58
83. 87
42.4
43.1
42.6
42.2
42.9
43.1
43.0
42.9
43.1
1.819
1. 850
1.842
1.841
1. 853
1.884
1.925
1.925
1.946
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn- hours
ings
Electric light and
power utilities
Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn» earn- wkly.
ings
ings hours
41.5
$1. 527
64. 49
64.74
64. 25
65.05
44.6
44.8
44.4
44.8
1.446
1.445
1.447
1.452
67.35
67.93
68. 68
70.14
41.6
41.8
41.8
42.0
1.619
1.625
1.643
1.670
68. 60
69.18
69. 97
71.31
41.6
41.8
41.6
41.7
1.649
1.655
1.682
1.710
63.99
64.86
66. 20
66.73
41.5
41.9
42.3
42.1
1.542
1.548
1.565
1.585
64.57
64. 86
64. 63
64. 40
65. 97
65.44
71.23
70. 47
72.33
44.5
44.7
44.6
44.6
45.4
45.1
44.8
44.6
44.4
1.451
1.451
1. 449
1.444
1.453
1.451
1.590
1.580
1.629
70. 27
71.36
70.14
70. 38
70. 72
71.06
71.82
71.82
73.13
41.8
42.0
41.5
41.5
41.5
41.7
42.0
41.9
42.2
1.681
1.699
1. 690
1.696
1. 704
1.704
1. 710
1. 714
1.733
71.18
72. 50
71. 72
71.51
71.97
72. 40
73. 25
73. 21
74. 24
41.7
42.1
41.7
41.6
41.6
41.8
42.1
42.1
42.4
1.707
1.722
1. 720
1.719
1.730
1.732
1.740
1.739
1.751
68.15
70. 04
67.19
66.71
66. 91
66.99
67.44
67. 73
69.60
42.2
42.5
41.5
41.1
41.1
41.1
41.4
41.4
41.8
1.615
1.648
1.619
1.623
1.628
1.630
1.629
1.636
1.665
Trade
Retail trade
Wholesale trade
Electric light and gas
utilities combined
1950: September.
O ctober...
November.
December.
68.05
68.47
68.68
71.02
1951: Ja n u ary ...
February..
March.......
April.........
M ay..........
June____
Ju ly ...........
August___
September.
70.64
70. 80
69. 92
71.43
71.47
71.94
72.80
72. 79
74.24
Avg.
hrly.
earnings
41.5 $1. 564
41.6 1.630 $63.37
Other public utili
ties—Con.
$67.02
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn- hours
ings
41. 5 $1. 542 $64.91
41.6 1.601 67.81
Transportation and
public utilities—
Con.
1949: Average...
1950: Average—.
Avg.
hrly.
earnings
Gas utilities
44.7 $1.406 $63.99
44.7 1.436 66.60
$62.85
64.19
42.1 $1.741
Gas and electric
utilities
Retail trade (except General merchandise
eating and drink
stores
ing places)
D epartm ent stores
and general mail
order houses
40.7 $1,414 $45. 93
40.7 1.483 47.63
40.4 $1.137 $34.87
40.5 1.176 35.95
36.7 $0.950 $39.31
36.8
.977 41.56
37.8
38.2
$1.040
1.088
60.93
61. 68
61.98
63. 49
40.7
40.9
40.8
41.2
1.497
1.508
1.519
1.541
48. 48
48.32
47.92
48.31
40.4
40.3
40.0
40.7
1.200
1.199
1.198
1.187
36.11
36.01
35.24
37.02
36.4
36.3
36.0
38.2
.992
.992
.979
.969
42.03
42. 03
41.24
45. 05
37.8
37.9
37.8
40.7
1.112
1.109
1.091
1.107
63. 44
63.62
63.62
63.95
63.78
64.35
64. 55
64. 43
65.56
40.8
40.6
40.6
40.6
40.6
40.7
40.7
40.7
41.0
1.555
1.567
1. 567
1.575
1.571
1.581
1.586
1.583
1.599
49.85
49.56
48.95
49.84
49.83
50.74
51.49
51.49
50.88
40.3
40.1
39.7
39.9
39.8
40.4
40.8
40.8
40.0
1.237
1. 236
1.233
1.249
1.252
1.256
1.262
1.262
1.272
38.02
37. 43
36. 44
36. 98
36. 71
37.70
38. 51
37.83
37.02
36.7
36.3
35.8
35.9
35.5
36.5
37.1
36.8
35.8
1.036
1.031
1.018
1.030
1.034
1.033
1.038
1.028
1.034
44.58
43. 70
43.05
43.39
43.49
44.23
44. 81
43.96
43. 78
38.2
37.8
37.6
37.5
37.3
38.0
38.1
37.7
37.2
1.167
1.156
1 145
1.157
1.166
1.164
1.176
1.166
1.177
41.6 $1,611
$57. 55
60.36
41.7
41.8
41.8
42.4
1.632
1.638
1.643
1.675
41.8
41.6
41.2
41.7
41.6
41.9
42.2
42.0
42.3
1.690
1.702
1.697
1.713
1.718
1.717
1.725
1.733
1.755
Trade—Continued
R e ta il tra d e— C o n tin u e d
F o o d a n d liq u o r
sto res
A u to m o tiv e a n d accessories dealers
1949: A v e r a g e _______________________________ $49.93
1950: A v e r a g e _______________________________ 51.79
4 0 .2
4 0 .4
$1.242
1.282
$58. 92
61.65
4 5 .6
4 5 .7
1950: S e p t e m b e r .....................................................
O c t o b e r ............... ............................................. ..
N o v e m b e r . _____________ ___________ _
D e c e m b e r _____________________________
52.12
51.80
52. 40
52. 91
4 0 .4
4 0 .0
4 0 .0
4 0 .3
1.290
1.295
1.310
1.313
63. 52
63. 94
63.07
63. 53
4 5 .6
4 5 .9
4 5 .8
4 6 .0
1.393
1.393
1.377
1.381
1951: J a n u a r y ______________________________ _
F e b r u a r y .. _______________ ______ ____
M a r c h _________________________________
A p r i l . . . ________________________________
M a y .........................................................................
J u n e --------- - ----------------------------------J u l y ____________________________________
53.15
52. 69
52. 62
53.18
53.44
54 .7 2
55.44
55.44
54.42
3 9 .9
3 9 .5
3 9 .3
3 9 .6
3 9 .7
40.5
41.1
41.1
4 0 .1
1.332
1.334
1.339
1.343
1.346
1.351
1.349
1.349
1.357
64.48
65.16
65. 29
66. 34
66. 22
67. 03
66.91
67.18
68.0 0
4 5 .7
45 .5
45 .4
4 5 .5
4 5 .2
45 .6
4 5 .3
4 5 .3
4 5 .3
1.411
1.432
1.4 3 8
1.458
1.465
1.470
1.477
1.483
1.501
A ugust.. ______ _ ._. __________
S e p te m b e r _____________________________
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
O th er r e ta il tra d e
A p p a re l a n d a ccèssories sto res
$1. 292 $40. 66
1.349
40. 70
F u r n itu r e a n d a p p lia n c e sto res
L u m b e r a n d h ard w a r e -s u p p ly sto res
3 6 .7
3 6 .5
$1.108
1.115
$53. 30
56.12
4 3 .4
4 3 .5
$1. 228
1.290
$51.84
54. 62
4 3 .6
4 3 .8
$1.189
1.247
40.9 8
40. 95
40. 65
42.17
3 6 .2
3 6 .3
36.1
3 6 .7
1.132
1.128
1.126
1.149
58. 07
57.68
57. 90
60.18
4 3 .4
4 3 .5
4 3 .5
4 3 .8
1.338
1.326
1.331
1.374
56.
56.
55.
56.
36
93
98
97
44.1
44.1
4 3 .6
44 .3
1.278
1.291
1.284
1.286
42.81
4 1 .4 0
40. 75
41.09
41.44
42.25
42.71
42. 90
43. 21
3 6 .5
3 6 .0
3 5 .4
3 5 .7
3 5 .6
3 6 .2
3 6 .5
3 6 .7
36.1
1.173
1.150
1.151
1.151
1.164
1.167
1.170
1.169
1.197
58.99
58. 31
58. 49
59.18
59.38
59.13
59.62
59. 90
60. 86
4 3 .5
43.1
4 3 .2
43.1
4 3 .0
4 3 .0
4 3 .2
4 3 .0
4 3 .1
1.356
1.353
1.354
1.373
1.381
1.375
1.380
1.393
1.412
56.68
56. 76
56.72
58.1 2
58.60
58.91
59. 67
59.48
59.69
4 3 .5
4 3 .2
43. 1
4 3 .6
4 3 .8
43 .8
4 4 .2
4 3 .9
4 3 .7
1.303
1.314
1.3 1 6
1.333
1.338
1.345
1.3 5 0
1.355
1.366
C: EARNINGS AND HOURS
758
M ONTHLY LABO R
T a ble C -l: Hours and Gross Earnings of Production Workers or Nonsupervisory Employees 1—Con.
Finance 18
Banks
and
trust
com
panies
Year and month
Service
Security
dealers Insur
ance
and
ex
carriers
changes
Hotels, year-round 11
Avg.
Avg.
Avg.
Avg.
wkly.
wkly.
wkly.
wkly.
earnings earnings earnings earnings
Avg.
wkly.
hours
Laundries
Avg.
Avg.
hrly.
wkly.
earnings earnings
Avg.
wkly.
hours
Motionpicture
produc
tion
and
distri
bution 18
Cleaning and dyeing
plants
Avg.
Avg.
hrly.
wkly.
earnings earnings
Avg.
wkly.
hours
Avg.
Avg.
hrly.
wkly.
earnings earnings
1949: Average.. . ----- -------------1950: Average
_ ________
$43.64
46.44
$68.32
81.48
$56.47
58.49
$32.84
33.85
44.2
43.9
$0. 743
.771
$34. 98
35. 47
41.5
41.2
$0. 843
.861
$40. 71
41.69
41.2
41. 2
$0.988
1.012
$92.17
92 79
1950: September.___ _________
October________________
November..... ......................
December..... ..................
46.75
47.78
48.18
48.66
79.29
84.94
85. 62
87.24
58.20
58.91
59.27
60.60
34.30
34.67
34. 74
35.16
43.8
44.0
43.7
43.9
.783
.788
.795
.801
35.93
35. 79
35.86
36.38
41.3
41.0
40.8
41.2
.870
.873
.879
.883
42.56
42.15
42.23
42.29
41.6
41.0
41.2
41.1
1.023
1.028
1.025
1.029
93.44
95.08
95.68
98. 39
1951: January..............................
February.. ____________
M arch________ . . . ____
April_________ ________
M ay___________________
June______ . ...................
July___________________
August-------- --------------September-. _________
49.28
49. 55
49. 70
50.08
50.11
50. 06
50. 50
50. 47
50.68
89.87
90. 95
85. 96
84.12
81.78
80. 97
77. 67
79. 55
82. 25
61.71
61. 26
60.96
60.83
61.01
61.71
62.09
61.51
61.39
34.89
35. 04
34.68
34.90
35.02
35.24
35.46
35.29
35.90
43.4
43.2
43.3
43.3
43.4
43.4
43.4
43.3
43.2
.804
.811
.801
.806
.807
.812
.817
.815
.831
36.70
36. 25
36.85
37.32
37. 96
38.06
37.83
37. 30
37.79
41.0
40.5
40.9
41.1
41.4
41.5
41.3
40.9
41.3
.895
.895
.901
.908
.917
.917
.916
.912
.915
43.35
41.78
44.14
44.90
45.90
45. 45
44.26
42. 94
44.66
41.4
40.1
42.0
42.4
43.1
42.6
41.6
40.7
41.7
1.047
1.042
1.051
1.059
1.065
1.067
1.064
1.055
1.071
t82 94
80.74
84.56
84.94
83.63
83. 55
84.13
83.62
83.30
i These figures are based on reports from cooperating establishments
covering both full- and part-time employees who worked during, or received
pay for, the pay period ending nearest the 15th of the month. For the mining,
manufacturing, laundries, and cleaning and dyeing plants industries, data
relate to production and related workers only. For the remaining industries,
unless otherwise noted, data relate to nonsupervisory employees and working
supervisors. All series are available upon request to the Bureau of Labor
Statistics. Such requests should specify which industry series are desired.
Data for the three current months are subject to revision without notation;
revised figures for earlier months will be identified by asterisks the first
month they are published.
» Includes: ordnance and accessories; lumber and wood products (except
furniture); furniture and fixtures; stone, clay, and glass products; primary metal
industries; fabricated metal products (except ordnance, machinery, and
transportation equipment); machinery (except electrical); electrical machin
ery; transportation equipment; instruments and related products; miscel
laneous manufacturing industries.
8 Includes: food and kindred products; tobacco manufactures; textile-mill
products; apparel and other finished textile products; paper and allied prod
ucts; printing, publishing, and allied industries; chemicals and allied prod
ucts; products of petroleum and coal; rubber products; leather and leather
products.
< Data relate to hourly rated employees reported by individual railroads
(exclusive of switching and terminal companies) to the Interstate Commerce
Commission. Annual averages include any retroactive payments made,
which are excluded from monthlv averages.
• Data include privately and municipally operated local railways and bus
lines.
• Through May 1949 the averages relate mainly to the hours and earnings of
employees subject to the Fair Labor Standards Act. Beginning with June
1949 the averages relate to the hours and earnings of nonsupervisory employ
ees. Data for June comparable with the earlier series are $51.47, 38.5 hours,
and $1,337.
TData relate to employees in such occupations in the telephone industry
as switchboard operators, service assistants, operating room instructors, and
pay-station attendants. During 1950 such employees made up 46 percent
of the total number of nonsupervisory employees in telephone establishments
reporting hours and earnings data.
8 Data relate to employees in such occupations in the telephone industry
as central office craftsmen; installation and exchange repair craftsmen; line,
cable, and conduit craftsmen; and laborers. During 1950 such employees
made up 25 percent of the total number of nonsupervisory employees in tele
phone establishments reporting hours and earnings data.
* Data relate mainly to land-line employees, excluding employees com
pensated on a commission basis, general and divisional headquarters per
sonnel, trainees in school, and messengers.
10 Data on average weekly hours and average hourly earnings are not avail
able.
» Money payments only; additional value of board, room, uniforms, and
tips, not included.
t New series beginning with month and year shown below; not comparable
with data shown for earlier periods:
D r u g s a n d M e d ic in e s —January 1951; comparable January data for old series
are $63.48,41.3 hours and $1,537.
M o tio n p ic tu r e p ro d u c tio n a n d d istrib u tio n —January 1951; comparable Jan
uary data for old series are $97.01.
T a ble C-2: Gross Average Weekly Earnings of Production Workers in Selected Industries, in Current
and 1939 Dollars 1
M a n u fa c tu r in g
B itu m in o u s co a l m in in g
L a u n d r ie s
Y ea r a n d m o n th
1939
d o lla rs
A v e r a g e ....... .................
A v e r a g e ____________
A v e r a g e ____________
A v e r a g e ____________
A v e r a g e ................. ..
A v e r a g e .........................
$23.86
29.58
43.82
54.14
54. 92
59.33
$23. 86
27. 95
31.2 2
31.31
32.07
34.31
$23.88
30. 86
58.03
72. 12
63.28
70.35
$23. 88
29.16
41.35
41.70
36. 96
40.68
$17. 69
19.00
30. 30
34.23
34.98
35.47
$17. 69
17. 95
21.59
19. 79
20. 43
20.51
1950: S e p te m b e r ........ ..........
O c t o b e r ......................
N o v e m b e r ................. ..
D e c e m b e r __________
60. 64
61.99
62. 23
63.8 8
34. 52
35. 09
35.07
35.51
71.92
72. 99
73. 27
77. 77
40.94
41.32
41.29
43.23
35. 93
35. 79
35.86
36.38
20.45
20. 26
20.21
20. 22
1These series indicate changes in the level of weekly earnings prior to and
after adjustment for changes in purchasing power as determined from the
Bureau’s Consumers’ Price Index, the year 1939 having been selected for the
base period. Estimates of World War II and postwar understatement by
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
B itu m in o u s co a l m in in g
L a u n d r ie s
Y ea r a n d m o n th
C u r ren t
1939
1939
C urren t
C u r ren t
d ollars d o lla r s d ollars d o lla rs d o lla rs
1939:
1941:
1946:
1948:
1949:
1950:
M a n u fa c tu r in g
C urren t
1939
C urren t
1939
1939
C u r ren t
d o lla r s d o lla r s d o lla rs d o lla r s d o lla rs d o llars
1951: J a n u a r y .........................
F e b r u a r y __________
M a r c h ._____ _______
A p r il________ ______
M a y _______________
J u n e _______ _____ _
J u l y ________________
A u g u s t 2.__
______
S e p te m b e r 2. . . . . .
$63. 76
63. 84
64. 57
64. 70
64. 55
65.08
64.24
64 .5 2
65.45
$34. 92
34. 52
34. 79
34.84
34.61
34.9 3
3 4 .4 2
3 4 .5 7
3 4 .8 6
$76.63
75. 67
74. 66
75.63
73.8 6
77. 67
73.71
77.12
81.5 0
$41.97
40. 92
40. 22
40. 72
39.6 0
41. 69
3 9 .5 0
41 .3 2
43.41
$36. 70
36.25
36. 85
37. 32
3 7 .9 6
38.06
37.8 3
3 7 .3 0
37. 79
$20.10
19. 60
19.85
20.10
20.35
20.43
20.27
19. 99
20.13
the Consumers’ Price Index were not included. See the Monthly Labor
Review, March 1947, p. 498. Data from January 1939 are available upon
request to the Bureau of Labor Statistics.
1 Preliminary.
REVIEW, DECEMBER 1951
G: EARNINGS AND HOURS
759
Table C-3: Gross and N et Spendable Average Weekly Earnings of Production Workers in Manufactur
ing Industries, in Current and 1939 Dollars 1
Gross average
weekly earnings
Period
Net spendable average weekly
eanaings
Worker with
no dependents
Worker with
3 dependents
Index
Cur
Cur
1939
Amount (1939= rent dollars
rent
100) dollars
dollars
1941: January......... .......... $26.64
1945: January_________
47.50
July............... .......... 45.45
1946: Ju n e .___________
43.31
1939:
1940:
1941:
1942:
1943:
1944:
1945:
1946:
1947:
1948:
1949:
1950:
Average....... ...........
Average____ _____
Average......... .........
Average...................
Average...................
Average_________
Average___
Average...................
Average_________
Average_________
Average_________
Average................. .
23.86
25.20
29. 58
36. 65
43.14
46.08
44.39
43.82
49.97
54.14
54.92
59.33
Net spendable average weekly
earr ings
Gross average
weekly earnings
Worker with
no dependents
Period
1939
dollars
Index
Amount
(1 9 3 9 =
100)
Worker with
3 dependents
Cur
Cur
1939
1939
rent
rent
dollars dollars dollars dollars
111.7
199.1
190.5
181.5
$25.41
39.40
37.80
37.30
$25.06
30.76
28.99
27.77
$26.37
45.17
43.57
42.78
$26.00
35.27
33.42
31.85
Septem ber.......... .
October_________
November_______
December—............
$60.64
61.99
62.23
63.8 8
254.1
259.8
260.8
267 .7
$52.50
52.16
52.35
53.67
$29. 89
29.53
29. 50
29.84
$58.38
59 20
59. 40
60. 75
$33.24
33.51
33. 47
33.77
100.0
105.6
124.0
153.6
180.8
193.1
186.0
183.7
209.4
226.9
230.2
248.7
23.58
24.69
28.05
31.77
36. 01
38.29
36.97
37.72
42. 76
47. 43
48. 09
51.09
23.58
24.49
26. 51
27.08
28 94
30.28
28.58
26.88
26 63
27.43
28.09
29.54
23.62
24.95
29. 28
36.28
41. 39
44. 06
42.74
43. 20
48.24
53.17
53.83
57. 21
23.62
24.75
27.67
30.93
33.26
34. 84
33.04
30. 78
30.04
30. 75
31.44
33.08
January..... .............
F eb ru ary ...............
M a rc h .......... ........
April.......................
M ay_______ . . .
June____ _ ____
July____________
A ugust2_________
September2____ _
63. 76
63.84
64.57
64.7 0
64. 55
65.08
64.24
64 .5 2
65.45
267.2
26 7 .6
270.6
271.2
270.5
272.8
269 .2
270.4
274.3
53.4 9
53. 55
54.13
54.23
54.11
54.53
53.8 7
54. 09
54.8 2
29. 29
28.9 6
29.16
29. 20
29.01
29. 27
28 .8 7
28.98
29.2 0
60. 56
60. 62
61.21
61.31
61.1 9
61.6 2
60.94
61.1 7
61.9 2
33.17
3 2 .78
32.98
33. 01
32.81
33. 07
32.6 5
3 2 .7 8
3 2 .98
' Net spendable average weekly earnings are obtained by deducting from
gross average weekly earnings, social security and income taxes for which
the specified type of worker is liable. The amount of income tax liability
depends, of course, on the number of dependents supported by the worker
as well as on the level of his gross income. Net spendable earnings have
therefore, been computed for 2 types of income-receivers: (1) A worker
with no dependents: (2) A worker with 3 dependents.
The computation of net spendable earnings for both factory worker with
no dependents and the factory worker with 3 dependents are based upon the
gross average weekly earnings for all production workers in manufacturing
industries without direct regard to marital status and family composition.
The primary value of the spendable series is that of measuring relative changes
in disposable earnings for 2 types of income-receivers. T hat series does not,
therefore, reflect actual differences in levels of earnings for workers of varying
age, occupation, skill, family composition, etc. Comparable data from
January 1939 are available upon request to the Bureau of Labor Statistics.
* Preliminary.
Table C-4: Average Hourly Earnings, Gross and Exclusive of Overtime, of Production Workers in
Manufacturing Industries 1
M anufactur ing
Excluding
overtime
Period
Gross
amount
1941:
1942:
1943:
1944:
1945:
1946:
1947:
1948:
1949:
1950:
Average____
Average____
Average____
Average____
Average____
Average........
Average____
Average____
Average____
Average____
Durable
goods
$0. 729
.853
.961
1.019
1.023
1.086
1. 237
1.350
1.401
1.465
Index
Amount (1939 =
100)
$0. 702
.805
.894
.947
«.963
1.051
1.198
1.310
1.367
1.415
Gross
Ex
clud
ing
over
time
Nondurable
goods
Gross
110.9 $0. 808 $0. 770 $0. 640
127.2
.947
.881
.723
141.2 1.059 .976
.803
149.6 1.117 1. 029
.861
152. 1 1. Ill 21.042
.904
166.0 1.156 1.122 1.015
189.3 1.292 1.250 1.171
207.0 1. 410 1.366 1. 278
216.0 1. 469 1. 434 1.325
223.5 1.537 1.480 1.378
Durable
goods
Excluding
overtime
Ex
clud
ing
over
time
Period
$0. 625
.698
.763
.814
*.858
.981
1.133
1.241
1. 292
1.337
1950: September...
October____
November. .
December__
$1. 479
1.501
1.514
1.543
$1. 424
1.442
1.456
1.479
1951: January___
February _ .
M arch........
April
M ay______
June______
July----------August 3___
September 3._
1.555
1. 561
1.571
1. 578
1. 586
1. 599
1.598
1.597
1.612
1.497
1.504
1.511
1.518
1.528
1.540
1.546
1.542
1.553
i Overtime is defined as work in excess of 40 hours per week and paid for at
time and one-half. The computation of average hourly earnings exclusive of
overtime makes no allowance for special rates of pay for work done on holidays. Comparable data from January 1941 are available upon request to
the Bureau of Labor Statistics.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Manufacturing
Gross
amount
Index
Amount (1939=
100)
Gross
Nondurable
goods
Ex
clud
ing Gross
over
time
225.0 $1. 562 $1. 499 $1. 379
227.8 1. 577 1. 508 1. 404
230.0 1. 587 1. 521 1. 419
233.6 1.619 1.545 1.443
236.5
237.6
238.7
239 8
241.4
243.3
244.2
243.6
245.3
1.630
1. 639
1. 654
1.665
1.681
1.682
1.683
1.703
1.565
1. 573
1. 582
1 587
1.596
1.611
1.622
1.618
1.633
Ex
clud
ing
over
time
$1.334
1. 358
1 372
1.393
1.456
1. 458
1. 460
1. 409
1. 414
1. 415
1.474
1.484
1.488
1.482
1.491
1.432
1.441
1.444
1.441
1.446
* Eleven-month average. August 1945 excluded because of VJ-holiday
period,
* Preliminary,
760
T able
G: EARNINGS AND HOURS
M ONTHLY LABO R
C -5: Hours and Gross Earnings of Production Workers in Manufacturing Industries for Selected
States and Areas 1
Alabama
State
Arizona
Birmingham
Arkansas
State
Phoenix
Little RockN. Little Rock
State
Year and month
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn hours
ings
1950: September___ $48.84
October_____ 49.92
November___ 49. 97
December___ 52.13
1951: January-. - - 51.16
February____ 50. 78
March______ 51.16
April_______ 51.69
M ay________ 49. 52
June_____ _ *51.05
Ju ly------------- 50. 42
August49. 64
September___ 50.17
40.7
41.6
41.3
41.7
40.6
40.3
40.6
40.7
39.3
*40.2
39.7
39.4
39.5
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
$1.20 $55. 76
1.20 55. 76
1.21 55. 35
1.25 58. 90
1.26 59.20
1.26 59.75
1.26 58.86
1.27 60.45
1.26 59.64
1.27 *60. 90
1. 27 60.15
1. 26 59. 90
1.27 61.00
$1.37 $63.36
1.36 65. 71
1.36 64.07
1.44 66.00
1.48 63.30
1.49 64.20
1.49 64.80
1.50 65.70
1.48 66.10
1.50 *68. 51
1.50 66.25
1.49 64.53
1.51 66.82
$1.47 $62.46
1.48 61.32
1.49 61.24
1.47 64. 53
1.47 62.90
1.47 64.00
1.51 64.00
1.55 64.90
1.54 64.70
*1.55 *66. 50
1.57 66. 52
1.57 63.67
1.61 65. 53
$1.48 $44.39
1.46 44. 72
1.49 44.73
1.47 45. 58
1.46 45.04
1.49 44. 50
1.55 45. 56
1.58 45.56
1.53 46. 76
*1.55 *45.10
1.58 45.73
1.58 45.62
1.61 46.70
$1,03 $43.99
1.04 44.93
1.06 45. 26
1.08 45.80
1.08 46.00
1.08 45.43
1.09 44.08
1.09 45.04
1.09 46.18
*1.10 46.51
1.11 46. 62
1.11 46. 73
1.12 46. 97
40.7
41.0
40.7
40.9
40.0
40.1
39.5
40.3
40.3
*40.6
40.1
40.2
40.4
43.1
44.4
43.0
44.9
43.0
43.7
42.9
42.4
42.9
*44.2
42.2
41.1
41.5
42.2
42.0
41.1
43.9
43.0
43.0
41.3
41.1
42.3
*42.9
42.1
40.3
40.7
41.3
43.0
42.2
42.2
41.7
41.2
41.8
41.8
42.9
*41.0
41.2
41. 1
41.7
41.5
43.2
42.7
42.8
42.2
41.3
41.2
41.7
41.6
41.9
42.0
42.1
42. 7
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
$1.06
1.04
1.06
1.07
1.09
1.10
1.07
1.08
1.11
1.11
1.11
1.11
1.10
California
State
1950: September___
October_____
November___
December.......
