Full text of Monthly Labor Review : December 1950, Vol. 71, No. 6

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KALAMAZOO
JflU 4 1951

Monthly Labor Review
U N IT ED STATES D E P A R T M E N T OF LABOR

public library

• B U R EA U OF LABOR STATISTICS

L aw ren ce R. K l e in , Chief, Office of Publications


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CONTENTS
Special Articles
663
668
673

Recent Industrial Relations Developments
Labor Legislation in Western Germany During the Occupation
New Home Financing in 9 Large City Areas

Summaries of Studies and Reports
676
680
682
684
687
688
693
694
695
698
701
704
706
709
710

Work Injuries to Crewmen on Inland Waterway Vessels
Effect of Mobilization Program on Employment Opportunities
Federal Housing Policy Developments, 1932-50
Occupational Wages in Philadelphia and San Francisco
Defense Department’s Construction Employment Policy
Wage Chronology No. 11: Aluminum Co. of America, 1939-50
Workers’ Earnings in Ferrous Foundries, 1950
General Wage Adjustment Provisions, 1950
Employer Unit in Collective Bargaining
State Budgets for Single Women Workers
Employhient of Minors: Minimum Age Laws
British Efforts to Increase Productivity
Resumption of Benefits Under UMWA Welfare Fund
Growth and Work of ILG W U Health Centers
Summary of Industrial Relations Activities

Departments
in
714
720
722
729

The Labor Month in Review
Recent Decisions of Interest to Labor
Chronology of Recent Labor Events
Publications of Labor Interest
Current Labor Statistics (list of tables)

December 1950

• Voi. 71

• No. 6

edifícate of Excellence

Tttt

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The Labor Month
in Review
T he large-scale direct intervention of Chinese
armies in Korea with its intensification of the
world crisis overshadowed all other events in
November. Large new defense appropriations
were requested. Both consumers’ prices and
wholesale prices rose to new peaks. Continued
increases occurred in wages and other types of
income. The threat of dangerous inflation gave
rise to widespread views that price and wage con­
trols might become necessary. The manpower
situation reflected seasonal changes; only the
initial impacts of mobilization and defense pro­
duction were as yet apparent.
Continued Upturn in Prices
The consumers’ price index of October 15
reached a record high, 2.7 percent above the June
(pre-Korean) level. All the main groups of items
were higher than in September. The largest in­
creases were in housefurnishings (2.3 percent) and
apparel (1.5 percent).
The weekly index of wholesale prices also ad­
vanced to an all-time high. For the week ended
December 5, it was 1.5 percent above the average
of the corresponding week in November, and 9.7
percent above the pre-Korean June 20 level.
Recent increases (for example, in raw materials
for apparel) portended further advances in the
consumers’ price index.
Wage Advances
The higher level of the consumers’ price index
on October 15 brought increases in wages to
several hundred thousand workers covered by
cost-of-living escalator clauses.
The outstanding wage agreement was the con­
tract of November 30 between the United Steel­
workers and the United States Steel Corp. The
agreement provides increases ranging from 12.5 to
28 cents an hour, averaging about 16 cents. A
significant feature was the reduction of the North-


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South differential from 14.5 to 10 cents. The
agreement with the United States Steel Corp. was
followed by somewhat similar agreements with
various other companies in the industry.
The steel settlement was accompanied by an
announcement by the United States Steel Corp.
that steel prices would be raised 5.5 percent.
Company estimates indicated that the wage settle­
ment and comparable adjustments for clerical
and salaried workers would raise employment costs
by about 11 percent or $125,000,000 and that the
price boosts would provide about the same amount
in additional corporation revenue.
The Manpower Situation
The report for early November on employment
and the labor force shows a rise of about half a
million in nonfarm employment. The increase
was offset, however, by a larger reduction, mainly
seasonal, in agricultural employment. Unem­
ployment reversed its recent downward trend with
a rise of 300,000 between October and November.
Employment in nonagricultural establishments
rose to an all-time high of nearly 45,800,000
workers in October, although the increase of 89,000
over September was smaller than in recent earlier
months. About 70,000 workers were added to
factory pay rolls between September and October.
Increases occurred in nearly all of the industry
groups producing durable goods and notably,
among nondurable goods industries, in chemicals
and allied products. These increases were in
part offset by seasonal declines, especially in the
food and kindred products group.
Preliminary information on manpower in Nov­
ember indicates no considerable direct impact on
employment of the mobilization and defense pro­
duction programs. The month was characterized
by difficulties in formulating policies to meet un­
foreseeable changes in the international situation.
I t was apparent, however, that the intensified
international crisis would create increasingly ser­
ious manpower shortages, probably accompanied
by some local and temporary unemployment dur­
ing conversion to defense production.
The Stabilization Program
The Wage Stabilization^Board, set up as a
part of the Economic Stabilization Agency and
m

IV

THE LABOR MONTE IN REVIEW

organized on a preliminary basis in October by
Cyrus S. Ching, chairman, was completed in
November with the appointment of 8 additional
members representing the public, labor, and man­
agement.
On December 1, Michael V. DiSalle, Mayor of
Toledo, Ohio, was appointed Director of Price
Stabilization. Meanwhile, preliminary studies of
the problems of price stabilization had been under­
taken under the direction of the Economic Stabil­
ization Administrator. The President’s request
on December 1 for an additional defense appropri­
ation of $17,850,000,000 gave new urgency to
economic stabilization, tax policies, and other
anti-inflationary measures.
Controls of consumer credit and real estate
credit and of the use of such materials as steel,
aluminum, and rubber led to some complaints of
unemployment but little tangible evidence was
available. There was a slowing of the pace of
buying in retail markets and of residential con­
struction, but private nonresidential building con­
struction increased. Federal rent control had
been extended only to the end of the year, but the
new Korean crisis led to Congressional agreement
on a further extension for 3 months, pending
reconsideration by the new Congress.
Unions and Labor-Management Relations
Few important work stoppages occurred in
November. Most of the strikes in November as
in the previous month were of comparatively short
duration, and comparatively few workers were
affected. The John Deere and Co. strike begin­
ning on September 1 remained unsettled. The
November work stoppage affecting the Western
Electric Co. and the Michigan Bell Co. indirectly
involved the Communications Workers of Amer­
ica’s demand for national bargaining with the
Bell System. The 11-day walk-out ended in com­
promise agreements with Western Electric and
Michigan Bell and later the Ohio Bell Co.
Eight left-wing unions expelled from the CIO
held a conference in Washington on November 28.
No federation was formed but plans were discussed
for maintaining closer ties.


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The CIO Convention
The Twelfth Constitutional Convention of the
CIO, held in Chicago, ended on November 24.
For the first time in recent years, the convention’s
proceedings were harmonious, largely as a result of
the expulsion of Communist-controlled unions.
The delegates were also influenced by the inter­
national crisis, the political situation, and a desire
for a common front with the A FL and the nonCommunist independent groups.
The CIO Convention, like the earlier A FL
Convention, gave prominence to international
problems. The Convention called upon the
Government to make more extensive use of the
knowledge and experience of organized labor “ at
the highest policy-making levels” in both inter­
national and domestic affairs. An example of the
need for union guidance, it was held, is in making
more effective use of ECA aid to advance the living
standards of workers in other countries. The
Convention, in a 10-point “ foreign policy declara­
tion,” declared its support of the program for
development of the United N ation’s military forces
to “ oppose strength with strength, in order that
negotiations may become possible.”
The Convention expressed criticism of the
national defense program as “ haphazard and
uncoordinated.” The Defense Production Act
was described as inadequate and one-sided,
especially in its provisions for wage and price con­
trols. The failure of Congress to enact an excess
profits tax was also strongly criticized.
In the fact of the setback experienced by labor
in the November elections the Convention made
plans for continued political activity looking to
1952 and a radical modification of labor legislation
by a return to the principles of the Wagner Act.
The Convention approved the steps already
taken to promote labor unity and interunion
cooperation. Philip Murray was reelected presi­
dent and James B . Carey secretary-treasurer. It
was reported that the expulsion of the left-wing
unions resulted in an immediate loss to the CIO of
approximately 675,000 members but that the loss
had been made up by a return of many members of
the expelled unions and by the addition of many
new members.

Recent Industrial Relations Developments
Relations of Labor-Management Negotiations
to 1950 Economic and International Conditions
and a Review of Union Activities

T he same favorable conditions making for
high levels of economic activity which have pre­
vailed since early spring have also fostered recent
industrial relations developments. In that pe­
riod, the level of business activity, uncertain at
the beginning of the year, took an upward turn,
and rose further when armed conflict began in
Korea.
Pre-Korean Period
Industrial relations developments during the
early spring were conditioned by influences carry­
ing over from 1949. Pensions continued to oc­
cupy the center of negotiations. That issue was
prominent in the prolonged strikes affecting the
Nation’s mines and the Chrysler Corp., although
most pension agreements were concluded without
work stoppages. The movement resulted in new
or extended retirement arrangements in such in­
dustries as apparel, metalworking, rubber, mari­
time, lumber, and building construction.
Wages occupied a secondary role in negotiations
in manufacturing industries during early spring
as consumer prices declined. This price decline
resulted in a 2-cents-an-hour downward adjust­
ment in General Motors wage rates on March 6,
under its agreement with the United Automobile
Workers (CIO). An arbitration award in the
hosiery industry, while establishing a pension
fund, also provided for decreased piece rates.
The Textile Workers Union of America (CIO)
had decided during the winter against any requests
for wage increases in woolen and worsted and in


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cotton and rayon plants. However, there was a
constant moderate upward wage movement,
particularly in metalworking plants, during the
period.
The wage movement was more pronounced in
several nonmanufacturing industries. The coal
settlements in March provided for increases of 70
cents a day, as well as increased employer con­
tributions to the welfare-and-retirement fund.
Copper miners also received increases during this
period. Widespread wage adjustments in the
building trades reflected the boom in the con­
struction industry. Other industries in which
wage increases were extensive during early spring
included local transit and trucking. The tele­
phone industry’s pattern for reducing the length
of wage-progression periods and reclassifying cities,
although taking a somewhat different form, had
the effect of increasing wages.
More prominent evidence of the impact of
sustained near-capacity production levels on
labor-management relations was first provided
by the General Motors agreement concluded on
M ay 23. This 5-year agreement retained the
cost-of-living and annual-improvement wage-fac­
tor provisions of the expiring contract. In addi­
tion, it increased the annual-improvement factor
from 3 to 4 cents an hour, provided for establish­
ment of a pension fund, and established a modified
union shop.
The General Motors agreement, concluded
after brief but successful negotiations, underlined
the transition in labor-management negotiations
resulting from altered economic prospects. I t
663

664

INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS DEVELOPMENTS

should be noted, however, that the provisions for
future wage increases characteristic of many 1950
agreements is not attributable to the General
Motors agreement alone. Such arrangements
had previously been concluded in building-con­
struction and other nonmanufacturing industries.
Furthermore, while the General Motors agreement
obviously affected the immediate conclusion of
other agreements in transportation-equipment
industries, their provisions did not coincide.
The Korean Period
W ith the outbreak of hostilities in Korea, the
Nation sought to get on a defense footing as
quickly as possible. The business uncertainties
of the early months of the year disappeared in the
main. Production, employment, and prices con­
tinued upward. Fears of losses in real earnings
through early institution of wage controls, and of
manpower shortages, appeared to influence union
and employer actions in the months that followed.
Workers began seeking wage increases substan­
tially greater than those sought in earlier months,
and major employers appeared more willing to
accede.
Once again, the major developments occurred
in the automobile industry. The Chrysler Corp.,
which only 4 months earlier had undergone a 100day strike of the UAW (CIO), on August 25
reached an agreement “entirely apart and outside
of the contract signed on M ay 4, 1950,” providing
for an immediate wage increase of 10 cents an
hour for 100,000 employees, and an additional 5
cents an hour for approximately 7,000 skilled em­
ployees. The 3-year agreement concluded in May
had not required the company to discuss wages
until July 1951.
Less unexpected was the action of the General
Motors Corp. in announcing a 5-cents-an-hour
increase effective September 1. This wage in­
crease conformed to the cost-of-living formula in
the company’s contract with the UAW (CIO).
Shortly after these developments, Ford Motor
Co. concluded an agreement with the UAW. The
Ford action, like that of Chrysler, was taken
despite an existing contract which provided for a
wage reopening after January 1, 1951. Here,
however, the existing contract was replaced by
one with a 5-year term, which incorporated the
annual-wage-improvement factor and cost-ofliving clauses of the General Motors agreement.

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MONTHLY LABOR

Following these developments, the wage move­
ment gained substantial momentum. Other agree­
ments were concluded in the automobile industry,
some incorporating the General Motors wageadjustment provisions. The movement spread to
other industries and large groups of workers in the
aluminum, textile, clothing, maritime, electrical
products, telephone, and rubber industries re­
ceived wage increases. Many of these were nego­
tiated voluntarily, outside the provisions of exist­
ing agreements. Some included cost-of-living es­
calator clauses. In other industries, such as steel
and railroads, union proposals for wage adjust­
ments were under negotiation in late autumn.1
From the outset of the Korean war organized
labor took a strong position that it should be
accorded a responsible role in the formulation and
administration of broad governmental policies re­
lating to economic controls. The chairman of the
National Security Resources Board established in
August a 12-man national policy committee to
serve in an advisory capacity during the emer­
gency. Appointed to this group from labor’s
ranks were William Green (A FL), Philip Murray
(CIO), and Al. J . Hayes, president of the Inte^
national Association of Machinists.
Pensions and Social Insurance
The unions’ drive for negotiated pension and
social-insurance plans achieved substantial success
during 1950. Legally supported by a United
States Supreme Court decision in 1949 that pen­
sions were subject to collective bargaining, the
unions’ drive also received moral support from
the conclusion of the Steel Industry Board in
September 1949 2 that pensions and “social insur­
ance” were part of normal business costs.
Additional support for pensions was supplied
by the growing conviction during 1950, in most
segments of the economy, that old-age benefits
under the Social Security Act were inadequate
and would have to be raised. Many unionnegotiated pension plans were integrated with
legal social-security old-age benefits. This accel­
erated employers’ acceptance of prospective in­
creased social-security benefits by legislation, as
such upward revision would tend to reduce their
net pension costs.
On August 28, 1950, the Social Security Act
was amended, increasing primary old-age bene-

REV IEW , DECEMBER 1950

INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS DEVELOPMENTS

fits— i. e., the amount payable to the retired worker
exclusive of dependents—by an average of about
77 percent, or from approximately $26 to $46 a
month. Coverage under the act was extended to
an additional 10 million people not formerly
included.
B y midsummer 1950, 7 million or more workers
were covered by some type of health, insurance,
and/or pension benefit under collective bargain­
ing. Many plans were negotiated by unions for
the first time in plants, industries, and trades in
which previously few if any insurance or pen­
sion programs existed. These included in­
dustries characterized by casual employment
(such as the building trades, longshoring, mari­
time, etc.), which, during this period, adopted
negotiated plans in increasing numbers. Existing
plans, in other industries, in which such programs
were more common, were broadened in scope and
liberalized.
The 1949 pension settlements generally pro­
vided a minimum pension per month of $100, in­
cluding social security. In anticipation of in­
creased social-security benefits during 1950, a
number of significant pension plans were nego­
tiated. Others were revised shortly after the act
was amended. In general, they provided mini­
mum pensions in excess of $100 a month and/or
extended to workers the benefit of part or all
of the increase in social-security payments. For
example, the Ford M otor Co.-UAW pension plan,
amended in September 1950, provides a flat
$125-a-month pension (including social security)
to workers retiring at age 65 after 30 years’
service, in lieu of the $100 pension negotiated a
year earlier. The General Motors-UAW pension
plan, negotiated in M ay 1950, as well as many
other bargained plans in 1949-50 also made possi­
ble under certain conditions total benefits in
excess of $100 a month.
Some plans (for example, in the rubber industry)
provided for increasing the $100 minimum monthly
guaranteed pension by one-half of the increased
social-security benefit. Other negotiated pension
plans provide a flat amount to all eligible workers,
exclusive of social security. In these instances, in­
dividual workers received the full advantage of
increased social-security payments; thus, upon
retirement, the total combined pension and oldage benefit exceeds $100 a month.
In several settlements, contributions to em­

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665

ployee benefit programs established through col­
lective bargaining on a multi-employer or area
basis are paid into a central or pooled fund. M ost
of these pooled plans were limited to employers
and workers of a particular trade or industry.
However, some benefit programs covered em­
ployers in different industries within a given area.
In St. Louis, the International Association of M a­
chinists expanded an area health and insurance plan
covering several hundred employers. The U A W CIO negotiated an area-wide pension plan with a
number of tool and die manufacturers in Detroit,
but was unsuccessful in establishing a pooled
pension plan with employers in various industries
in Toledo.
The United Mine Workers’ pension and welfare
fund, which had been suspended in September
1949, was reactivated and payment of various
benefits resumed at various stages, during 1950.3
Trends in Work Stoppages
Work stoppages were fewer in the first quarter
of 1950 than in any year since 1946. During the
second quarter, and particularly in the third
quarter, they increased substantially and ex­
ceeded the 1945-49 average for the corresponding
periods. However, number of workers involved
and total strike idleness were not far different
from the respective averages for 1945-49. A dis­
tinguishing characteristic of the substantial num­
ber of stoppages in August and September was
the large proportion of “quickie” strikes.
The coal strike, which was resumed in January
and February, after the difficulties in 1949, was
the largest strike of the year in terms of workers
involved and lost time. I t was terminated March
5 by agreement of the parties. This action came
after the national emergency provisions of the
Taft-Hartley Act had been invoked; the union had
been enjoined from continuing the strike; and the
union had been absolved from charges of con­
tempt for failure to terminate the stoppage.
The extended Chrysler strike over pension
issues involved some 95,000 workers from Janu­
ary 25 to M ay 4.
Brief strikes of railroad firemen and enginemen
from M ay 10 to 16 idled approximately 175,000
workers on the Pennsylvania, New York Central,
Southern, and the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe
Railroads. Railroad switchmen’s strikes from

666

INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS DEVELOPMENTS

June 25 to Ju ly 6 made idle nearly 60,000 employ­
ees of 5 western and midwestern lines. One road
involved in the latter stoppage was seized on July
8. A threatened strike by the Brotherhood of
Railroad Trainmen and the Order of Railway
Conductors was averted by Federal seizure of the
Nation’s major railroads on August 27.
There were wage strikes of 10,000 construction
workers in Denver during M a j, 20,000 in Buffalo
during the same month, and 30,000 to 40,000 in
southern California during July.
The more important strikes during the autumn
of 1950 involved some 50,000 International Har­
vester employees, 40,000 General Electric workers,
and 12,000 John Deere & Co. workers. Wages
were important issues in all three strikes.
Statistically, wages and pension issues were
basic in over half of the stoppages and accounted
for more than three-fourths of the strike idleness
during the first 9 months of 1950.
Trade-Union Activities
Probably the most outstanding internal devel­
opment in the American labor movement during
1950 was the C IO ’s completion of the task begun
late in 1949 of eliminating from its ranks a group
of 11 left-wing affiliates because of the alleged
Communist domination of their leadership. This
action was also undoubtedly instrumental in the
inauguration of a new series of “labor unity”
discussions between the CIO and the A FL, and
was reflected, too, in the more integrated cooper­
ative activities of the two major labor groups in
the 1950 elections. Similarly, the A FL and CIO
moved in general unison in advancing their point
of view in connection with the inflationary and
defense problems brought into sharp focus by the
Korean war. Thus, organized labor in 1950
succeeded in developing within its ranks a greater
degree of common understanding and similarity
of viewpoint on national and international issues
than at any time since the formation of the Con­
gress of Industrial Organizations in 1938.
Expulsion of Left-Wing CIO Affiliates
During the year the CIO expelled 11 of its
affiliated unions on charges of Communist domi­
nation. Brewing for several years, the action
reached a climax at the 1949 convention, when the
large United Electrical, Radio, and Machine

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MONTHLY LABOR

Workers Union, together with the smaller United
Farm Equipment and M etal Workers Union, were
ousted. The CIO proceeded in subsequent months
with a series of trials of nine other affiliates. B y
the end of August 1950, the final three unions—
the International Longshoremen's and Ware­
housemen’s Union, the Marine Cooks and Stew­
ards, and the Fishermen and Allied Workers—
had been expelled by the CIO.
The over-all membership of the 11 ousted unions
at the time of their expulsion has been variously
estimated as between one-half and three-quarters
of a million. Defections in their ranks in some
instances had reduced their numbers prior to the
C IO ’s preferment of charges. After the trials,
additional locals of the expelled left-wing affiliates
broke away. Most of these rejoined the CIO,
either as directly chartered industrial unions or as
locals of CIO affiliates. In several instances, the
jurisdiction of existing CIO unions was enlarged.
Only one new union— the International Union
of Electrical, Radio, and Machine Workers (IU E CIO)— was chartered. Established at the 1949
CIO convention, the IU E -C IO , throughout 1950,
contested with considerable success the bargaining
rights held by the expelled United Electrical
Workers. In some instances, employers suspended
contract negotiations pending N L R B representa­
tion elections to determine the workers’ legal
bargaining agents.
Thus, after a decisive 10-1 victory in General
Motors plants, IU E won by margins of nearly 2-1
in Westinghouse Electric Corp. and General
Electric Co. The Westinghouse and G E polls
were conducted on a plant-by-plant basis, with
the U E retaining bargaining rights for some plants
in both companies. Other IU E victories were won
in plants of the Radio Corp. of America, the Singer
Manufacturing Co., and Sperry Gyroscope. At
the end of 1950, the IU E-C IO claimed to represent
some 300,000 workers with the U E claiming a
somewhat smaller number.
Labor Unity and Joint AFL-CIO Activities
After several abortive postwar attempts toward
achieving labor unity, exploratory discussions be­
tween A FL and CIO representatives were held
late in July. These followed a suggestion of CIO
President Murray, several months earlier, that a
joint standing committee be established to coordi-

REVIEW , DECEMBER 1950

667

INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS DEVELOPMENTS

nate action on economic, legislative, and political
problems and to work for organic labor unity.
The conferees quickly agreed upon further A FL
and CIO cooperation on political issues and inter­
national activities, and decided to probe the possi­
bilities of organic or structural unity in the future.
The A FL convention, meeting in Houston,
Tex., in September 1950, endorsed these unity dis­
cussions.4 The convention at the federation’s
request expressed the “hope of ultimately bringing
into accord and affiliation the several unaffiliated
and independent groups and trade-union organi­
zations.”
Discussions over jurisdictional questions be­
tween the A FL and one of the largest of these
unaffiliated unions— the International Association
of Machinists—were successfully concluded by
autumn of 1950. The machinists, which had
withdrawn from the federation late in 1945 after a
series of jurisdictional controversies involving
other A FL affiliates and the A FL Building and
Construction Trades Department, reached an
amicable resolution of their difficulties. As a
result, IAM officers have recommended reaffilia­

tion with the A FL to their approximately 600,000
members, who will vote on the question in De­
cember 1950.
In the political field, the A FL Labor’s League
for Political Education and the C IO ’s Political
Action Committee conducted vigorous joint cam­
paigns in the 1950 congressional elections. In
hundreds of cities and areas throughout the coun­
try, labor “teams” were established to get workers
to register and to vote. Both the A FL and CIO
as well as the railroad labor organizations sum­
marized the voting records of members of Congress
and endorsed candidates for national, State, and
local offices.
— B o r is S t e r n
Division of Industrial Relations
1 On November 30, the U . S. Steel Corp. and the United Steelworkers of
America (C IO ), reached agreement on wage increases averaging 16 cents an
hour. Similar agreements with other steel producers followed quickly.
2 See “ The Report of the Steel Industry B oard” M onthly Labor Review,
November 1949 (p. 507).
2 See “ Resumption of Bituminous Benefits, U M W A Welfare and Retire­
ment Fu n d ” (p. 706) in this issue.
4 See “ Sixty-ninth Convention of the A F L ,” M onthly Labor Review,
November 1950, p. 553.

“ Only one type of long-range [pension] plan in private industry can ensure
that benefits will be paid in spite of the changed circumstances of individual
firms and industry and contractual arrangements. A satisfactory plan is one
that fully funds the past and current service credits and in addition guarantees
that, even if the plan is discontinued, workers below retirement age will have
rights to partial pension based on the years of service completed under the
plan. . . .
“ With the higher amounts [of retirement benefits] payable under the new
public program [by recent amendment of the Federal Social Security Act], it
seems desirable to emphasize [early] vesting and sound financing in the supple­
mentary [private] plans rather than the dollar amount paid to those who are
now retiring.”
— From Old-Age Retirement: Social and Econom ic Im plications, by
Robert M . Ball. (In Social Security Bulletin, September 1950, pp. 8,
12 .)

9 1 6 0 6 3 — 50 -

S>


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work of statutes varying in origin and differing
from Land to Land.

Labor Legislation
in Western Germany
During the Occupation

A common pattern is visible, however, in the
labor laws issued under the Occupation, indicating
a return to democratic institutions and procedures
which first had been established by the Weimar
Republic and then destroyed in 1933 when the
Nazis seized power. B u t the new laws vary from
the Weimar statutes in detail and in some ques­
tions of more fundamental nature— e. g., the extent
of government intervention in collective bargain­
ing and arbitration.
Four-Power Laws on Labor

L ack of uniformity characterizes the present
state of labor legislation in Western Germany.
This complex situation is a natural but undesirable
incident of divided Occupation and also of a
policy of decentralization which favored the de­
velopment of separate legislative programs in the
11 West-German Laender.1 Preexisting labor
statutes, nation-wide in scope, were in some in­
stances retained by the Occupying Powers, but to
them were added new statutes, most of them
effective only in limited jurisdictions.
Wi thin the 5 years during which Western
Germany has been occupied, labor legislation has
progressed through four distinct stages: (1) The
Four Occupying Powers imposed several new labor
laws without any German participation, to be
applied in all Occupation Zones. (2) With the
end of Four Power legislation in 1947, the Laender
in the United States and French Zones enacted
their own labor statutes. (3) In 1948, the au­
thority to pass Land labor legislation was ex­
tended to the British Zone, and German bizonal
labor legislation was authorized by the British
and American M ilitary Governors. (4) Estab­
lishment of the Federal Republic in the U. S.,
British, and French Zones delegated to the Federal
Government the power, concurrent with that of
the Laender, to enact labor law.
As a result of these developments, existing labor
law in Western Germany is not a unified national
system, comparable to the national program which
the German democracy had developed in the
time of the Weimar Republic. I t is a legal patch-

668


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In the field of labor law, as in other branches
of German legislation, the Allied Powers faced a
threefold task at the beginning of the Occupation:
to eliminate from statutes and practices the
doctrines and methods of nazism; to overcome
the chaotic conditions prevailing in the defeated
country; and to establish the elements of a new
legal system able to serve as guideposts for future
German legislation. To fulfill these tasks, the
Allied Control Council in Berlin, the common
agency of the four Powers, issued laws, orders,
and directives.
The numerous labor laws issued under the Nazi
regime were treated in different ways by the
Council. The most objectionable statutes were
abolished by explicit legislation. Laws which
seemed indispensable for the time being, such as
the wartime legislation on wage and employment
controls, and protective labor legislation, were
retained. B u t general Allied regulations forbade
their administration or interpretation in terms of
Nazi doctrine.
In its orders and directives, the Control Council
supported the revival of trade-unions and of col­
lective bargaining. In 1946, the Council author­
ized restoration of works councils in individual
plants and prescribed the reestablishment of labor
courts and of machinery for conciliation and
arbitration.
German jurisprudence accepted this legislation
of the Council with many reservations. A wellknown German student of labor law called the
Control Council Laws “ compromises between

LABOR LAWS—WESTERN GERMANY

669

Powers which differ largely in their fundamental
doctrines/’ and observed that the concepts could
be “ understood only in the light of the mentality
of the Occupying Powers.” 2
Subsequent West-German laws on matters
treated by Allied legislation deviated increasingly
from the patterns established in the first phase of
the Occupation. The Occupation Statute which
the Western Powers issued in 1949 provides for
the repeal, upon German request, of Control
Council Laws, and Allied labor laws have been
repealed in some West-German Laender.

and working mothers were passed by the Bizonal
Economic Council. This took place, however,
during the last weeks of its operation, and there­
fore these laws were not approved by the U. S.
and British Military Governors.
Of the bizonal labor laws which actually came
into force, two were of major importance. An act
of 1948 ended wage controls and opened the way
for genuine collective bargaining, and the Law on
Collective Agreements (Tarifvertragsgesetz) of
1949 reestablished a legal framework for such
bargaining.

Land Labor Legislation

Federal Labor Legislation

The first body of postwar labor law of German
origin was included in the constitutions promul­
gated in 1946 and 1947 by the seven Laender in
the U. S. and French Zones and approved by the
Occupation authorities. The provisions of the
seven constitutions were based largely on the
Weimar Federal Constitution, though differing
in detail. The Land constitutions guaranteed,
in particular, freedom of association, recognized
collective bargaining, and provided, in varying
terms, for works councils in individual plants and
for labor’s right to participate in managerial
decisions. On this basis, each of the Laender in
the U. S. and French Zones designed, during the
subsequent years, its own scheme of labor laws
dealing with a great variety of issues. In the U. S.
Zone, the Laenderrat, a joint agency of the four
Laender governments, tried to assure some degree
of uniformity among laws dealing with the same
subject. Labor legislation was least developed
in the British Zone, because of temporary restric­
tions of legislative powers and the inclusion of
fewer specific labor provisions in the Land con­
stitutions. I t was most developed in the Laender
of the French Zone to which the bizonal legisla­
tion, initiated in 1948, did not extend.

The 1949 provisional constitution of the Repub­
lic did not contain a special section on labor
matters. I t did, however, establish “basic rights”
which directly affect West German labor legis­
lation; e. g., freedom of association, free choice of
occupation, and equal status of men and women.
The Republic has broad powers in regard to
labor laws. Federal legislation is permitted, for
instance, if it is needed for “the preservation of
legal or economic unity beyond the area of an
individual Land, in particular for the preservation
of uniform living conditions.” Outstanding Ger­
man labor jurists contend that this clause estab­
lishes federal jurisdiction in almost all labor
m atters.3 Federal laws, when enacted, supersede
Land laws.
Nation-wide labor laws which were not abolished
by the Nazis or by the Occupying Powers are
recognized as federal law by the provisional con­
stitution. The bizonal labor laws of 1948 and
1949 also became federal law, but only in the
U. S. and British Zones. They have force in the
French Zone if the Laender accept them.
Separate programs for comprehensive federal
labor legislation were formulated by the Land
Labor Ministers and by the trade-unions. These
were integrated into a single program by the Fed­
eral Government. The program covers broad
areas of industrial relations and of labor pro­
tection.4 However, until recently federal labor
legislation has been limited to minor matters. A
law concerning labor representation within in­
dividual plants was being discussed in the fall of
1950 in the Federal Diet.

Bizonal Legislation, 1948-49
During the short period when it was authorized
to enact labor legislation, the German Economic
Administration for the U. S. and British Zones
undertook an ambitious program. Laws on wage
determination, dismissal, industrial home work,


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670

LABOR LAWS—WESTERN GERMANY

Scope of Labor Legislation
While no balanced and inclusive system of labor
law could develop under the shifting economic and
political conditions of the past 5 years, almost
every field of labor law has actually been touched
upon by recent legislation. In some areas, recent
legislative provisions were limited to establishing
fundamental and binding principles such as free­
dom of association or the right to equal pay for
equal work. In the protective labor legislation
field, only minor changes were made in the exist­
ing body of nation-wide statutes. In some other
fields, recent labor laws are no longer valid. For
example, the temporary Land laws on compulsory
assignment to work have been abolished by provi­
sions in the Federal Basic Law. There remain
the following important areas of labor law where
legislation promulgated under the Occupation pre­
dominates at present and may be expected to
have an important influence on future develop­
ments.
Collective Bargaining. Almost from the begin­
ning of the Occupation, American and British
authorities emphasized the central position which
collective bargaining has in any democratic scheme
of labor policies. Their attitude helped to revive
a tradition, which was highly developed at the
time of the Weimar Republic, but was suspended
under the Nazi regime. When wage controls were
lifted in Western Germany in November 1948,
collective agreements again became the method
for fixing wages and employment conditions.
The bizonal law of 1949 defines the partners of
collective bargaining and describes the content
and form of collective agreements. The agree­
ments bind both the members of the organizations
which are parties to the agreement and the organi­
zations themselves. Employment conditions can
be changed only if such changes are allowed in the
agreement or if they are favorable for the worker.
A register of collective agreements is maintained
with the Federal Labor Department.
One of the many provisions which the bizonal
law took over from pre-Nazi legislation was author­
ization for the Labor Administration to extend
the binding power of collective agreements to
employers and workers who are not parties to the


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MONTHLY LABOR

agreement but work in the same geographical area
and industry or occupation. At the request of
the Occupation authorities, the conditions for such
an extension are more explicitly defined in the
law and more narrowly drawn than in the former
German legislation.
I t is largely because of this change that the three
Laender in the French Zone decided to regulate
collective bargaining by laws of their own. A
Rhineland-Palatinate law of 1949 follows in most
of its provisions the bizonal statute, but gives to
the Land Labor Minister more freedom on the
extension of collective agreements. Laws under
discussion in the two other French Zone Laender
contain similar provisions.
The enactments of these two Laender—Baden
and Wuerttemberg-Hohenzollern—go so far as to
provide for government intervention in collective
bargaining itself. Collective agreements become
valid only by registration with the Land Labor
Ministry, and registration can be refused by the
Ministry. The advocates of this legislation con­
tend that economic conditions in Western Ger­
many are not stable enough to allow more than a
“controlled freedom” of collective bargaining as
part of a “compromise between a free and a
controlled economy.” 5
Adjustment o f Labor-M anagement Disputes. Two
types of adjustment of labor-management disputes
were possible under the Weimar legislation:
disputes over the application of laws or agreements
were handled by labor courts which adjudicated
matters of law and contractual terms; public
arbitration agencies intervened when the parties
could not agree on original terms, renewal, or
change of collective agreements. Both institu­
tions were restored by Control Council laws in
1946.
The Law on Labor Courts revived the Weimar
legislation with some modification; it was supple­
mented by Land laws regulating details of organi­
zation and procedure for the local and regional
courts which are functioning at present in all
parts of Western Germany. The Basic Law of
the Republic provides for the reestablishment of
a Supreme Labor Court for the whole territory.
The Control Council Law on Conciliation and
Arbitration differs from pre-Nazi statutes in two
essential points: (1) The public arbitration agen-

REVIEW , DECEMBER 1950

LABOR LAWS—WESTERN GERMANY

cies intervene only if requested by all parties to a
conflict. (2) Arbitration awards are not com­
pulsory.6 Previously the agencies had the power
to declare awards binding whenever “their appli­
cation is necessary for economic or social reasons.”
Both unions and employers oppose return to
compulsory arbitration and, for the present at
least, any new legislation in this field. They
jointly prepared a model text for labor-manage­
ment agreements on arbitration procedures, which
they try to have incorporated in all collective
agreements. The few major labor disputes which
occurred in Western Germany during recent years
were actually settled by voluntary arbitration.
Contrary to the position taken by labor and
management, two Laender in the French Zone—
Rhineland-Palatinate and Baden— in 1949 and
1950, passed compulsory arbitration laws. The
Control Council Law no longer applies to these
Laender.
W orks Councils. First established by law in 1920,
works councils sprang up anew almost from the
beginning of the Occupation. They were legal­
ized in 1946 by the Control Council Law. They
are democratically elected and represent workers’
interests in individual plants in cooperation with
the trade-unions.
Compared with the Weimar legislation, the
Control Council Law was couched in very general
terms. In the majority of the West-German
Laender, it was felt that more detailed legislation
and broader functions for works councils were
needed. The Land constitutions in the U. S.
and French Zones, and later the eight Land laws
on works councils, gave the councils an equal
voice with management in decisions on employ­
ment conditions, hiring and firing, and other per­
sonnel matters. In the main, they extended the
participation of the councils to decisions on pro­
duction, prices, sales, and related problems.
During recent months, the West-German tradeunions have urgently demanded federal legislation
on labor participation in management, as part of
their program for a “ new order in the German
economy.” Drafts of such legislation are being
discussed at present in the West German D iet;
they are influenced by the present Land legislation


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671

on works councils which would be superseded by a
federal law.
D ism issal Protection. A broad segment of recent
West-German labor legislation deals with the pro­
tection of workers in case of dismissals. Provi­
sions of the 1920 Works Council Act authorized the
councils to submit cases of discharge to the labor
courts, particularly if they inflicted “ unfair hard­
ship” upon the worker. A decree of 1920 em­
powered government authorities to hold up lay-offs
involving large numbers of workers for limited
periods of time.
Since 1947 both approaches were revived by
Land legislation. The 1949 law, by which the
Bizonal Economic Administration tried to over­
come lack of uniformity among these laws, was
not approved by the Military Governors. Since
then, West-German labor and employer repre­
sentatives have jointly drafted a federal statute
based largely upon the bizonal law and the Land
laws. The new proposals differ from the Weimar
legislation in various ways. The worker himself
can fight his dismissal before the labor court,
while formerly only the works council was author­
ized to do so. The court, on the other hand, can
compel the employer to keep the worker if the
discharge is found to be “ socially unjustified” ;
under former law, the employer could always
maintain the discharge by paying an indemnity.
P aid Vacations. A new field of labor legislation was
opened up by the great number of recent Land
laws on paid vacations. Previously, the right to
paid vacations rested mainly in collective agree­
ments; under the Nazi regime, in wage decrees.
These vacation periods ordinarily were fixed at 6
days per year.
A right to paid vacation was first established by
all the Land constitutions in the U. S. and the
French Zones. The laws issued since then in
almost all West-German Laender agree in certain
fundamentals, such as regular minimum leave of 12
days a year for adults and of 24 days for youths
under 18 years of age. While in most laws, the
right to vacation depends upon continuous em­
ployment of at least 6 months, in many other
details, the laws differ.

LABOR LAWS—WESTERN GERMANY

672

Future Trends. The need for a unified WestGerman labor law is acknowledged by all inter­
ested parties. The German Trade-Union Federa­
tion (D G B) demanded in a resolution, adopted in
its founding convention in Munich in October
1949,7 that “ the lack of unity and the fragmentization of labor law be overcome by the creation of
unified labor legislation to be embodied in a
comprehensive code.” Almost simultaneously,
the demand for a unified labor law was stated in
the official bulletin of the West German Federa­
tion of Employers’ Associations.8 The Land
Labor Ministers themselves have agreed on a
comprehensive program of federal labor legisla­
tion. Students of labor law recognize that uni­

fication can result only from persistent efforts
over a long period of time, but they hope that the
Basic Law of the West-German Republic has
opened the way to this goal.
— O scar W eigert
Division of Foreign Labor Conditions
i
Laender (singular, Land) is the term generally applied to a political unit
which is somewhat similar to a State in the United States.
3
K arl Fitting in the authoritative labor law journal “ Reeht der Arbeit,”
October 1949 (p. 374).
3 H . C. Nipperdey, in “ R echt der A rbeit,” June 1949 (p. 214).
4 “ R echt der Arbeit,” November 1949 (p. 401) and February 1950 (p. 70).
5 Erich Fechner, in “ R echt der Arbeit,” April 1950 (p. 133).
8 Only in exceptional cases where a labor dispute affects the interests of the
Occupation and the parties are therefore ordered to submit it for arbitration
is the award always binding, according to the Control Council Law .
See M onthly Labor Review, M arch 1950 (p. 279).
8 “ Der Arbeitgeber,” October 1949 (p. 4).

1

“ I believe that the country as a whole recognizes the need for congressional
action if we are to maintain wage increases and the purchasing power of the
Nation against recessive factors in the general industrial situation. The
exploitation of child labor and the undercutting of wages and the stretching of
the hours of the poorest paid workers in periods of business recession has a
serious effect on buying power . . . What does the country ultimately gain
if we encourage businessmen to enlarge the capacity of American industry
to produce unless we see to it that the income of our working population
actually expands sufficiently to create markets to absorb that increased
production?”


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— Statement of President Franklin D. Roosevelt to a special session of
Congress in November 1937, calling for enactment of the Fair Labor
Standards Act.

New Home
Financing in
9 Large City Areas

N bw mortgage- financed one-family homes sold
during the latter half of 1949 in large metropolitan
areas, were bought mostly by veterans. These
homes, which clustered in the modest price range
of $7,000 to $10,000, were usually financed with
Government assistance with little if any down
payment.
These are partial results of the U. S. Labor
Department’s Bureau of Labor Statistics survey
of the financing, sales price, and rentals of new
housing in nine leading metropolitan areas. The
areas, in which about a fifth of all nonfarm onefamily houses were started last year, are Atlanta,
Boston, Detroit, Los Angeles, Miami, Philadel­
phia, Pittsburgh, Seattle, and Washington, D. C.
Custom-built houses are excluded from the pre­
liminary study.
Veterans as Home Buyers
The survey suggests the enormous extent to
which the new housing market in metropolitan
areas was dominated during the latter half of 1949
by veterans, many of whom obtained the most
liberal terms possible under the home financing
provisions of the Servicemen’s Readjustment Act.
Three-fourths of the purchasers in the nine metro­
politan areas were veterans, almost half of whom
made no down payment on the new houses they
bought.
Nearly a fifth of the veterans did not buy thenhouses with VA assistance. Of those who did,
no down payment was made on almost 70 percent
of houses with a VA first mortgage and on 45
percent of those with an FHA-VA combination
loan. Taking all VA-assisted transactions to­
gether, down payments were 5 percent or less in
80 percent of the cases.


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Veterans who paid nothing down and received
Gl-guaranteed loans had VA first mortgage
financing more often than the more expensive
FH A -VA combination loan. This was possible
because of the moderate sales price of the veterans’
houses, 7 in 10 of them being within the $7,000$10,000 range.
Even though, in general, the proportion of all
buyers making substantial down payments on
houses in the survey rose with the purchase price,
the easier financing arrangements available to
veterans caused this progression to be much
slower for them. On houses priced at $10,000
or more,1 46 percent of the veterans made down
payments of over 15 percent, compared with 95
percent of the nonveterans. Practically no non­
veterans, but a third of the veterans, paid 5 per­
cent or less down on these higher-priced homes.
Effect of Regulation X
If these financing arrangements in the survey
areas during the latter half of 1949 are an indica­
tion, the conclusion is that the new credit regula­
tions imposed on one- and two-family homes on
October 12, 1950,2 will tend to fall most heavily
upon veterans, even though a generous veterans’
differential is provided.
Under the present credit curbs, if they had
applied to the homes bought in the latter half of
1949 in the areas surveyed, it would have been
necessary for the vast majority (around 90 percent)
of the buyers with VA first and second mortgages
to increase the down payment they made or buy
a less expensive house.
The impact of the new restrictions would have
been much less severe on homebuyers with FHA
financing exclusively, but nevertheless 60 percent
of them would have had to increase their down
payments, had the regulations applied to the
houses they bought. This is true even though
down payments of over 15 percent were made on
7 in 10, and of 25 percent or more on a fourth, of
the FHA houses completed in the survey areas.
In general, the new restrictions, had they ap­
plied, would have affected the purchasers of lowerpriced houses to a greater extent than those buy­
ing higher-priced houses.
The Bureau’s study, of course, does not show
whether or not larger down payments could have
been made, had they been required. Also, it is
673

674

NEW HOME FINANCING

Chart 1. New 1 -Family Houses Bought with no Down
Payment in 9 Metropolitan A reas

MONTHLY LABOR

roughly twice the proportion for the country as a
whole during the July to December 1949 period.
In addition to the 15 percent bought without
Government-aided financing, a third of the houses
in the study had both an FHA-insured first mort­
gage and a VA-guaranteed second mortgage. The
remainder were about equally divided between
those receiving VA-guaranteed financing (30
percent) and those with FHA-insured mortgages
(24 percent). Few houses had a second mortgage
that was not VA-guaranteed.
Mortgage companies were by far the leading
source of new home financing in the 9 survey
areas during the latter half of 1949. They ac­
counted for 45 percent of the first mortgages
closed as compared with about 20 percent each
by banks and insurance companies. Mortgage
companies provided half the 100-percent financ­
ing through a first mortgage, and savings and
loan associations about a fourth. Banks were
the source of a large part of the remainder.
Mortgage companies or brokers prefer to sell
their loans rather than retain them as investChart 2. Percent of 1949 Buyers Whose Down P ay ­
ment W ould Be Insufficient under 1950 Credit Curbs

well known that home financing is usually more
readily obtainable under more favorable terms in
metropolitan areas than in smaller places.

New Mortgage-Financed l-Family Houses Completed
in 9 Metropolitan Areas, July - December I949

Purchase Price
On the whole, veterans bought less expensive
houses than nonveterans, although the modest
home was predominant in both groups. About 70
percent of the homes were priced at less than
$10,000; 60 percent were in the price brackets
from $7,000 to $10,000. Only a fourth of the
veterans, but half the nonveterans, bought houses
selling at $10,000 or more. Among the non­
veterans, a relatively small number (something
over 10 percent) had new houses that cost them
$15,000 or more.
Types and Source of Mortgages
Government-aided home financing in particular
is concentrated in metropolitan and urban centers.
The 85 percent of one-family houses bought with
VA and FHA loans in the nine survey areas is

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Under
$ 6 00 0

7,000

8,000

9,00 0 1 0 ,0 00 11,000

PRICE OF HOUSE
UNI TED S T A T E S D E P A R T M E N T OF L A B O R
B UR E AU OF L AB O R S T A T I S T I C S

$12,500
and Over

M F HOME FINANCING

REVIEW , DECEMBER 1950

675

Percentage distribution of new mortgage-financed 1-family houses completed July-December 1949 in nine metropolitan areasf
by percent of down payment
All mortgagefinanced houses 2

Percent of houses bought with down payment of—

Item
Number

Percent

All down
pay­
ments 3

1-5
percent

0

6-10
percent

11-15
percent

16-25
percent

26-35
percent

8
7
11

14
9
32

7
4
16

8
4
22

8

14
41
2
21
4

7
15
3
11
1

12
2
31
2

8
8
9
5
8
12
6
5
11
3

14
3
1
2
16
11
33
23
25
20

7
2

8

14
14
17
10
10
15
37

Over 35
percent

Veteran status
All buyers. . . . _______ ______ _______ ____
Veterans____________________ ________________
Non veterans__________________________________

4 37, 990
28, 580
9,210

100
75
24

37
47
2

100
100
100

17
21
6

9

8

11

Type of mortgage
All houses_________ ______ ____ __________________
F H A first mortgages only_____________ _______
VA first mortgages only______________________
Conventional m ortgages_____________________
First and second mortgages_____ ________ ____
(Practically all F H A -V A combinations.)

37, 990
8, 980
11, 470
5, 480
12,060

100
24
30
14
32

100
100
100
100
100

37
(!)

69
4
45

17
5
17
11
30

9
11
5
14
10

8

15
2

8

8

Purchase price class
T o ta l... ____ ____ ________
______ _____________
U n d e r$6,000__ ______. _____ _______ ____ . . .
$6,000-$6,900___________________________________
$7,000-$7,900___________________________________
$8,000-$8,900___________________________________
$9,000-$9,900___________________________________
$10,000~$10,900_________________________________
$11,000-$12,400_________________________________
$12,500-$14,900_________________________________
$15,000 and over___________________ __________

37, 990
1,170
2, 410
7,250
8, 650
6,930
4, 690
2,640
2, 430
1,820

100
3
6
19
23
18
13
7
6
5

100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100

37
28
47
69
37
45
20
4
(6)
(6)

17
32
30
12
22
20
22
9
3
1

9
22
13
10
13
5
8
7
7
2

(')

8
5

1
3
4
5
19
28
22

(9)

1
1
3
6
33
26
52

Source of first mortgage
All sources ______________________________ . . . . . .
Mortgage com pany____________________________
B an k ___________________________ ____________
Savings and loan association________
_ . . . ._
Insurance com pany_______ ____ _ ______ _ .
Individual____________________________________
O th e r7________________ _____ _________________

37, 990
17, 400
7, 980
6, 660
3, 650
1,110
1,190

100
45
21
18
10
3
3

100
100
100
100
100
100
100

37
40
31
50
21
6
13

17
19
15
17
21
10
8

9
11
7

8
9
9
8

7
9
5
10
9
23

7
5
10
3
10
18
7

8
4
11
7
19
33
4

1 The 9 metropolitan areas are Atlanta, Boston, Detroit, Los Angeles,
M iami, Philadelphia, Pittsburgh, Seattle, and Washington, D . C. These
data are preliminary.
2 Excludes a few houses for which complete mortgage information was
lacking.
3 Percentages m ay not add to 100 because of rounding.

4 There were 200 houses for which veteran status of the purchaser was
unknown.
5 Includes a few units for which type of mortgage data are questionable.
6 Less than 0.05 percent.
7 Includes 180 units for which source of mortgage information was lacking.

ments. Their predominance in the new-home field
in the 9 metropolitan areas is largely explained,
therefore, by the effectiveness of the Federal Na­
tional Mortgage Association as a secondary mort­
gage market for VA and FHA loans during the
survey period. The amount of authorization for
the FN M A was increased twice from July to
December 1949. Furthermore, in October 1949
the limitation that the agency could purchase
only up to 50 percent of a lending institution’s
portfolio of eligible loans was relaxed to exclude
G I loans of $10,000 or less.
The high rate of activity of mortgage companies
in new home financing in the 9 metropolitan areas
last year is in direct contrast with their relatively
minor importance in the mortgage lending field
as a whole. Among all nonfarm mortgage record-

ings of $20,000 or less, covering old as well as new
properties,3 mortgage companies were responsible
for less than 14 percent of the transactions in 1949,
compared with about 30 percent for savings and
loan associations, and about 25 percent each for
banks and private individuals.


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— D

orothy

K.

N

ew m an

Division of Construction Statistics
1 Houses priced a t $30,000 or over were excluded from the survey.
2 The regulations require, on F H A and conventional loans, a minimum of
10 percent down on houses of $5,000 or less to a maximum of 50 percent down on
houses priced at $24,250 and over. F o r GI loans, the range is from about 5
percent down on houses priced around $6,000 or less to 45 percent down on
houses costing $24,250 or more. Veterans with GI loans m ay have up to 30
years to amortize the mortgage, compared with 20 years for F H A and con­
ventional borrowers.
3 See Statistical Summary of Home Loan Bank Board for 1950, p. 22, table
15.

Summaries of Studies and Reports

Work Injuries to Crewmen on
Inland Waterway Vessels
C r e w m e m b e r s of commercial vessels operating

on the inland waterways of the United States
experienced an average of 20.3 disabling injuries 1
in every million employee-hours worked during
the year 1946. The highest ratio of injuries, 21.7
per million employee-hours worked, occurred in the
operation of barges. The lowest injury-frequency
rate 2 among the five major types of operations was
15.4 for crewmen on passenger vessels.
Deck hands, generally, had the highest fre­
quency rate among the major occupational groups,
29.3; wheelsmen and pilots had the lowest, 5.7.
However, within the major occupational groups,
the highest frequency rate was 41.6 for assistant
engineers on freighters. The lowest was 3.8 for
wheelsmen and pilots on tugs or towboats.
These data— the first marine injury rates ever
compiled by the Bureau of Labor Statistics— are
based upon reports covering the operations of
4,548 commercial vessels on the lakes, rivers,
canals, and harbors of the United States. These
vessels employed 25,500 crewmen who worked a
total of over 59 million man-hours during the year.
Experience by Type of Vessel
Passenger vessels had the lowest injury-frequency
rate, 15.4, among the five major types of vessels
for which separate rates were computed. About
two-thirds of the passenger vessels were operating
on regular intercity runs, the remainder were
excursion boats. Serious injuries were relatively
uncommon on passenger vessels. As a result, their
severity rate,3 3.6, and their average time-charge
per disabling injury, 233 days, were both compara­
tively low.
676


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Coal-burning passenger vessels had a slightly
better frequency rate, 14.2, than the oil burners,
16.7. Only two area frequency rates could be
computed for passenger vessels: Great Lakes,
14.9; and Atlantic Coast, 20.4.
T

a ble

1 .— Injury rates to crewmen on inland waterways
and on harbor waters, by type of vessel, 194.6
Injury rates
Type of vessel

Number
of vessels

F re ­
quency

Severity

Days lost
per dis­
abling
injury

All vessels 1 . . . ______________

4,548

20.3

5.6

276

P assen g er___________ _________
Freighter________ ______________
Ferries__________________________
Towboats or tugs_______________
B a r g e s ____________ ______ _ __

94
213
252
1,648
2,118

15.4
19.6
20.4
20.7
21.7

3.6
5.6
3.0
5.5
11.9

233
284
145
265
548

1 Includes 223 miscellaneous craft; data for these were insufficient to present
separate injury rates.

Freighters, as a group, had an average frequency
rate of 19.6, a severity rate of 5.6, and an average
time charge of 284 days per disabling injury. In
the two operating areas for which separate fre­
quency rates could be computed, the Atlantic
Coast had a rate of 15.3, and the Great Lakes, 19.2.
Coal- and oil-burning steam freighters both had
slightly lower frequency rates than Diesel-powered
vessels, but the general severity of the injuries
experienced on Diesel-powered vessels was sub­
stantially lower than on steamers.
About a fourth of the vessels in the freighter
group were oil tankers. Their frequency rate,
25.1, was considerably higher than the group
average, but the absence of any fatal injuries in
their operations gave them a lower than average
severity record.
For jerry operations generally, the frequency
rate was 20.4, the severity rate was 3.0, and the
average time charge per disabling injury was 145
days. Within the group, however, frequency
rates varied widely: Ferries exclusively engaged in

WORK INJURIES TO CREWMEN

transporting passengers, 8.9; those transporting
passengers and motor vehicles, 16.6; and those
carrying passengers and railway cars, 36.5 Injury
severity was comparatively low in all types of
ferry operations. The exclusively passenger ves­
sels, however, had the best record in this respect.
Comparing separate rates, computed for ferry
operations in three major areas and in four local
areas, the Pacific Coast had the lowest general
frequency rate, and the Great Lakes had the
highest. The New York Harbor area, in addition
to a relatively low frequency rate, also had an
excellent injury-severity record— severity rate,
0.9; and average time charge per disabling injury,
53 days.
Injury-frequency rate

Pacific Coast_____________________________ 11.
Puget Sound area____________________ 12.
Atlantic Coast_______________________
16.
New York Harbor___________________ 16.
Washington-Norfolk_________________ 20.
Great Lakes_______________________________ 35.
Lake Michigan______________________ 36.

7
6
8
6
3
5
8

Injury-Frequency Rates to Seamen on Inland
Waterways and on Harbor Waters, 1946
Frequency Rate

0


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IO

20

677

Oil-burning steam ferries had a considerably
better injury record, both in terms of injury fre­
quency and severity, than the coal burners or the
Diesels. Their frequency rate was only 9.9 com­
pared with 15.0 for Diesel-powered ferries and 30.6
for coal-burning ferries.
Towboats or tugs as a group had a frequency rate
of 20.7, a severity rate of 5.5, and an average
time charge of 265 days per disabling injury.
There was no significant difference in the frequency
rates for coal- and oil-burning steam tugs, 19.6,
and 19.2, respectively. The Diesel-powered tugs,
however, had a slightly higher rate, 21.8.
In the regional comparisons, the Gulf Coast
towboats had the best general record. Their
average frequency rate was only 9.3. No deaths
and no permanent impairment cases were reported
in this area. As a result, their severity rate was
only 0.2, and their average time charge per dis­
abling injury, only 21 days. B y contrast, in the
Washington-Norfolk area on the Atlantic Coast,
the proportion of serious injuries was quite high,
resulting in an average time charge of 804 days
per case. River towboats generally had better
than average injury records. Area rates for tow­
boats or tugs were as follows:

30

Towboats and Tugs

Ohio River and tributaries__
Mississippi
and
Missouri
Rivers __ _ ____________
Atlantic C o a st-_ __________
New York Harbor area_
Washington-Norfolk area.
Pacific Coast______
Columbia River area___
Intercoastal Canal-_
__

Frequency

Severity
rate

12. 5

3. 4

16.
23.
25.
7.
30.
42.
30.

4
6
1
6
4
4
8

10.
2.
2.
6.
5.
11.
7.

3
8
6
1
8
3
4

Average time
charge per
injury

276
628
121
102
804
192
267
241

Barge crewmen as a group had an average fre­
quency rate of 21.7, the highest for any of the
five major vessel classifications. They also had a
very high fatality rate—more than double that of
any other vessel classification. This combination
gave them a very high severity rate, 11.9, and a
high average time charge of 548 days per case.
Open barges had a somewhat lower general fre­
quency rate than tank barges, but the frequency
of serious injuries in open barge work was nearly
double the rate for tankers. Because of sample
limitations, no area comparisons could be made
for barge work.

678
Occupational Experience

Captains, as a group, had an average frequency
rate of 13.0, a severity rate of 3.0, and an average
time charge of 229 days per disabling injury. In
terms of frequency of injury, the ferry captains
had the safest berths— their frequency rate was
only 7.3. Freighter captains, however, had a
better injury-severity record although their fre­
quency rate (8.3) was somewhat higher. For
barge captains, a relatively small group, the fre­
quency rate was 11.8. Towboat or tug captains,
accounting for about two-thirds of this occupa­
tional group, had a frequency rate of 14.0.
Slips or falls accounted for nearly 40 percent of
the injuries experienced by captains. About 23
percent resulted from bumping into or striking
against fixed objects, and another 23 percent from
being struck by moving or flying objects.
Mates had a frequency rate of 12.7, not sig­
nificantly different from that of the captains, but
their injuries tended to be more severe than those
experienced by captains. This was reflected in
their severity rate, 4.5, and their average time
charge of 353 days per disabling injury.
Mates employed on barges had the highest
injury rate, 20.6. To compensate for this, how­
ever, they had no serious injuries, giving them a
very low injury severity. Mates employed on
ferries, on the other hand, had a frequency rate
of 15.2 and a high injury severity— a severity
rate of 14.0 and an average time charge of 922
days. Mates on towboats and tugs had a fre­
quency rate of 12.1, and on freighters, 11.3.
About 25 percent of the injuries experienced by
mates resulted from falls; 24 percent, from striking
against fixed objects; 17 percent, from being struck
by moving objects; and 12 percent, from being
caught in, on, or between moving objects.
Wheelsmen and pilots experienced fewer injuries
than any of the other occupational groups in the
survey. Their average frequency rate was only
5.7. B u t 2 deaths reported for wheelsmen on
tugs raised their severity rate to 7.9 and their
average time charge to 1,395 days. In towboat
operations, however, their frequency rate was
very low, 3.8. On both ferries and freighters,
their frequency rate was 5.6.
Deck hands had the highest of the occupational
frequency rates, 29.3. They also had the highest
frequency of fatal injuries, raising their severity

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MONTHLY LABOR

WORK INJURIES TO CREWMEN

rate to 10.3 and their average time charge to 353
days per disabling injury. On both ferries and
tugs their frequency rate was 33.0. The injuries
experienced on ferries, however, tended to be less
severe than those incurred on other types of
vessels. Their lowest frequency rate was 19.0 for
work on passenger vessels.
About 25 percent of the injuries experienced
by deck hands resulted from falls; 22 percent
from being struck by moving objects; 16 percent
from bumping into fixed objects; and 10 percent
from overexertion.
For watchmen the frequency rate, 18.4, was not
particularly high. Their high rate of permanentpartial disabilities, however, gave them a very
high severity rate, 11.2, and a high average time
charge of 608 days per disabling injury. On
freighters, they had a frequency rate of 24.2
coupled with a high injury severity. On ferries,
their frequency rate of 21.7 was high, but the
severity of the injuries was low. On towboats and
tugs their frequency rate was only 12.9, but the
injury severity tended to be high.
C hief engineers had a higher over-all frequency
rate, 15.9, and a substantially higher rate of
Injury rates for crewmen on inland waterways and on harbor
waters, by occupation, 19j6

Occupation

Em ­
N um ­ ployeehours
ber of w orked
vessels (thou­
sands)

Aver­
age
num­
N um ­
ber of F re­ ber of
Sever­
disab­ quen­ days
ling
lost r aity
cy
te 2
inju­ r a t e 1 per
disab­
ries
ling
in ju ry

T otal-------------- ----------------------

4,548

59,182

1,200

20.3

276

5.6

Deck department 3- - - ______
Captains- ______________
M a te s.___ - -- - . Wheelsmen and pilots-----Deck hands- ___________
W atchm en___ _ _ _ _ _

4,202
2, 552
1,122
471
4, 070
295

35, 907
6,995
4,416
2,293
20,083
1,577

785
91
56
13
588
29

21.8
13.0
12.7
5.7
29.3
18.4

366
229
353
1,395
353
608

8 .0
3.0
4.5
7.9
10.3
11.2

1,450
Engine roo m 3..........
Chief engineers___________ 1,420
800
Assistant e n g in e e rs,____
517
Oilers, - _______________ 568
Firem en. .
---------------57
Coal p assers... _ . ----------

16,168
4,409
3, 756
3,077
4,159
453

306
70
63
59
103
11

18.9
15.9
16.8
19.2
24.8
24.3

97
52
89
178
96
21

1.8
.8
1.5
3.4
2.4
.5

890

7,107

109

15.3

130

2.0

124
126
199
867
184

361
904
1,322
2, 774
1.373

9
13
16
38
29

24.9
14.4
12.1
13.7
21.1

68
70
310
183
23

1.7

Stewards dep artm ent3 _
Chief and assistant chief
stew ards.-.
------ _
Stewards and w aiters------Stewardesses and m aid s..
Cooks_______
- --_ -- Scullions
----------------------

1.0

3.8
2.5
.5

1 The frequency rate is the average number of disabling injuries per million
hours worked. A disabling injury is one th at results in death, permanenttotal disability, permanent-partial disability, or in an inability to work for
at least 1 full shift on any day after the day of injury.
2 The severity rate is the average number of days lost per thousand hours
3

Totals include figures not shown separately because of insufficient data.

REVIEW , DECEMBER 1950

WORK INJURIES TO CREWMEN

permanent-partial disabilities than captains. No
deaths were reported for chief engineers, however,
resulting in a very low severity rate, 0.8, and a low
average time charge, 52 days per disabling injury.
Chief engineers on towboats and tugs were injured
most frequently, but those employed on ferries
had the highest ratio of permanent impairments.
Falls were a less common source of injury in the
engine room department than in the deck depart­
ment. Nevertheless, 17 percent of the injuries to
chief engineers were caused by falls; the majority
were falls on the level rather than from one level
to another. About 30 percent of the injuries ex­
perienced by chief engineers resulted from striking
against fixed objects and another 20 percent from
being struck by moving objects. In contrast to
the deck officers, the chief engineers experienced a
rather high proportion of their injuries in lifting
heavy objects.
Assistant engineers were injured somewhat more
frequently and severely than their chiefs. Their
average frequency rate was 16.8, their severity
rate was 1.5, and their average time charge was 89
days. In keeping with the record of the chief
engineers, the assistants also had no fatalities.
Most hazardous assignments for assistant en­
gineers were on freighters. In these operations
they had a very high frequency rate, 41.6, coupled
with a very high frequency of permanent-partial
disabilities. In ferry operations their general in­
jury-frequency rate was only a fourth as high,
10.5, but the frequency of permanent disabilities
was practically the same as on freighters. In
towboat and tug operations their general frequency
rate was 13.6, but relatively few of the injuries
were serious.
Assistant engineers were most commonly injured
by being struck by moving objects (21 percent of
their injuries); by falls (21 percent); by striking
against fixed objects (19 percent); and by being
caught in, on, or between moving objects (13
percent).
Oilers had an injury-frequency rate of 19.2, a
severity rate of 3.4, and an average time charge
for their disabling injuries of 178 days. Their
highest injury frequency, 21.1, occurred in ferry
operations, but none of the injuries reported was
serious. On towboats and tugs their frequency
rate was 18.5, and on freighters it was 15.2. In
both of these classes of operations there were some
serious injuries.

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679

The great bulk of the injuries experienced by
oilers resulted from falls (20 percent); from striking
against fixed objects (19 percent); from being
caught in, on, or between moving objects (19 per­
cent); or from being struck by moving objects
(15 percent).
Firem en had the highest occupational frequency
rate in the engine-room department, 24.8. The
severity of their injuries, however, was generally
low—severity rate, 2.4, and average time charge
per disabling injury, 96 days. Their best record
was achieved in work on freighters, where their
frequency rate was 18.3. On towboats and tugs
their frequency rate was 23.7; on ferries, 27.4; and
on passenger vessels, 37.3.
Firemen were most commonly injured by being
struck by moving objects (accounting for 22 per­
cent of their injuries); by overexertion (17 per­
cent); by falls (17 percent); by striking against
fixed objects (14 percent); and by contact with
extreme temperatures (9 percent).
Coal passers, comprising one of the smaller oc­
cupational groups, had an injury record very
similar to that of the firemen; but no serious in­
juries were reported for them. Their frequency
rate was 24.3; their severity rate, 0.5; and their
average time charge, only 21 days per disabling
injury.
C hief and assistant-chief stewards had the highest
injury-frequency rate in the steward’s department,
but their injuries generally were less severe than
those experienced in other occupations. Their
frequency rate was 24.9; their severity rate, 1.7;
and their average time charge, 68 days.
Stewards and waiters had a much lower injury
frequency than their chiefs, but there was little
difference in the average severity of the injuries
experienced in the two occupations. For stewards
and waiters the injury-frequency rate was 14.4,
the severity rate was 1.0, and the average time
charge was 70 days.
Stewardesses and maids experienced somewhat
fewer injuries than stewards and waiters, but
their injuries on the average resulted in more
serious disabilities. Their frequency rate was 12.1;
their severity rate, 3.8; and their average time
charge, 310 days per disabling injury.
Cooks, comprising the largest occupational group
in the steward’s department, had an injuryfrequency rate of 13.7, a severity rate of 2.5, and
an average time charge of 183 days.

680

EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES

Falls were the source of over 26 percent of the
injuries experienced by cooks, and another 9 per­
cent resulted from slips causing severe muscular
strains. Another 20 percent of the injuries to
cooks resulted from their being struck by moving
objects; 16 percent from striking against fixed
objects; and 10 percent from contact with electric
current.
Scullions, or galley assistants, were injured
much more frequently than were cooks, but this
was offset by a much lower average severity.
Their frequency rate was 21.1, their severity rate
was 0.5, and their average time charge was 23
days per disabling injury.
— F r a n k S. M cE l r o y and G e o r g e R . M c C o rm a ck
Branch of Industrial Hazards
1 A disabling work injury is an injury, arising out of and in the course of
employment, that results in death or any degree of permanent impairment, or
that makes the injured worker unable to perform a regularly established job,
open and available to him, throughout the hours corresponding to his regular
shift on any one or more days (including Sundays, days off, or non-operating
days) after the day of injury.
* The injury-frequency rate is the average number of disabling injuries for
each million employee-hours worked.
* The severity rate is the average number of days lost or charged for each
thousand employee-hours worked.
S|
F or further details regarding methods used in compiling the data see:
Technical Notes X I , Compilation of Industrial-Injury Statistics, M o n th ly
L a b o r R ev iew , M arch 1950, pp. 303-307.
Additional data on work injuries experienced by crewmen of inland water­
way vessels will be presented in a forthcoming bulletin.

Effect of Mobilization Program
on Employment Opportunities
T h e mobilization program which this country
was forced to initiate after the outbreak of hostil­
ities in Korea is now the major factor influencing
trends in employment opportunities, as indeed
the shape and trend of our economy as a whole.1
The present program of partial mobilization,
coupled with continued high demand for civilian
goods, is expected to create a very tight labormarket situation by mid-1951. Both the present
employment situation and future employment
prospects vary widely from one occupational field
to another, however.

In some fields, the shortage of workers which
existed in early 1950 will be intensified. In other
occupations, the surplus of workers will be elimi­

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MONTHLY LABOR

nated or much reduced. However, there are some
fields in which the mobilization program is not
greatly affecting employment opportunities. The
varying effect of the program is illustrated by the
following brief summaries of the situation in a
number of different occupations.
The health professions offer one of the best
examples of fields with pre-existing shortages of
qualified personnel, in which the need for workers
has been increased by the mobilization. The
professions most affected have been medicine,
dentistry, and nursing. B u t the demand for
specialists in other health-service occupations—
such as veterinarian, physical therapist, X -ray
technician, medical-laboratory technician, and
occupational therapist—has also risen. I t is
likely that personnel needs in most health fields
will continue to grow during the next year, as the
armed forces are expanded further, and also over
the long run, owing to the trend toward increased
health services for the general population.
Elementary-school teaching is another profes­
sion in which the shortage of personnel will be in­
tensified by the growing demands on the Nation’s
manpower. Historically, the teaching profession
has suffered during periods of competition for
workers. The situation is likely to be much
worse than during the World War I I period, be­
cause the country is faced with a need for an in­
creasing force of teachers to take care of the great
numbers of “ war babies” now entering the schools;
furthermore, schools are still feeling the effects of
the very low enrollments in teacher-training insti­
tutions during the war and first postwar years.
At the high-school level, an oversupply of teach­
ers has developed in most subject fields during the
past year or two, but this is likely to shrink very
fast. While some teachers will find employment
in their subject specialization or in other teaching
positions, including elementary-school work, many
others will take jobs outside teaching as the de­
mand for workers increases.
This draining off of actual and potential teachers
is largely in the future. However, there are many
occupations in which a marked change in the em­
ployment situation has already taken place.
Ship-radio operator is an example of an occupa­
tion in which a sudden change has occurred. In
early 1950, there was a long list of radio operators
awaiting ship assignments. In M ay and June,
prospects for employment were improving, but

REV IEW , DECEMBER 1950

EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES

there were still many men waiting for jobs.
Soon after the Korean war started, the waiting
lists were wiped out and the unions were forced to
look for operators. Apparently some men who
were waiting for jobs on ships found work in
related electronics fields.
The impact of the rearmament program on the
demand for electronic technicians has been espe­
cially sharp, because the great need for electronic
technicians in defense work is coming at a time
when the television industry also requires more
and more skilled men. Despite this growing de­
mand, not all persons with some knowledge of elec­
tronics will be able to find jobs in the field. To
qualify as a top-notch electronic technician, a per­
son must have an aptitude for this type of work
and enough intelligence to master theoretical elec­
tronics.
Hiring has greatly increased since June in the
scientific and technical professions also, particu­
larly in engineering, chemistry, and other special­
ties directly involved in defense production. As
the mobilization is only in its beginning stages,
the demand for personnel in these professions will
no doubt rise still further in the near future,
though probably not as fast as during the past few
m onths; it is likely that the recent spurt in hiring
of technical personnel was partly in advance of
actual requirements. In any event, the increase
in hiring is intensifying the shortages of personnel
with graduate training, which existed even before
the Korean crisis began, and is greatly reducing
job competition among the less highly trained men.
Further gains in employment are to be expected
over the long run in engineering and related sci­
entific specialties, since studies of long-term em­
ployment trends indicate that these are among the
Nation’s fastest-growing occupations.
Another group of occupations in which the
mobilization program will create a sizable increase
in demand for workers are the skilled metal­
working occupations. Skilled workers such as tool
and die makers, machinists, and molders will be in
great demand in the next 2 years. Nevertheless,
employers are cautious about taking on new
apprentices, whose training period usually lasts 4
years. There are several reasons for this— among
them, the fact that, with increased defense orders,
employers are primarily interested in immediate
production and do not wish to take the time to


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

681

carry on training programs, the relatively large
postwar programs of apprenticeship, and the un­
certain draft status of apprenticeship applicants
Young men who are exempt from military service
will have a fairly good chance of finding apprentice­
ship openings in the near future. As of mid-1950,
there were still about 10,000 apprentices a month
entering programs, although the number had been
dropping.
Railroad employment will also be favorably
affected. The trend, which had been downward
since the end of World War II, turned upward in
June. Defense activity will probably not lead to
expansion in all railroad occupations, however.
For example, the number of boilermakers em­
ployed probably will continue to decline, as the
railroads replace more and more steam locomotives
with Diesel electrics.
In addition to occupations which will increase
in size as the result of defense activities, there
are large numbers in which employment will stay
near present levels but which will provide a grow­
ing number of job openings in the next several
years, owing to a higher rate of turn-over. For
the most part, these are occupations in which
earnings are low relative to those in defense jobs—
for example, service station attendant, hotel
bellman, and waiter. In a tight labor market,
many workers in such occupations leave to take
better-paying jobs. Because of this and of the
withdrawal of men for service in the armed forces,
there will be unusually large numbers of vacancies.
In clerical occupations likewise, it will be rela­
tively easy to get jobs in the near future. The
strong competition for employment which existed
in many clerical occupations in the first half of
1950 is being quickly reduced. Employers are
again faced with the problem of high turn-over
rates, as relatively low-paid office workers move
into better-paying war production and Govern­
ment jobs. Since the defense program is still in
its initial stages, further increases in the numbers
of withdrawals from clerical jobs and in the
demand for new workers are to be expected.
— H e l e n W ood
B ranch of Occupational Outlook
1
F or a general discussion of the relation of the mobilization program to
the over-all manpower situation, see Labor-Supply Aspects of Mobilization,
in M onthly Labor Review, November 1950 (p. 564).

682

FEDERAL HOUSING POLICY

Federal Housing Policy
Developments, 1932-50
T h e F e d e r a l G o v e r n m e n t ’ s a c t iv it ie s in the
housing field before, during, and after World War
II , to meet temporary crises gradually, laid the
basis for a national housing policy which by 1950
had established a practical relationship between
industry and government and defined as a national
objective the realization of a decent home for
every American family. The development of
these Federal activities, summarized below, is
traced in a study 1 made by the Housing and
Home Finance Agency.

Evolution of Housing Policy
The years from 1932 to 1949 led to many
revisions in the administrative, fiscal, and eco­
nomic aspects of Federal housing activities. This
experimentation culminated in the Housing Act of
1949, which, for the first time, established a
national housing policy. The objective of suitable
housing for every American family, the declara­
tion stated, is to be attained primarily by en­
couraging and assisting private enterprise. Direct
Federal aid is to be provided only when private
enterprise cannot meet current housing needs.
Prewar P eriod (1932-87). During the prewar
period, Federal housing activity was largely
dominated by a depression which almost brought
residential construction to a halt. The first of a
series of measures to stimulate the flow of savings
into home building in order to encourage recovery
of the construction industry was the enactment of
the Federal Home Loan Bank Act of 1932. A
Home Owners’ Loan Corporation was temporarily
established in 1933 under the Federal Home Loan
Bank Board to relieve distressed home owners and
institutions holding home mortgages. I t offered
long-term loans, amortized by regular monthly
payments, at 5 and later at 4% percent interest.
This same legislation authorized the Federal
Home Loan Bank Board to charter and supervise
Federal savings and loan associations as a further
means of providing new credit facilities. The
National Housing Act of 1934 created two other
agencies to encourage the flow of savings into
home finance institutions: (1) The Federal Savings

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MONTHLY LABOR

and Loan Insurance Corporation to insure savings
up to $5,000 per investor in savings and loan
institutions; and (2) The Federal Housing Admin­
istration to insure small unsecured loans for home
modernization and to provide mortgage insurance
for small homes and rental housing projects. The
latter activity of the FHA led to the use of liberal
single-mortgage financing of homes at 5 and later
at 4% percent interest.
The Housing Act of 1937 had the multiple object
of relieving unemployment, providing decent
housing for needy families, and assisting munici­
palities in the elimination of slums. I t established
a U. S. Housing Authority to administer a perma­
nent program of Federal financial assistance in the
development and operation of low-rent public
housing projects owned and operated by local
public agencies.
Public housing programs launched under various
emergency relief acts during this period, however,
were small and experimental.
Defense and War Period (1938-45). The defense
and war period focused attention on housing short­
ages in war production areas. In June 1940,
Congress authorized the U. S. Housing Authority
to construct housing projects for defense workers.
These were to revert to low-rent use at the end of
the emergency. The Army and Navy were shortly
thereafter allowed to construct up to $100 million
of emergency housing for defense workers and
military personnel.
The mortgage insuring
authority of the FHA was enlarged in March
1941 to give builders and home-financing institu­
tions added protection against wartime risks.
As the wartime housing activities of the Federal
Government grew, the need for a coordinating
agency became imperative. On February 24,
1942, a National Housing Agency was created
which consolidated in three constituent agencies
most of the nonfarm housing functions of the
Federal Government. These agencies included
(1) the Federal Home Loan Bank Administration,
which absorbed the functions and agencies of the
Federal Home Loan Bank Board; (2) the Federal
Housing Administration, which continued its
permanent and emergency credit insurance func­
tions; and (3) the Federal Public Housing Author­
ity, to which were transferred the functions of the
U. S. Housing Authority and other public housing
functions from nine other agencies.

REVIEW , DECEMBER 1950

FEDERAL HOUSING POLICY

Under the war housing program, about 2 million
dwelling units were provided through new con­
struction and conversion of existing structures.
Nearly half of these units were built by direct
public financing.
Postwar P eriod (1945-50). The Nation faced
another housing crisis at the end of World War II.
Many communities could not accommodate re­
turning servicemen because of the low rate of
building activity during the depression and war
years. Consequently, much of the housing legis­
lation of the early postwar period dealt with the
problems of the discharged servicemen. Special
recognition had already been accorded veterans in
the Servicemen’s Readjustment Act of 1944, which
provided for the guarantee of private credit ex­
tended to veterans for the purchase of homes and
for other purposes. The basic wartime public
housing law, the Lanham Act, was extended in
December 1945 to provide temporary housing for
veterans and their families through the conversion
of wartime structures. About 260,000 accommo­
dations were provided under this program.
The Veterans’ Emergency Housing Act of 1946
was enacted in M ay 1946 to encourage private
construction for rental or sale to veterans. It
liberalized the wartime insurance of mortgages by
the FHA.
At the recommendation of several Congressional
committees which concluded housing studies after
World War II , major steps were gradually taken
to coordinate Federal housing policy and opera­
tions. In Ju ly 1947, the temporary National
Housing Agency was replaced by a permanent
Housing and Home Finance Agency. The latter
was charged with the supervision of three constit­
uent agencies: the Home Loan Bank Board, the
Federal Housing Administration, and the Public
Housing Administration. This brought the prin­
cipal nonfarm housing functions of the Federal
Government under the supervision of a single
administrator. Federal financial aids to encourage
private, prefabricated, and cooperative housing
were revised and reoriented by the Housing Act
of 1948.
The declaration of national housing policy,
already referred to, was adopted by Congress in
Ju ly 1949, through the enactment of the Housing
Act of 1949. This declaration marked the cul­

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683

mination of almost 18 years of Federal activity in
the housing field.
The Housing Act of 1949 also authorized direct
financial assistance to local communities for the
clearance of slums and for low-income housing,
and established a program of Federal financial
assistance for the improvement of farm housing.
The Housing Act of 1950 primarily expanded exist­
ing Federal aids to housing. I t liberalized FHA
mortgage insurance for housing cooperatives and
low-priced housing.
Midcentury Achievements
The improvement of housing conditions, the
report asserts, had become accepted as a national
responsibility by 1950. This policy was gradually
implemented during the period 1932-50, primarily
by improving and expanding credit facilities for
private industry and home buyers. Between
1935 and the first months of 1950, FHA insured
more than $20 billion in housing loans; by 1950,
more than a third of all new nonfarm dwellings
were started under FHA inspection for mortgageinsurance purposes.
The Federal Home Loan Bank System advanced
about $3 billion in its 18 years of existence to
home-financing institutions. The Home Owners
Loan Corporation, which refinanced more than
1 million home loans from 1933 through 1936, was
nearing liquidation in 1950, reportedly without loss
of Federal funds. Over 1.5 million loans, totaling
more than $9 billion, were guaranteed by the Vet­
erans Administration between 1944 and the early
months of 1950.
Direct Federal assistance to local communities
to remove slum conditions and to house low-income
families is a recent development. B y M ay 1950,
about 600 towns and cities had already applied
under the Housing Act of 1949 for low-rent public
housing assistance to build 425,000 dwellings;
another 90 communities were to receive $125
million in Federal grants for slum clearance proj­
ects to be started by July 1, 1951. Federal
grants-in-aid to local governments to enable them
to develop plans for needed local public works
totaled $13.4 million on June 30, 1950. This sum
represented the Federal Government’s share in
749 projects to cost an estimated $477.2 million.
1
Evolution of Federal Housing Activities in the United States. Housing
and Home Finance Agency, Office of the Administrator, Washington, D. C .,
September 1950.

684

WAGES: PHILADELPHIA AND SAN FRANCISCO

Occupational Wages in
Philadelphia and San Francisco1
W a g e and s a l a e y l e v e l s in San Francisco, with
some exceptions among individual industries and
occupations, tended to exceed those in Philadel­
phia in early 1950. This conclusion is based on
the results of the first community wage surveys
made by the U. S. Labor Department’s Bureau of
Labor Statistics in these important E ast and West
Coast cities.
The generally higher pay level in San Francisco
was accompanied by less variation in individual
rates paid in the jobs and industries studied.
The greater dispersion of hourly earnings in Phila­
delphia was particularly apparent among jobs
characteristic of individual industries in manu­
facturing, trade, and service. These intercity
differences in the degree of rate dispersion are
believed to reflect, at least in part, a basic difference
in the manner in which wage rates are established
and adjusted.
The great majority of industrial workers in the
Philadelphia and San Francisco Bay areas are
employed under terms of agreements with labor
unions.3 Although exceptions are found in some
Philadelphia industries, agreements are typically
negotiated by the union (or unions) in an industry
with individual employers. This traditional prac­
tice, usual in the greater part of the country, can
result in a multiplicity of rates for a particular job
in an industry and area. In contrast, employers
in the San Francisco area usually bargain through
an association of employers in the same industry
or a confederation that unites various industry
associations as well as individual employers.
According to a recent estimate, three-fourths of
the employees covered by labor contracts in San
Francisco work under terms of master agreements
negotiated between employer groups and unions.3
Area-wide bargaining within an industry or
broader grouping of establishments tends to
result in greater uniformity of job rates than in­
dividual plant bargaining. However, area bar­
gaining does not in any sense produce complete
uniformity in wage rates among individual workers
in particular occupations, even where the structure
of contract rates is uniform from plant to plant.
Contract rates are essentially minimum rates, and


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MONTHLY LABOR

individual workers may receive rates above the
negotiated scales for a variety of reasons, such as
merit, length of service, special qualifications, and
the like. Variations in “earned rates” (straighttime average hourly earnings) under incentive pay
systems are, of course, usual. In this article,
average earnings reflect actual rates paid to
individual workers and straight-time hourly earn­
ings of workers employed under incentive systems
of wage payment.
A high degree of inter-industry transferability
of job knowledge and skills is characteristic of
many jobs, particularly in office, maintenance,
custodial, warehousing, and shipping work. B e­
cause much of the interest in pay rates for such
jobs tends to be on a labor-market rather than an
industry basis, the Bureau in these studies has
utilized cross-industry methods of sampling to
study wages in selected occupations related to
these functions. In addition, data were also ob­
tained on earnings or contract rates for selected
occupations characteristic of particular, important,
local industries.4
Categories of occupations characteristically
found in a variety of industries are first reviewed
below. Community-wide wage data for these jobs
provide a basis for establishing the general level
of wages in a city. Wages in selected industries
are then presented for the additional light they
throw on community wage levels and intercity
differences.
Cross-Industry Occupations
Office-worker occupational categories surveyed,
measured in terms of training and experience
involved, range from office girl or clerk assigned
to routine filing work to bookkeeper. Data for
technical, professional, and administrative positions
are omitted from the study. Since men custom­
arily occupy more of these positions than women
the survey data are more representative of salaries
of office women than of men.
Women general stenographers, the largest occu­
pational group in office work, averaged $41 in
Philadelphia and $51.50 in the San Francisco area
in early 1950 (table 1). These job rates were
roughly at mid-points of the ranges between aver­
age salaries paid in the office girl and bookkeeper
jobs. Reference to the estimated employment in
the occupations studied indicated that the occupa-

REV IEW , DECEMBER 1950

tional categories in which the average salary ex­
ceeded the general stenographer level were few,
accounting as a group for a small proportion of the
women workers surveyed. Salaries in routine
jobs were about the same for men and women in
both areas. In jobs involving a substantial amount
of training or experience, however, men in both
areas held a salary advantage over women that
usually amounted to $10 or more a week.
T a b l e 1. — Average

weekly salaries 1 in selected office occu­
pations in the Philadelphia and San Francisco-Oakland
areas, early 1950
Philadelphia,
M ay 1950
Sex, occupation, and grade

Num ­
ber of
work­
ers

Aver­
age
weekly
salary

San FranciscoOakland Janu­
ary 1950
Num ­
ber of
work­
ers

Aver­
age
weekly
salary

M en

Bookkeepers, hand______
- ------------Clerks:
---------------------Accounting----------Order____________
- ..
--- --Payroll _________
- ------------- -Office boys------------ ------------- ------------------Tabulating-machine operators --------------

446

$65. 00

290

$72.00

1,292
687
289
892
310

55. 00
52. 00
57.50
33. 00
52.00

1,285
927
203
651
232

60. 50
64. 50
64. 50
39.00
64. 00

649
275
693

41.00
38. 50
53.00

801
237
461

47.00
48.00
62.00

485
1,663

42.50
37.00

157
1,366

58.00
48.50

1,232
222

41.50
39. 50

1,322
138

50. 50
48.00

2,921
569
2,820
775
1,174
4, 285
199
1,039
444
5,665
372
1,284
1,041
465
648
611
2,639

40.00
41.00
32.00
41.00
43.50
35.50
36.50
39. 50
32. 00
41.00
47.50
41.00
39.00
48. 00
39.00
43. 00
34. 50

2,330
368
1,498
335
757
2,873
211
680
436
4,831
469
1,051
1,014
118
498
833
1,418

50.50
48.00
39.50
50.50
52.00
44. 50
45.00
48. 00
41. 50
51.50
54. 50
46.00
46.00
59. 50
50.00
48. 50
43. 50

W om en

Billers, machine:
Billing machine_____________________
Bookkeeping m achine. _____ ______
Bookkeepers, hand------- ----------------- —
Bookkeeping-machine operators:
Class A_ __________ ____ _ _____ -Class B ___ _________________________
Calculating-machine operators:
Comptometer t y p e ------------------------Other than Comptometer type.........
Clerks:
Accounting---------------- -------------------File, class A . ___________________
File, class B . . . . . . -------------------Order-------------------- ------------------------Payroll ------------------------------ -Clerk-typists _________________________
Duplicating-machine operators--------- . . .
Key-punch operators. -------- --- ------------Office girls________________ ____________
Stenographers, general__________________
Stenographers, technical________________
Switchboard operators_________________
Switchboard operator-receptionists--------Tabulating-machine operators— ---------Transcribing-machine operators, general..
Typists, class A ___________________ ____
T ypists, class B ____________ ______ _____

i D ata relate to salaries for the normal workweek, excluding overtime pay
and nonproduetion bonuses, but including any incentive earnings.

In both areas, earnings were highest in manu­
facturing industries and in the transportation,
communication, and other public utilities group.
Lower salaries in some of the nonmanufacturing
groups were at least partly offset by average
weekly hours that were below the area level.
These inter-industry differences in pay levels,
together with differences among establishments in
the same industry and within individual offices,

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685

WAGES: PHILADELPHIA AND SAN FRANCISCO

account for the dispersion of rates noted within
jobs. Among Philadelphia stenographers, about
half were paid between $35 and $45 and fourfifths were accounted for in a $20 range ($30-$50).
In San Francisco, three-fifths of the general
stenographers were grouped at the $45-$55 level
and nine-tenths were paid between $40 and $60.
The degree of dispersion was least in beginninglevel jobs and greatest in the higher-paid men’s
jobs.
Office workers in San Francisco were among
the highest paid in the United States in early
1950. In Philadelphia they were on a par with
Atlanta, Indianapolis, and Memphis but below
salary levels reported for Chicago, Detroit, New
York, and West Coast cities.5
Based on the all-industry averages for workers
in the custodial and major maintenance crafts the
cents-per-hour skill differential for men was about
the same in both cities (table 2). A comparison
of average pay rates in the various maintenance
crafts with the averages for all helpers to main­
tenance craftsmen indicated a narrower differential
for the Philadelphia area.
Because of variations in pay levels among the
industry divisions studied, job relationships based
2 . — Average hourly earnings1 in selected plant
occupations in the Philadelphia and San FranciscoOakland areas, early 1950

T a ble

Philadelphia,
M ay 1950
Occupation and s e x 2

San FranciscoOakland
January 1950

Aver­ N um ­ Aver­
Num ­
age 1
age 1
ber of hourly ber of hourly
workers earnings workers earnings

Maintenance and power:
1,144
Carpenters__________________________ Electricians-. ------------------------------------ 1,339
Engineers, stationary--------------------------- 1,216
1,121
Firemen, stationary boiler------------------2, 577
Helpers, trades-----------------------------------1,278
Machinists------------ ---------------------------1,124
Maintenance men, general utility-------1,851
M ech an ics------------- -------------------------524
Millwrights___________ _____ ________ _
511
O ilers________________________________
856
Painters______________ _____ _________
834
Pipe fitters-----------------------------------------Custodial, warehousing, and trucking:
5, 841
Janitors, porters, and cleaners-------------Janitors, porters, and cleaners (women)- 2,787
Order fillers_____________ - - - ------------- 2,326
2,471
Packers _ --------- ------------------------------Stock handlers and truckers, h a n d .----- 13,024
Truck drivers:
1,586
Light (under 1 f t tons)---------------------2,426
Medium (1 f t to and including 4 tons).
H eavy (over 4 tons, trailer ty p e)------- 1,168
1,112
Truckers, power (fork lift)------------------388
Truckers, power (other than fork lift) __
2,348
W atchm en............ ——— ............. - .............

$1.80
1.72
1.60
1.31
1.43
1.68
1.42
1.72
1.64
1.31
1.56
1.79

379
590
462
197
1,763
1,211
454
977
49
198
263
283

$1.98
1. 97
1.77
1. 64
1. 53
1. 91
1.82
1. 79
1.88
1. 51
1.87
1.92

1.04
.85
1.20
1.19
1.32

5,056
903
2,273
892
4, 711

1.24
1.00
1. 52
1.49
1. 51

1.41
1.50
1.51
1.24
1.31
1.03

1,362
2,089
410
617
143
1,095

1. 74
1. /5
1. 86
1. 54
1.51
1.29

1 Excludes premium pay for overtime and night work.
2 D ata relate to men workers except where otherwise indicated.

686

WAGES: PHILADELPHIA AND SAN FRANCISCO

on area-wide averages could differ widely from the
typical relationship in individual establishments
or industries. In both areas, average pay scales
for carpenters, electricians, machinists, oilers,
order fillers, and stock handlers and hand truckers
employed in nonmanufacturing industries ex­
ceeded manufacturing rates. Trade helpers, pow­
er-plant workers, painters, and custodial workers
averaged higher pay in the manufacturing division.
The differences in manufacturing and nonmanu­
facturing pay levels exceeded 5 cents in nearly
all jobs.
Individual rates recorded in San Francisco,
particularly among the maintenance crafts, were
much less widely dispersed than in Philadelphia.
In the San Francisco area, six of seven main­
tenance machinists were grouped in the 20-cent
3 . — Average hourly earnings 1 for characteristic
occupations in selected industries in the Philadelphia
and San Francisco-0akland areas, early 1950 2

T a ble

Philadelphia
Industry, occupation, and sex 3

Machinery manufacture:
Assemblers, class A_ _ _______ ______
Assemblers, class B__ . . . _ ____
Assemblers, class O ______ _________
Engine-lathe operators, class A ________
Engine-lathe operators, class B
Grinding-machine operators, class A __
Grinding-machine operators, class B
Inspectors, class A _______ _____ _
Machinists, production. _ . . .
Tool and die makers (other than jobbing shop) _ . ____________ .
Welders, hand, class A ____ .
Foundries (ferrous):
Chippers and grinders__________ .
Coremakers, hand__________
Molders, flo o r_______
Molders, machine. ________
Patternm akers, wood___ __
Shake-out m en.......... _.
Paint and varnish manufacture:
Labelers and packers______
Mixers .
. . .
Technicians___ ____
T inters__________________
Varnish makers____
Auto repair service:
Body repairmen, m etal_____
Greasers___ ________
Mechanics, automotive, class A
Washers, automobile________ .
Power laundries:
Extractor o p e ra to rs____
Finishers, flatwork, machine (women)
Markers (women) . . . ____
Pressers, machine, shirts (women)
Washers, machine________

San FranciscoOakland

Aver­
Aver­
N um ­
age
N um ­
age
ber of hourly ber of hourly
workers earn­ workers earn­
ings
ings

532
862
338
311
212
91
393
131
363

$1.63
1.49
1.44
1.80
1.52
1.62
1. 58
1. 77
1.61

336
231
102
129
34
33
23
95
554

$1. 74
1. 50
1.40
1. 76
1. 55
1.74
1. 56
1. 74
1. 75

460
149

1.77
1.83

163
224

2.14
1.89

306
136
201
118
58
90

1.47
1.92
1. 70
1.78
1.92
1.29

167
174
220
89
38
140

1. 53
1.84
1.85
1.84
2.27
1.46

110
132
56
58
32

1. 23
1.35
1.19
1.54
1.61

74
132
39
47
44

1. 56
1. 59
1. 72
1. 77
1. 76

494
396
1,635
549

1.69
.89
1.60
.92

705
378
2,086
236

2.10
1. 51
1. 95
1.48

95
744
237
680
109

.83
. 66
.73
.79
1.08

53
534
99
202
65

1.35
. 99
1.17
1.09
1.42

1 Excludes premium pay for overtime and night work.
2 D ata for machinery manufacturing relate to November 1949 in Phila­
delphia and January 1950 in the _San Francisco area; data for the other
mdustries in Philadelphia, foundries, and the paint and varnish industry
m San Francisco relate to pay periods in April-July 1950; auto repair service
in San Francisco was surveyed in January 1950 and power laundry data for
this area relate to June 1949 but a follow-up check indicated that no general
wage adjustments had occurred between that date and January 1950.
3 D ata relate to men workers except where otherwise indicated.


