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https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis C E R T IF IC A T E T h is p u b lic a tio n is issued p u rsu a n t t o the p r o v is io n s o f th e S u n d r y C iv il A c t (41 S tats. 1430) a p p ro v e d M a r c h 4, 1921 CONTENTS Special articles: Productivity, hours, and compensation of railroad labor: Part 1. All employees, by W itt Bowden__________________________ Report of United States delegation at the International Labor Con ference, June 1933_____________________________________________________ Employment conditions and unemployment relief: Longshore labor conditions and port decasualization in the United States___________________________________________________________________ Fluctuation of employment in Ohio in 1931 and 1932 and comparison with previous years, by Fred C. Croxton and Frederick E. Croxton. Subsistence-homestead movement under National Recovery A ct_____ Federal unemployment relief work during September 1933___________ Creation of Federal Civil Works Administration______________________ Handicrafts to combat unemployment in Germany___________________ National Recovery Administration: Summary of permanent codes adopted under National Industrial Recovery Act up to November 8, 1933______________________________ Minimum wage: Minimum wage legislation in the United States_________________ ______ Women in industry: Employment methods during change to dial telephone------------------ ___ Effect of plant shut-down on women workers__________________________ Influence of depression on expenditures of business women___________ Child labor: Child labor in the United States, 1932_________________________________ Old-age pensions and benefit plans: Adoption of old-age pensions in Ohio___________________________________ Benefit payments by standard national and international unions, 1932____________________________________________________________________ Health and industrial hygiene: Industrial health discussions at American Public Health Association Convention, 1933______________________________________________________ Pulmonary asbestosis____________________________________________________ Occupational diseases reported in Ohio, 1928 to 1932--------------------------Industrial accidents: Accidents in manufacturing industries, 1926 to 1932---------------------------Accident experience of American steam railways, 1932________________ Coal-mine accidents in the United States, 1931________________________ Metal-mine accidents in the United States, 1931---------------------------------Labor laws and court decisions: New Mexico law regulating hours of labor for men held unconstitu tional___________________________________________________________________ Part-time household worker not a casual employee in New Jersey-----Canadian labor legislation, 1932________________________________________ https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis h i Page 1275 1290 1299 1307 1327 1330 1332 1332 1333 1344 1355 1355 1359 1361 1374 1374 1377 1385 1387 1388 1394 1395 1397 1399 1400 1401 IV CONTENTS Cooperation: Development of cooperative movement throughout the world________ Status of building and loan associations, 1932__________________________ Exemption of cooperative organizations from patronage-dividend provisions of codes______________________________________________________ Progress toward a national cooperative wholesale society_____________ Industrial disputes: Page 1404 1414 1416 1417 Strikes and lockouts in the United States in October 1933___________ Conciliation work of the Department of Labor in October 1933______ Labor awards and decisions: 1419 1427 Wage increase awarded to Boston Elevated Railway employees_____ Housing: 1435 Building operations in principal cities of the United States, October 1933-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Building subsidy and building activity in New Zealand_______________ New provisions for public subsidies for building in Germany_________ Wages and hours of labor: Hours and earnings in foundries and machine shops, 1933____________ Wage-rate changes in American industries_____________________________ Wage changes reported by trade unions and municipalities since August 1933____________________________________________________________ Farm wage and labor situation on October 1, 1933____________________ Finland— Wages in the paper and wood-pulp industries, 1928 to 1933. Japan— Wages in Tokyo,June 1933_____________________________________ Korea— Wages in factories inChosen, 1932_____________________________ Trend of employment: Employment in selected manufacturing industries in October 1933. __ Employment in nonmanufacturing industries in October 1933________ Average man-hours worked and average hourly earnings_____________ Employment in building construction in October 1933________________ Trend of employment in October 1933, by States_____________________ Employment and pay rolls in October 1933 in cities of over 500,000 population______________________________________________________________ Employment in the executive civil service of the United States, Oc tober 1933______________________________________________________________ Employment on class I steam railroads in the United States_________ Employment created by Public Works fund___________________________ Unemployment in foreign countries_____________________________________ Retail prices: Retail prices of food in October 1933___________________________________ Retail prices of coal on October 15, 1933_______________________________ Wholesale prices: Index numbers of wholesale prices, 1913 to October 1933_____________ Wholesale prices in the United States and in foreign countries_______ Publications relating to labor: Official— United States__________________________________________________ Official— Foreign countries______________________________________________ Unofficial_________________________________________________________________ https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1440 1456 1457 1459 1475 1478 1480 1481 1482 1483 1485 1497 1502 1504 1506 1514 1514 1516 1517 1521 1526 1531 1536 1544 1547 1549 1551 This Issue in Brief The first of three articles on railroad labor discusses trends affecting all employees of class I railroads, 1916 to 1938 (p. 1275). Revenue traffic in terms of index numbers based on 1926 was 84.4 in 1916, 52.0 in 1932, 46.8 in March 1933, and 60.3 in July 1933. The index num bers of total man-hours were 114.8 in 1916, 50.5 in 1932, 46.7 in March 1933, and 49.8 in July 1933. During the rapid decline of traffic, the work required for maintaining traffic facilities prevented a decrease in employment equal to the decrease in traffic, although technological changes reduced the amount of work required. With the upturn in amount of traffic, a comparatively small increase in employment is required. The report to the Secretary of Labor of the United States observers ap pointed by President Roosevelt to attend the International Labor Con ference in June 1933 is given in an article beginning on page 1290. It includes a discussion of the report to the conference of the Director of the International Labor Office; the activities of the International Labor Organization in regard to the 40-hour week; the draft conven tions on abolition of fee-charging employment agencies, and on social insurance; and the importance of United States participation in the discussions of the International Labor Conferences. An analysis of fluctuation of employment in Ohio in 1931 and 1932, with comparative figures for previous years, is given in an article begin ning on page 1307. This analysis shows that in 1932 employment of wage earners, clerical employees, and salespeople (not traveling) in 40,134 establishments varied 8.4 percent between the month of high est employment (February) and the month of lowest employment (August); in 1931 the variation between the month of highest em ployment (May) and the month of lowest employment (December) in 43,168 establishments was 10.8 percent. A decrease of 15.8 per cent in maximum employment took place between 1931 and 1932. A descriptive analysis of the employment conditions normally pre vailing in the longshore industry was prepared by the United States Department of Labor at the reguest of the deputy administrator of the shipping code. At the same time, the Department of Labor pre sented a plan for the decasualization of longshore labor, intended to do away with many of the injustices to labor now prevailing on the waterfronts of the majority of ports in the United States. Present employment conditions are more chaotic and the earnings of long shoremen are much lower than during the 1927-29 period covered by the Bureau of Labor Statistics survey as published in its Bulletin No. 550 (p. 1299). An increase in both freguency and severity rates for accidents in manufacturing industries in 1932, as compared with 1931, is shown in the annual survey of the Bureau of Labor Statistics. The average number of workers injured in 1932 was 19.55 per 1,000,000 hours https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis v VI THIS ISSUE IN BRIEF worked, as against 18.85 in 1931, and the average time lost through such injuries in 1932 was 2.86 days per 1,000 hours worked, as against 2.59 in 1931 (p. 1388). Sixteen States now have minimum wage laws. Of this number, seven were passed during the present year. In the majority of cases the 1933 laws follow the standard minimum wage bill sponsored by the National Consumers’ League. The principal provisions of ail of the minimum wage laws in effect in 1933 are given in this issue (p. 1344). Foundry workers' earnings averaged 48.2 cents per hour and $14.25 per week in 1933 as compared with 60 cents per hour and $20.06 per week in 1931, and 62.4 cents per hour and $30.39 per week in 1929. Machine-shop employees earned an average of 54 cents per hour and $18.71 per week in 1933, 63.4 cents per hour and $24.22 per week in 1931, and 63.8 cents per hour and $32.06 per week in 1929. These and other details from a survey of wages and working hours in 364 foundries, having 19,763 wage earners, and 492 machine shops, with 41,960 wage earners, made in the spring of 1933 by the Bureau of Labor Statistics, are given in an article beginning on page 1459. The redistribution of surplus or stranded populations, so as to make such citizens self-sustaining, is the program of the Subsistence Home steads Division formed in the United States Department of the Interior. Colonies (urban, rural, or agricultural) will be formed in which subsistence will be drawn partly from the homestead garden plot, and partly from part-time employment in industries set up within the colony. The projects are experimental only and the sites are to be chosen not on the geographical basis, but with reference to the principal “ problem areas” in the United States. Two projects are under way, one a colony being built in West Virginia, the other a subsistence-homestead project being carried on through a self-help organization formed in Dayton, Ohio, by unemployed of that city (p. 1327). The downward trend in child labor which has been evident for the past decade continued during 1932, according to a survey by the United States Children’s Bureau. In the States and cities reporting, 50,233 children, 14 and 15 years of age, obtained first regular employment certificates and left school to go to work. In comparable areas, the number of certificates issued in 1932 was 62 percent less than in 1929 and 26 percent less than in 1931, showing that it was becoming increasingly difficult for children to find employment (p. 1361). Industrial hygiene was the subject of four sectional meetings of the American Public Health Association convention at Indianapolis in October. Problems connected with the development of silicosis among workers subjected to exposure to silica dust were given special atten tion, this disease being of widespread interest at the present time from the standpoint both of its seriousness and of its importance in the field of workmen’s compensation. Other subjects discussed at these meet ings included industrial dermatoses; poisoning by petroleum distillates; cyanide poisoning; effects of exposure to carbon tetrachloride, par ticularly its effects upon the eyes; pulmonary asbestosis; and a new X-ray mass procedure for the discovery of early tuberculosis in industry (p. 1377). https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS vol. WASHINGTON 37, n o . 6 D e c e m b e r 1933 Productivity, Hours, and Compensation of Railroad Labor Part 1. All Employees B y W it t B o w d e n , o f t h e U n it e d S t a t e s B u r e a u of L a b o r S t a t is t ic s HIS is the first of a series of three articles dealing with the trends of employment, productivity, and compensation in rail road transportation, and the principal factors affecting these trends. The first article deals with all employees and presents underlying data regarding revenue traffic, operating revenues and expenses, total com pensation, and the maintenance of facilities for revenue traffic. The second article will analyze the principal classes of employees other than those concerned directly with transportation and will describe some of the important changes, especially ¿hose of a technological nature, affecting the productivity and status of these employees. The third article will deal in a similar manner with train, engine, and yard crews, dispatchers, and other classes of employees connected more directly with transportation. T Conditions Affecting Railroad Labor R a i l r o a d labor has been affected by conditions which distinguish it in important respects from other labor, particularly in manufac turing and trade. Congress and the courts have long held that rail road transportation is “ affected with a public interest” to a degree which warrants detailed regulation. The States as well as the Federal Government have limited the freedom of railroad companies in extending or curtailing facilities for traffic, in reducing the size of train and engine crews, in fixing the hours and conditions of labor, and in adjusting controversies with employees. Public regulation and the peculiar nature of the industry require the maintenance of minimum facilities regardless of the amount of traffic. As a result, hours, wages, and volume of employment in this industry are less flexible in their adaptation to changes in volume of business than in the case of many private enterprises. The existence of comparatively strong labor organizations has contributed to the same result. Because of these conditions, the effects of technological changes in the displacement of labor are restricted, during a period of declining traffic, by the comparative inelasticity of the amount of labor. When traffic is light, the services required for maintaining traffic facilities cannot be reduced proportionately, especially in the case of such classes of labor as passenger employees, train dispatchers, and the https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1275 1276 MONTHLY LABOR R E V IE W executive and clerical staffs. When the amount of traffic increases, the effects of technological changes are at once apparent in a com paratively slight increase in the amount of employment, since the facilities for handling a small volume of traffic are substantially the same as are required for carrying additional passengers and freight. The effects of technological changes on the amount of labor are there fore to be found not so much in the productivity of labor in terms of revenue traffic as in the smaller amount of labor required for maintain ing traffic facilities. Technological improvements have been extremely varied, and have made possible the maintenance of traffic facilities and the handling of a given amount of traffic with a constantly diminishing amount of labor. Locomotives and cars have been increased in size, capacity, durability, and ease of operation. Rails and ties have been improved as to quality of materials, durability, and resistance to impact of rolling stock. Roadbeds have been made sturdier and less dependent on maintenance work. Mechanical devices, such as mobile power units, rail layers, tie tampers, and track and right-of-way cleaners, have greatly reduced the amount of work required for the maintenance of way and structures. In the maintenance of equipment and stores, the amount of work has been reduced by the improved quality and capacity of engines and cars and by the modernizing of machine shops, car shops, roundhouses, etc. In connection with communica tions and the control of train movements, the principal changes have involved automatic signals, interlocking plants, and centralized traffic control for combining the functions of issuing train orders and the handling of signals and switches. Highway-crossing protection has included the extension of automatic signals and grade separations. Administrative and clerical employees have been most vitally affected by office appliances, such as calculating machines, by methods of management, and by mergers and consolidations. Employment and Compensation T h e combined effects of technological and managerial changes, and of changes in the amount of traffic, on the amount of employment are apparent in the index numbers of revenue traffic and man-hours of all employees. With 1926 as the base year, the index number of passenger and freight traffic combined was 84.4 in 1916, while the index number of man-hours was 114.8. By 1932 the index number of revenue traffic had fallen to 52, and that of man-hours to 50.5. By July 1933 the index number of revenue traffic had risen to 60.3 as compared with July 1926, while that of man-hours in July 1933 was virtually the same as for 1932, or 49.8. The index number of revenue traffic in July 1933, as compared with the year 1916, showed a decline of only 28.6 percent; while the index number of man-hours showed a decline of 56.6 percent. The exclusion of executive groups would show an even greater proportionate decline of man-hours. The average number of hours per week of all employees was 60.6 in 1916. The adoption of the 8-hour day reduced the average hours per week to 50.6 in 1919; and part time after 1929 further lowered the average, by 1932, to 42. During the period of the war the average annual compensation per employee underwent a series of increases from $892 in 1916 to $1,820 in 1920. Thereafter it ranged somewhat below this amount till 1930, and fell sharply by 1932 to $1,465. The https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis P R O D U C T I V I T Y , E T C ., O F R A IL R O A D 1277 LABOR compensation of the wage-earning classes declined more sharply than that of the executive groups. The compensation of all except the principal executive groups formed 94.60 percent of the total compen sation in 1916, 96.57 percent in 1918, and only 91.65 percent in 1932. The percentage of hours worked by all except executive groups remained much more nearly constant throughout the period. Revenue Traffic and Facilities for Maintaining Traffic T h e usually accepted unit of passenger service is the passengermile, that is, the carrying of 1 passenger 1 mile. Similarly, in freight service the basic unit of service is the ton-mile, the carrying of 1 ton 1 mile. In combining passenger and ton miles, passenger-miles may be weighted in accordance with their approximate comparative im portance and added to ton-miles, the sum commonly being described as revenue traffic units. The service rendered by employees in maintaining facilities for revenue traffic tends to increase or decrease with fluctuations in the amount of revenue traffic, but the ratio is far from constant, especially in the handling of passenger traffic, for trains must be run and tracks and other facilities for service must be maintained whether revenue traffic is large or small. Changes in the volume of revenue traffic of class I railroads,1 1916 to 1932, and in the various kinds of services rendered in maintaining facilities for revenue traffic, are compared in table 1. T able 1.— C O M P A R IS O N OF R E V E N U E T R A F F IC W IT H S P E C IF IE D T Y P E S OF W O R K D O N E B Y E M P L O Y E E S , CLASS I R A IL R O A D S , 1916 T O 1932 [Based on reports to Interstate Commerce Commission] Revenue traffic (mil lions) Year Pas senger- Tonmiles miles Car-miles (transpor tation service) Pas senger serv Traffic units 1 ice (mil lions) Train-miles Cross ties laid in re place ments (thou sands) Bridge and switch ties laid in re place ments (thou sands) 2,046, 575 1, 883, 393 2, 335, 300 2, 506,961 79, 070 76,139 80, 903 86, 829 208, 526 222, 927 248, 440 246,196 576, 094 575, 500 529, 444 539, 803 561, 633 617, 606 631,188 616,151 549, 657 607, 508 Transportation traffic Rails laid Freight units 2 (tons) Total (mil service (mil (mil lions) lions) lions) Pas senger Freight trains trains (thou (thou sands) sands) 1916. 19m 1918 1919. 1920. 34, 586 39, 477 42, 677 46, 358 46,849 362, 444 394, 465 405, 379 364, 293 410, 306 452,368 497,105 516, 338 484, 825 532,113 3,426 3, 507 3, 307 3, 469 3, 637 23, 265 23, 334 22,808 21, 404 23, 246 26, 691 26,840 26,115 24,873 26,883 1921. 1922. 1923. 1924. 1925. 1926. 37, 313 35, 470 37, 957 36, 091 35, 950 35, 478 306, 840 339, 285 412, 727 388, 415 413,814 443, 746 403,853 431, 507 511, 414 482, 252 507, 285 535,988 3, 520 3, 466 3,635 3, 696 3, 795 3,886 20, 358 21, 358 25,618 25,032 26,833 28,603 23,877 24,823 29, 253 28, 728 30, 628 32,488 1, 484, 933 1, 543, 379 1, 783, 994 1,749, 879 1,846, 853 1,953, 620 2, 588, 313 2, 618, 566 3,138,972 3,184, 536 3, 484, 641 3,818,127 86, 522 86, 642 84, 435 83, 073 82, 718 80, 746 256, 288 258, 186 277, 615 291, 288 282, 628 275,972 554,805 541, 275 560, 98C 566, 013 569, 765 573, 627 510,292 534,655 620, 330 579,571 591, 582 610, 980 1927. 1928. 1929. 1930. 1931. 1932. 33, 650 31, 601 31, 074 26,815 21,894 16, 975 428, 737 432,915 447, 322 383,450 309, 225 234, 320 516, 226 515, 079 528,114 453, 168 366,150 278, 454 3,881 3, 849 3, 906 3, 727 3,318 2,800 28, 396 28, 973 29, 745 26,335 22, 223 17, 516 32, 277 32, 822 33, 651 30, 062 25, 541 20, 316 1, 936, 401 1,952, 670 2, 009, 039 1,816, 053 1, 557, 218 1, 261, 738 4, 235, 041 4,175, 627 4, 018, 570 3,002,131 1, 879, 200 852, 742 78, 340 77, 371 74, 679 63, 354 51, 502 59,190 259, 997 269,149 250, 063 235, 315 208, 985 140, 566 568, 538 561,600 560, 692 538, 709 480, 367 414, 383 588,081 579, 809 589,319 515,131 439, 381 362, 798 1 Revenue passenger-miles weighted by 2.6 plus revenue ton-miles. 2 The formula for transportation traffic units or equated gross ton-miles was developed b y the American Railway Engineering Association, and in its simplest form consists of freight ton-miles (including cars) X I ; freight locomotive ton-miles X2; and passenger car miles X144. See A .R .E .A ., Proceedings, vol. 31, pp. 1144-1145; and A .R .E .A ., Manual, 1929, pp. 1421-1435. See also testimony of Otto Beyer, in Inter state Commerce Commission, Ex parte 106, vol. 6, p. 2070 and passim (hearings on proposed 6-hour day). • Class I railroads are those with annual operating revenues above $1,000,000. Of the total line mileage, they operated 89.7 percent in 1916, 91.6 percent in 1926, and 93.2 percent in 1931. In regard to average number of workers, they employed 96.8 percent in 1916, 97.7 percent in 1926, and 98.1 percent in 1931. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1278 T able 1. MONTHLY LABOR R EV IEW C O M P A R IS O N OP R E V E N U E T R A F F IC W IT H S P E C IF IE D T Y P E S OF W O R E D O N E B Y E M P L O Y E E S , CLASS I R A IL R O A D S , 1916 T O 1932—Continued Index numbers (1926 = 100) R ev Revenue enue pas Year senger- tonmiles miles (mil (mil lions) lions) 1916. 1917. 1918. 1919_ 1920. 97.5 111. 3 120. 3 130. 7 132.0 81.7 88.9 91.4 82. 1 92.5 105. 2 Car-miles (transpor tation service) RevTransporenne tation traffic Pastraffic Rails laid units sengei Freight units (tons) Total (mil serv service (mil (mil lions) ice (mil lions) lions) (mil lions) lions) 84. 4 92. 7 96. 3 90.5 99.3 88. 2 90.2 85. 1 89. 3 93.6 81. 3 81.6 79.7 74.8 81.3 82. 2 82.6 80.4 76.6 82. 7 73.5 76.4 90.0 88. 4 94. 3 1921. 1922. 1923 1924. 1925. 1926. 107. 0 101. 7 101. 3 100.0 69. 1 76. 5 93.0 87.5 93.3 100.0 75.3 90.6 80. 5 89. 2 95.4 93. 5 90. 0 95. 1 94. 6 97.7 100.0 100. 0 71. 2 74. 7 89.6 87.5 93.8 100.0 100. 0 76. 0 79.0 91. 3 89.6 94.5 100.0 1927. 1928. 1929. 1930. 1931. 1932. 94.8 89. 1 87.6 75. 6 61. 7 47.8 96.6 97.6 100.8 86. 4 69.7 52.8 96. 3 99.9 96. 1 99. 1 98.5 100. 5 84.5 95.9 68.3 85.4 52.0 72. lj 99.3 101.3 104.0 92. 1 77.7 61. 2 99.3 101.0 103.6 92. 5 78.6 62.5 99. 1 100.0 102.8 93. 0 79.7 64.6 100. 0 Train-miles Crossties laid in re place ments (thou sands) Bridge and switch ties laid in re place ments (thou sands) 53. 6 49.3 61. 2 65.7 97.9 94. 3 100. 2 107. 5 75. 6 80.8 90.0 89.2 100. 100 3 92. 3 94. 1 97.9 101.4 103 3 100 8 90 0 99.4 67.8 68.6 82.2 83.4 91.3 100.0 107. 2 107. 3 104. 6 102.9 102.4 100.0 92. 9 93. 6 100. 6 105.5 102. 4 100.0 96 7 94. 4 97.8 98. 7 99. 3 100.0 83 5 87 5 101 5 94 9 96 8 100.0 110.9 109. 4 105. 2 78. 6 49. 2 22. 3! 97.0 95.8 92.5 78.5 63.8 48.5 94. 2 97. 5 90. 6 85. 3 75.7 50.9 99. 1 97. 9 97. 7 93.9 83. 7 72.2 96 3 94 9 96 5 84 3 71 9 59.4 Pas senger Freight trains trains (thou (thou sands) sands) Table 1 shows an increase in revenue passenger-miles from 34,586,000,000 in 1916 to 46,849,000,000 in 1920, with an almost constant decline thereafter to 16,975,000,000 in 1932. Revenue ton-miles varied much less widely, ranging from 362,444,000,000 in 1916 to a peak of 447,322,000,000 in 1929, and declining to 234,320,000,000 in 1932. The weighted combination of passenger and freight traffic reached its peak of 535,988,000,000 revenue traffic units in 1926. The columns of the table which deal with car-miles and other indi cations of the amount of service rendered in maintaining revenue traffic facilities, show a smaller variation, except for the recent rapid decline in the number of rails laid, and, to a less extent, in the number of ties laid. The index numbers, in the second section of the table, indicate more concisely the comparative changes. T able 2 .—C O M P A R A T IV E I M P O R T A N C E OF T H E R E V E N U E P A S S E N G E R -M IL E AND T H E R E V E N U E T O N -M IL E AS IN D IC A T E D B Y R A T IO S OF D IR E C T LABOR RFQ U IR E D A N D OF R E V E N U E , 1916 TO 1932 J Year 1916______________ 1917______________ 1918___________ ________ 1919________________ . 1920_______________ 1921____________ 1922______ 1923______________ 1924______________ Labor ratios 1 Revenue ratios 2 3.2 2.9 2.7 2.6 2.7 3. 2 3.2 3.2 3.6 2.9 2.9 2.8 2. 6 2.6 2.4 2. 6 2. 7 2.7 Year 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 __ ___ Labor ratios 1 Revenue ratios 2 3.7 3.9 4. 1 4.5 4.6 5.2 5.6 5.8 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.6 2.6 2.6 2.4 2.1 1 Ratios of time in man-hours of road passenger service per revenue passenger-mile to time in man-hours of road freight service per revenue ton-mile. 2 Ratios of average receipts per revenue passenger-mile to average receipts per revenue ton-mile. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1279 PRODUCTIVITY, ETC ., OF RAILROAD LABOR In the weighting of revenue passenger-miles for combining with revenue ton-miles, the usual method has been to multiply the number of pass:nger-miles by 3. There was at one time ample justification for this weighting factor, as is indicated by table 2. The first column of table 2 gives the ratios, from 1916 to 1932, of the average amount of time in man-hours required by road passenger employees for an average revenue passenger-mile to the average man hours required by road freight employees for an average revenue ton-mile. The second column of the table gives the ratios of average receipts per revenue passenger-mile to average receipts per revenue ton-mile. During the earlier part of the period, each of the two sets of ratios ranged around 3, the labor ratio being somewhat higher than the revenue ratio. During the later part of the period, the labor ratio rose rapidly until in 1932 it was almost double the figure for 1916— 5.8 in 1932 as compared with 3.2 in 1916. The revenue ratio, on the other hand, varied only slightly, ranging from 2.9 in 1916 to 2.1 in 1932, with an average of 2.6 for the 17 years. The rise in the ratio of road passenger man-hours to road freight man-hours is largely a result of the extreme decline in revenue pas senger-miles in recent years. The index numbers of revenue pas senger-miles (the first column of table 1) show a rapid rise from 1916 to 1920 and a precipitate decline, especially since 1929, to little more than a third of the figure for 1920. Revenue freight traffic also declined, but much less rapidly and with fewer extreme fluctuations. From the point of view of the users of railroad services, a passengermile on the average means essentially the same in 1932 as in 1916; and the same is true of the ton-mile. The problem of weighting is therefore to ascertain the approximate importance of a passengermile as compared with a ton-mile throughout the period. In years when there was a comparative stability in the proportion of passenger traffic to freight traffic the labor ratio tends to confirm the validity of the revenue ratio as a basis for weighting. The average of the revenue ratios for the entire period (2.6) is therefore used. The combined passenger- and ton-miles, with passenger-miles weighted by 2.6, are termed revenue traffic units. The comparability of units of revenue traffic over a period of years is affected by several factors, such as types of commodities handled, changes in length of haul, and changes in quality of service. Changes in the relative percentages of the main types of commodities handled as classified by the Interstate Commerce Commission are shown in table 3. T ablk 3 .—C H A N G E S IN R E L A T IV E P E R C E N T A G E S OF T O N N A G E OF P R IN C IP A L GR O U PS OF C O M M O D IT IE S OF R E V E N U E F R E IG H T O R IG IN A T E D B Y CLASS I R A I L R O A D S , 1916 TO 1932, R E P O R T E D TO IN T E R S T A T E C O M M E R C E C O M M IS S IO N [Total tonnage=100 percent] Year 1916_________________________ 1920__________________________ 1924___________________________ 1928___________________________ 1932___________________________ https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis All lessProducts Animals Products M anu factures than-carof agri and prod Products of for of mines and mis load culture ucts ests cellaneous freight 9.5 8.8 9.8 9.2 12.5 2.5 2. 1 2.3 2.0 2.8 56. 6 56. 7 53. 7 54. 1 56.1 7.8 8.0 9. 1 7.5 4.0 19. 2 20. 1 21.6 24. 2 22.2 4.4 4.2 3.4 2.9 2.4 Total revenue freight 100.0 100.0 100.0 . 100.0 100.0 1280 MONTHLY LABOR R E V IE W Products of mines, which constitute more than half of the total ton nage^ maintained a practically constant ratio, ranging from 56.6 per cent in 1916 to 53.7 percent in 1924 and 56.1 percent in 1932. The ratio of animals and products also remained virtually constant. Products of forests declined from a high ratio of 9.1 percent in 1924 to 4 percent in 1932. Less-than-carload freight also declined from 4.4 percent in 1916 to 2.4 percent in 1932. The amount of labor required per ton in handling less-than-carload freight is comparatively high, but this type of freight is comparatively small in amount. The proportions of products of agriculture and of manufactures and mis cellaneous freight increased during the period, and the relative increase in manufactures and miscellaneous products was particularly signifi cant because of the comparative importance of this type of freight (22.2 percent of the total tonnage in 1932) and because of the rela tively large amount of labor required per ton. In general, the changes in the ratios are not so great as to impair the comparability of the revenue ton during the years 1916 to 1932, and insofar as the ratios have changed they indicate a trend toward types of freight requiring a comparatively large amount of labor per ton during the later years of the period. Changes in the length of haul, on the other hand, indicate a rela tively large amount of labor per passenger-mile and per ton-mile during the earlier years of the period 1916 to 1932. The average journey per passenger for all railroads increased from 33.58 miles in 1916 to 40.79 in 1926, and declined by 1932 to 35.36. The average haul per ton of freight in 1916 was 277.98 miles. During most of the period it ranged around 300 miles, but by 1932 had increased to 346.63 miles. During the years 1916 to 1932 there were changes in the quality of service, which in turn would have entailed an increase in the amount of labor if there had been no technological improvements, and this tended to counteract the effects of increases in the length of haul in reducing the amount of labor required per ton-mile and per passenger-mile. There have been increased facilities for the preser vation, transfer, speedy movement, and convenient delivery of freight. In the handling of passengers there have been changes, for example, in air conditioning, transfer service at terminals, and improved station facilities. W ork Done by Railroad Employees T h e ultimate economic basis on which the railroad system rests is revenue traffic. In the final analysis the product of railroad labor, and, therefore, its productivity, must be expressed in terms of revenue traffic as analyzed in the first three columns of table 1. But the amount of service rendered by employees to their employers does not vary exactly with the amount of revenue traffic, for trains must be run and other facilities for handling passengers and freight must be maintained whether revenue traffic is heavy or light. In order to measure the amount of service rendered to employers in maintaining revenue traffic facilities as distinguished from the amount of revenue traffic handled for patrons of the railroads, units other than passengerand ton-miles must be used. Some of these units are included in table 1. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1281 PRODUCTIVITY, ETC., OF RAILROAD LABOR In the seventh column of table 1 is a unit based on a formula de veloped by the American Railway Engineering Association. This unit may be termed the transportation traffic unit. On the basis of data available in the reports of the Interstate Commerce Commis sion, transportation traffic units are computed by combining freight ton-miles, including cars, freight locomotive ton-miles multiplied by 2, and passenger car-miles multiplied by 144. By comparing the index numbers of transportation traffic units with those of total carmiles, it will be seen that there is no considerable divergence. The use of the transportation traffic unit as a measure of service rendered in maintaining railroad facilities must be qualified by the fact that facilities were not maintained in the same degree of excellence through out the period. This is indicated in maintenance-of-way work by the decline in the number of rails laid in 1931 and 1932, and to a less extent, by the decline in the number of ties laid, although needed additions and replacements have been reduced by technological changes. There is much work that cannot be reduced to uniform units in terms of the particular function performed. This is true, for example, of supervisory work, the dispatching of trains, and, with minor exceptions, clerical work. It is indicated further by the fact that workers are often shifted from one task to another with no common unit of measurement except their contributions to the handling of revenue traffic and the maintenance of traffic facilities. Railway Operating Revenues and Expenses and Compensation of Employees T a b l e 4 contains figures of railway operating revenues and expenses and compensation of all employees, 1916 to 1932, together with ratios of operating revenues and of operating expenses to compensation. In the case of all of these items, switching and terminal companies are excluded, 1916 to 1920, and included, 1921 to 1932. T able 4 .— R A IL W A Y O P E R A T IN G R E V E N U E S A N D E X P E N S E S A N D E M P L O Y E E C O M P E N S A T IO N , CLASS I R A IL R O A D S ,1 1916 T O 1932 [Based on reports to Interstate Commerce Commission] Compensatio n of all em ployees Railway oper ating revenues Railway oper ating expenses ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ $3, 596,865, 766 4,014,142, 748 4,880, 953, 480 5,144, 795,154 6,178,120,978 $2, 357, 398,412 2, 829, 325,124 3,971,870,043 4,378, 285, 227 5,830,620,492 $1,468, 576, 394 1, 739, 482,142 2, 606, 284, 245 2,828, 014, 440 3, 681, 801,193 40.8 43.3 53.4 55.0 59.6 62.3 61. 5 65.6 64.6 63.1 1921______________________________ 1922______________________________ 1923______________________________ 1921 ____________________________ 1925 _____________________________ 1926______________________________ 5, 568, 505,710 5,617,790,944 6,356,317,144 5,985, 360. 729 6,188, 739,024 6,451, 418,163 4, 602,116, 253 4, 455, 475, 060 4,942,864,843 4, 557, 623, 052 4, 584, 365,366 4,718,150, 021 2,801,489,120 2, 669, 180, 772 3,043,161,163 2,867,564,802 2,900,107,384 2,990, 441,936 50.3 47.5 47.9 47.9 46.9 46.4 60.9 59.9 61.6 62.9 63.3 63.4 1927______________________________ 1928 _________________________ 1929 _____________________ 1930 ______________________ 1931 _ _________________________ 1932______________________________ 6, 206, 237, 873 6,185,174,116 6, 355,176,052 5, 342,485,910 4, 236, 425, 316 3,161,928,659 4, 626,130,981 4, 478,005, 682 4, 557,168, 986 3,975, 709, 442 3, 259,457, 310 2,429,385,917 2,953, 211,375 2, 862, 099, 609 2,940,868, 690 2, 590, 274,843 2,127, 181,287 1, 535,927, 792 47.6 46.3 46.3 48.5 50.2 48.6 63.8 63.9 64.5 65.2 65.3 63.2 Year 1916. 1917, 19181919 1920 Amount Percent Percent of oper of oper ating ating revenues2 expenses 1 Switching and terminal companies are excluded 1916 to 1920, and included 1921 to 1932. 2 In March 1933 compensation of all employees rose to 51 percent of railway operating revenues, but by July 1933 it had fallen to 11.37 percent. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1282 MONTHLY LABOR R EV IEW Railway operating revenues rose from $3,597,000,000 in 1916 to $6,451,000,000 in 1926 and by 1932 had fallen to $3,162,000,000. Operating expenses in 1916 were $2,357,000,000 and in 1932 were $2,429,000,000, with slighter variations than in the case of operating revenues during the intervening years. Total compensation to employees, including the salaried classes, shows a trend remarkably similar to that of railway operating expenses, as is indicated by the last column of table 4. The ratios of compensation to operating revenues showed greater variation. In 1932 the ratio was 48.6 percent as compared with 40.8 percent in 1916. The changes in railway operating revenues and in employment in 1933 led to a further rise in the ratio of compensation to revenues to 51 percent in March, and to a decline, by July, to 41.37 percent. Conditions Affecting Employment and Productivity A c h a n g e affecting the average number of hours per employee was the introduction of the 8-hour day. This was applied to shop-craft employees in the southeastern district before Federal control began (under the Adamson Act), on December 28, 1917. The Adamson Act embodied the principle of the 8-hour day, beginning January 1, 1917, but the extensive application of the principle was postponed until after the war-time emergency. In estimating the number of hours worked by employees on a daily basis, the Interstate Commerce Commission computes each day as 10 hours up to and including 1918, and as 8 hours thereafter. The 8-hour day has not only reduced the average number of hours per employee, but has tended to increase the average output per man-hour. Changes in the amount of revenue traffic (table 1) affect the num ber of employees and of man-hours and also the average output per employee and per man-hour. The effect on average output is due to the impossibility of increasing or reducing employment in exact proportion to fluctuations in the amount of revenue traffic. But the average output per man-hour has been increased primarily by means of technological improvements, mergers, and changes in the personal efficiency of employees. Various technological changes will be dis cussed in later articles in connection with particular classes of employ ees. Some of the effects of these circumstances, especially the in fluence of technological changes on operating conditions, are indicated in table 5. There was an increase in the number of steam locomotives from 60,990 in 1916 to 65,006 in 1924, and thereafter a decline to 52,492 in 1932. More significant was the continuous increase in the average tractive capacity (in pounds) of steam locomotives from 33,188 in 1916 to 46,299 in 1932. The use of electric locomotive units more than doubled, the number in 1916 being 319 and in 1932, 725. The in creased efficiency of locomotives, as well as the declining amount of labor necessary in operating them, is indicated by the reduction in the number of pounds of coal per thousand gross ton-miles from 162 in 1921 to 123 in 1932. The average freight-train speed between terminals increased from 10.3 miles per hour in 1920 to l5.5 in 1932. The average capacity of freight cars increased from 41 tons in 1916 to 47 in 1932. The number of car-miles of freight cars per train-mile increased from 36.6 in 1920 to 48.9 in 1930, declining somewhat to 44.8 in 1932. The number of gross ton-miles of freight per train https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1283 PRODUCTIVITY, ETC ., OF RAILROAD LABOR hour, excluding locomotives, almost doubled, increasing from 14,877 in 1920 to 26,064 in 1932. The statistics of revenue traffic given in the last three columns of table 5 indicate the effects of declining volume of revenue traffic on the utilization of facilities for handling traffic. The average number of ton-miles of revenue freight per train-mile and per locomotive-mile increased constantly, with the exception of 1921, to the year 1929, and thereafter declined materially. The average number of revenue passenger-miles per train-mile in 1916 was 57 and remained above this level until 1928, when it declined by 1932 to 40. T able 5 —C H A N G E S IN R O L L IN G ST O C K A N D O P E R A T IN G C O N D IT IO N S A F F E C T IN G P R O D U C T IV IT Y OF R A IL R O A D L A B O R , CLASS I R A IL R O A D S , 1916 T O 1932 [Based on reports to Interstate Commerce Commission] Steam locom o tives Year N um ber Aver age trac tive capac ity Elec tric loco m o tive units Pounds of coal per 1,000 gross tonmiles (freight) 1916__________ 1917__________ 1918__________ 1919__________ 1920__________ 60, 990 61,533 63, 531 64,618 64, 368 Lbs. 33,188 33,932 34, 995 35, 789 36, 365 319 342 343 350 364 1921__________ 1922__________ 1923__________ 1924__________ 1925__________ 1926__________ 64, 585 64, 140 64,939 65,006 63, 612 62, 342 36,935 37, 441 39,177 39, 891 40, 666 41,886 364 372 379 352 362 419 162 163 161 149 140 137 1927__________ 1928__________ 1929__________ 1930__________ 1931__________ 1932__________ 60,895 58,845 56,936 55,875 54, 385 52, 492 42, 798 43,838 44,801 45, 225 45, 764 46, 299 449 596 601 618 670 725 131 127 125 121 119 123 Aver age freighttrain speed be tween termi nals Aver age capac ity of freight cars Carmiles (freight) per trainmile (includ ing ca boose) 10.3 Tons 41.0 41.5 41. 6 41.9 42.4 36.6 11.5 11.1 10.9 11.5 11.8 11.9 42.5 43. 1 43.8 44.3 44.8 45.1 38.4 38.4 39.9 41.7 43.8 45.2 12.3 12.9 13.2 13.8 14.8 15.5 45.5 45.8 46.3 46.6 47.0 47.0 46.5 48. 1 48.6 48.9 47.9 44.8 Average num Aver Gross ber of ton-miles age of revenue tonnumber freight miles of rev (freight) enue per pas trainsengerPer hour Per miles (exclud loco per training loco mile motive- trainmile motive) mile 14, 877 560. 24 597. 29 628.49 630.93 646.87 488. 53 521. 05 546.35 555.83 571.17 57 65 76 82 80 16, 555 16,188 16, 764 18, 257 19, 685 20, 692 578. 71 611.06 643. 91 647. 06 675. 45 701. 48 511.03 538. 78 565.36 573. 04 596.11 617.45 67 65 67 63 63 61 21,940 23,600 24, 539 25,837 26, 721 26,064 702. 41 718. 32 729. 73 711. 38 664. 23 598. 32 617. 82 631.11 640. 60 628. 73 592. 63 535. 29 59 56 55 49 45 40 Table 5 indicates in general a significant increase in the efficiency of the facilities for handling revenue traffic, but a decline in recent years in the extent to which the facilities for handling traffic could be utilized because of the declining amount of revenue traffic. In other words, technological improvements have tended to increase the average output per man-hour in terms of revenue traffic, but this increase has been in part counteracted by the falling off of revenue traffic. Nature of Available Employment Data I n t h e statistics compiled by the Interstate Commerce Commis sion, detailed information regarding switching and terminal companies was not included for the years 1917 to 1920, but is available for 1916 and was included in the monthly wage reports from 1921 to 1932. In table 6, percentage factors based on statistics for 1916 and 1921 to 1932 were used to include estimates for class I switching and terminal companies in order to make the data in the table comparable for the earlier and later years of the period 1916 to 1932. These percentage https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1284 MONTHLY LABOR R EV IEW factors apply only to the number of employees and to the number of hours worked. For all classes of labor combined, the proportion of labor employed by switching and terminal companies is comparatively insignificant, but for certain groups, as yard-service employees, it is large enough to affect materially the comparability of the data. In the portions of table 6 based on operating revenues and compensation of employees, switching and terminal companies are omitted for the years 1916 to 1920, as the ratios based upon compensation and operating revenues are not affected by the omission. In table 6, hours are expressed in terms of time worked. The reports to the Interstate Commerce Commission from 1916 to June 30, 1921, were in the form of time worked. After July 1, 1921, both time worked and time paid for are shown in the monthly wage reports. In order to make the data comparable for the entire period, time worked is used in table 6 throughout the period. The ratios of time worked to time paid for are comparatively constant, although for certain groups the tendency has been in the direction of a slight increase in the proportion of time paid for as compared with time worked. The most serious problem in a study of railroad labor by groups of employees for a period beginning earlier than 1921 is in connection with changes in the classification of employees. Changes were made on July 1, 1921, and on January 1, 1933. Before July 1, 1921, the number of groups was 68; from July 1, 1921, to December 31, 1932, 148; and since January 1, 1933,128. Analysis of these changes makes possible a continuous comparison before and after July 1, 1921, of only a limited number of groups. In the case of employees described in table 6 as executive groups, the older groups 1 to 4 of the Interstate Commerce Commission’s reports were described as general officers and division officers. In the new classification these were distributed among 19 groups, the first two groups being described after July 1, 1921, as executives, officials, and staff assistants. But these two groups omitted roadmasters, general foremen, and various other officials who exercise important supervisory and executive functions, though not primarily at general and division headquarters. In order to make the groups numerically comparable before and after the change in classification, some who might properly be classed as executives were included in the second section of table 6. Changes from 1916 to 1932 O n the basis of available data comparable for the entire period from 1916 to 1932, table 6 presents the more important changes in employment, output in revenue traffic, and compensation of labor from 1916 to 1932. The first section of table 6 deals with all employees. The second section gives a similar analysis of all employees except executive groups and is important primarily as indicating the status of ordi nary employees as contrasted with the more highly salaried groups. The average number of employees, other than executives, increased from 1,626,066 in 1916 to a peak of 2,004,277 in 1920, declined to 1,640,414 in 1921, and thereafter remained comparatively constant until 1929, when the number was 1,635,969, virtually the same as in 1916. The average in 1932 had fallen to 1,011,797. The index numbers of man-hours show a much greater decline than do those of https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1285 PRODUCTIVITY, ETC ., OF RAILROAD LABOR average number of employees, the former ranging from a high point of 126.8 in 1918, with 1926 as the base year, to 49.5 in 1932, and the latter ranging only from 114.1 to 57.5. This was largely because of the introduction of the 8-hour day, although since 1929 part time has also been an important factor. The average number of hours per employee per week fell from 60.5 in 1916 to 41.8 in 1932. T a b i e 6 .—C H A N G E S IN E M P L O Y M E N T , O U T P U T IN R E V E N U E T R A F F IC , A N D C O M P E N S A T IO N OF L A B O R , CLASS I R A IL R O A D S , IN C L U D IN G P R IN C IP A L S W IT C H IN G A N D T E R M IN A L C O M P A N IE S ,1 1916 TO 1932 [Based on reports to Interstate Commerce Commission] Employees Average Index number (1926 middle of = 100) month Total hours worked Number Average num ber of hours worked per employee— Index (1926 = 100) Per year Per week Percentage ratios— In A ver dexed age ratios com of pen Of out sation group put per com Of to em group pen man hours sation hours 2 ployee per to to (1926 y e a :3 total total = 100) hours com pen sation All employees 1916_____________ 1917______________ 1918______________ 1919______________ 1920______________ 1,664, 271 1,750, 946 1,860, 778 1,933,374 2, 043,925 92.2 97.0 193.0 107. 1 113.2 5,243,907, 840 5,494,681,920 5,760,869, 560 5,084,970, 310 5,503, 537, 030 114.8 120.3 126. 1 111. 3 120.5 3,151 3,138 3, 096 2, 630 2, 693 60.6 60.3 59.5 50. 6 51.8 73.5 77.1 76.4 81. 2 82.4 $892 1,004 1,415 1,478 1,820 100. 00 100.00 100. 00 100. 00 100. 00 100.00 100. 00 100.00 100. 00 100.00 1921______________ 1922______________ 1923______________ 1924______________ 1925______________ 1926______________ 1, 680,187 1, 645,244 1,879, 770 1, 777, 891 1, 769.099 1,805, 780 93.0 91.1 104. 1 98.5 98.0 100.0 4,136,624,847 4, 242, 404, 808 4, 856,988,021 4, 472. 048, 902 4, 458, 702, 308 4, 567,480, 787 90.6 92.9 106.3 97.9 97.6 100.0 2,462 2, 579 2, 584 2,515 2, 520 2,529 47.3 49.6 49.7 48.4 48.5 48.6 83.2 86.7 89.7 91.9 97.0 100.0 1,667 1,622 1,619 1,613 1,639 1,656 100. 00 100. 00 100.00 100. 00 100. 00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100. 00 100.00 100.00 100. 00 1927______________ 1. 760,999 1928______________ 1, 680,187 1929______________ 1,686, 769 1930______________ 1,510,688 1931______________ 1, 278,175 1932______________ 1,048,568 97.5 93.0 93.4 83. 7 70.8 58. 1 4, 416,148,893 4, 200,547,574 4, 234, 805, 886 3,648,891,844 2, 937, 370,320 2, 290,818,702 96.7 92.0 92.7 79.9 64.3 50.5 2, 508 2, 500 2,511 2,415 2,298 2,185 48.2 48.1 48.3 46.4 44. 2 42.0 99.6 104.5 106.3 105.8 106.2 102.8 1,677 1,703 1,743 1,715 1,664 1,465 100. 00 100. 00 100. 00 100. 00 100. 00 100.00 100.00 100. 00 100. 00 100. 00 100.00 100. 00 All employees except executive groups 1916______________ 1, 626,066 1917______________ 1,710,117 1918______________ 1,823,748 1919______________ 1,897,925 1920______________ 2, 004, 277 92.5 97.3 103.8 108.0 114.1 5,119,374,306 5,360,069, 338 5, 639,014,978 4, 991,315, 536 5, 396,461,941 115.1 120.5 126.8 112. 2 121.3 3,148 3,134 3,092 2, 630 2,692 60.5 60.3 59.5 50.6 51.8 73.4 77.0 76.0 80.6 81.8 863 977 1, 394 1,453 1, 788 97.63 97. 55 97. 88 98. 16 98. 05 94.60 95.05 96. 57 96. 52 96.36 1921______________ 1922 ____________ 1923______________ 1924______________ 1925______________ 1926______________ 1, 640,414 1,604,176 1,835,127 1, 732,262 1, 722, 713 1,757, 298 93.3 91.3 104.3 98.5 98.0 100.0 4,035,112, 678 4,140, 296,400 4, 745,818, 788 4,359, 523,710 4, 343, 282,440 4,447,075,407 90.7 93.1 106.7 98.0 97.6 100.0 2,460 2, 581 2, 586 2,517 2, 521 2,531 47.3 49.6 49.7 48.4 48.5 48.7 83.1 86.5 89.4 91.8 96.9 100.0 1,622 1,575 1,574 1, 564 1, 588 1,604 97. 55 97. 59 97. 71 97.48 97.41 97. 36 94.98 94. 66 94.90 94.46 94.34 94.26 1927______________ 1928______________ 1929______________ 1930______________ 1931______________ 1932____ _________ 1,711,901 1, 630,925 1,635,969 1,461,140 1,233,990 1,011,797 97.4 92.8 93. 1 83.2 70.2 57.5 4, 294,223, 719 4,078, 346, 384 4,108, 689,494 3, 526,833, 242 2,829,162,432 2, 201, 733, 332 96.5 91.7 92.4 79.3 63.6 49.5 2, 508 2, 501 2. 511 2,414 2,293 2,176 48.2 48. 1 48.3 46.4 44. 1 41.8 99.8 104.8 106.7 106. 7 107.4 105.0 1,622 1,645 1,684 1,647 1,589 1,391 97.24 97.09 97. 02 96. 65 96. 32 96.09 94.00 93. 72 93.68 92.91 92. 20 91. 65 1 Switching and terminal companies estimated for 1917-20 on basis of statistics for 1916,1921-32. 2 For output in terms of revenue traffic, and also for indications of work done b y different groups of em ploy ees, see table 1. Output as here used consists of revenue traffic units. 3 Based for 1916-20 on employees and compensation of class I railroads excluding switching and terminal companies. For railway operating revenues, see table 4. 21719°—33----2 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1286 MONTHLY LABOR REV IEW The trend of average output per man-hour in terms of revenue traffic is shown by the indexed ratios of the seventh column of table 6. W ith 1926 as the base year, the indexed ratio of revenue traffic to man-hours of all employees except executive groups in 1916 was 73.4; m 1931, 107.4 (the highest point); and in 1932, 105.0. These ratios represent the productivity of labor in the economic sense; that is m terms of revenue-producing traffic. The principal factors affect ing these ratios have been technological changes and changes in the amount of revenue traffic. The latter factor has affected productiv ity, due to the fact that the amount of labor required to maintain facilities for handling revenue traffic is not entirely adaptable to changes in the amount of revenue traffic actually handled. Because of this, it is necessary to emphasize again the fact that productivity m terms of the ultimate product of l&bor (i.e.^ in terms of revenue traffic) is not a measure of the effects of technological changes on labor. These effects are more adequately measured bv the maintenance of traffic facilities than by the extent to which these facilities are utilized in the form of revenue traffic by patrons of the railroads. In regard to labor as a whole, the transportation traffic unit (the seventh column of table 1) is probably the most adequate measure of services rendered in maintaining facilities for handling revenue traffic. This unit is not available before 1921, but it is closely paralleled since 1921, and presumably before that date by total car-miles (the sixth column of table 1). For all employees except executive groups the comparative ratios of revenue traffic units, transportation traffic units, and car-miles to the number of man-hours worked are shown in table 7. I A B L E 7. C O M P A R A T IV E IN D E X E D R A T IO S OF R E V E N U E T R A F F IC 1 T T N T T ^ T ' R atvtq P O R T A T IO N T R A F F IC U N ITS, A N D C A R -M IL E S TO M A N H O U R S W O R X F D F V E M P L O Y E E S , E X C E P T E X E C U T IV E G R O U PS, CLASS I R A IL R O A dI , 1916 = T O 1932: Year 1916. 1917. 1918. 1919. 1920. 1921. 1922. 1923. 1924. 1925. 1926. 1927. 1928. 1929. 1930. 1931. 1932. Revenue traf fic units to man-hours Transportation traffic units to man-hours 73.4 77.0 76.0 80.6 81.8 Car-miles to man-hours 71.4 68.5 63.4 68.3 68.2 83.1 86.5 89.4 91.8 96.9 100.0 83.8 84.9 85.6 91.4 96.8 100.0 81.0 82.0 84.3 90.2 96.6 100.0 99.8 104.8 106.7 106.7 107.4 105.0 102.7 109.1 111. 3 117.3 125.3 130.5 112. 1 116.6 123.6 126.3 102.9 110.1 1 For basic data, see tables 1, 6. W 1th 1926 as the base year, the indexed ratios of revenue traffic units to man-hours rose from 73.4 in 1916 to 83.1 in 1921, and to 107.4 in 1931, and declined to 105.0 m 1932. The ratios of transportation traffic units to man-hours ranged from 83.8 in 1921 to 130.5 in 1932. The ratios of car-miles to man-hours ranged from 71.4 in 1916 to 81 0 m 1921, and 126.3 in 1932. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis PRODUCTIVITY, E TC ., OF RAILROAD LABOR 1287 Taking revenue traffic units as a measure of output and 1921 as the base year, and assuming a constant ratio of revenue traffic units to man-hours, the number of man-hours required in 1932 would have been about 2,782,000,000 instead of 2,201,000,000, the number ac tually employed. Taking transportation traffic units as a measure of services rendered by employees in maintaining facilities for handling revenue traffic, and assuming a constant ratio of transportation traffic units to man hours, the number of man-hours required in 1932 would have been about 3,429,000,000, instead of 2,201,000,000, the number actually employed. The difference, 1,228,000,000 man-hours, is an approxi mate indication of the effects of technological changes on the amount of employment. It appears, to be sure, that some work normally called for was deferred, as is indicated by the index numbers of ties laid and especially of rails laid (table 1). On the other hand, the decline in the amount of maintenance work was itself partly due to technological changes such as the treating of ties and the use of improved rails, rail fasteners, ballast, etc. A comparison of revenue traffic units with transportation traffic units, car-miles, and other units indicating service rendered in main taining traffic facilities, shows clearly that particular groups with comparatively low ratios of revenue traffic units to man-hours, as road passenger employees, may render services as essential as do other groups with comparatively high ratios, as maintenance-of-way employees. The compensation and status of a particular group of employees as compared with other groups, therefore, cannot properly be based on productivity in terms of the ratios of revenue traffic to man-hours. But these ratios, particularly for labor as a whole, are significant as indicating productivity in ultimate terms of the economic basis of the transportation system; and for different groups of employees they indicate approximately the separate factors entering into the aggregate productivity, as well as the extent to which the effects of technological changes on man-hour output are counteracted by declining volume of revenue traffic and increased by expansion of traffic. The last two columns of the second section of table 6 show the status of the wage-earning groups as to hours and wages as compared with the status of the executive groups. Hours worked by the wage-earning groups ranged from 98.16 percent of all hours in 1919 to 96.09 percent in 1932. Their compensation ranged from 96.57 percent of all com pensation in 1918 to 91.65 in 1932. In other words, the status of the wage-earning groups was materially changed to their disadvantage, for their proportion of total hours declined only 2.1 percent, while their proportion of total compensation declined 5.1 percent. Trends of 1933 F or the purpose of comparing the trends of 1933 with those of earlier years, each month from January to July of 1933 is compared in table 8 with the same month of 1926. This comparison includes revenue traffic and railway operating revenues. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1288 MONTHLY LABOR R E V IE W T able 8 —R E V E N U E T R A F F I C A N D R A IL W A Y O P E R A T IN G R E V E N U E S , CLASS I R A IL R O A D S , IN C L U D IN G S W IT C H IN G A N D T E R M IN A L C O M P A N IE S , J A N U A R Y T O JU L Y , 1926 A N D 1933 [Based on reports to Interstate Commerce Commission Revenue passen Revenue ton-miles ger-miles Revenue traffic units 1 Railway operating revenues M onth Number (thou sands) Index num bers 2 Number (thou sands) Index num bers 2 Number (thou sands) Index num bers 2 Amount 2,912,826 1,167, 284 100.0 40.1 33,613,567 18,008,036 100.0 53.6 41,186,915 21, 042, 974 100.0 51.1 480,995,458 229, 167, 996 100.0 47.6 February 1926_________ 2, 579,121 February 1933___________ 1,044, 797 100.0 40.5 31,871,428 17, 308, 578 100.0 54.3 38, 577,143 20, 025, 050 100.0 51.9 460, 204,237 214, 122, 352 100.0 46.5 March 1926_________ __ March 1933_____________ 2, 643, 542 997, 264 100.0 37.7 35, 350, 386 17,365, 755 100.0 49.1 42,223,595 19, 759,189 100.0 46.8 530,453,465 220,186, 649 100.0 41.5 April 1926_______________ April 1933.______ _______ 2, 661,408 1,088,046 100.0 40.9 32,935,085 17, 794,457 100.0 54.0 39,854,746 20,623, 377 100.0 51.7 499, 661,968 227, 593,659 100.0 45.5 M a y 1926-____ _________ M a y 1933_______________ 2, 817,455 1,169, 983 100.0 41.5 35,707, 375 19,817,961 100.0 55.5 43,032, 758 22,859, 917 100.0 53. 1 517, 422, 591 258, 350,694 100.0 49.9 June 1926_______ - _____ 3,251,922 June 1933________________ 1,495,135 100.0 46.0 35, 713, 317 21,538,389 100.0 60.3 44,168,314 25,425, 740 100.0 57.6 539,864, 685 281, 763, 566 100.0 52. 2 July 1926________________ July 1933________________ 100.0 46.6 37,917,672 24,105,508 100.0 63.6 47,021, 738 28, 351,732 100.0 60.3 556,514,940 297,571,730 100.0 53.5 January 1926- __________ January 1933____________ 3,501, 564 1, 633,153 Index num bers 2 1 Revenue passenger-miles times 2.6 plus revenue ton-miles. See pp. 1277-1279. 2 The index numbers are based on the m onthly figures for 1926. March 1933 was the month of lowest revenue traffic and railway operating revenues. In that month revenue passenger-miles were hardly more than a third of the number in March 1926 (the index number being 37.7), and revenue ton-miles declined less sharply to approximately half the March 1926 figure (index number, 49.1). Revenue traffic units in March 1933 had fallen to an index of 46.8, while railway operating revenues had declined to an index of 41.5. The index numbers for July 1933, with July 1926 as the base month, all show comparatively large increases. They were as follows: Rev enue passenger-miles, 46.6; revenue ton-miles, 63.6; revenue traffic units, 60.3; and railway operating revenues, 53.5. Table 9 shows changes in employment, output in terms of revenue traffic, and compensation of labor from January to July of 1926 and 1933. The number of employees was smallest in March 1933, having fallen to 933,857 as compared with 1,745,414 in March 1926. By July 1933 the average number had risen to somewhat more than 1,000,000 employees. As compared with March 1926 the index number for March 1933, was 53.5; and for July 1933, 54.1. The status of employment, however, is better indicated by the number of man-hours paid for. As compared with 1926 the index number of man-hours in April fell to the low point of 45.9, and by July of 1933, as compared with July 1926, had risen only to 49.8. In striking contrast with the slight rise in volume of employment is the rapid increase in the ratios of revenue traffic units to man-hours; and if executive groups were excluded, as in the second section of table 6, the ratios would be somewhat higher. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1289 PRODUCTIVITY, E TC ., OF RAILROAD LABOR T able 9 .—C H A N G E S IN E M P L O Y M E N T , O U T P U T IN R E V E N U E T R A F F IC , A N D C O M P E N S A T IO N OF A L L R A IL R O A D L A B O R , CLASS I R A IL R O A D S , IN C L U D IN G P R I N C IP A L S W IT C H IN G A N D T E R M IN A L C O M P A N IE S , J A N U A R Y T O JU L Y , 1926 A N D 1933 [Based on reports to Interstate Commerce Commission] Employees Period Average number Hours paid for Index num bers 1 Number Aver age Indexed com ratios 1 pensa tion Index of out per em num put to ployee hours bers 1 per month 1,730,071 960, 228 100.0 55.5 361,884,300 181,458, 674 100.0 50.1 100.0 102.0 $139 121 February 1926, ............... ............... - - - --February 1933_____________ . . ____________ 1,733,004 956, 201 100.0 55.2 337,910,597 165,722, 723 100.0 49.0 100.0 105.9 132 114 March 1926. ____ ___________ March 1933 _______ _____ _______ ________ 1, 745,414 933,857 100.0 53.5 383,493,721 179,016,793 100.0 46.7 100.0 100.2 143 120 April 1926. ___________ _______ _____ _ April 1933_____ --_ __ ______________ 1, 783,411 939,414 100.0 52.7 374,486,020 171,869,043 100.0 45.9 100.0 112.6 136 116 M ay 1926__________________________________ M a y 1933__________________________________ 1,808,728 952,096 100.0 52.6 379, 731,634 185,168,352 100.0 48.8 100.0 108.8 136 121 June 1926. ___ . 1,833, 621 972,813 100.0 386,895,047 188, 565,132 100.0 100.0 1,857, 219 1,004,938 100.0 394, 584,433 196, 588,012 100.0 100.0 121.1 49.8 January 1926 January 1933 ___ ______ _____ ___ _________ ______________ _________________ _______ July 1926__________________________________ July 1933___ . . - - . . . - ________________ 53.1 54.1 48.7 118.3 136 121 137 123 1 The index numbers are based on the monthly figures for 1926. Even during March, 1933, the month of greatest decline of revenue traffic (less than half of that of March, 1926, the index number being 46.8), the indexed ratio of revenue traffic units to man-hours, as compared with March 1926, stood at 100.2. By July 1933, as com pared with July, 1926, it had risen to 121.1, although the index number of revenue traffic had risen only to 60.3. The facilities which must be provided for a small volume of revenue traffic suffice for a consider able expansion of traffic with an insignificant increase in the amount of employment. If the amount of labor employed in July 1933 had increased in the same proportion as the amount of revenue traffic (that is, if the output per man-hour in July 1933 had been the same as in July 1926), the number of man-hours required would have been about 237,500,000 instead of 196,588,000, the number actually employed. Since many of the most important recent technological changes occurred before 1926, and since these changes affect primarily only certain classes of railroad labor, it is apparent that any possible increase in the amount of traffic can hardly be expected, at least on the basis of present hours of labor, to reabsorb a large proportion of many types of workers formerly employed. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Report of United States Delegation at the International Labor Conference, June 1933 DELEGATION of four official observers was appointed by -President Roosevelt to attend the seventeenth session of the International Labor Conference held in Geneva June 8-30, 1933. The delegation was headed by Miss Mary Anderson, Director of the Women’s Bureau, United States Department of Labor. The other members of the delegation were Edwin S. Smith, commissioner of labor of Massachusetts, William H. Stead, secretary of the Employ ment Stabilization Research Institute, University of Minnesota, and Hugh Erayne, general organizer of the American Federation of Labor. The report of the United States observers, which was sub mitted to the Secretary of Labor under date of August 15, follows. A Text of Report T h e r e was a general feeling of cordiality and good will toward the delegation of the United States observers. It was stated by Mr. Butler, Director of the International Labor Office, that the presence of the United States delegation was one of the bright spots m this year’s conference. The delegation was seated in the center of the hall with the Gov ernment delegations. It was voted by the plenary session the hrst day of the Conference that the official observers should be given the right to participate in the discussion in the plenary sessions and m committees. The observers could not, of course, record their v° te.s\ Besides the United States, only Egypt was represented by official observers. Resolution Adopted for Presentation to Economic Conference In the early sessions of the Conference much interest was aroused yU discussion of a resolution that it was proposed to send to the World Economic and Monetary Conference. • "^n J-*ew ia^ure 0/ the London conference to attain any immediate realization of its objectives, it seems unnecessary in this to describe fully the recommendations that were made to it by the International Labor Conference. The recommendations covered such points as the restoration of stable monetarv condi tions, national and international; prevention of future disastrous fluctuations of price levels; increase of the purchasing power of the workers, an international movement to increase expenditures for public works. The significance of the resolution (which was adopted by 99 votes to 0) lies in the fact that for the first time in any large"way the_ International Labor Conference went on record "as officially urging certain courses to be pursued in the economic sphere. 1290 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis INTERNATIONAL LABOR CONFERENCE, JUNE 1933 1291 One of the policies of the International Labor Conference, which certain elements in its membership have successfully insisted upon in the past, is that in its deliberations a sharp line should be drawn between “ social” and “ economic” subjects. In the opinion of these persons, principally the employers’ group, it would appear, the International Labor Conference is properly concerned with the former class of questions and should steer clear of the latter. By the terms of any such separation of interest, unemployment insurance, let us say, would be considered a “ social” question, whereas wage levels would be definitely held to be an “ economic” subject. The Conference experience has shown that in practice this distinction has always been difficult to draw. Modern economic thinking finds the problem of social justice to the working people and the problem of an intelligent functioning of the economic system closely interwoven. By adopting the resolution to the Economic Conference, the International Labor Conference put itself on record in regard to a number of definitely “ economic” subjects. In doing so it followed a course that may well mark an important precedent for its future activities. Because of the interest that the United States, through President Roosevelt, had shown in the London conference, the American delegation was asked to participate in the discussion of the resolu tion. Mr. Smith was asked by Miss Anderson to address the Con ference on this subject. Discussion of the Director’s Report The Director’s able and comprehensive report was devoted mainly to the social and economic aspects of the depression, especially: (1) Unemployment, its extent, causes, and the various measures of relief; (2) wages, reductions, purchasing power, and the late change of policy; (3) social insurance, effects of the depression, reduced incomes and increased expenditures, and the consequent amendments to laws and regulations. The Director devoted a certain amount of attention to credit and currency. He gave an encouraging report of the Labor Organ ization. The 50 new ratifications in 1933 (the highest number since 1929), sent in by 21 countries, he spoke of as “ a proof of the vitality of international labor legislation.” He described the history of the movement for the 40-liour week, and reminded the Conference that as far back as January 1931 the unemployment committee of the Governing Body invited the Labor Office to pay special attention to this desire of the workers’ organ izations. He spoke also of “ the scorn and abuse with which the notion was first greeted.” Finally, the United States observers noted with special interest the Director’s repeated references to international planning and coopera tion. Is it possible to raise wages in one country, he asked, unless a corresponding increase takes place in competing countries? Is it possible to make wages the subject of international negotiations? Are truces against wage cuts, or international wage agreements, possibilities of the future? Can the consuming power of the masses in Asia and Africa be raised by international economic action? In his concluding paragraphs the Director said: • If unemployment is to be removed, economic balance preserved, and future economic disasters averted, it can only be achieved by international cooperation https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1292 MONTHLY LABOR R E V IE W for the more scientific direction of the world’s economy. The pressure of events is steadily forcing the world to revise its old methods and to create the inter national organization capable of giving it prosperity under modern conditions. A t a moment when many are disposed to doubt the efficacy of the international institutions which already exist, the inevitability of international action was never so apparent. From this fact may be derived the certitude that they will ultimately be recognized as a necessary part of the world order, whatever trials and vicissitudes they may be destined to undergo in the years immediately ahead. The discussion of the Director’s report took 3 days, after which an afternoon was devoted to the Director’s reply. During the discussion an opportunity was given to the United States observers to address the plenary session and Miss Anderson and Mr. Frayne both did so. Much interest was shown in the National Industrial Recovery Act, which passed Congress while we were attending the Conference, particularly the establishment of such a system on a national scale where employers and labor, through their constituted representatives and in the various industries, might cooperate in a flexible system of establishing a code of maximum hours and minimum wages. It was pointed out by us that the maximum hours suggested had at no time exceeded 40 hours a week, while the minimum wage may vary with industry and locality. The representative of the employers’ delegates asked us for details in regard to this system, which we were happy to furnish him. This experiment by the United States will be of great value in affecting any decision on a draft convention on hours and wages which may be adopted by the next International Labor Conference. In the Director’s reply to the debate he pointed out that very fact to the delegates. The 40-H our W eek The first International Labor Conference, held in Washington in 1919 just after the war, passed a draft convention or labor treaty for a working day not longer than 8 hours. Sixteen countries ratified this treaty. The next discussion on hours was that of the 40-hour week con ference, specially called for this purpose by the International Labor Organization January last. At that conference the International Labor Office was asked to bring together all available data on this subject and present to the conference just held (June). These data are contained in what is called the “ blue-gray” report, which is very comprehensive and informative. The question came up before the plenary session as to whether a draft convention or recommendation on this subject should be adopted at the present session, or it should confine itself to consulting the governments and defer the adoption of definite international regula tions until next year. This important matter was debated for 2 days. The report prepared by the Labor Office served as the basis of the discussion for these alternatives. It was argued by the workers that the January meeting was the first discussion, and that at the June session a convention or treaty should be formulated, adopted, and presented to the governments for ratification. The workers emphasized the need for maintaining the purchasing power of labor by keeping it in full work at full wages. They urged the shorter hours, not as a temporary expedient in a moment of crisis, but as the only measure that could combat the increased volume of unemploy ment caused, even in normal times, by the elimination of labor and https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis INTERNATIONAL LABOR CONFERENCE, JUNE 1933 1293 the consequences of mass production. They also emphasized the fact that present-day technique in production should be a powerful factor in preparing the way for a shortening of the working week. The employers, supported by many government delegates, con tended that the January meeting was only a preliminary one and could not be counted as a first sitting; that although the report prepared by the International Labor Office had much information, much more was necessary; that this is a far-reaching reform and heretofore no such reform had ever been proposed internationally that had not been tried by one or more countries first; that past conventions had always been based on a considerable amount of national experience; that the present sitting should be called the first sitting, and a committee should be appointed to formulate a question naire to be submitted to all countries. The employers, supported by many of the government delegates, voted for a committee to formulate a questionnaire. The committee finally agreed to a questionnaire that should inquire not only into hours worked but into wages paid. This is very signifi cant, because it was felt throughout the conference that the fixing of maximum hours of 40 a week could not be done unless wages were taken into consideration. It was felt that in countries where there were no safeguards through legislation and there was feeble tradeunion organization, if a 40-hour week were adopted wages would go down very rapidly. Thus the convention on the 40-hour week, including information on wages, will be the dominant question before the International Labor Conference of next year. We felt very keenly that the inability of the United States delega tion to participate directly in this discussion and in voting had much bearing on the results of the discussion of the 40-hour week. W ork of Committees The International Labor Conference reaches its conclusions through a system of committee discussions. Shortly after organization of the Conference the various members are assigned to one of half a dozen committees, each of which is responsible for formulating recom mendations with respect to one of the major items on the agenda. During at least half of the conference period there are no plenary sessions of the Conference, all of the time being given to committee work. One of the committees that function at each convention is the committee on article 408. This is essentially a board of review, which checks over the ratifications of conventions and the enforce ment of provisions of these conventions within the signatory nations, including the operation of laws and regulations set up in conformity with the conventions. It is interesting to note that this committee does not hesitate to censure specifically certain governments for derelictions in carrying out the provisions of the convention. In several instances special commissions have been appointed to investigate situations in a given nation and to make recommendations to the International Labor Conference. On the whole this “ policing” function is effectively and frankly done and offers an example of “ effective” international cooperation. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1294 MONTHLY LABOR R E V IE W D raft Convention on Abolition of Fee-Charging Em ploym ent Agencies One of the first draft conventions of the International Labor Con ference adopted at the Washington conference in 1919 provided for the establishment of a national system of public employment offices in the signatory nations. This convention was widely ratified and most of the industrial nations have had several years of experience with public employment-office systems. In some instances, as in Germany and Italy, these public offices have replaced all other agencies; in Italy the use of such public em ployment offices is compulsory with all employers. As these countries have developed an adequate public employmentoffice system to cope with the problems of organizing the labor market, their attention has turned to the desirability of removing the evils attendant upon a competing system of private fee-charging employment agencies. The question of international action looking toward the abolition of fee-charging employment agencies was placed on the agenda of the 1932 Conference and was given a first hearing at that time. During the ensuing year the staff of the International Labor Office prepared and circulated a comprehensive study of* the situation in the various countries. This year, after considerable discussion, the committee on this subject recommended a draft convention for adoption by the Conference. This convention, as adopted and now subject to ratification by the various governments, provides, in brief, as follows: .1- Fee-charging agencies run with a view to profit are to be abolished within 3 years after ratification of convention. 2. Fee-charging agencies operated to service a special group arid not for profit are to be closely supervised and controlled. (Such agencies as a Y.W.C.A. placement bureau operated on a cost basis would fall in this category.) 3. Free employment agencies of any character must be registered. In the course of the discussion of the report of this committee Mr. Stead spoke to the Conference, outlining the proposed development of the cooperative Federal-State employment service under the provisions of the Wagner-Peyser bill. D raft Conventions on Social Insurance Only one other committee was engaged in final discussions and recommendations in this year’s Conference. The Committee on Invalidity, Old-Age, and Widows’ and Orphans’ Insurance submitted a series of draft conventions on these subjects, designed to bring about uniformity in the provisions for this type of protection in the various countries. All of these conventions were adopted and when ratified should go far to eliminate inequalities in protection among the countries. The economic helplessness of the factory and farm worker in face of unemployment, invalidity, and old age, and the economic plight of the widows and orphan children of wage earners were accorded a large amount of attention. The fruit of the deliberations of the Committee on Invalidity, Old-Age, Widows’ and Orphans’ Insurance set up by the Conference was the submittal of six separate draft https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis INTERNATIONAL LABOR CONFERENCE, JUNE 1933 1295 conventions on these subjects, each of which was adopted hy a large majority. The tabulation of votes was as follows: 1. Draft convention concerning compulsory old-age insurance for persons employed in industrial and commercial undertakings or in the liberal professions, and for outworkers and domestic servants. For 106, against 5. 2. Draft convention concerning compulsory old-age insurance for persons employed in agricultural undertakings. For 84, against 17. 3. Draft convention concerning compulsory invalidity insurance for persons employed in commercial and industrial undertakings or in the liberal professions, and for outworkers and domestic servants. For 89, against 7. 4. Draft convention concerning compulsory invalidity insurance for persons employed in agricultural undertakings. For 75, againstT8. 5. Draft convention concerning compulsory widows’ and orphans’ insurance for persons employed in industrial and commercial undertakings or in the liberal professions, and for outworkers and domestic servants. For 92, against 6. 6. Draft convention concerning compulsory widows’ and orphans’ insurance for persons employed in agricultural undertakings. For 73, against 18. In each vote on these conventions the dissenting delegates were employer or government representatives. The government delegates most frequently dissenting were the representatives of the Argentine Republic, whose 2_delegates were recorded as against 4 of the 6 socialinsurance conventions. One Argentine delegate voted against another oi these six proposals. Other government delegates frequently dissenting represented Brazil, Portugal, and Yugoslavia. Precedent for the adoption of the foregoing conventions is to be found in 2 conventions adopted in 1925 concerning accident insurance and occupational diseases and the 2 conventions on sickness insurance adopted in 1927. These conventions have been ratified by most of the leading industrial countries of Europe. The Committee on Invalidity, Old-Age, Widows’ and Orphans’ Insurance was composed of 63 members, 21 each from the government, employer, and labor groups. The amount of time and thought that the committee gave to its task is indicated by the fact that on the subject of old-age insurance alone 16 sessions were held and 83 amendments to the text as drafted by the International Labor Office for the consideration of the Conference were proposed and discussed. The six conventions are similar in their general character. They prescribe limits within which countries adhering to the conventions must frame their legislation. On the other hand, they permit consid erable latitude on important points. For instance, in each of the six conventions it is provided that: “ The pension shall, whether or not dependent on the time spent in insurance, be a fixed sum or a percent age of the remuneration taken into account for insurance purposes, or vary with the amount of the contributions paid.” Of specific provisions there are not very many. The old-age insurance convention provides that the age at which a person is entitled to a pension “ shall not exceed 65.” In regard to invalidity insurance it is stated that the qualifying period shall not exceed “ 60 contribution months, 250 contribution weeks, or 1,500 contribution days.” Each convention provides that employers, employees, and the State shall make contributions. It is significant that it is stated in each convention that “ the insurance scheme shall be administered by public authorities and not conducted with a view to profit.” ^In addition to adopting these six social insurance conventions the Conference approved, by a vote of 75 to 15, a series of recommenda tions concerning the principles of invalidity, old-age, and widows’ and orphans’ insurance in which some rather precise interpretations https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1296 MONTHLY LABOR R E V IE W are offered to clarify the intent of the draft conventions. For instance, in regard to pensions to orphans these recommendations state: Every child of school age who was dependent on a pensioner or insured person who died after completing the qualifying period should be entitled to a child’s pension, and the pension should continue to be paid until the age of 17 if the child is continuing his general or vocational education, and even beyond this age if the child cannot by reason of infirmity earn his living. Although unemployment insurance in some form is probably more universally in force among industrial nations than is invalidity, oldage, or widows’ and orphans’ insurance, the Conference was not pre pared this year to adopt a draft convention on this subject. It did adopt, on recommendation of a committee established by it, a series of questions on unemployment insurance to be submitted to the governments. This procedure is the regular preliminary to the adop tion of a draft convention in the next succeeding year. In the report of the Committee on Unemployment Insurance and Various Forms of Kelief for the Unemployed, the following resume was given of action taken by previous International Labor Confer ences on unemployment insurance: A t the first session (Washington, 1919) a recommendation was adopted recom mending: “ That each member of the International Labor Organization establish an effective system of unemployment insurance, either through a government system or through a system of government subventions to associations whose rules provide for the payment of benefits to their unemployed members.” At the same session a draft convention concerning unemployment was adopted, and article 3 of this draft convention provides that: “ Members of the Interna tional Labor Organization which ratify this convention and which have established systems of insurance against unemployment shall, upon terms being agreed between the members concerned, make arrangements whereby workers belonging to one member and working in the territory of another shall be admitted to the same rates of benefit of such insurance as those which obtain for the workers belonging to the latter.” The 1926 session of the Conference adopted a resolution by which the Inter national Labor Office was requested to increase to the utmost its efforts to secure a wider adoption of the measures proposed in the recommendations and conven tions on unemployment adopted at previous sessions, including among other things the creation and extension of systems of unemployment insurance and the admission of foreigners to the benefits of these systems on condition of reciprocity. In the framing of the questionnaire on unemployment insurance to be submitted to governments there were numerous clashes of opinion between delegates representing labor and those representing employers. Particular objection was raised by the workers to the inclusion of reference to a “ means test” as a factor in benefit conditions. The workers felt this subject had no place in a questionnaire that was con cerned not with an assistance but with an insurance scheme, i.e., a plan in which the workers were themselves contributors. The workers’ amendment was, however, defeated. The questionnaire that will be circulated this year to the govern ments is very elaborate and in the scope of its questions no doubt profits considerably by the large amount of experience that has al ready been had with unemployment insurance. It is of interest to note that the various American proposals that attempt to use an unemployment compensation scheme as a means to reduce unem ployment by the device of varying the employer’s contribution with his experience record in maintaining employment find no place in this questionnaire. If the United States had been a formal participating member in the International Labor Conference this important point presumably would have received consideration. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis INTERNATIONAL LABOR CONFERENCE, JUNE 1933 1297 Oversea Conference During the last week of the International Labor Conference a special group conference was held dealing with the particular prob lems of non-European “ oversea” countries. Many of these countries had felt that their problems needed special consideration, since the standards for most draft conventions had been based on European experience. Emphasis was placed on geographical groupings and the possibility of developing international labor standards that would take into consideration regional problems. Thus it was suggested that an Asiatic and a Latin-American section of the International Labor Office be set up to study the problems of the countries in these areas. Many delegates, including Europeans, pointed out the desirability of devoting more attention to the problems of oversea countries in the light of the hoped-for possibility of the affiliation of the United States with the International Labor Office. Importance of United States Participation Regarding the value of participation as official observers, the words of Mr. Butler, Director of the International Labor Office, are quoted here: Perhaps I need hardly say that it is a very special pleasure to me to see an American delegation here for the first time this year. W e value this cooperation all the more on account of the great industrial reconstruction which is now being undertaken in the United States. Anyone who is interested in the problems of this organization is bound to follow this effort with the closest attention. I need hardly add that we, too, hope that the collaboration so successfully instituted may expand and grow. The United States delegates feel that it was very important to be at this meeting as official observers and to participate in the discus sions of the Conference. The delegation would unhesitatingly recom mend that the United States affiliate with the International Labor Office so as to be in a position to be in full collaboration with the other 58 countries that comprise this organization. The International Labor Conference is of the nature of an interna tional industrial parliament in which the delegates of 58 nations par ticipate, including workers’, employers’, and government delegates. The work of the International Labor Office, the organization which, so to speak, looks after and prepares the work of the Conference, is not unlike that of the United States Department of Labor or any other labor ministry or department, except that it is staffed by inter national officials drawn from over 40 different nationalities instead of by national officials. The economic and social questions that come before the Conference are interwoven with similar questions in the United States. Social insurance, that has had its place on the statute books in the countries in Europe, South America, and the East, we in the United States are just beginning to consider. We want to know their experience and profit by it, and no better opportunity is afforded along that line than participation in conferences of the International Labor Office. In view of the competition among countries— due to inequalities in wages and hours worked— the attention that will be given by future confer https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1298 MONTHLY LABOR R E V IE W ences to such economic questions as the shorter working day and the raising of wages and purchasing power will be of particular interest to the United States, and in our opinion the United States cannot afford to be in a position of less than full equality in such collaboration. That adequate representation is assured for both employers and employees is clear in the Conference machinery, each country being represented by two government delegates, one employer (nominated by the largest employers’ association), and one worker (nominated by the national trade-union organization). Adherence to draft con ventions is, of course, purely voluntary on the part of any country. Furthermore, affiliation with the International Labor Office does not necessarily mean membership in the League of Nations. Several countries are now affiliated with the Labor Office that have no rela tion with the League of Nations. There is no doubt that this international organization has been a very great factor in raising the standards of employment the world over. To quote again the Director’s report: In speaking of the treaties ratified by the countries, he said that since the organization of the International Labor Office there had been 566 ratifications of treaties by the countries affiliated. He pointed out the remarkable progress that had been made in the matter of ratifications in Latin America; Spain was the greatest wonder of all, since 14 more ratifica tions had come in, bringing them to 30 and making almost 100 percent ratification. A e think that it is not too much to say that improved working standards and social legislation could not have had such impetus without the collaboration of the countries in the conferences assembled. We feel, too, that in another year the United States will have much to contribute to such a conference. It is important to dispel the thought of at least some members of the Conference who say that nothing can be done because the United States, the largest industrial country in the world, does not do its share in collaboration, and that the legal industrial standards in the United States are far below those of other countries. We strongly recommend, therefore, that the United States Government affiliate with the International Labor Organization at the earliest possible opportunity, and that in the meantime the Government send a delegation to the next conference in May 1934, having in mind representation upon such delegation of two Government members, an employer spokesman,and a representa tive of the organized workers. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis EMPLOYMENT CONDITIONS AND UNEMPLOYMENT RELIEF Longshore Labor Conditions and Port Decasualization in the United States HE following is the text of the report presented in November 1933 at the hearings on the shipping code on behalf of the United States Department of Labor. The report was prepared by Boris Stern of the United States Bureau of Labor Statistics. A careful analysis of the latest information on longshore labor con ditions secured for the administrator of the shipping code by the United States Department of Commerce and the Planning and Re search Division of the National Recovery Administration, has con vinced the Department of Labor that the present longshore labor conditions differ from those described in the bulletin on Cargo Handling and Longshore Labor Conditions, published by the United States Bureau of Labor Statistics (Bui. No. 550), and presenting conditions as they existed between 1926 and 1929, in only two aspects: (1) Conditions of employment in the industry are now more chaotic than ever. (2) The earnings of longshoremen, even of the most favorably situ ated groups of workers, are much, much lower than during the 1927-29 period covered by the Bureau survey. With these differences constantly in view, the attempt is made in the following pages to give a brief outline of the longshore labor and employment conditions normally prevailing in the majority of the LInited States ports, and to follow it up with a program of action intended to mitigate, if not altogether to cure, some of the most flagrant injustices to labor on the waterfront. T Supply of Longshore Labor I t is generally admitted by all interests in the shipping industry (port authorities, representatives of shipping and stevedore com panies, representatives of labor) that even in the most prosperous years there exists in every port a supply of longshore labor far in excess of what is considered necessary to take care of the highest load peak in the port. In normal times, only a small part of this supply is earning what may be considered a decent wage. Probably a larger proportion is earning a subsistence wage, i.e., just about enough to make ends meet on a comparatively low standard of living. The balance is always on the brink of starvation and depends largely on outside support, chiefly charity. At the present time a very conservative estimate would probably place more than 50 percent of all the longshoremen on the relief rolls. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1299 1300 MONTHLY LABOR R E V IE W Demand for Longshore Labor A l o n g s h o r e m a n can get work only for the period a ship remains in port for the purpose of discharging or loading cargo. More ships in port mean more jobs for longshoremen; a storm delaying sea traffic means no work during the delay, followed by a period of feverish activity to catch up with the work to enable the ship to sail on time. Ships may arrive and leave port every day, some after a stay of only a day or two, others after a week or 10 days. Sometimes they straggle in one by one and sometimes they come in numbers. In addition to this irregularity in the arrival and departure of ships, the shipping industry as a whole is seriously affected by cyclical trends, by seasonal fluctuations, by changes in tariff regulations, by the weather, and by the vagaries of the individual shipping companies. As a result it is wellnigh impossible to plan or gage the demand for longshore labor in the port for any considerable period of time. Method of Hiring Longshore Labor T h e contracting stevedores doing the work of discharging and load ing ships are seldom in a position to know in advance how long the actual work of loading or discharging will last and how many men they will need for this work. Hence there has developed a system of hiring longshoremen by the hour and hiring them only when and where actually needed. Every pier in port, every dock, becomes a hiring station, and the average longshoreman never knows whether or not he will be employed at a given pier or when hired how long he will remain on the job. Hours of W ork T h e proposed shipping code provides that “ longshoremen and other dock workers shall not be employed for more than 48 hours in any week averaged over a period of 4 weeks.” In reality the longshore industry has no conception of “ regular hours” of work, as commonly understood in other enterprises. Ships arrive and leave the port at any hour of the day and night, and the work of loading and discharg ing cargo also begins and ends at any hour of the day or night. Cer tain union restrictions, such as limiting the hours and the number of “ shapes” in the port, penalty rates for night and Sunday work, extra pay for waiting time, etc., have tended somewhat to improve these conditions. However, neither these rules nor the 8-hour day and the 44-hour week provisions contained in the collective agree ments between the employers and the unions, have succeeded in regularizing or in any way standardizing the hours of longshore work. Because of the difficulty of getting a job and the uncertainty of its duration, the individual longshoreman prefers to remain at work as long as his endurance will last or the foreman will permit him to remain. Stretches of 20 to 30 hours of uninterrupted work, except for short meal stoppages, are not uncommon in the ports of New York, Philadelphia, and Baltimore. Even longer stretches of work may be found in New Orleans, Galveston, and Houston in the peak of the cotton season. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis EMPLOYMENT CONDITIONS— UNEMPLOYMENT RELIEF 1301 Earnings of Longshoremen D a y s or weeks of enforced idleness followed by periods of equally enforced hard labor are reflected in the weekly earnings of the long shoremen. Even those among them who are most favored by the foreman and who can be regarded as permanent employees in the sense that they work at one pier only and_ are given preference when work is available, show extreme variations in their earnings from week to week, and some weeks even they may have no earnings at all. As to the others, who constitute by far the larger body of men— those working a day at one pier, half a day at another, half a night at still a third pier, and perhaps another day or night at the first or second pier— their earnings are so irregular that it is altogether impossible to measure them with any degree of approximation. This accounts for the fact that the Department of Commerce and the Research and Planning Division of the National Recovery Ad ministration found it impossible to get any information on the average earnings of longshoremen in the majority of our ports. It is especially true in New York, where the several attempts made by various Government agencies to measure the average earnings of longshore men, including the latest survey of the Bureau of Labor Statistics, resulted in complete failure. Summary of Labor Conditions T h e s e conditions may be considered as representing the normal situation prevailing in all the ports where no attempt has been made by employers or by the unions to manipulate and control the supply of longshore labor to suit the current needs of the ports. Briefly the characteristics of such a port may be described as follows: (1) A large immobile body of workers scattered over the entire waterfront and ignorant of the actual time and place where work is available. (2) A considerable number of individual employers each aiming to create a large reservoir of labor in order to be able to satisfy their maximum demands during peak loads. (3) Complete dependence of the job of longshoreman on chance and on the goodwill of the “ employing foreman.” (4) Conditions of hiring longshoremen which because of the auto cratic power concentrated in the hands of the hiring foreman pave the way for unfair practices and exploitation. (5) Periods of enforced idleness alternating with long stretches of hard labor, resulting in extreme variations in the earnings of long shoremen. Decasualization of Longshore Labor T h e object of a port decasualization scheme is to do away with some of the more glaring evils outlined above. It is quite obvious that very little can be done as regards the demand for longshore labor. Small changes could be effected, as for instance, the concentrated sailings on certain days of the week or month could be spread out more evenly over the week and month. But even the most scientific organization of a port will not altogether eliminate the daily and sea sonal fluctuations in shipping. Whatever is done, ships will continue 21719°—33----- 3 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1302 M ONTHLY LABOR R E V IE W to arrive in greater numbers at one time than another and there al ways will be busy periods and slack periods. Recognizing this fact, most of the ports with plans of decasualization concentrated on the manipulation of the labor supply in the at tempt to bring about an adjustment of the supply to suit the changing demands in the shipping industry. The practical application of a scheme of decasuaiization, the methods or organization, composition of the decasualizing agency, the systems of distributing and dispatching longshoremen from the central hiring station or stations to the various piers, vary greatly in accordance with the customs and conditions prevailing in the indi vidual ports. London, which decasualized as early as 1891, has one scheme; Liverpool, another; and Antwerp, which decasualized in 1929, still another. In this country the system used in Seattle, the first port to decasualize its general longshore supply of labor, has a method different from the one used in Portland, which in turn is different from the Los Angeles scheme of decasuaiization. There are, however, certain general requirements, without which decasuaiization is either altogether impossible or, if attempted, is doomed to fall short of its main objectives. These conditions are: (1) There must be complete registration of all longshore labor avail able in the port. (2) Only those on the register should be permitted to work on the waterfront. (3) All employers must give up their right to hire longshore labor individually at their piers or elsewhere and must agree to secure their labor through the decasualizing agency only. With these minimum requirements fulfilled, a scheme of decasuaii zation should accomplish the following results: (1) It should guarantee to all employers an equal chance to obtain labor wherr and where needed. (2) It should guarantee to all longshoremen an equal chance of getting a job when work is available. (3) It should gradually reduce the number of longshoremen in port to that approximating the actual needs of the port and thus raise and make more regular the average earnings of the men on the register. Results of Decasuaiization in Some American Ports U n q u e s t i o n a b l y the employment conditions and the earnings of longshoremen in the decasualized ports of Seattle, Portland, and Los Angeles are more favorable than in the other ports without decasuaii zation schemes. Even in the ports of Boston and Galveston, where the local unions exercise a stricter control over the labor supply and attempt to rotate the work for a more equitable distribution among the membership, crude as these attempts may be at times, the results are more satisfactory than in the other ports where no attempt is made to coordinate the supply of labor to suit the demands of the port. The principal difficulty with the existing schemes in Seattle, Portland, and Los Angeles is not in the scheme per se. It is due primarily to the fact that the plan was promulgated and carried out by the employers against the strong opposition of organized labor. In fact the schemes may be considered as the result of the protracted https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis EMPLOYMENT CONDITIONS— UNEMPLOYMENT RELIEF 1303 fight between the employers’ associations on the west coast and the International Longshoremen’s Association which culminated in the almost complete elimination of the union from the west coast. This is the primary reason why the International Longshoremen’s Asso ciation, the dominant labor organization in the longshore field, has been so violently opposed to any suggestion of decasualization in the other ports. Present Situation W i t h the passage of the National Industrial Recovery Act, and especially with article 7 specifically guaranteeing the workers the right to collective bargaining through representatives of their own choosing, the opposition of the International Longshoremen’s Asso ciation to a scheme of decasualization intended to bring some order in the prevailing chaotic conditions in the longshore industry can no longer be maintained on the grounds outlined above. On the whole the present situation may be regarded as extremely favorable for decasualizing the longshore labor in all the ports of the United States under the administration of the shipping code. The Department of Labor is therefore presenting herewith a more or less detailed analysis of a plan of procedure and operation which in its general outline should be incorporated either in the shipping code or preferably in a separate code devised to cover longshore operations only. A Plan to Decasualize Longshore Labor Need for an Impartial Agency D e c a s u a l i z a t i o n is primarily a problem in the technique of employment and work distribution, vitally affecting the interests of employers and workers alike. It is essential, therefore, that the actual work of decasualizing the port and of maintaining a central employment station for longshore labor be carried out by an author itative and impartial agency, with unquestioned trust and support from all the interests involved. It is proposed that the National Recovery Administration cooperate with the United States Depart ment of Labor in organizing such an impartial agency for the specific purpose of decasualizing longshore labor in the United States. National Decasualization Board The National Recovery Administration shall appoint a National Decasualization Board, consisting of the administrator of the ship ping code, the Director of the Employment Service of the Department of Labor, and an advisory board of three employers selected by the code authority and three workers approved by the president of the International Longshoremen’s Association. This National Decasual ization Board shall be the responsible and final authority for the decasualization work in all the ports. Port Decasualization Boards At the request of the National Decasualization Board the Secretary of Labor and the Secretary of Commerce jointly shall appoint one or if necessary fas in the case of New York) several longshore employ https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1304 MONTHLY LABOR R E V IE W ment directors for each port, who shall be charged with the actual work of first reorganizing the port with a view to decasualization and then carrying on the work of a central employment office for the port. The employment director shall be given full authority to proceed with his work of decasualizing the port and shall be responsible to the National Decasualization Board only. He shall be assisted, however, by an advisory board of two employers selected by the local code authority and two workers elected by the local union. The five members shall constitute the port decasualization board. General Outline of Procedure The port employment director shall at once proceed to make a study of the prevailing longshore labor conditions in the port, and on the basis of this survey the port decasualization board shall submit a complete outline of action for the approval of the National De casualization Board. Immediately upon the approval of the plan the employment direc tor shall proceed with the registration of all the workers in the port. Official notices to that effect shall be displayed on all piers and docks and in other conspicuous places where longshoremen are known to congregate. In ports with a large number of foreign workers the notices shall be printed in the several representative foreign languages. The notices shall clearly designate the places where the longshoremen are required to register and state the period during which the registration is to be carried on. At the time of registry each longshoreman shall be given a perma nent port work number. This port work number shall be the only work number used to designate the particular worker by all employers of longshore labor in the port. Organization of the Labor Supply Simultaneously with the registration of the workers all employers of longshore labor shall be required to present a written statement to the port decasualization board, specifying the number of gangs they desire to have permanently allotted to them, and giving the exact number of workers to be included in these gangs. The employers shall be entitled to have as many permanent gangs as they deem necessary, so long as the workers allotted to them are given employ ment averaging over a 4-week period not less than two thirds of the maximum weekly hours set in the code. (Overtime and Sunday hours of work shall be counted as equal to the straight hours times the rate paid for the overtime and Sunday work.) The employers shall also have the right to appoint their own foremen and otherwise con trol the work of their men, provided they comply with the regulations of the code and of the collective agreement with the union. In addition all employers of longshore labor and the local union of longshoremen shall be requested to submit to the port decasualization board a list of foremen who shall be permitted to organize permanent gangs to be registered with the board for rotation work. The number of men included in the gangs shall be determined in accordance with the prevailing custom of the port. Finally, all other workers not included either in the permanent company gangs or in the gangs organized under the supervision of the https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis EMPLOYMENT CONDITIONS— UNEMPLOYMENT RELIEF 1305 board, shall be listed as individual workers and be used only when there is need for such additional labor in the port. Upon completion of the registration and gang organization, the port decasualization board shall set a definite date for the plan of decasualization to become operative. On and after that date no employer shall be permitted to hire long shore labor except through the employment office or offices especially provided for that purpose by the decasualization board. M ode of Payment All workers in permanent gangs allotted to individual employers shall be paid at the office of the employer. Copies of such pay rolls shall be forwarded to the central office of the decasualization board. Each worker shall be issued a work book containing his name and the nature of his work, his address, and his port work number. Spaces shall be provided in the book for weekly entries of the total hours and the total earnings of the workers. These work books shall be turned in to the employer at the beginning of each week and shall be handed back to the individual worker together with his pay envelop. All other workers shall be paid in the office of the decasualization board. The several pay rolls of the individual employers shall be combined by the office force of the decasualization board into one master pay roll containing the total hours of work and the earnings of the individual workers irrespective of whether they worked for one or several employers during the week. These workers shall also be provided with individual work books, but of a different color from those of the workers permanently allotted to companies, and their hours and earnings shall also be entered in the books. Expenses All expenses of the port decasualization board except the salary of the employment director shall be defrayed by an assessment divided between the employers and the workers. It is believed that 1 percent of the pay roll contributed by the employer, and one half of 1 percent deducted from the earnings of the individual workers, will prove suffi cient to cover the current expenditures involved in maintaining and operating the employment offices. The initial expenses of decasualization may be contributed either in the form of an assessment on the employers and the union, or by means of a special grant or loan from the Federal Government, later to be repaid from the pay-roll assessments. The employment director shall at all times remain an employee of the National Recovery Administration and shall receive his remunera tion from that organization. Special Conditions Affecting Individual Ports N e w Y o r k .— The difference between the port of New York and any other port in the country is primarily a difference in size. The port of New York covers a tremendous coast line in the two States of New York and New Jersey. For the purpose of effective decasual ization of that port it may therefore be necessary to have a central decasualization board and several smaller decasualization units, each https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1306 MONTHLY LABOR R EV IEW proceeding witli the work of decasualization in the territory allotted to it but under the close supervision and control of the central board. S e a ttle , P o r t l a n d , a n d L o s A n g e l e s .— In such ports as Seattle, Portland, and Los Angeles, where decasualization schemes are now carried on by the employers, and in such ports as Tacoma and Gal veston, where the work is at least partly carried on by the unions, the respective port decasualization boards shall proceed to take over the machinery and the personnel of the employment offices and reor ganize them along the lines of procedure outlined for the other ports. New registrations of longshoremen and a new alinement of gangs shall be made compulsory in order to include the workers who hitherto for one reason or another have been excluded, or who voluntarily abstained from participation in the decasualization scheme. Conclusions T h e outline presented here is not exhaustive and makes no reference to the various problems which may arise in connection with the decasualization activities in the separate ports. Such matters, for instance, as the relationship between white and negro labor in the southern ports, the jurisdictional struggle between the two unions in San Francisco, the problem of the groups of longshoremen specializing in individual commodities, etc., are not discussed here because they properly belong within the realm of the individual ports rather than in a general analysis for all ports. Nor is there an attempt in the present very brief discussion to minimize the numerous difficulties which will confront the individual port decasualization boards. It is believed, however, that under the leadership of an effective national decasualization board and with the voluntary coo'peration on the part of the employers and the unions, the work of decasualization does not constitute an impossible task to accomplish. It is the only way to bring a degree of order into the chaotic longshore industry. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Fluctuation of Employment in Ohio in 1931 and 1932 and Comparison with Previous Years B y F red C. C r o x t o n , C o l u m b u s , O h io , and F r e d e r ic k E. C r o x t o n , C o l u m b ia U n iv e r s it y HIS analysis shows fluctuation of employment of wage earners, clerical employees, and salespeople (not traveling) from returns made by 43,168 establishments in Ohio in 1931 and 40,134 establish ments in 1932. Summary tables present comparisons with the previous 7 years and charts show a comparison with the previous 17 years.1 In 1931, the month of highest employment was May when the 43,168 establishments reported a total of 1,034,483 wage earners, bookkeepers, stenographers, and office clerks, and salespeople (not traveling). The month of lowest employment in that year was December, when 922,706, or 10.8 percent fewer, were reported em ployed in those general-occupation groups. In 1932, the month of highest employment was February, when 40,134 establishments reported a total of 871,254 employees in the occupation groups enumerated above. The month of lowest em ployment in 1932 was August, when the number reported was 798,226, or 8.4 percent less than in February. The general-industry groups covered in these 2 years as well as in the preceding years are manufactures, service, wholesale and retail trade, transportation and public utilities, construction, mining and quarrying, agriculture, and fisheries. The figures within each year give an accurate picture of the changes in total numbers from month to month on the pay rolls of the estab lishments reporting. They do not supply any information, however, as to whether the employees are employed full time or only part time. From year to year the number of establishments varies, although every effort is made to secure reports from all establishments having three or more employees and falling in the industrial groups pre viously mentioned. A fairly good approximation of the effect of the depression, as far as it concerns total employees on the pay roll, is secured by comparing the maximum, minimum, and average number of employees for recent years of the 9-year period covered in this report. The average number of employees (computed by dividing the total of monthly reports by 12) in 1932 as compared with 1929 shows a decrease of 395,172, or 39.3 percent, for males; 75,239, or 24.9 percent, for females; and 470,411, or 36.0 percent, for both sexes combined. The maximum number of both sexes employed in 1932 as compared with 1929 shows a decrease of 484,750, or 35.7 percent, and the minimum number of both sexes a decrease of 432,498, or 35.1 percent. T i Similar data for Ohio for the period beginning January 1914 are given in U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics Bui. N o. 553: Fluctuation of Employment in Ohio, 1914 to 1929. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1307 1308 MONTHLY LABOR R E V IEW The total wage and salary payments (including those to super intendents and managers) show a decrease in 1930 as compared with 1929 of $320,017,175, or 15.5 percent; a further decrease in 1931 as compared with 1930 of $403,016,839, or 23.2 percent; and a still further decrease in 1932 as compared with 1931 of $375,996,347, or 28.1 percent. The decrease from 1929 to 1932 was $1,099,030,361, or 53.3 percent. In these comparisons it should be borne in mind that the number of establishments varied from year to year but that, as previously stated, every effort was made each year to get reports from all establishments employing three or more persons in manu factures, service, wholesale and retail trade, transportation and public utilities, construction, mining and quarrying, agriculture, and fisheries— in fact, for all lines of industrial and commercial activity except interstate transportation and government employment. Total wage and salary payments in 1932 as compared with 1929 show a decrease of 59.4 percent for employees classified as wage earners; of 33.8 percent for the group classified as bookkeepers, stenographers, and office clerks; of 45.1 percent for salespeople (not traveling ); and of 33.5 percent for superintendents and managers. Sources and Scope of Study T h e present report has been compiled from two series of reports collected and tabulated separately by the Division of Labor Statistics of the Department of Industrial Relations of Ohio. One of these series covers statistics of mines and quarries while the other covers all other industries in the State except interstate transportation and government employment. The statistical data for these reports were furnished annually by employers of the State as required by law. The reports as compiled by the Ohio Division of Labor Statistics show the data, by industries, for the State as a whole and also for each of the more populous counties. It is believed that this detailed information affords the most com prehensive data available in this country relating to changing employ ment, or so-called fluctuation of employment, for a long series of years and for the whole geographical area of a State. It is also one of the few extensive sources which includes data for clerical help and sales people. In each of the years the establishments are identical through out the year and the facilities for securing reports from all establish ments, as explained in previous reports,2 are unusually favorable. The number of establishments increased (largely through addition of those employing comparatively few persons) until 1930. The number of establishments decreased in 1931 and again in 1932. The decrease was largely in the construction group where the number was 3,216 (or one third) less in 1932 than in 1930. Manufactures show a decrease in establishments reporting of 9.1 percent in 1932 compared with 1930. The industries covered and the number of establishments reporting are shown in table 1. The total number for each of the years 1924 to 1930 is slightly less than shown in previous reports. This reduction in number varies from 14 to 25 and is due to omission at this time of the group “ Industries, not otherwise classified” , and to correction of a slight typographical error in 1930. 2 M onthly Labor Review, issues of April 1930 (pp. 31-62); and March 1932, (pp. 516-528). See also U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics Bui. N o. 553: Fluctuation in Employment in Ohio, 1914 to 1929. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1309 EMPLOYMENT CONDITIONS— UNEMPLOYMENT RELIEF T a b l e 1.— N U M B E R OP OHIO E S T A B L IS H M E N T S R E P O R T IN G E M P L O Y M E N T , 1921 T O 1932 1929 1930 1,199 9, 724 1,329 1,444 9, 942 10,183 1,639 9, 672 9,704 9,880 9, 937 10,035 879 858 105 3 114 46 7, 598 8, 526 1, 561 Industry group 1924 1925 1926 1927 Agriculture --------- ----------------------_____ Construction . . . . Fisheries-- . . . - - . . . ----- --M anufactures.. . - ------------- . . . . . M ining and quarrying: Coal mining _ ---------------------Fire-clay mining____________ Gypsum mining. ----------------Limestone quarrying.. -------Sandstone quarrying... ----------Service ___ . . . . Trade, wholesale and retail___________ Transportation and public utilities___ 732 7,364 25 9,125 910 8,407 23 9, 502 1,052 9,145 889 108 108 3 3 119 116 43 49 4, 233 3 5,971 7, 689 3 7,277 1,271 1,353 Total. _______ . . . -------- F L U C T U A T IO N 22 1,000 110 3 119 44 6, 761 7, 867 1,453 21 1928 20 714 112 3 122 42 8,210 8,916 1,625 21 679 108 3 121 33 9,335 9, 524 1, 674 22 10,011 OF 1931 1932 1, 777 1,736 24 9, 683 9,102 8, 272 6, 456 (0 672 784 808 82 107 98 3 (2) (2) 135 137 123 22 32 30 10, 241 10, 452 10, 357 10, 022 10, 111 9, 716 1, 741 1, 776 1, 742 31, 715 34, 605 37,159 39, 635 40, 972 43,160 44, 283 43,168 40,134 1 Combined b y Division of Labor Statistics with “ Trade, wholesale and retail” as establishments report ing were largely packing and sales plants. . 2 Only 2 mines reported in operation and therefore data could not be used m tabulation without identify ing estauiisninciita. . 3 A considerable part of the increase in number of establishments in service and of the decrease in trade, as compared with the previous year, is due to change of classification of “ offices” from trade to service. This change, of course, also affects the number of employees in each of the 2 industrial groups. The returns received do not give a complete picture for the industry group “ agriculture” and for the subgroup “ domestic service” which is one of the many classifications under the industry group “ service” , as comparatively few farms or domestic establishments in Ohio employ as many as three persons and reports are not sought, although a few are received, from concerns employing fewer than three workers. The lists of the Division of Labor Statistics are carefully and con tinuously checked with those of the Ohio Industrial Commission which administers the workmen’s compensation law. Employers of fewer than three persons may carry insurance under that act but are not compelled to do so. Household or domestic service does not come within the requirements of the workmen’s compensation law, but employers of such service, regardless of the number of persons em ployed, may avail themselves of the provisions of that law. The Monthly Labor Review for April 1930 (p. 33) contained a discussion relative to the approximate completeness of the materials collected for the Ohio statistical reports. T a b l e 2.— N U M B E R OF E M P L O Y E E S C O V E R E D B Y R E P O R T S T O D IV IS IO N OF L A B O R S T A T IS T IC S , D E P A R T M E N T OF IN D U S T R IA L R E L A T IO N S OF OHIO, 1924 T O 1932 Year 1924. 1925. 1926. 1927. 1928. 1929. 1930. 1931. 1932. N um ber of estab lish M axi ments mum report month ing Females Average M axi M ini of 12 mum monthly mum month reports month Average M ini of 12 mum m onthly month reports M axi mum month M ini mum month 230,147 238, 426 239, 065 250, 612 253, 728 264,106 260,958 272, 395 261,946 278,974 287, 221 302,339 271, 218 279, 788 247, 651 255,046 214, 373 •227,100 1,134,424 1, 206, 246 1, 259, 325 1, 225,049 1, 282, 584 1, 356,004 1, 225, 478 1,034,483 871, 254 1,063, 262 1,086, 463 1.151, 739 1.152, 874 1,105, 408 1, 230, 724 1,066, 310 922,706 798, 226 31,715 891,731 833,115 34, 605 945, 843 847,398 37.159 990, 383 898, Oil 39, 635 953, 784 869,457 40,972 993, 705 843,462 43.160 , 054,154 921,442 44, 283 938,811 789, 377 43,168 773, 732 669,492 40,134 639, 773 583,853 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Both sexes Males 857,062 907,167 946, 740 921,753 939,817 004, 283 882, 072 736,050 609, 111 248, 713 266, 861 279, 275 284, 664 301, 222 313,416 288,478 260, 751 233,628 Average of 12 monthly reports 1,095,488 1,157, 779 1, 210,846 1,194,148 1,218, 791 1,306,622 1,161,860 991, 096 836,211 1310 MONTHLY LABOR R EV IEW For eacli of the 9 years, 1924 to 1932, table 2 shows the maximum, minimum, and average number of employees included. The peak year was 1929. In 1931 the average number (both sexes) was 104,392, or 9.5 percent, below 1924 which was the lowest previous year in the 9-year period covered and 315,526, or 24.1 percent, below 1929. In 1932, the average number was 259,277, or 23.7 percent, below 1924 and 470,411, or 36.0 percent, below 1929. Table 3 shows the average number of employees (computed by dividing the total of the monthly reports by 12) reported under each of the general industry groups. Among the industry groups numerically important, the construc tion industry shows the greatest reduction in average number of em ployees of both sexes combined when 1932 is compared with 1929. The percentage decrease was 65.0 in construction, 42.8 in manufac tures, 33.6 in mining and quarrying, 26.8 in transportation and public utilities, 17.7 in wholesale and retail trade, and 9.6 in service. T able 3 . —A V E R A G E N U M B E R OF E M P L O Y E E S C O V E R E D B Y R E P O R T S T O T H E D IV ISIO N OF L A B O R S T A T IS T IC S , D E P A R T M E N T OF IN D U S T R IA L R E L A T IO N S OF OH IO, 1924 TO 1932, B Y G E N E R A L IN D U S T R Y GR OU PS Year 1924______________ 1925__ 1926______________ 1927______________ 1928______________ 1929______________ 1930______________ 1931______________ 1932______________ All indus Agri tries 1 culture Con struc tion 1,095,488 1, 157, 779 1, 210, 846 1,194,148 1, 218,791 1, 306, 622 1,161, 860 991, 096 836, 211 74, 791 77, 670 79, 928 83, 535 78, 434 78, 631 69, 607 45, 601 27, 519 5, 772 6, 436 7,144 7, 754 8,545 8, 940 8,989 9,159 7,915 M in Fisher M anu ing and ies factures quarry Service ing 325 304 296 283 268 344 295 289 (3) 679, 523 727, 988 751, 340 729, 250 749,434 806, 607 673, 178 552, 905 461,183 39, 767 35,939 34,896 22, 880 20, 906 27, 630 28, 014 27, 305 18, 349 85, 837 2 113, 046 124, 424 130, 525 138, 542 153,109 155, 012 150,122 138, 405 Trade, Transpor tation whole sale and and pub lie utili retail ties 140, 329 2126, 928 132, 770 139, 720 140, 780 149, 224 142, 286 137, 304 122, 738 69, 096 69, 426 80, 008 80,162 81,849 82,137 84,450 68, 382 60,103 1Includes a small number of persons in some of the years in “ Industries not otherwise classified ” This number does not exceed 50. 2 A considerable part of the increase in service and of the decrease in trade, as compared with the previous year, is due to change of classification of “ offices” from trade to service. 