1951: January-------February____
M arch______
April_______
M a y ____ J u n e ... ------Ju ly________
August.September----
$66. 71
67.38
67.38
68. 66
68. 62
69.49
69. 44
70. 75
70.95
72.84
71.05
72.66
73.60
40.2
40.6
39.9
40.0
39.6
39.9
39.8
40.4
40.1
40.7
39.9
41.3
41.2
Los Angeles
$1.66 $65. 53
1.66 66. 72
1.69 67.06
1.71 68. 54
1.73 68. 60
1.74 69.10
1.74 68.92
1.75 69.78
1.77 70.50
1. 79 71.47
1.78 71.21
1.76 71.46
1.79 72. 45
40.2
40.9
40.5
40.6
40.2
40.5
40.3
40.8
40.8
41.0
40.7
41.0
41.2
Sacramento
$1.63 $75.03
1.63 69.62
1.65 65.11
1.69 63.05
1.71 65. 21
1.71 66. 56
1.71 66. 81
1.71 63.12
1.73 60.79
1.74 *67.01
1.75 70.03
1.74 72.08
1.76 86.17
46.8
43.0
38.9
37.5
36.9
38.1
38.0
36.1
36.1
*39.4
39.3
42.3
48.5
San FranciscoOakland
San Diego
$1.60 $62. 28
1.62 64.31
1.67 65.01
1.68 66.10
1.77 70. 94
1.75 68.40
1.76 70. 38
1.75 72. 61
1.68 70.28
*1.70 71.86
1.78 70.19
1.70 71.51
1.78 69.18
38.6
40.7
40.4
40.1
41.5
40.9
41.5
43.2
41.5
42.0
40.6
41.2
39.5
$1.62 $68. 28
1.58 68. 52
1.61 68.09
1.65 71.26
1.71 70.10
1.67 71.05
1.69 70.96
1.68 72.01
1.69 72.18
1.71 73.37
1.73 72.39
1.74 73.43
1.75 74. 95
39.7
39.6
38.9
40.0
39.1
39.0
39.1
39.4
39.2
39.4
39.1
40.1
40.2
$1.72 $64.73
1.73 60.95
1.75 60.55
1.78 61.94
1.79 63.41
1.82 66.35
1.82 69.69
1.83 69. 58
1.84 68.11
1.86 73.10
1.85 61.79
1.83 70.40
1.86 72. 43
San Jose
44.4
41.1
39.5
38.1
38.0
38.9
40.2
40.6
39.4
41.1
38.1
44.5
45.1
$1.46
1.48
1.53
1.62
1.67
1.71
1.73
1.71
1.73
1.78
1.62
1.59
1.61
Connecticut
State
1950: S ep tem ber...,
October____
November___
December----1951: January-------February-----M arch______
April_______
M ay________
June________
July________
August_____ _
September___
$62.17
63.65
64. 44
65.96
65. 65
65.86
66.77
67.09
67.10
67.34
66.61
66.57
67.57
42.8
43.0
42.9
43.3
43.0
42.8
43.0
43.1
42.9
42.8
42.2
42.2
42.4
Bridgeport
$1.45 $61.83
1.48 64.36
1.50 65.44
1.52 67.44
1.53 67. 48
1.54 66. 77
1.55 66.86
1.56 67.69
1.57 67.68
1.58 67. 90
1.58 68. 49
1.58 68. 26
1.60 69.07
41.6
42.4
42.7
43.1
42.9
42.4
42.1
42.6
42.3
42.0
41.9
41.8
42.0
Connecticut—Con.
Waterbury
1950: September___
October_____
November___
December . ..
1951: January___
February____
M arch_____
April__ ___
M a y .. ____
June______
July________
August______
September___
$66.27
65.19
65.13
67.45
65.60
65.60
65.60
67.20
66.68
67. 62
66. 21
65. 77
65.69
43.9
43.6
43.0
43.5
42.8
42.7
42.4
43.2
42.5
42.9
42.0
42.2
42.0
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
$1.51 $53.33
1.49 53.82
1.51 56.39
1. 55 58.46
1.53 57.05
1.54 58.43
1.55 58.83
1.56 58.31
1.57 *58. 40
1.58 *57. 57
1.58 57.04
1.56 54.53
1.56 56. 42
Hartford
$1.49 $66.19
1.52 70.06
1.53 71.03
1.56 72.74
1.57 73.15
1.57 73.86
1.59 73.90
1.59 74.47
1.60 74.75
1.62 75. 67
1.63 74. 85
1.63 73. 81
1.64 76.99
43.9
44.6
45.4
45.4
45.4
45.3
44.9
45.3
45.3
45.5
44.9
44.3
45.0
New Britain
$1.50 $61.04
1.56 63. 57
1.59 65.07
1.60 66. 75
1.61 66.43
1.62 67.35
1.64 68.64
1.64 68. 78
1.65 69.00
1.66 69.26
1.66 68.17
1.66 69. 26
1.70 69. 00
42.7
43.7
43.1
44.0
43.7
44.2
44.3
44.2
44.1
44.0
43.6
44.0
43.7
Delaware
State
40.0
40.2
40.7
41.2
40.1
40.2
40.7
40.4
40.9
40.0
39.4
39.2
39.6
New Haven
$1.43 $56.87
1.45 57. 61
1.51 59.02
1.52 58.25
1.52 59.60
1.53 59.70
1.55 59.33
1.55 59.90
1.56 59.71
1.57 60. 56
1.56 60. 27
1.57 60. 42
1.58 60.68
41.4
41.9
42.1
41.3
41.8
41.9
41.2
41.6
40.9
41.2
41.0
41.1
41.0
$1.37 $70.15
1.37 70.09
1.40 68.37
1.41 70.19
1.42 69.02
1.42 71.91
1.44 70.29
1.44 69.23
1.46 69.08
1.47 68.90
1.47 68.61
1.47 72. 28
1.48 73.15
Florida
Wilmington
$1.34 $64.94
1.34 64.67
1.39 65.97
1.42 68.05
1.42 66. 76
1.45 68.43
1.45 69.46
1.44 68.95
1.43 69.64
1.44 *68.98
1.45 66. 76
1.39 66.83
1.42 67.83
42.0
42.4
42.4
42.9
41.8
41.6
42.2
42.3
*42.5
41.9
40.4
40.8
40.6
$1.55 $46. 42
1.53 47. 28
1.56 48.21
1.59 49.58
1.60 48.71
1.64 49.08
1.64 48. 96
1.63 48. 57
*1.64 49. 59
*1.65 49. 83
1.65 50.33
1.64 49.39
1.67 50.21
State
41.7
42.0
42.6
43.3
42.8
42.7
42.5
41.8
42.9
42.9
42.8
42.0
42.7
43.3
43.0
42.3
43.0
42.1
42.9
42.4
41.8
41.7
41.4
41.4
42.5
42.8
$1.62
1.63
1.61
1.63
1.64
1.68
1.66
1.66
1.66
1.66
1.66
1.70
1.71
Georgia
Tampa-St. Petersburg
$1.11 $44.30
1.12 45.84
1.13 47.11
1.15 47. 20
1.14 46.36
1.15 44. 74
1.15 46. 94
1.16 46.95
1.16 47. 80
1.16 47. 46
1.18 47.24
1.18 47.11
1.18 47. 94
Stamford
40.6
41.3
40.6
41.0
40.9
40.0
41.5
41.3
41.8
41.3
41.0
40.8
41.0
$1.09 $44.39
1.11 45.51
1.16 46.10
1.15 46.92
1.13 46.46
1.12 47.50
1.13 48.02
1.14 47.33
1.14 46.80
1.15 46.92
1.15 45.40
1.16 44. 81
1.17 45.98
State
41.1
41.0
40.8
40.8
40.4
41.3
41.4
40.8
40.0
40.1
38.8
38.3
39.3
$1.08
1.11
1.13
1.15
1.15
1.15
1.16
1.16
1.17
1.17
1.17
1.17
1.17
REVIEW, DECEMBER 1951
C: EARNINGS AND HOURS
761
T able C-5: Hours and Gross Earnings of Production Workers in Manufacturing Industries for Selected
States and Areas 1—Oontinued
Georgia—Continued
Atlanta
Illinois
Idaho
Savannah
State
State
Davenport-Rock
Island-Moline
Year and month
1950: September___
October_____
November___
December___
1951: Ja n u a ry ____
February____
M a rc h ,........ .
April_______
M ay . . . ___
June____ . . .
J u l y , . . . .........
A ugust.,....... .
September___
1950: September___
O cto b er____
November___
December__
1951: Jan u ary ..........
February____
M a rc h _____
April_______
M ay________
June.............. .
J u ly ...............
August______
September___
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn hours
ings
Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn earn wkly.
ings hours
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
$49. 44
50. 39
51.88
54.99
51.03
53.76
53.28
51.58
53.04
*53. 97
51.75
52.54
54.14
$1.20 $52. 58
1.22 51.83
1.25 53. 76
1.30 54. 66
1.26 53. 02
1.28 54.10
1.29 52. 65
1.28 55.18
1.30 53.97
1.31 *55.18
1.31 55.74
1.32 55. 99
1.34 55.88
$1.24 $67. 36
1.24 66.18
1.28 64.88
1.28 67.81
1.29 71.14
1.31 67.97
1.30 65.85
1.32 62. 76
1.31 67.89
1.32 71.86
1.34 71.58
1.33 72.04
1.34 72.85
$1.60 $64. 24
1.63 65.10
1.61 65. 34
1.63 66.87
1.67 67. 36
1.63 67.33
1.61 68.20
1.63 67.93
1.71 67.74
1.74 68.70
1.75 68.19
1.77 67.64
1.79 69. 31
$1.54
1.56
1.58
1.60
1.62
1.62
1.64
1.64
1.65
1.66
1.66
1.65
1.67
41.2
41.3
41.5
42.3
40.5
42.0
41.3
40.3
40.8
*41.2
39.5
39.8
40.4
42.4
41.8
42.0
42.7
41.1
41.3
40.5
41.8
41.2
*41.8
41.6
42.1
41.7
Illinois—Continued
Indiana
Rockford
State
74. 91
74. 50
77.13
76. 55
75.40
75.31
71.05
75.02
75.68
46.8
46.3
47.1
46.4
45.7
45.4
43.4
45.3
45.6
1.60
1.61
1.64
1.65
1.65
1.66
1.64
1.65
1.66
$65.43
41.8
66. 58 42.0
67. 53 41.8
70.58
42.5
70.64
42.1
70. 60 42.1
71.89
42.3
71.68
42.0
72.26
42.1
*72.07 *41.7
72.68
41.8
72. 44 42.0
72.72
42.2
, Kansas—Continued
$62.38
63.27
63.81
64.44
70.16
68.80
74.67
72.83
74. 24
75.76
76.14
77.44
78.80
40.8
41.0
41.2
41.2
41.5
41.7
45.1
45.1
44.9
45.0
45.2
45.4
45.9
41.7
41.8
41.4
41.9
41.6
41.5
41.6
41.3
41.1
41.4
41.1
41.0
41.6
State
$1.53 $51.25
1.54 52.38
1.55 52. 54
1.56 53.89
1.69 54. 25
1.65 54.54
1.65 56.44
1.62 56.44
1.65 56.30
1.68 55.90
1.68 57.13
1.71 56.44
1.72 57.68
41.0
41.9
41.7
42.1
41.1
40.7
41.5
41.5
41.4
40.8
41.4
41.2
41.8
72.44
72.83
73. 92
73.28
73. 67
73.82
73.14
70. 95
74. 00
41.6
41.3
40.9
40.7
40.8
40.6
40.2
39.3
40.4
$1.57 $58.62
1.59 59.42
1.61 60.11
1.66 63. 66
1.68 63.96
1.68 61.68
1.70 61.67
1.71 64.70
1.72 64.82
1.73 *66.39
1.74 65.02
1.73 65.10
1.72 65.84
42.0
42.3
42.4
43.8
42.8
41.2
40.8
42.5
42.3
42.4
41.5
41.6
41.6
1.74
1.76
1.81
1.80
1.81
1.82
1.82
1.81
1.83
$1.40 $61.49
1.41 60. 69
1.42 60. 60
1.45 64.47
1.49 65. 61
1.50 62.37
1.51 64. 55
1.52 67.49
1.53 66.89
*1.57 66. 41
1.57 66.47
1.57 67. 99
1.58 70.47
41.5
41.1
40.4
41.7
41.4
38.8
39.7
41.0
40.8
40.3
40.1
40.8
41.2
$1.48 $60.76
1.48 60.13
1.50 62. 34
1.55 62. 65
1.59 64.85
1.61 63.93
1.63 65.72
1.65 65. 34
1.64 66.25
1.65 66. 77
1.66 64. 78
1.67 69.65
1.71 71.15
41.9
41.2
42.2
42.0
41.9
41.2
42.6
42.9
43.0
42.7
41.2
44.1
44.5
$1.45 $59.17
1.46 56.36
1.48 54.91
1.49 57.97
1.55 59.35
1.55 59. 57
1.54 59.86
1.52 55.13
1.54 61.29
1.56 61.84
1.57 49.47
1.58 58. 30
1.60 65.68
1950:”September
October
November
December.
1951: January........... 60.64
February__ _ 60.90
M arch______ 61.65
April_______ 61.76
M a y . . ___ . 62.17
June________ *62.27
July________ 60.59
August____ _ 60.95
September___ 62.93
40.7
40.6
41.1
40.9
40.9
40.7
39.6
40.1
40.6
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Fall River
$1.25 $49.38
1.25 48.81
1.25 51.56
1.29 53.01
1.30 53.10
1.33 53.97
1.33 52.99
1.33 53.56
1.35 51.75
1.31 51.60
1.35 50.50
1.32 51.28
1.33 53.39
1.49
1.50
1.50
1.51
1.52
*1.53
1.53
1.52
1.55
53.04
53.71
51.09
51.35
50.96
50.96
49.15
44.42
44.07
40.8
41.0
39.3
39.5
39.5
39.2
38.1
34.7
33.9
New Bedford
1.30 54.12
1.31 54.80
1.30 53.73
1.30 54.40
1.29 51.74
1.30 *50.69
1.29 50.14
1.28 50.56
1.30 51.84
41.0
41.2
40.4
40.6
39.2
*38.4
37.7
38.3
38.4
1.32
1.33
1.33
1.34
1.32
1.32
1.33
1.32
1.35
1.68
1.69
1.68
1.68
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.77
1.73
41.6
39.9
41.1
41.8
41.8
42.3
41.1
40.7
39.9
39.7
38.5
40.1
40.5
$1.19 $49.93
1.22 49.14
1.25 51.81
1.27 53.12
1.27 52.67
1.28 53.90
1.29 54.10
1.32 54. 21
1.30 54.84
1.30 54.30
1.31 53.47
1.28 55.09
1.32 53.71
$1.37
1.32
1.33
1.41
1.40
1.44
1.43
1.37
1.43
1.42
1.44
1.41
1.50
40.5
39.9
41.0
41.7
41.3
42.1
41.6
41.5
42.0
41.1
40.8
42.1
41.1
$1.23 $56.59
1.23 58.47
1.26 59.90
1.27 60.82
1.27 60.38
1.28 61.26
1.30 61. 55
1.31 61.73
1.31 61.65
1.32 *60.17
1.31 59.31
1.31 59.34
1.31 60.43
41.1
41.0
41.6
41.8
41.3
41.4
41.5
41.4
41.3
*40.5
39.9
39.8
40.0
$1.38
1.43
1.44
1.46
1.46
1.48
1.48
1.49
1.49
*1.49
1.49
1.49
1.51
Michigan
Springfleld-Holyoke
62.10
61.20
63.23
64.37
64.33
64.90
64.12
64.37
66.24
43.2
42.6
41.2
41.0
42.3
41.4
41.9
40.1
42.9
43.4
34.4
41.3
43.7
State
Portland
Massachusetts—Continued
Boston
42.3
42.2
41.7
41.7
41.6
41.5
42.1
40.7
40.6
Massachusetts
State
New Orleans
39.4
40.7
39.2
39.8
39.9
39.2
40.6
40.3
39.6
39.1
40.4
39.7
40.5
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
Topeka
Maine
$1.25 $49. 25
1.25 50.88
1.26 49.00
1.28 51.34
1.32 51.87
1.34 52.14
1.36 54.00
1.36 53.60
1.36 53.46
1.37 51.22
1.38 54.54
1.37 52.40
1.38 53.87
71.18
71.24
70.24
70.20
70.19
70.20
71.18
72.21
70. 20
State
Des Moines
State
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn earn wkly.
ings hours
ings
Kansas
Iowa
Louisiana
W ichita
1950: September. —.
October_____
November__ _
December__ _
1951: January . . . ..
February__ _
March . .
April_______
M ay________
June_____ _
Ju ly________
August______
September___
42.1
40.6
40.3
41.6
42.6
41.7
40.9
38.5
39.7
41.3
40.9
40.7
40.7
Peoria
41.4
40.8
41.6
41.8
41.5
41.6
41.1
41.0
41.4
1.50
1.50
1.52
1.54
1.55
1.56
1.56
1.57
1.60
State 2
Worcester
69.11
68.62
68.79
68.39
68.64
67.98
67.57
68.23
68.56
42.4
42.1
42.2
41.7
41.6
41.2
41.2
41.1
41.3
1.63
1.63
1.63
1.64
1.65
1.65
1.64
1.66
1.66
$72.71
74.81
73.06
74.81
72.68
72.97
74.26
73.81
73.70
74.61
73.30
75.21
75.68
41.4
42.1
40.9
41.5
40.4
40.4
40.4
40.2
40.1
39.9
39.2
40.2
40.0
$1.76
1.78
1.79
1.81
1.80
1.81
1.84
1.84
1.84
1.87
1.87
1.87
1. 89
MONTHLY LABOR
C: EARN IN 0 8 AND HOURS
762
T able C-5: Hours and Gross Earnings of Production Workers in Manufacturing Industries for Selected
States and Areas 1—Continued
Minnesota
M ichigan—C ontinued
Muskegon
Lansing
Grand Rapids
Flint
Detroit
State
Year and month
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn hours
ings
40.8
41.7
40.2
40.8
39.7
39.7
39.4
39.5
39.1
38.8
37.8
39.1
39.4
I960: September___ $74. 84
77. 71
November___ 75.07
76. 72
1951: January.......... 74.24
.February____ 74.16
M arch______ 75.14
April__ . . . 75.37
M ay________ 74.49
Ju n e ,.
___ 75. 62
July------------- 73.82
August______ 76.60
S eptem ber.... 77. 97
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn earn wkly.
ings hours
ings
1.86
1.87
1.88
1.87
1.87
1.91
1.91
1.91
1.95
1.95
1.96
1.98
75.82
81.72
76.63
70. 30
73. 75
76.49
74.30
76.34
77.05
40.5
43.2
40.7
38.0
39.8
39.9
38.8
39.7
39.9
1.87
1.89
1.88
1.85
1.85
1.92
1.92
1.92
1.93
69. 88
71.23
73. 53
71.49
69. 97
69.20
71.31
70. 92
70.16
42.3
42.5
42.8
42.2
41.5
40.9
41.7
41.5
41.1
1.65
1.68
1.72
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.71
1.71
1. 71
1950: September___
October_____
November___
December___
1951: January__ _
February____
M arch______
April.. . . .
M a v ____ _
June_____ .
July------------August______
September___
68.00
40.2
40.6
39.8
39.4
38.8
39.9
40.2
40.1
40.2
39.2
40.9
38.4
40.7
$1.55 $61. 37
1.53 62.19
1.53 62.18
1.54 62.16
1.58 63.24
1.62 64. 50
1.63 64. 40
1.62 65.06
1.64 64. 77
1.66 64.82
1.66 65.04
1.66 66. 67
1.67 67.47
41.8
42.1
41.7
41.5
41.5
41.5
41.4
41.9
41.5
41.5
41.3
41.8
42.2
$1.46 $60. 68
1.48 62.47
1.49 63. 47
1.50 63. 32
1.52 64. 51
1.56 64. 54
1.55 66. 45
1.55 65.91
1.56 65.10
1.56 66.09
1.58 66.35
1.59 64.89
1.60 66.40
40.7
40.9
41.1
40.5
41.0
40.8
41.4
40.9
40.3
40.7
40.2
39.4
40.1
Nebraska
Nevada
St. Louis
State
State
40.2
40.2
39.7
39.8
39.8
40.3
40.2
40.2
39.8
40.1
39.8
40.1
40.0
$1. 46 $54. 68
1.45 55.07
1.46 56. 70
1.48 60.66
1. 50 57.10
1.52 56.50
1.53 57. 36
1.53 56. 96
1.54 57.63
1. 55 *59. 27
1.55 58.21
1.55 60. 67
1. 57 60.42
42.9
42.5
43.3
44.7
42.1
42.0
42.1
42.1
41.9
*42.8
42.1
43.5
42.9
37.4
41.9
40.8
40.8
40.3
40.3
40.1
40.6
36.6
1.89
1.89
1.91
1.90
1.89
1.92
1.95
1.95
1. 99
73.19
71.59
74.92
76. 61
74.69
77. 30
76. 65
74.07
66. 50
40.8
39.4
39.8
40.9
39.5
40.2
39.8
38.6
35.0
$1.27 $74. 63
1.30 73.10
1.31 75.24
1. 36 73.79
1.36 74. 34
1.35 74.03
1.36 73.43
1.35 72. 56
1.38 73. 33
1.39 73. 74
1.38 74. 52
1.40 73. 51
1. 41 72.89
1950: September___
October_____
November___
December___
1951: January_____
February____
M arch______
April. _ . . . .
M ay________
June____ .
July________
August___ _
September___
$65. 53
66. 21
66.63
68.48
68. 71
69.53
69. 21
68.58
68.72
*69.14
67.85
68.60
68. 47
41.9
42.2
41.8
42.4
42.1
42.5
42.2
42.1
41.7
*41.6
40.9
41.2
41.1
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Paterson
$1.56 *$63. 60 *42.2 *$1. 51
1.58
1.57 *67. 59 42.7
1.59 *67. 35 42.6
1.58
1.62 *68. 49 42.7
1.60
1.62
1.63 *68. 57 *42.3
1.62
1. 64 68.08 *42.0
1.64 *67. 72 41.7
1.62
1.64
1.63 *68. 64 *41.8
1.65 *68.10 *41.3 *1.65
*1.66 *67. 73 *41.2
1.64
1.66 67. 73 41.1 1.64
1.66 65. 97 40.2 1.64
1.66
67.81 40.9
1.67
1.88
1.87
1.89
1.92
1.93
1.92
1.90
43.9
42.5
44.0
42.9
42.0
42.3
42.2
41.7
41.9
41.9
42.1
41.3
39.4
$1.49 $40. 93
1.53 41.65
1.55 41.45
1.56 41.90
1.57 40.89
1.59 41.61
1.61 41.20
1.61 42. 33
1.62 42.85
1.62 *42. 33
1.65 42.74
1.65 42. 22
1.65 42.54
42.2
42.5
42.3
41.9
41.3
41.2
41.2
41.5
41.6
41.1
41.1
40.6
40.9
$0. 97 $56. 32
.98 55. 93
.98 56.05
1.00 57.88
.99 57.99
1.01 58.49
1.00 58.60
1.02 59.04
1.03 59.44
*1.03 *60. 30
1.04 58. 61
1.04 59.91
1.04 60.45
40.4
40.2
39.4
40.2
40.1
40.0
39.8
40.2
39.9
40.2
39.2
40.0
39.9
$1.70 $50.39
1.72 51.28
1. 71 51.43
1.72 52. 74
1. 77 54. 47
1. 75 54.44
1.74 54. 65
1.74 53.33
1. 75 52.93
1.76 *53.87
1. 77 52.67
1.78 54. 27
1.85 54. 27
Perth Amboy
$62.21
63. 64
64. 38
66. 54
66.25
66.74
66. 50
66. 66
66.83
*67. 53
67. 73
67. 24
69.26
$1.40 $60. 69
1.39 59. 90
1.42 61.11
1.44 65.25
1.45 61.78
1.46 60.45
1.47 60. 32
1.47 60.98
1.49 61.46
*1.50 61.98
1.50
1.50
1.52
41.3
40.7
40.5
41.2
41.9
42.0
41.4
40.4
39.8
*40.5
39.6
40.5
40.2
40.9 $1.52 $60. 71
1.54 65.23
41.3
41.4
1. 56 64. 62
1.59 67.20
41.9
41.2
1.61 68.06
41.4
1. 61 64.84
41.2
1.61 66. 49
41.2
1.62 65.60
41. 1 1.63 65.00
*41.3 *1.63 *65.12
40.9
1.66 64.48
40.8
1.65 65. 20
41.3
1.68 65. 37
$1.43
1.47
1.48
1.49
1.51
1.52
1.53
1.54
1.55
1.55
1.55
1.55
1.56
Manchester
$1.22 $47. 60
1.26 48.98
1.27 47.62
1.28 49. 79
1.30 52. 26
1.32 53.87
1.32 54.00
1.32 50. 92
1.33 50. 49
1.33 *51.19
1.33 50.79
1.34 51.03
1.35 51.75
41.0
40.3
41.0
42.6
41.0
39.7
40.0
40.4
40.4
40.1
$1.48
1.49
1.49
1.53
1.51
1.52
1.51
1.51
1.52
1.55
New Jersey
New Hampshire
State
41.2
41.7
41.7
41.9
41.5
41.2
41.0
41.1
41.3
41.4
41.7
41.3
41.5
Kansas City
State
38.7
38.5
37.2
38.9
40.2
40.2
40.3
38.0
37.4
*38.2
37.9
37.8
37.5
State
$1.23 $63.32
1.27 64.12
1.28 65. 27
1.28 66.58
1.30 66.85
1.34 67.06
1.34 67. 39
1.34 67.19
1.35 66.71
1.34 *67.24
1.34 67.03
1.35 66.26
1.38 67.12
41.6
41.5
41.6
41.9
41.6
41.6
41.6
41.5
41.0
41.0
40.7
40.5
40.8
$1.52
1.55
1.57
1.59
1.61
1.61
1.62
1.62
1.63
1.64
1.65
1.64
1.65
New Mexico
New Jersey—Continued
Newark-Jersey City
1.79
1.82
$58. 81
61.32
61.80
62. 61
62.69
62. 59
62.85
63.25
63.81
63.98
64.42
63.80
64.74
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
Missouri
State
St. Paul
M issouri—C ontinued
$58. 64
58.29
57.85
59.03
59. 61
61.34
61.33
61.59
61.35
62. 37
61.72
62.28
62.97
70.89
79.16
77. 97
77. 48
76.21
77.50
78. 28
79. 25
72.69
Mississippi
Minneapolis
Duluth
$62. 24
62.05
61.01
60.84
61.31
64. 69
65.47
65.14
65.82
65.19
67. 95
63.87
Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
$1.83
M innesota—C ontinued
1950: September___
October_____
November___
December___
1951: January........ .