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MONTHLY LABOR

range $1.80-$2.00. The same proportion of
machinists in the Philadelphia area fell within
the $1.40-$ 1.90 bracket.
Characteristic Industry Occupations
The wage yardstick provided by earnings data
for custodial workers and maintenance craftsmen
can be used in evaluating the earnings position of
workers in individual industries and occupations.
That these wage relationships differ from one
community to another is illustrated by the limited
presentation, in table 3, of hourly earnings in
characteristic jobs in five selected manufacturing
and service industries. In all these industries,
San Francisco rates appeared to be in close align­
ment with community wage levels; averages for
tool and die makers in machinery manufacture
($2.14) and wood patternmakers in ferrous found­
ries ($2.27) were, as usual, higher than mainte­
nance job rates. The tendency for occupational
averages to cluster was especially noticeable in
San Francisco. Averages for class A assemblers,
inspectors, and machine-tool operators in machin­
ery plants, for example, were grouped around
$ 1.75 an hour. Similarly, coremakers and molders
had nearly identical averages. Nearly all of the
workers in these occupations were concentrated at
the same rate, reflecting only minor departures
from the minimum rates negotiated between em­
ployers and unions.
A review of the data compiled on an industrylocality basis in recent years indicates that the
greater variation in pay levels among Philadel­
phia industries is more typical of the Nation’s
cities. Individual earnings were also widely dis­
persed, reflecting in part the use of production
incentives by a minority of the establishments in
the machinery and foundry industries.
Seasonality of employment and the use of
incentive methods of wage payment are among
the various factors that may exert an unusual
influence on hourly earnings.
To illustrate,
sewing-machine operators employed on the single­
hand system of producing women’s coats and suits
in Philadelphia averaged $2.41 an hour in Sep­
tember 1949, as compared with $2.10 in San
Francisco. This job was performed by men in
Philadelphia and almost entirely by women in
San Francisco. Machine pressers (men) averaged
$3.11 in Philadelphia and $2.95 in San Francisco.

REV IEW , DECEMBER 1950

CONSTRUCTION EMPLOYMENT POLICY

Union Wage Rates
Minimum wage rates negotiated for the major
building trades in Philadelphia generally exceeded
the San Francisco scales, although the latter area
had a higher minimum for building laborers. As
of Ju ly 1950, the union scale for construction
carpenters was $2,525 in Philadelphia and $2,225
in San Francisco. Bricklayers, among the high­
est paid construction workers, had a minimum
rate of $3.25 in Philadelphia, 25 cents above the
agreed-upon rate in the San Francisco Bay area.
The rate for building laborers was $1,475 in
Philadelphia and $1.55 in San Francisco.6
Local transit operating employees negotiate
wage scales that provide for varying rates accord­
ing to type of equipment, local area of operation,
and length of service.
The union scales for
operators and conductors with a year of service
in both cities were on the general level indicated
for building laborers in these areas.
The printing industries are among the compara­
tively few in which many workers had wage scales
exceeding $2 an hour. Day-work rates in Phila­
delphia newspaper establishments were $2,266 for
stereo typers and pressmen (web presses), $2.40
for hand compositors, and $2,693 for photoen­
gravers; rates in San Francisco were approxi­
mately 20 cents higher in these trades. Bindery
women employed in the book and job printing
industry had rates of $1 and $1.48, respectively,
in Philadelphia and San Francisco.
Union scales for bakery workers, malt liquor
workers, and motortruck drivers and helpers also
were higher in the San Francisco area. The basic
rates for longshoremen in these major ports were
$1.88 in Philadelphia and $1.82 in San Francisco.

687

Defense Department’s Construction
Employment Policy
A policy statement, recently issued by the
Secretary of Defense, governs the procurement of
services for the maintenance, repair, alteration,
and new construction of real property.1 This
statement covering Defense Department real
property in the continental United States indi­
cates the limitations on the use of civilian and
military personnel, and in the military between
construction units and other personnel. For the
purposes of the Department of Defense, new
construction, which is explicitly and separately
dealt with, is defined as “ the erection or assembly
of a facility built separate and apart from an
existing facility, from fabricated, processed, or
raw materials or parts.”
Use of Civilian Personnel
The primary function of regular civil-service
maintenance forces is stated to be maintenance
and repair incident to maintenance. The work­
ing force at each activity may not exceed the
volume needed for this purpose. Moreover, these
maintenance forces may not be used on new con­
struction, alteration, or repair that is not incident
to maintenance unless (1) the work is minor; (2)
it is impractical to prepare plans and specifications ;
(3) security clearances to obtain contractor per­
sonnel introduces unacceptable delays; or (4)
the work must be performed intermittently to
avoid disrupting important operations.
A regular civil-service work force so employed
must be paid the regular locality wage rates, as

— Toivo P. K anninen
Division of Wage Statistics
' D ata were collected from 430 establishments in the Philadelphia area and
424 establishments in the San Francisco-Oakland area. Similar studies were
conducted in Denver (November 1949) and Buffalo (January 1950). Further
detail on salaries, work schedules, and supplementary benefits is available
in individual bulletins for each of the 4 cities.
A report on pilot studies conducted in 6 smaller cities during 1949 appears
in C om m unity Approach to Wage Studies in the October 1949 M onthly
Labor Review.
2 About 95 percent of the plant workers in the San Francisco area and 75
percent of the plant workers in the Philadelphia area, in industry divisions
studied, were employed in establishments having written agreements with
labor unions. Union-agreement coverage of office workers was estimated to
be 1 of 8 in San Francisco and 1 of 5 in Philadelphia.
3 M ultiple-Employer Bargaining: The San Francisco Experience by Clark


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

Kerr and Lloyd H . Fisher, Reprint No. 7, Institute of Industrial Relations,
University of California, Berkeley.
> Office, maintenance, custodial, warehousing, and trucking jobs reported
in tables 1 and 2 were studied in establishments having more than 100 workers
in manufacturing, retail trade, and transportation, communication, and other
public utilities, and in establishments with more than 20 workers in whole­
sale trade, finance, insurance, real estate, and service industries; among in­
dustries in which characteristic jobs were studied, the minimum size of estab­
lishment surveyed ranged from 5 workers in the auto repair industry to 21
in metalworking. Smaller establishments were omitted because employment
in the occupations studied was insufficient to warrant their inclusion in the
survey.
Uniform job descriptions were used in classifying workers by occupation.
3
Office Salaries: Intercity Differences, Early 1950, November 1950 M onthly
Labor Review.
6
Union wage rates varied to some extent among the cities and counties
covered in the 2 areas; rates quoted are for the central city only.

©88

WAGE CHRONOLOGY— ALUMIN ÜM

determined by the wage-fixing authorities of the
military departments. This requirement holds,
regardless of the type of work the employees are
assigned to perform. All temporary civil-service
employees in the building-trade occupations who
are hired in order to complete a specific work
project must be paid prevailing construction rates.
According to the policy laid down, the primary
objective of military construction units (for
example, Army Engineer troops) is to construct,
rehabilitate, expand, and maintain overseas mili­
tary bases and related facilities supporting the
Nation’s military forces in time of war or emer­
gency. In peacetime they may be used only on
new construction, alteration, repair, or mainte­
nance programs that will attain and maintain
technical unit proficiency, or on projects restricted
by security. When a military construction unit
is to be used, it must be kept intact, and the
project must clearly contribute to its training.
During an emergency such as fire, these units may
be utilized to provide essential facilities for the
protection of personnel and property.
Military personnel (other than organized mili­
tary construction units) is to be used on new con­
struction, alteration, repair, or maintenance under
more limited conditions. Such personnel may
perform maintenance and repair work incident
thereto when required for reasons of security,
discipline, or for training. When such work does
not conflict with their military duty requirements,
they may perform maintenance and repair work
in and around their barracks and recreational
areas. The policy also permits them to perform
new construction and alteration work on welfare
and recreational facilities for their own use, and
to perform grounds maintenance work under the
same circumstances. Such personnel may be used
on new construction, alteration, repair, and main­
tenance when the locality of the work is so isolated
that it is impracticable to obtain qualified civilians.
I t is specifically stated that the Department of
Defense does not intend to use enlisted personnel
in competition with civilian labor, where this
practicably can be avoided.
1
Information is from a memorandum by the Secretary of Defense to the
Secretaries of the M ilitary Departments and others on the subject: Policy
Governing Procurement of Services for the M aintenance, Repair, Altera­
tion, and New Construction of Real Property (C -5-50).


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MONTHLY LABOR

Wage Chronology No. 11:
Aluminum Co. of America, 1939-501
D uring the past 10 years the Aluminum Co. of
America has been a party to collective-bargaining
agreements with a number of AFL, CIO, and un­
affiliated unions. The major interplant agree­
ments, in terms of number of plants and workers
covered, involved the United Steelworkers of
America (CIO) and the International Council of
Aluminum Workers Unions (AFL). This chro­
nology traces the changes in wages rates and related
wage practices put into effect since 1939 in the
plants now covered by master agreements.
The National Council of Aluminum Workers,
now the International Council of Aluminum
Workers Unions, an organization of federal labor
unions affiliated directly with the American Feder­
ation of Labor, negotiated the first Alcoa collective
agreement in December 1936, covering employees
at 6 plants. Currently the council is composed of
6 federal labor unions. The most recent master
contract with the company applies to plants
located in East St. Louis, 111.; Lafayette, In d .;
Massena, N. Y .; Cressona, P a.; Chillicothe, Ohio;
and Davenport, Iowa. The last 2 plants came
under the agreement for the first time in 1949 and
1950, respectively.
Approximately 9,500 em­
ployees are covered by this agreement. The Van­
couver, Wash., plant, operating under a separate
A FL agreement, is not included in this chronology.
The Aluminum Workers of America (CIO),
organized in 1937, negotiated its first Alcoa agree­
ment, covering 4 plants, in November 1939. Dur­
ing the war years, the union acted as collective­
bargaining representative for employees in as
many as 20 plants. In 1944, it merged with the
United Steelworkers of America (C IO ). The most
recent agreement covers approximately 16,500
workers in plants located in Alcoa, Tenn.; Badin,
N. C .; Bauxite, Ark.; Bridgeport, Conn.; Detroit,
M ich.; Drury, Ark.; Edgewater, N. J . ; Mobile,
Ala.; New Kensington, P a.; and Richmond, Ind.
Although this chronology shows contract pro­
visions existing in 1939, those terms do not neces­
sarily indicate changes in prior conditions of em­
ployment. The provisions of supplementary
agreements made at the plant level are omitted.

REV IEW , DECEMBER 1950

WAGE CHRONOLOGY—ALUMINUM

The latest CIO agreement, effective December
7, 1949, exteuded the terms of the M ay 8, 1947,
master agreement to November 30, 1951. I t per­
mits either party to reopen negotiations regarding
wages and paid holidays during November 1950.
Provision is also made for the negotiation of a new
vacation plan for 1951. The A FL agreement can
also be terminated on November 30, 1951, and

689

provides for the reopening of wage negotiations
during November 1950. Negotiations on the
1951 vacation plan are to start not later than
November 1950. Provisions of the pension plan
are to remain unchanged until April 1, 1955. In
September 1950, prior to reopening negotiations,
the company offered, and both unions accepted, a
general wage increase of 10 percent.

A—General Wage Changes1

Plant, union,2 and date of change

General
wage
change
(increase
per hour)

Alcoa, Tenn. (USA-CIO) :
Nov. 1939___________
$ 0 . 02
July 1940__
. 08
Apr. 1 9 4 1 ..
3. 087
F e b .1 9 4 2 ..
. 03
Aug. 1943..
Feb. 1 9 4 6 ..
. 19
. 14
Apr. 19 4 7 ..
. 10- 16
June 1948 4
10 percent
Oct. 1950____________
Badin, N. C. (USA-CIO) :
Nov. 1939
. 02
*July 1940—
. 08
Apr. 1 9 4 1 ..
3. 091
Feb. 1 9 4 2 ..
. 03
Aug. 1943..
. 19
Feb. 19 4 6 ..
. 14
Apr. 19 4 7 ..
10-. 16
June 1948 4
10 percent
Oct. 1950____
Bauxite and Drury, Ark. (2mines) (USA-CIO) :
Nov. 1939___
. 02
July 1940____
. 08
*Apr. 1941____
5. 05
Sept. 1942___
. 19
F e b .1946____
. 14
Apr. 1947____
. 10-. 16
June 1948 4. . .
10 percent
Oct. 1950_________________
Bridgeport, Conn. (USA-CIO) :
Nov. 1939
. 02
July 1 9 4 0 . 08
Apr. 1 9 4 1 ..
. 03
June 1941..
. 06
*Sept. 1942.
. 19
Feb. 1 9 4 6 ..
. 12
Apr. 1 9 47..
10- 16
June 1948 4
Oct. 1950______________________________ 10 percent
Chillicothe, Ohio (A W U -A FL) :
*Apr. 1949__________________________________________
Oct. 1950______________________________ 10 percent
Cressona, Pa. (A W U -A FL) : 6
*Mar. 1943______________
. 19
Oct. 1 9 4 6 . 10
June 1947.
.
10-.
16
June 1948 4
10
percent
Oct. 1 9 50..
Davenport, Iowa (A W U-A FL) :
*Jan. 1950_________________
10 percent
Oct. 1950_________________


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Plant, union,2 and date of change

Detroit, Mich. (USA-CIO) :
Nov. 1939_____________________________
July 1940______________________________
Apr. 1941. _ _____
________ ______
Sept. 1942_____________________________
Feb. 1946 ___________________________
Apr. 1947. ____________ ______________
June 1948 4
Oct. 1950____ ________________________
East St. Louis, 111. (A W U -A FL) :
Nov. 1939_____________________________
Nov. 1940_____________________ _______
May 1941. ________________ ________ __
Sept. 1942 ___________________________
Nov. 1945 . . _________________ ______
F e b .1946
.
Apr. 1947. ___________________________
June 1948
_____
__ ____
Jan. 1950______________________________
Oct. 1950______________________________
Edgewater, N. J. (USA-CIO) :
Nov. 1939____________ _______ _______
Apr. 1941
.
. . .
___ __
Sept. 1942 __________ ______ ________
Feb. 1946 _____ ___________________
Apr. 1947_________
_________________
June 1948 4
Oct. 1950
.
. . .
_ _
. _ _
Lafayette, Ind. (A W U -A FL) :
*Oct. 1942
Nov. 1945_____________________ _______
Feb. 1946_________________ __________
Apr. 1947 _________________ _________
June 1948 4 _
_
Oct. 1950
___
Massena, N. Y . (A W U -A FL) :
Nov. 1939
. _ . _ .
July 1940
_
. . .
..
MaV 1941
. ..
Sept. 1942
F e b .1946
Apr. 1947
June 1948 4
_ _
Oct. 1950
. . .
— . .
Mobile, Ala. (USA-CIO) : 10
Sept. 1942
.
. .. _
Feb. 1946
._ _.
Apr. 1947
. . .
June 1948
_
_
_
Oct. 1950______________________________

General
wage
change
(increase
per hour)

$0. 02
. 08
7. 06
. 19
. 12
. 10- 16
10 percent
. 0 2 - 05
8. 03
. 07
. 10
. 09
. 10
4. 1 0 - 16
9. 0 0 - 13
10 percent
. 08
. 05
. 19
. 12
. 10-. 16
10 percent
. 10
. 09
. 10
. 10-, 16
10 percent
. 02
. 08
. 05
. 19
. 10
. 10- 16
10 percent
. 0 3 - 13
. 19
. 14
4 . 10-, 16
10 percent

690

WAGE CHRONOLOGY—ALUMINUM

Plant, union,2 and date of change

New Kensington, Pa. (U SA -C IO ):
Nov. 1939
July 1940____________________
Apr. 1941____________________
Sept. 1942_____________________
Feb. 1946______________________
Apr. 1947________________________

General
wage
change
(increase
per hour)

$0.
.
.
.
.

02
08
05
19
12

1 General wage changes are construed as upward or downward adjustments
affecting an entire establishment, bargaining unit, or plant at one time.
They do not include adjustments in individual rates (promotions, merit
increases, etc.) and minor adjustments in wage structure having no imme­
diate effect on the general wage level.
The changes listed above are the major adjustments in wage rates made
during the period covered. Because of fluctuations in earnings created by
incentive systems and other factors, the total of the general changes listed
will not necessarily coincide with the changes in straight-time average hourly
earnings over the period.
2 Union representation in 1950. F or plants coming under the terms of the
union agreements after 1939, an asterisk indicates the date of earliest coverage.
Changes put into effect prior to such coverage are shown only if this informa­
tion was readily available.
3 Average.

MONTHLY LABOR

Plant, union,2 and date of change

New Kensington, Pa.— Continued
June 1948 4
Oct. 1950__
Richmond, Ind. (U SA -C IO ):
*Aug. 1947_ _
June 1948 4_ _
Oct. 1950____
4 I n c r e a s e s w e re a s fo llo w s:

Current rate

General
wage
change
(increase
per hour)

$0. 10- 16
10 percent
. 10-, 16
10 percent
Amount
o f increase

Up to $1.04------------------------------------------------------------------ io cents
1.05 to 1.14------------------------------------------------------------------- i i cents
1.15 to 1.24------------------------------------------------------------------- 12 cents
1.25 to 1.34------------------------------------------------------------------- 13 cents
1.35 to 1.44--------------------------------------14 cents
1.45 to 1.54--------------------------- ---------------------_---------- ------15 cents
1.55 and over--------------------------------------------------- ----------- 16 cents
Averaged over-all plants, the increase amounted to approximately 12 cents
an hour.
5 Plus inequity increases of 3 to 5 cents.
s Represented by USA-CIO prior to 1946.
7 8 cents an hour increase in hiring rate, 10 cents in common labor rate;
progression period from hiring to job rate decreased from 4 weeks to 1 week.
8 6 cents an hour increase to mechanics.
9 Average increase—5 cents an hour.
10 Represented by A W U -A F L prior to 1945.

B —Related Wage P ractices1
Effective date

Provisions

Applications, exceptions, and other
related matters

Shift Premium Pay
June 1941 to Sept. 1942. 3 cents an hour for 2d shift; 5 cents an hour for
( A W U - A F L a nd
3d shift.2
USA-CIO)

May 1, 1944____
(A W 'U-A F L a n d
USA-CIO)

Changed to: 4 cents an hour for 2d shift; 6 cents
an hour for 3d shift.

Overtime Pay
Apr. 13, 1939_________ ]
(A W U-A FL)
I Time and one-half for work in excess of 8 hours
Nov. 11, 1939--------------[ a day or 40 hours a week.3
(USA-CIO)
J


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

Applicable only to Detroit, Mich.; Bridge­
port, Conn.; and New Kensington,
Pa.,
plants.
Extended
to
Edgewater, N. J .; Alcoa, Tenn.; Badin, N, C.;
and Bauxite, Ark., plants by directive
orders of National War Labor Board,
Feb. 10, 1942, and Aug. 18, 1942, and by
company order to all plants shortly
thereafter.
By directive order of NW LB, Mar. 23, 1945,
applicable to plants represented by USACIO. Change negotiated by A W U -A FL.

REV IEW , DECEMBER 1950

WAGE CHRONOLOGY—ALUMINUM
Applications, exceptions, and other
related matters

Provisions

Effective date

691

Premium Pay For Weekend Work
Apr. 13, 1939 4________
(A W U -A FL)
jTim e and one-half for Sunday work 3_ ______ _ /N o t applicable to employees engaged in
Nov. 11, 1939 4________
\ continuous process operations.
(USA-CIO)
May 20, 1945_________ Added: Double time for 7th consecutive day,
By directive order of N W LB, Mar. 23, 1945.
(A W U -A FL)
Applicable to all employees, including those
1 and time and one-half for 6th consecutive
June 6, 1945 _ _
on continuous process operations.
day.
(USA-CIO)

Holiday Pay
/’Holidays: New Year’s Day, Memorial Day,
Apr. 13, 1939___
Fourth of July, Labor Day, Thanksgiving
1Time and one-half for work on 6 specified holi(A W U -A FL)
< Day, and Christmas Day. Not applicable
Nov. 11, 1939_________ | days. No payment for holidays not worked.5
to employees engaged in continuous prec­
(USA-CIO)
is ess operations.
Holiday provisions made applicable to em> ployees engaged in continuous process
operations.

May 20, 1945
(A W U -A FL)
June 6 1945
(USA-CIO)
May 8 1947 _ ______
(A W U -A FL)

6 paid holidays established for which workers
with 3-months’ seniority receive 8-hours’
straight time pay. Double time (total) for
holidays worked.

Holidays same as above.

Reporting Time
Nov. 11, 1939 ________
( A W U - A F L a nd
USA-CIO)
Mar. 24, 1942_________
(A W U -A FL)
Nov. 1, 1942_______ _
(USÂ-CIO)
May 20, 1944 . _
(Â W Û -A FL)
June 6, 1945 _
_ _
(USA-CIO)
Apr. 9, 1947__________
(A W U -A FL)
May 8, 1947__________
(USA-CIO)

No provision for reporting time.

[

Minimum of 2 hours’ pay guaranteed to employees called to work or not properly notified
of lack of work.

(Not applicable when lack of work is the rej suit of a labor dispute.

|Minimum reporting time increased to 4 hours.
) Added: 8 hours’ pay guaranteed to employees
1 if put to work, except under conditions be[ yond control of company in which case 4
J hours’ pay guaranteed.

Employees refusing substitute work forfeit
right to 4 hours’ minimum, provided work
offered is within reasonable capacity of
individual.

Paid Vacations
Jan. 1, 1940
______
(A W U -A FL and
USA-CIO)

1 week’s pay for employees with 2, but less than
10 years’ service; 2 weeks for employees with
10 or more years’ service.

Jan. 1, 1942___________
(A W U -A FL and
USA-CIO)
Jan. 1, 1944 _________
(A W U -A FL and
USA-CIO)

Changed to: 1-week’s pay for employees with 2,
but less than 5-years’ service; 2-weeks’ pay
for employees with 5 or more years’ service.
Changed to: 1 week’s pay for employees with 1
but less than 5 years’ service; 2 weeks for
employees with 5 or more years’ service.

Jan. 1, 1947
____ (A W U -A FL and
USA-CIO)

Added: 3 weeks’ pay for employees with 25 or
more years’ service.

916 0 6 3 — 50 ----------- 3


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

1,200 hours of work during 52 weeks imme­
diately preceding vacation required to
establish eligibility. Pay based on aver­
age weekly earnings over 52 weeks prior
to vacation. (Vacation plan not included
in contract.)
Pay for each week to equal 40 hours’
straight-time pay averaged over 10 pay­
roll periods prior to vacation.
Pay for each week to equal average hours
worked (40 hours minimum, 48 hours
maximum) at straight-time pay averaged
over 10 pay periods prior to vacation.

692

WAGE CHRONOLOGY—ALUMINUM

Effective date

MONTHLY LABOR

Applications, exceptions, and other
related matters

Provisions

Sickness, Accident, and Death Ben efits 6

July 24, 1947_____
(A W U -A FL and
USA-CIO)

Dec. 28, 1949_____
(A W U -A FL and
USA-CIO)

'Company-paid benefits providing:
Sickness and accident— $15 a week for 13 weeks.
Sickness benefits start on 8th day, accident
benefits on 1st day.
Hospitalization— $5 a day.
Surgical— $150 maximum.
\Death— $1,000; $500 if after 65.
'Changed to:
Sickness and accident— $26 a week for 26 weeks.
Hospitalization— $8.50 a day for maximum of 31
days; maximum of $85 for special services.
Surgical— $225 maximum.
Death— $2,000 while employed; $1,500 after
, retirement.

Applicable to all active employees on pay­
roll with 90 days’ seniority.

Pensions
Jan. 1, 1944____
(AWU-AFL
USA-CIO)

Nov. 10, 1949..
(AWU-AFL)
Jan. 1, 1950__.
(USA-CIO)

an d

Noncontributory retirement plan established to
provide pensions to employees with at least 18
months’ service after effective date of plan, at
age 65. Annuity to equal M of 1 percent of
earnings under $3,000, plus 1}\ percent of earn­
ings over $3,000, times years of service. Max­
imum annuity not to exceed 45 percent of
earnings during 5 highest paid years.
Disability annuity: At 55 with 10 or more years’
service, as follows: (1) deferred annuity com­
mencing at 65, computed as a normal retire­
ment allowance, or (2) immediate annuity,
actuarially reduced.
New noncontributory retirement plan negotiated
to provide pensions to employees at 65 or older
after 15 years of continuous service. Minimum
pension: $100 a month, including Federal Old
Age Benefits and other public pensions to
employees retiring at age 65 or older with 25
years’ service. Employees aged 65 or older
with 15 years of continuous service to receive
minimum of $60 a month, including public
pension payments, or $60 plus $4 a month for
each year of service between 15 and 25.
Disability retirement:
CIO— $50 a month minimum, including so­
cial security and workmen’s compensation
benefits to employees permanently in­
capacitated after 15 years of continuous
service.
AFL-^-$50 a month minimum, exclusive of
social security and workmen’s compensa­
tion benefits, after 25 years’ service at age
55 or older.

1

The last item under each entry represents the most recent change.

> Certain groups of employees, in selected plants, received shift differentials

prior to 1942.
* Included in 1936 contract.
4
During the period covered by Executive Order 9240 (October 1, 1942, to
August 21,1945), practices relating to premium pay for week-end and holiday
work were modified where necessary to conform to that order.
1 1936 contract recognized Ju ly 4th, Thanksgiving Day, and Christmas D ay
as holidays for which time and a half would be paid employees working on
those days. Memorial D ay and Labor D ay were also recognized as premium
days at specific plants.


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Not included in contracts; established by
company.

Monthly pension to equal M2 of 1.18 percent
of total straight-time payments made to
employee during period of his continuous
service. Payments for service prior to 1943
computed at an annual rate based on 1943
earnings.

Applicable until employee reaches 65, at
which time pension is not to be less than
minimum for nondisabled pensioners.
Disability pension continues for life.

6 In addition to the provisions listed, dependents’ coverage and voluntary
group insurance plans are available to Alcoa workers. Costs are borne by
employees who participate.

—A lbert A. B elman
Division of Wage Statistics
1 F or purpose and scope of wage chronology series, see M onthly Labor
Review, December 1948. Reprints of this chronology are available upon
request.

EARNINGS IN FERROUS FOUNDRIES

REVIEW, DECEMBER 1950

Workers’ Earnings in
Ferrous Foundries, 19501
A verage earnings of coremakers and molders
in the summer of 1950 ranged from $1.50 to $2.03
an hour in 21 of 22 leading ferrous-foundry areas.
In Birmingham, Ala., hourly earnings of machine
molders averaged $1.21, while coremakers and
bench and floor molders averaged $1.15. The
level of earnings of workers in these occupations
in almost two-thirds of the other areas studied
was at least $1.70 an hour. Earnings of machine
molders were generally higher than those of hand
molders (bench and floor). This is attributed in
Straight-time hourly earnings 1for men in selected occupations
in ferrous foundries in 22 cities, summer 19502

C ity

Birmingham__________ ________
B oston._____ ____________ ______
Buffalo___________
_________
Chicago_____________ .
____
Cincinnati______________________
Cleveland_____________ ________
Denver _______________________
Detroit ___________ . . .
____
Hartford
____ .
__________
Houston . ____ _ _____ _____
Indianapolis____________________
Los Angeles_____ . __ ________
M ilw a u k e e ___ _______ ________
Minneapolis-St. Paul _________
Newark-Jersey C ity . _________
New Y ork
..
.
_______
Philadelphia. . .
. _________
Pittsburgh______ ____ __________
Portland, Oreg. ____ __________
St. Louis______________ ________
San Francisco___________________
Toledo ________________________

C ity

Birmingham _____________ ______
Boston _________________ ______
Buffalo____ ____________________
Chicago_________________________
Cincinnati________________ _____
Cleveland_____ _______________
D enver_______ _________________
D etroit________ _________ ______
H artford________________________
Houston _______________________
Indianapolis____________________
Los Angeles_____________________
Milwaukee
____ __________ .
Minneapolis-St. P au l___________
Newark-Jersey C ity ____________
New Y o rk __________ . ________
Philadelphia____________ ______
Pittsburgh_______ _____
_ .
Portland, Oreg . . . _________
St. Louis.......... . .
_________
San Francisco_____ . . .
_____
Toledo_________________________

Mold­
ers,
floor

Core­
makers,
hand

(3)
$1.26
1.4G
1. 51
1.39
1. 57
1.23
1.74
1.33
1.13
1.73
1.30
1. 66
1.40
1.22
1.29
1.47
1. 52
1. 50
1.62
1. 53
1.72

$1.15
1.67
1.70
1.76
1.74
1.86
1.54
1.95
1.50
1.57
1.60
1.71
1.82
1.61
1. 62
1.70
1.92
1.73
1.78
1.75
1.84
1.85

$1.15
1.67
1.65
1.76
1.70
1.83
1.53
1.92
1.83
1.62
1.72
1.76
1.83
1.61
1.71
1.73
1.70
1.69
1.77
1. 69
1.85
1. 76

$1.15
1.68
1.64
1.74
1.60
1. 76
(3)
1.90
1.70
(3)
1.62
1.64
1.66
1.61
1.72
1.72
1.68
1.61
1.76
1.73
1.85
1.61

Molders,
machine

Pattern­
makers,
wood

Shake­
out
men

Truckers,
hand

$1.21
1.65
1.93
1.73
1.81
1.81
1.53
1.95
1.86
(3)
1.97
1.91
1.91
1. 70
1.74
(3)
1.78
1. 66
1.78
1.78
1.84
2.03

(3)
(3)
$1.79
2.10
(3)
2.28
(3)
(3)
1.89
(3)
2.08
2.32
1.75
(3)
(3)
(3)
1.92
1.78
(3)
1.95
2. 27
(3)

1 Excludes premium pay for overtime and night work.
2 D ata for Buffalo relate to January 1950.
* Insufficient data to permit presentation of an average.


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Mold­
ers,
hand,
bench

Chippers
and
grinders

$1.04
1.30
1.44
1.37
1.36
1. 55
1.17
1.62
1.09
1.12
1.36
1.28
1.36
1.51
1.36
(3)
1.29
1.35
1.50
1.27
1.46
1.48

$0.98
(3)
(3)
1.25
(3)
1.17
(3)
1.38
(3)
(3)
1.11
(3)
1.17
1.38
1.14
(3)
1.19
(3)
1.40
1.15
1.39
(3)

693

part to incentive systems in machine molding—
a process which is widely used in production
foundries.
Wood-pattern makers were the highest paid
group among the occupations studied, hourly
earnings averaging from $1.75 an hour in M il­
waukee to $2.32 in Los Angeles. Wage levels
were in excess of $2 an hour in nearly half of the
areas for which data are presented for this occu­
pation.
Hand truckers in Birmingham averaged 98 cents
an hour and were the only group of workers whose
hourly earnings were less than $1. In the other
areas studied, this occupation was also the lowest
paid and wage levels ranged from $1.11 to $1.40
an hour.
Earnings of ferrous-foundry workers were high­
est in the Great Lakes region, which accounted
for half of the total employment in the areas
studied. Detroit was the leading area in five of
the eight selected occupations. The Pacific Coast
ranked next to the Great Lakes region and re­
corded the top levels in two occupations.
Comparisons of current earnings with those
reported in a similar study in June 1949 showed
that increases had occurred in most jobs. Area
averages in general increased between 1 and 5
percent.
Wage and Related Practices
Second-shift operations were reported in all
areas except Los Angeles and represented from 3
percent of the ferrous-foundry labor force in
Cincinnati and Hartford to 27 percent in Indian­
apolis. Third-shift work was found in 14 of the
22 areas studied, the crews ranging in size from
less than 1 percent of the ferrous-foundry employ­
ment in 4 areas to 7 percent in St. Louis. The
payment of differentials was a common practice,
some premium being received by a large majority
of late-shift workers in virtually all areas. The
most typical premium payment for night work
was 5 cents an hour. Both second- and thirdshift workers received differentials as high as 10
percent of day-work rates.
A scheduled workweek of 40 hours was most
prevalent in the industry. In Milwaukee, ferrous
foundries having two-fifths of the total employ­
ment had work schedules of 44 hours a week.

694

WAGE ADJUSTMENT PROVISIONS

Workweeks from 43 to 48 hours were also reported
in eight other areas and were applicable to groups
of workers representing from 5 to 36 percent of
the area labor force in ferrous foundries.
Paid holiday provisions were reported by estab­
lishments employing from half to all of the ferrousfoundry workers in all areas except Birmingham
and Pittsburgh. Six paid holidays a year was the
most widely established policy. Foundries em­
ploying about two-thirds of the workers in New
York City and all the workers in San Francisco
granted 7 paid holidays annually. Vacation with
pay was a common practice in all the areas studied.
Ferrous foundries generally provided for a paid
vacation of 1 week after a year’s service and 2
weeks after 5 years’ service.

MONTHLY LABOR

summer and autumn of 1950 for two reasons:
(1) to compensate workers for higher living costs,
and (2) to relieve employers’ fears of losing skilled
and other production workers during an expected
tight labor market. Such waivers of contract
rights are not reflected in this analysis which is
based on actual agreement provisions existing at
the time of the study.
General wage renegotiation plans are of two
broad types—permissive and automatic. The
permissive plans allow the negotiation of new
wage rates at any time or at stated intervals
during the life of the agreement. In some in­
stances, the reopening is permitted only when
significant changes have occurred in general
economic conditions, the cost of living, or in pre­
vailing wages in a locality or industry. The auto-

— C harles R ubenstein
Division of Wage Statistics
1

Distribution of wage adjustment provisions in collective
bargaining agreements

D a t a w e re c o lle c te d b y field r e p r e s e n ta t i v e s u n d e r th e d i r e c tio n o f th e

Percent of agreements
providing for—

B u r e a u ’s re g io n a l w a g e a n a l y s ts . M o r e d e ta ile d in f o r m a tio n o n w a g e s a n d
r e la t e d p r a c ti c e s in e a c h of th e s e le c te d a r e a s is a v a ila b le o n r e q u e s t .
T h e s t u d y in c lu d e d fe rro u s f o u n d rie s p r o d u c in g g r a y -ir o n , m a lle a b le -ir o n ,
a n d s te e l c a s tin g s a n d e m p lo y in g 21 o r m o r e w o r k e r s .

Method of
N um ­
adjustment
ber of
agree­
Wage
ments adjust­
Auto­
Wage
ment renego­
m atic
tiation or es­
calator
clause

A p p ro x im a te ly

67 ,0 0 0 w o r k e r s w e re e m p lo y e d in e s ta b lis h m e n ts of t h is siz e in t h e 2 2 a r e a s

Industry

s tu d ie d .

General Wage Adjustment
Provisions, 1950
Wage reopening provisions existed in slightly
more than half of a sample of 2,754 labor manage­
ment agreements analyzed by the U. S. Labor
Department’s Bureau of Labor Statistics in the
summer of 1950. During the term of the con­
tract, these provisions permit wage negotiation
or general wage adjustments at specified time
intervals or upon the occurrence of specified
economic changes.
Such general wage adjustment clauses— apply­
ing to all workers covered by the contract—are to
be distinguished from individual wage adjustments
to workers who qualify for merit, length-of-service,
or other pay increases under established wage
progression plans.
Also to be distinguished are non-contractual
reopenings or renegotiations. These occurred in
a number of significant agreements during the


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

2,754

55.1

52.7

2.4

M a n u fa c tu r in g .............................. .............

1,862

61.5

59.1

2.4

Textile mill products. __________________
Rubber pro d u cts.. ______________ . . . .
Electrical machinery______ ______
Apparel and other finished textile mill
products. ______________________________
Transportation equipment_______________
M achinery (except electrical)__ _____ _
Prim ary metal industries____ _ _________
Fabricated metal p ro d u c ts_____________
Petroleum and coal products______ ______
Professional, scientific, and controlling in­
strum ents___
_
_________ __.
Paper and allied products_______________
Lumber and timber basic products. ______
Chemicals and allied products........................
Leather and leather products_____________
Food and kindred products________ _ _ _.
Printing and publishing _ . . . ___________
Furniture and finished wood products____
Stone, clay, and glass products____ _______
Tobacco__ ____ ______________________ _
Miscellaneous manufacturing 1____________

176
30
75

88.1
86.7
82.7

85.8
86. 7
81.4

2.3

99
93
179
132
182
29

78.8
69.9
69.8
69.7
69.2
69.0

77.8
65.6
69.2
67.4
67.0
69.0

1.0
4.3
0.6
2.3
2.2

31
73
70
77
70
197
83
61
130
19
56

67.7
67. i
55.7
49.4
44.3
44.2
40.9
39.3
28.5
26.3
55.4

67.7
67.1
51.4
46.8
42.9
37.6
37.3
36.0
27.7
21.0
55.4

892

41.7

39.1

2.6

63
30
158
207
229

60.3
46.7
44.9
43.0
39.3
37.2
29.7

60.3
46. 7
43.0
40.1
36.7
36.4
21.4

1.9
2.9
2.6
0.8
8.3

Total agreements________ ____________

..

N o n m a n u fa c tu r in g __________________

Mining, crude-petroleum and natural gas
production________ . _
______ _
Communications.
...
Wholesale and retail trade____ __ ______
Service2. . ________ _
_ ____
T ran sp ortatio n ..
___ ____________ __ __
Utilities: Electric and gas_____
_______
Miscellaneous nonmanufacturing 3 __

121
84

1.3

4.3
2.6
1.4
6.6
3.6
3.3
0.8
5.3

1 I n c lu d e s j e w e lr y a n d s ilv e r w a r e , b u t t o n s , m u s ic a l i n s tr u m e n t s , t o y s ,
a t h l e t i c g o o d s, o r d n a n c e , a n d a m m u n i ti o n .
2 I n c lu d e s f in a n c ia l, i n s u r a n c e , a n d o t h e r b u s in e s s s e r v ic e s , p e rs o n a l s e r v ­
ic e s , h o te ls a n d r e s t a u r a n t s , a u to m o b ile r e p a ir s h o p s , a m u s e m e n t a n d r e c r e a ­
t io n e s ta b lis h m e n ts , a n d m e d ic a l a n d o t h e r h e a l th s e r v ic e s .
3 I n c lu d e s c o n s t r u c t i o n , f a r m in g , fis h in g , e d u c a tio n a l i n s ti t u ti o n s , n o n ­
p r o f it m e m b e r s h ip o r g a n iz a tio n s , a n d g o v e r n m e n ta l e s ta b lis h m e n ts .

REV IEW , DECEMBER 1950

matic plans make wage changes compulsory in
conformance with specified changes in the cost
of living, price of given commodities, profits, or
other economic factors.
Some agreements combine permissive and
automatic plans. These require automatic adjust­
ments within certain limits, after which the ques­
tion of wage rates becomes a subject for further
negotiations.
Either type may provide for upward wage
adjustments only, or for both upward and down­
ward adjustments. In the latter case, existing
wage standards may be protected by prohibiting
any decrease in rates below the wage level at the
time the agreement was signed.1
Of the 1,517 agreements in the sample, which
called for some type of reopening of the contract
to consider wages, the overwhelming proportion
(95.6 percent) were permissive or voluntary in
character. The mandatory or automatic type
of interim general wage adjustment clause related
largely to so-called escalator or cost-of-living
clauses gearing changes in wages to changes in
consumer prices. Although this type of clause has
been incorporated in a number of recent agree­
ments, it still constitutes but a small fraction of
all general wage adjustment arrangements.2
Workers Covered
Approximately 4,680,000 workers were covered
by 2,085 agreements for which employment data
were available. B y and large, the distribution
of workers— as between permissive and mandatory
types of wage adjustments—followed that of the
total sample of 2,754 contracts (see table).
Nearly two-thirds of the workers were employed
under contracts permitting wage reopenings and
adj ustments during the life of the contract. Again,
a large proportion (55 percent) were covered
by clauses which did not commit the parties to
any specific or automatic wage adjustment but
instead called for the reopening of the contract
and the negotiation of wage changes based upon
economic or business conditions existing at the
time.
Industry Variations
On the whole, agreements in manufacturing in­
dustries more frequently provided for general
wage reopenings than did those in nonmanufactur­

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m

EMPLOYER UNIT IN BARGAINING

ing industries, the ratios being 61.5 percent and
41.7 percent, respectively. Among the manufac­
turing group of industries, 80 percent or more of
the agreements surveyed in textiles, rubber, and
electrical machinery incorporated wage reopening
clauses. In nonmanufacturing, about 60 percent
of the agreements in mining and crude-petroleum
production and 45 percent in trade, services, and
communications provided for wage reopenings.
— J a m e s C. N i x and L a u r a C. C h a s e
Division of Industrial Relations
1 See B L S Bulletin N o. 908-9, W age Adjustment Plans, for text of illus­
trative clauses.
2 See M onthly Labor Review, November 1950, for discussion of cost-ofliving wage adjustment clauses in recent labor-management agreements.

Employer Unit in
Collective Bargaining
S ince the enactment of the National Labor R e­
lations Act in 1935, with its stimulus to the growth
of collective bargaining in American industry,
widespread attention has been focused upon the
scope of labor-management negotiations. Fre­
quently, the term “ appropriate unit” has been
used to describe the limits or extent of a union’s
representation of workers in its dealing with an
employer or groups of employers.
Under the original Wagner Act, as well as under
the Labor-Management Relations Act of 1947
(Taft-Hartley A ct), the National Labor Relations
Board has been authorized to determine, in case
of a dispute between a union, or several unions,
and an employer, or group of employers, the scope
of the bargaining unit for the purposes of union
representation. Based upon the facts in each
case, the Board has found, in some instances, the
appropriate bargaining unit to be a single craft
or group of employees; in other instances the
bargaining unit has been defined to include all
production employees in one or several plants of
the employer. In other cases, the Board has de­
cided in favor of a bargaining unit which embraces
a number of employers and one or more unions.
M ost frequently, however, the parties themselves
have through long-standing custom or mutual

696

EMPLOYER UNIT IN BARGAINING

agreement established, without recourse to State
or Federal labor agencies, the area or scope of the
coverage of their contracts.
As a part of its analysis of collective-bargaining
contracts, the Bureau of Labor Statistics classifies
agreements according to the “employer unit.”
This employer-unit classification is divided into
several major subgroups designed to show whether
the contract (a) relates to a single plant or estab­
lishment of an employer; (6) includes more than
one plant or establishment of the same employer
(multi-plant bargaining); or (c) covers a group of
employers formally or informally organized as an
association (multi-employer or association bar­
gaining) .
Thus although approximately two-thirds of all
the agreements related to a single plant, less than
a third of all the workers were covered by such
contracts, according to available data (see table).

MONTHLY LABOR

Multi-plant agreements, while constituting only
an eighth of the total number surveyed, neverthe­
less covered nearly two-fifths of all the workers.
This reflects the prevalent pattern of bargaining
in certain industries such as steel, transportation
equipment, and rubber in which a number of large
companies have plants scattered throughout the
country.
Similarly, the multi-employer or association
type of bargaining appeared most frequently in
industries whose operations are generally charac­
terized by a relatively large number of essentially
local establishments—printing and publishing, ap­
parel, trade, and services, including hotels and
restaurants.
Group employer or association bargaining, ac­
cording to the sample of agreements, was most
prevalent in the Pacific Coast area where almost
half (48.1 percent) of the agreements were of this

Labor-Management Agreements, 1950
STUDY OF 3376 AGREEMENTS COVERING MORE THAN 4 MILLION WORKERS

O u t of every 100 contracts -

for every 1000 workers covered!
by these agreements —

were included in
single plant contracts

applied to more
than one plant of
the same company
in different cities

covered a group
of employers or
an employers'
association

UNITED STATES DEP AR TME NT OF LABOR
BUREAU OF LABOR ST ATIS TIC S


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

were in multi-plant
contracts

were in multi - employer
or association contracts

REVIEW, DECEMBER 1950
T

a ble

EMPLOYER VEIT IN BARGAINING

697

1.— Distribution of agreements and workers covered, by type of bargaining unit
W orkers covered

Agreements
Unit of bargaining--P ercen t
of total

Industry
Number

Single
plant
All industries: Total_____________ ____ ___________________
M anufacturing: T otal___________ _________________________
M achinery (except electrical)___ . . . ____ . . _____
Fabricated metal products.____ _____ _ ______________
Petroleum and coal products .
Professional, scientific, and controlling instruments____
Chemicals and allied products__________ . . .
.......
Leather and leather products_____________ . . _____
Paper and allied products____________ . . . ____________
Rubber products ..
Transportation equipment
Textile mill products.................................... ... . . . ________
Electrical m achinery____ _______ ______________________
Prim ary metal industries________ ________ _______ _
Furniture and finished wood products______ __________
Stone, clay, and glass products__________ ____
______
Lum ber and timber basic products____________________
Food and kindred products................ ........... ...........................
T o b a cco ._____________ __________________________ ______
Printing and publishing.................. ............... ............... ...........
Apparel"and other finished textile mill products________
_____ _
Miscellaneous manufacturing 1_____________
Nonmanufacturing: T o tal___ _____ ___ ___________________
Mining, crude petroleum and natural gas production___
Transportation______________ . . . ___ _______________
Wholesale and retail trade_____________________ . . . .
Services 2___________________________ ___ ____________
Utilities: Electric and gas____ ____________
. _______
C om m unications.......... ..
...
_____________________
Miscellaneous nonmanufacturing 3

3, 376

68

2,454
227
272
53
31
157
134
107
42
103
196
90
195
66
185
71
225
23
107
105
65
922

81
95
92
92
90
89
89
86
86
85
84
82
80
80
79
78
65
65
51
36

212
215
189
132

50
37
30

66

33

75

77

37

66

27
12
21

M ulti­
plant
12
8

3

4
6
7
8
2
9
14
14
11
15
13
3
13

7

11
26

3

M ulti­
employer
20
11
2
4
2
3
3
9
5
1
5

3

7
17
8
15
24
9

46

11
5
21
23
14
8

53
18
42
11
36

68
85

5
3

8

55
62

79

Number
of agree­
ments
with em­
ployment
data
available

2,460
1, 888
199
174
42
27
110
119
83
27
74
181
78
142
51
156
62
154
19
58
76
56
572
45
125
118
103
117
27
37

Unit of bargaining--P e rce n t
of total
Number
Single
plant

M ulti­
plant

M ultiemployer

4,408,000

28

39

33

3,031, 400
197, 000
134, 000
42, 000
23,100
92, 400
77, 300
88, 600
123, 000
667, 000
227, 000
214, 000
453, 700
26, 900
104, 000
40, 500
163. 000
32, 700
27, 000
272, 000
26, 200
1,376, 600
489, 000
194, 000
92, 600
124, 000
151, 000
278, 000
48, 000

36
91
68
73
88
60
48
39
18
25
50
41
18
79
35
36
39
23
35

44
7
21
27
11
34
4
31
82
75
29
26
73
6
37
6
43
58
2

20
2
11

3

73
9

5
8

2

29
1

31
17

10

12

78
89

4
7
4

7

3

1
6
48
30
21
33
9
15
28
58
18
19

63

92
19
62
97

62
73
93

10
4

96

1 I n c lu d e s je w e lr y a n d s ilv e r w a r e , b u t t o n s , m u s ic a l i n s tr u m e n t s , t o y s ,
a t h l e t i c g o o d s, o r d n a n c e , a n d a m m u n i ti o n .
2 I n c lu d e s f in a n c ia l, in s u r a n c e , a n d o t h e r b u s in e s s s e r v ic e s , p e rs o n a l s e r v ­
ic e s , h o te ls a n d r e s ta u r a n t s , a u to m o b ile r e p a ir s h o p s , a m u s e m e n t a n d r e c r e a ­
t io n e s ta b lis h m e n ts , a n d m e d ic a l a n d o th e r h e a l th s e r v ic e s .

8 I n c lu d e s c o n s t r u c t i o n , f a r m in g , fish in g , e d u c a tio n a l i n s ti t u ti o n s , n o n p r o f it
m e m b e r s h ip o r g a n iz a tio n s , a n d g o v e r n m e n ta l e s ta b lis h m e n ts .

type. The Mountain States ranked next in the
proportion of multi-employer contracts, 22.2 per­
cent. Fewer than 1 out of every 10 contracts in
the New England, South Atlantic, and West South
Central areas reflected the practice of bargaining
on an association basis.
Of the 1,650 agreements negotiated by A FL
affiliates, slightly more than half (56.4 percent)
were with individual employers at a single loca­
tion. Almost a third of A FL contracts reflected
group bargaining practices— indicative of the ex­
tensive organization of A FL affiliates in such in­
dustries as printing, trade, and the various serv­
ices. Multi-plant agreements were least frequent,
accounting for about 1 out of every 9 (10.9
percent) of the A FL agreements surveyed.

Affiliates of the CIO, in 4 out of every 5 agree­
ments, bargained with a single employer whose
plant or plants were all in the same locality.
M any of the more significant of the 1,269 CIO
agreements, however, were negotiated with com­
panies operating a large number of plants scattered
throughout the country. These employed thou­
sands of workers in such industries as automobile,
steel, and rubber manufacturing. Relatively few
CIO agreements (7.2 percent) were negotiated
with groups or associations of employers.


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— J a m e s C. N ix and L a u r a C. C h a s e
Division of Industrial Relations

698

BUDGETS FOR WOMEN WORKERS

State Budgets for
Single Women Workers
S tate cost- of- liying budgets for women work­
ers—-an outgrowth of certain provisions of State
minimum-wage laws—have acquired new interest
as a result of recent upward price trends and
increases in taxes.
Eleven States 1 and the District of Columbia
have such budgets. Ten of them are built around
the needs of a self-supporting woman with no
dependents. Two, however (those of Massa­
chusetts and Maine), also consider the require­
ments of a man without dependents.
In the early years of State minimum-wage ad­
ministration, only rough estimates of a working
woman’s living costs were furnished for wageboard consideration. Need for putting some
exactness into the phrase, “cost of living,” soon
became apparent, however, and the States them­
selves over a period of time developed more
accurate techniques for use in construction of the
budgets.
A major difficulty in setting up a budget for
minimum-wage purposes involved development of
a commodity and service list. Such a list was
needed to represent the standard of living that
would sustain health and welfare but would in­
clude only the minimum requirements for that
purpose. The lists currently used in the 12 State
budgets were developed independently. Each fist
provides for what its particular group of budget
makers considered to be the minimum of goods
and services needed by an employed woman
annually for her maintenance on a healthful
standard of living. In every instance deliberation
and judgment were involved, first to define what
constituted a healthful standard and, second, to
set up a list that would represent the minimum
adequate level of living for a woman worker who
had only herself to support. Understandably, the
lists prepared in the various States are not identi­
cal one with another, although the basic similarity
of approach has kept the allowances of goods and
services within definite limits.
All the budgets provide for housing, food, cloth­
ing, personal care, medical care (including care of
teeth and eyes), recreation, education, transpor­
tation, and incidental expenses. All but two

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MONTHLY LABOR

currently provide an allowance for saviugs, geared
to the need for meeting emergencies, and all but
one include taxes.2 While some States have from
time to time made changes in their original lists
of goods and services, actually not many substan­
tial changes have been made. The budget fists
are amenable, however, to revision in accordance
with changes in living customs.
Key to Budgets’ Standard
A budget may be constructed for any standard
of living. That is, the commodities and services
allowed may reflect any selected level from a
poverty to a luxury standard. The key to the
standard of living represented by the State
budgets, most of which were built for minimumwage purposes,3 is found in phrases used in the
laws that established minimum-wage machinery.
Such expressions as “a wage adequate to supply
the cost of proper living,” “a wage necessary to
meet the cost of living and to maintain . . .
health,” “a living wage,” “wages sufficient to
provide adequate maintenance and to protect . . .
health,” “wages . . . sufficient to maintain health
and efficiency,” “ wages . . . reasonable and not
detrimental to health and welfare,” point to the
living standard to be considered in setting a
minimum wage. In development of the budgets
which were to serve as guides, the concept of
minimum adequacy has been adopted as the
proper standard to meet the requirements indi­
cated by the legal language.
Factors Affecting Allowances
The object of setting up budget allowances is to
provide a specific accounting of the goods and
services necessary to maintain the prescribed
level of living. Since there is no ready-made
measure of what is necessary, a judgment factor
enters into this phase of budget making, in which
various possibilities are carefully weighed against
one another. The States appointed committees
of experts with whom administrators met regu­
larly or counseled as budget work progressed.
These experts usually were persons having tech­
nical knowledge in specialized fields relating to
contemporary living standards.
The basic considerations which underlay de­
cisions as to allowances for the various categories
are summed up briefly as follows:

R E V IE W , D E C E M B E R 1950

699

BUDGETS FOR WOMEN WORKERS

Clothing.— Generally accepted basic clothing
needs include hats and coats for summer and win­
ter wear; other outerwear such as dresses, suits,
skirts and sweaters, raincoats, shoes and galoshes;
underwear, lounging wear, stockings, and acces­
sories. B u t development of a clothing list in­
volves the questions, “What type or types?
What quality? How many?” Regional weather
conditions and the importance of clothing in the
worker’s identification with her group and in
maintenance of her ability to keep a job, provide
criteria for types of clothing required. The qual­
ity of the clothing affects the number of the gar­
ments allowed.
Clothing Upkeep and Personal Care.— Keeping
clothing and shoes clean and in repair comes under
the heading of grooming and income management.
The contemporary group-behavior pattern affects
the standard for personal care, which of course is
also directly related to health.
M edical Care.— The average incidence of accident
and disease over a period of years as furnished by
medical statistics has been an important source of
information in setting up the medical-, dental-,
and optical-care allowance.
Recreation.— From the standpoint of health, the
need for recreation is well established. Workers
today patronize various forms of paid recreation.
Reading and Education.— These are acknowl­
edged as having a bearing on both individual and

Housing.— Authorities on housing have set up
criteria for housing standards. Many of these
criteria bear directly on health and safety, such
as those that classify as substandard, (1) homes in
overcrowded areas, (2) homes with too many oc­
cupants, (3) homes in a poor state of repair, (4)
homes without modern plumbing. Except for
New York, where the woman worker is assumed to
be living with a family group, the State budgets
have adopted the furnished room as the type of
housing that meets basic-budget standards. Cri­
teria for acceptable rooms deal with neighborhood
characteristics, appearance of property, nearness
to transportation, size of room, ventilation, light­
ing, heating, cleanliness, furniture and furnishings,
bathroom facilities, privacy, and fire protection.
Food.—-Over the years, nutrition experts have
increased our knowledge as to the foods necessary
to sustain a normally healthy person. Present
recommendations for a basic diet call for at least
one daily serving from the following groups of
foods: meat, poultry, or fish; leafy, green or yellow
vegetables; citrus fruit, tomatoes, raw cabbage or
other high vitamin-C foods; at least two daily
servings of a vegetable or fruit not in the above
groups; plus sugar, cereal, bread, butter and other
fats, and two or more glasses of milk, daily. In
addition to these foods the basic weekly diet calls
for four or more eggs and two or more servings of
dried beans, peas, nuts, or peanut butter.

Annual costs of most recent State minimum adequate budgets based on needs of a self-supporting woman without dependents
Commodities and services
D ate of pricing or
estimate

State

T o ta l

K en tucky.....................

April 1948____
January 1949..
M arch 1949___
M ay 1949____
February 1949.

M aine................
Massachusetts.
New Jersey___
New Y o rk ____
Pennsylvania.
U ta h _________
W ash ington ...

June 1948______
August 1950___
December 1946.
January 1950._.
November 1949.
September 1947.
M ay 1949_____

Arizona_____________
Colorado.......... .............
Connecticut________
D istrict of Columbia.

3 1,684
3 1, 581
1,610
3 1,476
3 1, 731
1,607
1,659
3 1,527
3 1, 747
1,556
3 1,777
3 1,513
3 1,881

H o u s in g

250
226
291
3 898
304
304
341
251
(8)
399
223
1» 756
352

1 Figures for M aine and Massachusetts apply to the needs of either a man
or a woman.
2 Taxes are calculated at rates applicable as of the date of the budget, and
therefore do not reflect the current higher rate for the Federal income tax
which became effective October 1, 1950; nor do they, with the exception of
M assachusetts, reflect the increase in the social security tax effective January
1, 1950.
3 Revised estimate of budget priced at an earlier date.
4 Food costs based on 3 restaurant meals per day.
3
Food costs, based on living in a boarding house which furnishes 2 meals
a day and on eating lunches in restaurants, are included with housing.
« Food costs based on living n a boarding house where all meals are
provided.
9 1 6 0 6 3 — 50-

-4


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Food

4 714
4 645
4 700
(5)
4 799
«675
4 763
4 721
(8)
«370
4 792
(10)
4 736

C lo th in g

Other liv­
ing essen­
tials
425
431
379
303
326
326
354
356

295
279
240
275
302
302
201
199
(8)

327
296
278
262

(8)

460
466
479
531

Savings
and pri­
vate in­
surance

49
34
59
187
28
26
97
231
95
229
50

Taxes 3

220
198
198
207
233
206
198
? 181
318
251
249
290
300

Total cost
of budget

1,953
1,813
1,867
1,870
1,992
1,839
1,857
' 1,708
2,162
2,038
2,121
2,032
2,231

i Massachusetts has only a commodity and service budget. The taxes and
the total cost have been added by the Women’s Bureau.
8 N ot available.
. . . .
, .
8 Food costs based in part on woman’s share of family expenses connected
with preparing breakfasts and dinners in the home, in part on the cost of
lunches eaten in restaurants.
1» Food costs, based on living in a boarding house where all meals are
furnished, are included with housing.

N ote : Reprints showing detailed money allowances for each category of
the budgets, and tabulations of the commodity and service allowances on
which the money amounts are based, m ay be obtained from the Women s
Bureau, U . S. Departm ent of Labor, Washington 25, D . C .

700

BUDGETS FOR WOMEN WORKERS

community health. A socially integrated person
is an informed person and is expected to cast a
vote intelligently. For a minimum-wage budget,
the problem involves consideration of what will,
for the least expenditure of money, best equip
a woman to fulfill her community obligations.
Transportation.— Most workers living in cities
need car or bus fare for transit to and from their
places of work. However, there are other trans­
portation needs, such as trips to church, to the
doctor, and to shops. The answer to the question
of how many fares are needed is found in the cus­
toms prevailing among workers in a particular
area.
M iscellaneous.— Amounts spent for candy, sodas,
and cigarettes, stamps, stationery, contributions
to church and charitable organizations, and, unless
put under a separate category, occupational dues
or fees connected with employment are significant
because they round out the normal consumption
pattern of the usual American worker.
Savings and Taxes.—W ith commodity and serv­
ice allowances set at the minimum-adequate level, a
savings allowance provides the means of insuring
integrity of the budget, because it provides, in
some measure at least, for the unforeseen emer­
gencies. The term “ savings” is not used in the
sense of accumulation of a sizable surplus as the
years go by. Rather it refers to an amount set
aside for deferred expenditures^ that, because of
their nature, cannot be identified in advance.
Private insurance, although it provides for specified
contingencies, is also “ savings” in this sense.
Taxes are not only an integral part of the cost
of living, but they have within recent years be­
come a major compulsory outlay.
If savings and taxes were not included in the
budget, in actual practice money needed to pay
for the necessary day-to-day allowances would be
diverted to meet emergencies and taxes, with the
result that the intended standard would be under­
mined.
Determining the Budget Cost
The total cost of the budget is the sum of the
amounts required to buy the authorized goods and
services plus the allowances for savings and taxes.
Perhaps one of the biggest contributions to
the evolution of budget-building technique was
establishment of the practice of actually pricing

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MONTHLY LABOR

goods and services in the field. Pricing places
the total money amount of the budget on a factual,
verifiable basis. The techniques, briefly, consist
of writing specifications for each unit to be priced,
collecting, as of a specified date, prices of the items
in representative outlets in a number of selected
cities throughout the State, and, finally, processing
the price data to arrive at the State-wide average
annual cost of all items in the commodity and
service section of the budget.4
On the basis of the known money amounts—
that is, the total State-wide average cost of goods
and services plus the amount allowed for savings—
the total cost of the budget, including applicable
taxes, is calculated by an appropriate formula.
All of the 12 State budgets were originally
“ priced” budgets. However, the current costs of
some have been estimated by applying subsequent
percent changes in prices (as measured by reliable
indexes) to the previously determined costs of
the various categories.6
Evaluating Budgets
The purpose of a cost-of-living budget is to
indicate what is needed rather than how to get the
most value out of a given sum of money. I t is not
intended that a State budget prescribe the way in
which a worker should spend her income. The
purpose in preparing the budget is to provide a
framework for obtaining an estimate of the amount
a working person needs, at the price level of a
given date, for a defined standard of living.
Within the limits of this framework, changes in
the items purchased may be made to suit indi­
vidual tastes and judgment.
The State budgets should be considered as
twelve separate expressions of what constitutes
a healthful standard of living at a minimumadequate level.
W ith this in mind, comparison of the various
lists of goods and services may be made if it is
also remembered that climate and living customs
vary somewhat from area to area, and affect deci­
sions as to what specific items are considered
necessary. The money amounts of the various
budgets should not be compared, chiefly, because
they are not based on identical lists of goods and
services, and because the prices which they reflect
were in effect in different areas and on different
dates.

REV IEW , DECEMBER 1950

MINIMUM AGE LAWS

Uses of the Budgets
Insofar as the budgets’ primary purpose is
concerned— that is, to aid in administration of
minimum-wage legislation— they have proved
their worth. Their usefulness, however, has ex­
tended far beyond the minimum-wage field. They
have been used, with appropriate reservations, in
meeting various related problems of individuals
and independent organizations. Sociologists and
economists have used them, together with other
cost of living data, as reference material. Uni­
versities and secondary schools have used them in
connection with classroom work. They have been
considered by industry, unions, and government
agencies when reviewing the adequacy of wages
paid. Together with other cost-of-living data,
they were presented before Congress as evidence
of the need for revision of the Federal wage and
hour law. They have been used in counseling

Employment of Minors:
Minimum Age Laws1
B y m id - c e n t u r y , the crusade against the exploita­
tion of child labor, begun in the early 1900’s, had
progressed markedly. Investigations and surveys
sponsored by private and governmental agencies
produced an array of facts, which were publicized
with persistent demands for both State and Federal
remedial legislation. The measure of achievement
is found in existing laws prohibiting employment
of younger children and regulating the conditions
under which older children may work.
As of 1950, Federal laws prohibit employment of
children under 16 in interstate or foreign com­
merce, or in producing goods for such commerce,
or in or about establishments engaging in such
production. Child actors, deliverers of news­
papers, and children employed in agriculture out­
side school hours, are excepted. Children from
14 to 16 employed out of school hours in limited
occupations in accordance with regulations issued
by the Secretary of Labor are also excepted. Em ­
ployment under the age of 18 in any occupation
declared by the Secretary of Labor to be particu­


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701

individual employees on possible allocation of
earnings, in developing spending plans for women
entering the labor force for the first time, and in
civic groups programs relating to living costs.
— H a zel K efa u v er
Women’s Bureau
1 Arizona, Colorado, Connecticut, Kentucky, Maine, Massachusetts, New
Jersey, New Y ork, Pennsylvania, U tah, Washington. California is develop­
ing an official State budget, but the final results were not available for inclu­
sion at the time this article went to press. The budgets discussed will be
referred to, for convenience, as “ the State budgets.”
For an earlier summ ary of State cost-of-living budgets, see M onthly Labor
Review of February 1948 (p. 182).
2 Some budgets did not include taxes originally, but added them later
when the increase in tax rates made them a significant factor in the cost of
living.
8 Although Maine is a minimum-wage State, its budget was constructed
primarily for use in the field of industrial relations.
* Details of this procedure are contained in a forthcoming U . S. W omen’s
Bureau Bulletin: Cost of Living Budgets—A Proposed Method.
8 Some of the later estimates have been prepared by the States b y means of
their own price indexes; others have been computed by the W omen’s Bureau,
using the consumers’ price index of the Bureau of Labor Statistics. Although
none of the B L S indexes is based on the specific goods and services allowed
in a woman’s budget, tests made by the W omen’s Bureau show that (in lieu
of a more precise measure) B L S indexes can be used to get a reasonable
approximation of current costs of the commodity and service categories of the
women’s budgets.

larly hazardous or detrimental to health or well
being is entirely prohibited.
Federal laws are the most effective in extent of
geographic scope, but cannot, under the Constitu­
tion, regulate purely local activities.
State laws must be relied upon for the regulation
of child employment not subject to Federal law.
If the employment is subject both to the Federal
Fair Labor Standards Act and to a State law, the
higher standard prevails. That adequate laws
may be effective in each State or Territorial juris­
diction is a major concern of the agencies which
are working for the safeguarding of children and
youth.
State Laws as of 1950
The child-labor provisions on the statutes of
48 States, 3 Territories, and the District of Co­
lumbia, manifestly can be presented here only in
summary.
Every jurisdiction but one has set a minimum
age for employment of children in all, or certain,
gainful occupations. In 18 States,2 the minimum
age for employment during school hours is 16
years. In 5 other States,3 a 16-year minimum age

702

MINIMUM AGE LAWS

for work by children at any time has been set for
certain specified occupations.
A 15-year age minimum was set in Texas for
specified occupations at any time and in California
for any work during school hours. Five States 4
and the District of Columbia have a 14-year mini­
mum age for employment at any tim e; six others 5
have the same minimum for certain specified oc­
cupations at any time. In nine States 6 a 14-year
minimum has been set for all work during school
hours, and for work outside school hours in a num­
ber of specified occupations. Nevada and New
Mexico also have set a 14-year minimum age for
all work during school hours, with no regulation
for work outside school hours. In W yom ing7
only, no age minimum for employment has been
set.
In one Territory (Alaska), the commissioner of
labor, as authorized by law, has set a minimum
age of 16 for a number of occupations. Puerto
Rico has a statutory 16-year minimum for any
gainful employment during school hours. In
Hawaii, a 16-year minimum age applies when the
minor is “ legally required to attend school.”
Great variation exists between laws of the
respective States, not only in regard to age, but
also in regulations as to compulsory school at­
tendance, minimum length of school term, and
the number of grades which must have been
completed before certain exemptions may apply.
Child-labor laws also contain employment-certifi­
cate and maximum-hours provisions.
Exemption is made from many of the minimumage provisions of work in agriculture or domestic
service or both. A number of the laws exempt
street trades or set a lower age minimum for
such employment. Nearly all jurisdictions regu­
late or prohibit night work of minors under 16
and about half regulate night work of minors—
or at least of girls— 16 and 17 years of age.
Most States prohibit the employment of minors
under 16 or under 18 in specified hazardous
occupations. In over half of the States, the
State department of labor (or another State
agency) has authority to declare other occupa­
tions hazardous.
Federal Child Labor Legislation
The measures outlined below were successive
steps in Federal regulation which began in 1916.

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M O N TH LY LA BO R

In that year, Congress passed a law which pro­
hibited shipment in foreign and interstate com­
merce of goods produced in mines or quarries in
which children under 16 were employed. I t also
prohibited such shipment of goods produced in
mills, canneries, workshops, factories, or manu­
facturing establishments that employed children
under 14 at any time, or those under 16 for more
than 8 hours a day or 6 days a week, or between
7 p. m. and 6 a. m. In 1918, this law was declared
unconstitutional by the United States Supreme
Court.
A second Federal law, enacted in February 1919,
imposed a tax on the net profits of all mines and
manufacturing establishments employing children
in violation of certain standards (similar to those
set by the invalidated 1916 act). The 1919 law
was declared unconstitutional in M ay 1922.
In 1924, Congress, by joint resolution, proposed
an amendment to the United States Constitution
which would give the Congress power to “limit,
regulate, and prohibit the labor of persons under
18 years of age.” In 1924 and 1925, the proposed
amendment was ratified by 4 State legislatures
but rejected by 22. Two States in 1927 and 1931,
and 14 States in 1933, voted for ratification; 8
more followed in the ensuing 5 years. In 1950,
however, 8 of the 36 ratifications necessary for
adoption of the amendment are still lacking.8
Most of the codes of fair competition adopted
in industry under the National Industrial Recovery
Act of 1933 included restrictions as to child labor—
usually a 16-year minimum age, except in hazard­
ous occupations, for which the minimum was 18
years. The law under which code making was
required was declared unconstitutional in May
1935. Within the next 3 years, however, other
Federal laws were enacted which embodied similar
child-labor restrictions.
The Public Contracts (Walsh-Healey) Act of
1936 set a minimum age of 16 years (18 for girls)
for employment in production or furnishing of
materials, supplies, articles, and equipment, under
contracts with the United States Government
in any amount exceeding $10,000. The Federal
Sugar Act of 1937 required growers of sugarcane
and sugar beets, in order to obtain benefits
under the act, to comply with certain child-labor
standards. These were the prohibition of em­
ployment of children under 14 and of children
from 14 to 16 years of age for more than 8 hours

R E V IE W , D E C E M B E R 1950

MINIMUM AGE LAWS

daily. Exempted were members of the immediate
family of the legal owner of at least 40 percent of
the crop at the time the work was performed.
F L S A oj 1938. A more generally effective
Federal law was passed in 1938, through use of
Congressional power “ to regulate commerce . . .
among the several States.” The Fair Labor
Standards Act, approved on June 25, 1938, pro­
hibited shipment or delivery for shipment in
interstate or foreign commerce of any goods pro­
duced in establishments in or about which “oppres­
sive child labor” had been employed within 30
days prior to removal of the goods.
“Oppressive child labor” was defined as apply­
ing to employment of children under 16 years of
age. Excepted from the definition were (a) those
employed by a parent or a person standing in
place of a parent in an occupation other than
manufacturing or mining; and (6) those employed
under a regulation by the Chief of the Children’s
Bureau (then in the U. S. Department of Labor).
Such regulations could permit employment of
children between ages of 14 and 16, in occupations
other than manufacturing and mining, under
conditions and during periods that, as determined
by the same officer, did not interfere with their
schooling or their health or well-being.
Employment of minors between the ages of 16
and 18 in any occupation which the Chief of the
Children’s Bureau found and declared to be
particularly hazardous for children between such
ages, or detrimental to their health or well-being,
was also included in the definition of “oppressive
child labor.”
Exemptions were permitted of children em­
ployed in agriculture while not legally required to
attend school. Those employed as actors in
motion pictures or theatrical productions were also
exempted.
Functions given by the Fair Labor Standards
Act of 1938 to the Children’s Bureau and the
Chief of the Children’s Bureau were transferred
in 1946, by the President’s Reorganization Plan
No. 2, to the Secretary of Labor.9
1 D ata are from U . S. Departm ent of Labor, Bureau of Labor Standards,
Bulletin No. 114, State Child Labor Standards, Washington, 1949, Bulletin
No. 118, Annual Digest of State and Federal Labor Legislation, November 15,
1948-December 31, 1949, Washington, 1950, Current Summaries on Labor
Legislation, Nos. 2 and 7, February 15 and July 21,1950; and various Federal
statutes and regulations.
J Alabama, Georgia, Illinois, K entucky, Louisiana, M aryland, New Jersey,


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703

F L S A — 1949 Amendments. An amendment of
October 26, 1949 (effective January 25, 1950), to
the Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938, prohibited
employment of “any oppressive child labor in
commerce or in the production of goods for com­
merce.” I t defined commerce to mean “trade,
commerce, transportation, transmission, or com­
munication among the several States or between
any State and any place outside thereof.”
Also amended was the definition of “oppressive
child labor.” To the occupations in which a
parent or one standing in place of a parent could
not employ a child in his custody under the age
of 16, the amended law adds “or an occupation
found by the Secretary of Labor to be particularly
hazardous for the employment of children between
the ages of 16 and 18 years or detrimental to their
health or well-being.”
The exemption permitting employment under
16 in agriculture was made to apply only to those
so employed outside of school hours for the school
district where the employee is living while em­
ployed. Radio and television production were
added to the fields in which children under 16
may be employed as actors. Those employed in
the delivery of newspapers to the consumer were
exempted from the minimum-age provisions of the
act as well as from its wage and hour provisions.
Regulation o j H azardous Occupations. Eight Haz­
ardous Occupations Orders have been issued—
the first effective in July 1939, the most recent in
October 1950— under the provisions of the Fair
Labor Standards Act. Amendments have been
made in several instances extending the original
New Y ork, N orth Carolina, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Caro­
lina, Tennessee, U tah, Virginia, W est Virginia, Wisconsin.
3 Connecticut, Florida, Maine, M assachusetts, M ontana.
4 Arkansas, Delaware, Indiana, Michigan, Missouri (some exemptions
are permitted in each State).
« Iowa, Mississippi, New Hampshire, Oklahoma, South D akota, and
Washington.
t Arizona, Colorado, Idaho, Kansas, Minnesota, Nebraska, North Dakota,
Oregon, and Vermont.
1 Children whose attendance a t school is required by law cannot be em­
ployed during school hours. School attendance is required of children be­
tween 7 and 17 for entire session, except those who have completed eighth
grade, are physically or m entally incapacitated, whose attendance would
work a hardship, or who are excluded from the “ regular schools and no
provision made for the schooling of such children.”
,_s The proposed amendment has been ratified by the following 28 States:
Arkansas, Arizona, California, Colorado, Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa,
Kansas, Kentucky, M aine, Michigan, Minnesota, M ontana, Nevada, New
Hampshire, New Jersey, New Mexico, North D akota, Ohio, Oklahoma,
Oregon, Pennsylvania, U tah, Washington, W est Virginia, Wisconsin,
Wyoming.
9
See Federal Register, July 20, 1946 (p. 7873).

704

BRITISH PRODUCTIVITY

coverage.
These orders have established an
18-year minimum age for employment in certain
kinds of work, as follows:
No. 1, occupations in or about plants manu­
facturing explosives or articles containing explo­
sive components; No. 2, work as motor-vehicle
driver or helper; No. 3, work in or about coal
mines, excepting certain specified surface jobs;
No. 4, work in logging and in sawmills and lath,
shingle, and cooperage-stock mills, with the excep­
tion of a few specified occupations; No. 5, work
involved in operation of power-driven woodwork­
ing machinery; No. 6, work involving exposure to
radioactive substances or isotopes; No. 7, work in
connection with operation of power-driven hoist­
ing apparatus, including manlifts operating on
endless belts; and No. 8, work in operation of
certain power-driven metal-working machines.10
10
F o r additional discussion of Hazardous Occupations Orders Nos. 4, 6, 7>
and 8, see M onthly Labor Review, April 1948 (p. 410) and M arch 1950
(p. 290).

British Efforts
To Increase Productivity
F u t u r e i n c r e a s e s in o u t p u t in Great Britain,
either for civilian or defense needs, are dependent
on increases in productivity and on shifting work­
ers from less to more essential jobs. In a labor
force of 22,150,000 only 300,000 were unemployed
on the average during 1949. In December 1949,
the total labor force included 90 percent of all
males over 15 years of age and 46 percent of all
females 15 to 60 years of age. Neither voluntary
methods nor the reimposition of wartime man­
power controls had been highly successful in shift­
ing workers from less to more essential industries
between 1947 and 1949. The important coal­
mining industry, for example, was losing workers,
particularly at the coal face.

Mechanization, improved attendance, incentive
pay schemes, and willingness to accept new
methods of work, it is generally agreed, are needed
to bridge the gap between British industry’s past
and future production goals. Both labor and
management have given these problems serious

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MONTHLY LABOR

attention. Currently, about 20 percent of the
total national income is being devoted to capital
investments, about a fourth of which is for housing.
Progress is already evidenced by a much greater
increase in the index of total industrial production
than that for employment. According to the
Minister of Economic Affairs, over-all productivity
has gained about 5}£ percent, comparing 1949
Mth 1948, and between 6 and 7 percent when
comparing the first 5 months of 1950 with a
similar period in 1949. This rate of increase is
considerably higher than that anticipated in the
Economic Survey for 1950; it is also higher than
the prewar rate.
Only broad estimates (or rough approximations)
of the rate of progress can be made, however, until
more accurate measures of changes in productivity
are instituted. Improvement in the statistical
measurement of productivity within an industry
or firm is an integral part of the general British
program. For this purpose, teams of British
statisticians have visited the United States during
1949—50 to study the methods used in the Bureau
of Labor Statistics.
Productivity Teams
American production methods have been studied
by productivity teams composed of both manage­
ment and labor representatives from British indus­
tries. Arrangements for productivity teams are
made by the Anglo-American Council on Produc­
tivity, organized in September 1948.1 The teams
are financially aided by the Economic Coopera­
tion Administration as one of its contributions to
British recovery. In the last 2 years 27 teams
have been formed, largely on an industry basis; a
few specialist teams had broader assignments,
such as industry simplification, packaging, and
materials handling. Recent reports to the Coun­
cil indicate that British firms are learning from
each other as much as from the United States;
that British workers’ prejudices against methods
of raising productivity, including mechanization,
have partly been dispelled; and that standardiza­
tion and simplification are being adopted, especially
in the public-controlled industries.
Generally the visits of the various productivity
teams are followed by a series of conferences and
public, factory, or plant meetings to discuss the
teams’ reports and to assess the practicabilitv of

REV IEW , DECEMBER 1950

BRITISH PRODUCTIVITY

applying the teams’ recommendations. In the
British steel industry, for example, various found­
ries made improvements in certain processes after
the team for that industry had reported on its
visit. The result was a 50-percent reduction in
man-hours in one process and equally significant
savings of time and material in others.
Trade-union officials comprised one British
team,2 which made a 6-week tour of American
industrial centers to investigate the role of unions
in increasing productivity in the United States.
After “observing the operations and techniques
of a number of American unions in their admin­
istrative functions and in the factory,” the team
gave a stimulating account of industrial relations
in the United States, a comparative analysis of
problems in the two countries, and some incisive
recommendations directed at fellow-unionists and
managements at home.
Features of American industrial relations which
particularly impressed the visitors were that effi­
cient managements set the pace of productivity;
that unions make a major contribution to increas­
ing the efficiency of less competent companies.
“American unions press for wage increases to make
labor dear; they expect the forces of competition
to compel vigorous, enterprising, and aggressive
employers to reduce total labor cost . . . ,” and
assume that decreasing production costs will lead
to lower consumer prices, which in turn, will create
new and expanding markets sufficient to absorb
displaced workpeople.
In its recommendations, the team urged British
unions to pursue “a wage policy related to output
and factory efficiency.” The team was reluctant
to urge abandonment of a general wage-restraint
policy, in view of both the need to keep prices down
and of the full employment level. British unions,
it found, were actually more inclined to accept
incentive-pay plans than were American unions.
Active cooperation by unions in the application
of “scientific management” was the team’s chief
recommendation. Initiative should rest with
management, but union engineering production
departments should be established by the larger
unions and the TUC to protect interests of union
members and maximize their earning opportu­
nities. Opposition to installing new machinery,
redistribution of the labor force (even at the cost
of some local unemployment), the team believed,
cannot now be justified. However, the unions

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705

shouldfbe consultedfin advance, and schemes for
dismissal pay for displaced workers should be set
up. Unions should, on the one hand, prepare
themselves to force highly profitable concerns to
reduce prices to consumers, and, on the other
hand, to assist less profitable concerns to increase
their efficiency.
American teams or experts, the trade-union
officials recommended, should be invited to
England to study British trade-union methods,
particularly in the fields of joint consultation,
working-class education, and politics. At the
request of firms or industrial organizations, the
Anglo-American Council on Productivity is pre­
pared to arrange visits of reciprocal American
teams, or to supply detailed technical information
or technical consultants—a similar suggestion was
made by the TU C team. A prominent production
engineer connected for many years with the
International Ladies’ Garment Workers’ Union
and other unions, visited England and several
other countries in the summer of 1950, as an ECA
consultant, to talk with trade-unionists and others
on production problems, in Marshall Plan
countries.
British Institute of Management
To assist both labor and management on pro­
duction problems, the Government in 1948 formed
the British Institute of Management. Twentytwo unions and the Trades Union Congress are
subscribing members. In April 1950, the Institute
published a booklet,3 2,500 copies of which were
supplied to unions for use in study courses on
management techniques, and to assist workers’
representatives on Works and Production Com­
mittees in understanding the managerial function
of production management. I t explains in simple
terms direct and overhead costs, how factory work
is planned, prepared, executed, and inspected,
how manufacturing schedules are drawn up, and
how a proper division of functions helps to cut
costs and to increase earnings of operatives.
Methods of setting piece rates are discussed,
including the role of union representatives or shop
stewards.
Local management associations, formed in four
industrial centers during the past year, provide
forums on good management practices in which
trade-unionists participate.4

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TJMWA WELFARE FUND

Building Industry
Two recent reports6 give some indication of
productivity changes in a single industry—building
construction. After the adoption of a permissive
national agreement in 1947, incentive or bonus
schemes were introduced in about a third of the
contracts let by local municipal authorities, and
covered about half the houses completed in Octo­
ber 1949. The scheme was to be reviewed by both
sides of the industry in 1950.
The Girdwood Committee reported that about
half of the 13-percent reduction in man-hours per
house between October 1947 and October 1949
could be ascribed to the incentive schemes. Al­
though the greater part of the savings was paid out
in bonus, a net saving of about £15 ($42) per
house remained—about 1 percent of the total cost
of the house.
After reviewing evidence presented by the Gird­
wood Committee, the National Federation of
Building Trades Employers, the M inistry of
Works, and other witnesses, the Working Party on
the building industry concluded: “During 1946 and
1947 productive efficiency in the building industry
generally was about two-thirds of its prewar
level . . . Some improvement has taken place
since 1947, and by the end of 1948 for the building
industry as a whole, productive efficiency was
about three-quarters of its prewar level . . . aver­
age productive efficiency during 1949 seems to
show an improvement on the 1948 figure.” In a
few cases, the prewar level seemed to have been
restored where incentive schemes were operating.
The wartime fall in efficiency was attributed to
scarcity of materials, overloading of the industry’s
capacity, dispersion of the skilled labor force dur­
ing the war, and other economic factors, many of
them temporary. Recommendations included not
only greater emphasis on incentive schemes, but
on training and greater interchangeability of crafts.
Action of TUC
The TU C held productivity conferences with a
number of individual unions during 1949 and 1950
(following a general productivity conference with
the national executives of all its member unions in
November 1948). Two of these meetings were
held with the National Federation of Building
Trades Operatives to discuss their reactions to

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MONTHLY LABOR

these various reports and to map out a plan of
campaign for their industry, which was causing
the TUC great concern because of its relation to
the housing shortage. At its 1950 meeting, the
TUC by resolution asked the general council to
assist and encourage unions in examining their
own industry problems; to urge full consultation
between employers and unions before new methods
and processes were introduced; and to press for
distribution of productivity gains in the form of
lower prices to consumers and to workers in the
form of improved wages and conditions.
— J e a n A. F l e x n e r
Division of Foreign Labor Conditions

1
See M onthly Labor Review, M arch 1949 (p. 283), or Serial No. R . 195 1 ,
Great Britain Em ploym ent Policies and Production (p. 6).
J This team ’s report was published by the Trades Union Congress (T U C )
as its contribution to the productivity program: Trades Unions and
Productivity, London, 1950.
3 British Institute of M anagement: Organizing for Output, London,
April 1950.
4 See Trades Union Congress: General Council’s Report to 82d Congress,
Brighton, September 4-8, 1950.
' Great Britain, M inistry of W orks: Working P arty Report—Building,
London, 1950; M inistry of Health, Second Report of the Committee of In­
quiry (Girdwood): The Cost of House-Building, London, 1950.

Resumption of Benefits Under
UMWA Welfare Fund1
B e n e f i t pr o g r a m s for bituminous-coal miners
under the United Mine Workers of America Wel­
fare and Retirement Fund were resumed in June
1950. All benefit payments—disability grants,
survivor assistance, pensions, death benefits, and
hospital and medical care—had been temporarily
suspended by the trustees of the fund on Sep­
tember 17, 1949, following lapse of the 1948
bituminous-coal wage agreement after June 30,
1949. Under it, operators had paid 20 cents per
ton of coal mined for the fund’s support. A new
contract was not signed until March 5, 1950.
This agreement, which provides for a 30-cent-a-ton
royalty and for payments in default on that date,
is to run until July 1, 1952. However, it may be
terminated on or after April 1, 1951, by either
party on 30 days’ notice. “The 1950 fund is

REV IEW , DECEMBER 1950

committed to live within its income, as did the
previous funds.”
Pensions and Death Benefits2
Revised regulations issued by trustees of the
fund, effective M ay 2, 1950, reactivated the pen­
sion and death-benefit programs.
Pensions of $100, exclusive of Federal old-age
and survivor benefits, are paid, as in the past, to
qualified miners aged 60 years or more who have
spent 20 years in the coal industry and who have
retired permanently from the bituminous branch
after M ay 28, 1946. However, those who now
retire must have worked 1 year immediately
preceding retirement. Moreover, miners who
retire after M ay 28, 1946,3 no longer receive pay­
ments retroactive to the date of retirement;
rather benefits now extend only for periods subse­
quent to the authorization of the pension. Pen­
sions which had been approved under regulations
of the 1947 welfare and retirement fund were
resumed with payment for June 1950.
Credit toward the required 20 years of service,
under the new program, may not include employ­
ment in foreign mines (other than Canada);
neither are pensions paid any beneficiary for any
period of residence in a foreign country (except
Canada).
The original death benefit of $1,000 is now limited
to beneficiaries who had been dependent on de­
ceased miners.4 Funeral expenses up to $350 are
paid for those with no dependents and no estate.
Total-Disability and Survivor Benefits
Authorization for new programs of assistance
to (1) totally disabled miners and their dependents
and (2) surviving dependents was announced on
October 13, 1950, together with (3) extension of the
reactivated program of hospital and medical
services to widows and dependent children.
These programs were to be implemented as fast
as applications could be cleared.
Under the former program, maximum payments
of $60 were made to totally disabled miners, with
extra allowances of $20 for a wife and $10 each for
other dependents. Widows received a maximum
of $60 and $10 for each child. Deductions were
made for Federal old-age and survivor insurance
payments, workmen’s compensation, and regular
income.

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UMWA WELFARE FUND

Totally Disabled M iners. Under the new program,
$30 a month, with $10 additional for a wife and
$10 for each child under 18 years (or older, if
incapacitated) is to be paid totally disabled miners
while undergoing rehabilitation treatment. A
miner eligible for such treatment must be examined
by a physician as arranged for by the fund’s
medical service. A similar amount is to be granted
those certified by the medical service as perma­
nently and totally disabled. Regular income from
any other source is deducted.
Eligibility in each case is to be determined by a
scale in which age and period of total disability
are major factors. Years of total disability re­
quired at various ages in order to qualify for the
disability grant are as follows:
Y e a r s o f tota
disab ility requ ired
fo r eligibility

Age at application—
Under 45 years________________________
45 and under 50 years_________________
50 and under 55 years______________
55 and under 60 years---------------------60 years and over_____________________

5
4
3
2
1

Source: United Mine Workers Journal, October 15, 1950 (p. 3).

Survivor A id. Widows aged 50 years or more
without dependents receive $30 a month under
the new program; with children, they receive $10
additional for each surviving child under 18 years
(or older, if incapacitated) and living in the house­
hold. Widows under 50 years of age without
dependent children receive no benefits; with
children, they are entitled to the same scale of
benefits for themselves and surviving children as
are the older widows. Regular income from any
source is deductible; benefits cease with remarriage.
Hospital and Medical Services
Under a reactivated but restricted program,
effective Ju ly 1, 1950, members of the UMWA,
their wives, and dependent children under 18
years have become eligible for hospitalization
and medical care in the hospital for most illnesses.
More recently adult dependents of such miners,
as well as widows and dependent children of
deceased miners,5 have come under the program.
Physicians’ care in the home and in the doctor’s
office and prescribed drugs (other than those used
in the hospital), formerly available to specific
categories of beneficiaries, are not now provided.
Limitations have also been placed on special or
extra services of various kinds. “The fund is not

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UMWA WELFARE FUND

able to provide all-inclusive medical and hospital
services/’ the director of the fund announced at
the midyear.
About 6 months prior to the adoption of the
original hospital, health, and medical program,
the fund undertook to hospitalize a large number
of badly injured beneficiaries— many paraplegics
among them. Numbers were sent to medical
centers throughout the country for treatment and
rehabilitation; some made remarkable improve­
ment. A total of 496 cases of this type were
reported by the fund’s executive medical officer
in the fall of 1949 as either having been dis­
charged from the medical centers at that time or
still undergoing treatment.
W ith the initial functioning of the hospital and
medical program on an area basis by January 1949,
activities were primarily directed to the hospital­
ization and medical care of miners and dependents
who were then receiving disability benefits and
pensions. These men, because they were not
working, were ineligible to obtain hospital and
medical service, although the agreements since
the Krug-Lewis contract of 1946 provided wage
deductions for this purpose. Such collections
were turned over to a special union hospital and
medical fund, and later to the UMWA Welfare
and Retirement Fund.6 The latter fund was
planned ultimately to bear the entire expenses for
a prepaid medical and hospital service for the
working group.
Under conditions of eligibility effective Septem­
ber 1, 1949, maximum service, covering hospital­
ization, medical care in the hospital, home and
office care by a physician, and drugs on prescrip­
tion, had been announced as available to the
following: (1) disabled union members receiving
disability grants; (2) widows receiving widows’
assistance grants; (3) dependents of such mem­
bers; and (4) widows and children of deceased
union members. The same services were also to
be extended to the above groups when receiving
no cash grants because of outside income. Such
income, however, could not exceed 150 percent of
the maximum granted under the fund. I f in
excess, they would, nevertheless, be entitled to
hospitalization and medical care in the hospital.
Members receiving pensions, together with wives
and minor children, were also eligible for the full
range of service. Working or idle members of

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MONTHLY LABOR

UMWA and their families were entitled only to
hospitalization and in-patient medical care.7
When pajunents for the hospital and medical
program, as well as for all other programs, were
suspended in September 1949, hospital emergency
care, with attendant medical services, was given
in such cases as were authorized by the area
medical administrators.
The hospital and medical care program of the
fund was the last to be developed. With the
appointment of a chief medical officer in the fall
of 1948 and subsequent establishment of 10 area
medical offices, each headed by a medical admin­
istrator, a comprehensive effort was made to enlist
qualified physicians and hospitals in the plan.
Some 6,500 physicians and 600 hospitals, it was
reported, had enrolled in the program between
January 1 and September 1, 1949.
Rehabilitation Services. According to the United
Mine Workers Journal of November 15, 1950,
rehabilitation services will be available to all
disabled miners who are unable to work (including
the partially or temporarily disabled), regardless
of eligibility for cash maintenance aid. Medical,
surgical, and hospital care, or appliances, nec­
essary for carrying through physical rehabilitation,
will be supplied through the area medical offices
of the fund. After physical restoration, these
offices will refer the miner to vocational rehabili­
tation agencies of the area for occupational
retraining and will maintain contact with these
activities.
Status of the Fund
During the fiscal year July 1, 1948-June 30,
1949, cash expenditures in benefits were reported
at about $104.7 million. This was distributed
among the four programs as follows: Disability
[and survivorj benefits $64.0 million, pensions
$30.4 million, death benefits $5.5 million, and
medical, health, and hospital care $4.8 million.
The current wage agreement not only defines
the rate of tonnage royalty to be paid into the
fund by the operator, but also creates the UMWA
Welfare and Retirement Fund of 1950 and states
its purposes. The agreement sets up a board of
trustees for the fund, defines its authority, and
names the two trustees (representing the operators
and the union, respectively), as well as the third

REVIEW , DECEMBER 1950

ILGWU HEALTH CENTERS

or neutral trustee. I t also designates as chairman
of the board the trustee representing the United
Mine Workers.
The board of trustees, under the agreement, is
authorized to operate and administer the fund.
I t has full authority, in conformity with the Labor
Management Relations Act of 1947 and subject
to the fund’s stated purpose, as to questions of
coverage and eligibility, priorities among classes
of benefits, amounts of benefits, methods of pro­
viding for benefits, investment of trust funds, and
all other related matters. The board sets policy,
makes regulations, and fixes standards.
The present neutral trustee is also the active
director of the fund. According to this official,
the miners have no vested right or interest in the
fund.
The contract also provides that the trustees of
the fund shall designate a portion of the payments,
“‘based upon proper actuarial computations,” as a
separate fund to be administered by the trustees
and used for providing pensions or annuities for
the members of the UMWA or their families or
dependents and other proper beneficiaries.