2 Combined b y Division of Labor Statistics with “ Trade, wholesale and retail” , as establishments reporting were largely packing and sales plants. The amount reported paid in wages and salaries in each of the 9 years, 1924 to 1932, is shown in table 4. The total number of estab lishments reporting wage and salary payments varies slightly from the number reporting fluctuation of employment in some of the years. Payments to superintendents and managers are shown in table 4, but information concerning that occupational group is not included in any of the other tables of this article, as information other than wage and salary payments is not requested of employers for that occupation group. Total wage and salary payments to each of the four occupation groups showed an increase each year from 1924 to 1929 with the ex ception of a recession for wage earners in 1927. Since 1929 there has been a very large decrease each year except that the occupation group, bookkeepers, stenographers, and office clerks, and also the group superintendents and managers show an increase in 1930. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis EMPLOYMENT CONDITIONS---- UNEMPLOYMENT RELIEF 1 3 11 T able 4 —W A G E A N D S A L A R Y P A Y M E N T S IN OHIO E S T A B L IS H M E N T S , 1924 T O 1932, B Y G E N E R A L O C C U P A T IO N GR OU PS Wage and salary payments to Number of establishBookkeep Superin ments ers, stenog Sales people tendents report Wage earners raphers, and (not travel and mana ing) ing office clerks gers Year 1924. 1925. 1926 1927. 1928. 1929. 1930. 1931. 1932. 31,713 $1, 266,375,497 $207,940, 566 34, 591 1, 366,094, 644 215, 613, 253 37,153 1,412,092,096 231,542, 653 39, 631 1,387, 591,161 245, 235,159 40, 977 1,425,818,971 252, 744, 576 43, 164 1, 523,848,976 282, 709,980 44, 285 1, 220, 699,988 292,321,872 43, 167 898,865,953 240,126, 548 40, 134 619,118, 283 187,181, 237 Total $81, 728, 091 $104,897,988 $1, 660,942,142 89, 783, 496 114, 693,080 1, 786,184, 473 97, 523, 735 119,374,811 1,860, 533,295 103,849,983 121,831, 528 1,858, 507,831 109, 017, 515 132, 528, 306 1,920,109, 368 119,084,364 134,705,187 2, 060, 348, 507 88,972, 655 138, 336, 817 1, 740, 331, 332 82, 265, 334 116, 056, 658 1, 337, 314, 493 65,421,317 89, 597, 309 961, 318,146 Fluctuation of Employment, by Industry Groups T a b l e 5 shows for each industry group the number of persons reported employed on the 15th of each month of 1931 and 1932. It does not provide information as to the number on full time and number on part time, as such information was not requested of employers. As before stated, the figures for agriculture do not give a complete picture of that industry. T able 5 .—N U M B E R E M P L O Y E D IN OHIO E S T A B L IS H M E N T S ON 15TH OF E A C H M O N T H IN 1931 A N D 1932, B Y S E X A N D IN D U S T R Y G R O U PS Mining Trade, and Fish M anu whole eries factures quarry Service sale and ing retail Trans porta tion and public utilities All in dustries Agri culture Con struc tion 1931 January___________ February___ ______ M arch. _ _ . ____ April______________ M a y _________ __ . June_______ July____ _________ August________ .. September . _ _ . October___________ N ovem ber. _ _ _ December_________ 739, 506 743,174 753, 093 771, 072 773, 732 765,841 751,102 735, 099 729, 504 710,858 690, 129 669, 492 6,306 6, 273 6, 753 8,299 8, 570 9,388 10, 335 9, 320 9, 221 9, 620 7, 721 6, 689 35, 895 35, 549 37, 706 45, 458 50,199 52,452 52, 970 51, 742 49, 596 45,843 37,604 29, 290 178 202 255 361 355 324 261 270 324 329 335 270 453,087 457,435 464, 503 468, 822 466,156 455, 495 441, 873 427, 807 422,172 409,892 404,541 394, 770 27,849 28,104 27, 756 26, 732 26, 073 25, 295 25, 330 26, 300 28,142 28,816 28, 288 27, 625 82, 209 83,024 83, 700 86,640 87,365 87,813 86,914 86, 278 86, 230 84,187 81, 821 80,873 82, 120 81,677 82, 157 83, 250 83,319 83, 219 82, 224 82. 229 82, 718 82, 030 81,193 82, 436 51,848 50, 895 50, 246 51,492 51, 677 51, 836 51,178 51,137 51,085 50,124 48,609 47, 522 1932 January___________ February_________ M a rch .. ___ _ _. April______________ M a v. _________ _ June . ______ . . . July__________ ___ August____ _______ September_______ October. . _____ N ovem ber________ D e ce m b er________ 639, 773 638,967 629, 443 619, 531 609, 919 608, 528 597, 372 583, 853 598, 592 604,115 594, 184 585,000 5, 570 5, 635 5, 734 7, 266 7,473 8, 060 8,842 7,971 8, 364 8, 692 6, 665 5, 466 20,887 21, 246 20,915 25, 055 27, 896 29, 575 29, 698 30, 560 31, 341 30, 596 26, 324 19, 597 C) 0) 0) (*) (') (1) 0) 0) (') (>) (') (') 387, 578 391, 330 384, 236 373,107 365,160 361, 509 350, 302 335, 631 343, 795 346,021 344,193 342, 364 26,109 22,143 19,984 13, 633 9, 047 9, 785 12,845 15, 227 18, 841 22, 776 23,883 24, 698 78,385 78, 240 78,174 79, 931 80, 572 80,015 77,747 77,619 78, 647 77, 370 75,840 74,706 74, 886 74, 485 75, 123 75, 039 74, 785 74, 640 73,155 72, 588 73,413 74. 278 73, 909 75,148 46,358 45,888 45, 277 45, 560 44, 986 44, 944 44, 783 44, 257 44, 191 44, 382 43, 370 43, 021 M onth Males-: 1 Combined with “ Trade, wholesale and retail,” in 1932. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis In dus tries not other wise classi fied 1312 MONTHLY LABOR R EV IEW T able 5 —N U M B E R E M P L O Y E D IN OHIO E S T A B L IS H M E N T S ON 15TH OF E A C H M O N T H IN 1931 A N D 1932, B Y S E X A N D IN D U S T R Y G R O U P S -C on tin u ed All in dustries Agri culture 1931 January___ F ebruary... M arch_____ April______ M a y _______ June_______ July_______ August____ September.. October____ N ovem ber.. Decem ber... 250,484 253,059 258, 001 260, 568 260, 751 259,836 253,009 251, 737 258, 781 252, 864 247, 651 253,214 793 801 872 1,019 1,049 1,109 1,146 982 1,029 1,033 826 749 1932 January____ F eb ru a ry ... M arch_____ April_______ M a y _______ June_______ July_______ August_____ Septem ber.. October____ N ovem b er.. D ecem ber... 230, 454 232,287 233, 628 231,188 230, 376 225,883 216,803 214, 373 224, 725 228, 808 226, 707 229, 969 1931 January___ F eb ru a ry ... M arch_____ A pril______ M a y _______ June_______ July_______ August_____ Septem ber.. October____ N ovem ber.. Decem ber... 1932 January____ F e b ru a ry ... M arch_____ April_______ M a y _______ June_______ July_______ August_____ Septem ber.. October____ N ovem ber. . D ecem ber... Month Con struc tion Trans Minin? Trade, porta Fish M anuand tion whole Service eries factures quarry sale and and ing retail public utilities In dus tries not other wise classi fied Females ( 1,975 1,977 1,964 1,971 1,980 1,950 1,915 1,915 1,873 1,828 1,784 1,770 — 111, 642 115,090 117,188 117,017 117, 387 116,501 113, 357 113,938 118,159 113,026 109,128 105, 877 119 117 117 116 112 108 103 104 113 114 114 114 64, 964 65,438 65, 759 66, 476 66, 880 67, 420 66, 075 65, 075 65, 387 64, 435 63, 460 63,035 52,502 51, 863 53, 801 55, 931 55, 301 54, 803 52,628 52,014 54, 711 55,055 55,442 65,022 18,477 18, 360 18, 286 18,023 18, 026 17, 931 17, 770 17,694 17,494 17,358 16, 882 16, 632 603 664 661 841 946 929 943 774 847 767 633 630 1,428 1,413 1,414 1,423 1, 420 1,409 1,359 1,355 1,352 1,353 1,317 1,294 0) 0) 0) 0) (>) (0 (') (') 0) 0) 0) 0) 102,130 105,149 104, 992 101,914 100, 713 98, 836 94, 388 94, 558 101,929 103, 575 102,400 98,381 114 112 110 101 93 92 93 94 100 103 104 106 62,195 61, 889 62, 065 62, 018 61, 739 61, 023 59, 068 58, 263 59,112 59, 051 58, 701 58,486 47, 584 46,826 48,262 48,889 49, 538 47, 939 45, 591 44,341 46, 763 49, 552 49, 258 56, 862 16, 400 16, 234 16,124 16,002 15, 927 15, 655 15, 361 14, 988 14, 622 14, 407 14, 294 14,210 989, 990 996,833 1,011,094 1,031,640 1,034,483 1,025, 677 1,004,111 986,836 988, 285 963, 722 937, 780 922, 706 7, 099 7, 074 7, 625 9,318 9,619 10,497 11,481 10, 302 10, 250 10, 653 8,547 7, 438 37,870 37, 526 39, 670 47,429 52,179 54, 402 54, 885 53, 657 51, 469 47, 671 39, 388 31, 060 178 202 255 361 355 324 261 270 324 329 335 270 564, 729 572, 525 581, 691 585, 839 583, 543 571, 996 555, 230 541, 745 540, 331 522, 918 513, 669 500, 647 27,968 28, 221 27, 873 26, 848 26,185 25, 403 25,433 26, 404 28, 255 28, 930 28,402 27,739 147,173 148, 462 149, 459 153,116 154,245 155, 233 152, 989 151, 353 151,617 148, 622 145, 281 143, 908 134, 622 133, 540 135, 958 139,181 138, 620 138, 022 134, 852 134, 243 137,429 137,085 136, 635 147,458 70, 325 69, 255 68, 532 69, 515 69, 703 69, 767 68,948 68,831 68, 579 67,482 65, 491 64,154 870, 227 871, 254 863, 071 850, 779 840, 295 834, 411 814,175 798, 226 823, 317 832, 923 820, 891 814, 969 6,173 6, 299 6, 395 8,107 8,419 8, 989 9, 785 8,745 9,211 9, 459 7, 298 6,096 22,315 22, 659 22, 329 26,478 29, 316 30, 984 31, 057 31,915 32, 693 31, 949 27, 641 20, 891 0) 0) 0) 0) (>) 0) (■) 0) (>) (') 0) (>) 489, 708 496,479 489, 228 475, 021 465, 873 460, 345 444, 690 430,189 445, 724 449, 596 446, 593 440, 745 26, 223 22, 255 20, 094 13, 734 9,140 9,877 12, 938 15, 321 18, 941 22,879 23, 987 24,804 140, 580 140,129 140, 239 141, 949 142,311 141, 038 136, 815 135, 882 137, 759 136, 421 134, 541 133,192 122,470 121,311 123,385 123,928 124, 323 122, 579 118, 746 116, 929 120,176 123, 830 123,167 132, 010 62,758 62,122 61,401 61,562 60,913 60,599 60,144 59,245 58,813 58,789 57,664 57,231 12 13 14 15 16 14 15 15 15 15 15 15 Both sexes 26 28 31 33 34 33 32 31 31 32 32 32 . _ _ _ . . . . . . _ _ 1 Combined with “ Trade, wholesale and retail,” in 1932. The month of maximum and the month of minimum employment and also the variation in number employed are shown for each industry group for 1931 and 1932 in table 6. The variation from maximum for both sexes combined was 10.8 percent in 1931 and 8.4 percent in 1932. Considering only industry groups numerically important, the greatest variation among males was shown in construc tion in 1931 and in mining in 1932, while among females the greatest variation occurred in wholesale and retail trade each year. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis EMPLOYMENT CONDITIONS— UNEMPLOYMENT RELIEF 1313 Manufactures includes approximately three fifths of the males covered in the report although the percentage has declined during the last 3 years. Approximately one half of the fenrales covered were in manufactures in 1928 and 1929 but the proportion has since dropped. The percentage in the manufactures group for males was 64.8 in 1928, 65.1 in 1929, 61.4 in 1930, 59.6 in 1931, and 59.2 in 1932, and for females 50.4 in 1928, 50.5 in 1929, 47.0 in 1930, 44.7 in 1931, and 44.4 in 1932. In this industry group the variation of the minimum month from the maximum for males was 15.8 percent in 1931 and 14.2 in 1932 and for females 9.8 percent in 1931 and 10.2 in 1932. Charts 1 to 6 show in graphic form the course of employment of males and of females in all industries combined and in manufactures, of both sexes in all industries, and of males in construction each year from 1914 to 1932. The line is broken at the end of each year as the number of establishments is not the same from year to year. Within each year, however, the establishments are identical throughout the 12 months.3 August 1932 marks the lowest point during the years of depression and from that date there was apparently a slight upturn in employ ment to the end of the period covered by this report. August had never appeared as the month of lowest employment within any of the years 1914 to 1931, inclusive, for all industries combined or for any of the eight industry groups with the exception of wholesale and retail trade in 1930. August marked minimum employment for males in trade only in 1914, 1921, and 1930 and for females in trade only in 7 of the 18 previous years. In 1932, however, August marked the lowest point of employment for both sexes combined in manufactures and in trade and in the total for all industries combined; for males in manu factures, trade, and all industries combined; and for females in service trade, and all industries combined. The slight upturn following August is also out of the usual course as indicated by previous years with the exception of 1915, 1916, and 1922 and December 1919. T a b le 6 .— M A X I M U M A N D M IN IM U M E M P L O Y M E N T IN 1 9 3 1 A N D T R Y G R O U P IN OHIO, B Y S E X Maximum 1932 IN E A C H IN D U S Minimum Variation from maximum Sex, and industry group Number M onth Number M a y ______ 669,492 M onth Number Per cent Males 1931 All industries..........- ------- ------------------------ 773,732 Transportation and public utilities----------Industries not otherwise classified------------- 6, 273 10, 335 July_______ 29, 290 52,970 ____ do_____ 178 361 A pril.. 468, 822 ___ do ___ 394,770 25, 295 28, 816 October__ 80, 873 87, 813 .1une 83, 319 M a y . . . . . 81,193 47, 522 January----51, 848 14 19 June ____ December.. 104,240 13.5 4,062 23, 680 183 74,052 3, 521 6,940 2,126 4, 326 39.3 44.7 (») 15.8 12.2 7.9 2.6 8.3 (“) February-_ December,January----December,, June ,, . December.. N ovem berDecember,, January----- “ N ot computed owing to small number involved. s The basic figures for these charts for the years 1914 to 1923, inclusive, will be found m U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics Bui. No. 553: Fluctuation of employment in Ohio, 1914 to 1929. Information was requested during 1914 to 1923, inclusive, of all employers of 5 or more persons and during 1924 to 1932 of all employers of 3 or more persons in all industry groups except interstate transportation and government activities. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1314 MONTHLY LABOR R EV IEW T able 6 .—M A X I M U M A N D M IN IM U M E M P L O Y M E N T IN 1931 A N D 1932 IN E A C H IN D U S T R Y G R O U P IN OHIO, B Y S E X —Continued Maximum Minimum Variation from maximum Sex, and industry group Number Number Per cent M onth Number M onth 583, 853 August___ 55,920 8.7 December.. August._. . M ay . . . . . December.. August____ December.. 3,376 11,744 55, 699 17,062 5, 866 2, 560 3,337 38.2 37. 5 14.2 65.3 7.3 3.4 7.2 1932 All industries_______ _______ ________ 639, 773 January___ Agriculture__________________________ Construction_________________________ Manufactures________________________ Mining and quarrying_______________ Service_______________________________ Trade, wholesale and retail___________ Transportation and public utilities___ 8,842 31, 341 391, 330 26, 109 80,572 75,148 46, 358 July_______ 5,466 September. 19, 597 February. _ 335, 631 January___ 9,047 M a y ______ 74, 706 December.. 72, 588 January___ 43, 021 All industries............. ............................ 260, 751 M a y ______ 247, 651 Novem ber. 13,100 5.0 Agriculture......... ..................... ................ Construction_________________________ Manufactures________________________ Mining and quarrying___________ .... Service_______________________________ Trade, wholesale and retail__ ______ Transportation and public utilities___ Industries not otherwise classified____ 1,146 July_______ 749 1,980 M a y . ____ 1, 770 117, 387 ____ do_____ 105, 877 C) (2> (2) 67, 420 June______ 63, 035 65, 022 December.. 51,863 18, 477 January___ 16, 632 16 M a y ______ 12 December . (*> December. F eb ru a ry.. December January...... 397 210 11,510 (2) 4, 385 13,159 1,845 4 34. 6 10.6 9.8 (2) All industries___________________ ____ 233, 628 M arch____ August____ 19,255 8.2 Agriculture_______________________ Construction______ ___ ___________ M anufactures________ i ................... . Mining and quarrying____________ Service..____ ________________ ____ Trade, wholesale and retail_______ Transportation and public utilities. 946 1,428 105,149 (2) 62,195 56,862 16, 400 M a v ______ Januarv___ F ebruary.. (2) January___ December.. January___ 603 January _. 1, 294 December.. 94, 388 J u l y ______ (2) (2) 58, 263 August. 44, 341 ------ do_____ 14, 210 Decem ber.. 343 134 10, 761 (2) 3,932 12, 521 2,190 36. 3 9. 4 10. 2 D) 6. 3 22.0 13.4 1,034,483 M a y ______ Females 1931 20.2 10.0 (') 1932 214, 373 Both sexes 1931 All industries........ ........ ........ ........... 922, 706 ____ do___ _ 111, 777 10.8 Agriculture_______________________ C onstruction..____________________ Fisheries______ ___ __________ , ___ Manufactures______________. . ’ ___ M ining and quarrying___________ Service___________________________ Trade, wholesale and retail_______ Transportation and public utilities. Industries not otherwise classified.. 11,481. J u l y ______ 7,074 54,885 ___ do_____ 31,060 361 April_____ 178 585, 839 ____ do_____ 500, 647 28,930 October___ 25, 403 155, 233 June______ 143, 908 147,458 Decern ber__ 133,540 70, 325 January___ 64,154 34 M a y ______ 26 F ebruary.. December. January___ December . June ___ .. December F ebruary.. December.. January___ 4, 407 23, 825 183 85,192 3, 527 11,325 13,918 6,171 8 1932 All industries_____________________ 871,254 F eb ru a ry .. 798, 226 August____ 73,028 8.4 Agriculture__________ ______ _____ Construction_____________________ Manufactures_____________________ M ining and quarrying____________ Service__________________________ Trade, wholesale and retail________ Transportation and public utilities. 9, 785 32, 693 496,479 26,223 142,311 132,010 62, 758 July_______ 6,096 D ecem ber.. SeDtember. 20, 891 ____ d o_____ F eb ru a ry .. 430,189 August.. . January___ 9,140 M a v ._ . . . . M a v ... . . . 133.192 December . December.. 116,929 August____ January..... 57, 231 D ecem ber.. 3, 689 11,802 66, 290 17, 0S3 9,119 15,081 5,527 37.7 36.1 13.4 65.1 6.4 11.4 8.8 1 N ot computed owing to small number involved. 2 All '•office help” and fluctuation not reported except for coal mining. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 38.4 43.4 (>) 14.5 12.2 7.3 9.4 8.8 (0 EMPLOYMENT CONDITIONS— UNEMPLOYMENT RELIEF 1315 Figure 1.— F L U C T U A T I O N OF E M P L O Y M E N T OF M A L E S IN A L L IN D U S T R I E S , 1914 TO 1932 Figure 2.— F L U C T U A T I O N OF E M P L O Y M E N T OF M A L E S IN M A N U F A C T U R E S , 1914 TO 1932 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1316 MONTHLY LABOR REV IEW Figure 4.— F L U C T U A T I O N OF E M P L O Y M E N T OF F E M A L E S IN A L L I N D U S T R I E S 1914 TO 1932 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis EMPLOYMENT CONDITIONS— UNEMPLOYMENT RELIEF 1317 Fluctuation of Employment, by General Occupation Groups I n tab le 7 the employees reported in each industry group are separated into three general occupation classifications—wage earners; bookkeepers, stenographer^, and office clerks; and salespeople (not traveling). Males classified as wage earners formed 87.0 percent of all male employees covered in this report in 1928, 86.5 percent in 1929, 85.4 percent in 1930, 84.2 percent in 1931, and 83.1 percent in 1932. Females classified as wage earners made up 60.6 percent of all female employees covered in this report in 1928, 60.4 percent in 1929, 58.2 percent in 1930, 57.7 percent in 1931, and 57.6 percent in 1932. Male bookkeepers, stenographers, and office clerks constituted 10.2 percent of total males covered in 1930, 10.5 percent in 1931, and 11.0 percent in 1932. Female bookkeepers, stenographers and office clerks were 30.2 percent of total females covered in 1930, 29.8 percent in 1931, and 29.9 percent in 1932. Salesmen (not traveling) made up 4.4 percent of total males covered in 1930, 5.3 percent in 1931, and 5.9 percent in 1932. Saleswomen (not traveling) formed 11.6 percent of total females covered in 1930 and 12.5 percent in 1931 and in 1932. T able 7.—N U M B E R E M P L O Y E D ON 15TH OP E A C H M O N T H IN 1931 A N D 1932 IN E A C H G E N E R A L O C C U P A T IO N G R O U P IN OHIO, B Y S E X A N D IN D U S T R Y G R O U P Wage earners M in Trade, ing whole Fish M anu and Service sale eries factures quarry and ing retail Trans porta tion and public utili ties Agri cul ture Con struc tion 1931 January __ . . . --------F ebruary-. . ----------M arch__________ ____ April . . . _____ M a y . ________________ J u n e ... _ ____________ July__________________ August_____ . ______ Septem ber.. . _ .. October. . . . ------------N ovem ber__ __ . . . . . . December_____________ 621, 622 6,168 625, 496 6,136 635,184 6,615 652, 701 8,142 655, 327 8,411 647, 865 9,237 634, 243 10,191 618, 775 9,177 614, 298 9, 079 596,824 9, 470 577,154 7, 571 556,108 6, 538 33, 309 32, 932 35, 086 42, 607 47, 302 49, 554 50,125 48, 880 46, 777 43,124 35, 022 26, 788 178 202 255 361 355 324 261 270 324 329 335 270 411,136 415, 667 422, 721 427, 215 424, 717 414, 391 401, 167 387,486 382, 533 370, 776 365, 914 356,434 27, 540 27, 797 27, 449 26, 429 25, 771 24, 995 25, 028 25, 996 27, 838 28, 507 27, 975 27,312 53, 791 54, 436 55, 099 58, 204 58, 921 59, 503 58, 623 58, 046 58, 370 56, 588 54, 608 53, 704 45,618 45, 299 45, 572 46,015 45, 923 45,770 45, 337 45,451 45, 946 45, 489 44, 664 45, 031 43, 882 43,027 42,387 43, 728 43,927 44, 091 43,511 43, 469 43,431 42, 541 41, 065 40, 031 1932 January... _____ . _ February. M arch___ _ . ... . April__________ . M a y ___________ ____ June_______________ .. July__________________ A u g u st_________ Septem ber.. . . . _____ October _ __ _ N ovem ber. . . . . . . __ D e c e m b e r ...___ 533,129 532, 904 523, 917 514, 310 505, 678 505,311 495, 810 483, 374 498,100 503, 496 494, 013 484,137 5,442 5, 491 5, 578 7,092 7, 300 7, 909 8, 695 7, 826 8, 220 8, 544 6, 521 5,325 18, 754 19,108 18, 820 22, 892 25, 736 27, 399 27, 515 28, 399 29, 203 28, 524 24, 350 17, 708 0) (0 0) (>) 0) 0) 0) (»> 0) (■) (0 (>) 349,166 353, 262 346, 440 335, 880 328, 766 325, 822 315, 251 301, 038 309, 206 311,526 309, 700 307, 970 25,846 21, 888 19, 732 13, 402 8,832 9,567 12,615 14, 992 18, 599 22, 525 23, 630 24, 444 53, 988 54, 006 54,144 55, 927 56, 720 56, 412 54, 484 54, 468 55, 686 54, 524 53, 252 52, 098 41,036 40, 686 41, 290 40, 869 40,585 40, 407 39,474 39, 330 39, 939 40, 397 40,072 40,443 38,897 38, 463 37, 913 38, 248 37, 739 37, 795 37, 776 37, 321 37, 247 37,456 36, 488 36,149 M onth All indus tries Males i Combined with “ Tr ade, wholesale ar d retail, ’ in 1932. 21719°—33----- 4 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis In dus tries not other wise classi fied 1318 MONTHLY LABOR REV IEW T able 7.—N U M B E R E M P L O Y E D ON 15TH OF E A C H M O N T H IN 1931 A N D 1932 IN E A C H G E N E R A L O C C U P A T IO N G R O U P IN OHIO, B Y S E X A N D IN D U S T R Y G R O U P —Con. W a g e earners— Continued All indus tries Agri cul ture Con struc tion 142, 869 146, 608 149, 363 150, 630 151, 335 151,089 146, 635 146,140 151, 764 146, 851 141, 834 139, 669 472 467 527 646 705 804 867 700 744 764 562 480 102 98 95 98 119 117 110 113 109 119 104 107 132, 230 135,185 135, 530 133, 547 132, 546 130,190 123, 762 122, 770 131,192 133, 376 131, 776 128,315 358 406 404 561 667 695 719 562 632 568 435 388 61 62 60 68 67 63 52 57 61 66 53 54 1931 January-. --------------February___ ______ -M arch___________ ____ A p r i l ---- ----------- -M a y - _______________ June --- July___________________ August -- --Septem ber-. - - - - - October-------- ---. N ovem ber_____ _ December_____________ 764,491 6, 640 772,104 6, 603 784, 547 7,142 803, 331 8, 788 806, 662 9, 116 798,954 10,041 780,878 11,058 764,915 9, 877 766, 062 9, 823 743, 675 10,234 718, 988 8,133 695, 777 7,018 33,411 33, 030 35,181 42, 705 47,421 49, 671 50, 235 48,993 46,886 43, 243 35,126 26, 895 1932 January -------February ____ -- March - - ----April-M a y . - -. - -------- --Ju n e.. - - - - - July___________________ August________________ September_______ _ October_______ _______ N ovem ber____ _______ D ecem ber... ... _ . 665, 359 668,089 659, 447 647, 857 638, 224 635, 501 619, 572 606,144 629,292 636,872 625, 789 612, 452 18,815 19,170 18,880 22, 960 25, 803 27,462 27, 567 28, 456 29, 264 28, 590 24,403 17, 762 M onth M in Trade, ing whole Fish M anu and Service sale eries factures quarry and ing retail Trans porta tion and public utili ties In dus tries not other wise classi fied _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ Females 1931 July ________ 1932 January-.- ----------- -February______ --M arch___ - --- - --___ A pril_________ M a y. - - - - - . -June July__________________ August ----- -September-October------ - ---------Novem ber__ . December-. -------------- 81, 039 84, 504 86, 581 86, 560 87, 052 86,407 83, 693 84, 589 89, 001 84, 586 81, 044 78,175 39, 733 40,189 40, 573 41, 224 41, 745 42, 278 41, 100 40,153 40, 697 40,108 39, 515 38, 998 9, 534 9, 447 9, 771 10, 384 10, 088 9,925 9, 456 9,279 10,109 10, 267 9, 952 11,453 11,989 11,903 11,816 11,718 11,626 11,558 11,409 11,306 11,104 11,007 10,657 10,456 75,064 78,347 78,459 75,845 75,035 73, 530 69, 567 70,045 77, 217 78, 796 77, 766 73,777 37, 793 37,842 37,945 38,102 37,952 37, 565 35, 750 35,147 36, 230 36, 270 36,039 35,933 8, 730 8,437 8, 637 9,018 8,922 8, 650 8, 259 7, 884 8,285 9,053 8,940 9,706 10, 224 10,091 10,025 9,953 9,903 9,687 9,415 9,075 8, 767 8,623 8,543 8,457 178 202 255 361 355 324 261 270 324 329 335 270 492,175 500,171 509, 302 513,775 511,769 500, 798 484, 860 472, 075 471,534 455,362 446,958 434, 609 27, 540 93, 524 27, 797 94, 625 27, 449 95, 672 26, 429 99, 428 25, 771 100, 666 24, 995 101,781 25,028 99, 723 25, 996 98,199 27,838 99, 067 28, 507 96,696 27,975 94,123 27,312 92, 702 55,152 54, 746 55,343 56,399 56, Oil 55,695 54, 793 54, 730 56, 055 55, 756 54, 616 56, 484 55,871 54,930 54, 203 55,446 55, 553 55,649 54,920 54, 775 54, 535 53, 548 51, 722 50, 487 0) (>) (') (>) (0 0) 0) (1) 0) 0) (0 (') 424, 230 431, 609 424,899 411,725 403,801 399,352 384,818 371,083 386,423 390, 322 387, 466 381, 747 25,846 21,888 19, 732 13, 402 8,832 9, 567 12,615 14, 992 18, 599 22,525 23, 630 24, 444 49, 766 49,123 49,927 49, 887 49, 507 49,057 47, 733 47, 214 48, 224 49, 450 49, 012 50,149 49,121 48, 554 47,938 48,201 47,642 47,482 47,191 46, 396 46,014 46,079 45, 031 44, 606 0) (») (') 0) (0 0) 0) (>) (■1 (>) (') (') Both seres 5, 800 5,897 5,982 7, 653 7,967 8, 604 9, 414 8, 388 8, 852 9,112 6,956 5,713 1 Combined with “ Trade, wholesale and retail,” in 1932. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 91, 781 91, 848 92,089 94, 029 94, 672 93,977 90, 234 89, 615 91,916 90, 794 89, 291 88, 031 EMPLOYMENT CONDITIONS— UNEMPLOYMENT RELIEF 1319 T able 7 —N U M B E R E M P L O Y E D ON 15TH OF E A C H M O N T H IN 1931 A N D 1932 IN E A C H G E N E R A L O C C U P A T IO N G R O U P IN O H IO , B Y S E X A N D IN D U S T R Y G R O U P —Con. Bookkeepers, stenographers, and office clerks M onth Males 1931 July ____________ N ovem ber------------------- All indus tries Agri cul ture Con struc tion 79, 942 79, 729 79,544 78, 988 78, 726 78,200 77,676 77, 291 76, 391 75, 588 74, 700 74,286 105 104 102 106 107 104 100 101 98 103 101 ICI 1,885 1, 895 1, 906 1,918 1,923 1,901 1,885 1,891 1,875 1,806 1,755 1, 722 70,667 70,057 1,9, 436 C8,679 67,485 66,430 65,412 64, 758 64,627 64, 507 64, 262 64,199 83 103 107 111 105 102 104 104 104 105 104 102 1,477 1,456 1,429 1,438 1,411 1,405 1,392 1,370 1,370 1,353 1,348 1,318 78,118 77, 858 77, 877 77, 469 77,285 76,821 75, 998 75, 551 75, 083 73, 818 72, 872 72, 853 294 303 316 331 302 274 254 259 259 245 241 240 1,838 1,841 1,828 1,831 1,824 1,799 1,773 1, 771 1,734 1,678 1, 649 1,630 71, 333 70, 567 70, 277 69,402 6o, 88/ 67, 831 66,896 66, 054 66,096 66,119 65, 766 65,921 221 235 233 257 254 213 204 190 193 179 178 218 1,342 1,326 1,329 1,328 1,328 1,323 1,283 1,273 1,268 1,263 1,241 1,217 158,060 157, 587 157, 421 156, 457 156, Oil 155,021 153, 674 152,842 151, 474 149,406 147, 572 147. 139 399 407 418 437 409 378 354 360 357 348 342 341 3, 723 3, 736 3, 734 3, 749 3, 747 3, 700 3, 658 3, 662 3,609 3, 484 3,404 3. 352 1932 Females 1931 1932 IVTc»xr Both sexes 1931 IVTfiv Tnly ______ Trans In M in Trade, porta dus tries whole tion ing Fish M anu not and Service sale and eries factures other quarry and public wise ing utili retail ties classi fied (i) (i) CD c) 0) C1) (!) (1) 0 (l) (>) (!) (‘) 0) 0) (0 0) 0) (0 (0 0) (') (') 0) 38,356 38,199 38,136 37, 927 37,750 37,425 37, 044 36, 634 35, 969 35, 466 35,007 34,726 309 307 307 303 302 300 302 304 304 309 313 313 24,694 24, 720 24,590 24, 331 24,314 24,158 24,169 24,187 24,022 23, 887 23, 592 23,522 7, 447 7,434 7,417 7,418 7,356 7,341 7,265 7, 264 7,207 7,168 7,129 7,127 7,134 7,057 7,072 6,970 6,959 6,955 6,897 6,897 6,903 6,835 6,789 6, 761 • 34, 503 34.173 33, 856 33,279 32,440 31, 763 31,180 30, 759 30, 734 30,637 30,661 30,613 263 255 252 231 215 218 230 235 242 251 253 254 21, 021 20, 808 20,552 20, 410 20, 210 19,951 19,696 19,598 19, 498 19,457 19, 250 19, 236 6, 668 6, 639 6,669 6,666 6,591 6,562 6,488 6,444 6,444 6, 476 6,476 6,497 6,652 6,623 6,571 6,544 6,513 6,429 6,322 6,248 6, 235 6, 228 6,170 6, 179 29,139 29,115 29,151 28,950 28,860 28, 612 28,195 27, 894 27, 703 26,981 26,641 26,252 119 117 117 116 112 108 103 104 113 114 114 114 24, 829 24, 848 24, 778 24, 834 24, 713 24, 707 24,496 24, 482 24,242 23,876 23, 505 23, 583 15, 475 15,236 15,271 15,161 15,131 15,005 14, 867 14, 706 14,695 14,626 14, 549 14, 908 6,412 6,385 6,402 6, 231 6, 327 6, 302 6,295 6,320 6,322 6,283 6,158 6, 111 26,048 25, 796 25,511 25,029 24, 639 24, 289 23, 824 23, 516 23, 724 23, 779 23, 634 23, 607 114 112 110 101 93 92 93 94 100 103 104 106 23, 954 23,611 23,673 23,482 23,361 23,028 22,887 22, 685 22, 475 22,372 22, 234 22,116 13, 550 13, 416 13, 397 13, 229 13, 263 12,988 12, 722 12,448 12, 546 12, 703 12, 688 12, 969 6, 104 6, 071 6, 024 5, 976 5,949 5,898 5,883 5,848 5, 790 5, 720 5,687 5, 688 67,495 67,314 67, 287 66,877 66, 610 66, 037 65, 239 64,528 63, 672 62, 447 61, 648 60,978 428 424 424 419 414 408 405 408 417 423 427 427 49, 523 49, 568 49, 368 49,165 49, 027 48, 865 48, 665 48, 669 48, 264 47, 763 47,097 47,105 22, 922 22,670 22, 688 22, 579 22, 487 22, 346 22,132 21,970 21,902 21, 794 21, 678 22,035 13, 546 13, 442 13,474 13, 201 13, 286 13, 257 13,192 13, 217 13, 225 13, 118 12, 947 12,872 i Combined with “ Trade, wholesale and retail,” in 1932, https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 12 13 14 15 15 16 14 13 13 14 14 14 12 13 14 15 16 14 15 15 15 15 15 15 ___ 24 26 28 30 31 30 29 28 28 29 29 29 1320 MONTHLY LABOR R E V IE W T able 7.—N U M B E R E M P L O Y E D ON 15TH OF E A C H M O N T H IN 1631 A N D 1932 IN E A C H G E N E R A L O C C U P A T IO N G R O U P IN OHIO, B Y S E X A N D IN D U S T R Y G R O U P —Con. Bookkeepers, stenographers, and office clerks— M onth All indus tries Agri cul ture Con struc tion 142,000 140,624 139, 713 138,081 136,372 134, 261 132, 308 130,812 130, 723 130, 626 130,028 130,120 304 338 340 368 359 315 308 294 297 284 282 320 2,819 2,782 2, 758 2, 766 2, 739 2, 728 2, 675 2, 643 2,638 2, 616 2,589 2,535 C o n tin u e d Trans M in Trade, porta ing whole tion Fish M anu and Service sale and eries factures quarry and public ing retail utili ties Both sexes—Continued 1932 January.. ---------------February_____________ March __ . ---------------A pril. _ ____________ M a y . -------------------- .. Ju n e.. -------------- ----July__________________ A u g u st______________ Septem ber.. -------------October------ ---------------N o v em b er... ............. . Decem ber.. ---------------- 0) « (■) 0) 0) 0) 0) 0) 0) 0) 0) 0) 60,551 59, 969 59, 367 58,308 57, 079 56,052 55,004 54, 275 54,458 54, 416 54, 295 54, 220 377 367 362 332 308 310 323 329 342 354 357 360 44,975 44,419 44, 225 43, 892 43, 571 42,979 42, 583 42, 283 41, 973 41, 829 41,484 41,352 20, 218 20,055 20,066 19,895 19, 854 19, 550 19, 210 18,892 18, 990 19,179 19,164 19,466 12, 756 12, 694 12, 595 12, 520 12,462 12, 327 12, 205 12,096 12,025 11,948 11,857 11,867 3,595 3’, 569 3, 646 3,680 3, 689 3, 679 3; 662 3, 687 3,670 3,650 3; 620 3,610 3, 724 3,868 4, 011 4,105 4,130 4,152 4, 122 4, 045 3; 838 3, 712 3, 621 3; 647 29, 055 28, 944 29,168 29,817 30, 040 30,108 29,622 29, 514 29, 565 29, 373 29, 400 30, 278 832 811 787 794 791 790 770 771 751 748 755 730 3,909 3,895 3,940 3,948 3,954 3,924 3,871 3,834 3,855 3,858 3,832 3, 781 3, 376 3,426 3; 478 3,594 3, 642 3,652 3,567 3, 553 3, 463 3, 389 3, 338 3, 372 27,182 27,160 27,164 27, 504 27,609 27, 671 27,193 26,814 27,030 27,405 27,361 28,208 809 802 793 768 734 720 685 688 709 698 712 693 1,464 1,471 1,456 1,507 1, 475 1,482 1,469 1,455 1,455 1,459 1, 443 1,450 402 401 408 418 422 435 479 440 448 451 440 454 27, 493 27 180 28, 759 30 386 30, 082 29, 873 28 305 28, 029 29,907 30 162 30’ 941 38| 661 Salespeople (not traveling) Males 1931 January_________ February----------M arch__________ April___________ M a y ____________ June____________ July____________ August--------------September______ October-------------N ovem ber.......... December______ 37,942 37,949 38; 365 39, 383 39, 679 39, 776 39,183 39,033 38, 815 38, 446 38, 275 39, 098 33 33 36 51 52 47 44 42 44 47 49 50 701 722 714 933 974 997 960 971 944 913 827 780 35,977 36, 006 36, 090 36, 602 36, 756 36, 787 36, 150 35, 721 35,865 36,112 35,909 36,664 45 41 49 63 68 49 43 41 40 43 40 39 656 682 666 725 749 771 791 791 768 719 626 571 29,497 29,193 30, 761 32, 469 32,131 31,926 30, 376 30,046 31,934 32,195 32,945 40,692 27 31 29 42 42 31 25 23 26 24 23 29 35 38 41 42 37 34 32 31 30 31 31 33 1932 January_________ February_______ M arch__________ April___________ M a y ____________ June____________ July____________ August_________ September______ O ctober.............. . Novem ber______ December______ 0) (i) 0) 0) (1) (') (>) (>) (') (0 (') (0 Females 1931 January________ February_______ M arch__________ April___________ M a y ____ _______ June____________ July____________ August_________ September______ O ctober............... N ovem ber______ December______ i Combined with “ Trade, wholesale and retail,” in 1932. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 76 68 74 67 65 In dus tries not other wise classi fied EMPLOYMENT CONDITIONS— UNEMPLOYMENT RELIEF T 1321 7 . —N U M B E R E M P L O Y E D ON 15TH OF E A C H M O N T H IN 1931 A N D 1932 IN E A C H G E N E R A L O C C U P A T IO N G R O U P IN OHIO, B Y S E X A N D I N D U S T R Y G R O U P —Con. a b l e Salespeople (not traveling) — Month Agri cul ture Con struc tion 26,891 26, 535 27,821 28, 239 28,943 27,862 26,145 25,549 27, 437 29, 313 29,165 35,733 24 23 24 23 25 21 20 22 22 20 20 24 25 25 25 27 25 23 24 25 23 24 23 23 67,439 67,142 69,126 71,852 71,810 71, 702 69, 559 69,079 70, 749 70, 641 71, 220 79, 790 60 64 65 93 94 78 69 65 70 71 72 79 736 760 755 975 1,011 1,031 992 1,002 974 944 858 813 62,868 62, 541 63, 911 64, 841 65, 699 64, 649 62, 295 61, 270 63, 302 65,425 65, 074 72, 397 69 64 73 86 93 70 63 63 62 63 60 63 681 707 691 752 774 794 815 816 791 743 649 594 All indus tries C o n tin u e d Trans M in Trade, porta tion ing whole Fish Manu and and Service sale eries factures quarry and public ing retail utili ties In dus tries not other wise classi fied Females—Contd. 1932 January., - -------------February_____________ M a rch .. -- - - - . A pril___ _ _ _ _ _ _ ___ M a y ______ _ _ _ June _ July---------------------------A u g u st---------------------September_________ _ October___ _ _ -----N ovem ber____________ December_____________ 0) (>) (>) 0) <‘ > 0) 0) (1) (■) 0) (0 (0 1,018 1,006 1,022 1,040 1,039 1,017 997 997 988 1,000 1,000 997 448 436 447 434 426 430 431 431 407 409 428 437 25,304 24,973 26, 228 26, 642 27, 353 26, 301 24, 610 24, 009 25,932 27, 796 27, 630 34,187 72 72 75 73 75 70 63 65 65 64 64 65 5,059 5,040 5,102 5,187 5,164 5,161 5,131 5,142 5,125 5,109 5,063 5,060 4,126 4, 269 4,419 4, 523 4, 552 4,587 4, 601 4, 485 4,286 4,163 4, 061 4,101 56, 548 56,124 57, 927 60, 203 60,122 59,981 57,927 57, 543 59,472 59, 535 60, 341 68,939 908 883 855 868 864 861 836 839 819 816 822 795 4,927 4,901 4,962 4,988 4,993 4,941 4,868 4,831 4,843 4,858 4,832 4, 778 3,824 3,862 3,925 4, 028 4,068 4,082 3,998 3, 984 3,870 3,798 3, 766 3,809 52, 486 52,133 53,392 54,146 54,962 53,972 51,803 50,823 52, 962 55, 201 54, 991 62,395 881 874 868 841 809 790 748 753 774 762 776 758 Both sexes 1931 July . _______________ 1932 January_____ ______ _ February_____ _______ M a r c h ... _ __ _____ _ April___ _____________ M ay._ ___________ June.. July__________________ August __ _ September. _ _ _____ _ October. _ _____ N ovem ber. . _ December_______ _ __ (>) 0) 01 01 01 0) 0) 01 0) 01 (11 0) 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 1 Combined with “ Trade, wholesale and retail,” in 1932. Table 8 shows the month of maximum and the month of minimum employment and also the variation in number employed in each of the same three general occupation groups in 1931 and 1932. The data for each occupation are given by industry groups. Considering both sexes combined, the variation from maximum in 1932 was 9.3 percent for wage earners, 8.4 percent for bookkeepers, stenographers, and office clerks, and 15.4 percent for salespeople (not traveling). In manufactures in 1932 the variation was 14 per cent for wage earners, 10.5 percent for bookkeepers, stenographers, and office clerks, and 4.3 percent for salespeople (not traveling). https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1322 T able MONTHLY LABOR REV IEW 8.—M A X I M U M A N D M IN IM U M E M P L O Y M E N T IN E A C H G E N E R A L OCCUPA T IO N G R O U P IN OHIO IN 1931 A N D 1932, B Y S E X A N D IN D U S T R Y G R O U P Wage earners Maximum Minimum Variation from maximum Industry group Number M onth Number M onth Number Percent Males 1931 All industries.......................................... 655, 327 M a y ........... 556,108 December.. 99, 219 15.1 Agriculture................. .............................. Construction.................................... ........ Fisheries_____________________________ Manufactures___________ ____ _______ Mining and quarrying_______________ Service_______________________________ Trade, wholesale and retail___________ Transportation and public utilities___ 10,191 July______ 50,125 ___ do_ 361 April______ 427, 215 _ . d o. . . 28, 507 October___ 59, 503 June . . 46, 015 April _ 44, 091 June _ ___ 6,136 26, 788 178 356,434 24,995 53, 704 44, 664 40, 031 F ebruary.. December.. January___ December.. June. December.. N ovem ber. December.. 4,055 23, 337 183 70, 781 3, 512 5, 799 1,351 4,060 39.8 46.6 0) 16.6 12.3 9.7 2.9 9.2 All industries.......... ........................... . 533,129 January----- 483,374 August____ 49, 755 9.3 Agriculture------------------------------- ------- Construction--------- ---------------------------Manufactures________________________ Mining and quarrying_______________ Service_______________________________ Trade, wholesale and retail__________ Transportation and public utilities___ 8,695 29, 203 353, 262 25, 846 56, 720 41,290 38,897 July______ September. F ebruary.. January___ M a y ______ M arch___ January___ 5,325 December.. 17, 708 ____ do. 301, 038 August 8,832 M a y ... . . . 52, 098 December.. 39, 330 August. . . 36,149 Decem ber.. 3, 370 11,495 52, 224 17,014 4,622 1,960 2, 748 38.8 39.4 14.8 65.8 b. 1 4.7 7.1 All industries________________________ 151,764 September. 139,669 Decem ber.. 12,095 8.0 Agriculture_____________ _________ _ Construction_____________ _____ _____ Manufactures________________ _______ Service________________________ _____ Trade, wholesale and retail___________ Transportation and public utilities___ 867 467 95 78,175 38,998 9, 279 10, 456 February. _ M arch___ December.. .. D o ______ August____ December.. 400 24 10, 826 3,280 2,174 1,533 46.1 122, 770 1932 Females 1931 July______ /M a y ---------119 /O ctober. . . } 89, 001 September. 42, 278 11,453 December 11,989 January___ (0 12.2 7. 8 19.0 12.8 1932 August____ 12, 777 9.4 358 January___ 52 July______ 69, 567 ___ do__ __ c2) (2) 35,147 A ugu st... . d o .. . 7, 884 8, 457 December.. 361 16 9, 229 (2) 2,955 1,822 1,767 50.2 0) 11.7 (2) 7 8 18.8 17.3 695, 777 Decem ber.. 110, 885 13.7 6, 603 26,895 178 434, 609 24, 995 92, 702 54, 616 50, 487 February. _ December. _ January----December.. Ju n e.. ___ Decem ber.. November.. Decem ber.. 4, 455 23, 340 183 79,166 3, 512 9,079 1,868 5,384 40.3 46.5 0) 15.4 12.3 8.9 3.3 9.6 February. _ 606,144 August____ 61, 945 9.3 July______ September. F eb ru a ry.. January___ M a y ____ _ December. _ January___ 5,713 Decem ber.. 17, 762 ____ d o. __ 371, 083 August____ 8, 832 M a y. _ 88, 031 Decem ber.. 47, 214 August____ 44, 606 Decem ber.. 3, 701 11, 502 60, 526 17,014 6, 641 2,935 4, 515 39.3 39.3 14.0 65.8 7.0 5.9 9.2 135, 547 April______ 719 68 78, 796 (2) 38,102 9, 706 10, 224 July______ A p r i l____ October----(2) ------------ All industries_______________ ____ ___ 806, 662 M ay. . . . . Agriculture___________ ____ _________ Construction_________________________ Fisheries_____________________________ Manufactures___________________ ____ M ining and quarrying_______________ Service_______________________________ Trade, wholesale and retail___________ Transportation and public utilities___ 11,058 July______ 50, 235 ____ do. 361 April. 513, 775 ____ d o. 28, 507 October. 101, 781 June. . . 56, 484 Decem ber.. 55, 871 January___ All industries_________ ____ _________ 668, 089 Agriculture__________________________ Construction______ _____ ____________ Manufactures________________________ M ining and quarrying_______________ Service_______________________________ Trade, wholesale and retail__________ Transportation and public utilities___ 9,414 29, 264 431, 609 25,846 94, 672 50,149 49,121 All industries_______ _______ ______ Agriculture............................................... Construction.................................... ........ Manufactures________________________ Mining and quarrying_______________ Service_____________________________ _ Trade, wholesale and retail__________ Transportation and public utilities___ December.. January___ Both sexes 1931 1932 1 N ot computed owing to small number involved. 2 A ll “ office h elp ” and fluctuation not reported except for coal mining. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis EMPLOYMENT CONDITIONS— UNEM PLOYMENT RELIEF 1323 T able 8 —M A X I M U M A N D M IN IM U M E M P L O Y M E N T iN E A C H G E N E R A L O C C U P A T IO N G R O U P IN OHIO IN 1931 A N D 1932, B Y S E X A N D IN D U S T R Y G R O U P —Con. Bookkeepers, stenographers, and office clerks Maximum Variation from maximum Minimum Industry group M onth Number Number M onth Number Percent Males 1931 A ll industries-_ ...... ................. .......... - Service--- . . _ ____________ _ . Transportation and public utilities___ 1932 All industries______ _________________ Decem ber.. 5, 656 7.1 107 1, 923 38, 356 (2) (2) 24, 720 February. _ 7,447 7, 134 ____ d o _____ 16 98 1,722 34, 726 (2) (2)-_23, 522 December.. 7,127 6, 761 ____ d o _____ 12 January___ 9 201 3, 630 (2) 1,198 320 373 4 (!) 10.5 9.5 (2) 4.8 4.3 5.2 0) 70,667 64,199 Decem ber.. 6, 468 9.2 28 159 3,890 (2) 1,785 225 482 (>) 10.8 11.3 (2) 8.5 3.4 7.2 79, 942 January___ January___ 74, 286 Service_____________________ ________ 111 1,477 34, 503 (2) 21,021 Transportation and public utilities___ 6, 669 6,652 January___ 83 1,318 Decem ber.. 30, 613 (2)________ (2) 19, 236 December.. f August-----6,444 (.September. 1 1 6,170 November.. 78,118 Construction - - ________ _ January___ (2) January___ Females 1931 All industries- - ____________________ Service __ _ _ __________ Transportation and public utilities___ 1932 All industries__ __ - - ______________ Construction Service . _______ - - - - - - - _ ______ Transportation and public utilities___ January___ 72, 853 331 1, 841 29,151 (2) (2) 24, 848 F ebruary.15, 475 6|412 ____ do. 16 M ay 240 1, 630 26, 252 (2) 23, 505 14, 549 6, 111 12 71, 333 65, 766 January___ Decem ber.. 5, 215 6.7 (2)_________ November.. December. _ January___ 91 211 2,8J9 (2) 1,343 926 301 4 (i) 11.5 9.9 (2) 5.4 6.0 4.7 (>) November.. 5, 567 7.8 (>) 9.3 9.7 (2) 7.7 8. 1 6.8 d o_____ 178 1, 217 23, 516 (2) 22, 116 12, 448 5; 687 November.. 79 125 2, 532 (2) 1,838 1,102 417 January___ 147,139 257 1,342 26, 048 (2) 23, 954 13, 550 6,104 (2) January___ 158, 060 January.. _ December. _ (2) “ D ecem ber.. Both sexes 1931 All industries___ . . . ____________ Construction__________ ______ _____ Service------------ _ _ . _____ ______ Trade, wholesale and retail________ _ Transportation and public utilities___ Industries not otherwise classified- _ _ 1932 All industries______________ ________ Construction________________________ Service . . _ _________ Transportation and public utilities___ 437 3, 749 ____ do_____ 67,495 (2) (2) ___ 49, 568 February. _ 22, 922 January___ 13, 546 ____ do_____ 31 M a y ______ 142, 000 December.. 10, 921 6.9 341 3, 352 ____d o_____ 60, 978 (2)_________ (2) 47, 097 N ovem ber. 21, 678 ___ do______ 12,872 December. _ 24 January___ 96 397 6,517 (2) 2, 471 1,244 674 7 (■) 10.6 9.7 (2) 5.0 5.4 5.0 (0 N ovem ber. 11,972 8.4 86 284 6, 331 (2) 3, 623 ], 326 899 0) 10.1 10.5 (2) 8.1 6.6 7.0 January___ 130, 028 368 2,819 January___ 60,551 (2) (2) ___ , 44,975 January___ 20, 218 12; 756 ____ do_____ 282 2, 535 54, 220 (2) 41, 352 18,892 11, 857 1 N ot computed owing to small number involved. “ office help” and fluctuation not reported except for coal mining. Digitized for2 All FRASER https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis December. _ (2)- December. _ N ovem ber. 1324 MONTHLY LABOR R E V IE W T able 8 .—M A X I M U M A N D M IN IM U M E M P L O Y M E N T IN E A C H G E N E R A L O C C U P A T IO N G R O U P IN OHIO IN 1931 A N D 1932, B Y S E X A N D IN D U S T R Y G R O U P —Con. Salespeople (not traveling) Maximum Minim um Variation from maximum Industry group Number M onth Number M onth Number Percent Males 1931 39, 776 All industriesAgriculture_________ _____ _______ Construction______________________ Manufactures_____________________ Service____________________________ Trade, wholesale and retail________ Transportation and public utilities. Industries not otherwise classified-. 52 997 3,689 4,152 30,278 832 June_____ 37,942 M a y _____ June_____ M a y _____ June_____ December January... (M arch___ (December 33 701 3, 569 3, 621 28, 944 730 June_____ 35, 721 January___ ( . . . . d o ......... (February. . January___ February. . N ovem ber. February. . December.. (January___ (February. 1,834 19 296 120 531 1,334 102 1 (0 29.7 3.3 12.8 4.4 12.3 (0 1932 All industries. Agriculture_______________________ Construction______________________ Manufactures______________ ______ Service____________________________ Trade, wholesale and retail________ Transportation and public utilities. Females 1931 All industries. Agriculture_____________ ___ ______ Construction.________ _____________ Manufactures___________ ________ Service____________________________ Trade, wholesale and retail_________ Transportation and public utilities.. 1932 A ll industries.......... .............................. 791 3, 954 3, 652 28,208 809 M a y _____ /July-------(August__ M a y _____ June_____ December January... 40, 692 December. 68 29 220 173 314 1,394 124 February.. (0 27.8 4.4 8.6 4.9 15.3 28.3 -----d o____ 23 ((November 30 September 1,443 November 401 February.. 27,180 ___ d o____ 65 December- 19 12 64 78 11,481 11 C) 0) 4.2 0) 29.7 (>) 35, 733 25, 549 10,184 28.5 December. M a y .......... 27 Manufactures_____________________ Service____________________________ Trade, wholesale and retail________ Transportation and public utilities. 29,193 1,066 42 (A pril_____ (M a y -------42 A pril_____ 1,507 ____d o____ 479 July______ 38,661 December. 76 January... Agriculture . Construction. August___ 39 December. 571 ------do------3, 781 ____do____ 3,338 November 26,814 August___ 685 July______ 20 April.. August___ (July--------f October . . . (.November. June______ September Novem ber December. September. ___ d o ____ August___ July........... 52 41 10,178 12 I (>) (>) 1,040 ___ d o____ 448 January... 34,187 December. 75 (M a rch ___ (M a y -------- 407 24,009 63 All industries . 79, 790 67,142 February. . 12, 648 Agriculture___________ ______ _____ Construction____________ _________ Manufactures_____________________ Service____ ____ ___________________ Trade, wholesale and retail________ Transportation and public utilities. _ Industries not otherwise classified... 94 1, 03 L 5,187 4, 601 68,939 908 3 60 736 5,040 4,061 56,124 795 January___ ____d o_____ F eb ru a ry.. Novem ber . F eb ru a ry.. Decem ber.. (January___ (February. _ 34 295 147 540 12,815 113 5.0 (0 29.8 0) Both sexes 1931 December.. M a y _____ June_____ A pril_____ July______ December. January—. (M arch to (December. 15.9 (0 28.6 2.8 11.7 18.6 12.4 (0 1932 All industries. 72, 397 Decem ber.. 61,270 August___ 11,127 Agriculture_______________________ Construction____________________ _ Manufactures_____________________ Service_____ ____ _________________ Trade, Wholesale and retail________ Transportation and public utilities. 93 816 4,993 4,082 62,395 881 M a y ______ August____ M a y ______ June______ Decem ber.. January___ 60 November. 594 December. 4, 778 ____d o ____ 3, 766 November. 50,823 August___ 748 July______ 33 1 N ot computed owing to small number involved. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 222 215 316 11, 572 133 15.4 0) 27.2 4.3 7.7 18.5 15.1 EMPLOYMENT CONDITIONS— UNEMPLOYMENT RELIEF 1325 The maximum, minimum, and average number reported in each of these three occupation groups are shown, by sex, in table 9 for each of the years 1924 to 1932. Comparing the average number reported employed of both sexes combined in each of the three general occupation groups in 1932 with 1929, wage earners show a decrease of 414,339 or 39.4 percent; book keepers, stenographers, and office clerks a decrease of 33,893 or 20.1 percent; and salespeople (not traveling) a decrease of 22,178 or 25.6 percent. Comparing the same 2 years for the two sexes, the males show a decrease of 41.7 percent for wage earners, 20.1 percent for book keepers, stenographers, and office clerks, and 30.2 percent for salesmen (not traveling), while females show a decrease of 28.3 percent for wage earners, 20.1 percent for bookkeepers, stenographers, and office clerks, and 18.6 percent for saleswomen (not traveling). T able 9 .—M A X I M U M , M IN IM U M , A N D A V E R A G E N U M B E R R E P O R T E D IN S P E C IF IE D G E N E R A L O C C U P A T IO N G R O U PS IN O H IO , 1924 T O 1932, B Y S E X W a g e earners Year N um ber of estab lish ments report ing 1924_______ 31,715 1925_______ 34, 605 1926_______ 37,159 1927_______ 39, 635 1928_______ 40, 978 1929_______ 43,160 1930_______ 44, 283 1931_______ 43,168 1932_______ 40,134 Male Female Both sexes M axi mum, month M ini mum, month Aver age of 12 M axi month mum, month ly reports M ini mum, month Aver age of 12 month ly reports M axi mum, month Aver M ini age of 12 mum, m onth month ly reports 789,457 837, 381 875,444 836,494 869, 270 916, 978 808, 416 655, 327 533,129 730, 615 744, 327 787, 792 749, 785 725,946 782, 529 662,335 556,108 483, 374 755, 062 800, 471 833, 030 805,001 817, 538 868,834 753, 395 619, 633 506,182 137, 779 144, 391 154, 712 156, 733 157,861 174, 078 152, 454 139, 669 122, 770 144,477 152, 297 161,136 164,440 169, 068 182, 555 162, 726 147,066 130,868 937, 274 997,957 1,040, 932 1,000, 737 1,045, 225 1,099, 880 976,911 806,662 668,089 868, 394 899,539 888, 718 952, 768 942, 504 994,166 913, 961 969,441 883,807 986,606 958,450 1,051,389 814,789 916,121 695, 777 766, 699 606,144 637, 050 148, 403 160, 576 168,944 172, 279 178, 214 191, 212 168, 570 151, 764 135, 547 B ook k eep ers, stenographers, and office clerks 1924_______ 31,715 1925_______ 34, 605 1926_______ 37,159 1927_______ 39, 635 1928_______ 40, 978 1929_______ 43,160 44, 283 1930______ 1931_______ 43,168 1932_______ 40,134 68, 218 71,374 74, 574 76, 309 79,460 85, 400 90,948 79, 942 70, 667 67, 497 68, 572 71,862 73,876 75, 288 80, 662 87, 593 74, 286 64,199 67,864 70, 248 73, 613 75, 405 77, 640 83, 529 89, 944 77, 588 66, 710 66, 627 71,104 75, 017 77, 173 79, 591 86, 644 86, 206 78,118 71, 333 65, 374 67,465 71, 169 74, 745 74, 694 82,076 81, 743 72,853 65, 766 65, 979 69,104 73,173 76, 006 77, 072 85, 003 84, 575 75,967 67,929 134, 542 142,463 149,474 153,296 159,051 171,791 177,070 158, 060 142,000 132,871 136, 037 143, 031 148, 621 149, 982 162, 738 169, 515 147,139 130,028 133, 843 139, 352 146,786 151,411 154, 712 168, 532 174, 519 153, 555 134, 639 27, 970 29, 211 29, 797 31, 949 32,834 34, 781 32, 487 32,013 28, 303 72, 368 77, 664 82, 689 86,864 94, 556 101,861 82,006 79, 790 72, 397 58, 947 61, 708 65, 760 69, 095 71, 599 79, 556 67, 628 67,142 61,270 62,106 65, 659 69,894 73, 296 77,473 86, 701 71, 220 70,842 64,523 S a lesp eo p le (not traveling) 1924_______ 31,715 1925_______ 34, 605 1926_______ 37,159 1927_______ 39. 635 1928_______ 40, 978 1929_______ 43,160 1930_______ 44, 283 1931_______ 43,168 1932_______ 40,134 36, 005 38, 397 42, 273 43, 549 47, 734 54, 724 39, 466 39, 776 36, 787 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 32, 628 34, 499 38, 357 39, 951 42, 228 48,489 38, 074 37,942 35, 721 34,136 36,448 40, 097 41, 347 44, 639 51, 920 38, 733 38,829 36, 220 36, 363 39, 267 40,416 43, 315 46, 822 47,137 42, 557 40, 692 35, 733 25, 750 27, 002 27, 264 29, 023 29,135 30, 923 29, 554 29, 193 25, 549 1326 MONTHLY LABOR R EV IEW Table 10 presents a comparison of employment fluctuation in each year from 1924 to 1932 for males and females in all industries com bined and in each year from 1930 to 1932 in each of four industry groups in which large numbers both of males and of females are employed. The comparisons are for each of the three general occupation groups. Comparing fluctuation by sex within the industry groups, it is seen that, in manufactures, males show considerably greater variation than do females, while in the clerical and sales groups females generally show a greater variation than do males. In wholesale and retail trade females show a greater variation in each of the three general occupa tion groups than do males. In transportation and public utilities, female wage earners show a greater variation than do male wage earners. In all industries combined, the variation for male wage earners exceeds that for females in each year from 1924 to 1931 but is slightly less in 1932. Saleswomen (not traveling) show a very much greater variation than do salesmen (not traveling) in each of the years 1924 to 1932. T able 10.— P E R C E N T OF V A R IA T IO N F R O M M A X I M U M E M P L O Y M E N T IN G E N E R A L O C C U P A T IO N G R O U PS IN OHIO, B Y S E X , FO R S P E C IF IE D IN D U S T R Y GR OU PS F O R 1930 TO 1932 A N D F O R A L L IN D U S T R IE S C O M B IN E D FO R 1924 TO 1932 Percent of variation from maximum employment among— Industry group and year Manufactures: 1930__________ . 1931 _ _ J932______________ Service: 1930________ 1931. _ 1932 _ _ Trade, wholesale and retail: 1930_________ 1931___ ___ 1932 Transportation and public utilities: 1930________ 1931___ __ 1932, ______ All industries: 1924_______ 1925_ __ __ 1927____ ___ Bookkeepers, stenog raphers, and office clerks. Wage earners Salespeople (not traveling) Males Fe males Both sexes Males Fe males Both sexes 19.6 16.6 14.8 12.7 12. 2 11.7 18.5 15.4 14.0 5.0 9.5 11.3 7.9 9.9 9.7 6.1 9.7 10.5 3. 5 3. 3 4.4 11.2 9.7 8.1 6.6 7.8 7.8 9.3 8.9 7.0 3.3 4.8 8.5 4.1 5.4 7.7 3.4 5.0 8.1 18.3 12.8 8.6 (>) (>) (>) 15. 2 11. 7 7.7 3.5 2.9 4. 7 13.7 19.0 18.8 4.3 3.3 5.9 3.5 4.3 3.4 5.9 6.0 8.1 4.9 5.4 6.6 6.4 4.4 4.9 32. 2 29. 7 29.8 21. 1 18. 6 18.5 12.4 9.2 7.1 13.3 12.8 17.3 12.0 9.6 9.2 4.8 5. 2 7.2 7.5 4.7 6.8 5.9 5.0 7.0 8.9 12.3 15.3 0) (0 0) 10. 0 12. 4 15. 1 7.5 11.1 10.0 10.4 16.5 14. 7 18. 1 15.1 9.3 7.2 10. 1 8.4 9.0 11.4 9.0 9.6 8.0 9.4 7.3 10.9 9.5 8.7 15.4 12. 9 16.6 13.7 9.3 1.0 3.9 3.6 3. 2 5.3 5.5 3.7 7.1 9.2 1.9 5.1 5. 1 3.1 6.2 5.3 5.2 6.7 7.8 1.2 4.5 4.3 3.0 5.7 5.3 4.3 6.9 8.4 9.4 10.2 9.3 8.3 11. 5 11.4 3.5 4.6 2.9 29. 2 31. 2 32. 5 33. 0 37. 8 34. 4 30. 6 28. 3 28.5 18. 5 20. 5 20. 5 20. 5 24. 3 21.9 17. 5 15. 9 15.4 Fe Males males 4. 7 4. 2 5.0 Both sexes 3. 6 2. 8 4.3 1 Not computed owing to small number involved. Conclusion T h i s analysis deals primarily with fluctuation of employment within each year. The data collected and compiled by the Division of Labor Statistics of the Ohio Department of Industrial Relations, however, make practically a complete coverage of all establishments employing https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis EMPLOYMENT CONDITIONS— UNEMPLOYMENT RELIEF 1327 three or more persons, except those engaged in interstate transporta tion and government activities. With such coverage it is believed that the figures give some approximation of the extent of unemploy ment within the industry groups included. During the 9-year period covered by this report, maximum em ployment for both sexes combined was in July 1929 and minimum employment was in August 1932. The maximum number was 1,356,004 and the minimum fell below that number by 557,778, or 41.1 percent. Maximum employment for males during the 9-year period occurred in July 1929 and minimum employment in August 1932. The maxi mum number of males employed was 1,054,154 and the minimum fell below that number by 470,301, or 44.6 percent. Maximum em ployment for females during the 9-year period occurred in October 1929 and minimum employment in August 1932. The maximum number employed was 313,416 and the minimum fell below that number by 99,043, or 31.6 percent. In considering these figures it should be borne in mind that reports are not included from establishments engaged in interstate trans portation nor from government activities. Further, it should be noted that while these figures are remarkably inclusive, no measure is given of the total labor market. However, there is no reason to believe that the total number of persons employed or seeking employ ment was less in August 1932 than in July or October 1929 and the above figures may be reasonably put forward as approximate mini ma of unemployment in Ohio in 1932. Subsistence-Homestead Movement Under National Recovery Act HE National Industrial Recovery Act (Public, No. 67) approved June 16, 1933, contained a provision (sec. 208) appropriating $25,000,000 “ to provide for aiding the redistribution of the over balance of population in industrial centers” and authorizing the President to set up agencies “ for making loans for and otherwise aiding in the purchase of subsistence homesteads.” 1 Acting under this authority the President delegated the carrying out of the program to the Secretary of the Interior. The latter set up in his department the Division of Subsistence Homesteads and created an advisory committee.2 That committee held its first meeting September 26, 1933, and made the following recommenda tions for the administration of the $25,000,000 fund provided: T 1. That, with due regard to immediate emergency needs, the fund be used as far as possible for the purpose of setting up demonstration projects which will point the way to a program of a permanent character. In this connection the committee emphasized the fundamental nature of the adjustments required to the changed conditions facing American agriculture and the industrial worker and the smallness of the fund in relation to the magnitude of the problem. In its opinion the establishment of experimental projects which would point to “ the way o u t” is vital. ' > For full text of National Industrial Recovery A ct, see M onthly Labor Review, July 1933 (p. 75). 2 The membership of this committee was as follows: Senator John H. Bankhead, of Alabama, chairman; Hayden B. Harris; W . A. Julian, Treasurer of the United States; Edward A . O’ Neil; Louis J. Taber; Bernarr M acFadden; Louis Brownlow; Dr. John B. Black; P. V . Cardon; Ralph E. Flanders; Dr. John A. Ryan; Bernard G. Waring; George Soule; M eyer Jacobstein; Dr. Philip Weltner; William Green; Henry I. Harriman; and Dr. Clark Foreman. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1328 MONTHLY LABOK EE V IE W 2. That these demonstration projects be located with reference to the principal “ problem areas” of the United States, and not on the basis of allocation of funds on the basis of States, the projects to be selected after careful investigation as to individual soundness and merit. 3. That projects be carried on with a maximum of local initiative and responsi bility assisted with adequate Federal supervision and guidance and protection for the Federal funds advanced. 4. That projects be organized and administered through local nonprofit or limited-dividend corporations to which Federal funds will be loaned under terms and conditions specified by the Division of Subsistence Homesteads, the latter to have the privilege of selecting one or more members of the board of directors of the local corporation. 5. That where deemed advisable, local advisory committees to the corporation be appointed. 6. That Federal funds should be loaned at a rate of 3 percent and amortized over a period not to exceed 30 years, with privilege of repayment at any time. Deferred initial repayments were suggested in cases where necessary, but such deferment should not be in excess of two years. 7. That Federal loans for the purchase of production equipment and machin ery, including livestock, were justified when, in the judgment of the Subsistence Homesteads Division, necessary for the success of the enterprise and when not possible to obtain in any other way. 8. That either lease or sale of plots to individual “ homesteaders” be made, depending upon the nature and conditions of each project. 9. That the fullest cooperation be sought of other Federal and State agencies whose resources and services would constitute a contribution to the success of the subsistence-homesteads program. 10. That reasonable local financial aid would be desirable. 11. That adequate local agricultural and other advice and guidance be assured for the “ homesteaders.” 12. That “ homesteaders” be assured of relief if necessary during the present economic crisis. Homestead sites will be picked in those counties where it is assured that urban relief, school, and similar responsibilities will not be unfairly shifted to the homestead areas. 13. That the selection of families, and the land and sites, be made with the greatest care. 14. That, to provide for persons seeking to acquire individual subsistence homesteads in connection with industrial centers, the development of local or ganizations analogous to holding and loan associations be encouraged. 15. That the Subsistence Homesteads Division carry on a limited amount of necessary research where such can not be provided by other agencies. In this connection the committee emphasizes the importance of the subsistence-home steads program being consistent with national planning. The projects of the division will be of three types: Homestead colonies established for industrial workers and located at the out skirts of cities or large towns; rural settlements in which small indus tries or branches of large industries can be established; and agricul tural settlements. The program will deal largely with city dwellers, stranded populations (i.e., those left jobless by the moving of local industries or the exhaustion of natural resources, as for instance coal and copper miners, sawmill workers, etc.), and farmers now working lands too poor to be profitable. Each subsistence-homestead project will be established in accord ance with the industrial and agricultural trends as they relate to the population problems of a given region or State. Every undertaking will be regarded as experimental. The experi ment is to test a method of living that may conserve the best of both urban and rural life, afford greater stability in family living and point the way to a more permanent adjustment for workers in the shorterhour week and part-time employment. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis EMPLOYMENT CONDITIONS— UNEM PLOYMENT RELIEF 1329 Arthurdale Community Tw o projects are under way. The first was announced on October 12, the Secretary of the Interior stating that the Interior Department had acquired an 1,100-acre farm (Arthurdale) at Reedsville, near Morgantown, W.Va., to be utilized as a colony for some 200 families. In selecting the families a series of tests was given. Only persons were accepted who had some knowledge of gardening and farm life (such as kinds of seeds, laying ability of poultry, etc.) and who at tained a certain level of “ education, physical fitness, attitudes and ambitions, and agricultural ability. The homes of those with high ratings were visited, and the woman of the family interviewed. Some women said they wouldn’t go back to the farm, and that ruled the family out. In some families, tuberculosis was found, and they couldn’t go up into the winter snows, of course.” The families finally chosen were mainly of southern European stock, about half being ex-miners, about one fourth former sawmill employees, and about one fourth mountain farmers. Most of them were native West Virginians. An “ advance guard” of about 50 men has already been placed on the land. These men are erecting the houses and doing the prelimi nary work necessary before the families can be moved there. The land is to be divided into plots of 5 acres, each having its own cottage, with facilities for gardening, fruit trees, poultry raising, etc., for home consumption. The houses will cost about $2,000 each and will become the property of the colonists under a 20-year purchase plan with low interest rate and small monthly payments. The settlement will have self-government “ with administration to be patterned after the New England town-meeting plan.” A school will be established which it is expected will serve as the center of the community life. The present plan is for the establishment of a cooperative store through which the household and farm supplies will be obtained. The Post Office Department is establishing in the community a factory to manufacture for the Department furniture and other equipment. This factory will give part-time employment to the settlers, their remaining subsistence coming from the homesteads themselves. In addition handicraft industries will be developed in the community. Although in the West Virginia experiment the land is held by the Interior Department, this will not generally be true in other cases. The plan is that the land shall be acquired through a corporation composed of five public-spirited local persons. Where feasible one of these will be chosen from among the homesteaders. The Sub sistence Homesteads Division will retain some supervision, possibly through a resident fiscal agent. Also, while in the Reedsville project the plots are of uniform size, it is planned that in subsequent com munities the plots shall vary according to the fertility of the land, the size of the family to be accommodated thereon, etc. Although the persons chosen for the experiments will be largely from the unemployed who are receiving public relief, the division is not interested in relief as such. Its purpose is to make self-sustaining; the persons with whom it is working and to work toward a permanent national program through the redistribution of surplus populations. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1330 MONTHLY LABOR R E V IE W D ayton Project S i n c e May 1932 there have been in operation in Dayton, Ohio, certain self-help activities carried on by a group of unemployed under the guidance of the Dayton Council of Social Agencies. This group (which adopted the name, Cooperative Production Units) and its activities were described at length in the Monthly Labor Review for March 1933 (p. 480). Even as early as the spring of 1933, this organization was seriously considering the establishment of self-sufficing homesteads. The ful fillment of this plan on a small scale has now been made possible through the allotment of $50,000 by the Subsistence Homesteads Division. A 160-acre tract of land has been acquired near the city, upon which 35 families will be settled, each with a modern house and small plot of ground for the raising of poultry, garden stuff, etc. The plan contemplates the setting aside of a certain space as com mon pasture land; there will be a community center for recreation, community gatherings, etc., and a model factory which will furnish part-time employment. The funds will be disbursed and the whole project will be operated under the supervision of the Ohio Department of Welfare. Until the factory is established the settlers will be employed at industrial jobs in the city. Surpluses from the crops are to be ex changed for needed goods or sold, the cash to be used to repay the Government loan. Federal Unemployment Relief Work During September 1933 URING August 1933, according to the report of the Federal Emergency Relief Administration,1 15,150,000 persons, or about 12 percent of the entire population of the United States, received public unemployment relief. Of this number about 430,000 were single persons, while the others were members of family groups. Since March, 1,210,000 families have been taken off the relief rolls, although the actual decrease in number of families is stated to have been some what less than this, as the number of families reported for the early months included some duplication. The factors to which the de crease is ascribed principally are improved employment conditions, normal seasonal decreases due to spring and summer farming opera tions, extensive subsistence-garden programs, and enrollments in the Civilian Conservation Corps. The amount of funds spent has also decreased, but not so fast as the number of families assisted. Table 1 shows the Federal funds disbursed each month since May 1933 for the various purposes. D 1 U.S. Federal Emergency Relief Administration. ington, 1933. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis M onthly report, Sept. 1 to Sept. 30, 1933. Wash 1331 EMPLOYMENT CONDITIONS— UNEMPLOYMENT RELIEF T able 1.—F A M IL IE S A ID E D A N D E X P E N D IT U R E S IN C U R R E D U N D E R R E L IE F A C T , M A Y TO S E P T E M B E R 1933 FEDERAL Unemployment relief from Federal funds Number of families given relief M onth 4, 252,443 3, 789,126 2 3,450,000 2 3, 350, 000 M a y _______ June............. July_______ A ugust____ September.. ( 3) Total _ Outright grants forMatched allotments Total Qeneral purposes Tran sients Self-help groups1 $32,600,019 18,123,283 42, 592,683 34, 792, 731 10, 202, 224 $808,429 6,129,030 15,025, 303 15,067, 183 $330,000 $64,000 2,000 $32, 600, 019 18,931, 712 48,721, 713 49,882,034 25,601,407 138, 310,940 37,029,945 330,000 66, 000 175, 736,885 1 For specific groups aided see M onthly Labor Review, October 1933 (p. 806). 2 Partly estimated. 3 N o data. Since July 1933 an attempt has been made to obtain data showing the amount of relief funds spent for the various types of relief. Com plete reporting has not as yet been secured on this point, the informa tion for July covering 64 percent and that for August 62 percent of the total obligations incurred. Table 2 shows for each of these months the amount and percent spent for the different purposes. In addition somewhat over $2,000,000 was given in each month in cash. T able 2.—A M O U N T A N D P E R C E N T OF O B L IG A T IO N S IN C U R R E D F O R E A C H T Y P E OF R E L IE F IN J U L Y A N D A U G U ST 1933 August 1933 July 1933 T ype of relief Amount $23,149,557 2,163, 712 1,311,343 926, 784 611,881 132, 239 823,938 29,119,454 Percent of total Amount Percent of total 79.5 $18,803, 275 7.4 1, 416, 889 1,198, 672 4.5 709, 367 3.2 423, 447 2.1 104, 440 .5 456, 921 2.8 81.3 6.1 5.2 3. 1 1.8 .5 2.0 23,113, Oil 100.0 100.0 Of the 100,000,000 pounds of cured pork acquired by the Federal Emergency Relief Administration, 25,000,000 pounds were allotted to the various States for the first quarter year, the amounts being based on the respective average number of families receiving relief in each State during the period April, May, and June. Up to September 30, 1933, the amount ordered shipped totaled 6,755,100, and the States to which sent were as follows: Pounds Pounds Arkansas___________________ 492, 500 District of Columbia_______ 60, 000 Louisiana___________________ 510, 000 Michigan___________________ 1, 110, 000 Mississippi__________________ 502, 600 M ontana___________________ 150, 000 Ohio________________________ 1) 560, 000 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Oklahoma__________________ Rhode Island_______________ Tennessee___________________ Texas_______________________ Utah________________________ T otal________________ 690, 120, 420, 960, 180, 000 000 000 000 000 6, 755, 100 1332 M ONTHLY LABOR R E V IE W Creation of Federal Civil Works Administration N NOVEMBER 9, 1933, the President created the Civil Works Administration and appointed Harry L. Hopkins, Federal Emergency Relief Administrator, to act as Administrator of the new agency. The purpose of the Civil Works Administration is to provide immediately “ regular work at regular wages” for able-bodied un employed persons now on work relief. To this end the Administrator will finance local civil works projects. In order to insure speed, local relief administrations will be designated as civil works administrations and will be given authority to pass upon projects submitted for approval, up to a certain amount. Beyond that sum the matter will be referred to the State civil works administration. Under this procedure, only in unusual cases will reference have to be made to Washington for decision. The maximum money limits on projects have not yet been set. Regulations to guide the local and State administrations are to be announced shortly. O Handicrafts to Combat Unemployment in Germany1 AN DICRAFT Week, sponsored by the German Government, was celebrated October 15-22, 1933. In Stuttgart the week was opened with a large parade of civilians, with storm-troop units and numerous floats. The parade was follow ed by a demonstration addressed by officials of the Württemberg State Government, all of whom stressed the importance of the handicraft branch of industry in the campaign against unemploy ment. The speakers commented on the efficiency of the German handicraft worker and the excellence of the work turned out by craftsmen. It was pointed out that the nature of the industry required that the majority of the work be done by hand thus furnish ing employment to the German workmen. In supporting this move ment to develop handicrafts in Germany, appeals for support were made to German purchasers, principally housewives. They were requested, when purchasing, to demand products produced by German handicrafts and to support the building craft as far as possible in regard to new construction and repairs. Propaganda of this type was reported also to have been undertaken in other sections, primarily in the urban districts where there is a concentration of handicraft units. H i Report b y L. Dominian, American Consul General at Stuttgart, Oct. 17,1933 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis NATIONAL RECOVERY ADMINISTRATION Summary of Permanent Codes Adopted Under National Indus trial Recovery Act Up to November 8, 1933 N THE following tabular analysis the principal labor provisions of codes are recorded as adopted under the National Industrial Recovery Act up to November 8, 1933 (with the exception of the code for the cleaning and dyeing industry). In previous issues of the Monthly Labor Review (August to No vember 1933) a text statement covering the labor provisions of each code was printed as it became available. Owing to the space require ments it has been found impracticable to continue presenting such a detailed analysis of each code. The Bureau of Labor Statistics will continue to prepare these analyses, however, and will be glad to furnish copies on request. The object of the various sections on labor included in the following tabulation is not to show exhaustively what the provisions are as to wages, hours, rates of overtime pay, etc., but rather to emphasize the major provisions, i.e., those that affect the great bulk of employ ees. For example, under the hours provision in every instance the maximum hours permitted are shown for the industry as a whole or for factory workers, office workers, or the principal groups in service industries, where the codes provide different schedules of hours. There has been no attempt to enumerate the excepted classes of which one or more are allowed for in practically all codes, such as, under the hours provisions, executives, and persons in managerial positions earning over a stated amount (usually $35), specially skilled workers, maintenance and repair crews, and workers engaged in continuous processes where spoilage of products would result from strict adherence to the hours as established. Similarly the existence of specific classes exempted from the minimum-wage provisions is not indicated here. There is nothing static in the code provisions as originally approved by the President of the United States and as printed here. In some instances there are specific code provisions looking toward modifica tion on the basis of experience and investigation. For trade or service industries there has already been an Executive order 1 in connection with the retail-trade code under date of October 23, 1933, which ex empts from code provisions units in the trade or service industries when located in towns of less than 2,500 population and employing 5 persons or fewer. This order has been interpreted as not including motor-vehicle retailers. It must be remembered, therefore, that to evaluate fully code provisions in any instance the entire code and any modifying orders must be consulted, the general purpose of this summary being merely to give in readily usable form the general standards as laid down by the various industries under the National Industrial Recovery Act. I 1 See M onthly Labor Review, N ovember 1933, p. 1066. 21719°—33— 5 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1333 Minors of specified age excluded from em ploy ment Industry and date effective Minimum wages (excluding apprentices and learners) Maximum hours Provisions for overtime pay Advertising specialty man ufacturing (N ov. 13). Artificial flower and feather (Sept. 25). Asbestos (N ov. 13)............. 30 cents per hour, females; 35 cents per hour, males. $15 per week_________________________________ 40 per week (in peak periods 48 in 1 week, 520 during 13-week consecutive period). 40 per week, 8 per day (of 24 hours)__________ 1% regular rate after 40 hours. Under 16. 32% cents per hour for females, 37% cents per hour for males, South; 35 cents per hour for females, 40 cents per hour for males, North; factory. $14— $15 per week according to pop ulation, office, etc. 37% cents per hour, South; 40 cents per hour, North; 45 cents per hour, Pacific coast, gen eral. $15 per week, office. 35 cents per hour, females other than clerks. 40 per week, 8 per day (in peak periods 48 per week during 6 weeks in 6-month period), factory. 40 per week averaged over 6 months (maximum 48 hours in 1 week), office. 1% regular rate_______ . Under 16, general. Under 18, hazardous occupations. Automatic sprinkler (Oct. 19). 35 cents per hour, females; 40 cents per hour, males, processing.“ $15 per week, others. Bankers (Oct. 16) Range from present rate plus 20 percent (but wage not to exceed $12 per week) to $15 per week, according to population. 30-60% cents per hour, outside common labor; 42%-70%s cents per hour, inside skilled labor, according to locality. Bituminous - c o a 1 mining (Oct. 2). 35 per week (average) general. 42 per week, d o___________________ (average) supervisory staff and preparation workers. 40 per week(maximum 48 in 1 week), for term of code, office. 6 days per week. 40 per week averaged over 6 months (maxi- ____ d o _________ _________ mum 48 hours and 6 days in 1 week), pro cessing. 42 per week averaged over 1 year, preparation and care of plant. 40 per week averaged over 6 months (maximum 48 hours and 6 days in 1 week), office. 40 per week averaged over 13 weeks___ _____ 40 per week, 8 per d a y_________________ _ Boiler manufacturing (Oct. 16). 34 cents per hour, South; 40 cents per hour, elsewhere, manufacturing. $15 per week, others. 40 per week, 8 per day, 5 consecutive days_____ 1% regular rate, shop work. Double time, repair, construction, etc., work. B oot and shoe manufactur ing (Oct. 13). 30-32% cents per hour for females, 35-37% cents per hour for males, according to population. 40 per week (45 permitted during 8 weeks in 6 m onths). 1% regular rate___________ https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis D o. D o. D o. Under 16, general. U n der 17, inside of mine and in hazardous oc cupations outside. Under 16. D o. R E V IE W Automotive parts and equipment manufactur ing (N ov. 18). 40 per week, 8 per day (of 24 hours), 7-day week 1% regular rate, general. Under 16, general. Un(in peak periods 40 per week averaged over 1% regular rate, emerder 18, manufacturing 30 days), general. 56 per week, 7-day week, gency repair work. operations. watchmen. 44 per week, 8 per day, fire men. 40 per week, general. 56 per week, watchmen- N o provision, _________ , Under 16. LABOR Automobile manufacturing (Sept. 5). 43% cents per hour, North; 37% cents per hour, South, construction. 40 cents per hour, manufacturing. $14—$15 per week, accord ing to population, clerical. 40-43 cents per hour, according to population, factory. $14— $15 per week, according to pop ulation, office. Do. M ONTHLY Asphalt shingle and roofing (Nov. 20). 1334 T A B U L A R A N A L Y S IS OF L A B O R PR O V ISIO N S IN C O D E S A D O P T E D U N D E R N A T IO N A L IN D U S T R IA L R E C O V E R Y A C T U P T O N O V E M B E R 8, 1933 Buff and polishing wheel (N ov. 4). 40 cents per hour, general. 32 cents per hour, light work, factory. $15 per week, office. $13 per week, watchmen. Buffing and polishing com position (N ov. 4). Builders’ supplies trade (Oct. 13). ____do_______________________________________ 1n regular rate. 35-50 cents per hour, according to geograhpical areas, decreased b y 5 and 10 cents according to population. 40 per week, general. 44 per week, yard fore men, truck drivers, etc. 48 per week in small towns, where not more than 2 em ployed. Business furniture, storage equipment, and filing supply (N ov. 14). 35 cents per hour, visible filing, and 40 cents per hour, steel office furniture, females; 40 cents per hour, males, factory. $1*1—$15 per week, according to population, office. Canning and packing ma chinery (N ov. 11). 40 cents per hour,1 productive. $14-$15 per week, according to population, office. 40 per week, 8 per day (in peak periods 48 per week, 10 per day, during 6 weeks in 6 months), factory. 40 per week (in peak periods 48 per week during 6 weeks in 6 months), office. 40 per week averaged over 6 months (tolerance of 20 percent in emergencies). No general provision. IH regular rate after 44 hours, yard foremen, etc. i n regular rate after 48 hours, clerical and office and employees in small towns. i n regular rate after 9 hours. 32 cents per hour, South; 40 cents per hour, elsewhere. Coat and suit (Aug. 7)___ $14 per week, nonmanufacturing. Manufac turing: East, $0.60 per hour for skirt basters and finishers to $1.30 per hour for machine pressers. West, males, $0.65 per hour for coat and dress part pressers to $0.85 per hour for coat and dress operators; females, $0.53 per hour for coat and skirt button sewers and finishers’ helpers to $0.75 per hour for coat and dress operators. 40 cents per hour, productive.3 $15 per week, others. 35 cents per hour, females; 40 cents per hour, males.4 Compressed air (Oct. 22) Copper and brass mill products (N ov. 13). Corset and brassiere (Aug. 28). Cotton-textile and rayon weaving (July 17,25). “ Unless rate 1 Unless rate 2 Unless rate 8 Unless rate 4 Unless rate $14 per week, general. 40 per week, 8 per day (maximum 48 per week during 6 weeks in 6-month period). 40 per week, 8 per day, general. 48 per week, watchmen and power-house employees. $25 per wreek, cutters— 40 per week, 5-day week. $12 per week, South; $13 per week, North. 40 per week. Operation limited to 2 shifts___ No provision. Under 16, general. Under 18, power-driven, etc., machinery. i n regular rate after 40 Under 16, general. Under hours. 18, hazardous occupa tions. N o provision_____________ Under 16, general. Under 18, foundry operations. N o overtime allowed. 1H regular rate after 8 hours. i n regular rate—................ N o provision. N o general provision. 1n regular rate, repair-shop crews, etc. was lower on July 15,1929, but in no case less than 87n percent of the minimum rate in the North and 80 percent in the South. for same class of labor was lower on July 15, 1929, but in no case less than 32centsan hour. was lower on July 15, 1929, but in no case less than 30 cents an hour. for same class of labor was lower on July 15, 1929, but in no case less than 35centsan hour. for same class of labor was 1ower on July 15, 1929, but in no case less than 35centsan hour for males and 30 cents for females. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Under 16, general. Under 18, hazardous occupa tions. Under 16, nonmanufacruring. Under 18, manufacturing. Under 16. Under 18, general. Under 16, clerical, messenger, etc. Under 16. A D M IN IS T R A T IO N Cast-iron soil pipe (Sept. ID. 40 per week averaged over 6 months, general. 40 per week averaged over 1 month, office. (Maximum 48 in 1 week.) 27 per week, 8 per day, general. 40 per week, 8 per day, clerks, etc. Operation limited to 1 shift. 35 per week, 5-day week, manufacturing. 40 per week, nonmanufacturing. Operation limited to 1 shift. Do. Under 18. RECOVERY Cap and closure (Oct. 31)_. 40 cents per hour, factory.2 $14—$15 per week, clerical, according to population. do. Under 16, general. U n der 18, hazardous oc cupations. N A T IO N A L 40 per week averaged over 6 months, 8 per day (in emergency 48 during 6 weeks in 6-month period), factory. 40 per week averaged over 2 months (maximum 48 in 1 week), office. ------d o_______________________________________ D o. CO CO C O D E S A D O P T E D U N D E R N A T IO N A L IN D U S T R IA L R E C O V E R Y A C T U P T O N O V E M B E R 8, 1933—Continued Industry and date effective M inim um wages (excluding apprentices and learners) Maximum hours Crown manufacturing (N ov. 12). 35 cents per hour, females; 40 cents per hour, males, factory. $14-$15 per week, according to population, office. 1té regular rate_____ Dress (N ov. 13). $15 per week for cleaners and pinkers, $45 per week for cutters, higher-priced garments, city of N ew York, and lower-priced gar ments, eastern area; $15 per week for cleaners and pinkers, $46 per week for cutters, lowerpriced garments, city of N ew York; 90 per cent of New York rates for eastern metro politan area and for higher-priced garments in eastern area; 85 percent of New York rates for western area. $14 per week, all other employees. 40 cents per hour, factory.5 $15 per week, others. 40 per week, averaged over 6 months (maxi mum 48 hours in 1 week, factory. 40 per week (48 permitted during 6 weeks in 6month period), office. 5-day week insofar as possible. 54 per week, watchmen, etc. 35 per week (extra hours b y special permis sion during 6 weeks in any season), 5-day week, manufacturing. 40 per week (extra hours b y special permission during 6 weeks in any season), others. Operation limited to 1 shift. 40 per week, 8 per day, averaged over 1 year (maximum 48 in 1 week), factory. 40 per week averaged over 1 year, others. 36 per week, processing. 40 per week, others. N o general provision, lté regular rate, repair work, etc. N o provision . ... 40 per week (in peak periods 48, but extra hours not to exceed 32 in 6 months), processing. 48 per week, others. lté regular rate after 32 extra hours, processing. lté regular rate after 48 hours, others. Fishing tackle (Aug. 29)___ 35 cents per hour. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis lté regular rate___________ Under 16. 40 per week averaged over 6 m onths.._ ---------- No provision_____________ Under 16, general. Under 18, factory work. Under 16. Under 16, general. Under 18, hazardous occupations. Under 16. Do. 40 per week, 8 per day, 6-day week, general. 40 per week averaged over 4 months, office. lté regular rate after 8 hours, all except office workers. 35 per week, 8 per day (of 24 hours), averaged over 3 months (maximum 40 in 1 week), factory. 40 per week, 8 per day (of 24 hours), others. 40 per week averaged over 6 months, office. 40 per week, 8 per day, others. No general provision. 1té regular rate, emergency repair, etc. Under 16, general. Under 18, hazardous occupations. No provision Under 16. . R E V IE W 40 cents per hour, processing.1 $15 per week, others. 30 cents per hour for females, 35 cents per hour for males, South;6 35 cents per hour for fe males, 40 cents per hour for males, North, processing. Range from present rate plus 20 percent (but wage not to exceed $12 per week) to $15 per week, according to population, others. Farm equipment (Oct. 23). 30, 35, or 40 cents per hour, according to zone, factory. $12—$15, according to population, office. Fertilizer (N ov. 10) 20 cents per hour, Puerto Rico; 25 cents per hour, southern area; 35 cents per hour, north ern and midwestern areas; 40 cents per hour, Pacific coast. Fire-extinguishing appli 35 cents per hour, general. 40 cents per hour, a n ce m a n u fa c t u r in g factory. (N ov. 4). Under 16, general. Under 18, hazardous occupa tions. LABOR Electrical manufacturing (Aug. 15). Fabricated metal products manufacturing and metal finishing and metal coat ing industry (N ov. 12). Minors of specified age excluded from em ploy ment M ONTHLY Electric storage and wet primary battery (Oct. 16) Provisions for overtime pay 1336 T A B U L A R A N A L Y S IS OF L A B O R P R O V IS IO N S IN 32^> cents per hour, females; 40 cents per hour, males. Funeral supply (N ov. 14).. 30 cents per hour, females; 30 cents per hour, South, and 40 cents per hour, North, males. Gas cock (N ov. 10) 40 cents per hour, general. 33 cents per hour, light work, factory. $15 per week, office. Gasoline-pump manufacturing (Sept. 18). 40 cents per hour, Glass container (Oct. 13)........... .d o .2_________ 40 per week averaged over 6 months (maximum N o provision. 48 in 1 week), general. 42 per week averaged over 6 months (maximum 48 in 1 week), en gineers, etc. 96 in 2 weeks, watchmen. 40 per week averaged over 1 m onth (maximum 48 in 1 week), office, etc. 12 days in 14. 40 per week (tolerance of 5 percent as long as N o general provision. 1Yi 2-week average remains 40), general. 42 per regular hourly rate after week averaged over 2 weeks, watchmen. 46 40 hours, engineers, etc. per week, engineers, etc. Operation limited to 2 shifts. 40 per week, 8 per day, factory. 40 per week, N o general provision. 1x/i clerical. 48 per week, watchmen. regular rate after 8 hours, emergency maintenance and repair work. 40 per week. N o provision_____________ Hair and jute felt (N ov. 13). 35 cents per hour_________ ____ _________ Handkerchief (Oct. 19)____ $12 per week, South; $13 per week, North. Industrial supplies, ma chinery, and distributors trade (N ov. 2). Iron and steel (Aug. 19)___ Range from present rate plus 20 percent (but wage not to exceed $12 per week) to $15 per week, according to population. 25-40 cents per hour, common labor__________ Knitting, braiding, and wire covering machine (Oct. 13). $14 per week, clerical and office employees. cents per hour, others. 40 40 per week, 8 per day (in emergency 48 during any 6 weeks in 6-month period). 40 per week, 8 per day, 5-day week, productive operations. 40 per week averaged over 6 months, office workers. Operation limited to 2 shifts. 40 per week, 8 per day, office and clerical. 48 per week averaged over 12 months (maxi mum 56 in 1 week), others. 40 per week averaged over 6 months, 8 per day, 6-day week (maximum 48 per week during 3 weeks in 6-month period). 40 per week averaged over 6 months, 6-day week (maximum 48 in 1 w eek). 40 per week averaged over 6 months (maximum 48 per week during 8 weeks in 6-month period). https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis l x/i regular rate, mainte nance, shipping, etc. N o provision made_______ 1Vi regular rate after 8 hours. Under 16, general. Un der 18, metal-working machines. Under 16, general. Un der 18, hazardous man ufacturing processes. Under 16. Do. Do. Do. Do. Under 16, general. Un der 18, hazardous occu pations. Under 16. Under 16, general. Un der 18, hazardous man ufacturing processes. 1337 1 Unless rate for same class of labor was lower on July 15, 1929, but in no case less than 32 cents an hour. 2 Unless rate was lower on July 15, 1929, but in no case less than 30 cents an hour. 3 Unless rate for same class of labor was lower on July 15, 1929, but in no case less than 35 cents an hour. 5 Unless rate for same class of labor was lower on July 15, 1929, but in no case less than 90 percent of m in im um 6 Unless rate was lower on July 15, 1929, but in no case less than rates proposed in code filed July 10, 1933. .do. Do. A D M IN IS T R A T IO N Heat exchange (Oct. 2 2 )... 40 cents per hour, productive.8 $15 per week, others. Hosiery (Sept. 4)__________ $12 per week, general, $15.50 per week for hoarders, $16.75-$24.75 per week for leggers, footers, South; $13 per week, general, $17 per week for boarders, $18.50-$27.50 per week for leggers, footers, North. Ice (Oct. 16) 23 cents per hour, South; 32}.^ cents per hour elsewhere. N o general provision. 1Vi regular rate, certain em ployees earning over $35 per week. V/i regular rate___________ No general provision. Regular rate after 40 hours, shipping crews. Regular rate, emergency work, repair-shop crews, etc. regular rate after 8 hours. N o provision______ ______ Do. RECOVERY 40 per week averaged over 6 months (maximum 48 in 1 week), factory. 40 per week averaged over 1 month (maximum 48 in 1 week), office or branch employees. 40 per week__________________________________ 40 per week, 8 per day (of 24 hours), general. 45 per week, repair-shop crews, etc. 40 per week, 8 per day (maximum 48 per week dur ing 16 weeks in any year), shipping crews. Operation limited to 1 shift. Under 16, general. Un der 18, hazardous occu pations. N A T IO N A L Floor and wall clay tile manufacturing (N ov. 13). Industry and date effective OF LABOR P R O V IS IO N S IN M inim um wages (excluding apprentices and learners) Lace manufacturing (Aug. 28). $13 per week. L a d d e r m a n u fa ctu rin g (N ov. 18). 35 cents per hour, general. Leather (Sept. 18)_________ Linoleum and felt base manufacturing (Oct. 2). Liquefied gas (N ov. 8 )____ Luggage and fancy leather goods ( O c t .13). $15 per week, office. 40 per week, 8 per day (of 24 hours) (maximum 48 per week, or 6. days per week, during 8 weeks in 6-month period). 40 cents per hour, labor incident to production. 36 per week averaged over 6 months (in peak periods extra hours not. to exceed 72 in 6 $14 per week, others. months), production employees. 40 per week averaged over 6 months, others. 32J/!j cents per hour, males and females, South; 40 per week averaged over 26 weeks, 8 per day _ 35 cents per hour for females, 40 cents per hour for males, North. 32)^ cents per hour___________________________ 44 per week up to Dec. 1,1933; 40 per week and 8 per day thereafter. 30 cents per hour, ushers. $30 per week, 35 per week, ushers. 40 per week, others--------chorus, moving-picture machine operators, and musicians. $25-50 per week, according to experience and price of admission, legiti mate actors. $12-$40 per week, according to occupation and population, stock actors. 30 cents per hour in South, 37^ cents per hour 40 per week averaged over 6 months, 8 per day__ in North, general. $12-$15 per week, accord ing to population, clerical. 35 cents per hour, females; 40 cents per hour, 40 per week averaged over 26 weeks (maximum 48 in 1 week except for shipping crews). males, general. $14 per week, office. 40 cents per hour_____________________________ 40 per week (in peak periods not over 346 hours in 2 months, maximum 48 hours in 1 week). 40 per week, 8 per day, general. 48 per week, 30 cents per hour for females, 32}^ cents per hour 8 per day, engineers, etc. for males, South; 32)^ cents per hour for females, 35 cents per hour for males, North. Lumber and timber prodducts (Aug. 22, 29). 40 cents per hour ? piece or contract work. 50 cents per hour, others. Machine tool and forging machinery (N ov. 19). 40 cents per hour,3 production. others. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Operation limited to 2 shifts___ 23- $15 per week, 40 per week. 40 per week (in peak periods 48 per week during 6 weeks in 6-month period). N o general provision. regular rate, engineers, electricians, etc. RD regular rate after 8 hours. 1}4 regular rate after 8 hours. regular rate. N o provision____________ Minors of specified age excluded from em ploy ment Under 16. Under 16, general. Un der 18, hazardous occu pations. Under 16. D o. Do. Regular rate where speci fied. Under 16 (except b y spe cial permission). V/i regular rate after hours. Under 16. No provision_____________ ____do____________________ N o general provision. 1H regular rate after 48 hours, engineers, etc. R é regular rate after 40 hours, clerical and office. No general provision. regular rate, for not more than 10 percent of watchmen, etc. Ré regular rate after 8 hours. Do. Under 16, office and sales. Under 18, others. Under 16. Under 18. Under 16, wooden package divi sion. Under 16, general. U n der 18, hazardous occu pations R E V IE W Lime (Oct. 13) 40 per week. Provisions for overtime pay LABOR Leather and woolen knit glove (N ov. 13). Legitimate theatrical (Aug. 26). Maximum hours M ONTHLY Laundry and dry-cleaning machinery manufactur ing (Oct. 14). C O D E S A D O P T E D U N D E R N A T IO N A L IN D U S T R I A L R E C O V E R Y A C T U P T O N O V E M B E R 8, 1933—Continued 1338 T A B U L A R A N A L Y S IS Marking devices (Oct. 30) 32)^ cents per hour. M en’s clothing (Sept. 11)__ 37 cents per hour in South, 40 cents per hour in North, manufacturing. $13 per week in South, $14 per week in North, nonmanu facturing. 75 cents per hour, off-pressers. $1 per hour, cutters. 31J-2 cents per hour in South, 35 cents per hour in North, general. 70 cents per hour, cutters. Nottingham lace curtains (N ov. 13). No general provision. Regular rate, stock clerks, office, etc. regular rate, engineers, repair crews, etc. 40 per week, 8 per day. 1Yt regular rate. 40 per week averaged over 4 weeks, clerical. 48 N o provision. per week averaged over 6 weeks (maximum 54 in 1 week), garage, service, etc. 48 per week averaged over 6 weeks (maximum 54 in 1 week for 9 months and 48 per week with allowance of 6 hours per week for 3 months), bus operators and ticket agents. 56 per week, watchmen. 40 cents per hour, factory. $14 per week, office. 35 per week averaged over 3 months (maximum XVi regular rate, mainte 48 hours and 6 days in 1 week), tolerance of nance, etc. 3 percent, factory. 40 per week, averaged over 3 months (maximum 48 in 1 week), others. $13—$15 per week, according to population____ 44 per week__________ _______________________ N o provision. Range from present wage plus 20 percent (but wage not to exceed $12 per week) to $15 per week, according to population. $13 per week_________________________________ N ovelty curtain draperies, bedspreads, and novelty pillows (N ov. 11). 32)^ cents per hour. Office equipment manufac turing (N ov. 13). 35 cents per hour for females, 40 cents per hour for males, 3 factory. $12—$15 per week, ac cording to population, others. 40 per week averaged over 13 consecutive weeks. 48 per week during 12 weeks in 1 year. 40 per week, factory. 40 per week, 8 per day, 5-day week, weavers. 40 per week aver aged over 6 weeks (maximum 48 in 1 week), office. Operation limited to 2 shifts. 40 per week, 8 per day (of 24 hours), general. 40 per week averaged over 9 weeks (maxi mum 48 in 1 week), office. Operation lim ited to 1 shift. 40 per week averaged over 10 weeks (in peak periods 48 per week during 8 weeks in 6 months), factory. 40 per week (peak pe riods 48 during 6 weeks in 6 months), others. do. Do. Under 16, general. U n der 21, bus drivers. Under 16, general. U n der 18, hazardous occu pations. Under 16. N o provision. 20 to 29 Do. D o. Under 16, general. Un der 18, machine opera tors. cents) from 1y2 to 15.percent. 1339 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Under 16. Do. N o general provision. 1¡4 regular rate after 44 hours,repair-shop crews, etc. 1% regular rate, emergency maintenance or repair. 3 Unless rate for same class of labor was lower on July 15, 1929, but in no case less than 35 cents an hour. 7 Unless rate was lower on July 15, 1929, in which case rate shall be not less than the rate on that date, plus (in case of rates from Under 16, general. U n der 18, hazardous occu pations. A D M IN IS T R A T IO N Motor-vehicle retailing (Oct. 3). M utual savings banks(Oct. 23). 40 per week, factory. 40 per week (maximum 44 per week during 16 weeks in year), office. 44 per week, shipping clerks, repair crews, etc. 40 per week, 8 per day (of 24 hours)__________ Do. Under 16. RECOVERY M otor fire apparatus man ufacturing (N ov. 9). V/i regular rate after 8 hours. N o provision._____ ______ N A T IO N A L M en’s garter, suspender, and belt manufacturing (N ov. 19). Millinery and dress trim 35 cents per hour, New York City; 32)^ cents ming braid and textile ! per hour elsewhere. (N ov. 10). Motion-picture laboratory 50 cents per hour, general. $12—$15 per week, (Sept. 17). according to population, others. M otor bus (N ov 13)_____ $12-$15 per week, according to population____ 40 per week averaged over 13 weeks, 8 per day, general. 42 per week, 8 per day, watchmen. 36 per week, 8 per day, general. 40 per week, averaged over year, repair shop crews, etc. Operation limited to 1 shift. Industry and date effective Oil burner (Sept. 23) Paperboard (N ov. 20) Petroleum (Sept. 2) P e tr o le u m (N ov. 13). e q u ip m e n t Photographic manufactur ing (Aug. 29). https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 36 per week average (32 per week JanuaryJune, maximum 40 in 1-week; 40 per week July-December, maximum 48 in 1 week), manufacturing. 38 per week average (32 per week March-August, maximum 40 in 1 week; 48 per week September-November; 40 per week December-February, maximum 48 in 1 week), installing and servicing. 40 per xveek averaged over 6 months (maximum 48 in 1 week), office, etc. 32H cents per hour for 20 percent of employees, 40 per week (in peak periods 48 per week in 16 consecutive w7eeks, maximum 2,080 per 40 cents per hour for 75 percent of employees. year). 40 cents per hour, productive workers. $14— 40 per wTeek, 8 per day (of 24 hours) (in peak periods 48 during 8 weeks in 6-month period), $15 per week, according to population, productive workers. 40 per week averaged others. over month (maximum 48 in 1 wTeek), office, etc. 56 per week, watchmen. 35 cents per hour for females, 40 cents per hour 40 per week, 8 per day (45 per week and 9 per day, during 6 weeks in 26-week period), for males, factory. $14-$15 per week, ac factory. 40 per week averaged over 20 cording to population, office. 90 percent of above rates in South. w'eeks (48 per week during 6 wreeks in 26week period), office, delivery, etc. 33 cents per hour for females and 38 cents per 56 per week, 8 per day, watchmen. 48 per hour for males in North; 30 cents per hour w7eek, 10 per day (168 hours in 4 weeks), for females and 35 cents per hour for males in chauffeurs, truckmen, etc. 40 per week, 8 Central; 30 cents per hour in South, factory.5 per day, averaged over 13 weeks, tour work $12—$15 per week, according to population, ers. 40 per week averaged over 13 weeks (maximum 48 in 1 week), factory. 40 per others. week averaged over 1 year (maximum 48 in 13 weeks), others. 45-52 cents per hour, according to geographical 80 in 2 weeks (maximum 48 in 1 week), office. 40 per week, 72 in 2 weeks, 16 in 2 days, divisions, drilling, refining, etc. 40-47 cents per hour, according to geographical divi others, drilling, refining, etc. 40 per week, sions, marketing. $12—$15 per week, accord marketing. 48 per week, service stations. ing to population, service stations. 35 cents per hour in South, 40 cents per hour in 40 per week averaged over 3 months (maxi North, hourly workers. $15 per week, mum 48 in 1 w eek), 6 days per week, general. 56 per week, watchmen. others. 45 cents per hour, factory. office, etc. 35 cents per hour. $15 per week, 40 per week averaged over 3 months (in emer gency or peak period 144 hours over maxi mum, per year). Provisions for overtime pay N o provision. No general provision. 1R regular rate, emergency crews, etc., paid hourly. lYi regular rate after 8 hours per day or 40 hours per week, produc tive workers, emergency repair, etc. No general provision. 1Vi regular rate, mainte nance, etc. Minors of specified age excluded from em ploy ment Under 16. D o. Under 16, general. Under 18, hazardous occupa tions. Under 16. XVi regular rate after 8 hours, factory workers. Under 16, general. Un der 18, hazardous occu pations. R E V IE W Paint, varnish, and lacquer manufacturing (N ov. 15). Maximum hours LABOR Packaging machinery in dustry and trade (N ov. 11) . M inimum wages (excluding apprentices and learners) M ONTHLY O p tica l m a n u fa ctu rin g (Oct. 16). P R O V IS IO N S IN C O D E S A D O P T E D U N D E R N A T IO N A L I N D U S T R IA L R E C O V E R Y A C T U P T O N O V E M B E R 8, 1933—Continued 1340 T A B U L A R A N A L Y S IS OF L A B O R N o provision. Under 16. lj.fi regular rate after 8 hours per day or 40 hours per week, hourly workers. N o general provision. 1H regular rate, repair shop crews, etc. Under 16, general. Un der 18, hazardous occu pations. Under 16. Piano (N ov. 13). 40 cents per hour, general. 32 cents per hour, females on light work, factory. $14 per week, others. Plumbago crucible (Oct. 40 cents per hour, general. $15 per week, ac counting, clerical, etc. 30). Printer’s rollers (N ov. 18).. 45 cents per hour, factory. $15 per week, office. 40 per week (maximum 48 during 6 weeks in 6-month period), 8 per day. 40 per week averaged over 4 weeks___________ 1Vi regular rate, factory workers. lYi regular rate after 8 hours. 1Y regular rate after 8 hours per day and 40 hours per week, spe cialists and emergency repair crews, etc. Y/i regular rate after 8 hours. N o p ro v isio n ...____ _____ Under 16, general. Un der 18, hazardous occu pations. D o. D o. Under 16. D o. Under 16 (except 3 hours per day, 6 days per week, or one 8-hour day for persons 14 and 15). N o general provision. 1Yi regular rate, yard fore men, etc. Under 16, general. U n der 18, handling lum ber, etc. $10-$15 per week, according to population, North. $9-$14 per week, according to popu lation, South. 40 per week, 8 per day, 6-day week; or 44 per week, 9 per day, 6-day week; or 48 per week, 10 per day, 6-day week, according to store hours. Under 16 (except 3 hours per day, 6 days per week, or one 8-hour day for persons 14 and 15). Range from present rate plus 20 percent (but wage not to exceed $12 per week) to $15 per week, according to population, office. 40 cents per hour, others. R ock crusher manufactur 40 cents per hour, general. Range from present rate plus 20 percent (but wage not to exceed ing (N ov. 1). $12 per week) to $15 per week, according to population, clerical. 30 cents per hour for females (making pads), Saddlery (Oct. 13). and 32Yi cents per horn for males, in South; 3214 cents per hour for females (making pads), and 35 cents per hour for males, else where. Salt production (Sept. 17).. 25 cents per hour for females, and 30 cents per hour for males, in South; 32 cents per hour for females, and 35 cents per hour for males, in North. 40 per week averaged over 6 months (maximum 44 in 1 week), office. 40 per week average, 8 per day (in peak periods 44 during any 8 weeks in 6 months), others. 40 per week average, 8 per day (in peak periods 44 per week during 8 weeks in 6 months), general. 40 per week averaged over 6 months (maximum 44 in 1 week), clerical. 40 per week averaged over 4-month period, 8 per day (of 24 hours) general. 40 per week averaged over 26 weeks, 8 per day, office. N o general provision. 1J4 regular rate after 6 hours per week over maximum, maintenance, etc. 1Y regular rate___________ Retail lumber, lumber products, building ma terials and building spe cialties (Oct. 13). Retail trade (Oct. 30)_____ Road machinery manu facturing (N ov. 20)______ 35-50 cents per hour, according to geographical area. 3 Unless rate for same class of lat or was lower on July 15, 1929, but in no case less than 35 cents an hour. 5 Unless rate for same class of labor was lower on July 15, 1929, but in no case less than 90 percent of minimum. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Do. lYi regular rate Under 16. N o provision. Under 16, general. Under 21, below ground. 1341 42 per week for processing and 40 per week av eraged over 6 months, for others (maximum 48 in 1 week), 6-day week, North. 48 per week averaged over 6 months (maximum 54 in 1 week), 6-day week, South and California. do. Under 16, general. Under 18, hazardous occupa tions. A D M IN IS T R A T IO N N o general provision. 1 regular rate after 6 hours per week over maximum, maintenance, etc. RECOVERY 40 per week, 8 per day, 6-day week; or 44 per week, 9 per day, 6-day week; or 48 per week, 10 per day, 6-day week; or 56 per week, 10 per day, 13 days in 2 weeks, according to store hours. 40 per week, general. 44 per week, yard fore men, truckmen, etc' 48 per week in small towns where not more than 2 employed. N A T IO N A I Pump manufacturing (Oct. 40 cents per hour, productive workers.3 $15 per week, others. 22). Rayon and synthetic yarn $13 per week___ ____ ________________________ production (Sept. 9). Retail drug trade (Oct. 30) _ $10-$16 per week, according to population, North. $9-$15 per week, according to popu lation, South. 40 per week, 8 per day, general factory. 4S per week, during 6 weeks per year, finishers, factory. 40 per week averaged over 3 months (maximum 48 per week and 8 per day, average 520 hours in 13 weeks), office. 40 per week, general. 48 per week (maximum 48 in 1 week), kiln burners. 40 per week, general (maximum 48 per week during 12 weeks in 6-month period for specialists). 56 per week, 6-day week, watchmen. Minors of specified age excluded from em ploy ment Provisions for overtime pay Shipbuilding and ship re pairing (Aug. 5). 35 cents per hour, South; 45 cents per hour, North. iy> regular rate after 8 hours. Under 16. Shovel, dragline and crane (N ov. 20). 40 cents per hour (35 cents per hour for 10 percent engaged in nonproductive w ork), gener al. $14-15 per week, according to popula tion, office. $12 per week, South; $13 per week, N orth______ N o general provision. \l/i regular rate after. 8 hours per day and 40 hours per week, hourly employees. 1)4 regular rate after 9 hours per day and 44 hours per week, hourly employ ees on maintenance work. regular rate after 40 hours, r e p a i r - s h o p crews, etc. Under 16, office work. Under 18, others. Silk textile (Oct. 16)_______ Soap and glycerine manu facturing (N ov. 13). 35 cents per hour in South, 40 cents per hour in North, general. 30 cents per hour, in South, 32)^ cents per hour in North, light tasks. $14-15, according to population, office and service vehicles. 25-40 cents per hour, b y districts, for common labor, factory. $15 per week, office. 32 per week, 8 per day, U.S. construction. 36 per week averaged over 6 months (maxi mum 40 in 1 week), 8 per day, commercial. 40 per week (maximum 44 per week during 8 weeks in 6-month period), general. 44 per week (maximum 48 per week during 8 weeks in 6-month period), hourly employees in maintenance. 56 per week, watchmen and janitors. 40 per week (maximum 48 per week during 8 weeks in 6-month period, office. 44 per week, 1 employee in each district sales office. 48 per week, 1 employee in each field service station. 40 per week, productive employees. 40 per week or 480 in any 12 weeks (maximum 48 in 1 week), others. Operation limited to 2 shifts. 40 per week averaged over 6 months, factory. 40 per week averaged over 6 months (maxi mum 48 in 1 week), office. 44 per week averaged over 6 months (maximum 48 in 1 week), service vehicles, etc. 40 per week averaged over 8 weeks (maximum 48 in 1 week), 6-day week, factory. 40 per week, office. 8 per day insofar as possible. 40 per week, 8 per day, 5 consecutive days_____ Steel casting (N ov. 13) —. Steel tubular and fire-box boiler (N ov. 6). 34 cents per hour in South, 40 cents per hour in North, labor operations. $15 per week, others. Stock exchange firms (N ov. 13). Range from present rate plus 20 percent (but wage not to exceed $12 per week) to $16 per week, according to population. Terracotta (N ov. 13)_____ 30 cents per hour in South, 35 cents per hour in North, general. $15 per week, watchmen. Textile bag (Oct. 2 )______ $12 per week, South; $13 per week, N orth______ Textile machinery manufacturing (Oct. 16). $14 per week, clerical. others. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 35 cents per hour, No provision_____________ 1H regular rate, emer gency production, re pair, etc. Twice regu lar rate for outside re pair, etc. 40 per week (in emergency 44 per week aver V/i regular rate after aver age of 44 hours per week aged over 4 m onths). in 4 months, or over 48 hours in 1 week. 40 per week____________________ _________ — _ N o general provision. lMs regular rate, clerical, estimators, etc. 40 per week, 8 per day (of 24 hours), (in peak N o general provision. 1H regular rate for repairperiods 48 per week during 8 weeks in 1 year, maximum 48 in 1 week). Operation shop crews, etc. limited to 2 shifts. 40 per week, 8 per day, 6-day week (in peak \Vi regular rate after 8 hours. periods 48 per week during 8 weeks in 6 months). Under 16. D o. Under 16, general. Under 18, hazardous occupa tions. Under 16. D o. Under 16, general. Under 18, hazardous occupa tions. Under 16. Under 16, general. Under 18, hazardous occupa tions. R E V IE W M aximum hours LABOR M inim um wages (excluding apprentices and learners) M ONTHLY Industry and date effective m regular rate______ ____ 1342 T A B U L A E A N A L Y S IS OB L A B O R P R O V IS IO N S IN C O D E S A D O P T E D U N D E R N A T IO N A L IN D U S T R IA L R E C O V E R Y A C T U P T O N O V E M B E R 8, 1933—Continued 40 per week, productive workers. 40 per week (44 per week, emergency), nonproductive. Operation limited to 2 shifts. T oys and playthings (N ov. 13). 30 cents per hour. Transit (Oct. 2)__________ $12-$15 per week, according to population. cents, hourly employees.2 Umbrella manufacturing (Oct. 16). 35-65 cents per hour, N ew York; 32)4-60 cents per hour, elsewhere. Underwear and allied prod ucts manufacturing (Oct. $12 per week, South; $13 per week, North. Wall paper manufacturing (Sept. 18). 32)4 cents per hour, females; males. 40 per week (in peak periods 48, but extra hours not to exceed 96 in 1 year). 42 averaged over 2 weeks, watchmen. 40 per week, office employees. 44 per week, shop employees. 48 per week averaged over 6 months, car-house and garage em ployees, trainmen, bus operators, etc. (Maximum 54 in 1 week.) 40 per week, 8 per day, 5-day week. 16 hours in 2 successive days emergency repair. 84 hours in 2-week period, watchmen. One. shift of employees. 40 per week (10 percent tolerance on emer gency work),factory. 40 per week averaged over 1 month, office. Operation limited to 1 shift for sewing machines and 2 shifts for knitting machines. 40 per week, 8 per day. Operation limited to 2 shifts. Washing and ironing ma chinery manufacturing (N ov. 6). W om en's belts (Oct. 13)__ 40 cents per hour for males, 36 cents per hour for females, factory. $15 per week, office. 40 2). $14 per week, unskilled labor and office workers. $17-$28 per week, according to occupation, others. 32)4 cents per hour, South; 35 cents per hour, North. 40 per week, 8 per day (of 24 hours), 6-day week (10 percent tolerance for repair work, etc.), factory. 40 per week 6-day week, office. 40 per week, 8 per day (of 24 hours)__________ 40 per week. Operation limited to 2 shifts___ N o provision. Under 16. Under 16, general. Under 18, hazardous occupations. Under 16. N o general provision. 1)4 regular rate, emergency repair. D o. N o provision_____________ D o. D o. N o general provision. 1)4 regular rate, repair-shop crews, etc., paid by hour. No provision_____________ N o overtime perm itted___ N o provision. Under 16, general. Under 18, hazardous occupations. Under 16. D o. Agriculture Beet sugar (N ov. 6) 32)4 cents per hour, factory. $14-$15 per week, according to population, office. 40 per week, 8 per day, factory. 40 per week, office. 84 hours in 2 weeks, watchmen. Peak period (not to exceed 135 days in Cali fornia or 120 days in other States), 56 per week, 8 per day, factory; 48 per week, 8 per day, office. N o general provision. l)é regular rate, emergency repair, etc. Under 16, general. Under 18, loading and unloading. A D M IN IS T R A T IO N W ool textile (Aug. 14) 35 cents per hour, N o general provision. 1)4 regular rate, nonproduc tive emergency work after 44 hours. l ) i regular rate___________ RECOVERY 30 cents per hour, South; 32)4 cents per hour, North. N A T IO N A L Throwing (Oct. 16) 2 Unless rate was lower on July 15, 1929, but in no case less than 30 cents an hour. 1343 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis MINIMUM WAGE M inim um Wage Legislation in The United States INIM UM wage legislation took a decided turn during 1933 from a rather doubtful and discouraging past to a brighter and more encouraging future. During the legislative year 1933 seven States enacted laws providing for the payment of a minimum wage to women and minors. (Connecticut, Illinois, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Ohio, and Utah.)1 This makes a total of 16 States having some form of a minimum wage law, as 9 States had such laws at the beginning of the year. (California, Colorado, Massachu setts, Minnesota, North Dakota, Oregon, South Dakota, Washington, and Wisconsin.)2 The States of Nebraska, Texas, and Utah enacted laws on this subject, but the laws were later repealed.3 In Nebraska the only appropriation made in connection with the minimum wage law was the initial appropriation of $500 which was later placed in the sinking fund, as no action was taken under the law. After 6 years of inoper ative existence the law was repealed. As the law was never enforced, its failure and repeal seem to have been the result of lack of proper administration rather than a failure of the law itself. In Texas the law passed in 1919 was repealed in 1921, and at the same time a new bill was passed relating to minimum wages for women and minors; it was, however, vetoed by the Governor and therefore never became a law. In 1929 the Legislature of Utah repealed a law on this subject which had been enacted in 1913. A second law requiring the payment of a minimum wage to women and minors was enacted in Utah during 1933, as noted above. It is therefore apparent that the repeal of these minimum wage laws does not indi cate that the laws in themselves were a failure. The constitutionality of minimum wage legislation has been at tacked in several cases before the United States Supreme Court as well as before State courts. The first case to reach the United States Supreme Court was that of Stettler v. O’Hara (243 U.S. 629)4 which arose under the minimum wage law enacted by the State of Oregon. The State supreme court found no violation of either the Federal or the State Constitution in the enactment and enforcement of the minimum wage law. In declaring the law valid, the Oregon court quoted from a report of the commission on minimum wage boards appointed by the Massachusetts Legislature to investigate conditions as follows: M Women in general are working because of dire necessity and in most cases the combined income of the family is not more than adequate to meet the fam ily’s cost of living. In these cases it is not optional with the women to decline lowpaid employment. Every dollar added to the family income is needed to lighten 1 See complete text of law for New Hampshire, N ew Jersey, N ew York, and Utah in M on th ly Labor Review, June 1933 (pp. 1259-1276); for Connecticut and Ohio, M onthly Labor Review, July 1933 (pp. 5765); and Illinois, M onthly Labor Review, August 1933 (p. 306). 2 See complete text of these laws in U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics Bui. Nos. 370, 403, 470, and 528; and M onthly Labor Review, N ovember 1929 (pp. 29-39). 8Nebraska, ch. 190, Acts of 1919; Texas, ch. 118, Acts of 1921; Utah, ch. 9, Acts of 1929, 4 For State decision see 69 Oreg. 519; 70 Oreg. 261. 1344 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis M IN IM U M W AGE 1345 the burden which the rest are carrying * * *. Wherever the wages of such a woman are less than the cost of living and the reasonable provision for main taining the worker in health, the industry employing her is in receipt of the working energy of a human being at less than its cost, and to that extent is parasitic. The balance must be made up in some way. It is generally paid by the industry employing the father. It is sometimes paid in part by future inefficiency of the worker herself, and by her children, and perhaps in part ulti mately by charity and the State * * *. If an industry is permanently dependent for its existence on underpaid labor, its value to the Commonwealth is questionable. The court also said that “ every argument put forward to sustain the maximum hours law, or upon which it was established, applies equally in favor of the constitutionality of the minimum wage law as also within the police power of the State and as a regulation tending to guard the public morals and the public health * * *. ” This decision was appealed to the United States Supreme Court and in 1917 that court affirmed the decision, the court being equally divided, four justices in favor of the constitutionality, four justices against, and one taking no part in the decision. In 1923 the United States Supreme Court had occasion to render an opinion on the minimum wage law adopted by Congress for the District of Columbia.5 The law was declared unconstitutional be cause the Court found that it violated the guaranties of the Federal Constitution in that it denied the freedom of contract and resulted in deprivation of property without due process of law. This was a 5—3 decision rendered over the vigorous protest of Mr. Chief Justice Taft, and was rather surprising when viewed in the light of prior decisions of the same court. In earlier cases the Supreme Court had declared valid, without finding any violation of the “ freedom of contract” or “ due process,” such “ public health and welfare” laws as those limiting the hours of labor for women and minors. In one of the cases Mr. Justice Brewer had said: “ The fact that both parties are of full age and competent to contract does not necessarily deprive the State of the power to interfere where the parties do not stand upon an equality or where the public health demands that one party to the contract shall be protected against himself. ” (Holden v. Hardy, 169 U.S. 366.) In the case of Muller v. Oregon, 208 U.S. 412, the court said in regard to legislation enacted for the protection of women that such legislation was justified not only for the protection of the woman’s own health but also for the well-being of the race. Upon the authority of Adkins v. Children’s Hospital, supra, a deci sion was rendered in 1925 declaring the Arizona law void (Murphy v. Sardell, 269 U.S. 530); and in 1927 the Arkansas law was also declared unconstitutional. (Donharn v. West-Nelson M jg.C o., 273 U.S. 657.) Several State supreme courts, following the decision of the United States Supreme Court, thereupon declared the State minimum wage laws unconstitutional. The Kansas law was voided in the decision of the State court in the case of Topeka Laundry Co. v. Court oj Indus trial Relations, (119 Kans. 13); the Puerto Rican law was declared unconstitutional by the Puerto Rican Supreme Court in the case ol People v. Successors of Laurnaga cfc Co. (32 P.R. Rep. 766). The Minnesota law has been declared constitutional in several decisions by the State supreme court;6 however, the latest case, that of Steven son v. St. Clair (161 Minn. 444), took into consideration the decision 5 Adkins v. Children’s Hospital, 261 U .S. 525. . TI. _ . . « See: Williams v. Evans, 139 Minn. 32; G. O. Miller Telegraph Co. v. Minimum Wage Commission, 145 M in n . 262; State v. Align, 150 M inn. 123. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1346 M ONTHLY LABOR R E V IE W of the United States Supreme Court in the Adkins case but held that it did not affect the minimum wage law as applied to minors, and therefore that phase of the law is still in force and effect. The supreme courts of other States, on the other hand, have found the minimum wage laws constitutional and a valid exercise of the police power. The North Dakota law was upheld in Northwestern T. E. Co. v. Workmen’s Compensation Bureau (47 N.D. 397); the Washington minimum wage law was declared constitutional in several decisions of the State supreme court.7 The Massachusetts law, although differing from the usual type of minimum wage law, has also been declared constitutional by the State court.8 Of the minimum wage laws passed this year those of Connecticut, Illinois, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, and Ohio are based upon the standard minimum wage bill sponsored by the National Consumers’ League. The standard bill does not attempt to regulate wages generally. Whenever a substantial number of women and minors in any occupation are receiving less than a subsistence wage the law provides that an investigation be made to determine whether the wages are “ fairly and reasonably commensurate with the value of the service or class of service rendered.” The law has defined an unreasonable wage as one that is “ less than the fair and reasonable value of the services rendered and less than sufficient to meet the minimum cost of living necessary for health.” The Utah minimum wage law is similar to the California law. The State industrial commission is empowered to ascertain the wages paid, the hours, and conditions of labor in the various occupations. Upon investigation, if it is determined that the wages paid “ are inadequate to supply the cost of proper living” , the law provides that the commission shall call a “ wage board” into conference. After a public hearing, the commission is empowered to fix a minimum wage, a maximum number of hours, and the standard conditions of labor “ demanded by the health and welfare of the women and minors en gaged in any occupation.” A mandatory order may be subsequently issued setting forth the minimum wage and the maximum hours. As to whether the laws adopted during the present year will suc cessfully pass the constitutional tests, any opinion would be a mere prophecy. However, these laws were drawn by the legislatures in view of the objections raised in the Adkins case and it is evident that the laws were so worded as to overcome the major difficulties. During the recent period of economic depression it has become apparent that unfair wage standards not only undermine the health and well-being of the workers but threaten the stability of industry itself. As a protection, therefore, against unfair methods of competition by ruthless and unscrupulous competitors the States have again turned their attention towards minimum wage laws, for now as never before is realized the close relationship between the payment of a minimum wage and the economic well-being of the race. The experience of the past few years should add much force and weight to the reasoning in the opinion in Stettler v. O’Hara holding that the enactment of such laws is a valid exercise of the police power and that they are not only a valid but a necessary means of protecting the public health, morals, and welfare. 7 See: Larsen v. Rice, 100 Wash. 642; Spokane Hotel Co. v. Younger, 113 Wash. 359; Sparks v. Moritz, 141 Wash. 417. 8 Holcombe v. Creamer, 231 Mass. 99. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis P R I N C I P A L P R O V IS IO N S OF M IN IM U M W A G E L A W S IN E F F E C T IN 1933 State Calif___ D eering’s G en . Laws 1931; Act 3613. Wxmen physically de fective b y age or otherwise m ay be granted special li cense. License must be renewed every 6 months. Appren tices: Special wages set b y commission during s p e c i f i e d period of apprentice ship. O c c u p a t io n s , trades, and ind u s t r i e s in which women and minors are employed. Industrial wel fare commis sion of 5 mem bers (1 a wo man) appoint ed b y Gover nor for 4 years. At discretion of com m ission. Investigation conducted by examining pa pers, books, wit nesses, and b y holding public hearings. W omen physically de fective or crippled b y age or otherwise or less efficient than t h o s e of ordinary a b i l i t y m a y be granted special li cense, stating wage; number so licensed must not exceed one tenth of total em ployed in establish ment. A ny occupation (construed to include “ any and every vocation, trade, pursuit, and indus t r y ” ). Industrial com mission of 3 members (not more than 1 e a c h repre senting em ployees and e m p lo y e r s ), appointed by Governor, with consent of senate, for 6 years. At discretion of commission or at request of not less than 25 per sons engaged in the occupation. Investigation conducted b y ex amining books, papers, and wit nesses, and b y holding public hearings. W omen; m inors (fe m a le s under 21, males u n der 18). W omen; m inors (either sex under 18 years of age). Means provided for securing enforcement of award Commissioner convenes Refusal to com wage board composed ply with law of representatives of a misdemean employers and em or. Employee ployees in trade in m ay recover question, with mem back wages ber of commission as and costs. chairman; after inves tigation the hoard re ports to commission the minimum wage it deems necessary. After public hearing commissioner fix e s minimum wage for the trade. Commission m ay itself .........do.................... investigate and set minimum wage for an occupation, or it m ay establish wage board composed of member of commission and not more than 3 repre sentatives each of em ployers concerned, of female employees, and of public. Representa tives of employers and the employees to be elected b y their respec tive groups; at least 1 member of every group to be a woman. Wage board investi gates and reports to commission a mini mum wage which c o m m i s s i o n m ay accept or reject. Principles b y which amount of award is determined Amount must be adequate to supply nec essary cost of proper liv in g , a n d to maintain h e a l t h and w e l f a r e of workers. Wage must be adequate to supply neces sary cost of living and to maintain health, a n d must be suf ficient living wages for women a n d minors of ordi nary ability. 1347 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis M ethod of arriving at wage awards W AGE C om p. Laws 1921; secs. 4 2624283. B ody empow ered to admin ister law Exceptions M IN IM U M Colo___ M ethod of select ing occupation or industry to be considered by this body Occupations or industries covered Classes covered Citation State Classes covered Citation C o n n ... A c t s o f 1933, ch. 301. W omen; m i nors (e i ther sex, under 21 y e a rs o f age). W omen or minors (in cluding learners or apprentices) w ith earning capacity im paired b y age, phys ical or mental de ficiency, or injury, m ay obtain special license authorizing wage lower than esta b lish ed m in i mum for fixed pe riod. B ody empow ered to admin ister law A ny sweatshop occupation (defined as in dustry, trade, busin ess, or occupation paying unfair and o p p re s s i v e w a g es, but not in c lu d in g d o mestic service in employer’s home or labor on farm). C om m ission er of labor and d i r e c t o r of m inim um wage division which m ay be set up in de partment of labor. Alethod of select ing occupation or industry to be considered by this body A t discretion of commissioner or director, or at request of 50 or more residents of State. M ethod of arriving at wage awards Principles by which amount of award is determined N on compliance with manda t ory order makes e m ployer liable to fine or im prisonment or b o th . E ach week, in any day of which an employee is paid less than rate set b y order, consti tutes separate offense as to each employee so paid. E m p lo y e e m a y recover back wages and costs. W age must be sufficient to meet mini mum cost of living neces sary for health. R E V IE W C o m m issio n e r, after conferring with direc tor, appoints wage board composed of not more than 3 rep resentatives each of employers and of em ployees concerned (to be selected as far as p r a c t i c a b l e f rom nominations b y re spective groups), and of p ub li c. After studying evidence and information in com missioner’s possession, board must, within 60 days of its organi zation, submit report, including recom m ended min i mu m fair-wage standards for women and minors in occupation. The commissioner may ac cept or reject this re port. Means provided for securing enforcement of award LABOR Occupations or industries covered M ONTHLY https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Exceptions 1348 P R IN C IP A L P R O V IS IO N S OF M IN IM U M W A G E L A W S IN E F F E C T IN 1933—Continued Qen. Laws 1932, ch. 151, secs. 1-15. Females; i M a ss.