February____
M arch______
April________
M ay________
June________
July________
August______
September___
Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn earn wkly.
ings hours
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn earn wkly.
ings hours
ings
Trenton
40.5
42.0
41.5
42.4
42.3
40.7
41.4
41.0
40.6
*40.3
39.8
40.1
40.3
State
$1.50
1.55
1.56
1.59
1.61
1. 59
1. 61
1.60
1.60
1.62
1.62
1.63
1.62
Albuquerque
$60.35
42.5 $1.42 *$58. 92 44.3
1.41 *57. 75 43.1
*60. 21
42.7
*61. 72 41.7
1.48 *58.92 44.3
*63. 66 43.6
1.46 *59.48 43.1
365. 72 3 42.4 3 1.55 *64.09 43.9
42.4
66.14
1.56
66. 30 44.8
44. 1 1.56 *68. 97 46.6
68.80
65.83 43.6
67. 55
43.3
1.56
72.33 47.9
1.54
43.8
67. 45
66.12 43.5 1.52 *67. 78 *45.8
66.12 43. 5 1.52 64. 36 43.2
68.54
44.8
1. 53 72.22 46.0
69.92 45.4
69.86
44.5
1.57
$1.33
1.34
1.33
1.38
1.46
1.48
1.48
1.51
1.51
*1.48
1.49
1.57
1.54
C: EARNINGS AND HOURS
R E V IE W , D E C E M B E R 1951
T able
763
C-5: Hours and Gross Earnings of Production Workers in Manufacturing Industries for Selected
States and Areas 1—Continued
N e w Y ork
A lb a n y - S c h e n e c t a d y T roy
S ta te
B in g h a m to n
B u ffa lo
N e w Y o r k C it y
F J m ira
Y e a r a n d m o n th
A vg.
w k ly .
ea r n
in g s
A vg.
w k ly .
hours
A vg.
h r ly .
ea r n
in g s
A vg.
w k ly .
ea r n
in g s
A vg.
w k ly .
hours
1950: S e p te m b e r ____ $59. 69
O c to b e r _______ 61.75
N o v e m b e r ____ 62.08
D e c e m b e r ____ 63.65
1951: J a n u a r y ______ 64.24
F e b r u a r y _____ 64. 43
M a r c h ________ 64.58
A p r il__________ 64.23
M a y __________ 64.22
J u n e __________ 4 64. 60
64.70
J u l y __________
A u g u s t _______ 64.97
S e p te m b e r ____ 65.39
3 9 .0
4 0 .0
4 0 .1
4 0 .3
4 0 .0
3 9 .9
4 0 .0
3 9 .9
3 9 .6
3 9 .7
3 9 .5
3 9 .4
3 9 .6
$1.53
1.55
1.55
1.58
1.61
1.61
1.61
1.61
1.6 2
4 1.63
1.64
1.65
1.6 5
$66.31
66 .2 8
68.00
69. 38
68. 99
67 .5 6
70. 26
71.63
70 .5 2
71.43
69 .1 2
68 .6 6
71.13
42.1
4 1 .8
4 2 .2
4 2 .4
4 1 .9
4 2 .2
4 2 .0
4 2 .3
4 1 .7
4 1 .8
4 0 .2
4 0 .0
4 1 .0
A vg.
w k ly .
ea r n
in g s
A vg.
w k ly .
hours
$1.57 $60. 75
59.87
1.59
60.48
1.61
63.23
1.64
61.11
1.65
61.41
1.60
59.77
1.67
61.17
1.69
60.86
1.69
59. 04
1.71
60.52
1.7 2
60. 75
1.72
61.79
1.73
4 0 .2
3 9 .9
4 0 .2
4 1 .2
4 0 .4
4 0 .6
3 9 .8
39 .4
3 8 .9
3 7 .6
38 .4
3 8 .6
3 9 .0
A vg.
h r ly .
ea rn
in g s
A vg.
h r ly .
ea r n
in g s
A vg.
w k ly .
ea r n
in g s
$1.51 $68.21
1.50
68. 42
1.51
69.9 4
1.54
72.23
1.51
71.35
1.51
70.73
1.5 0
73.29
1.55
72.98
1.57
73.43
1.57
74.19
1.5 8
74.83
1.5 8
73.9 9
1.5 8
74.91
A vg.
w k ly .
hours
4 1 .9
4 1 .6
41 .8
4 2 .2
4 1 .6
40 .9
4 1 .9
4 1 .6
4 1 .8
4 1 .9
4 1 .8
4 1 .5
4 1 .9
1950: S e p te m b e r ____ $64.22
O c to b e r _______ 65.49
N o v e m b e r ____ 66.74
D e c e m b e r ____ 67.41
1951: J a n u a r y ______ 67.15
F e b r u a r y _____ 67. 77
M a r c h ________ 67.40
A p r il__________ 69.11
M a y __________ 69.85
J u n e __________ 69.95
J u l y ---------------- 69. 25
A u g u s t _______ 69.59
S e p te m b e r ____ 69.92
4 1 .5
4 1 .7
4 1 .9
4 1 .9
4 1 .5
4 1 .8
4 1 .3
4 1 .4
4 1 .5
41.4
4 1 .2
4 1 .3
4 1 .4
U t ic a - R o m e
S yracu se
$1.55
1.57
1.59
1.61
1.6 2
1.6 2
1.63
1.67
1.6 9
1.69
1.68
1.69
1.69
$65.47
66 .8 4
65 .7 6
67.17
67 .9 2
66.37
68.13
68.23
68.87
*70.04
69.03
68. 37
69.0 8
4 3 .4
4 3 .8
4 2 .8
43 .3
4 3 .3
4 2 .0
4 3 .0
4 3 .0
4 2 .7
4 3 .3
4 2 .8
4 2 .5
4 2 .6
$1.6 4 $60.00
61.7 2
1.65
62. 66
1.67
64.8
2
1.71
1.71
63.8 2
1.73
63.9 4
64.01
1.75
1.7 5
64.6 7
1.76
64.66
65.70
1.77
1.79
63.33
1 .7 8
64. 61
1.79
64.51
$1.51 $58.88
61.02
1.53
1.54
61.68
62.18
1.55
61.85
1.57
62. 69
1.58
62.20
1.59
62. 50
1.59
61.72
1.61
*1.62 *62. 95
61.24
1.61
60. 45
1.61
1.62
60.93
41 .3
41 .5
4 1 .5
4 1 .5
4 0 .9
41.1
4 0 .5
4 0 .7
4 0 .2
4 0 .9
3 9 .8
3 9 .5
3 9 .2
$1,4 2
1.47
1.4 9
1.50
1.51
1.5 2
1.53
1.54
1.53
1 .5 4
1.54
1.53
1.5 5
S ta te
$44. 79
46 .4 8
4 6 .8 2
47.53
47.45
47. 95
47.7 2
46.8 0
45.7 8
*45.86
44. 53
43. 76
43.9 8
40 .9
4 0 .8
4 0 .5
4 0 .9
4 0 .6
4 0 .7
4 0 .4
3 9 .8
3 8 .8
3 8 .6
3 7 .7
3 7 .3
3 7 .7
1950: S e p te m b e r ____ $58.22
O c to b e r _______ 59.63
N o v e m b e r ____ 60.49
D e c e m b e r ____ 61.49
1951: J a n u a r y _______ 61.91
F e b r u a r y _____ 59.13
M a r c h ________ 61.03
A p r il__________ 62.90
M a y __________ 62.01
J u n e __________ *61.98
J u ly ___________ 63. 27
A u g u s t _______ 63.60
S e p te m b e r ____ 65.08
4 2 .5
4 3 .2
4 2 .9
4 3 .0
4 2 .7
4 0 .5
4 1 .8
4 2 .5
4 1 .9
*41.6
4 1 .9
4 2 .4
43. 1
T u ls a
O k la h o m a C it y
$1.37
1.39
1.41
1.43
1.45
1.4 6
1.4 6
1.48
1.48
*1.49
1.51
1.50
1.51
$57. 86
58.02
58. 56
59.84
58.73
57. 26
58.37
59.78
59. 50
*59.49
61.77
61.92
62. 75
4 3 .5
43 .3
4 3 .7
4 4 .0
4 3 .5
4 2 .1
4 2 .3
4 2 .7
4 2 .5
*42.8
4 3 .5
4 3 .3
4 4 .5
3 9 .9
4 0 .8
4 1 .4
4 2 .0
4 1 .0
4 0 .8
4 0 .5
4 1 .0
4 0 .8
4 1 .3
4 0 .0
4 0 .6
4 0 .2
A vg.
h r ly .
ea r n
in g s
A vg.
w k ly .
ea r n
in g s
A vg.
w k ly .
hours
$ 1 .5 0
1.51
1.51
1.54
1 .5 6
1.57
1.58
1.58
1.59
1.59
1.58
1.59
1.60
$57. 26
60.63
60.01
61.83
63.6 6
64.0 8
63.4 0
61.79
61.6 9
62. 25
63.33
63.79
63.95
3 6 .2
38 .1
3 8 .3
3 8 .4
3 8 .3
3 8 .2
3 8 .3
3 7 .9
3 7 .7
3 7 .7
3 7 .7
3 7 .6
3 7 .7
4 0 .7
4 1 .4
4 1 .6
4 1 .8
4 1 .3
4 1 .0
4 0 .6
40 .1
40 .4
*40.7
3 9 .9
3 8 .9
3 9 .4
$ 1 .1 6
1.21
1.21
1.22
1.22
1.2 4
1.22
1.22
1.24
1.2 4
1.24
1 .2 4
1.23
$1.33
1.34
1.34
' 1.3 6
1.35
1.36
1.38
1.40
1.40
*1.39
1.42
1.43
1.41
$61. 55
63. 21
62.05
63.49
65.85
61.84
64. 82
66 .4 2
63.50
63.19
67.12
65.45
67.12
4 4 .6
4 4 .2
4 2 .5
4 2 .9
4 3 .9
4 1 .5
4 3 .5
4 3 .7
4 1 .5
41 .3
43 .3
4 2 .5
43 .3
$1.38
1.43
1.46
1.4 8
1.50
1.49
1.49
1.5 2
1.53
1.53
1.55
1.54
1 .5 5
$72. 65
71.69
70.28
74.17
72. 61
72. 09
68.64
76.54
77.58
*77. 96
74.12
77.21
76.32
3 9 .4
39 .3
3 8 .1
3 9 .5
3 8 .9
3 8 .4
3 7 .4
3 9 .7
3 9 .7
*39.9
3 8 .9
4 0 .4
3 9 .2
$57.64
58.4 9
58.13
56.53
56. 84
56.7 2
57.1 4
57.06
58.08
58.69
59.2 0
59.50
60. 71
$1.84
1.83
1.84
1.88
1.87
1.88
1.84
1.93
1.9 5
1.9 5
1.90
1.91
1.94
4 6 .7
4 5 .6
4 5 .4
4 4 .3
4 4 .9
4 4 .2
4 4 .0
4 4 .5
4 4 .6
4 5 .5
4 5 .6
4 4 .8
4 5 .6
$1.23
1.28
1 .2 8
1.28
1.27
1.2 8
1.3 0
1.2 8
1.3 0
1.2 9
1.30
1.33
1.33
P e n n s y lv a n ia
P o r tla n d
S ta te
$1. 58
1.59
1. 57
1.61
1 .6 6
1 .6 8
1 .6 5
1 .6 3
1.63
1 .6 5
1 .6 8
1 .7 0
1 .6 9
S ta te
C h a r lo tte
$1.10 $47.39
49.8 8
1.14
50.16
1 .1 6
50.80
1 .1 6
50.48
1.17
50. 65
1 .1 8
49.71
1 .1 8
1 .1 8
49.01
1 .1 8
49.91
*1.19 *50. 53
49.3 8
1.18
1.17
4 8 .1 2
4 8 .6 2
1.17
A vg.
h r ly .
ea r n
in g s
N o r th D a k o ta
O regon
O k la h o m a
S ta te
A vg.
A vg.
w k ly .
w k ly .
earn
hours
in g s
N o r t h C a ro lin a
N e w Y o r k — C o n tin u e d
R o c h e ste r
A vg.
h r ly .
ea r n
in g s
$66.35
66. 55
66.50
69. 25
69.48
68.1 6
66.45
70.33
71.59
71.61
68. 61
70.32
72. 42
3 9 .7
3 9 .8
3 8 .9
3 9 .7
3 9 .7
3 8 .8
3 8 .0
3 8 .7
39. C
3 9 .2
3 7 .8
3 8 .9
3 9 .6
S ta te
$1.6 7
1.67
1.71
1.74
1.75
1.76
1.75
1.82
1.8 4
1.83
1.8 2
1.81
1.83
$58.26
59. 54
60. 55
61.8 7
62. 77
62. 28
63.5 2
63.40
63.3 6
*63. 76
63.4 7
63.28
64. 89
4 0 .2
4 0 .8
4 0 .9
4 0 .6
4 0 .5
4 0 .2
4 0 .7
4 0 .4
40.1
*40.0
3 9 .9
3 9 .7
4 0 .3
$1.45
1 .4 6
1 .4 8
1.53
1.55
1.55
1 .5 6
1.57
1.58
1 .5 9
1.59
1.59
1.61
P e n n s y lv a n ia — C o n tin u e d
A lle n to w n -B e th le h e m
1950: S e p te m b e r ____ $58. 47
O c to b e r _______ 58.37
N o v e m b e r ____ 60. 69
D e c e m b e r ____ 64. 57
1951: J a n u a r y _______ 64.08
F e b r u a r y _____ 63.17
M a r c h ------------- 65.00
A p r il__________ 65.58
M a y __________ 6 3 .90
J u n e __________ *64.38
J u ly ___________ 64.24
A u g u s t _______ 63.13
S e p t e m b e r . . . . 67.69
4 0 .2
4 0 .0
4 0 .7
4 1 .0
4 0 .2
3 9 .8
4 0 .6
4 0 .6
3 9 .2
*39 .8
3 9 .4
3 9 .0
4 0 .9
S e e fo o tn o te s a t e n d o f ta b le .
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
$1.4 6 $60.15
63. 69
1.46
68 .1 2
1.49
1.58
65 .4 6
1.60
66 .0 2
1. 59
66. 81
1 .6 0
65. 48
1. 62 66.71
1. 63
65. 82
*1.62 *66.39
1.63
67.43
1 .6 2
66.0 6
1 .6 6
69. 58
E r ie
4 0 .1
4 1 .8
4 3 .1
4 1 .5
4 1 .3
4 1 .5
4 0 .6
41 .1
4 0 .6
*41.0
4 0 .8
4 0 .0
4 1 .6
H a r r isb u r g
4 1 .5
$1.50 $56.39
56.44
4 1 .4
1.53
54. 69
1.58
4 0 .0
1.58
56. 62 • 3 9 .5
4 0 .4
1.60
59. 05
4 0 .4
1.61
58.78
4 0 .7
1.61
59. 58
1 .6 2
5 9 .1 6
4 0 .2
1 .6 2
5 9 .4 2
4 0 .0
*40.4
*1. 62 *60.00
1 .6 5
57. 61
3 8 .9
1 .6 5
60.1 9
4 0 .6
41 .1
1.67
60.5 9
$1.36
1.36
1.3 7
1.44
1.47
1.4 6
1 .4 7
1.4 7
1.49
*1.49
1.4 8
1.4 9
1.48
L a n c a s te r
J o h n s to w n
$61.28
59. 43
63.69
65.9 7
69.61
68. 61
68.3 4
67 .6 3
61.63
*66.88
65 .6 4
64 .8 9
71.84
3 8 .7
3 7 .9
3 9 .4
40. 1
4 0 .0
3 9 .5
3 9 .7
3 9 .2
3 5 .5
*38.0
3 7 .2
3 7 .2
4 0 .4
$1. 59
1 .5 7
1 .6 2
1 .6 5
1.74
1.74
1 .7 2
1.7 3
1.7 4
1.76
1.7 6
1.74
1.7 8
$55.64
56.84
57.83
59.21
57. 96
59.01
5 9 .6 8
5 9 .4 4
5 8 .4 7
*59.81
58.74
58. 94
60.6 4
4 2 .1
4 2 .5
4 2 .2
4 2 .8
4 1 .9
4 1 .9
4 2 .4
4 1 .9
*41.1
*41.9
4 1 .6
4 1 .3
4 1 .6
P h ila d e lp h ia
$1.32
1.33
1.37
1.38
1.38
1 .4 0
1.4 0
1.41
1.42
*1.42
1.41
1 .4 2
1.4 5
$61. 76
62. 48
63.84
64. 75
64.74
64. 51
66. 04
6 5 .6 0
*65.04
*65. 65
65. 77
65.2 4
66. 30
4 0 .9
4 1 .0
4 1 .4
4 1 .4
4 0 .9
4 0 .6
4 1 .3
4 1 .0
*40.5
*40.6
4 0 .5
4 0 .2
4 0 .4
$1. 51
1.5 2
1.54
1. 56
1.5 8
1.5 9
1 .6 0
1.6 0
*1.61
1.6 2
1.6 2
1.6 2
1.64
C: EARNINGS AND HOURS
764
T able
MONTHLY LABOR
C-5: Hours and Gross Earnings of Production Workers in Manufacturing Industries for Selected
States and Areas 1—Continued
Pennsylvania—Continued
Pittsburgh
Year and month
Avg.
wkly.
earn
ings
1950: September______ . . . $65. 92
October__________ _ 67.16
November . _ . . . . 67. 82
December ________
69.88
1951: January____________ 72.07
February_____ ____
70.36
M arch---- --------------- 72. 26
72.80
April______________
M ay______________
73.38
June_______________ *73.18
72. 84
July_______________
August___ ________
72.61
September^. . _____
73. 91
Reading-Lebanon
Avg.
wkly.
hours
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
Avg.
wkly.
earn
ings
40.1
41.2
41.1
40.3
40.6
40.0
40.8
40.9
41.2
*40.7
40.4
40.7
40.7
$1.64
1.63
1.65
1.73
1.78
1.76
1.77
1.78
1.78
*1.80
1.80
1.78
1.82
$57.80
60.01
61.64
61.63
62.39
63. 22
63.96
63.32
61.83
*60. 62
58.54
59.58
59.66
Avg.
wkly.
hours
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
Avg.
wkly.
earn
ings
40.8
41.3
41.3
40.8
40.5
40.6
40.6
40.2
39.2
*38.8
37.9
38.3
38.2
$1.42
1.46
1.50
1.51
1.54
1.56
1.58
1.58
1.58
*1.57
1.55
1.56
1.57
$46. 89
48.63
48. 88
48.09
49.39
50.14
50. 25
48.32
47.58
*49.00
47.37
48. 55
49.19
Avg.
wkly.
hours
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
Avg.
wkly.
earn
ings
Avg.
wkly.
hours
39.4
39.9
39.8
39.1
39.3
39.9
39.9
38.6
37.7
38.7
37.9
38.3
38.4
$1.19
1.22
1.23
1.23
1.26
1.26
1.26
1.25
1.26
1.27
1.25
1.27
1.28
$48.94
49.19
50.45
50.12
49.45
49. 84
50.38
49.64
50.40
*50.11
50.34
49. 71
52.20
39.4
38.9
39.6
38.6
38.3
38.6
38.9
38.1
37.3
*37.2
37.3
36.9
38.4
Rhode Island
1950: September__________ $52.07
October_____ ____ __ 52.58
November. ________ 54.64
December._____ . . . .
56.54
1951: J a n u a ry ._____ _ . . . 56.18
February___________ 56.34
M arch_______ . . . ._ 56.78
April___ __________
56.22
M ay_______________ 55. 24
June_____________ . 56.59
July_______________
56. 20
August_____ ____ _ 52.59
September_________
55.42
40.9
39.3
41.0
41.6
41.3
40.8
41.3
40.6
39.7
40.2
39.9
37.3
39.6
$1.27
1.34
1.33
1.36
1.36
1.38
1.38
1.39
1.39
1.41
1.41
1.41
1.40
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
$1.24
1.26
1.27
1.30
1.29
1.29
1.29
1.30
1.35
1.35
1.35
1.34
1.36
York-Adams
Avg.
wkly.
earn
ings
$48.89
51.90
52. 65
52.91
53.43
54.09
55.24
55. 22
56.30
*55.42
53.26
54.01
53.17
South Carolina
Providence
State
Wilkes Barre-Hazleton
Scranton
$52.18
53.94
55. 47
56.15
56. 50
57.18
56. 77
56.83
55.92
56.70
55.67
53.89
55. 91
41.1
40.4
41.7
41.7
41.7
41.7
41.9
41.3
40.6
40.7
40.0
38.7
40.0
State
$1.27
1.33
1.33
1.34
1.35
1.37
1.36
1.38
1.38
1.39
1.39
1.39
1.40
$45.12
47.09
48.01
48.66
48.83
49.09
49.17
48.63
48. 40
*47. 76
46.18
45.58
45.74
40.8
40.7
41.0
41.2
41.1
41.3
41.3
41.0
40.2
*40.0
39.0
38.5
38.6
$43.04
42.82
44.41
43.34
44. 22
44. 29
44. 22
42. 79
44.41
45.49
45.03
47.18
47.84
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
41.0
42.6
42.7
42.3
41.7
41.8
42.0
41.7
41.9
42.0
41.6
41.2
41.2
$1.21
1.24
1.25
1.27
1.30
1.31
1.34
1.35
1.36
1.34
1.31
1.34
1.32
South Dakota
Charleston
$1.11
1.16
1.17
1.18
1.19
1.19
1.19
1.19
1.20
*1.19
1.19
1.18
1.19
Avg.
wkly.
hours
40.6
40.4
41.5
40.5
40.2
39.9
40.2
38.9
39.3
39.9
39.5
41.1
42.0
State
$1.06
1.06
1.07
1.07
1.10
1.11
1.10
1.10
1.13
1.14
1.14
1.15
1.14
$55.79
56.23
60.33
60. 22
58.43
57. 53
55.82
57.83
59.52
*57. 26
58.10
57.96
57.57
43.1
42.2
44.6
44.0
43.9
43.1
42.0
43.3
44.7
*42.7
43.9
42.9
42.4
$1.30
1.33
1.35
1.37
1.33
1.33
1.33
1.34
1.33
*1.34
1.32
1.35
1.36
Tennessee
State
1950: September____
$48.85
October._ . . .
... .
49.20
November_________
50.18
December. _________ 50.47
1951: Ja n u ary ... . . .
50.47
February___________ 50.62
M arch .......... . _ . . .
51.28
April________
50.90
M ay_________
50. 55
June__________
51.33
July_______________
51.07
August. ______
49. 91
September_______ .. 51.60
41.4
41.0
40.8
40.7
40.7
40.5
40.7
40.4
39.8
40.1
39.9
39.3
40.0
Chattanooga
$1.18
1.20
1.23
1.24
1.24
1.25
1.26
1. 26
1.27
1.28
1.28
1.27
1.29
$51.29
51.00
53.38
53.41
52.74
53. 56
54.36
53.19
52.14
52.93
52.01
51.61
54.54
41.7
40.8
41.7
41.4
41.2
41.2
41.5
40.6
39.8
40.1
.39.7
39.4
40.7
Texas
$60.03
59. 49
58.24
61.20
60.63
59.48
60. 91
62.20
62.01
*61. 84
63.30
63.60
64.63
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
3.5
4. 8
4IN
43. ’
42. <
41.6
42.3
42.6
41.9
41.5
42.2
42.4
42.8
$1.23
1.25
1.28
1.29
1.28
1.30
1.31
1.31
1.31
1.32
1.31
1.31
1.34
$54. 76
56.43
57. 27
57. 27
57. 68
59. 08
58. 36
69. 77
58.34
59. 47
58.20
58.20
58.32
41.8
41.8
41.8
41.5
41.5
41.9
41.1
41.8
40.8
41.3
40.7
40.7
40.5
$1.31
1.35
1.37
1.38
1.39
1.41
1.42
1.43
1.43
1.44
1.43
1.43
1.44
$55.44
53.14
55.90
55.68
55.18
54. 65
57.19
57.10
56.01
58.64
59. 22
57. 95
59.49
44.0
43.2
43.0
42.5
41.8
41.4
43.0
42.3
41.8
42.8
42.3
42.3
42.8
Utah
State
1950: September____
October___
November__
December. ______
1951: January______
February ._
M arch_______
April______
M ay___________
June_______
July_______________
August______
September.............
Memphis
Knoxville
State 2
$1.38
1.39
1.39
1.42
: 42
i.*«;
1.44
1.46
1.48
1.49
.50
a 50
1. 51
$56.17
57.06
61.03
62.51
63.45
63.96
;** 04
65. o,
65.67
66.98
63.38
63.08
62.06
41.0
39.9
41.8
41.4
41.2
41.0
39.9
41.0
C 3
41.6
41.7
40.7
42.8
$1. 26
1.23
1.30
1.31
1.32
1.32
1.33
1.35
1. 34
1.37
1.40
1.37
1.39
$49.78
50.72
51.05
52.74
51.31
52. 22
52.12
52.52
52.92
*53.33
53.20
53.20
54.14
40.8
40.9
40.2
41.2
40.4
40.8
40.4
40.4
40.4
*40.4
40.3
40.0
40.1
$1.22
1.24
1.27
1. 28
1.27
1.28
1.29
1.30
1.31
*1.32
1.32
1.33
1.35
Vermont
Salt Lake City 2
$1.37
1.43
1.46
1. 51
1. 54
1.56
1. 58
1.60
1.59
1.61
1.52
1. 55
1.45
Nashville
$58.50
61.76
63.62
64.02
63.80
64.11
64.79
65.98
66.83
67.73
64.68
65.16
67.15
41.2
42.3
42.7
42.4
41.7
41.9
41.8
41.5
42.3
42.6
42.0
41.5
42.5
$1.42- $53.15
1.46
54.10
1.49
52. 71
1.51
56.01
1. 53
56.40
1. 53
56. 94
1. 55
57.44
1. 59
57.53
57.44
1.58
1.59 *57.36
1.54
57.03
1.57
56. 79
1.58
57. 40
State
43.0
43.1
41.7
43.7
43.7
43.7
43.8
43.9
43.4
*43.6
43.1
42.9
43.1
Burlington
$1.24
1. 26
1.26
1.28
1.29
1.30
1.31
1.31
1.33
1.32
1.32
1.33
1.34
$48.92
48.10
52.23
55.09
54.84
56.03
54.35
56.28
53.63
*54. 89
55.41
54. 71
53.06
39.6
38.0
40.5
41.6
41.4
41.4
42.2
41.8
40.1
*40.8
40.7
40.4
38.8
$1.24
1. 27
1.29
1.32
1.33
1.35
1.29
1.35
1.34
1.35
1.36
1.36
1.37
C: EARNINGS AND HOURS
R E V IE W , D E C E M B E R 1951
T able
765
C-5: Hours and Gross Earnings of Production Workers in Manufacturing Industries for Selected
States and Areas 1—Continued
Virginia
Wisconsin
Washington
State
State
Seattle
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn hours
ings
Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn earn wkly.
ings hours
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
$48.18
48.67
49. 37
50. 35
50. 59
50. 75
51.53
51.16
50.93
*50. 53
50.55
49.64
50. 55
$1.18 $69. 52
1.19 69.89
1.21 69.18
1.23 73.34
1.24 71.26
1.25 72.92
1.26 71.46
1.26 72.79
1.27 73.27
*1.26 *73.87
1.27 70. 42
1.26 71.93
1.27 72.28
$1.77
1.76
1.78
1.83 72.10
1.83 71.14
1.85 75.19
1.84 73. 54
1.86 73.82
1.87 74.67
1.87 *73. 08
1.86 72.16
1.88 70. 99
1.89 70.98
Spokane
Tacoma
State
Year and month
1950: September___
O cto b er____
November___
December___
1951: January_____
February____
March.............