1 Information is from United Mine Workers Journal, issues of Jan . 15,
O ct. 1, and N ov. 15,1949, M ay 15, Ju ly 1, and Oct. 15, 1950. Proceedings of
the Fortieth Consecutive Convention of the United Mine Workers of Amer­
ica, October 5-12,1948; Report of the U M W A Welfare and Retirem ent Fund
. . . to M ay 1,1949 (press release, M ay 15,1949); Chronology of the U M W A
Welfare and Retirem ent F und (1945 to M ay 15, 1949). Articles by Warren
F . D raper, M . D ., executive medical officer of the fund (in American Journal
of Public H ealth, M ay 1950, pp. 595-601, and Archives of Industrial Hygiene
and Occupational Medicine, September 1950, pp. 261-263). Testim ony of
M iss Josephine Roche, director of the fund, August 1, 1949, and related m a­
terial in Econom ic Power of Labor Organizations—Hearings Before Senate
Com m ittee on Banking and Currency (81st Cong., 1st sess.), P a rt I, 1949.
Collective Bargaining Provisions: Health, Insurance, and Pensions, U . S.
D epartm ent of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics Bull. No. 908-17 (pp. 154161), 1950; and Report of the Joint Committee on Labor-Management Rela­
tions on Welfare Funds (80th Cong., 2d sess.), Senate Report No. 986, P a rt 4
(pp. 19-26), 1948. 1950 bituminous-coal agreement, in Bureau of National
Affairs, Collective Bargaining Negotiations and Contracts— P a rt II, Selected
Contracts in T ext, 1950, 25: 25 (Washington).
2 Pensions were first paid in September 1948. Death benefits began in M ay
1947, with paym ents to families of the Centralia mine disaster victims.
3 The M ay 29, 1946, Krug-Lewis collective agreement originally authorized
the U M W A Welfare and Retirement Fund.
4 Survivors m ust also reside within the United States, its territories or pos­
sessions, or Canada.
•In mid-October, 1950, announcement was made of the extension of the pro­
gram to include adult dependents of living miners, also survivor families.
Adult dependents of living miners and dependent adult children of deceased
miners are limited to 60 days of hospitalization services within a 12-month
period.
e In the contract year Ju ly 1, 1948-June 30,1949, the U M W A Welfare and
Retirem ent Fund received $290,549 from this source. The 1950 agreement also
includes the wage-deduction provision.
7 Journal of the American Medical Association, September 24,1949 (p. 269).


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Growth and Work
of ILGWU Health Centers1
A g r o w in g c h a in of medical centers has been
developed by the International Ladies’ Garment
Workers’ Union (AFL) for the benefit of its
members. Stimulated by the pioneer success of
the parent center in New York City (founded in
1913), the ILG W U established health centers in
Philadelphia and Fall River in 1944.2 This
followed employers’ acceptance of responsibility,
under collective bargaining, for weekly payroll
contributions to health funds. Centers estab­
lished more recently are St. Louis (1947); Allentown
and Wilkes-Barre, Pa., and Dallas and San An­
tonio, Tex. (1948); Boston (1949); Kansas City,
Minneapolis, and Los Angeles (1950). The Los
Angeles center was expected to be in full opera­
tion by mid-1950. In Newark a center is sched­
uled to open by the end of 1950 3 and will serve
northern New Jersey. (A number of the centers
operate on an area basis.) Houston is reported to
have established a center.4 Quarters have also
been acquired in Cleveland for a health center.
Chicago has been assured a center, under a col­
lective agreement which provides an increase in
health funds for this purpose as of October 1950.5
The ILG W U health centers provide diagnostic
medical services, and in some localities also clinic
medical care. The centers also certify the sickbenefit claims paid union members from various
health funds. In all cases, preventive medicine
and health education are emphasized.
In areas in which union membership is scattered,
mobile motor-units operating out of centrally
located towns conduct health surveys among
workers in shops located in outlying communities.
Such units are based in Harrisburg, Pa., Utica,
N. Y ., and other eastern cities. A number of
communities in upper New York State and Ver­
mont are serviced from Utica.
The New York City health center has in recent
years expanded its services to include case-finding
by means of miniature chest X -rays; a simplified
form of psychiatry designed to keep emotionally
disturbed workers on the job; special diet educa­
tion; and special attention to the health problems
of the older worker (especially the diabetic). A

710

INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS ACTIVITIES

check of the first 40,000 miniature chest X-rays
revealed 31 active and 835 unsuspected arrested
cases of tuberculosis beyond known cases which
were under working-card supervision. Also dis­
closed were 522 cases of heart abnormalities, 73
broncho-pneumonias, 34 lung tumors, and other
chest conditions which required medical attention.
1 Information is primarily from Health Services for the Membership of the
International Ladies’ Garment W orkers’ Union. New Y ork , IL G W U ,
Health and Welfare Departm ent, 1950.
2 See Medical Service Plans Under Collective Bargaining, M onthly
Labor Review, January 1948, p. 34, and Benefit Plans Under Collective B ar­
gaining, M onthly Labor Review, September 1948, p. 229.
3 Justice, September 1, 1950.
4 Report of the General Executive Board to the 27th Convention of the
IL G W U , 1950, p. 213.
5 Justice, M ay 15, 1950.

Summary of
Industrial Relations Activities 1
T h e m o v e m e n t for increased wages continued to
dominate industrial relations activities as it spread
into numerous industries during October and early
November 1950. Work stoppages during the
period were generally restricted to local situations.

Principal Negotiations
Steel. During October, the United Steelworkers
of America (CIO) intensified its drive for higher
wages in the steel industry. On October 5, the
union’s wage policy committee decided to press
demands for a general pay raise, improved pen­
sions and social insurance, elimination of geo­
graphic wage differentials, and liberalized vaca­
tion and overtime payments. The extent of the
wage increase was not specified.
Wage talks were opened with Republic Steel
Corp., Jones & Laughlin Steel Corp., Inland Steel
Corp., and a few smaller basic steel producers on
October 9 in Pittsburgh, Cleveland, and other
steel centers. After a brief session with the U. S.
Steel Corp. on October 16, negotiations were
recessed until October 27 to give the corporation
an opportunity to reply to the union’s demand for
a “ very healthy and substantial pay increase.”
The initial test of the union’s attempt to gain
the union shop in the basic steel industry by

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MONTHLY LABOR

January 1, 1951, came on October 20 when the
N L R B conducted elections at plants of the
Wheeling Steel Corp., in West Virginia and Ohio.
Employees voted in favor of the union shop (10,533
to 831); and the union now can negotiate with the
company on the matter, as provided in the LaborManagement Relations Act.
Railroads. The Federal Government continued to
operate the Nation’s major railroads, which had
been seized on August 27 to prevent a strike by
the Brotherhood of Railroad Trainmen and the
Order of Railway Conductors. During October,
nearly all the railroad unions formulated demands
for wage increases. The increases sought were 25
cents an hour by 15 nonoperating unions; 35
cents an hour by the Brotherhood of Firemen and
Enginemen, the Brotherhood of Railroad Train­
men, and the Order of Railway Conductors; and
20 percent by the Brotherhood of Locomotive
Engineers for its road engineers and yardmen.
Conclusion of a 3-year agreement between the
Nation’s railroads and the Railroad Yardmasters
of America, Inc. (Ind.), in early October, gave the
yardmasters an increase of 23 cents an hour.
This contract follows the pattern of the Switch­
men’s agreement reached on September 1 with
10 western and midwestern railroads.2
The Teamsters Union (AFL) terminated a 19day strike at the Railway Express Agency in New
York City on October 12 at the request of an
emergency fact-finding board appointed by Presi­
dent Truman.3 On November 2 the Board recom­
mended a wage increase of 10 cents an hour.
However, it recommended that the increase should
be made retroactive only to October 13, to penalize
the workers for a strike that was “outside of the
spirit, if not the letter, of the Railway Labor A ct.”
The Board said that “under normal circumstances”
it would have “recommended the increase be
made retroactive to September 1, 1950, when
other New York truck drivers got theirs.”
Clothing. An agreement, concluded on October 10
by the Amalgamated Clothing Workers (CIO)
and the Clothing Manufacturers Association of
the United States, increased wages by 12% cents
an hour for 150,000 workers employed by 1,500
men’s clothing manufacturers. The agreement,
however, did not become effective until Novem­
ber 20. This allowed employers to complete

REV IEW , DECEMBER 1950

INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS ACTIVITIES

deliveries for the fall and winter seasons without
changing price commitments.
The union has established a record of bargaining
peacefully without engaging in a major strike in
the men’s clothing industry during the past 29
years. I t had deferred requests for wage increases
since 1947 because of adverse economic conditions
in the industry.
On October 11, the union and the major pro­
ducers of shirts, pajamas, and other cotton gar­
ments agreed on increases of 10 cents an hour in
pay and of 2% cents an hour for pension and
“fringe” wage benefits for 80,000 workers, effec­
tive November 13. An increase of 10 cents an
hour for an additional 40,000 workers was an­
nounced October 19. This will be effective
November 13 for about 25,000 workers employed
in the manufacture of men’s trousers and Novem­
ber 20 for 15,000 outerwear workers. Both
groups will also receive new pension benefits.
Pay increases for members in laundries, cleaning
and dyeing establishments, and glove and neck­
wear factories are the union’s next goal.
M aritim e. Five maritime unions negotiated wage
agreements during October with East and Gulf
Coast steamship companies employing over 65,000
seamen. Agreements with these unions— the Na­
tional Maritime Union (CIO), the Seafarers
International Union (A FL), the American Radio
Association (CIO), the Marine Engineers Bene­
ficial Association (CIO), and the Master, Mates
and Pilots (A FL)— provide for base-pay increases
of 6.38 percent. They also include provisions
for higher war risk insurance to compensate for
the increased risk of sailing in war-affected areas.
The adjustments were concluded under the terms
of wage-reopening clauses in current contracts.
On the West Coast, the Marine Cooks and
Stewards (Ind.) and the Marine Engineers Bene­
ficial Association (CIO) negotiated agreements
with the Pacific Maritime Association which
raised wages 5.49 percent. However, the Sailors
Union of the Pacific (AFL) rejected an offer for a
similar increase, and obtained agreement on a
6.38-percent increase.
The International Longshoremen’s and Ware­
housemen’s Union (Ind.) reached an agreement
with the Pacific Maritime Association on a 10cent-an-hour increase late in September. This

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711

represented a raise of 5.49 percent on the $1.82
longshoremen’s rate previously effective.
Electrical Products. The Westinghouse Electric
Co. and the International Union of Electrical
Workers (CIO) agreed on a new 1-year contract
on October 1, which gives 50,000 workers in 8
Eastern States a 10-cent-an-hour wage increase.
Noncontributory pensions of $100 a month, in­
cluding social-security benefits, are also provided
for workers with 25 years’ service. The agree­
ment, which is retroactive to September 18 and
may be reopened for wage negotiations after 6
months, is the initial agreement negotiated by the
company and the IU E -C IO .
The Federation of Westinghouse Independent
Salaried Unions, representing 12,000 workers in
21 Westinghouse plants, accepted a 1-year con­
tract, on October 10. I t raises salaries $17.35 a
month or 5 percent, whichever is greater. Pro­
vision for a pension plan similar to the one accepted
by the IU E -C IO is also included.
Telephone. Rejection of Bell system offers to
Western Electric employees represented by the
Communications Workers of America (CIO),
resulted in a widespread stoppage early in Novem­
ber. Employees of four telephone companies in
the Northeastern States received wage increases in
October.
The New Jersey Bell Telephone Co. and Division
55 of the Communications Workers of America
(CIO) tentatively agreed on an 18-month contract,
effective October 1, which increases wages $2 to $4
per week for 10,000 workers. The agreement
averted a threatened State-wide strike of telephone
operators in protest of a New Jersey State Supreme
Court ruling nullifying an arbitration board’s
award of a $2.50 weekly increase in wages and a
modified union shop. The agreement stipulates
that the union may proceed with an appeal from
the court’s decision that the arbitration board’s
order requiring a modified union shop conflicted
with the “letter and spirit” of the Labor Manage­
ment Relations Act.
The New England Telephone & Telegraph Co.,
which serves all of the New England States except
Connecticut, granted wage increases to 27,000
employees, represented by the International
Brotherhood of Telephone Workers (Ind.) and the

712

INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS ACTIVITIES

New England Federation of Telephone Operators
(Ind.). Plant employees received weekly wage in­
creases ranging from $2 to $5, and traffic em­
ployees, from $2 to $4.
The Bell Telephone Co. of Pennsylvania and the
Federation of Telephone Workers of Pennsylvania
(Ind.) signed an agreement on October 11 which
increases wages of plant department employees
by amounts ranging up to $5 a week. Em ­
ployees in the firm’s business offices, who are
represented by the Pennsylvania Telephone Guild
(Ind.), received similar increases.
The United Telephone Organizations (Ind.) and
the New York Telephone Co. agreed on a 17month contract, effective October 2, which raises
wages from $2 to $5 a week for 16,000 plant
workers. The union membership was given until
November 1 to ratify the agreement, which con­
tains no provision for wage reopenings.
The CWA-CIO announced on October 27 that
its members employed by the Western Electric
Co. would strike on November 9 if satisfactory
agreements were not negotiated with the company
before that date. The union rejected the com­
pany’s offer of wage increases averaging 11% cents
an hour for installation workers in 43 States and
10 cents an hour for distributing house employees
in about 30 locations. A company proposal that
the contracts run for 18 months with no wage­
reopening provisions was also rejected by the
union.
On November 9, approximately 17,000 Western
Electric employees in 43 States went on strike.
About 16,000 Michigan Bell employees, also repre­
sented by the CWA, stopped work at the same
time. This also developed out of a wage dispute.
Rubber. The United Rubber Workers (CIO) and
the “big 4 ” rubber producers concluded agree­
ments in late October and early November which
increased wages for more than 100,000 workers.
On October 20, the Goodyear Tire & Rubber
Co. agreed to a general wage increase of 10% cents
an hour. Correction of interplant wage inequities
increased the average hourly wage by another 1%
cents. The B . F. Goodrich Co. agreement pro­
vided for wage increases averaging 12 cents an
hour and a modified union shop— the first union
shop among the big rubber companies. The
Firestone Tire & Rubber Co. agreement provided
for wage increases ranging from 9 to 11 cents an

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MONTHLY LABOR

hour, allowances up to 2% cents an hour for adjust­
ments in interplant wage inequities, and a modi­
fied union shop. The United States Rubber Co.
announced on November 3 that it had agreed to
raise wages 12 cents an hour.
Other negotiations. The Textile Workers Union
of America (CIO) negotiated new wage agree­
ments, effective October 9, with 5 Rhode Island
mills, and 3 northern New Jersey mills, raising
wages 12 cents an hour for approximately 12,000
workers. The union also negotiated an agree­
ment effective October 9, with the Dan River
Mills which provides for an 8-percent increase in
pay for 11,000 workers at the company’s Danville,
Va., plants.
The Pittsburgh Plate Glass Co. and the LibbeyOwens-Ford Glass Co. reached agreement with
the Federation of Glass, Ceramic and Silica Sand
Workers (CIO) on October 9 for a wage rise of
10 cents an hour for 18,500 glass workers. The
contracts, which will expire M ay 15, 1952, do not
contain wage-reopening clauses.
Approximately 10,000 members of the American
Federation of Hosiery Workers (Ind.), in 38 fullfashioned hosiery mills across the Nation, were
awarded an average pay increase of 25 cents an
hour late in September by an arbitration board.
The board had been appointed by the union and
the employers after negotiations became dead­
locked. Part of the increase effected restoration
of an April wage cut.
A new agreement between the Lockheed Air­
craft Corp. and the International Association of
M achinists (Ind.) brought a wage increase of 10
cents an hour to 12,000 workers. The new con­
tract, which replaces one that had almost another
year to run, will expire August 22, 1952.
Consolidated Edison Co. and the Utility
Workers Union (CIO) signed an agreement on
October 28 which will expire February 1, 1952.
It provides wage increases of 10 cents an hour,
effective January 1, 1951, and of an additional
5 cents an hour effective Ju ly 1, 1951, for 30,000
workers in the New York City area.
The National Brotherhood of Operative Potters
(AFL) and the United States Potters Association
reached agreement on a 10-cent hourly increase
for 28,000 workers in the dinner-ware industry,
effective November 1. Their current 2-year
agreement expires October 1, 1951.

REVIEW , DECEMBER 1950

INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS ACTIVITIES

Principal Work Stoppages
The International Harvester Co. and the United
Automobile Workers (CIO) terminated a 78-day
work stoppage of some 23,000 workers on Novem­
ber 3 by agreement on a new 5-year contract.
Wages were increased 10 cents an hour, including
6 cents an hour to compensate workers for in­
creased living costs and 4 cents an hour as an
annual wage-improvement factor. During the
life of the contract, wages will bte adjusted quar­
terly on the basis of 1-cent an hour for each 1.14
change in the Bureau of Labor Statistics Consum­
er’s Price Index. A modified union shop was also
included in the agreement.
The UAW (CIO) strike at plants of John Deere
& Co. continued in early November. Approxi­
mately 12,000 workers in this dispute had been
idle since September 1.
The last of the strikes which had seriously cur­
tailed the production of soda ash during the
summer was settled early in October, when the
United Mine Workers, District 50 (Ind.) and the
Solvay Process Division of Allied Chemical & Dye
Corp. agreed on a 10-cent-an-hour wage increase
for workers in the company’s Detroit, Mich.,
plants. This action followed the termination of
strikes at the Baton Rouge plant of the Solvay
Process Division and the Diamond Alkali Co. at
Painesville, Ohio, late in September.
Approximately 15,000 employees of the Hudson
M otor Car Co., represented by the United Auto­
mobile Workers (CIO), were idle from September
26 to October 1 because of a dispute over the
application of contract seniority provisions in
assigning work. International union officials called
the strike “unauthorized” and refused to sanction
it. The workers returned to their jobs on October
2, after the international union assured them that
it would make available all necessary assistance
in negotiating a settlement of the grievances.
Trade-Union Affairs
The executive council of the International
Association of Machinists (Ind.) recommended on
October 10 that the union reaffiliate with the AFL.
The IA M left the A FL 5 years ago because of a


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713

jurisdictional dispute with the carpenter’s union
over the work of installing machinery in mills and
plants. A. J . Hayes, IAM president, said that
the union and the federation had reached an under­
standing on the differences which led to the union’s
withdrawal from the federation in 1945. It was
agreed that the jurisdiction held by the IA M prior
to its withdrawal would be restored; the A FL
would recognize IAM rights and privileges on a
par with those extended to all other affiliates; and
the A FL Building Trades Department would be
notified that its authority to settle jurisdictional
disputes would be limited only to those involving
its affiliated organizations (the IA M was affiliated
only with the M etal Trades Department before
it withdrew from the A FL). Members of the
IA M ’s 1,800 locals will vote on the proposed
reaffiliation in December.
The membership of the Communications Work­
ers of America (CIO), early in October, approved
structural changes in the organization which, ac­
cording to the union, would restrict policy making
in the union to local and international union levels.
The union’s 38 divisions will be replaced by 11
administrative districts. Future contracts will be
negotiated under the direction, and in the name,
of the international union, rather than of the di­
visions as formerly. The union expects to com­
plete these procedural changes by early 1951.
A new union— the Distributive, Processing and
Office Workers of America (Ind.)—was organized
early in October. I t was formed by the merger of
three independent unions— the Food, Tobacco,
Agricultural and Allied Workers; the United Office
and Professional Workers; and the Distributive
Workers Union. The first two unions were former
CIO affiliates, expelled on charges of Communist
domination; the third was composed primarily of
former department store locals of the Retail, Whole­
sale, and Department Store Union (CIO). Arthur
Osman, former Distributive Workers Union presi­
dent, was elected president of the new union, which
claims a membership of 80,000, including 45,000
in the New York area.
1 P r e p a r e d in th e B u r e a u ’s D iv is io n of I n d u s t r ia l R e la tio n s .

see M onthly Labor Review for October (p. 491).
Members of the board: Grady Lewis, of Washington, chairman; R ev. W il­
liam J . Kelley, of Catholic University; and Joseph L . Miller, of W ashington.
2
3

Recent Decisions
of Interest to Labor1

Wages and H ours2
Public Contracts Act— Child Labor. A Federal district
court considered3 the application of section 2 of the
Public Contracts (Walsh-Healey) Act. The section pro­
vides that Government contractors subject to the act
shall be liable to the United States for liquidated damages
of $10 per day for each under-age person “knowingly”
employed in the performance of such contract.
During the war, the Secretary of Labor, pursuant to his
regulatory authority under the act, issued regulations
relaxing the statutory standard prohibiting the employ­
ment of female persons below 18 years of age. The
regulations permitted the employment of girls between
16 and 18, provided that (a) no girls under 16 were
employed, (6) girls were not required to work over 8
hours a day, and (c) birth certificates of girls between
16 and 18 were kept on file by the employer.
An employer operating under a Government contract
covered by the act employed two 15-year-old girls who
had represented themselves as over 16.
The court held that the mere fact of the girls’ youthful
physical appearance did not prove that the employer had
“knowingly” employed girls under 16. It stated that no
one could, with any degree of accuracy, determine the
ages of girls by their appearance, at least to the extent
of “knowing” their ages, and that persons often differ
sharply in estimating the ages of others.
The employer was, however, held to have violated the
act because he had not kept on file certificates as to the
girls’ ages as required by the Secretary’s regulations.
The employment of certain other girls, who were actually
over 16, was also held to be in violation of the act, since
they were permitted to work over 9 hours a day in viola­
tion of the conditions prescribed by the Secretary for
employment of girls under 18.
The 2-year statute of limitations prescribed by the
Portal-to-Portal Act barring claims after the 2-year period
was held not applicable to the case, since the final decision
of the Secretary of Labor in complaint proceedings under
the Walsh-Healey Act was made less than 2 years prior
to his bringing suit. The court held that the limitation
period began to run from the time of the administrative
decision in the Government’s cause of action for liquidated
damages and not from the time when the violations
occurred.
714

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Enforcement Contempt. A district court held i i company
guilty of criminal contempt for willfully violating a consent
decree enjoining shipment in interstate commerce of goods
manufactured by girls under 16 years of age. The court
imposed a fine of $1,000 upon the company.
The company operated a canning factory. In May 1949,
after proceedings were brought against the company under
the Fair Labor Standards Act, a consent decree was issued
by the court prohibiting further violations of the act. The
company president admitted the employment of six girls
under 16 subsequent to the decree, but claimed it was done
through the mistake of another employee who was respon­
sible for hiring them.
In holding the company guilty of contempt, the court
noted that some of the girls employed appeared to be
under 16, and pointed out that the company president had
failed to give any instructions to the hiring employee to
prevent repetition of the violation of the FLSA. The
court held that the company was under a clear duty to give
such instructions in view of existence of the injunction
decree. Necessity for quick hiring of employees in a
seasonal business was held to be no justification for viola­
tion of the decree.

Labor Relations
Discriminatory Discharge After Strike by Other Employees.
A salesmen’s union called a strike against one of the
members of an employers’ association, following an impasse
in association-wide bargaining negotiations. The associa­
tion then discharged all salesmen employed by its members.
This was held5 by the National Labor Relations Board to
violate sections 8 (a) (1) and 8 (a) (3) of the amended
National Labor Relations Act prohibiting interference with
union activity and discrimination against union members
for engaging in such activity.
Since 1943, a local union had bargained with the em­
ployers’ association on behalf of the salesmen. In March
1949, after unsuccessful negotiations for a new contract,
the local sent directly to each employer for signature the
same contract that had been proposed to the joint com­
mittee which represented all the employers. No emplover
accepted the contract, and joint negotiations were resumed.
After another impasse was reached, the union called a strike
limited to one employer. On the following day, the other
employers in the association sent their salesmen a letter
stating that it was the union’s intent eventually to call a
strike against every employer in the association. The
letter then requested the salesmen to turn over their
records and settle their accounts. This was construed as
a discharge by some salesmen. Others reported for work,
but were told they were discharged.
The Board found that the employees had been dis­
charged— not just laid off pending settlement of the con­
tract. It expressly refused to decide whether a lay-off
would have been proper. It held that the discharge of the
striking employees was illegal, as an attempt to penalize
them for striking and thus discourage future concerted
activity. Discharge of nonstriking employees was also
held to be discriminatory, in that it was a reprisal either

DECISIONS OF INTEREST TO LABOR
against a possible future strike or against a strike by other
members of the same union against one employer.
The argument that the discharges were defensive meas­
ures to protect the association members from strikes by the
union against the employers, one by one, was rejected.
The Board held that an employer’s economic interest in
preventing a successful strike did not justify conduct pro­
scribed by the act. It pointed out that a contrary view,
if applied, would permit the widening of industrial strife,
while the purpose of the act was to prevent it. If the
policy defended by the association were permitted, a oneemployer strike could be converted into an industry-wide
dispute; and since discharge of strikers for strike activity is
illegal, a union, in its turn, would be encouraged to strike
all or none of the employers.
Member Reynolds dissented from this conclusion.
He stated that the employers’ action constituted a lock-out
or lay-off rather than a discharge, as shown by their failure
to resume operations or replace the employees; and that
there was no background of anti-union activity on the
part of the employers.
The Board also ruled that the union’s strike against one
employer and its attempt to enter into separate negotia­
tions with that employer did not constitute restraint or
coercion in the selection of bargaining representatives
under section 8 (b) (1) (B). There was insufficient evi­
dence, the Board held, that this employer had designated
the joint committee as its bargaining agent for separate
negotiations, as well as for association-wide negotiations.
Neither was there evidence, it held, that the union would
have rejected the joint committee as the employer’s rep­
resentative in separate negotiations. The strike was not
an attempt to coerce the employer to resign from the asso­
ciation, the Board held; nor were the union’s proposals
to the various employers for separate negotiations a re­
fusal to bargain.
It was pointed out that, since an employer could with­
draw from a multiemployer unit, a union should also be
permitted to bargain with individual employers separately
after negotiations with the larger unit had broken down.
Furthermore, the Board held, even if the association were
the only appropriate unit, the union was not required to
bargain with all employers simultaneously or to negotiate
the same contract with all.
While admitting that in the first instance the union was
obliged to bargain with the association rather than with
separate employer members, the Board stated that, after
an impasse had been reached, separate negotiations were
permissible. Such separate negotiations, it pointed out,
were not shown to preclude simultaneous association-wide
negotiations. At any rate, it held, the authority of the
association was apparently limited to association-wide
negotiations. The association, while an appropriate
bargaining unit, was held to be not the only appropriate
unit.
Member Reynolds, dissenting from these conclusions,
stated that the union by its separate negotiations was
attempting to compel the employers to revoke their
designation of the association as their bargaining agent.
The legislative history of the LM RA, he thought, showed
that Congress wished to preserve multi-employer bargain­

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715

ing units when it rejected a proposal to ban industry-wide
bargaining. He also thought that the multi-employer
unit was the only appropriate unit and was the “employer”
within the meaning of section 8 (b) (3) and that therefore
the union had been guilty of refusal to bargain. To allow
a union to negotiate separately with different members of a
multi-employer unit would, he thought, introduce chaos
into collective-bargaining relations.

Discharge for Cause— Slow-down. The N LR B ruled8 that
an employer’s discharge of several employees for partici­
pating in a slow-down after a reduction in their rate of pay
was not discriminatory in violation of the amended
NLRA. This was ruled although the employer had not
given any express order as to the amount of work required
or any express warning of discharge if they failed to meet
a certain requirement.
Until January 1949, employee carloaders had been paid
on a piecework basis, and had earned an average of $2.71
an hour. At that time the employer changed the method
of loading so as to make the work easier and more steady,
but also changed the rate of pay to an hourly basis— at
$1.52% an hour. Thereupon the carloaders decided to
load only one car a day. Approximately one month later
they were discharged.
The employees, the Board found, could have loaded more
than one car a day. They knew that the employer was
dissatisfied with their production rate, since the president
and manager had invited them to a dinner, at which they
were asked for suggestions as to increased production. A
spokesman for the employees suggested that the employer
either go back to the piecework rate or increase the hourly
rate if more production were desired. The vice president
replied he would investigate matters a t another mill and
report back. He never reported back. Upon their dis­
charge the employees were told “ We can’t make it go on
that way, so we have got to find some new faces.”
The Board pointed out that section 7 of the NLRA
(protecting concerted activity of employees for mutual
aid and protection) did not protect such activity if for an
unlawful objective or if improper means were used. While
the objective of increased wages was lawful, the employees’
refusal to accept the terms of employment combined with
their insistence (although without a stoppage) on working
on their own terms, was held to justify their discharge.
The Board pointed to a recent Supreme Court decision7
holding that a slow-down was not protected activity.
The employees were held to have no right to work on terms
fixed solely by them. They had impliedly contracted
when hired that they would obey all reasonable orders.
The fact that the employer required no fixed quota of
work and failed to give express warning of discharge was
held immaterial.
Check-off to Enforce Illegal Union Shop. An employer
discharged a nonunion employee for her refusal to permit
the deduction of union dues from her pay. The dues
were to be deducted in the enforcement of a union-security
agreement which had not been authorized by a majority
vote in an election held pursuant to section 9 (e) of the
amended NLBA. When the employee agreed to pay the

716

DECISIONS OF INTEREST TO LABOR

dues, she was rehired. The Board held8 the deduction
to be an unfair labor practice.
Both the discharge and the enforced deduction of dues
after the employee’s return, the Board held, constituted
interference with her right under section 7 of the NLRA
to refrain from union activities. These actions, it held,
violated section 8 (a) (2) of the NLRA, by giving illegal
assistance to the union.
In a previous decision,9 the Board had held that section
302 of the Labor Management Relations Act providing
criminal penalties for checking-off dues unless certain
restrictions were observed did not have any impact on the
unfair-labor-practice jurisdiction of the Board under
section 8 of the amended NLRA. The Board distinguished
that decision on the ground that, while the check-off was
not necessarily an unfair labor practice, it was illegal if the
dues were deducted against the will of the individual em­
ployee, in behalf of an illegal union-security agreement.

Union Security. Section 8 (b) (2) of the amended NLRA
prohibits a labor organization from causing an employer
to discriminate against an employee whose membership in
such organization has been terminated for reasons other
than failure to pay periodic dues or initiation fees. The
N LR B held10 that a union violated this section by causing
an employer to discharge a worker who had been expelled
from the union for refusal to pay a fine.
The employer had first discharged the employee in May
1947, pursuant to a maintenance-of-membership contract.
The union had requested the discharge after the employee
had refused to pay two fines aggregating $50 which the
union had assessed against her, and was no longer a
member in good standing. On June 2, 1948, the employer
and the union executed a new agreement making member­
ship in the union within 30 days of hiring a condition of
employment. After a majority of the employees approved
this contract pursuant to section 9 (e) of the amended
NLRA, it was certified as valid by the Board on July 29,
1948.
When, a month later, the employer rehired the employee
who had been discharged in May 1947, she tendered her
initiation fee and dues to the union, but was advised she
could not become a member until she paid the fines levied
against her during her former period of employment.
When she refused to do this, the union rejected her tender
of dues and initiation fees; and upon its request to the
employer, she was discharged.
The Board held the union’s action caused the discharge,
and was illegal because membership had been denied on
grounds other than failure to tender the periodic dues and
the initiation fees uniformly required. A fine, the Board
held, could not be included in the terms “dues” or “initia­
tion fees” as used in section 8 (b) (2), in the light of its
legislative history. That history indicated a desire to
prevent an employee’s discharge for capricious reasons.
The union’s contention that the employer, in making the
new contract, had impliedly agreed not to rehire this em­
ployee was held to be unsupported by the evidence and
to be without merit in any case. Such an agreement, the
Board pointed out, would have violated the a ct’s restric­
tions against discriminatory hiring.

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MONTHLY LABOR

Since the employer was not named in the proceedings,
the Board was not able to order reinstatement of the em­
ployee, which could only be performed by the employer.
However, the Board ordered the union to express imme­
diately to the employer its willingness that she be rehired.
The union was made solely liable for providing back pay.
Such back pay was to include the amount the employee
would have earned at her job between the date of her dis­
charge and 5 days after the union’s notice to the employer
of its willingness to accept her reinstatement.
(2) The N LR B ruled 11 that a union-shop provision in a
collective-bargaining agreement does not become valid
until the Board has certified the results of the union-shop
election. An employer’s discharge of a nonunion em­
ployee after the election results favoring the union shop had
become known, but prior to certification by the Board,
was held to be discriminatory, in violation of section 8 (a)
(3) of the amended NLRA. The union had insisted that
an employee be discharged because of his expulsion by the
union for failure as a union officer to execute a nonCommunist affidavit. Accordingly, the union and the
employer were held jointly and severally liable for back
pay due the employee.
(3) A union-security agreement violative of the terms
of the LM RA is an unfair labor practice although the
agreement is oral, the N LR B ruled.12 The act, the Board
pointed out, does not require contracts to be in any par­
ticular form or to be reduced to writing. In this case
the agreement had not been authorized by an election
pursuant to section 9 (e) of the a ct; moreover, it gave a
greater degree of union security than the act allowed.

Refusal to Bargain— Unilateral Wage Increase. The
N LR B ruled 13 that an employer had refused to bargain
by unilaterally instituting a bonus plan which substan­
tially affected the wage plan of his employees. When an
impasse in negotiations with the union on this subject
had been reached, he had applied coercive pressures to
secure agreement of individual employees to the plan and
to prevent their discussing it with the union.
The bonus plan was proposed in negotiations for a new
contract, shortly before expiration of an existing contract.
The plan involved adoption of hourly rates for day work
instead of piece rates, together with a new production
schedule. It was discussed at six employer-union meet­
ings, but no agreement was reached. Thereafter the
employer did not negotiate with the union, but held
individual conferences with the three employee members
of the bargaining committee whom he believed to be
responsible for blocking union acceptance. He refused
to allow an outside union agent to be present at these
conferences, and attempted to obtain the committee
members’ active support of the plan among other em­
ployees. Subsequently the employer posted notices of
new rates of pay and abolition of piecework rates. He
demanded agreement from the individual grievancecommittee members, and discharged them when they
refused to comply.
In holding the employer had refused to bargain, the
Board stated that the existence of a bargaining impasse
did not destroy the authority of the bargaining representa-

REVIEW, DECEMBER 1950

DECISIONS OF INTEREST TO LABOR

tive to act on behalf of the employees. Neither did it
destroy the right of employees to seek, by collective action,
to maintain their position and to persuade the employer
to accept such position. Thus the impasse did not justify
the employer’s action in disparagement of the bargaining
process and in subversion of the authority of the bargain­
ing representative.

Commerce— Jurisdiction of NLRB. The N LR B, in a
number of decisions early in October, more clearly defined
the conditions under which it would exercise jurisdiction.
(1) The Board declined 14 jurisdiction over a dairy whose
sales were entirely local, although four-fifths ($400,000)
of its total purchases of milk, supplies, and equipment
were from out of State. It pointed out that, while the
assertion of jurisdiction in this instance would effectuate
the policies of the amended NLRA, the Board’s budget
and case load required that jurisdiction be declined in
cases in which the direct inflow is less than $500,000
annually. A representation petition was accordingly
dismissed.
(2) The Board asserted15 jurisdiction over a company
which shipped more than $25,000 annually in goods
outside the State although 98 percent of its sales were
made within the State. It asserted that it would exercise
jurisdiction in all cases in which the over-$25,000 require­
ment of out-of-State shipments was met.
(3) The Board asserted 16 jurisdiction and directed a
representation election with regard to a company which
shipped no goods directly out of the State and purchased
less than $112,000 worth of goods from outside the State—
since it delivered over $50,000 worth of goods annually to
another employer who was engaged in interstate com­
merce (shipping $220,000 out of $830,000 worth of manu­
factures out of State). The Board said that it would
hereafter assert jurisdiction over employers whose opera­
tions affect commerce through furnishing goods or services
to other employers engaged in commerce. This would
be done without regard to other factors, when such goods
or services are valued at $50,000 or more per annum and
are sold to (a) public utilities or transit systems; or (6)
employers functioning as instrumentalities or channels
of interstate or foreign commerce, or (c) enterprises
engaged in producing or handling goods designed for
out-of-State shipment in value of $25,000 or more per
annum.
(4) Directing an election, the Board held 17 that under
certain conditions even when the employer’s business had
not met the direct-inflow minimum requirement of $500,000
or the direct-outflow minimum requirement of $25,000,
it would assert jurisdiction. The conditions are that the
employer’s outflow and inflow, considered in ratio to the
respective minimum outflow and inflow requirements,
must be together equivalent to the minimum in either
category.
An employer’s $22,000 out-of-State sales exceeded
90 percent of the outflow requirement, and his $65,000
purchases from out of State exceeded 15 percent of his
inflow requirements. The total of the two percentages
being over 100 percent, the Board held that the impact
upon commerce was as great as that of other employers

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717

whose business met either the direct-inflow or the directoutflow requirement.
(5) The Board decided 18 to assert jurisdiction when an
employer’s purchases of materials coming directly or
indirectly from outside the State have amounted to over
$1,000,000, even though all sales were local and the direct
purchases from outside the State were under $500,000.
(6) The Board held 19 that it would continue to assert
jurisdiction over a plant owned and operated by a company
which is a multi-State enterprise, even though all the
plant’s operations are handled by local people and its
sales are all within one State.
(7) In another decision,20 the N LR B stated it would
assert jurisdiction in all cases involving public utilities
and public transit systems engaged in commerce or in
operations affecting commerce, subject only to the rule of
de minimis. The Board accordingly directed a representa­
tion election in a passenger-bus transportation company
with an annual revenue exceeding $100,000, which had
direct imports from other States of $37,500, and which
transported daily a substantial number of persons to
atomic-energy plants.

Decisions of State Courts
Arkansas— Contempt of Injunction. The Supreme Court
of Arkansas upheld 21 a lower court’s conviction of certain
workers for contempt of an injunction. The higher court
stated at the same time that for a conviction to be sus­
tained in proceedings for criminal contempt of an injunc­
tion, the proof of guilt must be beyond a reasonable doubt.
A lower court had granted an injunction against a
union’s picketing in a dispute as to whether a mine would
be operated by union members. The injunction also
prohibited the attempt to prevent, by force or otherwise,
use by the company-employer of its property. After
issuance of the injunction, a group of over 20 persons
congregated outside the mine. Several of these persons,
it was alleged, issued threats of various sorts against
employees of the company. This testimony was con­
tradicted by a number of witnesses. Other allegations were
to the effect that certain persons had planned to stop the
haulage of shale from the mine. The accused claimed they
were congregated at the mine by coincidence. The trial
court acquitted some of the accused, but convicted several
others.
On appeal the State supreme court held that the con­
victions were sustained by evidence beyond a reasonable
doubt. The fact that the accused had more witnesses on
their side was held not to prove the truth of their testi­
mony. The conflict in the evidence did not prevent the
trial court from finding the accused guilty beyond a
reasonable doubt.
California—State Anti-Trust Law. A California appellate
court held 22 that a union’s action in assuming jurisdiction
over the sale of frozen packaged meat, when combined
with the union rule prohibiting members from working
after 6 p. m. or on Sundays or holidays, was enjoinable as
a restraint of trade in violation of the State antitrust law.
A butchers’ union had entered into contracts with retail

718

DECISIONS OF INTEREST TO LABOR

stores by which packaged meat was to be sold only by
union members. Such meat had formerly been kept in
low-temperature cases from which customers could help
themselves. The cases had been serviced by grocery
clerks. Wholesalers selling the packaged meat sought an
injunction against enforcement of the contracts between
the stores and the union, on the ground that a large part
of the retail sale of packaged meats was made during the
hours when union members were forbidden to work and
that therefore most of the stores would be forced to dis­
continue the sale of such meats. The lower court granted
an injunction.
On appeal, this decision was affirmed by the appellate
court. While, as the union contended, one of the objec­
tives of the contract was to prevent union members from
working long hours, the contract also had the effect of
restricting the sale of frozen packaged meats. By pre­
venting other employees from selling such meats, the union
was held to have, in effect, prevented their sale during
hours when union members were not permitted to work—
that is, during hours when freshly cut meats were not
competing with packaged meat. The fact that the union’s
motive in producing this effect was the lawful one of
shorter hours did not, the court said, make such restraint
of trade lawful, since its effect was to prevent competition.
While the antitrust law provided a remedy in damages,
the court held it was not prevented from granting an
injunction, as the amount of damages was unascertainable
and irreparable injury would result from enforcement of
the union contract.

Georgia— Display of Union-Shop Card. Barber-shop pro­
prietors employing other barbers had signed agreements
with a barbers’ union permitting them to display unionshop cards. The agreement required that only union
members were to be employed and that the card holders
would abide by the rules and laws of the union. Until
1950 the union’s rules had required that barbers who
became proprietors must resign from the union. In that
year, rules were changed to require proprietors to join the
union. (They were prohibited, however, from voting on
matters pertaining to wages, hours, etc., and from holding
office in the union.) Proprietors were advised that their
union-shop cards would be withdrawn unless they became
members of the union. The proprietors sought to enjoin
removal of the cards.
The Georgia Supreme Court, affirming a decision by a
trial court, held 23 that the union’s action was not enjoinable. It pointed out that the proprietors had received
the union-shop cards on condition that they abide by
all rules of the union, both past and future. The union
rules having been changed to require membership as a
condition of showing a shop card, its request to that effect
was in accordance with the agreement. Such an agree­
ment was held to be lawful under Georgia law.
Minnesota—Secondary Picketing, State v. Federal Juris­
diction. A Minnesota lower court had granted an injunc­
tion against the picketing by a union of a grain elevator of
a secondary employer. The object of the picketing was
to compel the secondary employer to cease doing business

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MONTHLY LABOR

with a Canadian employer, as a means of inducing him to
recognize the union. The State Supreme Court held 24
that the lower court did not have jurisdiction, and issued
a writ of prohibition against enforcement of the injunction.
It held that the dispute caused by the picketing was
within the jurisdiction of the National Labor Relations
Board by virtue of section 8 (b) (4) of the amended
National Labor Relations Act prohibiting secondary
strikes and picketing to compel one employer to cease doing
business with another employer with whom the union
had a dispute.
The fact that the primary employer was foreign and
its dispute with the union was outside the N L R B ’s juris­
diction was held not to prevent the Board from taking
jurisdiction over the picketing of the secondary employer.
The court pointed out that the National Labor Relations
Act applied to foreign as well as interstate commerce.
Since the labor dispute was within a field covered by
Federal legislation, a State court was held unable to
intervene.

New Jersey— Award under Public-Utility CompulsoryArbitration Law. The Supreme Court of New Jersey
handed down a decision 25 concerning application of the
State law providing for compulsory arbitration of labor
disputes in public utilities.
A labor dispute had arisen between the New Jersey Bell
Telephone Co. and the Communications Workers of
America which represented the company’s telephone
operators. The parties failed to reach agreement. An
arbitration board with three members appointed by the
Governor, and one member each representing the com­
pany and the union then held hearings pursuant to the
compulsory arbitration law. That board made an
“order,” which was followed 5 weeks later by “findings of
fact and decision.” The order awarded a wage increase,
union security in the form of maintenance of membership
and check-off, and a partial reclassification of cities in
which wage differentials existed. Appeal was made from
the “order” by the company, on grounds that the statute
was unconstitutional, that the union-security award was
unlawful, and that the standards for making an award
were insufficiently set up in the statute, were wrongly
applied, and were not based on findings of fact or evidence.
The State supreme court, on appeal from a decision of
the appellate division upholding the aw^ard, held that the
statute was constitutional, but that this award was in­
valid. The company contended that the compulsory
arbitration statute invaded a field preempted by the Fed­
eral Government in the National Labor Relations Act,
which prohibited certain strikes, but permitted strikes for
higher wages and better working conditions.
A Michigan statute requiring a majority vote of em­
ployees prior to a strike had been held 26 invalid by the
United States Supreme Court. But the New Jersey
Supreme Court ruled that this decision concerning the
Michigan law was not controlling in the instant case,
which involved a public utility essential to the safety and
welfare of the State. The Labor Management Relations
Act restricted strikes inimical to National welfare.

REV IEW , DECEMBER 1950

DECISIONS OF INTEREST TO LABOR

The court also upheld the standards set up by the com­
pulsory arbitration statute for making the award, as not
too vague or uncertain and not constituting a delegation
of legislative power to the board. The standards pre­
scribed by the statute were (a) public interest and welfare,
(6) comparison of wages, hours, and working conditions of
employment involved in the proceedings and wages, etc.,
of employees performing similar work requiring similar
skills, (c) comparison of wages, etc., in industries in gen­
eral and public utilities in particular throughout the
State and the Nation, (d) security and tenure of employ­
ment as affected by technological changes or unique skills
in the industry, and (e) other factors normally taken
into consideration in determining wages, etc.
The court pointed out that the legislature did not have
to set up a specific formula for fixing wages and that the
factors to be considered need not be limited to the localities
concerned.
In holding the award invalid, the court first called atten­
tion to the provision for maintenance of union membership.
While union security might conceivably be considered a
"condition of employment,” over which the board was
given jurisdiction by the statute, such a construction of the
statute, the court held, would bring it into conflict with
the union-security provisions of the amended National
Labor Relations Act, which implied that union security
should be agreed to by the parties, rather than imposed by
a State board.
The court also held that the wage award was invalid
because the findings of fact showed it to be based on only
one of the five basic standards set up by the statute—
“ other factors” normally considered in determining wages,
etc. The court held that the decision must be based on
all five standards. The board had also based its decision
on a wage trend, rather than on an existing condition. A
“trend” was nowhere set up as a standard. Also, it was
pointed out, the board had failed to make any specific findings
of fact. It was not enough, the court held, to be able to
construe certain parts of the board’s opinion as possible
findings. The award was not based on substantial evi­


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719

dence. In this connection the court pointed out that the
board’s order had been issued 5 weeks before its findings,
thus indicating that the findings were made for the purpose
of justifying the order.
1 Prepared in the U . S. Departm ent of Labor, Office of the Solicitor.
T he cases covered in this article represent a selection of the significant
decisions believed to be of special interest. No attem pt has been made to
reflect all recent judicial and administrative developments in the field of
labor law or to indicate the effect of particular decisions in jurisdictions in
which contrary results m ay be reached, based upon local statutory provisions,
the existence of local precedents, or a different approach by the courts to the
issue presented.
2 This section is intended merely as a digest of some recent decisions in­
volving the F air Labor Standards A ct and the Portal-to-Portal A ct. I t is
not to be construed and m ay not he relied upon as interpretation of these
acts by the Administrator of the W age and Hour Division or any agency of
the D epartment of Labor.
s U. S. v. Sweet Briar, Inc. (W . D ., S. C ., Sept. 18, 1950).
4 Tobin v . Chester Packing Co., et al. (D ., M d., Sept. 20,1950).
5 In re Morand Brothers Beverage Co. (91 N L R B N o. 58, Sept. 25, 1950).
« In re Elk Lumber Co. (91 N L R B No. 60, Sept. 20,1950).
7 Internat.

Union, U. A . W. A ., A . F . o f L ., Local SSS v. Wisconsin E . R. B .

(336 U . S. 245).
s In re Federal Stores Division o f Spiegel, Inc. (91 N L R B N o. 106, Oct. 4,
1950).
>In re Salant v. Salant (88 N L R B No. 156).
i° In re Pen and Pencil Workers Union, Local 1959S (A F L ) (91 N L R B No.
155, Oct. 10, 1950).
11 In re Kingston Coke Co., Inc. (91 N L R B No. 69, Sept. 25, 1950).
12 In re Von’s Grocery Co. (91 N L R B No. 77, Sept. 26, 1950).
13 In re Central Metallic Casket Co. (91 N L R B No. 88, Sept. 28,1950).
n In re Federal Dairy Co., Inc. (91 N L R B No. 107, Oct. 3, 1950).
i* In re Stanislaus Implement and Hardware Co., Ltd. (91 N L R B No. 116,
O ct. 3, 1950).
16 In re Hollow Tree Lumber Co. (92 N L R B No. 113, Oct. 3,1950).
u In re Rutledge Paper Products, Inc. (91 N L R B No. 115, Oct. 3, 1950).
is In re Dorn’s House o f Miracles, Inc. (91 N L R B No. 82, Oct. 3, 1950).
1*7« re Borden Co., Southern Division (91 N L R B N o. 109, Oct. 3, 1950).
20 In re W. C. King, doing business as Local Transit Lines (91 N L R B No. 96,
Oct. 3,1950).
21 Blackard v. State o f Arkansas (Ark. Sup. C t., Oct. 3,1950).
22 Kold Kist, Inc. v. Amalgamated M eat Cutters and Butcher Workmen of
North America, Local No. J,21 (Calif. D ist. C t. of A pp., Aug. 25, 1950).
23 Rainwater v. Trimble (Ga. Sup. C t., Sept. 11, 1950).
24 Norris Grain Co. v. Nordass (Minn. Sup. C t., Sept. 29, 1950).
25 In re New Jersey Bell Telephone Co., et al. (N . J . Sup. C t., Oct. 2,1950).
28 International Union o f UAA & A IW v. O’Brien (339 U . S. 454). See
M onthly Labor Review, Ju ly 1950, page 135.

October 16

Chronology of
Recent Labor Events

T h e N LR B in the case of Ohio Associated Telephone Co.
and Ohio Federation of Telephone Workers, Inc., Local 508,
ruled that discharge of three strikers on hearsay or rumor
of misconduct during strike was discriminatory. (Source:
Labor Relations Reporter, 26 LR R M , p. 1599, Oct. 23,
1950.)
I

October 12, 1950
T h e International Brotherhood of Teamsters, Chauffeurs,

Warehousemen & Helpers of America (A FL), Locals 808
and 459, at the request of a Presidential emergency board,
voted to return to work at midnight, ending their strike
against the Railway Express Agency, Inc., which had
begun on September 23. (Source: -New York Times, Oct.
13, 1950.)
On November 2, the emergency board created by the
President on October 3, by Executive Order No. 10165, to
investigate this dispute, recommended pay and welfare
improvements. But the board held that the union should
be penalized for its strike. (Source: Federal Register, vol.
15, No. 194, Oct. 6, 1950, p. 6737, and Labor, Nov. 11,
1950; for discussion, see p. 710 of this issue.)

October 13
T h e S e c r e t a r y o f L a b o r announced that the administra­
tive exemption for contracts performed in Puerto Rico
and the Virgin Islands under the Public Contracts (WalshHealey) Act would be removed on November 1. (Source:
Federal Register, vol. 15, No. 199, Oct. 13, 1950, p. 6891.)
T h e B oard

of

G o v e r n o r s of the Federal Reserve System

A c o n f e r e n c e of labor officers from United States
missions in Latin America convened in Havana, Cuba.
The U. S. Departments of State and Labor arranged the
meeting for consultation between field and Washington
officials on labor developments in the individual Latin
American countries and in the hemisphere. (Source: U. S.
Dept, of Labor, Labor Press Service, week of Oct. 23,
1950.)

October 18
T h e N LR B, in the case of Waterman Industries, Inc., and
International Association of Machinists, Dist. Lodge No.187,

ordered the company to cease and desist from discouraging
membership in IAM and from questioning employees on
their union affiliation and otherwise interfering with their
self-organizational rights and ordered the company to
offer back pay to two employees. (Source: N LR B release
W -161, Oct. 25, 1950.)
T h e P r e s id e n t , by Executive Order No. 10173, estab­
lished regulations relating to the safeguarding of vessels,
harbors, ports, and waterfront facilities of the United
States. Included was a provision for control of employ­
ment on a merchant vessel, in order to protect national
security. (Source: Federal Register, vol. 15, No. 204,
Oct. 20, 1950, p. 7005.)

October 19
T h e N LR B, in the case of Meyer & Welch, Inc., and the
A FL and CIO, ordered the company to withdraw and

amended Regulation W (see Chron. item for Sept. 8, 1950,
M LR, Oct. 1950) to provide that installment payments on
automobiles must be completed in 15 months (formerly
21); the down payments on appliances must be 25 percent
(formerly 15) and payment must be completed in 15
months (formerly 18); effective October 16,1950. (Source:
U. S. Law Week, Oct. 17, 1950, 19 LW , p. 2159.)

withhold recognition from IAM Lodge 1186 unless and
until certified by the Board, and to take other action
including reimbursement of employees for initiation fees
and membership dues in the IAM which had been checked
off. (Source: N LR B release W -161, Oct. 25, 1950.)

T h e N a t io n a l L a b o r R e l a t io n s B oard in the case of

T h e S e c r e t a r y o f L a b o r appointed Robert C. Goodwin
Executive Director of the Office of Defense Manpower
(see Chron. item for Sept. 29, 1950, M LR, Nov. 1950).
(Source: U. S. Dept, of Labor release S 51-537, Oct. 23,
1950.)

Wilhelmina Becker and Parker Pen Co., released its de­
cision of October 10, ruling that (1) discharge of an em­
ployee at the request of a union for failure to pay a fine
did not come under the Labor Management Relations Act
provision covering failure to pay dues and initiation fees,
(2) the union was solely responsible for the expenses of
reinstating the employee, and (3) the union was required
to inform both the discharged employee and the employer
that it had no objection to the employee’s reinstatement.
(Source: N LR B release W -160, Oct. 18, 1950, and New
York Times, Oct. 14, 1950.)
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October 23

October 26
s u g g e st io n of the president of the General Motors
Corp. for a temporary 45-hour week to increase production
without cutting consumer goods production was rejected
by the A FL and CIO. The United Automobile Workers

T he

CHRONOLOGY OF RECENT LABOR EVENTS

721

(CIO) secretary-treasurer said the proposal “is simply
that workers should work 5 hours more each week without
being paid for the overtime as required by law and con­
tract.” (Source: New York Times, Oct. 27, 1950, and
UAW-CIO Public Relations Department release, Oct. 26,
1950.)

tional Harvester Co. was settled with a 10-cent-an-hour
wage increase and a cost-of-living wage adjustment pro­
vision. (Source: BLS records; for discussion, see p. 713
of this issue.)

October 27
An N LR B trial examiner declined to recommend the
reinstatement of 50 supervisors and guards discharged by
Carnegie-Illinois Steel Corp. (Joliet Coke Plant, Joliet,
111.), because they had walked out during a strike of the
rank-and-file employees. He ruled that a foreman’s
responsibility to his employer, in certain situations, is
paramount to his own interests. (Source: N LR B release
R -343, Oct. 27, 1950.)

T h e S u p r e m e C o u r t of the United States denied review
of the cases of Stern v. Teeval Co., Inc., etc., thereby in
effect upholding a lower court’s decision that the New
York rent control law replacing the Federal rent law on
May 1, 1950, is constitutional as applied to rentals accruing
after its effective date. However, the New York statute is
unconstitutional as it was applied to bar the collection of
rent increases authorized by the Federal Housing Expediter
which accrued prior to the State law’s effective date.
(Source: U. S. Law Week, Nov. 7, 1950, 19 LW , p. 3128.)

October 30

November 8

T h e N LR B in the case of Gay Paree Undergarment Co.,
and International Ladies’ Garment Workers Union, ruled
that the employer’s insistence during negotiations upon a
contractual right to discharge strikers, whether or not for
union activity, constitutes a refusal to bargain. (Source:
Labor Relations Reporter, 27 LRR M , p. 1006, Nov. 6,
1950.)
T h e International Union of Electrical Radio & Machine

November 6

im p a r t ia l ch a irm a n in the women’s coat and suit
industry in the New York Metropolitan area awarded an
hourly wage increase of 14% cents to members of the
International Ladies Garment Workers Union (A FL), ef­
fective November 20. (Source: New York Times, Nov.
9, 1950.)

T he

November 9

Workers (CIO) and the Singer Sewing Machine Co., at
Elizabeth, N. J., agreed to a contract providing an average
wage increase of 10 cents an hour. The settlement
followed the protracted U E strike in the plant by about a
year (see Chron. item for Oct. 16, 1949, M LR, Dec. 1949).
(Source: New York Times, Oct. 31, 1950.)

T h e Communications Workers of America (CIO) went on
strike against the Western Electric Co., and placed picket
lines around Bell Telephone System exchanges in 43
States. (Source: The CIO News, Nov. 13, 1950; for dis­
cussion, see p. 711 of this issue.)

October 31

T h e N LR B, in the case of Lodge No. 87 of International
Association of Machinists (Ind .) and Baxter Bros., ruled

T h e Chase Brass & Copper Co. and the Progressive Metal

Workers Council (CIO) negotiated a 3-year contract, pro­
viding wage increases based on changes in the BLS
consumers’ price index and monthly pensions of $100 to
$125 (including social security) for production workers
aged 65 years, after 25 years’ service. (Source: Journal
of Commerce, Nov. 1, 1950, p. 2.)

November 2
T h e C o u r t o f A p p e a l s of the District of Columbia in the
case of Joy Silk Mills, Inc., v. NLRB, held that the em­
ployer is privileged to interview employees for the purpose
of preparing for trial before the N LR B, but may not igo
beyond the necessities of such preparations. (Source:
U. S. Law Week, Nov. 7, 1950, 19 LW , p. 2184.)

November 4
io- w e e k s t r ik e of employees represented by the
United Automobile Workers (CIO) against the Interna­

T he


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that franchised automobile dealers, such as Baxter Bros.,
even though their business is intrastate, are under Board
jurisdiction because they are part of a multistate enter­
prise. (Source: N LR B release R -344, Nov. 9, 1950.)

November 10
A n n a M. R o s e n b e r g , it was announced, would become
Assistant Secretary of Defense on November 15, and
coordinate the work of the Defense Department in the
field of manpower. (Source: New York Times, Nov. 11
and 16, 1950.)

November 12
P r in t e r s employed by 10 New York newspapers approved
a 2-year contract providing a $7-a-week wage and welfare
“package.” The president of the International Typo­
graphical Union stated that joint negotiations had gained
more for all unions than could have been obtained by
individual bargaining. (Source: New York Times, Nov.
13, 1950.)

Publications
of Labor Interest
E ditor’s N ote .—Correspondence regarding the publications to which
reference is made in this list should be addressed to the respective pub­
lishing agencies mentioned. Where data on prices were readily available,
they have been shown with the title series.

Special Reviews
The Labor Gazette, Department of Labor of Canada, Fiftieth
Anniversary Edition. Ottawa, September 1950. 288
pp., charts, illus.
Mr. W. L. Mackenzie King, the first editor of the
Labour Gazette, set forth the policy of the new journal in
its first issue in September 1900. He adopted the general
principle of providing trustworthy information as a basis
for the formation of sound opinions and the drawing of
correct deductions. “These in themselves,” he stated,
“ are tasks which lie beyond the scope and purpose of the
Gazette, and are ends it will seek to serve, not to meet.”
But the young editor was already keenly aware of the
conditions and needs of workers and he recognized the
value of information on “such topics as have a bearing
on the status and well-being of the industrial classes of
Canada.” Undoubtedly, the noteworthy success of Mr.
King and his successors, as attested by the Fiftieth An­
niversary Edition, is linked closely with adherence to
these policies, which call to mind the similar policies of
Mr. Carroll D. Wright, the first United States Commis­
sioner of Labor. Mr. King’s own inspiring contribution
to the anniversary issue was written in preliminary form
just before his death last July.
The anniversary edition is a substantial 50-year history
of Canadian labor. It is aptly illustrated with photo­
graphs and charts and an occasional table. Its contents
include accounts of the work of the various ministers and
deputy ministers in charge of the Department of Labour
during that period; a comprehensive background article
on labor in a changing economy; articles on the growth of
labor organizations, labor laws and social legislation,
Canada’s part in the ILO and “the world movement
toward social justice,” and immigration patterns and
policies; and many shorter features, such as “A Half
Century’s Change in a Collective Agreement”— features
which spotlight particularly interesting and significant
labor topics.
The Gazette had a 15-year start on the Monthly Labor
Review. The Review, however, was preceded by annual
reports beginning in 1886, numerous special bulletins, and
a bimonthly bulletin first issued in 1895 and serving
substantially the same purpose as the later Review.
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Readers familiar with the 35th Anniversary Issue (the
July number) of the Monthly Labor Review will be interested
in a brief comparison. The Gazette gives much more space
than does the Review to the public administration of affairs
connected with labor. It gives the no doubt warranted
impression of the somewhat more continuous and consistent
development of legislative and administrative policies relating
to labor in Canada, reflecting in many ways British influence
and precedents but limited, as in the United States, by the
dual Federal-regional system of government. The anni­
versary number of the Review made much more extensive
use of contributions by persons not connected with the
Department of Labor. It also dealt rather more exten­
sively with certain topics, such as changing occupational
patterns, the changing status of the worker in relation to
his job, and the effects of technological changes and rising
real wages on living conditions. The anniversary number
of the Review also included the regular monthly statistical
series, omitted from the Gazette’s anniversary issue.
A noteworthy impression derived from the Gazette’s
anniversary edition is the exceptionally dynamic nature of
Canadian society in a world everywhere undergoing rapid
change. This permanently valuable story of Canadian
changes also impresses the reader as a record of outstanding
achievement in the progressive adaptation of labor unions
and public institutions to the processes of economic
change.
— W it t B o w d e n .

Margaret Dreier Robins: Her Life, Letters, and Work.

By
Mary E. Dreier. New York, Island Press Coopera­
tive, Inc., 1950. 278 pp., illus. $4.
The early decades of the 20th century saw an awakened
social conscience that expressed itself with much idealism
in efforts to strengthen workers’ organizations, and in farreaching political movements, both a t local and national
levels. The aspirations and the efforts of that era come
vividly to life in this story of the work of Margaret Dreier
Robins, which then came into first flower and through some
40 years made a dynamic impression on the institutions of
her age.
The large social and political movements of these years,
the outstanding public events and catastrophes, the most
prominent strikes and labor disputes, and the great cases
and court decisions involving labor appear in a panorama
throughout the book.
Mary Dreier, herself a leader in some of the same move­
ments, has attempted to give a true picture of the social
ideals, purposes, modes of thought, and working methods
of her sister, through selections from her letters and
speeches. An index of names, in addition to the general
index, is very useful. It would have been helpful also to
have a list of the various organizations— labor, community,
political, international— with which Margaret Dreier
Robins w'orked.
The book is doubly a chapter in labor history and a
species of biography. It portrays events through the eyes
of a sensitive and discerning woman who worked to influ­
ence them. Never an industrial worker herself, Margaret
Dreier Robins held steadfastly to her ideal of “industrial
democracy,” which in that period connoted growth in
trade-unions in particular. Only later was this term

PUBLICATIONS OF LABOR INTEREST
diluted or broadened. Her sense of the dignity of human
beings was too great for her to make the mistake of merely
dispensing charity. She adopted the opposite method of
inspiring with a feeling of their own worth those econom­
ically less strongly placed, such as immigrants and exploited
workers.
Always the difficulties and the needs of workers were
uppermost in Mrs. Robins’ mind. She aided strikers and
interpreted their needs to the public in great clothing
strikes in New York, Philadelphia, and Chicago. She
raised $7,000 in three hours to pay strike benefits for a
bankrupt Chicago clothing workers’ local. She assisted
in repeated efforts of the longshoremen’s union to secure
safety of vessels. Through friends, she appealed to the
Boston president of a leading Illinois copper company to
stop the eviction of strikers’ families from their homes.
These are but a few of her continual activities for workers.
Of the many organizations in which Margaret Dreier
Robins was active, the Women’s Trade Union League
represented a major objective— to strengthen working
women in leadership in their own behalf. The League
was a federation of individuals and trade-unions with
women members seeking to assist women workers to
organize. She became one of its officers in 1903, soon
after its organization, and was its most outstanding leader
for the rest of her life, though resigning its presidency in
1922. As in some woman suffrage organizations, meet­
ings and membership of the League had to be kept secret
in the earlier years. New York laws permitted women
to work 60 hours a week, and many worked overtime
beyond 72 hours. Margaret battled at Albany for regu­
lations to provide shorter hours and more healthful and
sanitary working conditions for women. She pressed for
New York laws to restrict employment agencies and pre­
vent their exploitation of immigrant girls, a forerunner
to her later leadership in creating the Chicago Immigration
Society.
Centering chiefly in the country’s two greatest industrial
cities— New York and Chicago— her work spread to
national and international fields. She furthered the first
International Congress of Working Women in Washington
just after World War I, became its president, and in later
years was active in several of its meetings in different
countries.
An important source of strength to both was the part­
nership of Margaret Dreier Robins and her husband,
Raymond Robins. In their united devotion to the objec­
tives to which he had pledged his life— service to “labor,
religion, and good government”— each reinforced the other.
It is impossible not to think of such contemporary paral­
lels, whether in similar or markedly different fields, as
Beatrice and Sidney Webb, Mary and Charles Beard,
Marie and Pierre Curie, and others.
This book will serve as a valuable record of events in
the growth of self confidence among trade-union women,
and in the strengthening of women’s position in the labor
movement and in the political life of the local, national,
and international community. But more than this, it is a
source book for tracing back to the seeds of some of the
labor and social developments of the present. Its emphasis
is on the dignity of the individual and on integrity in
9 1 6 0 6 3 — 50 ------------ 5


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

723

organizational and political activities. Thus, it lends a
perspective that can make it an important text for those
who desire to realize more fully the goals of a true democ­
racy.
— M a r y E l iz a b e t h P id g e o n .

Arbitration and Mediation
The Arbitration Process. By Edgar L. Warren and Irving
Bernstein. (In Southern Economic Journal, Chapel
Hill, N. C., July 1950, pp. 16-32.

$1.25.)

The Personal Factor in Labor Mediation. By Irving R.
Weschler. (In Personnel Psychology, Washington,
Summer 1950, pp. 113-132, bibliography.

$2.)

Fifteen Years Under the Railway Labor Act, Amended, and
the National Mediation Board, 1934-1949. Washing­
ton, U. S. National Mediation Board, 1950. 92 pp.,
forms.
Brief explanation of the major provisions of the act
and of the board’s operations in administering it.

Child and Youth Employment
Employment of Young People.

By R. K. McNickle.
Washington (1205 19th Street NW.), Editorial Re­
search Reports, 1950. 16 pp. (Vol. I, 1950, No. 18.)

$ 1.
Discussion of young people’s need for jobs and for better
preparation for work.

State Child Labor, Compulsory Education and Related
Legislation, 1950. New York, National Child Labor
Committee, 1950. 16 pp.; processed.
Includes provisions of both enacted and defeated bills.

Tips for Issuing Officers on Employment and Age Certificates
Under the Fair Labor Standards Act as Amended.
Washington, U. S. Department of Labor, Bureau of
Labor Standards, 1950. 11 pp. (Bull. No. 126.)
Free.

Child Labor on New York State Fruit and Vegetable Farms,
1949. New York, Department of Labor, Division of
Industrial Relations, Women in Industry, and Mini­
mum Wage, and Division of Research and Statistics,
1950. 33 pp.; processed. (Special Labor News
Memorandum No. 25.)

Report of the Departmental Committee on the Employment
of Children as Film Actors, in Theatrical Work and in
Ballet, [Great Britain]. London, Home Office, 1950.
119 pp. (Cmd. 8005.)
Office, London.

3s. net, H. M. Stationery

Cooperative Movement
A Kit of Tools for Cooperative Housing. Washington, Fed­
eral Housing Administration, 1950. Various leaflets.
An envelope of valuable information for groups wishing
to undertake cooperative housing with FH A insurance.
Contents include the following: Cooperative Housing
Projects [general information]; A Guide to Cooperative
Housing; Cooperative Housing Insurance— Administrative
Rules and Regulations under Section 213 of Title II of

PUBLICATIONS OF LABOR INTEREST

724

MONTHLY LABOR

the National Housing A ct; and various forms used in the
application and processing of applications for insurance.
Persons interested in undertaking a cooperative housing
project may obtain these "kits” from local FH A offices.

Haynes Foundation Budget for Moderate Income Families—
Prices for Los Angeles, September 1949. By Gloria S.

A Guide for Members of Rural Electric Co-ops. Washington,

The Postwar Cost of Living.

U. S. Department of Agriculture, Rural Electrification
Administration, [1950]. 24 pp.
Questions and answers on organization and management
of electric power cooperatives and the principles on which
they operate.

A Telephone for Your Farm: Answers to Questions About
the Rural Telephone Loan Program. Washington,
U. S. Department of Agriculture, Rural Electrifi­
cation Administration, 1950. 16 pp.
Tells how to go about organizing an association for the
operation of a cooperative telephone system, under the
Federal law authorizing loans to such organizations.

The Llano Cooperative Colony and What it Taught.

By
A. James McDonald. San Antonio, Texas, Carleton
Printing Co., 1950. 110 pp.
Concise history of the colony by one who lived there
for 3 years and later followed developments from a nearby
town. Weighs the mistakes made, with a view to pointing
out, for the benefit of cooperators and others, why it
failed— in terms of nondemocratic practices, mistakes of
economic judgment, etc.— and wherein it made social
contributions.

Regards sur le Mouvement Coopératif.

By G. Fauquet.
Basel, Union Suisse des Coopératives de Consom­
mation, 1949. 147 pp.
Collection of articles on the cooperative movement by
the former chief (now retired) of the Cooperative Service
of the International Labor Office. Articles include dis­
cussions of the place of cooperatives in the economic and
social life, the Rochdale principles, the origin and develop­
ment of the International Cooperative Alliance, federation
in the cooperative movement, etc.

La Révolution Coopérative ou le Socialisme de l’Occident:
Traité Général de la Coopération de Consommation,
Institutions et Doctrines.
By Bernard Lavergne.
Paris, Presses Universitaires de France, 1949. 382
pp., bibliography.
Exhaustive study of the aims, principles, and various
types of consumers’ cooperatives, and an evaluation of
the consumers’ cooperative movement in the economic
life of a country and in the international sphere.

Cooperatives in Norway.

By O. B. Grimley.
Oslo,
Cooperative Union and Wholesale Society, 1950.
178 pp., map, charts, illus.
History of the development of the various types of
cooperatives in Norway. Special chapters are devoted to
fishermen’s cooperatives and housing associations.

Cost of Living

Goldberg. Los Angeles, Calif., Haynes Foundation,
1950. 39 pp., maps, chart.
By Dudley Seers. {In
Bulletin of the Oxford University Institute of Sta­
tistics, Oxford, England, June 1950, pp. 167-176,
charts. 3s. 6d.)
Brings up through 1949 annual indexes previously
published for working-class and middle-class cost of living
in Great Britain, using basic Government data on national
income.

Employment and Unemployment
Implementation of Full Employment Policies: Report No. 1,
Measures Taken in Second Half of 1949 by Various
Countries. . . . Lake Success, N. Y ., United Na­
tions, Department of Economic Affairs, 1950. 52
pp. (Sales No., 1950, II.A. 1.) 40 cents, Columbia
University Press, International Documents Service,
New York.
Analyzes replies of governments to an inquiry by the
United Nations’ Secretary General and gives texts of some
of the replies. Described as the first of a series of semi­
annual reports on the subject.

Manpower Potential for National Security,

{In Labor
Market and Employment Security, U. S. Department
of Labor, Bureau of Employment Security, Wash­
ington, Special Issue, August 25, 1950; 44 pp., maps,
charts. 30 cents, Superintendent of Documents,
Washington.)

The Meaning of Unemployment Statistics as Revealed by
Gross Changes in the Labor Force. New York, Na­
tional Association of Manufacturers, Research De­
partment, 1950. 9 pp. (Economic Policy Division
Series, No. 29.) Free.
Gross changes in the labor force shown in the Census
Bureau’s reports are described as extremely numerous
and in considerable part “due to a change of attitude
rather than to any objective event.” The term “change
of attitude” refers chiefly to decisions by individuals to
enter or leave the labor force. It is asserted that the net
result of gross changes in terms of unemployment in any
given month “could be fortuitous rather than significant.”

Out of Work: A Guide Through Unemployment in New
York State. By John Newton Thurber. Ithaca,
Cornell University, New York State School of Indus­
trial and Labor Relations, 1950. 34 pp. (Extension
Bull. No. 6.) 10 cents, except free to New York
State residents.)
Designed for use by the individual unemployed worker.
Resources available to unemployed workers vary from
State to State, but are basically similar.

Cost of Living for Women Workers, New York State, 1950.

Veterans’ Reemployment Rights— Question and Answer
Handbook. Washington, U. S. Department of Labor,

New York, State Department of Labor, Division of
Research and Statistics, 1950. 51 pp.; processed.
(Publication No. B -34.)

Bureau of Veterans’ Reemployment Rights, 1950.
88 pp. 25 cents, Superintendent of Documents,
Washington.


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REV IEW , DECEMBER 1950

PUBLICATIONS OF LABOR INTEREST

Wartime Manpower Controls in Japan. By Edgar C.
McVoy. (In American Sociological Review, New
York, August 1950, pp. 534-545.

$1.)

A Decade of Selective Placement [of the Physically Handi­
capped], {In Employment Security Review, U. S.
Department of Labor, Bureau of Employment Secu­
rity, Washington, September 1950, pp. 3-30, illus.
15 cents, Superintendent of Documents, Washington.)

Statistics of State Rehabilitation Agencies: Annual Caseload,
Fiscal Year 1950. Washington, Federal Security
Agency, Office of Vocational Rehabilitation, 1950.
39 pp., charts; processed. (Administrative Service
Series, No. 64.)

Membership Directory, 1950-51 Program, and Chairmen
of Governors’ Committees, President’s Committee on
National Employ the Physically Handicapped Week.
18

Proceedings of the National Conference on Workmen’s Com­
pensation and Rehabilitation Jointly Sponsored by the
Federal Security Agency and the U. S. Department of
Labor, March 22 and 23, 1950. Washington, U. S.
Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Standards,
1950. 119 pp., illus. (Bull. No. 122.) 30 cents,
Superintendent of Documents, Washington.

Instructional Guide for Use in Vocational Schools Providing
Training for Blind Persons. By J. Hiram Chappell.
Washington, Federal Security Agency, Office of Vo­
cational Rehabilitation, 1950. 45 pp., illus. (Re­
habilitation Service Series, No. 110.) Free.

Reestablishment of Disabled Persons.

Montreal, Montreal
Rehabilitation Survey Committee, 1949. 146 pp.
Report on a cooperative community study of the reha­
bilitation needs of the physically handicapped in Montreal
and of what is being done to meet them, with suggested
programs.

Industrial Accidents and Accident Prevention
Industrial Accident Prevention: A Scientific Approach.
By H. W. Heinrich. New York, McGraw-Hill Book
Co., Inc., 1950. 470 pp., bibliography, forms, illus.
3d ed. $5.
Modernized and enlarged edition of an old classic in the
field of accident prevention, by a much-quoted author on
safety subjects.

1949 Accident Analysis [for Portland Cement Industry].
{In Accident Prevention Magazine, Portland Cement
Association, Vol. 36, No. 2, Chicago, 1950, pp. 3-23,
paster, diagram, charts.)

Employment and Injuries in the Mineral Industries, 1949.
Washington, U. S. Department of the Interior, Bureau
of Mines, 1950. 8 pp.; processed. (Health and
Safety Statistics, No. 392.)


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Model Code of Safety Regulations for Underground Work in
Coal Mines, for the Guidance of Governments and of the'
Coal-Mining Industry. Geneva, International Labor
Office, 1950. 102 pp. $2. Distributed in United
States by Washington Branch of ILO.

Handicapped

Washington, U. S. Department of Labor, 1950.
pp. Free.

725

Safety in the Mining Industry. By Daniel Harrington.
{In Quarterly of the Colorado School of Mines, Vol.
45, No. 2B, Golden, April 1950, pp. 173-279. $3.)
Comprehensive analysis of the status of mine health and
safety in the United States, and of unmet problems, with
recommendations, by the retired chief of the Health and
Safety Division, U. S. Bureau of Mines. (Recent safety
activities of the Bureau of Mines were summarized briefly
in the Monthly Labor Review, September 1950, p. 346.)

Safety of Workers in the Textile Industry.

Geneva, Inter­
national Labor Office, 1950. 46 pp. 25 cents.
Distributed in United States by Washington Branch of
ILO.
Report III prepared for third session of Textiles Com­
mittee, International Labor Organization, Lyons, France,
1950.

Recent Studies on the Explosibility of Cornstarch.

By
Irving Hartmann, Austin R. Cooper, Murray Jacob­
son. Washington, U. S. Department of the Interior,
Bureau of Mines, 1950. 9 pp. and charts; processed.
(Report of Investigations, No. 4725.)

Industrial Hygiene
Industrial Hygiene Codes. By James H. Sterner, M.D.
{In American Industrial Hygiene Association Quar­
terly, Chicago, September 1950, pp. 163-166.
cents.)

75

Practical Aspects of Surface Decontamination.

By P. C.
Tompkins, O. M. Bizzell, C. D. Watson. {In
Nucleonics, New York, August 1950, pp. 42-54, 87,
bibliography, charts. $1.)
Staff members of the U. S. Atomic Energy Commission
discuss materials, surfaces, and protective coatings which
facilitate the removal of surface hazards in radiochemical
laboratories handling radioisotopes.

Radiation Hazards of Radioactive Isotopes in Fire Emer­
gencies— An Introductory Report. New York, In­
ternational Association of Fire Chiefs, 1950. 10 pp.
Basic explanation of the peacetime problem of radio­
activity, addressed to fire fighters, together with safety
rules for fire prevention and fire fighting in radioactive
areas.

The Use of Geiger-Müller Counters in Radium Protection.
Edited by Robert L. Houtz. Harrisburg, Department
of Labor and Industry, [no date]. 12 pp., chart, illus.;
processed. (Safe Practice Bull. No. 65.)

The Use of Dust Respirators in Coal Mines.

By S. J.
Pearce. Washington, U. S. Department of the In­
terior, Bureau of Mines, 1950. 6 pp.; processed.
(Information Circular No. 7561.)

PUBLICATIONS OF LABOR INTEREST

726

Evidence of Systemic Effect of Tetryl.

By Harriet L.
Hardy, M.D., and Clarence C. Maloof, M.D. (In
Archives of Industrial Hygiene and Occupational
Medicine, Chicago, May 1950, pp. 545-555. $1.)
Describes experience in a plant manufacturing high
explosives in the years 1941-45.

Notes on the Diagnosis of Occupational Diseases Prescribed
under the National Insurance (Industrial Injuries)
Act, [Great Britain], 194 6 . London, Ministry of
National Insurance, 1950. 52 pp.
H. M. Stationery Office, London.

Is.

6d.

net,

Industrial Relations
Improving Management Communication— A Series of Case
Reports. New York, American Management Asso­

MONTHLY LABOR

School of Industrial and Labor Relations, 1950. 58
pp., bibliography. (Research Bull. No. 7.) 15 cents,
except free to New York State residents.

Industry Reports
Trends and Prospects, Women’s Garment Industry, 19471950. New York, International Ladies’ Garment
Workers’ Union, 1950.

32 pp., charts.

15 cents.

Beschäftigung und Produktivität im Österreichischen Bergbau
von 1913 bis 1950. Vienna, 1950. 11 pp., charts.
(Monatsberichte des Österreichischen Institutes für
Wirtschaftsforschung, X X I I I . Jahrgang, Nr. 7, Juli
1950, Beilage Nr. 11.)
Study of employment and productivity in Austrian
mines, 1913-50.

(General Management Series,

Annual Report and Statement of Accounts of National Coal
Board, for Year Ended December 31, 1949. London,

Joint Consultation and Responsibility in Modern Industry.

1950. 291 pp. 7s. net, H. M. Stationery Office,
London.
A chapter on “The Board as Employer” reviews in
considerable detail its efforts during 1949 to maintain the
labor force by recruitment, training, and promotion; to
keep production moving by settling disputes, negotiating
with the unions; to stimulate the miners to greater out­
put by consultation; and to provide safer working condi­
tions and more amenities.

ciation, 1950.
No. 145.)

26 pp.

By Joseph I. Roper. London, Workers’ Educational
Association, 1950. 72 pp., bibliography. (Study
Outline No. 19.) 2s.

Management Strategy in Collective Bargaining Negotiations:
How to Negotiate and Write a Better Union Contract.
By William J. Baade, Jr. New London, Conn.,
National Foremen’s Institute, Inc., 1950. 198 pp.
$5.

A Method for the Study of Bargaining Conferences. By
Wesley H. Osterberg. (In Personnel Psychology,
Washington, Summer 1950, pp. 169-178, forms.

$2.)

Proceedings, Second Annual Labor-Management Conference
on “Employee Security— Where Do We Go from Here?”,
New Brunswick, N. J ., May 18, 1950. New Bruns­
wick, N. J., Rutgers University, Institute of Manage­
ment and Labor Relations, 1950. 59 pp.; processed.

Review of the Work of the National Dock Labor Board,
1947-1949. London, 1950. 82 pp., map, charts,
plans, illus.
Includes data on earnings of dockworkers, age distribu­
tion of the workers, and industrial disputes, and discusses
administrative problems arising out of the decasualization
scheme.

Multiple Employer Collective Bargaining in Philadelphia
Department Stores. By Walter Powell. (In Econom­

[Reports Prepared for Third Session of Petroleum Committee,
International Labor Organization, Geneva, 1950]: Re­
port I, General Report; Report II, Social Conditions in
the Petroleum Industry. Geneva, International Labor

ics and Business Bulletin, Temple University, School
of Business and Public Administration, Philadelphia,
September 1950, pp. 18-32.)

Office, 1950. 75 and 95 pp. 50 and 75 cents, respec­
tively. Distributed in United States by Washington
Branch of ILO.

Trends in Collective Bargaining Contracts in the State of
Indiana. By Thomas J. Luck and Robert Terrican.
Bloomington, Indiana University, Bureau of Business
Research, 1950. 48 pp. (Indiana Business Studies,
No. 31.)

Layoff Policies and Practices— Recent Experience Under
Collective Bargaining. By Robert L. Aronson. Prince­
ton, N. J., Princeton University, Industrial Relations
Section, 1950. 55 pp. (Research Report Series, No.
82.) $2.

Union-Security Provisions in Agreements, 1949-50.

Wash­
ington, U. S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor
Statistics, 1950. 4 pp., map, chart. (Serial No. R.
2006; reprinted from Monthly Labor Review, August
1950.) Free.

Seniority Rights for Supervisors? By Rexford P. Kastner.
Ithaca, N. Y ., Cornell University, New York State

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Conditions in Ships Flying the Panama Flag.

Geneva,
International Labor Office, 1950. 89 pp. (Studies
and Reports, New Series, No. 22.) 50 cents. Dis­
tributed in United States by Washington Branch of
ILO.

Basic Problems of Plantation Labor. Geneva, International
Labor Office, 1950. 166 pp. $1. Distributed in
United States by Washington Branch of ILO.
Report prepared for first session of Committee on Work
on Plantations, International Labor Organization, Ban­
doeng, Java, 1950.

Labor and Social Legislation
Federal Labor Laws and Agencies—A Layman’s Guide.
Washington, U. S. Department of Labor, Bureau of
Labor Standards, 1950. 99 pp. (Bull. No. 123.) 30
cents, Superintendent of Documents, Washington.

PUBLICATIONS OF LABOR INTEREST

REVIEW , DECEMBER 1950

Manual of State Employment Security Legislation.

Wash­
ington, U. S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Employ­
ment Security, September 1950. 228 pp.; processed.
May be consulted in Government depository libraries.

Analysis of Provisions of Workmen’s Compensation Laws
and Discussion of Coverages. Washington, Chamber

727

Gompers in Retrospect.

New York (55 West 42d Street),
American Federation of Labor, Samuel Gompers
Centennial Committee, 1950. 46 pp.
Collection of articles reviewing the philosophy and
career of Samuel Gompers, founder and first president of
American Federation of Labor.

Washington, U. S. Department of Labor, Bureau of
Labor Standards, 1950. 47 pp. (Bull. No. 125.) 20
cents, Superintendent of Documents, Washington.

(In Labor and
Nation, New York, Fall 1950, pp. 48-54. $1.)
Symposium of three articles— two on Gompers, the man,
and one on “The Passing of Business Unionism,” in which
the writer discusses the “transformation of the American
labor movement from a predominantly economic to an
increasingly political design.”

The Enforcement of Social Legislation in French Agriculture.
By Maurice Bidard. (In International Labor Re­

Recent Writings on the French Labor Movement. By Henry
W. Ehrmann.
(In Journal of Modern History,

of Commerce of the United States, Insurance Depart­
ment, 1950. 59 pp. 50 cents.

State Workmen’s Compensation Laws as of September 1950.

view, Geneva, July 1950, pp. 19-30. 50 cents. Dis­
tributed in United States by Washington Branch of
ILO.)

Labor Organizations and Personalities
Official Report of the Free World Labor Conference and of
the First Congress of the International Confederation
of Free Trade Unions, London, November-December
19^9.
London, British Trades Union Congress,
[1950?]. 258 pp.
Records the concerted efforts of trade-unionists the world
over to found an International Confederation of Free
Trade Unions, a global labor body free from Communist
domination.
In his keynote speech, the chairman proclaimed the basic
principle on which the conference was called: “ Denial or
restriction of the elementary rights of free labor is an affront
to human dignity, a threat to peace, and a source of totali­
tarian tyranny which we shall always and everywhere
resist and strive to counteract.” A FL and CIO delegates
from the United States joined with labor spokesmen from
52 other countries and territories to affirm support of this
principle. In all, nearly 48 million affiliated members
were represented.

The Milkers’ Unions of the San Francisco and Los Angeles
Milksheds: An Inquiry Into Modern Industrialized
Dairying and Collective Bargaining in Agriculture.
By Ernest Feder. (In Journal of Farm Economics,
Menasha, Wis., August 1950, pp. 458-477.

$1.25.)

The A FL Textile Workers: A History of the United Textile
Workers of America. Washington, United Textile
Workers of America, [1950],

40 pp.

25 cents.

Communist

Tactics in American Unions. By Albert
Epstein and Nathaniel Goldfinger. (In Labor and
Nation, New York, Fall 1950, pp. 36-43. $1.)

The Right to Organize and its Limits: A Comparison of
Policies in the United States and Selected European
Countries. By Kurt Braun. Washington, Brookings
Institution, 1950.

331 pp.

$3.

Union Labor and the Municipal Employer.

(In Illinois
Law Review, Chicago, July-August 1950, pp. 364—
377.)


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Samuel Gompers— 100 th Anniversary.

Chicago, June 1950, pp. 151-158; also reprinted.)

The Strength of Trade Unionism in Scotland.

By J. D. M.
Bell. Glasgow, University of Glasgow, Department
of Economic and Social Research, 1950. 48 pp., map.
(Occasional Paper No. IV.) 5s.

Occupations
Occupational Guidance.

By Paul W. Chapman. Atlanta,
Ga., Turner E. Smith & Co., 1950. 635 pp., bib­
liography, charts, illus. $3.30.

The Right Career for You.

By Eugene J. Benge. New
York, Funk & Wagnalls Co., 1950. 150 pp., map,
charts, forms. $5.

Federal Jobs Outside the Continental United States.

Wash­
ington, U. S. Civil Service Commission, 1950. 29
pp. (Pamphlet No. 29.) 10 cents, Superintendent
of Documents, Washington.

Careers in Industrial Hygiene. By Jean Spenser Felton,
M.D. (In Occupational Trends, Boston, May-June
1950, pp. 7-13, 33, illus.

50 cents.)

Optometrist.

By Sarah Splaver. Peapack, N. J., Person­
nel Services, Inc. 1950. 6 pp., bibliography. (Occu­
pational Abstract No. 135.)
One of a series of leaflets on a wide variety of occu­
pations.

Wages and Hours
Hourly Earnings by Industry, Selected Wage Areas, April
194.9 to November 1949. Washington, U. S. Depart­
ment of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1950.
25 pp. (Bull. No. 1005; reprinted from Monthly
Labor Review, September-December 1949, FebruaryMay 1950.) 20 cents, Superintendent of Docu­
ments, Washington.

Trends in Employee Compensation.

(In Survey of Current
Business, U. S. Department of Commerce, Bureau
of Foreign and Domestic Commerce, Office of Busi­
ness Economics, Washington, October 1950, pp. 7,
8, 16, charts. 25 cents, Superintendent of Docu­
ments, Washington.)
Analysis of effects of changes in employment, hours

728

PUBLICATIONS OF LABOR INTEREST

worked, and wage rates on compensation of private non­
farm employees.

Council, Committee on Labor Market Research,
1950. 64 pp.

Ingrade Wage-Rate Progression in War and Peace: A
Problem in Wage Administration Techniques. By

Proceedings of New York University Third Annual Con­
ference on Labor, [April 25-28, 1950]: Trends in
Collective Bargaining and Labor Law. Edited by

Sar A. Levitan. Plattsburg, N. Y ., Clinton Press,
Inc., 1950. 141 pp., bibliography. $2.50.
Surveys War Labor Board policy with respect to in­
grade wage progression, and emphasizes the postwar
effect upon wage-rate administration of World War II
public policy in this sphere. The union and management
positions on adjustment of individual wage rates, based
on length of service or on merit or a combination of the
two, are also examined. Specific industry and company
cases involving these issues and their treatment by the
National War Labor Board and by the Second Regional
War Labor Board are highlighted.

[Prevailing Wages and
Hawaii, April 1950:
ing Establishments;
Industries; Baking

Hours of Employees, Honolulu,
Power Laundries and Dry Clean­
Dairy Products and Ice Cream
Industry.] Honolulu, Depart­

ment of Labor and Industrial Relations, Bureau of
Research and Statistics, 1950. 14, 11, 8 pp.; proc­
essed. (Bulls. Nos. 26, 27, 28.)

A

Policy for

Wages. By Allan
Fabian Society, 1950. 31 pp.
281.) Is. 3d.

Flanders. London,
(Fabian Tract No.

The Truck Acts and Industry.

By F . E. Mostyn. Lon­
don, Thames Bank Publishing Co., Ltd., 1950. 140
pp. 10s. net.
The author reviews the background, provisions, and
operation of the British acts regulating deductions from
wages, and shows the existing anomalies in the operation
of the acts under present-day industrial relations. He
suggests a thorough revision.

Lonestatistisk

Arsbok for Sverige, 1948. Stockholm,
Socialstyrelsen, 1950. 158 pp., charts.
Report on wages in Sweden in 1948. Printed in
Swedish with a resume and a table of contents in French.

Miscellaneous
How to Survive an Atomic Bomb.

By Richard Gerstell.
New York, Bantam Books, Inc., 1950. 149 pp.,
charts, illus. 25 cents.
Handbook on atomic defense designed especially for the
layman. The author, a consultant to the Civil Defense
Office, National Security Resources Board, states that
the atomic bomb is not as terrible a weapon as most
people think it is. He says the average citizen has an
excellent chance of surviving an atomic attack if he knows
what to do. He lists these simple rules: Always shut
windows and doors; always seek shelter; always drop
flat on your stomach; always follow instructions; never
look up; never rush right outside after a bombing; never
take chances with food or water; and never start rumors.
The book has the recurrent message: “ Keep calm and
save your life.”

Memorandum on University Research Programs in the
Field of Labor. New York, Social Science Research

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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

Emanuel Stein. New York, Matthew Bender & Co.,
1950. 689 pp. $8.50.
Subjects treated by the papers presented, in addition
to collective bargaining and labor legislation, include uses
and limitations of cost-of-living data, productivity meas­
urement, wage differentials, pensions, health and welfare
plans, arbitration, and labor relations in trucking.

Job Evaluation.

Minneapolis, University of Minnesota,
Industrial Relations Center, 1950. 114 pp., bibliog­
raphy; processed. (Mimeographed Release No. 2.)
Proceedings of conference held December 1-2, 1949, at
Center for Continuation Study, University of Minnesota.

The Handbook of Advanced Time-Motion Study.

By L.
Arthur Sylvester. New York, Funk & Wagnalls Co.
in association with Modern Industry Magazine,
1950. 273 pp., charts. $5.
In addition to covering the various tools and methods
used in time and motion studies, this book emphasizes
the importance of considering the human element. Hu­
man work is discussed as a three dimensional concept:
the product of mechanical effort, physical conditions, and
the human element.