- (under 18 years of age). W om en physically de fective m ay obtain license authorizing wage lower than es tablished minimum. A ny industry, trade, or busi ness, branch t h e r e o f , or class of workt h e r e i n , in which women or minors are gainfully em ployed (notincluding d o mestic service in employer’s home or labor on farm). Department of labor, having director and assistant di rector a p pointed by governor with a d v i ce and consent of sen ate. At discretion of department or at request of 50 or more resi dents of any county. V i o l a t i o n of mandatory order deemed misdem eanor and punished b y fine or imprisonment or both. Each week, in any day of which order is not complied with, constitutes sep a ra te o f fense as to each employee concerned. Wage must be fairly c o m mensurate with value of se rv ice r e n dered, and sufficient to meet m i n i mum cost of living neces sary for health. Publication of names of all employers re fusing to comp ly with awards of board. Wage must be suitable for female of ordi nary ability, be based on needs of em ployee and fi nancial condi tion of indus try, and be adequate to supply neces sary cost of li v i n g and maintain the w o r k e r in health. * A ny occupation. Board of concili A t discretion of ation and ar board. bitration, com posed of 3 asso ciate commis sioners of de partment of la bor and indus tries (1 repre senting labor and 1 repre senting em ployers) , ap pointed by governor for 3 years. Director appoints wage board composed of not more than 2 rep resentatives each of employers and of em ployees in the occupa tion (to be selected as far as practicable from nominations s u b mitted b y respective groups), and of 1 dis interested person rep resenting public. The b o a r d in v e stig a te s wage standards of women or minors in specified occupation, and rec o m m e nd s minimum wage which m ay be accepted or rejected. Board organizes wage board composed of equal number of rep resentatives each of employers and of fe male employees in the occupation (to be selected from names furnished b y respec tive groups), and of 1 or more disinterested persons to represent public (but represent atives of public not to exceed half the num ber of representatives of either of the other parties). After study, wage board recom mends a minimum wage which board m ay accept or reject. W AGE 1349 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis minors do. M IN IM U M Women; mi nors (fe males un d e r 18, males un der 21 y e a rs of age). 21719°—33- Acts o f 1933, P597. State Classes covered Citation M in n ... Gen. Stats. W o m e n ; 1923. sec. minors(fe4210-4232. raales und e r 18 y e a r s of W omen; https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis minors (either sex, u n d e r 21 years of age). A ny occupation (defined as any business, in dustry, trade, or branch of a trade). Women or minors (in cluding learners or apprentices) with earning capacity im paired by age, physi cal or mental defici ency, or injury, may be granted special license authorizing wage lower than es tablished minimum for fixed period. A ny occupation (defined as in dustry, trade, or business, or branch there of, but not in cluding d o mestic service in employer’s home or labor on farm). Labor commis sioner, a p p o i n t e d by Governor with advice and c o n s e n t of council, for 3 years. A t discretion of commissioner or on petition of 50 or more resi dents of State. Investigation c o n d u c t e d by examination of wi t n e s s e s , books, records, a n d other rel evant evidence. M ethod of arriving at wage awards Means provided for securing enforcement of award Commission m ay itself Refusal to com ply' with law investigate and deter mine a minimum wage a misdemean for occupation in ques or. Employee tion, or it m ay estab m ay recover lish advisory board back wages composed of not less and costs. than 3 or more than 10 representatives each of employers and of em ployees in occupation and 1 or more repre sentatives of public (but no more repre sentatives of public than in either one of the other groups). At least one fifth of board must be women and public group must contain at least 1 w om an. After examination of books and witnesses board recommends minimum wage, which commission m ay ac cept or reject. Commissioner appoints Noncompliance wage board composed with manda of not more than 3 rep tory o r d e r resentatives each of m a k e s em employers and em ployer liable ploye s in the occupa to fine or im tion (to be selected as prisonment or both. Each far as practicable from nominations b y re week, in any spective groups) and day of which of public. Board in an employee vestigates and recom is paid less mends minimum wage than rate set which commissioner b y order, con m ay accept or reject. stitutes sepa rate offense as to each em ployee so paid. Principles b y which amount of award is determined Amount must be adequate to supply liv ing wages for women and minors ofo rd nary ability'. Wage must be fairly and rea sonably com mensurate with value of service or class of service ren dered. r e v ie w A ct s of 1933, ch. 87. W omen physically de fective m ay obtain license fixing wage lower than estabblished minimum. Licensees not to ex ceed one tenth of number employed in establishment. M ethod of select ing occupation or industry to be considered b y this body Industrial com At discretion of mission of 3 commission or members, ap at request of 100 p o i n t e d by persons engaged governor with in the occupa advice and con tion. sent of senate, Investigation con for 6 years. ducted by exam ining p a p e r s , books, witnesses, and b y holding public hearings. B ody em pow ered to admin ister law labor N .H ___ Occupations or industries covered Mo n t h l y age, males under 21 years of age). Exceptions 1350 P R I N C I P A L P R O V IS IO N S OP M IN IM U M W A G E L A W S IN E F F E C T IN 1S33— Continued Empl oye e A c t s of 1933, ch. 152. N .Y ___ Acts of 1933, ch. 584. N .Dak_ Supp. to _ ..d o __ Comp. .do. .do. W omen; mi nors (either sex, under 18 years of age). Laws 19 13- 1925, ch. 5, art. lib, secs. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis A ny occupation (defined as in dustry, trade, or business, or branch thereof or class of work t h e r e i n , in which women or minors are gainfully em ployed,but not including do mestic service in employer’s home or labor on farm). A ny occupation ( d e f i n e d as business, in dustry, trade, or branch thereof, b u t not including agricultural or domestic serv ice). W orkm en’s compensation bureau, com posed of 3 commissioners (1 represent ing employers, 1 employees, and 1 public), appointed by governor for 6 years. A t discretion of commissioner or on petition of 50 or more residents of State. At discretion of bureau. Investigation con ducted b y ex amining papers, books, and w it nesses, and b y holding public hearings. .do. Bureau organizes con ference composed of not more than 3 repre sentatives each of em ployers and of em ployees in the occupa tion in question, and of public, and 1 or more commissioners. Conference i n v e s t i gates and recommends minimum wage, which bureau may accept or reject. Refusal to com ply with order of workmen’s compensation bureau is un lawful. E m p l o y e e m ay recover b a c k wages and costs. D o. D o. Wage must be adequate to supply neces sary cost of l i v i n g and maintain wo men workers in h e a l t h . Reasonable wages for m i nor workers. 1351 3 9 6 b 1396bl7. Females p h y s i c a l l y defective b y age or otherwise (or ap prentices or learners in occupation usu ally requiring such) m ay be granted spe cial license author izing wage lower than e s t a b l i s h e d minimum. A n y occupation Commissioner of labor, with di (defined as in rector of mini dustry, trade, mum wage dior business, or v i s i o n and branch there such deputy of, but not in cluding domes directors as commissioner tic service in employer’s deems advis home, labor able. on farm, or employment in a hotel). MINIMUM "WAGE NJ. m ay recover wages and costs. P a y m e n t of wages less than those set b y mandatory or der deemed a misdemeanor and punished b y fine or im prisonment or both. Each week, in any day of which an order is not complied with, constitutes a separate o f fense a s t o each employee so paid. .. .d o __________ 1352 P R IN C IP A L P R O V IS IO N S OF M IN IM U M W A G E L A W S IN E F F E C T IN 1933—Continued M ethod of select ing occupation or industry to be considered by this body B ody em pow ered to admin ister law Women or minors (ineluding learners or apprentices) with earning capacity im paired by age, physi cal or mental defi ciency, or injury, may be granted special license au thorizing wage low er than established minimum for fixed period. A n y occupation (defined as in dustry, trade, or business, or branch there of, or class of work therein, in which wo men or minors are gainfully employed, but not including agricultural or domestic serv ice). Director of industrial relations, with superinten dent of mini m um wage division and such assistant s u p erin ten d ents as may be necessary. At discretion of commissioner or on petition of 50 or m o r e r e s i dents of State. Commissioner appoints wage board composed of not more than 3 representatives each of employers and of employees in the occu pation (to be selected as far as practicable from nominations by respective groups) and of public. Board in vestigates and recommends minimum wage, which commis sioner may accept or reject. Oreg— Code 1930, _._do________ Women physically de fective or crippled secs. 49303-49b y age or otherwise may obtain license 324 ¡Acts fixing wage lower of 1931, ch. 394, than e s t a b l i s h e d secs. 1-3. minimum. A n y occupation ( d e fi n e d as any and every vocation, pursuit, trade, and i n d u s try). Industrial wel fare commis sion of 3 mem bers (1 repre senting em ployers and 1 employees), appointed by governor for 3 years. At discretion of com m ission. Investigation c o n d u cte d b y exa m in in g p a pers, books, and w itnesses, and by holding pub lic hearings. S .D a k .. Comp. Laws 1929 (as amend ed) secs. 10022A10022E. Any f a c t o r y , Industrial com missioner ap workshop, me p o i n t e d by c h a n i c a l or governor for 2 mercantile es tab lish m en t, years. laundry, ho tel, r e s t a u rant, or pack ing house. Commission organizes conference composed of not more than 3 representatives each of employers and of em ployees in the occu pation and of public, and 1 or more com missioners. C o n f e r ence investigates and recommends m i n i m u m wa g e , w h i c h commission may ac cept or reject. Minimum wage fixed b y law. Citation Classes covered Exceptions Ohio__ A c t s of 1933, H. B. 681. Women; min o r s (either s e x , under 18 y e a r s of age). W omen and girls over 14 years of age. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis W omen mentally or physically deficient or disabled m ay ob tain permit author izing wage, lower than e s t a b l i s h e d minimum. Appren tices: I n d u s t r i a l commissioner must Method of arriving at wage awards Means provided for securing enforcement of award Principles b y which amount of award is determined P a y m e n t of w a g e s less than those set b y mandatory order deemed a m i s d emeanor and punished by fine or impriso n m e n t or both. Each week, in any day of which order is not com plied with, consti tutes a sepa rate offense as to each em ployee so paid. Refusal to com ply with law a m isdem eanor a n d punish able b y fine or imprison ment or both. Em ployee may recover backwages and costs. Wage must be fairly and reasonably commensurate with value of s e r v i c e or class of service rendered. Refusal to com ply with law a misdemeanor. Em ployee m ay recover b ac k wages and costs. Wage must be adequate to supply neces sary cost of living and to m aintain health. Wage must be amount which equals a liv ing wage. MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW Occupations or industries covered State Oc c up a t i o ns , trades, and in dustries. Industrial wel ____do.................... fare commit tee, composed of director of labor and in dustries ap pointed b y governor with c o n s e n t of senate a n d holding office at his pleasure, supervisor of industrial in s u r a n c e and supervisor of industrial »re lations ap pointed b y d i r e c t o r of labor and in dustries, and supervisor of women in in dustry a p pointed b y supervisor of industrial rela tions with ap proval of di rector of labor and industries. Commission calls wage Paym ent of less than fixed board composed of minimum equal number of rep wage or re resentatives of em fusal to com ployers and employees ply with pro in trade in question, visions of law with a representative a m isd e of commission as chair meanor. E m man. Board investi ployee m ay re gates and reports to cover b a c k commission, w h i c h wages and fixes minimum wage costs. after public hearing. Wage must be adequate t o supply to wo men and m i nors the cost of proper liv ing, and to maintain the health a n d w e l f a r e of such workers. P a y m e n t of wages l e s s than standard minimum or refusal to com p ly with law a misdemeanor. Employee m ay recover back w a g e s and costs. Am ount must be a reason able wage, not d e t r im e n ta l to health and morals a n d sufficient for decent main t e n a n c e of women. Commission organizes conference composed of equal number of representatives of em ployers and employees in occupation in ques tion and 1 or more re p re se n ta tiv e s of public (but no more re p re s e n ta tiv e s of public than in either on e o f th e o t he r groups), and a mem ber of commission. Conference recom mends m i n i m u m wage, which commis sion m ay accept or reject. 1353 Industrial com mission of 3 members, ap pointed b y governor for 4 years. W AGE https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis A t discretion of commission. Investigation con ducted b y ex amining papers, books, witnesses, and b y holding public hearings. Oc c upat i o ns , trades, a n d industries in which women and minors are employed. M IN IM U M be notified of each apprentice and give permission for his employment. W omen physically U ta h ... A c t s of W o m e n ; defective b y age or minors 1933, ch. otherwise m ay be (either sex 38. granted special li under 21 cense. License must ye a r s of be renewed every 6 age, b u t months. Appren commis tices: Special wages sion n o t set by commission authorized during specified to fix period of apprentice m inimum ship. wages and maximum hours for males be tween 18 and 21). Women physically de W a s h ... R e m i n g W o m e n ; fective or crippled ton's minors b y age or otherwise (either sex R e v . (or apprentices in oc under 18 Stats. cupation usually re y e a r s of 1 9 3 1, requiring such) may age). secs. secure l i c e n s e 7 6 2 3authorizing w a g e 7641. lower than legal minimum. State Citation W is___ Stat.,1931, secs. 104.01-104.125. Women; minors. Adult women unable to earn minimum m ay obtain license fixing lower wage. Employer m ay ob tain license to pay adult females wage lower than estab lished rate, if he es tablishes satisfactor ily that he is unable to pay such wage. Minors unable to earn “ a living wage” may obtain license fixing lower wage. B od y em pow ered to admin ister law E very person in receipt of, or entitled to,any compensation for labor per formed for any employer. Industrial com mission whose members are appointed by G o v e r n o r, w i t h advice and consent of s e n a t e , for 6 years. M ethod of select ing occupation or industry to be considered b y this b yd y At discretion of commission or on verified com plaint filed by any person. M ethod of arriving at wage awar8s Commission organizes advisory wage board, selected to represent fairly employers, em ployees, and public. Living wage deter mined b y commission and advisory board shall be the legal m in imum wage. Means provided for securing enforcem ent award Principles b y which amount of award determined Paym ent of wages in viola tion of any order of com m i s s i o n deemed viola tion of law, unless it can be proved that the order was unreasonable. E very day an order is not complied with is a separate offense. Am ount must be a “ living wage” , i.e., sufficient t o maintain em ployee under c o n d i t i o ns consistent with his wel fare. Wage must not be oppressive (de fined as “ low er than a rea sonable and adequate com pensation for services ren dered” ). R E V IE W https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Occupations or industries covered LABOR Exceptions M ONTHLY Classes C07 ered 1354 P R IN C IP A L P R V O IS IO N S OP M IN IM U M W A G E L A W S IN E F F E C T IN 1933—Continued WOMEN IN INDUSTRY Employment Methods During Change to Dial Telephone NFORMATION regarding methods of handling the employment problems resulting from transition from the manual to the dial telephone system is contained in Bulletin No. 110 of the Women’s Bureau of the United States Department of Labor, prepared by Ethel L. Best,,industrial supervisor of the Bureau. The bulletin presents illustrative data based on a study of two cities, one in which the change involved about one third of the city’s telephones and the other, a smaller city, in which there was a complete cut-over to the dial system. In the latter city, with a population of about 200,000, the number of operators 6 months before the change was 547, and 6 months after the change, 249. In the larger city, where only a part of the system was affected by the cut-over, the operating force in the dial offices was reduced from 424 to 128. On the basis of detailed information furnished by the telephone companies, supplemented by interviews with operators affected by the change, it was ascertained that in these cities the companies exercised much care in reducing the hardships attending the change. In the city where a complete cut-over was made the change occurred in July 1930. After October 1927 vacancies due to normal resig nations or separations were filled by employees engaged on a temporary basis, and as far as possible were former employees or others who were willing to accept temporary appointments. Some vacancies were filled by borrowing employees from other cities. Of the 116 operators who were discharged at the time of the cut-over, all but 4 had been working under temporary appointments, and these 4 were married women not seriously inconvenienced by the loss of jobs. Many of those who were not needed locally were transferred to other cities. The company also secured offers of positions from other employers and succeeded in this way in placing 11 operators in permanent positions in other types of work. In the case of the city where the cut-over affected only a part of the system, substantially the same methods were used by the company. The inference drawn from the study is that the methods used by employers in these telephone exchanges are “ a notable example of the possibilities of long-view planning in cases of technological change.” I Effect of Plant Shut-down on Woman Workers N 1931, as part of a program of consolidation with other corpora tions, 2 silk mills, 1 in Philadelphia and 1 in Bethlehem, Pa., closed permanently, throwing out of employment respectively 235 and 139 I https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1355 1356 M ONTHLY LABOR R E V IE W women. The Pennsylvania bureau of women and children has recently published a study 1 of the experiences of the women thus left without work in a time of widespread unemployment, choosing these 2 instances out of many, partly because the 2 groups included both skilled and unskilled workers, and partly because of the differ ences in the size and industrial make-up of the 2 cities. Exclusive of clerical or managerial workers there were 374 women who lost their jobs because of the closing of these 2 plants. Of these, 324 were found and interviewed, 199 (85 percent) of the Philadelphia women and 125 (90 percent) of the Bethlehem group. In the main, the women were interviewed about 10 months after their dismissal, though in a few instances 12 months or more had elapsed before they were found. The majority were skilled workers, more than one half being weavers or warpers. More than half had been earning $20 or over a week for full-time work prior to the shut-down. Their ages ranged from 15 to 72 years, the median age at the time of dismissal being 26 years. All were steady workers. Practically two fifths (39.6 percent) were or had been married. Of the 323 reporting as to their marital status and residence, 293 (90.7 percent) were living with their families. All of the married women were accustomed to considering their earnings as part of the family income, and three fourths of the single women living with their families turned their entire earnings over to the head of the family. In return, they received from their families room, board, clothing, and an allowance for car fare and spending money, whatever the family was able to afford. Of the single workers who were not turning their entire earnings over to their families, all but one contributed a regular amount for board and room. Employment Status at Time of Investigation A t t h e time of the interviews, approximately 10 months after the closing of the mills, 185 (57 percent) of the women were at work, 122 (38 percent) were unemployed, and 17 (5 percent) were not looking for work. This last group consisted mainly of married women whose husbands were at work at the time, and who “ did not wish to take jobs from others who needed the work more than they.” A consid erably larger number (266) of the women had had jobs of one kind or another in the interval between their dismissal from the silk mills and the interview, but many of these had been of short duration. The commonest method of seeking work was to go from mill to mill, or from one employer to another, asking for work and leaving name and address wherever the management would take it. The aid of friends having jobs and willing to help “ to get you in ” was looked upon as the best chance of securing work. The interval between jobs varied considerably. Fifty-eight, or one fifth of these women, had located a job before they left the silk mill or within a week after, so that they lost practically no time. Most of these jobs were secured through the intercession of the old employer and in a number of cases the worker stepped into a new job a little before she would otherwise have left the mill which was closing. By the end of 1 month after their dismissal only 33 additional workers had obtained any job at all, a “ jo b ” being considered here and elsewhere in this report as work lasting at least 1 week. By the end of 3 months just one half of the total number of dismissed workers had found a first job; by the end of 6 months only two thirds; and by the end of 9 months barely four fifths had secured any job at all. 1 Pennsylvania. Department of Labor and Industry. Special Bulletin No. 36: W omen workers after a plant shut-down, prepared by the Bureau of W omen and Children. [Harrisburg], 1933. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis WOMEN IN IN D U S T R Y 1357 Jobs and Earnings A l m o s t without exception the women had wanted to get back into the silk industry, and had taken other work simply because it was all they could get. About two fifths (127) of the total group had secured work in silk manufacturing, 21 in other kinds of manufacturing, 18 in domestic service, 6 in beauty parlors, and 4 in mercantile employ ment, 9 being scattered in other kinds of industries. The acquiring of a new skill to provide the means of earning a good living out side the silk industry was a perplexing problem. “ I want to learn some new work, but I can’t tell what would be a good line to go into. It seems as if every thing is up and down and there’s no steady line of work.” Although six of the silk workers had taken beauty-culture courses since their dismissals, there was a real question as to whether there was room in this line of work for new workers. * * * The expressed need on the part of many of these women for vocational guidance was not being met. The women were either being guided by the advertising of commercial institutions or were floundering alone. The cost of financing any kind of a training course in addition to the living expenses during training were obstacles which most of the women with their meager savings and resources could not meet even if there had been no question as to what type of work to select. Effect of Change on Earnings T a k i n g the 185 women who, at the time of the interview, were holding jobs, it developed that their median earnings for a full-time week at their old jobs were $19.23, according to the records of their employers, while the corresponding figure the workers reported for their new jobs was $13.86, the median varying according to the industry from $15.69 for those employed in silk mills to $8.50 for those in other industries. This statement, however, gives too favor able a picture of the position at the time of the interview. The full-time weekly earnings figures which have been given to compare the old and new jobs were not the workers’ actual weekly earnings at the new jobs, since one third of the new jobs were part-time work. The median earnings on all the new jobs for the time actually worked were $11.42 a week. The extent to which these women suffered loss of earnings in the period follow ing their dismissals depended not only on the reduction in wage rates but also on the proportion of unemployed time. Taking into consideration both reduction of wage rates and the amount of imemployment, the average earnings of the women for the whole period between the date of dismissal and the date of inter view, approximately 10 months, may be roughly estimated as only 33 percent of the earnings for the corresponding period prior to their dismissal. Difficulties of Adjustment A g e as a handicap in securing a job did not appear so early and so markedly as might have been anticipated. Still, the younger workers had the advantage. The group of workers 20 to 24 years of age had, however, the greatest success in getting new jobs. While 69.5 percent of this group had jobs at the time of interview, only 58.3 percent of the next older age group, 25 to 29, had jobs at the time of interview. The workers over 50 years of age were at a very decided disadvantage. Only 7 out of 17 had jobs at the time of interview. Those over 40 found their age a decided hindrance to getting jobs in the silk industry, the kind of work to which they all wished to get back. This is in part attributable to the speeding up in the industry, “ which was the subject of frequent complaint by workers both young https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1358 M ONTHLY LABOE E E V IE W and old but which was more disastrous to the older workers who were less able to keep the pace.” There was little choice of occupa tion for those who were distinctly elderly. Practically all of the older women with jobs were in domestic service; others trying domestic work found they “ didn't suit.” “ To do housework you need to have learned how and I always worked in the silk m ill.” The period of unemployment had brought hardship to a number. Of the 30 women who were living independently, 6 had found work for at least a part of the time since leaving the silk mills, and had been able to live somehow on what they had earned. Eleven had lived on their savings or other capital resources, while 13 had not had sufficient resources to tide them over their period of unemployment and had had to seek help from friends, or, if that were not available, from public charity. The women living with their families had had nearly the same experiences, except that in their cases the unemploy ment and suffering had been a group matter. In the majority of families, the combined earnings of the silk worker and other wage earners were not sufficient for the family to get along during the whole period since the silk worker’s dismissal, for unemployment was very prevalent among the other wage earners in the families. The rate of unemployment among the individual wage earners in the families exclusive of the silk workers was 37 percent wholly unemployed, and 35 percent part-time emploved. A t the time of the interview 9 percent of the 276 families of the silk workers reporting on employment status had no one at all working. Forty percent, 110 families, had no one working full time. Nearly two thirds of these families had had savings of $50 or more at the time of the silk worker’s dismissal, but nearly half had no sayings when interviewed. In most cases the money had gone for living expenses, but in 27 instances all or part of the savings had been lost in bank failures. Of those reporting on means of support, 106 found earnings and savings insufficient to keep the family and turned to outside help. The most common type of such help was credit. Some of this was credit from landlord or grocer, other was overdue interest on a mortgage or unpaid taxes. Some received loans from friends and many received regular contributions from relatives, friends, or neighbors in food, cloth ing, or money. Fourteen of the families were receiving relief from organized relief agencies. Conclusions I n summing up the situation, the report points out that these women had learned and labored to get their own livings, that they had done so successfully for periods varying with their age, and that their failure to continue to do so was in no sense their own fault. Nevertheless, they had to bear the burden of an idleness entirely beyond their control, and their physical hardships were increased by their sense of something abnormal and wrong in the position. These women, many of them having given long years of service to an industry, were frequently distressed and bewildered by their situation. Their labor no longer wanted, they were left to shift for themselves. There was a sense of injustice that they should be cut off from their means of a livelihood through no fault of their own. The need of some modicum of security such as unemployment insurance was clearly demonstrated, the need for something that could be depended upon to help tide over periods of unemployment and to facilitate the shift to new types of work, the need for something that would be received as a right and not as a charity. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis WOMEN IN 1359 IN D U S T R Y Influence of Depression on Expenditures of Business Women ITS December issue the Woman’s Press, organ of the Young Women’s Christian Association, gives some figures relating to the income and expenditures in 1931 and 1932 of a group of girls who kept accurate accounts of what they earned and what they spent during the autumn months of both years. N I In the fall of 1931 (in September, October, and November, to be exact), 313 girls kept accurate records of their daily spendings, and in the same months of the fall of 1932, 147 of these 313 did exactly the same thing. * * * They were a mixed group; they came from all over the United States of America, they were engaged in all manner of clerical occupations, the bulk of them being stenographers, but secretaries also were included, bookkeepers, file clerks, and girls who called themselves clerical workers. They came from large cities and small cities, big towns and little; they lived at home and they liv^d away from home. In fact, they were a cross section of those nearly 2,000,000 business women reported by the last census. A few teachers, librarians, and doctors’ assistants also took part in the study. Earnings T h e i r weekly earnings ranged from a little under $10 up to over $40. The following table shows the number and proportion in each wage group for each year. C L A S S IF IC A T IO N B Y E A R N IN G S IN 1931 A N D 1932 Girls receiving specified earnings in— Number $5 to $9.99____________________________________________ $10 to $14.99___________________________________________ $15 to $19.99__________________________________________ $20 to $24.99____________________________ ______ -•______ $25 to $29.99__________________________________________ $30 to $34.99__________________________________________ $35 to $39.99__________________________________________ $40 t.n $44 99 _ . . Total __________ ---------------- 1932 1931 W eekly earnings Percent Number Percent 2 17 83 93 56 29 26 7 0.6 5.4 26.5 29.7 17.9 9.3 8.3 2.2 6 13 42 47 22 14 3 4.1 8.8 28.6 32.0 15.0 9.5 2.0 313 100.0 147 100.0 The increased proportion in the lower earnings groups in 1932 is at once apparent. As not all of the 1931 group reported in 1932, it is not possible to say just what this downward movement means in terms of individual earnings. For 128, however, complete details were received, and of these, 65 percent were receiving lower wages in 1932 than in 1931. * * * The largest actual number receiving a reduction was in the $15 to $19.99 group, of whom over 63 percent received 27 percent lower wages. But the most distressing group was perhaps the $10 to $14.99 of which 83 percent had received an average of 62 percent decrease in wages. All the girls in the verv lowest group in 1932 had received cuts amounting to an average of 37 percent. The higher the wage the smaller was the number of persons receiving cuts. The smaller the present rate of wages the greater was the rate of reduction on an earlier wage. The insecurity of the low-wage group is again borne witness to. A separate study of the budgets of 150 business girls in Denver, Colo., showed the same general situation as to the incidence of wage https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1360 M ONTHLY LABOR R E V IE W cuts. Of these, 57 percent had had salary cuts amounting to 16.5 percent on an average, ranging from an average of 4.8 percent in the highest-paid group to 23 percent in the lowest-paid group. Although the present study does not take up the situation in 1933, it is known that wage cuts, many of them drastic, have taken place since the fall of 1932. Disposition of Earnings C omprehensive budgets of expenditures are not given, so that it is not possible to trace fully the changes caused by the reduction in income. Even in 1931 it was evident that in many cases the amount earned was not adequate for healthful support. Careful and exact budgeting in this group of 313, of whom 195 earned less than $25 a week, exposes some of the inadequacies of the income and of the amounts which it is possible to set aside for emergencies, health, recreation, and education. There is practically no margin, and whereas in the case of the $10 to $14.99 group there was an average of $1.76 savings per week with only $5.08 spent on room, board, and lunches, it is obvious that subsidization is taking place somewhere. The girl is not earning enough to keep herself, and either her parents or her friends are making up the inadequacy of the wage she receives from her employer, or she is impairing her strength-and her future health by poor and insufficient food, inattention to teeth and general health. In 1932, either the process of subsidization had been carried farther, or the girls were meeting the situation by cutting down on neces saries. Four girls are cited who in 1931 earned an average of $15.60 a week, but whose wages had been so cut that in 1932 they were earning a weekly average of $9.25. * * * Before, where they had spent $8 on room, board, and lunches, now in 1932 they reduced this to $5; $2.50 had been spent on clothing, and this went down to $1.83. They had managed somehow to have $2.34 in 1931 to carry over in their pocketbooks from pay day to pay day, and this had now fallen to 18 cents a week. The study of the 1932 expenditures brought out three features of importance: (1) In 5 out of the 7 earnings groups the amount spent on education and advancement increased in 1932, and in 2 of these groups the increase was very substantial. It is suggested that this may be because the business girl feels “ more and more insecurity and wants the slight assurance and hope which a second skill may give her.” (2) While the earnings of the girls had decreased in 1932, the proportion of those accepting responsibility for the support of others had increased, and this was true in the case of the girls living independently as well as among those forming part of a family group. (3) It was apparent that in 1932 the girls were trying desperately to build up some protection, however slight, against the future. * * * In spite of cut wages, in spite of increased dependents, altered habits, and changed standards of living, savings in 5 out of the 7 wage groups increased in 1932 and increased considerably. In fact even the $20 to $25 a week group, where there were girls who had had cuts amounting to 12 percent of their wages, managed to save an average of $4.71 a week in 1932 as against $3.14 in 1931. The fall of 1932 was a very serious time for business girls and they held tight onto their money, spending it as wisely as they knew how, apparently going without the things they badly needed to save against a worse time which they saw coming. What happened to those savings, we do not know. W e do know what happened to savings in general. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis CHILD LABOR Child Labor in the United States, 1932 HE downward trend in employment certificates issued to children between 14 and 16, which has manifested itself during the past decade and has been very marked since 1929, continued in 1932 at about the same rate of decrease as during the preceding year.1 This trend is shown in table 1 for 42 representative cities reporting annually during a 6-year period, 1927 to 1932. These figures do not give a complete picture of child labor. In the first place, certificates are not required everywhere for all occupations; they are seldom required for street trades or agriculture, and in many places not for domestic service— yet all these are important occupations for younger children. Furthermore, during the years 1930 to 1932, unemployment reduced children’s work opportunities in manufacturing, mercantile, and com mercial occupations, for which certificates are usually required, but did not affect so much the unregulated employments. Consequently a trend based on figures for employment certificates is more repre sentative of occupations in which unemployment has been pronounced than of all occupations in which children are engaged. Finally, some children obtain jobs for which certificates are required without securing the certificates, and these children are not included in the picture. In spite of these shortcomings, it is believed that statistics for employment certificates indicate tlie main trend of child labor in urban districts. T 1 .— T R E N D IN R A T E OF F IR S T R E G U L A R E M P L O Y M E N T C E R T IF IC A T E S ISSU E D TO C H IL D R E N 14 A N D 15 Y E A R S OF A G E IN C IT IE S H A V IN G 100,000 OR M O R E P O P U L A T IO N R E P O R T IN G E A C H Y E A R 1927 TO 19321 T abte Certificates issued Year 1928 1929 1930 193Ï 1932 ________________________ _________ _________ _ _________ __________ _ ______________ ______ __ ________ ______________ Rate per Percent of 10,000 increase or children decrease in 14 and 15 rate years of age 973 888 925 615 457 334 -9 +4 -3 4 -2 6 -2 7 1 Population according to 1930; census includes: Atlanta, Baltimore, Bridgeport, Buffalo, Chattanooga Chicago, Denver, Detroit, Erie, Fort Wayne, Grand Rapids, Hartford, Indianapolis, Kansas City, Knox ville, Los Angeles, Louisville, Lowell, Lynn, Milwaukee, Minneapolis, Nashville, New Haven, New York, Oakland, Omaha, Peoria, Philadelphia, Pittsburgh, Providence, Rochester (N Y .), St Paul, Salt Lake City, San Francisco, Scranton, Somerville (Mass.), South Bend, Springfield (Mass.), Washington (D .C .), Wichita, Wilmington (D el.), and Yonkers. The wide differences in the rates of child employment in 1932, as brought out in table 2, emphasize, as in past years, the fact that the trend reflects social control as well as the demand or lack of demand i M onthly Labor Review, December 1932, pp. 1322-1330: “ Trend of Child Labor in the United States, 1920 to 1931.” https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1362 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW for child labor. The cities that showed comparatively high rates in 1931 (Bridgeport, Buffalo, Fall River, Lowell, New Haven, New York City, Providence, Scranton, and Utica) had high rates for 1932 also, although with the exception of Utica they all showed decreases in 1932. T able 2 — R Ai*® OF F IR S T R E G U L A R E M P L O Y M E N T C E R T IF IC A T E S ISSU ED TO C H IL D R E N 1 4 A A I ) 15 Y E A R S OF A G E IN C IT IE S H A V IN G 100,000 OR M O R E P O P U L A T IO N , 1927,TO Itii'/v ’ — b c ______ ___ _______________,...................................................... ..................... Rate per 10,000 children 14 and 15 years of age 1927 Albany, N .Y ______ __ _ ___ _ Atlanta, Ga ______ _____ _ _ ______ Baltimore, M d _ __ _____ Birmingham, A la____ ________ ________ Boston, Mass___ _ _ __ _ _ __ Bridgeport, Conn _ _ _ _ Buffalo, N .Y ___________________________ Cambridge, M ass, _ _ ___ __ __ _ Camden, N.J _ Chattanooga, Tenn___ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ___ Chicago, 111_______ _____ _ _ _ _ _ __ Denver, Colo _ ______ ___ _ Detroit, M ich __________ _ __________ ___ Elizabeth, N J _ _ __ _ _ ___ Erie, Pa _ _ _ Fall River, Mass _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ Fort W ayne, Ind _ ___ Gary, Ind ___ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _____ Grand Rapids, M i c h _____ _____ _ __ Hartford, Conn_ _ _ __ _ Indianapolis, Ind __ _ _ ________ _ Kansas City, Kans------ ------- --- _ ___ Kansas City, M o ________ _ _ __ Knoxville, T e n n .._ _ _ _ Long Beach, Calif___ _ _ ___ Los Angeles, Calif Louisville, K y _ _ _ __ _ Lowell, Mass ___ ____ ___ Lynn, Mass ________ _ _ _ __ _ __ Memphis, Tenn _ _ __ _ ____ Milwaukee, Wis_ ___ _ __ _ Minneapolis, M in n ___ _ ___ ____ _ _ Nashville, Tenn _ _ _ __ _ ___ _ Newark, N.J _____ _ _____ _ N ew Bedford, Mass__ __________ New Haven, Conn__ _ _ _ __ _ New York, N .Y _______________________ Oakland, Calif _ Omaha, Nebr ___ _ _ ___ _ Paterson, N.J ___ __ ___ __. ___ ___ Peoria, 11L___ _ _ Philadelphia, Pa ___ ------------------------------Pittsburgh, Pa___ _ _ _ _ _ ___ Portland, Oreg _ ___ _ ___ Providence, R . l ---- ------------------- _ _____ Reading, Pa -------- ------------------------------Richm ond, Va _ _ __ ........................... Rochester, N .Y ___ _ St. Louis, M o _ _ _ _ ___ ____ St. Paul, M inn _ _ _ _ _ __ _ Salt Lake City, Utah ---------------------------San Diego, Calif _ __ _ ____ San Francisco, C alif.__ ___ ____ _ _ _ Scranton, Pa___ _ _ ___ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Seattle, Wash__ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Somerville, Mass__ __ __ ____ _ __ _ South Bend, Ind _ _ _ ___ _ Springfield, Mass _ ____ ______ Syracuse, N. Y__ _ _ _ _ _ _ _______ Tulsa, O k la ___ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ Utica, N .Y ______________________________ Washington, D .C ____ __ _____ ____ _ _ Wichita, Kans___________ _ ... W ilmington, Del _ _ ___ Worcester, M a ss.. _ _ _ ____ Yonkers, N .Y _ _ _ __ _ _____ _ 0 62 1,426 230 0 1, 111 1,365 0 0 227 400 260 3 160 0 622 0 117 13 s 326 1, 220 231 180 174 494 0 315 585 638 809 0 956 91 540 0 0 1,643 1,688 102 179 0 232 1,584 602 0 3 1,830 0 0 1,467 863 173 195 0 112 1,185 0 857 247 828 599 0 0 150 63 841 0 1,074 1928 0 53 1,171 147 948 1,181 1,238 1,298 0 166 320 287 3 221 0 304 0 138 22 3 284 855 179 196 167 261 62 248 439 840 821 597 685 80 96 0 0 1,581 1,587 82 103 0 219 1,524 417 0 3 1,961 0 0 1,407 745 154 247 0 94 1.161 0 801 212 818 0 0 0 201 77 829 0 909 1929 1930 990 22 1,390 0 1, 120 1,657 1, 395 ■0 0 259 313 254 3 215 0 318 2,589 228 0 3.338 1,029 201 297 0 505 30 286 530 1,277 969 341 447 64 76 0 0 1,429 1,627 85 109 0 240 1,613 594 294 3 2,198 0 303 1,268 0 128 178 38 100 1,245 0 897 166 853 772 0 1,898 221. 22 921 0 847 773 17 881 116 714 747 1,081 0 0 126 100 222 3 126 0 221 1,695 88 0 3 111 551 98 157 117 221 28 171 247 918 460 203 182 64 29 0 0 860 1,211 58 125 0 78 977 323 141 3 1,466 0 196 864 0 74 120 72 72 849 0 495 89 489 363 0 1, 101 242 9 584 0 735 1931 1932 452 593 15 563 36 527 831 859 0 0 309 20 274 676 0 565 52 21 25 3 28 833 77 1,062 5 95 43 88 3 43 0 102 2, 054 22 0 3 54 345 75 65 57 182 24 101 161 1,000 438 101 111 40 18 594 0 879 969 29 134 0 19 629 196 0 3 1,245 0 115 503 212 50 54 52 41 801 0 351 43 267 324 0 921 151 3 425 0 443 0 3 23 326 60 19 31 128 19 78 105 612 337 71 62 19 24 480 842 635 766 13 136 717 6 362 111 222 3 797 556 44 313 93 11 37 47 20 558 82 139 32 271 205 78 1,002 126 6 331 171 298 1 Population according to 1930 census. 2 No report. 2 Rate of 15-year-old children to population 14 and 15 years of age; law does not permit the issuance of regular certificates to children under 15. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1363 CHILD LABOR First Regular Employment Certificates Issued in 1932 N um ber of Children 14 and 15 Years of Age I n t h e States and cities reporting to the Children’s Bureau,2 50,233 children 14 and 15 years of age obtained first regular employment certificates in 1932 and left school for work (table 3). addition, certificates were issued to 603 children in places 3 where was not possible to determine whether the children were leaving school, because there is no provision for a special kind of certificate for work during vacation and after school. In comparable areas, the number of certificates issued in 1932 was 62 percent less than in 1929, and 26 percent less than in 1931, showing that it was becoming increasingly difficult for children to find employment. Although this was the general trend, a number of cities still showed large numbers of children going to work, and in a very few there was a slight increase. The increases, however, in the 6 cities reporting a larger number of certi ficates issued in 1932 than in 1931, totaled only 108, and were due largely to the greater number of children going to work in domestic and personal service occupations. On the other hand, in 9 cities no certificates had been issued during the year, and in 43 fewer than 25 children had left school for work.4 T able 3.—N U M B E R OP C H IL D R E N 14 A N D 15 Y E A R S OF A G E R E C E IV IN G F IR S T R E G U L A R E M P L O Y M E N T C E R T IF IC A T E S IN 1929, 1931, A N D 1932, A N D P E R C E N T OF C H A N G E IN 1932 AS C O M P A R E D W IT H 1929 A N D 1931 IN S T A T E S A N D C IT IE S OF 50,000 P O P U L A T IO N A N D O V E R 4 R E P O R T IN G Number of certificates issued Percent of change in 1932 as compared with—• State and city 1929 2 States reporting Alabam a___________ Birmingham____ M obile_________ M ontgom ery___ Arkansas___________ Little R ock....... . Connecticut________ Bridgeport_____ Hartford________ N ew Britain____ N ew H aven____ W aterbury_____ District of Columbia. Georgia................ ....... Atlanta_________ Indiana____________ Fort W ayne____ H am m ond______ Indianapolis____ South B end____ Iow a_______________ Cedar Rapids___ Davenport______ Des M oines_____ Sioux C ity______ Kansas_____________ Kansas C ity____ Topeka_________ W ichita________ K en tu cky__________ Covington______ Louisville_______ 6, 537 915 560 253 884 374 279 20 822 78 41 209 61 4 862 4 30 4 157 4 184 4 112 170 124 21 7 798 47 482 1931 263 33 28 33 99 30 3, 479 469 195 161 551 162 194 496 14 273 8 20 80 17 4 204 43 4 49 4 40 4 29 45 28 2 1 259 13 149 1932 142 19 25 10 46 31 3,500 382 187 170 398 216 162 281 7 216 2 9 65 13 4 82 0 4 14 4 11 4 20 13 8 1 2 164 9 97 1929 3 19313 -4 6 -5 4 -4 6 -5 8 -6 7 -3 3 -5 5 -4 2 -4 2 + 1 -1 9 -4 +6 -2 8 +33 -1 6 -4 3 -7 4 -9 7 -2 1 -6 9 -7 9 -9 0 -1 9 -6 0 -9 1 -9 4 -8 2 -9 2 -9 4 -7 9 -3 7 -8 0 -3 5 See footn o tes a t end o f table. 2 18 States and the District of Columbia; 72 cities in 17 other States. 3 2 States; 1 city in 1 other State. 4 Ohio cities are omitted, because in Ohio certificates for children of 14 and 15 are issued only to the sub standard group. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1364 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW T able 3 .—N U M B E R OF C H IL D R E N 14 A N D 15 Y E A R S OF A G E R E C E IV IN G F IR S T R E G U L A R E M P L O Y M E N T C E R T IF IC A T E S IN 1929, 1931, A N D 1932, A N D P E R C E N T OF C H A N G E IN 1932 AS C O M P A R E D W IT H 1929 A N D 1931 IN S T A T E S A N D C IT IE S OF 50,000 P O P U L A T IO N A N D O V E R R E P O R T IN G —Continued Percent of change in 1932 as compared with— Number of certificates issued State and city 1929 1932 1931 1929 1931 State reporting—Continued 265 1,526 97 8 172 238 36 77 1,656 851 312 38 65 74 9 34 458 223 5 32 52 6 884 « 812 4, 320 709 486 83 173 224 118 41 18 346 24 48 143 121 41 0 29 10 7 353 81 5,201 62 100 265 22 366 129 42 4 396 781 345 4 276 134 26,865 171 144 1,445 80 41 17,896 14 380 148 144 64 364 157 1,038 241 210 295 21 47 53 12 19 253 127 11 857 69 56 10 334 25 25 2 4 8 271 11 12 s 170 « 29 6 3,815 6 3, 553 St Paul* T roy - ___ _______ - ___ _____ ___ _____ _____ - 2,847 1,183 s 49 53 6 1, 638 6 1, 466 6,856 1,359 940 441 467 333 417 366 153 299 427 120 139 253 118 93 112 7 1,120 7 411 4 17,385 61 45 7 526 7 242 4 11,005 4 1,371 4 2, 264 4 564 959 4 824 4 376 54,897 361 268 2, 783 33, 691 222 247 1,768 72 67 22, 244 25 606 216 225 134 333 228 2,135 311 35, 934 63 1,476 470 514 200 671 413 6, 410 -8 1 -7 7 -7 7 -7 5 -5 9 -4 6 -4 5 -3 7 -4 8 -4 8 -6 1 -5 2 -6 5 -5 9 -3 9 -2 3 -8 4 -6 7 -6 0 +3 -8 4 -6 5 -6 9 -9 1 -6 8 -5 2 -7 1 -3 0 -1 9 -6 7 -2 7 -5 1 -5 3 -4 6 -4 8 -2 0 -2 3 -4 2 -1 8 +11 -3 9 -2 0 -5 0 -7 8 -7 4 -6 9 -7 2 -6 8 -4 6 -6 2 -8 4 -2 1 -8 1 -7 8 -3 3 -3 7 -3 1 -3 6 -5 2 +9 -3 1 -5 1 -2 3 -5 -7 8 -2 8 -2 8 -7 5 -8 5 -8 5 -4 5 -4 3 Cities in States not reporting California: Sacramento____ - - - - ---------- ----- See footn o te s a t end o f table. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis -6 8 -8 4 -7 9 -1 9 1365 CHILD LABOR T able 3 .—N U M B E R OF C H IL D R E N 14 A N D 15 Y E A R S OF A G E R E C E IV IN G F IR S T R E G U L A R E M P L O Y M E N T C E R T IF IC A T E S IN 1929, 1931, A N D 1932, A N D P E R C E N T OF C H A N G E IN 1932 AS C O M P A R E D W IT H 1929 A N D 1931 IN S T A T E S A N D C IT IE S OF 50,000 P O P U L A T IO N A N D O V E R R E P O R T IN G —Continued Percent of change in 1932 as compared with— Num ber of certificates issued State and city 1929 Cities in States not reporting—Continued California—Continued. San Diego______ ____ _______________ San Francisco_______________________ San Jose_____________________________ Colorado: Denver______________________________ Delaware: W ilm in g to n ........... .......... ................. Illinois: Chicago..................................................... C icero............................................ ........ . Decatur................. ........ .......................... East St. Louis_______________________ Oak Park___________________________ Peoria_______________________________ R ockford______________________ ____ _ Springfield________________ ________ _ Louisiana: New Orleans_________________________ Shreveport___________________________ Michigan: Dearborn------------------------------------------Detroit________________ _____ ________ Flint________________________________ Grand Rapids_______________________ Hamtramck_________________________ Highland Park......................................... Jackson______________________________ Kalamazoo__________________________ Pontiac______________________________ Saginaw_____________________________ Missouri: Kansas C ity_________________________ St. Joseph___________________________ St. Louis____________________________ Springfield------- ---------------------------------Nebraska: Lincoln.-------------------------------------------O m a h a ..-------------------------------------------Ohio: A kron-------- ------------- -------------------------Canton------ ------- -------------------------------Cincinnati----------------------------------------Cleveland____________________________ Cleveland Heights-----------------------------Columbus___________________________ D ayton----------------------------------------------Hamilton____________________________ Lakewood____________________________ Springfield___________________________ T oledo_______________________________ Youngstown------ ------- ------------------------Oklahoma: Oklahoma C ity______________________ Tulsa______________________________ Pennsylvania: Allentown___________________________ Altoona______________________________ Bethlehem__ ______________________ t.. Chester----------------------------------------------Erie----- ------- --------------------------------------Harrisburg___________________________ M cKeesport_________________________ Philadelphia_________________________ Pittsburgh---------------- -----------------------Reading_____________________________ Scranton_____________________________ Y o rk ___________ ____ ___________ R hode Island: Pawtucket-----------------------------------------Providence---------------------------------- ------See footn o tes a t end o f table. 2 1 7 1 9 ° — 3 3 --------7 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1932 1931 14 145 21 62 1929 1931 20 31 0 -7 9 -5 0 211 75 22 -9 0 -1 2 320 149 116 -6 4 -7 2 3,486 504 -9 3 -5 0 88 14 28 2 254 1 8 40 0 6 4 9 1 5 » 1,100 «490 ° 249 0 5 1,033 5 225 5 193 5 56 0 s 32 5 14 5 4 0 «4 i 12 5 23 52 6 155 0 5 14 « 16 0 0 «3 « 11 «6 63 39 511 36 35 19 225 37 2 1 96 98 15 72 50 134 s 24 - — Yg 4 338 ÏU 30 3 74 94 io 3 10 4 103 0 10 2 0 10 7 0 10 5 0 10 7 1023 0 10 1 10 4 0 —91 -5 9 2 -9 8 -9 6 -8 5 -3 1 -9 3 -7 1 +30 +2 10 1 0 10 1 0 0 10 1 10 9 0 0 10 5 10 6 10 2 0 33 1 343 12 138 109 46 30 10,455 1,429 4,160 484 757 495 « 1,943 » 1 ,123 43 31 35 15 46 2,411 277 223 346 84 6 125 « 723 -7 5 -8 6 -7 7 -8 1 -4 2 -4 3 -5 4 -3 0 -6 3 -3 6 1366 T MONTHLY LABOR R E V IE W 3 . — N U M B E R OF C H IL D R E N 1 4 A N D 1 5 Y E A R S OF A G E R E C E IV IN G F IR S T R E G U L A R E M P L O Y M E N T C E R T IF IC A T E S IN 1 9 2 9 , 1 9 3 1 , A N D 1 9 3 2 , A N D P E R C E N T OF C H A N G E IN 1 9 3 2 AS C O M P A R E D W IT H 1 9 2 9 A N D 1 9 3 1 IN S T A T E S A N D C IT IE S O F 5 0 ,0 0 0 P O P U L A T IO N A N D O V E R R E P O R T IN G —Continued a b l e Percent of change in 1952 as compared with N um ber of certificates issued State and city Cities and States not reporting—Continued Utah: Virginia: 1928 92 29 20 -7 8 174 67 26 56 -8 5 Washington: W est Virginia: 1932 1931 1929 1931 -6 1 91 35 60 57 7 25 14 -5 8 -7 5 1 Population according to 1930 census. 2 Figures not shown for cities not reporting in 1929, nor for cities having less than 50,000 estimated popu lation that year. 3 Percent not shown where number of children was less than 50 m 1929 or 1931 nor where figures were not available or not comparable. , , , . * Includes children to whom regular certificates were issued for work outside school hours and during vacation. < , . ,, 5 Practically all these were 15-year-old children; minimum age for certification under the law is 15 years but certificates were issued to a few 14-year-old children under special circumstances. e Excludes 213 children in 1929, 108 children in 1931, and 129 children in 1932, to whom “ vocational” certificates were issued. 7 Includes children to whom regular certificates were issued for “ after-school work. 8 M ay include a few children to whom certificates were reissued. 9 Includes children to whom regular certificates were issued for work during vacation. w Children under 16 adjudged incapable of profiting substantially b y further instruction. The drop between 1929 and 1932 was much more pronounced in some localities than in others. In the States of Kansas, Maine, Minnesota, North Carolina, Tennessee, and Wisconsin and in cer tain cities in other States— Chicago, Decatur, Denver, Detroit, Fort Wayne, Grand Rapids, Harrisburg, Louisville, Oakland, Peoria, Pittsburgh, Richmond, Rockford, Somerville (Mass.), and Springfield (111.)— the drop in the number of 14- and 15-vear old children was between 80 and 100 percent. In Lynn, Providence, Springfield (Mass.), and Wilmington, it was about 65 percent; in East St. Louis, Fall River, Huntington, and Lawrence, about 60 percent; and in the States of Connecticut and New York, and in Lowell, Portland (Oreg.), Scranton, and the District of Columbia, about 50 percent or less. A few other cities had similar decreases, but the number of certificates issued in 1929 was too small to be significant. Fourteen is the minimum age required by law for general employ ment in States reporting the number of certificates issued to children to go to work full time. Maine, Michigan, and Rhode Island fix a 15-year minimum and in Ohio a child of normal intelligence must be 16 years of age before obtaining' a regular certificate.5 From the localities having a 14-year age minimum there was a report as to age for 46,599 children receiving first regular certificates. Of these, 12,632 (27 percent) were 14 years of age when they started full-time employment. Because of conditions prevailing for the past several years, it might have been expected that 1932 would show a decided decrease in the proportion of these younger children leaving school for work. However, in the places reporting for all 8 In 1933 Utah and Wisconsin passed laws raising the minimum age for employment during school hours to 16. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1367 CHILD LABOR 3 years, the 14-year-old children constituted almost as large a percent in 1932 (24) as in 1931 (26) or even in 1929 (28). The proportion of children 14 years of age receiving employment certificates during the years for which the Children’s Bureau has information has been smallest in States requiring completion of the eighth grade before children of this age are allowed to go to work. In States having this requirement, only 21 percent of the children obtaining certificates in 1932 were 14 years of age, whereas in States where exemptions to the eighth grade are allowed, 26 percent of the children were 14 years of age, and in the States with a lower educational standard, 43 percent of the children were 14 years of age. However, even in the States with the same legal standard, the percentages vary, indicating that the demand for child labor, and other factors also, play a part in determining the age at which boys and girls go to work. N um ber of M inors 16 and 17 Years of Age The issuance of certificates for boys and girls 16 years of age and over is not a regular practice in most States. Only 17 States and the District of Columbia require certificates for children after they have become 16, and few of these States report the number of such certificates issued. In 4 States and the District of Columbia, and 52 cities in 9 other States, reports received show that 44,850 minors 16 and 17 years of age received work permits in 1932. 0 F M IN O R S 16 A N D 17 Y E A R S OF A G E R E C E IV IN G F IR S T R E G U L A R E M P L O Y M E N T C E R T IF IC A T E S IN 1929, 1931, A N D 1932 A N D P F R C F N T OF C H A N G E IN 1932 AS C O M P A R E D W IT H 1929 A N D 1931 IN S T A T E S A N D C IT IE S OF 50,000 P O P U L A T IO N A N D O V E R 1 R E P O R T IN G UillEb Number of certificates issued State and city Percent of change in 1932 as compared with— 1929 a States reporting Alabama____________ Birmingham____ M obile__________ M ontgom ery____ District of Columbia. New Y o rk __________ A lbany__________ Binghamton_____ Buffalo__________ M ount V ern on ... New Rochelle___ N ew Y ork_______ Niagara Falls___ Rochester___ ___ Schenectady_____ Syracuse________ T ro y ____________ Utica____________ Yonkers_________ Oregon______________ Portland________ W iscon sin___________ Milwaukee______ See fo o t n o t e s at end o f table. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1,848 4 29, 602 4 309 4 269 4 1, 877 4 821 4 36 4 56 4 31 1,763 4 19, 764 4 217 4 176 4 1,236 4 121 4 18,841 4 217 4 1, 220 4 429 4 361 4 174 4 277 4 292 1,307 4 5, 740 4 2,672 4 87 413, 515 4 104 4 799 4 162 4 130 4 104 4 123 4 240 770 41, 620 4 778 4 663 4 14 4 23 4 13 1, 175 4 17,893 4 187 4 117 4 1,155 4 85 4 70 4 12, 765 4 47 4 573 4 125 4 148 4 47 4 173 4 235 315 224 4 692 4 337 -1 9 -5 9 -3 3 -9 -1 4 -3 4 -7 -3 0 -2 0 -6 -5 5 -2 8 -2 3 +14 -5 5 +41 -2 -5 9 -8 7 -5 7 -5 7 1368 T MONTHLY LABOR R E V IE W 4 . —N U M B E R OF M IN O R S 1 6 A N D 1 7 Y E A R S OF A G E D E C E IV IN G F IR S T R E G U L A R E M P L O Y M E N T C E R T IF IC A T E S IN 1 9 2 9 , 1 9 3 1 , A N D 1 9 3 2 A N D P E R C E N T OF C H A N G E IN 1 9 3 2 AS C O M P A R E D W IT H 1 9 2 9 A N D 1 9 3 1 IN S T A T E S A N D CITIE S OF 50,000 P O P U L A T IO N A N D O V E R R E P O R T I N G —Continued a b l e Percent of change in 1932 as compared with— Number of certificates issued 1931 1929 1932 1931 1929 Cities in States not reporting California: Louisiana: Massachusetts: 5,311 1,528 318 320 2,037 2,454 925 168 374 1,218 5 364 5 244 5,173 630 2,904 613 1,618 1,318 344 -.y ,, 975 650 Michigan: 3, 296 985 578 361 228 675 Ohio: 371 333 129 44 73 108 112 1,036 643 3,114 8,748 1,648 7, 043 1,200 807 598 455 431 1,889 1,026 213 715 751 Oklahoma: Washington: -5 7 -6 3 -5 5 + 19 -5 7 -7 -3 9 —15 +2 —29 s 208 0 -4 3 -1 5 2,212 481 93 843 1,253 254 206 158 357 64 400 1,014 -5 7 -2 4 -2 4 —22 75 2,074 153 176 238 74 41 33 116 37 425 174 1,183 3, 631 13 536 306 41 65 143 549 582 -4 8 -5 -2 6 -5 9 -3 8 -8 2 -5 9 -8 0 -5 3 -2 9 -4 3 -8 6 -9 5 -5 5 +7 -6 7 -5 9 -3 4 -6 2 -5 8 -2 8 -4 8 -5 5 -6 2 -1 0 -3 3 -6 7 -7 1 -4 3 -3 3 -2 3 -2 3 -3 7 3 65 Tennessee: Utah: 182 299 64 2,275 565 143 382 869 171 488 35 48 144 28 76 101 279 156 -3 0 -6 8 -4 4 525 1 Population according to 1930 census. , . , , , 2 Figures not shown for cities not reporting in 1929, nor for cities having less than 50,000 estimated populas Percent not shown where number of minors was less than 50 in 1929 or 1931 nor where figures were not available or not comparable. ^ , 4 Includes only 16-year-old minors; law does not require certificates for minors of 17 years of age. 3 Number of girls to whom regular certificates were issued; law does not require certificates for boys of these ages. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis C H IL D 1369 LABOR In a comparable group of States and cities reporting for 1929, 1931, and 1932, the number of certificates issued to minors of this age group decreased 23 percent in 1932 from 1931, and 53 percent from 1929. This decrease is smaller than that shown in the certificates issued to 14- and 15-year-old children. The decrease in 1932 from 1931 in the number of certificates issued to 16- and 17-year-old minors in the 4 States reporting varied from 9 percent in New York to 59 percent in Oregon; in the cities in other States the decrease ranged from 5 percent in Lowell, Mass., to 67 percent in Saginaw, Micli. As was to be expected, few cities (only 4) reported an increase in the number of certificates issued to minors 16 and 17 years of age. Education of Children Going to W ork Fourteen- andJijteen-year-old children.— Of the 37,967 children report ing grade completed in 1932, 64 percent had completed the eighth or a higher grade. In a number of States this grade standard is required by law before children 14 and 15 years of age can obtain a certificate for regular, full-time work. In a few States it is required only for 14-year-old children, and mothers neither 14- nor 15-year-old children are required to come up to this standard. Ninety-four percent of the children receiving certificates in the States in which completion of the eighth grade is required for 14- and 15-year-old children, had com plied at least with this requirement, as compared with 47 percent of the children receiving certificates in the States having a lower grade standard for children of this group. In the latter group of States 30 percent had not gone beyond the sixth grade, and only 14 percent had had one year of high school, whereas in the former group only 2 per cent had failed to complete a grade higher than the sixth and 35 per cent had had some high-scliool education. In the States and cities that reported grade completed by boys and girls separately 68 percent of the girls as compared with 60 percent of the boys had completed the eighth or a higher grade before obtaining their work certificates. As probably very few of these young persons go back to school after they have once left for full-time work, it is encouraging that each year since 1927 the percentage of children completing at least the eighth grade in a comparable group of States and cities has steadily increased (59 percent in 1927, 61 in 1928, 63 in 1929 and 1930, 65 in 1931, and 67 in 1932). This trend is no doubt due in part to the raising of legal standards and, at least in recent years, to lack of work opportunities, but it also reflects a tendency to keep children in school longer and in this way to prepare them better for their future work and for citizenship. The record year by year for all States hnd cities reporting is shown in table 5. T 5 . — P E R C E N T OF C H IL D R E N 1 4 A N D 1 5 Y E A R S OF A G E R E C E IV IN G F IR S T R E G U L A R E M P L O Y M E N T C E R T IF IC A T E S W H O H A D C O M P L E T E D E IG H T H OR H IG H E R G R A D E C L A S S IF IE D A C C O R D IN G TO M IN IM U M L E G A L SCH O O L S T A N D A R D , 1 9 2 7 1 9 3 2 (IN S T A T E S A N D C IT IE S OF 50,000 OR M O R E P O P U L A T IO N ’ R E P O R T IN G ) a b l e State and city and minimum legal school standard 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 Eighth grade for children 14 and 15 District of Columbia . ____________ ___ _ _________ Illinois: Chicago___ ____ _________ - _ -------------------------2 cities (Peoria, Springfield)..