April----------M ay________
June. ...............
July------------August______
September___
41.0
40.9
40.7
40.9
40.8
40.6
40.9
40.6
40.1
*40.1
39.8
39.4
39.8
39.3
39.8
38.8
40.1
38.9
39.5
38.9
39.2
39.1
39.5
37.9
38.3
38.2
40. 3
39.5
41.0
40.1
40.1
40.1
*39.5
38.9
38.6
38.1
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
1.79 68.11
1.80 68.44
1.83 68. 57
1.83 67. 56
1.84 70.92
1.86 68. 99
1.85 *70.07
1.86 69.32
1.84 69.27
1.87 70. 28
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
1.69 70.30
1. 69 68.27
1.69 66.46
1.69 67.53
1. 71 70. 77
1.71 69.44
1.74 *69.86
1.72 69. 94
1.74 67. 79
1.78 70. 21
40.3
40.5
40.5
40.0
41.4
40.3
*40.2
40.3
39.7
39.5
39.9
38.7
37.4
38.0
38.8
37.8
*38.3
38.3
37.6
38.0
Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
1. 76
1.76
1.78
1.78
1.82
1.84
1.82
1.83
1.80
1.85
$62.49
64.19
65.18
66.97
67.08
68.20
69. 65
69. 26
69. 09
69.62
66. 25
67.27
67. 54
W isconsin—Continued
Kenosha
1950: September___
October..........
November___
December___
1951: January _ ..
February..__
March -------April...............
M ay________
June________
July------------August______
September___
$63.82
63.00
71.31
72. 09
65. 47
78.53
84.04
71.85
72. 25
*69.83
75.19
71.12
72.41
39.9
38.9
42.0
42.1
38.4
44.2
46.0
41.2
41.2
39.2
42.3
40.1
39.6
La Crosse
$1.60 $59. 92
1.62 68.48
1.70 67.18
1. 71 62.19
1.70 61. 37
1.78 61.76
1.83 62. 39
1. 74 64.14
1.75 64. 51
1.78 *64. 25
1.78 60. 54
1. 77 61. 66
1.83 64.33
Madison
39.7 $1. 51 $61. 28
42.5
1. 61 60.08
1.61 63.38
41.7
40.3
1. 54 72. 51
1. 56 70. 45
39.5
1. 55 63.45
39.9
39.4
1.58 65.11
1.62 66.63
39.5
39.6
1.63 67.13
1.62 *70. 09
39.7
37.4
1.62 69.02
37.8
1.63 67.38
39. 7 1.62 70. 71
i Data for earlier years are available upon request to the Bureau of Labor
Statistics or the cooperating State agency. State agencies also make available
more detailed industry data. See table A-10 for addresses of cooperating
State agencies.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
39.6
39.7
41.0
44.3
43.4
39.3
40.7
41.0
41.1
41.1
40.2
39.8
41.5
42.2
42.7
42.5
42.8
42.4
42.7
43.1
42.8
42.6
42.7
42.5
42.2
42.0
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
$1.48
1.50
1.53
1. 56
1.58
1.60
1.62
1.62
1.62
1.63
1.56
1.59
1.61
Wyoming
Milwaukee
Racine
41.9
42.0
42.3
42.2
41.9
42.2
42.6
42.5
42.2
42.2
41.5
42.1
42.1
42.2
42.1
41.4
41.9
41.7
42.5
42.3
42.2
42.3
42.7
40.8
41.9
41.8
$1.55 $68. 05
1.52 68.48
1. 55 69.96
1.64 70.92
1.63 71.38
1.62 72.66
1.60 74.70
1.63 74.89
1.64 74. 56
1. 71 75.10
1.72 73.13
1.70 74. 44
1.71 75.38
$1.62 $68. 75
1.63 69. 55
1.66 69.84
1.68 72. 42
1.70 72. 00
1.72 74.83
1.75 75.03
1. 76 76.03
1. 77 76.32
1.78 77. 75
1.76 72.98
1. 77 75. 53
1.79 75. 76
State
$1.63 $69. 08
1.65 66.73
1.69 67.70
1.73 71.54
1.73 71. 50
1.76 69.70
1.78 71.10
1.80 71. 96
1.81 73.31
1.82 *72.95
1. 79 70. 34
1.80 73.69
1.81 73.84
$1.74
39.7
38.7 . 1.72
1. 74
38.8
1.86
38.4
1.83
39.1
1.79
39.0
38.8
1.83
1.84
39.0
39.5
1.86
*1.83
*39 8
38.5
1.83
41.4
1.78
1.80
41.0
2 Revised series; not comparable with data previously published.
3 Revised series; not comparable with preceding data shown.
* Revised data; estimates previously published not affected.
766
D: PRICES AND COST OF LIVING
MONTHLY LABOR
D : Prices and Cost of Living
T able D -l: Consumers’ Price Index 1 for Moderate-Income Families in Large Cities, by Group of
Commodities
[1935-39=100]
Fuel, electricity, and refrigeration *
Year and month
All items*
Food
Apparel
Rent*
Total
1913
1914
1915
1916
1917
1918
1919
1920
1921
1922
1923
1924
1925
1926
1927
1928
1929
1930
1931
1932
1933
1934
1935
1936
1937
1938
1939
1940
1941
1942
1943
1944
1945
1946
1947
1948
1949
1950
Average_______________
Average............. ............ .
Average_______________
Average................ .........
Average.._____________
Average_______________
Average_______________
Average_______________
Average__________ ____
Average_______________
Average__________ ____
Average________ ______
Average_______ _______
Average_______________
Average________ _____ _
Average_______________
Average_______________
Average_______________
Average_______________
Average_______________
Average_____ _________
Average_______________
Average_______________
Average.._____ _______
Average_______________
Average_______________
Average_______ _______
Average_______________
Average_______________
Average_______________
Average_______________
Average_______________
Average_______________
Average_______________
Average_______________
Average_______________
A verage............ ...... ........
Average________ ______
January 15____________
June 15_______________
October 15. _____ _____
November 15__________
December 15......................
1951 January 15____________
J a n u a r y 15 ____________
February 15___________
F ebru ary 15 ____________
March 1 5 _____________
M a rch IB ______________
April 15. ..........................
A p r i l 1 5 .................. ..........
May 15________ _____ _
M a y 15 _______________
June 15______________
J u n e 15 _______________
July 15__________ ____
J u l y 15 _______________
August 15______ _____ _
A u q u s t 15 ________ _____
September 15__________
S e p tem b e r 15 ____ ______
October 15_____________
October 15 .
___ _____
70.7
71.8
72.5
77.9
91.6
107.5
123.8
143.3
127.7
119.7
121.9
122.2
125.4
126.4
124.0
122.6
122.5
119.4
108.7
97.6
92.4
95.7
98.1
99.1
102.7
100.8
99.4
100.2
105.2
116.6
123.7
125.7
128.6
139.5
159.6
171.9
170.2
171. 9
168.2
170.2
175.6
176.4
178.8
181.5
181.6
79.9
81.8
80.9
90.8
116.9
134.4
149.8
168.8
128.3
119.9
124.0
122.8
132.9
137.4
132.3
130.8
132.5
126.0
103.9
86.5
84.1
93.7
100.4
101.3
105.3
97.8
95.2
96.6
105. 5
123.9
138.0
136.1
139.1
159.6
193.8
210.2
201.9
204.5
196.0
203.1
210.6
210.8
216.3
221.9
221. 6
(8)
(8)
(8)
(8)
(8)
(8)
(8)
(8)
(8)
(8)
(8)
(8)
(8)
(8)
(8)
(8)
(8)
(8)
(8)
(!)
(8)
(8)
98.4
99.8
101.7
101.0
99.1
101.9
108.3
115.1
120.7
126.0
128.3
136.9
156.1
183.4
187.7
194.1
193.1
189.0
199.2
200.8
201.7
202.3
(8)
(8)
(8)
(8)
(8)
(8)
(8)
(8)
(8)
(8)
(8)
(8)
<8)
(8)
(8)
(8)
(")
(8)
(8)
(8)
(8)
(8)
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.2
100.4
104.1
110.0
114.2
115.8
115.9
115.9
125.9
135.2
141.7
147.8
145.5
147.0
149.9
151.3
151.5
152.0
59.1
60.7
63.6
70.9
82.8
106.4
134.1
164.6
138.5
117.5
126.1
124.0
121.5
118.8
115.9
113.1
111.7
108 9
98.0
85.4
84.2
92.8
94.8
96.3
104.3
103.3
101.3
100.5
107.3
122.2
125.6
136.4
145.8
159.2
184.4
195.8
189.0
190.2
184.7
184.8
198.7
201.1
203.2
207.4
144-6
9 7 .2
201.8
152.9
2 0 8.9
145.7
209.7
163.2
9 7 .2
2 0 4.7
153.5
211.4
164.8
202.0
199.7
126.0
203.2
126.8
1816
225. If
2 0 4 .6
184.6
225.7
203.6
1816
2 2 4 .6
205.2
185. 4
2 2 6.7
185.2
185.6
226.9
2 2 7 .0
203.1
204.0
2 0 5.7
134.0
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
143.9
97.2
204.5
152.8
50.9
51.9
53.6
56.3
65.1
77.8
87.6
100.5
104.3
101.2
100.8
101.4
102.2
102.6
103.2
103.8
104.6
105.1
104.1
101.7
98.4
97.9
98.1
98.7
101.0
101.5
100. 7
101.1
104.0
110.9
115.8
121.3
124.1
128.8
139.9
149.9
154.6
156.5
155.1
154. 6
158.3
159.2
160.6
162.1
163.7
134.7
144.2
127. S
210.7
146.3
9 7 .2
2 0 5.7
164.3
144.0
96.9
205.0
154.4
154-4
212.7
165.8
146.2
97.1
205.5
154-4
214-1
214-8
135.1
127.7
135.4
143.6
128.0
144-9
204.0
135.7
205.5
128.3
97.2
205.0
154.4
97.3
202.4
9 7 .4
2 0 1.6
1 5 6.0
156.0
211.8
212.6
164.6
166.1
165.0
166.4
143.6
97.1
202.8
156.0
212.5
145.1
9 7 .2
2 0 2.3
156.0
164.8
214-6
166.3
185.5
227.7
203.3
136.2
185.8
2 2 7 .5
128.8
97.2
157.6
212.4
145.7
9 7 .2
203.4
157.6
165.0
227.0
2 0 4.9
144.0
185.5
1 4 6.0
157.8
166.3
226.4
204.2
214-8
185.6
97.3
9 7 .3
2 0 4 .0
144.4
157.8
2 1 2 .7
97.3
204.9
157.8
211.1
186.6
18 6 .6
227.3
2 2 6.3
203.6
2 0 5.2
209.0
2 1 0 .7
187.4
229.2
208.9
18 7 .8
2 2 9 .2
2 1 1.0
136.8
129.3
137.5
144.2
203.7
210.8
165.4
166.8
166.0
130.0
146. S
9 7 .3
2 0 4 -8
1 5 7.8
156.3
2 1 2.8
210. 4
1 6 7.5
1 3 0 .8
1 4 6 .8
9 7 .4
206.3
1 5 6 .3
2 1 2 .0
168.1
138.2
' The “ Consumers’ price index for moderate-income families in large cities”
formerly known as the “ Cost-of-living index” measures average changes in
retail prices of selected goods, rents, and services purchased by wage earners
and lower-salaried workers in large cities. Until January 1950, time-to-time
changes in retail prices were weighted by 1934-36 average expenditures of
urban families. Weights used beginning January 1950 have been adjusted to
current spending patterns.
Bureau of Labor Statistics Bulletin 699, Changes in Cost of Living in Large
Cities in the United States, 1913-41, contains a detailed description of methods
used in constructing this index. Additional information on the Consumers’
Price Index is given in a compilation of reports published by the Office of
Economic Stabilization, Report of the President’s Committee on the Cost of
Living. See also General Note, below.
M imeographed tables are available upon request showing indexes for each
of the cities regularly surveyed by the Bureau and for each of the major groups
of living essentials. Indexes for all large cities combined are available since
1913. The beginning date for series of indexes for individual cities varies from
city to city but indexes are available for most of the 34 cities since World
War I.
N o t e .— The old series of Indexes for 1951 are
for reference.
Miscella
neous 4
(«)
(5)
(8)
(!)
(“)
(»)
(8)
(8)
(8)
(!)
(8)
(8)
(»)
(8)
(8)
(8)
(8)
(8)
(8)
(8)
(8)
(8)
102.8
100.8
99.1
99.0
98.9
98.0
97.1
96.7
96.1
95.8
95.0
92.3
92.0
94.3
96. 7
96.8
96.7
96. 8
96.8
96. 8
96.8
97.2
226.0
227.4
Housefurnishings
61.9
62.3
62.5
65.0
72.4
84.2
91.1
106.9
114.0
113.1
115.2
113.7
115.4
117.2
115.4
113.4
112.5
111.4
108. 9
103.4
100.0
101.4
100.7
100.2
100.2
99.9
99.0
99.7
102.2
105.4
107.7
109.8
110.3
112.4
121.1
133.9
137.5
140.6
140.0
139.1
142.0
142.5
142.8
143.3
2 2 6 .0
185.4
Ice
92.2
92.2
92.9
94.0
93.2
94.9
102.7
120.7
138.6
142.7
146.4
151.6
152.2
150. 7
148.3
144.8
141.4
137.5
130.3
116.9
100. 7
94.4
94.2
96.4
100.9
104.1
104.3
104.6
106.4
108.8
108. 7
109.1
109.5
110.1
113.6
121.2
126.4
131.0
129.4
130.9
132.0
132.5
132.9
133.2
181 2
226.2
Other
fuels
69.3
69.8
71.4
78.3
94.1
127.5
168.7
201.0
154.8
125.6
125.9
124.9
122.4
120.6
118.3
116.5
115.3
112.7
102.6
90.8
87.9
96.1
96.8
97.6
102.8
102.2
100.5
101.7
106.3
124.2
129.7
138.8
145.9
160.2
185.8
198.0
190.1
187. 7
185.0
184.6
193.0
194.3
195.5
198.5
183.8
184.5
Gas and
electricity
144.6
97.4
205.8
166.6
s The Consumers’ Price Index has been adjusted to incorporate a correction
of the new unit bias in the rent index beginning with indexes for 1940 and
adjusted population and commodity weights beginning with indexes for
January 1950. These adjustments make a continuous comparable series from
1913 to date.
* The group index formerly entitled “ Fuel, electricity, and ice” is now des
ignated “ Fuel, electricity, and refrigeration.” Indexes are comparable with
those previously published for “Fuel, electricity, and ice.” The subgroup
“ Other fuels and ice” has been discontinued; separate indexes are presented
for “ Other fuels” and “Ice.”
4 The Miscellaneous group covers transportation (such as automobiles and
their upkeep and public transportation fares); medical care (including pro
fessional care and medicines); household operation (covering supplies and
different kinds of paid services); recreation (that is, newspapers, motion
pictures, radio, television, and tobacco products); personal care (barber, and
beauty-shop service and toilet articles); etc.
* Data not available.
shown in italics in tables D - l, D -2, and D -5
767
D: PRICES AND COST OF LIVING
R E V IE W , D E C E M B E R 1951
Table D-2: Consumers’ Price Index for Moderate-Income Families, by City,1 for Selected Periods
[1935-39=100]
City
Oct. 15 Sept. 15 Aug. 15, July 15, June 15, May 15, Apr. 15, Mar. 15, Feb. 15, Jan. 15, Dec. 15, Nov. 15, Oct. 15, June 15,
1950
1950
1950
1951
1950
1951
1951
1951
1951
1951
1951
1951
1951
1951
Oct. 15
1951
Average-------------------------
187.4
186.6
185.5
185.5
185.2
185.4
184.6
184.5
183.8
181.5
178.8
176.4
175.6
170.2
1 8 7.8
Atlanta, Ga...........................
Baltimore, M d ........ .............
Birmingham, Ala___ ____ Boston, Mass__.--------------Buffalo, N. Y ____________
Chicago, 111..........................Cincinnati, Ohio_________
Cleveland, Ohio...... ............Denver, Colo........................
Detroit, Mich_________ —
Houston, Tex...................... .
(2) _ (*)
190.5
(2)
191. 4
196.0
177.8
179.3
186.9
(2)
191.8
193.5
186.8
187.0
(2)
(2)
191.2
(2)
190.2
189.0
194.1
194.4
193. 1
(2)
190. 5
177. 2
(2)
190. 9
185. 3
189. 1
(2)
188. 5
193. 0
(2)
(5)
189.2
176.9
185.5
190.9
185. 6
(2)
187.6
188.6
192.6
(2)
189.8
189.8
176.5
C2)
190.1
185.0
(2)
(2)
188.3
192.3
192.7
f2)
190.1
176.1
(2)
189.8
184.8
188.2
(2)
187.4
s 192.5
(2)
C2)
189.9
175.5
183.3
189.1
184.6
(2)
187.0
186.7
192.5
C2)
188.6
190.6
175.8
(2)
189.1
184.4
(2)
C2)
187.0
192.4
187.5
(2)
189.8
175.5
(2)
188.5
183.9
186.2
(2)
186.2
191.0
m
(2)
188.2
173.6
180.8
185.4
182.3
(2)
184.9
184.2
190.1
» 180.7
(2)
183.1
(2)
183.9
180.8
171.2
169.7
(2)
(2)
180.6
183.4
176.1
178.4
179.6
(2)
(2)
(2)
181.3
179.8
183.0
186.1
(2)
C2)
179.3
169.5
174.1
180.3
176.1
(»)
178.1
179.1
182.3
(2)
174.7
171.6
165.5
(2)
175.1
170.5
(2)
(2)
173.5
175.8
(2)
(2)
Indianapolis, In d _________
Jacksonville, Fla_________
Kansas City, M o ...............
Los Angeles, Calif________
Manchester, N. H . . . ...........
Memphis, T enn__________
Milwaukee, Wis____ _____
Minneapolis, M inn......... .
Mobile, A la... _________
New Orleans, L a .. ............
New York, N. Y .................
189.9
(2)
180.4
187.9
187.0
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
183.0
(2)
192.0
(2)
187.2
(2)
189.9
(2)
183.1
185. 6
(2)
182.5
(2)
(2)
(2)
186. 6
(2)
(2)
192. 3
(2)
(2)
188. 9
180. 9
187.8
(2)
179.7
186.7
184.4
(2)
(!)
(2)
(2)
(2)
181.2
(2)
190.6
(2)
186.1
(2)
187.8
C2)
183.6
183.5
(2)
180.5
(2)
(2)
(2)
186.3
(2)
(2)
190.9
(2)
(2)
188.5
181.4
»187.5
i2)
178.5
185.6
182.9
C2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
180.6
(5)
190.4
(2)
185.6
(2)
186.5
(2)
183.2
181.9
(2)
180.4
(2)
(2)
(2)
184.1
(2)
i2)
187.6
(2)
(2)
187.9
180.8
184.4
(2)
175.6
181.3
180.6
(’)
(2)
12)
(2)
(2)
177.8
'»)
185.6
(2)
178.5
(2)
182.7
(2)
177.7
177.1
(»)
(2)
(2)
176.2
(2) \
(2)
180.3
(2)
(2)
180.1
173.2
178.9
(2)
169.0
174.8
176.6
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
172.4
(2)
176.3
(2)
169.3
(2)
172.7
(2)
169.1
168.2
(2)
167.0
Norfolk, Va----- ------ -------Philadelphia, P a____ _____
Pittsburgh, P a____ ______
Portland, Maine......... ..........
Portland, Oreg__________ _
Richmond, Va___________
St. Louis, M o ... -----------San Francisco, Calif ...........
Savannah, G a .....................
Scranton, P a____________
Seattle, W ash_____ ______
Washington, D. 0 ________
(2)
186.7
191.2
(2)
195.8
183. 8
(2)
(2)
198.8
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
186. 1
190.0
178.6
(2)
(2)
186.2
188.4
(2)
(2)
C2)
(2)
188. 6
185. 4
188. 8
(2)
0)
(2)
C2)
(2)
(2)
182 5
190 9
180 8
(2)
185.4
189.3
(2)
195.7
181.3
(2)
(2)
196.5
C2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
185.6
187.8
176.4
(2)
(2)
185.0
188.4
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
188.3
186.4
187.8
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
182.4
191.4
180.0
(2)
185.9
186. 7
(2)
194.1
181.2
C2)
(2)
195.5
(2)
12)
(2)
(2)
185.6
186.0
175.7
(2)
(2)
185.2
188.7
l2)
l2)
(2)
C2)
187.1
185.4
185.6
(2)
V2)
I»)
(2)
(2)
(2)
180.8
188.3
179.2
(2)
181.0
183.4
(2)
190.4
179.8
(2)
(2)
189.2
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
178.1
180.2
171.3
179.3
174.1
178.7
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
173.1
183.1
173.6
(2)
173.8
178.8
(2)
184.3
173.8
(2)
(2)
183.6
(2)
(2)
(2)
I»)
169.1
171.8
164.4
(2)
(>)
168. 8
172 4
(2)
0)
(*)
(2)
1 T h e in d e x e s are b ase d o n tim e -to -tim e ch a n g es in th e c o st o i g o o d s a n d
s e r v ic e s p u r ch a se d b y m o d e r a te -in c o m e fa m ilie s in large c itie s. T h e y d o n o t
in d ic a te w h e t h e r it co sts m ore to li v e in o n e c it y th a n in a n o ther.
* T h r o u g h J u n e 1947, c o n s u m e r s ’ p rice in d e x e s w e r e c o m p u te d m o n t h ly for
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
m
175.4
(2)
178.8
181.5
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
196.8
1 8 0.8
1 8 6.8
191 4
1 8 7.2
(2)
186.5
189.4
193.2
191.7
C2)
179.7
185.8
188. 4
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
183.8
(2)
1 8 7 .3
192.4
(2)
196.0
182.3
(2)
(2)
197.8
(2)
(2)
(2)
21 c itie s a n d in M a r c h , J u n e , S e p te m b e r , a n d D e c e m b e r f or 13 a d d itio n a l
cities; b e g in n in g J u ly 1947 in d e x e s w e r e c o m p u te d m o n t h ly for 10 c itie s a n d
o n ce e v e r y 3 m o n th s for 24 a d d itio n a l c itie s a cc o rd in g to a sta g g ered s c h e d u le .
* C o rrec ted .
768
D: PRICES AND COST OF LIVING
T a ble
MONTHLY LABOR
D-3: Consumers’ Price Index for Moderate-Income Families, by City and Group of
Commodities 1
[1935-39-100]
F u e l, e lectricity , a n d refrig eratio n
Rent
T o ta l
City
O ct. 15 S ep t. 15,
1951
1951
O ct. 15 S ep t. 15,
1951
1951
A v e r a g e .- ........................
229.2
227.3
A tla n ta , Q a .....................
B altim o re, M d . ...........
B irm in g h a m , A la____
B o sto n , M a s s _________
B uffalo, N . Y ________
C h icago, 111__________
C in c in n a ti, O h io _____
C le v ela n d , O h io ______
D e n v e r, C o l o ..............
D e tro it, M ic h ________
H o u sto n , T e x ________
230.0
241.1
224.0
217.8
224.2
236.2
229.7
237. 2
234.9
230. 5
237.6
232.1
238.3
220.1
213.9
221.5
232.3
229.0
235.3
232.4
228.4
239.4
(>)
0)
222.3
194.4
202.4
211.2
206.0
0)
212.2
200.6
222.8
0)
200.1
218.7
194.3
0)
212.9
206.1
0)
(0
200.7
223.1
In d ia n a p o lis, I n d _____
Jack so n v ille, F l a _____
K an sas C ity , M o _____
Los A ngeles, C alif____
M a n c h e s te r, N . H ____
M e m p h is, T e n n ______
M ilw au k e e, W is______
M in n ea p o lis, M in n ___
M o b ile, A la __________
N ew O rleans, L a ...........
N ew Y o rk , N . Y _____
226.3
232.5
213.9
234.5
222.8
238.0
228.9
218.9
231.7
239.9
227.8
225.4
234.7
212.2
233.3
219.8
237.4
227.9
215.6
229.1
240.6
226.1
199.8
0)
199.8
200.5
197.1
(0
0)
0)
0)
0)
213.2
(0
203.2
(>>
201.6
0)
222.2
(>)
218.1
209.3
N o rfo lk, V a __________
P h ila d e lp h ia , P a ______
P itts b u rg h , P a _______
P o rtla n d , M a in e ______
P o r tla n d , O reg _______
R ic h m o n d , V a . . .......... .
S t. L o uis, M o ________
San F ran cisco , C a l if ...
S a v a n n a h ,Q a .................
S c ra n to n , P a _________
S eattle, W a s h ....... .........