Proceedings, Fifth Annual Time Study and Methods Con­
ference, New York City, April 20-21, 1950. New
York, Society for Advancement of Management,
1950. 142 pp., charts. $3 to members, $5 to
nonmembers.

Labor Policy of the Communist Party During World War II.
By Joel Seidman. {In Industrial and Labor Rela­
tions Review, Ithaca, N. Y ., October 1950, pp. 55-69.
$1.25.)

The English Middle Classes.

By Roy Lewis and Angus
Maude. New York, Alfred A. Knopf, 1950. 360 pp.
$3.75 net.

Labor Conditions in Japan in 1950.

{In International
Labor Review, Geneva, July 1950, pp. 31-43. 50
cents. Distributed in United States by Washington
Branch of ILO.)

Statistiques Economiques Luxembourgeoises— Résumé Rétro­
spectif. [Luxembourg], Ministère des Affaires Éco­
nomiques, Service d’Études et de Documentation
Économiques, 1949. 311 pp., charts.
Compilation of the chief statistical series relating to
the Luxemburg national economy published since the end
of World War II. Includes chapters on agricultural and
industrial production, prices, wages, manpower, and social
insurance, with explanatory notes. The present volume
is the first of a projected series of statistical publications.

Industry and Employment in Scotland, 1949.

Edinburgh,
Scottish Home Department, 1950. 80 pp., charts,
illus. (Cmd. 7937.) 3s. net, H. M. Stationery
Office, Edinburgh.

Current Labor Statistics
A.—Employment and Payrolls
731
732
735
737
738
739
740

741

Estimated total labor force classified by employment status, hours
worked, and sex
Table A -2: Employees in nonagricultural establishments, by industry division
and group
Table A -3: Production workers in mining and manufacturing industries
Table A -4: Indexes of production-worker employment and weekly payrolls in
manufacturing industries
Table A -5: Federal civilian employment by branch and agency group
Table A -6: Federal civilian payrolls by branch and agency group
Table A -7: Civilian Government employment and payrolls in Washington, D. C.,
by branch and agency group
Table A -8: Personnel and pay of the military branch of the Federal Government1
Table A -9: Employees in nonagricultural establishments for selected S ta te s 2
Table A-10 Employees in manufacturing industries, by S ta te s 2
Table A -l 1 Insured unemployment under State unemployment insurance pro­
grams, by geographic division and State

Table A -l:

B . - -Labor Turn-Over
742

Table B - l :

743

Table B -2 :

Monthly labor turn-over rates (per 100 employees) in manufacturing
industries, by class of turn-over
Monthly labor turn-over rates (per 100 employees) in selected groups
and industries

C .- -Earningsand Hours
745

Table C - l:

759

Table C -2:

760

Table C -3:

760

Table C ^ :
Table C -5:

Hours and gross earnings of production workers or nonsupervisory
employees
Gross average weekly earnings of production workers in selected
industries, in current and 1939 dollars
Gross and net spendable average weekly earnings of production
workers in manufacturing industries, in current and 1939 dollars
Average hourly earnings, gross and exclusive of overtime, of produc­
tion workers in manufacturing industries
Hours and gross earnings of production workers in manufacturing
industries for selected States and areas2

1 Beginning with September issue, omitted for security reasons.
2 This table is included quarterly in the February, May, August, and November issues of the Review.


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

729

730

CURRENT LABOR STATISTICS

MONTHLY LABOR

D.—Prices and Cost of Living
761

Table D - l :

762

Table D -2:

763

Table D -3 :

764
765
766
767

Table
Table
Table
Table

768

Table D -8:

D -4:
D -5:
D -6:
D -7:

Consumers’ price index for moderate-income families in large cities, by
group of commodities
Consumers’ price index for moderate-income families, by city, for
selected periods
Consumers’ price index for moderate-income families, by city and
group of commodities
Indexes of retail prices of foods, by group, for selected periods
Indexes of retail prices of foods, by city
Average retail prices and indexes of selected foods
Indexes of wholesale prices, by group of commodities, for selected
periods
Indexes of wholesale prices, by group and subgroup of commodities

E.— Work Stoppages
769

Table E - l :

Work stoppages resulting from labor-management disputes

F.— Building and Construction
770
771

Table F - l :
Table F -2 :

772

Table F -3 :

773

Table F -A:

774

Table F -5 :


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

Expenditures for new construction
Value of contracts awarded and force account work started on federally
financed new construction, by type of construction
Urban building authorized, by principal class of construction and by
type of building
New nonresidential building authorized m ail urban places, by general
type and by geographic division
Number and construction cost of new permanent nonfarm dwelling
units started, by urban or rural location, and by source of funds

731

A : EMPLOYMENT AND PAYROLLS

REVIEW, DECEMBER 1950

A: Employment and Payrolls
T able A -l: Estimated Total Labor Force Classified by Employment Status, Hours Worked, and Sex
Estim ated number of persons 14 years of age and over 1 (in thousands)
1949

1950

Labor force
Oct.

S e p t.2

Aug. | July»

June | M ay

Apr.

M ar.

Feb.

j

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.»

Oct.

Total, both sexes
Total labor force 8---------------------------------------Civilian labor force_______________ _________
Unemploym ent-------------- - ------------------Unemployed 4 weeks or less________
Unemployed 5-10 weeks--------- --------Unemployed 11-14 w eeks....................
Unemployed 15-26 weeks----------------Unemployed over 26 weeks.......... .........
Em ploym ent..................... ......................... ..
Nonagricultural-------------------- ---------Worked 35 hours or m o re ............
Worked 15-34 hours____________
Worked 1-14 hours 4__________
W ith a Job but not at work
_
Agricultural. . ---------- ---------------Worked 35 hours or more_______
Worked 15-34 hours-------------------Worked 1-14 hours 4------------------W ith a Job but not at work 8-----

65,438
63, 704
1,940
955
420
128
183
257
61, 764
53,273
42, 720
7,023
1,999
1,531
8,491
6, 547
1,611
245
88

65,020

66, 204

63,567
2,341
1,107
464
201
272
299
61, 226
53,415
28,042
20,827
1,984
2,561
7,811
5, 259
2,028
356
170

64,867
2,500
1,051
679
221
266
285
62, 367
54,207
43, 835
4, 583
1, 545
4,246
8,160
6,170
1,475
295
223

65,742
64, 427
3, 213
1,514
754
249
334
361
61,214
52,774
25,072
19, 201
1,650
6,852
8,440
6, 348
1,695
238
158

66,177

64,108

63,513

63,021

63,003

62,835

63, 475

64,363

64,021

64, 866
3,384
1,629
664
181
474
439
61, 482
52, 436
43,117
5,153
1,843
2, 323
9,046
6, 975
1,739
246
88

62, 788
3,057
1,130
634
252
559
481
59, 731
51,669
43, 033
5,149
1,949
1,537
8,062
5,970
1,613
292
187

62,183
3,515
1,130
686
521
705
475
58,668
51,473
41,143
6, 552
2,183
1,597
7,195
5,125
1,503
318
250

61,675
4.123
1. 229
1.143
580
722
449
57, 551
50, 877
41, 334
5, 715
2, 102
1,725
6. 675
4, 551
1,575
255
295

61,637
4,684
1,583
1.456
547
650
448
56, 953
50, 730
41. 433
5,271
2,085
1,941
6, 223
4, 334
1,271
300
317

61, 427
4,480
1,956
1,171
418
542
396
56,947
50. 749
40, 839
6, 251
1,974
1,686
6,198
3,979
1, 459
329
431

62, 045
3, 489
1,399
971
302
456
361
58, 556
51, 783
42, 260
6,126
2,049
1,349
6, 773
4, 778
1,511
297
189

62, 927
3, 409
1,586
771
257
460
336
59,518
61,640
36, 766
11,383
1,991
1,501
7.878
6, 205
1,256
238
179

62, 576
3, 576
1,736
719
300
471
349
59,001
51,290
41,354
6,056
2,027
1, 855
7,710
5,462
1,604
365
279

Males
Total labor force1-------- ------------------------- -----

45, 978

46.155 | 47,132

47,000

46, 718

45,614

45, 429

45, 204

45,115

45,102

45,174

45,515

45,413

Civilian labor force.................................................
U n em p loy m en t...............................................
Em ploym ent----------------------------------------N onagricultural-------------- ---------------- .
Worked 35 hours or m ore...............
Worked 15-34 hours------------------Worked 1-14 hours *................ .......
W ith a Job but not at work »___

44,268
1,172
43,096
36,507
30,826
3,823
800
1,058
6,589
5,605
756
146
82

44, 726
1,482
43, 244
36,877
21,103
13, 273
817
1,683
6, 367
4,875
1,131
219
143

45,818
1,664
44,154
37, 455
31, 800
2, 508
654
2, 494
6,699
5, 573
764
181
183

45, 708
2,126
43, 582
36,605
18,905
12, 762
732
4,207
6, 977
5,789
899
162
126

45,429
2, 200
43,229
36, 216
31, 523
2,605
756
1,332
7,013
6,031
743
162
78

44,316
2,130
42,186
35, 597
30,860
2,829
874
1,034
6,589
5, 339
895
186
170

44,120
2, 628
41, 492
35,220
29, 722
3, 483
999
1,017
6, 272
4,891
925
251
205

43, 879
3,002
40,877
34,890
29. 562
3,156
958
1,214
5.987
4,380
1,146
188
274

43,769
3, 426
40, 343
34, 698
29,336
2, 909
922
1, 531
5.645
4,176
942
228
298

43, 715
3,262
40, 453
34,880
29,108
3,711
904
1. 157
5,573
3.817
1.094
262
399

43, 765
2, 472
41, 293
35,369
30,077
3,424
884
984
5, 924
4, 497
1,017
234
177

44, 099
2,316
41,783
35, 484
26, 629
6,922
870
1, 064
6,299
5,335
638
152
173

43,988
2, 563
41,426
35,123
29,631
3,234
901
1,359
6,302
4,896
910
247
249

Agricultural............................................

Worked 35 hours or more_______
Worked 15-34 hours____________
Worked 1-14 hours 4____________
W ith a Job but not at work •____

Females
T otal labor force’ _______________ ______ ___

19,460

18,865

19,072

18,742

19, 459

18,494

18,084

17,817

17,888

17, 733

18, 301

18,848

18,608

Civilian labor force-------------------------------------Unemploym ent________________________
Em ploym ent----------------------------------------N onagricultural-------------- ---------------Worked 35 hours or more— .........
Worked 15-34 hours...................... ..
Worked 1-14 hours *-----------------W ith a job but not at work »___

19,436
768
18, 668
16, 766
11,894
3,200
1,199
473
1,902
' 942
855
99
6

18, 841
859
17,982
16, 538
6, 939
7, 554
1,167
878
1,444
'384
897
137
27

19,049
836
18,213
16, 752
12,035
2,075
891
1,752
1,461
597
711
114
40

18, 719
1,087
17,632
16,169
6,167
6,439
918
2,645
1,463
559
796
76
32

19,437
1,184
18, 253
16, 220
11, 594
2,548
1,087
991
2,033
944
996
84
10

18,472
927
17,545
16,072
12,173
2,320
1,075
503
1,473
631
718
106
17

18,063
887
17,176
16, 253
11, 421
3.069
1, 184
580
923
234
578
67
45

17, 796
1,121
16,674
15, 987
11, 772
2, 559
1,144
511
688
171
429
67
21

17, 868
1,258
16, 610
16,032
12,097
2. 362
1,163
410
578
158
329
72
19

17,712
1,218
16, 494
15,869
11,731
2, 540
1,070
529
625
162
365
67
32

18, 280
1, 017
17, 263
16, 414
12, 183
2.702
1,165
365
849
281
494
63
12

18, 828
1,093
17, 735
16,156
10.137
4, 461
1.121
437
1,579
870
618
86
6

18, 588
1,013
17, 575
16.167
11,723
2,822
1,127
496
1,408
566
694
118
30

Agricultural— __..................................

Worked 35 hours or m o r e . . . ___
Worked 15-34 hours.......................
Worked 1-14 hours 4------------------W ith a Job but not at work *___

1 Estim ates are subject to sampling variation which may be large in cases
where the quantities shown are relatively small. Therefore, the smaller
estimates should be used with caution. All data exclude persons in institu­
tions. Because of rounding, the individual figures do not necessarily add
to group totals.
» Census survey week contains legal holiday.
» Total labor force consists of the civilian labor force and the Armed Forces.

916 0 6 3 — 50 -

6


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

4 Excludes persons engaged only in incidental unpaid family work (less than
15 hours); these persons are classified as not in the labor force.
5 Includes persons who had a job or business, but who did not work during
the census week because of illnoss, bad weather, vacation, labor dispute or
because of temporary lay-off with definite instructions to return to work
within 30 days of lay-off. Does not include unpaid family workers.
Source: U. 8. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census.

A : EMPLOYMENT AND PAYROLLS

732

M O N TH LY LA BO R

T able A -2: Employees in Nonagricultural Establishments, by Industry Division and Group1
[In thousands]

Oct.
Total employees_________ ________ _______

p r ,
Sept. Aug.

June

July

Annual
average

1949

1950
Industry group and industry

M ay

Apr.

M ar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

N ov.

Oct.

1949

1948

45, 769 45, 680 45, 053 44, 096 43,945 43,311 42, 926 42,295 41, 661 42,125 43, 694 42, 784 42, 601 43,006 44,201

Mining___ ____ ____ __________ ___________
M etal_____________ ____ ________________
Iron................................................... ........... .
Copper_______ _____ __________ _______
Lead and zinc_______________________ _

Bituminous-coal................................................

946
101.8
36.1
28.0
20.0

940
99.9
35.4
27.9
19.2

939
98.5
33.8
28.0
19.1

938
98.4
33.9
27.8
19.0

595
97.9
33.6
27.7
18.8

861
97.7
34.0
27.6
18.4

940
96.6
33.1
27.1
18.4

75 2

75 5

73. 6

75.3

76.1

75.3

76.9

75.9

75.6

76.3

76. 7

76.2

77 3

80 0

406.0

409.4

410.8

382.1

410.4

413.1

419.0

422.9

82.6

347.7

419.7

400.9

94.3

3 9 9 .0

438.2
957 5

Crude petroleum and natural gas production_________ ________ _____ _____ _

917
89.3
28.8
26.5
17.3

593 I

951
102.9
36. 9
28 3
20 3

Anthracite.................................. ............... .........

954
102. 5
36. 9
28 2
19 9

922
103.3
36.6
28.4
20. 5

944
102.9

70.2
9.4
26.5
17.1

932
100.1
33 7
27.3
20. 6

981
105.1
36. 6
27. 8
21. 7

260 3

261 9

261. 9

258.9

253.9

251.4

249.2

249. 8

251.1

253.4

254 8

256 2

259 0

Nonmetallic mining and quarrying_____

101.9

103.2

103.5

101.3

100.0

97.3

94.5

90.2

88.6

88.9

93.6

95.7

95.9

96.4

1 0 0 .1

Contract construction.............. ............................

2,595

2,610

2,621

, 53

2,414

2, 245

2, 076

1,907

1,861

1,919

2, 088

2, 244

2,313

2, 156

2,165

Manufacturing._______ _______ _________

15,757 15,687 15,442 14,777 14, 666 14,413

Durable goods * . . . _____ __________ 8,563
Nondurable goods *_____ _________ 7,194
Ordnance and accessories_______________

27.4

Food and kindred products_____ _____
1,644
M eat products.................... ......... ............. ..
Dairy products_______________ ____ _
Canning and preserving................ ...........
Grain-mill products_____ ____ ________
Bakery products_____ ____ ___________
Sugar_________________ ____ _________
Confectionery and related products___
Beverages________________________
Miscellaneous food products_________
Tobacco manufactures_____ _____ _
Cigarettes________________________
Cigars_______ ______________ ____
Tobacco and snuff______ _______
Tobacco stemming and redrying

93

Textile-mill p ro d u cts.......................
1,357
Yarn and thread mills________ _____
Broad-woven fabric mills______ _
Knitting mills__________________
Dyeing and finishing textiles___
Carpets, rugs, other floor coverings___
Other textile-mill products___________
Apparel and other finished textile products_______________________
1,212
M en’s and boys’ suits and c o a ts ______
M en’s and boys’ furnishings and work
clothing_________________ _____
Women’s outerwear___________________
Women’s, children’s undergarments
Millinery________________ .
Children’s outerwear................... .......
F u r goods and miscellaneous apparel
Other fabricated textile producti______ —
Lumber and wood products (except furniture) __________________ _____
Logging camps and contractors ...........
Sawmills and planing m ills. .
...
Millwork, plywood, and prefabricated
structural wood products _.
Wooden containers__________
Miscellaneous wood products............. ..
Furniture and fixtures.................................
Household fu rn itu re .................
...
Other furniture and fixtures......................
Paper and allied products.............................
Pulp, paper, and paperboard mills.........
Paperboard containers and boxes______
Other paper and allied products_______

See footnotes a t end of table.


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

8,435
7, 252
26.5

8, 287
7,155
24.9

7,964
6,702

7, 978
6, 799
23.7

1,737 1,719 1,617
297. 5 297 5 295 8
149 5 156 2 158 7
353.1 329.1 250 4
128. 8 128. 7 125 9
288 8 287 1 289 3
33 6
30 6
34 3
110. 4 102.4
90. 0
228.4 239.6 234 2
146 6 144 9 141 8
94
26 8
41. 7
12. 5
13.4

89
25 4
40 7
12.1
10. 8

82
26
38
11
5

1
9
8
4

23.7

7,809
6,604
23.2

14, 162 14,103 13,997
7,548
6,614
22.8

7,418
6,685
22.4

82
25.4
39. 5
12.0
5.1

83
25.5
39.7
12.1
5.7

83
25. 5
39 3
12. 4
5. 5

85
25.4
40.9
12. 6
5.9

21.3

21.6

6,986
6,906

7,050
6,757
21.8

7,465
6,681

22.6

8,315
6,970

24.8

28.1

88
25.5
42.3
12.7
7.4

92
26
42
12
10

94

3
4
8
8

26. 8
43 2
12 9
10. 7

96
96
45
19
10

99

9
5
9
9

26
45
13
12

94

9
7
1
9

26
44
13
10

100

6
5
0
1

26 6
48' 3
13 7
11 2

1,214 1,202 1,097 1,093 1,091 1,119 1,174 1,180 1,146 1,156 1,144 1,199 1,136 1,162
151. 7 152. 8 140.6 148.5 143.2 146.0 149. 2 148.9 143.5 140.7 130.6 141 5 141.5 154.4
249 3
299 1
95. 8
20 2
67.2
86.6
137.9

255.1
281.3
98.9
17.8
65.3
88.6
137.8

256. 0
285. 2
101.3
18. 9
62.6
85.4
137.9

258 6
305 2
105 5
20 7
63.6
82 6
136.9

262 2
338 9
107.1
26 5
68.4
83.6
138.4

846
76.1
495.4

842
78.7
493. 0

812
76 2
474.6

803
73.7
467.3

784
67. 4
459.1

753
59 2
439.8

129. 5
81.3
63.9

128. 8
79. 7
61.9

124 9
77 5
59.2

124. 4
77.9
59.3

122.0
75. 5
59.9

375

374
267.7
106.4

366
261. 6
104.3

350
249. 5
100.0

349
249.8
99.5

488

488
241. 5
136. 9
109.4

480
239. 1
131.7
109.3

465
234. 8
123.4
100.4

467
235. 2
124. 2
107.6

—

14,031 13, 807 13, 892 14, 146 15,286
7,303
6,728

1,348 1,316 1, 250 1,264 1,252 1, 261 1,272 1,273
1,265 1,274 1,272 1,256 1,224
1,362
169. 8 164. 8 156. 7 156.4 153.3 154 7 158. 5 159.4 157 8 157 7 156 1 153 3 149 3 177 6
638. 5 626. 0 601 5 610.4 602.9 602.8 604. 2 600.6 697 8 604 1 601 9 594 8 581 9 645* 7
244 8 231 4 949 0
253. 2 246. 5 228 4 230. 9 231.6 936 1 239. 8 241.1 241 7 244 7
86.4
86.4
92. 3
89.9
89 3
90 0
87 3
86 4
89' 8
89.1
84 9
88 3
89. 5
89 5
59.8
61.4
59.8
60.3
59 3
58 8
57 5
,58 Q 64* 8
60. 6
60 9
60. 5
58 1
58 1
132. 9 129.1 120 3 119.8 117.9 117.8 119. 6 121.2 119.3 119.1
118.6 118.4 116! Ô 13 5 ! 2

269 6
338. 4
103.4
23. 8
68.3
96.3
149.8

—

21.8

13,980
7,342
6,638

1,519 1, 461 1,432 1,420 1.409 1,432 1,491 1,539 1,631 1,523 1,536
292.6 286.3 282. 7 285.3 288.7 301.3 307.6 298.3 292.8 288 6 271 2
156.5 148.7 141. 4 136. 6 134.1 132.4 133.7 136 3 142. 2 146 2 147 7
177.0 152.3 144.9 133.9 133.6 141.0 161.2 185.2 258.2 207 1 222 0
124.3 121.2 120.2 120.1 119.3 119.8 120.9 122.9 125.4 120 6 117 7
283.7 286.7 284. 6 282.4 277.9 277.3 280.0 286 0 292 4 281 7 282 9
29.4
28.9
27. 0
27.1
26.9
49 3
32 7
34 5
42.5
48 0
28.9
90.4
88.6
94.5
96.7
90.6
104.7 109. 4 113.6
99.5
96 9 100 2
224.8 212.8 206.0 205.1 198.2 199. 2 205. 4 211 3 215.0 211 4 218 6
140.4 135.5 134 1 135.3 133.2 132 3 135. 4 139 9 142 9 137 6 141 3

273 7
338. 5
108.0
23. 4
68.5
98.8
151.3

840

7,324
6,673

34§ 2
106 3

258
334
102
94

5
9
3
2

68! 5
82 8
137.9

80 0
137.3

964 6
330 1
104 4
22 3
64! 5
90 0
139.1

65.8
95 9
141.7

270 5
342 9
107 2
23 8
68! 2
98 4
146.8

738
59.3
429.8

713
49 2
416.1

702
46 0
411.2

753
63 7
442.7

750
64 0

736
61 4

812

4 3 3 .9

4 4 4 .0

431! 7

472.9

120 2
74 4
59.8

117 2
73 2
58.8

116 8
73 0
57. 7

116 7
79 6
56.8

117 4
73 7
57! 1

116 3
73 0
56.9

113 4
79 9
56.7

110 5
73 3

348
248. 5
99.4

347
248 8
98.6

344
247 3
97.1

341
244 9
96! 1

333
238 1
95! i

332

327
939 6
94! 1

327
931 9
95! 7

315

459
231.8
121.3
105.7

458
230 6
121.3
105.6

455
230 2
120 5
104.7

453
29Q 3
190 O
103! 7

451
298 4
119 8

455

470

10 2 ! 7

456
9.98 1
194 9
103! 8

447

1 0 2 .5

458
229 3
195 6
102! 8

117 1
103.1

107.6

6s!e

744
61 5

95! 5

123 1

108 5

398 6
98 Q 97.4
2? 3
63! 4
59.5
88 9
90 1
135! 8 125.6

5 9 .0

94! 6

65.2
348
100.9

REVIEW, DECEMBER 1950

A : EMPLOYMENT AND PAYROLLS

733

T able A-2: Employees in Nonagricultural Establishments, by Industry Division and Group1— Con.
[In thousands]

1950
Industry group and industry

Annual
average

1949

_____
Oct.

Rïanufact uring—C ontinued
Printing, publishing, and allied indus­
tries_________ __________ ___________
748
Newspapers_________________________________
Periodicals....................................................... .............
Books________________ ________ ______ ______
Commercial printing............................................ ..
Lithographing____________ ___________ ______
Other printing and publishing.............................

Aug.

Sept.

July

June

M ay

Apr.

M ar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

1919

1948

745
293. C
51.6
48.6
199. £
41.3
110. 7

741
292.6
51.8
47.9
198.8
40.7
109.5

739
295.1
51.7
46.2
198.1
40. C
108.2

739
295.0
51.4
46.3
199.6
40.0
106.8

736
293.9
51.6
46.0
197.9
40.0
106.2

735
293.5
51.5
45.3
198.9
39. fi
105.7

734
291.6
52. C
45.2
199.2
40.1
106.3

732
289.5
52.1
44.8
198.5
40.1
106.7

730
285.7
52.3
45.0
200.4
40.1
106.8

739
288.6
53.0
45.2
201 5
42.2
108.1

736
288.8
52.9
45.7
198.0
42.2
108.1

735
288.2
53.2
45.5
199.2
41.6
107.7

727
282.5
53.4
44. £
197.1
41.1
108.0

725
267.5
54.7
46.6
197.5
4 5 .1
113.3

Chemicals and allied products_______
Industrial inorganic chemicals_____
Industrial organic chemicals_______
Drugs and medicines..................... .......
Paints, pigments, and fillers...............
Fertilizers_________ ________ ______
Vegetable and animal oils and f a ts ..
Other chemicals and allied products.

721

699
68.2
205.4
98.7
73.8
32.8
54.4
165.3

684
67.3
202.9
97.3
73.7
29.6
48.9
164.2

669
70.3
199.8
95.9
72.7
28.3
46.8
155.6

670
72.9
198.4
94.2
71.5
30.2
48.2
154.9 .

671
71.4
195.7
93.1
69.7
36.2
50.0
154.4

675
70.5
194.1
93.4
69.1
41.6
53.2
153.4

671
69.4
191.9
91.1
68.9
40.9
55.3
153.0

665
68.8
189.5
91.4
68.3
38.5
56.2
152.4

658
65.8
187.9
94.6
67.6
32.5
59.2
150.3

660
66.6
187.8
94.6
67.1
30.7
62.1
151.5

662
66.3
187.0
94.1
67.8
30.3
63.4
153.5

665
67.1
185.6
93.7
67.9
31.8
64.9
153.6

664
68.4
192.1
92.3
67.3
34.3
56.1
153.0

699
70.9
210.3
89.5
70.7
35.9
56.2
165.0

Products of petroleum and coal...........
Petroleum refining___________ ____
Coke and byproducts.........................
Other petroleum and coal products

252

250
197.9
21.4
30.3

255
201.1
21.4
32.5

241
189.0
21.1
30.5

239
187.8
21.1
30.1

236
186.2
20.7
28.6

234
185.7
20.5
27.8

241
194.8
19.7
26.9

242
195.1
19.6
26.8

242
195.4
20.2
26.3

243
195.6
20.4
27.0

245
197.3
18.7
28.7

241
197.6
13.5
30.1

245
198.7
19.5
27.1

250
199.1
20.0
30.8

Rubber products_______
Tires and inner tubes..
Rubber footwear_____
Other rubber products.

270

266
116.0
26.9
123.2

259
113.4
25.8
119.6

249
111.3
24.1
113. 6

247
110.8
24.2
112.4

241
108.1
23.9
108.8

238
106.6
24.1
107.4

237
106.3
24.2
106.1

236
105.8
23.6
106.2

234
105.0
24.9
104.1

234
104.3
27.0
102.7

233
103.5
27.0
102.4

234
103.5
26.4
104.1

234
106.6
26.4
100.5

259
121.1
29.6
107.9

Leather and leather products___________
409
L e a th er...................... ................... ............... ...............
Footwear (except rubber)____________________
Other leather p ro d u c ts............................ ..........

411
51.8
259.1
100.0

410
51.3
260.6
97.8

390
49.5
252.8
88.1

382
49.6
247.2
84.9

374
49.5
240.4
83.8

379
49.5
244.3
85.4

396
50.0
257.4
88.4

395
50.1
257.4
87.9

388
49.4
254.9
83.2

382
49.4
247.2
85.5

372
49.7
232.4
90.2

390
49.4
249.2
91.2

388
49.7
251.0
87.2

410
54.2
260.1
95.4

Stone, clay, and glass products................... 542
Glass and glass products_____________________
C em ent, hydraulic....................................... .............
Structural clay products..........................................
P o ttery and related products.................................
Concrete, gypsum, and plaster products -------Other stone. clay, and glass products________

533
134. 5
42.3
87.6
58.5
98.6
111.3

532
138.1
43.2
87.0
57.1
98.7
107.6

512
130.8
41. 7
85.2
55.3
95.5
103.5

511
134.4
42.6
83.0
56.0
93.9
101.4

501
131.7
42.2
80.2
57.6
90.0
99.4

487
128.8
41.5
76.0
57.6
86.4
97.1

478
124.8
40.6
75.5
58.0
84.0
94.7

475
123.9
41,0
75.2
57.6
83.6
94.1

469
121.7
41.7
75.2
56.1
81.4
93.2

479
122.7
42.2
77.4
57.0
85.1
94.3

477
123.2
40.6
76.6
57.6
86.1
93.1

478
123.2
40.5
78.2
57.2
86.5
92.0

484
122.6
41.8
79.8
57.5
84.6
97.1

514
135.9
40.9
83.4
60.6
87.8
105.9

Prim ary metal industries_______________ 1,298
B last furnaces, steel works, and rolling
mills_______________________________
Iron and steel foundries..............................
Prim ary smelting and refining of nonferrous m etals______________________
Rolling, drawing, and alloying of nonferrous metals.............. ..................... .........
Nonferrous foundries_________________
Other prim ary metal industries_______
Fabricated metal products (except ord­
nance machinery and transportation
equipm ent)__________ ______ ______ _ 1,007
T in cans and other tinware___________
C utlery, hand tools, and hardware____
Heating apparatus (except electric) and
plumbers’ supplies........................... ........
Fabricated structural metal p ro d u cts...
M etal stamping, coating, and engraving.
Other fabricated metal products............ .
1,412
M a c h i n e r y ( e x c e p t e l e c t r i c a l ) ..................... ..
E n g in e s a n d t u r b in e s .................. ........................................
A g r ic u l tu r a l m a c h in e r y a n d t r a c t o r s ___________
C o n s tr u c t io n a n d m in in g m a c h in e r y ...............—
M e t a lw o r k i n g m a c h i n e r y .. _______ ______________
S p e c ia l-in d u s tr y
m a c h in e r y
(e x c e p t
m e ta lw o r k in g m a c h i n e r y ) ________ _____________
G e n e r a l i n d u s t r i a l m a c h i n e r y ____________________
O ffice a n d s to re m a c h in e s a n d d e v ic e s __________
S e r v i c e -i n d u s t r y a n d h o u se h o ld m a ­
c h in e s .__________ __________________________________
M is c e lla n e o u s m a c h in e r y p a r t s __________________
E l e c t r i c a l m a c h i n e r y .. _____ ____ __________
906
E le c tr ic a l
g e n e r a tin g ,
tra n s m is s io n ,
d i s tr i b u t io n , a n d in d u s tr ia l a p p a ­
r a t u s _____________________ ____ ________ __ _______
E l e c t r i c a l e q u i p m e n t for v e h ic le s ________________
C o m m u n ic a t io n e q u i p m e n t _____________ ________
E le c tr ic a l
a p p lia n c e s ,
la m p s, a n d
m is c e lla n e o u s p r o d u c t s ___________ _____________

See footnotes a t end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

1,279
634.1
251. 2

1,257
631.1
241.7

1,222
621.4
229. 7

1,216
616. 4
227.7

1,190
606.3
220.8

1,171
599.2
215.7

1,144
583.3
208.6

1,137
587.5
203.6

1,121
584.8
198.3

1,112
580 4
198.8

891

703

392.3
195.8

191.3
198.5

1,101
550.4
217.0

1,247
612.0
259.3

55.2

55.2

54.3

55.2

54.6

54.2

54.4

54.1

51.1

49.6

46.2

47.9

52.3

55.6

102.5
100.2
136.1

100.1
95.5
133.5

96.0
92.1
128.7

96.2
91.4
129.2

95.1
87.3
126.1

93.2
84.3
124.1

92.4
83.3
121.6

90.6
80.8
120.8

89.0
79.0
119.0

88.1
78.4
117.1

76.9
74.4
105.4

85.5
76.3
103.5

87.0
75.8
118.4

103.8
85.2
130.7

995
55.3
162.9

973
55.8
156.4

929
51.3
153.0

923
48.6
156. 2

894
45.5
154.3

876
44.6
152.5

863
43.5
151.2

851
41.8
147.3

846
41.2
145.2

841
42. 1
142.9

820
43.8
139.1

829
46. 4
140.2

859
45.8
142.3

976
48.7
154.4

164.0
210.0
183.4
218.9

159.1
210.5
180.1
211.3

147.2
201.3
172.7
203.1

148.1
198.0
170.7
201.2

144.4
192.4
162.6
194.8

143.9
190.3
156.3
188.0

140.4
187.6
152.9
187.7

137.8
185.1
152.1
187.0

133.0
186.2
151.2
188.9

136.8
186. 2
147.0
186.1

138 3
178.9
141.6
178.2

141.3
173.0
148.4
179.4

132.0
198.5
147.9
192.4

165. 8
215.9
172.2
219.0

1,370 1,372 1,343 1,341 1,328 1,307 1,283 1.261 1,238 1,229 1,209 1,223 1,311
1, 533
70.9
73.5
68.7
65.9
64.5
70.6
66.5
66.7
75.2
72.8
73.6
66.4
72.5
83.8
180.5 180.7 180.5 177.5 175.2 171.0 168.3 162.7 166.0 181.3 191.3
146.0 180.1
180.1
95.4
98.1
95.2
93.4
105.6 101.2
95.9
91.3
99.1
90¡ 6
89.2
90. 5 101.3 122.6
233.1 221.4 212.0 212.3 207.2 204.5 201.6 198.4 196.7 196.0 195.6 197.9 208.7 239.5
174.1
197. 7
94.1

168.7
191.7
90.3

165.3
185.0
89.5

165.4
182.8
89.3

162.7
181.3
88.4

160.8
178.8
88.0

158.7
175.7
87.0

157.1
174.0
85.4

155. 9
172.8
84.7

156.6
173 1
86.2

157.0
173.2
87.5

158.8
175.9
88.8

171.8
186.4
90.6

201.9
209.8
109.1

178.2
170. 6

177.3
165.6

178.8
160.5

180.8
158.5

181.5
156.2

175.6
152.6

169.3
149.3

163.9
147.0

155. 2
143 9

149.3
142.9

139.0
138.5

136.4
143.7

145.4
153.2

191.3
183.4

879

854

817

810

800

791

779

772

762

762

750

753

759

869

326.3
73.0
330.5

324.7
70.6
318.9

313.8
70.0
297.0

308.2
68.9
296.1

306.7
67.8
289.4

303.3
66.6
287.6

300.0
65.1
283.2

298.1
65.5
279.7

294.4
65.1
276.7

294.5
64.9
275.5

289.2
59.1
275.7

289.7
65.9
270.1

295.2
64.5
271.1

332.9
69.0
312.2

149.5

139.5

136.2

136. 6

136.5

133.7

130.5

128.8

126.0

126.9

125.7

127.0

128.3

154.8

734

A : EMPLOYMENT AND PAYROLLS

MONTHLY LABOR

T able A-2: Employees in Nonagricultural Establishments, by Industry Division and Group1— Con.
[In thousands]
1950

Annual
average

1949

Industry group and industry
Oct.
Manufacturing—Continued
Transportation equipment............... ........
Automobiles _____________________
Aircraft and parts_________________
Aircraft._______________________
Aircraft engines and parts.________
Aircraft propellers and parts
.
Other aircraft parts and equipment
Ship and boat building and repairing
Ship building and repairing*______
Railroad equipment _ _ ___ ______
Other transportation equipment

Sept.

A ug.

Ju ly

June

May

Apr.

Mar.

Jan.

Feb.

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

1949

1948

1,379 1,374 1,342 1,297 1,305 1,269 1,122 1,100 1,091
1,197 1,112 1,112 1,208 1,212
1,263
916.5 901.8 883. 7 893.4 862.4 720.3 698.9 689.0 797. 4 703.2 697 1 789 2 769 0 7Q2 8
292.0 274.0 259.3 256.4 253.9 253.3 252.4 251.7 251.9 252. 5 252.3 255. 4 255. 6 228 1
195.9 184.8 172.8 170.5 169.0 167.9 166. 5 166.1
166.8 167.0 166 8 168. 8 169 7 151 7
54.0
52.8
52.1
57.9
50.7
50.7
50.6
50.2
50.1
50.5
52 1
46 7
51.2
51 8
8.2
7.5
7.7
7.8
7.9
7.9
8.0
8.1
8.1
8.0
74
8. 2
7 9
8.1
27.7
26.0
26.0
30.0
26.3
26.8
27.3
26.9
22 4
27.3
27.0
26. 3
26 2
26 2
89.2
81.2
92.0
80.9
80.0
79.9
79.4
80. 2
81.2
82.8
82. 7 100 3 140 7
85.3
67.4
76.3
78.6
66.4
66.2
66.7
68.3
68.9
72.3
74 8
70.0
72. 4
88 2 124 2
61.3
63.5
63.0
61.7
58.4
61.6
59. 2
64. 2
60.6
65. 3
76 1
84 8
60.1
68. 2
12.7
11.6
13.0
11.1
10.1
9.6
10.7
9.6
10 9
9.1
7.7
12.0
11 6
16 6

Instruments and related products.........
Ophthalmic goods _ ___________
Photographic apparatus . __ _____
Wat ches and clocks. . . ....... ................
Professional and scientific Instruments.

276

Miscellaneous manufacturing Industries,.
Jewelry, silverware, and plated ware
Toys and sporting goods. . , __ ___
Costume Jewelry, buttons, notions
Other miscellaneous manufacturing industries____________ _________

501

267
25.6
53.7
33.5
153.8

254
25.1
52.7
29.8
146.5

242
24.8
51.0
27.8
138.1

243
24.8
50.1
28.1
139.8

238
24.8
49.1
28.0
136.5

236
25.0
48.5
28.5
133.7

234
25.1
48.2
28.9
131.5

232
25.1
48.1
29.3
129.7

233
25.1
48.3
30.3
129.2

234
25. 2
48. 8
31.4
128.1

234
25 6
49 1
31 9
127.7

235
25 8

491
56.8
81.6
62.9

470
55.2
79.4
59. 5

430
51.1
71.5
52.1

439
52.8
72.6
52.4

434
52. 7
70.3
51.4

435
52.7
69.5
53.1

433
53.2
67.2
56.5

429

54.4
63.8
59.4

420
54.2
61.7
56.7

436
56.2
66.8
58. 4

455
57 5
76 4
63.5

290.1

275. 5

254.8

261.3

260.0

259.8

256. 5

251.3

246.9

254.6

257 9

238
26 8
52 6
31 4
127. 1

260
28

457
57. 2
76 9
64. 5

426
55 4
68 7

466
60 3

5 7 .7

62.3

258 1

243 8

26? 8

49 7

32. 2
126.9

2

60 3
40 8

130.5

80

8

Transportation and public utilities__ _____
Transportation______ _________
Interstate railroads______ _____
Class I railroads_______ ________
Local railways and bus lines____
Trucking and warehousing
Other transportation and services
Communication___________________
Telephone______________ .
Telegraph_________ _____
Other public utilities_____________
Gas and electric utilities____________
Local utilities__ ____________

4,112 4,136 4,118 4,062 4,023 3,885 3, 928 3, 873 3,841
3,869 3, 930 3, 892 3, 871 3 ,9 7 7 4,151
2, 900 2, 911 2, 890 2,839 2,813 2,685 2, 733 2,682 2,651 2,676 2, 732 2, 689 2,664 2 ,7 5 4 2,934
1,457 1,440 1,414 1,407 1,296 1,356 1, 315 1,290 1,316 1,333 1, 281 1 257 1 366 1 517
1,284 1,272 1,246 i;240 1,135 1,188 1,148 1,123 l ’ 148 1,149 1,114 1, 090 ! 191
1, 327
146
146
148
147
149
150
151
152
154
153
163
156
155
158
619
614
589
562
577
554
550
545
540
568
547
566
566
571
689
690
689
682
673
678
666
664
667
687
679
682
683
683
663 671
671
667
662
659
657
654
654
657
660
669
686
665
696
621.7 623.0 619. 5 614.6 610.7 609. 2 607.0 606.7 609.1 611. 7 615 5 618 5 632 2 634 ?
47.2
46.7
48.0
46.9
46.9
46.7
45.7
46.2
47.1
60 8
47.7
49. 4
52 5
48 2
549 554
557
556
541
548
538
537
536
536
538
538
537
538
521
528.6 531.0 530. 4 522.3 515.8 512.5 511.5 510.6 511.5 513.0 513.5 513. 7 512. 0 497.0
25.9
25.7
25. 5
25.6
25.0
25.3
25.0
25.1
24.8
24. 6
24 6
24. 7
24 6
23 7

Trade__ ________________
Wholesale trade____________ _____
Retail trade_______________ ____
General merchandise stores... .
Food and liquor stores____________
Automotive and accessories dealers . .
Apparel and accessories stores_______
Other retail trade______________

9,745
2, 611
7,134
1, 524
1,228
743
555
3,084

9,648
2, 607
7,041
1,474
1,211
742
539
3, 075

9,459
2, 574
6, 885
1,384
1,201
747
490
3, 063

9,390
2, 528
6, 862
1,372
1,203
746
501
3, 040

9,411
2, 502
6,909
1,411
1,205
733
536
3,024

9, 326
2,479
6,847
1,412
1,204
714
533
2,984

9, 346
2,477
6,869
1,466
1, 200
706
545
2,952

9, 206
2,484
6,722
1,392
1,192
699
519
2, 920

9,152
2,495
6,657
1,360
1,185
700
496
2,916

9,246
2,511
6,735
1,392
1,187
701
513
2,942

10,156
2,542
7,614
1,987
1,217
717
632
3,061

Finance___ _ _______
Banks and trust companies____
Security dealers and exchanges___ ____
Insurance carriers and agents .
Other finance agencies and real estate. ..

1,821

1,826
433
60.8
653
679

1,837
435
61.3
657
684

1, 831
432
61.3
652

686

1,827
427
60.0
646
694

1,812
421
59.2
640
692

1,803
420
58.2
639

686

1, 791
419
57.7
637
677

1,777
416
57.2
634
670

1,772
415
56.1
630
671

1,770
416
55.4
630
669

Service______ ________
Hotels and lodging places_____
Laundries__________________
Cleaning and dyeing plants___
Motion pictures_________ ________

4, 756

4,818
477
357.2
149.9
246

4,829
513
358. 4
147.3
245

4, 841
515
363 4
151.6
245

4, 826
482
362 1
155.9
249

4, 790
451
353. 7
150.1
236

4,757
441
347 4
146.1
236

4, 708
431
.345 5
141.3

345

4,696
430

4,701
428
346 9
141.1
235

4. 738
443
346 7
142.7
238

Government....................
Federal______________ .
State and local______

6,039 6,004 5, 793 5,741
5,832 5, 900 5,915 5, 769 5,742 5,777 8, 041 5, 783 5,866 5,813 5,613
1,949 1,916 1,841 1,820 1,851 1,890 1.939 1,802 1,800 1,804 2 ,1 0 1
1,823 1,863 1,902
1,827
4, 091 4,088 3, 952 3, 921 3,981 4,010 3,976 3, 967 3,942 3,973 3,940 3.960 4,003 3,911 3,788

1 T h e B u r e a u of L a b o r S t a t i s t i c s ’ series of e m p l o y m e n t in n o n a g r ic u ltu r a l
e s ta b lis h m e n ts a r e b a s e d u p o n r e p o r ts s u b m i tt e d b y c o o p e r a tin g e s ta b lis h ­
m e n ts a n d , th e re fo re , d iffe r fro m e m p l o y m e n t in f o r m a tio n o b ta in e d b y h o u se ­
h o ld in te r v ie w s , s u c h a s th e M o n t h l y R e p o r t on t h e L a b o r F o r c e (ta b l e A - l ) ,
in s e v e ra l i m p o r ta n t r e s p e c ts .
T h e B u r e a u of L a b o r S t a t i s t i c s ’ d a t a c o v e r
a ll fu ll- a n d p a r t -t i m e e m p lo y e e s in p r i v a t e n o n a g r ic u ltu r a l e s ta b lis h m e n ts
w h o w o r k e d d u r in g , o r r e c e iv e d p a y fo r, th e p a y p e rio d e n d in g n e a r e s t th e
1 5 th of th e m o n t h ; in F e d e r a l e s ta b lis h m e n ts d u r in g th e p a y p e rio d e n d in g
J u s t b efo re th e first of th e m o n t h ; a n d in S t a te a n d lo c a l g o v e r n m e n t d u r in g
t h e p a y p e rio d e n d in g o n o r ju s t b efo re th e la s t o f th e m o n t h , w h ile th e
M o n t h l y R e p o r t o n th e L a b o r F o r c e d a t a r e la te to th e c a le n d a r w eek w h ic h
c o n ta in s th e 8 t h d a y of t h e m o n t h . P r o p r i e to r s , s e lf-e m p lo y e d p e rs o n s ,
d o m e s tic s e r v a n t s , a n d p e rs o n n e l of t h e A r m e d F o r c e s a r e exclu d ed fro m th e
B L S b u t n o t th e M R L F series. T h e s e e m p l o y m e n t series h a v e b e e n a d ­
j u s te d to le v e ls in d ic a te d b y s o c ia l i n s u r a n c e d a t a th r o u g h 1947. R e v is e d d a t a
in all e x c e p t th e firs t four c o lu m n s w ill b e id e n tifie d b y a n a s te r is k (*) for th e
first m o n t h ’s p u b lic a tio n o f s u c h d a t a .


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

236

0

139.7
236

9, 607
2,538
7,069
1,590
1,208
704
560
3,007
1,766

41 5
55 1
627
669

4, 768
Ï 44! 7

9, 505 9, 438
2,554 2, 522
6,951 6,916
1,489 1,480
1 ,2 0 0
1,198
676
696
557
554
3,009 3,008
1,767
415
55.0
626
671
4 ,7 9 4

451
350 6
147.4
238

9,491
2, 533
6, 958
1, 470
1,195
634
577
3,081

1, 763
416

1,718
403

619
672

665

4, 781

4 ,7 9 9

146.9

149.9
241

55 5

464

*57

589

9

478

1 I n c lu d e s o r d n a n c e a n d a c c e ss o r ie s ; lu m b e r a n d w o o d p r o d u c ts (e x c e p t
f u r n i tu r e ) ; f u r n itu r e a n d f ix tu r e s ; s to n e , c la y , a n d g lass p r o d u c ts ; p r im a r y
m e ta l in d u s tr ie s ; f a b r ic a te d m e ta l p r o d u c ts ( e x c e p t o r d n a n c e , m a c h in e r y ,
a n d tr a n s p o r ta t i o n e q u i p m e n t ); m a c h in e r y (e x c e p t e l e c t r i c a l ) ; e le c tr ic a l
m a c h in e r y ; tr a n s p o r ta t i o n e q u i p m e n t ; in s tr u m e n t s a n d r e la te d p r o d u c ts ;
a n d m is c e lla n e o u s m a n u f a c tu r in g in d u s trie s .
3 I n c lu d e s food a n d k in d r e d p r o d u c t s ; t o b a c c o m a n u f a c tu r e s ; te x tile -m ill
p r o d u c ts ; a p p a r e l a n d o th e r fin ish ed te x tile p r o d u c t s ; p a p e r a n d a llied p ro d ­
u c t s ; p r in tin g , p u b lis h in g , a n d a llied in d u s tr ie s ; c h e m ic a ls a n d allied p ro d ­
u c t s ; p r o d u c ts of p e tr o le u m a n d c o a l; r u b b e r p r o d u c t s ; a n d l e a th e r an d
l e a th e r p r o d u c ts .
4 D a t a b y re g io n , fro m J a n u a r y 1940, a re a v a ila b le u p o n r e q u e s t to th e
B u r e a u of L a b o r S t a ti s t ic s .

735

A : EMPLOYMENT AND PAYROLLS

REVIEW , DECEMBER 1950

T able A-3: Production Workers in Mining and Manufacturing Industries 1
[ I n th o u s a n d s ]

Annual
average

1949

1950
Industry group and industry
Oct.
Mining:
M fttal ________________________________
Iron -- _______________________________
Hopper
___________________ _____
Bead and zinc _____________ - - - - - - - - -

Sept.

91.3
33.3
24.9
17.8

Aug.

90.7
33.2
24.8
17.4

July

91.4
32.9
24.9
18.0

June

90.0
32.4
24.7
17.4

M ay

88.5
31.8
24.8
16.7

M ar.

Apr.

87.2
30.3
24.8
16.6

87.3
30.5
24.7
16.6

Feb.

86.9
30.2
24.7
16.5

Jan.

86.2
30.4
24.5
16.0

Dec.

86.1
30.6
24.0
16.1

N ov.

77.9
25.4
23.4
15.0

Oct.

58.9
6.2
23.4
14.7

1949

89.0
30.4
24.3
18.1

1948

94.7
33.6
25.0
19.2

____________________

70.7

71.0

69.2

70.8

71.6

70.7

72.3

71.4

71.1

71.8

72.1

71.6

72.8

75.8

___________________

384.0

385.3

357.6

385.0

387.9

393.8

398.4

60.0

322.5

392.7

375.4

72.2

373.4

413.1

Crude petroleum and natural gas production:
Petroleum and natural gas production..

128.3

130.2

129.7

127.7

124.2

123.5

123.3

123.3

122.9

123.9

124.7

126.1

127.1

127.1

90.4

90.8

88.8

87.6

85.0

82.4

78.3

77.3

76.7

80.1

82.8

83.2

83.7

87.6

Anthracite
Ritnminons-coal

Mnnmet.ftllie mining and q u a rry in g __
Manufacturing_____________ _____________ -

13, 075 13,021

Durable goods . ________________ 7,135
Nondurable goods................................. 5,940
Ordnance and accessories_______________

21.9

Food and kindred products_____________ 1,264
M eat products.
____________________
Dairy p ro d u c ts __ _ _______________
Hanning and preserving_____________
Grain-mill products___________________
Bakery products ____________________
Sugar
_
________________________
Confectionery and related products__
Beverages
______ ____________
Miscellaneous food products__________
86
Tobacco manufactures__________________
Cigarettes _
______________________
Cigars
. _____________________
Tobacco and snuff........................................
Tobacco stemming and redrying--------- —
Textile-mill products___________________ 1,264
Y arn and thread mills_________ ______
Broad-woven fabric mills_____________
Knitting mills____ __________________
Dyeing and finishing textiles__________
Carpets, rugs, other floor coverings____
Other textile-mill products____________
Apparel and other finished textile produ c t s _______ ________________________ 1,091
M en’s and boys’ suits and coats — ___
M en’s and boys’ furnishings and work
clothing
________________________
Women’s o u te rw e a r..________________
Women’s, children’s undergarments.__
M illinery _ _______ __________________
Children’s ou terw ear_______ ________
F u r goods and miscellaneous apparel__
Other fabricated textile products _____
Lumber and wood products (except fur
niture)___________ ______ ________
Bogging (»amps and contractors_______
Sawmills and planing mills__ ______
Millwork, plywood, and prefabricated
structural wood products___________
Wooden containers . . _______________
Miscellaneous wood products_________
Furniture and fixtures....................................
Household furniture _________________
Other furniture and fixtures.................. ..

See footnotes a t end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

775

327

7,024
5, 997
21.3

12,794 12,151
6,891
5,903
19.9

6,597
5, 554
19.0

12,066 11,841
6,596
5,470
18.9

6,456
5,385
18.6

11, 597 11, 549 11,460 11,449 11,504 11, 289 11, 368 11,597 12,717
6,195
5,402

6,070
5,479

18.3

17.9

1,141 1,090 1,065 1,060
1,351 1,331 1,231
235.6 236.2 234.8 232.0 227.4 223.3 228.3
99.1
114.4 108.2 102.8
106.7 113.6 116.1
323.8 301.1 222.8 150.6 126.8 119.9 109.3
92.1
91.4
94.6
92.2
95.9
99.3
97.8
193.8 191.8 193.9 190.7 192.6 191.0 190.0
22.9
22.6
24.7
24.4
26.0
28.9
30.1
78.4
74.6
73.8
72.7
73.6
93.1
85.5
159.4 168.9 163.5 156.5 146.4 140.9 139.4
98.4 100.7
99.4
109.1 107.2 104.1 103.3
87
24.4
39.5
11.1
12.2

82
23.0
38.5
10.7
9.7

75
23.4
36.8
10.4
4.5

75
22.8
37.3
10.5
4.2

76
22.8
37.6
10.6
4.9

76
22.9
37.2
11.0
4.7

78
22.7
38.7
11.0
5.1

5,982
5,478
17.4

6,000
5,449
16.9

5,961
5,543
17.1

5,719
5,570
17.3

5,651
5, 717
18.1

6, 096
5,501
20.2

6,909
5,808
23.9

1,172 1,197
1,055 1,078 1,139 1,185 1,273
231.5 243.7 251.0 242.2 236.0 231.3 215.8
98.9 104.0 107.9 111.0
96.7
95.1
96.1
109.8 116.5 135.6 159.8 232.2 180.8 195.3
96.9 100.3
93.2
95.3
92.0
95.0
93.6
187.6 186.1 189.8 194.7 199.4 191. 2 195.5
44.7
43. 5
22.7
24.9
28.5
38.1
30.0
95.3
99. 2
80.9
90.5
83.0
84.6
85.9
134.4 135.3 141.3 146.2 149.2 150 6 161.4
99.4
98.1 101.3 106.1 108.9 103 8 108.1
81
22.8
40.2
11.1
6.4

85
23.8
40.3
11.3
9.7

87
24.3
41.2
11.5
9.5

89
24.4
43.6
11.4
9 .2

92
24.4
43.6
11.7
11.9

87
24.1
42.4
11.5
9.0

93
24.3
46.2
12.2
10.2

1,256 1,226 1,160 1,174 1,162 1,172 1,183 1,183 1,177 1,187 1,184 1,168 1,136 1,275
159.3 154.6 146.5 146.4 143.0 144.5 148.7 149.4 148.5 148.5 147.0 144. 4 140.3 168.5
607.2 595. 4 570.8 579.9 572.8 572.7 574.0 570.5 567.9 673.9 571.8 664. 6 551. 4 615.3
233. 5 227.3 209.4 211.7 212.8 217.9 221.4 222.5 222.8 226.6 229.7 226.7 213. 4 231.4
80.0
80.5
78.0
76.9
80.4
80.3
79.9
80.0
78.8
76.7
75.4
76.7
82.4
79.6
50.4
51.2
49.7
51.3
57.2
51.8
52.8
53.0
53.6
52.7
52.4
53. 4
51.0
54.1
102.8 121.7
119. 2 115.3 106.6 106.5 104.4 104.5 106.3 107.8 105.8 105.7 105.2 105.1
1,094 1,086
' 137. 5 138.4

981
126.9

976
134.6

976 1,003 1,058 1,065 1,032 1,040 1,028 1,083 1f 022 1,049
129.0 131.7 135.5 135.2 130.3 127.3 117.6 128.6 128.1 140.1

255. 4
303.6
96.9
20. 7
62.6
87.2
130.4

252. 4
304.9
93.1
21.1
62.6
84.9
128.4

231.9
265.6
85.8
17.6
61.3
75.9
116.0

237.8
247.9
88.6
15.3
59.2
77.2
115.8

238.6
253.5
91.1
16.4
57.0
74.4
115.8

241. E
271.6
95.4
18. C
58. C
71.8
115.4

244.9
305.4
97.0
23.8
62.6
72.6
116.6

243.6
315.2
96.5
23.4
62.7
72.1
116.2

240.9
302.4
92.5
21.4
59.7
69.1
115.9

246.8
296.1
94.5
19.4
58.7
78.7
118.3

251.3
279.5
98.2
15. 6
60.1
84.2
121.6

252.4
308.3
97.5
20.9
62.8
86.4
126.1

239.8
294.3
89.4
19. 5
58.0
76.5
115.8

250.7
308.7
88.7
20. 2
54.7
78.6
107.5

781
71.1
462.2

778
73. 5
460.5

750
71.4
443.9

741
69.1
436.8

723
62.9
429.8

692
54.7
409.9

677
54.8
399.3

652
45.0
385.7

642
40.9
381.1

682
57.2
403.5

692
59.6
412.6

689
59.8
413.8

676
57.6
401.3

752
69.6
442.0

114.2
76.0
57. 5

113.7
74.1
55.7

109.1
72.1
53.1

108.5
72.4
53.5

106.2
69.9
54.0

104.4
69.1
54. (

101.7
67. £
53.5

101.2
67.6
52.4

101. f
67.2
51.2

101.9
68.1
51.5

100.7
67.4
51.4

98.1
66.8
50.9

95.7
67.9
53.1

105.0
76.0
59.2

326
239.3
86.4

319
233.7
84.8

303
221.8
80.7

303
222. i
80.4

303
221.4
81.2

303
222. (
80.7

301
220. £
79.9

297
218.2
78.7

289
211.7
77.0

289
211.0
78.1

283
206.5
76.6

284
205. 6
78.3

272
194.8
77.6

306
2 2 1 .6

84.1

736

A : EMPLOYMENT AND PAYROLLS

M O N TH LY LA BO R

T able A -3: Production Workers in Mining and Manufacturing Industries1— Continued
[In thousands]

1950

Annual
average

1949

Industry group and industry
Sept.
Manufacturing— Continued
Paper and allied products___________
Pulp, paper, and paperboard mills.
Paperboard containers and b o xes...
Other paper and allied products___

Aug.

June

M ay

Apr.

M ar.

391

389

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

393

Oct.

1949

1948

405

411
207. f
113.
90.1

396
204.1
104.6
87.5

399
204.
105.
88. £

392
103.1
86. £

103.
86.

1 0 2 .6
8 6 .2

386
199. £
1 0 1 .'
85.

385
199.2
101 . '
84.2

390

117.8
90. £

105.
84.

200.
107.
84.8

392
199.
106.4
85.8

882
197 S
99
85.

509
150.6
35.2
37.2
166.2
32.6
87.6

504
149.
34.
36. £
164.
31. £
86.7

499
149.6
34.
34.6
164.4
31.2
85.4

500
150.1
33.7
35.3
165.7
31.2
84.1

498
149.3
34. £
35.:
164.1
31.1
83.6

497
147.'
35.
34. £
164. £
30. £
83.

496
146. L.
35.2
35.2
165. i
31. (
83.3

495
145.Î
35.1
34. S
164.6
30.8
84.1

493
142. C
34.
35.0
167.2
30.7
83.9

501
145.2
34.8
35 S
167.8
32 7
85.1

500
145. C
35.0
36. £
165.1
32.8
85.3

500
144.
35.7
36. £
166.1
32. £
85.0

495
141 2
36 fl
36 4
1fi4 4
31 9
85.3

506
49.6
156.7
65.0
48.9
26.6
43.8
115.2

491
48.8
163. 8
63.6
48.8
23.3
38.3
114.1

479
51.2
151.5
62.5
47.7
22. 1
36.2
108.1

482
54.1
150.0
61.8
46.9
23.9
37.6
108.1

485
53.4
147.8
61.0
45.5
29.9
39.6
107-6

490
52.8
146. C
60.6
45. ]
35.6
42.7
106.9

487
52. S
144. £
58.1
44.9
34. £
44. £
106.8

485
52.2
144. (
58.7
44.7
32.5
45.8
106.7

480
50.2
143.7
61.7
43.7
26.5
49.0
104.9

484
51.3
143.7
61.9
43.6
24.9
51.9
106.2

485
51.2
142.9
61.5
43.8
24.6
53.1
108.2

488
51. 6
141.4
61.6
43. 9
26.1
54.6
109.2

485
52 3
145 8
fiO 8
48 8
28 fi
4fi 1
108! 4

Products of petroleum and coal________
Petroleum refining___________________
Coke and byproducts....................
Other petroleum and coal products___

189
145.1
18.7
25.3

193
147.4
18.6
26- 5

182
138.5
18.5
24.9

181
137.8
18.5
24.5

177
136-1
18-1
23.2

176
135.6
17.9
22.3

182
142.8
17.0

183
144. f
16.8

185
145.7
17.6

2 1 .8

2 2 .1

188
147.6
15.9
24.1

185
148.4
10.9
25.3

188
148 8
Ifi 9

2 1 .8

184
145.4
17.4
21.3

Rubber products.................... .......................
Tires and inner tubes______ ____ ____
Rubber footwear_____________________
Other rubber p ro d u cts.._____ _______

216
92. 5
21.9
101.4

209
90.2
20.7
98.3

200

199

194
85-9
19.1

189
83.4
19.4

187
82.6

187
82.1

186
81.3

209
Qfi 9

2 0 .1

2 2 .1

2 2 .2

18fi
88 fi
21 fi
80.9

Printing, publishing, and allied indus
tries....... ........................................... ...........
Newspapers________________ ________
Periodicals__________________________
Books_______________________________
Commercial printing............................. .
Lithographing................... ....................... .
Other printing and publishing......... ......

2 1 0 .1

512

526

200.'

201.

2 0 0 .2

2 0 0 .2

2 2 .0

21 0 8
104 6

89.4

183 5
37 3
38 6
165 5
35 1
91.0
520
54 7
164 4
KQ 0
Qn 0
117.6
192
148 9
17 5
25.3

00
00
00

Chemicals and allied products_________
Industrial inorganic chem icals..............
Industrial organic chemicals......... .........
Drugs and medicines________________
Paints, pigments, and fillers............... ..
Fertilizers_________________ _________
Vegetable and animal oils and "fats___
Other chemicals and allied products. .

418

418

July

191
84.0
19. S
87.2

8 6 .2

188
83.1
18.8
86.3

84.5

83.1

82.8

187
81.1
21.5
84.4

Leather and leather products__________
Leather...................... ......... ...........................
Footwear (except rubber)____________
Other leather p ro d u cts.._____ _______

368

371
47.2
236.3
87.8

370
46.6
237.1
85.8

351
44.9
229.8
76.6

343
45.0
224.3
73.7

335
44.9
217.5
72.8

341
45.0
221.5
74.6

357
45.5
234.5
77.3

357
45.5
234.5
76.7

348
45.0
231.4
71.9

343
44.9
223.7
74.2

332
45.2
208.0
78.5

349
44.9
224.3
79.4

847
45 1
2 2 fi 2
75.8

368
49 5
234 8
83.5

S t o n e , c la y , a n d g la ss p r o d u c t s .. ..........
G la s s a n d g lass p r o d u c t s _____________
C e m e n t , h y d r a u li c ______ _____ ___________
S t r u c tu r a l c la y p r o d u c t s . . .............................
P o t t e r y a n d r e la te d p r o d u c t s ___________
C o n c r e te , g y p s u m , a n d p la s te r p r o d u c t s .
O th e r s to n e , c la y , a n d g lass p r o d u c t s ..

469

461
118.3
36.4
79.2
53.3
84.5
89.1

459

440
114.4
35. 6
77.0
49.8
81. 5
81.7

441
118.3
36.5
75.5
50.6
80.2
80.0

432
115.9
36.0
72.8
52.2
76.4
78.3

419

410
108.9
34.5
68.5
52.7
71.3
73.9

408
108.2
35.0
68.3
52.2
71.3
73.2

403
106.2
35.8

412
107.1
36.4
70.5
51.6
73.1
73.7

411
107.7
34.8
89.7
52.2
73.9
72.5

411
107.5
34.8
71.0
51. 7
74.6
71.1

41 fi
106 8
8fi 0
72 5
52 2
72 4
75.6

448
119 6
35 5
76 5
55 5
7A A
84.6

P r i m a r y m e ta l i n d u s tr ie s ..................................
B l a s t f u r n a c e s , s te e l w o r k s , a n d ro llin g
m ills ______________________________ _____ _
I r o n a n d s te e l f o u n d rie s _________________
P r i m a r y s m e ltin g a n d re fin in g o f n o n fe rro u s m e ta l s _______________ ___________
R o llin g , d r a w in g , a n d a llo y in g of non fe rro u s m e ta l s ___________________________
N o n fe rro u s f o u n d rie s ____________________
O th e r p r i m a r y m e ta l i n d u s t r i e s ............... .
F a b r i c a t e d m e ta l p r o d u c t s ( e x c e p t o r d ­
n a n c e , m a c h in e r y , a n d tr a n s p o r ta ­
tio n e q u i p m e n t ) .......................................
T i n c a n s a n d o t h e r t in w a r e _____________"
C u tl e r y , h a n d to o ls , a n d h a r d w a r e ____
H e a ti n g a p p a r a t u s (e x c e p t e le c tr ic )
a n d p lu m b e r s ’ s u p p l i e s . . ....................
F a b r i c a t e d s tr u c t u r a l m e ta l p r o d u c t s ..
M e t a l s ta m p i n g , c o a tin g , a n d e n ­
g r a v i n g ______________________ __________
O th e r f a b r ic a te d m e ta l p r o d u c t s ____

Machinery (except electrical).....................
Engines and turbines_________________
Agricultural machinery and tractors,
Construction and mining m ach in ery ...
Metalworking machinery.........................
8pecial-industry machinery (except
metalworking machinery)______ ____
General industrial machinery________
Office and store machines and devices.!
Service-industry and household machines—.......... ...................... ......... .............
Miscellaneous machinery parts_______!

See footnote a t end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

1,120 ,103

1,092

37.1
78.6
51.9
84.7
85.2
1,085

1,054

8 8 .0

19.3
92.0

1,050

1 1 2 .8

35.4
6 8 .6

52.3
73.5
75.9

6 8 .6

50.7
69.5
72.6

8 8 .1

982

978

963

955

743

559

940

538.1
200.2

529.3
193.5

522.5
188.1

506.9
182.1

512.3
177.1

510.5
172.0

506.6
172.2

324.8
169.4

130.3
171.9

47fi 7
188.9

536 8
230.9

45.1

46.0

45.5

45.2

45.4

45.3

42.5

41.2

38.3

39.4

43.3

4 6 .8

80.1
77.4
108.0

78.9
73.5
105.1

77.1
70.7
103.3

76.5
69.8

75.0
67.8

73.7
6 6 .0

1 0 1 .2

1 0 0 .0

97.9

72.8
65.9
95.8

62.6
62.4
85.0

70.0
64.1
83.5

70

1 1 1 .6

79.5
78.0
106.8

838
49 . 8
138.3

815
50.2
132.3

773
45. 5
129.1

769
43.1
132.6

742
40.1
130.7

722
39.0
129.2

709
38.0
127.6

698
36.3
123.7

1 2 1 .2

137.8
165.9

132.4
165.2

120.4
158.0

121.9
154.3

118.6
148.5

117.7
145.8

114.0
142.7

112.3
140.6

159.6
186. 5

156.3
178.2

149.9
170.0

148.1
169.2

140.5
163.6

134.4
155.6

131.2
155.8

56.0
141.5
68.4
158.3

1,003
53.4
142.4
68.3
155.4

981
51.1
139.5
152.0

551.0

849

1 2 1 .8

88.3
19.2
92.8

542.5

2 2 1 .8

549.7
213.2

2 0 2 .1

46.0

45.8

85.8
84.9
113.9

83.5
81.3

055
i, 059 1,032
1,033
52.4
56.8
54.7
55.5
107.4 140.3 140.5 141.2
78.2
73.8
71.6
70.4
181. 3 170.2 161.5 162.6

1,026

1 ,0 2 2

1,007

6 8 .1

693
35.9

1,083

6

86 0

fi 8 8
97! i

73 2
109.1

688

666

36.6
119.3

38.2
115.6

677
40.6
116.3

701
89 9
118! 4

812
42 2
131.6

107.4
141.5

111. 1

142.2

113.0
133.6

116.2
129.0

106 0
152.3

137 1
168.7

130.4
155.1

129.6
157.0

124.8
153.7

119.8
145.8

127.2
148.0

125 8
159.0

148 6
183.8

960
48.9
137.4
66.5
149.2

937
48.8
133.2
64.4
146.5

929
48.0
130.6
63.7
146.4

908
48.4
125.0
62.3
145.9

922
46. 7
127.8
63. 7
148.0

117.7

117.4

1 ,0 0 1

53.9
142.4
72 4
157.9

208
63 9
151 7
91* 1

186.6

132.5
141.9
78.9

127.6
137.1
75.3

124.3
131.3
74.3

124.6
130.1
74.2

122.7
128.8
73.5

120.9
125.9
73.2

119.0
123.3
72.0

70.5

116.8
120.4
69.9

117.3
121.2
71.1

1 2 1 .2

119.3
123.3
73.5

131 1
132.3
75.4

158 3
154 0

145.4
137.4

144.7
133.0

145.5
128.1

147.9
126.5

148.7
124.1

143.3
120.4

137. 8 | 132.6
118.2! 115.71

124.0
112.5

118.7
111.5

109.1 107.9
106.8| 1 1 2 . 2

115.4
120.4

I5fi 8

1 2 1 .6

72.2

9 3 .6

147! 5

737

A : EMPLOYMENT AND PAYROLLS

REVIEW , DECEMBER 1950

T able A -3: Production Workers in Mining and Manufacturing Industries1— Continued
[In thousands]
Annual
average

1949

1950
Industry group and Industry
Oct.
Manufacturing—Continued
Electrical machinery-----------------------------Electrical generating, transmission,
distribution, and industrial appara-

700

Electrical equipment for vehicles...........
Communication equipment........ .............
Electrical appliances, lamps, and
miscellaneous products--------------------Transportation equipment---------------------Automobiles__________________________
Aircraft and parts..........................................
Aircraft--------------- ---------------------------Aircraft engines and parts......................
Aircraft propellers and parts....... .........
Other aircraft parts and equipm ent..
Ship and boat building and repairing...
Ship building and repairing..................
Railroad equipment..................... ...............
Other transportation equipment.............

Sept.

Aug.

July

June

M ay

Apr.

M ar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

1949

1948

678

655

620

615

606

595

580

573

561

559

546

548

552

656

238.9
59.0
257.5

237. 4
56. 7
247.8

226.6
56.0
227.5

221.9
55.1
227.1

221.5
53.7
219.9

217.1
52.5
217.2

213.0
50.9
211.6

211.4
50.7
207.3

207.8
50.4
202.5

207.6
49. 8
200.6

202.4
43.8
200.4

202.8
50.5
193.4

210.7
49.0
191.8

251. 4
54.6
224.4

122.1

113.0

109.8

110.7

110.6

108.1

104.8

103.3

100.6

100.8

99.3

101.0

100.8

125.6

1,144 1, 143 1 112 1,070 1,078 1,045
790.9 774.1 ' 756. 7 764.7 736.3
215.0 200.3 188.1 186.6 185.2
145.4 136.4 126.3 125.1 124.4
37.0
36.0
37.4
38. 5
41.6
5.2
5.3
5.1
4 9
5.5
19.3
19.5
19.3
22.5
20. 5
68.3
67.2
67. 9
78.9
76.3
55.6
55.2
56.1
67. 4
65.1
47.5
48.8
47. 7
48.1
49.3
9.4
9.1
9.8
10.9
11.3

899
595.3
184.9
123.4
36.1
5.3
20.1
66.6
55.4
43.5
8 .6

879
575.6
184.0
122.2
36.0
5.4
20.4
66.9
56.9
44.2
8.0

872
567.1
184.0
122.4
35.7
5.4
20.5
67.6
58.5
45.4
7.5

978
675.4
184.3
122.9
35.8
5.4
20.2
66.1
57.5
46.1
6.1

896
585.1
184.0
122.7
36.0
5.4
19.9
69.0
60.5
49.9
8.1

898
582.1
183.7
122.3
36.7
5.4
19.3
71.3
62.8
50.6
10.1

986
666.1
187.9
125.4
37.6
5.5
19.4
68.5
60.2
53.2
10.5

987 1,031
643.5 657.6
188.5 166.6
126.6 111.5
37.4
33. 6
4.9
5.3
19.2
16.6
85.0 123.2
75.0 109.3
69.6
61.0
14. 6
9.2

111.8

190
20.1
38. 4
25. 3
105.9

178
19.9
37.0
23. 4
98.1

180
20.0
36.5
23.7
100.2

176
20.1
35.4
23.6
97.0

174
20.2
34.8
24.1
94.8

172
20.2
34.6
24.4
93.2

171
20.3
34.5
24.7
91.8

172
20.2
34.7
25.6
91.4

173
20.3
35.3
26.8
91.0

174
20.8
35.3
27.2
90.3

174
20.8
35.8
27.6
89.4

177
21.9
38.4
26.6
90.1

200
23.8
45.4
35.0
95. 4

417
47.0
72.6
53.7

399
45. 4
70. 3
51.0

358
41.4
62. 5
43.9

367
42.5
636
44.1

362
42.1
61.5
43.0

363
42.0
60.6
44.7

361
42.3
58.0
48.0

356
43.7
54.5
50.0

345
43.8
52.3
46.9

361
45.4
57.4
48.2

381
46.8
67.3
53.1

383
46.8
67.8
53.8

354
45.0
59.8
48.3

394
49.6
71.5
53.9

243.7

232.7

210.2

217.1

215.2

215.4

212.9

207.5

202.2

209.5

213.8

214.5

200. 5

219.4

Instruments and related products----------Ophthalmic g ood s..------- --------------------Photographic apparatus.............................
W atches and clocks----------- ---------- .........
Professional and scientific instruments

210

201
20. 7
39.5
29.0

Miscellaneous manufacturing Industries.
Jewelry, silverware, and piated w a re ...
Toys and sporting goods............. ..............
Costume jewelry, buttons, notions------Other miscellaneous manufacturing
industries___________________________

427

» D ata are based upon reports from cooperating establishments covering
both full- and part-time production and related workers who worked dur­
ing, or received pay for, the pay period ending nearest the 15th of the month.
D ata have been adjusted to levels indicated by social insurance data through

1947. Comparable data from January 1947 are available upon request to the
Bureau of Labor Statistics. Such requests should specify the series for which
data are desired. Revised data in all except the first fo u r columns will be
identified by an asterisk (*) for the first month’s publication of such data.

T able A -4: Indexes of Production-Worker Employment and Weekly Payrolls in Manufactuiing
Industries1
[1939 average=100]

P e r io d

1939:
1940:
1941:
1942:
1943:
1944:
1945:
1946:

E m p lo y ­
m ent

A v e r a g e --------------------------A v e r a g e . .................................
A v e r a g e . . .................. ...........
A v e r a g e ...................................
A v e r a g e ......................... .........
A v e r a g e ....................................
A v e r a g e ...................................
A v e r a g e ________ _________

1See footnote 1, table A-3,


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

100.0
107.5
132.8
156.9
183.3
178.3
157.0
147.8

W e e k ly
p a y r o ll

100.0
113.6
164.9
241.5
331.1
343.7
293.5
271. 1

P e r io d

1947:
1948:
1949:
1949:
1950:

A v e r a g e ...................................
A v e r a g e ....................................
A v e r a g e --------------------------O c t o b e r ______ _____ _____
N o v e m b e r .............................
D e c e m b e r _________ _____
J a n u a r y --------------------------F e b r u a r y . . . ..........................

E m p lo y ­
m ent

156.2
155.2
141.6
138.8
137.8
140.4
139.8
139.9

W e e k ly
p a y r o ll

326.9
351.4
325.3
320.9
313.9
329.3
329.2
330.0

P e r io d

1950: M a r c h ---------------------------A p r i l ....................................... M a y ___________ _____ - - J u n e _____________________
J u l y --------------------------------A u g u s t __________________
S e p t e m b e r ______________
O c to b e r ...................................

E m p lo y ­
m ent

141.0
141.6
144.5
147.3
148.3
156.2
158.9
159.6

W e e k ly
p a y r o ll

333.5
337.2
348.0
362.7
367.5
393.9
403.6

738

A : EMPLOYMENT AND PAYROLLS

MONTHLY LABOR

T able A -5: Federal Civilian Employment by Branch and Agency Group
E x e c u tiv e 1
Y e a r a n d m o n th

A ll b r a n c h e s
D efen se
a g e n cie s3

T o ta l

P o s t O ffice
D e p a r tm e n t

L e g is la tiv e
A ll o th e r
ag e n cie s

J u d ic ia l

T o t a l (in c lu d in g a r e a s o u ts id e c o n tin e n ta l U n it e d S t a te s )

1948
1949

....................
...............

2,066,152
2,100,407

2,055,397
2,089,151

916,358
899,186

470,975
511,083

668,064
678,882

7,273
7', 661

3,482
3,595

1949: October__
November.
December.

2,047,312
1, 999, 681
2, 288,367

2,035, 748
1,988,079
2, 276,635

860, 286
814,848
799, 888

496,038
497,814
804, 038

679, 424
675, 417
672, 709

7,937
7, 992
7,954

3 627
a am
3^ 778

1950: J a n u a r y ...
F eb ru ary ..
M arch____
April_____
M ay ______
June______
Ju ly ______
August___
September.
October___

1, 976,093
1,970,815
1,970, 603
2,110,903
2,061, 939
2,022,117
1,986, 705
2,005,398
2,083, 218
2,117, 391

1, 964,246
1, 959,063
1, 958,806
2, 099, 036
2, 050,132
2,010, 286
1,974, 902
1,993,427
2,071,351
2,105,391

791,048
782,788
776, 324
773, 711
775, 769
780,614
778, 745
806,029
887, 267
932, 322

503,106
603, 815
504, 420
503,916
501,911
497, 394
491, 823
487,101
485,006
483,842

670,092
672,460
678,062
821, 409
772, 452
732, 278
704, 334
700,297
699,078
689,227

8,063
7, 986
8,048
8,102
8, 048
8,063
8.031
8.146
8.032
8.146

3
3
3
3
3

784
766
749
765
759
3 76§
3,’ 772
3,825
3, 835
3,854

C o n ti n e n t a l U n it e d S t a te s

1948
1949

....................
_________

1,846,840
1, 921, 903

1,836.158
1, 910, 724

734,484
761,362

469, 279
509,184

632,395
640,178

7, 273
7,661

3 400
3,518

1949: October__
November.
Decem ber.

1,882, 859
1, 843, 246
2,134,592

1,871,372
1,831, 721
2,122, 937

688,

738,195
700, 374
599

494,178
495, 963
801, 008

638,999
635,384
633, 330

7, 937
7,992

Z ffö3

7,954

3,’ 701

1950: J a n u a r y ...
F eb ru ary..
M arch........
April_____
M a y ..........
June............
Ju ly ______
August___
September.
October___

1,825, 245
1,820,625
1,821, 470
1,959, 746
1,910, 210
1,871,293
1,839,477
1,861,043
1, 935, 928
1,968. 258

1,813, 475
1,808.950
1,809, 750
1,947, 956
1, 898, 480
1,859,539
1,827,751
1,849,149
1, 924,138
1,956, 335

683,018
675,316
670, 546
668,180
670,049
674,597
677,181
707,114
785, 282
828, 284

501, 257
501, 969
502, 571
502,025
500,017
495, 505
489, 922
485, 248
483,154
481, 987

629,200
631, 665
636, 633
777, 751
728, 414
689,437
660,648
656, 787
655, 702
646, 064

8,063
7, 986
8,048

3 7Q7
3* «89
3* ÍV72

1 Includes Government corporations (including Federal Reserve Banks
and mixed-ownership banks of the F arm Credit Administration) and other
activities performed by Government personnel in establishments such as
navy yards, arsenals, hospitals, and force-account construction. D ata
which are based mainly on reports to the Civil Service Commission, are
adjusted to maintain continuity of coverage and definition with information
for former periods.


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

8 ,1 0 2
8 , 048
8,063
8 , 031
8,146
8,032
8,146

3

3 ' «88

3 «82
3 «91
3 «Q«
3* 748

3 758
3; 777

3 Covers civilian employees of the D epartm ent of Defense (Secretary o
Defense, Arm y, Air Force, and N avy), National Advisory Committee
for Aeronautics, the Panam a Canal, Philippine Alien Property Administration, Philippine W ar Damage Commission, Selective Service System,
National Security Resources Board, National Security Council. W ar
Claims Commission.

REVIEW , DECEMBER 1950

A : EMPLOYMENT AND PAYROLLS

739

T able A -6: Federal Civilian Payrolls by Branch and Agency Group
[In thousands]
Execi itiv e 1
Y ear and month

All branches
Defense
agencies *

Total

Post Office
Department

All other
agencies

Legislative

Judicial

Total (Including areas outside continental United States)
1948...................................................... ...................
1949.................. ........... ........... ............................. ..

$8, 223, 486
6,699, 270

$6,176, 414
6, 647,671

$2, 660, 770
2, 782, 266

$1,399,072
1, 558, 741

$2,116, 572
2, 306, 664

$30, 891
34, 437

$16.181
17,162

1949: October___________ ________ . _____
November_________________________
December_________________________

539. 248
567, 296
610,344

534, 992
562, 539
605, 564

222, 221
230, 206
218, 404

125, 164
131, 577
186, 462

187, 607
200, 756
200,698

2, 936
3,137
3,160

1, 320
1,620
1,620

1950: Jan u ary ___________________________
February____ ______ ______________
M arch__________________________ . .
April.......................................................... .
M a y .. ___________________________
June......................................................... .
Ju ly -----------------------------------------------August____________________________
September________ _ ________ . .
October_________________ ____ ____

553,090
521,041
583,186
539, 430
577,915
573,659
551,510
618, 049
601,454
635, 527

548,372
516, 525
578,339
534,757
573,026
568,889
546, 806
613,138
596, 537
630,679

214,670
198,064
225,091
192,199
220,044
221,123
212,778
259, 451
261, 527
285,134

132,177
131,085
133,461
131,117
130,361
131, 202
129,803
130,361
128, 764
128,358

201,525
187,376
219,787
211,441
222,621
216, 564
204, 225
223, 326
206,546
217,187

3,148
3.083
3,222
3, 232
3,246
3, 214
3,206
3, 277
3,200
3, 250

1,570
1,433
1,625
1,441
1,643
1,556
1, 498
1, 634
1,717
1, 598

Continental United States
1948....................................... - ........................ ..
1949_____________________________________

$5, 731,116
6, 234, 345

$5, 684, 494
6,183, 230

$2, 272, 001
2, 442, 580

$1, 394, 037
1, 552,992

$2,018, 456
2,187, 658

$30, 891
34, 437

$15,730
16, 678

1949: October____ ______________________
November____________ _____ ______
December__________ ______________

501, 648
523, 694
573,588

497, 431
518, 979
668,849

195, 446
196, 868
193,321

124, 700
131, 088
185, 796

177, 285
191, 023
189,732

2,936
3, 137
3,160

1, 281
1, 578
1,579

1950: January____ ___ _____ ______ ____ _
February......... ..........................................
M arch_____________________________
April_______________ _____________ _
M a y ............................................................
June........................................................... .
J u l y . . . .........................................................
August.......... ..............................................
September_________________________
O ctober___________________________

516, 707
488,138
546,866
506,707
541,195
536,052
516,924
580, 732
563,900
593,894

512,032
483, 662
542,061
502,074
536,351
531,325
512, 261
575,867
559,029
589,096

189,825
176,371
201,071
171,555
196, 249
196,921
191,109
235,435
237,332
258,992

131,669
130, 599
132,969
130,629
129, 841
130, 704
129,316
129,870
128, 278
127, 877

190, 538
176,692
208,021
199,890
210,261
203, 700
191,836
210, 562
193,419
202, 227

3,148
3,083
3,222
3,232
3,246
3,214
3,206
3,277
3,200
3,250

1,527
1,393
1,583
1,401
1,598
1,513
1,457
1,588
1,671
1,548

1 See footnote 1, table A-5.
1 See footnote 2, table A-5.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

A : EMPLOYMENT AND PAYROLLS

740

M O N TH LY LA BO R

T able A -7 : Civilian Government Employment and Payrolls in Washington, D. C .,1 by Branch and
Agency Group
Federal

Year and month

Total
government

District of
Columbia
government

Execi itiv e 2
Total
All agencies

Defense
agencies •

Post Office
D epart­
ment

All other
agencies

Legislative

Judicial

Em ployment
1 9 4 8 ..._____________ ______________
1 9 4 9 ...____ ____ _____ ____________

231, 239
241,812

18,774
19, 511

212,465
222, 301

204,601
214,026

68,509
70, 461

7,826
8,164

128,266
135,401

7,273
7,661

591
614

1949: October..........................................
November__________________
December.............. .......................

240,886
240,095
244,467

19, 504
20, 420
20, 031

221, 382
219,675
224,436

212,828
211,064
215,840

68,069
66,121
65,860

7,749
7,891
12,888

137,010
137,052
137,092

7,937
7,992
7,954

617
619
642

1950: J a n u a ry ........................................
February____ ______________
M arch ____ _________________
April________________________
M ay ________________ ______ _
June _______________________
Ju ly _______________ ____ ____
August______________________
September____ _______ _ __
October. _ __________________

238, 935
238, 713
238,933
239, 754
240,066
238, 710
239,119
240, 678
243, 738
244,808

20,110
20,245
20.168
20, 011
20, 227
20, 038
19, 772
19, 767
20,000
20,109

218,825
218,468
218, 765
219,743
219,839
218, 672
219,347
220,911
223, 738
224, 699

210,106
209, 817
210,056
210, 980
211,130
209, 947
210, 650
212,037
214,979
215,821

65,699
65,456
65,445
65,380
65, 603
64,766
65,179
66,139
69, 289
70, 765

7,859
7, 643
7, 786
7,853
7, 826
7, 742
7, 715
7,669
7. 607
7, 531

136,548
136, 718
136,825
137, 747
137,701
137,439
137, 756
138,229
138,083
137, 525

8,063
7,986
8,048
8,102
8, 048
8,063
8,031
8,146
8,032
8,146

656
665
661
661
661
662
666
728
727
732

Payrolls (in thousands)
1948___________ _____ _____________
1949....................................... ................... ..

$817, 554
906,842

$54, 248
60,602

$763,306
846, 240

$729,791
808,918

$233, 589
253,433

$31,298
33,488

$464,904
521,997

$30, 891
34,437

$2,624
2,885

1949: October_____ _______________
November__________________
December_______ _______ ___

73, 815
79, 552
80,004

5,187
5,526
5,503

68,628
74, 026
74, 501

65, 458
70, 621
71,068

20,137
21, 561
21, 274

2,685
2,809
3,829

42,636
46, 251
45,965

2,936
3,137
3,160

234
268
273

1950: Ja n u a ry .._____ _____________
February___________________
M arch______________________
A pril............................. ................
M a y ________________________
June............... ............................. .
Ju ly ________________________
August_______________ ______
September__________________
October_____________________

80, 747
73,142
83,331
74,469
84,018
82,733
77, 713
85, 472
82, 280
87,193

5, 531
5, 218
5,699
5,029
5,705
5, 590
4,192
4, 514
5,347
5,639

75,216
67,924
77,632
69,440
78,313
77,143
73, 521
80, 958
76, 933
81, 554

71, 787
64,586
74,132
65,944
74, 785
73,656
70, 043
77,372
73,415
78,001

22,673
19,387
22,744
20, 416
22,607
22,186
21.399
24,459
24,951
26, 990

2,868
2,787
2,926
2,786
2,872
2, 867
2, 755
2,918
2,856
2,885

46, 246
42,412
48,462
42,742
49,306
48,603
45,889
49,995
45,608
48,126

3,148
3,083
3,222
3,232
3,246
3,214
3,206
3,277
3,200
3, 250

281
255
278
264
282
273
272
309
318
303

1 D ata for the executive branch cover, in addition to the area inside the
District of Columbia, the adjacent sections of M aryland and Virginia which
are defined by the Bureau of the Census as in the metropolitan area.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

2 See footnote 1, table A-5.
3 See footnote 2, table A-5.

A : EMPLOYMENT AND PAYROLLS

REV IEW , DECEMBER 1950
T

able

741

A - l l : Insured Unemployment Under State Unemployment Insurance Programs,1 by Geographic
Division and State
[ I n th o u s a n d s ]

1950
Geographic division and
State
Sept.
Continental United States...................-

Aug.

July

June

M ay

1948

1949
April

M ar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

Sept.

Sept.

845.7 1,063. 2 1,388.4 1,521.1 1,700.3 1,908.8 2,112.1 2,325. 9 2,380.9 2, 200.0 2,019.9 1,855. 7 1,885.6

831.3

New England........................ ....................
M ain e._______ _________________
New Hampshire............................ ..
V erm on t................. ............................
M assachusetts........................ ...........
Rhode Island......................................
C onnecticut........................ ............. .

74.5
5.2
6.5
1.4
42.1
8.4
10.9

105.0
7.4
8.8
2.1
55.8
13.7
17.2

155.3
10.1
10.8
3.1
85.3
20.1
25.9

186.5
13.0
12.9
3.4
107.1
26.6
23.5

224.6
19.6
15.6
4.0
124.8
33.6
27.0

225.1
22.7
16.3
4.6
123.6
25.9
32.0

162.5
17.5
13.1
4.5
78,0
15.4
34.0

181.5
19.5
12.3
5.5
89.6
16.3
38.3

202.8
21.8
13 1
6.1
101.4
19.2
41.2

191.2
20.9
12 9
5.5
99.2
17.1
35.6

180.9
16.9
12 2
4.0
95.1
17.4
35.3

174.9
11.2
10 9
3.4
89.6
20.2
39.6

207.9
12.0
12 2
3.9
106.1
27.5
46.2

88.2
5.0
4. 7
1.3
45.8
14.0
17.4

Middle A tlantic____ __________ ____
New Y o rk ...........................................
New Jersey.................................. .......
Pennsylvania___________________

318.4
221.6
34.3
62.5

369.1
242.2
44.6
82.3

478.4
311.0
60.7
106.7

495.4
307.4
68.1
119.9

481.5
269.2
79.6
132.7

526.0
292.2
84.9
148.9

594.2
319.3
88.3
186.6

622.2
343.1
92.1
187.0

685.5
379.1
101.5
204.9

678.3
385.9
91.4
201.0

663.7
378.3
84.4
201.0

637.4
361.3
78.5
197.6

631.8
355.5
82.1
194.2

281.6
191.4
37.0
53.2

E ast North Central___________ _____
Ohio............................................... .......
Indiana.......................
- _______
Illinois______________ __________
M ichigan_______________________
W isco n sin ... __________________

133.6
32.3
7.9
71.3
16.1
6.0

178.4
41.0
8.9
103.6
18.2
6.7

218.4
57.5
13.1
117.5
22.0
8.3

242.4
65.0
14.5
128.6
24.6
9.7

304.0
81.6
19.2
147.6
42.7
12.9

373.4
103.5
26.7
148.1
75.9
19.2

417.6
130.9
34.6
133.2
94.6
24.3

462.3
146.9
38.6
148.4
98.6
29.8

477.9
157.4
38.8
158.4
89.3
34.0

510.9
141.6
40.3
141.1
150.7
37.2

462.0
144.9
37.1
133.4
114.5
32.1

384.6
135.2
30.9
134.3
62.0
22.2

371.4
112.9
29.7
149.0
58.7
21.1

132.7
23.4
11.7
57.1
33.3
7.2

West North Central________________
Minnesota______________________
Iowa __________________________
Missouri_______________________
North D akota________ _______ _
South D akota__________________
Nebraska.................. ............. .............
Kansas___________ _____ _______

29.2
6.3
3.5
15.2
.2
.3
.9
2.8

38.8
8.3
4.5
20.0
.3
.4
1.3
4.0

49.0
10.8
4.8
25.5
.4
.4
1.9
5.2

57.4
13.1
5.1
29.7
.7
.5
2.3
6.0

77.7
23.2
6.2
34.6
2.2
1.0
3.3
7.2

101.7
32.8
8.9
39.3
3.7
1.9
5.4
9.7

124.9
37.8
13.5
44.5
4.6
2.9
8.4
13.2

140.6
40.1
15.8
50.2
4.8
3.5
9.5
16.7

130.8
34.7
15.2
50.2
3.8
3.0
7.9
16.0

93.6
24.0
10.0
41.1
1.9
1.8
4.5
10.3

73.3
16.8
6.6
39.0
.6
.7
2.2
7.4

58.7
13.8
5.0
31.5
.2
.4
1.7
6.1

58.0
15.8
5.5
29.1
.2
.4
1.7
5.3

31.4
7.1
2.6
18.0
.1
.2
.9
2.5

South A tlantic........... ................. ....... _
Delaware_______________________
M aryland__________________ . . .
District of Columbia.......................
Virginia________________________
W est Virginia__________________
North Carolina_________________
South Carolina_________________
G eorgia............................ ............... ..
Florida......................... ............... .......