- _ ______________ 3 cities (East St. Louis, Decatur, R ockford)______ See fo o tn o te s a t end o f table. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 97 94 95 98 99 94 2 66 2 63 (*) 2 70 2 71 2 84 2 78 2 65 100 100 100 100 (3) (3) 100 (3) 1370 T MONTHLY LABOR R E V IE W 5 . — P E R C E N T OP C H IL D R E N 1 4 A N D 15 Y E A R S OP A G E R E C E IV IN G F IR S T R E G U L A R E M P L O Y M E N T C E R T IF IC A T E S W H O H A D C O M P L E T E D E IG H T H OR H IG H E R G R A D E C L A S S IF IE D A C C O R D IN G TO M IN IM U M L E G A L S CH O O L S T A N D A R D , 19271932 (IN ST A T E S A N D C IT IE S OF 50,000 OR M O R E P O P U L A T IO N R E P O R T IN G )—Contd. a b l e State and city and minimum legal school standard 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 Eighth grade for children H and IB— Continued ___ _ . . . -------------- . . . Indiana. . Kansas.. ----- . . . — ------ ... ---------Minnesota_______ __ ------- _ -- . ------------- -. -------- ---------- --Oregon _ Portland ------Eighth grade with exemptions for children Hand 15 Delaware: W ilm ington____ _ _ . ------M a in e5. . ------- ---------------Rhode Island: Providence 5- - - ___________________ ------Utah: Salt Lake C i t y . - . ------___ - - - - - - - - Vermont Wisconsin _______ -------------M ilw a u k ee___________ _ ----------- __ _ _ --_ Eighth grade with or without exemptions for H-year-old children only California: San Francisco - . . --------------2 cities (Sacramento, Oakland) N ew Jersey: 9 cities (Atlantic City, Bayonne, Camden, East Orange, Elizabeth, Hoboken, Irvington, Paterson. Union C ity )________ ________________ _____ New York: New York City ------ ----------------------- ---------Buffalo------- ---------------------------------------- ----3 cities (Niagara Falls, Rochester, Yonkers). . . ... Syracuse_____ - - - - - - 5 cities (Albany, Binghamton, Schenectady, Troy, U tica)------------------- ------------- -- ------------2 cities (M ount Vernon, New Rochelle) . . -Washington: Seattle___ - - - - - - - Less than eighth grade for children I f and 15 Alabama________ ____ - - - ---------------------------------2 cities (Birmingham, M o b ile ).. . . -------------- _ Colorado: D e n v e r ____ _ -._ -------Connecticut. _ . . . _ 5 cities (Bridgeport, Hartford, N ew Britain, New Haven, W a te r b u r y ).-______________ ________ K en tu ck y... . _ ---------------- -------------------------------2 cities (Covington, Louisville)___ _______________ M aryland: Baltimore-- ______ ______________________ Massachusetts: 2 cities (Lowell, Somerville) _____________________ Boston_______ . ------- ---------- ------- ------------------2 cities (Fall River, L y n n )_______________________ Lawrence. . . . ... ---------- ------- . . . . __ Springfield.. _____ __________ . . ______ 4 cities (Holyoke, Medford, New Bedford, Newton) Michigan: D etroit5__ _____ __________________________ ___ 2 cities (Hamtramck, Kalamazoo)5_________ _____ Grand Rapids 5___ - -----------------------------------------Missouri: Kansas C i t y ------ ------------------------------ --------N ew Hampshire: Manchester North Carolina--------------- ---------------------------- _ _ --_ Pennsylvania: Philadelphia_______________________ _______ Pittsburgh--------- ------- -------------- _______________ 3 cities (Erie, Harrisburg, Scranton)____ _ 7 cities (Allentown, Altoona, Bethlehem, Chester, McKeesport, Reading, Y ork ). ____ . . . Tennessee: Chattanooga_______________ _____ _ ________ 2 cities (Knoxville, Nashville)___________________ M em phis_________ - - - - - - _____ ____________ Virginia: R ichm ond__________________________ __________ R oanoke____________________________________ ____ West Virginia: 2 cities (Huntington, Wheeling) _________________ 100 92 100 (4) (4) 100 88 100 100 (4) 100 96 100 (4) 100 100 91 99 (4) 100 100 (3) 99 (4) (4) 77 5 70 (4) (4) (3) 82 83 67 100 44 (4) 34 85 87 68 100 46 (4) 26 100 100 59 98 44 76 (3) 91 92 70 (3) 53 (3) (3) 88 90 99 87 83 84 66 7 73 75 89 77 (3) (4) (4) 67 62 62 57 (4) (4) (4) (4) (4) 69 60 61 (4) 72 61 59 58 56 (4) (4) (4) (4) (4) 27 33 58 57 32 37 47 57 60 36 39 35 100 (3) (3) 80 79 81 (3) (3) (3) 60 100 100 (3) (3) 59 (4) 70 59 65 44 73 62 63 50 74 65 73 58 50 67 53 66 76 49 61 (4) (4) 41 56 32 43 56 52 22 36 51 50 60 (4) (4) 35 61 37 36 32 57 32 39 34 52 37 40 ' 35 55 40 50 34 44 (4) (4) 47 (4) (4) 42 58 (4) (4) (4) (4) 43 56 35 (4) (4) (4) 44 61 37 (4) 58 (4) 41 61 37 59 60 « 37 62 46 65 66 39 58 (4) (4) 75 (4) (4) 53 58 (4) 79 (4) (4) 60 77 64 (4) (4) 15 80 (3) 60 80 (4) 13 63 (3) (3) 86 (4) 17 31 40 36 34 43 35 37 43 40 38 43 35 39 45 43 (4) (4) (4) W 21 (4) (4) 25 20 (4) (4) (4) (4) (4) (4) (4) (4) (4) (4) (4) (4) 17 68 (3) (3) (3) 100 18 43 47 43 56 (3) 16 43 26 (4) 39 55 (4) 28 25 42 27 35 (3) (3) 27 (3) (3) (4) 43 (4) 25 38 14 (3) 1 Population according to 1930 census. 2 No eighth-grade requirement prior to July 1, 1929. 2 Percent not shown because number of children was less than 50. 4 N o report. 5 Practically allT5-year-old children; minimum age for certification under the law is 15 years, but certifi cates were issued to a few 14-year-old children under special circumstances. 6 N o eighth-grade requirement prior to 1928. 7 Sacramento only; no report for Oakland in 1929. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1371 CHILD LABOR Sixteen- and seventeen-year-old minors.— The 1932 reports show that in the 16- and 17-year-old group, as would be expected, the percentage (77) that had completed the eighth or a higher grade was larger than in the 14- and 15-year-old group. Sex of Children Going to W ork In the group of States and cities reporting for the 6-year period, the proportion of employment certificates issued to boys 14 and 15 in 1927 was 57 percent of the total number issued to this age group as com pared with 50 percent in 1931. This decrease continued in 1932, when the proportion of girls exceeded the proportion of boys (table 6). In all probability this is due largely to the serious unemployment in manufacturing and mechanical industries and the tendency to dis place older workers in domestic service by young girls. T 6 .—P E R C E N T A G E OF B O YS A N D G IR L S 14 A N D 15 Y E A R S OF A G E R E C E IV IN G F IR S T R E G U L A R E M P L O Y M E N T C E R T IF IC A T E S IN S T A T E S A N D C IT IE S OF 50,000 P O P U L A T IO N A N D O V E R > R E P O R T IN G E A C H Y E A R , 1927 T O 1932 a b l e Percent of em ploy ment certificates issued to— Year 1927 ______________________________ 1928 ______________________________ 1929 ____________________________________ 1930 . ______________________________ 1931_____________________________________ 1932_____________________________________ Boys Girls 57 56 56 55 50 48 43 44 44 45 50 52 Population according to 1930 census. In the 16- and 17-year-old group of minors reported in 1932, 52 percent were girls. Over the 6-year period, 1927 to 1932, the same tendency to shift from boys to girls is apparent as in the younger group. Occupations Entered by Children on First Going to W ork Occupations of 14- and lo-year-old children.— The 1932 figures show the continued trend of employment of children 14 and 15 years of age away from manufacturing and mechanical occupations and toward the more or less unregulated occupations, including domestic and personal service (table 7). The probability is that this trend is even greater than indicated, because in a large number of States no certifi cates are required for agriculture, street trades, and work in private households. T 7 .— PERCENTAG E OF 14- A N D 15-Y E A R -O LD C H IL D R E N R E C E IV IN G F IR S T R E G U L A R E M P L O Y M E N T -C E R T IF IC A T E S B Y O C C U P A T IO N A L G R O U P S IN S T A T E S A N D C IT IE S OF 50,000 P O P U L A T IO N A N D O V E R >R E P O R T IN G E A C H Y E A R , 1927 TO 1932 a b le Percent of children receiving employment certificates in— Year 1927___________________________ ____ _____ 1928______________________________________ 1929______________________________________ 1930______________________________________ 1931______________________________________ 1932______ _______________________________ i Population according to 1930 census. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Manu facturing Mercan Domestic and me and tile oc cupa personal chanical occupa tions service tions 39 35 38 30 30 26 21 17 17 19 17 15 14 18 14 23 29 34 Messen ger and delivery service Other occupa tions 16 17 17 17 14 13 11 12 14 11 11 12 All oc cupa tions 100 100 100 100 100 100 1372 M ONTHLY LABOR R E V IE W In a comparable group of States and cities the number of children entering manufacturing and mechanical occupations decreased 82 percent from 1929 to 1932 and the number entering office and messen ger occupations decreased 91 percent and 80 percent, respectively; on the other hand, there was only a 36 percent decrease in the number entering personal and domestic service. However, the decrease in gainful employment in domestic and personal service was probably considerably greater than this figure indicates because a large propor tion of the children certificated for this type of work, during the last year, stayed at home to help their parents. In 1932, in those locali ties which reported home permits separately from those issued for employment in homes other than their own, 51 percent of all the certificates issued for domestic and personal service were reported to be for work at home. In localities reporting for the 2 years 1931 and 1932, the difference between the types of work entered by 16- and 17-year-old minors was slight. However, over a period of 6 years the proportion of boys and girls entering manufacturing occupations decreased from 48 percent in 1927 to 18 percent in 1932; during the same period the proportion entering domestic and personal service increased from 16 to 40 percent. Thus the shift from manufacturing industries to domestic and personal service is even more apparent among these older boys and girls than among the 14- and 15-year-old children. Evidence of Age It is a basic principle of child-labor administration that the best possible evidence of age should be required to obtain a certificate, since the certificate is proof that the employer has complied with the age provision of the child-labor law. A birth certificate has always been recognized as the best possible evidence of age, and a baptismal record has been held second. Of the 55,223 certificates 6 issued on which the evidence of age was reported, 88 percent were issued on these two types of evidence. School records, however, were accepted in many instances. In 2 States and in 15 cities in 9 other States prac tically all the certificates were issued on this type of evidence. School records are reliable only when it is the practice to require a child enter ing school to produce a birth certificate. Only a very few certificates were issued in 1932 on the evidence of the parent’s affidavit, which is not considered reliable, as parents frequently misstate a child’s age in order to obtain his employment. The temptation to do this may be especially great during a time of scarcity of jobs. Value of Employment-Certificate Reports E a c h year since 1921 the number of States and cities reporting to the Children’s Bureau facts about the employment certificates issued has steadily increased. In 1920, reports were received from only 33 cities in 18 States and from the District of Columbia, whereas in 1932 reports either for the entire State or for certain cities in the State were received from 36 States and the District of Columbia. The States now cooperating with the Children’s Bureau employed in 1930 according to the United States census approximately two thirds 6 Evidence of age was reported for 14- and 15-year-old children and in 2 States for 16-year-old minors. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis CHILD LABOR. 1373 of the total number of boys and girls 14 and 15 years of age in the country at work in occupations for which certificates are required. With the increasing number of cities and States reporting and a uniform reporting system, the analysis of this material becomes more and more valuable in showing the trend of child labor in the United States between census years. Even if complete, however, these reports could not be taken as a complete survey of child employment each year. It has already been pointed out that they omit large groups of children who enter occu pations for which, in many States, no certificates are required, the principal ones being agriculture and street trades and in many States domestic service. Moreover, the reports received by the Children’s Bureau of work certificates issued are for legal employment only, and furnish no evidence as to the number of children illegally employed. Effect of N .R .A . Codes on Employment of Children T h e influence of the 16-year-age minimum in the codes set up by joint agreement under the N.R.A. will undoubtedly be brought out in the employment-certificate figures for 1933, even though the pro hibition will have been in effect for only a few months during the year. These prohibitions also bring to the fore the necessity of some administrative machinery to enable employers to be certain that they are complying with the minimum-age standard. Requiring minors of 16 and 17 to obtain permits to work, as is now done in about a third of the States, is obviously the next step. In many of the States where legislation does not yet require employment certificates up to 18 years, the machinery now existing for the issuance of age certificates on request of employers could be utilized for this purpose. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis OLD-AGE PENSIONS AND BENEFIT PLANS Adoption of Old-Age Pensions in Ohio A F T E R about a decade of endeavor to secure an old-age pension ± jL system to provide for the indigent old people of Ohio, a refer endum measure was submitted to the voters of that State in the November 7, 1933, election. The returns indicate that the measure passed by a vote of more than 2 to 1. Under the system, pensions will be paid to persons aged 65 years or over. No method of financing has been devised so far. Benefit Payments by Standard National and International Unions, 1932 HE benefit services of national and international trade unions for 1932 are shown in the accompanying table. The figures are taken from the report of the executive council of the American Federation of Labor to the 1933 convention of that organization and are given to the nearest dollar. T T able 1.— B E N E F IT S E R V IC E S OP S T A N D A R D N A T IO N A L A N D IN T E R N A T IO N A L T R A D E U N IO N S, 1932 Benefits paid for— Organization Unem Old-age ployment pensions Disabil Miscel laneous ity Sickness Death 0) 0) 0) $5,450 0) 0 0 0 0 0 0) Bakery and confectionery workers. $111,812 195, 670 $29, 427 100, 680 $1, 659 0) 0 1,300 5,000 50,000 10,925 Boiler makers and iron-ship Brewery, flour, cereal, and softBricklayers, masons, and plasterers. Bridge and structural-iron workers. 2 2, 508 4 1,800 48, 648 (!) . . . See footn o tes a t end of table. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 6,122 3 9,550 369,138 49j 950 G) 376,099 5 16, 761 i 3, 709 1374 < 54,996 8,103 0) Clerks, retail . . 3 282,828 s 54, 806 28, 050 0 123, 000 584, 285 8,400 78, 300 46, 000 5 227, 342 4, 850 4 $10 4 $30 9,150 4,170 0) 0) 618,125 142,160 0) 0 870,090 0 0) 13, 65C 44, 700 i 8,128 1, 717 Total $1, 659 0 5, 450 0 142, 538 296, 350 55,000 10,926 550 5 5, 349 285,885 116,990 85, 848 15,050 33,444 9, 550 1, 363, 362 192,110 0 0 0 0 136, 650 1,499,075 17,834 s 1, 306 80,017 62, 761 241,880 4 10,830 4,850 O L D -A G E T able 1.— B E N E F IT P E N S IO N S AND B E N E F IT 1375 PLANS S E R V IC E S OF S T A N D A R D N A T IO N A L A N D IN T E R N A T IO N A L T R A D E U N IO N S, 1932—Continued Benefits paid for— Organization Sickness Death Unem Old-age ployment pensions Cloth hat, cap, and millinery work $6, 780 $1, 290 ers______________________________ Conductors, sleeping car--------------$15, C oopers__________________________ 3, « 2, Diam ond workers------------------------s 4,467 Draftsmen------------------------------------(■) (0 (0 341, Electrical workers------------------------4 400,000 Elevator constructors-------------------3, 388, 9,000,000 Engineers, locom otive------------------Engineers, operating--------------------69, Engravers, m etal-------------------------0) (>) 0) 52, 205 1,945,457 135, Engravers, photo-------------------------4 20, Fire fighters---------------------------------Firemen and enginemen, locomo1,123, 171,190 fiv e -------------------------------------------15, Firemen and oilers-----------------------Foundry employees---------------------4, 389 Fur workers______________________ 3, Garment workers (united)----------24, 24,100 17, ÖÖÖ Garment workers, ladies’ -------------3, 35, Glass-bottle blowers----------- ---------4, Glass cutters, w indow ------------------Glass workers, flint----------------------12, 1,000 Glove workers----------------------- ------Government workers (federation o f)---------------------------------------------(0 0) 0) 58, Granite cutters----------------------------36, Hatters___________________________ H od carriers, building and com 4 4, 226 4 942] mon laborers___________________ 6 8, Horseshoers---------------------------------(0. 0) ' 0) 5 34, Hotel and restaurant employees. _. 2 36,810 25, Iron, steel, and tin workers----------Jewelry workers__________________ (6) (6) (6) 17, Lathers, wood, wire, and m etal— Laundry workers-------------------------(6) (6) 3, 000 Leather workers---------------------------346, Letter carriers------------------------------- 317,186 Letter carriers, rural---------------------0) (>) (>) 33, 231, 579 9,048 Lithographers____________________ Longshoremen--------- .-------------------0) 0) (>) 182,100 242, 432 30, Machinists_______________________ 231, Maintenance-of-way employees----4 4 63, 746 9, 000 Marble, slate and stone polishers.. 4 370 41, Masters, mates, pilots------------------Meat cutters and butcher work 20, 377 13, 337 37, m en____________________________ 56, M etal workers, sheet--------------------496 6,333 Mine, mill, and smelter workers. _. 2, 1, 000, M ine workers (united)-----------------312, 239,922 138,172 M olders__________________________ 4 162, Musicians________________________ Oil-field, gas-well, and refinery 3,000 workers________________________ Painters, decorators, and paper242, 110, 656 hangers— Paper makers____________________ 5, 22,367 4,015 3 8, Patternmakers___________________ Pavers, rammermen, etc__________ (>) (') 0) 7,100 4, Paving cutters------------------------------ . . . . . . . . Piano and organ workers_________ 0) (') 51, Plasterers-------------------------------------750,000 ¡63,805 140, Plumbers and steam fitters_______ 9, Polishers, m etal---------------------------20, Potters, operative------------------------- '""¡,"967 Powder and high-explosive work ers______________________________ (>) 0) («) Printers, plate and dye stam ping._ 11, s 3,102,141 1,152, Printing pressmen-------------- . _____ Pulp, sulphite, and paper-mill 600 workers________________________ 1,744 Quarry workers----------------------------3, Railroad trainmen------------------------- 518,191 2, 917, 167,096 1,130, Railway conductors______________ Railway employees, street and 4 76, 205 « 909, 7121. electric_________________________ ............. See footn o tes a t end o f table. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Disabil Miscel laneous ity $6,000 $15, 265 8,275 (>) (>) 320 (■) $104, 404 971, 835 (') 105, 087 (>) 4, 771 Total $23, 335 29,275 3.000 7,037 (>) 445,896 400,0C0 190, 273 13,657,052 63 69,373 (*) (>) 181,410 2, 319, 060 20, 000 602, 275 1,073,067 4,160 8 ,100 34, 520 3,004,188 824 15, 849 700 25,912 38, Oil 24, 600 52, 250 35, 500 4, 500 67, 700 80, 600 1.000 (‘ ) 8,935 (•) 4,293 0) 2,151 4 760 (0 4 777 (0 4 6, 033 0) 30, 907 100, 000 (6) 0) 73, 945 36, 634 21, 385 0) 102, 630 125, 718 (9) («) (6) (8) (6) 0) 10,498 0) 0) (*) (0 6, 500 0) 38, 000 4 95 511, 952 499, 032 231, 697 85, 435 1,620 4,165 70, 864 61,015 9, 787 4 42 (6) 17, 253 (6) 3, 934 663, 378 (0 284, 925 0) 1, 000, 000 19, 375 4 23,095 710, 348 185,095 5,100 41, 200 3, 250 0) 0) 0) (>) 4,000 (0 (>) 0) 1, 556 (') 394, 384 8, 279 34, 382 0) 13, 031 (0 55, 525 29, 692 1,083, 609 9, 650 57, 712 83,464 (0 0) 11,000 4, 254, 537 1,450 805, 536 2,176,269 298,391 168,800 23.600 3,063 3, 663 6, 818 66,476 6, 484, 337 6, 960 1,602,847 1,178,317 1376 T MONTHLY LABOR R E V IE W 1 .— a b l e B E N E F IT S E R V IC E S OF S T A N D A R D N A T IO N A L A N D IN T E R N A T IO N A L T R A D E U N IO N S, 1932—Continued Benefits paid for— Organization Sickness Unem Old-age ployment pensions Death $109,970 $93, 291 Roofers", damp and waterproofing ----------- --Siderographers . . Stage employees and moving-picStereotypers and electrotypers____ Teachers___ . ---------- - - - - . . Teamsters,.charfffeurs, and stable- $6,000 1,161 («) 4 10, 152 5, 032 (•) . __ 2, 744 4 96, 014 4 3, 200 323 T o t a l , _____ _ (>) 98,178 s 104,454 4 $680, 072 22, 700 6,000 155, 350 1,675 6, Oil (') (0 $1,850 (>) (>) $10,352 $213, 613 75 17,400 4,087 (■) (0 0) 4 5, 303 s 13, 805 1,100 34,850 14, 875 (>) (0 Total 98,178 813, 786 23,800 6,000 205, 075 12, 718 0) 64, 310 2, 590 305,347 3,200 3,144 3 272, 678 5, 067, 327 290, 000 10, 000 4, 750 29,983 25,460 64, 310 7,080 Typographical union, _ _ ___ 11,400 1,000 0) Disabil Miscel laneous ity 2,590 298, 267 3, 200 400 s 621, 397 42, 247, 966 41, 829, 272 250, 000 30, 000 1,500 4 50 200 2, 308, 040 17, 674, 384 19,970, 557 6,148, 302 4, 006,891 1, 340,175 51,448, 349 1 N o international benefits. 2 Includes old-age pensions. 3 Includes disability benefits. 4 Paid b y local unions. 3 Includes local union benefits. 6 N o report received. The expenditures for the various types of benefits for 1932 as compared with the 3 preceding years are reported in table 2. The outstanding feature of this table is the tremendous increase in the sums spent for unemployment relief, rising in the 4-year period from about one quarter of a million dollars to over $19,970,000. T a b l e 2 .— B E N E F IT S P A ID B Y N A T IO N A L A N D IN T E R N A T IO N A L T R A D E U N IO N S, 1929-32, B Y T Y P E OF B E N E F IT 4 T yp e of benefit 1 Figures are given to the nearest dollar. reports of executive council. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1929 1930 1931 1932 $2, 831,937 17, 598, 287 276, 718 4, 883, 028 2, 707,188 3,945, 288 $3, 649, 703 18, 527, 095 3, 311, 280 5,910, 995 3,234, 067 2,064,840 $2, 220,975 17,132, 023 9, 146, 724 6, 090, 743 3, 671, 380 1, 700, 028 $2, 308,040 17,674, 384 19,970, 557 6, 148, 302 4, 006, 891 1, 340,175 32, 242, 446 36,697, 980 39, 961, 873 51, 448, 349 Statistics for 1929, 1930, and 1931 were taken from previous HEALTH AND INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE Industrial Health Discussions at the American Public Health Association Convention, 1933 HE 1933 convention of the American Public Health Association was held at Indianapolis, Ind., October 9-12. Itis significant of the increasing interest in the health of the workers as related to their occu pations that four sectional meetings were devoted to industrial hygiene, and others were projected but were not carried out as some of the members were unable to attend because of the depression. This brief report represents the information gleaned by attendance at these sessions, copies of the papers on most of the subjects not being avail able, and the report, therefore, does not aim at being a complete summary of the sessions. The subjects considered in the industrial hygiene sessions covered a fairly wide field, but the emphasis was upon problems connected with the development of silicosis among workers subjected to exposure to silica dust in various industries. Other subjects discussed at the different sessions included industrial dermatoses, poisoning by petro leum distillates, cyanide poisoning, effects of exposure to carbon tetra chloride, particularly its effects upon the eyes, pulmonary asbestosis, and a new X-ray mass procedure for the discovery of early tubercu losis in industry. T Discussion of Silicosis and Tuberculosis Silicosis in both its acute and chronic forms is the industrial dis ease in which there is perhaps the most widespread interest at the present time, from the standpoint both of the seriousness of the dis ease and of its importance in the field of workmen’s compensation. Dr. Clayton S. Smith, from the Laboratory of Physiological Chem istry and Pharmacology, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, spoke on the silica content of the lungs of a group of tunnel workers engaged in excavating a tunnel in New River, W.Va., about 40 miles from Charleston. In addition to the use of roentgenograms in diag nosing these cases, Dr. Smith stated that chemical examination of the lungs after death, used to confirm the diagnosis, is valuable in com pensation claims. The rock in which these men were working was 98 to 99 percent quartz, and most of the men were employed from 12 to 18 months. The working conditions were very bad, with dry drilling and no measures taken to prevent dust, so that the men in haled immense amounts of the silica dust. The ventilation also was very poor and a large number of the men were gassed at different times. Shortly after the work began, many of the men developed bronchitis and pneumonia, with a very high death rate. After about https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1377 1378 MONTHLY LABOR R E V IE W a year, many of the workers were incapacitated and others developed shortness of breath, tired easily, and had dry unproductive cough. The chief symptom of several shortly before death was the difficulty in getting their breath. Silicon dioxide (Si02) and silicates are the constituents of rock dust which cause silicosis. It was said that most of the silica dust particles which are inhaled are smaller than one eighth of a red blood cell.1 The results of the inhalation of the silicon dioxide or silicates is now generally believed, the speaker stated, to be due to chemical action of the dust in the lungs. In the examination of specimens of the lungs of persons diagnosed as having had silicosis, the lung is reduced to ash, if as much as 1.6 percent of the dried lung substance is silicon dioxide, the case is re garded as having been silicosis. The speaker pointed out that some silica is present in the lungs of all adults, the amount increasing with increase in age. The lungs of nine of these workers were analyzed and it was found that the silica content of the dried lung ranged from 1 to 2 percent.2 Dr. Leroy U. Gardner, director of Saranac Laboratory for the Study of Tuberculosis, Saranac Lake, N.Y., spoke on the pathological lesions in so-called acute silicosis. He reported on examinations of 3 sand blasters (white), 9 tunnel workers (colored), and 3 sand pulverizers (young Negroes). It was not known whether there had been any previous exposure to silica dust in these cases, but since the group as a whole was so young (one half under 30 years), it was not considered probable that they had had much previous exposure. The tunnel workers had been exposed to quartzite dust and the sand workers to Cape May sand. All these men died within 21 months of stopping work, many of them within 9 months. In 11 cases there was acute tuberculosis, 2 others were considered probably tuberculosis, and 2 died of nontubercular pneumonia. None of these cases showed silicosis but 2 were suggestive. The characteristic type of silicosis, Dr. Gardner said, shows early involvement of lymph nodes at base of lung and large nodules scattered throughout the lung, but these cases did not show this picture. In all these cases there was heavy involvement of the lung, involving the bronchi and blood vessels, diffuse fibrosis in alveolar walls, and increasing size of connective tissues at expense of the air spaces. All the tunnel cases and most of the others died of infectious processes and this was accounted for by the fact that there were so many young Negroes, who are particularly, susceptible to tubercular infection. Dr. Gardner stated that tubercle bacilli frequently cannot be found in silicosis complicated with tuberculosis. In the discussion Dr. Hollister commented on the bad working conditions among the West Virginia tunnel workers. He stated that it was his opinion that any person exposed to silica dust is liable to develop tuberculosis. Dr. Hayhurst stated that he has been rather against associating tuberculosis with silicosis, on the ground that tuberculosis is not more prevalent among any group of silicotics than in any average indus trial group. The report of these cases, he said, would cause him to 1 The diameter of the dust particles is usually given in microns (one m icron= 1/25400 inch), the dangerous sizes being regarded as between 0.25 micron and 10 microns. 2 A report b y A. P. Sladden on the silica content of lungs published in The Lancet, July 15, 1933, states that “ fibrosis of an important extent, clearly contributory toward death, is usually present when the silica content exceeds 1.0 percent.” https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis OLD-AGE PENSIONS AND BENEFIT PLANS 1379 modify his views somewhat, but he was still not convinced. He believed the cause of death in these cases was not tuberculosis, and that some of the infections were not tubercular. He was struck with the suddenness of death in these cases. He also thought the series of cases reported by Dr. Gardner showed a higher proportion of tuber culosis than he would expect. In closing the discussion, Dr. H. R. Sayers (chairman of the section), said that a more uniform terminology in description of silicosis cases was needed, and also better reading of X-rays. (A showing of X-ray pictures in the afternoon, which included many pictures from the South African gold mines as well as many taken in this country, brought out the differences in reading, particularly between the British and the American physicians.) Dr. Homer L. Sampson, director of Trudeau Sanatorium, Trudeau, N.Y., presented a series of X-rays showing the findings in so-called acute silicosis. He pointed out one case particularly in which there was little evidence of silicosis and no bacilli, and stated that it was his opinion this was unresolved silicosis. The question of latent tuberculosis was brought up by another physician, who stated that if no pulmonary lesion has developed by the age of 25, it is very unlikely it will develop later in life. It was his opinion that some of these cases of silicosis have had tuberculosis for some years— 10 to 15 or more— and he thought it probable that tuberculosis and silicosis modify each other so that it affects the X-ray picture. Dr. Gardner stated it is difficult to find the bacilli when tuberculosis is superimposed on severe silicosis. He agreed with Dr. Hayhurst that tuberculosis was not the whole story in the cases he reported, but believed it was the actual cause of death. He thought in the case of the tunnel workers that it was not the reactivation of old lesions, but that these workers had never had such infection and therefore had no immunity, which accounted for the rapid course of the disease. It was his belief that in such cases the following points may be accepted: 1. In cases exposed to silica in which there is no childhood infection, tubercular infection which would not develop at all in ordinary individuals develops rapidly in silicotics. 2. Apical lesions which indicate the tuberculosis was latent when the individual went into the work are activated by exposure to silica. 3. In cases where there are old apical scars, there is no activation, and he questioned whether there would ever be. As such persons are relatively immune to exposure to tuberculosis, he raised the point whether such persons might not be put into silica industries but said the question was not yet decided. Dr. Gardner mentioned the several rapidly fatal cases in making scouring powder which have been reported recently stating he thought most of the cases were tubercular. He said he was not yet prepared to accept the theory that alkali present in the scouring powders hastens or causes the development of the disease. The second session on industrial hygiene dealt with poisoning by petroleum distillates, treatment of cyanide poisoning, dermatitis in the oil-refining industry, and toxic amblyopia and accompanying physiological disturbances in carbon tetrachloride intoxication. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1380 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW Poisoning by Petroleum Distillates D r . E m e r y R . H a y h u r s t , consulting industrial hygienist, Columbus, Ohio, reported on a series of cases of poisoning by various thinners and dryers of various boiling points, including naphtha, gasoline, petroleum ether, petroleum distillate, etc. The first series of cases included six men employed in the enameling department of an automobile plant, cleaning fenders, cowls, etc. This series of cases began in 1922. The symptoms among these men included boils, rapid pulse, great loss of strength, and gradual loss of weight, resulting in total or partial incapacity for work. One man died; but he was subject to a lead hazard also, so the cause of death was a complication of poisons. The second series of cases included eight men employed in staining shingles, using kerosene and petroleum naphtha, together with the use of some creosote on dark shingles. The symptoms in these cases included itching, dizzi ness, diarrhea, rapid pulse, slight temperature, and infections of the upper respiratory tract, resulting in incapacity for work. The next series resulted from exposure to pure naphtha. One girl who worked in an art works, cleaning trays, which were to be enameled, by dipping them in gasoline, had headaches and dizziness and after a month developed an acute throat. She afterward went back to work for a few days, when she collapsed physically and mentally, lost 80 pounds, and finally could not talk. She finally began a slow recovery and now is able to work at other employment. In these cases, in addi tion to the symptoms mentioned, there is lethargy, effort syndrome, blind spells, and mental dullness, and headache is a general symptom. The loss of weight ranges from 10 to 60 percent, and there is increased pulse rate to 120 to 130. Other general symptoms include marked anemia, skin irritation, rashes and boils, neuritis, continuous sensa tion of itching and burning, muscular twitchings, slight jaundice. In these cases the duration of disability is related to the duration of exposure. There is a question in these cases whether there is com plete recovery. Work which causes wetting of the skin— that is, when the hands and forearms are immersed in the liquid— causes the worst symptoms and this contact with the fluid also causes wasting of the muscles. It was stated that about 40 percent of workers who worked 10 months or more developed symptoms. Asked about pre ventive measures, Dr. Hayhurst said that rubber gloves could not be used as they disintegrated; and vaseline was no use, but that certain patent creams were of some value. Dr. Sayers said there was much more experimenting to be done and he believed that selection of workers was important. Dr. Hayhurst stated, however, that the percentage developing symptoms was so high that it showed more than individual susceptibility. Treatment of Cyanide Poisoning D r . K. K. C h e n of the Lilly Research Laboratories, Indianapolis, Ind., reported on a new treatment for cyanide poisoning which up to the present has been used only in experiments on dogs. Interest in treatment of this type of poisoning, which is rapidly fatal, has been stimulated by the recent report of Geiger of San Francisco of the successful treatment of cyanide poisoning with methylene blue. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis HEALTH AND IN D U S T R IA L H Y G IE N E 1381 Cyanide poisoning may arise from suicides, homicides, ship and house fumigation, photography, electroplating, gilding, and accidents caused by taking cyanide preparations— bitter almonds, arrowgrass, or certain mushrooms. Since 1909 there have been from 79 to 243 deaths annually in the United States from this cause. The remedy proposed is amyl or sodium nitrate supplemented with sodium thio sulphate used intravenously, which it was said has been shown in the experiments to be 5 or 6 times as effective as methylene blue. The speaker said if this form of treatment proves to be as beneficial to men as to dogs, it may be expected to save an adult individual who has taken 32 grains of potassium cyanide or a pound of bitter almonds. The remedy was found to be effective if the dogs were breathing at all. Skin Diseases in Oil Distilleries D r . L o u i s S c h w a r t z , United States Public Health Service, New York City, reported a study covering 11,000 employees in oil dis tilleries, of whom about 4,500 were examined. Among these workers there were 196 cases of dermatitis occurring in a 2-year period. The cases included acne, skin papilloma, and skin cancer. The oil acne may occur on various parts of the body, particularly hands, arms, and legs. There were 12 cases of skin cancer in the series. It was said that there was not much which could be done to prevent the occurrence of these lesions, but that extreme cleanliness on the part of the workers was very important and therefore shower baths should be provided. Visual Disturbances Due to Carbon Tetrachloride A p a p e r on visual and physiological disturbances resulting from carbon tetrachloride intoxication was read by Dr. Z. T. Wirtschafter, Cleveland, Ohio. He said that toxic amblyopia is an ocular condi tion which is characterized by dimness of vision and alteration of the color fields. The speaker reported five cases of carbon tetrachloride poisoning in workers in the dry-cleaning industry, in all of which there was evidence of visual effects upon examination of the eyes, although two had not suffered from visual disturbances. The symptoms appeared in most cases after a few days’ exposure. The symptoms reported included vertigo, headaches, vomiting, disturb ance of the sense of taste, and disturbance of vision. The speaker said that continued exposure to carbon tetrachloride causes liver necrosis. In all the cases the ocular condition returned to normal after the men left their work and were put on a high calcium and dextrose diet. Occupational-Disease Legislation T h e first paper in the third industrial hygiene session, by Andrew I. Farrell, attorney, Chicago, was on the subject of occupational disease legislation. The speaker stated that he believed the payment of compensation by capital tends to reduce occupational disease. As the question of whether or not the disease was contracted in previous employment is of great importance, it was his opinion that physical examination and X-rays were necessary at the beginning and end of employment with each firm, and at the conclusion of any contract https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1382 MONTHLY LABOR R E V IE W there should be a complete record made showing the condition of the employee and any compensation paid up to that time. He stated that the average practitioner is not capable of making a proper examination and thought, therefore, that doctors making these exam inations should have special training, especially in taking X-rays. He considered classification of accidents comparatively simple when compared with disease. The small employer is a problem from the compensation standpoint, he said, since he cannot afford to pay for examinations, and also he may go out of business at any time. Pay ment must be made by industry, whether large or small enterprises, and the small employer must therefore carry insurance. During the past few years, he stated, many proposed occupational-disease acts failed of enactment because they were not properly prepared. He said the bills should be properly drawn up, that is, they should be clear and concise, and accepted by both employers and labor before being introduced. In closing lie said that he thought all States will have occupational-disease legislation within 10 years. Pulmonary Asbestosis T h e second paper of the session, by Dr. John Donnelly, superintend ent of Mecklenburg Sanatorium, Huntersville, N.C., dealt with a series of cases of pulmonary asbestosis contracted in mills manufac turing asbestos. He said some occupations in an asbestos mill cannot possibly escape inhalation of the dust, but the carding and weaving rooms present the worst hazard. Dr. Donnelly stated that although the first case of asbestosis was reported in the medical literature in 1900, no other was reported until 1924, and it is only in the last 10 years, therefore, that the disease has gained prominence. The disease is characterized by asbestosis bodies in the sputum which vary from golden yellow to dark brown in color and react to the test for iron. These bodies, which are of many different forms, have a center com posed of asbestos fibers. The speaker stated that few cases of asbes tosis are complicated by tuberculosis, and he has not found that it tends to activate preexisting tubercular lesions. The symptoms include loss of appetite, loss of weight, chest pains due to involvement of the pleura, and extreme dyspnea (difficult breathing). There is a comparatively slight rise in temperature. The dyspnea, which is the disabling symptom, may progress after leaving employment and there is muscular atrophy over the chest. The physical signs are quite similar to silicosis. Broncho-pneumonia is a serious complication. In the X-rays the lesions are not so dense as in silicosis and even the most severe cases do not show such a definite picture as does silicosis. During the past 4 years Dr. Donnelly reported he had had 15 cases referred to his clinic and all but 3 have shown some evidence of asbestosis. All of these persons are still living although disabled. The asbestosis bodies were found in the sputum in only one instance. One of these employees had worked for 18 months with no protective devices. In three cases which he reported there had been no improve ment in the condition of the patients. These cases, the speaker said, show that exposure to the dust results in rapid progressive involvement of the lungs. The protective devices, he stated, are usually inefficient. In the discussion one physician stated he had had several cases which came to autopsy and tuberculosis was found. Dr. Donnelly https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis HEALTH AND INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE 1383 said that all his cases were bilateral, and the X-rays showed that mottling of the lungs appears first and is followed by the develop ment of fibrosis. He pointed out three characteristics of the pictures, namely, a “ shaggy” heart line, fibrotic changes, and the pleuritic involvement. He said he thought infection in these cases could be ruled out because the rise in temperature is so small. Dangers of Use of Colloidal Thorium in X-rays T he third paper of the session, presented by Dr. R . Pomeranz, associate roentgenologist of Beth Israel Hospital, Newark, N.J., treated of the dangers in the intravenous use of colloidal thorium, which is used in the blood stream in the taking of roentgenograms to make the parts clearer. It has been used subcutaneously in cavi ties, such as the sinuses, intraperitoneally, and intravenously. In its first use, subcutaneously, it worked so well that the users overlooked its dangers. The effects of the use of colloidal thorium are similar to the effects in the famous radium poisoning cases in New Jersey in a dial-painting plant, radioactivity of the organs developing which result in malignant tumors. The intraperitoneal injection he said was not so dangerous but general intravenous use should be con demned, although it might be used when the expectation of life is 3 years or less. New X -ray Mass Procedure T he last paper of the session, by Dr. Margaret W. Barnard, medi cal director, Bellevue-Yorkville Health Demonstration, New York City, dealt with a new mass procedure for the discovery of early tuberculosis in industry. Under this method a special paper film is used and it is possible to X-ray 150 persons in an hour. Dr. Bar nard told of a survey in 1931 of persons receiving relief in New York City. Ten thousand persons were X-rayed in 6 weeks and the readings were completed in 2 more weeks. In these industrial areas a rate of from four to six times the normal tuberculosis rate was found. The results show the importance of finding tuberculosis, especially in adults. Occupational-Disease Compensation T he report of the committees on standard practices in the problem of compensation for occupational diseases and for pneumonoconiosis were given at a special luncheon meeting. The first committee reported that, because of increasing litigation for silicosis under common law, wide publicity has been given to the effects of dust on the respiratory system. There lias been a trend toward the discontinuance of employers’ liability clauses included in regular policies because of these civil suits for damages. In Pennsyl vania there has been a trend toward self-insurance, so as to keep control of occupational-disease cases more closely in the hands of employers. Most of the compensation bills introduced in the legislatures per tain to dust diseases. Such bills have been presented in the States of New York, New Jersey, West Virginia, and South Carolina. In Michigan a bill has been proposed for the compensation of certain listed occupational diseases, including stone worker’s or grinder’s https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1384 MONTHLY LABOR R E V IE W phthisis, pneumonoconiosis, and silicosis. Similar bills in New Hampshire and Pennsylvania included silicosis, while Illinois is planning to revise and broaden the present occupational-disease act. Bills for the compensation of occupational diseases by general cover age rather than by schedule lists have been presented in Michigan, Minnesota, New York, Ohio, and Pennsylvania. A report by the medical committee of the Pennsylvania commis sion on compensation for occupational diseases recommends the establishment of a medical board consisting of three well-qualified physicians as an integral part of the administrative body. The legal committee of the same commission suggested that this medical board should assume a judicial function by hearing evidence and passing on it in a judicial manner. The committee on standard practices, however, is opposed to such procedure. In conclusion the report states that it supports the principle “ that the arbitration and settlement of compensation claims must be an administrative matter and not one subject to legal action. This is based on a consideration of the whole principle of workmen’s compensation as social insurance and not as damages. It is a method of distributing the economical losses of the smaller number who are exposed to accident and health hazards among the larger number of consumers who buy the product of their labor. In other words, the principle of insurance as a social remedy for these social evils has replaced the inadequate and ineffective remedy supplied by private philanthropy and public relief. Since there is no longer a question of damages or negligence involved, legal action and legal methods would certainly seem unnecessary and undesirable.” The report of the committee on pneumonoconiosis reviewed the methods by which silicosis and other pneumonoconioses are included as compensable diseases in the laws of various countries, States, and Provinces throughout the world. These methods are: By implica tion from the general wording of the workmen’s compensation act regarding injuries covered which is the case in certain States in this country; by listing in a schedule the compensable occupational dis eases covered by the act; by a clause in the act providing for special schemes to be drawn up for the compensation of silicosis; by special act; and in a few laws by a combination of these methods. In regard to the problem of compensation for silicosis the committee states that it is clear this is the type of disease where the definition of disability is obscure. “ Many cases which could keep at work, if necessary for economic reasons, can be honestly and actually disabled with demonstrative objective signs of the disease if that pressure is removed through the payment of compensation.” Medical advice is necessary, it is said, to determine when the worker’s condition has reached a point where exposure to dust jeopardizes his future working capacity and when his health is impaired to a degree which con stitutes disability. The preventive measures taken to control the source of the dust are, in reality, the most important factor in the control of this disease. Without medical and engineering preventive measures, any attempt to control the situation through some means of financial relief or adjustment seems, as far as is known at present, to be doomed to failure. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis HELATH AND INDUSTRIAL H YGIENE 1385 Pulmonary Asbestosis N ARTICLE on the clinical, radiological, and pathological feaL tures of pulmonary asbestosis by Dr. Philip Ellman, published in The Journal of Industrial Hygiene, July 1933, presents evidence of the greatly increased risk of tuberculosis among persons suffering from asbestosis. Until recently it has been rather generally believed that complication of tuberculosis with asbestosis was somewhat rare and that this was a, significant difference from the situation as regards silicosis, in which the danger of the development of tuberculosis has been fully recognized. . . The writer, who is in charge of a tuberculosis and chest clinic m London, presents his findings in a series of cases under his care. The clinical features of the disease are given as the slow development of a characteristic type of fibrosis in which the patient may be compara tively free from symptoms for several years, usually from 5 to 15, although the writer had had cases following exposure of 1 to 3 years or less. The delayed effects of exposure to asbestos dust are also pointed out, in some cases years elapsing after the worker has left the industry before the occurrence of symptoms. The chief symp toms are dyspnea (difficult breathing), which is one of the earliest evidences, occurring at first only on exertion; cough of a harsh, non productive character often associated with fleeting chest pains, loss of appetite, cyanosis, amounting in these cases to a pronounced dead ening of the skin, varying from mild bronzing to slight blueness; emaciation, with a loss of weight out of all proportion to the physical signs; and clubbing of the fingers in the more advanced cases. As bestos corns form a characteristic skin lesion. These are produced by asbestos fibers which penetrate the skin and form corns on the hands and arms and even the legs. No asbestosis bodies are found in these corns such as are frequently present in the sputum of persons suffering from asbestosis. Upon examination the chest shows limited expansion, even below 1 inch, the movement being especially limited at the bases, where the fibrosis commences. The fibrosis extends upward in the more ad vanced cases, but is usually confined to the lower and middle zones of the lungs, and the apices are frequently retracted. Radiography, which the writer thinks the most reliable diagnostic aid, generally discloses the presence of a fine diffuse fibrosis. The writer states that he has observed roughly four stages in the progres sion of the disease, characterized by changes in the degree of mottling throughout the four stages and the development in the third stage of definite evidence of pleural involvement. The mottling, which is of a fine punctate character, stands out in definite contrast to the coaise nodular mottling seen in silicosis. This mottling has been described by one writer as presenting a “ ground glass” appearance and by another as “ the veiled appearance” of the involved zone. When tuberculous infiltration complicates asbestosis, it can usually be de tected and distinguished from the underlying fibrosis just as m cases of silicosis. , . The highly characteristic golden-yellow asbestosis bodies found m the sputum and fibrosed lungs of asbestos workers have bulbous en largements at the extremities somewhat resembling dumbbells and have been found by various observers to vary in length from 20 to over A https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1386 MONTHLY LABOR R E V IE W 200 microns.1 An asbestos fiber forms the core of each body and the g-oldenwellow material covering each fiber contains an iron substance derived from body tissues. The writer stated these bodies were found at all autopsies upon cases of pulmonary asbestosis. The bodies are found either singly or in clumps in the lung tissue, but in the sputum they are usually found singly or in groups of 2 or 3. It is a remarkable fact that the asbestosis bodies persist in the sputum for years even after short periods of exposure. Although the question of the complication of silicosis with tubercu losis has been rather an open one, it has been shown recently in animal experiments that silica and asbestos dusts belong to a group of active substances which produce lesions when introduced into the subcuta neous tissues. Both produce serious pulmonary fibrosis and both assist the growth of tubercle bacilli. Clinical evidence, the writer states, would seem to support this experimental work, as there is little doubt that an increasing number of cases of tuberculosis are being seen in persons exposed to asbestos dust. These cases, it is said, may not be met with in an examination of workers at work with no symptoms, but are found oftener among persons who have left work and are attending clinics. Thus an English investigator (E. it. A. Merewether) in 1930 found only 4 active cases of tuberculosis in an examination of 374 asbestos workers actually at work, while in 1931, 2 other investigators (Wood and Glovne) were able to trace 12 cases of tuberculosis, 10 of which were active, in a series of 57 cases of asbestosis, and among 35 deaths from asbestosis reported by the Brit ish Chief Inspector of Factories in 1931 tuberculosis was a complicat ing or terminal factor in 11 cases. The writer states that among 17 of his own definite cases of asbestosis, the majority of whom were not at work, 6 had tuberculosis, 4 of these cases being active. He states that his own limited experience tends to show that tuberculosis, as a complication of asbestosis, is by no means uncommon, and that while the risk may or may not be equal to that in silicosis, the evidence quoted and his own observations appear to establish beyond a doubt that there is a risk. The existence of this risk leads him to conclude “ that no person with tuberculosis in any form should be allowed to enter the industry, nor should any one in whom tuberculosis at a later stage is detected be" permitted to continue in the industry. The risk here is to the other workers, as well as to themselves.” In regard to the probable course of the disease it is said the period between exposure to the dust and a fatal termination is only about one half of that of silicosis. The asbestos dust taken into the lungs pro duces the pulmonary fibrosis as the result either of actual mechanical trauma or of a toxic effect similar to that exerted by silica in cases of silicosis. The disease is a progressive one and, if sufficient dust is present, ends fatally, usually from some intercurrent complication such as acute broncho-pneumonia or phthisis. The difficult breathing present in persons with established cases of asbestosis is usually out of proportion to the clinical evidences of the disease, while in silicosis in general the dyspnea becomes manifest only upon exertion even in cases of advanced fibrosis. In conclusion it is said that pulmonary asbestosis is a progressive disease with a bad prognosis and that its treatment can be only symptomatic. 1 M icron=1/25400 inch. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1387 HEALTH AND INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE Occupational Diseases Reported in Ohio, 1928 to 1932 HE Ohio Division of Industrial Hygiene which was established in 1913 was abolished in 1932 and its functions taken over by the newly-established Bureau of Occupational Diseases with Dr. Emery R. Hayhurst as consultant and acting chief. Dr. Havhurst has supplied the report for the year 1932 showing the compensable diseases reported to the bureau for the 5-year period, 1928-32, as well as the reports of noncompensable industrial diseases during the same! period. The following table shows the number of cases of compensable diseases reported in Ohio for the years 1928-32. During these years no cases of anthrax or glanders were reported, or of poisoning from mercury, phosphorus, carbon dioxide, manganese dioxide, or radium. T C O M P E N S A B L E DISEA SES R E P O R T E D IN OHIO, 1928 TO 1932 Number of eases reported Disease Lead poisoning---------------------------------------------------------------Arsenic poisining------------------------------- -------- -------------------Benzol poisoning (and nitro or amido derivatives)------------Volatile petroleum products poisoning (gasoline, benzine, naphtha, etc.)--------------------------------------------------------------Carbon bisulphide poisoning----------------------------------------- W ood alcohol poisoning--------------------------------------------------Dermatitis 1--------------------------------------------------------------------Epithelioma (skin or eyes) due to carbon, pitch, tar, or tarry com pounds---------------------------------------------------------Compressed air illness----------------------------------------------------Brass or zinc poisoning---------------------------------------- ---------T enosynovitis3 (flexor or extensor muscles of hands)--------Prepatellar bursitis 3-------------------------------------------------------Chrome ulceration 4 (nasal and skin)------------------------------Potassium cyanide poisoning 4----------------------------------------Sulphur dioxide poisoning 4--------- ------- --------------------------T otal--------------------------------------------------------------------- 180 11 3 1 1 894 3 16 7 (2) (2) 1930 1929 1928 6 3 2 1,127 1931 1932 183 2 11 134 1 3 114 2 6 148 3 9 4 1 2 5 2 985 884 6 18 1 833 621 2 62 5 37 13 10 2 1 59 2 130 23 20 5 5 10 166 29 16 1 5 1 20 2 149 23 79 3 4 1,317 1,259 1,217 1,069 1 Specified as infection or inflammation of the skin on contact surfaces due to oils, cutting compounds, or lubricants, dusts, liquids, etc. 2 Statistics not kept in 1928. 3 A dded to compensable list July 31,1929, b y legislative act. 4 Added to compensable list July 9,1931, b y legislative act. Although noncompensable occupational diseases are reportable to the Ohio Department of Health under the law and should form the basis of legislative action extending the schedule of compensable diseases, the number actually reported is not large, as neither the attending physician nor patient receive any fee for reporting such cases. A table showing noncompensable diseases lists only 57 such* cases in 1932, although 38 causative agents are specified, while in addition 33 cases of disease reported as due to occupational expo sures were reported. In the latter cases the causative agent was not clear or definite, and there was some personal predisposition, climatic condition, or other unnamed factor present in the given case. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis INDUSTRIAL ACCIDENTS Accidents in Manufacturing Industries, 1926 to 1932 IGURES collected and compiled by the Bureau of Labor Statis tics in its annual survey of accidents in manufacturing industries show an increase for 1932 in both frequency and severity rates. An average of 19.55 injuries was sustained in the combined indus tries during 1932 for every 1,000,000 man-hours worked, as against 18.85 in 1931, an increase in the frequency rate of 3.7 percent. An average of 2.86 days was lost through the injuries received in 1932, including standard schedule allowances for deaths and permanent disabilities, for every 1,000 man-hours worked, as against 2.59 in 1931, an increase in the severity rate of 10.4 percent. Continued curtailment of industrial activity was responsible for a decided reduction in employment during 1932, and the diminished exposure to the hazards of industrial life naturally resulted in a sub stantial reduction in the total number of industrial injuries, but, as shown by the frequency rates of the Bureau, the total number of injuries did not decline so rapidly as the man-hours of exposure. The difference in the frequency rates for the 2 years is presum ably, at least partly, due to a let-up in safety activities— a common but unfortunate result of economy programs— so that unsafe condi tions or practices were not eliminated or improved. Such neglect would naturally lead to a proportionate increase in accidents and, aside from the standpoint of human relations, would in the end prove far more expensive than the cost of the necessary safety work involved. Other information received by the Bureau shows that, while the usual accident-prevention work was continued in many establish ments, safety activities were curtailed greatly in others through reduction in safety personnel and maintenance personnel, or in funds for upkeep and repair of working places. The question of continued and energetic accident-prevention work is especially important at the present time. Renewed industrial activity, with the attending employment of many workers in tasks with which they are not familiar, will greatly increase the occupa tional hazards, even where conditions are rendered as safe as possible. Reduction or laxness in safety work will increase these hazards still further, exact their toll of injuries and suffering, and prevent efficient and economic operation of the industry. A distribution of accident frequency and severity rates for the combined manufacturing industries in 1932, by extent of disability, is shown in table 1, with comparable yearly rates for the 6 previous years. These rates were computed from the records for all establish ments covered by the survey of the Bureau, and weighted according 1388 F https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1389 INDUSTRIAL ACCIDENTS to the total number of wage earners employed ip each of the indus trial groups, as given in the reports of the United States Bureau of the Census. T able 1.— A C C ID E N T F R E Q U E N C Y A N D S E V E R IT Y R A T E S IN M A N U F A C T U R IN G IN D U S T R IE S , 1926 TO 1932 (W A G E E A R N E R S O N L Y ) Deaths Permanent disability Temporary disability Total Severity Frequency Year 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 _______________________ _____________________ _________________________ _____________________ ____ - -- _____ _ _____________________ Fre quen cy rate Se Fre Se ver quen ver ity ity cy rate rate rate Fre quen cy rate Se ver ity rate Rate 0.16 . 17 . 18 . 15 . 17 . 15 . 17 0. 98 1.05 1.08 .91 1.06 .90 1.00 1. 27 1. 22 1.32 1. 38 1.41 1.30 1.45 22. 73 21. 21 21.02 22. 45 21.50 17.40 17. 93 0. 46 . 41 .40 .40 .42 .34 .36 24.16 22. 60 22. 52 23. 98 23. 08 18. 85 19. 55 1.18 1. 12 1. 16 1. 12 1.34 1.35 1.50 Per cent of change, as com pared with preced ing year - 6 .5 -.4 + 6.5 - 3 .8 -1 8 .3 + 3.7 Rate 2.62 2.58 2. 64 2. 43 2. 82 2. 59 2. 86 Per cent of change, as com pared with preced ing year - 1 .5 + 2.3 - 8 .0 +16.0 - 8 .2 +10.4 Trend o f Accident Frequency and Severity Rates in Manufacturing Industries,1 9 2 6 to 1 9 3 2 The average frequency rate for the combined industries declined from 24.16 in 1926 to 22.52 in 1928, but advanced to 23.98 in 1929. It started again on a downward trend and dropped in 1931 to 18.85, its lowest level, then rose in 1932 to 19.55, making the total decrease for the period 19 percent. The average severity rate declined and advanced alternately, from 2.62 in 1926 to 2.86 in 1932, an increase for the period of 9 percent. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1390 MONTHLY LABOR R E V IE W The fluctuations in the yearly rates are presented graphically in the chart on page 1389, which shows the trend of the average frequency and severity rates for the combined manufacturing groups during the 7-year period, 1926 to 1932. The industrial accident surveys of the Bureau are limited to wage earners and do not include clerical employees, as the accident hazard for that group is entirely different. The surveys covered apprdximately 33 percent of the total wage earners in the respective industrial groups in 1926, 34 percent in 1927 and 1928, 38 percent in 1929, 37 percent in 1930, 44 percent in 1931, and 37 percent in 1932. Individual industry rates, by extent of disability and by years, were computed from records of establishments in the States which furnished data for all accidents resulting in disability extending beyond the day of injury. It has been found that this selection con stitutes a fairly representative cross-section for each of the industries covered, and that comparable rates for the various industries could not be computed otherwise. It must, however, be taken into con sideration that in using only such records several important States are omitted from this individual compilation, and that neither the number of full-year workers nor the actual number of accidents in any one industry is comparable with the same item for another industry. Only the frequency rates and severity rates are com parable. The individual rates are shown in detail in table 2, by extent of disability and by industry and years. T a b l e N U M B E R OF A C C ID E N T S A N D A C C ID E N T F R E Q U E N C Y A N D S E V E R IT Y R A T E S F O R W A G E E A R N E R S IN S P E C IF IE D IN D U S T R IE S , 1926 T O 1932 2 .