W a sh in g to n , D. C___
230.0
227.1
233. 5
215.8
246.9
218.4
239.3
235.6
240.7
227.2
234.8
228.0
229.1
224.1
231.0
213.2
247.9
217.7
238.8
234.8
241.4
225.6
234.4
224.0
0)
201.6
239.3
0)
203.6
211.2
(0
0)
210.1
0)
0)
202.4
239.5
213. 2
(')
0)
209.4
202.7
208.9
(•)
0)
209.0
(>)
213.8
(>)
(>)
(>)
(>)
O ct. 15 S ep t. 15,
1951
1951
138.2
O ct. 15 S ep t. 15, O ct. 15
1951
1951
1951
S ep t. 15,
1951
O ct. 15 S ep t. 15, O ct. 15
1951
1951
1951
S ep t. 15,
1951
137.5
144.6
144.4
97.4
97.3
210.4
211.1
166.6
166.0
139.4
(2)
00
0)
162.1
143.0
0)
0)
139.0
0)
129.2
0)
151.7
126.4
0)
(2)
0)
0)
160.9
149.0
138.0
162. 0
153. 9
138. 2
150.2
150.5
113.8
154.4
98.6
160.1
148.5
136. 5
161.7
153. 7
137. 9
149.9
150.0
113.8
154.2
98.6
85.9
115.4
79.6
118.1
110.0
83.5
100.1
105.6
69.7
89.5
82.1
85.8
115.4
79.6
118.0
110.0
83.5
100.1
105.6
69.7
89.4
82.1
0)
0)
202.2
202.2
211.7
198.0
197.0
0)
237.8
225.6
205. 0
(0
211.2
200.4
202.5
0)
197.2
197.3
0)
0)
228.3
205.3
0)
(0
167.8
161.3
172.0
171.2
167.7
(i)
164.4
179.2
171.7
(>)
165.8
160.1
160.6
0)
169.6
167.5
O)
(')
178.2
169.7
145.8
0)
147.9
0)
133.2
0)
0)
0)
0)
0)
116.9
0)
155.2
0)
0)
0)
156.8
0)
147.1
146.3
0)
0)
161.4
143.4
129.8
98.7
167.9
141.6
151.3
141.3
130.5
113.2
144.7
161.0
143.4
130.8
98.7
166.8
141.4
150. 5
141.3
130.8
113.2
145.1
84.5
85.9
68.8
93.0
110.9
77.0
99.2
77.7
84.9
75.1
102.9
84. 5
85.9
69.5
93.0
110. 5
77.0
99.2
77.7
85.1
75.1
102.9
193.2
(')
197.4
208.4
216.3
0)
0)
0)
(<)
(0
213.7
0)
209.7
(>)
181.8
(')
201.4
178.5
176.1
0)
168.0
162.1
159. 7
0)
(■)
0)
(1)
(i)
170.8
(’)
160.6
0)
155.6
(■)
165.8
158.1
0)
201.8
(')
(•)
201.9
166.7
167.0
0)
0)
128.9
0)
153.2
153.7
0)
0)
165.4
0)
0)
0)
0)
0)
120.0
0)
0)
131.4
134. 2
0)
0)
0)
159.6
149. 9
150.7
157.4
134.5
148.8
143.4
92.1
164.5
161.6
132. 2
149.3
159.2
149.7
150.5
157.2
134.5
148.4
142.3
92.1
164.5
158.4
132.1
149.2
100.1
104.2
114. 5
107.9
93.9
102.2
88.4
81.0
116.0
103.5
92.6
105.3
100.1
104.2
114.4
107.8
93.9
102.2
88.4
81.0
116.0
98.3
92.6
105.3
0)
215.8
213.4
0)
206.2
225.1
0)
0)
219.1
(>)
0)
167.5
166.5
0)
172.9
154.3
0)
167.8
165.9
161.6
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
0)
0)
1 Prices of apparel, housefurnishings, and miscellaneous goods and services
are obtained monthly in 10 cities and once every 3 months in 24 additional
cities on a staggered schedule.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
G as a n d electricity
O)
(■)
(>)
(>)
217.8
214.7
204.2
(0
0)
186.6
180.9
C1)
(0
(>)
0)
173.8
(>)
O)
(0
0)
(0
(i)
0)
156.9
175.3
(>)
(0
(>)
0)
* Rents are surveyed every 3 months in 34 large cities on a staggered
schedule,
REVIEW, DECEMBER 1951
769
D: PRICES AND COST OF LIVING
Table D-4: Indexes of Retail Prices of Foods,1 by Group, for Selected Periods
[1935-39=100]
Year and month
Cere Meats,
als
poul
All
and
foods bakery try,
prod and
fish Total
ucts
1923:
1926:
1929:
1932:
1939:
Average____
Average____
Average____
Average____
Average____
August_____
1940: Average____
124.0
137.4
132. 5
86. 5
95.2
93. 5
96.6
105.5
115.7
107.6
82. 6
94.5
93. 4
96.8
101.2
117.8
127.1
79.3
96.6
95.7
95.8
1941: Average____
December___
1942: Average____
1943: Average____
1944: Average_____
1945: Average____
August...........
105. 6
113.1
123.9
138.0
136.1
139.1
140.9
97.9
102.5
105.1
107.6
108.4
109.0
109.1
107. 5
111.1
126.0
133.8
129.9
131.2
131.8
106. 5
109.7
122. 5
124.2
117.9
118.0
118.1
1946: Average.........
June ________
N ovember__
159.6
145.6
187.7
125.0
122.1
140.6
1947:
1948:
1949:
1950:
Average____
Average..........
Average____
Average_____
January____
June .............
October..........
November__
December___
193.8
210.2
201.9
204. 5
196.0
203.1
210.6
210.8
216.3
1951: January____
February.......
March ____
April..............
M ay_______
June_.............
July-----------August...........
Septem ber...
October_____
221.9
226.0
226.2
225.7
227.4
226.9
227.7
227.0
227.3
229.2
Meats
Beef
and
veal
96.6 101.1
95.4 99.6
94.4 102.8
Pork
Fruits and vegetables
8ugar
Chick Fish Dairy
Bever Fats
Eggs
prod
and
ens
ages and
Fro
Can
ucts
oils
sweets
Lamb
Total zen 5 Fresh ned Dried
169. 5
210.8
169.0
103. 5
94. 5
92. 4
96. 6
173.6
226.2
173.5
105. 9
95.1
92. 8
97.3
124.8
122.9
124.3
91.1
92.3
91. 6
92.4
176.4
152.4
171.0
91.2
93.3
90.3
100. 6
131.5 126. 2
170. 4 145.0
164. 8 127. 2
112. 6 71.1
95. 5 87.7
94. 9 84. 5
92. 5 82.2
175.4
120. 0
114.3
89. 6
100. 6
95. 6
96. 8
112.2
138.1
136. 5
161.9
153.9
164. 4
171.4
103-2
110.5
130. 8
168. 8
168.2
177.1
183. 5
104.2
132. 8
178.0
177.2
188. 2
196.2
97. 9
106.3
121. 6
130. 6
129. 5
130. 2
130.3
106. 7
118.3
136 3
158 9
164. 5
168.2
168. 6
101. 5
114.1
122.1
124. 8
124.3
124. 7
124.7
94.0
108.5
119. 6
126.1
123.3
124.0
124.0
106.4
114.4
126 5
127.1
126 6
126 5
126. 6
165.1 168. 8
147.8 147.1
198.5 201.6
182 4
183 5
184.5
190. 7
196. 7
182.3
140 8 190.4
127. 5 172. 5
167.7 251.6
139. 6 152.1
126. 4 126 4
167.8 244.4
143.9
136. 2
170.5
88.9
88.0
81.1
99. 5
98. 8
99.7
110.8
114.4
123. 6
124.7
118.7
118.4
118.5
100.1
103.2
120.4
119.9
112.2
112.6
112.6
106. 6
108.1
124.1
136. 9
134. 5
136.0
136.4
102.1
100.5
122. 6
146.1
151.0
154.4
157.3
161.3
134.0
203.6
150. 8 150.5
120.4 121.2
197.9 191.0
148.2
114.3
207.1
163.9
139.0
205.4
174.0 236.2
162. 8 219.7
188.9 265.0
155.4
170.9
169. 7
172.7
169.0
169. 8
177.2
177.6
177.7
217.1
246. 5
233.4
243. 6
219.4
246.5
253.3
250.3
253.4
214.7
243.9
229.3
242 0
217.9
246. 7
252.0
249.6
253.8
213.6 215.9 220.1
258. 5 222. 5 246. 8
241.3 205.9 251. 7
265.7 203.2 257.8
242.3 177.3 234.3
268.6 209.1 268.1
279. 6 209.3 259.4
279.2 201.8 264.1
286.3 201.0 269.0
183.2
203.2
191. 5
183.3
158. 9
185.1
187. 2
180.1
179.3
271.4
312. 8
314.1
308. 5
301.9
295.9
328. 8
336.6
340.3
186.2
204.8
186. 7
184. 7
184.2
177. 8
191.9
192.8
194.0
200.8
208.7
201.2
173.6
152.3
148. 4
206.2
205.4
249.4
199 4
205 2
208 1
199 2
204 8
209 3
189 8
195.7
203.9 100.0
201. 5
212.4
218. 8
206.1
217. 2
224 3
187. 7
195.9
207.3
166 2
1580
152.9
146.0
143.3
142. 7
151. 6
153.2
155.3
263. 5 186. 8 197. 5
246. 8 205.0 195. 5
227.4 220. 7 14a 4
228. 5 312. 5 144.3
223. 9 299. 5 135. 2
222. 9 296. 5 140.1
236.1 333. 4 152. 9
242.2 325.5 152.9
248.8 327.5 158.5
180 0
174.0
176. 4
179. 9
178. 9
174.3
184. 8
184.6
184.9
185.4
187.1
187.5
188.3
188.2
188.4
189.0
188.7
189.4
189.4
263.6
270.1
272.2
272.6
272.7
271.6
273.2
275.0
275.6
276.6
265.5
271.2
271. 9
272.5
272.4
273.1
274.2
276.6
277.6
281.0
300.9
307.0
308.0
309.5
308.7
308.8
310.3
310.1
310.7
317.0
210.2
215.2
215.4
213.7
213.4
214.4
215. 3
222.6
224.3
223.8
184.3
193.2
198.9
198. 5
198.9
191.3
195.3
194.4
195.1
188.7
345.3
347.8
351.2
351.7
353.1
356.3
353. 3
356.4
353.2
353.2
202.6
204.4
204.6
204.1
203.5
203.9
205.1
205.9
206.4
207.9
191.6
179.8
195.2
191.2
198.4
201.2
211.5
225.8
239.3
243.4
214.1
224.3
217.1
214.8
221.6
219.9
218.5
208.9
205.1
210.8
100.2
100.8
101.2
100.2
99.6
98.8
98.8
98.0
97.5
97.5
220.0
233.4
220.7
215.9
226.5
223.5
221.8
209.1
204.3
214.4
160.6
165.1
167.0
168.9
169.6
170.4
170.0
165.8
164.2
162.8
253.4 340.6 171. 5
256.7 342.7 176.5
257.4 342.6 177.3
257.8 343.5 178.3
256. 7 345.3 176.7
254.4 345.2 175.2
250. 7 344.8 168.8
248.5 345.2 162.7
245. 6 345.0 161.5
240.8 345.8 160.6
185.6
186.0
186.0
185.9
185.4
186.1
188.0
188.3
188.2
187.0
273.6
279.7
280.5
284.2
289. 1
292.5
292.2
292.0
292.2
293.7
93.8 101.0
94. 6 99.6
94. 8 110.6
1 The Bureau of Labor Statistics retail food prices are obtained monthly
during the first three days of the week containing the fifteenth of the month,
through voluntary reports from chain and independent retail food dealers.
Articles included are selected to represent food sales to moderate-income
families.
The indexes, based on retail prices of 50 foods through 1949 and 59 foods
from January 1950 to date are computed by the fixed-base-weighted-aggregate
method, using weights representing (1) relative importance of chain and
independent store sales, in computing city average prices; (2) food purchases
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
129.4 136.1
127.4 141. 7
131.0 143.8
84.9 82.3
95.9 91.0
93.1 90. 7
101.4 93.8
124. 5
138.9
163.0
206. 5
207.6
217.1
217. 8
112.0
120.5
125.4
134.6
133.6
133.9
133.4
111.0
by families of wage earners and moderate-income workers, in computing
city indexes; and (3) population weights, in combining city aggregates in
order to derive average prices and indexes for all cities combined.
Indexes of retail food prices in 56 large cities combined, by commodity
groups, for the years 1923 through 1948 (1935-39=100), may be found in Bulle
tin No. 965, “ Retail Prices of Pood, 1948,’’ Bureau of Labor Statistics, U. S.
Department of Labor, table 3, p. 7. Mimeographed tables of the same
data, by months, January 1935 to date, are available upon request.
1 December 1950=100.
MONTHLY LABOR
D: PRICES AND COST OF LIVING
770
T a ble
D-5: Indexes of Retail Prices of Foods, by City
(1935-39=100]
Mar.
1951
Feb.
1951
Jan.
1951
Dec.
1950
225.7
226.2
226.0
221.9
216.3
228.5
236.2
218.3
212.8
226.0
224.1
236.8
220. 5
213.3
226.9
224.0
237.1
220.8
213.8
224.1
223.4
231.8
219.8
209.1
220.9
217.0
226.4
212.3
204.1
214.6
218.0
222.9
234.8
212.2
231.1
219.6
223.9
234.9
214.3
231.6
217.9
222.5
230.6
213.2
232.9
215.5
220.7
229.2
208.9
225.1
207.5
215.8
225.9
203.2
221.6
227.1
235.6
207.3
228.9
232.3
226.0
231.8
206.1
228.7
229.9
225.8
233.3
207.1
229.9
230.5
226.9
232.7
206.7
228.7
229.0
223.7
227.4
200.7
225.9
227.8
229.4
221.3
235.2
222.4
221.9
229.1
219.2
237.1
223.3
223.2
227.3
219.8
238.3
221.6
222.1
228.8
219.2
238.5
222.1
226.3
228.3
220.8
235.6
220.6
226.4
233.8
213. 7
251.7
223 6
232.7
231.9
212.8
249.8
225. 2
230.9
230.5
213.6
250.3
225.1
230.9
234.3
212.4
250.9
224 9
228.9
234.8
211 6
253.4
226.8
229.8
214.8
221.9
234.7
229.2
217.5
216.0
221.6
232.3
231.9
219.0
215.5
221.0
233.0
229.9
219.4
213.7
218.4
234.6
227.5
220.3
212.5
217.8
232.9
224.8
217.6
229.1
225.3
219.9
240.6
226.1
227.0
225.0
219.2
240.8
225.5
229.5
225.7
221.6
238.8
226.5
225.7
225.5
220.5
238.2
224.4
224.2
227.1
220.3
239.5
226.4
230.0
223.3
235.6
227.1
233.5
229.1
219.6
235.6
224. 1
231.0
229.1
220.0
236.9
223.2
232.0
229.1
219.1
239.8
223.6
232.9
229.2
219.6
241.2
222.2
230.3
Portland, Maine_________
Portland, O re g ................. .
Providence, R. I ____ _____
Richmond, Va..... .................
Rochester, N. Y ....................
215.8
246.9
232.8
218.4
222.3
213.2
247.9
228.3
217.7
220.2
215.9
247.4
228.9
215.9
218.9
217.0
251.2
231.8
216.5
221.5
St. Louis, M o ......................
St. Paul, M inn.....................
Salt Lake City, U tah_____
San Francisco, Calif______
Savannah, Ga___________
239.3
220.7
228. 5
235. 6
240.7
238.8
215.1
228.0
234.8
241.4
237.2
216.2
227.4
234. 4
240.0
Scranton, P a ........... ............
Seattle, W ash.___ _______
Springfield. Ill_______ ____
Washington, D, O................
Wichita, Kans.1...................
Winston-Salem, N. O.1.........
227.2
234.8
238.6
228.0
242.9
220.1
225.5
234. 4
238.1
224.0
241. 4
219.3
225.9
232.7
237.9
222.6
237.8
220.7
June
1950
210.8
210.6
203.1
2 2 9.2
208.3
220.5
203.0
201.5
209.1
208.6
221.2
202.7
201.9
210.8
195.4
215.6
192.2
196.1
204.0
m .o
205.7
212.2
220.2
195.5
214.8
204.0
212.0
220.6
196.7
215.0
199.0
203.0
208.6
188.0
208.4
2 2 6.7
233.1
2 4 1.5
217.1
2 3 7.6
215.9
220.9
197.4
221.1
223.6
210.7
217.8
191.1
213.1
216.0
212.6
219.1
192.5
213.5
215.1
205.1
211.2
183.9
201.5
205.9
2 28.5
236.7
211.1
233.7
2 2 9 .4
223.7
216.0
236.0
218.6
223.1
217.2
211.4
227.5
214.9
216.0
213.5
206.2
222.1
208.8
211.6
212.5
207.6
222.3
208.6
213.9
202.9
200.7
208.1
198.1
201.0
226.1
221,. 7
2 3 9.7
2 2 7.7
2 3 0.0
231.5
210.5
253.1
225.2
226.9
229.0
208.5
248.6
222. 7
226.3
223.1
203.2
243.6
217.1
218.0
215.3
198.1
235.0
211. 7
212.1
215.2
196.2
235.8
210.9
210.9
205.8
189.2
223.1
200.1
201.6
232.2
213.9
2 5 5.3
2 2 6.2
2 2 9.2
214.6
217.6
233.8
226.9
217.7
214.5
218.9
230.8
227.4
217.9
210.0
215.1
227.6
219.6
213.8
203.3
210.1
224.0
216.3
206.8
198.0
207.4
218.3
213.0
202.1
198.0
208.8
220.1
212.3
200.7
192.0
200.6
208.3
206.6
194.1
2 1 8.5
223.1
239.1
2 2 8.0
2 2 1.0
225.7
224.2
218.1
240.2
224.9
223.8
223.2
219.3
242.1
224.7
222.5
225.5
220.0
239.8
227.0
220.4
220.2
214.0
237.8
221.0
213.2
215.3
208.7
228.2
216.1
208.8
209.1
203.6
220.7
211.3
207.4
208.2
205.4
221.5
210.2
200.1
203.3
199.8
212.9
203.7
233.1,
223.9
222.1,
2 3 9.6
227.3
229.4
219.3
240.6
223.8
230.5
227.9
217.0
237.9
222.3
227.8
233.8
216.8
238.1
221.4
227.2
231.1
216.4
236.5
222.2
227.4
225.2
213.7
233.4
217.7
222.4
214.8
209.8
226.9
212.9
218.0
210.8
203.6
224.4
206.7
213.8
211.8
202.3
225.0
207.9
215.9
205.9
197.2
216.8
201.4
207.5
231.8
224.8
2 3 7.8
225.4
2 3 2.8
213.9
251.5
229.6
216.4
222.9
210.0
252.1
229.1
216.7
220.9
209.6
248.6
229.5
215.9
217.8
210.5
250.3
228.6
217.4
218.2
211.0
247.4
230.8
218.3
216.2
207.9
243.4
225.1
215.6
212.2
202.9
234.9
219.3
210.3
206.1
198.1
230.7
213.7
201.6
202.6
198.9
228.7
214.4
202.0
204.5
193.0
219.1
207.9
195.2
196.4
217.0
21,5.9
236.2
220.4
223.3
237.9
216.5
228.3
237.8
241.2
238.2
216.2
230.0
237.4
239.6
238.4
215.1
228.3
241.2
237.6
237.6
214.4
226.9
238.4
237.6
239.4
214. 1
227.9
241.7
232.3
240.0
212.9
225.6
235.3
231.5
234.0
210.5
222.2
238.0
229.8
229.7
202.8
217.2
229.0
223.0
221.2
198.4
212.4
219.3
214.9
220.2
196.9
211.4
217.0
215.9
210.2
192.5
202.2
211.1
206.3
2 4 1 .0
225.5
233.8
238.6
221.9
238.2
220.3
225.7
233.0
238.5
224.2
234.9
220.6
225.2
236.6
237.6
224.3
234.0
220.6
221.4
234.4
237.6
222.2
234.1
220.4
222.7
234.3
237.8
222.4
237.5
223.7
223.7
231.7
238.2
223.3
235.9
221.3
217.7
230.2
233.7
221.2
231.1
217.6
212.1
225.7
231.7
216.7
230.0
214.1
207.1
221.8
223.1
208.9
218.4
205.7
207.2
218.0
222.1
208.9
219.0
207.5
204.2
208.6
211.8
201.9
209.4
197.3
2 2 6.8
232.1
239.3
2 2 8.3
244.1
221.4
229.2
227.3
227.0
227.7
226.9
227.4
230.0
241.1
224.0
217.8
227.4
232.1
238.3
220.1
213.9
224.3
231.4
238.0
217.3
215.5
225.0
229.4
237.0
214.5
216.6
226.0
228.1
238.9
216.4
214.9
225.9
228.7
239.0
218.1
214.4
225.3
Buffalo, N. Y .......................
Butte, M ont_____________
Cedar Rapids, Iowa 1......... .
Charleston, S. O ................. .
Ohio.ago, 111_____________
224.2
229.2
237.8
217.9
236.2
221. 5
228.5
235.1
220.6
232.3
219.2
229.0
236.0
221.0
233.4
222.1
227.4
238.5
218.9
235.3
224.3
225.5
237.2
211.6
233.4
221.9
226.6
236.5
211.6
233.0
Cincinnati, Ohio____ _____
Cleveland, Ohio....................
Columbus, Ohio________
Dallas, Tex--------------------Denver, C o lo ......................
229.7
237.2
209.6
233.8
234.9
229.0
235.3
207.8
233.5
232.4
228.3
235.7
207.3
230.9
231.6
229.2
236.7
207.6
227.0
230.6
226.9
236.3
208.5
227.9
232.6
Detroit. M ich.......................
Fall River, Mass_________
Houston, Tex. --------------Indianapolis, In d _________
Jackson, Miss.1__________
230.5
223.2
237.6
226.3
229.4
228.4
219.7
239. 4
225. 4
227.2
228.9
221.0
237.2
224.3
224.8
229.1
222.2
235.2
223.3
222.6
Jacksonville, Fla_________
Kansas City, Mo_________
Knoxville, Tenn.1....... ..........
Los Angeles, Calif.................
232.5
213.9
253.7
224 4
234.5
234.7
212.2
254.9
223 0
233.3
233.6
211.8
253.1
222 9
232.3
Louisville, K y ----------------Manchester, N. H .............. .
Memphis, T enn....................
Milwaukee, WIs--------------Minneapolis, M inn..............
216.7
222.8
238.0
228.9
218.9
215.6
219.8
237.4
227.9
215.6
Mobile, Ala_____________
Newark, N. J -----------------New Haven, Conn...............
New Orleans, L a_________
New York, N. Y____ _____
231.7
226.4
222.4
239.9
227.8
Norfolk, Va___________ _
Omaha, Nebr___ ________
Peoria, 111________ ______
Philadelphia, P a_________
Pittsburgh, P a......................
United States-----------------Atlanta, G a ......................
Baltimore, M d---------------Birmingham, Ala_________
Boston, Mass ...................
Bridgeport, C onn................
i June 1940=100.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
June
1951
Apr.
1951
Nov.
1950
Oct.
1950
Aug.
1951
Oct.
1951
July
1951
May
1951
Sept.
1951
u iiy
Oct.
1951
2 4 0 .8
2 2 5 .3
219.5
228.1
2 2 0.6
2 2 9.0
2 4 0 .8
2 4 3.4
REVIEW, DECEMBER 1951
T a ble
D: PRICES AND COST OF LIVING
771
D-6: Average Retail Prices and Indexes of Selected Foods
In d e x e s 1 9 3 5 -3 9 -1 0 0
Commodity
price
Oct.
1951
Cereals and bakery products:
Cereals:
C ents
Flour, wheat......... ____ 5 pounds.. 52.1
Com flakes 1_____ ____13 ounces.. 22.0
Com meal_______ ....... ...p o u n d ..
9.6
Rice 3___________ ...........__.do___ 16.9
Rolled oats •____ ___ 20 ounces.. 18.0
Bakery products:
Bread, white____ ............pound.. 15.7
Vanilla cookies4. . . ......... 7 ounces . 23.0
Layer cake 86____ --------- pound __ 49.6
Meats, poultry, and fish:
Meats:
Beef:
Round steak .. ................ do___ 112.4
Rib roast____ ................do___ 88.5
Chuck roast... ................do___ 76.2
Frankfurters 8. ................ do___ 66.1
Hamburger *.. ................ do___ 66.9
Veal:
Cutlets______ ................do___ 128.0
Pork:
Chops.............. ................do___ 85.4
Bacon, sliced.. ________do___ 68.0
Ham, whole... ................do___ 66.5
Salt pork____ _______ do___
39.0
Lamb:
L eg................. .............. _do___ 84.5
Poultry......... .............. .............. _do___
Frying chickens:
New York dressed7____ do___ 47.8
Dressed and draw n7___ do___ 60.0
Fish:
Fish (fresh, frozen) 3_______d o ....
(»)
Salmon, pink......... ..16-ounce can.. 60.5
Dairy products:
B utter________ ____ ............ pound.. 81.6
uheese, American process........... do___ 58.5
Milk, fresh (delivered) ______ q uart.. 23.5
Milk, fresh (grocery)79.................do___ 22.0
Ice cream 8____ ____ ................pint..
31.2
Milk, evaporated____ 14!i-ounce can.. 14.4
Eggs: Eggs, fresh_______ _____ dozen___ 84.9
Fruits and vegetables:
Frozen fruits:
Strawberries 8____ ___ 16 ounces.. 55.8
Orange juice 8____ ____ 6 ounces.
23.2
Frozen vegetables:
Peas 8 __________ ------12 ounces.. 24.7
Fresh fruits:
Apples__________ ............ pound..
9.5
Bananas................ ................do___ 16.2
Oranges, size 200.. _______ dozen.. 53.9
Fresh vegetables:
Beans, green_____ .............pound.. 20.2
Cabbage________ ................ do___
6.0
Carrots____ _____ ______ bunch.. 12.8
Lettuce.................. ................head.. 15.4
Onions__________ ............ pound..
7.3
Potatoes________ ---- 15 pounds.. 78.4
8weetpotatoes____ .............pound.. 11.8
Tomatoes 11______ ................do___ 21.7
Canned fruits:
Peaches.................. ...N o. 2J4 can.. 34.2
Pineapple........... . ................do___ 38.6
Canned vegetables:
Corn 72................... ...N o . 303 can.. 17.9
Tomatoes_______ ___No. 2 can.. 17.4
Peas____________ .No. 303 can.. 21.1
Baby foods 8_____ 4 1 4 - 4 ounces.. 10.0
Dried fruits, prunes__ ............ pound..
27.2
Dried vegetables, navy beans___ do___ 15.8
never ages:
Coffee______________ ________do___ 86.8
Cola drink 8________ B-bottle carton.. 28.8
Fats and oils:
Lard_______________ --------- pound.. 24.9
Shortening, hydrogenated........... do___ 36.8
Salad dressing_______ .............. .p in t..
36.9
Margarine__________ ............ pound.. ___
Uncolored 73_____ ________do___ 35.5
Colored 74_______ .............__do___ 32.0
Sugar and sweets:
Sugar............................. ----- 5 pounds.. 50.9
Grape jellv 8. . . _____ ... .12 ounces.. 23.7
1 Specification changed to 13 ounces
in December 1950.