85.3
.9
10.3
3.0
7.2
13.4
15.1
9.6
8.9
16.9

113.0
1.2
16.1
3.4
13.7
16.7
19.0
11.4
12.4
19.1

157.8
1.8
22.1
4.0
22.1
21.8
30.8
15.8
18.9
20.5

165.5
1.9
25.3
4.1
24.1
24.1
33.7
15.4
21.1
15.8

167.7
2.3
29.1
4.6
18.9
23.4
36.7
14.8
23.2
14.7

164.0
2.7
29.3
5.9
15.7
21.8
37.3
14.4
22.8
14.1

172.2
3.5
25.1
6.5
20.9
26.2
34.1
15.5
25.0
15.4

181.1
3.8
29.6
6.6
21.6
27.6
32.5
15.9
26.5
17.0

180.3
3.8
31.8
5.0
20.6
28.7
30.3
15.8
24.7
19.6

168.3
3.8
30.8
4.4
18.2
25.4
27.7
16.5
22.2
19.3

161.4
3 .2
28.6
4.3
15.8
28.2
26.7
15.1
19.5
20.0

163.3
3.4
27.2
4.3
15.9
27.9
26.2
14.8
19.0
24.6

181.5
3.1
28.8
4.7
17.8
26.6
31.2
17.0
23.5
28.8

70.6
.9
9.0
2.7
5.7
6 .7
13.0
7.1
9.1
16.4

E ast South Central.................. ...............
K en tucky______________________
Tennessee_________ ____________
Alabam a............................ .................
Mississippi..........................................

48.9
12.4
16.5
14.2
5.8

62.1
15.3
22.2
16.9
7.7

78.8
19.4
27.3
22.1
10.0

87.4 '
22.31
32.6
21.9']
10.6

99.5
24.8
36.8
25.4
12.5

105.4
25.2
40.1
25.9
14.2

116.8
29.7
4i. 9
28.3
16.9

122.9
30.7
45.0
28.6
18.6

113.2
26.7
42.5
27.1
18.9

100.2
25.2
37.5
25.6
11.9

101.1
26.6
35.4
30.1
9.0

97.4
25.8
31.2
31.5
8.9

98.4
25.2
33.6
29.6
10.0

45.5
8.3
19.5
13.1
4.6

W est South C entral........................ .......
Arkansas____ _____________ ____
Louisiana_____ ____ ___________
Oklahoma.................. ..................... .
T exas_____________ __________ _

41.5
6.9
14.3
8.0
12.3

52.1
7.7
18.1
9.8
16.5

62.8
9.4
21.3
11.4
20.7

69.9
10.4
22.5
12.6
24.4

83.4
14.0
25.8
14.8
28.8

95.0
17.6
29.9
16.9
30.6

107.6
19.9
33.4
19.2
35.1

116.4
23.2
36.4
21.7
35.1

100.4
20.4
30.0
20.1
29.9

73.3
13.3
23.5
14.8
21.7

63.7
10.8
21.6
12.7
18.6

64.2
10.3
22.5
12.2
19.2

67.8
10.1
23.1
13.0
21.6

25.5
3 .8
8.5
5.3
7.9

M o u n ta in ................................... .............
M ontana.................................. ..........
Idaho.....................................................
W y o m in g ..................... ..................
Colorado...............................................
New Mexico................................... .
Arizona............. ...................... ...........
U ta h ...................... ...................... .
N e v a d a ............................................

11.2

14.6
1.4
1.4

18.6
1.9
1.7
4.2
2.0
3.6
3.1
1.4

27.8
4.6
3.0
1.4
5.6
2.7
4.2
4.3
2.0

37.9
8.2
5.6
2.0
5.6
3.4
4.7
5.9
2.5

53.9
11.8
9.8
3.2
7.0
5.8
8.6
3.3

65.7
13.3
12.8
3.9
8.6
5.0
7.1
11.1
3.9

60.1
11.3
11.7
3.1
8.5
4.3
7.0
10.3
3.9

39.2
6.0
7.2
1.6
6.1
3.2
5.8
6.5
2.8

29.4
3.0
3.5
.9
6.7
2.2
5.5
5.2
2.4

27.9
2.1
2.6

3.2
1.6
3.4
2.1
1.1

20.5
2.5
1.5
.9
4.7
2.2
3.6
3.5
1.6

7.4
2.0
5.6
5.5
2.0

23.5
2.0
2.3
.5
4.0
2.3
6.1
4.3
2.0

9.0
.6
.6
.2
1.5
.6
2.9
1.8

Pacific . . . ................................................ ..

103.2
11.1
6.4
85.7

129.9
13.2
7.5
109.2

169.4
15.6
9.6
144.2

196.1
16.5
8.3
171.3

234.2
23.9
12.3
198.0

280.4
36.0
20.6
223.8

362.7
54.3
35.0
273.4

432.9
82.6
57.1
293.2

430.1
87.4
56.8
285.9

345.3
62.9
36.3
246.1

284.3
48.0
27.7
208.6

246.8
36.4
21.1
189.3

245.1
30.6
17.7
196.8

146.7
16.1
6.1
124.5

W ashington.......................................
Oregon_________ _______ _______
California............. ...............................

1.0
1.0

.4

.3
2.1
1.2
2.9
1.7
1.0

i A v e r a g e of w eek s e n d e d in s p e cifie d m o n t h s .

.7

4.4

F i g u r e s m a y n o t a d d to e x a c t c o lu m n to ta l s b e c a u s e of r o u n d in g .

F o r a t e c h n ic a l d e s c r ip tio n of t h is se rie s, see t h e A p r il 1950 M o n t h l y L a b o r R e v ie w ( p . 3 8 2 ).
S o u r c e : U . S . D e p a r tm e n t of L a b o r , B u r e a u of E m p l o y m e n t S e c u r i t y .


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

.7

.8

742

B : LABOR TURN-OVER

MONTHLY LABOR

B: Labor Turn-Over
T able B - l : Monthly Labor Turn-Over Rates (Per 100 Employees) in Manufacturing Industries, by
Class of Turn-Over 1
Class of turn-over and year

Jan.

Feb.

M ar

Apr.

May

June

July

Aug.

Sept.

Oct.

Nov.

Deo.

Total accession:
1950___
___________ ___________
1949..................................................... ..
1948....... ................ .............................
1947....... .......................... ...................
1 9 4 6 ...
..............................................
1945............................. ....................... .....
1939.-......................... ..................... .........

3.6
3.2
4 6
6.0
8 5
7.0
4.1

3 2
2.9
3 9
5.0
6.8
5 0
3.1

3. 6
3.0
4.0
5 1
7. 1
4 9
3.3

3. 5
2.9
4 0
5 1
6 7
4 7
2.9

4.4
3 5
4 1
4 »
e, i
5.0
3.3

4.8
4.4
5 7
6 5
6 7
5.9
3 9

4.7
3.5
4.7
4.9
7 4
5.8
4 2

6, 6
4 4
5.0
5.3
7 0
6 9
5.1

2 5.7
4.1
5.1
5.9
7.1
7.4
6.2

3.7
4.5
5.5
6.8
8.6
5.9

3.3
3.9
4.8
5.7
8.7
4 1

3.2
2.7
3.6
4.3
6.9
2.8

Total separation:
1950....... .............. ................. .............
1949___
______________ ____ _
1948______________ ______________
1947...........................................................
1946...................................................... ..
__
1945________________________
1939.. ............ ......... ......... .........

3.1
4.6
4.3
4.9
6.8
6.2
3.2

3. 0
4.1
4.2
4. 5
6.3
6.0
2.6

2. 9
4.8
4 5
4 9
6 6
6.8
3 1

2 8
4.8
4.7
5.2
6 3
6.6
3.5

3.1
5 2
4 3
5.4
6 3
7.0
3.5

3.0
4 3
4 5
4 7
5 7
7 9
3 3

2.9
3.8
4 4
4 6
5.8
7 7
3.3

4.2
4.0
5. 1
5.3
6.6
17.9
3.0

24 9
4.2
5. 4
5 9
6.9
12.0
2.8

4
4
5
6
8
2

1
5
0
3
6
9

4 0
4 1
4 0
4 9
7. 1
3.0

3.2
4.3
3 7
4.5
5.9
3.5

Quit: 2
1950....... .................
.................. ...
1949.......... ............................................... .
1948__________________ __________
1947....................................................... ..
1946_____________________________
1945......................................... ................
1939._............. ........... ......... ......... ...........

1.1
1.7
2.6
3.5
4.3
4.6
.9

1.0
1.4
2.5
3.2
3.9
4.3
.6

1.2
1.6
2.8
3.5
4.2
5.0
.8

1.3
1.7
3.0
3.7
4.3
4.8
.8

1.6
1.6
2 8
3 5
4 2
4.8
.7

1.7
1. 5
2.9
3. 1
4.0
5 1
.7

1. 8
1 4
2.9
3 1
4. 6
5.2
.7

2 9
1 8
3 4
4.0
5 3
6 2
.8

2 3.4
2. 1
3.9
4.5
5.3
6.7
1.1

1
2
3
4
6

5
8
6
7
6
9

1. 2
2 2
2 7
3.7
4 7
8

.9
1.7
2.3
3.0
4.0

Discharge:
1950__________________________ _
1949_______ ____ _________ _____ _
1948................ ......... ............................. ..
1947.......................................... ...............
1946.................. ......... ......................... .
1945...........................................................
1 9 3 9 ................................................. ..

.2
.3
.4
.4
.5
.7
.1

.2
.3
.4
.4
.5
.7
.1

.2
.3
.4
.4
.4
.7
.1

.2
.2
.4
.4
.4
.6
.1

.3
.2
.3
.4
.4
.6
.1

.3
.2
.4
.4
.3
7
.1

.3
2
.4
4
.4
.6
.1

.4
3
4
4
4
7
1

2 4

.2
.4
.4
.4
.6
.1

2
4
4
4
5
2

2
4
4
4
6
2

2
3
4
4
.4
.1

Lay-off:
1950....... .......................................... ..
1949............................................................
1948____________ ________ _______
1947..
1946..................................................... ..
1945_____
1939 » ................ ......... ............. . . .

1.7
2.5
1.2
.9
1.8
.6
2.2

1.7
2.3
1.2
.8
1.7
.7
19

1.4
2.8
1.2
.9
1.8
.7
2.2

1.2
2.8
1.2
1.0
1. 4
.8
2.6

1.1
3.3
1.1
1.4
1. 5
1. 2
2.9

.9
2. 5
1. 1
1 1
1 2
1 7
2 5

.6
2. 1
10
1.0
.6
1. 5
2.5

.6
1.8
1 2
.8
.7
10 7
2. 1

2 .7
1.8
1.0
.9
1.0
4 5
1.6

2.3
1.2
.9
1 0
2 3
1.8

2 5
1 4
.8
.7
1.7
2.0

2 0
2. 2
.9
1.0
1.3
2 7

.1
.1
.1

.1
.1

.1

.1
.1

.1

.1

.1

.1
.1

.2

.3
.1
.1
.1
.2

2 .4
.1
.1
.1
.2
.2

.1
.1
.1

.1
.1
.1
.1

.1
.1
.1
.1
.2

Miscellaneous including m ilitary :»
1950_____________________________
1949______________________________
1948______________________________
1947______________________________
1946______________________
1945______________________________

.1

.1

.1

.2

.2

.3

.3

.1
.1
.1
.2
.4

1 M o n t h - to -m o n t h c h a n g e s in to ta l e m p lo y m e n t in m a n u f a c tu r in g in d u s ­
t r i e s a s I n d i c a te d b y la b o r t u r n -o v e r r a t e s a r e n o t p r e c is e ly c o m p a r a b le to
th o s e sh o w n b y t h e B u r e a u ’s e m p lo y m e n t a n d p a y ro ll r e p o r t s , a s th e
f o r m e r a r e b a s e d on d a t a fo r t h e e n t ir e m o n t h , w h ile t h e l a t t e r , for th e
m o s t p a r t , r e f e r to a 1-w eek p e rio d e n d in g n e a r e s t th e 1 5 th of th e m o n th .
T h e t u r n -o v e r s a m p le is n o t so e x te n s iv e a s t h a t of t h e e m p lo y m e n t a n d
p a y r o ll s u r v e y — p r o p o r tio n a te ly few er s m a ll p la n ts a r e in c lu d e d . T h e
m a jo r in d u s trie s e x c lu d e d a r e : p r in tin g a n d p u b lis h in g ; c a n n in g a n d p r e ­
s e r v in g ; w o m e n ’s, m is s e s ’ a n d c h i ld r e n ’s o u t e r w e a r ; a n d f e rtiliz e rs . P l a n t s
on strike are also excluded. Prior to 1943, rates relate to production workers
o n ly .


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

.1
.1
.2
.4

.1
.1
.2
.4

.1
.2
.4

.1

.1
.1
.2
.4

.3

.2
.2

.2

.7

2 Preliminary figures.
a Prior to 1940, miscellaneous separations were included with quits.
N O T E : Information on concepts, methodology, and special studies, etc.,
is given in a “ Technical Note on Labor Tum -O ver,” October 1949, which is
available|upon request to the Bureau of Labor Statistics.

743

B : LABOR TURN-OVER

REVIEW , DECEMBER 1950

T able B -2 : Monthly Labor Turn-Over Rates (Per 100 Employees) in Selected Groups and Industries
S e p a r a tio n

Total accession

M i s e ., in c l.
m il i ta r y

Lay-off

Discharge

Quit

Total

I n d u s t r y g ro u p a n d I n d u s t r y

Sept.
1950

Aug.
1950

1950

Sept.
1950

Aug.
1950

M a n u fa c tu r in g

Aug.
1950

Sept.
1950

Aug.
1950

Sept.
1950

Aug.
1950

D u r a b le g o o d s 1-----------------N o n d u r a b le g o o d s*-----------

6. 5
4.5

7.2
5.6

5.2
4.3

4.4
4.1

3.7
3.0

3.0
2.8

0.4
.3

0.4
.3

0 .6
.7

0 .6
.7

O rd n a n c e a n d a c c e s s o r i e s -------------------------

5.4

7.7
6.4
5.7
4.7
5.0

1.9

1.7
5.9
6.9
4.7
4.2

1.4

1.2
3.2
3.4
2.8
2.8

.4
.4
.4
.3

.3
.5
.6
.7
.4

(4)
1.8
2.2
.9
(')

1.8
2.4
.7
.8

.2
.3
.4
.2
.2
.3
.3
.3
.3
.3
.2
.1
.1
.2
.4
.1

3 .8
.4
.8
.3
.1
.5
.5
.5
.4
1.4
.2
.2
.3
.2
.3
.7

3.3
.3
.2
.2
.9
.5
.4
.5
.4
.6
.3
.1
.4
.2
.2
.3

F o o d a n d k i n d r e d p r o d u c t s --------------------M e a t p r o d u c t s .......... .....................................
G ra in -m ill p r o d u c t s --------------------------B a k e r y p r o d u c t s _____________________
B e v e ra g e s:
M a l t l iq u o r s ...........................................

5. 2
4.7
4.6
(5)
3.2

3.0

T o b a c c o m a n u f a c tu r e s .......................................
C i g a r e t t e s _________ _____ ________ _____
C i g a r s __________________________________
T o b a c c o a n d s n u ff_____________ .----------

3.6
2.2
3.7
6.0
4. 5
6.1
4.0
4.0
3.6
4.6
3.4
5.7
5.0
3.7
3.0

T e x tile -m ill p r o d u c t s -------------------------------Y a r n a n d t h r e a d m il l s ---------------------B r o a d -w o v e n f a b r ic m ills -----------------C o tt o n , s ilk , s y n t h e t i c f i b e r . . .
W o o le n a n d w o r s t e d ------------------K n i t t i n g m ills ________________________
F u ll-f a s h io n e d h o s i e r y __________
S e a m le ss h o s ie r y ________________
K n i t u n d e r w e a r _________________
D y e in g a n d f in ish in g t e x ti l e s ---------C a r p e t s , r u g s , o t h e r floor c o v e r i n g s .. .
A p p a r e l a n d o t h e r fin is h e d t e x ti l e p r o d ­
u c t s __________________________________________
M e n ’s a n d b o y s ’ s u i t s a n d c o a t s --------M e n ’s a n d b o y s ’ f u r n is h in g s a n d
w o rk c lo th in g __________________________
L u m b e r a n d w ood p r o d u c t s ( e x c e p t f u r ­
n i t u r e ) ............................... .............................................
L o g g in g c a m p s a n d c o n t r a c t o r s -----------S a w m ills a n d p la n in g m ills -----------------M ill w o r k , p ly w o o d , a n d p r e f a b r i­
c a te d s t r u c t u r a l w ood p r o d u c t s -----F u r n i t u r e a n d f ix tu r e s --------------------------------H o u s e h o ld f u r n i t u r e -----------------------------O th e r f u r n i t u r e a n d f ix t u r e s --------------P a p e r a n d allie d p r o d u c t s --------------------------P u lp , p a p e r, a n d p ap e rb o a rd m i l l s ...
P a p e r b o a r d c o n t a in e r s a n d b o xes-------C h e m ic a ls a n d a llied p r o d u c t s ------------------I n d u s t r i a l in o rg a n ic c h e m ic a l s -----------I n d u s t r ia l o rg a n ic c h e m ic a ls ---------------S y n t h e t i c f ib e r s -----------------------------D r u g s a n d m e d i c i n e s ---------------------------P a i n t s , p ig m e n t s , a n d fille rs ....................
P r o d u c t s of p e tr o le u m a n d c o a l . . ............... ..
P e t r o le u m r e fin in g --------------------------------R u b b e r p r o d u c t s ____________________________
T i r e s a n d in n e r t u b e s --------------------------R u b b e r f o o tw e a r-----------------------------------O th e r r u b b e r p r o d u c t s — .........................
L e a t h e r a n d l e a th e r p r o d u c t s -------------------L e a t h e r ........................................ ........... ................
F o o tw e a r ( e x c e p t r u b b e r ) ______________
S t o n e , c la y , a n d glass p r o d u c t s ------- ---------G la s s a n d g lass p r o d u c t s ---------------------C e m e n t , h y d r a u li c ...........................................
S t r u c t u r a l c la y p r o d u c t s ---------------------P o t t e r y a n d r e la t e d p r o d u c t s ------------P r i m a r y m e ta l i n d u s t r i e s --------------------------B l a s t f u r n a c e s , s te e l w o r k s , a n d roll
in g m ills ______ _________________________
I r o n a n d s te e l f o u n d rie s ________________
G r a y -ir o n f o u n d rie s ________________
M a lle a b le -iro n f o u n d rie s ___________
S te e l f o u n d rie s ______________________
P r i m a r y s m e ltin g a n d r e fin in g of
n o n fe r r o u s m e ta l s :
P r i m a r y s m e ltin g a n d re fin in g of
c o p p e r , le a d , a n d z i n c -----------------R o llin g , d ra w in g , a n d a llo y in g of n o n f e r ro u s m e ta l s :
R o llin g , d ra w in g , a n d a llo y in g of
c o p p e r _____________________________
N o n f e r ro u s f o u n d r i e s .....................................
O th e r p r i m a r y m e ta l i n d u s t r i e s :
I r o n a n d s te e l fo rg in g s-------------------S ee fo o tn o te s a t e n d of t a b le .


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

6.4
6.0
5.1
(s)

3.8
2.8
3.5
«

(5)

2.8
1.9
3.1
3.6
3.7
3.8
3.8
3.9
2.9
3.4
3.7
2.8
3.0
2.6
2.2

3.1
2.1
1.1
2.6
2.4
2.7
2.8
2.8
3.0
1.6
2.8
3.3
2.2
2.5
1.7
1.6

.4
.2
.3
.2
.1
.3
.2
.3
.3
.3
.2
.1
.1
.3
.2
.2

4.8
3.7

4.4
4.0

3.8
2.4

3.6
2.6

.4
.2

.2
.2

.5
1.0

.5
1. 1

7.9

5.5

4.9

4.5

4.3

.5

.2

.4

.3

6.1
8.7
5.6

7.0
9.8
6.9

6.6
9.5
6.8

6.2
8.6
6.6

5.2
7.0
5.4

4.6
7.1
4 .7

.3
.7
.2

.4
.5
.4

.8
1.2
.9

.7
.7
.9

6.0
8.1
8.9
5.9
4.7
3.1
6.6
3.1
3.5
2.6
1.5
2. 5
2.4
1.9
1.1
5.2
3.4
7.3
6.5
4.2
4.3
4.3
4.8
5. 6
2.3
4. 6
4.6
5.1

5.3
10.0
10.6
8.4
5.5
3.4
8.5
3.7
4.2
2.9
2.1
2.9
3.5
1.8
1.0
6.6
3.3
9.9
8.9
5.0
4.9
5.3
5.3
5.6
3.0
5.4
5.3

5.3
7.1
7.0
7.1
3.8
2.8
5.0
2.2
2.6
1.8
1.5
1.7
3.0
1.6
1.0
3.8
1.9
4.9
5.4
4.4
3.1
4.4
3.6
4.1
2.8
4.2
3.3

.3
.6
.6
.4
.4
.2
.8
.3
.5
.3

.5
.7
.8
.5
.4
.2
.6
.2
.3
.2

3.3

4.0
5.5
5.8
4 .6
3.4
2.6
4.2
1.9
2.3
1.4
.6
1.8
2.8
1.4
.8
3.4
2.0
4.9
4.3
3.1
2.8
3.3
2.8
2.7
2.4
3.2
2.7
3.1

3.8
5.2
5.5
4.4
2.9
2.0
3.9
1.4
1.9
1.0
.8
1.1
2.2

5.7

5.1
6.9
7.0
6.2
4.5
3.6
5.6
3.0
3.7
2.2
1.6
2.6
4.0
2.1
1.4
4.1
2.8
5.6
5.3
4.1
3.9
4.2
4.0
4.6
3.3
3.8
3.6
4.2

.4
.7
.3
1. 7
.2
‘ .3
.2
.3
.1
.3
.4
.2
.2
a
.1
,i
.1
.1
.2
.6
.4
.6
.5
1. 1
.1
.1
.2
.3

3.3
8.6
8.4
9.2
8.5

3.3
10.1
9.0
10.9
11.1

3.6
6.1
6.7
6.2
4.6

2.5
4.9
5.1
5.8
4.1

2.5
4.7
5.0
5.3
3.6

.2
.3
•5

3.7

3.3

3.3

2.6

2.8
8.9

4.5
9.5

3.0
6.2

6.2 1

7.9

3.6

7.1
7.1
6.6
9.1
5.9
6.7
5.6
5.8
4.0
6.6
4.6
8.1
8.6
5.4
3.1

5.3
3.8

6. 5
5.1

6.1

6.9

.3
.2
.2
.6
.2
.1
.2
.3
.3
.3
.2
.4
.3

.2
.1
.2
.3
.3
.2
.3
.3
.3
.3
.3
.3
.3

.3
.3
.2
.6
.3
.3
.2
.4
.3
.2
.6
.4
.5
,i
,i
,i
.2
.1
.1
.5
.7
.4
.4
1.0
.1
.2
.1
.3

1.7
3.6
3.5
4.9
3.0

.2
.8
1.0
.4
.5

.1
.7
.8
.6
.6

.2
.3
.4
.1
.2

2.3

1.6

.5

.4

,i

.2

2.7
4.9

2.0
4 .8

1.9
3.6

.2
.4

.2
.6

.4
.5

.2

3.2

2.9

2.6

.2

.3

a

1.0
.5
3.2
1.4
4.3
4.6
3.3
2.2
3.3
2.5
2.3
2.0
3.6
2.6
2.3

0)

«
«

.3

.1
.3
.1

.1
(4)

(0

A ug.

1950

1950

0.5
.3

0.4
.3

.1

4.1
2.0
1.1
2.6
1.9
2.8
3.4
2.8
2 .8
2.2
2.8
3.1
2.6
2.6
1.9
1.8

8.8
2.8
2.5
3.1
2.5
3.9
4.5
3.9
3.8
4.4
3.3
3.6
3.1
3.2
3.0
3.1

S e p t.

w

(4)

(6)

«

.3

.4

.3

B : LABOR TURN-OVER

744
T able

M O N TH LY LA BO R

B -2 : Monthly Labor Turn-Over Rates (Per 100 Employees) in Selected Groups and Indus­
tries 1— Continued
Separation
Total accession
Quit

Total

Industry group and industry
Sept.
1950

Aug.
1950

Sept.
1950

Aug.
1950

Sept.
1950

Discharge

Aug.
1950

Sept.
1950

M ise., inch
m ilitary

Lay-off

Aug.
1950

Sept.
1950

Aug.
1950

Aug.
1950

Sept.
1950

M a n u fa c tu r in g — Continued

Fabricated metal products (except ord­
nance, machinery, and transportation
equipment)----------------- ------------------------C utlery, hand tools, and hardware----Cutlery and edge tools................ —
Hand tools___________ _______ ___
H ardware.
_________________
Heating apparatus (except electric)
and plumbers’ s u p p l i e s ...................
Sanitary ware and plumbers’
supplies---------------------------------Oil burners, nonelectric heating
and cooking apparatus, not else­
where classified— ----------------Fabricated structu ral metal prod­
u c ts_______________________________
Metal stamping, coating, and en­
graving-_.................................. .................
M achinery (except electrical)
------------Engines and turbines------------------------Agricultural machinery and tra c to rs ..
Construction and mining m achin ery..
Metalworking m achinery. -------------Machine to o ls... . . . ----------- —Metalworking machinery (except
machine tools)........... ................. —
Machine-tool accessories........... —
Special-industry machinery (except
metalworking machinery)....................
General industrial machinery-----------Office and store machines and devices.
Service-industry and household ma­
chines __________________ _________
Miscellaneous machinery p arts______
Electrical machinery_____________________
Electrical generating, transmission,
distribution, and industrial appa­
r a tu s .. ___________________________
Communication equipment__________
Radios, phonographs, television
sets, and equipment___ _______
Telephone and telegraph equip­
m ent__________________________
Electrical appliances, lamps, and
miscellaneous p ro d u cts.. ---------Transportation equipment_______________
A u to m o b ile s ...-------------------------------Aircraft and p a r ts . _________________
Aircraft________ _______
____ _
Aircraft engines and p a rts----------Aircraft propellers and p arts........ .
Other aircraft parts and equip­
m e n t.. ________ ___________ Ship and boat building and repairing..
Railroad equipment ________________
Locomotives and p arts............ .........
Railroad and streetcars__________
Other transportation equipment........ .
Instrum ents and related products_____ _
Photographic apparatus______________
W atches and clocks.. . _____________
Professional and scientific in stru ­
m ents _____ _________________
.Miscellaneous manufacturing industries—
Jewelry, silverware, and plated w are..

6.7
6.9
5.9
7.7
6.9

8.2
6.8
9.0
6.3
6.4

5.5
4.7
3.6
4.1
5.3

5.0
3.7
2.1
2.8
4.8

4.1
3.5
2.9
2.9
4.0

3.4
2.8
1.8
1.8
3.6

0.5
.4
.3
.4
.4

0.6
.3
.2
.3
.4

0.4
.4
.2
.2
.5

0.6
.3
«

.4
.4

0.5
.4
.2
.6
.4

0 .4
.3
.1
.3
.4

7.9

9.0

6.5

4.9

4.7

3.6

1.0

.8

.2

.2

.6

.3

7.4

8.7

6 .0

4.5

4.4

3.4

.9

.6

.1

.1

.6

.4

8.3

9.4

7.0

5.4

5.0

3.9

1.1

.9

.3

.3

.6

.3

6.3

8.4

5.2

5.4

3 .6

3.2

.5

.5

.6

1.1

.5

.6

6.7
5.6
6.5
4.1
5.5
7.9
9.2

8.3
6.0
7.3
3.6
6.6
8.9
10.0

6.5
3.7
3.7
4.9
4.0
3.6
3.4

5.9
3.3
3.7
3.6
3.6
3.5
3.2

4.9
2.5
2.1
2.8
2.9
2.8
2.7

4.3
2.1
1.8
2.4
2.5
2.5
2.4

.4
.4
.4
.4
.4
.4
.4

.5
.3
.2
.3
.4
.5
.4

.7
.4
.7
.9
.2
.2
.1

.7
.5
1.3
.5
.3
.2
.1

.5
.4
.5
.8
.5
.2
.2

.4

3.6
8.9

4.7
10.3

3.5
4.6

2.7
5.4

2.6
3.1

2.1
3.6

.3
.7

.3
1.1

.3
.6

.3
.2

.3

.5

5.3
5.2
3.9

5.4
6.4
5.2

3.7
3.4
2.6

3.0
2.8
2.1

2.2
2.3
1.5

1.9
2.0
1.6

.4
.4
.2

.4
.3
.2

.8
.2
.5

.4
.3
.1

.3
.5

.3
.2

.4

.2

5.0
6.1
6.3

4.5
6.3
6.7

3.9
3.8
3.9

4.1
3.1
3.0

2.6
2.5
2.7

2.1
1.9
2.2

.4
.5
.4

.2
.5
.3

.4
.4
.4

1.1
.3
.3

.5
.4

.7
.4

.4

.2

5.0
7.6

4.0
9.0

3.0
4.2

2.1
3.6

2.1
2.8

1.5
2.7

.2
.5

.1
.4

.3
.5

.2
.2

.4
4.

.3

10.6

12.7

5.2

4.1

3.1

3.0

.7

.5

.9

.3

.5

.3

2.7

1.8

1.9

1.6

1.3

1.0

.1

.1

.2

.2

.3

.3

6.2
8.9
8.8
8.0
8.3
7.1
4.5

7.3
9.5
8.0
9.7
10.5
6.5
4.3

5.3
7.5
7.7
4.1
4.3
2.9
2.2

3.9
6.3
6.3
3.2
3.6
2.0
1.0

4.0
5.0
6.0
3.1
3.4
1.9
1.4

2.8
4.0
4.8
2.2
2.5
1.4
.7

.4
.5
.6
.3
.2
.3
.4

.4
.5
.6
.3
.2
.2
.1

.4
1.5
.5

.5
1.4
.5

.5

.2

.5

.4
.4

.2
.2

.2

8.4
(5)
6.1
6.8
5.2
4.5
5.1
(5)
5.7

9.0
24.0
9.0
6.6
11.5
5.3
4.3
2.7
4.9

3.7
(5)
6.3
2.0
11.9
3.3
3.7
(6)
3.4

2.8
18.1
5.7
2.1
9 .4
3 .2
2.1
1.3
2.3

2.6
(6)
1.8
1.2
2.7
2.4
2.3
(5)
2.7

1.9
3.2
1.7
1.3
2.0
2.1
1.4
.8
1.8

.7

.6
1.3
.1
.1
.2
.4
.2

5.7
8.4
5.7

5.1
8.6
8.1

3 .8
4.9
4.5

2.3
4.2
3.8

2.5
3.4
3.7

1.6
3.0
3.0

.3
.5
.2

.2
.4
.1

5.3
3.2
3.7
5.4
1.1

5.6
2.9
5.6
5.3
2.3
2.6

5.7
4.2
5.5
5.6
1.5

5.0
2.6
5.6
5.1

4.0
2.7
4.3
4.3

.6
.1
.2
.5

.4
.1
.1
.3

2.0
2.4

1.0
1.9

3.9
1.8
4.7
4.1
1.5

(5)

(5)

.1
.1
.1
.3
.2
.1

«

.2

.2
.1
.1

«
3.8
.2
8.5
.3
.7
0
.1

0

.3
.1
0

.3

.1

13.3
3.4
.3
6.6
.6
.2
.2
(>)

.6
.1

.2
.5
.4

.4
.4
.1
.5
.2
.5

.2
.2
.1
.3
.3
.4

.7

.6
.5
.5
.5
.3
«

.6
.5
.6
.3
.5

0

.4
.4
.4

.4
.3
.3

.2

.3

.5

.6

.3
.2
.2

.3
.5

.4
.6

.1
.3
.3

.5

.3

.3

.3

.4
.5

.3
.3

.7
1.0

.5
.5

N o n m a n u fa c tu r in g

M eta! m ining.......................................................
Iron_________________________________
C op per..
----------------- . . . ___
Lead and zinc___________ ________ ___
Anthracite mining................ ...........................
Bituminous-coal mining__________________
Communication:
T elep h on e... _______________________
Telegraph____________ . . . ________

2.4
(5)
(5)

2.3
2.9

2.9
(5)
(5)

1 S e e fo o tn o te 1 , t a b le B - l . D a t a fo r t h e c u r r e n t m o n t h a r e s u b j e c t to
r e v i s i o n w i t h o u t n o t a t io n ; r e v i s e d fig u re s fo r e a r lie r m o n t h s w ill b e in d ic a t e d b y f o o tn o te s .


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

1.9
1.7

(5)
(5)

«

1.3
1.0

«
.1

1.7
(5)
(5)

.1
.1
.1

(5)
(6)

8 S e e f o o tn o te 2, t a b le A - 2 .
8 S ee f o o tn o te S, t a b le A - 2 . P r i n t i n g , p u b lis h in g ,
a n d allie d in d u s trie s a r e e x c lu d e d .

.3
.3

.9
.3
.3
.4

(s)
(5>

4 L e s s t h a n 0 .0 5 .
8 N o t a v a ila b le ,

.7

.4

.2
.2
.2
.3

745

C: EARNINGS AND HOURS

REVIEW, DECEMBER 1950

C: Earnings and Hours
T able C - l : Hours and Gross Earnings of Production Workers or Nonsupervisory Employees 1
Mining
Coal

M etal
Y ear and month

Avg.
wkly.
earn­
ings

Avg.
wkly.
hours

Avg.
hrly.
earn­
ings

Avg.
wkly.
earn­
ings

42.4 $1. 434 $58.32
1.505 59.06
40.9

Avg.
hrly.
earn­
ings

Avg.
wkly.
earn­
ings

Avg.
hrly.
earn­
ings

Avg.
wkly.
earn­
ings

41.3 $1.412
39.8 1.484

63.96

45.2 $1.456 $61.37
42.3 1.512 64.79

Avg.
wkly.
hours

Avg.
wkly.
hours

Avg.
wkly.
hours

Bituminous

Anthracite

Lead and zinc

Copper

Iron

Total: M etal

Avg.
wkly.
earn­
ings

Avg.
hrly.
earn­
ings

41.3 $1.486 $66. 57
41.4 1.565 56.78

Avg.
wkly.
earn­
ings

Avg.
wkly.
hours

Avg.
hrly.
earn­
ings

36.8 $1.809 $72.12
30.2 1.880 63.28

38.0
32.6

$1.898
1.941

Avg.
wkly.
hours

Avg.
hrly.
earn­
ings

1948: Average___
1949: Average___

$60. 80
61.55

1949: September.
October___
Novem ber.
D ecem ber..

58. 96
59.63
52.73
62.32

39.6
40.1
35.7
41.6

1. 489
1.487
1.477
1.498

59.15
54. 46
38. 78
58.85

39.3
35.5
26.6
40.2

1.505
1.534
1.458
1. 464

58. 27
59.20
59.70
64.26

39.4
40.3
40.2
42.5

1.479
1. 469
1.485
1.512

60.34
61.95
61.99
67. 68

40.2
40.7
40.7
43.3

1.501
1.522
1.523
1.563

59.24
75. 81
67. 94
42.22

31.8
39.2
35.7
22.0

1.863
1.934
1.903
1.919

52.46
63.10
68.17
48.74

27.0
31.9
34.1
25.4

1.943
1.978
1.999
1.919

1950: January___
F e b ru a ry ...
M arch____
April______
M a y ...........
June........ ..
J u l y ---------August------September..

63. 71
62. 81
61.81
62. 90
63.11
63. 40
63.17
64. 33
63. 97

42.0
41.9
41.1
41.6
41.6
41.6
41.1
41.8
40.8

1.517
1.499
1.504
1.512
1.517
1.524
1.537
1.539
1.568

58.68
59. 62
57. 57
59. 62
59.33
60.75
61.51
60. 40
58. 51

39.7
40.5
38.9
40.2
39.9
40.8
40.9
40.4
38.8

1.478
1.472
1.480
1. 483
1.487
1.489
1.504
1.495
1.508

71.96
68.49
68. 58
68.13
69. 42
69. 55
67.95
71.28
70.31

45.4
44.3
44.3
43.9
44.5
44.3
42.9
44.8
44.0

1.585
1.546
1.548
1.552
1. 560
1. 570
1. 584
1. 591
1.598

65.18
63.38
63. 45
63. 55
63. 71
63.38
62. 96
64.90
67.19

42.3
41.7
41.8
41.4
41.4
40.5
39.7
41.1
40.4

1.541
1.520
1.518
1. 535
1.539
1.565
1.586
1.579
1.663

44. 60
40.23
80.01
57. 25
68.81
64.94
68. 59
66. 26
69. 04

23.9
20.6
41.5
29.0
34.7
32.6
34.8
33.5
34.8

1.866
1. 953
1.928
1.974
1.983
1.992
1.971
1.978
1.984

47. 36
49.83
78. 75
72.79
68.37
69.92
69. 68
70. 96
71.79

24.5
25.4
39.2
36.0
34.1
34.7
34.6
35.5
35.7

1.933
1.962
2.009
2.022
2.005
2.015
2. 014
1.999
2.011

Contract construction

Mining— Continued
Crude petroleum and
natural gas production

Nonbuilding construction
Nonmetallic mining
and quarrying

Total: Contract con­
struction

Petroleum and natural gas production
40.0 $1.667 $55.31
40.2 1. 778 56.38

44.5 $1.243 $68. 25
43.3 1.302 70.81

Total: Nonbuilding
construction

38.1 $1. 790 $66. 61
37.8 1.874 70. 44

Highway and street

40.6 $1.639 $62.41
40.9 1. 723 65.65

Other nonbuilding
construction

41.6 $1.500 $68.67
41.5 1.583 73.66

40.0
40.5

$1,716
1.820

1.607
1.617
1.610
1.644

73. 81
75.83
72. 96
72.76

40.5
41.4
39.4
39.2

1.823
1.831
1.852
1.855

1.646
1.661
1.667
1.635
1.660
1.640
1.670
1.689
1.717

69.57
69.50
70. 76
74. 33
74.20
76.84
77.19
78. 21
78.46

38.5
38.0
38.9
41.0
40.5
41.6
41.5
41.6
41.1

1.807
1.829
1.819
1.813
1.832
1.847
1.860
1.880
1.909

1948: Average___
1949: Average___

$66. 68
71.48

1949: September.
October___
N ovem ber.
December..

72. 40
73.87
71.20
71.52

40.4
41.2
40.0
40.0

1.792
1.793
1. 780
1.788

56.68
57. 77
55.77
55.08

43,2
44.2
42.7
42.4

1.312
1.307
1.306
1.299

70. 73
72.06
70.12
69.75

37.7
38.3
37.1
36.4

1.874
1.881
1.891
1.917

70. 82
72.71
69.90
68.15

40.9
41.8
39.9
38.3

1.730
1.741
1. 754
1.777

66. 75
68. 37
65.30
60.75

41.6
42.3
40.6
37.0

1950: January___
F e b ru ary ...
M arch ____
April............
M a y .............
Ju n e .............
Ju ly ----------August____
September..

76.24
71.88
70.88
74.41
70.88
71.08
_ 75.59
_ 71.47
73.95

41.8
40.0
39.8
41.2
40.0
40.0
41.6
40.4
40.9

1. 824
1.797
1.781
1. 806
1.772
1.777
1.817
1.769
1.808

53. 36
54. 36
55.37
58.03
59.45
60. 39
60. 92
61.52
61.86

41.4
41.4
41.6
43. 6
44.4
44.9
44.6
45.2
44.7

1. 289
1.313
1.331
1.331
1.339
1.345
1.366
1.361
1.384

68.01
66. 89
68. 59
70.93
72. 74
73.76
74.06
76.08
75. 51

35.2
34.3
35.1
36.6
37.3
38.0
37.9
38.5
37.4

1.932
1.950
1.954
1.938
1.950
1.941
1.954
1.976
2.019

65. 56
66.94
68. 34
71. 41
71.71
73. 75
73. 70
76. 56
75. 37

37.4
37.8
38.7
40.9
40.7
42.0
41.5
42.7
41.3

1.753
1.771
1.766
1. 746
1.762
1.756
1.776
1.793
1.825

58.43
61. 96
63. 68
66.54
68.06
69. 86
69.31
74. 32
71.43

35.5
37.3
38.2
40.7
41.0
42.6
41.5
44.0
41.6

Contract construction —Continued
Building construction
Special-trade contractors
Total: Building
construction

1948: Average.......... $68.85
70.95
..
1949: September—
N o v em b er...
--

1950: January.
M arch ------April............
M a y .............
June_______
Ju ly ----------August____
September..

General contractors

37.3 $1.848 $64.64
36.7 1.935 67.16

Total: Special-trade
contractors

Plumbing and
heating

36.6 $1.766 $73.87
36.2 1.855 75.70

38.0 $1.946 $76.83
37.2 2.034 78.60

70.69
71.80
70. 21
70.26

36.5
36.9
36.1
35.8

1.938
1.944
1.947
1. 964

66.64
67. 89
66.34
65.99

36.0
36.5
35.7
35.1

1.854
1.861
1.856
1.880

75.80
76.51
74.81
75.15

37.2
37.5
36.4
36.5

2.040
2.041
2.053
2.057

79.15
80.32
78.12
80.19

68. 76
67.00
68.83
70. 70
72.93
73.82
74.02
76.16
75. 57

34.8
33.7
34.5
35.6
36.5
37.0
36.9
37.5
36.4

1.976
1.988
1.995
1.986
1.998
1.995
2. 006
2.031
2.076

63.58
61.60
63. 80
65.98
67.87
68.33
68. 77
70.66
70. 27

34.0
32.8
33.9
35.3
36.1
36.6
36.6
36.8
35.6

1.870
1.878
1.882
1.869
1.880
1.867
1.879
1.920
1.974

73.49
71.00
72. 59
74. 49
76.95
77.92
78.16
80.29
79. 59

35.5
34.3
34.9
35.9
36.8
37.3
37.2
38.0
37.0

2.070
2. 070
2. 080
2. 075
2. 091
2.089

78.32
75.65
78. 02
78.78
81.14
82. 64
80.45
81.50
83.12

See footnotes at end oi table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

2.101

2.113
2.151

Painting and
decorating

Electrical work

39.2 $1,960
38.6 2.037

569. 77
70.75

36.3 $1.925 $83. 01
35.7 1.982 86.57

39.8
39.2

$2.084

38.6
38.9
37.5
38.7

2.052
2.064
2.085
2.071

71.59
71.41
68.88

69.40

35.7
35.7
34.5
34.8

2.006
2.001
1.996
1.997

85.80
86.49
85.28
86.85

38.8
39.0
38.2
39.2

2.210
2.215
2.233
2. 217

38.0
36.9
37.6
37.8
38.4
39.0
38.0
38.5
38.2

2.061
2.050
2. 075
2.084
2.113
2.119
2.117
2.117
2.176

67.49
67.16
66.30
66.61
69.06
69.15
71.62
73. 56
73.02

33.9
33.8
33.5
34.3
35.0
35.3
36.1
36.4
35.9

1.991
1.987
1.979
1.942
1.973
1.959
1.984
2 . 021
2 034

86.88
87. 58
83.62
84. 85
86.18
87. 55
86. 60
90. 09
93. 68

38.7
38.7
37.0
37.1
37.8
38.4
37.9
38.6
39.1

2.245
2.263
2. 260
2.287
2.280
2.280
2.285
2. 334
2.396

2.211

746

C: EARNINGS AND HOURS

MONTHLY LABOR

T able C - l : Hours and Gross Earnings of Production Workers or Nonsupervisory E m p l o y e e s C o n .
Contract construction—Continued
Building construction—Continued
Special-trade contractors—Continued
Year and month
Other special-trade
contractors
Avg.
wkly.
earn­
ings

Avg.
wkly.
hours

Plastering and
lathing

M asonry

Avg.
hrly.
earn­
ings

Avg.
w kly.
hours

Avg.
hrly.
earn­
ings

Avg.
wkly.
earn­
ings

Avg.
hrly.
earn­
ings

Avg.
w kly.
hours

Roofing and sheetmetal work

Carpentry
Avg.
wkly.
earn­
ings

Avg.
wkly.
hours

Avg.
hrly.
earn­
ings

Avg.
wkly.
earn­
ings

Avg.
w kly.
hours

Avg.
hrly.
earn­
ings

Excavation and
foundation work
Avg.
w kly.
earn­

ings

Avg.
wkly.
hours

Avg.
hrly.
earn­
ings

1948: Average______ $69.65
1949: Average............ 71.39

36.9 $1.888
36.1
1.979

35.4 $1,969 $78. 52
33.8 2.033 80.39

36.1 $2.175 $67. 98
34.9 2. 301 67.14

37.9 $1. 792 $62. 47
36.6 1.837 62.86

36.5 $1. 710 $66. 44
35.7 1.759 69.66

38.9
37.8

$1.709
1.844

1949: Septem ber___
October______
N ovember___
D ecem ber........

71.58
72. 26
70. 77
69.18

36.1
36.5
35.7
34.6

1.982
1.978
1.984
2.001

32.9
34.7
35.0
29.8

2.015
2.035
2.047
2.044

84.39
81.11
74.76
77. 50

36.3
35.0
32.5
33.5

2.322
2.316
2.302
2.311

67.22
68.46
69. 57
67.89

35.8
36.1
36.3
35.9

1.876
1.896
1.915
1.889

62.95
65.96
63.73
61.30

36.0
37.1
35.9
34.1

1.750
1.777
1.775
1.799

70. 58
72.22
69. 46
66.80

37.6
38.4
37.3
35.4

1.878
1.882
1.864
1.890

1950: Ja n u a ry ______
February_____
M arch _______
A p ril.................
M a y ...................
Ju n e _________
Ju ly _________
August______
Septem ber___

67. 87
64.12
67.76
71.44
74.46
75. 81
76. 75
79.23
76.35

33 4
31.6
33.1
35.0
36.2
36.8
36.9
38.0
36.2

2 032
2. 029
2. 047
2. 041
2.057
2. 060
2. 080
2. 085
2.109

30.0
26.1
28.1
32. 2
33.8
35.1
34.7
35.8
32.4

2. 056
2. 080
2.064
2.093

75. 57
75. 44
81.09
83. 66
88.86
90. 65
91.73
93. 58
92. 60

32.6
32.2
33.9
34.7
35.7
36.1
36.2
36.3
36.3

2. 318
2.343
2.392
2.411
2.489
2. 511
2.534
2. 578
2. 551

66.51
58. 66
63.49
64.79
65. 58
67. 40
67. 90
70. 02
70.95

35.7
32.0
34.3
36.5
36.7
37.3
37.7
38.2
37.7

1. 863
1. 833
1.851
1.775
1.787
1.807
1.801
1.833
1.882

58. 50
53. 64
57. 99
61.64
65.05
65.70
65. 77
67. 98
65.16

32. 3
30.0
31.9
34.3
35.9
36.6
36.4
37.6
36.1

1.811
1.788
1.818
1. 797
1.812
1. 795
1.807
1.808
1.805

65.57
62. 62
67. 69
73. 59
74.10
74. 74
73. 57
78. 65
76.19

34.4
33. 2
35.7
39.1
39.0
39.4
38.7
41.2
38.5

1.896
1.882
1.900
1.897
1.901
1.909
1.979

2.100

2.116
2.130
2.130
2.175

1.906
1.886

M anufacturing

T otal: M anufac­
turing

1948: Average.

$54.14
54.92

Food and kindred products
D urable goods1

Nondurable goods 1

T otal: Ordnance
and accessories

T otal: Food and
kindred products

M eat products

40.1 $1.350 $57.11
39.2 1.401 58.03

40.5 $1. 410 $50.61
39.5 1.469 51.41

39.6 $1. 278 $57. 20
38.8 1.325 58. 76

41.6 $1.375 $51.87
40.0 1.469 53. 58

42.0 $1,235 $58.37
41.5 1.291 57.44

43.3
41.5

$1.348
1.384

1949:'Septem ber___
O ctob er...........
November___

55. 72
55.26
54. 43
56. 04

39.6
39.7
39.1
39.8

1.407
1.392
1.392
1.408

58.69
58.17
56. 82
59.19

39.6
39.9
39.0
40.1

1.482
1.458
1.457
1.476

52.59
52. 47
52.07
52. 69

39.6
39.6
39.3
39.5

1.328
1.325
1.325
1.334

59.76
59.97
59.82
60. 85

40.3
40.3
40.2
40.7

1.483
1.488
1.488
1.495

53.63
53.83
54.16
54. 57

41.8
41.7
41.6
41.4

1.283
1.291
1.302
1.318

57.78
56. 51
60.23
60.98

41.6
41.1
42.9
43.4

1.389
1.375
1.404
1.405

1950: J a n u a r y ...
F eb ru ary .
M arch ___
A pril------M a y ..........

56.29
56. 37
56. 53
56. 93
57. 54
58. 85
59. 21
60. 28
60. 68

39.7
39. 7
39.7
39. 7
39.9
40.5
40. 5
41. 2
41.0

1.418
1.420
1.424
1. 434
1.442
1.453
1.462
1.463
1.480

59. 40
59. 47
59. 74
61.01
61.57
62. 86
63. 01
64.25
65. 09

40. 0
40.1
40. 2
40.7
40.8
41.3
41.1
41.8
41.7

1.485
1.483
1.486
1.499
1.509
1.522
1.533
1. 537
1.561

52.91
53.06
53. 04
52.17
52.83
53. 92
54. 73
55. 69
55. 52

39.4
39.3
39.2
38. 5
38.9
39.5
39.8
40.5
40.2

1.343
1.350
1.353
1. 355
1.358
1.365
1.375
1.375
1.381

60. 70
60. 88
61.31
61. 43
61.66
61.90
64. 92
65. 02
67.18

40. 2
40. 4
40.6
40. 6
40. 7
40.7
42.6
42.0
42.9

1. 510
1. 507
1. 510
1. 513
1.515
1. 521
1. 524
1. 548
1. 566

54.94
54. 05
54. 42
54.14
54.90
56.01
56.94
56.31
56.35

41.4
40.7
40.7
40.4
41.0
41.8
42.3
41.9
41.8

1.327
1.328
1.337
1.340
1.339
1.340
1.346
1.344
1.348

60.19
55. 99
56.14
55.64
57.10
58.11
59.31
58.32
62.37

42.9
40.4
40.3
39. 8
40.7
41.3
41.8
40.9
41.5

1.403
1.386
1.393
1.398
1.403
1.407
1.419
1.426
1. 503

Ju ly _________
August______
Septem ber___

Manufacturing—Continued
Food and kindred products—Continued
M eat packing

...
...

$59.15
58.02

October.
Novemb'
-Decem ber___
1950: Ja n u a ry ___
F eb ru a ry ...
M arch .........
A pril______
M a y .............
Ju n e ______
J u ly ______
A ugust___
Septem ber.

--

D airy products

Canning and
preserving

Grain-mil] products

Flour and other
grain-mill products

Prepared feeds

43.4 $1.363 $52.26
41. 5 1.398 54.61

45.4 $1,151 $42.63
44.8 1.219 43. 77

38.2 $1,116 $54. 53
38.8 1.128 56.94

44.3 $1.231 $57. 23
43.8 1.300 58. 91

46.3 $1.236 $51.01
44.7
1.318 54. 98

45.3
46.2

$1.126
1.190

58.31
56.89
61.03
61. 99

41.5
40.9
42. 8
43.5

1.405
1.391
1.426
1.425

55.28
54.76
53.95
54. 29

44.4
44.2
43.9
44.1

1.245
1.239
1.229
1.231

44. 79
45.92
41.29
43.26

40.1
40.0
37.1
36.6

1.117
1.148
1.113
1.182

58.92
58. 56
55.81
56. 76

44.3
44. 4
42.8
43.1

1.330
1.319
1.304
1.317

62. 70
62.88
57. 77
59.54

45.8
46.0
43.4
44.1

1.369
1.367
1.331
1.350

56.57
55.67
54. 49
54.10

47.1
46.7
45.6
45.2

1.201

61.16
56.50
56. 92
56. 22
57. 55
58. 65
60. 01
58.89
63. 51

43.1
40.3
40. 4
39. 7
40. 5
41.1
41. 7
40. 7
41.4

1.419
1. 402
1.409
1. 416
1.421
1.427
1.439
1.447
1.534

55. 67
54. 88
54. 63
54. 79
55.02
55.85
57.21
56. 70
56. 99

44.5
43.8
43.7
43.9
44.3
45.0
45.3
45.0
44.8

1.251
1.253
1.250
1. 248
1.242
1.241
1.263
1.260
1.272

45.15
44.94
44. 79
44. 32
45.01
45. 94
47.73
48.39
47.55

38.2
37.7
36.8
36.3
37.2
38.9
41.4
40.8
41.1

1.182
1.192
1.217
1. 221
1.210
1.181
1.153
1.186
1.157

56.46
55. 48
56. 83
55.82
56.35
58.47
60. 60
63.33
60.17

42.9
42.0
42.6
42.1
42.4
43.9
44.3
45.2
43.1

1. 316
1.321
1. 334
1.321
1.329
1.332
1. 368
1. 401
1.396

60.03
58.02
58. 28
56.16
57.36
58.51
61.86
65. 62
63.60

44.3
43.2
43.3
42.1
42.9
43.5
44.6
45.6
44.6

1.355
1.343
1.346
1.334
1.337
1.345
1.387
1.439
1.426

53.22
51. 37
54. 86
56. 06
55.72
57.63
60.96
57. 79
59. 40

44.5
42.7
44.6
45.5
44.9
46.7
47.7
45.4
45.8

1.196
1.203
1.230
1.232
1.241
1.234
1.278
1.273
1.297

"

See footnotes at end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

1.192
1.195
1.197

747

C: EARN IN 0 8 AND HOURS

REVIEW, DECEMBER 1950

T able C - l : Hours and Gross Earnings of Production Workers or Nonsupervisory Em ployees1—Con.
M a n u fa c tu r in g — C o n tin u e d

F o o d a n d k in d re d

Y e a r an d m o n th

A vg.
w k ly .
earn ­
in g s

A vg.
w k ly .
h o u rs

A vg.
h r ly .
earn ­
in g s

C o n fe c tio n e r y a n d

Sugar

B a k e r y p ro d u c ts

A vg.
w k ly .
earn ­
in g s

A vg.
w k ly .
h o u rs

p r o d u c ts — C o n tin u e d

r e la te d

A vg.

A vg.

h r ly .
earn ­

w k ly .
earn ­

in g s

in g s

p ro d u c ts

A vg.
w k ly .
h o u rs

A vg.
h r ly .

A vg.

earn ­

w k ly .
earn ­

in g s

in g s

A vg.
w k ly .
h o u rs

A vg.
h r ly .

B o ttle d

B ev erag es

C o n fe c tio n e r y

A vg.
w k ly .

earn ­
in g s

earn ­
in g s

A vg.
w k ly .
h o u rs

A vg.

A vg.

h r ly .
earn ­

w k ly .
earn ­

in g s

in g s

so ft d r in k s

A vg.
w k ly .
h o u rs

A vg.
h r ly .
earn ­
in g s

$ 4 9 .3 5

4 2 .4

$ 1 .1 6 4

$ 5 2 .0 4

4 1 .8

$ 1 ,2 4 5

$ 4 4 .0 0

4 0 .0

$ 1 .1 0 0

$ 4 1 .4 6

3 9 .6

$ 1 ,0 4 7

$ 6 1 .4 3

4 1 .9

$ 1 ,4 6 6

$ 4 6 .2 6

4 4 .1

________

5 1 .6 7

4 1 .7

1 .2 3 9

56. 01

4 2 .4

1 .3 2 1

4 5 .1 2

4 0 .0

1 .1 2 8

4 2 .6 3

3 9 .8

1 .0 7 1

6 4 . 21

4 1 .0

1 .5 6 6

48. 40

4 3 .8

1 .1 0 5

1 9 4 9 : S e p t e m b e r ______

5 2 .8 8

4 2 .1

1 .2 5 6

4 3 .6

1. 357

1 .1 3 3

4 2 .9

1 .2 5 2

4 2 .6

6 4 .4 0

4 0 .7
4 0 .5

1 .5 9 5
1 .5 9 0

4 9 .3 7

4 5 .0

N o v e m b e r _____
D e c e m b e r ______

5 2 .1 2

4 1 .4

1. 259
1 .2 6 3

6 0 .8 2
5 4 . 91

4 8 .0
4 2 .4

1 .2 6 7
1 .2 9 5

4 5 .8 6
45. 35

4 0 .8
4 0 .6

1 .1 3 9
1 .1 2 4

1 .0 6 6
1 .0 7 5

4 3 .3

1 .2 5 7

4 1 .3
4 1 .7

4 8 .3 2

4 1 .6

4 4 .0 3
4 4 .8 3

6 4 .9 2

52. 29

4 7 .7 0
4 8 . 52

4 2 .1

________

5 9 .1 7
5 3 . 71

4 3 .4 4
4 2 .9 8

4 0 .1
3 9 .7

4 8 .2 4

1 .0 5 6

6 3 .6 0
6 3 .1 2

1 .5 8 6

1 .1 1 7

4 0 .9
4 0 .7

1 .5 9 0

4 6 .0 7

4 3 .7
4 2 .0

1 .1 1 6
1 .0 9 7
1 .1 0 4

3 9 .9

1 .3 9 8

45. 59

4 0 .2

1 .1 3 4

42. 75

3 9 .8

1 .0 7 4

3 9 .7

1 .6 0 0

46. 67

1 .3 9 3

45. 26

3 9 .7

1 .1 4 0

3 9 .3
3 9 .2

63. 52
64. 52

1 .0 9 5

4 0 .0
4 0 .1

1. 613
1 .6 2 5

1948:

A v e r a g e ..,

1949:

A v erag e

O c to b e r

1950:

Ja n u a ry
F e b r u a r y _______
M arch
.
..
A p r i l ______
I V T a y .............. ...........
J u n e ______________
J u l y ______________
A u g u s t _________
S e p t e m b e r _____

5 2 .1 6
5 2 .0 7
52. 96
52. 75

4 1 .3
4 1 .1

1. 2 6 7

4 1 .6

1 .2 7 3

52. 37

4 1 .5
41. 2

5 3 .1 2
5 3 .2 1

4 1 .9

5 3 .8 8
54. 42
54. 27

4 1 .6
41. 7
41. 7
4 1 .3

55. 78
5 5 .4 4

1 .2 7 1
1. 271
1 .2 7 7

5 5 .9 2

3 9 .8
4 0 .2

1 .3 9 1

4 5 .1 9

3 9 .4

1 .1 4 7

42. 60
4 2 .9 2

55. 3 2
5 7 .5 9

39. 4
4 1 .4

1. 4 0 4
1 .3 9 1

43. 77
4 5 .3 6

3 7 .9
3 9 .1

1 .2 7 0
1 .2 9 2

5 9 .2 3
6 6 .3 6

4 2 .4

1 .3 9 7
1 .4 5 2

3 9 .6
3 8 .8

41. 59
43. 56
4 4 .3 6

3 7 .6
3 9 .0
3 9 .4

1 .1 8 5

4 4 .1 6

1 .3 0 5
1 .3 1 4

65. 02
6 3 .9 5

1 .4 2 9

4 6 .3 7
4 5 .9 8
47. 95

1 .1 5 5
1 .1 6 0
1 .1 7 1

4 9 .3 5

4 1 .3

45. 98
4 7 .1 6

38 6
4 0 .4

1 .4 6 0

1 .1 8 7
1 .1 9 5

45. 7
45. 5
4 3 .8

4 0 .4

4 1 .3

1 .0 6 2

1 .0 8 4
1 .1 0 6
1 .1 1 7
1 .1 2 6
1 .1 4 4
1 .1 3 8
1 .1 4 2

46. 98

66
66. 7 1
68. 9 6
7 1 .1 1
68. 7 7

4 2 .0
4 2 .3
4 1 .4

1 .6 4 2

46. 72
47. 9 0
4 8 .6 4
5 1 .2 9

1 .6 8 1
1 .6 6 1

5 0 .3 4
49. 90

6 8 .1 8

4 1 .1

1 .6 5 9

49. 57

6 5 .1 6
. 38

1. 6 3 1

4 0 .7
4 1 .1

1 .6 2 3

4 2 .5
4 2 .4
4 1 .9
4 2 .5
4 3 .2

$ 1 ,0 4 9

1 .0 9 7
1 .0 9 8
1 .1 0 8
1 .1 1 5
1 .1 2 7
1 .1 2 6

4 4 .1
4 3 .1

1 .1 6 3
1 .1 6 8

4 3 .2

1 .1 5 5

4 2 .7

1 .1 6 1

M a n u fa c tu r in g — C o n tin u e d

T o b a c c o m a n u fa c tu re s

F o o d a n d k in d r e d p r o d u c ts — C o n tin u e d

M a lt liq u o r s

1948:

A v e r a g e _________

1 9 4 9 : A v e r a g e _________
1949:

S e p t e m b e r _____
O c to b e r ...
__
N o v e m b e r _____
D e c e m b e r ______

1950:

J a n u a r y ________
F e b r u a r y ____
M arch
._
A p r i l ___________
M a y .........................

D is tille d , r e c tifie d ,

M is c e lla n e o u s fo o d

a n d b le n d e d liq u o r s

p r o d u c ts

T o ta l: T o b a c c o
m a n u fa c tu re s

C ig a r s

C ig a r e tte s

$ 6 6 .4 0
6 9 .4 6

4 2 .0

$ 1 ,5 8 1

$ 5 4 .9 2

4 0 .5

$ 1 .3 5 6

$ 4 9 .7 4

4 2 .3

$ 1 ,1 7 6

$ 3 6 .5 0

3 8 .1

3 8 .6

$ 1 .1 5 3

$ 3 2 . 71

3 7 .6

1 .6 9 0

5 7 .0 0

3 9 .2

1 .4 5 4

5 2 .1 7

4 1 .9

1 .2 4 5

3 7 .2 5

3 7 .1

$ 0 .9 5 8
1 .0 0 4

$ 4 4 . 51

4 1 .1

46. 33

3 7 .7

1 .2 2 9

3 2 .4 1

3 6 .7

$ 0 ,8 7 0
.8 8 4

6 9 .4 6
6 9 .3 3

4 0 .5
4 0 .1

1 .7 1 5

6 0 .1 8

4 0 .2

1 .4 9 7

3 9 .5

1 .4 7 6
1 .5 0 8
1 .4 9 4

3 8 .9
3 8 .2

.9 8 7
.9 9 1

4 7 .9 2
4 6 .7 3

1 .2 3 2

5 8 .3 0
62. 28
56. 77

52. 50
53. 38

3 8 .9

1 .7 2 9
1 .7 1 8
1 .7 1 2

3 7 .9

1 .2 3 3

3 3 . 71
3 3 .4 5

3 8 .0
3 7 .8

.8 8 7
.8 8 5

4 7 .8 1
48. 53

3 8 .9
3 8 .7

1 .2 2 9
1 .2 5 4

3 4 .1 6
3 2 .6 0

3 8 .0
3 6 .8

.8 9 9

1 .7 2 6
1. 7 3 3
1. 7 5 6

5 9 .7 0
5 8 .6 7
58. 45

3 9 .8
3 8 .5
3 9 .2

4 9 .1 5
46. 96

3 9 .1
3 7 .3

1 .2 5 7
1 .2 5 9

3 6 .5

48. 65
4 8 .4 1
4 7 .9 9

3 8 .7
3 8 .0
3 7 .7

1 .2 5 7
1 .2 7 4

33. 25
33. 87
3 3 . 71

3 5 .8
3 5 .3

.9 1 1
.9 4 6
.9 5 5

1 .2 7 7
1 .2 9 3
1 .3 3 2

3 3 .0
3 6 .3
3 7 .2

.9 5 1
.9 5 0
.9 5 4

3 5 .1 1
3 6 .1 9

3 6 .8
3 7 .5

1 .0 7 9

58. 21
5 0 .5 3

4 0 .1
4 0 .6
4 3 .7

3 5 .4 9

1 .0 9 7

5 1 .2 1
52. 50

3 9 .6

1 .2 7 6

3 7 .5 3

3 3 .1

6 7 .5 2
6 8 .1 4

68. 5 2
6 9 .3 2
70. 42
7 2 .1 9
7 2 .8 2

J u n e ______________
J u l y _____________

74. 95
7 7 .8 6

A u g u st
S e p t e m b e r _____

73. 50
7 2 .9 2

3 9 .3
3 9 .8
3 9 .7
4 0 .0
4 0 .1
4 0 .9
4 1 .4
4 2 .2
4 2 .9
4 0 .9
4 0 .6

1. 7 6 5
1. 759
1 .7 7 6
1 .8 1 5
1. 7 9 7
1 .7 9 6

57. 66
5 7 .4 7
5 9 .3 5
5 9 . 51
6 6 .8 3
6 2 .8 9

4 1 .3
3 8 .0

38. 8
3
3
3
4

8
9
9
2

.7
.7
.2
.3

4 0 .6

1 .5 0 0
1 .5 2 4
1 .4 9 1
1. 4 8 6
1 .4 8 5
1 .4 9 5

5 3 .1 3
5 3 .0 0
5 3 . 21
52. 65
5 3 . 71
5 3 .1 5
5 3 .1 6
54. 8 2

1 .5 1 8
1 .5 8 0

5 6 .1 5
55. 98

1 .5 4 9

5 5 .8 9

4 2 .2

1 .2 4 4

3 8 .3 9

42. 5
4 2 .1
4 2 .0

1 .2 5 6
1 .2 6 2
1 .2 6 2

3 7 .8 6
3 8 .4 6
3 8 . 76

3 8 .0
3 8 .0

4 1 .8
41. 1

1 .2 7 3
1 .2 8 1

3 9 .2 5

3 8 .0
3 6 .2

4 1 .6
4 1 .2
4 1 .6
4 2 .2

1 .2 9 1
1 .2 9 0
1 .2 7 8
1 .2 9 9

4 2 .8
4 2 .6
4 2 .6

1 .3 1 2
1 .3 1 4
1 .3 1 2

38. 48
39. 49
38. 59
39. 67
4 1 .5 9
4 2 .1 2
43. 49
4 2 .3 0

3 6 .7
3 5 .5
3 6 .7
3
3
3
3

8 .3
8 .4
9 .5
9 .2

1.012
1.020
1 .0 3 3
1 .0 6 3
1 .0 7 6
1 .0 8 7
1 .0 8 1
1 .0 8 6

1.101

1 .2 7 3

3 1 .3 8
3 4 .4 9

.886

.9 5 4
.9 6 5
.9 8 5

M a n u fa c tu r in g — C o n tin u e d

T e x tile -m ill p r o d u c ts

T o b a c c o m a n u fa c tu r e s — C o n tin u e d

T o b a c c o a n d sn u ff

T o b a c c o s te m m in g
a n d r e d r y in g

T o t a l: T e x tile -m ill
p r o d u c ts

Y a r n a n d th re a d
m ills

B ro a d -w o v e n fa b ric

Y a r n m ills

m ills

$ 1 .1 6 5

$ 3 7 . 21

3 7 .7

$ 0 .9 8 7

$ 3 4 .2 4

4 0 .0

$0. 856

$45. 59

3 9 .2

$ 1 .1 6 3

$ 4 1 .4 9

3 8 .1

$ 1 .0 8 9

$41. 42

3 7 .9

$1. 093

$ 4 6 .1 3

3 9 .6

1 9 4 9 : A v e r a g e _________

3 9 .1 0

3 7 .2

1 .0 5 1

3 4 .2 0

3 8 .3

.8 9 3

4 4 .8 3

3 7 .7

1 .1 8 9

4 0 . 51

3 6 .4

1 .1 1 3

40. 55

3 6 .3

1 .1 1 7

44. 48

3 7 .5

1 .1 8 6

1949:

4 0 .9 2

3 8 .1

1 .0 7 4

3 7 .7
3 7 .4
3 8 .6

4 2 .3
4 0 .5

.8 1 5
.8 3 5

45. 82
4 7 .0 4

3 8 .6
3 9 .4

4 2 .0 7
4 3 .0 0

3 7 .9
3 8 .5

3 7 .7
3 8 .4

.8 9 3
.9 1 1

4 7 .2 0
47. 64

3 9 .6

1 .1 9 7

4 3 .4 6
4 4 .0 8

3 8 .8
3 9 .5

4 3 .4 6
43. 98

3 8 .7
3 9 .3

3 8 .5
3 9 .6
3 9 .8

3 9 .8

1 .1 1 9
1 .1 2 3
1 .1 1 9

4 5 .7 4
47. 52

3 6 .1
4 0 .4

1.110
1 .1 1 7
1.120

4 1 .8 8
4 2 .9 7

1 .0 6 3
1 .0 7 4

1 .1 8 7
1 .1 9 4
1 .1 9 5

1 .1 8 8

3 9 .8 1
39. 76
4 1 .4 6

3 4 .4 7
3 3 .8 2
3 2 . 24

3 9 .4
3 9 .6
3 9 .2

43. 60
43. 88
4 2 .6 0

3 9 .0
3 8 .9

1 .1 1 8
1 .1 2 8

1 .1 2 3

1 .1 2 8
1 .1 2 9

3 7 .8
3 6 .1
3 6 .8

1 .1 2 7
. 126
1 .1 3 5

42. 79

3 7 .7
3 8 .1
3 9 .6

1 .1 3 5
1 .1 3 8

4 5 . 81
4 5 .8 2
4 6 .9 2
4 7 .5 2

1 .1 4 5

4 9 .3 7

4 0 .1

1 .1 6 4

5 0 .0 6

1948: A v era g e

..

S e p te m b e r

.

O c t o b e r _________
N o v em b er. .
D e c e m b e r ______
1950:

J a n u a r y _________
F e b r u a r y _______
M a r c h _______
A p r i l __________

40. 69
4 0 .0 4
40. 92
41. 96

M * a y ............................

40. 88

J u n e ____________
J u l y _______________
A u g u s t __________
S e p t e m b e r _____

3 7 .4
3 6 .3
3 6 .8
37. 4
3 5 .7
3 8 .5
3 8 .9

1 .0 5 6

1 .0 8 8
1 .1 0 3

1. 1 1 2
1.122
1 .1 4 5
1 .1 2 5
1 .1 4 5

4 3 .3 1
44. 54
45. 77

3 9 .7

1 .1 5 3

4 4 .2 3

3 9 .0

1 .1 3 4

S e e fo o tn o te s a t en d

o f ta b le .


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

3 6 .8 0
37. 58
3 5 .3 4
3 9 .5 8
39. 14
3 7 .1 9
4 0 .1 1
4 0 .1 6
3 5 .3 4
39. 25

4 1 .8
3 5 .3
3 8 .5
3 8 .0
3 6 .5
3 8 .6
3 9 .1
3 7 .6
4 1 .8

1.001

.8 9 9

4 7 .3 6
47. 88

1 .0 2 8
1 .0 3 0
1 .0 1 9
1 .0 3 9

47. 39
4 5 . 51
4 5 .6 3

1 .0 2 7

47. 27
4 9 .5 3

.9 4 0
.9 3 9

46. 75

5 0 .0 2

37. 8
3 7 .9
3 8 .7
3 9 .0
4 0 .6
4 0 .7

1.202
1 .2 0 9
1 .2 0 9
1. 2 0 4
1 .2 0 4
1 .2 0 8

1.212
1.220

1 .2 2 9

43. 67
4 3 .8 4

39. 2
3 9 .0

42. 67

3 8 .0
36. 4
3 6 .9

40. 80
4 1 .6 2
4 2 .6 8
4 3 .2 4
4 5 .3 0

3 7 .8
3 8 .2
3 9 .7

4 6 .6 3

4 0 .3

1 .1 1 6
1 .1 1 4
1 .1 2 4

1.121
1 .1 3 2
1 .1 4 1
1 .1 5 7

40. 65
4 1 .7 7
4 3 .3 6
4 5 .3 4
4 6 .6 8

1.111

1

47. 76
4 8 .4 0
4 8 .1 6
4 8 .1 6
47. 72

4 0 .3

1.200
1.200
1.201

4 0 .0
4 0 .1
3 9 .8
3 8 .4
3 8 .5

. 201
1 .1 9 9
1 .1 9 3
1 .1 9 0

3 9 .2

1 .1 9 7

1 .2 0 4

1

3 9 .5

1 .2 0 3

4 0 .8
4 1 .1

1 .2 1 8

1.210

748

G: EARNINGS AND HOURS

MONTHLY LABOR

T able C - l : Hours and Gross Earnings of Production Workers or Nonsupervisory Em ployees1— Con;
Manufacturing—Continued
Textile-mill products—Continued
Y ear and month

Cotton, silk, syn­
thetic fiber <

Woolen and worsted

Knitting mills

Full-fashioned
hosiery <

Seamless hosiery *

Knit outerwear

Avg.
Avg.
wkly. Avg. brly.
earn­ wkly. earn­
ings hours ings

Avg. Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
hrly.
earn­
earn­
ings hours ings

Avg. Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
hrly.
earn­ hours earn­
ings
ings

Avg.
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
hrly.
earn­ hours earn­
ings
ings

Avg. Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
hrly.
earn­
earn­
ings hours ings

Avg. Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
hrly.
earn­ hours earn­
ings
ings

1948: Average............ $44.36
1949: Average—........ 42.89

39.4 $1.126 $52.45
37.2 1.153 51.19

40.1 $1.308 $41.14
38.9 1.316 41.47

37.5 $1.097 $52.85
36.8 1.127 52.09

1949: September___
October_____
November___
December___

44.24
46.09
46.56
47.19

38.3
39.6
39.9
40.4

1.155
1.164
1.167
1.168

51.94
53.25
52. 51
53.37

39.5
39.8
39.6
40.1

1. 315
1.33S
1.326
1.331

42. 22
43. 68
43.28
42.34

37.8
38.9
38.4
37.6

1.117
1.123
1.127
1.126

1950: January........... 47.04
February—
47.07
March....... ....... 46.88
April_________ 44.66
M ay_________ 44. 35
June_________ 45.24
July_________ 45.90
August---------- 47.94
September___ 48.86

40.1
40.2
40.0
38.4
38.3
38.9
39.3
40.7
41.2

1.173
1.171
1.172
1.163
1.158
1.163
1.168
1.178
1.186

52.92
52.51
51.00
50. 94
51.94
53.36
53.51
54.60
54.93

39.7
39.6
38.9
38.8
39.5
40.3
40.2
40.9
40.9

1.333
1.326
1.311
1.313
1.315
1.324
1.331
1.335
1.343

41.73
43. 38
43. 55
40. 60
40.67
41.85
42.77
45.55
45.44

36.8
37.2
37.0
35.0
35.0
36.2
37.0
39.2
38.9

1.134
1.166
1.177
1.160
1.162
1.156
1.156
1.162
1.168

38.8 $1.362 $30.27
37.5 1.389 31.45

35.2 $0.860 $39.75
35.5
.886 40.96

38.0
38.1

$1.046
1.075

52. 72
55. 02
54.86
53.15

38.2
39.5
39.1
37.8

1.380
1.393
1.403
1.406

31.86
33.76
33.68
33.42

36.0
37.8
37.5
37.3

.885
.893
.898
.896

40.69
42. 51
42.34
41.16

38.5
39.8
39.5
38.4

1.057
1.068
1.072
1.072

51.53
53.16
54. 25
49.02
49. 76
50.62
52.06
54.94
54. 57

36.6
37.2
38.1
35.6
36.4
37.3
38.0
39.7
39.2

1.408
1.429
1.424
1.377
1.367
1.357
1.370
1.384
1.392

32.92
34. 50
33.29
31.78
31.17
33.13
33.36
37.03
36.98

36.3
36.2
34.5
32.8
32.2
34.3
35.0
38.1
37.5

.907
.953
.965
.969
.968
.966
.953
.972
.986

41.47
42.74
43.80
43.05
42. 75
43.42
42.14
43.95
42.88

37.8
38.3
38.9
38.2
37.9
38.7
37.9
39.7
38.6

1.097
1.116
1.126
1.127
1.128
1.122
1.112
1.107
1.111

Manufacturing—Continued
Textile-mill products—Continued
Knit underwear

Dyeing and finishing
textiles

Carpets, rugs, other
floor coverings

Wool carpets, rugs,
and carpet yarn

Other textile-mill
products

Fur-felt hats and
hat bodies

1948: Average............ $37. 40
1949: Average........... 36.34

37.7 $0.992 $51.00
36.2 1.004 51.50

41.0 $1.244 $58.13
40.3 1.278 56.80

42.0 $1.384 $58.09
39.5 1.438 66.23

41.7 $1.393 $47.96
38.7 1.453 47.89

39.7 $1.208 $49.17
38.9 1.231 49.21

36.5
35.3

$1.347
1.394

1949: September—
October...........
November___
December___

38.85
38. 78
37.71
37.07

38.7
38.7
37.6
37.0

1.004
1.002
1.003
1.002

52.31
52.69
52.91
53.84

40.8
41.2
41.3
41.9

1.282
1.279
1.281
1.285

56.10
57.26
68.57
59.99

39.2
39.9
40.7
41.4

1.431
1.435
1.439
1.449

55. 40
57.31
58.67
60. 58

38.1
39.2
40.1
41.1

1.454
1.462
1.463
1.474

49.56
48. 87
48.18
49.64

39.9
39.6
39.2
40.1

1.242
1.234
1.229
1.250

49.49
45.55
45.86
50.55

35.5
33.3
32.9
35.7

1.394
1.368
1.394
1.416

1950: January..........
February___
March______
April________
M a y ................
June________
July------------August______
September___

37.29
38. 42
38.40
35. 71
35. 26
36.30
38.31
41.21
42.72

36.7
37.3
37.1
34.5
34.0
35.0
36.8
39.4
40.0

1.016
1.030
1.035
1.035
1.037
1.037
1.041
1.046
1.068

52.03
53.37
52. 42
50.89
49. 25
51.18
50.84
56.24
55.68

40.3
41.5
40.7
39.6
38.3
39.8
39.5
43.0
42.5

1.291
1. 286
1.288
1. 285
1.286
1.286
1.287
1.308
1.310

60. 44
60.80
60.99
59.15
60. 61
61.17
59.86
61.37
63.06

41.4
41.5
41.6
40.4
41.2
41.5
40.5
41.3
41.9

1.460
1. 465
1.466
1.464
1.471
1.474
1.478
1.486
1.505

61.41
61. 62
61.81
60. 48
61.68
61.99
60. 07
61.00
61.84

41.3
41.3
41.4
40.4
41.2
41.3
40.1
40.4
40.5

1.487
1.492
1.493
1.497
1.497
1.501
1.498
1.510
1.527

49.80
50.91
49. 75
49. 29
49.95
51.44
51.92
53.32
53.71

40.0
40.6
39.8
39.4
39.8
40.5
40.5
41.3
41.0

1.245
1.254
1.250
1.251
1. 255
1.270
1.282
1.291
1.310

53.44
53.03
44.84
40.02
48. 72
52.69
52.19
54.63
50.51

37.5
37.4
32.9
29.0
34.6
37.0
36.7
38.2
35.8

1.425
1.418
1.363
1.380
1.408
1.424
1.422
1.430
1.411

Manufacturing—Continued
Apparel and other finished textile products
Total: Apparel and
other finished tex­
tile products

Men’* and boys’
suits and coats

Men’s and boys’ fur­
nishings and work
clothing

Shirts, collars, and
nightwear

Separate trousers

Work shirts

1948: Average_____ $42. 79
1949: Average............ 41.89

36.2 $1.182 $50.11
35.8 1.170 46. 67

36.6 $1.369 $33. 20
34.7 1.345 33.30

36.2 $0.917 $33.50
36.2
.920 33.37

36.1 $0.928 $35.31
36.0
.927 34. 91

35.7 $0.989 $26. 49
35.7
.978 27.44

35.7
35.5

$0. 742
.773

1949: September___ 44.01
October........... 42.63
November....... 40.38
December....... 41.82

36.8
36.5
35.7
35.9

1.196
1.168
1.131
1.165

47.90
46.20
44.48
46.64

35.4
34.3
32.9
34.7

1.353
1.347
1.352
1.344

33.87
34.35
33.82
33. 82

36.9
37.5
36.8
36.8

.918
.916
.919
.919

33.21
34. 30
34.78
34.52

36.3
37.4
37.6
37.2

.915
.917
.925
.928

35.79
34.13
33.60
34.14

36.6
35. 4
34.6
35.3

.978
.964
.971
.967

28.19
28. 27
28.22
27.58

36.7
27.1
36.7
35.4

.768
.762
.769
.779

1950: January........... 42. 70
February____ 44.48
March_______ 43.50
A p ril.............. 40. 80
M ay.................. 41.27
June________ 41.89
July.................. 43.22
August______ 46.14
September___ 43. 2ö

36.0
36.7
36.4
35.2
35.7
35.8
36.2
37.7
35. 8

1.186
1. 212
1.195
1.159
1.156
1.170
1.194
1.224
1.208

47. 72
49.88
50.81
47.46
48.92
48.99
49.22
51.30
48.26

35.4
37.0
37.5
35.5
36.7
36.7
36.9
38.0
35.8

1.348
1.348
1.355
1.337
1.333
1.335
1.334
1.350
1.348

33.63
35.64
35.62
35. 00
35. 29
35. 55
35.34
37.26
37.08

36.2
36.4
36.2
35.5
35.9
36.2
36.1
37.9
37.3

.929
.979
.984
.986
.983
.982
.979
.983
.994

33.43
35.19
35. 40
35. 02
34. 81
34.82
34.55
36.71
37.40

35.6
36.2
36.2
35.7
35.7
35.6
35.4
37.5
37.7

.939
.972
.978
.981
.975
.978
.976
.979
.992

36. 47
39. 26
39. 77
39. 33
39.81
39.34
38. 52
40.14
38.11

36.8
37.9
38.2
38.0
38.1
37.9
37.4
38.6
37.0

.991
1.036
1.041
1.035
1.045
1.038
1.030
1.040
1.030

27.80
30.55
30. 43
29.75
31.18
30. 66
31.52
32.92
32.53

35.6
35.4
35.3
34.0
35.8
35.4
36.1
37.8
36.8

.781
.863
.862
.875
.871
.866
.873
.871
.884

See footnotes a t end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

749

C: EARNINGS AND HOURS

REVIEW , DECEMBER 1950

T able C - l : Hours and Gross Earnings of Production Workers or Nonsupervisory E m p l o y e e s C o n .
Manufacturing—Continued
Apparel and other finished textile products—Continued
Y ear and month

W omen’s outerwear

Avg.
wkly.
earn­
ings

Avg.
wkly.
hours

Avg.
hrly.
earn­
ings

Women’s dresses
Avg.
wkly.
earn­
ings

Avg.
wkly.
hours

Avg.
hrly.
earn­
ings

Household apparel
Avg.
wkly.
earn­
ings

Avg.
wkly.
hours

Avg.
hrly.
earn­
ings

Women's suits, coats, Women’sand children’s Underwear and night­
wear, except corsets
undergarments
and skirts
Avg.
wkly.
earn­
ings

Avg.
wkly.
hours

Avg.
hrly.
earn­
ings

Avg.
wkly.
earn­
ings

35.0 $2.017 $35. 32
33.8 1.964 35.79

Avg.
wkly.
earn­
ings

Avg.
wkly.
hours

Avg.
hrly.
earn­
ings

36.6 $0.965 $34.12
36.6
.978 34.08

36.3
36. J

$0.940
.944

Avg.
wkly.
hours

Avg.
hrly.
earn­
ings

34.8 $1. 400 $31. 59
34.4 1.372 32. 23

36.1 $0. 875 $70. 60
36.5
.883 66. 38

50. 20
46.98
44.99
47.40

35.4
33.7
33.3
34.5

1.418
1.394
1.351
1.374

33.08
31.45
31.90
31.23

37.8
35.9
36.6
35.9

.875
.876
.874
.870

69. 73
64.88
,58. 38
63.67

35.2
33.0
30.6
33.3

1.981
1.966
1.908
1.912

37.24
38.10
37. 45
36. 36

38.0
38.6
38.1
36.8

.980
.987
.983
.988

35.82
36.25
36.27
34. 45

37.7
38.2
38.1
36.0

.950
.949
.952
.957

48.30
48.89
49. 37
49.44
48. 71
45. 69
45. 53
50.23
44. 50

34.9
35.4
35.8
35.7
35.3
34.1
34.7
35.8
31.9

1.384
1.381
1.379
1.385
1.380
1.340
1.312
1.403
1.395

31.38
34. 95
35. 53
34.99
35.31
32.92
32. 27
34. 72
35.58

35.1
37.1
37.4
36.6
36.4
33.7
33.2
36.2
36.6

.894
.942
.950
.956
.970
.977
.972
.959
.972

66.97
69.83
60. 70
51.19
50.13
58.41
66.46
72. 67
57.71

34.7
35.5
32.6
29.1
29.7
33.9
35.5
37.0
29.9

1.930
1.967
1.862
1.759
1.688
1.723
1.872
1.964
1.930

36, 58
37. 52
37.87
36. 22
36.15
36. 43
37.13
40.11
40.15

36.8
37.0
36.8
35.2
35.2
35.4
36.3
38.6
38.2

.994
1.014
1.029
1.029
1.027
1.029
1.023
1.039
1.051

34. 78
36.03
35. 68
34. 09
33.69
34. 25
35.60
38.12
38.49

36.5
36.5
36.0
34.3
34.1
34.6
36.0
38.2
38.0

.953
.987
.991
.994
.988
.990
.989
.998
1.013

1948: Average............ $51.49
1949: Average______ 49.69

35.1 $1. 46 7 $48. 72
34.7 1.432 47.20

1949: September___
October,...........
November___
December____

53.13
49. 49
45.80
49.13

35.8
34.2
33.6
34.5

1.484
1.447
1.363
1.424

1960: January______
February..........
M a r c h ............
A p r i l ...............
M a y ....... ...........
J u n e ..................
Ju ly _____ ____
August_______
September___

50.86
52.63
49. 67
46. 06
45. 57
45. 87
49. 62
53.98
46. 56

35.0
35.9
35.4
34.5
34.6
33.8
34.7
36.3
32.2

1.453
1.466
1.403
1.335
1.317
1.357
1.430
1.487
1.446

Manufacturing—Continued
Lumber and wood products (except
furniture)

Apparel and other finished textile products—Continued

Children’s outerwear

Millinery

1948:
1949:

34.8 $1. 443 $36. 72
35.3 1.517 37.06

F u r goods and mis­
cellaneous apparel

36.5 $1.006 $42. 21
36.3 1.021 42.05

Other fabricated
textile products

36.7 $1.150 $38. 49
36.0 1.168 39.74

T otal: Lum ber and
wood products (ex­
cept furniture)

38.0 $1,013 $51.38
38.1 1.043 51.72

41.5 $1.238 $60. 26
40.6 1.274 61. 31

38.7
39.1

$1. 557
1.568

1.298
1.299
1.280
1.275

64.08
65.00
61.58
62.13

40.0
40.6
39.2
39.8

1.602
1.601
1.571
1.561

1.225
1.270
1.293
1.311
1.336
1.353
1.369
1.386
1.394

50.23
54. 86
62.94
65.31
67.37
67.85
68.04
73.67
70.11

37.4
37.6
38.4
39.2
39.7
39.7
39.4
41. 6
39.7

1.343
1.459
1.639
1.666
1.697
1.709
1.727
1.771
1.766

A v e r a g e ..............
A v e r a g e _______

$50. 22
53. 55

1949: S e p t e m b e r ____

64.40
53.68
43.81
50.35

39.8
35.6
29.6
34.7

1.618
1.508
1.485
1.451

38.18
37.75
36.89
37.07

37.1
36.9
36.8
36.2

1.029
1.023
1.008
1.024

44.35
45.31
43. 85
43. 57

37.3
38.4
37.7
36.8

1.189
1.180
1.163
1.184

40.86
40.62
38. 73
39. 36

38.8
39.1
37.9
37.7

1.053
1.039
1.022
1.044

52.83
54.17
52.48
52.66

40.7
41.7
41.0
41.3

55.11
64. 36
M arch _______ 62. 56
April________ 44. 91
M a y . . . ............... 46. 06
J u n e ....................... 49.72
J u l y ____________ 50. 62
A ugust______ 61.30
September___ 54. 81

36.4
40.2
39.2
30.7
31.7
33.1
33.7
38.7
34.8

1.514
1.601
1.596
1.463
1.453
1.502
1.502
1.584
1.575

38.25
40.28
38. 76
35. 97
37.46
38. 08
39.13
40.92
38.66

36.5
37.3
36.5
35.3
36.4
36.3
36.6
37.2
35.7

1.048
1.080
1.062
1.019
1. 029
1.049
1.069
1.100
1.083

40.23
40. 50
40. 76
39. 33
41. 70
42. 59
43.86
46. 31
44.89

35.6
36.1
36.1
34.9
35.7
35.7
36.4
38.4
37.5

1.130
1.122
1.129
1.127
1.168
1.193
1.205
1.206
1.197

40.99
40. 84
40. 32
39. 81
40. 77
42. 21
42.61
43. 55
43. 96

38.2
38.1
37.4
37.1
37.4
38.3
38.7
39.2
38.7

1.073
1.072
1.078
1.073
1.090
1.102
1.101
1.111
1.136

48.02
50.55
52.24
53.36
54.38
56. 28
56.27
58.49
57.85

39.2
39.8
40.4
40.7
40.7
41.6
41.1
42.2
41.5

O c t o b e r . .............
N o v e m b e r --------

D e c e m b e r ..........

1950:

J a n u a r y . .............
F e b r u a r y ______

Logging camps and
contractors

Manufacturing—Continued
Lumber and wood products (except furniture)— Continued

Sawmills and planing Sawmills and planing
mills, general5
mills

41.5 $1.249 $51. 87
40.6 1.290 53.06

Millwork, plywood,
and prefabricated
stru ctu ra l wood
products

41.4 $1. 253 $54.95
40.6 1.307 55.06

Wooden containers

Millwork

43.3 $1. 269 $53.40
41.9 1.314 54.23

43.2 $1. 236 $41. 57
42.2 1.285 41.90

41.4 $1.004 $42. 39
40.6 1.032 42.48

42.1
41.0

$1.007
1.036

1.060
1.053
1.040
1.050

43.89
44. 73
42.92
43.95

41.1
41.8
40.8
41.7

1.068
1.070
1.049
1.054

1.037
1.084
1.082
1.098
1.109
1.142
1.163
1.167
1.173

41.94
43.05
43.30
44.87
44. 79
47.13
48.40
49. 21
48. 28

40.4
39.9
40. 2
41. 2
40.9
41. 6
41. 8
42.1
41. 3

1.038
1.079
1.077
1.089
1.095
1.133
1.158
1.169
1.169

1948: Average___
1949: Average___

$51.83
52. 37

1949: September .
October___
N ovem ber.
D ecem ber..

53.35
54. 54
52. 89
52. 31

40.6
41.6
41.0
40.8

1.314
1.311
1.290
1.282

54.04
55. 29
63.63
53.04

40.6
41.6
41.0
40.8

1.331
1.329
1.308
1.300

55. 66
57.68
56.18
58.87

42.1
43.3
42.4
44.2

1.322
1.332
1.325
1.332

54.91
56.51
55.94
57.82

42.4
43.4
42.9
44.1

1.295
1.302
1.304
1.311

43.04
43.38
42.02
43. 37

40.6
41.2
40.4
41.3

1950: January___
F e b ru a ry ...
M arch ____
A pril______
M a y .............
Ju n e .............
J u l y . .. .........
August........
September..

47.38
50. 59
51.85
53.10
54.19
56.08
55.95
57.96
57.47

38.3
39.4
40.1
40.5
40.5
41.6
40.9
42.0
41.2

1.237
1. 284
1.293
1.311
1.338
1.348
1.368
1.380
1.395

47.77
51.17
52.31
53.73
54.86
56.95
56.67
58. 70
57.67

38.0
39.3
39.9
40.4
40.4
41.6
40.8
41.9
40.7

1.257
1.302
1.311
1.330
1.358
1.369
1.389
1.401
1.417

56.14
57.04
57. 74
59.00
59. 25
61. 27
59.85
62. 06
62.22

42.4
42.5
42.9
43.0
43.0
43.7
42.9
43.8
43.6

1.324
1.342
1.346
1.372
1.378
1.402
1.395
1.417
1.427

56.07
55. 76
56. 49
57.56
57.83
59.69
58. 57
59.20
60.03

42.9
42.4
42.7
42.7
42.9
43.7
43.1
42.9
43.0

1.307
1.315
1.323
1.348
1.348
1.366
1.359
1.380
1.396

41.27
42. 82
42. 85
43.81
44.47
46.48
47.68
48. 55
47.98

39.8
39.5
39.6
39.9
40.1
40.7
41.0
41.6
40.9

See footnotes a t end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

Wooden boxes, other
than cigar

750

C: EARNINGS AND HOURS

MONTHLY LABOK

T able C - l : Hours and Gross Earnings of Production Workers or Nonsupervisory Employees 1— Con.
Manufacturing—Continued
L u m b e r an d w ood
p r o d u c ts
(e x c e p t
f u r n i tu r e ) — C o n .
Y e a r a n d m o n th

1948:

A v e r a g e . . ............