— [Frequency rates are based on 1,000,000 hours’ exposure, severity rates on 1,000 hours’ exposure] Permanent dis ability Death Industry and year Number of fullNum Fre year workers ber quen of cy cases rate Agricultural implements: 1926.. ________ 1927____________ 1928____________ 1929____________ 1930____________ 1931____________ 1932____________ Automobiles: 1926____________ 1927____________ 1928____________ 1929____________ 1930____________ 1931____________ 1932____________ Automobile tires and rubber goods: 1926____________ 1927____________ 1928____________ 1929____________ 1930____________ 1931____________ 1932____________ https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Temporary dis ability Total Se N um Fre Se N um Fre Se N um Fre Se veri ber quen veri ber quen veri ber quen veri of of of ty cy ty cy cy ty ty rate cases rate rate cases rate rate cases rate rate 5,126 7,282 7,134 7, 628 5, 855 3,181 1,913 0 6 3 4 4 3 1 0. 27 . 14 . 18 .23 .31 . 17 1. 65 .84 1. 05 1.37 1.89 1.04 39 28 21 68 40 27 18 2. 54 1.28 .98 2. 97 2.28 2. 83 3.13 3. 08 1.10 .48 3.38 2. 72 2. 34 3. 46 554 598 662 800 514 237 121 28, 360 48,886 52, 269 58,127 32, 574 28, 626 20, 342 10 7 9 14 10 8 10 . 12 .05 .06 .08 . 10 . 09 . 16 .71 .29 .34 .48 .61 .56 .98 180 142 229 299 146 129 104' 2.12 .97 1.46 1.71 1. 49 1.50 1.70 5. 19 1. 27 1. 10 1.31 1.43 1. 16 1.67 2,145 1,852 3, 267 3, 657 1,372 1, 193 718 25.21 12. 63 20. 83 20. 97 14. 04 13. 89 11.77 17, 951 30, 696 36, 377 35, 967 26, 301 23, 086 20, 666 3 7 9 12 8 15 6 .06 .33 .08 .46 .08 .49 .11 .67 . 10 .61 . 22 1.30 . 10 .58 32 61 62 64 42 55 35 .59 .66 . 57 .59 .53 .79 .56 .46 .51 .51 .40 .48 .65 .49 2,913 3, 771 3,877 2, 642 1, 781 1, 346 1,058 54. 07 40. 95 35. 53 24. 49 22. 57 19. 43 17. 06 36. 03 0. 58 27. 37 .46 30. 94 .47 34.96 .51 29. 25 .55 24. 83 .45 21.07 .37 593 632 686 872 558 267 140 38. 57 28. 92 32. 06 38. 11 31.76 27. 97 24.37 3. 66 3. 21 1. 79 4. Í4 4. 64 4. 68 4. 87 .35 .23 .33 .32 .30 .26 .27 2, 335 2,001 3, 505 3,970 1,528 1,330 832 27. 45 13. 65 22. 35 22. 76 15. 63 15.48 13. 63 6. 25 1.79 1.77 2. 11 2. 34 1.98 2. 92 .72 .73 .62 .43 .47 . 40 .39 2, 948 3,839 3, 948 2,718 1,831 1,416 1,099 54. 72 41.69 36. 18 25. 19 23. 20 20. 44 17. 72 1. 51 1. 70 1. 62 1. 50 1. 56 2. 35 1.46 1391 INDUSTRIAL ACCIDENTS T 2 . — N U M B E R OF A C C ID E N T S A N D A C C ID E N T F R E Q U E N C Y A N D S E V E R IT Y R A T E S F O R W A G E E A R N E R S IN S P E C IF IE D IN D U S T R IE S , 1926 T O 1932—Continued a b l e Industry and year Boots and shoes: 1926____________ 1927____________ 1928____________ 1929____________ 1930____________ 1931____________ 1932____________ Brick, tile, and terra cotta: 1926____________ 1927____________ 1928____________ 1929____________ 1930____________ 1931____________ 1932____________ Carpets and rugs: 1926 1927____________ 1928____________ 1929____________ 1930____________ 1931____________ 1932____________ Chemicals: 1926 1927____________ 1928____________ 1929____________ 1930____________ 1931____________ 1932____________ Cotton goods: 1926 _______ 1927____________ 1928____________ 1929____________ 1930____________ 1931____________ 1932 Electrical machin ery, apparatus, and supplies: 1926____________ 1927____________ 1928 1929____________ 1930____________ 1931____________ 1932____________ Fertilizers: 1926____________ 1927____________ 1928____________ 1929____________ 1930____________ 1931____________ 1932____________ Flour, feed, and other grain-mill products: 1926____________ 1927. _________ 1928____________ 1929. __________ 1930____________ 1931____________ 1932____________ Foundry and ma chine-shop prod ucts: 1923____________ 1927____________ 1928____________ 1929____________ 19c0____________ 1931____________ 1932_______ ____ Permanent dis Temporary Death ability ability Number of full- N um N um Fre N um Fre Se Fre Se year ber quen veri ber quen veri ber quen workers of of cy of ty cy cy ty cases rate rate cases rate rate cases rate 5 69 79 87 69 115 97 Total Se N um Fre Se veri ber quen veri of cy ty ty rate cases rate rate 7.13 0.09 7. 48 . 14 8. 52 . 17 8. 48 . 14 6. 53 . 16 7.71 . 13 7. 78 . 14 322 962 985 1,316 1,203 1,856 1,429 57. 34 35. 46 42. 56 45. 29 41. 14 38. 69 36. 41 .92 .55 .73 .65 .67 .69 .72 823 1,476 1,261 1,624 1,303 1, 526 738 19 214 231 358 277 265 122 4 31 4 61 5.47 8.3^ 7. 54 9.80 7. 98 .06 .68 1.33 1.00 1. 21 1. 04 1. 15 124 308 735 836 718 465 279 . 14 .33 .35 .53 .52 .29 .52 1, 171 2, 258 2, 332 3, 002 2, 967 3, 483 3,632 14, 779 39, 763 35, 396 48, 258 57, 683 74, 956 56, y02 i i 2 1 4 7 4 4, 703 13, 497 9,685 11,629 10, 289 12, 581 6,489 3 9 8 15 8 20 9 .21 . 22 .28 .43 .26 .53 .46 1.28 1.33 1.65 2.58 1. 55 3. 18 2. 77 11 31 16 31 25 46 20 1,482 15, 321 14, 091 14, 286 12, 241 9,015 5, 101 0 1 4 4 1 1 1 .02 .09 .09 .03 .03 .06 . 13 .57 .56 . 16 .22 .39 0 12 25 31 25 24 13 3, 117 8, 540 12, 461 15, 506 14, 705 14, 970 14, 053 0 5 20 7 12 12 6 .20 .53 . 15 . 27 .27 . 14 1. 17 3. 21 .90 1.63 1.6C .85 2 17 35 57 48 34 35 .21 .66 .94 1.23 1. 09 .76 .83 44, 194 56, 903 63, 952 69, 691 74, 441 131, 401 90,136 C 6 5 1C 8 7 12 .04 .03 .05 .01 .02 .04 . 21 . 16 .29 . 21 . 11 .26 23 57 82 125 125 128 154 . 17 .33 .43 . 6C .56 .32 .57 18, 137 60, 927 61, 631 85, 201 64, 468 67, 371 43, 232 2 11 10 12 16 13 18 . 01 .06 . 05 .05 .08 .06 . 14 .22 .36 . 32 .28 .51 .38 .83 56 21C 183 388 257 189 122 1, 309 2,49c 4, 341 5, 167 5, 275 3, 852 3, 067 1 3 10 £ 7 1 1 .26 . 4C . 77 .58 .41 .35 .44 1. 54 2. 40 4. 6( 3. 48 2. 66 2. 08 2.61 2 7 13 13 17 13 7 .51 .93 1.00 .84 1.08 1. 12 .76 .23 1. 79 .91 1. 11 2. 12 1. 24 .88 3, 889 7, 107 9,355 10,863 10. 303 12, 672 9, 641 1 5 5 7 9 7 7 .31 .23 . 18 .21 .29 . 18 .21 2. 06 1.41 1.07 1.2£ 1. 75 1. 10 1. 45 15 25 24 31 54 6£ 38 27, 05i 72, 963 66. 27o 70,850 66, 933 52, 271 29. 2o2 17 33 29 2d 12 39 24 .21 . 17 . 15 . 11 . 16 .25 .27 1. 28 1.01 .87 . 65 . 9o 1.49 1.64 85 33c 30i 33£ 32C 272 156 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 0. 02 0.14 .01 .05 .02 . 11 .01 .04 .02 . 14 .03 . 19 .02 . 14 dis 0.11 0. 05 .58 .47 .74 .75 .60 .49 .40 .27 .51 .38 .57 .47 316 892 904 1, 228 1,130 1,734 1,328 1.67 .75 .59 1.04 .95 1.63 1.06 809 1, 436 1, 237 1,57: 1,270 1, 460 709 .26 .21 .59 .67 .72 .89 .68 . 41 .89 1.03 .85 .76 7. 26 0. 28 8.01 .66 9.28 1.03 9. 09 .67 6. 95 .57 8.25 .70 8. 37 .75 58. 33 36. 45 43. 39 46.61 42. 21 40. 44 37.90 3.87 2. 63 2. 97 4. 27 3. 17 5. 50 4. 55 .08 . 11 . 14 . 12 . 15 . 18 . 12 19 4.31 227 4.94 26( 6.15 391 9.15 30: 8. 25 29C 10. 72 13. 8. 89 .08 .49 1.38 1. 57 .72 1.43 1.27 13. 26 12.02 19.66 17.97 16. 28 10. 35 6. 62 .25 .22 .45 .27 .38 .23 . 16 120 331 790 900 778 511 326 .31 2. 07 4. 99 2. 17 3. 22 2. 87 2. 16 8. 83 13. 23 12. 15 14. 36 13. 28 8. 84 13. 43 . 18 .27 . 23 .28 .26 . 16 .25 1, 194 2, 321 2,419 3, 137 3,100 3, 618 3, 798 9. 00 . 32 13. 60 .81 12. 61 .74 15. 01 1.10 13. 88 .99 9. 18 .56 14. 04 1.03 1.03 .64 1,095 21. 13 1.15 1.02 2, 611 14. 28 . 99 .80 2,181 11.80 1. 52 . 12 3, 502 13. 70 1. 33 1.0c 2, 995 15. 49 .94 .76 1, 957 9. 68 .94 .69 989 7. 63 .37 .36 .32 .27 .39 .22 . 18 1,153 2, 832 2, 374 3,902 3,268 2,159 1,129 22. 20 15. 49 12. 84 15. 27 16. 90 10. 68 8. 71 1.23 1.74 1. 44 .67 1.91 1.36 1.70 44. 54 34. 8,. 36. 5i 36. 57 29. 71 31. 92 32. 94 .88 .66 .77 .69 . 51 .56 .59 177 271 409 5S9 494 386 314 45.31 36. 16 38.31 37. 99 31.23 33. 39 34. 14 2. 70 4.85 6. 28 5.31 5. 29 3.S8 4. 68 1. 2£ 1. 17 .86 .95 1.75 1.82 1.31 1.94 31C 26. 57 477 22. 37 . 91 .94 845 30. 1C 1.01 1,202 86. 89 2. 61 1, 135 36. 70 2. 78 1, 107 29. 12 2.04 765 26. 45 . 5C . 41 .54 .62 .01 .51 . 48 329 507 874 1, 21C 1,198 1, 183 810 28. 20 23.77 31. 14 38. C5 38. 14 31. 12 28. 00 4 50 2 72 2. 55 2 91 4 97 4 39 3 97 1.05 1.54 1.51 1. 59 1.5S 1.73 1. 78 1.05 1.3c .82 1.39 1.27 1.51 1.48 .58 .51 .21 .48 .46 .44 .40 3, 295 6, 732 6,093 7,161 5, 321 4,092 2, 090 40. 58 30. 76 30. 64 33. 69 26. 50 26. 09 23. 79 2 $9 2 88 1.90 2 .2 2. i9 3.44 3. 52 .78 . 77 .55 .87 .81 1.22 1.03 174 261 476 567 47C 369 303 3, 193 6, 35o 5, 769 6, 799 4,969 3, 781 1,910 39. 32 29. 0c '.¿6. 31. 99 24. 75 24. 11 21. 74 13. 47 12. 88 21. 13 19. 35 17. 64 11.38 7. 59 1392 T Mo n t h l y labor r e v ie w 2 . — N U M B E R OF A C C ID E N T S A N D A C C ID E N T F R E Q U E N C Y A N D S E V E R IT Y R A T E S F O R W A G E E A R N E R S IN S P E C IF IE D IN D U S T R IE S , 1926 T O 1932—Continued a b l e Industry and year Furniture: 1926. __________ 1927____________ 1928____________ 1929____________ 1930. __________ 1931____________ 1932 ___________ Glass: 1926____________ 1927____________ 1928____________ 1929____________ 1930____________ 1931____________ 1932____________ Hardware: 1926____________ 1927____________ 1928____________ 1929____________ 1930____________ 1931___________ 1932 __________ Iron and steel: 1926____________ 1927____________ 1928____________ 1929____________ 1930____________ 1931____________ 1932____________ Leather: 1926____________ 1927- __________ 1928____________ 1929____________ 1930____________ 1931____________ 1932 __________ Logging: 1929____________ 1930____________ 1931___________ 1932____________ Lumber—p 1a n i n g mills: 1926____________ 1927____________ 1928____________ 1929____________ 1930____________ 1931____________ 1932____________ Lumber—sawmills : 1926____________ 1927- __________ 1928- __________ 1929____________ 1930____________ 1931____________ 1932____________ Machine tools: 1926____________ 1927____________ 1928____________ 1929____________ 1930____________ 1931____________ 1932- __________ Paper and pulp: 1926____________ 1927____________ 1928 ______ 1929____ _____ 1930____________ 1931____________ 1932____________ Death Number of full- N um Fre year ber quen workers of cy cases rate Permanent dis ability Temporary dis ability Total Se N um Fre Se N um Fre Se N um Fre Se veri ber quen veri ber quen veri ber quen veri of of of ty cy ty cy ty cy ty rate cases rate rate cases rate rate cases rate •ate 11,726 21,918 22, 020 24, 345 19, 969 33, 38S 19, 254 c 5 7 8 8 9 12 0. 08 0. 46 . 11 .63 . 11 .66 . 13 . 8C .09 .54 .21 1. 25 6C 124 90 160 106 162 127 6,717 19, 267 21,107 27, 242 21, 692 33, 041 18, 777 1 14 7 14 5 16 4 .05 .30 .24 1.45 . 11 .66 . 17 1.02 .08 .46 . 16 .97 .07 .43 17 24 28 43 60 56 38 886 3, 764 4, 040 4, 467 3,326 3, 487 2, 376 0 1 3 2 1 .09 .53 .25 1.49 . 15 .89 . 10 .60 1. 71 1.88 1.36 2. .19 1.77 1. 62 2. 20 1. 44 1.43 .98 1.54 1.37 1. 37 1.75 795 1,296 1, 192 1,704 1,291 1,661 1,068 22. 60 0. 53 19. 70 .30 18. 04 .31 23. 34 .31 21. 55 .32 16. 58 .24 18. 49 .30 .84 1.04 797 39. 55 .42 .35 2, 233 38. 63 .44 .32 2, 620 41.38 .52 .36 2, 456 29. 96 .92 .87 1,681 25. 84 .56 .56 1,560 15. 74 .67 .53 1, 118 19. 85 855 1,425 1,289 1,872 1.405 1,832 1,207 24 31 21.66 19:51 25.64 23. 45 18.29 20. 9c 2.19 1.92 2.51 2. 49 2. 15 3. 30 .49 .51 .55 .37 .40 . 24 .31 815 2, 271 2, 655 2,513 1,746 1, 632 1,160 40. 44 39. 29 41.93 30. 65 26. 84 16. 46 20. 59 1.83 2. 31 1.53 1.75 1.73 1.77 1.27 1.99 3. 04 2. 71 1. 26 1 . 14 .84 5 15 14 28 10 5 9 160, 145 327, 907 308, 066 403, 721 304, 958 207, 380 122, 397 111 204 201 192 173 121 54 .23 .21 .22 . 16 . 19 . 19 . 15 1.39 1. 24 1.30 .95 1. 14 1. 17 .88 393 647 700 956 752 552 317 5, 530 11,521 13,066 13, 586 15, 409 13, 636 9, 047 2 3 2 3 4 2 8 . 12 .72 .09 .52 .05 .31 .07 .44 .09 .52 .05 .29 .30 1.77 7 19 28 23 33 30 21 16, 600 7, 569 4, 279 1, 967 33 31 20 9 .66 1. 36 1.56 1. 53 3.98 8.19 9.35 9. 15 106 2.13 1.77 2, 050 41. 20 1.06 153 6. 74 8. 32 1, 968 86. 65 1.98 89 6. 93 13. 00 952 74.15 1.79 71 12.03 20. 66 557 94. 38 2. 59 2,189 43.99 6.81 2,152 94.75 18. 49 1,061 82. 64 24.14 637 107. 94 32.40 5, 242 9,416 12, 112 14, 021 9, 650 15, 729 6, 017 3 9 6 7 3 10 0 . 19 .32 . 17 . 17 . 10 .21 1.14 1.91 .99 1. 00 .62 1. 27 47 72 118 169 93 110 70 2. 99 2. 55 3. 25 4.02 3. 21 2. 33 3.88 2. 15 467 29. 70 2. 64 634 22. 44 2. 17 1, 162 31.97 2. 85 1,233 29. 34 3.07 1, 110 38. 34 1.86 928 19. 67 2. 71 606 33. 58 .65 .57 .60 .49 .68 .31 517 715 1,286 1,409 1,206 1,048 676 32.88 25. 31 35. 39 33. 53 41.65 22. 21 37. 46 3. 94 5.12 3. 76 4. 34 4. 37 3. 44 3. 60 5, 302 13, 631 36, 724 20, 481 22, 002 28, 019 15, 405 15 22 72 19 13 26 15 .94 .54 .65 .31 .20 .31 .32 5. 66 3.23 3.92 1.86 1. 18 1.85 1.95 33 130 374 157 194 278 172 2. 07 3.19 3. 39 2. 56 2. 94 3.31 3. 72 3.28 3. 74 3. 29 1. 78 2. 38 4. 85 3. 89 63. 62 1.57 58. 46 1. 25 49. 63 1.08 46. 29 .88 31.04 .65 49. 11 .90 50. 31 .97 1,060 2, 538 5,913 3,016 2,256 4, 432 2, 512 66.63 62. 19 53. 67 49. 16 34. 18 52. 73 54. 35 10. 51 8. 22 8.29 4. 52 4. 21 7. 60 6. 81 9, 303 12, 207 13, 074 16, 509 11, 121 5,860 3, 099 3 3 7 7 9 1 3 . 11 .64 .08 .49 . 18 1.07 . 14 .85 .27 1. 62 .06 .34 .32 1.94 15 28 44 49 25 12 7 .54 .76 1.12 .99 .75 .68 .75 .25 .34 .40 .36 .43 .35 .39 641 811 926 1,309 732 273 146 22.97 22.14 23. 61 26. 44 21.94 15. 53 15. 70 1.21 1. 53 2. 37 1.95 2.58 1.37 2. 65 16, 770 26, 074 27, 158 34, 632 31, 662 39, 850 33, 247 7 18 14 14 20 25 39 36 126 154 193 181 175 161 .72 1. 61 1.89 1.86 1.91 1.46 1.62 .51 .60 .56 .48 .57 .45 .45 1,605 2,368 2,452 3,107 3, 000 3, 285 2, 557 31.91 30. 27 30. 10 29. 90 31. 59 27.47 25.64 2.17 3.60 3.63 3.00 3. 65 3.14 4. 73 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis (J . 14 .23 . 18 . 13 .21 .21 .39 .83 1.38 1.03 .81 1. 26 1. 25 2. 35 75 330 400 460 234 233 135 28 22 29. 22 33.01 34. 32 23. 45 22. 27 18. 94 58 .44 .55 .40 .31 33 .37 80 346 417 490 245 238 145 30. 64 34.42 36. 56 24. 55 9, 550 17, 658 18,171 23, 102 15, 290 10, 234 5, 803 19. 87 17. 95 19. 66 19. 07 16. 71 16. 45 15. 80 .26 .33 .37 .32 .36 .37 .39 10, 054 18, 509 19, 072 24, 250 16,215 10,907 6,174 20.92 18.81 20. 64 20.02 17. 72 17. 53 16. 81 2.28 2.16 2. 39 1.96 2. 26 2. 30 2. 07 .42 .62 187 11.27 .55 .41 948 27. 43 .71 .92 789 20. 12 .56 .45 970 23. 76 .71 .75 1,084 23. 45 .73 .57 818 20. 00 .77 1.15 680 25. 05 . 26 .43 .27 .36 .36 .33 .46 196 970 819 996 1,121 850 709 11.81 28. 07 20.88 24. 39 24. 25 20. 78 26.12 1.60 1. 36 1.50 1.25 1.63 1.19 3. 38 1. 88 . 73 1.33 1.02 1. 16 1.00 2.09 1.42 1.00 .35 . 48 . 40 1. 26 .78 .82 . 65 . 76 .79 .82 .89 .86 .63 .59 .72 .69 .76 .76 .80 1,012 2,386 5, 467 2, 840 2, 049 4, 128 2, 325 .32 623 22. 32 .70 780 21.30 .90 875 22.31 .74 1,253 25.31 .53 698 20. 92 .68 260 14. 79 .32 136 14. 63 .83 1.62 2. 04 1.71 1.82 1.44 1.93 1,562 2, 224 2,284 2, 900 2, 799 3, 085 2,357 31.05 28. 43 28.03 27.91 29. 47 25. 80 23.63 20. 34 1.99 1393 INDUSTRIAL ACCIDENTS T able 2 .—N U M B E R OF A C C ID E N T S A N D A C C ID E N T F R E Q U E N C Y A N D S E V E R IT Y R A T E S F O R W A G E E A R N E R S IN S P E C IF IE D IN D U S T R IE S , 1926 T O 1932—Continued Permanent dis ability Death Industry and year Temporary dis ability Total Number of fullyear N um Fre Se N um Fre Se N um Fre Se N um Fre Se workers ber quen veri ber quen veri ber quen veri ber quen veri of of of ty cy ty cy of ty cy cy ty cases rate rate cases rate rate cases rale rate cases rate rate Petroleum refining: 3, 783 1926 19, 951 1927____________ 22, 401 1928____________ 25, 849 1929____________ 28, 371 1930____________ 26,011 1931____________ 22, 526 1932____________ Pottery: 3, 946 1926____________ 6,053 1927____________ 7, 449 1928____________ 9,275 1929____________ 7, 558 1930 8, 303 1931___________ » 5,862 1932____________ Shipbuilding, steel: 745 1926 6,011 1927____________ 9,133 1928____________ 13, 642 1929____________ 16, 422 1930. __________ 13,967 1931____________ 8, 325 1932____________ Slaughtering and meat packing: 19, 809 1926____________ 36, 222 1927____________ 38, 674 1928____________ 48, 116 1929____________ 40, 648 1930____________ 44,192 1931____________ 41,130 1932. __________ Stamped and enameled ware: 6,105 1926 ____ 10, 004 1927____________ 8, 068 1928____________ 8,537 1929____________ 6,587 1930____________ 9,021 1931____________ 6,996 1932____________ Steam fittings, apparatus, and supplies: 2, 64C 1926 ______ 15, 652 1927____________ 8,935 1928____________ 9, 538 1929 6, 620 1930____________ 5, 768 1931____________ 3,100 1932____________ Stoves: 4, 379 1926 ___ 7,515 1927. __________ 7,880 1928. __________ 9, 645 1929____________ 7, 460 1930. __________ 10, 019 1931 ___________ 5,339 1932____________ W oolen goods: 7, 757 1926____________ 1927____________ 15, 796 22, 607 1928____________ 23,189 1929____________ 19, 903 1930____________ 40, 792 1931____________ 1932. __________ 21, 546 All groups: 1926 440, 901 1927 927| 292 1928 955’, 485 1,156, 571 1929 ' 962, 000 1930 976j 728 1931 1932 647^ 234 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 6 67 46 69 136 73 59 ) 0. 53 1.12 .69 .89 1.60 .94 .87 0.32 1.12 .42 .72 2. 85 1.21 1.56 99 1,979 1,310 1,609 2, 497 1,722 840 .48 .68 2 6 7 9 9 3 11 .17 .33 .32 .32 .40 .12 .63 .36 . 18 .46 .21 .50 .28 .42 142 229 299 445 329 303 221 1.66 .66 1.46 1.34 1. 29 1.44 2 36 43 47 87 47 25 8 15 15 23 29 19 10 .13 .81 . 14 .83 .13 .78 .16 .96 .24 1.43 . 14 .86 .08 .49 C 2 2 3 6 2 3 8. 72 0.20 33.04 .52 19. 49 .37 20. 76 .34 29. 34 .60 22. 07 .35 12. 43 .25 105 2, 071 1,381 1,706 2, 669 1,832 919 9. 25 34.58 20. 55 22. 01 31.36 23. 48 13. 60 0. 52 4.15 3.02 3. 23 5.99 4. 40 3. 59 12.00 12.61 13.38 15. 97 14. 51 12.16 12. 57 .25 . 17 .26 .27 .27 . 19 .28 145 237 309 455 338 308 234 12. 25 13. 05 13. 83 16. 32 14.91 12. 36 13.31 1.12 1.01 1. 52 .69 .77 .95 1.38 .89 2.00 1.57 1.15 1.77 1. 12 1.00 1.92 123 55.03 2.58 798 44.25 1.26 448 16. 35 .80 910 22. 20 1.61 1,363 27. 67 .92 1,490 35. 56 621 24.87 .69 .96 .76 .48 .34 .59 .62 .54 125 839 494 967 1,461 1,546 652 55. 92 46. 53 18. 03 23. 59 29. 66 36. 89 26.11 2. 88 5. 00 2. 40 2. 60 3. 54 2. 83 2. 67 93 136 127 187 202 237 198 1.56 1.25 1.09 1.29 1.66 1.79 1.61 1.50 1.00 .71 .81 1.52 1.56 1.37 2, 935 3,810 5,080 6,449 4, 466 4, 219 3, 303 49. 39 35. 05 43. 78 44. 67 36. 62 31.82 23. 77 .66 .54 .63 .57 .58 .45 .43 3, 036 3, 961 5, 222 6, 659 4, 697 4, 475 3. 511 51.08 36, 44 45. 00 46. 12 38. 52 33. 75 28. 46 2. 97 2. 37 2. 12 2. 34 3. 53 2. 87 2. 89 .07 .40 .08 .51 . 12 .71 .30 1.82 .07 .44 .14 .86 28 36 51 77 33 51 46 1. 52 1.20 2. 07 3.00 1.67 1.88 2. 19 1. 15 .70 1.20 2. 07 1. 53 1. 60 1.82 893 807 688 703 354 605 355 48.76 26.89 28. 42 27. 42 17. 92 22. 36 16.91 .48 .35 .44 .42 .32 .34 .28 921 845 740 783 393 658 404 50. 28 28.16 30. 57 30. 54 19.89 24.31 19.24 1.63 1. 45 2. 14 3. 19 3. 67 2.38 2.96 ( 2 4 2 3 2 3 .04 .25 .15 .91 .07 .42 .15 .91 . 11 .69 .32 1. 93 4 25 42 3C 17 18 8 248 31. 31 . 5C 1.32 .53 .32 1,057 22. 51 858 212. 00 1.57 1.25 863 30. 12 1.05 .85 583 29. 35 .86 .62 382 22. 08 1.04 1.05 203 21. 83 .86 .89 .39 .33 .55 .43 .52 .44 .42 252 1,084 904 895 603 402 214 31.81 23. 08 33. 72 31. 24 30. 36 23. 22 23. 01 1.71 .90 2. 70 1. 70 2. 05 2.18 3.24 ( 1 2 i 2 7 3 .04 .27 .12 .76 .10 .62 .09 .54 . 22 1.40 .19 1.12 21 25 28 46 22 32 28 1. 6C 1. 11 1.18 1. 5S .98 1.06 1. 75 532 40. 50 1.93 1.04 1,002 44. 44 934 39. 51 . 7C 1. 39 1,196 41. 38 , .94 751 33. 56 1. 12 641 21. 3C 1.78 385 24.04 .62 .62 .55 .53 .66 .41 .52 553 1,028 965 1,245 775 679 416 42.1C 45. 59 40. 82 43. 07 34.63 22. 59 25. 98 2. 55 1.93 2. 01 2. 54 2. 14 2 93 3.42 2 11 22 25 12 42 44 .13 .21 .34 .36 .21 .34 .68 252 10. 84 .06 444 9. 37 .17 .21 762 11. 23 .33 1,024 14. 74 . 17 641 10. 87 .31 1,005 8. 21 .68 948 14. 67 .30 . 15 . 18 .25 .21 .15 .28 256 455 785 1,051 662 1,050 996 11.01 .62 9. 60 .45 11. 57 .47 15.13 .75 11.09 .48 8. 58 .60 15.41 1.33 0 25 25 28 36 37 20 0.42 .37 .36 .42 .47 .30 2. 51 2. 23 2.17 2. 54 2. 84 1.78 .08 . 11 . 13 .03 .51 .66 .80 .21 .08 .11 0 5 3 10 11 9 6 .28 . 11 .24 .22 .21 .24 1 2 3 1 0 2 2 1 1 0 2 1 3 4 19c 431 488 489 474 447 298 .04 .02 .26 .12 .03 .02 .02 .06 .17 . 10 . 15 .37 1,222 2, 523 2, 986 3,907 3,293 3, 073 2, 211 33, 115 59, 649 65,849 78, 338 58, 794 51, 622 33, 595 34, 53C 62, 603 69, 323 82, 734 62, 561 55,142 36,104 1394 MONTHLY LABOR R E V IE W The survey covered 29 manufacturing groups up to 1929, when separate figures became available for logging operations, which were previously included in the classification “ lumber— logging.” A new classification, “ logging” , was therefore added in 1929, making 30 groups in all. The separation is very noticeable in the accident rates for sawmills, which dropped sharply in 1929 through the elimination of the more hazardous logging operations. Eleven of the 30 industrial groups followed the combined trend and experienced increases in both frequency and severity rates in 1932 as compared with 1931. Two other industries experienced increases in frequency rates but decreases in severity rates, while eight other industries experienced decreases in both rates. In frequency rates the increases ranged from 0.12 for boots and shoes to 25.3 for logging, and the decreases ranged from 0.22 for steam fittings, apparatus, and supplies to 10.78 for shipbuilding. In severity rates the increases ranged from 0.05 for boots and shoes to 8.26 for logging, and the decreases ranged from 0.16 for carpets and rugs and for shipbuilding to 0.95 for brick, tile, apd terra cotta. Eighteen of the 30 industries present frequency rates higher than the average (18.59), with logging showing the worst experience (107.94) and sawmills next (54.35). Logging also shows the worst experience in severity rates (32.40) and sawmills is second there likewise (6.81). Sixteen other industries also show severity rates exceeding the average (2.39). Accident Experience of American Steam Railways, 1932 A C C O R D IN G to a summary and analysis of railway accidents, X A . published by the Bureau of Statistics of the Interstate Commerce Commission, for the calendar year 1932, 4.19 persons were killed and 15.89 were injured per 1,000,000 locomotive-miles in train and trainservice accidents on steam railways in the United States during 1932, as compared with 3.71 persons killed and 15.32 injured during 1931. Train accidents were responsible for 183 deaths and 997 nonfatal injuries, including 63 deaths and 326 nonfatal injuries to employees on duty. Train-service accidents accounted for 4,341 deaths and 16,160 nonfatal injuries, of which 367 deaths and 6,861 nonfatal injuries were sustained by employees on duty. Nontrain (including industrial) accidents resulted in 223 deaths and 12,062 nonfatal injuries, of which 127 deaths and 10,227 nonfatal injuries occurred to employees on duty. Nonfatal injuries to employees include only those causing disability of more than 3 days. The total number of deaths in all types of accidents was 4,747 in 1932, as against 5,099 in 1931, a decrease of 6.9 percent. The total number of nonfatal injuries in all types of accidents was 29,219 in 1932, as against 35,656 in 1931, a decrease of 18.05 percent. Loco motive-miles dropped from 1,308,807,762 in 1931 to 1,079,670,099 in 1932, a decrease of 17.51 percent, a larger decline than shown for fatalities but smaller than shown for nonfatal injuries. The number of employees killed whne on duty in either train, trainservice, or nontrain accidents declined from 488 in 1931 to 430 in 1932, or 11.89 percent, while the number injured declined from 9,433 in 1931 to 7,187 in 1932, a decrease of 23.81 percent. Man-hours for https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis IN D U S T R IA L 1395 A C C ID E N T S all employees are not available, but man-hours for class I roads dropped from 2,930,657,000 in 1931 to 2,286,561,000 in 1932, a decrease of 21.98 percent. Part of the summary, showing the total number of persons and the number of employees on duty killed and injured in 1931 and 1932, by type of accident and cause, is shown in the following table. P E R S O N S K IL L E D A N D IN JU R E D IN S T E A M -R A IL W A Y A C C ID E N T S IN T H E U N IT E D S T A T E S , 1931 A N D 1932 Employees on duty Total persons T yp e of accident, and cause 1931 1931 1932 Injured Killed Injured Killed 1932 1931 1932 1931 1932 Train accidents: Collisions. ____ . . ----------D erailm ents.. ____ ____ Locomotive-boiler accidents------------------Other locomotive accidents -------------- . Miscellaneous------ . ----- . ---------- 39 108 8 0 74 34 77 3 1 68 485 583 8 6 126 358 526 5 3 105 33 42 8 0 9 30 26 3 1 3 169 189 8 3 45 117 171 5 3 30 Total, train accidents. ______ ______ 229 183 1,208 997 92 63 414 326 20 9 6 12 2 71 520 1,445 394 175 1, 406 824 245 335 4,096 4, 533 307 123 1,042 593 210 284 3,946 3,911 12 13 7 18 0 18 28 13 20 9 6 12 2 17 34 9 394 175 1,406 824 245 232 1,879 33 307 123 1,042 593 210 165 1, 549 36 1, 590 666 1,022 5,819 911 4,833 165 122 128 130 179 3, 652 139 2, 697 4, 624 4, 341 18,849 16,160 396 367 . 9,019 6, 861 Total, train and train-service acci dents__ _ . . . .... . . .. ----- . 4,853 4, 524 20,057 17,157 488 430 9,133 7,187 Train-service accidents: • Coupling or uncoupling cars or loco 12 m otives____ ____ . 13 Coupling or uncoupling air hose-----. 7 Operating locomotives . . . ... 18 Operating hand brakes. 0 Operating switches . .. . . . . 60 Contact with fixed structures________ 447 Getting on or off cars or locomotives _. Accidents at highway grade crossings----- 1,720 Struck or run over, not at public cros sings. __ .. ______________ - 1,730 617 Miscellaneous--------- --------------- -------Total, train-service accidents. . ------- Accident rate (train and train-service) per 1,000,000 locomotive-miles . . . .. . Total nontrain (including industrial) acci dents______ . . . . . ._ --------------- . . 3. 71 4. 19 15. 32 15.89 0. 37 0. 40 7. 21 6. 66 246 223 15, 599 12, 062 156 127 13, 521 10, 227 Grand total, all accidents.. . . . . . 5,099 Percent of decrease in total accidents, 1931-32. 4, 747 6. 90 35, 656 29, 219 18. 05 644 557 13.51 22, 954 17, 414 24. 14 — — — Coal-Mine Accidents in the United States, 1931 TATISTICS of accidents occurring in coal mines during 1931, published by the United States Bureau of Mines in its Bulletin No. 373,1shows that injuries during the year, totaling 81,812, resulted in 1,463 fatalities, 98 permanent total disabilities, 1,773 permanent partial disabilities, and 78,478 temporary disabilities. Progress was made in accident prevention, in spite of the adverse conditions created through heavy curtailment of operations in the industry. The number of workers declined from 644,006 in 1930 to 589,705 in 1931, a reduction of 8.43 percent. The average days of operation also declined from 192 in 1930 to 168 in 1931, a reduction of 12.5 percent, resulting in a decrease in the total number of man-hours worked from 1,002,691,781 in 1930 to 804,394,130 in 1931, a reduction S 1 United States. Department of Commerce. Bureau of Mines. Bulletin 373: Coal-mine accidents in the United States, 1931, by W . W . Adams, L. E. Geyer, and L. Chenoweth. Washington, 1933. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1396 MONTHLY LABOR R E V IE W of 19.78 percent. The number of deaths declined from 2,063 in 1930 to 1,463 in 1931, a reduction of 29.08 percent, so that the fatality rate per million man-hours worked was lowered from 2.06 in 1930 to 1.82 in 1931, a decrease of 11.65 percent. The nonfatal-injury rate was also reduced, but in less degree— from 103.54 in 1930 to 99.89 in 1931, a decrease of 3.53 percent. While 1,080 of the 1,463 fatalities occurred in bituminous-coal mines, 4,914 of the total bituminous-coal mines operated the entire year without a fatal accident, although they employed 60.9 percent of the workers and produced 53.6 percent of all bituminous tonnage. A distribution by States shows that the coal mines in Alaska and Michigan were operated without loss of life during the year, while the highest fatality rate was established by Indiana (3.71 per 1,000,000 man-hours worked). Alaska presented the lowest nonfatal-injury rate (28.19), and Utah the highest (153.10). The only figures available for nonfatal injuries are for the years 1930 and 1931, but data for fatalities are published beginning with 1911,2 as presented in table 1, which shows the number of workers employed, the number of man-hours worked, production, and the number of workers killed, by 5-year periods from 1911 to 1930 and by years from 1926 to 1931. T able 1.— E M P L O Y M E N T , P R O D U C T IO N , A N D F A T A L IT IE S IN C O A L M IN E S , 1911 T O 1931 M en kille d Period or year Number of men em ployed Man-hours worked Production (short tons) 1911-15____ _____ __________ 1916-20_____________________ 1921-25_____________________ 1926-30_____________________ 1926________________________ 1927________________________ 1928________________________ 1929________________________ 1930________________________ 1931________________________ 3, 695,847 3,801, 904 4, 059, 014 3, 499, 541 759, 033 759,177 682, 831 654, 494 644, 006 589, 705 6, 991,812, 000 7, 388, 822, 000 5, 849, 631, 000 5, 878, 704, 781 1, 352,840, 000 1,219, 079,000 1,135, 543, 000 1,168, 551,000 1, 002, 691, 781 804, 394,130 2, 646, 030, 795 3,131,929, 644 2, 794, 733, 483 2, 977,484, 316 657,804, 437 597, 858, 916 576, 093, 039 608,816, 788 536, 911,136 441, 750, 978 Rate per Rate per N um 1,000,000 1,000,000 ber man-hours tons worked mined 12, 583 12, 097 11,077 11, 175 2,518 2, 231 2, 176 2, 187 2, 063 1,463 1.80 1.64 1.89 1.90 1.86 1.83 1.92 1.87 2.06 1.82 4. 76 3. 86 3. 96 3.75 3.83 3. 73 3.78 3.59 3.84 3.31 There were 1,355 fatal and 73,312 nonfatal injuries in underground operations in 1931, 78 fatal and 5,850 nonfatal injuries in surface operations, and 30 fatal and 1,187 nonfatal injuries in shaft and opencut operations. Falls of roof or face accounted for 836 of the under ground deaths and 21,733 of the underground nonfatal injuries. The next principal cause of underground injuries was mine cars and locomotives, responsible for 237 deaths and 15,437 nonfatal injuries. Fatality rates for bituminous-coal mines and anthracite mines are shown in table 2, which contains rates for each type and both types combined, by years from 1925 to 1931.2 2 For earlier data see M onthly Labor Review for December 1932, pp. 1338-1339. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis IN D U S T R IA L T a b l e 2 .—F A T A L I T Y RATES 1397 A C C ID E N T S FO R B IT U M IN O U S -C O A L A N D A N T H R A C IT E 1925 TO 1931 Year 1925______________________________________ 1926_________________________________ 1927______________________________________ 1928__________ _____ _______________ 1929_____________________________________ 1930 ___________ . 1931____________________________________ M IN E S, . Bituminous-coal mines Anthracite mines All mines Per 1,000 Per 300-day 1,000,000 em ploy tons ees mined Per Per 1,000 300-day 1,000,000 em ploy tons ees mined Per 1,000 Per 300-day 1,000,000 em ploy tons ees mined 4. 79 4.86 4. 00 4. 90 4. 63 5. 26 4. 42 3. 53 3. 60 3. 36 3.45 3.19 3. 46 2.83 4.12 3. 37 3.94 3. 85 4. 24 4. 22 4.43 6. 47 5. 36 6.11 5.93 6. 53 6. 40 6. 42 4.65 4. 50 4. 43 4. 64 4.54 5.00 4. 42 3. 84 3.83 3. 73 3.78 3.59 3. 84 3. 31 Metal-Mine Accidents in the United States, 1931 HILE a smaller number of men were employed in the metal mining industry in the United States and fewer man-hours were worked in 1931 than in any previous year since 1910, the number of deaths and injuries from accidents was reduced in even greater proportion, according to a report published by the United States Bureau of Mines.1 An all-time safety record in the prevention of nonfatal injuries was established in 1931 and also, except for 1928, in the prevention of injuries resulting in death. Compared with 1930, the records "for 1931 showed a decline of 33 percent in the number of man-hours worked, but also a decrease of 42 percent in fatalities and of 44 percent in nonfatal injuries. Con sequently, the fatality rate (per 1,000,000 man-hours worked) was lowered from 1.17 in 1930 to 1.01 in 1931, and the nonfatal-injury rate was lowered from 67.07 in 1930 to 55.76 in 1931. Accidents during the year resulted in 158 deaths, 15 permanent total disabilities, 292 permanent partial disabilities, and 8,402 tem porary disabilities, a total of 8,867 accidents for the year. Underground mining operations were responsible for 119 of the 158 fatalities and 6,595 of the 8,709 nonfatal accidents. The principal cause of both the fatal and nonfatal injuries was fall of rock or ore from roof or wall, which was responsible for 65 fatalities and 1,420 nonfatal injuries. Explosives and falls of persons were other promi nent causes of deaths; while loading of rock or ore, with 832 cases, haulage, with 761 cases, and hand tools, with 666 cases, were the chief causes of the nonfatal injuries. Gold, silver, and miscellaneous metal mines formed the most active division during the year 1931, with the largest number of workers, man-hours, and injuries, both fatal and nonfatal. Copper mines came second, except in actual number of workers, where they were exceeded by iron mines. The following table shows the number of workers employed, the number killed or injured, and fatal and nonfatal injury rates in the different divisions of the metal-mining industry in 1931.2 W 1 United States. Department of Commerce. Bureau of Mines. Bulletin 374: Metal-mine accidents in the United States during the calendar year 1931, b y William W . Adams. Washington, 1933. 2 For earlier figures, see M onthly Labor Review for March 1932 and October 1932. 21719°—33------9 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1398 MONTHLY LABOR R E V IE W E M P L O Y M E N T A N D A C C ID E N T S IN M E T A L M IN E S A N D N O N M E T A L L IC -M IN E R A L M IN E S (E X C E P T C O A L ), 1931 Men employed Type of mine _______ __ . . . Copper Gold, silver, and miscellaneous m etals . Iron. _________________________________ Lead and zinc (Mississippi V alley)____ Nonmetallic mineral____ _______ Total__________________ _ --------- https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Aver age days active Men killed Men injured A c tual num ber Rate per Rate per Man-hours N um 1,000,000 Num 1,000, 000 ber hours’ ex worked ber hours’ ex posure posure 258 248 202 189 227 19, 687 24, 343 21.786 6, 175 8, 949 41,019,314 48, 632, 722 39,121, 025 9,463, 502 17,941, 296 51 58 28 10 11 1.24 1.19 . 72 1.06 .61 2, 580 3, 825 774 689 841 62. 90 78. 65 19.78 72.81 46. 88 231 80, 940 156,177, 859 158 1.01 8,709 55. 78 LABOR LAWS AND COURT DECISIONS New Mexico Law Regulating Hours of Labor for Men Held Unconstitutional HE law of New Mexico (ch. 149, Acts of 1933), which prohibits the labor of male employees in mercantile establishments for more than 8 hours per day or 48 hours per week of 6 days is uncon stitutional, and therefore void, being a violation of the “ due process” clause and not a valid exercise of the State police power, according to a recent decision by the Supreme Court of New Mexico. (State v. Henry, 25 Pac. (2d) 204.) The defendant in the case, H. E. Henry, was me proprietor of a drug store and it was alleged that he caused “ a male employee, * * * a registered pharmacist, to work and labor in said mercantile establish ment for more than 8 hours in a certain 24-hour day, * * * the said work and labor not having been performed in an emergency case.” The constitutionality of the statute was attacked and the District Court of Bernalillo County declared the law invalid as being an arbitrary classification not connected with the public health, safety, morals, or general welfare. The court saw no reason why such regulation should be placed on mercantile establishments and not on factories, laundries, foundries, bakeries, etc. The court said: “ Had the legislature, in keeping with the social trend of the times, made a sweeping enactment of an 8-hour day for all wage earners in the State, this court would have viewed it with great sympathy, but there appears no ground for ascribing validity to the present act.” The case was thereupon appealed to the Supreme Court of New Mexico, where the decision of the district court was affirmed. In declaring the law unconstitutional, Mr. Chief Justice Watson, speak ing for the court, emphasized the view that the statute violated the “ due process” clause of the State constitution. The opinion was based upon the decision of the United States Supreme Court in the case of Lochner v. New York (198 U.S. 45) in which the New York law limiting daily labor in bakeries to 10 hours was declared unconstitu tional, in a 5-to-4 decision, which is considered by good authority to have been overruled in later decisions.1 In the course of the present opinion the court defined “ liberty” as used in the Constitution to embrace “ a man’s right to contract as he will or can regarding his hours of employment. He, not the govern ment, is to determine the matter.” This definition is interesting when compared with Air. Justice Brewer’s remark in the United States Supreme Court decision in Holden v. Hardy (169 U.S. 366) that “ the fact that both parties are of full age and competent to contract does not necessarily deprive the State of the power to interfere where the T 1 See X I X American Bar Association Journal, 440, footnote. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1399 1400 M ONTHLY LABOR R E V IE W parties do not stand upon an equality * * *,” and Mr. Chief Justice Hughes’ opinion in Miller v. Wilson (236 U.S. 373) that “ the liberty of contract guaranteed by the Constitution is freedom from arbitrary restraint, not immunity from reasonable regulation to safe guard the public interest * * In discussing “ due process” the court said: “ Due process” , by which only the individual may be deprived of his liberty, does not have regard merely to enforcement of the law, but searches also the authority for making the law. An historical and scientific mistake may have been made in deviating from the more familiar idea that “ due process” is matter of procedure only. (Corwin, “ The Supreme Court and the Fourteenth Amend m en t,” 7 Mich. Law. Rev. 643.) Nevertheless, by judicial decision, the first and fundamental step in the due process or procedure of depriving the individual of liberty is the enactment of a statute within legislative competency. Much space was given in the opinion in distinguishing the New Mexico law from the Oregon law which was upheld in Bunting v. Oregon (243 U.S. 426). The Oregon law provided for a 10-hour day in all mills, factories, or manufacturing establishments. The court also relied upon the difference between the Oregon Constitution and that of the State of New Mexico adopted in 1910. In concluding the opinion the court said: A final question not unnaturally arises. In the minds of many the present widespread evil of unemployment is so great as to require or justify extraordinary measures by government. Revolution even is feared by some as a consequence of failure or inability to alleviate it. This suggests inquiry as to the so-called emergency powers of government. The act bears on its face no evidence that it is the legislature’s plan for meeting an emergency. It contains no recitals or findings. Emergency was not declared, even for the purpose of giving it immediate effect. It was not declared to be for the “ preservation of the public peace, health, or safety” , as bearing upon the people’s reserved power to disapprove, suspend, and annul it. Its operation is not limited to the duration of any emergency. It stands as permanent State policy. * * * Mercantile establishments might quite generally meet the situation by remaining open for shorter hours, or by staggering. The shorter hours com pelled might result in proportionate decreases in wages. In that case, the net result would be merely to take from one to give to another. So we find evidence before us insufficient to warrant bringing into question any emergency powers the State may have to preserve its own existence and the peace and safety of the people. The nature and extent of such powers we do not con sider here. Part-Time Household Worker Not a Casual Employee in New Jersey HE Supreme Court of New Jersey recently held that a household worker who had been employed to do housework for one or more days per week, over a period of 10 years, was engaged in “ recurring employment” and was not a “ casual” employee. {Harrington v. Garrison et al., 168 Atl. 166.) Maude Harrington, a skilled houseworker, was injured in the home of Mrs. Garrison, one of several persons for whom the former did various kinds of housework, including cooking, sewing, and cleaning. The time of doing the work and its amount were.subject to change and depended largely upon the appointments Miss Harrington had with her other employers. It was conceded, however, that she worked for Mrs. Garrison from 1 to 3 days every week. The rate of pay for these services was 50 cents per hour, paid weekly or every 2 weeks. T https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis IN D U S T R IA L A C C ID E N T S 1401 At the end of the week preceding her injury. Miss Harrington had neither requested nor received her pay, a circumstance indicative of the long-enduring relations which existed between the parties and their expectation that the services would be continued. There was no dispute as to the injuries that Miss Harrington received in the Garrison home, and the award of the deputy com missioner of the workmen’s compensation board was affirmed by the court of common pleas, Essex County. Thereupon Mrs. Garrison carried the case to the Supreme Court of New Jersey for review, contending that the employment was casual, not in connection with employer’s business, and not “ regular, periodic, or recurring” , and therefore the injury was not compensable. In affirming the decision of the deputy commissioners and the court of common pleas, granting an award of compensation, the court held: Without attempting to determine whether Mrs. Garrison’s status as a house wife was a business within the meaning of the statute, we state our conclusion that the employment was at least “ recurring.” * * * * * * Miss Harrington was in effect a part-time servant in the prosecutor’s employ, and her service had at least this degree of regularity, that the employ ment Avas for a part of every week that the Garrisons were: at home over a long period of years and for a minimum of 1 day in each of those: weeks. In this long repetition of weekly service, in the acceptance of it as a regularly recurring fact and in the mutual expectation of continuation, we find a condition utterly at variance with the common understanding of, as well as with the statutory defini tion of, a casual employment. Canadian Labor Legislation, 1932 ABOR laws enacted in 1932 by the Parliament of Canada and the - / Provincial legislatures are published in the Dominion Depart ment of Labor report on Canadian legislation, 1932, and summarized in the Canada Year Book 1933, from which the following principal provisions are taken:1 I Federal Legislation T he Governor in Council was authorized by the Relief Act of 1932 to enter into agreements with the Provinces in respect to relief measures and to pay from the Consolidated Revenue the sums required to meet the obligations resulting from such agreements; to make provision for special relief and works in the national parks and in the drought-stricken regions of Saskatchewan; to aid in defraying the cost of the sale and distribution of natural products; to make loans to, and assure the repayment of money lent to Provinces or public corporations and projects; and in general to aid the Provinces in relieving distress. The Unfair Competition Act which repealed certain sections of the Trade Work and Design Act was amended to include provision for the protection of trade-union labels, according to the 1925 Hague convention. Provincial Legislation Industrial disputes .— In Ontario and Quebec legislation was passed making the Dominion Industrial Disputes Investigation Act appli cable to controversies within the legislative jurisdiction of these Provinces. 1 W orkmen’s compensation legislation for 1932 was summarized in the N ovember 1932 M onthly Labor Review. The 1933 legislation on this subject will be given in a later issue. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1402 M ONTHLY LABOR R E V IE W Mining.— Various amendments were made to the Saskatchewan Mines Act, the title of which was changed to “ The Coal Mines Safety and Welfare A ct” , under which a workman may not now be em ployed above or below ground for over 8 hours a day except by mutual consent of employer and employee. “ Exception is made of employees in an office, boarding house or bunk house, in cases of emergency, at the weekly change of shift, and where continuous or technical work must be performed.” In certain cases, however, the operation of those provisions may be suspended by the Minister. Regulations for factories, shops, and office buildings.— Certain sections of the Factory, Shop and Office Building Act of Ontario were made applicable to restaurants and bake shops, including those regu lating working hours, prohibiting the employment of children under 14 years of age and of children under 16 years of age without a school certificate, providing safety measures with reference to elevators and hoists, and prohibiting the keeping of premises in such condition as to endanger safety or health. Other amendments to the act had for their purpose the bringing of such places as shoe-shine parlors and bowling alleys within the scope of the law and to control more effec tually child labor in lumber yards, etc. The inspector may grant a permit for a factory to operate on a double shift. In such cases the working hours are restricted to 8 for each sliift and to 16 for both shifts, and it is required that the double shift fall between 6 a.m. and 11 p.m. Women and young workers must be permitted to have at least 1 hour in each shift for a meal. The section providing that women and young workers may be employed in shops up to 10 p.m. on Saturday before a statutory holiday and from December 14 to 24 was amended to restrict their working hours to 10 a day and 60 a week. The section which provided for the inspection of houses in which articles of clothing, etc., were being made under contract was broadened to include a similar provision regarding the manufacture of any household article. The British Columbia Shops Regulation Act was amended to limit the hours of work of children under 16 years of age to 8 a day and 48 a week. Employees operating public vehicles.— The Public Utility Board of Manitoba was empowered by an amendment to the Highway Traffic Act of that Province to regulate the wage rates and hours of em ployees operating public-service vehicles. The Public Commercial Vehicle Act of Ontario was amended to give authority to the Lieutenant-Governor in Council to regulate the working hours of drivers of commercial vehicles. Minimum wage.—An amendment to the Minimum Wage Act of Ontario requires employers to keep records of the names, addresses, wage rates, working hours, actual earnings, and actual time spent in work of all female employees, also of the ages of those under 18. The Minimum Wage for Women Act of Quebec was broadened to cover commercial establishments. Two members of the minimum wage commission will represent the female employees and that com mission was given authority to fix a special wage scale for seasonal workers. Apprenticeship.—As a result of an amendment the Apprenticeship Act of Ontario now provides for an apprenticeship board of three members as a substitute for the tripartite committee set up by the https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis LABOR LAW S AND COURT D E C IS IO N S 1403 principal act, and for the appointment of inspectors in addition to the chief inspector. Authorization is given the board to inquire as to the opinions of employers and employees in the specified trades concernino* suggested changes in the act and regulations. No changes are allowed without notice in writing to the employers and employees concerned. Street trades— The Alberta Child Welfare Act was amended to include under the term “ neglected child” any boy or girl under 12 years of age or any boy between 12 and 14 years of age who takes up any street trade without the consent of his parent or guardian. Employment and unemployment— 'The Quebec Employment Bureau Act, under an amendment, provides for the elimination of private fee-charging employment bureaus. In all the Provinces with the exception of Prince Edward Island, legislation was adopted making it possible to take advantage of the 1931 Dominion Unemployment and Farm Belief Act. A measure was also enacted by the Legislature of Quebec which provides that the wages of workers on unemployment relief projects carried on under certain Dominion and Provincial statutes should not be subject to seizure for debt. In Nova Scotia a law was enacted providing for the settlement of jobless coal miners on farms. An act in Quebec had for its objective the promotion of land settlement. Old-age pensions. The hlanitoba and Ontario old-age pension laws were amended to enable those Provinces to avail themselves of the advantages provided under the amendment of 1931 to the D o minion act, which raised the contribution of the Dominion from 50 to 75 percent of the Provincial disbursements. Departments of labor. An additional section to the Department of Labor Act of Ontario authorizes an inspector in the employment of the department to order the cessation at once of any work to which any act administered by the department is applicable and which he regards as dangerous to life or property. In Nova Scotia provision was made by law for a department of labor. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis COOPERATION Development of the Cooperative Movement Throughout the World HE “ unimpaired vitality and steady growth of cooperative societies of all sorts, despite depressed economic and social con ditions” , was commented upon by the International Labor Office in its 1932 yearbook recently issued; this the report characterizes as “ one of the most remarkable phenomena of recent years, the more so in that these organizations and undertakings owe their existence to the class which is more widely and directly affected than any other by unemployment, bad sales, marketing difficulties, falling prices and falling wages.” Confirmation of these observations is afforded by the present article, compiled from a number of sources, which covers consider ably over 400,000 cooperative societies of various types in 43 countries. Of these societies, the largest proportion (about 40 percent) are credit societies, while another large group (some 36 percent) is composed of the agricultural associations; these two types together account for over three fourths of the whole number. A combined membership of more than 100,000,000 persons is shown (in the 41 countries for which data are available). Whereas the con sumers’ cooperative movement forms less than 10 percent of the whole, in point of number of societies, it is much more important when membership is considered, as nearly 70,000,000 of the 100,000,000 cooperators belong to the consumers’ societies. About one fourth of the entire number of societies and more than half of the membership is in the Soviet Union. While the number of local consumers’ societies continues to di minish, the number of individual members shows an increase in nearly every country studied. The amount of sales (in terms of dollars and cents) also rose in some countries, in spite of the world wide low prices, and in numerous instances the actual volume of goods handled increased even though the amount of sales (in terms of money) fell. In one case, that of the cooperative wholesale society of the Netherlands, the amount of sales in 1932 was the highest ever attained by that organization. The wholesale societies of the 20 countries for which figures are at hand in 1932 transacted business to the amount of considerably over three fourths of a billion dollars. While few new manufacturing enterprises are being started, the value of goods manufactured in 1932 by the wholesale societies of 7 countries exceeded $197,000,000. T Comparative Development of Various Forms of Cooperation T a b le s 1 and 2 show the development of the various phases of the cooperative movement throughout the world in the latest year for which data are available. 1404 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1405 C O O P E R A T IO N Table 1 includes over 400,000 societies of various types, more than three fourths of which are either credit or agricultural societies. It is seen that the various branches of the movement are not evenly developed in each country. Thus, as regards number of societies, agricultural cooperation predominates in such countries as Australia, Austria, Canada, France, Japan, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland, and Soviet Russia, while the credit societies are predominant in number in Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Germany, India, Netherlands, Rumania, and Yugoslavia. Only in Denmark, Hungary, Italy, and Spain do the consumers’ societies form the largest group. T able 1.— N U M B E R OF C O O P E R A T IV E S O C IE TIE S OF V A R IO U S T Y P E S , IN S P E C IF IE D C O U N T R IE S Country Year Austria 1____ __ .. _ ------Belgium ___ __________ Brazil 1_________ ________ ____ Bulgaria__ ____ . . C hina.. _______ _ _ --------- -- Denmark 1 _____ ___ Estonia 1 - - - - - - __ -_ F in la n d 1___ F rance1-.. Germany____ Great B ritain.- ____ - - - - - - - - - - - -. ------ - H un gary1___ -----Iceland 1. _ _ -- _____________ India --_ _______ -------I t a l y ------------------- ------------------Japan 1____ -----L a tv ia 1 - - ___ - --- Luxem burg1 .. ---------Morocco 1 - Netherlands1. - - - New Zealand 1 - _ Palestine1-----P o la n d ___ ------ ---------------- S pain1______________ -- -------- -Sweden-----------------Switzerland___ . . . - - - - --------Yugoslavia-------------- ----------------T otal--------------- ----------- - 529 1,237 1,674 1,226 188 1, 649 37 0 3, 240 250 830 370 254 (2) 0 229 0 8 434 108 6, 292 150 1,602 0 9, 779 326 18 41 529 200 210 1,837 181 0 7, 334 43 313 90 1,410 11,397 21, 607 0 4, 351 1,022 0 5104, 187 0 1,355 457 168 454 50 5 1,288 0 15 6,440 5, 225 128 0 0 132 161 249 3, 580 388 12 298 518 0 4, 348 1, 502 362 3 1,412 17, 500 18, 821 1,374 1, 185 550 0 0 1,209 3, 827 41 985 425 796 11 944 180 7 2, 637 97 2, 734 0 50 0 248 0 0 0 70 0 340 717 74 71 0 0 1,550 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 56 449 48 396 128 0 185 0 1,605 280 891 219 0 0 1,434 1, 590 15 •5 0 0 1 176 0 242 25 3,813 5,163 283 127 3 1, 663 1 0 0 0 0 0 696 0 0 0 68 63 0 329 68 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 905 0 774 121 195 0 0 0 0 • 0 2,921 « 437 8 78,064' 54 Other types 32 CÇ cc -- -- 44 112 166 208 396 (2) 131 382 0 1,840 1,925 235 oc South Africa, Union of. 1931 1931 1931 1931 1931 1931 1931 1931 1931 1930 1931 1931 1931 1931 1931 1932 1931 1930 1930 1931 1929-30 1932 1932 1931 1931 1931 1931 1931 1931 1932 1931 1931 1931 1929 1931 1929-30 1932 1930 1931 1929 1931 1931 1931 W ork Hous ers’ pro ing and Con Agricul ductive con sumers’ Credit tural and struc societies societies societies labor tion so societies cieties 1,568 1,163 0 29 444 727 4, 407 3, 562 5,859 !0 2, 514 177 57 156 5,580 266 89 38, 574 175, 962 159, 692 22, 393 14,188 171 4,048 3, 799 337 Total 274 314 415 4,713 2, 767 502 3, 590 1, 300 1,576 16, 546 3,490 910 164 3, 527 30, 741 51, 795 3,084 7, 387 3, 293 37 104,187 6, 695 5, 432 1,399 1,586 1,462 914 16 2, 461 180 3,071 276 17,594 271 9,943 128 437 106, 206 551 29 15,379 11,871 7,483 21, 611 11 433,906 1 Data cover only societies affiliated to the various central organizations. * N o data. 8 Includes “ urban societies” of all types. 4 Included with credit societies. 8 Includes all societies of other types also. 8 Data cover only societies affiliated to N .K .L . 7 Includes fishermen’s societies also. « Year 1928. c Included with agricultural societies. 70 Includes consumers’ societies also. ii N ot the exact sum of the totals given, as in 1 country the distribution of the total number of societies b y type, was not known. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1406 MONTHLY LABOR R E V IEW While credit and agricultural societies lead in number of societies, the situation is quite different when number of cooperators is con sidered. Table 2 shows that the consumers’ cooperative movement leads as regards total number of members, nearly 70 million persons being affiliated with the cooperative stores ip the 30 countries covered by the data. The agricultural associations are next in order, but their membership totals only some 21 million persons. About one fourth of the total number of societies and more than half of the members are in the Russian cooperative movement. T a b l e 2 —M E M B E R S H IP OF V A R IO U S T Y P E S OF C O O P E R A T IV E SO C IE T IE S IN S P E C IF IE D C O U N T R IE S Country Year Australia . . . ____ . Austria4 Belgium 4_ _ B razil4 _ Bulgaria-. China Czechoslovakia- _ D enm ark4- . ___ Estonia 4 - - _____ F e d e ra te d M a la y 1931 1931 1929 1931 1931 1931 1931 1931 1931 1930 1931 1931 Consum ers’ socie Credit societies ties Agricul tural societies 4, 502 37i 057 16,914 26| 905 3 12lj 015 403, 000 128, 098 47, 000 69, 253 480, 362 0 3 300, 000 188, 000 0 44, 297 152,440 145' 486 350,000 439,492 (2) 76,927 70, 222 0 910, 705 396, 500 60, 000 0 0 0 342,489 45, 477 0 939,104 16, 785 23,400 Workers’ Hous produc ing tive and socie labor ties societies 10, 768 0 0 0 64, 589 (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) 70, 300 (2) (2) 8,480 (2) (2) 7,000 (2) 1931 153 10, 651 15,030 Finland 4_ _____ _ _ 1931 470,414 145, 708 277, 200 (2) (2) 732, 333 1,000,000 France 4____ ____ - - 1931 1, 576, 256 23,000 18, 300 Germany 4 _ _ 1931 4, 990,824 4, 000, 000 722, 718 (2) 0 1931 6, 559, 000 « 288,179 31, 405 28, 968 0 Hungary 4_ _______ 1931 7 804, 821 399,005 65, 565 8 17,712 (2) Iceland - 1931 4 7, 448 0 (2) (2) 0 India. ___ ______ 1930 34,429,428 0 0 0 0 635, 507 118,500 49, 876 Italy _ - ___ ________ 1930 io 900, 000 0 Japan 4_ _ _ _______ 1932 20, 000 768, 623 140, 633 (2) (2) 1930 50, 320 11 15,000 54,030 1931 Lithuania 4_ . 18i 000 11, 000 9, 733 (2) (2) Luxemburg 4 1931 4, 879 50, 575 (2) (2) 0 1931 4,700 M orocco 4 . 7 1,900 (2) (2) 0 N etherlands4 - . . . 1931 7 222,053 223, 291 65, 000 (2) (2) 1932 New Zealand 4__ 91,494 (2) (2) 0 0 Norway . . 1931 115, 451 « I f3, 364 (2) 0 (2) 1,000 Palestine4 - - - - - - - 1931 7 18, 586 I2 270 (2) 0 (13) 825,887 141,060, 465 P ola n d 4 ______ ____ 1931 9, 632 (2) 1931 237,812 1,127, 224 259, 810 1930 2, 157 South Africa, Union of- 1932 (2) (2) 0 0 0 1930 48,904, 200 »8,508,100 2, 002, 000 Spain 4__________ ____ 1931 123,162 8 3,000 (2) (2) 0 1929 5,933 481,319 50, 000 Sweden 4_. _ _ _______ 1931 15,945 (2) 0 Switzerland4-.. . 1931 376, 286 48, 318 239, 234 C2) (2) United States. . __ 1929 206, 387 12 301, 109 123,200,000 1,405 2,435 Yugoslavia----------------- 1931 59, 302 (2) (2) (2) 0 T o t a l . . ___ _ Other types 0 (2) 79, 645 188, 659 163, 000 (2) (2) (2) (2) 45 205, 400 5,000 (2) 7 190, 000 (2) 0 11,037 (2) 93, 237 4, 333 8 2, 453 (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) 15, 806 (2) « 45, 000 (2) 3,932 78, 819 (2) T o t a l4 76, 481 216Ì 402 266j 501 823; 300 567, 590 126, 645 750, 397 759, 061 65; 433 2,149, 809 608. 285 83, 400 25, 879 1, 098, 722 3, 354, 889 9, 713, 542 6,907, 552 1,477; 103 7,448 4, 429, 428 1,714, 920 929, 256 212, 587 43; 066 57,907 6,600 510, 344 91,494 228,815 19, 856 1, 895,984 1, 640, 652 2,157 85, 000 59,414, 300 171,162 5, 933 547; 264 667, 770 3, 790, 155 45 855,836 69, 595, Oil 9, 658, 338 21,897, 559 2, 281,030 933, 654 1,086, 366 >8 106, 398, 925 1 Figures in this column contain considerable duplication, due to membership of the same persons in several societies of different types. 2 N o data. 3 Includes also membership of a few societies of other types. 4 Data cover only societies affiliated to the various central organizations. 3 Approximate membership of societies affiliated to central organization in 1929. 6 Includes membership of fishery societies. 7 Data are for 1930. 8 Data are for 1928. 2 Included with credit societies. 10 Approximate. 41Approproximate membership of societies affiliated to central organization in 1928. 12 Data are for 1932. 13 Included with agricultural societies. 14 Includes membership of credit societies. 15 Distribution of other types of societies than consumers’ societies not known. 48 N ot the exact sum of the totals given, since in several countries the distribution of total membership b y type of society was not known. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis COOPERATION 1407 Position of Consumers’ Cooperation D u r i n g the depression period the consumers' cooperative move ment has had to contend not only with the economic results of the depression but also with concerted attacks from the private traders. In many countries the nonprofit character of the cooperative societies has been recognized by law and their net trading surplus has been regarded as savings made by the pooling of the members’ purchasing power, not as profits in the ordinary sense, and the societies have therefore been exempt from government taxes on profits or income. The long-continued depression, which has intensified budgetary and revenue difficulties of the governments in the various countries, and the increasingly bitter attacks of private merchants have resulted in efforts to bring about the passage of legislation which would subject the cooperative societies to all of the taxes and restrictions to which profit traders are subject and even in some cases to additional burdens. Such legislation is being pushed in Austria, France, Germany, Great Britain, Netherlands, etc. The growth of consumers’ cooperation, notwithstanding these adverse conditions, is shown by the sales of the local consumers’ societies in the two latest years for which data are available (table 3). Aside from the Soviet Union, where the consumers’ cooperative move ment is a recognized part of the Government, Great Britain is far in the lead. Table 3 (p. 1408) shows the tendency toward a decreasing number of local societies (generally as a result of a definite policy). In nearly every country, however, an increased membership is shown. Although in view of the fall in the price levels, a lower volume of sales would be expected, an increase in the amount of business is shown in Estonia, Finland, France, Lithuania, Norway, and Sweden. Canada.■— The growth of the depression in extent as well as in intensity, it is pointed out in the annual report of the Cooperative Union of Canada for 1932, is reflected in the statistics of the con sumers’ cooperative movement of that country. The sales of the affiliated societies declined $243,231, as compared with 1931, indicat ing a “ still further diminution of purchasing power” in 1932. “ A considerable portion of the business of many of the retail societies has consisted of relief orders. ” The aggregate trading surplus of the reporting societies was $117,895, or $67,221 less than in 1931. Most of this decline was due to the falling off of the net gain of the largest consumers’ society in Canada, whose members, mainly miners, have been particularly affected by the depression in the mining industry. Germany.— In Germany, at the beginning of 1933, only 1,674 of the 51,795 cooperative societies of all types were consumers’ coop erative associations. Of these, about 1,200 were affiliated to two large central unions— the Central Union of German Consumers’ Socie ties (Zentralverband deutscher Konsumvereine) and the German Union of Consumers’ Societies (Eeichsverband deutscher Konsum vereine)— the first having, in 1932,949 member societies find the second some 270 members. The Zentralverband is composed mainly of industrial workers while the Reichsverband has a large membership among the officials and civil-service employees. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1408 MONTHLY LABOR R E V IE W T able 3 .—M E M B E R S H IP AND B U SIN ESS OF L O C A L C O N S U M E R S ’ S O C IE T IE S S P E C IF IE D C O U N T R IE S [Conversions into United States currency on basis of par value] Country Year A rgen tina_________ _________ _____ _____________ Australia_________________ _____________ __________ 1930-31 1929 1931 1930 1931 1931 1931 1931 1932 1930 1932 1931 1932 1930 1931 1931 1932 1931 1932 1929 1931 1931 1932 1931 1931 1929 1929 1931 1930 1931 1930 1931 1929 1931 1931 1931 1932 1931 1929 1931 1932 1931 1931 1932 1931 1931 1929 Austria 1- ____ - - --------------------------------- ---------------B elgium .__ _____ _ _____ ___ . . . __________ .. ._ . B ulga ria ... _ __ . . _______ Canada 1 ----- ---------- . . . . . . ------------------------- ._ . Czechoslovakia: Ustredni svaz ceskoslovenskych druzstev___ __ ___ . ___________ _______ . . . Denmark________ . . . -------------------- -------------------- E stonia1 _______________ _____ _ . . . ____ . . . Finland: K. K. <________ ___ ______________________ ______ Y .O .L .4________________________________________ France______________ Germany: Zentralverband.. ___ . . . .. --------------------- . ---------- . . . . - ----- ___ Reichsverband . ... . Great Britain 1. . _____ . -------- -----------H un gary1. . . ----------------- ------- --- . . . . . . . Iceland____ . . . . ---------------- ------- ----- ------------------Italy_____________ . . . ---------------L a tv ia .. ----------------- . . . . . . ... -------- --.. . . .. -------- . . . . Lithuania----------------------------------------- ---------------------Netherlands . _____ ___ _ N o rw a y 1. ---------.. . . . ___ ____ . . . - .- ______ . -- -- -- Poland................ . . . . . . ------Portugal______________________________________ ____ R um ania.. . ___ ___ _____ ____ Soviet Union . . . . . . . . . Spain_______ _______ . . -------- ---------------- . . . . . . S w eden1------------------------- ------------- . -------•... . . . . Switzerland. . . . . . . ----------- -------- . . . . -------Y ugoslavia.. United States___ _ _________ __________ . . . ----- Number Number of so of members cieties 35 166 166 115 222 103 131 31 27 1,035 885 2 1, 791 1,819 238 235 112 (2) 420 418 3,296 3,155 985 949 270 1, 336 1,661 39 40 3,329 3,240 295 290 214 214 414 434 447 1, 245 150 1,602 0 279 802 786 846 78 656 44, 297 145,486 0 263,137 267, 665 444,159 77,084 8,122 8, 746 461, 541 488, 000 3 331, 500 (a) 34, 561 44,828 241, 633 248, 328 228, 781 232, 058 2, 288, 838 2, 452,055 2, 940, 308 2,895,985 750, 000 6, 626,429 672, 295 7,676 8,000 (2) 692,917 50, 320 44, 229 35, 617 33, 500 299, 786 115, 451 121,231 452, 881 33,964 237, 812 73,100, 000 59, 302 481, 319 512,968 399, 291 61, 427 204, 368 IN Sales $12, 760, 612 37, 413, 276 37, 409, 433 20, 833, 401 20,718, 111 29, 242, 668 2, 534, 726 2,874, 746 2,631, 515 39,044, 653 37,888, 000 (2) 65, 392, 000 4, 700, 184 5,894, 458 26,888, 400 27, 382, 320 37,996, 400 38, 802, 960 149, 409, 000 157,834,283 276,117, 209 224, 719,142 42,931,435 1,022, 360, 695 20, 027, 363 4, 891, 536 0 78,900, 000 70, 543, 512 6,079, 500 4,811,494 1, 211, 554 2, 662, 000 23,346, 487 27, 683, 328 28,180, 414 23, 552, 387 1, 547,000 5, 074, 800 10,815,000, 000 6, 669, 668 93, 264, 000 94, 005,074 67, 705, 542 669,072 64, 665, 369 1 Data are for societies affiliated to central organization. 