2 July 1947=100.
3 February 1943 = 100.
4 Specification changed to 7 ounces
in September 1951.
6 December 1950=100.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Oct.
1951
Sept.
1951
Aug.
1951
July
1951
June
1951
May
1951
Apr.
1951
Mar.
1951
Feb.
1951
Jan.
1951
Dec.
1950
Nov.
1950
Oct.
1950
June
1950
201.8
206.4
204.3
94.2
162.9
201.3
205.8
203.6
99.7
162.2
201.1
203.9
201.8
101.3
162.0
201.7
199.5
200.8
101.5
161.5
202.3
197.8
200.4
101.3
161.3
202.4
197.4
201.3
101.6
160.2
201.8
196.6
203.7
102.2
159.1
200.9
194.3
203.7
101.9
156.6
199.0
193.9
202.8
101.5
155.2
196.3
192.5
200.5
100.7
154.5
192.5
191.7
197.8
101.0
153.4
191.9
190.9
197.9
98.6
152.5
192. 4
187.4
204.0
97.5
150.3
190. 5
176. 5
181.9
93.1
145 8
183.9
221.5
107.5
183.7
220.0
107.9
183.5
215.8
107.1
183.4
214.9
108.6
183.4
213.5
106.9
182.8
213.2
107.3
182.7
214.9
107.9
182.8
213.7
106.0
183.0
211.6
105.8
182.2
209.8
103.1
172.0
201.8
100.0
171.9
202.8
171 9
201.3
163 9
191. 7
332.7
306.4
337.4
108.9
218.7
323.3
290.6
327.7
108.6
216.1
323.2
289.5
327.1
108.6
215.1
323.1
290.0
327.0
108.4
215.9
322.2
289.5
327.2
106.5
215.8
320.9
289.0
327.1
106.5
216.9
320.3
294.6
326.2
106.2
219.7
318.0
292.8
324.1
106.4
218.8
317.6
294.2
323.2
105.7
217.5
312.3
288.0
315.0
104.4
212.1
297.6
273.3
298.1
100.0
201.0
286.4
266.0
286.9
287.1
265.3
287.4
287.9
264.1
279 2
196.6
196.5
181.8
319.6
320.1
319.8
319.1
317.2
315.4
311.9
308.6
308.0
300.2
286.7
281.1
281.0
271.2
258.7
178.4
226.5
185.6
258.1
178.0
229.4
186.2
254.4
177.8
229.4
184.9
236.9
177.8
229.0
183.6
235.3 234.2
177.8 177.6
228. 1 226.3
184.9 184.9
233.4
177.6
228.0
187.9
235.7
178.2
230.1
188.0
235.6
178.0
229.7
187.5
228.1
175.9
224.9
186.7
216.6
171.9
212.7
184.5
221.8
174 8
204.9
183.6
229.9
183.9
210.7
184.8
243.5
161 9
215 8
160.5
298.4
188.7
296.9
195.1
296.7
194.4
296.9
195.3
297.2
191.3
293.8
198.9
288.7
198.5
285.0
198.9
284.1
193.2
277.9
184.3
273.3
179.3
268.4
180.1
263.5
187.2
272.4
185.1
294.7
489.1
290.1
503.1
292.5
508.2
288.1
509.2
291.4
511.0
287.1
511.7
286.4
508.1
287.6
502.4
283.7
501.1
283.0
493.7
279.5
484.5
278.5
473.1
277.1
446.9
268. 4
344.1
224.2
258.3
191.2
192.7
104.9
203.1
243.4
219. .7
259.4
189.7
191.2
104.8
203.0
239.3
220.5
259.3
188.3
190.5
105.2
203.7
225.8
221.8
260.0
187.2
188.5
105.1
203. 3
211.5
223.8
261.3
185.1
186.4
104.9
203.3
201.2
223.3
260.3
184.9
185.9
104.7
202.8
198.4
219.7
265.7
185.6
186.9
105.2
203.2
191.2
224.0
265.7
185.4
187.3
104.9
202.4
195.2
226.1
264.3
184.8
186.7
105.4
201.0
179.8
228.0
254.9
183.5
185. 7
104.2
194.1
191.5
209.7
232.4
179.0
180.6
100.0
183.7
249.4
205.0
230.3
178.3
181.1
204. 1
228. 5
177. 4
180.3
195 4
226 2
160. 4
162.0
183. Ö 182.8
205.4 206.2
174. 2
148 4
95.1
99.2
95.6
100.2
95.8
101.5
97.4
103. 2
97.0
104.8
98.7
105.0
100.5
105.1
101.3
104. 2
101.3
102.4
100.8
102.0
100.0
100.0
98.5
97.8
98.3
98.2
98.0
98.3
98.3
100.1
99.9
99.1
100.0
178.4
269.9
189.3
203.0
265. 6
194.4
214.3
264.5
188.0
240. 2
268.9
161.5
232.9
271.7
167.5
213.6
274.2
163.7
205.1
273.9
158.0
206.0
276.2
166.1
206.4
274.0
173.4
204.4
266.5
153.3
195.3
271.0
166.5
187.0
266.4
176.3
190.3
261 4
191.0
301.1
271.9
172. 8
188.5
160.5
235.9
186.4
177.0
215.2
227.5
142.8
185.4
153. 7
241.1
168.1
168.6
193.3
265.8
101.5
166.8
151.6
235.0
180.6
176.0
203.7
308.2
112.6
149.1
151.0
229.2
192.6
205.7
236.1
251.8
170.2
187.3
172.9
202.6
162.8
246.1
230.2
231.4
179.4
212.7
191.0
196.5
229.8
235.1
202.5
201.5
196.6
205.7
225.6
192.9
212.1
186.7
185.0
192.4
193.1
193.3
386.5
220.4
149.2
176.8
179.1
190 3
216.1
244.8
425.2
258.7
189.3
173.2
177.6
189.7
218.7
303.5
239.6
206.0
164.3
144.0
172.3
182.5
254.7
310.6
158.5
203.8
167.6
133.1
163.8
177.5
193.6
228.4
125.6
203.1
173.3
128.9
154.0
161.2
167.9
154.6
126.5
177.0
159. 2
133.8
163. 5
159.3
131.6
151.0
174.3
181.7
167.3
187.1
219.?
209 4
208.3
177.9
177.8
177.0
177.4
175.3
177.5
174.8
177.6
174.9
178.1
174.6
178.8
174.3
179.7
173.8
178.3
172.8
178.5
172.1
177.5
168.2
176.1
166.7
176.0
164.6
175.7
140.1
172.0
165.3
194.8
115.5
101.7
268.7
213.1
165.7
200.7
116.9
101.7
274.9
216.8
165.4
209.0
117.8
101.7
275.1
220.9
164.9
228.0
119.2
101.7
274.5
224.4
164.2
230. 4
118.8
102.1
272.8
230.7
164.4
226.4
118.8
101 9
273.1
233.8
163.6
223.6
119.3
101. 5
273.3
235.5
162.8
215.9
119.6
101.4
272.1
235.4
161.8
209.1
119.7
100.8
271.4
234.9
159.5
191.2
119.5
100. 2
268.0
231.8
154.3
176.3
117.8
100.0
264.6
226.7
150.5
172.0
117.2
147.8
169.1
117.3
138 4
161.6
114.3
261 4
218.8
253. 4
214.0
237. 8
202 7
345.1
110.2
345.3
109.1
346.3
108.4
346.2
108.0
346.7
108.0
346.5
108.2
344.1
108.5
342.9
108.3
343.5
107.9
340.7
107.8
331.4
100.0
332.5
343.2
294.9
167.7
178.4
153.0
171.2
163.1
179. 4
156.9
172.8
161.7
181.4
158.3
174.6
159.9
190.4
163.5
184.2
166.2
198.4
166.1
194.3
167.8
201.1
164.8
197.8
173.7
201.1
165.8
199.9
174.4
198.4
165.5
199.1
173.3
197.4
164.2
199.5
166.3
191.2
161.4
193.9
149.5
175.1
152.9
179.9
142.0
169.4
148.9
173.0
142.6
169.0
148.4
173.8
116 0
155 6
142.1
161.1
189.8
99.4
191.6
99.3
191.7
99.4
190.8
100.0
187.4
101.0
186.4
101.0
186.7
101.5
187.4
100.8
187.6
100.5
187.3
100.3
186.5
100.0
186.8
187.3
175.3
6 Priced in 46 cities.
7 Priced in 28 cities.
*1938-39=100.
9 Average price not computed.
10 Specification revised in November
1950.
“ October 1949=100.
12No. 303 can of com introduced in May 1951 in place of No. 2 can.
13 Priced in 9 cities beginning October 1951,12 cities September 1951,13 cities
August 1951, 16 cities April through July 1951, 18 cities January through
March 1951, and 19 cities August through December 1950. Priced in 56 cities
before that date.
14 Priced in 37 cities August through December 1950, 38 cities January
through March 1951, 40 cities April through July 1951, 43 cities August 1951,
44 cities September 1951, and 47 cities beginning October 1951.
D: PRICES AND COST OF LIVING
772
T a ble
MONTHLY LABOR
D-7: Indexes of Wholesale Prices,1 by Group of Commodities, for Selected Periods
[1926=100]
Chem HouseFuel Metals
and
icals
furand Build
light metal
ing
and
nishallied
mate
ing
ing
prod
prod goods
mate ucts * rials
ucts
rials
Mis
cella
neous
com
modi
ties
All
com
All
modi
com
Semi- Manu modi
ties
Raw manufac
ex
ex cept
mate
factured ties
cept
rials
tured
prod farm
farm
articles ucts • prod prod
ucts 1 ucts
and
foods 1
Hides
and
Foods leather
prod
ucts
Tex
tile
prod
ucts
64.2
62.9
128.6
147.3
99.9
68.1
69.7
131.6
193.2
109.1
57.3
55.3
142.6
188.3
90.4
61.3
55.7
114.3
159.8
83.0
90.8
79.1
143.5
155.5
100.5
56.7
52.9
101.8
164.4
95.4
80.2
77.9
178.0
173.7
94.0
56.1
56.7
99.2
143.3
94.3
93.1
88.1
142.3
176.5
82.6
68.8
67.3
138.8
163.4
97.5
74.9
67.8
162.7
253.0
93.9
69.4
66.9
130.4
157.8
94.6
69.0
65.7
131.0
165.4
93.3
70.0
65.7
129.9
170.6
91.6
48.2
65.3
61.0
67.7
61.0
70.4
67.2
71.3
72.9
95.6
92.7
100.8
54.9
69.7
67.8
73.8
70.3
73.1
72.6
71.7
80.2
94.4
93.2
95.8
71.4
90.5
89.6
94.8
73.9
76.0
74.2
77.0
75.1
86.3
85.6
88.5
64.4
74.8
73.3
77.3
55.1
70.2
66.5
71.9
59.3
77.0
74.5
79.1
70.3
80.4
79.1
81.6
68.3
79.5
77.9
80.8
70.2
81.3
80.1
83.0
87.3
93.6
98.8
103.1
104.0
82.4
94.7
105.9
122.6
123.3
82.7
90. 5
99.6
106.6
104.9
108.3
114.8
117.7
117.5
116.7
84.8
91.8
96.9
97.4
98.4
76.2
78.4
78.5
80.8
83.0
99.4
103.3
103.8
103.8
103.8
103.2
107.8
110.2
111.4
115.5
84.4
90.4
95.5
94.9
95.2
94.3
101.1
102.4
102.7
104.3
82.0
87.6
89.7
92.2
93.6
83.5
92.3
100.6
112.1
113.2
86.9
90.1
92.6
92.9
94.1
89.1
94.6
98.6
100.1
100.8
88.3
93.3
97.0
98.7
99.6
89.0
93.7
95. 5
96.9
98.5
1946: Average____
August_____
105.8
105.7
128.2
126.9
106.2
106.4
118.1
118.0
100.1
99.6
84.0
84.8
104.7
104.7
117.8
117.8
95.2
95.3
104.5
104.5
94.7
94.8
116.8
116.3
95.9
95.5
101.8
101.8
100.8
100.9
99.7
99.9
1946: Average____
June_______
November__
1947: Average____
1948: Average____
1949: Average____
1950: Average____
October. ___
November__
December___
121.1
112.9
139.7
152.1
165.1
155.0
161.5
169.1
171.7
175.3
148.9
140.1
169.8
181.2
188.3
165.5
170.4
177.8
183.7
187.4
130.7
112.9
165. 4
168.7
179.1
161.4
166.2
172.5
175.2
179.0
137.2
122.4
172.5
182.4
188.8
180.4
191.9
208.6
211.5
218.7
116.3
109.2
131.6
141.7
149.8
140.4
148.0
163.1
166.8
171.4
90.1
87.8
94.5
108.7
134.2
131.7
133.2
135.3
135. 7
135.7
115.5
112.2
130.2
145.0
163.6
170.2
173.6
178.6
180.4
184.9
132.6
129.9
145. 5
179.7
199.1
193.4
206.0
218.9
217.8
221.4
101.4
96.4
118.9
127.3
135.7
118.6
122.7
132.2
135.7
139.6
111.6
110.4
118.2
131.1
144.5
145.3
153.2
163.8
166.9
170.2
100.3
98.5
106.5
115.5
120.5
112.3
120.9
131.3
137.6
140.5
134.7
126.3
153.4
165.6
178.4
163.9
172.4
180.2
184.5
187.1
110.8
105.7
129.1
148.5
158.0
150.2
156.0
169.3
173.0
178.1
116.1
107.3
134.7
146.0
159.4
151.2
156.8
163.5
165.1
169.0
114.9
106.7
132.9
145.5
159.8
152.4
159.2
166.9
168.8
172.4
109.5
105.6
120.7
135.2
151.0
147.3
153.2
161.5
163.7
166.7
1951: January __
February___
M arch_____
April.
M ay___ ____
June_______
July________
August_____
September__
October_____
180.1
183.6
184.0
183.6
182.9
181.7
179.4
178.0
177.6
178.2
194.2
202.6
203.8
202.5
199.6
198.6
194.0
190.6
189.2
192.4
182.2
234.8
187.6
238.2
186.6
236.2
185.8
233.3
232.6
187.3
230.6
186.3
221.9
186.0
187.3 « 213.7
188.0 ‘ 2 1 2 . 1
189.5
208.5
178.2
181.1
183.2
182.8
182.1
177.7
173.2
167.5
163.2
157.8
136.4
138.1
138.6
138.1
137.5
137.8
137.9
138.1
138.8
138.8
187.5
188.1
188.8
189.0
188.8
188.2
187.9
188.1
189.1
191.2
226.1
228.1
228.5
228.5
227.8
225.6
223.7
222.5
223.0
223.6
144.5
174.7
175.4
147.3
146.4
178.8
147.9
180. 1
145.7
180.0
179.5
142.3
139.4
178.8
140.1
175.3
140.8 ‘ 172.4
141.1
171.7
142.4
192.6
199. 1
142.7
142.5
199.4
142.7
197.7
141.7
195.5
141.7
194.7
138.8
189.9
138.2
187.5
138.5 «187. 0
139.2
188.8
185.0
187.1
187. 5
187.1
186.4
180.0
174.0
170.0
168.8
168.3
173.1
175.5
175.8
176.1
176.2
175.5
175.1
174.4
174.2
174.3
176.7
179.2
179.3
179.2
179.0
177.8
176.0
174.9
174.8
174.8
170.3
171.8
172.4
172.3
171.6
170.5
168.6
167.2
166.9
166.7
All
com
modi
ties1
Farm
prod
ucts
Average____
July................
November__
M ay...............
Average.........
69.8
67.3
136.3
167.2
95.3
71.5
71.4
150.3
169.8
104.9
1932: Average____
1939: Average____
August_____
1940: Average.........
64.8
77.1
75.0
78.6
1941: Average____
December___
1942: Average.........
1943: Average____
1944: Average____
Year and month
1913:
1914:
1918:
1920:
1929:
1 BL8 wholesale price data, for the most part, represent prices in primary
markets. They are prices charged by manufacturers or producers or are
prices prevailing on organized exchanges. The weekly index is calculated
from 1-day-a-week prices; the monthly index from an average of these prices.
Monthly indexes for the last 2 months are preliminary.
The indexes currently are computed by the fixed base aggregate method,
with weights representing quantities produced for sale in 1929-31. (For a
detailed description of the method of calculation see “ Revised Method of
Calculation of the Bureau of Labor Statistics Wholesale Price Index,” in
the Journal of the American Statistical Association, December 1937.)
Mimeographed tables are available, upon request to the Bureau, giving
monthly indexes for major groups of commodities since 1890 and for subgroups
and economic groups since 1913. The weekly wholesale price indexes are
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
available in summary form since 1947 for all commodities; all commodities
less farm products and foods; farm products; foods; textile products; fuel and
lighting materials; metals and metal products; building materials, and
chemicals and allied products. Weekly indexes are also available for the
subgroups of grains, livestock, and meats.
J Includes current motor vehicle prices beginning with October 1946. The
rate of production of motor vehicles in October 1946 exceeded the monthly
average rate of civilian production in 1941, and in accordance with the an
nouncement made in September 1946, the Bureau introduced current prices
for motor vehicles in the October calculations. During the war, motor
vehicles were not produced for general civilian sale and the Bureau carried
April 1942 prices forward in each computation through September 1946.
c Corrected.
R E V IE W , D E C E M B E R 1951
D: PRICES AND COST OF LIVING
773
Table D-8: Indexes of Wholesale Prices,1 by Group and Subgroup of Commodities
[1926=100]
1951
G roup an d subgroup
1950
O ct.
S e p t.
A ug.
J u ly
A 11 c o m m o d itie s 3.......................
178.2
177.6
178.0
179.4
181.7
182 9
183.6
184.0
F a r m p r o d u c ts .............................
G r a in s ________________
L iv e s to c k a n d p o u ltr y
L iv e s to c k r_......... ........
P o u ltr y r._ ....................
O th er farm p r o d u c ts ___
E g g s r...............................
192.4
187.3
225.2
255. 2
79.3
172. 9
167.5
189 2
181.6
227 .8
257.1
190.6
180.4
233.1
262 .8
8 9 .4
166.7
154.7
194.0
178.0
233. 9
263.4
91 .5
173.1
137.3
198 6
178. 6
235.8
265. 1
94.4
180.4
137. 1
199.6
185.6
234 .8
263 .6
9 6 .5
181.0
128.6
202. 5
189.1
240.9
269.9
203.8
188.0
241.2
270.4
10 2 .1
1 0 1 .1
181.7
125.1
184.3
124.7
192.0
238.2
268.0
94.3
182.8
117.0
F o o d s ______________ _________
D a ir y p r o d u c ts _________
C ereal p r o d u c ts _________
F r u its an d v e g e t a b l e s ...
M e a ts , p o u ltr y , fish r___
M e a ts r _______ _____
P o u lt r y ’ ____________
O th e r f o o d s ..........................
189.5
173.8
161.3
143.9
260.8
283. 5
94.3
161. 7
187.3
169.0
161.9
142.6
2 5 6 .9
278.5
9 7 .9
161.2
186.0
167.5
162.3
144.3
254.6
275.2
158.5
186.3
163.4
162. 3
146.3
255. 2
275. 4
104.3
160.8
187.3
164. 9
163.6
146.5
25 7 .2
276.3
113. 5
160.7
185.8
166.6
164.5
140.0
255.1
274.1
112.5
158.8
186.6
170.3
164. 5
139.9
254.5
273.7
108.7
160.0
H id e s a n d le a th e r p r o d u c ts ..
S h o e s _____________
H id e s a n d s k in s ________
L e a t h e r ___________ . . .
O th e r le a th e r p r o d u c t s ..
208.5
216.3
220.9
194. 5
180. 6
« 2 1 2 .1
213. 7
« 2 03.8
180.6
230.6
223.3
284.3
227.6
180.6
232.6
223.8
293 .8
2 2 8 .2
180.6
233.3
223. 5
297.8
228. 7
180.6
236.2
‘ 225.3
«195. 5
180.6
221.9
222.4
250.7
216.8
180.6
T e x tile p r o d u c ts .........................
C lo th in g ..................................
C o tto n g o o d s ______ _____
H o s ie r y a n d u n d e r w e a r .
R a y o n a n d n y lo n r ............
S ilk ' ............... ....................
W o o le n a n d w o r s t e d ___
O th er te x tile p r o d u c t s ...
157. 8
163. 9
193.8
108.0
43.1
75.8
169.9
229.6
163.2
164.7
196. 5
167.5
165.0
206 .0
173.2
164.8
218.8
110 .0
1 1 0 .1
1 1 1 .2
43.1
7 2 .6
196.7
229 .6
43.1
68.7
20 7 .4
23 2 .2
43.1
71.1
218.2
239.6
177.7
164.0
228.7
112.9
43.1
73.2
225.3
250.1
182.1
164.0
234.1
113.4
43.1
76.3
244.5
24 7 .0
138.8
157. 0
197.4
234.8
0)
0)
120.5
191.2
138.8
157.0
• 197. 0
234.8
(3)
9 4 .7
120.5
138.1
154.9
194.9
234.8
6 4 .5
9 4 .1
120.5
137.9
153.5
194.6
234.8
6 5 .4
9 3 .8
120.4
137.8
152.5
195.5
234.8
6 4 .7
92.9
137.5
151.0
195.2
2 3 4 .8
6 4 .7
92. 9
119.7
189.1
188.1
187.9
188.2
188.8
189.0
188.8
188.1
187.5
159.1
161.1
186. 0
186.2
196. 2
185.0
191.3
201. 7
147.0
180.4
184.2
138.0
223.6
179. 5
147. 2
344. 4
161. 3
154. 2
172. 2
184. 2
138. 0
204.3
198. 4
158.9
160.9
185.9
186.2
196.2
185.0
187.4
196.7
147.0
176.4
184.4
138.4
223.0
179. 5
147.2
«343. 3
159.8
153.9
169.2
184.4
138.4
204.3
198.4
158.9
160.9
185.9
186.2
196.2
185.0
185.0
193.7
147.0
175.3
184.6
138.8
158.9
160.9
185.9
186.2
196.2
184.9
184.6
193.7
145.2
175.6
183.6
138.8
159.1
161.1
185.9
186.2
196. 2
184.9
184.3
193.7
144.0
178.2
183.5
139. 1
159. 1
161.1
185.9
186. 2
196.2
184.9
184.1
193.7
143.1
184.1
183.7
139.4
159. 1
161.1
185.6
186.2
196 2
184.9
184.1
193.7
143.1
183.5
183.7
139. 4
159.0
161.0
185.7
186. 2
196. 2
184.9
179.0
187.1
143.1
191.1
183.7
139.4
156.2
158.4
185.7
186. 1
196.2
184.9
178.8
187.1
142.2
187.9
183.7
139.4
2 2 2 .5
179.5
147.2
342 .8
158.0
153.9
165.5
184.6
138.8
204.3
198.2
223.7
179.4
147.2
347.1
159.1
153.9
167.7
183.6
138.8
204.3
198.1
225. 6
180.8
147.2
352. 3
161.6
153.9
173.0
183. 5
139.1
204.3
198.1
159.1
161.1
185.9
186.2
196.2
184.9
184.1
193 7
143.1
182.8
183. 7
139.4
2 2 7 .8
180.8
147.2
358.8
163. 7
163.9
177.5
183.7
139.4
204.3
198.2
228.5
180.8
147.2
361.0
164.7
153.9
179.6
183.7
139.4
204.3
198.3
228.5
180.8
147.1
. 361 .2
164.4
153.3
179.8
183.7
139.4
204.3
198.2
228.1
180.8
147.1
359.8
164.0
153.3
178.9
183.7
139.4
204.3
198.2
F u e l an d lig h tin g m a te r ia ls .
A n th r a c ite ______________
B it u m in o u s c o a l................
C o k e ................................. .
E l e c t r ic it y ............................
G a s . . . ._ ____________
P e tr o le u m a n d p r o d u c ts'
M e ta ls a n d m e ta l p r o d u c t s 3.
A g r ic u ltu r a l m a c h in e r y
a n d e q u i p m e n t ' ______
F a r m m a c h in e r y ' . .
Iron a n d s t e e l___________
S te e l m ill p r o d u c ts ___
S e m i-fin is h e d _____
F in is h e d __________
M o to r v e h ic le s ' ________
P a ss e n g e r c a r s ______
T r u c k s . ______ ______
N o n fe r r o u s m e ta ls ______
P lu m b in g an d h e a t in g ..
P lu m b in g ' ................. ..
B u ild in g m a te r ia ls ....................
B r ic k a n d t il e ................
C e m e n t t - - ......................... ..
L u m b e r ________________
P a in t , p a in t m a t e r i a ls '
P r ep a red p a i n t r____
P a in t m a te r ia ls r___
P lu m b in g a n d h e a t in g ..
P lu m b in g r ..................
S tr u c tu r a l s t e e l ________
O th e r b ld g , m a te r ia ls ___
1946
1939
June
A ug.
1
8 6.0
166.9
162.3
188.0
170.3
160.4
141.9
258 .4
280.2
9 7 .9
162.5
2 2 1.8
c
2 2 2 .1
2 2 2 .1
10 1 .1
J u ne
120.0
M ay
A pr.
M ar.
Ja n .
D ec.
183.6
180.1
175.3
171.7
169.1
112.9
7 5 .0
202.6
194.2
186.6
183. 7
172.1
197.3
2 2 2 .6
7 4 .9
177.4
148.2
177.8
165.3
198.7
2 2 3 .8
7 7 .1
167.4
141.0
140.1
151 8
137.4
143. 4
(3)
137.5
9 7 .3
61 0
51 5
250.6
8 4 .7
178.2
116.5
187.4
180.9
2 0 4 .9
2 3 1 .8
74 .5
177.4
149.5
187.6
173.0
166.3
142.4
255.2
274.8
107.1
159.0
182.2
171.5
163.0
136. 1
242.7
261. 5
9 8 .2
157.7
179.0
164.4
157.6
138.0
23 3 .7
2 5 1 .9
9 2 .3
161.5
175.2
164.1
154.1
140. 4
223. 4
240.5
90. 8
158.9
172.5
160.8
153. 8
129. 5
2 2 3 .7
240. 8
90. 2
156.4
112.9
127.3
101 7
136.1
313.0
229.2
188.2
238.2
224.6
317.8
229.1
188.0
234.8
219.4
318.2
224.8
188.0
218. 7
209 .3
277 .5
213 .8
173.9
211.5
2 0 3 .7
269.3
204. 9
164.9
182.8
163.9
236.2
113.5
43.1
85. 2
243.7
249.2
183.2
163.9
239.9
113.5
43.1
9 0 .8
240.2
246.1
181.1
163.9
240.5
113.8
43.1
90.8
227.3
243.8
178.2
161.6
239.2
115.2
43.1
217.4
238.1
171.4
155.4
236. 6
113. 7
4 3 .0
75 0
195 6
2 2 9 .6
138.1
152.8
195.6
234.8
6 4 .8
93 .3
138.6
156.1
197,1
234.5
65.1
03 8
120.3
138.1
156.5
197.5
234. 1
6 6 .4
9 2 .2
119.4
136 4
145.8
193.2
232.8
65 .4
9 0 .0
119.4
120.0
222.0
Feb.