1949:

A v e r a g e ________

1949:

S e p t e m b e r ______

O c to b er...........
N o v e m b e r ______
D e c e m b e r ______

1950: Ja n u a ry ...........
F eb ru ary ____
M arch _______

April_______

M ay ...................
J u n e . ..........................
J u l y _______________
A u g u s t __________

September___

M is c e lla n e o u s w ood
p r o d u c ts

F u r n i t u r e a n d fix tu r e s

T o ta l: F u r n itu r e and
f ix tu re s

H o u s e h o ld f u r n itu r e

W o o d h o u se h o ld fu r ­
n i tu r e , e x c e p t u p ­
h o ls te re d

W o o d h o u seh o ld f u r ­
n i tu r e , u p h o ls te re d

M a t tr e s s e s a n d b ed sp rin g s

A vg.
w k ly .
earn ­
ings

A vg.
w k ly .
h o u rs

A vg.
h r ly .
earn ­
ings

A vg.
w k ly .
earn ­
ings

A vg.
w k ly .
h o u rs

A vg.
h r ly .
earn ­
ings

A vg.
w k ly .
e a rn ­
ings

A vg.
w k ly .
h o u rs

A vg.
h r ly .
earn ­
ings

A vg.
w k ly .
e a rn ­
ings

A vg.
w k ly .
h o u rs

A vg.
h r ly .
earn ­
in g s

A vg.
w k ly .
earn ­
ings

A vg.
w k ly .
h o u rs

A vg.
h r ly .
earn ­
ings

A vg.
w k ly .
earn ­
ings

A vg.
w k ly .
h o u rs

A vg.
h r ly .
earn ­
ings

$44. 06
4 4 .1 6

4 2 .0
4 0 .7

$ 1 .0 4 9
1 .0 8 5

$48. 99
49. 48

4 1 .1
4 0 .1

$ 1 .1 9 2
1 .2 3 4

$46. 76
4 7 .0 4

4 0 .8
3 9 .8

$ 1 .1 4 6
1 .1 8 2

$ 4 3 .8 4
43. 68

4 1 .2
4 0 .0

$1. 064
1 .0 9 2

$50. 33
5 0 .1 8

4 0 .1
3 8 .9

$1. 255
1 .2 9 0

$50. 85
5 1 .6 9

4 0 .1
3 9 .7

$ 1 ,2 6 8
1 .3 0 2

96
14
96
54

4 0 .0
41 0
4 0 .8
4 0 .9

1 .0 9 9
1.101
1 .1 0 2
1 .0 8 9

50. 72
51. 42
50. 72
5 2 .5 0

4 1 .0
4 1 .7
4 1 .2
4 2 .2

1 .2 3 7
1 .2 3 3
1 .2 3 1
1 .2 4 4

48. 74
49. 74
48. 86
5 0 .8 8

4 1 .1
4 1 .9
4 1 .3
4 2 .4

1 .1 8 6
1 .1 8 7
1 .1 8 3
1 .2 0 0

4 4 .1 7
4 6 .1 5
4 6 .6 0
4 7 .1 0

4 0 .9
4 2 .3
4 2 .4
4 2 .7

1 .0 8 0
1.0 9 1
1 .0 9 9
1 .1 0 3

52.
53.
55.
57.

07
83
53
68

4 0 .3
41. 5
4 2 .1
4 3 .3

1 .2 9 2
1 .2 9 7
1 .3 1 9
1 .3 3 2

5 7 .1 3
5 4 .1 8
4 5 .9 7
53. 85

4 2 .6
4 1 .2
3 6 .4
4 0 .7

1 .3 4 1
1 .3 1 5
1 .2 6 3
1 .3 2 3

4 3 .8 5
44. 69
4 4 .9 1
4 5 .3 3
44. 89
4 6 .1 6
4 6 .8 8
4 8 .2 2
49. 00

4 0 .3
4 0 .3
4 0 .5
4 0 .8
4 0 .3
4 1 .1
4 1 .3
4 2 .0
4 2 .1

1 .0 8 8
1 .1 0 9
1 .1 0 9
1. I l l
1 .1 1 4
1 .1 2 3
1 .1 3 5
1 .1 4 8
1 .1 6 4

5 1 .1 3
5 2 .2 9
5 2 .1 7
5 1 .6 7
5 1 .5 0
52. 50
5 2 .0 3
5 4 .8 7
5 5 .2 5

4 1 .1
4 1 .7
4 1 .7
4 1 .3
4 1 .2
4 1 .8
4 1 .0
4 2 .8
4 2 .4

1 .2 4 4
1. 254
1 .2 5 1
1. 251
1 .2 5 0
1 .2 5 6
1 .2 6 9
1 .2 8 2
1 .3 0 3

4 9 .3 6
50. 87
50. 70
49. 85
5 0 .1 4
50. 71
4 9 .5 3
5 2 .8 6
5 3 .8 0

4 1 .2
4 1 .9
4 1 .9
4 1 .2
4 1 .4
4 1 .7
4 0 .6
4 2 .7
4 2 .6

1 .1 9 8
1. 214
1 .2 1 0
1 .2 1 0
1 .2 1 1
1 .2 1 6
1 .2 2 0
1 .2 3 8
1 .2 6 3

4 6 .0 8
4 6 .7 0
47. 21
4 6 .4 0
4 7 .1 7
47. 52
4 6 .4 4
4 9 .4 4
50. 22

4 1 .7
4 2 .0
4 2 .3
4 1 .5
4 2 .0
4 2 .2
4 1 .1
4 3 .1
4 3 .0

1 .1 0 5
1 .1 1 2
1 .1 1 6
1 .1 1 8
1 .1 2 3
1 .1 2 6
1 .1 3 0
1 .1 4 7
1 .1 6 8

52. 78
5 4 .9 5
5 4 .6 0
54. 42
5 4 .4 2
5 4 .5 4
5 2 .8 7
5 6 .4 3
5 7 .9 2

4 0 .2
4 1 .5
4 0 .9
40. 7
4 0 .7
4 0 .7
3 9 .9
4 1 .8
4 2 .0

1 .3 1 3
1 .3 2 4
1 .3 3 5
1. 337
1 .3 3 7
1. 340
1 .3 2 5
1 .3 5 0
1 .3 7 9

54. 54
57. 43
57. 03
54. 28
53. 97
55. 57
5 4 .3 1
5 8 .3 7
5 9 .2 0

4 0 .7
4 1 .8
4 1 .6
4 0 .0
3 9 .8
4 0 .8
3 9 .7
4 2 .3
4 1 .9

1 .3 4 0
1 .3 7 4
1 .3 7 1
1. 357
1 .3 5 6
1 .3 6 2
1 .3 6 8
1 .3 8 0
1 .4 1 3

43
45.
44.
44.

Manufacturing—Continued
F u r n i t u r e a n d fix­
tu r e s — C o n tin u e d

O th e r f u r n itu r e a n d
fix tu re s

P r i n ti n g , p u b lish in g ,
a n d allied in d u s ­
trie s

P a p e r a n d a llied p r o d u c ts

T o t a l : P a p e r a n d a l­
lie d p r o d u c ts

P u lp , p ap er, and
p a p e r b o a rd m ills

P a p e r b o a r d c o n t a in ­
e rs a n d b o xes

O th e r p a p e r a n d a l­
lied p r o d u c ts

T o t a l : P r i n ti n g , p u b ­
lis h in g , a n d allied
in d u s trie s

1948: A v e r a g e ............. $54. 59
1949: A v e r a g e _______ 55. 47

4 1 .7
4 0 .7

$1. 309
1 .3 6 3

$55. 25
55. 96

4 2 .8
4 1 .7

$ 1 ,2 9 1
1 .3 4 2

$59. 88
5 9 .8 3

4 4 .0
4 2 .4

$1. 361
1 .4 1 1

$ 5 0 .9 6
52. 45

4 1 .7
4 1 .2

$1. 222
1 .2 7 3

$49. 48
5 1 .0 7

4 1 .3
4 0 .6

$ 1 ,1 9 8
1. 258

$ 6 6 .7 3
7 0 .2 8

3 9 .3
3 8 .7

$ 1 .6 9 8
1 .8 1 6

1949: S e p te m b e r _____
O c to b e r ________
N o v e m b e r _____
D e c e m b e r ______

5 5 .9 1
55 91
5 5 .9 0
56. 65

4 0 .9
4 1 .2
4 1 .1
4 1 .5

1 .3 6 7
1. 357
1 .3 6 0
1 .3 6 5

5 7 .6 4
58. 36
5 8 .3 1
5 8 .0 9

42 6
43 1
4 3 .0
4 2 .9

1 .3 5 3
1. 354
1 .3 5 6
1 .3 5 4

6 1 .0 6
6 2 .1 0
62. 09
62. 09

4 3 .0
4 3 .7
4 3 .6
4 3 .6

1 .4 2 0
1 421
1 .4 2 4
1 .4 2 4

5 5 .3 0
56. 20
5 6 .2 0
55. 21

4 2 .9
43. 5
4 3 .5
4 2 .9

1 .2 8 9
1 .2 9 2
1 .2 9 2
1 .2 8 7

5 2 .4 9
52 54
5 2 .1 1
5 1 .9 9

4 1 .3
41. 4
4 1 .0
4 1 .1

1 .2 7 1
1.26<t
1 .2 7 1
1 .2 6 5

72. 02
71. 22
70. 91
7 2 .2 7

3 9 .1
3 8 .6
3 8 .6
3 9 .3

1 .8 4 2
1. 845
1 .8 3 7
1 .8 3 9

1950: J a n u a r y _______
F e b r u a r y ______
M a r c h . . ..............
A p r il ................... ..
M a y ___________
J u n e . .....................
J u l y ____________
A u g u s t ________
S e p t e m b e r ____

5 6 .1 3
56. 28
5 6 .1 4
56. 52
55. 41
5 7 .6 0
5 8 .8 6
6 0 .1 5
5 9 .1 5

4 1 .0
4 1 .2
4 1 .1
4 1 .5
40. 8
4 2 .2
4 2 .1
4 2 .9
4 1 .8

1 .3 6 9
1 .3 6 6
1 .3 6 6
1 .3 6 2
1. 358
1 .3 6 5
1 .3 9 8
1 .4 0 2
1 .4 1 5

5 7 .5 6
5 7 .8 0
5 8 .0 6
5 8 .2 0
5 8 .0 8
6 0 .0 3
6 1 .3 6
62. 89
63. 37

4 2 .2
4 2 .5
4 2 .6
4 2 .3
4 2 .3
4 3 .0
4 3 .3
4 4 .1
4 4 .1

1 .3 6 4
1. 360
1 .3 6 3
1 .3 7 6
1 .3 7 3
1 .3 9 6
1 .4 1 7
1 .4 2 6
1 .4 3 7

6 1 .6 2
61.71
6 1 .8 9
62. 42
6 1 .8 2
6 4 .2 1
6 5 .7 4
6 7 .2 3
67. 55

4 3 .0
4 3 .4
4 3 .4
43. 2
4 3 .2
4 3 .8
4 4 .0
4 4 .7
4 4 .5

1 .4 3 3
1 .4 2 2
1 .4 2 6
1 .4 4 5
1 .4 3 1
1 .4 6 6
1 .4 9 4
1 .5 0 4
1 .5 1 8

53. 57
5 4 .1 7
54. 77
5 4 .0 3
5 4 .7 4
5 6 .6 2
57. 70
5 9 .7 6
60. 60

4 1 .4
4 1 .7
4 2 .0
4 1 .4
4 1 .5
4 2 .6
4 2 .9
4 4 .1
4 4 .2

1 .2 9 4
1. 299
1 .3 0 4
1. 305
1 .3 1 9
1 .3 2 9
1 .3 4 5
1 .3 5 5
1 .3 7 1

5 2 .6 9
5 3 .0 3
5 3 .2 0
5 3 .2 7
5 3 .3 5
54. 59
5 5 .3 6
56. 75
5 7 .1 4

4 1 .2
4 1 .4
4 1 .5
41. 2
4 1 .2
4 1 .7
4 2 .0
4 2 .7
4 2 .9

1 .2 7 9
1.281
1 .2 8 2
1 .2 9 3
1. 295
1 .3 0 9
1 .3 1 8
1 .3 2 9
1 .3 3 2

7 0 .4 9
70. 75
7 2 .1 4
7 2 .1 8
72. 64
72. 72
72. 30
7 3 .1 3
74. 48

3 8 .5
3 8 .2
3 8 .6
38. 6
3 8 .7
3 8 .7
3 8 .5
3 8 .9
3 9 .2

1.8 3 1
1 .8 5 2
1 .8 6 9
1. 870
1 .8 7 7
1 .8 7 9
1 .8 7 8
1 .8 8 0
1 .9 0 0

Manufacturing—Continued
P r i n t i n g , p u b lis h in g , a n d allie d in d u s trie s — C o n tin u e d
N ew sp ap ers

P e r io d ic a ls

Books

C o m m e r c ia l p r in tin g

L ith o g r a p h in g

O th e r p r in tin g a n d
p u b lish in g

1948: Average........... $ 7 4 .0 0
1949: Average_____ 78. 37

3 7 .6
37. 3

$ 1 .9 6 8
2 .1 0 1

$69. 55
70. 21

4 0 .6
3 8 .9

$ 1 ,7 1 3
1. 805

$57. 43
6 1 .0 7

3 8 .7
3 8 .6

$1. 484
1 .5 8 2

$66. 33
69. 44

4 0 .3
3 9 .7

$ 1 .6 4 6
1 .7 4 9

$ 6 4 .1 5
6 9 .1 7

3 9 .5
3 9 .3

$1. 624
1 .7 6 0

$ 5 9 .9 3
6 2 .6 6

3 9 .3
3 8 .7

$1. 525
1 .6 1 9

1949: September___
October______

80
80.
79.
81.

14
06
05
50

3 7 .5
3 7 .5
3 7 .2
3 8 .1

2 137
2 .1 3 5
2 .1 2 5
2 .1 3 9

7 4 .2 0
7 1 .0 0
70. 21
7 0 .6 7

4 0 .0
3 8 .8
3 8 .6
3 8 .7

1. 855
1 .8 3 0
1 .8 1 9
1 .8 2 6

6 5 .1 7
6 2 .4 8
6 1 .0 5
6 1 .8 3

4 0 .3
3 9 .0
3 7 .8
3 8 .5

1 .6 1 7
1 .6 0 2
1 .6 1 5
1 .6 0 6

7 0 .2 2
69. 84
69. 36
7 1 .1 7

3 9 .9
3 9 .5
3 9 .3
4 0 .3

1 .7 6 0
1 .7 6 8
1 .7 6 5
1 .7 6 6

73. 71
73 12
7 2 .3 6
7 0 .8 9

4 0 .7
40. 6
4 0 .7
4 0 .6

1 811
1. 801
1 .7 7 8
1 .7 4 6

6 3 .0 9
62. 05
6 3 .7 3
64. 59

3 8 .8
37. 7
3 9 .0
3 9 .6

1 .6 2 6
1. 646
1 .6 3 4
1. 631

1950: January______
February..........
M arch_______
April..................
M a y ..................

7 6 .4 3
7 6 .3 8
78. 42
79. 88
8 1 .0 5
8 0 .7 6
79. 20
78. 59
8 1 .3 3

3 6 .5
3 6 .3
3 6 .8
3 7 .1
3 7 .3
3 7 .2
3 6 .6
3 6 .4
3 7 .0

2 .0 9 4
2 .1 0 4
2 .1 3 1
2 .1 5 3
2 .1 7 3
2 .1 7 1
2 .1 6 4
2 .1 5 9
2 .1 9 8

6 9 .9 4
7 2 .1 5
7 4 .1 2
7 2 .4 1
7 1 .6 0
7 1 .9 2
72. 83
75. 01
80. 24

3 8 .6
3 9 .3
3 9 .7
39. 1
3 8 .6
3 9 .0
3 9 .2
3 9 .5
4 1 .0

1 .8 1 2
1. 836
1 .8 6 7
1 .8 5 2
1 .8 5 5
1 .8 4 4
1 .8 5 8
1 .8 9 9
1 .9 5 7

6 1 .7 6
60. 50
62. 79
64. 05
6 4 .3 3
6 4 .1 1
63. 34
66. 87
6 4 .1 5

3 8 .1
3 7 .3
3 8 .5
3 9 .2
3 9 .3
3 9 .5
3 9 .0
4 0 .5
3 9 .5

1 .6 2 1
1 .6 2 2
1 .6 3 1
1 .6 3 4
1 .6 3 7
1 .6 2 3
1. 624
1 .6 5 1
1 .6 2 4

7 0 .8 0
70. 70
71. 56
70. 88
7 1 .6 8
7 1 .7 9
7 1 .9 5
72. 58
7 3 .8 1

4 0 .0
3 9 .3
3 9 .6
3 9 .4
3 9 .8
3 9 .6
3 9 .6
4 0 .1
4 0 .6

1. 770
1 .7 9 9
1 .8 0 7
1. 799
1 .8 0 1
1 .8 1 3
1 .8 1 7
1 .8 1 0
1 .8 1 8

6 9 .0 3
70. 07
7 1 .3 4
71. 58
7 1 .7 4
7 2 .2 3
7 3 .1 1
76. 34
7 5 .8 7

3 8 .5
3 8 .8
3 9 .2
39. 2
3 9 .7
3 9 .6
3 9 .8
4 1 .2
4 1 .1

1. 793
1 .8 0 6
1 .8 2 0
1. 826
1 .8 0 7
1 .8 2 4
1 .8 3 7
1 .8 5 3
1 .8 4 6

64. 48
64. 77
6 5 .1 6
64. 54
6 3 .3 9
6 4 .0 0
64. 58
66. 03
6 5 .7 4

39. 2
3 8 .9
3 8 .9
38. 9
3 8 .3
3 8 .6
3 9 .0
3 9 .4
3 8 .9

1 .6 4 5
1 .6 6 5
1 .6 7 5
1. 659
1 .6 5 5
1 .6 5 8
1 .6 5 6
1 .6 7 6
1 .6 9 0

November___
December___

June..................

Ju ly --------------August_______

September___

See

footnotes a t end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

751

C: EARNINGS AND HOURS

REV IEW , DECEMBER 1950

T able C - l : Hours and Gross Earnings of Production Workers or Nonsupervisory Employees *— Con.
M a n u f a c t u r ing— C o n tin u e d

C h e m ic a ls a n d allied p r o d u c ts

Y e a r a n d m o n th

T o t a l : C h e m ic a ls
a n d allie d p r o d u c ts

I n d u s t r ia l in o rg a n ic
c h e m ic a ls

I n d u s tr ia l o r g a n ic
c h e m ic a ls

P la s ti c s , e x c e p t s y n ­
t h e ti c r u b b e r

S y n th e t i c r u b b e r

S y n th e t i c fib ers

A vg.
h r ly .
earn ­
ings

A vg.
w k ly .
e a rn ­
in g s

A vg.
w k ly .
h o u rs

A vg.
h r ly .
earn ­
ings

A vg.
w k ly .
earn ­
ings

A vg.
w k ly .
h o u rs

A vg.
h rly .
earn ­
ings

A vg.
w k ly .
earn ­
ings

A vg.
w k ly .
h o u rs

A vg.
h r ly .
earn ­
ings

A vg.
w k ly .
earn ­
ings

A vg.
w k ly .
h o u rs

A vg.
h r ly .
earn ­
ings

A vg.
w k ly .
earn ­
ings

A vg.
w k ly .
h o u rs

A vg.
h r ly .
earn ­
ings

A vg.
w k ly .
e a rn ­
ings

A vg.
w k ly .
h o u rs

1 9 4 8 : A v e r a g e ______ $56. 23
1 9 4 9 : A v e r a g e _______ 5 8 .6 3

4 1 .5
4 1 .0

$1. 355
1 .4 3 0

$ 6 2 .1 3
6 3 .9 0

4 0 .9
4 0 .6

$1. 519
1 .5 7 4

$57. 69
6 0 .8 3

4 0 .4
3 9 .5

$1. 428
1 .5 4 0

$58. 75
60. 36

4 1 .4
4 0 .4

$1. 419
1 .4 9 4

$62. 88
66. 74

3 9 .9
3 9 .8

$1. 576
1 .6 7 7

$53. 05
5 5 .2 0

3 9 .5
3 8 .6

$ 1 .3 4 3
1 .4 3 0

1 9 4 9 : S e p te m b e r
O cto b e r
N o v em b er. . .
D e c e m b e r ____

5 9 .6 6
59. 51
5 9 .4 3
59. 78

4 1 .4
4 1 .7
4 1 .5
4 1 .6

1 441
1 .4 2 7
1 .4 3 2
1 .4 3 7

64.
64.
64.
64.

96
55
68
99

4 0 .7
4 0 .8
4 0 .6
4 0 .8

1 .5 9 6
1 .5 8 2
1 .5 9 3
1 .5 9 3

62. 33
6 2 .2 0
62. 44
62. 75

3 9 .8
3 9 .9
4 0 .0
4 0 .2

1. 566
1. 559
1.5 6 1
1.561

6 2 .4 5
6 2 .1 3
6 1 .8 0
61. 55

4 1 .3
4 1 .2
4 0 .9
4 0 .9

1 .5 1 2
1 .5 0 8
1 .5 1 1
1 .5 0 5

6 7 .9 7
68. 99
67. 78
6 8 .2 7

3 9 .7
4 0 .7
4 0 .2
4 0 .3

1 712
1 .6 9 5
1 .6 8 6
1 .6 9 4

5 5 .9 6
5 5 .6 3
56. 20
5 6 .3 7

3 8 .7
3 8 .9
3 9 .3
3 9 .5

1 .4 4 6
1 .4 3 0
1 .4 3 0
1 .4 2 7

1950: J a n u a r y _______
F eb ru ary
___
M a r c h _________
A p r il ___________
M a y __________

6 0 .0 5
59. 96
6 0 .0 9
60. 56
6 1 .1 8
62 39
6 2 .9 9
6 3 .2 5
6 4 .1 2

4 1 .3
4 1 .1
4 1 .1
4 1 .2
41. 2
41 4
4 1 .2
4 1 .5
4 1 .8

1. 454
1 .4 5 9
1 .4 6 2
1 .4 7 0
1 .4 8 5
1. 507
1 .5 2 9
1 .5 2 4
1. 534

6 4 .6 4
6 5 .1 2
6 5 .4 8
65. 77
6 5 .8 5
6 5 .3 2
6 8 .8 5
6 8 .8 1
6 8 .1 1

4 0 .2
4 0 .7
4 0 .8
4 0 .9
4 0 .7
3 9 .9
4 1 .2
4 1 .6
4 0 .4

1 .6 0 8
1 .6 0 0
1 .6 0 5
1. 608
1 .6 1 8
1. 637
1 .6 7 1
1 .6 5 4
1 .6 8 6

63. 63
6 2 .6 4
62. 56
6 3 .1 2
6 3 .9 1
6 5 .1 6
6 6 .0 2
6 5 .4 1
6 7 .4 0

4 0 .3
4 0 .0
4 0 .0
4 0 .1
4 0 .5
4 0 .8
4 0 .7
4 0 .5
4 0 .8

1 .5 7 9
1 .5 6 6
1 .5 6 4
1. 574
1 .5 7 8
1 .5 9 7
1 .6 2 2
1 .6 1 5
1 .6 5 2

63. 84
6 1 .9 6
6 2 .3 6
6 2 .5 3
6 3 .3 7
65. 23
6 6 .4 1
6 4 .7 2
6 7 .5 3

4 2 .0
4 0 .9
4 1 .0
4 1 .0
4 1 .2
4 2 .0
4 2 .6
4 1 .3
4 2 .5

1 .5 2 0
1 .5 1 5
1 .5 2 1
1 .5 2 5
1 .5 3 8
1. 553
1 .5 5 9
1 .5 6 7
1 .5 8 9

68. 48
68. 22
6 8 .9 3
70. 96
7 0 .4 8
70. 78
72. 52
7 0 .9 5
7 1 .2 7

3 9 .7
4 0 .2
4 0 .5
4 1 .4
4 1 .0
4 0 .7
4 0 .4
4 1 .2
4 0 .2

1 .7 2 5
1 .6 9 7
1 .7 0 2
1. 714
1 .7 1 9
1 .7 3 9
1 .7 9 5
1 .7 2 2
1 .7 7 3

56. 45
55. 99
5 5 .9 7
56. 52
5 7 .3 5
57. 76
5 7 .8 1
5 8 .9 5
5 9 .9 4

3 9 .2
3 9 .1
3 9 .0
3 8 .9
3 9 .5
3 9 .4
3 8 .9
3 9 .3
3 9 .2

1 .4 4 0
1 .4 3 2
1 .4 3 5
1 .4 5 3
1 .4 5 2
1 .4 6 6
1 .4 8 6
1 .5 0 0
1 .5 2 9

Ju ly
A u gu st .
S e p t e m b e r ____

M a n u f a c t u r in g — C o n tin u e d

C h e m ic a ls a n d allie d p r o d u c ts — C o n tin u e d

D ru g s a n d m e d icin e s

P a i n t s , p ig m e n ts , a n d
fillers

V e g e ta b le a n d a n im a l
o ils a n d fa ts

F e r tiliz e r s

O th e r c h e m ic a ls a n d
allie d p r o d u c ts

S o a p a n d g ly c e r in

$ 5 3 .7 1
5 6 .6 0

4 0 .6
4 0 .4

$1. 323
1 .4 0 1

$58. 40
59. 78

4 2 .2
4 1 .0

$1. 384
1 .4 5 8

$42. 33
44. 72

4 1 .5
4 1 .6

$ 1 .0 2 0
1 .0 7 5

$50. 39
5 1 .1 2

4 7 .4
4 7 .2

$ 1 .0 6 3
1 .0 8 3

$ 5 7 .9 0
6 0 .6 7

4 1 .3
4 0 .8

$1. 402
1 .4 8 7

$ 6 5 .9 0
66. 54

4 2 .0
4 0 .9

$1. 569
1 .6 2 7

1949: S e p t e m b e r ..
O c t o b e r ...............
N o v e m b e r ____
D e c e m b e r ___

56. 96
5 7 .1 6
57. 51
5 7 .2 1

40 4
4 0 .6
40. 7
4 0 .6

1 .4 1 0
1 .4 0 8
1 .4 1 3
1 .4 0 9

6 0 .8 8
6 0 .9 0
60. 43
60. 80

4 1 .5
4 1 .4
4 1 .0
4 1 .0

1 .4 6 7
1.4 7 1
1 .4 7 4
1 .4 8 3

4 4 .9 9
4 3 .6 6
4 3 .2 0
44. 76

4 0 .9
4 0 .8
4 0 .3
4 1 .1

1 .1 0 0
1 .0 7 0
1 .0 7 2
1 .0 8 9

5 1 .0 2
5 1 .0 8
5 1 .2 4
5 0 .8 6

4 8 .0
4 9 .5
4 9 .7
4 9 .0

1 .0 6 3
1. 032
1.0 3 1
1 .0 3 8

6 2 .1 2
62. 57
6 1 .5 8
6 2 .0 2

4 1 .3
4 1 .6
4 1 .0
4 1 .1

1 .5 0 4
1 .5 0 4
1 .5 0 2
1 .5 0 9

68. 30
68. 97
6 7 .2 0
6 7 .5 6

4 1 .7
4 1 .9
4 1 .0
4 0 .7

1 .6 3 8
1 .6 4 6
1 .6 3 9
1 .6 6 0

195 0 : J a n u a r y .............
F e b r u a r y ............
M a r c h ________
A p r il__________
M a y __________
J u n e ....................
J u l y __________
A u g u s t ---------S e p t e m b e r .. .

57. 37
58. 04
58. 53
58. 67
58. 75
59. 27
5 8 .4 7
59. 67
60. 55

40. 6
4 0 .7
4 0 .9
40. 8
4 0 .8
4 1 .1
4 0 .1
4 0 .7
4 1 .5

1 .4 1 3
1. 426
1 .4 3 1
1 .4 3 8
1 .4 4 0
1 .4 4 2
1 .4 5 8
1 .4 6 6
1 .4 5 9

61 .2 1
6 1 .9 8
6 2 .3 8
62. 89
6 3 .5 3
6 4 .9 1
6 4 .8 6
6 6 .6 0
6 7 .1 3

4 1 .0
4 1 .4
4 1 .7
4 1 .9
4 2 .3
4 2 .9
4 2 .5
4 3 .3
4 3 .2

1 .4 9 3
1 .4 9 7
1 .4 9 6
1.501
1 .5 0 2
1 .5 1 3
1 .5 2 6
1 .5 3 8
1. 554

4 4 .8 0
44. 40
44. 84
4 6 .4 4
47. 92
49. 52
4 9 .2 0
47. 72
4 8 .0 2

4 0 .8
4 0 .7
4 1 .1
4 1 .8
4 1 .6
4 2 .0
4 1 .8
4 1 .0
4 1 .5

1 .0 9 8
1.0 9 1
1 .0 9 1
1 .1 1 1
1 .1 5 2
1 .1 7 9
1 .1 7 7
1 .1 6 4
1 .1 5 7

4 9 .8 9
50. 71
5 0 .8 2
5 1 .5 7
5 2 .8 2
53. 87
5 5 .4 6
5 4 .9 4
5 4 .6 7

4 7 .2
4 5 .2
4 4 .5
4 4 .3
4 4 .2
4 3 .9
4 3 .6
4 4 .2
4 5 .6

1 .0 5 7
1 .1 2 2
1 .1 4 2
1 .1 6 4
1 .1 9 5
1 .2 2 7
1 .2 7 2
1 .2 4 3
1 .1 9 9

6 2 .7 9
62. 62
62. 87
6 2 .8 2
6 2 .2 8
6 3 .3 8
6 3 .2 9
6 4 .2 8
6 5 .8 7

4 1 .2
4 1 .2
4 1 .2
4 1 .3
4 1 .0
4 1 .4
4 1 .1
4 1 .5
4 1 .9

1 .5 2 4
1 .5 2 0
1. 526
1. 521
1 .5 1 9
1. 531
1 .5 4 0
1 .5 4 9
1 .5 7 2

6 8 .1 4
6 8 .5 1
69. 50
68. 88
6 8 .7 4
6 9 .9 6
6 9 .9 9
7 4 .2 6
7 5 .0 8

4 0 .9
4 1 .1
4 1 .2
4 0 .9
4 0 .7
4 1 .2
4 1 .0
4 2 .8
4 3 .0

1 .6 6 6
1 .6 6 7
1 .6 8 7
1 .6 8 4
1 .6 8 9
1 .6 9 8
1 .7 0 7
1 .7 3 5
1 .7 4 6

194 8 : A v e r a g e ..........
1 9 4 9 : A v e r a g e _____

M a n u f a c tu r in g — C o n tin u e d
R u b b e r p r o d u c ts

P r o d u c t s o f p e tr o le u m a n d co a l

T o t a l : P r o d u c t s of
p e tr o le u m a n d co al

P e t r o le u m re fin in g

C o k e a n d b y p r o d u c ts

O th e r p e tr o le u m a n d
co a l p r o d u c t s

T o ta l: R u b b er
p ro d u cts

T ire s a n d In n er tu b es

$69. 23
72. 36

40. 7
4 0 .4

$1. 701
1 .7 9 1

$ 7 2 .0 6
75. 33

4 0 .3
4 0 .2

$1. 788
1 .8 7 4

$58. 56
6 1 .0 7

3 9 .7
3 9 .3

$1. 475
1 .5 5 4

$60. 59
6 1 .1 8

4 4 .1
4 2 .9

$1. 374
1 .4 2 6

$ 5 6 .7 8
5 7 .7 9

3 9 .0
3 8 .3

$1. 456
1. 509

$ 6 2 .1 6
6 3 .2 6

3 7 .2
3 6 .4

$1. 671
1. 738

194 9 : S e p t e m b e r .. .
O c t o b e r . ..........
N o v e m b e r ____
D e c e m b e r ..

74 47
74 09
7 2 .1 2
7 1 .7 4

4 1 .1
4 1 .0
4 0 .0
3 9 .9

1 .8 1 2
1 .8 0 7
1 .8 0 3
1 .7 9 8

7 7 .1 1
7 6 .1 3
75. 44
74. 83

4 0 .5
4 0 .3
4 0 .0
3 9 .7

1 .9 0 4
1 .8 8 9
1 .8 8 6
1 .8 8 5

6 1 .4 3
6 1 .5 0
5 7 .0 9
6 1 .1 1

3 9 .1
3 9 .5
3 6 .2
3 9 .4

1 .5 7 1
1. 557
1. 577
1 .5 5 1

6 7 .4 3
67. 36
62. 36
5 9 .1 4

4 6 .6
4 5 .7
4 2 .8
4 1 .3

1 .4 4 7
1 .4 7 4
1 .4 5 7
1 .4 3 2

6 1 .0 1
59. 57
57. 91
5 9 .0 4

4 0 .3
3 9 .4
3 8 .4
3 9 .2

1 .5 1 4
1 .5 1 2
1 .5 0 8
1. 506

69. 95
6 4 .8 3
63. 91
6 4 .7 9

3 9 .1
3 7 .3
3 6 .9
3 7 .3

1 .7 8 9
1 .7 3 8
1 .7 3 2
1 .7 3 7

1950: J a n u a r y .
F e b r u a r y ______
M a r c h ..
A p r il ___
M a y ____
J u n e ____
J u l y -----A u g u s t -----------S e p t e m b e r ____

73 79
7 1 .6 4
71. 54
73. 85
73. 28
74 37
76 09
74 17
7 7 .1 4

4 0 .7
39. 8
3 9 .7
40. 8
4 0 .6
4 1 .0
4 1 .6
40. 8
4 1 .9

1 .8 1 3
1 .8 0 0
1 .8 0 2
1 .8 1 0
1 .8 0 5
1. 814
1 .8 2 9
1 .8 1 8
1 .8 4 1

7 7 .4 1
7 4 .8 4
7 4 .8 8
7 7 .1 1
7 5 .7 3
76. 82
7 8 .9 3
7 6 .1 4
8 0 .3 4

4 0 .7
3 9 .6
3 9 .6
4 0 .5
3 9 .9
4 0 .2
4 1 .0
3 9 .8
4 1 .5

1 .9 0 2
1 .8 9 0
1 .8 9 1
1 .9 0 4
1 .8 9 8
1.9 1 1
1 .9 2 5
1 .9 1 3
1 .9 3 6

6 1 .9 3
6 1 .1 7
58. 90
6 2 .6 0
6 1 .8 5
62. 73
6 3 .3 6
6 3 .7 6
6 4 .1 2

3 9 .8
3 9 .8
3 8 .1
4 0 .0
3 9 .8
3 9 .7
3 9 .6
4 0 .2
4 0 .1

1 .5 5 6
1 .5 3 7
1 .5 4 6
1 .5 6 5
1 .5 5 4
1 .5 8 0
1 .6 0 0
1 .5 8 6
1 .5 9 9

5 8 .5 6
5 8 .9 4
6 0 .0 0
63. 00
67. 44
6 9 .1 3
7 0 .3 8
70. 69
6 8 .4 9

4 1 .3
4 1 .3
4 1 .9
4 3 .3
4 5 .2
4 6 .3
4 6 .7
4 7 .0
4 5 .6

1 .4 1 8
1 .4 2 7
1 .4 3 2
1. 455
1 .4 9 2
1 .4 9 3
1 .5 0 7
1. 504
1 .5 0 2

6 0 .5 2
5 9 .9 0
5 9 .7 0
6 1 .7 6
64. 52
6 5 .0 8
6 5 .5 9
6 6 .8 9
6 7 .1 3

3 9 .4
3 9 .2
3 9 .3
4 0 .0
4 1 .2
4 1 .4
4 1 .2
4 2 .2
4 2 .3

1 .5 3 6
1 .5 2 8
1 .5 1 9
1 .5 4 4
1 .5 6 6
1 .5 7 2
1 .5 9 2
1 .5 8 5
1 .5 8 7

6 7 .7 0
67. 22
6 5 .2 6
69. 23
74. 60
7 4 .0 5
7 5 .2 2
7 7 .2 7
7 6 .4 0

3 8 .4
3 8 .3
3 7 .4
3 9 .0
4 1 .1
40. 6
40. 4
4 1 .5
41. 5

1 .7 6 3
1, 755
1. 745
1 .7 7 5
1 .8 1 5
1 .8 2 4
1 .8 6 2
1 .8 6 2
1 .8 4 1

1 9 4 8 : A v e r a g e ......... ..
1 9 4 9 : A v e r a g e ______

See footnotes a t end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

752

0 : EARNINGS AND HOURS

MONTHLY LABOR

T able C - l : Hours and Gross Earnings of Production Workers or Nonsupervisory Employees1— Con.
Manufacturing—Continued
Rubber products—Continued
Rubber footwear

Y e a r a n d m o n th

Leather and leather products

Other rubber products

A vg.
w k ly .
e a rn ­
in g s

A vg.
w k ly .
h o u rs

A vg.
h r ly .
earn ­
in g s

A vg.
w k ly .
earn ­
in g s

19 4 8 : A v e r a g e ___
19 4 9 : A v e r a g e ___

$ 5 1 .7 5
48. 94

4 1 .8
3 8 .6

$1. 238
1 .2 6 8

$ 5 2 .4 7
54. 38

1949: S e p t e m b e r ..
O c t o b e r ...,
N o v e m b e r ..
D e c e m b e r ...

51. 71
4 9 .8 1
50. 51
50. 23

4 0 .4
3 9 .1
3 9 .9
3 9 .8

1 .2 8 0
1 .2 7 4
1 .2 6 6
1 .2 6 2

1950: J a n u a r y ___
F e b r u a r y ..
M a r c h _____
A p r i l .. ..........
M a y _______
J u n e . . ..........
J u l y . . . ..........
A u g u s t _____
S e p te m b e r.

4 5 .8 7
4 3 .0 6
5 1 .0 4
50. 36
5 0 .2 0
5 2 .0 7
5 2 .1 3
54. 27
54. 30

3 5 .7
3 4 .2
4 0 .0
3 9 .5
3 9 .4
4 0 .3
3 9 .7
4 2 .3
4 1 .9

1 .2 8 5
1 .2 5 9
1 .2 7 6
1 .2 7 5
1 .2 7 4
1 .2 9 2
1 .3 1 3
1 .2 8 3
1 .2 9 6

T o ta l: L e a th e r an d
le a th e r p r o d u c t s

A vg.
h r ly .
e a rn ­
in g s

A vg.
w k ly .
e a rn ­
in g s

4 0 .3
4 0 .1

$ 1 .3 0 2
1 .3 5 6

$ 4 1 .6 6
4 1 .6 1

56. 50
5 7 .0 6
54. 04
5 5 .6 6

4 1 .3
4 1 .5
3 9 .5
4 0 .9

1 .3 6 8
1 .3 7 5
1 .3 6 8
1 .3 6 1

57. 04
5 6 .4 3
5 6 .1 6
5 7 .1 3
57. 92
5 9 .2 3
59. 08
5 9 .9 6
6 1 .4 2

4 1 .3
4 1 .1
4 0 .9
4 1 .1
4 1 .7
4 2 .4
4 2 .2
4 2 .8
4 3 .1

1. 381
1 .3 7 3
1 .3 7 3
1 .3 9 0
1 .3 8 9
1 .3 9 7
1 .4 0 0
1 .4 0 1
1 .4 2 5

A vg.
w k ly .
h o u rs

A vg.
h r ly .
earn ­
in g s

A vg.
w k ly .
e a rn ­
in g s

A vg.
w k ly .
h o u rs

3 7 .2
3 6 .6

$ 1 ,1 2 0
1 .1 3 7

$53. 26
5 4 .1 1

4 1 .9 9
4 1 .7 2
4 0 .0 8
4 2 .0 3

3 6 .8
3 6 .5
3 5 .1
3 7 .1

1 .1 4 1
1 .1 4 3
1 .1 4 2
1 .1 3 3

4 2 .9 0
44. 08
4 4 .1 5
41. 96
4 1 .5 6
43. 60
44. 73
4 6 .4 9
45. 68

3 7 .7
3 8 .1
3 7 .9
3 5 .8
3 5 .4
3 7 .2
3 8 .1
3 9 .2
3 8 .1

1 .1 3 8
1 .1 5 7
1 .1 6 5
1 .1 7 2
1 .1 7 4
1 .1 7 2
1 .1 7 4
1 .1 8 6
1 .1 9 9

A vg.
w k ly .
h o u rs

Footwear (except
rubber)

Leather

0 ther leather products

A vg.
h rly .
e a rn ­
in g s

A vg.
w k ly .
earn ­
in g s

A vg.
w k ly .
h o u rs

A vg.
h r ly .
earn ­
in g s

A vg.
w k ly .
e a rn ­
in g s

A vg.
w k ly .
h o u rs

A vg.
h r ly .
earn ­
ings

3 9 .6
3 8 .9

$ 1 .3 4 5
1 .3 9 1

$ 3 9 .7 1
39. 35

3 6 .6
3 5 .9

$1. 085
1 .0 9 6

$40. 49
4 1 .1 0

3 7 .7
3 7 .5

$ 1 .0 7 4
1 .0 9 6

5 4 .7 6
5 5 .0 9
5 4 .5 0
5 5 .5 0

3 9 .0
3 9 .1
3 8 .9
3 9 .5

1 .4 0 4
1 .4 0 9
1 .4 0 1
1 .4 0 5

39. 74
3 8 .6 1
3 6 .4 0
3 9 .2 0

3 6 .0
3 5 .1
3 3 .3
3 6 .2

1 .1 0 4
1 .1 0 0
1 .0 9 3
1 .0 8 3

4 1 .4 6
4 2 .7 2
4 1 .6 6
4 2 .2 9

3 8 .0
3 8 .8
3 7 .8
3 8 .2

1 .0 9 1
1 .1 0 1
1 .1 0 2
1 .1 0 7

5 5 .3 4
5 5 .2 9
54. 89
54. 44
55. 00
56. 57
56. 73
5 8 .6 9
58. 76

3 9 .0
3 9 .1
3 8 .9
3 8 .5
3 8 .9
3 9 .7
3 9 .7
4 0 .7
4 0 .3

1 .4 1 9
1 .4 1 4
1 .4 1 1
1. 414
1 .4 1 4
1 .4 2 5
1 .4 2 9
1 .4 4 2
1 .4 5 8

40. 77
4 2 .2 2
4 2 .1 5
3 9 .1 8
3 8 .4 8
4 0 .8 4
42. 53
44. 39
43. 32

3 7 .4
3 7 .8
3 7 .4
3 4 .7
3 4 .2
3 6 .4
3 7 .7
3 8 .8
3 7 .6

1 .0 9 0
1 .1 1 7
1 .1 2 7
1 .1 2 9
1 .1 2 5
1 .1 2 2
1 .1 2 8
1 .1 4 4
1 .1 5 2

4 2 .2 1
42. 90
4 3 .7 3
4 2 .7 5
4 2 .5 8
44. 39
4 4 .1 6
4 5 .7 8
4 5 .1 6

3 8 .1
3 8 .2
38. 7
3 7 .5
3 6 .9
3 8 .3
3 8 .2
3 9 .6
3 8 .4

1 .1 0 8
1 .1 2 3
1 .1 3 0
1 .1 4 0
1 .1 5 4
1 .1 5 9
1 .1 5 6
1 .1 5 6
1 .1 7 6

Manufacturing—Continued
S to n e , c l a y , a n d g la ss p r o d u c ts
T o t a l : S to n e , c l a y ,
a n d g la ss p r o d u c ts
194 8 : A v e r a g e __
194 9 : A v e r a g e __

G la s s a n d g lass
p r o d u c ts

G la s s c o n ta in e r s

P r e s s e d a n d b lo w n
g lass

C e m e n t , h y d r a u li c

S t r u c tu r a l c la y
p r o d u c ts

$ 5 3 .4 6
54. 45

4 0 .9
3 9 .8

$1. 307
1. 368

$54. 06
5 6 .7 1

3 9 .2
3 9 .0

$ 1 .3 7 9
1 .4 5 4

$ 5 2 .0 5
5 3 .8 0

3 9 .7
3 9 .3

$1. 311
1 .3 6 9

$ 4 7 .6 1
5 0 .3 0

3 8 .8
3 8 .6

$1. 227
1 .3 0 3

$ 5 4 .7 6
5 7 .4 9

4 1 .9
4 1 .6

$1. 307
1 .3 8 2

$49. 57
49. 73

4 0 .4
3 9 .0

$ 1 ,2 2 7
1 .2 7 5

1949: S e p t e m b e r .
O c t o b e r ____
N o v em b er.
D e c e m b e r ..

5 4 .7 3
5 5 .5 1
55. 28
55. 65

3 9 .6
4 0 .4
4 0 .0
4 0 .3

1 .3 8 2
1 .3 7 4
1 .3 8 2
1 .3 8 1

5 5 .8 9
5 7 .0 4
5 7 .1 9
5 8 .1 6

3 8 .2
3 9 .5
3 9 .2
3 9 .7

1 .4 6 3
1 .4 4 4
1 .4 5 9
1 .4 6 5

5 1 .5 9
54. 81
5 4 .6 2
5 4 .2 3

3 7 .3
4 0 .3
3 9 .9
3 9 .5

1 .3 8 3
1 .3 6 0
1 .3 6 9
1 .3 7 3

5 0 .5 3
5 0 .6 2
5 1 .2 8
5 1 .6 3

3 8 .9
3 9 .0
3 8 .7
3 9 .5

1 .2 9 9
1 .2 9 8
1 .3 2 5
1 .3 0 7

5 9 .1 6
5 9 .4 0
5 7 .6 6
5 7 .8 1

4 1 .6
4 2 .1
4 1 .1
4 1 .5

1 .4 2 2
1 .4 1 1
1 .4 0 3
1 .3 9 3

5 0 .0 4
4 9 .8 3
4 9 .5 9
4 9 .9 2

3 9 .0
3 8 .9
3 8 .5
3 9 .0

1 .2 8 3
1 .2 8 1
1 .2 8 8
1 .2 8 0

1950: J a n u a r y ____
F e b r u a r y ...
M a r c h ...........
A p r il ...............
M a y ________
J u n e ________
J u l y ------------A u g u s t _____
S e p te m b e r.

5 5 .3 2
55. 56
55. 70
56. 56
5 7 .2 8
5 8 .1 2
58. 57
59. 36
6 0 .9 0

3 9 .8
4 0 .0
4 0 .1
40. 4
4 0 .8
4 1 .1
4 0 .9
4 1 .6
41. 6

1 .3 9 0
1 .3 8 9
1 .3 8 9
1. 400
1 .4 0 4
1 .4 1 4
1 .4 3 2
1 .4 2 7
1 .4 6 4

59. 31
5 9 .3 6
5 9 .3 5
59. 58
5 9 .7 8
5 9 .7 4
6 0 .2 4
58. 88
6 1 .7 0

3 9 .7
4 0 .0
4 0 .1
4 0 .2
4 0 .5
4 0 .2
3 9 .5
3 9 .7
3 9 .6

1 .4 9 4
1 .4 8 4
1 .4 8 0
1 .4 8 2
1 .4 7 6
1 .4 8 6
1. 525
1 .4 8 3
1 .5 5 8

5 5 .2 8
5 4 .9 3
5 4 .7 9
5 5 .4 2
54. 98
55. 23
55. 40
5 3 .3 1
5 6 .1 6

3 9 .6
3 9 .6
3 9 .7
4 0 .1
4 0 .4
4 0 .4
3 9 .6
3 8 .8
3 8 .6

1 .3 9 6
1 .3 8 7
1 .3 8 0
1 .3 8 2
1 .3 6 1
1 .3 6 7
1 .3 9 9
1 .3 7 4
1 .4 5 5

5 1 .3 9
50. 90
5 1 .2 9
49. 87
50. 96
50. 27
49. 93
5 1 .3 6
56. 34

3 8 .9
3 9 .0
3 9 .3
3 8 .6
3 9 .2
3 8 .4
3 8 .0
3 9 .6
4 0 .5

1 .3 2 1
1 .3 0 5
1 .3 0 5
1 .2 9 2
1 .3 0 0
1 .3 0 9
1 .3 1 4
1 .2 9 7
1 .3 9 1

5 7 .5 5
5 7 .7 3
5 7 .4 7
58. 88
5 9 .1 3
60. 27
6 1 .3 0
61. 27
6 1 .7 0

4 0 .9
4 1 .5
4 1 .2
41. 7
4 1 .7
4 2 .0
4 1 .7
4 2 .2
4 1 .8

1 .4 0 7
1 .3 9 1
1 .3 9 5
1. 412
1 .4 1 8
1 .4 3 5
1 .4 7 0
1 .4 5 2
1 .4 7 6

49. 52
4 9 .3 7
4 9 .9 0
5 2 .3 7
53. 27
5 4 .0 9
54. 40
5 5 .3 2
55. 56

38. 6
3 8 .6
3 8 .8
4 0 .1
40. 2
4 0 .7
40. 9
41. 5
4 1 .0

1. 283
1. 279
1 .2 8 6
1 306
1 .3 2 5
1 .3 2 9
1 .3 3 0
1. 333
1 .3 5 5

Manufacturing—Continued
P r i m a r y m e ta l in d u s ­
trie s

S to n e , c la y , a n d g la ss p r o d u c t s — C o n tin u e d

B r i c k a n d h o llo w
tile

1948: A v e r a g e .
194 9 : A v e r a g e .

P o t t e r y a n d r e la te d
p r o d u c ts

C o n cre te , g y p su m ,
a n d p l a s te r p r o d u c ts

C o n cre te p ro d u cts

O th e r s to n e , c l a y , a n d T o t a l : P r i m a r y m e ta l
g lass p r o d u c ts
in d u s trie s

$ 4 9 .0 5
4 9 .5 7

4 2 .5
4 1 .8

$ 1 .1 5 4
1 .1 8 6

$49. 46
48. 85

3 8 .7
3 6 .4

$1. 278
1 .3 4 2

$ 5 6 .4 9
57. 77

4 4 .8
4 3 .8

$1. 261
1 .3 1 9

$56. 92
59. 31

4 4 .4
4 3 .8

$ 1 .2 8 2
1 .3 5 4

$ 5 5 .1 0
5 4 .7 2

4 1 .0
3 9 .2

$1. 344
1 .3 9 6

$ 6 1 .0 3
60. 78

4 0 .1
3 8 .3

$ 1 .5 2 2
1 .5 8 7

1949: S e p t e m b e r ____
O c t o b e r _______
N o v e m b e r .........
D e c e m b e r .........

5 0 .6 8
51. 36
Ô0.63
4 9 .3 9

4 2 .3
4 2 .8
4 2 .0
41. 4

1 .1 9 8
1 .2 0 0
1 .2 0 3
1 .1 9 3

4 6 .8 2
50. 71
5 0 .9 7
5 1 .1 6

3 5 .1
3 7 .7
3 7 .7
3 7 .7

1 .3 3 4
1 .3 4 5
1 .3 5 2
1 .3 5 7

6 0 .3 0
6 0 .2 6
59. 85
6 0 .1 2

4 4 .8
4 4 .9
4 4 .5
4 4 .7

1 .3 4 6
1 .3 4 2
1 .3 4 5
1 .3 4 5

62. 62
6 1 .5 1
57. 98
5 8 .1 1

4 4 .7
4 4 .8
4 2 .6
4 2 .7

1 .4 0 1
1 .3 7 3
1 .3 6 1
1 .3 6 1

5 5 .3 7
5 5 .3 4
5 5 .0 1
5 5 .3 6

3 9 .1
3 9 .5
3 9 .1
3 9 .4

1 .4 1 6
1 .4 0 1
1 .4 0 7
1 .4 0 5

6 0 .4 2
58. 35
5 7 .4 8
6 2 .9 2

3 7 .6
3 7 .5
3 6 .4
3 9 .4

1 .6 0 7
1. 556
1 .5 7 9
1 .5 9 7

1950: J a n u a r y _______
F e b r u a r y . ..........
M a r c h ..................
A p r i l ........... .........
M a y .......................
J u n e .......................
J u l y . . ....................
A u g u s t .. .............
S e p t e m b e r ____

4 7 .8 1
4 7 .1 4
4 8 .2 6
5 1 .2 7
5 4 .1 6
5 4 .6 3
54. 89
55. 45
5 5 .1 7

4 1 .0
4 0 .5
4 1 .0
4 2 .3
43. 4
4 3 .6
4 3 .6
43. 9
4 3 .1

1 .1 6 6
1 .1 6 4
1 .1 7 7
1. 212
1 .2 4 8
1 .2 6 3
1 .2 5 9
1 .2 6 3
1 .2 8 0

4 8 .9 9
5 0 .0 0
5 0 .3 7
5 0 .2 6
50. 46
48. 71
4 9 .1 3
5 1 .7 0
53. 03

3 6 .1
3 6 .9
3 7 .2
3 6 .9
3 7 .1
3 5 .3
3 5 .5
3 7 .3
3 7 .8

1 .3 5 7
1 .3 5 5
1 .3 5 4
1 .3 6 2
1 .3 6 0
1 .3 8 0
1 .3 8 4
1 .3 8 6
1 .4 0 3

5 8 .1 6
58. 55
5 9 .1 3
59. 76
60. 75
6 2 .0 6
6 3 .0 6
64. 62
65. 72

4 3 .6
4 3 .6
4 3 .9
4 4 .1
4 4 .7
4 5 .2
4 5 .4
4 5 .8
4 5 .8

1 .3 3 4
1 .3 4 3
1 .3 4 7
1 .3 5 5
1 .3 5 9
1 .3 7 3
1 .3 8 9
1 .4 1 1
1 .4 3 5

5 6 .8 0
55. 71
5 7 .4 8
5 9 .2 5
60. 20
6 1 .0 7
6 0 .7 8
6 3 .0 3
64. 43

4 2 .2
4 1 .3
4 2 .2
4 3 .5
4 4 .3
4 5 .1
4 4 .2
4 4 .8
4 4 .9

1 .3 4 6
1 .3 4 9
1 .3 6 2
1. 362
1 .3 5 9
1 .3 5 4
1 .3 7 5
1 .4 0 7
1 .4 3 5

55. 33
5 5 .6 9
55. 75
5 6 .2 2
58. 07
6 0 .0 9
6 0 .1 7
62. 45
6 4 .4 6

3 9 .3
3 9 .3
3 9 .4
3 9 .4
4 0 .3
4 1 .7
4 1 .3
4 2 .6
4 3 .0

1 .4 0 8
1 .4 1 7
1 .4 1 5
1 .4 2 7
1 .4 4 1
1 .4 4 1
1 .4 5 7
1 .4 6 6
1 .4 9 9

63. 79
63. 48
6 2 .4 0
6 5 .0 0
65. 57
6 6 .5 0
6 6 .9 5
6 7 .7 3
6 9 .4 3

3 9 .5
3 9 .6
3 8 .9
4 0 .4
4 0 .5
4 0 .8
4 0 .7
4 1 .3
4 1 .5

1 .6 1 5
1 .6 0 3
1 .6 0 4
1 .6 0 9
1 .6 1 9
1 .6 3 0
1 .6 4 5
1. 640
1 .6 7 3

See footnotes a t end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

0 : EARNINGS AND HOURS

REVIEW , DECEMBER 1950

753

T able C - l : Hours and Gross Earnings of Production Workers or Nonsupervisory Employees 1— Con.
Manufacturing—Continued
Primary metal industries—Continued

Y e a r a n d m o n th

B l a s t f u r n a c e s , ste e l
w o r k s , a n d ro llin g
m ills

I r o n a n d ste e l
fo u n d ries

G r a y -ir o n fo u n d ries

M a lle a b le -ir o n
fo u n d ries

S te e l fo u n d ries

P r i m a r y s m e ltin g
a n d re fin in g of n o n fe rro u s m e ta ls

A vg.
w k ly .
eai nings

A vg.
w k ly .
h o u rs

A vg.
h rly .
earn ­
ings

A vg.
w k ly .
earn ­
ings

A vg.
w k ly .
h o u rs

A vg.
h r ly .
earn ­
ings

A vg.
w k ly .
earn ­
in g s

A vg.
w k ly .
h o u rs

A vg.
h r ly .
earn ­
ings

A vg.
w k ly .
earn ­
in g s

A vg.
w k ly .
h o u rs

A vg.
h r ly .
earn ­
in g s

A vg.
w k ly .
earn ­
ings

A vg.
w k ly .
h o u rs

A vg.
h r ly .
e a rn ­
ings

A vg.
w k ly .
earn ­
in g s

A vg.
w k ly .
h o u rs

19 4 8 : A v e r a g e _______ $62. 41
1949: A v e r a g e _______ 6 3 .0 4

3 9 .5
3 8 .3

$1. 580
1 .6 4 6

$58. 45
55. 09

4 0 .7
3 7 .2

$1. 436
1 .4 8 1

$57. 46
5 4 .3 8

4 0 .9
3 7 .5

$1. 405
1 .4 5 0

$ 5 9 .1 9
54. 30

4 0 .4
3 5 .7

$1. 465
1. 521

$59. 93
5 6 .7 3

4 0 .6
3 7 .3

$1. 476
1 .5 2 1

$58. 22
6 0 .3 6

4 1 .0
4 0 .4

$ 1 .4 2 0
1 .4 9 4

1 9 4 9 : S e p t e m b e r ____
O c to b e r ................
N o v e m b e r ____
D e c e m b e r ...........

6 2 .0 7
5 5 .9 0
5 6 .4 8
6 4 .6 5

3 7 .1
3 4 .0
3 4 .4
3 9 .3

1 .6 7 3
1 .6 4 4
1 .6 4 2
1 .6 4 5

5 4 .3 9
5 4 .8 0
5 3 .8 3
57. 22

3 6 .6
3 6 .9
3 6 .3
3 8 .3

1 .4 8 6
1 .4 8 5
1 .4 8 3
1 .4 9 4

5 5 .0 4
5 5 .9 6
54. 31
5 7 .2 5

3 7 .8
3 8 .3
3 7 .3
3 9 .0

1 .4 5 6
1 .4 6 1
1. 456
1 .4 6 8

5 4 .0 1
5 2 .3 2
5 1 .1 4
5 7 .4 1

3 5 .0
3 4 .4
3 3 .6
3 7 .4

1. 543
1 .5 2 1
1 .5 2 2
1 .5 3 5

5 3 .4 1
5 3 .9 9
5 4 .6 6
5 6 .6 1

3 5 .0
3 5 .4
3 5 .7
3 7 .0

1. 526
1 .5 2 5
1 .5 3 1
1 .5 3 0

59. 24
5 9 .8 7
5 8 .4 3
5 9 .6 0

3 9 .6
4 0 .7
3 9 .4
4 0 .3

1 .4 9 6
1 .4 7 1
1 .4 8 3
1. 479

1950: J a n u a r y _______
F e b r u a r y ............
M a r c h _________
A p r il ___________
M a y . ....................
J u n e ___________
J u l y ____________
A u g u s t ________
S e p t e m b e r ____

6 5 .8 3
6 4 .8 1
6 1 .8 4
66. 08
65. 86
6 6 .6 3
67. 83
6 7 .7 8
6 9 .8 9

3 9 .3
3 9 .3
3 7 .5
4 0 .0
3 9 .7
3 9 .8
3 9 .9
4 0 .3
4 0 .4

1 .6 7 5
1 .6 4 9
1 .6 4 9
1 .6 5 2
1 .6 5 9
1 .6 7 4
1 .7 0 0
1 .6 8 2
1 .7 3 0

5 8 .1 7
5 9 .1 1
6 0 .3 3
62. 37
6 3 .1 9
64. 72
6 4 .3 7
6 6 .1 6
6 7 .7 8

3 8 .7
3 9 .2
3 9 .9
4 0 .9
4 1 .3
4 2 .0
4 1 .8
4 2 .6
4 2 .9

1. 503
1 .5 0 8
1 .5 1 2
1 .5 2 5
1 .5 3 0
1 .5 4 1
1 .5 4 0
1 .5 5 3
1 .5 8 0

57. 74
58. 91
5 9 .8 1
6 2 .0 3
6 3 .2 4
6 4 .0 8
6 3 .8 8
66. 67
6 8 .7 0

3 9 .2
3 9 .7
4 0 .3
4 1 .3
4 4 .8
4 2 .3
4 2 .0
4 2 .6
4 3 .1

1 .4 7 3
1 .4 8 4
1 .4 8 4
1 .5 0 2
1 .5 1 3
1 .5 1 5
1 .5 2 1
1. 565
1 .5 9 4

59. 25
5 9 .2 5
61. 70
63. 25
6 3 .2 8
65. 87
64. 80
6 5 .7 6
6 8 .4 7

3 8 .3
3 8 .6
3 9 .6
4 0 .6
4 0 .8
4 1 .9
4 1 .3
4 1 .7
4 2 .5

1 .5 4 7
1 .5 3 5
1 .5 5 8
1 .5 5 8
1 .5 5 1
1 .5 7 2
1 .5 6 9
1 .5 7 7
1 .6 1 1

5 7 .7 5
5 9 .8 3
60. 61
62. 79
6 3 .3 0
6 5 .6 5
6 5 .3 1
65. 99
66. 27

3 7 .6
3 8 .7
3 9 .1
4 0 .3
4 0 .6
4 1 .5
4 1 .6
4 1 .9
4 1 .6

1 .5 3 6
1 .5 4 6
1 .5 5 0
1. 558
1 .5 5 9
1 .5 8 2
1. 570
1 .5 7 5
1 .5 9 3

6 2 .0 7
6 0 .2 4
6 1 .1 3
6 1 .6 1
6 1 .9 8
62. 54
6 2 .8 3
6 2 .8 6
64. 07

4 1 .3
4 0 .4
4 0 .7
4 0 .8
4 0 .8
4 0 .9
4 0 .3
4 0 .9
4 1 .2

1. 503
1 .4 9 1
1 .5 0 2
1 .5 1 0
1 .5 1 9
1 .5 2 9
1 .5 5 9
1 .5 3 7
1 .5 5 5

A vg.
h r ly .
earn .
ings

M a n u f a c t u r in g — C o n tin u e d

Primary metal industries—Continued
P r i m a r y s m e ltin g
and
re fin in g
of
c o p p e r , le a d , a n d
sin e

1948: A v e r a g e .............. $ 5 7 .1 4
19 4 9 : A v e r a g e ............... 5 8 .9 9

4 0 .9
4 0 .1

1949: S e p t e m b e r ____
O c to b e r ______
N o v e m b e r _____
D e c e m b e r _____

5 7 .5 1
57. 47
5 6 .1 2
5 7 .8 2

3 9 .2
- 4 0 .3
3 9 .0
4 0 .1

1 9 5 0 : J a n u a r y _______
F e b r u a r y ______
M a r c h _________
A p r il ___________
M a y ___________
J u n e ___________
J u l y ____________
A u g u s t ________
S e p t e m b e r ____

6 1 .3 5
5 9 .0 0
59. 79
60. 38
6 0 .2 9
6 1 .4 4
6 1 .3 7
6 1 .5 7
6 2 .5 8

4 1 .4
4 0 .3
4 0 .7
4 0 .8
4 0 .6
4 0 .8
3 9 .9
4 0 .8
4 0 .9

P r i m a r y re fin in g of
a lu m in u m

R o llin g , d r a w in g ,
and
a llo y in g
of
n o n fe rro u s m e ta ls

R o llin g , d r a w in g ,
an d
a llo y in g
of
copper

R o llin g , d r a w in g ,
and
a llo y in g
of
a lu m in u m

N o n f e r ro u s fo u n d rie s

$68. 95
6 1 .9 5

4 1 .4
4 1 .3

$1. 424:
1 .5 0 0

$ 5 7 .8 1
5 8 .0 5

4 0 .2
3 8 .7

$1. 438
1 .5 0 0

$60. 42
59. 29

4 0 .8
3 8 .5

$ 1 .4 8 1
1 .5 4 0

$ 5 3 .8 8
5 6 .2 1

3 9 .1
3 8 .9

$ 1 ,3 7 8
1 .4 4 5

$59. 96
6 0 .9 2

4 0 .0
3 9 .0

$ 1 ,4 9 9
1 .5 6 2

467
426
439
442

6 2 .2 3
6 4 .4 5
6 4 .8 3
6 1 .8 7

4 1 .1
4 2 .4
4 0 .8
4 0 .6

1 .5 1 4
1. 520
1. 589
1 .5 2 4

5 9 .6 5
6 1 .8 4
6 3 .5 7
6 2 .2 8

3 9 .5
4 0 .5
4 1 .2
4 0 .6

1 .5 1 0
1. 527
1. 543
1 .5 3 4

6 1 .9 6
6 4 .6 9
6 5 .4 4
66. 32

4 0 .0
4 1 .1
4 1 .8
4 2 .0

1 .5 4 9
1 .5 7 4
1 .5 7 3
1 .5 7 9

5 5 .8 3
5 7 .4 1
5 8 .5 5
5 4 .6 7

3 8 .4
3 9 .4
3 9 .8
3 7 .7

1 .4 5 4
1 .4 5 7
1. 471
1. 450

61. 50
62. 33
6 1 .9 3
6 3 .2 0

3 9 .3
3 9 .5
3 9 .1
3 9 .9

1 .5 6 6
1 .5 7 8
1 .5 8 4
1 .5 8 4

1. 482
1 . 464
1. 469
1. 480
1 . 485
1 . 506
1 . 538
1 . 509
1 . 530

6 1 .1 6
6 1 .6 6
62. 25
6 2 .0 3
62. 73
6 2 .4 4
6 3 .0 6
62. 99
6 3 .5 1

4 0 .8
4 1 .0
4 0 .9
4 0 .7
4 1 .0
4 1 .0
4 1 .0
4 0 .9
4 1 .0

1 .4 9 9
1 .5 0 4
1 .5 2 2
1. 524
1. 530
1. 523
1 .5 3 8
1 .5 4 0
1 .5 4 9

6 1 .9 7
63. 29
6 4 .2 9
6 4 .2 9
6 6 .6 3
67. 75
6 7 .7 6
6 9 .1 9
65 . 94

4 0 .5
4 1 .1
4 1 .4
4 1 .4
4 2 .2
4 2 .8
4 2 .4
4 3 .0
4 1 .5

1 .5 3 0
1 .5 4 0
1 .5 5 3
1 .5 5 3
1 .5 7 9
1 .5 8 3
1 .5 9 8
1 .6 0 9
1 .5 8 9

64. 53
6 6 .3 0
66. 96
67. 61
70. 72
7 2 .2 6
7 3 .4 6
7 4 .2 0
68. 02

4 1 .1
4 1 .7
4 1 .9
42. 1
4 3 .2
4 3 .9
4 4 .2
4 4 .3
4 1 .4

1. 570
1 .5 9 0
1. 598
1 .6 0 6
1 .6 3 7
1 .6 4 6
1. 662
1 .6 7 5
1 .6 4 3

5 7 .3 7
57. 91
5 9 .5 4
58. 53
5 8 .7 3
58. 26
57. 02
58. 51
5 7 .6 4

3 9 .4
3 9 .8
4 0 .5
4 0 .2
4 0 .2
4 0 .4
3 9 .0
3 9 .8
3 9 .4

1 .4 5 6
1. 455
1 .4 7 0
1 .4 5 6
1 .4 6 1
1 .4 4 2
1 .4 6 2
1 .4 7 0
1 .4 6 3

6 2 .7 3
62. 29
6 3 .0 4
6 4 .0 3
6 5 .3 6
66. 52
64. 27
6 6 .2 8
7 0 .1 5

3 9 .6
3 9 .5
4 0 .1
4 0 .5
4 0 .9
4 1 .6
4 0 .5
4 1 .5
4 2 .8

1 .5 8 4
1 .5 7 7
1 .5 7 2
1 .5 8 1
1 .5 9 8
1 .5 9 9
1 .5 8 7
1 .5 9 7
1 .6 3 9

$1. 397
1. 471
1.
1.
1.
1.

M a n u f a c t u r in g — C o n tin u e d
F a b r i c a t e d m e ta l p r o d u c t s (e x c e p t o r d n a n c e , m a c h in e r y , a n d
t r a n s p o r ta t i o n e q u ip m e n t)

P r i m a r y m e ta l In d u s tr ie s — C o n tin u e d

O th e r p r i m a r y m e ta l
in d u s trie s

I r o n a n d s te e l fo rg ­
in g s

W i r e d r a w in g

T o ta l : F a b r ic a te d m e t­
al p r o d u c t s (e x c e p t
o r d n a n c e , m a c h in ­
e ry and tra n s p o r ta ­
tio n e q u i p m e n t )

T in ca n s a n d o th e r
t in w a r e

C u t l e r y , h a n d to o ls,
a n d h ard w are

1948: A v e r a g e .............. $ 6 3 .0 8
19 4 9 : A v e r a g e _______ 6 3 .3 4

4 0 .8
3 9 .1

$1. 546
1 .6 2 0

$ 6 5 .1 6
6 3 .1 8

4 0 .8
3 8 .2

$1. 597
1 .6 5 4

$ 6 2 .1 7
6 3 .6 6

4 0 .5
3 9 .2

$ 1 .5 3 5
1 .6 2 4

$56. 68
5 7 .8 2

4 0 .6
3 9 .6

$ 1 .3 9 6
1. 460

$ 5 4 .0 7
5 6 .2 4

4 0 .9
4 0 .4

$ 1 ,3 2 2
1 .3 9 2

$54. 22
5 4 .8 2

4 0 .8
3 9 .3

$ 1 .3 2 9
1 .3 9 5

1949: S e p t e m b e r ____
O c t o b e r _______
N o v e m b e r _____
D e c e m b e r ..........

6 2 .5 2
6 2 .9 3
6 0 .9 7
6 5 .9 7

3 8 .4
3 8 .8
3 7 .8
4 0 .5

1 .6 2 8
1 .6 2 2
1 .6 1 3
1 .6 2 9

6 0 .1 3
6 0 .0 6
69. 42
6 4 .0 1

3 6 .4
3 6 .4
3 6 .1
3 8 .4

1 .6 5 2
1 .6 5 0
1 .6 4 6
1 .6 6 7

6 3 .3 4
6 6 .6 7
6 4 .5 5
6 9 .3 4

3 9 .0
4 1 .0
3 9 .6
4 2 .0

1 .6 2 4
1 .6 2 6
1 .6 3 0
1 .6 5 1

5 9 .2 5
58. 51
5 6 .8 8
5 9 .6 6

4 0 .2
4 0 .1
3 9 .2
4 0 .5

1. 474
1 .4 5 9
1 .4 5 1
1 .4 7 3

5 9 .0 0
55. 58
5 3 .1 9
5 7 .1 6

4 1 .2
3 9 .5
3 8 .1
4 0 .8

1 .4 3 2
1 .4 0 7
1 .3 9 6
1 .4 0 1

5 5 .1 8
5 3 .4 0
5 4 .4 1
5 6 .8 4

3 9 .3
3 8 .5
3 9 .2
4 0 .4

1 .4 0 4
1 .3 8 7
1 .3 8 8
1 .4 0 7

1960: J a n u a r y _______
F e b r u a r y ______
M a r c h ..................
A p r il ___________
M a y . ....................
J u n e ............. .........
J u l y ____________
A u g u s t _______
S e p t e m b e r ____

65. 44
67. 28
6 7 .2 3
67. 61
6 9 .6 8
7 0 .3 9
70. 47
7 2 .0 4
7 3 .9 2

4 0 .0
4 0 .8
4 0 .4
4 0 .8
4 1 .6
4 1 .8
4 1 .6
4 2 .3
4 2 .8

1 .6 3 6
1 .6 4 9
1 .6 6 4
1. 657
1 .6 7 5
1 .6 8 4
1 .6 9 4
1 .7 0 3
1 .7 2 7

6 4 .8 9
66. 94
6 8 .7 5
6 8 .8 0
72. 94
7 2 .2 1
7 3 .0 8
74. 89
7 7 .7 3

3 8 .6
3 9 .4
3 9 .9
4 0 .0
4 1 .8
4 1 .5
4 1 .5
4 1 .7
4 2 .5

1 .6 8 1
1 .6 9 9
1 .7 2 3
1 .7 2 0
1 .7 4 5
1 .7 4 0
1 .7 6 1
1 .7 9 6
1 .8 2 9

6 8 .0 5
7 1 .0 6
68. 82
69. 89
7 0 .3 9
72. 93
7 2 .8 9
7 5 .3 7
79. 44

4 0 .6
4 2 .2
4 0 .7
4 1 .6
4 1 .6
4 2 .4
4 2 .6
4 4 .0
4 5 .5

1 .6 7 6
1 .6 8 4
1 .6 9 1
1 .6 8 0
1 .6 9 2
1 .7 2 0
1 .7 1 1
1 .7 1 3
1 .7 4 6

5 9 .9 3
5 9 .6 8
5 9 .6 4
60. 56
6 0 .8 9
6 2 .8 7
62. 55
6 4 .7 8
6 5 .8 3

4 0 .3
4 0 .3
4 0 .3
4 0 .7
4 0 .7
4 1 .5
4 1 .1
4 2 .2
4 2 .2

1 .4 8 7
1 .4 8 1
1 .4 8 0
1 .4 8 8
1 .4 9 6
1 .5 1 5
1 .5 2 2
1 .5 3 5
1. 560

56. 76
5 6 .8 0
56. 98
58. 77
5 9 .2 0
6 0 .9 4
6 4 .1 4
6 7 .4 9
6 4 .3 9

4 0 .4
4 0 .2
4 0 .3
4 0 .7
4 1 .0
4 1 .8
4 2 .9
4 4 .4
4 3 .3

1 .4 0 5
1 .4 1 3
1 .4 1 4
1 .4 4 4
1 .4 4 4
1 .4 5 8
1 .4 9 5
1 .5 2 0
1 .4 8 7

5 7 .5 5
5 8 .2 0
5 8 .8 3
58. 79
57. 57
6 0 .6 1
59. 57
6 0 .8 8
6 3 .1 1

4 0 .5
4 0 .7
4 1 .2
4 1 .2
4 0 .6
4 1 .6
4 0 .8
4 1 .5
4 2 .1

1 .4 2 1
1 .4 3 0
1 .4 2 8
1. 427
1 .4 1 8
1 .4 5 7
1 .4 6 0
1 .4 6 7
1 .4 9 9

See footnotes a t end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

754

C: EARNINGS AND HOURS

MONTHLY LABOR

T able C - l : Hours and Gross Earnings of Production Workers or Nonsupervisory Employees 1— Con.
M a n u f a c t u r in g — C o n tin u e d
F a b r i c a t e d m e ta l p r o d u c t s (e x c e p t o r d n a n c e , m a c h in e r y , a n d t r a n s p o r ta t i o n e q u i p m e n t ) — C o n tin u e d

C u tl e r y a n d e d g e tools

H a n d tools

H e a ti n g a p p a r a t u s
(e x c e p t
e le c tr ic )
a n d p lu m b e r s ’ s u p ­
p lies

H a rd w a re

Y e a r a n d m o n th

S a n i t a r y w a re a n d
p lu m b e r s ’ su p p lie s

A vg.
w k ly .
ea rn ­
in g s

A vg.
w k ly .
h o u rs

A vg.
h r ly .
e a rn ­
in g s

A vg.
w k ly .
earn ­
in g s

A vg.
w k ly .
h o u rs

A vg.
h rly .
e a rn ­
ings

A vg.
w k ly .
earn ­
ings

A vg.
w k ly .
h o u rs

A vg.
h rly .
earn ­
ings

A vg.
w k ly .
e a rn ­
ings

A vg.
w k ly .
h o u rs

A vg.
h rly .
e a rn ­
in g s

A vg.
w k ly .
earn ­
ings

A vg.
w k ly .
h o u rs

1848: A v e r a g e ............... $ 5 1 .1 3
1949: A v e r a g e _______
5 0 .8 4

4 1 .3
4 0 .0

$ 1 .2 3 8
1 .2 7 1

$ 5 6 .0 7
54. 54

4 0 .9
3 8 .6

$1. 371
1 .4 1 3

$54. 26
5 6 .2 8

4 0 .4
3 9 .3

$1. 343
1 .4 3 2

$57. 53
5 7 .0 4

4 0 .2
3 8 .7

$ 1 .4 3 1
1 .4 7 4

$60. 40
59. 79

1949: S e p t e m b e r ____
O c to b e r _______
N o v e m b e r ____
D e c e m b e r _____

5 2 .2 6
52.51
5 3 .1 2
5 0 .8 9

4 0 .8
4 0 .8
4 1 .5
4 0 .1

1 .2 8 1
1 .2 8 7
1 .2 8 0
1 .2 6 9

5 2 .8 2
5 4 .0 3
53. 44
5 5 .0 4

3 7 .3
3 8 .4
3 7 .9
3 8 .9

1 .4 1 6
1 .4 0 7
1 .4 1 0
1 .4 1 5

56. 88
53. 35
54. 89
6 9 .2 0

3 9 .5
3 7 .6
3 8 .6
4 0 .8

1 .4 4 0
1 .4 1 9
1 .4 2 2
1 .4 5 1

59. 56
6 1 .2 3
5 9 .3 2
60. 39

4 0 .3
41. 4
4 0 .0
4 0 .5

1 .4 7 8
1 .4 7 9
1 .4 8 3
1. 491

1950: J a n u a r y . ............
F e b r u a r y ____
M a r c h _________
A p r il ___________
M a y ..................
J u n e . _________
J u l y -----------------A u g u s t ________
S e p t e m b e r ____

50. 79
51. 22
5 3 .0 7
5 3 .4 9
5 2 .1 6
5 4 .4 1
5 1 .3 4
5 6 .0 4
5 7 .0 5

3 9 .9
4 0 .3
4 1 .2
4 1 .4
4 0 .5
4 1 .6
3 9 .4
4 2 .2
4 2 .1

1 .2 7 3
1 .2 7 1
1 .2 8 8
1. 292
1 .2 8 8
1 .3 0 8
1 .3 0 3
1 .3 2 8
1 .3 5 5

55. 92
55. 87
56. 77
57. 32
58. 20
5 9 .1 6
5 9 .3 8
6 3 .4 0
6 5 .3 5

3 9 .3
3 9 .1
3 9 .7
4 0 .0
40. 5
4 0 .8
4 0 .7
4 2 .1
4 2 .6

1 .4 2 3
1 .4 2 9
1. 430
1 .4 3 3
1 .4 3 7
1 .4 5 0
1 .4 5 9
1 .5 0 6
1. 534

6 0 .1 9
6 1 .0 4
6 1 .1 5
6 0 .7 1
5 8 .8 7
62. 93
8 1 .8 8
6 1 .3 0
6 3 .6 5

4 1 .0
4 1 .3
4 1 .6
4 1 .5
4 0 .6
4 1 .9
4 1 .2
4 1 .0
4 1 .6

1 .4 6 8
1 .4 7 8
1 .4 7 0
1 .4 6 3
1 .4 5 0
1 .5 0 2
1. 502
1 .4 9 5
1 .5 3 0

5 9 .2 3
59. 59
6 0 .2 0
60. 76
6 1 .3 0
6 2 .1 1
6 3 .2 8
6 4 .4 7
66. 40

3 9 .7
3 9 .7
4 0 .0
4 0 .0
4 0 .3
4 0 .7
4 1 .2
4 1 .7
4 2 .4

1 .4 9 2
1 .5 0 1
1 .5 0 5
1 .5 1 9
1 .5 2 1
1 .5 2 6
1. 536
1 .5 4 6
1 .5 6 6

O il b u r n e r s , n o n e le c ­
tric
h e a tin g
an d
co o k in g a p p a r a t u s ,
n e t e lse w h e re c la s ­
sified

A vg.
h rly .
earn ­
in g s

A vg.
w k ly .
e a rn ­
ings

A vg.
w k ly .
h o u rs

A vg.
h r ly .
earn ­
ings

4 0 .4
3 8 .5

$1. 495
1 .5 5 3

$55. 80
5 5 .4 5

4 0 .0
3 8 .8

$ 1 .3 9 5
1 .4 2 9

6 0 .1 4
63. 73
64. 56
6 5 .2 0

3 8 .6
4 0 .8
4 1 .2
4 1 .5

1 .5 5 8
1 .5 6 2
1 .5 6 7
1 .5 7 1

5 9 .4 5
6 0 .0 1
5 6 .2 4
5 7 .1 5

4 1 .2
4 1 .7
3 9 .3
3 9 .8

1 .4 4 3
1 .4 3 9
1.4 3 1
1 .4 3 6

6 2 .2 4
6 3 .5 4
63. 86
63. 91
6 3 .9 1
65. 27
6 7 .4 3
67. 06
6 9 .8 1

4 0 .0
4 0 .5
4 0 .6
4 0 .4
4 0 .4
4 1 .1
4 1 .7
41. 5
4 2 .7

1 .5 5 6
1 .5 6 9
1. 573
1 .5 8 2
1. 582
1 .5 8 8
1 .6 1 7
1 .6 1 6
1 .6 3 5

5 7 .1 4
56. 76
57. 62
5 8 .6 3
5 9 .3 0
59. 90
60. 20
6 2 .2 6
6 3 .4 8

3 9 .6
3 9 .2
3 9 .6
3 9 .8
4 0 .2
4 0 .5
4 0 .9
4 1 .7
4 1 .9

1 .4 4 3
1 .4 4 8
1 .4 5 5
1 .4 7 3
1 .4 7 5
1 .4 7 9
1 .4 7 2
1 .4 9 3
1. 515

M a n u f a c t u r in g — C o n tin u e d

F a b r i c a t e d m e ta l p r o d u c t s (e x c e p t o r d n a n c e m a c h in e r y , a n d tr a n s p o r ta t i o n e q u i p m e n t ) — C o n tin u e d

F a b r i c a t e d s tr u c t u r a l
m e ta l p r o d u c ts

S t r u c tu r a l steel a n d
o r n a m e n ta l m e ta l ­
w o rk

B o ile r -s h o p p r o d u c ts

S h e e t-m e ta l w o rk

M e t a l s ta m p in g , c o a t ­ S t a m p e d a n d p re sse d
in g , a n d e n g r a v in g
m e ta l p r o d u c ts

1948: A v e r a g e .- ........... $ 5 8 .1 7
1949: A v e r a g e _______ 5 9 .9 0

4 1 .2
4 0 .5

$1. 412
1 .4 7 9

$ 5 7 .6 8
60. 91

4 1 .2
4 1 .1

$1. 400
1 .4 8 2

$58. 79
59. 78

41. 2
4 0 .2

$1. 427
1 .4 8 7

$56. 64
57. 60

4 0 .6
3 9 .7

$1. 395
1 .4 5 1

$56. 66
58. 54

40. 1
3 9 .5

$ 1 .4 1 3
1 .4 8 2

$ 5 8 .3 9
6 0 .3 0

4 0 .3
3 9 .7

$1. 449
1 .5 1 9

1949: S e p t e m b e r ____
O c t o b e r _______
N o v e m b e r ____
D e c e m b e r _____

60. 59
5 9 .4 5
5 7 .8 9
6 0 .8 5

4 0 .8
4 0 .5
3 9 .3
4 0 .7

1 .4 8 5
1 .4 6 8
1. 473
1 .4 9 5

6 2 .3 1
6 0 .9 7
57. 95
63. 34

4 1 .9
4 1 .7
3 9 .5
4 2 .2

1 .4 8 7
1. 462
1 .4 6 7
1 .5 0 1

6 0 .7 1
59. 82
58. 97
59 18

4 0 .5
4 0 .2
3 9 .5
3 9 .4

1 .4 9 9
1 .4 8 8
1 .4 9 3
1 .5 0 2

58. 32
55. 41
57. 98
5 8 .2 8

4 0 .0
3 8 .8
4 0 .1
4 0 .0

1. 458
1 .4 2 8
1 .4 4 6
1 .4 5 7

6 0 .7 8
58. 97
5 6 .3 8
6 0 .1 8

4 0 .2
3 9 .9
3 8 .8
4 0 .2

1 .5 1 2
1 .4 7 8
1 .4 5 3
1 .4 9 6

6 3 .0 2
60. 61
57. 82
6 2 .1 8

4 0 .5
3 9 .9
3 8 .7
4 0 .4

1 .5 5 6
1 .5 1 9
1 .4 9 4
1 .5 3 9

1950: J a n u a r y ______
F e b r u a r y ______
M a r c h . . . ____
A p r il __________
M a y ___________
J u n e ____ - - - J u l y ____________
A u g u s t . ____
S e p t e m b e r ____

60. 30
59. 81
60. 38
6 1 .3 1
6 1 .6 6
6 2 .6 5
6 1 .3 9
6 4 .3 4
6 4 .7 3

4 0 .2
3 9 .9
4 0 .2
4 0 .6
4 0 .7
4 1 .0
4 0 .1
4 2 .0
4 1 .6

1 .5 0 0
1 .4 9 9
1. 502
1 .5 1 0
1 .5 1 5
1 .5 2 8
1. 531
1 .5 3 2
1. 556

61. 51
6 1 .0 1
6 1 .4 3
62. 09
6 2 .2 5
6 3 .4 0
6 0 .3 9
6 4 .1 6
6 3 .8 4

41. 2
4 0 .7
4 0 .9
4 1 .2
4 1 .2
4 1 .6
3 9 .6
4 2 .1
4 1 .4

1 .4 9 3
1 .4 9 9
1 .5 0 2
1 .5 0 7
1. 511
1 .5 2 4
1 .5 2 5
1 .5 2 8
1 .5 4 2

58. 62
58. 45
58. 79
59. 77
59. 60
6 1 .2 2
6 1 .5 2
6 2 .1 8
6 4 .2 8

3 8 .9
3 9 .1
3 9 .3
3 9 .9
4 0 .0
4 0 .6
4 0 .5
4 1 .1
4 1 .5

1 .5 0 7
1 .4 9 5
1 .4 9 6
1 .4 9 8
1 .4 9 0
1 .5 0 8
1 .5 1 9
1. 513
1 .5 4 9

5 8 .9 3
58. 89
58. 39
58. 76
60. 40
6 0 .2 8
6 1 .0 4
63. 55
6 3 .1 5

3 9 .9
4 0 .2
3 9 .8
4 0 .0
40. 7
4 0 .4
4 0 .8
4 2 .0
4 1 .3

1 .4 7 7
1. 465
1 .4 6 7
1 .4 6 9
1 .4 8 4
1 .4 9 2
1 .4 9 6
1 .5 1 3
1 .5 2 9

6 1 .0 2
60. 67
60. 63
6 1 .1 9
61. 55
6 4 .1 6
6 3 .5 8
65. 56
6 6 .6 3

4 0 .2
4 0 .5
4 0 .5
4 0 .9
4 0 .6
4 1 .8
4 1 .1
4 2 .0
4 1 .8

1. 518
1. 498
1 .4 9 7
1 .4 9 6
1. 516
1 .5 3 5
1 .5 4 7
1 .5 6 1
1 .5 9 4

63. 37
62. 35
62. 59
62. 92
63. 55
6 6 .3 1
65. 46
6 7 .6 9
6 8 .8 0

4 0 .7
4 0 .7
4 0 .8
4 1 .1
4 1 .0
4 2 .1
4 1 .3
4 2 .2
4 2 .0

1 .5 5 7
1 .5 3 2
1 .5 3 4
1 .5 3 1
1 .5 5 0
1 .5 7 5
1 .5 8 5
1 .6 0 4
1 .6 3 8

M a n u f a c tu r in g — C o n tin u e d
F a b ric a te d
m e ta l
p r o d u c ts
(e x c e p t
o r d n a n c e , m a c h in ­
e r y , a n d tra n s p o r tation e q u ip ­
m e n t)— C on.
O th e r f a b r ic a te d
m e ta l p r o d u c ts

M a c h i n e r y ( e x c e p t e le c tr ic a l)

T o ta l: M a ch in e ry
( e x c e p t e le c tr ic a l)

E n g i n e s a n d tu r b in e s

A g r ic u ltu r a l m a c h in ­
e ry an d tra c to rs

A g r ic u ltu r a l m a c h in ­
e r y (e x c e p t t r a c t o r s )

T ra c to rs

1948: A v e r a g e ............... $56. 88
1949: A v e r a g e _______ 58. 38

40.4 $1.408 $60. 52
39.5 1. 478 60. 44

41.2 $1. 469 $63. 50
39.5 1. 530 63.13

40.5 $1.568 $60. 59
38.9 1.623 61.11

40.5 $1.496 $62.05
39.3 1.555 61.86

40.5 $1.532 $58. 62
39.2 1.578 59.93

40.4
39.3

$1.451
1.525

1949: S e p t e m b e r ____

59.15
59. 85
57. 51
60.56

39.7
40.3
39. 2
40.7

1.490
1.485
1.467
1. 488

60. 44
60. 21
59. 21
61.30

39.3
39.2
38.5
39.7

1.538
1.536
1.538
1.544

62.56
62.15
61.81
63. 84

38. a
38.2
37.9
39.0

1.625
1.627
1.631
1. 637

61.23
57.61
60. 96

39.1
39.4
37.0
38.9

1. 570
1.554
1.557
1. 567

61.69
61.39
58. 02
61.22

38.8
39.0
39.7
38.6

1. 590
1.574
1.581
1. 586

61.03
60.70
57.00
60. 48

39.5
39.7
37.4
39.3

1.545
1.529
1. 524
1.539

61. 51
60. 47
59.14
61.16
62.43
64. 82
63.94
66. 61
67.86

40.6
40.5
39.8
40.8
41.1
42.2
41.6
42.7
42.6

1.515
1. 493
1.486
1. 499
1.519
1.536
1.537
1.560
1. 593

61. 57
62. 55
63. 34
64.33
65.09
65.69
66.35
67.85

39.8
40.3
40.6
41.0
41.3
41.5
41.6
42.3
42. 5

1.547
1.552
1.560
1. 569
1. 576
1.583
1.595
1.604
1.627

63.88
63.69
63. 96
68. 72
68. 79
68.70
68. 91
71.47
71.84

39.0
39.0
39.0
41.0
40.8
40.7
40.3
41.6
41.«

1.638
1.633
1.640
1. 676
1.686
1.688

61. 58
63. 24
62.92
62. 96
63.88
63.84
63. 88
64.44

39.1
40.0
39.6
39. 7
40.1
40.2
40.1
40.3

1.575
1.581
1.589
1. 586
1. 593
1.588
1.593
1.599

61.92
64. 28
63. 92
64.68
65. 49
65.16
65. 08
66.26

38.8
40.2
39.7
40.1
40.4
40.5
40.3
40.6

1. 596
1.599
1.610
1.613
1.621
1.609
1.615
1.632

60. 91
61.93
61.66
60.68
61.77
62.16
62.25
62. 00

39.4
39.8
39.5
39.1
39.7
39.9
39.8
39.9
40.3

1.546
1.556
1.561
1. 552
1.556
1.558
1.564
1.554
1.538

O c to b e r .............
N o v e m b e r ____
D e c e m b e r ..........

1950: J a n u a r y _______
F e b r u a r y . ..........
M a r c h _________
A p r il ___________
M a y .................
J u n e ___________
J u l y ____________
A u g u s t ________
S e p t e m b e r ____

See f o o tn o te s a t e n d of t a b le .