2 22.2
N ov.
O c t.
6 6 .0
67 7
(>)
60 1
47 .5
r>)
98. 1
67 2
67 0
71 9
58 5
73 7
78 1
(»)
6 0 .3
208. 6
200 5
206.3
201 3
164.9
122 4
129 5
121 5
110 7
115 .2
92 7
mo n
77 2
£4 0
9 7 .1
166.8
151.4
231 7
111 4
42. 7
09 0
192 7
210 .4
163 1
147 7
225 7
109 2
42 5
05 3
189 1
207 .3
109 2
120 3
139 4
75 8
30 2
(3)
112 7
112.3
135. 7
145 7
193. 2
232 7
65. 7
90 2
118.0
184.9
135. 7
144 7
193 3
232 5
65 5
90 5
118.1
180.4
135 3
143 Q
193 3
931 1
05 2
8 8 .9
118.0
178.6
87 8
106 1
132 8
133. 5
6 7 .2
79 6
6 4 .0
226.1
180.7
147.2
356.8
162.1
152.1
176.2
183. 7
139.4
204.3
195.8
155.7
158.2
182.1
183. 2
196. 2
181. 6
178.4
187.1
140. 6
182. 5
183.6
139.3
221 .4
179.1
141.2
348.4
154.9
147.3
166.2
183.6
139.3
204.3
193.8
153.3
155.8
174 0
172.8
185. 4
171. 2
176. 9
187.1
133. 9
181. 7
182.5
137.3
217 .8
177.6
140.8
347.6
148. 2
143.6
156.1
182.5
137.3
191.6
189.4
152.1
154. 5
173. 2
172. 7
185. 4
171 1
176. 8
187.0
133. 9
173. 3
177. 2
132.0
218 .9
177.2
140.2
358 .4
145. 7
142. 4
152.1
177.2
132.0
191. 6
186.6
8 6 .1
110 1
116 6
67 8
81 5
65 5
61 5
28 5
44 3
75 5
63.7
72
79
96
104
75
6
1
0
9
8
51.7
1 1 2 .2
9 3 .2
104 5
104 9
176 0
108 6
99 3
120 9
106. 0
(4)
120 . 1
118.4
93. 5
0 4 .7
95.1
98. 6
9 6 .0
9 9 .0
92 5
9 5 .6
7 7 .4
74. 6
7 9 .3
(<)
89. 6
90. 5
91. 3
90.1
82.1
9 2 .9
71. 8
79.3
(<)
107. 3
8 9 .5
110 1
1 12 . 2
108 9
1 12 . 8
135. 5
142 8
104 3
99. 2
106 0
C‘)
129 9
121 3
102 6
C h e m ic a ls a n d a llie d p rod u c t s ................................................
C h e m ic a ls _______________
D r u g a n d p h a r m a ceu tic a l m a te r ia ls . ______
F e r tiliz e r m a te r ia ls_____
M ix e d fe r tiliz e r s ________
O ils a n d fa ts ____________
141.1
144. 7
140.8
144.7
140.1
144.4
139.4
143.1
142.3
144. 1
145. 7
145.2
147.9
145.0
146.4
138.2
147.3
139.0
144.5
138.1
139.6
136.1
135.7
134.3
132.2
131.6
96. 4
9 8 .0
74 .2
83 .8
184. 1
120 . 2
111.3
142. 6
184.6
117.8
109.3
139.8
184.7
119.0
108.6
139.3
185.3
115. 1
108.6
161.2
185.1
118.1
108.9
214.6
185.2
118.1
108.9
217.3
184.4
118.1
108.9
200.4
161.1
111. 2
109 4
82 7
179.5
196.3
161.5
180.1
195.9
163.1
178.8
193.4
163.2
175. 4
186.9
163.2
174.7
186.2
162.7
103. 4
160 3
163.8
173.6
153.6
77.1
65. 5
73.1
4 0 .6
178.8
194.6
161.9
105.1
171.5
166.9
176.6
156.7
86 6
10 2 .1
175.3
188.2
161.6
175.1
115.6
107.4
180.9
170.2
180.6
159.2
163. 8
1 1 2 .0
171.7
181. 8
161.1
185.2
117.1
108.6
181.0
180.0
195.9
162.9
184.5
117.8
108.6
198.7
H o u s e fu m is h in g g o o d s ______
F u r n is h in g s .........................
F u r n itu r e ' ______________
184.1
118.5
111.3
141.9
«172.4
« 183.1
161.2
110 4
114. 5
108.5
85. 6
90. 0
8 1 .1
M is c e lla n e o u s _______________
T ir es an d tu b e s ' ________
C a ttle fe e d ......... ...................
P a p e r a n d p u lp ...................
P a p e r b o a r d .............
P a p e r . ................
W o o d p u l p . .............
R u b b e r , c r u d e __________
O th e r m is c e lle a n o u s ____
S o a p s a n d d e te r g e n ts
139.2
8 2 .9
245.1
200 .5
138.2
8 2 .9
2 2 5 .9
198.7
138.8
82 .9
240.3
197.2
141.7
82 .8
245.0
196. 2
2 21. 1
173.5
273.8
135. 1
136.7
153.6
141.7
8 2 .8
244.9
196.2
142 .7
8 2 .8
26 1 .9
196.2
142.5
82 8
236.5
196 3
142.7
8 2 .8
229.6
196.5
142.4
82 .8
226.3
196.5
140.5
8 2 .5
224 .4
189.0
214 .0
173.3
2 2 2 .6
146.1
136.6
152.3
137.6
8 2 .3
211.4
178.7
193.0
164.5
2 2 2 .6
150.5
134.7
144.4
131.3
78.1
199.6
173.4
184.3
159 4
2 2 2 .6
131.5
130. 5
143.2
98 5
65 7
197 8
115 6
115. 6
107.3
154 1
46. 2
101. 0
101.3
220.6
182. 9
253.4
106.6
135. 5
140. 2
138.5
8 2 .9
23 1 .2
199.7
221 . 0
181. 6
253 .4
106.6
135.5
140.2
2 2 1.0
2 21.0
180.2
253.4
106.6
135.7
142.8
178.1
253. 4
106.6
136.3
147.9
2 2 1.0
2 2 1.0
2 2 1.0
2 2 1.0
2 2 1 .1
173.5
273 .8
135.1
136.7
154.1
173. 5
273.8
137.5
136.7
154.1
173.8
272.5
145.4
136.8
155.3
174.2
272.5
147.3
137.6
162.5
174.2
272.1
148.4
137.1
157.8
_, 1
footnote 1, table D-7. 3 See footnote 2, table D-7. * Not available.
May 1950. • Corrected. r Revised.
tRevised indexes for dates prior to August 1949 available upon request.
975806— 51------ 9
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
<Index based on old series not available.
73. 3
59. 5
68 . 4
80. 0
6 6.2
8 3 .9
69. 6
3 4 .9
81. 3
78 .9
Revised series first used in index in
MONTHLY LABOR
E: WORK STOPPAGES
774
E: Work Stoppages
T a ble
E -l: Work Stoppages Resulting From Labor-Management Disputes 1
W o rk ers in v o lv ed in stoppages
N u m b e r of sto p p ag es
M o n th a n d yea r
B eginnin g
in m o n th or
year
1945
.......................................... ..................... ..........
.............. ................................................
............................. ................................
........................... .......................................
.......................... .................
_ ______
. __________________ ______
1Q4fi
1947
104H
1949
1950
1950: O cto b e r _________________
______________________________
N o v e m b e r________________ _____ - ------------------------------D ecem b er.............. ................................................... ........ .........
1951: J a n u a ry 8-----
--------------------------------------------------------------- --------------- ----------------- --------------------- - -----------------------A p r i l 2___ _____________________________________________
M a y s __ __________________ _____ ______________
J u n e 2____________________________ _________ ____ _____
J u ly 1__________________________ _____ — _____ _________
A u g u s t 2................ ................................................................................
S e p te m b e r 2........................ .............................. .................................
O c t o b e r 2........... ..................................................- ..............................
F ebruary A
March *
650
329
218
B eg in n in g
in m o n th or
y ear
I n effect d u r
ing m o n th
1,130,000
3, 470.000
4,600, 000
2,170, 000
1,960,000
3, 030. 000
2, 410,000
2.862
4, 750
4.985
3,693
3,419
3,606
4,843
801
605
423
197,000
200,000
61,100
330, 000
308, 000
114. 000
N um ber
P ercen t of
e stim a te d
w orking tim e
16,900,000
38, 000, 000
116,000,000
34, 600,000
34.100. 000
50, 500, 000
38,800,000
0.27
.47
1.43
.41
.37
.59
.44
2, 590. 000
2,050. 000
912,000
.32
.27
.12
400
560
185,000
215,000
1, 200,000
.15
350
35C
350
400
375
425
425
400
440
550
550
550
580
560
600
625
600
640
220,000
140, 000
165,000
150,000
190,000
250,000
250 000
200 000
240, 000
300,000
280, 000
235,000
250,000
260 000
320,000
350. 000
340 000
360,000
1, 700, 000
2,3 0 0 ,0 0 0
1, 850. 000
1 ,750,000
1,6 0 0 ,0 0 0
1. 750,000
2, 750, 000
2.400 000
2, 750,000
. 25
.2 9
.2 5
.2 2
.21
.2 3
.32
.3 4
.3 2
1 All known work stoppages, arising out of labor-management disputes,
involving six or more workers and continuing as long as a full day or shift
are included in reports of the Bureau of Labor Statistics. Figures on “workers
involved” and “man-days idle” cover all workers made idle for one or more
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
I n effect d u r
ing m o n th
M a n -d a y s idle d u rin g m o n th
or year
shifts in establishments directly involved in a stoppage. They do not
measure the indirect or secondary effects on other establishments or industries
whose employees are made idle as a result of material or service shortages.
1 Preliminary.
F: BUILDING AND CONSTRUCTION
R E V IE W , D E C E M B E R 1951
775
F: Building and Construction
Table F -l: Expenditures for New Construction 1
[Value of work put in place]
Expenditures (in millions)
Type of construction
1951
Nov.2 Oct.8 Sept.3 Aug.
Total new construction *......... .............. .
July
May
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
1950
1949
Total
Total
$2,515 $2, 714 $2, 852 $2,859 $2, 793 $2, 729 $2, 556 $2, 387 $2,188 $1,973 $2,100 $2, 234 $2, 569 $27, 902 $22, 584
Private construction........................ ........... 1,694
Residential building (nonfarm)...........
918
825
New dwelling units........................
80
Additions and alterations..............
Nonhousekeeping K __________
13
342
Nonresidential building (nonfarm)8. . .
155
Industrial.....................................
73
Commercial............. .................. .
Warehouses, office and loft
31
buildings_______________
Stores, restaurants, and ga42
rages______________ ____
114
Other nonresidential building.......
27
Religious................... ......... .
25
Educational........................... .
8
Social and recreational____
35
Hospital and institutional7__
Miscellaneous_______ _____
19
92
Farm construction_______ _________
336
Public utilities..... .................................
Railroad... __________________
38
Telephone and telegraph_______
35
Other public utilities___ _______
263
All other private 8. ______________
6
821
Public construction....... ..............................
Residential building 8_____________
70
Nonresidential building (other than
military or naval facilities)_______
289
Industrial___ __________ _____
100
115
Educational _____________ ___
46
Hospital and institutional-...........
Other nonresidential___________
28
Military and naval facilities 10______
123
Highways. ____________ ________
190
Sewer and w ater.________ _________
55
Miscellaneous public service enter14
prises 11________ ______________
Conservation and development_____
75
All other public 18____________ ____
5
1,800
943
840
89
14
390
177
83
1,894
949
840
93
16
451
202
100
1,906
944
835
92
17
459
198
108
1,894
947
840
90
17
465
190
120
36
45
48
48
48
47
45
47
130
33
29
9
36
23
108
353
38
37
278
6
914
69
55
149
42
32
12
37
26
130
358
35
40
283
6
958
65
60
153
43
32
13
38
27
140
357
34
43
280
6
953
58
72
155
42
31
14
38
30
134
343
33
43
267
5
899
52
83
154
41
29
15
38
31
126
326
31
42
253
5
870
50
83
143
38
27
14
37
27
113
305
31
42
232
5
817
46
80
132
35
26
15
34
22
95
283
29
40
214
6
714
44
310
106
125
48
31
123
250
61
323
103
136
49
35
120
275
65
319
96
134
49
40
113
280
68
316
88
132
51
45
90
260
68
313
83
130
52
48
79
250
66
312
80
130
52
50
72
215
64
292
73
125
48
46
59
160
61
16
79
6
20
83
7
22
86
7
21
85
7
21
83
8
20
80
8
17
73
8
1Joint estimates of the Bureau of Labor Statistics, U. S. Department of
Labor, and the Building Materials Division, U. S. Department of Com
merce. Estimated construction expenditures represent the monetary value
of the volume of work accomplished during the given period of time. These
figures should be differentiated from permit valuation data reported in the
tabulations for building authorized (tables F-3 and F-4) and the data on
value of contract awards reported in table F-2.
1 Preliminary.
1 Revised.
4 Includes major additions and alterations.
8 Includes hotels, dormitories, and tourist courts and cabins.
8 Expenditures by privately owned public utilities for nonresidential
building are included under “Public utilities.”
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
June
1950
1,859
939
835
88
16
463
178
131
1,739
881
785
80
16
435
162
130
1, 673
882
795
71
16
407
150
125
1,603
852
775
61
16
399
142
128
1,518
827
750
60
17
384
135
121
1,586
902
830
55
17
378
129
122
45
46
47
83
129
35
26
16
32
20
83
264
26
39
199
5
585
42
75
128
35
27
18
31
17
76
226
20
33
173
5
455
36
75
127
37
28
19
30
13
72
229
26
34
169
5
514
33
251
49
120
42
40
39
110
58
210
30
112
36
32
29
65
52
224
36
112
39
37
29
95
55
14
64
7
9
49
5
12
60
6
1,721
1,003
923
62
18
395
125
140
1,901
1, 131
1,040
73
18
403
120
149
20, 789
12, 600
11, 525
900
175
3, 777
1,062
1,288
48
47
402
321
92
130
39
29
20
30
12
71
247
28
35
184
5
513
30
102
134
40
29
22
30
13
81
279
32
38
209
7
668
31
886
1,427
409
294
247
344
133
1,170
3,130
315
440
2,375
112
7,113
345
706
1,229
360
269
262
202
136
1. 292
3, 316
352
533
2, 431
78
6, 403
359
216
31
110
39
36
24
103
56
228
29
112
42
45
26
221
60
2,402
224
1,163
476
539
177
2,350
671
2,068
177
934
477
480
137
2,129
619
13
65
6
19
76
7
186
886
96
203
793
95
16,181
8, 267
7, 257
825
185
3, 228
972
1,027
7 Includes Federal contributions toward construction of private nonprofit
hospital facilities under the National Hospital Program.
1 Covers privately owned sewer and water facilities, roads and bridges,
and miscellaneous nonbuilding items such as parks and playgrounds.
8 Includes nonhousekeeping public residential construction as well as
housekeeping units.
88 Covers all construction, building as well as nonbuilding (except for pro
duction facilities, which are included in public industrial building).
» Covers primarily publicly owned airports, electric light and power sys
tems, and local transit facilities.
18 Covers public construction not elsewhere classified, such as parks, play
grounds, and memorials.
776
F: BUILDING AND CONSTRUCTION
MONTHLY LABOR
Table F-2: Value of Contracts Awarded and Force-Account Work Started on Federally Financed
New Construction, by Type of Construction 1
Value (in thousands)
Conservation and
development
Building
Period
1935___________
1936___________
1937......................
1938_______ ____
1939___________
1940___________
1941___________
1942___________
1943___________
1944___________
1945___________
1946___________
1947___________
1948__________
1949___________
1950............... .......
Total
new
con
struc
tion »
Nonresidential
Air
ports 3
Total
$442, 782
$1, 478,073 (?)
561,394
1, 533, 439 (7)
990, 410 (?)
344, 567
1.609, 208 (7)
676, 542
1, 586,604 $4. 753 669, 222
2,316, 467 137,112 1,537.910
5. 931, 536 499, 427 4, 422,131
7, 871, 986 579,176 6, 226, 878
2, 877. 044 243,443 2, 068, 337
1, 861, 449 110, 872 1, 438, 849
1,092, 181 41,219 806,917
1, 502, 701 15, 068 617,132
1,473,910 25. 075 454, 593
1, 906. 466 55, 577 543,118
2,174, 203 49,317 880, 101
2, 706, 650 54, 461 1, 278, 263
Resi
den
tial
Total
Edu
ca
tional 4
$7,833 $434, 949 (8)
63, 465 497,929 (8)
17,239 327, 328 t8)
31,809 644, 733 (*)
231,071 438,151 (8)
244, 671 1, 293, 239 («)
322, 248 4,099, 883 (8)
565, 247 5, 661, 631 (*)
405, 537 1, 662, 800 (»)
117, 504 1, 321,345 (•)
60, 535 746, 382 (»)
452, 204 164,928 $14, 664
60, 694 393, 899 47, 750
47,198 495,920 1,424
46,800 833, 301 1, 041
15, 445 1, 262,818 3,123
Hospitals and
institutional
Total
97.047 5, 520
242
101, 298
182, 992 4,288
133, 535 4, 212
257,834 7, 233
325, 997 12, 262
142, 768 4,818
272, 671 3, 385
173, 584 1, 902
103, 616 3, 413
222, 263
790
160, 598 1,252
40, 410
45, 058
45, 051
34,148
71. 383
143,870
37, 979
134. 548
83, 971
36, 718
131,881
75, 084
101
2,535
4, 602
4, 498
6,245
23,017
821
49
446
672
9
3,805
40, 309
42. 523
40, 449
29, 650
65,138
120,853
37.158
134, 499
83. 525
36,046
131, 872
71,279
1950: January___
F ebruary...
M arch____
April_____
M ay______
June -. . . .
Ju ly --------August___
September..
October___
November..
December..
129, 514
119, 057
233, 791
169, 416
224, 363
367, 371
162, 239
178,355
181,316
240, 426
150, 223
550, 579
4, 827
2, 533
8, 616
7, 341
4,196
5,345
5,852
5, 247
2,862
4, 060
2, 576
1, 006
48, 467
38, 020
51, 294
66, 516
59, 921
155, 460
59, 664
66, 961
82, 757
145, 796
30, 588
472, 819
213
127
1,059
3, 453
1, 605
5,847
634
60
1, 284
200
233
730
48, 254
37,893
50,235
63, 063
58, 316
149, 613
59, 030
66, 901
81, 473
145, 596
30, 355
472,089
144 28, 528
138 32, 081
20 23,100
70 40,184
0 32, 572
1,923 68, 384
616 43, 914
174 28, 741
0 35, 717
19 19, 797
2 21, 388
17 15, 442
1951: January___
F eb ru ary ...
March........
A p r il____
M ay_____
June-------Ju ly ______
August n -__
September12
414, 191
207, 755
286. 085
287, 254
600, 833
515, 269
259, 553
215, 384
210, 464
9, 412
10, 773
6,330
16, 691
36, 724
84,911
37, 475
15,491
13,168
105, 651
92.825
134,681
95. 964
445, 815
227, 221
107, 629
89, 357
62,995
846
916
39
3,008
1, 791
451
282
64
205
104,805
91, 909
134.642
92, 956
444, 024
226, 770
107,347
89, 293
62, 790
96
41
179
1,217
128
450
0
4, 715
7,355
8,192
12, 651
26, 663
21, 352
23, 649
64, 985
22, 756
43, 544
57, 995
15,004
16, 600
42,150
14,818
15, 388
42. 943
28, 357
13, 946
23, 862
5,941
9,135
6,558
1 Excludes projects classified as “secret”by the military. Data for Federalaid programs cover amounts contributed by both owner and the Federal
Government. Force-account work is done not through a contractor, but
directly by a government agency, using a separate work force to perform non
maintenance construction on the agency's own properties.
5 Includes major additions and alterations.
3 Excludes hangars and other buildings, which are included under “ Other
nonresidentia!” building construction.
4 Includes educational facilities under the Federal temporary re-use edu
cational facilities program.
8 Includes post offices, armories, offices, and customhouses. Includes
contract awards for construction at United Nations Headquarters in New
York City, the principal awards having been for the Secretariat Building
(January 1949: $23,810,000), for the Meeting Hall (January 1950: $11,238,000),
and for the General Assembly Building (June 1950: $10,704,000).
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Other
(«)
«
(')
(8)
(»)
(8)
(»)
(8)
(8)
(8)
(8)
(>)
(»)
O
(•)
(8)
(*)
(8)
(8)
(8)
(*)
(8)
(8)
O
(«)
(»)
(8)
(«)
(8)
(')
O
(8)
(»)
$14, 281 $9,032 $5. 249
5, 852
101, 992 96,140
263, 296 168, 616 94, 680
355, 541 123, 967 231, 574
389,848 118, 565 271, 283
1949: January___
February..M a rc h ___
April_____
M ay______
J u n e _____
July______
August___
September..
October___
November—
December..
148
635
0
18
30
0
10
140
0
0
60
0
Vet
erans
Ad
minis
trative
and
gen
eral *
Other
nonresidential
Total
Rec
lama
tion
River,
har
bor.
and
flood
control
High
ways
All
other'
$438, 725 $158, 027 $280, 698 $381.037 $215, 529
(»)
(8)
189, 710 73, 797 115, 913 511,685 270, 650
(8)
(8)
133.010 59,051 73,959 360,865 151, 968
(8)
(')
303,874 175, 382 128,492 372, 238 256, 554
(')
(8)
225, 423 115, 612 109,811 355, 701 331, 505
(')
(•)
197, 589 69, 028 128, 561 364, 048 79. 808
(8)
(')
199, 684 41,880 157.804 446, 903 363, 391
(8)
(8)
217, 795 150, 708 67, 087 347, 988 500,149
(8)
(8)
155, 737 101, 270 54, 467 161,852 247, 675
(')
(8)
112,415 66, 679 45, 736 111.805 87, 508
(«)
(')
72,150 30, 765 41,385 100,969 70, 926
(8)
(8)
$9, 713 $126, 270 290,163 149,870 140, 293 534, 653 45, 685
32, 550 211, 607 307, 695 75,483 232,212 659, 645 26,902
29, 926 201,274 494,871 147. 732 347, 139 767,460 45,440
88, 856 387,863 497, 557 184,803 312, 754 690, 469 56, 759
58, 255 811, 592 435, 253 195, 845 239, 408 835, 606 103, 067
428
7, 764
7,174
5,477
9, 612 17,051
1,204 20,148
1,045 22,604
14,814 50,171
202 22, 554
25, 492 18,052
26, 500 31, 495
8, 737 6,267
7, 387
9, 213
23,069 19,081
25.008
6,961
22, 719
6, 518
1,747 12,039
949
7, 331
13, 658 27, 801
10, 564 45. 304
2,018 12. 374
969 89, 846
538 24, 992
4, 333 16, 709
5,308 109, 904
1,045 28,084
15,141
24, 032
84, 342
39,899
89, 536
80, 530
22,115
52, 304
20, 679
12,914
42,186
13,879
19, 407
17,354
14, 534
21, 969
13, 688
7, 766
8,007
1, 450
12, 957
643
676
114
9,121
14, 727
8, 566
18, 215
18,884
60, 618
35, 907
27, 291
22, 760
19,154
20, 712
15, 328
13, 261
6, 321
1,259
4,415
3, 459 23, 656
2, 585 20, 224
2,537 23, 207
25,880 53, 426
2, 217 12, 283
1,849 36,137
1, 580 44,176
1, 234 124, 546
1,853
7, 112
541 •456,089
26,147
29, 953
103, 559
20, 572
68,100
80, 602
13, 938
15, 910
16, 046
19, 630
32, 538
8, 258
110
701
19,141
18, 970
592
2,375
989
2,370
0
14, 708
14, 687
23. 802
9.387
13,354
21, 487
4,952
6, 765
6,558
728 89,163 213, 044 »206,077
10, 096 66, 384 30. 333 10, 125
8, 773 82, 747 45. 613 15,346
2, 880 60, 502 101,498 10, 803
2,149 »427,801 43, 667
9, 308
6,486 195,972 29, 848
9, 214
1,102 100,304 16, 266 12, 275
2, 807 72, 636 10,141
2, 389
15, 656 33, 221 45, 916
6,409
7, 596
3, 083
22, 546
18, 778
61, 537
26, 603
6, 822
12, 375
10, 179
1,091
5, 677
8, 516
7, 545
20, 949
61, 796
21,121
27, 999
53, 927
15, 293
39,929
10, 500
11,823
36, 509
5, 363
34,465
29, 000
41, 646
52, 099
83, 769
80, 348
75, 448
79,020
63, 035
49, 910
38,100
63, 629
1,511
2, 966
7,665
3,177
5,913
8,987
2, 408
3. 414
3,997
661
9, 306
6, 754
17, 993 8,154 41, 027
7, 087 22, 866 42, 357
69, 840 33, 719 61, 032
2,782 17, 790 63, 462
7, 726 60, 374 80, 934
43, 720 36,882 111, 416
10, 600 3, 338 77, 973
8, 364
7,546 83, 316
9, 549 6, 497 73,883
13. 471 6,159 55, 632
1, 753 30, 785 81, 142
2, 960
5,298 63, 432
9, 046
6, 194
9,290
11, 525
11,212
14, 548
4,812
6,921
5, 768
15, 308
3,379
5,064
6, 967
20, 208
30, 267
90,695
34,359
20, 634
3,991
7, 752
39, 507
75, 551
59,067
71, 238
58. 066
59, 206
97,843
75, 767
89, 536
67, 358
10, 533
14, 757
28, 223
15,035
15, 421
75,446
22,416
10, 859
21, 027
8 Includes electrification projects, water-supply and sewage-disposal
systems, railroad construction, and other types of projects not elsewhere
classified.
7 Included in “All other.”
8 Unavailable.
'Includes primarily construction projects for the Atomic Energy Com
mission.
10 Includes primarily steam-electric generating projects for the Tennes
see Valley Authority.
11 Revised.
12Preliminary.
R E V IE W , D E C E M B E R 1951
F: BUILDING AND CONSTRUCTION
777
Table F-3: Urban Building Authorized, by Principal Class of Construction and by Type of Building 1
Number of new dwelling units—House
keeping only
Valuation (in thousands)
New residential building
Period
Housekeeping
Total all
classes !