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

6 9 .1 5

1. 710

1.718

1. 7 0 7

6 1 .3 9

63. 90

40. «

1. 574

«4. 79

40 4

1

P>OO

«1 QQ

REVIEW, DECEMBER 1950

C: EARNINGS AND HOURS

755

T able C—1 : Hours and Gross Earnings of Production Workers or Nonsupervisory Employees 1— Con.
M a n u f a c tu r in g — C o n tin u e d

Machinery (except electrical)—Continued

Y e a r a n d m o n th

M e ta lw o rk in g
m a ch in e ry

C o n s tru c tio n a n d
m in in g m a c h in e r y

M a c h i n e to o ls

M e ta lw o rk in g
m a­
ch in e ry
(e x c e p t
m a c h i n e to o ls )

A vg.
h rly .
e a rn ­
in g s

A vg.
w k ly .
earn ­
in g s

A vg.
w k ly .
h o u rs

A vg.
h rly .
e a rn ­
in g s

A vg.
w k ly .
ea rn ­
in g s

A vg.
w k ly .
h o u rs

4 2 .1
3 9 .5

$ 1 ,4 9 5
1 .5 4 7

$ 6 1 . 57
5 9 .1 5

4 2 .2
3 9 .3

$ 1 .4 5 9
1 .5 0 5

$ 6 2 .9 8
6 1 .8 5

6 0 .3 7
6 0 .4 1
59. 44
6 1 .7 3

3 8 .9
3 8 .8
3 8 .4
3 9 .7

1 .5 5 2
1. 5 5 7
1 .5 4 8
1 .5 5 5

5 8 .0 6
5 7 .6 4
5 7 .3 4
59. 92

3 8 .4
3 8 .2
3 8 .1
3 9 .5

1 .5 1 2
1 .5 0 9
1 .5 0 5
1 .5 1 7

6 1 .4 2
6 3 .8 6
6 5 .1 0
6 7 . 21
68. 57
6 9 . 81
7 1 . 16
73. 78
7 4 .3 8

3 9 .4
4 0 .6
4 1 .1
4 1 .8
4 2 .3
4 2 .8
4 3 .1
4 4 .5
4 4 .3

1 .5 5 9
1 .5 7 3
1. 5 8 4
1. 6 0 8
1 .6 2 1
1 .6 3 1
1 .6 5 1
1 .6 5 8
1 .6 7 9

59. 66
6 1 .8 6
6 3 .0 0
6 4 .6 9
6 5 . 46
6 6 .5 8
66. 88
7 1 .8 1
7 5 .1 8

3 9 .2
4 0 .3
4 0 .8
4 1 .6
4 1 .8
4 2 .3
4 2 .3
4 4 .6
4 5 .4

1 .5 2 2
1 .5 3 5
1 .5 4 4
1 .5 5 5
1. 5 6 6
1 .5 7 4
1. 581
1 .6 1 0
1 .6 5 6

A vg.
w k ly .
ea rn ­
in g s

A vg.
w k ly .
h o u rs

A vg.
h rly .
earn ­
in g s

A vg.
w k ly .
e a rn ­
in g s

1 9 4 8 : A v e r a g e ________ $ 6 0 . 3 3
1 9 4 9 : A v e r a g e ________
5 8 . 74

4 2 .1
3 9 .8

$1. 433
1 .4 7 6

$ 6 2 .9 4
6 1 .1 1

1 9 4 9 : S e p t e m b e r _____
O c t o b e r ________
N o v e m b e r _____
D e c e m b e r _____

5 7 .1 1
5 7 .0 7
5 5 .9 0
5 9 .3 4

3 8 .8
3 8 .8
3 7 .9
4 0 .2

1 .4 7 2
1 .4 7 1
1 .4 7 5
1 .4 7 6

1 9 5 0 : J a n u a r y . . ............
F e b r u a r y ______
M a r c h __________
A p r i l . . ....................
M a y ____________
J u n e ______ ______
J u l y --------------------A u g u s t _________
S e p t e m b e r _____

6 0 .2 8
6 1 .3 6
62. 36
6 3 . 11
6 3 .7 0
6 5 .2 0
65. 06
65. 76
6 6 .8 6

4 0 .4
4 0 .8
4 1 .3
4 1 .6
4 1 .8
4 2 .7
4 2 .3
4 2 .4
4 2 .4

1 .4 9 2
1 .5 0 4
1. 5 1 0
1 .5 1 7
1 .5 2 4
1 .5 2 7
1 .5 3 8
1. 551
1 .5 7 7

A vg.
w k ly .
h o u rs

M a c h in e -to o l a c c e s ­
s o r ie s

S p e c ia l-in d u s try m a ­
ch in e ry
(e x c e p t
m e ta lw o rk in g
m a­
c h in e ry )

A vg.
h rly .
earn ­
in g s

A vg.
w k ly .
e a rn ­
in g s

A vg.
w k ly .
h o u rs

A vg.
h rly .
ea rn ­
in g s

A vg.
w k ly .
earn ­
in g s

A vg.
w k ly .
h o u rs

4 2 .1
3 9 .8

$1. 496
1. 554

$ 6 5 .2 1
6 4 .1 6

4 1 .8
3 9 .7

$1. 560
1 .6 1 6

$60. 62
60. 57

4 2 .3
4 0 .3

$1. 433
1 .5 0 3

6 0 .2 6
6 1 .5 0
59. 48
62. 53

3 9 .0
3 9 .5
3 8 .2
3 9 .8

1 .5 4 5
1 .5 5 7
1 .5 5 7
1 .5 7 1

6 5 .2 7
64. 85
6 3 .3 8
6 4 .0 8

3 9 .8
3 9 .3
3 9 .1
3 9 .9

1 .6 4 0
1 .6 5 0
1 .6 2 1
1. 6 0 6

6 0 .3 0
5 9 .8 8
5 9 .9 7
61. 72

3 9 .8
3 9 .5
3 9 .4
4 0 .5

1. 515
1 .5 1 6
1 .5 2 2
1 .5 2 4

6 1 .9 4
6 6 .1 7
6 7 .1 0
68. 95
6 9 .6 9
7 0 .1 0
7 1 .8 7
7 3 .3 5
72. 32

3 9 .3
4 1 .2
4 1 .6
4 2 .2
4 2 .6
4 2 .9
4 3 .4
4 4 .4
4 3 .1

1 .5 7 6
1 .6 0 6
1 .6 1 3
1 .6 3 4
1 .6 3 6
1 .6 3 4
1 .6 5 6
1 .6 5 2
1 .6 7 8

6 3 .6 4
6 5 .3 7
6 6 .9 5
69. 56
72. 25
74. 34
76. 69
76. 46
75. 36

3 9 .6
4 0 .6
4 1 .1
4 1 .8
4 2 .8
4 3 .6
4 4 .2
4 4 .3
4 4 .2

1 .6 0 7
1 .6 1 0
1 .6 2 9
1 .6 6 4
1 .6 8 8
1 .7 0 5
1 .7 3 5
1 .7 2 6
1 .7 0 5

6 1 .4 5
6 1 .8 0
6 2 .2 6
62. 65
63. 55
6 3 . 91
6 3 .9 2
65. 86
6 7 . 81

4 0 .4
4 0 .5
4 0 .8
4 1 .0
4 1 .4
4 1 .5
4 1 .4
4 2 .3
4 2 .7

1 .5 2 1
1 .5 2 6
1 .5 2 6
1 .5 2 8
1 .5 3 5
1. 540
1. 544
1 .5 5 7
1 .5 8 8

A vg.
h rly .
e a rn ­
in g s

Manufacturing—Continued
M a c h in e r y (e x c e p t e le c tric a l)— C o n tin u e d

G e n e ra l in d u s tria l
m a ch in e ry

O f f ic e a n d s t o r e m a ­
c h in e s a n d d e v ice s

C o m p u tin g m a c h in e s
a n d ca s h re g iste rs

T y p e w rite rs

S e r v ic e -in d u s try a n d
h o u s e h o ld m a c h in e s

R e f r ig e r a to r s a n d a irc o n d itio n in g u n its

1 9 4 8 : A v e r a g e .............. $ 5 9 7 8
1 9 4 9 : A v e r a g e ________
5 9 .5 3

4 1 .2
3 9 .5

$ 1 ,4 5 1
1 .5 0 7

$ 6 1 .4 9
6 2 .5 3

4 1 .1
3 9 .5

$1. 496
1 .5 8 3

$ 6 6 . 54
6 7 .8 7

4 1 .2
3 9 .9

$ 1 ,6 1 5
1. 7 0 1

$ 5 5 .6 5
5 6 .0 4

4 1 .1
3 9 .0

$ 1 .3 5 4
1 .4 3 7

$ 5 8 .9 8
6 0 .6 6

4 0 .4
3 9 .7

$ 1 ,4 6 0
1 .5 2 8

$ 5 8 .2 9
59. 98

3 9 .9
3 9 .0

$ 1 ,4 6 1
1 .5 3 8

1 9 4 9 : S e p t e m b e r ____
O c t o b e r ________
N o v e m b e r _____
D e c e m b e r ...........

59.
59.
58.
59.

00
72
29
96

3 9 .1
3 9 .5
3 8 .5
3 9 .5

1 .5 0 9
1 .5 1 2
1 .5 1 4
1 .5 1 8

6 2 .6 9
6 2 .5 3
6 2 .7 7
6 4 .3 2

3 9 .5
3 9 .5
3 9 .5
4 0 .0

1. 587
1 .5 8 3
1 .5 8 9
1 .6 0 8

6 7 .9 3
6 7 .8 9
6 7 .9 1
6 9 .9 7

3 9 .7
3 9 .7
3 9 .6
4 0 .4

1 .7 1 1
1 .7 1 0
1 .7 1 5
1 .7 3 2

5 6 .7 4
5 6 .8 5
5 6 . 41
5 6 . 44

3 9 .4
3 9 .7
3 9 .2
3 8 .9

1 .4 4 0
1 .4 3 2
1 .4 3 9
1 . 451

6 3 .7 1
6 0 .9 9
6 0 . 49
6 2 . 61

4 1 .1
3 9 .5
3 9 .2
4 0 .5

1. 5 5 0
1 .5 4 4
1 .5 4 3
1 .5 4 6

6 4 .1 4
59. 32
5 8 .0 1
61. 76

4 0 .7
3 8 .2
3 7 .5
4 0 .0

1 .5 7 6
1 .5 5 3
1. 547
1 .5 4 4

1 9 5 0 : J a n u a r y . ..............
F e b r u a r y .............
M a r c h __________
A p r i l ____________
M a y ____________
J u n e _____________
J u l v ............................
A u g u s t _________
S e p t e m b e r _____

6 0. 04
59 93
60. 93
6 2 .0 1
63. 89
64. 43
65. 99
67. 07
6 9 .1 2

3 9 .5
3 9 .4
3 9 .9
4 0 .4
4 1 .3
4 1 .3
4 1 .9
4 2 .5
4 2 .8

1 .5 2 0
1 .5 2 1
1 527
1 .5 3 5
1. 547
1 .5 6 0
1 .5 7 5
1 .5 7 8
1 .6 1 5

6 3 .8 4
6 3 .6 4
6 3 .1 6
63. 60
63. 96
6 4 .5 2
65. 85
6 7 .8 4
69. 89

3 9 .8
3 9 .9
3 9 .8
4 0 .1
4 0 .1
4 0 .5
4 0 .9
4 1 .8
4 2 .0

1 .6 0 4
1 .5 9 5
1 .5 8 7
1 586
1 .5 9 5
1 .5 9 3
1 .6 1 0
1 .6 2 3
1 .6 6 4

69. 60
6 8 .8 4
6 8 .0 5
68. 56
69. 20
6 9 . 58
7 1 .0 7
72. 32
7 4 .8 6

4 0 .3
4 0 .0
3 9 .7
4 0 .0
4 0 .3
4 0 .5
4 0 .8
4 1 .3
4 1 .8

1 .7 2 7
1 .7 2 1
1 .7 1 4
1 .7 1 4
1 .7 1 7
1 .7 1 8
1 .7 4 2
1 .7 5 1
1 .7 9 1

55. 77
5 6 .4 1
5 6 . 47
5 7 . 41
5 8 .1 9
5 8 .3 3
60. 63
6 3 .9 4
66. 47

3 8 .7
3 9 .2
3 9 .3
3 9 .7
4 0 .1
4 0 .2
4 1 .3
4 2 .8
4 3 .3

1 .4 4 1
1 .4 3 9
1 .4 3 7
1 .4 4 6
1 .4 5 1
1 .4 5 1
1 .4 6 8
1 .4 9 4
1 .5 3 5

6 3 .2 4
63. 87
6 6 .1 4
65. 88
6 7 .2 0
6 7 .5 5
6 7 .1 7
66. 45
6 7 .9 8

4 0 .8
4 1 .1
42 1
4 1 .8
4 2 .4
4 2 .3
4 1 .9
4 1 .3
4 1 .3

1 .5 5 0
1. 554
1 .5 7 1
1. 5 7 6
1 .5 8 5
1 .5 9 7
1 .6 0 3
1 .6 0 9
1 .6 4 6

6 2 .1 6
6 3 . 65
6 6 . 12
66. 29
68. 50
6 8 .0 2
67. 67
6 5 .1 6
64. 82

4 0 .1
4 0 .7
4 1 .9
4 1 .8
4 3 .0
4 2 .3
4 1 .8
4 0 .1
3 9 .5

1 .5 5 0
1 564
1 .5 7 8
1 .5 8 6
1. 593
1 .6 0 8
1 .6 1 9
1 .6 2 5
1 .6 4 1

M a n u fa c tu rin g — C o n tin u e d

E le c tric a l m a ch in e ry

M a c h in e r y (e x c e p t e le c tric a l)— C o n tin u e d

M is c e lla n e o u s m a ­
c h in e ry p a rts

M a c h i n e s h o p s (j o b
a n d re p a ir)

M o to rs , g e n e ra to rs ,
tra n s fo rm e rs , a n d
in d u s tria l co n tro ls

E le c tric a l e q u ip m e n t
fo r v e h icle s

$ 1 .4 6 2
1. 5 0 5

$ 5 5 .6 6
56. 96

4 0 .1
3 9 .6

$ 1 .3 8 8
1 .4 4 2

$ 5 8 .3 4
5 9 . 61

4 0 .4
3 9 .5

$1. 444
1 .5 0 9

$59. 55
6 1 .3 0

4 0 .4
3 9 .7

$ 1 .4 7 4
1. 5 4 4

$56. 77
5 9 .1 6

3 9 .7
3 9 .1

$ 1 .4 3 0
1 .5 1 3

44
81
39
67

3 7 .7
3 8 .1
3 7 .1
3 9 .7

1 .4 9 7
1 .4 9 1
1 .4 9 3
1 .5 0 3

57. 88
5 7 .9 7
5 7 .3 6
5 8 .6 3

4 0 .0
4 0 .4
4 0 .0
4 0 .6

1 .4 4 7
1 .4 3 5
1. 4 3 4
1 .4 4 4

60. 22
5 9 .8 9
5 9 .6 7
6 1 .6 7

3 9 .8
3 9 .9
3 9 .7
4 0 .6

1 .5 1 3
1 .5 0 1
1 .5 0 3
1 .5 1 9

6 2 .1 6
6 1 .5 1
6 1 .0 6
6 3 . 57

4 0 .1
4 0 .1
3 9 .7
4 0 .8

1 .5 5 0
1 .5 3 4
1 .5 3 8
1 .5 5 8

6 2 .9 0
5 9 .9 5
52. 65
5 7 .9 0

4 0 .9
3 9 .7
3 5 .1
3 8 .5

1 .5 3 8
1. 5 1 0
1 .5 0 0
1 .5 0 4

59. 86
60. 79
60. 42
6 1 .9 2
62. 72
6 3 .8 6
64. 89
65. 59
6 5 .6 8

3 9 .8
4 0 .1
3 9 .8
4 0 .6
4 1 .1
41 6
4 1 .7
4 2 .1
4 1 .7

1 .5 0 4
1. 516
1 .5 1 8
1. 5 2 5
1. 5 2 6
1 .5 3 5
1 .5 5 6
1 .5 5 8
1 .5 7 5

5 8 .4 4
58. 26
5 8 . 44
5 8 . 71
5 9 .2 8
5 8 .6 2
59. 44
6 0 .2 1
6 1 .5 4

4 0 .5
4 0 .4
4 0 .5
4 0 .6
4 0 .8
4 0 .4
4 0 .6
4 1 .1
4 1 .5

1 .4 4 3
1 .4 4 2
1 .4 4 3
1. 4 4 6
1 .4 5 3
1. 451
1 .4 6 4
1 .4 6 5
1 .4 8 3

60. 46
6 0 .0 4
6 0 . 51
6 0 . 97
6 1 .8 5
6 1 .9 5
62. 52
64. 27
64. 64

4 0 .2
4 0 .0
4 0 .1
4 0 .3
4 0 .8
4 0 .7
4 0 .6
4 1 .6
41. 7

1 .5 0 4
1 .5 0 1
1 .5 0 9
1 .5 1 3
1 .5 1 6
1 .5 2 2
1. 5 4 0
1. 5 4 5
1 .5 5 0

62. 02
6 1 .1 6
6 1 .7 9
62. 65
6 3 .1 9
6 3 .0 5
6 3 .9 4
65. 29
65. 37

4 0 .3
4 0 .0
40. 1
4 0 .6
4 0 .9
4 0 .6
4 0 .7
4 1 .4
4 1 .4

1 .5 3 9
1 .5 2 9
1. 541
1 .5 4 3
1 .5 4 5
1. 5 5 3
1 .5 7 1
1 .5 7 7
1 .5 7 9

6 0 .1 9
6 1 .3 8
63. 73
6 4 . 78
6 9 .1 2
6 6 .4 0
65. 78
66. 57
6 9 .0 1

3 9 .7
4 0 .3
4 1 .3
4 1 .9
4 3 .8
4 2 .0
4 1 .4
4 2 .0
4 2 .6

1 .5 1 6
1 .5 2 3
1. 543
1 .5 4 6
1. 578
1 .5 8 1
1 .5 8 9
1 .5 8 5
1 .6 2 0

4 0 .1
3 8 .6

$1. 437
1 .4 9 2

1 9 4 9 : S e p t e m b e r ____
O c t o b e r ________
N o v e m b e r _____
D e c e m b e r _____

5 7 .3 7
58. 08
58 50
59 45

3 8 .4
3 8 .9
39 0
3 9 .4

1 .4 9 4
1 .4 9 3
1 .5 0 0
1 .5 0 9

5 6.
5 6.
5 5.
59.

1 9 5 0 : J a n u a r y ..............
F e b r u a r y ______
M a r c h ....................
A p r i l . . ....................
M a y ____________
J u n e ____________
J u l y --------------------A u g u s t . . ______
S e p t e m b e r _____

5 9 . 64
6 1 .1 8
6 2 . 01
63. 05
62. 42
6 3 .2 2
6 5 .2 1
67. 38
68. 32

3 9 .6
4 0 .3
4 0 .5
4 1 .1
4 0 .8
4 1 .0
4 1 .8
4 2 .7
4 2 .7

1 .5 0 6
1 .5 1 8
1 .5 3 1
1 .5 3 4
1. 5 3 0
1. 5 4 2
1 .5 6 0
1 .5 7 8
1 .6 0 0


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

E le c tric a l
g e n e ra t­
in g , t r a n s m i s s i o n ,
d is trib u tio n , a n d
in d u s tria l a p p a r a ­
tu s

4 0 .2
3 9 .0

1 9 4 8 : A v e r a g e ................. $ 5 7 . 6 2
1 9 4 9 : A v e r a g e ________
57. 59

See footnotes at end of table.
916063— 50--- 7

T o t a l: E le c tric a l
m a ch in e ry

$58. 77
58 70

G: EARNINGS AND HOURS

756

MONTHLY LABOR

T a b l e C - l : Hours and Gross Earnings of Production Workers or Nonsupervisory Employees 1— Con.
Manufacturing— Continued
Electrical machinery—Continued

Communication
equipment

Year and month

Avg.
wkly.
earn­
ings
1948: Average............ $52.10
1949: Average.......... - 53. 56

Avg.
wkly.
hours

Avg.
hrly.
earn­
ings

Radios, phonographs,
television sets, and
equipment
Avg.
wkly.
earn­
ings

Avg.
hrly.
earn­
ings

Avg.
wkly.
hours

Transportation equipment

Telephone and tele­
graph equipment
Avg.
wkly.
earn­
ings

39.8 $1.309 $48. 53
39.5 1.356 50. 68

39.2 $1. 238 $59. 54
39.5 1.283 61.43

Avg.
wkly.
hours

Avg.
hrly.
earn­
ings

Electrical appliances,
lamps, and miscel­
laneous products
Avg.
wkly.
earn­
ings

Avg.
wkly.
hours

Avg.
hrly.
earn­
ings

T otal: Transporta­
tion equipment
Avg.
wkly.
earn­
ings

Avg.
wkly.
hours

Avg.
hrly.
earn­
ings

Automobiles

Avg.
wkly.
earn­
ings

Avg.
wkly.
hours

Avg.
hrly.
earn­
ings

40.7 $1.463 $56. 08
39.3 1.563 56.52

40.2 $1.395 $61. 58
39.5 1.431 64.95

39.0 $1.579 $61.86
39.2 1.657 65.97

38.4
38.9

$1.611
1.696

1949: September___
October _____
Novem ber___
December____

54.44
55. 66
55. 69
55.69

40.0
41.2
41.1
41.1

1.361
1.351
1.355
1.355

52.12
53. 46
53. 52
53. 52

40.5
41.6
41.3
41.3

1.287
1.285
1.296
1.296

61.90
62 33
62. 92
63.12

39.1
39.4
39.5
39.5

1.583
1.582
1 593
1. 598

56. 79
57. 67
57 71
58. 26

39.8
40.3
40.3
40.4

1.427
1.431
1.432
1. 442

67,13
64 75
61 92
65. 31

40.1
39.1
37.3
38.9

1. 674
1.656
1.660
1.679

69.33
65. 87
61.03
65. 44

40.4
39.0
36.2
38.2

1.716
1.689
1.686
1.713

1950: January............
February_____
M a r c h ...........
A pril. . . ___
M ay _________
Ju n e_________
Ju ly --------------August_______
September____

55.56
55. 32
54. 82
54. 23
53.77
54. 11
54. 43
55.11
56.70

41.0
40.8
40.7
40.5
40.1
40.2
40.5
40.7
41.3

1. 355
1.356
1.347
1.339
1.341
1.346
1. 344
1.354
1.373

53.05
52. 62
52.54
52.21
51.82
51.93
52. 37
52.85
54.62

41.0
40.6
40.6
40.6
40.2
40.1
40.5
40.5
41.1

1.294
1.296
1. 294
1.286
1.289
1.295
1.293
1.305
1.329

63.68
63.63
62. 92
63. 75
64.23
64.64
64. 03
65.97
67. 36

39.7
39.5
39.2
39. 4
39.6
39.8
39.6
40.2
40.7

1.604
1.611
1.605
1. 618
1.622
1.624
1. 617
1.641
1.655

59.09
58.78
58.68
60.34
60. 60
57.62
60. 30
59. 78
62.12

40.5
40. 4
40.3
40 8
41.0
39.6
40.5
40.5
41.0

1.459
1.455
1.456
1.479
1.478
1.455
1.489
1.476
1.515

68.12
66. 58
67. 46
70.46
69.62
72.53
71. 71
72. 70
72. 41

40.5
39 7
40.2
41.3
41.0
42.0
41.5
41.9
41.0

1.682
1.677
1.678
1.706
1.698
1. 727
1.728
1.735
1. 766

70.14
67.64
69.08
73. 77
71. 66
75.76
74.35
75.12
74. 01

40.9
39.6
40.4
42.2
41.4
42.8
42.1
42.3
40.8

1.715
1.708
1.710
1.748
1.731
1. 770
1.766
1. 776
1.814

Manufacturing—Continued
Transportation equipment—Continued
Aircraft and parts
1948: Average........... $61.21
1949: A v e r a g e ..___ 63.62

Aircraft engines and
parts

Aircraft

41.0 $1. 493 $60. 21
40.6 1.567 62. 69

Aircraft propellers
and parts

Other aircraft parts
and equipment

Ship and boat build­
ing and repairing

41.1 $1.465 $63. 40
40.5 1.548 65. 24

40.9 $1. 550 $62.13
40.7 1.603 66.83

39.7 $1. 565 $63. 59
41.0 1.630 65. 08

41.0 $1. 551 $60. 68
40.4 1.611 61.67

38.7
38.0

$1. 568
1.623

1949: September__
O cto b e r_____
November___
December____

63. 58
63. 67
66 69
66.41

40 6
40.5
41.5
41.2

1.566
1. 572
1.607
1.612

62 26
62. 42
66 15
66.16

40.4
40.3
41. 5
41.3

1.541
1.549
1.594
1.602

65. 72
64. 64
68. 62
67.16

41.0
40.2
42.1
41.0

1.603
1.608
1.630
1.638

68. 60
65. 73
64 27
67.53

41.4
40.5
39.6
41.3

1.657
1.623
1 623
1.635

66.83
69.17
57. 90
67.16

40.8
42.1
41.2
41.2

1.638
1.643
1.648
1.630

61.00
59 11
56. 97
62. 86

37.7
36. 4
34.8
38.4

1.618
1.624
1.637
1.637

1950: Jan u ary ..........
February____
M arch____
April_________
M ay ....... ......... .
June_________
Ju ly --------------August_______
September........

65. 20
65. 69
65 29
64. 96
65.61
65. 32
66. 54
68.74
70.96

40.7
40.7
40. 5
40.3
40.8
40.7
41.2
42.2
42.8

1. 602
1.614
1.612
1. 612
1.608
1. 605
1.615
1.629
1.658

64. 63
65.00
64. 36
64. 24
64.68
64. 48
64.99
67.47
69.41

40.7
40.6
40.3
40.2
40.6
40.5
40.8
42.0
42.3

1.588
1.601
1.597
1.598
1.593
1.592
1.593
1.607
1.641

65. 00
66.34
66. 99
66.10
68.35
57.85
70. 92
72.15
75. 77

40.1
40.7
41.1
40.7
41.6
41.5
42.7
43.0
44.7

1.621
1.630
1.630
1.624
1.643
1.635
1.661
1.678
1.695

68. 88
70.18
66. 65
67. 06
63.85
67. 25
71.87
78. 54
77.48

42.0
41.6
40.2
40.3
39.1
40.2
42.2
44.3
43.8

1. 640
1.687
1.658
1.664
1.633
1. 673
1.703
1.773
1.769

67.40
67.81
67. 97
67.06
67.73
67. 98
69. 04
67.65
71.48

40.9
41.0
40.8
40.4
40.9
40.9
41.0
40.9
42.6

1.648
1.654
1.666
1. 660
1. 656
1.662
1.684
1.654
1.678

61.46
61.16
62. 53
62.08
63.21
62.39
64.20
65.14
63.63

37.8
37.5
38.2
37.9
38.4
38.3
38.1
39.1
38.4

1.62b
1.631
1.637
1.638
1.646
1.629
1.685
1.666
1.657

M anufacturin g— C on tinued
Instruments and re­
lated products

Transportation equipment— Continued
Shipbuilding and re
pairing

Railroad equipment

Locomotives and
parts

1948: Average______ $61. 22
1949: Average______ 61. 88

38.7 $1. 582 $62. 24
37.8 1.637 63. 54

40.0 $1.556 $63. 80
39.2 1.621 65. 47

1949: September___
October ..........
November___
December____

61.24
59. 33
57 06
63. 31

37.5
36 2
34 5
38.3

1.633
1.639
1.654
1. 653

61.84
62. 49
63. 16
63. 39

38.1
38.5
38.3
38.7

1.623
1. 623
1. 649
1.638

64. 44
65.07
66. 48
65. 56

38.7
39.2
39.2
39.4

1.665
1.660
1.696
1.664

1950: Jan u ary ______
F eb ru ary.........
M a r c h ..............
A p ril................
M a y _________
Ju n e_________
Ju ly --------------August.......... ..
September........

61.74
61.55
63. 30
62. 57
64.02
62.91
65.04
66. 22
64.15

37.6
37.3
38.2
37.6
38.2
37.9
37.9
39.3
38.3

1.642
1.650
1. 657
1.664
1.676
1.660
1.716
1.685
1.675

61.60
64.89
64. 21
64. 52
64. 99
64. 56
64.40
65.50
68. 40

38.0
39 4
39.2
39 2
39.8
39.2
39.1
39.6
40.4

1.621
1.647
1.638
1. 646
1.633
1. 647
1.647
1.654
1.693

63.29
67.48
67.42
67.46
68.59
67. 86
68. 64
68. 71
72.55

38.9
40.0
40.2
40 2
40.9
39.5
40.4
40.3
41 2

1.627
1.687
1.677
1. 678
1.677
1.718
1.699
1.705
1.761

See footnotes at end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

Railroad and streetcars

39.6 $1. 611 $60.82
39.3 1.666 61. 70

Other transportation
equipment

Total: Instruments
and related products

40.2 $1. 513 $58 14
38.9 1.586 57 60

40.8 $1. 425 $53. 45
39.7 1. 451 55. 28

40.1
39.6

$1.333
1.396

59. 87
60.06
59. 75
61.18

37 7
37.8
37.3
38.0

1.588
1.589
1.602
1.610

62. 85
63 11
59. 99
55.43

41.9
42.1
40.1
38.2

1.500
1.499
1 496
1. 451

55. 26
56. 08
56. 52
56.84

39.5
39.8
40.0
40.0

1.399
1.409
1.413
1.421

59. 77
62. 07
60.93
61.19
61.02
61.58
60.14
63.20
65. 73

37.1
38.7
38.2
38.1
38.5
39.0
37.8
39.5
40.6

1.611
1. 604
1.595
1. 606
1.585
1. 579
1.591
1.600
1.619

58. 67
60.03
58. 13
58 58
60. 22
61.06
60.09
58. 88
72.85

41.0
40.4
39.2
39 5
40.2
40.9
40.3
39.2
45.5

1.431
1.486
1.483
1.483
1.498
1.493
1.491
1.502
1.601

56. 49
56. 86
57.40
57. 52
58.34
58. 93
58. 98
60.17
62.96

39.7
39.9
40.0
40.0
40.4
40.7
40.9
41.1
42.0

1.423
1.425
1.435
1. 438
1.444
1.448
1.442
1.464
1.499

757

C: EARNINGS AND HOURS

REVIEW, DECEMBER 1950

T able C - l : Hours and Gross Earnings of Production Workers or Nonsupervisory Employees 1— Con.
Manufacturing—Continued
Miscellaneous manufacturing Industries

Instruments and related products—Continued

Year and month

Ophthalmic goods

Avg.
wkly.
earn­
ings

Avg.
wkly.
hours

Avg.
hrly.
earn­
ings

Photographic appa­
ratus

Avg.
wkly.
earn­
ings

Avg.
wkly.
hours

Avg.
hrly.
earn­
ings

Watches and clocks

Avg.
wkly.
earn­
ings

40.5 $1. 448 $48. 84
39.7 1.509 49.53

Avg.
wkly.
hours

Avg.
hrly.
earn­
ings

T otal: Miscellaneous Jewelry, silverware,
Professional and
manufacturing indus­
and plated ware
scientific instruments
tries
Avg.
wkly.
earn­
ings

40.1 $1. 218 $54.78
39.0 1.270 57.01

Avg.
wkly.
earn­
ings

Avg.
wkly.
hours

Avg.
hrly.
earn­
ings

40.1 $1. 366 $50.06
39.7 1.436 50.23

40.9 $1. 224 $57. 25
39.9 1.259 55.06

43.6
41.4

$1.313
1.330

Avg.
wkly.
hours

Avg.
hrly.
earn­
ings

Avg.
wkly.
earn­
ings

Avg.
wkly.
hours

Avg.
hrly.
earn­
ings

1948: A v e rag e _____ $45. 54
1949: Average______ 47.04

39.7 $1.147 $58.64
39.6 1.188 59.91

1949: September___
October______
November . .
December____

47.64
47.60
47.80
48.20

39.9
40.0
40.1
40.2

1.194
1.190
1.192
1.199

59.72
60.26
62. 27
62.40

39.6
39.8
40.7
40.6

1.508
1.514
1.530
1.537

49.75
50.69
51.18
60.23

39.3
39.6
39.8
39.0

1.266
1.280
1.286
1.288

56.97
58.17
57. 99
58. 67

39.4
39.9
39.8
40.1

1.446
1. 458
1. 457
1.463

50.57
51.44
51. 70
52.23

40.2
40.7
40.9
40.9

1.258
1.264
1.264
1.277

54.79
60.29
61.28
59.69

41.6
44.2
44.6
43.6

1.317
1.364
1. 374
1.369

1950: January____
February____
M arch______
A pril_______
M a y ___ __
J u n e ... _____
Ju ly ________
A u g u s t - - ____
September____

46.88
47.60
47.15
47.63
49. 74
51.21
51.13
52.33
52. 29

39.2
39.6
39.0
39.2
40.6
41.2
40.9
41.6
41.6

1.196
1.202
1.209
1.215
1.225
1.243
1.250
1.258
1.257

61.60
61.95
62.23
63.05
63.21
63.53
63.32
65.44
68.74

40.0
40.1
40.2
40.6
40.7
40.7
40.8
41.6
42.3

1.540
1.645
1. 548
1.553
1.553
1.561
1.552
1.573
1.625

49.86
50.18
50. 57
60.01
49. 97
49. 72
51.25
50.94
53.93

38.8
38.9
38.9
38.5
38.2
38.1
39.0
38.8
39.8

1.285
1.290
1. 300
1.299
1.308
1.305
1.314
1.313
1.355

58.64
58.71
59.55
59.59
60.42
61.08
60.82
61.87
65.15

40.0
40.1
40.4
40.4
40.8
41.3
41.4
41.3
42.5

1.466
1.464
1.474
1. 475
1.481
1.479
1.469
1.498
1.533

51.78
51.62
51.82
51.94
52.47
52.69
52.47
54.66
55.78

40.2
40.2
40.2
40.2
40.3
40.5
40.3
41.6
42.0

1.288
1.284
1.289
1.292
1.302
1.301
1.302
1.314
1.328

55. 62
55.93
57.25
56.16
56.40
56.00
56.25
59. 94
63.67

41.9
41.4
42.0
41.2
41.5
41.3
41.3
43.4
44.9

1.325
1.351
1.363
1.363
1.359
1.356
1.362
1.381
1.418

Manufacturing—Continued

Transportatioil and
public utilities

Miscellaneous manufacturing industries—Continued

Jewelry and find­
ings

Silverware and
plated ware

Toys and sporting
goods

Costume Jewelry,
buttons, notions

$1.178 $45.36
1.202 46.06

Other miscellaneous
manufacturing in­
dustries

40.0 $1.134 $50.39
39.3 1.172 51.20

1948: A verage_____ $50. 47
1949: Average............ 51.33

41.2 $1,225 $62.38
40.8 1.258 58.30

45.4 $1.374 $47. 24
42.0 1.388 47.00

40.1
39.1

1949: September___
October______
November
December____

51.09
54.19
54. 44
54.44

41.1
42.7
42.7
42.1

1.243
1.269
1.275
1.293

57.53
65.85
67.23
64.13

41.6
45.6
46.3
45.0

1.383
1.444
1.452
1.425

47.60
48.36
49. 45
47.08

39.7
40.3
40.8
39.1

1.199
1.200
1.212
1.204

45.90
47. 48
46.18
46.93

39.2
39.5
39.3
39.5

1.171
1.202
1.175
1.188

51.76
51.55
51.77
53.35

1950: January............
Feb ru ary _____
M arch _______
A pril___ ____
M a y ___
June_ - __
Ju ly _______ „
A ugust_______
September____

51.91
51.31
52.09
51.89
52. 50
51.55
50.12
53.93
57.41

41.0
40.4
40.6
40.1
40.7
40.4
39.4
42.1
43.0

1.266
1.270
1.283
1.294
1.290
1.276
1.272
1.281
1.335

58.40
60.21
61.42
59.74
59. 57
59.74
61.10
65. 52
69.82

42.6
42.4
43.1
42.1
42.1
42.1
42.7
44.6
46.7

1.371
1.420
1.425
1.419
1.415
1.419
1.431
1.469
1.495

48.06
48.47
49.24
49.88
49.84
49.56
49.27
51.36
51.82

39.3
39.6
39.9
39.9
40.0
39.9
39.7
40.6
40.8

1.223
1.224
1.234
1.250
1.246
1.242
1.241
1.265
1.270

47.24
47.24
47.63
47.54
47. 58
47.34
48.09
50.31
50.39

39.4
39.3
39.2
38.9
39.0
38.8
.39.1
40.8
41.0

1.199
1.202
1. 215
1.222
1.220
1.220
1.230
1.233
1.229

52.83
52.59
52. 46
52. 55
53. 45
53.98
53. 67
55.54
56. 57

See footnotes at end of table

9 1 6 0 6 3 — 5 0 --------- 8


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

Class I railroadss

40.7 $1,238 $60.34
40.0 1.280 61.73

46.1
43.5

$1.309
1.419

40.3
40.4
40.6
41.2

1.284
1.276
1.275
1.295

60.98
58.98
61.60
61.45

39.6
38.3
40.0
39.9

1.540
1. 537
1.543
1. 547

40.3
40.3
40.2
40.3
40.4
40.8
40.6
41.7
42.0

1.311
1.305
1.305
1.304
1.323
1.323
1.322
1.332
1.347

61.69
62.37
63.73
61.69
61. 75
64.19
61.19
65.46

39.8
39.8
41.6
39.9
40.2
41.9
39.4
42.7

1.550
1.567
1.532
1. 546
1.536
1.532
1.553
1.533

758

G: EARNINGS AND HOURS

MONTHLY LABOR

T able C - l : Hours and Gross Earnings of Production Workers or Nonsupervisory Employees 1— Con.
Transportation and public utilities—Continued
Communication

Year and month

Local railways and
bus lines i
Telephone8

Avg.
wkly.
earn­
ings
1948: A v erag e...
1949: A v erag e...

$61.73
64.61

1949: September.
October__
November.
December1950: Ja n u a ry .__
F eb ru ary ..
M arch____
April______
M a y ...........
June_____
Ju ly ---------August___
September.

Avg.
wkly.
hours

Avg.
hrly.
earn­
ings

Avg.
wkly.
earn­
ings

Avg.
wkly.
hours

Avg.
hrly.
earn­
ings

Switchboard oper­
ating employees «

Avg.
wkly. Avg.
earn­ wkly.
hours
ings

Avg.
hrly.
earn­
ings

Line construction,
installation, and
maintenance em­
ployees
Avg.
wkly.
earn­
ings

Avg.
wkly.
hours

Avg.
hrly.
earn­
ings

Telegraph »

Avg.
wkly.
earn­
ings

Avg.
wkly.
hours

Avg.
hrly.
earn­
ings

$60.26
62.85

44. 7
44.7

$1.348
1.406

46.1 $1.339 $48. 92
44.9 1.439 51.78

39.2 $1. 248
38.5 1.845

64. 55
64.31
64.17
65.10

44.3
44.2
44.1
44.5

1.457
1.455
1.455
1.463

52.61
53.29
64.40
62.49

38.6
38.7
38.8
38.4

1.363
1.377
1.402
1.367

45. 37
46.35
48.04
44.42

37.1
37.2
37.3
36.5

1.223
1.246
1.288
1.217

70.10
70.35
71.35
70.89

41.7
41.6
41.7
41.8

1.681
1.691
1.711
1.696

62.83
62.97
62.05
62.23

44.5
44.5
43.7
43.7

1.412
1.415
1.420
1.424

65.11
65.22
65. 53
65. 90
66. 56
67. 41
67.47
67.02
67.35

44.2
44.4
44. 4
44.5
44.8
45.3
45.1
44.8
44.6

1.473
1.469
1.476
1. 481
1.486
1.488
1.496
1.496
1. 510

53.13
53.69
52.98
53. 44
53. 72
54.19
54. 96
54.74
55.80

38.5
38.6
38.5
38.7
38.9
39.1
39.4
39.3
39.6

1.380
1.391
1.376
1.381
1.381
1.386
1.395
1.393
1.409

44.58
45.82
45.03
46.19
46.20
46.61
47.73
47. 90
48. 00

36.3
36.8
36.7
37.4
37.5
37.8
38.4
38.6
38.4

1.228
1.245
1.227
1.235
1.232
1.233
1.243
1.241
1.250

72.46
72. 33
70. 55
70.76
71.48
72.28
72.96
72.64
76.02

42.3
42.2
41.6
41.6
41.8
42.0
42.1
41.7
42.9

1.713
1.714
1.696
1.701
1.710
1.721
1. 733
1.742
1.772

62.84
62.97
62. 93
64.13
65.38
64.21
64.13
63.99
64.49

44.1
44.1
44.1
44.6
45.4
44.9
45.0
45.0
44.6

1.425
1.428
1.427
1.438
1.440
1.430
1.425
1.422
1.446

Transportation and
public utilities—
Continued

Trade

Other public utilities

Gas and electric
utilities
1948: Average_____ _________
1949: Average______________

$60. 74
63. 99

1949: September___________
October_____ ________
November.......................
D ecem ber.............. .........
1950: January______________
February_____________
M a rc h .................... ..........
April...................................
M ay ................................. ..
J u n e ..................................
Ju ly ........... ....... ........... ..
A u g u st...................... .......
September____________

Retail trade
Wholesale trade

Retail trade (except
eating and drink­
ing places)

General merchandise
stores

D e p a rtm e n t stores
and general mail­
order houses

41.8 $1.453 $55.58
41. 5 1.542 57.55

40.9 $1.359 $43.85
40.7 1.414 45.93

40.3 $1.088 $33.31
40.4 1.137 34.87

36.6 $0. 910 $37.36
36.7
.950 39.31

37.7
37.8

$0.991
1.040

64.75
65. 72
65. 03
66.04

41.4
41.7
41. 5
41.8

1.564
1.576
1.567
1.580

57.35
58. 36
57.86
58.20

40.7
40.9
40.6
40.9

1.409
1.427
1.425
1.423

46. 58
46.06
45.63
45.83

40.5
40.4
40.1
40.7

1.150
1.140
1.138
1.126

35.17
34. 65
34. 30
36.12

36.6
36.4
36.3
38.1

.961
.952
.945
.948

39. 48
38.90
38. 75
42.12

37.6
37.4
37.4
39.7

1.050
1.040
1.036
1.061

66.09
65.08
64.81
65.17
65.17
65. 99
66. 52
65.81
67.38

41.7
41.4
41.2
41.3
41.3
41.5
41.6
41.6
41.9

1.585
1.572
1. 573
1.578
1.578
1.590
1.599
1.582
1.608

58.14
58.27
58. 56
58.79
59.11
59.93
61.10
60.82
60.30

40.6
40.3
40.3
40.1
40.4
40.6
40.9
40.9
40.8

1.432
1.446
1.453
1.466
1.463
1.476
1.494
1.487
1.478

46.58
46. 26
46. 26
46. 47
46.94
48.06
48.99
49.15
48.40

40.4
40.4
40.3
40.2
40.4
40.9
41.2
41.3
40.4

1.153
1.145
1.148
1.156
1.162
1.175
1.189
1.190
1.198

35.68
35.44
35.04
34.66
35.49
36.60
37.32
36. 91
35. 94

36.9
36.8
36.5
36.1
36.4
37.2
37.7
37.4
36.3

.967
.963
.960
.960
.975
.984
.990
.987
.990

40. 21
39.85
39. 57
39.83
40.82
41.86
42.58
42.17
41.77

37.9
37.7
37.4
37.4
37.8
38.3
38.6
38.3
37.8

1.061
1.057
1.058
1.065
1.080
1.093
1.103
1.101
1.105

Trade—Continued
Retail trade— Continued
Food and liquor
stores
1948: Average_____________
1949: Average_____________

$47.15
49.93

1949: September__________

1950: January_____________

October..........................
November......................
December......................

February........................
March__________ ____
April.............. ...............
May................................
J u n e .............. ......... ...........
Ju ly ............................. .......
A u g u st........................ ..

September.....................

See footnotes at end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

Automotive and aecessories dealers

Other retail trade
Apparel and accèssories stores

Furniture and ap­
pliance stores

Lumber and hard­
ware supply stores

40.3 $1.170 $56.07
40.2 1.242 58.92

45.4 $1. 235 $39.60
45.6 1.292 40.66

36.5 $1. 085 $51.15
36.7 1.108 53.30

42.7 $1.198 $49. 37
43.4 1.228 51.84

43.5
43.6

$1.135
1.189

50. 57
50. 25
50.37
50. 54

40.2
40.3
40.1
40.3

1.258
1.247
1.256
1.254

59. 51
59. 39
58. 78
58. 26

45.5
45.9
45.6
45.8

1.308
1. 294
1.289
1.272

41.66
40.15
40.26
41.22

37.1
36.6
36.5
36.8

1.123
1.097
1.103
1.120

63. 37
53. 38
54. 32
56.70

43.6
43.4
43.7
44.4

1.224
1.230
1.243
1.277

52.18
52.96
51.79
52.16

43.7
44.1
43.3
43.5

1.194
1.201
1.196
1.199

50.68
50.85
50. 76
50.93
50.81
51.82
53.37
53. 00
52.07

40.0
40.1
40.0
40.1
40.1
40.8
41.5
41.5
40.3

1. 267
1.268
1.269
1.270
1.267
1.270
1.286
1.277
1.292

58. 72
57.76
59.22
60.36
60. 50
62.29
63. 71
63.66
63.80

45.8
45.3
45.8
45.8
45.9
45.9
45.7
45.7
45.7

1.282
1.275
1. 293
1.318
1.318
1.357
1.394
1.393
1.396

41.07
40.07
39.64
40.17
40.37
40.92
40.77
40. 63
40.15

36.7
36.9
36.5
35.9
36.5
36.8
36.9
36.9
36.2

1.119
1.086
1.086
1.109
1.106
1.112
1.105
1.101
1.109

54.81
53.25
53.30
54.21
54.89
55.67
56.16
58.04
58.73

43.6
43.4
43.3
43.4
43.6
43.7
43.5
43.9
43.7

1.257
1.227
1.231
1.249
1.259
1.274
1.291
1.322
1.344

51.58
51. 72
51.89
52.84
54.08
55.06
55. 55
56.16
56.19

43.2
43.1
43.1
43.6
43.9
44.4
44.3
44.5
44.0

1.194
1.200
1, 204
1.212
1. 232
1.240
1.254
1.262
1.277

REVIEW, DECEMBER 1950

G: EARNINGS AND HOURS

759

T able C - l : Hours and Gross Earnings of Production Workers or Nonsupervisory Employees1—Con.
Finance 12

Service

Banks
and
trust
com­
panies

Secu­
rity
dealers
and ex­
changes

Insur­
ance
carriers

Avg.
wkly.
earn­
ings

Avg.
wkly.
earn­
ings

Avg.
wkly.
earn­
ings

Avg.
wkly.
earn­
ings

194$; Average.....................................
1949: Average.....................................

$41. 51
43.64

$66.83
68. 32

$54.93
56. 47

$31.41
32.84

1949; September________________
October___________________
November________________
D ecem b er.-.................. .........

43. 62
43.94
43. 96
43.95

67.29
71.25
72.54
74.12

65.33
56.04
55.89
56. 52

1950: January__________________
February............ .....................
M arch____________________
April_____________________
M a y _____________________
June______________________
Ju ly ______________________
A ugust___________________
Sep tem b er____ _ . . . . .

45.29
45. 52
45. 37
45.83
45. 54
45.42
46.34
46.37
46.80

75. 78
77. 61
80.08
83.53
82. 70
81.31
79. 88
78.69
79.00

57.78
57.68
57.19
58.16
58.02
58.06
59. 09
58.38
57. 86

Y ear and month

Hotels, year-round 13

Laundries

Avg.
hrly.
earn­
ings

Avg.
wkly.
earn­
ings

44.3
44.2

$0. 709
.743

$34.23
34. 98

32.90
32.84
33.13
33.24

44.1
44.2
44.0
43.8

.746
.743
.753
.759

33.06
33. 51
33.07
33. 26
33.34
33.33
33. 51
33.70
33.73

43.9
43.8
43.8
44.0
44.1
43.8
43.8
43.6
43.3

.753
.765
.755
.756
.756
.761
.765
.773
.779

Avg.
wkly,
hours

1 These figures are based on reports from cooperating establishments
covering both full- and part-time employees who worked during, or received
pay for, the pay period ending nearest the 15th of the month. For mining,
manufacturing, laundries, and cleaning and dyeing plants industries, the
data relate to production and related workers only. For the remaining
industries, unless otherwise noted, the data relate to nonsupervisory em­
ployees and working supervisors. All series, beginning with January 1947,
are available upon request to the Bureau of Labor Statistics. Such requests
should specify the series desired. D ata for the two current months are
subject to revision without notation; revised figures for earlier months will be
identified by an asterisk (•) for the first month’s publication of such data.
* Includes ordnance and accessories; lumber and wood products (except
furniture); furniture and fixtures; stone, clay, and glass products; primary
metal industries; fabricated metal products (except ordnance, machinery,
and transportation equipment); machinery (except electrical); electrical
machinery; transportation equipment; instruments and related products;
and miscellaneous manufacturing industries.
3 Includes food and kindred products; tobacco manufactures; textile-mill
products; apparel and other finished textile products; paper and allied prod­
ucts; printing, publishing, and allied industries; chemicals and allied prod­
ucts; products of petroleum and coal; rubber products; and leather and
leather products.
< Data by region, North and South, from January 1949, are available uponrequest.
5 Data by region, South and West, from January 1949, are available uponrequest.

Cleaning and dyeing
plants

Motion
picture
produc­
tion and
distribu­
tion 12

Avg.
hrly.
earn­
ings

Avg.
wkly.
earn­
ings

41.9
41.5

$0.817
.843

$39. 50
40.71

41.1
41.2

$0.961
.988

$92.27
92.17

34. 69
34. 57
34. 23
34. 77

41.2
41.1
40.9
41.2

.842
.841
.837
.844

41.28
40.15
39.96
40. 47

41.7
41.1
40.9
41.0

.990
.977
.977
.987

92.26
94.38
91.54
93. 39

35.15
34. 39
34.56
34. 85
35. 74
36.33
35.61
34. 83
35.89

41.5
40.8
41.0
41.0
41.7
42.0
41.5
40.6
41.3

.847
.843
.843
.850
.857
.865
.858
.858
.869

40. 75
39. 26
40.40
40.48
43.69
44. 03
42.02
40.16
42.70

41.2
39.9
40.6
40.4
43.0
43.0
41.4
40.0
41.7

.989
.984
.995
1.002
1.016
1.024
1.015
1.004
1.024

87.82
88.94
91.01
91.23
94. 09
94.73
91.64
92.64
94.81

Avg.
wkly.
hours

Avg.
wkly.
hours

Avg.
hrly,
earn­
ings

Avg.
wkly.
earn­
ings

6 D ata relate to hourly rated employees reported by individual railroads
(exclusive of switching and terminal companies) to the Interstate Commerce
Commission. Annual averages include any retroactive payments made,
which are excluded from monthly averages. Beginning September 1949,
data reflect a wage rate increase and reduction in basic workweek from 48 to
40 hours.
7 D ata include privately and municipally operated local railways and bus­
lines.
8 Through M ay 1949 the averages relate mainly to the hours and earnings
of employees subject to the F air Labor Standards A ct. Beginning with
June 1949 the averages relate to the hours and earnings of nonsupervisory
employees. D ata for June comparable with the earlier series are $51.47,
38.5 hours, and $1.337.
9 D ata include employees such as switchboard operators, service assistants,
operating-room instructors, and pay-station attendants.
19 D ata include employees such as central office craftsmen; installation and
exchange repair craftsmen; line, cable, and conduit craftsmen; and laborers.
n D ata relate mainly to land-line employees, excluding employees com­
pensated on a commission basis, general and divisional headquarters per­
sonnel, trainees in school, and messengers.
12 D ata on average weekly hours and average hourly earnings are not
available.
13 Money payments only; additional value of board, room, uniforms, and
tips, not included.

T able C -2 : Gross Average Weekly Earnings of Production Workers in Selected Industries, in Current
and 1939 Dollars 1
Manufacturing Bituminous-coal
mining

Laundries

Year and month

Y ear and month
Current 1939 Current 1939 Current
dollars dollars dollars dollars dollars

1939
dollars

Average__________
Average___________
Average___________
Average___________
Average__________

$23. 86
29. 58
43. 82
54.14
54. 92

$23. 86
27.95
31. 27
31.43
32.28

$23. 88
30.86
58. 03
72.12
63.28

$23. 88
29.16
41.41
41.87
37.20

$17. 69
19.00
30. 30
34. 23
34.98

$17. 69
17. 95
21.62
19. 87
20. 56

1949: September________
October___________
Novem ber________
December_________

55.72
55. 26
54. 43
56.04

32. 66
32.60
32.09
33. 26

52. 46
63.10
68.17
48. 74

30. 75
37. 22
40.19
28. 92

34. 69
34. 57
34.23
34. 77

20.33
20. 39
20.18
20.63

1939;
1941;
1946:
1948:
1949:

M anufacturing Bituminous-coal
mining

Laundries

1 These series indicate changes in the level of weekly earnings piior to and
after adjustment for changes in purchasing power as determined from the
B ureau’s Consumers’ Price Index, the year 1939 having been selected for the
base Period. Estim ates of World W ar II and postwar understatement by the


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

Current 1939 Current 1939 Current 1939
dollars dollars dollars dollars dollars dollars
January___ . . .
$56. 29
F e b r u a r y ____ . . .
56. 37
M arch________ . . .
56.53
April_____________
56. 93
M ay ______________
57. 54
58.85
J u n e __ . . . ______
Ju ly .
---------------- 59. 21
60.28
August2__________
September2______
60.68

$33. 52
33. 65
33. 65
33. 82
33.92
34.37
34.12
34.63
34. 70

$47. 36
49. 83
78.75
72. 79
68.37
69.92
69. 68
70.96
71.79

$28. 21
29. 75
46. 87
43. 25
40. 31
40.83
40.15
40.77
41.06

$35.15
34. 39
34. 56
34. 85
35. 74
36.33
35.61
34.83
35.89

$20. 93
20.53
20. 57
20. 71
21.07
21.22
20.52
20. 01
20.53

Consumers’ Price Index were not included. See the M onthly Labor Review,
M arch 1947, p. 498. Comparable data from ¡Ja n u a ry 1939 are available
upon request to the Bureau of Labor Statistics,
2 Preliminary.

760

G: EARNINGS AND HOURS

MONTHLY LABOR

T able C -3 : Gross and Net Spendable Average Weekly Earnings of Production Workers in Manufactur­
ing Industries, in Current and 1939 Dollars 1
N et spendable average weekly
earn ings

Gross average
weekly earnings

Worker with
no dependents

Period
Index
Amount (1939=
100)

Worker with
3 dependents

C ur­
rent
dollars

1939
dollars

Cur­
rent
dollars

1939
dollars

Gross average
weekly earnings

N et spendable average weekly
earn ings
Worker with
no dependents

Period
Index
Amount (1939=
100)

Worker with
3 dependents

Cur­
rent
dollars

1939
dollars

C ur­
rent
dollars

1939
dollars

1941; January.................. ..
$26.64
1945: January........................
47.50
Ju ly ............................... 45.45
1946: June.............................. 43.31

111.7
199.1
190.5
181.5

$25.41
39.40
37.80
37.30

$25.06
30.81
29.04
27.81

$26.37
45.17
43.57
42.78

$26.00
35.33
33.47
31.90

: September................
October_______ . . .
November...............
D ecem ber........... . . .

$55. 72
55.26
54. 43
56.04

233.5
231.6
228.1
234.9

$48. 75
48.37
47.67
49. 02

$28. 57
28.53
28.10
29.09

$54.50
54.11
53. 41
54.77

$31.94
31.92
31. 49
32.50

1939;
1940:
1941:
1942:
1943:
1944;
1945:
1946:
1947:
1948:
19491

100.0
105.6
124.0
153.6
180.8
193.1
186.0
183.7
209.4
226.9
230.2

23.58
24.69
28.05
31.77
36.01
38.29
36. 97
37. 72
42.76
47.43
48.09

23. 58
24. 49
26.51
27.11
28.97
30.32
28.61
26.92
26.70
27. 54
28. 27

23.62
24.95
29.28
36.28
41.39
44.06
42. 74
43.20
48.24
53.17
53.83

23.62
24.75
27.67
30.96
33.30
34.89
33.08
30.83
30.12
30.87
31.64

January___________
February_________
M arch____________
April______________
M a y ______________
June, _________ .
Ju ly ---------------------A u gu st2, , ____
September 2_______

56.29
56.37
56.53
56.93
57. 54
58.85
59.21
60.28
60. 68

235.9
236.3
236.9
238.6
241.2
246.6
248.2
252.6
254.3

48.94
49.00
49.13
49. 46
49. 95
51.03
51.32
52. 21
52. 54

29.15
29. 25
29.24
29. 39
29. 45
29. 80
29. 57
30.00
30.05

54.70
54. 76
54.90
55.23
55. 74
56.86
57.16
58. 07
58.41

32.58
32.69
32.68
32. 81
32.86
33.21
32.94
33.37
33.41

A verage..................... .
Average.............. .........
Average______ _____
Average____________
Average...... ............... .
Average.......................
A v erag e.....................
Average____________
A v e r a g e .._________
Average______ ____
Average...... .............

23.86
25.20
29.58
36.65
43.14
46.08
44.39
43.82
49.97
54.14
54. 92

1 Net spendable average weekly earnings are obtained by deducting from
gross average weekly earnings, social security and income taxes for which
the specified type of worker is liable. The amount of income tax liability
depends, of course, on the number of dependents supported by the worker
as well as on the level of his gross income. Net spendable earnings have,
therefore, been computed for 2 types of income-receivers: (1) A worker with
no dependents: (2) A worker with 3 dependents.
The computation of net spendable earnings for both the factory worker with
no dependents and the factory worker with 3 dependents are based upon the

gross average weekly earnings for all production workers in manufacturing
industries without direct regard to marital status and family composition.
The primary value of the spendable series is that of measuring relative
changes in disposable earnings for 2 types of income-receivers. That series
does not, therefore, reflect actual differences in levels of earnings for workers
of varying age, occupation, skill, family composition, etc. Comparable
data from January 1939 are available upon request to the Bureau of Labor
Statistics.
2 Preliminary.

T able C -4 : Average Hourly Earnings, Gross and Exclusive of Overtime, of Production Workers in
Manufacturing Industries 1
Durable
goods

Manufacturing
Excluding
overtime

Period
Gross
amount

1941:
1942:
1943:
1944:
1945:
1946:
1947:
1948:
1949:

A v erag e...
A v erag e... - A v e ra g e ...
A v erag e...
A v erag e...
A v erag e...
A verage.. .
A v erag e...
A v erag e...

1949: September.—
October.

Index
A m ount (1939=
100)

$0. 729
. 853
.961
1.019
1.023
1.086
1.237
1. 350
1.401

$0. 702
. 805
.894
.947
2 .963
1.051
1.198
1.310
1.367

1. 40/
1.392

1.369
1.353

Gross

Ex­
clud­
ing
over­
time

Nondurable
goods

Gross

110.9 $0. 808 $0. 770 $0. 640
127.2
.947
.881
.723
141.2 1.059
.976
.803
149.6 1.117 1.029
.861
152.1 1.111 2 1.042
.904
166.0 1.156 1.122 1.015
189.3 1.292 1.250 1.171
207.0 1.410 1.366 1.278
216.0 1.469 1.434 1.325
216.3
213.7

1.482
1.458

1. 444
1. 419

1.328
1.325

Period

$0. 625
.698
.763
.814
2 .858
.981
1.133
1.241
1.292

1949: N ovem ber...
D ecem b er...

$1,392
1.408

$1.357
1.368

1950: Jan u ary ___
February___
M a r c h _____
April___ . .
M a y _______
Ju n e_______
Ju ly -----------A u gu st3___
September3. .

1.418
1.420
1.424
1.434
1.442
1.453
1.462
1.463
1.480

1.380
1.382
1.385
1.392
1.399
1.404
1.413
1.407
1. 424

1 Overtime is defined as work in excess of 40 hours per week and paid for at
time and one-half. The computation of average hourly earnings exclusive of
overtime makes no allowance for special rates of pay for work done on holi­
days. Comparable data from January 1941 are available upon request to
the Bureau of Labor Statistics.


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Excluding
overtime

Ex­
clud­
ing
over­
time

1.290
1. 287

Durable
goods

Manufacturing

Gross
am ount

Index
A m ount (1939=
100)

Gross

Ex­
clud­
ing
over­
time

Nondurable
goods

Gross

214.4 $1. 457 $1. 425 $1.325
216.1 1.476 1.435 1.334
218.0
218.3
218.8
219.9
221.0
221.8
223.2
222.3
225.0

1.485
1.483
1.486
1.499
1. 509
1.522
1.533
1. 537
1. 561

1.445
1.442
1.443
1.449
1.459
1.465
1.478
1. 472
1.497

1.343
1.350
1.353
1.355
1.358
1.365
1.375
1. 375
1.381

Ex­
clud­
ing
over­
time

$1.289
1.296
1.307
1.316
1.319
1.323
1.324
1.326
1.333
1.329
1.336

* Eleven-m onth average. August 1945 excluded because of VJ-holiday
period.
* Preliminary.

761

D: PRICE8 AND COST OF LIVING

REVIEW, DECEMBER 1950

D: Prices and Cost of Living
T able D - l : Consumers’ Price Index1 for Moderate-Income Families in Large Cities, by Group of
Commodities
[1935-39=100]
Fuel, electricity, and refrigeration1
Y ear and month

All items*

Food

Apparel

Rent*
Total

Housefurnishings

Gas and
electricity

Other
fuels

Ice

Miscella­
neous*

70.7
71.7

79.9
81.7

69.3
69.8

92.2
92.2

61.9
62.3

m

(4)

(4)
(4)

(4)
(')

59.1
60.8

50.9
52.0

December_______________
June
_______________
Average_________________
A verage..............— ........... -

118.0
149.4
122.5
97.6

149.6
185.0
132.5
86.5

147.9
209.7
115.3
90.8

97.1
119.1
141.4
116.9

90.4
104.8
112.5
103.4

(4)
(‘)
«
(4)

(4)
(4)
(4)
(4)

£>
0)
m
(4)

121.2
169.7
111.7
85.4

83.1
100.7
104.6
101.7

1929: A verage____ ____________
August 15_______________
1940: A v erag e.. _____________
1941: Average_________________
January 1 _____ _________
December 15_____________

99.4
98.6
100.2
105.2
100.8
110.5

95.2
93.5
96.6
105.5
97.6
113.1

100.5
100.3
101.7
106.3
101.2
114.8

104.3
104.3
104.6
106.2
105.0
108.2

99.0
97.5
99.7
102.2
100.8
104.1

98.9
99.0
98.0
97.1
97.5
96.7

99.1
95.2
101.9
108.3
105.4
113.1

100.2
100.0
100.4
104.1
100.3
105.1

101.3
100.6
100.5
107.3
100.2
116.8

100.7
100.4
101.1
104.0
101.8
107.7

1942:
1943:
1944:
1945:

Average _______________
Average
______________
Average_________________
Average ________________
August 1 5 .-------- -------------

116.5
123.6
125.5
128.4
129.3

123.9
138.0
136.1
139.1
140.9

124.2
129.7
138.8
145.9
146.4

108.5
108.0
108.2
108.3
(»)

105.4
107.7
109.8
110.3
111.4

96.7
96.1
95.8
95.0
95.2

115.1
120.7
126.0
128.3
131.0

110.0
114.2
115.8
115.9
115.8

122.2
125.6
136.4
145.8
146.0

110.9
115.8
121.3
124.1
124.5

1946: Average_________________
June 15
_______________
November 15................ .......

139.3
133.3
152.2

159.6
145.6
187.7

160.2
157.2
171.0

108.6
108.5
(')

112.4
110.5
114.8

92.4
92.1
91.8

136.9
133.0
142.6

115.9
115.1
117.9

159.2
156.1
171.0

128.8
127.9
132.5

1947: Average ________________
December 15_____________

159.2
167.0

193.8
206.9

185.8
191.2

111.2
115.4

121.1
127.8

92.0
92.6

156.1
171.1

125.9
129.8

184.4
191.4

139.9
144.4

1948: Average.
_____________
December 15------- ------- -

171.2
171.4

210.2
205.0

198.0
200.4

117.4
119.5

133.9
137.8

94.3
95.3

183.4
191.3

135.2
138.4

195.8
198.6

149.9
154.0

1949: Average_________________
October 15 ___________ _
November 1 5 .__________
December 15_____________

169.1
16S. 5
168.6
167.5

201.9
200. 6
200.8
197.3

190.1
186.8
186.3
185.8

120.8
121.5
122.0
122.2

137.5
138.4
139.1
139.7

96.7
97.0
97.0
97.2

187.7
188.3
190.0
191.6

141.7
145. 6
146. 6
145. 5

189.0
185. 2
185. 4
185.4

154.6
155. 2
154.9
155» 5

1950: January 15_______________
February 15_____________
M arch 15________________
April 15
______________
____________
M ay 15
J une 15 ________________
July 15
.....................
August 1 5 .. ____________
September 15___________
October 1 5*----- ---------------

166.9
166.5
167.0
167.3
168.6
170.2
172. 5
173.0
173.8
174.8

196.0
194.8
196.0
196.6
200.3
204.6
210.0
209.0
208.5
209.0

185.0
184.8
185.0
185.1
185.1
185.0
184.7
185.9
190.5
193.4

122.6
122.8
122.9
123.1
123.5
123.9
« 124.3
» 124.6
124.8
125.0

140.0
140.3
140.9
141.4
138.8
138.9
139.5
140.9
141.8
143.1

96.7
97.1
97.1
97.2
97.1
97.0
97.0
97.0
97.0
96.8

193.1
193.2
194.4
195.6
189.1
189.4
190.9
194.4
196.5
199.4

145.5
145. 5
146. 6
146. 6
146.6
146.6
146. 6
147.4
148.0
150.3

184.7
185. 3
185. 4
185. 6
185.4
185.2
186.4
189.3
195.4
199.8

155.1
155.1
155.0
154.8
155.3
155.3
156.2
158.1
158.8
159.5

1913: Average_________________
1914: Ju ly ........................................ 1918:
1920:
1929:
1932:

1 The “ Consumers’ price index for moderate-income families in large cities,”
formerly known as the “ Cost of living index” measures average changes in
retail prices of selected goods, rents, and services weighted by quantities
bought in 1934-36 by families of wage earners and moderate-income workers
in large cities whose incomes averaged $1,524 in 1934-36.
Bureau of Labor Statistics Bulletin 699, Changes in Cost of Living in Large
Cities in the United States, 1913-41, contains detailed description of methods
used in constructing this index. Additional information on the consumers’
price index is given in a compilation of reports published by the Office of
Economic Stabilization, Report of the President’s Committee on the Cost
of Living.
Mimeographed tables are available upon request showing indexes for each
of the cities regularly surveyed by the Bureau and for each of the major
groups of living essentials. Indexes for all large cities combined are available
since 1913. The beginning date for series of indexes for individual cities
varies from city to city but indexes are available for most of the 34 cities since
World W ar I.
2 The group index formerly entitled “ Fuel, electricity, and ice” is now des­
ignated "F u el, electricity, and refrigeration” . Indexes are comparable with
those previously published for “ Fuel, electricity, and ice.” The subgroup
“ Other fuels and ice” has been discontinued; separate indexes are presented
for “ Other fuels” and “ Ice.”


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

s The miscellaneous group covers transportation (such as automobiles
and their upkeep and public transportation fares); medical care (including
professional care and medicines); household operation (covering supplies and
different kinds of paid services); recreation (that is, newspapers, motion
pictures, and tobacco products); personal care (barber- and beauty-shop
service and toilet articles); etc.
4 D ata not available.
6 Rents not surveyed this month.
®Corrected.
*A correction in its indexes for rent has been made by the Bureau with
publication of the October 1950 data. This is to correct an error that has been
accumulating since 1940. (F o r a description of the source of this error, and
an earlier estimate, see M onthly Labor Review, July 1949, pp. 44-49, or Serial
No. R . 1965.) The current estimate of the accumulated error to January
1950 reveals that the rent index was 5.7 percent too low. This would result
in a correction of 7.1 index p o in ts on the rent index, and 1.3 index p o in ts on
the all-items index, for October. The indexes in this table, however, have
n ot been corrected for this rent adjustment. Further information including
estimates for individual cities, was issued with the release of the October
indexes. A complete description, with full details of the estimates, will be
published in a forthcoming issue of the M onthly Labor Review.

MONTHLY LABOR

D : PRICES AND COST OF LIVING

762

T able D -2 : Consumers’ Price Index for Moderate-Income Families, by City,1 for Selected Periods
[1935-39=100]

City

Oct. 15, Sept.15, Aug. 15, July 15, June 15, M ay 15, Apr. 15, M ar. 15, Feb. 15, Jan. 15, Dec. 15, N ov. 15, O ct. 15, June 15, Aug. 15
1939
1950
1949
1949
1946
1949
1950
1950*
1950
1950
1950
1950
1960
1950
1950

Average.......................................

174.8

Atlanta, Ga.......... ................... Baltimore, M d _____________
Birmingham, A la ..................Boston, M ass-_____ _______
Buffalo, N. Y -------------------Chicago, 111. -------------------Cincinnati, Ohio................ ..
Cleveland, Ohio___________
Denver, C o lo ......................
Detroit, M ich..........................Houston, T ex.............. ...........

0
0
179.1
169.4
173.0
180.4
176.0
(2)
172.8
177.7
179.9

173.8

Indianapolis, In d ................. —
Jacksonville, F la ----------------Kansas C ity, M o.....................
Los Angeles, C a l i f ........... .
Manchester, N . H -------------Memphis, T enn..................... ..
Milwaukee, W is.................—
Minneapolis, M inn------------Mobile, Ala-------- ------------New Orleans, L a --------------New York, N. Y -----------------

179.8
(2)
167.4
171.3
176.2
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
171.0

177. 2
(2)
173. 2
172. 9
(2)
170. 3

Norfolk, Va________________
Philadelphia, P a .....................
Pittsburgh, P a -.................. —
Portland, M aine—- ................
Portland, Oreg............. ...........
Richmond, V a........................ 8t. Louis, M o............ ...............
San Francisco, Calif. _____
Savannah, Ga ........................
Scranton, P a ................. ...........
Seattle, W ash--------------------Washington, D . C ...................

(2)
173. 8
179.2
(2)
183.4
171.6
0
(2)
181.6
(2)
0
(2)

Pi
173. 6
177. 7
167. 9
(2)
(2)
175. 0
176. 0
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)

0

178. 1
179. 7
168. 2
0
179. 8
175. 5
0
0

175. 4
179. 8
(2)
182. 4
(2)
169. 5
0

173.0

172.5

170.2

168.6

167.3

167.0

166.5

166.9

167.5

168.6

168.5

133.3

98.6

176.6
(2)
177.7
168.4
(2)
180.2
174.4
176.0
(2)
175.1
177.9

(2)
(>)
175.7
168.4
172.0
179.2
173.4
0
169.5
176.2
175.1

(l)
174.3
171.1
166.2
(3)
176.4
171.2
(2)
(5)
174.2
173.-1

169.3
(2)
169.0
163.3
(2)
175.3
169.7
170.1
0
171.4
172.4

0
0
167.7
162.3
166.3
172.9
167.3
0
165.7
169.5
171.9

0
170.1
168.4
162.0
0
172.9
167.9
0
0
168.3
172.9

168. 3
0
166. 4
160. 7
0
172. 0
167. 2
168. 7
0
168. 1
172. 0

0
0
166.9
161.5
164.8
172.3
167.7
0
164.5
168.5
172.8

0
170.9
168.4
162.7
0
173.2
167.8
0
0
169 1
173.2

170.5
0
170.5
164.0
0
175.3
168.3
170.3
0
169.8
173.3

0
0
170.3
164.1
167.4
174.4
168.7
0
164.6
168.7
172.0

133.8
135.6
136.5
127.9
132.6
130.9
132.2
135.7
131.7
136.4
130.5

98.0
98.7
98.5
97.1
98.5
98.7
97.3
100.0
98.6
98.5
100.7

(2)
(2)
(2)
169.1
(2)
(2)
175.7
(2)
178.7
168.0

175.1
(J)
166.1
168.2
173.1
(2)
(2)
(s)
(J)
0
170.0

0
176.7
(2)
166.7
(2)
169.9
(2)
169.2
167.4
(!)
167.0

0
0
0
166.7
0
0
170.9
0
0
171.5
165.4

170.9
0
161.1
166.9
167.1
0
0
0
0
0
164.5

0
174.8
0
165.9
0
169.4
0
167.1
166.2
0
164.0

0
0
0
166. 1
0
0
167. 6
0
0
170. 6
163. 7

170.6
0
160.6
166.9
167.1
0
0
0
0
0
163.7

0
175.5
0
165.4
0
170.8
0
167.4
167.4
0
164.9

0
0
0
166.6
0
0
168.4
(3>
0
173.3
165.8

172.1
<*)
161.1
166.5
169.3
0
0
0
0
0
165.9

131.9
138.4
129.4
136.1
134.7
134.5
131.2
129.4
132.9
138.0
135.8

98.0
98.5
98.6
100.5
97.8
97.8
97.0
99.7
98.6
99.7
99.0

177.2
172.3
176.4
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
171.8
175.2
168.9

(2)
171.5
174.9
(J)
179.2
168.1
(2)
(J)
177.2
(2)
(J)
(J)

(2)
169.7
173.4
164.5
(2)
(2)
169.7
173.1
(s)
(2)
(2)
(2)

170.9
167.1
172.0
0
0
0
0
0
0
167.3
171.8
165.2

0
166.0
170.1
0
174.8
161.9
0
0
170.9
0
0
0

0
166.0
169.5
163.7
0
0
167.4
172.3
0
0
0
0

167. 1
165. 1
189. 5
0
0
0
0
0
0
163. 7
171. 6
» 163. 7

0
165.9
169.9
0
173.8
161.8
0
0
169.1
0
0
0

0
167.3
170.3
162.8
0
0
167.8
171.5
0
0
(*)
0

168.2
168.6
171.3
0
0
0
0
0
0
166.3
171.6
166.2

0
168.9
171.1
0
173.6
164.9
0
0
173.4
0
(*>
0

135.2
132.5
134.7
128.7
140.3
128.2
131.2
137.8
140.6
132.2
137.0
133.8

97.8
97.8
98.4
97.1
100.1
98.0
98.1
99.3
99.3
96.0
100.3
98.6

0

i The indexes are based on time-to-time changes in the cost of goods and
services purchased by moderate-income families in large cities. They do not
Indicate whether it costs more to live in one city than in another.
«Through June 1947, consumers’ price indexes were computed monthly for
21 cities and in M arch, June, September, and December for 13 additional


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

cities; beginning July 1947 indexes were computed monthly for 10 cities and
once every 3 months for 24 additional cities according to a staggered schedule.
* Corrected.
*See n o te, table D - l , p. 76.

763

D : PRICES AND COST OF LIVING

REVIEW , DECEMBER 1950

T able D -3 : Consumers' Price Index for Moderate-Income Families, by City and Group of
Commodities 1
[1935-39-100]
Fuel, electricity, and refrigeration
Housefurnishings

Rent*

Apparel

Food
City
Oct. 15,
1950

Sept. 15, Oct. 15, Sept. 15, Oct. 15, Sept. 15, Oct. 15, Sept. 15, Oct. 15, Sept. 15, Oct. 15, Sept. 15,
1950
1950
1950
1950
1950
1950
1950
1950
1950
1950
1950

A v e r a g e ..............................

209.0

208.5

193.4

190.5

125.0

124.8

143.1

141.8

96.8

97.0

199.8

195.4

A t l a n t a , Q a ___________
B a l t i m o r e , M d ..............
B i r m in g h a m , A la ____
B o s t o n , M a s s ________
B u f f a lo , N . Y ................
C h ic a g o , 111___________
C i n c i n n a t i, O h io ____
C le v e la n d , O h io ...........
D e n v e r , C o lo _________
D e tr o i t , M i c h ________
H o u s to n , T e x ............ ..

209.7

211.6
221.1

(9
(9

(9
185.6
200.2

(9
(9
(9
(9
126.0
(9
(9
(9

(9
120.6
(9
120.1
(9

152.0
146.6
138.7
159.7
152.2
135.7
152.0
150.0
113.3
157.2
98.4

149.2
153.1
134.8
157.6
151.7
134.7
149.2
148.9
112.9
153.2
98.4

83.4
112.3
79.6
116.8

83.3
127.8
79.6
116.7

0) .

(0

164.1
147.7
129.0

159.2
147.7
129.0

220.1
202.6

200.9
203.1
215.2

211.6

218.3
209.5
206.8

220.2

I n d ia n a p o lis , I n d ____
J a c k s o n v i ll e , F l a ____
K a n s a s C i t y , M o ____
L o s A n g e le s, C a l i f . . .
M a n c h e s te r, N . H . . .
M e m p h i s , T e n n _____
M i lw a u k e e , W i s _____
M i n n e a p o lis , M i n n . .
M o b ile , A l a ........... .........
N e w O rle a n s , L a ____
N ew Y o rk ,

209.5
214.6
194.9
205.2
207.1
218.9
209.7
202.5
209.5
219.8
207.2

N o r fo lk , V a . ................ ..
P h ila d e lp h ia , P a ____
P i t t s b u r g h , P a ..............
P o r t l a n d , M a i n e _____
P o r t l a n d , O re g _______
R i c h m o n d , V a _______
S t . L o u is , M o ________
S a n F r a n c i s c o , C a lif S a v a n n a h , O a ................
S c r a n t o n , P a ..................
S e a t tl e , W a s h ................
W a s h i n g t o n , D . C ___

211.5
205.0
214.1
197.9
227.0

201.8
220. 0
222.2
216.8
204.7
214. 5
205.4

206.9
199.6
203.7
215.2
213.3
215.9
205.5
202.7
220.7
211.4
218.8
195.0

202.2
207.1

220.6

210.3

201.0
211.2
223.3
207.3
215.9
206.5
213.0
197.0
226.3
204.3
220.5
218.6
219.3
205.8

210.6
204.7

203.1
180.1
188.2
199.0
191.9

(9

194.4
188.8
209.6
191.3

(9

186.9
186.0
187.6

(9
(9
(9
(9
(9

179.2

(9

196.5
190.0

(9
(9

186.6
207.8

127.5
131.1

(9

(9

136.1

(9

130.2

(9

117.7

191.6
183.8
209.6

(9

193.4
191.4

(9

(9

(9

(9
(9
(9
(9
(9

189.6

109.1

189.0
223.4

(9
187.1
222.0

(9
(9

123.2

193.1
193.6

(9
(9

131.9
128.6

(9
(9
(9
(9

132.2

192.7

(9

(9

(9
(9
(9
(9
(9

194.4

194.3

193.3
185.0

(9

(9
(9

(9
(9
(9

143.6
116.7

(9
(9
(9
(9

(9

144.7

CO

(9
(9

133.1

(9

136.8
131.7

(9
(9
(9
(9
(9
115.9
(9
(9

123.5
118.0

(9
(9
(9
(9

i P r ic e s of a p p a r e l, h o u s e fu rn is h in g s , a n d m is c e lla n e o u s g o o d s a n d s e rv ic e s
a r e o b t a i n e d m o n t h l y in 10 c i tie s a n d o n c e e v e r y 3 m o n t h s in 24 a d d i t i o n a l
c itie s a c c o rd in g to a s ta g g e re d s c h e d u le .


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

100.0

100.1

157.5
143.2
147.2
141.7
129.7
113.1
143.4

156.4
143.2
145.2
139.4
129.8
113.1
142.8

161.8
147.2
141.9
153.7
132.9
151.5
141.6

159.5
146.4
138.8
152.3
132.8
151.3
140.8

154.0
151.4
132.2
147.8

153.6
150.5
131.8
147.3

86.8

Miscellaneous

Gas and electricity

Total

86.8

110.0
83.5

101.1
105.6
69.2
89.9
81.8

86.6

110.0

83.5
101.9
105.6
69.2
89.5
81.8

86.6

100.5
67.2
95.3
98.1
77.0
99.1
78.9
84.3
75.1
101.9

100.5
67.2
95.5
97.6
77.0
99.0
78.9
84.3
75.1
101.9

106.4
104.2
103.3
105.6
93.9
109.4
88.4
76.5
108.6
98.3
92.5
105.5

106.4
104.2
103.2
105.7
93.9
109.4
88.4
76.5
108.6
98.3
92.5
105. 5

g e re d s c h e d u le .
* S ee n o te , ta b le D - l , p a g e 7 6 1 .

CO

189.4
194.8
195. 6
183.8
190.3

CO

233.6
213.9
189.2
186.7

CO

187.0
196.0
206.6

197.6
188.3
186.3

CO

179.9
187.2

CO
CO

214. 6
188.4

1 6 0 .6
( 2)
1 5 3 .9
1 7 3 .4
1 6 0 .8

(9

160.8
158.1

(9
(9

172.1
160.6

(9

(9

(9

(0

CO

178.0

CO

C1)

203. 5
198.8
188.9

(0

Co

CO

177.9
170.9

(0
(0
(0

CO

203.5

1 6 1 .6

159.4
153.1
155.3

1 5 6 .8
1 5 0 .8

190.0

(0
211.0

(0

1 5 6 .3
1 6 3 .5

1 6 6 .4

185.2

(0

(0
1 5 3 .5

158.8

(9

1 5 8 .4

190.0

196.4
215.1

0)

CO

185.8
173.0

204.1

1 5 9 .5

(0

192.3

(0
(0
(0
(0

CO

O ct. 15, Sept. 15,
1950
1950

(0
(0
(0

0)
0

)

0)
0)
0

)

(9
1 6 3 .3

(9
1 5 4 .9
1 5 8 .9

(9

1 6 5 .3
1 4 9 .6

(9
(9

1 6 4 .9

(9
(9
(9

164.1
155.8
146.0

(9

163.9
147.7

(9

162.5

(9

154.0
156.7
154.8

(9
(9

147.7
167.6

(9
(9
(9
(9

764

D : PRICES AND COST OF LIVING

MONTHLY LABOR

T able D -4 : Indexes of Retail Prices of Foods,1 by Group, for Selected Periods
[1 9 3 5 -3 9 -1 0 0 ]

ia r a n d m o n t h

A ll
foods

C ere­
als
M e a ts,
an d
p o u l­
b ak ery
try ,
p rod ­
an d
u c ts
fish

M e a ts

T o ta l

B eef
an d
veal

F r u i t s a n d v e g e ta b le s
C h ic k ­
ens

P o rk

F ish

B e v e rag es

Eggs

Lam b

p ro d u c ts

136 1
141 7
143* 8
82 3
9 1 .0
9 0 .7
9 3 .8

9 4 .5
9 2 .4
9 6 .5

9 5 .1
9 2 .8
9 7 .3

92 3
91 6
9 2 .4

93 3
90 3
1 0 0 .6

95 5
94 9
9 2 .5

1 0 4 .2

T o ta l

F re sh

C an­
ned

D rie d

F a ts
and
oils

Sugar
an d
s w e e ts

A v e r a g e .............
A v e r a g e _______
A v e r a g e . _____
A v e r a g e ________
A v e r a g e _______
A u g u s t ________
A v e r a g e ...............

1 2 4 .0
1 3 7 .4
1 3 2 .5
8 6 .5
9 5 .2
93. 5
9 6 .6

1 0 5 .5
1 1 5 .7
1 0 7 .6
8 2 .6
9 4 .5
93 4
9 6 .8

1 0 1 .2
1 1 7 .8
1 2 7 .1
7 9 .3
9 6 .6
9 5 .7
9 5 .8

9 6 .6
9 5 .4
9 4 .4

101 .1
9 9 .6
1 0 2 .8

8 8 .9
8 8 .0
8 1 .1

9 9 .5
9 8 .8
9 9 .7

9 3 .8
9 4 .6
9 4 .8

1 0 1 .0
9 9 .6
1 1 0 .6

129 4
127 4
131 0
84 9
9 5 .9
9 3 .1
1 0 1 .4

A v e r a g e _______
D e c e m b e r _____
A v e r a g e _______
A v e r a g e ...............
A v e r a g e _______
A v e r a g e _______
A u g u s t ________

1 0 5 .5
11 3 .1
1 2 3 .9
1 3 8 .0
1 3 6 .1
1 3 9 .1
1 4 0 .9

9 7 .9
1 0 2 .5
1 0 5 .1
1 0 7 .6
1 0 8 .4
1 0 9 .0
1 0 9 .1

1 0 7 .5
1 1 1 .1
1 2 6 .0
1 3 3 .8
1 2 9 .9
1 3 1 .2
1 3 1 .8

1 0 6 .5
1 0 9 .7
1 2 2 .5
1 2 4 .2
1 1 7 .9
1 1 8 .0
1 1 8 .1

1 1 0 .8
1 1 4 .4
1 2 3 .6
1 2 4 .7
1 1 8 .7
1 1 8 .4
1 1 8 .5

1 0 0 .1
1 0 3 .2
1 2 0 .4
1 1 9 .9
1 1 2 .2
1 1 2 .6
1 1 2 .6

1 0 6 .6
1 0 8 .1
12 4 .1
1 3 6 .9
1 3 4 .5
1 3 6 .0
1 3 6 .4

1 0 2 .1
1 0 0 .5
1 2 2 .6
14 6 .1
1 5 1 .0
154. 4
1 5 7 .3

1 2 4 .5
1 3 8 .9
1 6 3 .0
2 0 6 .5
2 0 7 .6
2 1 7 .1
2 1 7 .8

1 1 2 .0
1 2 0 .5
1 2 5 .4
1 3 4 .6
1 3 3 .6
1 3 3 .9
1 3 3 .4

1 1 2 .2
1 3 8 .1
1 3 6 .5
1 6 1 .9
1 5 3 .9
1 6 4 .4
1 7 1 .4

1 0 3 .2
1 1 0 .5
1 3 0 .8
1 6 8 .8
1 6 8 .2
17 7 .1
1 8 3 .5

1 3 2 .8
1 7 8 .0
1 7 7 .2
1 8 8 .2
1 9 6 .2

9 7 .9
1 0 6 .3
121. 6
1 3 0 .6
129. 5
130 2
1 3 0 .3

106 7
118 3
136 3
158 9
164. 5
168 2
1 6 8 .6

101 5
114 1
122 1
124 8
124 3
124 7
1 2 4 .7

108
11Q
196
193
194

124 ! 0

1 0 6 .4
1 1 4 .4
1 2 6 .5
1 2 7 .1
1 2 6 .5
1 2 6 .5
1 2 6 .6

A v e r a g e ...............
J u n e __________
N o v e m b e r ____

1 5 9 .6
145. 6
1 8 7 .7

1 2 5 .0
1 2 2 .1
1 4 0 .6

1 6 1 .3
1 3 4 .0
2 0 3 .6

1 5 0 .8
1 2 0 .4
1 9 7 .9

1 5 0 .5
1 2 1 .2
1 9 1 .0

1 4 8 .2
1 1 4 .3
2 0 7 .1

1 6 3 .9
1 3 9 .0
2 0 5 .4

1 7 4 .0
1 6 2 .8
1 8 8 .9

2 3 6 .2
2 1 9 .7
2 6 5 .0

1 6 5 .1
1 4 7 .8
1 9 8 .5

1 6 8 .8
1 4 7 .1
2 0 1 .6

1 8 2 .4
1 8 3 .5
1 8 4 .5

1 9 0 .7
1 9 6 .7
1 8 2 .3

1 4 0 .8
127. 5
1 6 7 .7

190. 4
172 5
2 5 1 .6

139 6
125 4
1 6 7 .8

159 1
196 4
244M

1 4 3 .9
1 3 6 .2
1 7 0 .5

1 9 7 .5

1 8 0 .0

126. 2
1 4 5 .0
127. 2
7 1 .1

111.0

87 7

84 5
8 2 .2
94 0

5
6
1
3
0

1 7 5 .4

120.0
1 1 4 .3
8 9 .6

100.6
9 5 .6
9 6 .8

A v e r a g e ...............

1 9 3 .8

1 5 5 .4

2 1 7 .1

2 1 4 .7

2 1 3 .6

2 1 5 .9

2 2 0 .1

1 8 3 .2

2 7 1 .4

1 8 6 .2

2 0 0 .8

1 9 9 .4

2 0 1 .5

1 6 6 .2

2 6 3 .5

1 8 6 .8

A v e r a g e _______

2 1 0 .2

1 7 0 .9

2 4 6 .5

2 4 3 .9

2 5 8 .5

2 2 2 .5

2 4 6 .8

2 0 3 .2

3 1 2 .8

2 0 4 .8

2 0 8 .7

2 0 5 .2

2 1 2 .4

1 5 8 .0

2 4 6 .8

2 0 5 .0 ' 1 9 5 .5

1 7 4 .0

A v e r a g e ________
O c t o b e r ______
N o v e m b e r ____
D e c e m b e r _____

2 0 1 .9
2 0 0 .6
2 0 0 .8
1 9 7 .3

1 6 9 .7
169 .1
1 6 9 .2
1 6 9 .2

2 3 3 .4
2 3 5 .1
2 2 9 .1
2 2 3 .2

2 2 9 .3
2 3 3 .1
2 2 6 .4
2 2 0 .0

2 4 1 .3
2 4 8 .2
2 4 8 .5
2 4 5 .2

2 0 5 .9
2 0 7 .7
1 8 9 .7
1 7 8 .3

2 5 1 .7
2 4 6 .1
2 4 2 .0
2 3 6 .1

1 9 1 .6
1 8 4 .6
1 8 4 .5
1 7 9 .5

3 1 4 .1
3 0 6 .8
300. 6
2 9 9 .0

1 8 6 .7
1 8 6 .7
1 8 6 .4
1 8 6 .2

2 0 1 .2
2 2 7 .8
2 0 7 .8
1 7 8 .0

2 0 8 .1
1 9 4 .5
2 0 2 .0
1 9 8 .2

2 1 8 .8
2 0 2 .3
212 7
2 0 8 .0

1 5 2 .9
1 4 7 .0
146 2
1 4 5 .1

2 2 7 .4
228 5
224 7
2 2 4 .3

220. 7
213 8
2 9 2 .5

148 4
144 5
13Q 7
1 3 6 .7

1 7 6 .4
1 7 7 .5
1 7 8 .9
1 7 8 .8

J a n u a r y _______
F e b r u a r y ______
M a r c h _________
A p r i l ___________
M a y ___________
J u n e ___________
J u l y ____________
A u g u s t ------------S e p t e m b e r ____
O c t o b e r ........... ..

1 9 6 .0
1 9 4 .8
1 9 6 .0
1 9 6 .6
2 0 0 .3
2 0 4 .6
2 1 0 .0
2 0 9 .0
208. 5
2 0 9 .0

1 6 9 .0
1 6 9 .0
1 6 9 .0
1 6 9 .3
1 6 9 .6
1 6 9 .6
1 7 1 .3
1 7 5 .5
1 7 6 .5
1 7 7 .1

2 1 9 .4
2 2 1 .6
2 2 7 .3
2 2 7 .9
2 3 9 .5
2 4 6 .7
2 5 6 .0
2 5 7 .5
2 5 7 .8
2 5 0 .9

2 1 7 .9
2 2 0 .5
2 2 4 .5
2 2 4 .8
2 3 9 .9
248. 4
2 5 9 .0
2 5 8 .5
2 5 8 .5
2 5 0 .0

2 4 2 .3
2 4 1 .9
2 4 4 .5
2 4 5 .8
2 6 0 .0
2 7 0 .5
2 7 8 .7
2 7 9 .4
2 7 7 .6
2 7 5 .7

1 7 7 .3
1 8 4 .0
1 8 8 .9
1 8 5 .9
2 0 4 .2
2 1 0 .4
2 2 7 .7
2 2 5 .7
2 2 9 .2
2 0 9 .6

2 3 4 .3
2 3 8 .6
2 4 6 .7
2 5 2 .1
2 6 2 .7
2 6 8 .6
2 6 9 .3
2 6 7 .5
2 6 4 .9
2 6 0 .2

1 5 8 .9
1 6 5 .1
1 8 0 .4
1 8 7 .5
1 8 3 .8
1 8 4 .6
1 8 9 .4
2 0 2 .2
1 9 9 .2
1 8 7 .2

3 0 1 .9
2 9 3 .7
3 0 2 .5
2 9 7 .4
2 9 3 .2
2 9 5 .3
2 9 6 .6
3 0 2 .5
3 1 1 .4
3 2 8 .8

1 8 4 .2
1 8 3 .6
1 8 2 .4
1 7 9 .3
1 7 7 .8
1 7 7 .1
1 7 9 .5
1 8 2 .7
1 8 5 .2
1 9 0 .6

1 5 2 .3
1 4 1 .1
1 5 0 .2
1 5 0 .5
1 4 4 .4
1 4 9 .1
1 6 4 .3
1 8 3 .1
1 9 3 .0
2 0 7 .2

2 0 4 .8
1 9 9 .1
1 9 5 .2
2 0 0 .5
206. 5
2 1 7 .2
2 2 0 .8
1 9 4 .7
1 8 4 .6
1 8 7 .0

2 1 7 .2
2 1 0 .0
2 0 4 .8
2 1 1 .8
2 1 9 .6
2 3 3 .4
2 3 8 .3
2 0 2 .9
1 8 8 .9
1 9 0 .5

143. 3
1 4 2 .6
1 4 2 .8
1 4 2 .6
1 4 2 .6
1 4 3 .2
1 4 3 .0
146. 0
1 4 8 .0
1 5 1 .9

223. 9
222. 4
222 5
223 4
224. 7
2 2 5 .1
2 2 4 .6
228. 5
2 3 1 .8
2 3 9 .8

299. 5
304. 5
311 6
307 6
299! 2
295 6
304 4
328 8
336 7
3 4 3 .9

135 2
133 5
134 2
135 2
137 3
139 6
141 3
158 Q
159 0
15L6

1 7 8 .9
1 7 8 .0
1 7 6 .9
1 7 5 .2
1 7 4 .6
1 7 4 .3
1 7 6 .0
1 8 7 .7
1 8 7 .5
1 8 6 .3

1 T h e B u r e a u o f L a b o r S t a ti s t ic s r e ta il food p r ice s a r e o b ta in e d m o n t h l y
d u r in g th e first th r e e d a y s of th e w e e k c o n ta in in g th e f ifte e n th of th e m o n t h ,
t h r o u g h v o l u n t a r y r e p o r ts fro m c h a in a n d in d e p e n d e n t r e ta i l food d e a le rs.
A r tic le s in c lu d e d a re s e le c te d to r e p r e s e n t food sales t o m o d e r a te -in c o m e
fam ilies.
T h e in d e x e s , b a s e d o n th e r e ta il p r ice s of 50 fo o d s, a r e c o m p u te d b y th e
f lx e d -b a s e -w e ig h te d -a g g re g a te m e th o d , u s in g w e ig h ts r e p r e s e n tin g (1) r e la ­
t iv e i m p o r ta n c e of c h a in a n d in d e p e n d e n t s to r e s a le s , in c o m p u tin g c i t y a v e r ­
age p rice s ; (2 ) food p u r c h a s e s b y fam ilies of w ag e e a r n e r s a n d m o d e r a te -


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

265 3

in e o m e w o r k e r s , in c o m p u tin g c i t y in d e x e s ; a n d (3 ) p o p u la tio n w e ig h ts , in
c o m b in in g c i t y a g g r e g a te s in o r d e r to d e r iv e a v e r a g e p r ic e s a n d in d e x e s for all
citie s c o m b in e d .
I n d e x e s o f r e ta il food p rice s in 56 la rg e c itie s c o m b in e d , b y c o m m o d i ty
g r o u p s , fo r th e y e a r s 1923 th r o u g h 1948 ( 1 9 3 5 - 3 9 = 1 0 0 ) , m a y be fo u n d in B u ll e ­
tin N o . 9 65, “ R e t a i l P r i c e s of F o o d , 1 9 4 8 ,” B u r e a u of L a b o r S t a ti s t ic s , U . S .
D e p a r tm e n t of L a b o r , t a b le 3 , p . 7.
M im e o g r a p h e d ta b le s of th e s a m e
d a t a , b y m o n th s , J a n u a r y 1935 to d a t e , a r e a v a ila b le u p o n r e q u e s t .