Publicly Nonfinanced housePrivately financed dwelling units
dwell keeping
ing !
units
2-fam
Multi
Total
1-family
ily * family *
_____
_____
_____
$2, 707, 573
4, 743, 414
5, 563, 348
6, 972, 784
7, 396, 274
10,408, 292
$598, 570
2,114, 833
2, 885, 374
3, 422, 927
3, 724, 924
5,803, 912
$478,658
1, 830, 260
2, 361, 752
2, 745, 219
2, 845, 399
4, 845,104
$42, 629
103,042
151, 036
181,493
132,365
179, 214
S e p te m b e r
O c to b e r__
N ovem ber
D ecem b er,
848,041
870, 325
707, 673
781, 384
438, 852
428, 078
341, 335
345, 278
375, 214
363,263
297,466
291, 219
13, 308
12, 782
11,192
9, 297
50, 330
52, 033
32, 678
44, 762
1951: J a n u a r y ___
F e b r u a r y ,..
M a r c h _____
758,917
585,683
770, 269
777,318
813,218
986,643
703, 258
764, 711
825,284
379,178
330, 520
406, 763
420,085
457,664
388,187
342, 532
385,139
432,063
329,624
294, 756
356, 550
374, 674
393,080
335,958
292,861
333,986
378,858
14,109
10, 955
14, 580
19, 005
14, 466
15, 587
13, 816
15,389
18,094
35, 445
24,809
35,633
26, 406
50,118
36,642
35,855
35,764
35, 111
1942................... ........
1946
______
1947
____
1948
1949
1950
1950:
April_____
M a y . . ..........
J u n e ............
J u ly ....... .........
August6__
September 7
Privately financed
Addi
tions,
altera
tions,
and
repairs
$77, 283 $296, 933 $22, 910 $1, 510, 688 $278,472
181, 531 355, 587 43, 369 1, 458, 602 771,023
372, 586 42, 249 29,831 1, 713, 489 892, 404
496, 215 139, 334 38,034 2, 367, 940 1, 004, 649
747,160 285, 627 39, 785 2, 408, 445 937, 493
779, 594 301, 961 84, 508 3,127, 769 1.090,142
1 Building for which building permits were issued and Federal contracts
awarded in all urban places, including an estimate of building undertaken
in some smaller urban places that do not issue permits.
The data cover federally and nonfederally financed building construction
combined. Estimates of non-Federal (private and State and local govern
ment) urban building construction are based primarily on building-permit
reports received from places containing about 85 percent of the urban popula
tion of the country; estimates of federally financed projects are compiled from
notifications of construction contracts awarded, which are obtained from
other Federal agencies. Data from building permits are not adjusted to allow
for lapsed permits or for lag between permit issuance and the start of construc
tion. Thus, the estimates do not represent construction actually started
during the month.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
New nonresidential
building
Total
1-fam
ily
184, 892
430,195
502, 312
516, 179
575, 286
796,143
138, 908
358,151
393, 606
392, 532
413, 543
623,330
Pub
licly fi
2-fam Multinanced
fam
ily *
ily 4
15, 747 30,237
24, 326 47, 718
33, 423 75, 283
36, 306 87, 341
26, 431 135,312
33, 302 139, 511
95, 946
98, 310
5.833
15, 114
32,194
34, 363
37, 237
14. 460
29,261
76,095
6, 599
4,406
5,546
4,919
266, 006
329, 426
250, 616
280, 717
99, 346
93, 955
80,915
74,375
58,172
55, 210
44, 588
44, 697
46, 498
43, 761
36, 244
34, 810
2, 236
2,313
2, 056
1, 747
9, 438
9, 136
6,288
8,140
4,154
1, 619
2,940
9,289
9,066
3,123
1, 252
3,082
3,346
1,477
1, 454
3,685
4,100
7,684
270, 314
174,050
263, 920
234,024
239, 332
202,036
224,381
258,318
275,906
97 236
69,660
90.538
86,558
107, 718
96, 545
102,660
101,316
94,456
48, 786
39, 749
50, 668
50, 494
54, 626
47,057
41,657
47,182
49, 777
39, 346
32, 962
41,206
42,816
43, 957
37, 860
33, 291
38,036
40,294
2,813
2,103
2,816
2, 857
2, 514
2, 629
2,396
2, 669
2,979
6. 627
4, 684
6, 646
4,821
8,155
6, 568
5,970
6,477
6,504
972
1, 039
579
3,343
836
35, 007
3, 275
1,706
1,746
10, 201
5, 966
33,305
7,027
298, 421
30,000
15,838
15,175
Urban, as defined by the Bureau of the Census, covers all incorporated
places of 2,500 population or more in 1940, and, by special rule, a small num
ber of unincorporated civil divisions.
1Covers additions, alterations, and repairs, as well as new residential and
nonresidential building.
3 Includes units in 1-family and 2-family structures with stores.
4 Includes units in multifamily structures with stores.
* Covers hotels, dormitories, tourist cabins, and other nonhousekeeping
residential buildings.
e Revised.
7 Preliminary.
MONTHLY LABOR
F: BUILDING AND CONSTRUCTION
778
Table F-4: New Nonresidential Building Authorized in All Urban Places,1 by General Type and by
Geographic Division 2
Valuation (in thousands)
Geographic division and
type of new nonresi
dential building
1950
1951
Sept.3
Aug.4
July
June
May
Apr.
Mar.
Feb,
Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
1950
1949
Total
Total
Ail types...... - ................ $275,906 $258,318 $224, 381 $202,036 $239,332 $234,024 $263,920 $174.050 $270, 314 $280,717 $250,616 $329, 426 $266,006 $3,127,769 $2,408,445
115, 582
193,386
New England_____ 14,405 30,839 16,471 12,881 16. 920 29, 751 14,0931 12, 916 10,479 16,463 13, 675 15, 652 12, 701
516, 583
429,042
Middle Atlantic---- 33,202 46,158 25, 785 24, 580 33.578 26, 901 55,334 20, 989 41,909 36, 916 47,556 68,678 45, 953
95,
545
62.
556
675,
555
492,384
42,105
46,
313
63,
558
East North Central. 70, 940 64, 015 54,828 66,075 70,433 52, 623 85, 212' 40, 620
262, 737
203,409
West North Central- 31, 435 16, 628 18, 084 14, 894 16, 272 22,682 12, 235 11, 643 20,627 17, 797 21,064 25.098 24,489
375,803
26,447
81,628
311, 540
37,650
25,
316
42,089 23, 606 20,886 16, 582 25, 040 17, 940 27, 262 17, 949 37, 526
South Atlantic.......
7,905 16, 440
8,407
144,084
133, 377
5,198
5,436
5,662
6,087 11,347 10, 826
7,775
9. 651 17, 617 11,823
East South Central.
30,808
388,201
270, 407
West South Central- 21,605 27,025 23,019 26, 943 20, 266 19, 743 25,156 25, 949 35, 967 60,882 28,016 34,900
112,265
8,610
8, 929
6,955 13,453
104,112
9,636
5,283 14, 554 4, 840
6,543
6, 957
M ountain___ ____ - 11,282 12, 677 8,100
459,155
348,592
Pacific.-.................- 43,173 32,172 51,772 27,462 41,889 32, 213 27,965 31,354 39,265 49,468 51,845 39, 708 36,014
Industrial buildings *— 34,225 45,151
859 4,600
New England_____
6,630
9,380
Middle Atlantic___
East North Central. 12,049 22,165
1,526
3, 887
West North Central2, 950 1,008
South Atlantic____
1,048
1,590
East South Central
1, 475
1,048
West South Central.
214
382
M ountain________
4, 830 3,735
Pacific.. . . . ----Commercial buildings •_ 91, 295 57, 280
2, 535
5, 947
New England_____
Middle Atlantic___ 12,463 10, 734
16,487 10,822
East North Central
4,977
2,424
West North Central.
7, 244
17, 484
South Atlantic____
3.077
2,
073
East South Central.
7, 341
10,946
West South Central
1,034
4,398
M ountain________
Pacific_________ . 18, 928 9, 661
Community buildings 7. 109. 572 111,538
8,083 18, 528
New England------Middle Atlantic___ 10,375 12, 660
East North Central. 29, 619 20,141
9,307
West North Central. 17,477
17, 564 13,126
South Atlantic____
1,899
1, 713
East South Central.
6, 549 14, 687
West South Central5,111
9, 735
M ountain________
Pacific___________ 12,895 11.641
5, 856 16, 062
Public buildings *-----889
200
New England_____
213 11,076
Middle A tlan tic....
375
897
East North Central.
244
777
West North Central.
47
2, 666
South Atlantic____
37
0
East South Central.
685
18
West South Central326
M ountain________
C
359
3,109
Pacific___________
Public works and utility
8,809
9,458
buildings ' _________
624
1,002
New England_____
1,354
348
Middle Atlantic___
3, 722 3, 309
East North Central.
889
1, 825
West North Central.
127
324
South Atlantic____
250
C
East South Central.
512
1,727
West South Central24C
24C
M ountain________
426
1,348
Pacific ________
All other buildings Ic__ 25, 500 19,478
941
1,037
New E n g lan d____
2,167
1,961
Middle Atlantic___
8,166
7, 203
East North Central
2,492
2,238
West North Central
1,298
1,857
South Atlantic.. . . .
363
922
East South Central.
1,110
2, 532
West South Central.
1,151
1.128
M ountain________
5, 735 2,677
Pacific___________
43, 267
1,843
8, 528
15, 333
3,980
2, 865
887
949
304
8, 578
61,124
7,071
5, 266
13, 344
2, 946
5,468
2, 244
6,120
4, 675
13, 990
86, 240
6, 683
8,299
14,919
8, 333
9, 225
1,718
12,899
1,683
22, 481
9, 613
114
325
3,714
163
1, 580
100
64
0
3,553
43,123
2,667
8,722
19,177
1,252
2,229
1,129
2,482
1,044
4,421
52, 846
1,984
8,049
11,324
|4 ,116
5, 098
1,797
8, 418
1.854
10, 206
71, 989
4, 870
5,532
21, 840
7,050
7,009
1,966
12, 280
2, 360
9, 082
5, 608
842
159
109
132
565
0
2,016
614
1,171
42, 921
4,877
8,133
15,159
1,961
1,853
3,316
522
965
6.135
55, 727
2,042
9,004
15, 708
2,932
5, 999
1,054
5,640
1,300
12. 048
99,126
8,872
11,460
23, 667
9,257
13. 588
4, 928
10,030
1,673
15, 651
10,876
0
1,410
5,338
0
1,748
12
305
122
1,941
37.655
1,497
8, 200
14, 970
2,349
1,682
1, 209
2, 631
550
4,567
62, 308
2, 231
9. 448
8,689
5, 635
5,083
12,315
7, 778
2, 674
8, 455
104, 474
22,790
6, 907
21, 547
11, 561
8,939
3, 245
7,004
8, 946
13, 535
2, 962
0
102
524
12
392
0
0
1,165
766
45,989
4,232
8,308
21,309
1, 768
1,688
459
2,231
373
5,621
69,317
1,789
9, 645
31,163
2,960
7, 445
983
6, 827
1,238
7, 267
124,661
4, 789
34,325
28, 233
5, 668
16, 446
10,040
13,038
2,515
9, 607
2,680
410
307
241
0
381
66
620
102
553
24,995
1,678
4,194
9,987
2,861
677
375
1,172
481
3, 570
53,922
4,945
6,506
7, 277
3,239
7,255
1, 644
9, 609
1,132
12,315
70, 913
5, 773
8,151
18, 721
3, 818
8, 967
3,688
11,239
3,721
6, 835
6, 741
49
1,195
160
219
165
0
769
69
4,115
36, 675
1,415
11,703
8,566
2,266
3,168
1,832
2,612
440
4,673
103, 244
3, 783
17, 727
18,072
5,809
17,325
7,065
16,115
2,424
14, 924
94,835
4,556
10,470
26,000
11,277
13, 753
1,653
8, 360
5,895
12, 871
13, 972
38
662
3,997
48
653
0
6,195
451
1,928
6,341
42
1. 633
1, 861
758
175
92
560
126
1,094
17, 796
717
1. 732
5,657
1,905
1,574
396
2, 428
1,31c
2, 074
12,878 11,368
380
1,814
1.570
335
7, 683
3, 580
307
806
917
674
26
331
421
762
370
18
3, 798
455
15, 590 19,314
75C
705
2.002
1,781
5, 94C 6, 982
1,814
1, 538
935
1,007
315
439
986
3, 347
85;
1. 068
2,316
2,128
10, 629
2, 476
679
1.095
1,534
650
549
829
68
2.741
15,996
757
1, 565
5, 798
1, 592
1.195
298
1, 50C
1,151
2,140
8, 777
1,367
1,554
1,259
247
465
10
1,289
0
2, 586
12, 496
7,308
100
313
1, 562
1,014
299
181
1,896
485
1,458
10,171
371
630
2,913
491
587
198
1,265
655
3,061
9,507
322
6C
4, 57f
75C
842
11
90?
3S
1, 998
12,081
364
1,280
2,348
477
1,785
786
1,782
388
2,871
1 Building for which permits were issued and Federal contracts awarded
in all urban places, including an estimate of building undertaken in some
smaller urban places that do not issue permits. Sums of components do not
always equal totals exactly because of rounding
> For scope and source of urban estimated, see table F-3, footnote 1.
* Preliminary.
* Revised.
* Includes factories, navy yards, army ordnance plants, bakeries, ice plants,
industrial warehouses, and other buildings at the site of these and similar
production plants.
« Includes amusement and recreation buildings, stores and other mercantile
buildings, commercial garages, gasoline and service stations, etc.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
l , 5oe
1,195
3,007
1, 592
837
265
1,151
612
2,331
27,228
1,653
2,586
9,619
6,149
963
1,456
1,677
190
3,936
95, 985
2,115
28,391
15, 971
5,045
8,553
2,226
15,383
3,620
14,682
85,024
9,025
12,862
16,401
6,673
13,191
3,860
9,257
4,164
9,593
19,225
0
247
642
0
92
35
178
29
18,001
44, 892
1,755
7,281
23, 745
3,077
1,017
1,168
2,388
278
4,182
117,952
5,343
37,617
17,697
8,335
11,877
3,344
14, 578
3,308
16, 453
118,820
7,238
20, 957
37,411
10, 808
11,327
3,438
12, 641
1,709
13, 291
11,719
70
611
329
111
558
7,966
820
494
759
7,119
17,939
119
279
1,322
5,358
3,260
206
323
1,534
340
1,766
647
7
254
4, 31C
125
C
3,211
1,996
9,270 16,036
439
763
777
2,148
1,06(
3,474
488 2,665
1,000
2,177
597
321
1,818
1,267
35f
801
2,735
2,422
14,235
161
654
10,279
266
835
70
433
180
1,457
21, 807
1,085
2,258
6,084
2, 501
83c
454
4,04f
981
3, 566
26,646
1,062
5,705
8,074
1,696
1,495
1,972
903
789
4,950
119,091
7,244
14.622
15,107
6, 873
17, 467
4,208
35,996
3,014
14, 560
98, 545
6,630
7,969
14,077
6,796
15,096
3,036
17, 552
3, 756
23,643
9,226
809
2,495
527
1,621
826
366
303
695
1,584
29,203
296,803
203, 699
1,558
13,999
6,4,50
4,308
55, 679
40,386
110,829
IS, 572
77,037
1,143
23, 369
15, 689
1,633
19,173
17,019
13, 355
946
8, 736
1,815
17,800
6, 859
846
5,469
4,370
3,983
39, 284
24,999
93,691 1,122, 583
752,810
5, 700
53,675
36,668
14,293
212, 645
127,049
18,152
201,314
147,620
10,336
94,104
52,907
10, 280
139,990
106,037
4,655
46,076
36,020
10,613
175,129
101,025
4, 758
47, 481
25, 589
15, 505
152,169
119, 895
111,846 1,260,078 1,018,637
3, 520
107,641
43, 770
24,137
169,036
179, 463
21,658
275,029
201,808
8,636
105,603
100,282
19,903
179, 635
103, 666
2,281
62, 529
71,114
13,942
146,688
135, 620
6, 563
43,296
59, 923
11,607
170, 721
122,991
5,087
134, 894
153,103
80
2,584
4, 863
657
49,178
36,154
742
9, 513
8,157
30
4,896
9,560
372
15,008
50,313
0
9,279
6,257
2, 566
8,268
5.041
186
3,240
5,438
604
41,928
27, 322
7,432
941
759
607
2,233
105
370
543
338
1,536
19, 247
952
1,899
7,825
2, 111
835
755
1,321
762
2, 779
106,164
6, 478
16, 868
26, 585
9, 314
7,658
3, 316
13, 646
2, 702
19, 597
207, 247
9,101
22,177
52. 285
25, 451
16, 49c
9. 529
26. 67(
10,077
35, 456
148, 375
16,012
27, 651
22,302
11,337
23,281
7, 223
11,944
2, 566
26,059
131. 821
7,819
18.339
35 460
18,634
9,070
4,027
9,918
6,228
27,326
’ Includes churches, hospitals, and other institutional buildings, schools,
libraries, etc.
* Includes Federal, State, county, and municipal buildings, such as post
offices, courthouses, city halls, fire and police stations, jails, prisons, arsenals,
armories, army barracks, etc.
1 Includes railroad, bus and airport buildings, roundhouses, radio stations,
gas and electric plants, public comfort stations, etc.
111 Includes private garages, sheds, stables and bams, and other building
not elsewhere classified.
REVIEW, DECEMBER 1951
779
F: BUILDING AND CONSTRUCTION
Table F-5: Number and Construction Cost of New Permanent Nonfarm Dwelling Units Started, by
Urban or Rural Location, and by Source of Funds 1
Number of new dwelling units started
Privately financed
All units
Period
Urban
Rural
non
farm
1925................................................... 937,000
1933 8______________ _________
93, 000
1941 4____________ ________ _
706,100
1944 »________ _______________
141, 800
1946______ ____ __________ ____ 670, 500
849, 000
1947________________________
1948 ________________ ________ 931, 600
1949 _________________________ 1,025,100
1950 4 _____________________ 1,396,000
752,000
45, 000
434 300
96, 200
403, 700
479, 800
524 900
588, 800
827, 800
1949: First quarter........ ............ .
J anuary__________
February_________
M arch.................... .
Second quarter........ .............
A p ril..____ _____
M a y .........................
J u n e ...____ _____
Third q u a rte r______ _____
July........... ..............
August. ___ ____ _
September................
Fourth q u a rte r........... ........
October____ _____
November................
December.................
169, 800
50, 000
50,400
69, 400
279, 200
88, 300
95, 400
95. 500
298, 000
96, 100
99, 000
102,900
278,100
104 300
95, 500
78, 300
94, 200
29, 500
28, 000
36,700
157,300
49, 500
53, 900
53,900
171, 600
53,300
55, 900
62, 400
165, 700
60,000
56, 700
49,000
1950: First quarter......... ................
January__________
February.... ...........
M arch............. ........
Second quarter___________
April___ ________
M ay____________
June_____________
Third quarter____________
Ju ly .................. ........
August.. ________
September________
Fourth q u arter.. ________
October__________
November. ______
December.................
278,900
78, 700
82, 900
117,300
426. 800
133, 400
149,100
144, 300
406, 900
144, 400
141,900
120, 600
283, 400
102, 500
87, 300
93,600
1951: First quarter_____________
January....................
February____ _____
March___________
Second quarter................ . .
April____________
M ay_____________
June....... ..................
Third quarter___ ________
July 9____________
August . . . ______
September10______
260, 300
85, 900
80, 600
93,800
329, 700
96, 200
101,000
132, 500
266, 500
90, 500
85,000
91, 000
Total
non
farm
Total
non
farm
Estimated construction cost
(in thousands) s
Urban
Rural
non
farm
Total
non
farm
Urban
Rural
non
farm
185, 000 937, 000
48. 000
93,000
271, 800 619, 500
45, 600
138, 700
266, 800 662, 500
369, 200 845, 600
406, 700 913, 500
436,300 988, 800
568, 200 1,352, 200
752,000
45,000
369, 500
93, 200
395, 700
476,400
510,000
556, 600
785, 600
185, 000
48,000
250,000
45, 500
266, 800
369, 200
403, 500
432, 200
566, 600
0
0
86,600
3,100
8,000
3,400
18, 100
36, 300
43,800
0
0
64, 800
3,000
8,000
3, 400
14,900
32, 200
42,200
0 $4, 475, 000 $4, 475,000
285, 446
285, 446
0
21,800 2,825, 895 2, 530, 765
495, 054
483, 231
100
0 3, 769, 767 3. 713, 776
0 5, 642, 798 5,617, 425
3,200 7,203, 119 7, 028, 980
4,100 7, 702, 971 7,374, 269
1,600 11,788,595 11,418,371
75, 600
20, 500
22, 400
32, 700
121,900
38,800
41, 500
41, 600
126, 400
42, 800
43,100
40, 500
112, 400
44, 300
38,800
29,300
159, 400
46,300
47, 800
65, 300
267, 200
85,000
91, 200
91,000
289,900
92,700
96, 600
100, 600
272, 300
101, 900
93, 400
77,000
84,100
25, 800
25,500
32, 800
147, 800
46, 700
50,600
50, 500
164,500
50,100
54. 300
60,100
160, 200
57, 700
54, 700
47,800
75,300
20, 500
22, 300
32,500
119, 400
38,300
40,600
40,500
125, 400
42,600
42,300
40, 500
112,100
44,200
38, 700
29,200
10, 400
3,700
2,600
4, 100
12,000
3,300
4,200
4,500
8, 100
3,400
2,400
2,300
5, 800
2, 400
2, 100
1,300
10,100
3, 700
2, ,500
3, 900
9,500
2,800
3,300
3,400
7, 100
3,200
1,600
2,300
5,500
2,300
2,000
1,200
300
(7)
100
200
2, 500
500
900
1,100
1,000
200
800
(7)
300
100
100
100
1, 287, 228
374, 020
382, 778
530, 430
2,120, 637
666, 969
733, 967
719, 701
2,222,103
710, 341
743, 389
768.373
2, 073. 003
776, 674
723. 097
573, 232
1, 189, 640
340, 973
357, 270
491, 397
2, 007, 563
637, 170
692,063
678. 330
2,153,937
682, 863
722, 208
748, 866
2,023,129
756 712
704, 220
562,197
97, 588
33, 047
25, 508
39, 033
113, 074
29, 799
41,904
41, 371
68, 166
27, 478
21, 181
19, 507
49. 874
19, 962
18, 877
11, 035
167,800
48,200
51. 000
68,600
247, 000
78, 800
85, 500
82, 700
238, 200
84, 200
83, 600
70. 400
174,800
59, 400
53,100
62, 300
111, 100
30, 500
31, 900
48, 700
179,800
54,600
63, 600
61,600
168, 700
60, 200
58, 300
50, 200
108, 600
43, 100
34, 200
31,300
276,100
77,800
82,300
116,000
420,400
131, 300
145, 700
143, 400
393, 600
139, 700
137,800
116. 100
262,100
100, 800
82,700
78, 600
165,600
47, 300
50,800
67,500
241, 200
77, 000
82, 200
82, 000
225, 200
79, 500
79, 600
66, 100
153,600
57. 700
48, 500
47,400
110, 500
2,800
30, .500
900
31, 500
600
48,500
1,300
179, 200
6, 400
54,300
2,100
63, 500
3,400
900
61. 400
168, 400 13, 300
60, 200 4,700
58, 200 4,100
50, 000
4,500
108, 500 21,300
43, 100
1,700
34, 200
4,600
31,200 15,000
2,200
900
200
1,100
5,800
1,800
3,300
700
13,000
4, 700
4,000
4,300
21,200
1,700
4,600
14,900
600 2,162.425
589, 997
0
637, 753
400
934,675
200
600 3, 564,856
300 1,093, 726
100 1, 232.976
200 1, 238, 1,54
300 3, 564.953
1, 253, 340
(7)
100 1, 266,198
200 1.045,415
100 2, 496, 361
915, 895
(7)
762, 625
(r)
100
817,841
2,138, 565
581, 497
632, 690
924, 378
3, 511,204
1. 075, 644
1, 204, 978
1. 230, 582
3,446, 722
1.210,745
1, 230, 238
1, 005, 739
2. 321,880
902,190
724, 876
694,814
23, 860
8,500
5,063
10, 297
53, 652
18.082
27, 998
7, 572
118,231
42, 595
35, 960
39. 676
174, 481
13, 705
37, 749
123,027
147, 800
49, 600
47, 000
51. 200
192,300
51, 900
55,400
85,000
(8)
45, 900
(8)
(8)
112, 500
36,300
33, 600
42, 600
137, 400
44,300
45, 600
47, 500
(8)
44,600
(8)
(8)
248, 800
82, 200
76. 500
90,100
280,100
92,300
97, 600
90, 200
260, 900
86,800
84, 200
89, 900
137, 000
46, 400
43,100
47. 500
148,400
48,300
52,300
47, 800
(*)
42,300
(8)
(8)
111,800
35, 800
33, 400
42.600
131,700
44,000
45,300
42, 400
(8)
44,500
(8)
(8)
10, 800
3, 200
3,900
3, 700
43,900
3,600
3,100
37, 200
(8)
3,600
(8)
(*)
700 2, 293. 974
500
755. 600
200
716, 629
821,745
(7)
5,700 2,974,723
300
866, 298
922,661
300
5,100 1,185,764
2,465,849
(8)
100
822,668
785, 532
(8)
857,649
(8)
2,191, 489
721,014
681,607
788. 868
2, 549, 238
828,339
895,309
825, 590
2, 415,417
791, 783
776, 739
846,895
102, 485
34, 586
35, 022
32, 877
425,485
37,959
27,352
360,174
50,432
30,885
8, 793
10, 754
1The estimates shown here do not include temporary units, conversions,
dormitory accommodations, trailers, or military barracks. They do in
clude prefabricated housing units.
These estimates are based on building-permit records, which, beginning
with 1945. have been adjusted for lapsed permits and for lag between permit
issuance and start of construction. They are based also on reports of
Federal construction contract awards and beginning in 1946 on field surveys
in non-permit-issuing places. The data in this table refer to nonfarm
dwelling units started, and not to urban dwelling units authorized, as shown
in table F-3.
All of these estimates contain some error. For example, if the estimate
of nonfarm starts is 50,000, the chances are about 19 out of 20 that an actual
enumeration would produce a figure between 48.000 and 52,000.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Publicly financed
11, 500
3,700
4,100
3, 700
49,600
3,900
3,400
42,300
5,600
3, 700
800
1,100
Total
Privateh
financed
Publicly
financed
0
0
$295,130
11, 823
55, 991
25, 373
174,139
328, 702
370, 224
* Private construction costs are based on permit valuation, adjusted forunderstatement of costs shown on permit applications. Public construc
tion costs are based on contract values or estimated construction costs for
individual projects.
1Depression, low year.
4Recovery peak year prior to wartime limitations
1Last full year under wartime control.
4Housing peak year.
7Less than 50 units.
8Not available.
9Revised.
19Preliminary.
U. S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1951
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
@FedFRASER