D : PRICES AND COST OF LIVING

REVIEW , DECEMBER 1950

765

T able D -5: Indexes of Retail Prices of Foods, by City
11936-39=100]

City

Oct.
1950

Sept.
1950

Aug.
1950

July
1950

June
1950

M ay
1950

Apr.
1950

M ar.
1950

Feb.
1950

Jan.
1950

Dec.
1949

N ov.
1949

Oct.
1949

June
1946

Aug.
1939

United States----------------------

209.0

208.5

209.0

210.0

204.6

200.3

196.6

196.0

194.8

196.0

197.3

200.8

200.6

145.6

93.5

Atlanta, O a _______________
Baltimore, M d - __________
Birmingham, Ala__________
Boston, Mass ____________
Bridgeport, C on n....................

209.7
220.1
202.6
200.9
209.8

211.6
221.1
206.9
199.6
206.9

212.3
221.2
204.9
202.2
210.0

205.0
223.9
201.9
204.2
212.6

197.5
218.7
195.0
198.4
206.8

194.7
211.0
193.1
191.7
201.8

192.6
206.1
189.6
188.4
197.8

193.8
206.5
189.8
187.7
197.0

190.0
205.0
184.5
184.8
192.6

192.5
206.6
186.4
186.6
195.5

194.7
208.1
190.5
189.5
197.0

197.7
211.9
197.2
193.2
200.3

199.9
211.5
197.2
193.7
198.2

141.0
152.4
147.7
138.0
139.1

92.5
94.7
90.7
93.5
93.2

Buffalo, N . Y ______ _______
B utte, M o n t_______________

203.7
212.6
221.3
198.6
215.2

206.3
212.5
222.3
199.3
218.6

208.0
209.1
215.6
193.5
218.0

203.2
206.9
212.1
189.4
211.1

195.9
201.3
208.6
186.7
208.2

193.3
198.5
202.3
185.2
201.5

193.0
195.9
201.9
186.1
201.5

189.6
194.8
201.0
183.3
198.6

189.8
194.1
200.3
185.3
199.9

189.3
194.1
200.3
187.9
202.2

193.2
199.8
203.4
189.2
208.3

195.1
200.2
201.2
190.5
206.5

140.2
139.7
148.2
140.8
142.8

94.5
94.1

Charleston, S. C ___________
Chicago, 111----------------- -------

203.1
214.5
223.1
196.9
215.2

Cincinnati, Ohio___________
Cleveland, Ohio. _________
Columbus, Ohio___________
Dallas, Tex ______________
Denver, Colo----------------------

211.6
218.3
192.7
212.2
209.5

213.3
215.9
193.4
214.5
205.5

213.2
218.1
194.2
213.8
210.9

212.9
219.4
192.9
207.9
208.6

206.9
213.7
186.3
202.0
207.0

202.9
206. 3
183.3
199.8
203.8

196.7
203.1
179.1
196.3
198.6

197.9
201.6
179.0
196.3
198.9

196.8
201.8
177,7
197.6
196 2

197.4
202.6
177.2
198.4
196.8

197.3
203.2
179.3
201.9
196.2

198.7
206.0
180.8
205.0
200.2

199.7
209.2
183.6
204.8
196.0

141.4
149.3
136.4
142.4
145.3

90.4
93.6
88.1
91.7
92.7

Detroit, M ich . ___________
F all River, M a s s .. ______
Houston, T e x _____________
Indianapolis, In d ..... ........... ..
Jackson, M iss.1. --------------

206.8
206.1
220.2
209.5
212.4

202.7
204.0
220.7
211.4
212.5

205.2
205.8
219.2
211.6
212.2

210.6
210.0
212.1
205.5
205.5

205.2
203.4
207.3
199.5
200.0

198.7
197.2
205.5
197.1
199.7

194.2
193.7
205.1
192.6
198.0

190.8
192.3
208.3
193.0
196.7

190.4
190.7
205.6
191.2
196.1

191.8
191.9
207.7
192.3
199.9

193.4
193.8
210.5
194.5
204.5

195.5
198.1
212.7
196.9
206.5

192.4
198.7
212.4
198.9
204.4

145.4
138.1
144.0
141.5
150.6

90.6
95.4
97.8
90.7

Jacksonville, F la ____ ______
Kansas C ity, M o ---------------Little Rock, A rk ___________
Los Angeles, Calif. -----------

214.6
194.9
234 9
209.5
205.2

218.8
195.0
237. 5
211.7
202.2

218.3
194.4
238.8
211.9
203.8

213.5
196.1
228.8
205.5
204.1

207.0
190.1
223.7
201.0
200.3

202.7
187.3
220.5
197.4
199.8

200.0
184.0
217.5
194.6
200.6

201.2
183.2
217.3
194.5
197.7

198.7
182.7
216.1
194.5
198.3

200.7
183.6
216.7
196.4
201.4

202.8
184.5
220.0
197.0
197.2

206.9
186.9
223.3
198.8
200.5

205.9
186.0
223.6
198.2
200.6

150.8
134.8
165.6
139.1
154.8

94.0
94.6

Louisville, K y . __________
M anchester, N . H ............. ..
M emphis, Tenn___________
Milwaukee, W is _________
Minneapolis, M inn-------------

198.0
207.1
218.9
209.7
202.5

199.9
207.1
220.6
210.3
201.0

199.2
206.2
220.2
212.6
201.4

199.8
207.1
212.0
213.8
198.3

194.1
200.9
206.4
207.6
194.9

188.9
197.5
204.3
203.9
192.2

183.4
192.1
201.3
197.6
187.9

184.2
193.1
202.7
198.2
188.1

183.1
189.9
202.2
196.6
188.3

183.7
191.6
203.1
196.3
189.1

185.0
192.9
206.9
196.1
188.7

188.3
195.5
210.2
199.3
192.0

189.7
197.2
209.7
199.4
191.1

135.6
144.4
153.6
144.3
137.5

92.1
94.9
89.7
91.1
95.0

Mobile, A l a . ______________
Newark, N . J _____________
New H aven, Conn— ____
New Orleans, L a __________
New Y ork, N. Y . . .............

209.5
204.0
203.6
219.8
207.2

211.2
201.8
202.1
223.3
207.3

212.4
202.2
203.2
225.6
203.5

205.3
206.5
206.3
218.3
209.9

201.1
203.2
201.3
211.6
204.3

199.5
197.2
195.7
209.3
200.1

199.1
193.4
191.5
209.3
197.1

198.6
192.0
191.1
207.9
195.7

194.8
190.3
189.6
206.9
195.3

196.4
192.4
190.6
209.6
195.9

201.3
196.1
193.1
211.7
198.8

203.6
198.6
3198. 4
213.2
201.5

204.8
198.2
197.9
210.0
201.0

149.8
147.9
140.4
157.6
149.2

95.5
95.6
93.7
97.6
95.8

Norfolk, Va ______________
Omaha, N ebr______________
Peoria, 111 . . ____________
Philadelphia, P a ........ ........... ..
Pittsburgh, P a --------------------

211.5
201.9
226.3
205.0
214.1

215.9
203.3
225.5
206.5
213.0

217.3
204.4
226.8
206.1
212.5

211.7
201.6
226.2
205.9
213.2

207.0
199.1
220.4
201.5
209.1

202.2
197.3
214.3
194.6
205.9

197.0
190.8
208.8
191.5
200.5

197.9
190.4
208.2
191.9
198.7

195.0
188.9
206.9
189.5
198.8

194.8
189.8
205.9
191.3
199.7

198.0
190.9
206.5
193.5
200.8

200.8
194.7
210.0
196.8
205.4

203.5
195.7
211.9
197.9
204.8

146.0
139.5
151.3
143.5
147.1

93.6
92.3
93.4
93.0
92.5

Portland, M aine----------------Portland, Oreg_____________
Providence, R . I ----------------Richmond, Va. ___________
Rochester, N . Y ------------------

197.9
227.0
215.1
201.8
202.8

197.0
226.3
215.1
204.3
200.5

197.1
226.1
215.7
204.2
200.8

199.1
225.0
216.5
201.7
204.5

193.5
219.4
210.6
197.0
198.8

189.7
217.2
204.9
192.0
195.1

187.8
213.0
200.2
188.2
189.6

190.8
211.1
199.4
190.5
191.0

186.7
211.8
197.4
188.5
190.0

187.3
210.4
198.3
188.3
190.7

187.2
206.3
201.3
191.3
192.0

188.4
207.8
205.2
195.0
193.5

189.7
209.7
207.0
197,4
193.7

138.4
158.4
144.9
138.4
142.5

95.9
96.1
93.7
92.2
92.3

8 t. Louis, M o _____________
St. Paul, M in n .. _________
Salt Lake C ity, U tah .............
San Francisco, Calif. _____
Savannah, Q a . ___________

220.0
197.5
209.8
222.2
216.8

220.5
195.8
208.3
218.6
219.3

221.9
195.8
207.9
219.9
221.6

223.8
194.3
201.3
217.1
214.8

212.4
192.7
201.8
214.3
209.6

208.4
190.4
198.4
213.2
205.5

202.5
186.9
195.1
212.9
200.5

204.5
187.5
196.5
211.6
200.9

202.9
186.8
199.4
212.2
197.1

204.6
186.4
198. 7
214.3
197.0

206.2
186.0
196.6
210.1
201.8

208.6
187.9
202.0
212.9
207.1

207.5
187.5
202.6
213.1
208.2

147.4
137.3
151.7
155_5
158.5

93.8
94.3
94.6
93.8
96.7

Scranton, P a ______________
Seattle, W a s h .................. .......
Springfield, 111______ _____ _
Washington, D . O_________
Wfp.hitA, TTans.l
Winston-Salem, N . O .i.

204.7
214.5
220.6
205.4
217. 7
207.4

205.8
210.6
220.0
204.7
217. 0
207.2

207.4
212.6
222.6
206.0
220.2
206.3

211.0
211.3
223.5
207.0
216. 6
200.7

205.1
208.6
214.3
204.1
210.4
197.5

199.6
206.8
209.0
198.4
207.6
192.9

192.6
205.2
202.0
193.3
204.2
191.5

193.5
204.2
201.5
193.6
206.8
191.8

191.0
205.6
201.4
193.6
205.1
188.6

192.4
205.8
200.9
194.4
205.9
191.0

193.2
203.1
201.6
196.1
207.8
196.3

198.1
207.4
204. 4
202. 6
210.9
197.8

200.9
205.0
204.7
200.1
211.2
197.5

144.0
151.6
150.1
145. 5
164. 4
145.3

92.1
94.5
94.1
94.1

i June 1940=100.
i Estim ated index based on half the usual sample of reports.
or ices for New Haven.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

Remaining reports lost in the mails,

95.1
92.3

—

95.8
91.5

Index for December 15 reflects the correct level of food

766

D : PRICES AND COST OF LIVING

MONTHLY LABOR

T able D -6: Average Retail Prices and Indexes of Selected Foods

Commodity

Aver­
age
price
Oct.
1950

Indexes 1935-39= 100
Oct.
1950

Cereals and bakery products:
Cereals:
C ents
Flour, w heat......... ............6 pounds..
49.6 192.3
Corn flakes___________ 11 ounces..
17.7 187.3
Corn m eal................................poun d..
9. 7 202.4
Rice 1.............................................d o ___
17.3
97.3
Rolled oats «.....................20 ounces..
16. 5 149.8
Bakery products:
Bread, white_____________ pound..
14.7 171.8
Vanilla cookies............................ do___
47.0 201.0
M eats, poultry, and fish:
M eats:
Beef:
Round steak.........................do___
97.1 287.4
Rib roast....................
do___
76.4 266.0
Chuck roast_____________do___
65.1 290.3
Hamburger *........................ do___
60. 5 195.8
Veal:
112.1 280.8
C utlets_________________ d o ...
Pork:
C h o p s.........................
d o ...76.0 230.6
Bacon, sliced___________ d o ...
70.0 183.9
H am , whole____________ d o ...
61. 9 210. 7
Salt pork............................... d o ...
38.2 183.2
Lam b:
Leg........................................... do__
74.9 264.4
Poultry..... .......................................... .d o ___
187.2
Frying chickens: 8
New York dressed 8_____ do__
47.1
Dressed and drawn 7____ do__
61.2
Fish:
Fish (fresh, frozen)*................ d o ...
285.2
m
Salmon, pink 8______16-ounce can
55.1 420.6
D airy products:
B u tter................................................ pound.
74.3 204.1
51.7 228.7
Cheese.....................................
do_____
Milk, fresh (delivered).................q u a rt..
21. 7 177.1
Milk, fresh (grocery)....... ................do___
20.3 179.8
Milk, evaporated........ -14J>i-ounee can ..
13.0 182.6
dozen..
Eggs: Eggs, fresh....................
71.7 207.2
F ru its and vegetables:
Fresh fruits:
A p p le s .............................. ...p o u n d .
10.0 191.4
B an an as.................................... .d o ___
15.8 261.9
Oranges, size 200.......
dozen.
53. 9 190.1
Fresh vegetables:
Beans, green.....................
pound..
16.7 153.3
Cabbage___________________ do____
4.7 123.1
Carrots___________________ bu nch..
9. 5 177.2
Lettu ce____________________head ..
13. 2 159.4
Onions___________________ pound..
5. 5
133.5
Potatoes_____ ________ 15 pounds..
59.4 164.6
( !0 )
(10)
Spinach.....................................pound..
Sweetpotatoes_____________ do____
8. 2 158. 4
Tomatoes 11_______ ________ d o ...
20.3 133.4
Canned fruits:
Peaches_____________ No. 2H ca n ..
31.7 164.5
Pineapple....................... ............. do___
38.3 176.1
Canned vegetables:
C orn________________________ N o. 2c a n18.3
..
147.8
Tom atoes............................No. 2 ca n ..
15. 2 168. 9
Peas13...............................No. 303 ca n ..
21. 5 117.4
Dried fruits: Prunes....................poun d.. 25. 8 253.5
Dried vegetables: N avy b ean s..do___
15. 8 214.8
Beverages: Coflee.................................... do___
86.3 343.2
F a ts and oils:
L a rd ___________________________do____
21.2 142.4
Hydrogenated veg. shortening « .d o ___
34.9 168.6
Salad dressing.................................. .p in t..
35. 9 148.2
M arg arin e-..................................... pound..
173.0
Uncolored 18. _ . ..........................d o ___
33.3
Colored 17................................... .d o ___
32.7
Sugar and sweets:
S u g a r......................................... .5 pounds. . 50.3 187.3
‘ July 1947=100.
* Index not computed.
3 February 1943=100.
4 Not priced in earlier period.
8 New specifications introduced in April 1949, in place
8 Priced in 29 cities.
7 Priced in 27 cities.
* 1938-39=100.
s Average price not computed.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

of

Sept.
1950

Aug,
1950

July
1950

June
1950

M ay
1950

Apr.
1950

M ar.
1950

Feb.
1950

Jan .
1950

Dec.
1949

Nov.
1949

Oct.
1949

192.8
182.5
203.3
96.2
146.6

192.5
177.0
202.9
95.1
145.9

190.6
176.9
188.5
91.9
145.6

190.4
176.3
180.6
92.8
145.5

190.1
176.7
178.7
92.6
145.8

189.2
176.6
175.9
92.5
145.8

188.2
176.7
175.8
92.2
146.2

187.7
177.3
175.8
92.4
146.2

187.3
177.8
177.7
92.2
146.4

186.6
177.9
178.2
93.5
146.7

186.3
177.7
178.2
94.1
147.4

184.8
177.3
179.8
98.4
148.0

82.1
92.7
90.7
(3)
(’)

171.3
201.4

171.0
196.8

166.1
192.8

163.9
191.1

164.1
191.1

164.1
189.6

163.9
189.6

163.9
190.0

163.8
189.9

164.0
190.6

164.1
190.4

164.1
190.1

93.9
(4)

287.8
270.8
292.6
196.6

293.8
272.0
293.0
107.0

297.1
272.5
292.2
188.8

288.7
264.4
281.1
181.5

275.3
255.2
265.1
176.1

256.1
241.4
249.9
167.4

252.9
239.4
248.9
166.2

249.2
237.0
245.7
164.6

252.1
238.5
245.1
164.6

257.5
242.1
254.5
165.7

262.2
244.2
260.3
166.8

260.8
243.7
261.3
166.8

102.7
97.4
97.1
(4)

1939

280.4

277.8

275.3

271.3

264.8

258.4

262.1

261.4

255.8

248.3

250.8

252.1

101.1

262.1
184.5
233.9
181.7

254.0
181. y
236. 7
178.4

270.3
171.6
230.4
164.5

244.8
162.1
216.0
160.3

239.4
157.5
206.9
152.5

207.3
154.2
193.5
148.3

210.6
155.0
198.0
152.2

201.4
154.6
195.2
149.9

186.9
154.7
192.5
153.2

182.7
160.8
194.2
169.0

201.6
170.7
195.1
181.8

228.3
183.9
208.5
176.1

90.8
80. 9
92.7
69.0

269.1
199.2

271.7
202.2

273.6
189.4

272.9
184.6

266.9
183.8

256.2
187.5

250.6
180.4

242.4
165.1

238.1
158.9

239.9
179.5

245. 8
184.5

250.1
184.6

95.7
94.6

283.4
359.8

279.4
337.5

275.8
325.5

274.1
325.3

270.6
327.8

276.0
328.2

281.2
332.1

265.1
345.6

272.2
355.9

267.1
359.8

266.4
367.9

268.4
385.7

98.8
97.4

198.8
229.3
170.4
174.0
180.8
193.0

197.8
228.3
167. 4
169.8
177.6
183.1

195.5
226.3
164.1
165.5
173.8
164.3

195.4
226.2
160.1
161.6
174.1
149.1

196. 0
227.7
160. 5
162.5
174.1
144.4

197.5
228.9
161.7
165.0
174.4
150.5

200.6
230.1
165.4
168.4
174.9
150.2

201.5
230.7
166.9
169.7
174.8
141.1

201.8
231.1
167.9
170.2
175.1
152.3

201.9
232.2
171.1
173.4
175.7
178.0

201.3
232.4
171.3
174.2
178.1
207.8

200.4
232.2
172.3
175.6
176.3
227.8

84. 0
92.3
97.1
96.3
93.9
90.7

231.1
247.1
173.9

240.7
173.1

347.0
268.4
181.8

307.5
272.2
172.6

260.0
274.8
167.9

221.9
274.8
173.2

206.0
278.5
177.1

187.7
278.3
176.3

178.6
273.1
156.5

174.9
273.9
146.8

165. 8
277.9
167.3

165.0
273.9
195.3

81.6
97.3
96.9

157.1
131.0
179.4
155.7
148.7
179.9

142.6
140.0
180.2
151.7
174. 8
204.2

164.3
157.1
195.2
140.7
197.0
217.4

153.9
173.0
181.5
167. 5
186.3
220.6

211.4
172.4
178.3
189.5
161.2
208.9

201.8
167.4
175.5
158.8
143.8
199.5

219.2
169.6
184.3
170.9
184.8
195.6
(.0)
205.5
157.4

274.9
173.9
202.6
220.1
216.9
196.5
(10)
205.6
165.3

245.9
164.0
206.8
158.3
220.9
195.3
(10)
195.8
175.4

198.1
143.0
219.9
222.9
204.9
194.1
(10)
182.6
168.8

137.4
147.9
202.0
199.7
191.9
196.0
(10)
183.0

(10)

(iO )

(10)

(1C)

183.6
82.6

216.0
116.0

196.4
217.9

207.4
212.8

218.5
153.8

210.2
177.2

180.4
178.2
177.0
155.8
155.5
195.4
(10)
209.5
141.4

noo.o

61.7
103.2
84.9
97.6
86.8
91.9
118. 4
115. 7
(4)

158.4
175.2

151.4
174.9

142.4
172.8

140.0
171.9

138.4
171.9

138.6
173.1

139.4
173.9

140.1
173.6

141.8
174.2

148.2
175.2

149.8
177.0

152.4
179.4

92.3
96.0

141.6
164.3
116.0
242.6
211.3
336.1

139.3
163. 5
114. 9
238. 5
209.3
328.2

137.6
161.2
112.7
236.0
203.4
303.9

138.4
161.7
114.3
237.5
202.4
295.1

137.3
161.7
113.6
236.6
202.7
298.6

138.8
159.9
114.7
234.9
201.9
307.0

139.7
159.3
114.8
232.9
202.9
311.0

142.1
157.7
114.0
231.7
204.3
303.9

144.1
158.2
113.1
232.5
206.9
298.9

149.8
157.8
112.5
231.8
209.0
291.9

152.4
158.4
112.6
230.7
211.7
264.8

153.1
158.4
112.8
232.0
219.2
213.4

88. 6
92 5
80 8
94 7
83 0
93.3

155.9
167.7
147. 9
173.8

157.7
165. 7
146.7
173.8

118.8
156.9
142.2
163.7
(16)
(4)

115.9
155.2
142.2
161.3
(!6)
(4)

112.6
151.7
140.5
160.8
(16)
(4)

109. 5
148.6
139.1
160.2
(.6)
(4)

110.6
147.4
137.7
156.6
(16)
(4)

110.0
146.3
138.0
154. 4
(!6)
(4)

113.1
148.8
138.3
155.3
(16)
(4)

114.2
154.3
138.6
156.1
(16)
(4)

119.3
158.5
139.3
157. 9
(16)
(4)

130.4
159.1
140.9
161.0
(16)
(4)

93. 6
(16)
(4)

188.4

188-6

176.9

175.2

175.4

176.1

177.8

178.8

179.8

179.7

179.8

178.4

95.6

roasting chickens.

(10)

(10)

66 2
93 9

(4 )

70 Discontinued October 1949.
11 October 1949=100.
13 First inclusion in retail food price index.
13 No. 303 can fancy grade peas introduced in April 1950, in place of No. 2
can standard grade peas.
« Formerly published as shortening in other containers.
18 Priced in 19 cities.
18 Priced in 56 cities prior to August 1950.
17 Priced in 37 cities.

767

D : PRICES AND COST OF LIVING

R E V IE W , D E C E M B E R 1950

T able D -7 : Indexes of Wholesale Prices,1 by Group of Commodities, for Selected Periods
(1926=100]

Chem­
Houseicals
furand
nishallied
fng
prod­
goods
ucts

Raw
m ate­
rials

56.1
56.7
99.2
143.3
94.3

93.1
88.1
142.3
176.5
82.6

68.8
67.3
138.8
163.4
97.5

74.9
67.8
162. 7
253.0
93.9

69.4
66.9
130.4
157.8
94.5

69.0
65.7
131.0
165.4
93.3

70.0
65.7
129.9
170.6
91.6

73.9
76.0
74.2
77,0

75.1
86.3
85.6
88.5

64.4
74.8
73.3
77.3

55.1
70.2
66.5
71.9

59.3
77.0
74.5
79.1

70.3
80.4
79.1
81.6

68.3
79.5
77.9
80.8

70.2
81.3
80.1
83.0

103.2
107.8
110.2
111.4
115.5

84.4
90.4
95.5
94.9
95.2

94.3
101.1
102.4
102.7
104.3

82.0
87.6
89.7
92.2
93.6

83.5
92.3
100.6
112.1
113.2

86.9
90.1
92.6
92.9
94.1

89.1
94.6
98.6
100.1
100.8

88.3
93.3
97.0
98.7
99.6

89.0
93.7
95.5
96.9
98.5

104.7
104.7

117.8
117.8

95.2
95.3

104.5
104.5

94.7
94.8

116.8
116.3

95.9
95.5

101.8
101.8

100.8
100.9

99.7
99.9

90.1
87.8
94.5
108.7

115.5
112.2
130.2
145.0

132.6
129.9
145.5
179.7

101.4
96.4
118.9
127.3

111.6
110.4
118.2
131.1

100.3
98.5
106.5
115.5

134.7
126.3
153.4
165.6

110.8
105. 7
129.1
148.5

116.1
107.3
134.7
146.0

114.9
106.7
132.9
145.5

109.5
105.6
120.7
135.2

Foods

T ex­
tile
prod­
ucts

Fuel
and
light­
ing
m ate­
rials

Metals
and
metal
prod­
ucts »

Budd­
ing
mate­
rials

71.5
71.4
150.3
169.8
104.9

64.2
62.9
128.6
147.3
99.9

68.1
69.7
131.6
193.2
109.1

57.3
55.3
142.6
188.3
90.4

61.3
55.7
114.3
159.8
83.0

90.8
79.1
143.5
155.5
100.5

56.7
52.9
101.8
164.4
95.4

80.2
77.9
178.0
173.7
94.0

64.8
77.1
75.0
78.6

48.2
65.3
61.0
67.7

61.0
70.4
67.2
71.3

72.9
95.6
92.7
100.8

54.9
69.7
67.8
73.8

70.3
73.1
72.6
71.7

80.2
94.4
93.2
95.8

71.4
90.5
89.6
94.8

1941: Average_____
December___
1942: Average-------1943: Average-------1944: Average...........

87.3
93.6
98.8
103.1
104.0

82.4
94.7
105.9
122.6
123.3

82.7
90.5
99.6
106.6
104.9

108.3
114.8
117.7
117.5
116.7

84.8
91.8
96.9
97.4
98.4

76.2
78.4
78.5
80.8
83.0

99.4
103.3
103.8
103.8
103.8

1945: Average...........
August...........-

105.8
105.7

128.2
126.9

106.2
106.4

118.1
118.0

100.1
99.6

84.0
84.8

1946: Average...........
June_________
November___
1147: Average_____

121.1
112.9
139.7
152.1

148.9
140.1
169.8
181.2

130.7
112.9
165. 4
168.7

137.2
122.4
172.5
182.4

116.3
109.2
131.6
141.7

Farm
prod­
ucts

Average------Ju ly ------------November—
M a y ..................
Average_____

69.8
67.3
136.3
167.2
95.3

1932: Average...........
1939: Average...........
August.......... 1940: Average...........

Y ear and month

1913:
1914:
1918:
1920:
1929:

All
com ­
modi­
ties
ex­
cept
farm
prod­
ucts
and
foods 2

M is­
cella­
neous
com­
modi­
ties

Hides
and
leather
prod­
ucts

All
com­
modi­
ties *

Ail
com­
Semi- M anu­ modi­
fac­
manuties ex­
tured
faccept
tured
prod­
farm
articles ucts *
prod­
ucts 1

1948: Average_____

165.1

188.3

179.1

188.8

149.8

134.2

163.6

199.1

135.7

144.5

120.6

178.4

158.0

159.4

159.8

151.0

1949: Average...........
O ctober-.........
November___
December___

155.0
152.2
151.6
151.2

165.5
159.6
156.8
154.9

161.4
159.6
158.9
155.7

180.4
181.3
180.8
179.9

140.4
138.0
138.0
138.4

131.7
130. 6
130.2
130.4

170.2
167.3
167.3
167.8

193.4
189.3
189.6
190.4

118.6
115.9
115.8
115.2

145.3
143.0
143.4
144.2

112.3
109.0
109.7
110.7

163.9
160.4
160.4
159.5

150.2
145.3
145.1
144.7

151.2
149.1
148.2
147.9

152.4
150. 3
150.3
150.1

147.3
145.0
145.0
145.4

1950: Ja n u ary _____
F ebruary____
M a rch .............
A pril________
M a y ................Ju n e ............ ..
J u ly _________
August______
Septem ber—
October______

151.5
152.7
152.7
152.9
155.9
157.3
162.9
166.4
169.5
169.1

154. 7
159.1
159.4
159.3
164.7
165.9
176.0
177.6
180.4
177.8

154.8
156.7
155.5
155.3
159.9
162.1
171.4
174.6
177.2
172.5

179.3
179.0
179.6
179.4
181.0
182.6
187.2
195.6
» 202.9
208.4

138.5
138.2
137.3
136.4
136.1
136.8
142.6
149.5
»158.3
163.0

131.4
131.3
131.5
131.2
132.1
132.7
133.4
134.4
135.1
135.4

168.4
168.6
168.5
168.7
169.7
171.9
172.4
174.3
176.7
178.6

191.6
192.8
194.2
194.8
198.1
202.1
207.3
» 213.9
» 219. 7
219.0

115.7
115.2
116.3
117.1
116.4
114.5
118.1
122.5
o128.7
132.3

144.7
145.2
145. 5
145.8
146. 6
146.9
148.7
»153.9
159.2
163.4

110.0
110.0
110.7
112.6
114.7
114.7
119.0
124.3
127.4
131.3

159. 8
162.4
162.8
162.5
166.3
167.7
175.8
179.1
»181.8
180.2

144.8
144.3
144.1
143.9
145.6
148.4
152.9
159.2
» 165.7
169.3

148.2
149.1
148.9
149.4
152.2
153.5
158.0
161.2
164.0
163.5

150.5
151.1
151.0
151.2
153.7
155.2
159.8
»163. 7
166.9
166.9

145.8
145.9
146.1
146.4
147.6
148.8
151.5
155.5
159.2
161.5

i
B L S wholesale price data, for the most part, represent prices in primary
m arkets. T hey are prices charged by manufacturers or producers or are
prices prevailing on organized exchanges. T h e weekly index is calculated
from 1-day-a-week prices; the m onthly index from an average of these prices.
M onthly indexes for the last 2 months are preliminary.
T h e indexes currently are computed by the fixed base aggregate method,
with weights representing quantities produced for sale in 1929-31. (Tor a
detailed description of the method of calculation see “ Revised M ethod of
Calculation of the Bureau of Labor Statistics Wholesale Price Ind ex,” in
the Journal of the American Statistical Association, December 1937.)
Mimeographed tables are available, upon request to the Bureau, giving
m onthly indexes for major groups of commodities since 1890 and for subgroups
and economic groups since 1913. T h e weekly wholesale price indexes are


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

available in summary form since 1947 for all commodities; all com m odities
less farm products and foods; farm products; foods; textile products; fuel and
lighting materials; metals and metal products; building m aterials, and
chemicals and allied products. W eekly indexes are also available for the
subgroups of grains, livestock, and meats.
! Includes current motor vehicle prices beginning with October 1946. T h e
rate of production of motor vehicles in October 1946 exceeded the m onthly
average rate of civilian production in 1941, and in accordance with the an­
nouncement made in Septem ber 1946, the Bureau introduced current prices
for motor vehicles in the October calculations. During the war, motor
vehicles were not produced for general civilian sale and the Bureau carried
April 1942 prices toward in each com putation through Septem ber 1946.
« Corrected.

768

D : PRICES AND COST OF LIVING

MONTHLY LABOR

T able D -8: Indexes of Wholesale Prices,1 by Group and Subgroup of Commodities
[1926=100]
1950

1949

1946

1939

Ju n e

Aug,

Group and subgroup
Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

Ju ly

Ju n e

M ay

169.1

169.5

166.4

162.9

157.3

155.9

152.9

Farm products__________ - 177.8
G rains..____ ________ - 165.3
Livestock and poultry . 198.7
Livestock r. ............ . 223.8
Poultry r............... .
77.1
Other farm products.. . 167.4
Eggs' . ..................... . - 141.0
Foods........... ................ .......... - 172.5
Dairy products______ . 160.8
Cereal products______ - 153.8
Fruits and vegetables - 129.6
Meats, poultry, fish
- 223.7
M eatsr.........—
- 240.8
Poultry r...........
90.2
Other foods.............
156. 4
Hides and leather products. - 208.4
Sboes_______________
200.1
Hides and skins_______
266. 5
Leather______________
201.3
Other leather products.
164.9
Textile products__________
163.0
Clothing_____________
147.7
Cotton goods_________
225. 7
Hosiery and underwear.
108. 7
Rayon and nylon r____
42.5
Silk r________________
65.3
Woolen and worsted__
188.9
Other textile products...
207.3
Fuel and lighting materials.
135.4
143.9
Anthracite...................... .
Bituminous coal______
193.3
Coke_________________
231.1
Electricity____________
0
Gas............... .....................
0
Petroleum and products
118.0
Metals and metal productss. 178.6
Agricultural machinery.
and equipment' _____
151.3
153.6
Farm machinery r...
Iron and steel—...............
173.1
Steel mill products__
172.7
Semi-finished........
185.4
Finished________
171.1
Motor vehicles r _______
176.9
Passenger cars_____ 187.1
Trucks___________
133. 9
Nonferrous metals.......... 173.3

180.4
166.5
211.3
237.5
85.3
» 164.4
128.8
177.2
154.7
155.5
131.0
241.0
259.5
99.0
« 158. 7
« 202. 9
194.8
« 264. 7
196.8
151.3

177.6
167.7
217.3
243.8
90.2
155.3
110.1
174.6
148.0
154.9
132.0
240.2
258.3
103.5
154.1
195.6
191.4
238.2
192.3
151.3
149.5
145.2
206.8
101.2
41.3
65.6
157.7
181.5
134.4
142.1
192.5
225.6
65.5
88.1
116.8
174.3

176.0
173.5
215.8
242.5
87.6
151.8
103.8
171.4
141.8
151.2
137.0
240.7
260.1
97.9
145.1
187.2
185.8
219.8
185.3
143.1

165.9
169.3
197.5
222.4
77.2
145.0
91.3
162.1
135.9
145.6
140.5
223.7
241.4
91.5
133.1
182.6
184.8
202.1
180.6
143.1

142.6
144.3
190.7
99.2
40.7
60.3
150.9
168.5
133.4
141.0
191.9
225.6
67.0
88.3
115.5
172.4

136.8
143.8
173.8
97.7
39.9
49.3
148.3
164.5
132.7
140.1
192.1
225.6
67.0
87.3
113.9

164.7
172.3
194.6
218.5
79.6
143.7
85.4
159.9
138.0
146.0
139.2
217.1
234.0
90.0
130.9
181.0
185.0
194.4
179.3
143.1
136.1
143.8
172.0
97.7
39.9
49.3
146.2
164.6
132.1
139.2
192.6
225.6
66.6
87.2
112.6

159.3
169.6
178.0
197.9
84.0
144.2
90.7
155.3
141.1
145.9
137.6
200.6
214.7
89.9
129.3
179.4
184.3
187.2
179.1
143.1
136.4
144.2
172.8
97.7
39.9
49.1
146.1
165.8
131.2
142.6
193.4
225.6
67.8
86.8
109.5

All commodities s_

Plum bing r....... .............. .
Building materials________
Brick and tile_________
Cem entf_____________
Lumber______________
Paint, paint materials
Prepared p a in tr___
Paint materials r___
Plumbing and heating r.
Plumbing T
___________
Structural steel................
Other bldg, m aterials...
Chemicals and allied prod­
ucts__ ____ ____________
Chemicals____________
Drug and pharma­
ceutical materials____
Fertilizer materials____
Mixed fertilizers..
Oils and fats.....................
Housefumishing goods.
Furnishings______
Furniturer_______

Miscellaneous____________
Tires and tubes r______
Cattle feed___________
Paper and pulp..............
Paperboard............
Paper.___ _______
Wood pulp..............
Rubber, crude..............
Other miscellaneous___

Soaps and detergents ’■...

-

» 158. 3
146.7
221.6
104.8
41.7
64.9
» 178. 7
191.3
135.1
142.8
193.1
225.6
0
89.0
117.8

Apr.

M ar.

Feb .

Jan .

152.7

152.7

151.5

151.2

151.6

152.2

112.9

75.0

159.4
165.4
180.3
199.7
89.7
144.2
94.6
155. 5
144.8
145.6
134.9
200.0
213.6
92.7
129.8
179.6
184.3
190.4
177.9
143.1
137.3
143.5
176.5
98.0
39.9
49.1
146.3
166.9
131.5
141.9
198. 5
224.7
67.9
88.3
108.6

159.1
161.3
179.9
200.6
81.4
144.9
87.3
156.7
147.5
144.8
138.2
201.6
216.3
86.8
129.6
179.0
184.3
188.2
178.6
143.1
138.2
143.1
178.4
98.6
39.9
50.1
147.2
170.3
131.3
139.3
196.7
223.7
69.6
87.4
109.4

154.7
160.2
170.5
192.0
66.7
142.6
86.0
154.8
148.8
144.3
134.3
194.5
208.3
83.1
131.0
179.3
184.3
189.0
177.6
143.1

154.9
160.9
167.0
187.0
71.1
145.0
99.1

156.8
156.4
169.6
188.3
0
148.2
132.5
158.9
154.7
144.6
130.7
198.9
212.9
0
139.6
180.8
184.3
199.5
177.0
141.1

159.6
155.3
177.7
197.6
0
148.8
147.5
159.6
154.6
144.6
128.0
205.0
219.6
0
137.4

140.1
151.8
137.4
143.4
(*)
137.5
97.3
112.9
127.3
101.7
136.1
110.1
116.6
0
98.1
122.4
129. 5
121. 5
110.7
115. 2

61.0
51.5
66.0
67.7

Dec.

Nov.

155.7
154.4
144.6
132.4
193.5
206.5
88.6
132.6
179.9
184.3
192.8
178.1
141.1
138.4
144.0
178.4
98.4
39.6
49.9
146.9
171.5
130.4
139.3
194.1
222.2
69.6
87.2
108.5
167.8

138.0
144.2
177.9
98.4
39.6
49.5
146.0
169.0
130.2
139.3
192.4
222.2
70.3
88.3
108.5
167.3

Oct.

181.3
183.4
205.6
176.5
141.1
138.0
144.6
176. 5
98.4
39.6
49.2
145.1
175.6
130.6
139.1
191.2
222.2
70.1
87.8
109.9

0

60.1
47.5

67.2
67.9
71.9
58.5
73.7
78.1

0

60.3
92.7

100.8

77.2
84.0
97.1

171.9

169.7

168.7

168.5

168.6

138.5
143.9
178.7
98.5
39.6
50.1
147.0
171.7
131.4
139.3
196.2
222.2
68.9
85.0
109.4
168.4

177.2
132.0
219.0
178.2
140.2
359.3
145.9
142.8
152.1
177.2
132.0
191.6
186.1

» 150. 3
145.5
152.7
147.7
° 172.2
171.0
172.5
172.3
185.4
185.4
170.9
170.6
176. 5
176.1
186.6
186.4
133.9
133.1
166.1
156.3
166.9
164. 6
125.4
123.9
» 219. 7 » 213. 9
168.7
167.8
» 136. 3
135.5
« 371. 5
357.6
0 146.1
142.4
142.8
141.3
152.4
146.2
166.9
164. 6
125.4
123.9
191.6
191.6
« 182.4 0 178. 7

143.9
146.2
169.8
172.3
185.4
170.6
175.1
185.2
133.0
150.6
156.5
116.9
207.3
167.4
135.3
338.0
138.6
138.6
141.3
156.5
116.9
191.6
177.4

143.7
146.0
169.4
172.2
185.4
170.4
175.1
185.2
133.0
148.4
156.3
116.7
202.1
164.3
134.9
322.6
137.7
138.5
139.5
156.3
116.7
191.6
175.0

143.7
146.0
168.5
171.8
184.9
170.1
175.1
185.2
133.0
136.3
156.4
116.6
198.1
163.9
134.9
310.8
136.8
138.5
137.6
156.4
116.6
191.6
172.7

143.4
145.8
168.9
171.7
184.7
170.1
175.1
185.2
132.7
128.9
154.7
194.8
163.4
134.9
299.4
136.7
138.5
137.3
154.7
0
191.6
172.0

143.1
145.6
169.0
171.7
184.7
170. 0
175.1
185.2
132.8
127.2
151.9
0
194.2
163.3
134.9
295.9
138.2
138.5
140.5
151.9
0
191.6
172.2

143.1
145.7
168.8
171.7
184.7
170.0
175.6
185.7
133.0
128.1
148.7
0
192.8
163.2
134.9
292.1
139.0
138.5
142.2
148.7
0
191.6
171.1

143.0
145.7
167.3
171.1
182.2
169.7
176.5
186.7
133.8
128.6
151.7
0
191.6
163.5
134.8
287.5
139.0
138.5
142.2
151.7
0
191.6
170.6

143.0
145.6
165.4
167.6
178.1
166.3
176.7
186.7
134.7
129.2
154.6
0
190. 4
161.9
134. 5
285.2
139.6
138. 5
143.4
154.6
0
185.2
169.2

143.1
145.7
163.4
163.9
173.4
162.7
176.7
186.7
134.9
131.7
154.6
0
189.6
161.9
134.5
283.5
140.1
138.5
144.6
154.6
0
178.8
168.6

143.6
146.3
163.3
163.9
173. 2
162.7
177.0
187.0
135.0
131.5
154. 6
0
189.3
161. S
134.5
282.0
141.4
138.5
147.2
154.6
0
178.8
168.1

120 1
118.4

132.3
131.8

« 128. 7
125.6

122.5
122.1

118.1
119.3

114.5
117.3

116.4
116.5

117.1
116.4

116.3
115.4

115.2
114.7

115.7
114.7

115.2
114.3

115.8
115.0

115.9
115.3

Qfi 4
98.0

74.2
83.8

161.1
111.2
103.1
160.3
163.4
173. 3
153.1
131.3
78.1
199.6
173.4
184.3
159. 4
222. 6
131. 5
130. 5
143. 6

153.4
111. 4
0 103.1
0 163. 9
159.2
» 168.1
“ 149. 9
127.4
//. 4
203.8
167.1
171.6
157.3
201.8
114.7
« 127.8
140.1

135.0
112.1
0 103.1
° 141. 5

129.1
110.1
103.0
125.7
148.7
156.2
141.0
119.0
68.7
240.5
159.9
152.8
152.0
203.1
78.4
121.7
122.0

122.7
108.4
103.3
111.9
146.9
154.2
139.4
114.7
67.0
213.2
155.6
146.6
150.3
186. 9
63.4
120.7
122.1

122.3
116.8
103.3
122.2

122.0
117.4
103.5
127.5

121.9
117.3
103.5
125.6

146.6
154.1
138.9
114.7
65.8
235.5
155.4
146.5
150.3
184.8
58.4
120.5
122.8

145.8
152.6
138.8
112.6
65.0
215.6
155.4
146.5
150.3
185.0
48.7
120.3
122.9

145.5
152.2
138.6
110.7
64.3
193.7
155. 5
147.3
150.3
184.3
41.3
120.4
122.9

121. 4
116.9
103.5
120.9
145.2
151.8
138.4
110.0
64.3
177.3
155.6
147.3
150.5
183.8
41.1
120.4
123.0

121.5
117.4
104.6
122.7
144.7
151.5
137.8

121.6
117.9
106. 5
118.2
144.2
151.2
137.0
110.7
64.3
192.3
156.0
147.5
151.0
183.8
37.8
121.1
126.5

123.0
118.3
107.0
118.3
143.4
149.9
136.8
109.7
62. 5
184.9
156.5
147.1
151.0
189.7
35.4
121.2
126.6

123.1
120.2
107.1
115.6
143.0
149.2
136.7
109.0
60. 7
182.1
156.5
146.4
151.0
190.5
34.8
121.2
127.0

109 4
89 7
8fi fi
102.1
110 4

77.1
65.5
73.1
40.6
85.6
90.0
81.1
73.3
59.5
68.4
80.0

176.7

« 153. 9
« 162. 8
144.6
124.3
75.0
205.6
163.9
165.5
154. 5
201.5
106.1
125.4
130.5

0

110.0
64.3
179.3
155.9
147.3
151.0
183.8
39.1
120.5
123.1

167.3

109. 2
120 3
139 4
75 8
30 2
0
112. 7
112.3

133 5
07 2
79 fi
640
112.2
104 5
104 9
lio 1
119 2
108 Q
112 8
135 5
142 8
104 3
QQ 9
lofi o
0
129 9

19] 3

10?
17fi
108
09
120
lOfi
n\

fi
0
fi
3
9
0

114 5

108! 5
98 5

fifi 7
197 8
llf i fi
fi fi

11

107 3
1 fi4 1

4fi 2
101 O
101.3

67.8
81.5
65.5
61.6
28.5
44.3
75.5
63.7
72.6
72.1
96.0
104.2
75.8
86.7
51.7
93.2
93.5
94.7
95.1
98.6
96.0
99.0
92.5
95.6
77.4
74.6
79.3

0

89.6
9a 5
91.3
90.1
82.1
92.9
71.8
79.3

0

107.3
89.5

66.2

83.9
69.6
34.9
81.3
78.9

• -r! ®ee ^10*,not'e 1’ table D 7. 1 See footnote 2, table D-7. * Not available. 1 Index based on old series not available. Revised series first used in inder
m December.
Index based on old series not available. Revised series first used in index in May 1950.
° Corrected.
r Revised
t Revised indexes for dates prior to August 1949 available upon request.


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

E : WORK STOPPAGES

REVIEW, DECEMBER 1950

769

E: Work Stoppages
T able E - l : Work Stoppages Resulting From Labor-Management Disputes 1
Workers involved in stoppages

Number of stoppages
M onth and year

1945
1946
1947
1948
1949

“

.

Beginning
in month or
year

....................................

........................................................................ .............

In effect dur­
ing month

2, 862
4, 750
4,985
3, 693
3, 419
3' 606

Beginning
in month or
year

In effect dur­
ing month

1,130,000
3, 470,000
4, 600, 000
2 , 170, 000
1, 960, 000
3,030,000

M an-days idle during month
or year

Number

Percent of
estimated
working time

16,900,000
38,000,000
116,000,000
34, 600,000
34,100, 000
50,500, 000

0.27
.47
1.43
,41
.37
.59

1949: October...... ......... ...................................... ................................
Novem ber_________ ______________________________
December............................. ................................... .................

256
197
170

475
388
323

570,000
56,600
45, 500

977,000
914,000
417,000

17, 500, 000
6, 270, 000
1, 350,000

2.49
.93
.19

1950: Ja n u a ry *....................... ................................. .......................
F e b ru ary *______________________ _ _ . . . ______
M arch*_______________________ ___________ ________
April * . . . _______________ _____ ____________________
M ay 1_____________________________________ _______
June *_____________________________ _______________
Ju ly * _______________________________________ _______

225
210
260
400
450
425
425
560
525
525

340
325
400
550
650
650
650
800
800
800

185,000
75, 000
80,000
160, 000
325,000
260,000
225,000
350,000
275,000
180, 000

300,000
515,000
530,000
300, 000
500,000
400,000
400,000
465,000
460,000
300, 000

2, 600,000
7,850, 000
3,750,000
3,150,000
3,000, 000
2, 750,000
2,900,000
2,900, 000
3, 500,000
2, 450, 000

.38
1.27
.49
.47
.40
.36
.41
.35
.4 8
.30

A u g u s t * _________________________________________________________
S e p t e m b e r * ____________________________________________________
O c t o b e r * _________________________________________________________

1 All known work stoppages, arising out of labor-management disputes,
involving six or more workers and continuing as long as a full day or shift
are included in reports of the Bureau of Labor Statistics. Figures on “ work­
ers involved” and “ man-days idle” cover all workers made idle for one or


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

more shifts in establishments directly involved in a stoppage. They do not
measure the indirect or secondary effects on other establishments or Indus­
tries whose employees are made idle as a result of material or service shortages.
* Preliminary estimates.

770

F : BUILDING AND CONSTRUCTION

M O N TH LY LA BO R

F : Building and Construction
T able F - l : Expenditures for New Construction 1
[V a lu e of w o r k p u t In p la c e ]

Expenditures (in millions)
T y p e of c o n s t r u c t i o n

1950
N ov.2

Oct.3 Sept.

Aug.

July

June

1949
M ay

Apr.

M ar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

1949

1948

Total

Total

T otal new construction L

2,506

2,728 $2, 806 $2, 790 $2, 675 $2, 535 $2, 283 $1, 989 $1,750 $1,618 $1,712 $1, 852 $2,044 $22, 594 $21,572

Private construction.................... ...................
Residential building (nonfarm)_____
New dwelling un its...... ............... ..
Additions and alterations_______
Nonhousekeeping 1...... ....................
Nonresidential building (nonfarm )»..
Indu strial................................ ...........
Commercial................. .......................
Warehouses, office and loft
buildings................ ................
Stores,
restaurants,
and
garages__________ _________
Other nonresidential building___
Religious____________________
Educational............. ................... .
Social and recreational-..........
Hospital and institutional L _.
Miscellaneous_______________
F arm construction.....................................
Public utilities_____________________
Railroad_________________________
Telephone and telegraph.................
Other public utilities................... ..
All other private 3___________ ________
Public construction____________ ____ ____
Residential b u i l d i n g ............................
Nonresidential building (other than
m ilitary or naval facilities).-.........
In d u strial10_____________________
Educational......... ............. ...............
Hospital and institutional...............
Other nonresidential..........................
M ilitary and naval facilities...................
Highways..................... .................................
Sewer and water..........................................
Miscellaneous public service enter­
prises 11...................................... .................
Conservation and development______
All other public u____________________

1,867
1,020
72
18
399
118
146

2,000
1,232
1,130
84
18
378
111
135

45

43

39

35

32

28

26

24

25

27

28

28

101
135
40
30

92
132
39
29
23
29

78
128
37
26
24
29
12
116
305
30
45
230
11
719
27

85
124
35
24
23
30
12
113
296
29
45
222
11
678
24

82
118
33
23
21
30
11
108
285
28
42
215
13
652
28

66
110
31
21
19
29
10
100
267
27
41
199
13
593
28

52
103
28
20
17
28
10
88
253
26
40
187
11
506
28

52
103
28
21
17
27
10
79
235
21
38
176
9
437
28

50
105
29
22
18
26
10
75
209
16
32
161
9
356
26

51
109
31
23
20
25
10
74
216
22
30
164
9
414
35

58
113
32
24
21
24
12
75
246
23
37
186
7
451
34

1,110

2,071
1,306
1,195
94
17
351
100
121

2,071
1,309
1,200
93
16
330
89
113

1,997
1,253
1,145
93
15
324
83
117

1,690
1, 035
940
82
13
275
73
92

1,483
882
800
70
12
249
70
76

1,313
741
675
55
11
249
69
77

1,262
717
655
51
11
252
70
77

1,298
742
680
51
11
257
69
79

1,401
806
730
61
15
267
68
86

1,484
837
750
72
15
270
68
88

16, 204
8,290
7; 280
825
185
3,228
972
1,027

16,665
8, 580
7, 500
925
155
3.621
1,397
1,253

27

321

352

61
114
34
24
21
23
12
87
283
29
40
214
7
560
36

706
1,229
360
269
262
202
136
1,292
3; 316
352
533
2,431
78
6,390
'359

901
971
251
253
224
126
117
1,397
3; 002
'379
713
1,910
65
4,907
156

30
13
74
277
28
40
209
7
639
29

88
295
29
40
226
7
728
30

82
130
38
28
23
29
12
106
301
30
43
228
7
735
28

218
30
112
37
39
17
225
59

227
31
114
39
43
18
290
62

213
22
108
39
44
17
310
60

204
19
102
39
44
14
305
58

196
18
98
37
43
10
275
56

191
16
94
39
42
10
250
55

187
17
90
40
40
8
210
54

178
13
87
40
38
9
145
52

170
11
84
40
35
8
100
49

154
7
79
38
30
9
55
46

155
7
80
37
31
9
90
49

158
9
80
40
29
12
117
49

179
11
82
44
42
14
184
51

2,056
177
934
477
468
137
2,129
619

1,301
196
618
223
264
158
1,856
'535

15
68
8

17
76

17
82

18
85
8

18
91
8

17
92
9

15
82
9

13
73
8

11
62
9

10
49
7

12
56
8

13
60
8

16
71
9

203
792
95

185
629
87

22

12

muiiKwra ui me -Duieau oi ijuuor oiatisucs, u . a. dep artm ent of
Labor, and the Office of Industry and Commerce, U . S. Departm ent of Com ­
merce. Estim ated construction expenditures represent the monetary value
of the volume of work accomplished during the given period of time. These
figures should be differentiated from permit valuation data reported in the
tabulations for building authorized (tables F -3 and E -4) and the data on
value of contract awards reported in table F -2.
The estimates shown in this table represent extensive revisions in the
series as published prior to July 1950, primarily to include segments of ex­
penditures formerly omitted because of inadequate source data. The
entire revised series (showing data annually from 1915, and monthly from
1939) is available on request.
2 Preliminary.
3 Revised.
4 Includes major additions and alterations.
»Includes hotels, dormitories, and tourist courts and cabins.


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

1,883
1,171
1,065
92
14
306
78
110

« Expenditures by privately owned public utilities for nonresidential
building are included under “ Public u tilities.”
7 Includes Federal contributions toward construction of private nonprofit
hospital facilities under the N ational Hospital Program.
8 Includes privately owned sewer and water systems, roads and bridges,
and miscellaneous nonbuilding items such as parks and playgrounds.
« Includes nonhousekeeping public residential construction as well as
housekeeping units.
10 Represents prim arily expenditures to construct facilities under the atomic
energy program.
11 Covers prim arily airports and publicly owned electric light and power
systems and local transit facilities.
12 Includes publicly owned parks and playgrounds, memorials, etc.

771

F : BUILDING AND CONSTRUCTION

REVIEW, DECEMBER 1950

T able F - 2 : Value of Contracts Awarded and Force Account Work Started on Federally Financed
New Construction, by Type of Construction1
Value (in thousands)
Conservation and
development

Building

Total
new
con­
stru c­
tion 2

Period

Nonresidential
Air­
ports *
Total

Resi­
den­
tial

Total

Educa­
tional 4

R ec­
lama­
tion

R iver,
har­
bor,
and
flood
control

High­
ways

All
o th e r8

Total

(*)
(8)
(8)
(8)
(8)
(8)
(«)
(8)
(8)
(8)
(8)
$80, 438
45,097
55,808
164,743

$438,725
189,710
133,010
303,874
225, 423
197,589
199, 684
217, 795
155, 737
112,415
72,150
290,163
307, 695
494, 871
501, 937

$158,027
73, 797
59,051
175,382
115,612
69,028
41,880
150,708
101, 270
66, 679
30,765
149,870
75,483
147,732
189,183

$280.698
115,913
73, 959
128,492
109,811
128, 561
157,804
67,087
54,467
45,736
41,385
140, 293
232, 212
347,139
312, 754

$381,037
511,685
360,865
372, 238
355,701
364,048
446, 903
347, 988
161,852
111, 805
100,969
534,653
659, 645
767,460
690,469

$215,529
270, 650
151,968
256,554
331, 505
79,808
363,391
500,149
247,675
87,508
70, 926
45,685
26, 902
45, 440
56,759

1,974 3,310
1, 735 2,592
1,229 5,299
1,871 2,027
1,869 1,955
9, 735 14,100
1,413 3,827
1,054 2,140
3,184 5,707
3,312 3, 956
891 6,572
1,659 4,323

54,115
65,119
22,439
84,888
10,495
24,564
41,947
22, 505
29,191
37,158
35,409
67,041

4,876
1,229
6,639
56.984
4, 738
8,887
1,327
4, 269
2,959
19,371
13,895
22,558

49,239
63,890
15,800
27, 904
5, 757
15,677
40,620
18, 236
26, 232
17, 787
21,514
44,483

47,696
50,194
51,582
58, 247
75,645
68,569
76,428
91,310
65,975
55, 747
51,972
74,095

2,564
1,404
3, 522
4,086
2,459
4,684
6,478
2,246
3,771
6, 047
5,339
2,840

4, 368
4, 422
8,121
6, 402
8,411
24,030
9, 613
50,386
22, 417
15, 567
3, 987
7,019

Ho ;pital aiid
ins titution

Total
$434,949
0
0
497, 929
0
0
327,328
0
0
644,733
0
0
438,151
0
0
1, 293, 239
0
0
4,099, 883
0
0
5,580, 917
0
0
1, 322,608
0
0
773, 511
0
0
563,868
0
0
119, 096 $14, 664 $14, 281
227,389 47, 750 101,992
350,454 1,424 263, 296
1,041 353,671
608,311

Ad­
minis­
trative
and
Veter­
gen­
Other
ans
eral 4

Other
nonresidential

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
$9,032
96,140
168,616
123,967

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
$5, 249
5,852
94, 680
229, 704

_ $1,478,073
i; 533,439
990, 410
1,609, 208
1, 586,604
2,316, 467
5,931, 536
7, 775,497
2, 506, 786
1,297, 602
902, 265
1, 450, 312
1, 298,015
1, 722,157
1,937,110

0
0
0
0
$4, 753
137,112
499,427
579,176
243, 443
110, 872
41, 219
15,068
25,075
55, 577
49,317

$442, 782
561,394
344, 507
676, 542
669, 222
1, 537,910
4,422,131
6,130,389
1. 698,079
875,002
617,001
564, 743
278,698
358, 809
638, 628

$7,833
63,465
17, 239
31,809
231,071
244,671
322,248
549,472
375, 471
101,491
53,133
445, 647
51,309
8,355
30,317

J a n u a r y ... . . .
February _____
M arch________
April_________
M a y .. _____
June . _____
Ju ly __________
August_______
Sep tem b er..
O c to b e r ..____
Novem ber____
D e cem b er...

119,951
165, 435
149, 480
161,316
120, 771
146,665
147,509
136, 447
134, 778
146,999
118, 263
174, 543

892
1, 586
5,675
3,850
5,634
4,930
5,251
6,616
8,142
3, 678
3,792
5,531

14,684
47, 132
66, 262
10, 245
26,538
43, 918
17,405
13,770
27,699
44,369
21, 751
25,036

149
860
60
562
463
790
272
119
66
785
2,374
1,855

14, 535
46, 272
66,202
9, 683
26,075
43,128
17,133
13, 651
27, 633
43, 584
19,377
23,181

306
164
257
12
468
92
6
4
31
0
84
0

8, 945
41, 781
59, 417
5,773
21, 783
19, 201
11,887
10, 453
18, 711
36,316
11, 830
17,199

8, 626
41, 557
56, 214
5,049
20,044
13,876
1,697
872
13, 287
6,498
436
460

319
224
3, 203
724
1,739
5,325
10,190
9,581
5,424
29,818
11,394
16, 739

1949:

January_____
February........ .
M arch________
April____ ____
M ay — ______
J u n e .. _____
Ju ly __________
August_______
Sep tem b er..
October______
N o vem b er..
Decem ber____

94, 454 5, 520
242
98, 637
176, 245 4, 288
131,007 4, 212
238,444 7,233
296,661 12, 262
140,007 4,818
233,211 3, 385
173,519 1,902
102,474 3,413
116,346
790
136,105 1,252

37,817
42, 397
38, 304
31,620
51, 993
114, 534
35,218
95.088
79,526
35,576
25, 964
50,591

101
1,970
1,773
2,899
6,245
14,955
821
49
446
672
9
377

37,716
40, 427
36, 531
28, 721
45,748
99,579
34, 397
95, 039
79, 080
34,904
25, 955
50,214

148
635
0
18
30
0
10
140
0
0
60
0

8,192
12, 651
26,663
21,352
23, 649
64, 985
22, 756
43, 544
56,125
15,004
16, 600
42,150

428
5, 477
9, 612
1,204
1,045
14, 814
202
25, 492
26, 500
8, 737
7, 387
23,069

7,764
7,174
17, 051
20,148
22,604
50,171
22, 554
18,052
29,625
6,267
9, 213
19,081

15,141
24,032
84,342
39, 899
89,536
80,530
22,115
52, 304
25,059
12, 914
42,186
13, 879

7, 596
3,083
22, 546
18, 778
61,537
26,603
6, 822
12, 375
14, 559
1,091
5,677
8,516

7,545
20, 949
61, 796
21,121
27,999
53, 927
15, 293
39,929
10, 500
11,823
36, 509
5,363

34,465
29,000
41, 646
52,099
83, 769
80, 348
75,448
79, 020
63,035
49,910
38,100
63,629

1,511
2,966
7,665
3,177
5, 913
8,987
2,408
3, 414
3,997
661
9, 306
6,754

1950:

January_______
February___
M arch________
A p r il...............
M a y . . ...........
Ju n e .......... .........
J u l v _________
August_______
September 8__

122, 600
111.613
203,333
135,352
201,404
303,440
141,699
133,381
167, 452

42, 805
34,865
26, 584
43,310
43,407
98, 715
42,952
25,717
72,337

86
127
1,036
717
1,109
3, 502
610
33
1,284

42, 719
34, 738
25, 548
42, 593
42, 298
95,213
42,342
25,684
71, 053

144
138
20
70
0
1,430
616
174
0

27, 477
30, 676
19,901
35,797
27, 558
41,655
31,177
11,595
33, 915

19,328
17, 302
14,391
21, 459
13, 299
7,629
8,007
200
12, 957

8,149 12, 805 2,293 25,578
13, 374 1,052 2, 872 25, 537
5,510 3, 457 2,170 101,266
14, 338 2,364 4, 362 19, 063
14, 259 2,474 12, 266 67,473
34,026 25,187 26,941 76,898
23,170 2,172 8,377 13,474
11,395 1,732 12,183 15,516
20, 958 1,532 35, 606 16, 084

17, 933
7,087
69, 797
2, 763
7, 726
43, 620
10,531
8, 364
9,762

7, 645 40,998
18, 450 42,357
31,469 61,026
16,300 63, 453
59, 747 80,618
33,278 110,963
2,943 77,869
7,152 83, 292
6,322 72,300

8,836
5,955
6, 460
3,970
6,648
13,798
4,475
6,147
5,196

1935
19361937193819391940194119421943..
1944.
19451946
1947
1948
1949_

_______

1948:

4, 383
2,899
7, 997
5, 556
3,258
3,066
2,929
2, 709
1,535

'E xclu d es projects classified as “ secret” by the m ilitary, and all con­
struction for the Atom ic Energy Commission. D ata for Federal-aid pro­
grams cover amounts contributed by both the owner and the Federal
Government. Force-account work is done, not through a contractor, but
directly by a government agency, using a separate work force to perform
nonmaintenance construction on the agency’s own properties.
2 Includes major additions and alterations.
3 Excludes hangars and other buildings, which are included under
“ Other nonresidential” building construction.
4 Includes educational facilities under the Federal tem porary re-use
educational facilities program.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

0
0
0

0
0
0
0
(8)
(8)
(«)
(8)
(8)
(8)
(8)
$9,713
32, 550
29, 926
88,856

25,008
22, 719
1, 747
949
13,6-58
10, 564
2,018
969
538
4,333
5,308
1,045

1 Includes post offices, armories, offices, and customhouses. Includes con­
tra ct awards for construction a t U nited Nations H eadquarters in New
Y o rk C ity, the principal awards having been for the Secretariat Building
(January 1949: $23,810,000), for the Meeting Hall (January 1950: $11,238,000),
and for the General Assembly Building (June 1950: $10,704,000).
6 Includes electrification projects, water-supply and sewage-disposal
system s, forestry projects, railroad construction, and other types of
projects not elsewhere classified.
7 Included in “ All other.”
8 Unavailable.
8 Revised.

772

F : BUILDING AND CONSTRUCTION

MONTHLY LABOR

T able F -3 : Urban Building Authorized, by Principal Class of Construction and by Type of Building1
Number of new dwelling units—House­
keeping only

Valuation (In thousands)
New residential building
Period

Privately financed

Housekeeping
Total all
classes 2

Privately financed dwelling units

Publicly Nonfinanced
housedwell­
keeping
ing »
units

New nonresidential
building

Addi­
tions,
altera­
tions,
and
repairs

Total

1-fam­
ily

184,892
430,195
503,094
516,179
575, 286

138,908
358,151
393, 720
392, 532
413, 543

2-fam­
ily 8

PubMulti- iicly fi­
fam­ nanced
ily 4

Total

1-family

2-fam­
ily *

$2, 707, 573
4, 743, 414
5, 561,754
6, 972, 784
7, 396,274

$598, 570
2,114,833
2,892,003
3, 422,927
3, 724,926

$478,658
1,830,260
2,362,600
2, 745, 219
2,845,398

$42,629
103,042
156,757
181, 493
132,367

1949: September. ____
October_________
Novem ber______
D ecem ber.. ___

726,433
681,409
620, 839
564,435

401, 588
376, 838
353,481
277, 622

302,357
297,394
292,383
219, 701

11, 529
13, 908
10, 639
9,790

87, 702
65, 536
50,459
48,131

19,486
18, 987
18, 482
10,350

3,144
3, 635
2,661
4, 669

217, 972
198, 631
181, 684
216,189

84, 242
83, 318
64, 531
55, 604

62,457
57,355
52, 386
43,422

43, 994
41, 813
41, 581
31, 410

2,196
2,749
2,097
1,982

16, 267
12, 793
8,708
10,030

2,304
2,254
2,005
1, 287

1950: January_________
February_______
M arch__________
April___________
M ay___________
June____________
Ju ly ------------------A u g u st6. _______
September 8 ____

558,374
572, 464
855, 618
920, 983
1,062, 337
1,011,211
1,060, 627
1, 088,854
827, 563

315,529
352, 248
545, 665
577, 757
643,989
613,848
590,243
606, 244
439, 958

243,446
283,164
442, 035
482, 238
534, 758
518,377
512, 763
501,245
374, 968

11,354
11, 888
21,040
17, 778
20,000
15,421
17,406
17, 590
13,414

60, 729
57,196
82, 590
77, 741
89, 231
80,050
60,074
87,409
51, 576

8, 564
1,506
9,197
13, 591
27,995
6,209
41,998
34,442
26, 572

2,421
2,971
9,011
4, 725
31,184
5,092
7,935
8, 690
6,599

166,233
156,049
205, 704
237,412
258,355
273,149
308, 622
324,827
256, 222

65,627
59,690
86,041
87, 498
100, 814
112,913
111,829
114,651
98, 212

49,128
52, 818
79, 408
81, 207
88,642
82,862
79,589
79,001
58,266

36,041
40, 200
59, 785
63, 478
69,377
66,877
64, 613
61, 711
46,466

2,287
2,377
4,209
3,203
3,859
2,828
3,130
3,018
2,243

10,800
10, 241
15,414
14, 526
15,406
13,157
11,846
14, 272
9, 557

868
177
1,135
1,626
3,268
677
4,590
3,733
3,058

1942
1946.
1947
1948
1949 7

M ulti­
family 4

$77,283 $296,933 $22, 910 $1, 510,688 $278,472
181, 531 355, 587 43,369 1,458,602 771,023
372,646
35,177 29,831
1, 712,817 891,926
496, 215 139,334 38, 034 2,367, 940 1, 004, 549
747,161 285,625 39, 785 2,408,445 937, 493

1 Building for which building permits were issued and Federal contracts
awarded in ail urban places, Including an estimate of building undertaken
in some smaller urban places that do not issue permits.
The data cover federally and nonfederally financed building construction
combined. Estim ates of non-Federal (private and State and local govern­
ment) urban building construction are based primarily on building-permit
reports received from places containing about 85 percent of the urban popula­
tion of the country; estimates of federally financed projects are compiled from
notifications of construction contracts awarded, which are obtained from other
Federal agencies. Data from building permits are not adjusted to aliow for
lapsed permits or for lag between permit issuance and the start of construc­
tion. Thus, the estimates do not represent construction actually started
during the month.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

15, 747 30,237
24,326 47, 718
34,105 75,269
36,306 87, 341
26,431 135,312

95, 946
98,310
5,100
15,114
32,194

Urban, as defined by the Bureau of the Census, covers all incorporated
laces of 2,500 population or more in 1940, and, by special rule, a small numer of unincorporated civil divisions.
2 Covers additions, alterations, and repairs, as well as new residential and
nonresidentisl building.
2 Includes units in 1-family and 2-family structures with stores.
4 Includes units in multifamily structures with stores.
5 Covers hotels, dormitories, tourist cabins, and other nonhousekeeping
residential buildings.
6 Revised.
7 M onthly data are revised for September-December 1949. Revisions for
previous months in 1949 available from Division of Construction Statistics.
8 Preliminary.

F : BUILDING AND CONSTRUCTION

REV IEW , DECEMBER 1950

T able F -4 :

New Nonresidential Building Authorized in All Urban Places,1 by General Type and by
Geographic Division 2
V a lu a tio n (in th o u s a n d s )

G e o g r a p h ic d iv isio n a n d
t y p e of n ew n o n re s i­
d e n tia l b u ild in g

Sept.s
A ll t y p e s ______________
N e w E n g l a n d ___
M id d le A t l a n t i c ____
E a s t N o r th C e n tr a l
W e s t N o r th C e n t r a l .
S o u th A tl a n t ic _____
E a s t. S o u th C e n tr a l
W e s t S o u th C e n tr a l
M o u n t a i n . . .................
P a c i f i c .............................
I n d u s t r ia l b u ild in g s •_
N e w E n g l a n d ..........
M id d le A tl a n t ic ____
E a s t N o r th C e n tr a l
W e s t N o r th C e n tr a l
S o u th A tl a n t ic . . .
E a s t 8 o u t h C e n tr a l
W e s t S o u th C e n tr a l
M o u n t a i n .- - ...............
P a c i f i c ______________
C o m m e r c ia l bu ild in g s T.
N e w E n g l a n d ______
M id d le A tl a n t ic ____
E a s t N o r th C e n tr a l
W e s t N o r th C e n tr a l
S o u th A tl a n t ic . . .
E a s t S o u th C e n tr a l
W e s t 8 o u t h C e n tr a l
M o u n t a i n ___________
P a c i f i c . ...........................
C o m m u n i t y buildin gs •_
N e w E n g la n d _____
M id d le A t l a n t i c . . .
E a s t N o r th C e n tr a l
W e s t N o r th C e n tr a l
S o u th A tl a n t ic _____
E a s t S o u th C e n tr a l
W est, S o u th C e n tr a l
M o u n t a i n .....................
P a c i f i c _______ _______
P u b l i c b u ild in g s •______
N e w E n g l a n d ______
E a s t N o r th C e n tr a l
W e s t N o r th C e n tr a l
S o u th A tl a n t ic _____
E a s t 8 o u t h C e n tr a l .
W e s t 8 o u t h C e n tr a l
M o u n t a i n ___________
P a c i f i c ..............................
P u b li c w o rk s a n d u t il i ty
b u ild in g s ___________
N e w E n g la n d ____
M id d le A t l a n t i c ___
E a s t N o r th C e n tr a l
W e s t N o r th C e n tr a l
S o u th A tla n tic
E a s t 8 o u t h C e n tr a l
W e s t 8 o u t h C e n tr a l
M o u n ta i n . . .
P a c if ic
____
N e w E n g l a n d ______
M id d le A tl a n t ic ___
E a s t N o r th C e n tr a l
W e s t N o r th C e n tr a l
S o u th A tla n tic

M o u n ta in .
P a c i f i c ____

I9493

1950
Aug.4

July

June

M ay

A p r.

M ar.

Feb.

Ja n .

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

Sept.

1949 4

1948 4

Total

Total

$95fi 222 $324, 827 $308, 622 $273,149 $258,355 $237, 412 $205,704 $156,049 $166, 233 $216,189 $181,684 $198,631 $217, 972 $2, 408, 445 $2,367, 940
115, 582
148, 039
6, 493
7, 208 14,002
12 filO 21 082 19, 988 12, 586 17,078 15,648 10,377 17, 552 17, 361 13.090
429,042
394, 583
47, 472 45,928 41, 984 32,117 25,617 20,195 32, 357 57, 807 35, 750 37,368 31, 235
4 4 ’ 534
4 2 ’ 77 5
492,384
511,794
47,
823
28,
422
23,
663
28,
824
50,347
47,
228
63,
794
40,
528
59,853 68, 708
61 136 67 251 61, 510
203,409
173,152
6. 977 13, 844 15, 356 14,153 35, 886
24’ 152 27 348 25, 806 32. 526 24,910 22, 186 15, 939 10,674
23,
228
311,
540
269,
427
24,
776
25,
972
22,332
23.
464
26,
591
21,
428
27, 458 42, 080 38,081 31,827 33, 230 28,515
133,377
100, 715
8, 027 13, 234
9,264 10, 483 10,637 10, 506 12, 586 12. 891 11,632
8 408 12 630 16, 570 12, 568
19,
598
270,
406
274,663
18,419
24,130
16,080
23,
529
17,386
22,
513
30 692 42 454 39,673 33,130 27, 795 22, 864
104,112
83, 458
5, 344 10. 489
5, 740
3,078 10, 478 13, 843
6, 971 16, 307
9, 518
7,310
9, 413
1 2 933
15 511
348, 592
412,108
34, 390 53,695 50,110 31,272 36,931 29, 921 30,496 24, 548 23,219 28, 737 26, 591 26,082 22, 475
29,165 31, 373 29,604 247575 20,893 18,962
1,415
928
1,282
1, 225
2,173
1 508
2.734
3, 927
5, 219
4, 762 10, 972
4, 205
6,955
6, 217
9,077
7,005
13,687 11, 948
1,329
2, 200
1,109
2,223
1,143
2, 906
1,201
778
1,297
3,298
1, 033
l' 619
234
1,708
1,888
417
1,000
946
1,664
691
2, 025
1, 411
2,332
1, 815
330
161
288
846
' 592
1,420
3,302
2,363
2, 751
4,042
2,990
3,983
93| 840 124' 598 96,008 97,177 90,895 83,198
6,241
6,327
5, 170
5. 672
3, 270
4,767
14, 293 18', 746 12, 599 16, 408 12,825 13, 228
18,152 24, 797 20,370 20, 683 18,857 15, 242
7, 720
io! 368 10, 984
8, 813 10. 780 10.371
10, 424 16, 071 12,397 13,016 11,678 10,904
3,512
4, 060
4, 720
5, 255
4,055
5,662
10,613 21, 801 16,006 12, 645 11,236 10, 431
3, 639
3,662
4,758
6, 995
3,948
3, 425
9,631
15, 505 17,216 12, 543 Ili 668 11, 469
102, 025 124,698 131, 954 102Ì 798 111, 558 107, 270
5, 757
8, 301
3,416 11,839 11, 913
5 437
23,379 15, 332 17,345 12 940 19,158 12, 297
20| 125 20, 749 25,077 24 783 24,807 42, 280
7, 627
8, 585
9, 993
8,125 18 525
8, 267
14,688 17, 243 20, 574
9 034 18,594 13,369
3,749
4,102
6, 030
8,328
2, 281
5 568
7, 273
13, 828 14, 319 18, 795 14 177 10,600
1,564
2,387
6,043
4, 706
3,871
Ì 022
15,024 13,356
9, 998 24, 486 17, 926 IO* 311
5,556
5,438
4, 514
6, 788 15, 459 24’ 044
542
90
53
216
420
30
734
992
349
1,211
9 002
0
33
382
663
742
1, 561
a’ 411
425
683
262
61
30
\ 002
1,337
372
3,820
952
98
4 ’ 201
331
145
0
92
0
131K
954
2, 566
185
573
145
1 K5Q
247
70
186
235
0
1,130
925 10,885
2,862
588
¿098
7,432
941
759
607
2,233
105
370
543
339
1, 536
19, 246
952
1,898
7, 825
2,111
835
755
1,329
762
2, 779

9, 954
2, 769
¿263
1,830
606
240
225
170
361
2,490
27, 416
978
2,324
7, 545
2,176
3, 088
511
3, 647
2,611
4,536

11,365
491
2, 955
1,759
' 622
1,281
494
147
370
3, 246
24,234
917
2,389
5, 738
7, 056
1, 580
605
2,127
1,063
2, 759

6, 403
249
325
1, 111
1, 207
623
257
799
474
1 359

18,152
776
2 630
4 729
1,870
1, 656
' 345
2, 240
1, 055
2,846

6,681
49
1,385
2,348
'318
592
221
1,239
41
488
22,890
1,086
2, 405
6, 223
2, 765
1,489
554
3,884
697
3, 786

5, 404
569
1,334
424
760
540
80
812
406
480
17,022
1,124
1,792
4,512
1,674
1,164
1,102
1,730
962
2,962

1 Building for which permits were issued and Federal contracts awarded
in all urban places, including an estimate of building undertaken in some
smaller urban places that do not issue permits. Sums of components do not
always equal totals exactly because o f rounding.
2 F or scope and source of urban estimates, see table P -3, footnote 1.
2 M onthly figures shown for 1949 are from the revised series. Revisions for
previous months in 1949 available from Division of Construction Statistics.
4 Revised.
6 Preliminary.
« Includes factories, navy yards, arm y ordnance plants, bakeries, ice plants,
industrial warehouses, and other buildings at the site of these and similar
production plants.


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

15,353
431
3,000
5, 457
844
1,019
1,264
851
349
2,139
85, 507
4,348
11,071
16, 952
8,209
11, 642
3, 395
10,144
5, 560
14,187
85, 294
4,977
9, 544
20, 053
5,101
12,586
5,155
8,798
9, 787
9, 293
1,542
0
110
234
58
68
0
477
15
581

11, 856
328
1,406
4, 706
984
482
885
783
90
2,191
55, 559
1,379
10,059
9, 930
3, 454
10, 331
2, 893
6,290
4,070
7, 154
70, 844
15, 335
7, 370
9,967
4, 458
8,320
6, 352
6, 728
1,142
11,173
4,159
0
52
177
300
1,823
0
71
56
1, 682

5, 558
236
532
2,287
319
366
308
663
2
845
12,450
385
1,360
2,245
1,408
910
516
1,580
594
3,451

5,153
187
307
2,112
977
765
0
292
73
440
8, 478
321
1, 002
1, 531
501
611
375
1,916
301
1, 909

14 008 14, 882
321
190
1,804
3, 522
8,442
4, 455
785
709
1,179
864
753
416
308
1,262
113
135
1,178
2, 454
52,127
61, 799
2, 089
1,785
22, 522 10, 388
7, 558 10,119
5, 818
3,185
6, 402
5,411
2,
457
2, 747
5,207
10,006
1,214
1,483
8. 433
7,103
68, 718 109,200
4, 622
14, 515
3 744 44, 000
10. 150 16, 354
3,188
2,503
7, 344
15, 470
9,381
5, 392
9,105
7,061
7,692
746
7, 512
9, 137
2, 490 16, 223
2,040
158
264
552
2, 792
268
1,571
192
1,748
369
18
0
146
126
799
54
6,845
771

10,947
200
2,250
3,909
792
901
170
406
320
1,999
59,369
1,883
9,618
9, 991
5,014
9, 464
2,756
9, 399
1,446
9, 800
74, 548
3,110
20, 452
9, 929
7, 201
7, 050
5, 493
6, 451
8, 852
6, Oil
13, 518
185
1,393
332
313
5, 567
0
243
2,114
3, 372

203,699
18, 789 17,320
706
6, 450
209
40, 386
2,201
5,111
77, 037
5,462
8, 275
15, 689
2,328
956
19,174
1,101
2, 520
8, 736
796
180
6, 859
249
1,117
4, 370
242
345
24,999
1,319
2, 994
752, 810
67, 528 73, 982
36,668
5, 513
2,970
127, 049
9, 215 14, 596
147,620
16,635 15, 951
52, 907
4,604
4,170
106,037
9,374
8, 438
36,020
1,976
2,879
101, 025
11, 680 10, 522
25, 590
2,167
1,393
119, 895
9, 278
10,148
74,187 100,632 1,018, 637
43,771
586
6, 583
179, 463
14,109 11,631
201, 808
21, 996 16, 722
100, 281
6,609 24, 915
103,666
7, 464 10,024
/1,114
9, 422
4,116
135,620
7, 074
7, 499
59, 923
5,661
2, 940
122, 991
8,869
8, 600
153,103
4,214
11,635
4, 863
154
128
36,154
107
5, 792
8,156
383
1,816
9, 560
441
178
50, 313
937
1,377
6, 257
579
0
5, 041
774
229
5, 436
1,395
28
27,
322
280
1,253

15, 474
3, 615
544
920
1,735
4, 070
41
1,663
121
2, 765
8, 284
404
808
1,899
747
685
241
957
538
2, 004

11,724
345
599
2, 031
922
1,108
2, 326
1,034
126
3, 232
11, 577
769
1,438
2, 632
1.115
687
888
887
985
2,177

11,424
2,135
513
390
329
5, 484
491
1,357
138
586
15, 068
1,155
2, 628
4, 050
1, 47

8,968
430
823
361
150
204
638
3, 982
333
2,049
10, 219
283
1, 195
871
238
1, 146
3,39;
1,092
327
1,704

1,8

362
1; .0‘3
G
2, 233

6, 527
53
319
1,828
1,994
1,031
112
700
219
270
15, 297
1, 118
2,381
4,665
1, 867
76C
349
825
/ U3
2, 728

148,375
16, 012
27, 650
22,302
11, 337
23, 281
7, 223
11, 944
2, 566
26, 059
131, 821
7, 819
18, 339
35,460
13, 634
9, 070
4, 0 .
91 9 »
6, 2..S
27,320 j

299, 263
19, 839
65, 889
100, 034
15, 993
27. 776
9,054
15, 864
2, 770
42, 044
926, 550
55, 560
133, 219
177,322
72, 808
121, 552
39, 391
126,063
35, 274
165,361
789, 833
47,255
154,655
154, 846
54, 207
80, 384
36,344
106, 205
34, 577
121,360
74, 414
5, 966
8,680
11, 352
5, 438
8, 875
8, 936
6,132
3, 965
15,069
148,681
11,438
16, 651
35, 809
13, 015
21, 451
3,750
12. 792
2, 055
31, 721
129,197
7,982
15, 490
32, 430
11,691
9. 900
1 ,60

1

30,

7 Includes amusement and recreation buildings, stores and other mercantile
buildings, commercial garages, gasoline and service stations, etc.
2 Includes churches, hospitals, and other institutional buildings, schools,
libraries etc.
2 Includes Federal, State, county, and municipal buildings, such as post
offices, courthouses, city halls, fire and police stations, jails, prisons, arsenals,
armories, army barracks, etc.
10 includes railroad, bus and airport buildings, roundhouses, radio stations,
gas and electric plants, public comfort stations, etc.
_
11 Includes private garages, sheds, stables and barns, and other building
not elsewhere classified.

774

F : BUILDING AND CONSTRUCTION

T able F -5 : Number and Construction Cost of New Permanent Nonfarm Dwelling Units Started, by
Urban or Rural Location, and by Source of Funds 1
Number of new dwelling units started
All units

Period
Total
non­
farm

Privately financed

Publicly financed

Estim ated construction cost
(In thousands) *

Urban

Rural
non­
farm

Total
non­
farm

Urban

Rural
non­
farm

Total
non­
farm

Urban

Rural
non­
farm

1925 .................................... . ............ __ 937,000
1933 8 ............................ .......................
93, 000
1941 < .................... ............. .............. ..
706,100
1944 8 ............ .......................................
141,800
1946.......................... ............ ......... _ 670, 500
1947...................... .....................................
849,000
1948 . _________
_____________
931, 600
1949 8 _________________ _____ __ 1,025,100

752,000
45, 000
434, 300
96, 200
403, 700
479,800
524, 900
588,800

185,000
48, 000
271, 800
45, 600
266,800
369, 200
406, 700
436,300

937,000
93,000
619, 500
138, 700
662, 500
845, 600
913, 500
988,800

752,000
45,000
369, 500
93, 200
395, 700
476, 400
510,000
556, 600

185, 000
48, 000
250,000
45, 500
266, 800
369, 200
403, 500
432, 200

0
0
86,600
3, 100
8,000
3, 400
18,100
36,300

0
0
64,800
3,000
8,000
3,400
14, 900
32, 200

0 $4, 475,000 $4,475,000
0
285, 446
285, 446
21,800 2,825, 895 2,530, 765
100
495,054
483, 231
0 3, 769, 767 3, 713, 776
0 5, 642, 798 5, 617, 425
3,200 7,203, 119 7,028, 980
4,100 7, 702,971 7,374, 269

1948:

2.300

2,200
1,000
1,100
100
1,500
400
600
500
4,100
1,200
1, 100
1,800
7,100
1,500
2, 300
3,300

100
(7)
100
(7)
2, 200
1,000
500
700
600
100
500

1949:

1950:

103, 000
30, 800
29. 100
43,100
166, 100
55,000
56, 700
54, 400
144, 200
52, 200
47, 700
44, 300
111,600
41, 300
38, 100
32, 200

77,000
22, 700
21,000
33, 300
131, 500
44, 500
43, 600
43, 400
119, 800
42, 800
39, 000
38. 000
78, 400
32,100
25, 600
20, 700

177, 700
52, 500
48, 900
76, 300
293, 900
98,100
99, 200
96, 600
259,300
93, 700
85, 100
80, 500
182, 600
71, 900
61, 300
49, 400

100,800
29,800
28, 000
43,000
164,600
54,600
56,100
53,900
140,100
51,000
46, 600
42, 500
104,500
39,800
35,800
28,900

76, 900
22, 700
20, 900
33, 300
129,300
43, 500
43, 100
42, 700
119, 200
42, 700
38, 500
38, 000
78, 100
32,100
25, 500
20, 500

F irs t quarter __________
January___ _______
February_______ __
M arch....... ....... ___
Second q u a r t e r ..._______
April_________ _
M ay____________
June. __
Third quarter_________
July. _________
August___________
September________
Fourth quarter_______
October. _________
November
December

169, 800
50, 000
50, 400
69, 400
279, 200
88, 300
95, 400
95, 500
298,000
96, 100
99,000
102, 900
278,100
104, 300
95. 500
78,300

94, 200
29, 500
28, 000
36, 700
157, 300
49, 500
53, 900
53, 900
171, 600
53, 300
55, 900
62, 400
165, 700
60,000
56, 700
49,000

75, 600
20, 500
22, 400
32, 700
121, 900
38, 800
41, 500
41,600
126, 400
42, 800
43, 100
40, 500
112, 400
44, 300
38,800
29, 300

159, 400
46, 300
47, 800
65,300
267, 200
85,000
91, 200
91,000
289, 900
92, 700
96, 600
100,600
272, 300
101,900
93, 400
77,000

84,100
25,800
25, 500
32,800
147,800
46,700
50, 600
50, 500
104, 500
50, 100
54, 300
60, 100
160, 200
57, 700
54, 700
47, 800

75,300
20, 500
22,300
32, 500
119, 400
38, 300
40, 600
40, 500
125, 400
42, 600
42, 300
40, 500
112,100
44, 200
38, 700
29, 200

10, 400
3, 700
2,600
4.100

F irst quarter____________
Jan u ary . ________
February. ________
M a rc h ________
Second quarter 8_ ______
April______________
M ay _____________
June 8 ....................
Third quarter________
July s___ __________
A ugust____________
Septem ber10______

278,900
78, 700
82, 900
117, 300
426, 800
133,400
149,100
144.300
400, 400
144, 400
141, 000
115, 000

167,800
48. 200
51, 000
68, 600
247,000
78,800
85,500
82,700

111, 100
30, 500
31,900
48, 700
179, 800
54, 600
63,600
61, COO

165, 600
47, 300
50, 800
67, 500
241,500
77,000
82,300
82,200

110, 500
30, 500
31, 500
48, 500
179, 200
54,300
63,500
61,400

84, 200
(9)
(9)

60, 200
(9)
(»)

276,100
77,800
82, 300
116, 000
420, 700
131,300
145,800
143,600
387, 700
139,800
136, 900
111,000

79, 600
(9)
(9)

60, 200
(9)
(9)

2.800
900
600
1.300
6,100
2,100
3.300
700
12, 700
4,600
4,100
4,000

1 The estim ates shown here do not Include temporary units, conversions,
dormitory accommodations, trailers, or military barracks. They do in­
clude prefabricated housing units.
These estimates are based on building-permit records, which, beginning
with 1945, have been adjusted for lapsed permits and for lag between permit
Issuance and start of construction. They are based also on reports of
Federal construction cont ract awards and beginning in 1946 on field surveys
in nonpermit issuing places. The data in this table refer to nonfarm
dwelling units started, and not to urban dwelling units authorized, as shown
in table F -3
All of these estim ates contain some error. For example, if the estimate
of nonfarm starts is 50,000 the chances are about 19 out of 20 that an
actual enumeration would produce a figure between 48.000 and 52,000.


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

1,000
1,200

100
3.700
1.400
1,100

1,200
4.700
1.300
1,600
1,800
7, 400
1.500
2, 400
3.500

12,000

3.300
4,200
4.500
8.100
3, 400
2, 400
2, 300
5.800
2.400
2,100
1.300

Privately
financed

Publicly
financed
0

0

$295,130
11,823
55, 991
25,373
174,139
328, 702

300
(7)
100
200

1, 315, 287
383,634
368, 985
562, 668
2, 287, 624
748, 976
769,369
769, 279
2,113, 496
750,977
720, 523
641, 996
1,486, 712
573, 950
498, 296
414, 466

1, 296,612
374, 984
359, 420
562, 208
2, 252,961
736,186
758, 635
758,140
2,065, 770
738, 659
703,066
624, 045
1, 413, 637
560,347
471, 336
381, 954

18, 675
8,650
9,565
460
34, 663
12, 790
10, 734
11,139
47, 726
12,318
17, 457
17, 951
73,075
13, 603
26, 960
32, 512

10,100
3,700
2, 500
3,900
9, 500
2,800
3,300
3, 400
7,100
3,200
1,600
2,300
5, 500
2, 300
2,000
1,200

300
(7)
100
200
2,500
500
900
1,100
1,000
200
800
(7)
300
100
100
100

1, 287, 228
374, 020
382, 778
530, 430
2,120, 637
666, 969
733, 967
719, 701
2, 222, 103
710, 341
743, 389
768,373
2,073, 003
776, 674
723, 097
573, 232

1,189, 640
340, 973
357, 270
491,397
2,007, 563
637,170
692, 063
678,330
2,153, 937
682, 863
722, 208
748, 866
2,023,129
756, 712
704, 220
562,197

97, 588
33,047
25. 508
39,033
113, 074
29, 799
41, 904
41,371
68,166
27, 478
21,181
19, 507
49,874
19, 962
18,877
11,035

2, 200
900
200
1,100
5,500
1,800
3,200
500

600
0
400
200
600
300
100
200

2,162,636
589, 997
637, 753
934,886
3,564,158
1,093,920
1,233,672
1, 236, 566
3, 498, 655
1, 253,102
1, 240, 321
1, 005, 232

2,138, 565
581,497
632,690
924,378
3,511,204
1,075,644
1,204,978
1,230, 582
3, 385, 396
1, 210, 745
1, 204, 895
969, 756

24, 071
8, 500
5,063
10. 508
52,954
18, 276
28,694
5,984
113, 259
42,357
35,426
35, 476

o
o

180,000
53, 500
50, 100
76, 400
297, 600
99, 500
100,300
97,800
264,000
95,000
86, 700
82, 300
190, 000
73, 400
63, 700
62,900

co ST'ST'

F irs t qu arter....................... __
January___________
February_________
M arch__________ _
Second quarter____________
April___________ __
M ay_______ ______
June____ ________
Third quarter__________
July------------ ---------August____________
September______ _
Fourth quarter___________
O cto b e r______
November
December _

Total

P)

(7)
(9)
(9)

costs are based or
------------ --------pciu m applications. Public construc­
tion costs are based on contract values or estim ated construction costs for
Individual projects.
* Depression, low year.
4 Recovery peak year prior to wartime limitations;
! Last full year under wartime control.
6 Housing peak year.
r Less than 50 units.
8 Revised.
• Not available,
10 Preliminary.

U. S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1950