2 No data. 2 Data are for 1930. 4 Initials of name of central union, b y which that organization is com m only known. Together these organizations have formed a combination of some 3,750,000 members (not counting other members of the family), or about 6 percent of the total population of Germany. The total sales of the movement in 1931 amounted to 1,340.000,000 marks (about $319,000,000). Not only have these organizations supplied their members through the retail cooperative stores, but they have also manufactured a con siderable volume of goods. Thus, the manufactures of the 2 centra] unions and their local societies amounted to 500 million marks ($119,000,000) in 1931. Naturally, si^ch a volume of business would constitute formidable competition for private dealers; and the latter have attacked the cooperative movement from several directions for a long time, even forming an association for the purpose. The depression, felt very severely among the working class which forms the greatest proportion of the cooperative membership, has https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis COOPERATION 1409 had its effect upon the consumers’ cooperative societies. Whereas, in 1932, 52 new societies were founded, 73 organizations were dissolved; 20 of the dissolutions were due to bankruptcy. The International Labor Office (Geneva) in its review of the German cooperative movement for 1932 points out that “ the year was a particularly critical one for this group. ” By a series of decrees culminating in that of May 15, 1933, the Hitler government has taken over the control of the consumers’ cooperative movement in that country and what its fate will be is unknown. As a result of this step, the question of the admission of delegates from the government-controlled German societies to a recent special conference of the International Cooperative Alliance was the subject of considerable debate. The delegates were finally admitted, but certain speeches and actions by them were regarded by the other members of the conference as violative of the Alliance principle of political neutrality, and as a result of the ensuing dis cussion the German delegates left the* meeting. The question of the recognition of the cooperative movement in Germany in its new status remains in abeyance, to be settled at some future meeting. Great Britain.— The People’s Yearbook, 1933, points out that there are in Great Britain about 11,000,000 families. Since the membership of the consumers’ cooperative movement was 6,590,020 in 1931, “ well over half of the families in the country” were members of the cooper ative stores. In that year £5,078,031 ($24,712,238) was returned to the members as interest on their share capital and £21,348,269 ($103,891,351) as dividends on purchases, or a total of £26,426,300 ($128,603,589) which would otherwise have gone in profits to private traders. Since 1913 the number of retail cooperative societies in the Cooper ative Union has decreased from 1,387 to 1,188 in 1931, due to a policy of amalgamation of existing societies in the same district. The number of individual cooperators, however, has in the same period risen from 2,878,648 to 6,590,020, an increase of nearly 130 percent While the depression has been keenly felt by the cooperative socie ties, those in Scotland have been harder hit than those in England, as conditions have been worse in the former country. At the end of 1931, the English Cooperative Wholesale Society not only had been able to maintain the wages of its employees at the 1929 level but had even increased its labor force. In the whole consumers’ movement the number of employees increased 2 percent from 1930 to 1931, while wages went up 3 percent. It is pointed out, also, that very little short time or part time is worked in the cooperative movement. Italy:—Italy is another country in which the autonomy of the cooperative movement has been destroyed. In 1925,^the Fascists took over the control of the whole movement, making it part of the corporative State and setting up a national organization the Ente Nazionale Cooperative—with which the local societies must affiliate. The Italian consumers’ cooperative movement had formerly been characterized by a multiplicity of small societies, but between 1921 and 1928 nearly 14,000 societies disappeared. The Fascist coopera tive movement has never been recognized by the International Cooperative Alliance, and its delegates are not admitted to the meet ings of that body. . According to a recent report from the American consul at Milan, there are 14 Provinces in Italy in which there are no consumers’ https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1410 MONTHLY LABOE K E V IE W cooperative societies. The report notes a further decrease in the number of cooperative societies since 1928, the number falling from 3,333 in that year to 3,168 in 1930. This reduction was due partly to failures, partly to liquidations, and “ partly as a result of an intelli gent concentration policy carried out by the directors of the coopera tive movement. ” Government supervision, it is stated, was made necessary because of the fact that “ the practices of some of the cooper atives were very lax. Further, dealers engaged in trade for profit objected to the uncontrolled expansion and consequent competition of the cooperatives.” The report states that although the Government controls the move ment, it makes no special regulations regarding the cooperative stores and they are subject to the same restrictions as private stores. By a decree of .May 10, 1930, the opening of any new food stores except cooperative stores is prohibited for a periodai 5 years. Norway.■—The International Labor Office reports that “ in spite of the depression which is strongly felt throughout the country, the consumers’ cooperative movement is making steady progress in Norway. ” Relation to Total Population The infiltration of consumers’ cooperation into the economic life of the various countries is indicated in table 4, which shows the relation of the cooperative membership to the total population. It is at once evident that a far larger portion of the populace is served by the co operative stores in the Soviet Union than in any other country, more than two fifths of the people being members of consumers’ societies. The next in rank is Great Britain, which was the cradle of consumers’ cooperation; but that country is closely followed by Finland and Denmark. T able 4 . D E V E L O P M E N T OF C O N S U M E R S ’ SO C IE TIE S IN U L A T IO N IN V A R IO U S C O U N T R IE S Country Year P R O P O R T IO N T O P O P ™ Population Membership of consumers’ societies Members Argentina_____ Australia______ Austria_______ Belgium ______ Bulgaria______ Canada________ Czechoslovakia. Denmark______ Estonia________ Finland_______ France_________ Germany______ Great Britain, Hungary_______ Iceland________ Italy___________ Japan__________ L atvia_________ Lithuania______ Netherlands____ N orway________ Poland_________ Portugal_______ Rumania_______ Soviet Union___ Spain__________ Sweden________ Switzerland____ United States. . . Yugoslavia_____ 1931 1929 1931 1931 1931 1931 1930 1931 1931 1932 1931 1931 1931 1930 1931 1930 1932 1930 1931 1931 1932 1931 1929 1931 1932 1931 1932 1931 1929 1931 11,441,964 6, 476, 032 6, 722, 395 8,129, 824 6,067, 000 10, 376, 786 17, 726,158 3, 550, 651 1,110, 538 3, 634, 047 41, 834, 923 62, 348, 782 44, 790, 485 8, 683, 740 108, 644 42,118, 835 64,447, 724 1, 900,045 2,340, 038 8,031, 679 2, 817,124 32,100, 000 6,190, 999 18, 025, 237 164,000,000 23,817, 000 6,141, 671 4,066, 400 122, 775, 046 13, 930,918 1 Memberships of societies affiliated to central organization or organizations. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 44, 297 145, 486 1 350, 000 444,159 77,084 70, 222 910, 705 1 396, 500 60, 000 t 480, 386 2, 452, 055 4, 990, 824 6, 559, 000 804, 821 1 8, 000 900, 000 ‘ 20, 000 50, 320 33, 500 299, 786 1 121, 231 825,887 33, 964 237,812 73,100, 000 123,162 512, 968 399, 291 206,387 59, 302 Percent of population 0. 39 2.25 5. 21 5,46 1. 27 .68 5.14 11.17 5. 40 13.22 5. 86 8.00 14. 64 9. 27 7. 36 2.14 .03 2. 65 1. 43 3. 73 4. 30 2. 57 .55 1.32 44.57 .52 8. 35 9.82 . 17 .43 1411 COOPERATION Proportion of Retail Trade Done by Cooperative Societies Table 5, taken from an article in the August 1933 issue of the Review of International Cooperation, shows the proportion of the total retail trade of each of six countries handled by small independ ent dealers, department stores, chain stores, cooperative societies, and other forms of retailing. It is evident that the consumers’ coop erative societies handle a considerable proportion of the retail trade in Great Britain. The chief difference between the figures shown for that country and the United States lies in the relative positions of the cooperative societies and the department stores. In both coun tries the chain-store systems are strong. In all of the countries the largest proportion of the trade is still done by the small independent dealer with a single store. This is especially true in France and Germany. In the latter country, it is explained, the growth of the large-scale enterprises (chain stores, department stores, and cooperative movement) has taken place to a considerable extent at the expense of the small shopkeeper. “ These tendencies in the development of retail distribution in Germany explain to a certain extent the hostile attitude of the present German Government, which derives its support from the middle classes, in cluding a large percentage of ruined shopkeepers, towards large-scale retailing and the consumers’ cooperative movement in particular.” The report points out that the figures in the table hardly reflect the full importance of the cooperative trade, as they cover all lines of retail trade in the country. In certain lines of retailing the share of the cooperative societies is considerably greater. According to the information collected by the International Cooperative Alliance, the cooperative movement in Germany controls approximately 10 per cent of the total supply of foodstuffs and in meat trade its share is even greater. In Great Britain nearly a third of the bread supply and 20 percent of the meat supply passes through the cooperative societies. In Switzerland the cooperatives control approximately 11 ^ to 12 percent of the trade in foodstuffs, and in Sweden and Finland, more particularly in the latter country, tire proportion is even * greater, approximately 30 percent of the total retail trade. These figures, how ever, show that there is still a considerable margin left at the expense of which the cooperative trade can develop even in those countries where its achievements during the last few years have been remarkable. T a b l e 5 .—P E R C E N T OF T O T A L R E T A IL T R A D E IN S P E C IF IE D C O U N T R IE S H A N D L E D TH ROU GH EACH TY PE OF R E T A IL IN G Percent of retail trade done through specified retail channel in— T ype of trader Great Britain Cooperative societies -------------- -------Independent dealers----------- _ Department stores_______________________ Chain systems - - -------Total -- - ----------------- --- United States Ger many France Sweden Nether lands 12.4 57.1 8.6 17.2 4.7 0.4 59.0 16.0 18.0 6.6 4.6 85.2 4.3 3.7 2.2 1.4 87.3 5.7 5.0 7.6 76.2 4.0 2.0 1.0 81.3 8.0 4.8 4.9 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Cooperative Wholesale Societies Table 6 shows the sales of the cooperative wholesale societies in the various countries. In 1932 in the 20 countries shown, a wholesale business of considerably over three fourths of a billion dollars was done through cooperative channels. Here again, a few countries showed increases in money sales, in spite of falling prices. The 1932 figure shown for De Handelskamer, wholesale society of the Dutch con- https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1412 MONTHLY LABOR R E V IE W sinners’ cooperative movement, is higher than any ever before recorded for that organization. This was accomplished in spite of a fall of 18 points in the _wholesale price index number. Half of the member societies of this wholesale showed increases in membership during the year. T a b l e 6 . —BUSINESS D O N E B Y C O O P E R A T IV E W H O L E S A L E S O C IE T IE S, 1931 A N D 1932 [Conversions into United States currency on basis of par value] Country Austria_______________________________________ Belgium______________________________________ Bulgaria: “ Napred” __________________________ Canada: Alberta Cooperative Wholesale____________ Manitoba Cooperative Wholesale__________ Saskatchewan Cooperative Wholesale_____ Czechoslovakia: G.E.C.2___________________________________ V.D .P.2___________________________________ Denmark: F . D.B.2________________________ _______ Ringkobing_______________________________ Estonia: E .T .K .2_____________________________ Finland: 0 .T .K .2 _____________ _____ _______________ S.0.K .2___________________________________ France________________________________________ Germany: G . E.G.2________________________________ “ Gepag” __________________________________ Great Britain: English wholesale____ ____________________ Scottish wholesale_________________________ Hungary: “ Hangya” _________________________ Italy_______ ____ _____________________________ Netherlands___________________________________ N orw ay_______________________________________ Poland: “ Spolem ” ____________________________ Sweden_______________________________________ Switzerland: V.S.K.2___________________________________ Konkordia________________________________ V.o.l.G.2___________________________________ United States: Central Cooperative Wholesale____________ Eastern Cooperative Wholesale____________ Farmers’ Union State Exchange (Nebraska) Scandinavian Cooperative Wholesale 5_________ __ Year N um ber of affili ated socie ties 1931 1932 1931 1932 1931 1932 1932 1931 1932 1931 1932 1931 1932 1931 1932 1931 1932 1931 1932 1931 1932 1931 1932 1931 1932 1931 1932 1931 1932 1931 1932 1931 1932 1931 1932 1931 1932 1931 1932 1931 1932 1931 1932 1931 1932 1931 1932 1931 1932 1931 1932 1931 1932 1931 1932 1931 1931 1932 1931 1932 135 0) 71 (0 58 0) 20 52 55 35 36 163 0) 340 0) (0 1,819 69 0) 235 (>) 110 (>) 420 0) 1,377 (>) 920 908 277 (0 1,084 0) 251 0) 1, 647 (0 (') 251 0) 288 454 0) 903 (') 802 786 527 529 3 54 52 280 0) 99 98 10 3 165 4 200 5 •5 Amount of business $12, 541, 555 11, 695, 698 5, 286, 880 5,098, 271 3,070, 340 3, 001, 369 18, 321 274, 321 325, 504 488,174 404, 869 9, 427, 588 9,140, 788 14,128, 604 14, 542, 207 34,108,0 0 36, 222, 351 816,125 777, 200 4, 034, 543 3, 046, 329 14, 238, 000 14, 500, 080 21, 760, 200 21, 286, 440 29, 400, 000 32,418,400 101,107, 097 80,879, 840 16, 745, 792 13,041, 211 396, 621,156 398,827, 340 80, 552,002 78, 552,863 10,178,164 11,123,640 5,055,214 6, 076, 720 7, 088,120 7,439, 529 8,040,124 8, 230,440 9, 212,345 8, 323,168 39, 673, 761 40,053,576 32,376, 338 32, 077, 689 779, 316 712,387 7, 424,983 7, 539,609 1, 509, 752 1,309, 698 268, 044 1, 571,028 1,192, 838 7,526, 951 7, 842, 091 1 No data. 2 Initials of name of wholesale society, b y which that organization is com m onlv known 3 Data are for 1930. 4Approximate. « Owned jointly b y the cooperative wholesale societies of Denmark, Norway, and Sweden, and the two wholesales of Finland. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1413 COOPERATION Production by Consumers’ Societies Where production is carried on, this is usually done by the produc tive departments of the cooperative wholesale society or by a separate organization formed for the purpose. The local consumers’ societies rarely undertake the manufacture of products other than bakery goods, smoked or cooked meats, etc. It is the aim of the cooperative movement eventually to produce or manufacture all of the goods its members need, and some of the wholesale societies have made a good start in that direction. The leading countries as regards cooperative production of consumers’ goods are Great Britain and Germany, but Czechoslovakia and Finland also manufacture a wide variety of commodities.1 Figures as to value of goods produced by the cooperative wholesale societies in 1932 are available for only a few countries, shown in table 7. T a b l e 7 —V A L U E OF GO ODS P R O D U C E D B Y C O O P E R A T IV E W H O L E S A L E S O C IE T IE S, 1931 A N D 1932 [Conversions into United States currency on basis of par value] Value of goods produced Country 1931 Great Britain: 1 1NU UcUcl. . . . 1932 (■) $1, 668, 240 1, 719, 625 34, 587, 753 $10, 311,905 1,902, 600 1, 813,921 30, 803,934 111, 243, 542 24, 590, 643 3,463,311 16,107, 336 115,037,758 24,109, 459 3,.535, 619 10, 248, 320 i i 2 Initials of name of wholesale society, b y which that organization is com m only known. Cooperative Em ploym ent That the consumers’ cooperative movement is an employer of no inconsiderable proportions is shown in table 8. This table shows a total of more than three fourths of a million persons obtaining their liveli hood through the cooperative movement in 13 countries. Of these more than half are employed in the Russian movement and over one third in the British societies. i For an enumeration of the articles manufactured cooperatively in the various countries see M onthly Labor Review, October 1932 (pp. 879, 880). 21719°—33------10 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1414 MONTHLY LABOR R E V IE W T a b l e 8 —P E R S O N S E M P L O Y E D IN T H E C O O P E R A T IV E M O V E M E N T Country Data cover— Belgium........... ..................... ............ Productive societies . . . _. . . . . . C anada... ________ _______ _____ China . __________________ Czechoslovakia__________________ _ __ do _______ ___ Finland____ . . . . . ________ O .T .K ___ France__ _ . ___ . . . Germany . _________________ . Great Britain . . . _____ _ . Netherlands. . . ______ _________ Societies affiliated to central union _______ . Soviet U nion. ________ _________ Sweden . . . _____ _ . Switzerland _ . __________ _____ Year 1929-30 1929-30 1932 1931 1932 1931 1931 1932 1931 1932 1932 1932 1931 1932 T otal.. ___________________ Number of em ployees 6,582 1,150 281 11,612 12, 700 682 1,043 48, 095 263, 037 439 2, 704 416,992 2, 998 659 768, 974 So u r ce s .—This article is based on data from People’s Yearbook, 1933; International Labor Directory, Part IV (Geneva), 1933; Schweiz. Konsumvereine (Basel), July 1, 1933, and current issues of Cooperative Information (International Labor Office, Geneva), and Review of International Cooperation (London). In addition, other data for specific countries were obtained from t-he following sources: Argentina.—Schweiz. Konsumvereine (Basel), Apr. 1, 1933. Austria.—Konsumgenossenschaftliche Rundschau, Apr. 1, 1933. Belgium.—Le Coopérateur Beige, Mar. 12, 1933; and Great Britain, Department of Overseas Trade, No. 46: Economic conditions in Belgium in 1932. Bulgaria.— Cooperative Information (Geneva), No. 4, 1933. Canada.—Quebec, Department of Municipal Affairs, Bureau of Statistics, Statistical Yearbook, 1932; Dominion Bureau of Statistics, The Canada Year Book, 1932, Ottawa, 1932; and T he Canadian Cooperator, August 1933. Czechoslovakia.—Rapports de l’ Office de Statistique, X I I I ■» Année (1932), No. 93; XIV<> Année (1933), No. 3. Denmark.—Kooperatoren, Hafte 5, 1933, July 1, 1933; and Review of International Cooperation, February 1933. Federated Malay States.— Cooperative Information (Geneva), N o. 13, 1932. Finland— Bank of Finland M onthly Bulletin, March 1933. France—Le Coopérateur Beige, M ar. 26, 1933; and Review of International Cooperation, June 1933; Revue des Etudes Cooperatives (Paris), July-September, 1933. Germany.—Jahrbuch des Zentralverbandes Deutcher Konsumvereine, Hamburg, 1933; K on sumgenossenschaftliche Rundschau, Apr. 22, 1933; Cooperative Information (Geneva) N o. 2, 1933; and Reports from C. W . Gray, American consul at Berlin, Oct. 10, 1932, and June 13 and 24, 1933. Great Britain.—Ministry of Labor Gazette, issues of October and December 1932 and January 1933; and The Producer, October 1932, and March and April 1933. Greece.—Annals of Collective Econom y, JuneAugust 1932. India— Statistical Abstract for British India, London, 1932 (C m d. 4109). Italy.—Ministero delle Corporazioni, Sindacato e Corporazione, January 1933; and report from E . Talbot Smith, American consul at Milan, M a y 24, 1933. Java.—Indisch Verslag 1932—II Statistisch Jaaroverzicht van Nederlandsch-Indie over het jaar 1931, Batavia, o1932. Netherlands.—Le Coopérateur Beige, Mar. 26, 1933. Nor w ay— Statistiske Central-byra, Statistisk Arbok for Kongeriket Norge, 1932, Oslo, 1932; Kooperatoren, Feb. 1, 1933, and M ay 15, 1933; and Schweiz. Konsumvereine, Apr. 1, 1933. South Africa.—Review of Inter national Cooperation, February 1933. Soviet Union.—Amtorg Trading Corporation, Information Depart ment, Econom ic Review of the Soviet Union (N ew York C ity), N ov. 15, 1932, p. 401; and Information Bulletin of Centrosoyus, M a y 25, 1933. Swede«.—Commerce Reports, Mar. 18, 1933; Kooperatoren, N o. 10-11,1933; Socialstyrelsen, Kooperativ Verksamhet i Sverige, ar 1931, Stockholm, 1933; and Le Coopérateur Beige, July 9, 1933. Switzerland— Verband Schweiz. Konsumvereine (V .S .K .), Rapports et comptes sur 1 activité des Organes de l ’union en 1932, Basel, 1933; Bureau Fédéral de Statistique, Annuaire statis tique de la Suisse 1931; and Le Coopérateur Beige, Mar. 26, 1933. Status of Building and Loan Associations, 1932 ATA furnished to the Bureau of Labor Statistics by the United States Building and Loan League (Cincinnati) show that at the end of _1932 there were in the United States 10,997 building and loan associations with a combined membership of 10,114,792 and resources aggregating $7,750,491,084. Mortgage loans outstanding totalled $6,394,725,418, or 82.5 percent of the assets. From 1931 to 1932 there was a decrease of 445 societies, 1,223,909 members, and $666,884,521 in assets. Table 1 shows the number of associations, the membership, and the total assets of the associations in each State at the end of 1932. Pennsylvania leads in number of societies, Ohio in number of mem bers, and New Jersey in amount of assets. D https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1415 COOPERATION T a b l e 1 —M E M B E R S H IP A N D ASSETS OF B U IL D IN G A N D L O A N A SSO C IA T IO N S IN 1932, B Y ST A T E S State Num Number ber of of mem associ bers ations Arkansas____ - - - D elaware1 Dist. of Columbia.- Indiana -------------Iowa. . . . . M a s s a c h u s e t t s .. Mississippi-.. M ontana____ . 37 8 56 188 58 43 44 26 65 40 H 14 905 388 74 151 161 101 36 1,075 227 66 75 46 235 27 36, 230 6,030 50, 000 494, 000 55, 000 32, 376 20, 500 90, 388 11,400 18, 893 12, 534 7, 650 807, 800 375, 700 62, 320 174, 482 181, 800 181, 475 27, 565 300, 000 467,829 218, 235 95, 843 24, 537 237, 200 32, 767 Total assets $25, 772, 240 4, 247,141 35, 498,145 407,146, 357 38,472, 204 26,818, 269 16,118, 223 87, 420, 000 14, 369, 063 7, 265, 368 5, 209, 278 5,039, 612 437, 261, 885 270,857, 685 44,849, 730 116,162. 630 118,475, 594 159, 480,185 24, 818, 627 197, 500, 000 527, 360, 936 152,933, 382 40, 746, 403 16, 679, 871 193,034, 550 19,150, 925 N um Number ber of of mem associ bers ations State Total assets W yom ing_________ 190, 600 $124, 307, 312 83 1,665 3 1,183, 930 29 16, 613 14, 076, 044 1,553 985, 470 1,146,108,891 4,950 4, 717, 489 17 531, 216 423, 676,167 299 222 81, 897 75,894, 023 22 19, 650 13,135, 969 762 2, 213, 531 1, 097, 526,114 82 129, 339 113, 251, 396 22 33,800 19, 645,142 941, 682 1,044, 256, 443 2, 957 9 49, 499 34, 324, 701 132 30. 000 24, 500, 000 21 10,314 6, 241, 600 40 23, 470 17, 387, 000 144 157, 215 114, 631,153 74, 023 23 50, 287, 421 14 6, 063 5,495,121 85 62,100 56, 321,016 66 205,038 64,973, 551 6C 53, 480 35, 804,108 252, 773 260, 548, 326 184 11 17,850 9, 509,864 T otal_______ 10,997 10,114, 792 7, 750, 491, 084 New Hampshire - . . N ew Jersey . . New Mexico North Carolina___ North Dakota------Ohio ------ _ Pennsylvania-Rhode I sla n d ... _ South Carolina 2— South Dakota Utah______________ Washington----------West Virginia . 1 Data are for 1931. 2 Figures estimated. As compared with 1931 all of the jurisdictions except Connecticut, District of Colombia, Georgia, Hawaii, Nevada, and Vermont, showed a decrease in assets, and all but District of Columbia, Georgia, Nevada, and Rhode Island a decrease in membership. Table 2 shows the number of failures during the past 3 depression years and the estimated loss involved. With the drop in the num ber of failures, the table shows that the liabilities and the amount and percent lost through the failure of the societies have also decreased each year. T able 2.— L IA B IL IT IE S OF F A IL E D A SS O C IA T IO N S A N D A M O U N T A N D P E R C E N T OF E S T IM A T E D LOSS, 1930 TO 1932 Estimated loss Year 193i 1932 _______ _______________ ________________________ Number of failed associa tions 190 126 122 Liabilities Amount $80, 437, 508 61, 908, 529 52,818,387 $24, 676, 059 22, 327,842 20, 337, 225 Percent of total assets 0. 2795 . 2653 .2624 Table 3 shows the trend of development of the associations since 1920. The number of societies increased steadily each year up to 1927, since which time each successive year has shown a decline. The membership and assets also showed a steady increase which did not halt in 1927, but continued even after the depression began and lasted through. 1930. The years 1931 and 1932 have shown https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1416 MONTHLY LABOR R E V IE W decreases in membership and assets. The number of members decreased 8.2 percent from 1930 to 1931 and 10.8 percent from 1931 to 1932. The decreases in assets were 4.7 and 7.9 percent, respectively. T a b l e 3 .—D E V E L O P M E N T OF B U IL D IN G A N D L O A N A SSO C IA T IO N S, 1920 T O 1932 Number of associa tions Year Membership Mortgage loans out standing Total assets 1920________________________________________ 1921________________________________________ 1922________________________________________ 1923________________________________________ 1924_______________________ ____ ____________ 8, 633 9, 255 10, 009 10, 744 11, 844 4, 962, 919 5,809, 888 6,864,144 7, 202, 880 8, 554, 352 $2, 519, 914, 971 2,890, 761, 621 3, 342, 530, 953 3, 942,939, 880 4, 765, 937,197 0) 0) 2 $900, 000,000 2 1, 260, 000, 000 2 1, 460, 000, 000 1925________________________________________ 1926________________________________________ 1927________________________________________ 1928________________________________________ 1929________________________________________ 12, 403 12, 626 12, 904 12, 666 12, 342 9, 886, 997 10, 665, 705 11,336, 261 11, 995, 905 12, 111, 209 5, 509,176,154 6, 334,103, 807 7,178, 562, 451 8, 016, 034, 327 8, 695,154, 220 5, 085, 009, 639 5, 852, 689, 591 6, 584, 818, 419 7, 336,124,154 7, 787, 405, 383 1930 3_______________________________________ 1931 3_______________________________________ 1932 3_______________________________________ 11, 777 11, 442 10, 997 12, 350, 928 11, 338, 701 10,114, 792 8,828, 611, 925 8, 417, 375, 605 7, 750, 491, 084 0) 0) 6, 394, 725, 418 1 No data. 2 Estimated. 3 Figures include Hawaii. Exemption of Cooperative Organizations from Dividend Provisions of Codes Patronage- N OCTOBER 24, 1933, the President issued an Executive order exempting all “ bona fide and legitimate” cooperative organiza tions, including farmers’ cooperative associations, from provisions in industrial codes designed to prohibit the payment of patronage re bates. This exemption is, however, contingent on the dividends’ being paid out of actual earnings. The text of the order follows: O Defining Effect of Certain Provisions in Codes of Fair Competition Upon Cooperative Organizations I n a n u m b e r o f co d e s o f fa ir c o m p e titio n w h ich h a v e h e re to fo re b een a p p r o v e d or s u b m itte d fo r a p p r o v a l p u rsu a n t to title I of th e N a tio n a l I n d u s tr ia l R e c o v e r y A c t , a p p r o v e d J u n e 1 6 , 1 9 3 3 , th e re h a v e b e e n in c lu d e d p ro v is io n s d e sig n e d to lim it or p ro h ib it th e p a y m e n t o r a llo w a n c e o f r e b a te s, re fu n d s, o r u n e a rn e d d is c o u n ts, w h e th e r in th e fo r m o f m o n e y o r in a n y o th e r fo r m , a n d th e e x te n sio n to ce rta in p u rc h a se rs o f se rv ice s o r p riv ile g e s n o t e x te n d e d to a ll p u rc h a se rs u n d er s im ila r te r m s a n d co n d itio n s. Q u e stio n h a s arisen a s to w h e th e r p ro v is io n s o f su ch te n o r d o n o t p re clu d e th e p a y m e n t o f p a tr o n a g e d iv id e n d s to m e m b e r s b y b o n a fide a n d le g itim a te c o o p e r a tiv e o r g a n iz a tio n s, in c lu d in g fa r m e r s ’ c o o p e r a tiv e asso cia tio n s, co rp o ra tio n s, o r societies, h e re in a fte r d e sig n a te d f a r m e r s ’ co o p e r a tiv e s . P u rsu a n t to th e a u th o r ity v e ste d in m e b y title I o f th e N a t io n a l In d u s tr ia l R e c o v e r y A c t , u p o n d u e co n sid era tio n o f th e f a c t s , a n d u p o n th e re p o r t a n d re c o m m e n d a tio n o f th e A d m in is tr a to r , I , F ra n k lin D . R o o s e v e lt, P re sid e n t o f th e U n ite d S ta te s , d o h e r e b y ord er t h a t n o p ro v isio n in a n y co d e o f fa ir c o m p e titio n , a g re e m e n t, or lice n se w h ic h h a s h ere to fo re b een or m a y h e re a fte r b e a p p r o v e d , p re sc rib e d , o r issu e d p u r s u a n t to title I of th e N a tio n a l In d u s tr ia l R e c o v e r y A c t , sh a ll b e so c o n s tr u e d or a p p lie d as t o p r o h ib it th e p a y m e n t o f p a tr o n a g e d iv id e n d s in a c c o r d a n c e w ith la w to a n y m e m b e r b y a n y b o n a fide a n d le g itim a te c o o p e r a tiv e o rg a n iz a tio n , in c lu d in g a n y fa r m e r s ’ c o o p e r a tiv e , d u ly o rg a n ize d u n d er th e la w s o f a n y S ta t e , T e r r ito r y , o r th e D is tr ic t o f C o lu m b ia o r o f th e U n ite d S ta te s, if su c h p a tr o n a g e d iv id e n d s are p a id o u t o f a c tu a l earn in gs o f su ch c o o p e r a tiv e o r g a n iz a tio n a n d are n o t p a id a t th e tim e w h en su ch m e m b e r m a k e s a p u rc h a se f r o m su ch c o o p e r a tiv e o rg a n iz a tio n . https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis COOPERATION 1417 Progress Toward a National Cooperative Wholesale Society1 EVERAL unsuccessful attempts have been made toward the es tablishment of a national cooperative wholesale society for the United States. The latest attempt along this line, National Cooper atives, Inc., was decided upon at a meeting held in Chicago, Novem ber 21 and 22, 1932, according to the Cooperative Builder (Superior, Wis.), issue of December 3, 1932. At this meeting were present the representatives of seven district cooperative wholesale societies— Central Cooperative Wholesale (Superior, Wis.), Farmers’ Union Central Exchange (St. Paul, Minn.), Farmers’ Union State Exchange (Omaha, Nebr.), Illinois Farm Supply Co. (Chicago, 111.), Indiana Farm Bureau Cooperative Association (Indianapolis, Ind.), Midland Cooperative Oil Association (Minneapolis, Minn.), and Union Oil Co. (Kansas City, Mo.). Representatives were also present from the Cooperative League of the U.S.A., the National Farmers’ Union, and the American Farm Bureau. The conference, called for the purpose of working out a way by which the district wholesales could pool their purchases, decided upon the formation of a national body and adopted articles of in corporation and bylaws therefor. Incorporation was effected early in 1933, under the laws of Indiana, and of the wholesale group participating in the original meeting all but the Nebraska Farmers’ Union State Exchange and the Illinois Farm Supply Co. became charter members. To be eligible for membership in the new organization the district wholesale must be handling annually at least $100,000 worth of goods in the lines handled by the national organization, must satisfy the latter’s board of directors that it is genuinely cooperative, and must subscribe for stock in the national wholesale. It will then be entitled to two representatives on the board of directors and to one vote for every $5,000 worth of business done in the lines of goods carried by the national association. One vote and one representative on the board are also given to each of the national organizations engaged in promoting the cooperative movement. No paid employee of the new wholesale can be a member of the board of directors. After setting aside necessary reserves and 3 percent of net earnings for cooperative education purposes, any remaining gains will be re bated to the member wholesales, on individual lines of goods, in proportion to purchases. National Cooperatives, Inc., has not_ as yet attempted regular wholesaling. It has been acting as buying agency for the member societies. Its purchases thus far have been mainly of gasoline, kero sene, distillate, lubricating oils, grease, and automobile tires. The member societies together handle each year about 14,000 carloads of gasoline, kerosene, and distillate; 3,500,000 gallons of lubricating oil; 2,500,000 pounds of grease; and half a million dollars’ worth of tires. Orders of other commodities will be pooled through the new organiza tion as soon as a sufficient volume is attained. The new agency also rendered its members signal service through its help in obtaining for the consumers’ cooperatives an amendment S 1 Data are from Cooperative Builder (Superior, W is.), issues of Dec. 3, 1932, Jan. 7, 1933, and N ov. 4, 1933: and Cooperation (New York), April 1933. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1418 MONTHLY LABOR R E V IE W to the Farm Credit Act permitting cooperative purchasing organiza tions to borrow money from the Federal Government. It also par ticipated in the fight, finally successful, to exempt cooperative socie ties from those provisions of the industrial codes which prohibit the return of patronage dividends or rebates.2 Among other work to be undertaken will be the fostering of cooperative societies in regions where none now exist. It is hoped that this organization will eventually develop into a really national wholesale society. 2 For Executive order on this point see p. 1416 of this issue. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis INDUSTRIAL DISPUTES Strikes and Lockouts in the United States in October 1933 ATA regarding industrial disputes in the United States for October 1933 with comparable data for preceding months are presented below. Disputes involving fewer than six workers and lasting less than one day have been omitted. Table 1 shows the number of disputes beginning in each year from 1927 to 1932, the number of workers involved and man-days lost for these years and for each of the months, January 1932 to October 1933, inclusive, as well as the number of disputes in effect at the end of each month and the number of workers involved. The number of man-days lost, as given in the last column of the table, refers to the estimated number of working days lost by workers; involved in dis putes which were in progress during the month or year specified. D T a b l e 1 —I N D U S T R IA L D IS P U T E S B E G IN N IN G IN A N D IN E F F E C T A T E N D OF E A C H M O N T H , JA N U A R Y 1932 TO O C T O B E R 1933, A N D T O T A L N U M B E R W O R K E R S , A N D M A N -D A Y S LO ST E A C H Y E A R , 1927 T O 1932 OF D IS P U T E S , Number of workers in Number of volved in disputes man-days lost in disputes existing In effect Beginning In effect Beginning in month at end of in month at end of in month month or year or year month or year Number of disputes M onth and year 1927- T otal ......................... 1928* Total 1929- T otal 19.10* Total _________ 1931: Total .................. . 19.19- T otal 1932 July ___________________________ 1933 July _____________ ________ i Preliminary figures subject to change. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 37, 799, 394 31, 556,947 9, 975, 213 2, 730, 368 6,386,183 6,462,973 349,434 357,145 230,463 158,114 279, 299 242,826 734 629 903 653 894 808 87 56 64 89 87 69 66 85 85 47 38 35 37 34 30 44 52 46 40 38 33 23 21 12 12,091 33, 713 33,087 19,187 44,357 15,858 20, 890 28,492 17,824 10, 442 3,460 3,425 4,993 31,103 13,937 21,513 49, 777 24,138 33, 216 27, 717 7,456 2, 324 1,896 997 132,873 460,701 736, 782 620,866 1, 251,455 943, 338 740, 785 754,423 566,045 147,059 68,154 40,492 67 63 91 72 133 131 219 198 179 95 29 32 41 46 49 45 68 73 110 116 19,616 10,909 39,918 23,077 41,652 40,908 108, 350 145, 635 253, 612 58, 208 8, 790 6,706 12, 794 19,867 16,584 24, 593 49,058 101,041 160, 861 128,251 240,912 109,860 445,771 535,039 603, 723 504, 362 1,404,850 1,401, 532 3, 528,925 3,619,116 1419 1420 MONTHLY LABOR R E V IE W Table 2 gives in detail, by industry. State, and city, tbe figures making up the total shown in table 1 for the month of October. T a b l e 2 —IN D U S T R IA L D IS P U T E S B E G IN N IN G IN A N D IN E F F E C T A T E N D O C T O B E R 1933, A N D M A N -D A Y S LO ST, B Y I N D U S T R Y , S T A T E , A N D C IT Y Number of disputes Number of work ers involved in disputes Industry, State, and city Begin ning in October Auto, carriage, and wagon workers: Michigan: Bakers: 1 1 1 Total__________ __ _ ._ ___________________ _ 3 In effect at end of October OF Begin ning in October Number of mandays lost in Octo In effect ber 1 at end of October 1 1 1 1 75 2,000 1,800 2,000 1,950 52,000 46,800 52, 000 4 5,875 152, 750 250 50 6 2,000 1, 300 150 5,000 1 8,800 306 17, 250 46 1,196 72 3,150 1 750 392 1,392 1 1 1 3 250 6 5,000 5,256 Broom and brush workers: 1 Building trades: D o _____________________________________ N ew York*: New York C ity . . . _____________ . Pennsylvania: 1 150 1 2 49 72 2 1 200 1 1 1 30 250 250 5, 200 60 1,000 6 4 551 522 11,944 Chauffeurs and teamsters: Massachusetts: Springfield and vicinity_______ N ew Jersey: 1 1 1 1 C liffside... . ______ _______________________ N ew York: New York C ity . ______ ___________________ Greater New York . . ___ . . . D o _____________________________________ Pennsylvania: Philadelphia __________________ 1 Total ___________________________________ Clothing trades: California: Los Angeles________________________ Connecticut: Bethel and D anbury. _________ _____ _____ * H a rtford .. _ . . _______________ N ew H a ven .. . ____________ _. ._ __ . Illinois: Chicago_______ . . . ____ ___________________ Quincy _____________________ ___________ _ Massachusetts: B oston___ _____ .. ______ ______ Brockton____ ____ _ _____ _ __________ . M ethuen. _ . ______________ ____ M ilford. _ . . . . . __________ Missouri: St. Louis__ ____________ _______ . . . N ew Hampshire: Nashua___________________ N ew Jersey: Paterson- ____ . . . _________ 1,500 275 1 1 60 75 1 60 2,000 6 2 i i 1 1 1,740 2.000 1 4, 000 2,000 4,895 135 19, 740 2, 000 2,000 792 ' 472 472 1,816 6, 608 657 1 21, 988 1 25, 000 400 1 2,100 1 6,000 4, 599 400 i i 657 34,000 1 12, 000 2,475 1 4,158 165 1 1,200 1,950 60 1,000 1 2 1 3.000 3,850 150 3,900 1 14,534 11.e., in strikes which began prior to October and continued into that month hut were not in effect at the end of the month. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1421 INDUSTRIAL DISPUTES T able 2 .—IN D U S T R IA L D IS P U T E S B E G IN N IN G IN A N D IN E F F E C T A T E N D OF O C T O B E R 1933, A N D M A N -D A Y S L O S T, B Y IN D U S T R Y , S T A T E , A N D C IT Y —Continued Num ber of disputes Industry, State, and city Begin ning in October Clothing trades—Continued. New York: Batavia-------------------Haverstraw-------------Long Island C ity-----N ew York C ity-------D o ______________ D o ........................ Ohio: Akron______________ Cleveland___________ Toledo_____________ Pennsylvania: Allentown---------------Philadelphia------------D o _____________ D o _____________ Pittsburgh--------------Scranton___________ Tennessee: Nashville___ T otal. In effect at end of October Number of work ers involved in disputes Number of mandays lost In effect in Octo Begin ber ning in at end of October October 4, 250 100 200 925 500 9,500 135 5,200 24, 050 17,250 247,000 117,100 100 60 2,600 1,560 100 200 100 5,200 11, 200 4, 200 11,000 3,900 13,000 300 150 9,145 15,314 Coopers: Arkansas: Paragould. Electric and gas appliance workers: Massachusetts: Chicopee Falls_____________ Spiingfield------------------------New Jersey: Elizabeth------------N ew York: Buffalo___________ Total. Farm labor: Arizona: Yum a Valley-------------------------------------California: Kern, Kings, and Tulare counties and San Joaquin________________________ ____ ____ Lodi district------------------ ----------------------------Salinas, Watsonville district-----------------------San Luis R ey valley------------ - - - - ----------------Massachusetts: Plym outh and vicinity------------TotalFood workers: Ohio: Cleveland____________ Pennsylvania: Philadelphia- 2, 600 1,500 1, 500 1,800 147,447 19,918 1,500 1, 700 1, 500 60, 665 1,500 39,000 2,000 32, 000 17, 200 2,300 2,300 400 300 43, 700 10,400 7,800 4, 300 4, 500 140,100 200 200 60 480 60 2,045 20 500 100 500 40 100 Glass workers: Pennsylvania: Greensburg and M t. Pleasant—. 200 Hotel and restaurant workers: Pennsylvania: Philadelphia, and Camden, N .J. Total. 53,170 200 8, 500 1,040 100 63, 010 Total. Iron and steel workers: N ew York: Buffalo------ ---------- ------------------------Ohio: Steubenville------------------------------------------West Virginia: W eirton------------- ---------------------- 200 680 T otal. Furniture workers: Illinois: Chicago_______________ M attoon---------------------Minnesota: M inneapolis... Rhode Island: ProvidenceWashington: Seattle--------- 472,982 13, 400 950 19, 900 120, 800 950 950 31,650 1 1.e., in strikes which began prior to October and continued into that month but were not in effect at the for endFRASER of the month. Digitized https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1422 MONTHLY LABOR R E V IE W T able 2 .—I N D U S T R IA L D IS P U T E S B E G IN N IN G IN A N D IN E F F E C T A T E N D OF O C T O B E R 1933, A N D M A N -D A Y S LO ST, B Y IN S D U T R Y , S T A T E , A N D C IT Y —Continued Number of disputes Number of work ers involved in disputes Industry, State, and city Begin ning in October In effect at end of October Jewelry workers: N ew York: New York C ity. Rhode Island: Providence... Begin ning in October Number of mandays lost In effect in Octo ber at end of October 30,500 780 3,050 Total. 31, 280 Laundry workers: Missouri: St. Louis____ Pennsylvania: Reading. Total. Leather: Connecticut: Bridgeport............. N ew York: Gloversville and Johnstown. N ew York C ity ____________ Pennsylvania: A llentow n.____ _____ _____ _ Easton_______ _____ _______ Total. 90 1,080 1,560 90 2,640 2,100 46,200 1850 13, 584 1 2,100 2,600 1122 2,100 2, 200 53, 356 Light, heat, power, and water workers: Arizona: Bisbee_____________ ____ _ 300 900 Longshoremen, freight handlers: California: San Francisco___ Illinois: C a ir o ................ ....... 200 100 1,000 1,100 Total. Metal trades: California: Newark_____________ Oakland.................... . Illinois: Belleville____________ D o ______________ Chicago_____________ D o ______________ Indiana: Indiana Harbor. Missouri: St. Louis______ New Jersey: B ayonne___ Ohio: E ly ria .................... _ Pennsylvania: Erie_________________ M cKees Rocks______ M onaca_____________ Philadelphia_________ Sellersville___________ South Greensburg___ Uniontown____ : . ..j .. Wisconsin: Racine_______ 2,100 560 258 150 320 100 650 100 1,000 150 22,000 3,900 250 350 400 250 350 200 500 174 1,088 500 174 10, 400 250 350 4,400 12,800 28, 288 500 174 5, 282 106, 959 4,000 3,000 2, 660 800 880 104,000 11,200 1,800 48,000 280 Total. Miners: Alabama: A ld rich ........................... . Dogwood_______ ______ Labuco_____________ ,____ Trafford________________ Arkansas and Oklahoma____ Colorado: Brodhead, R ugby. Illinois: Harrisburg_________ Iowa: Chariton_____________ Kansas: Pleasanton............... New Mexico: Dawson_________________ Gallup__________________ Ohio: Bellaire_________________ Millfield, Murray C it y ... 1,350 8, 320 11, 309 2, 600 16,900 2,600 250 140 200 110 600 3,000 140 251 185 600 251 537 6, 526 13, 962 600 1,110 1 1.e., in strikes which began prior to October and continued into that month but were not in effect at the end of the month. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1423 INDUSTRIAL DISPUTES a b l e 3 — IN D U S T R IA L D IS P U T E S B E G IN N IN G IN A N D IN E F F E C T A T E N D OF O C T O B E R 1933, A N D M A N -D A Y S LO S T, B Y I N D U S T R Y , S T A T E , A N D C I T Y —Continued T Number of disputes Number of work ers involved in disputes Industry, State, and city Begin ning in October Miners—Continued. Pennsylvania: Brownsville__________ Fairehance___________ Hazleton...... .......... — Wilkes Barre_________ West N ew ton________ Southern and western _ Western and central... Tennessee: W hitwell-------Virginia: St. Charles-------Washington: R osly n ......... TotaL In effect at end of October Begin ning in October Number of mandays lost In effect in Octo at end of ber October 400 130 900 400 130 900 1,950 1 1,400 750 19,200 32, 500 1,170,000 240,000 3,200 520 4,500 5,858 56, 883 1, 658, 838 600 12,000 75 750 1,200 Oil and chemical workers: Illinois: Cairo________ 1,200 1,250 45,000 Paper and paper goods workers: Louisiana: Marrero________ Pottery workers: Ohio: Tiffin.. 1, 650 150 Rubber workers: Massachusetts: Hudson. 1,536 Shipbuilding workers: N ew York: Brooklyn___________ Mariners Harbor___ 3,500 1,200 3, 500 1,200 49,000 15, 600 4,700 4,700 64, 600 67 117 938 1,404 Total. Municipal employees: Illinois: Chicago— 100 Teachers: Pennsylvania: Jessup Borough.. Old Forge______ 67 117 Total. Textile workers: Alabama: Jacksonville...... ........... ............ ...... Piedm ont-----------------------------------Massachusetts: Fall River---------------New Hampshire: Manchester_______ New Jersey: Paterson-------------------------------------D o __________________________ W aldwick, and Port Jervis, N . Y . N ew York: B rooklyn.----------------------------------N ew York C ity and B rooklyn— North Carolina: Asheboro-----------------------------------D o __________________________ Pennsylvania: Allentown-------------- ------- ------------Altoona---- ---------------------------------Easton__________________________ Emaus__________________ _____ _ Hawley_________________________ Lewiston...... .......... .......... .......... . Pen Argyl________________ ______ Philadelphia_________________ _ D o __________________________ Shillington...................................... Stroudsburg-------------------------------W hite M ills_________ _____ _____ 184 2, 342 350 700 9,100 15,400 1 200 60 480 , 158 2,500 250 207,476 1 120, 000 5,500 700 2, 500 18, 200 20, 000 200 200 5,200 2,000 75 541 300 150 350 429 200 30 500 61 130, 000 1,078 1,950 14,066 7, 800 150 11,154 2,900 1 3,006 90 13,000 1,342 1 1.e., in strikes which began prior to October and continued into that month but were not in effect at the end of the m on th . https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1424 MONTHLY LABOR R EV IEW i n d u s t r i a l d i s p u t e s b e g i n n i n g i n a n d i n e f f e c t A T F N D OF O C T O B E R 1933, A N D M A N -D A Y S LO S T, B Y I N D U S T R Y , S T A T E , A N D C I T Y —Continued Number of disputes Number of work ers involved in disputes Industry, State, and city Begin ning in October Textile workers—Continued. Rhode Island: Central Falls and Pawtucket_______ Hope Valley___________________________ Pawtucket____________________ d o ____________________________ Woonsocket, Central Falls, and Pawtucket.. South Carolina: Warrensville________ Tennessee: Harrim an... Total. Other occupations: Box makers: Indiana: Evansville______ Washington: R aym ond. __ Button workers: Massachusetts: Pittsfield.. New Jersey: H oboken_____________ Newark______________ Caddies: Connecticut: N ew H aven. Pennsylvania: M edia____ Caster workers: Indiana: Evansville__________ Cigar-box makers: Pennsylvania: Q uakcrtow n._ Rag sorters: N ew York: N ew York C it y ... Tin-can makers: Pennsylvania: Philadelphia. _. T o y makers: Massachusetts: A th ol________ Pennsylvania: Girard________ W indow cleaners: N ew York: N ew York C it y ... Pennsylvania: Philadelphia______________ Pittsburgh_______________ _ Total______ Grand total. In effect at end of October Begin ning in October Number of mandays lost In effect in Octo ber at end of October 2,000 2,000 50 50 22 60 60 100 600 6,198 100 600 22 , < 28, 000 1 768 1,000 48# 840 400 2,400 623,984 115 90 1,150 2, 340 115 2, 990 1 70 » 136 50 1 500 1 200 1 348 90 1, 000 1,500 2,340 250 6,000 85 2, 210 3,000 1,500 39,000 300 150 7,800 2,100 3,065 2, 580 70, 234 58, 203 128, 251 3, 619,116 at'the end o M h fm o n th 1 began Pri° r t0 0 ctober and continued into that month but were not in effect https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis IN D U S T R IA L 1425 D IS P U T E S Occurrence of Disputes T a b l e 3 gives, by industrial groups, the number of strikes beginning in August, September, and October 1933, and the number of workers directly involved. T able 3 —IN D U S T R IA L D IS P U T E S B E G IN N IN G IN A U G U ST , S E P T E M B E R , A N D O C T O B E R 1933 Number of disputes begin ning in— Number of workers involved in disputes beginning in— Industrial group Septem ber August -L- 1 7 13 1 54 1 4 4 3 9 1 4 1 2 13 11 4 5 1 1 9 Other occupations------------ ---------------------- 3 6 7 43 2 2 8 1 3 8 1 1 2 1 2 6 6 13 19 7 1 7 14 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 2 2 1 1 1 2 October 2 42 7 10 1 20 1 20 198 179 2 2 2 3 1 2 1 1 1 1 2 1 2 13 August 100 1,477 872 50 85,367 41 1,160 3,130 1,050 872 60 1,207 100 500 2, 735 17,306 Septem ber 5,875 1,270 45 46 16,767 5, 256 551 12,143 80,142 120 3,342 4,095 60 2,200 2,363 210 200 2,400 30 68 1, 663 4,895 9,145 5,666 84,370 50 1,547 5,856 600 550 150 392 1,536 4, 700 4,000 60 516 158 14 150 2:, 019 October 1,700 4,300 260 620 200 950 3,050 90 2,100 300 300 47 100 184 6,198 6 12!, 455 8,408 1,828 117 23,449 55 6, 427 3,065 95 145, 635 253,612 58, 203 Size and Duration of Disputes T able 4 gives the number of industrial disputes beginning in October 1933, classified by number of workers and by industrial groups. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1426 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW T a b l e 4 —N U M B E R OF IN D U S T R IA L D IS P U T E S B E G IN N IN G IN O C T O B E R 1933 C L A S S IFIE D B Y N U M B E R OF W O R K E R S A N D B Y IN D U S T R IA L G R O U P Number of disputes beginning in October 1933, involving— Industrial group Bakers___________________ Building-trades workers___ . . . Chauffeurs and teamsters - _. Clothing workers________ Electric and gas appliance workers Farm laborers Food workers____ Furniture workers,. Glass workers-___ Iron and steel w ork ers___ Jewelry workers . . Laundry workers_______ Leather workers____ - • Light, heat, power, and water workers Longshoremen, freight handlers Metal-trades workers, . Miners, Oil and chemical workers Paper and paper goods workers___ Pottery workers . Rubber workers, . . Shipbuilding workers Municipal workers Teachers. . . . ,,_ , Textile workers _. Other occupations, . . Total__________ 6 and under 20 workers 20 and under 100 workers 100 and. under 500 workers 4 2 1 ] 2 1 5 i 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 500 and under 1,000 workers 1,000 and 5,000 and under under 5,000 10,000 workers workers 1 1 1 1 1 2 i 2 4 1 1 1 1 1 - 1 2 1 1 1 5 i 3 19 41 13 19 1 In table 5 are shown the number of industrial disputes ending in October 1933, by industrial groups and classified duration. T able 5 .—N U M B E R OF IN D U S T R IA L D IS P U T E S E N D IN G IN O C T O B E R IN D U S T R IA L G R O U P A N D C L A S S IF IE D D U R A T IO N 1933 BY ’ Classified duration of strikes ending in October 1933 Industrial group Vi month or less B ak ers-, „ Building-trades workers Chauffeurs and teamsters. _ Clothing workers Electric and gas appliance workers___ Farm laborers Furniture workers Hotel and restaurant workers Iron and steel workers Jewelry workers. _ _. Leather workers Light, heat, power, and water workers Longshoremen, freight handlers Metal-trades workers M in ers,, _ Paper and paper-goods workers. . Rubber workers Textile workers . Other occupations____ Total . ___ https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 3 2 5 9 i Over ]/i and less than 1 month 1 1 3 i 1 i i i 1 1 month 2 and 5 and and less than 2 less than less than months 3 months 6 months 1 1 1 1 1 2 i 2 5 9 i i 5 5 52 1 i 12 1 3 20 1 4 1 INDUSTRIAL DISPUTES 1427 Conciliation Work of the Department of Labor in October 1933 By H u g h L. K e r w i n , D ir e c t o r of C o n c il ia t io n HE Secretary of Labor, through the Conciliation Service, exer cised her good offices in connection with 134 labor disputes during October 1933. These disputes affected a known total of 162,130 employees. The table following shows the name and location of the establishment or industry in which the dispute occurred, the nature of the dispute (whether strike or lockout or controversy not having reached the strike or lockout stage), the craft or trade concerned, the cause of the dispute, its present status, the terms of settlement, the date of beginning and ending, and the number of workers directly and indirectly involved. There were 8 cases involving the law on the prevailing rate of wages. In these cases it is not always possible to show the number involved, due to lack of information as to total number required before completion of construction. T https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Workers involved Duration Company or industry and location Craftsmen concerned Controversy. Textile workers____ Carpenters and iron workers. Good W ill Shoe Co., Holliston, Mass. W indow cleaners, Philadelphia, Strike situation, Manville, R .I Canton Enamelling & Stamping ____ d o_____ Co., Canton, Ohio. Bakery-wagon. drivers, Philadel- __ d o ___ phia, Pa. American Can Co., Philadelphia, ___ d o_______ Pa. Central Paper Co., Muskegon, Threatened strike. M . T . Brown, Inc., Coldwater, Strike . . Mich. 1 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Violation of agreement__________ Pending_______________ _____ ___ Jurisdiction of installation radiator covers. Adjusted. Disputed work sus pended temporarily; operations resumed. Pending_________________________ of Working conditions_____________ ___ .d o ___________ _________ _____ E n a m e le rs stampers. and Automatic Machine Department, Controversy. Baltimore, M d. M . J. Weberling Bakery, Peru, 111. Bendix Aviation Corporation, Threatened Autom otive crafts.. South Bend, Ind. strike. Berkshire Button Co., Pittsfield, Mass. Culinary workers, San Francisco, Culinary workers__ Calif. Carwood Manufacturing Co., ____ d o______ Pants and overall Winder, Ga. makers. V Patton Clay Manufacturing Co., _____do______ Patton, Pa. Present status and terms of settlement Cause of dispute Brick and workers. V rorkers clay ___ Paper w o r k e r s __ Shoe w orkers... _ _do. ------ d o_______________ _______ ___ ------ d o___________________________ Discharges and working condi Adjusted. Reinstated discharged tions. workers; union recognition and future increase in wages granted. Wages unsatisfactory____________ Adjusted. Satisfactory Settlement- Begin ning Ending 1933 Oct. 1 1933 Sept. 5 Oct. 2 1, 400 Oct. 13 925 0) Oct. 27 (i) 450 65 463 3 Oct. 14 Asked increase and collective bar Adjusted. Agreement concluded Sept. 18 gaining. allowing collective bargaining. Discharges for union affiliation, __ Adjusted. Agreed on points in Oct. 4 dispute. Working conditions_____________ Adjusted. Wages increased; con - d o____ ditions satisfactory. Wages and working conditions. _. Adjusted______________________ . . . __ d o___ Sept. 23 Discharges of union members___ Oct. 16 Oct. 22 192 800 Sept. 28 Oct. 12 196 129 1,100 475 Wages, hours, union recognition, and reinstatement of those dis charged. Wages, union recognition, and working conditions. . Wages and union recognition____ Adjusted. Returned; election held resulted in m ajority for forma tion of union. Adjusted. Increased 12 cents per hour; 8-hour day. Discharged workers reinstated. Pending.............................. ............... Oct. 75 150 Sept. 30 Oct. 2 Sept. 19 Direct In direct ly ly Sept. 26 Oct. 17 8 1,138 Oct. 18 50 310 250 _do. Oct. 4 300 Discharges for union affiliation. _do. Oct. 5 300 j Deduction of pay for alleged poor workmanship. _do. Oct. 6 24 91 MONTHLY LABOR R E V IE W James Lee & Sons W oolen Mills, Bridgeport, Pa. Government buildings, Washing ton, D .C . Nature of controversy 1428 OASES H A N D L E D B Y C O N C IL IA T IO N S E R V IC E D U R IN G M O N T H OF O C T O B E R 1933 Miners, Pineville, Ky. 21719°—33- Parisien Bakery, San Francisco, Calif. Bobro Bros. Cigar Co., Philadelphia, Pa. do. Miners___________ Controversy- Bakery workers.— Strike______ Cigarmakers_____ T odd D ry D ock & Shipbuilding ____ do______ Co., New Y ork City, j Aircraft workers, Hartford, C o n n - Threatened strike. Sash and door workers, Musca Controversy tine, Iowa. Warren Chandelier Co., Chicago, ____ d o______ Dry-dock workers. Sash and door work ers. Metal polishers____ Working conditions—........... ........ 11 Oct. 18 6 9 Oct. 5 75 75 Adjusted. Allowed increase of 12i i percent. Pending__________________________ Oct. 25 Oct. 3 Oct. 2 Textile workers____ Strike______ ____ do______ Steel and metal workers. Employees_________ Employees not paid for five Adjusted. Employees paid in full- Sept. 11 weeks. W orking conditions; discrimi Pending_______ _•............ ................... nation alleged. Working conditions and union ____d o.................... ....................... ....... recognition. Working conditions_____________ ____do____________________________ Oct. 5 ____ do______ Miners. Wages and working condii ions. — Adjusted. ____ do______ Ladies’ g a r m e n t makers. Strike--------- .do. Union recognition and working conditions. Silk throwers______ ____do___________ ________ ______ Metal workers_____ Interpretation of rates under blanket code. Engineers and fire Wages, hours, and working condi men. tions. Casket workers____ Clerks_____________ Leather workers___ Dismissals of retail clerks________ W orking conditions_____________ Upholsterers_______ Asked wage increase and union contract. Asked restoration of 30-percent wage cuts since 1931. Discharges______________________ Broom makers_____ Bag and paper makers. Pulp and paper workers. Miners—............. ...... Controversy- M ill workers_______ W orking conditions_____________ Satisfactory settlement ___do____ 600 (i) Oct. 18 50 (0 300 (i) Oct. 12 220 65 Adjusted. Agreement concluded. All returned without discrim ination. Adjusted. R e t u r n e d pending adoption of permanent code. Pending_________________________ Adjusted. Issues held in abey ance until code is adopted. Pending............................................. Aug. 15 Oct. 7 Oct. Oct. 6 50 Oct. 13 400 220 ___ d o-------------------- ---------------------Adjusted. Returned; National Labor Board to fix final terms. Adjusted. Increase allowed; agreement concluded. Pending_________________________ Oct. 6 Oct. 10 N ov. 7 (i) 300 Sept. 14 Oct. 11 106 Pending. Oct. 10 Part reem ployed______ Oct. 1 2 183 Sept. 23 15,160 100 Sept. 26 15 Pending____________________ - ____ Adjusted. R e t u r n e d ; negotia tions continued. Discharges for union affiliation-__ Pending_________________________ Discharges and union dues______ 500 1,000 0) Sept. 21 Sept. 1 Oct. 14 1,000 0) - 1429 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Oct. INDUSTRIAL DISPUTES 1 N ot yet reported. do. Wage rate per hour_____________ 203 Adjusted. Concluded agreement with United M ine Workers of America. Adjusted. Wages increased to _ _do____ $35 per week; union recognition. Adjusted. Wage agreement con Sept. 29 cluded; hand-made cigars $8.25 per thousand. Pending_______________________ _ ____ d o______ Rexart Casket Co., Kansas City, ____do______ M o. Pen Argyl Silk Co., Pen Argyl, Pa ____do______ Campbell M etal W indow Corpo Threatened strike. ration, Baltimore, M d. Engineers and firemen, Salem, ____do______ Beverly, Danvers, and Peabody, Mass. United Cigar Stores, Chicago, 111— ____do______ Quaker C ity Leather Co., Phila Strike______ delphia, Pa. Upholstery workers, Wilkes-Barre, ____do______ Pa. Broom manufacturers, Chicago, do. 111. Southern Advance Bag & Paper Controversy. Co., Hodge, La. Celotex Co., Morrero, L a ______________ do______ Brookside Colliery, Tower City, Pa. M ill and timber workers, MeCloud, Calif. ____do____ ____ ____ Aircraft workers___ 111. Philadelphia Pile Fabric Co., Philadelphia, Pa. Pratt & Letchworth Co., Buffalo, N .Y . M yles Manufacturing Co., Pennsboro, W .V a. Montevallo Coal M ining Co., Aldrich, Ala. Karsson & Rice Cloak Co., Kansas City, M o. Working conditions. V 1430 CASES H A N D L E D B Y C O N C IL IA T IO N S E R V IC E D U R IN G M O N T H OP O C T O B E R 1933— C ontinued Duration Company or industry and location Nature of controversy Craftsmen con cerned Ending 1933 Oct. 9 Taxicab drivers____ ____do----------- ------------------------------- Oct. 6 Garment workers__ Union recognition. Adjusted. Oct. 8 Schultz Illinois Paper Co., W ar Strike_____ saw, Ind. Firestone Rubber Shoe Co., Hud- ____ do______ son, Mass. Cotton pickers, Bakersfield, C alif.. ____ do______ Paper workers Asked increase and union recogni tion. _. . Discharges; union recognition----- Rubber-shoe workers. Cotton pickers-------- Working conditions_____________ Working conditions; violence re ported. Union recognition refused_______ Yarn makers_____ _ Asked increase of 20 percent and reinstatement of 19 workers dis charged for union activity. Working conditions-------------------- Cadillac, Hamlet, Solsberg, and Perfect Textile Mills, Paw tucket, R .I. Chicago Ship juilding Co., Chi ____ do______ Ship workers_______ cago, 111. Northern Indiana Public Service Threatened Employees_______ strike. Co., Michigan C ity, Ind. Chester Tube Co., South Chester, Pa. Empress Hat Co., Kansas City, Threatened Millinery w orkers... strike. M o. Silk throwers___. Monarch Silk Co., Philadelphia, Strike____ Pa. Cheltenham Knitting Mills, Phil- ____ do______ Knitters__________ adelphia, Pa. and clay Jeffrey Dewitt Insulator Co., ____ do______ Brick workers. Kenova, W .V a. .. .. Reiss Premier Shop, Union City, Lockout . .. W orkers. N.J. Furniture w orkers.. Showers Bros. Furniture Co., Threatened Bloomington, Ind. strike. Violation of shipbuilding code; wages and working conditions. Discharges______________________ Agreed on arbitration.. 50 0) Oct. 11 10,000 Oct. 23 850 3,000 Oct. 1 Oct. 22 76 67 Adjusted. Returned; election to Oct. 10 be conducted b y commissioner. Adjusted. Increase from 60 to 75 ...d o ____ cents per hundred; arbitration agreement. Pending____________________ ____ Oct. 12 Adjusted. Workers reinstated; Sept. 6 union recognition, and redis tribution of work. Pending_____________ _____ _____ Oct. 12 Oct. 11 1,200 Adjusted. Oct. 16 Agreement concluded. ...d o ____ Oct. 30 12, 000 Oct. 27 Sept. 28 Oct. 21 Unable to adjust_________________ Oct. 13 Wages and union recognition------ Pending_________________________ Sept. 25 Discriminationf or union activity. Adjusted. Increase allowed. Ar bitration for future grievances. Adjusted. Workers reinstated.... Discharges for union affiliation. Sept. 22 Oct. 22 Oct. 13 Oct. 17 Pending_________________________ .. .d o ___ Con Oct. 10 10 150 0) 0) Pending____. . . . _________________ ...d o ____ Adjusted. Strike averted. ferences held to fix terms. 0) (9 Violations of agreement_________ ____d o __________________________ In Direct direct ly ly .. d o ____ Adjusted. Allowed union recog nition; strike called oft. Pending_________________ _______ Working conditions_____________ ____d o-------------- ---------------------------- Organization dispute_________ Workers involved 43 130 300 71 15 (') Oct. 25 1,400 100 MONTHLY LABOR R E V IE W Pending-------- ------- ----------------------- Handbag workers. . . https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Begin ning Wages, union recognition, and other conditions. Working conditions________ ____ LaSalle Handbag Co., N ew Bruns- Strike.. wick, N.J. Taxicab drivers, Louisville, Ky___ Threatened strike. Garment workers, Los Angeles, ____ do______ Calif. / Rose Silk Mills, Philadelphia, P a .. ____ do______ Cause of dispute Present status and terms of settlement Oct. 23 200 Glabman Bros., Chicago, 111_____ Strike______ Upholsterers_______ ____ do_ Oct. 16 50 Vienna Sausage Co., Chicago, HL ____ do______ Sausage makers____ Oct. 17 60 Oct. 16 Oct. 5 4 100 Oct. 13 500 Oct. 15 41 Oct. 25 225 N uit C o., Bloomington, Ind____________do_______ Mirror workers____ U.S. Marine Hospital, Chicago, 111. Controversy. Plasterers__________ Fairsex Shoe Co., Lynn, M ass___ Strike______ Shoe workers______ Longshoremen_____ Em broidery workers, Cleveland, ____ d o ______ Ohio. Ohio Electric Sign Association, Threatened Cleveland, Ohio. strike. Pierson Mafaufacturing Co., Strike.......... Quincy, 111. Furniture companies, Minneapo ____ d o______ lis, Minn. Porter Coal Co., Porter, Ala______ Lockout____ Embroidery work ers. Electric-sign work ers. Garment workers. . . Praco Fuel Co., Dora, A la _______ Threatened strike. Strike_____ Silk Fabric Corporation, Reynoldsville, Pa. Girard M odel Co., Erie, Pa______ ____d o_____ Delta Finishing Co., Philadelphia, .do. Pa. McPherson Foster Box Co., ------d o _____ Evansville, Ind. T o y makers, Washington, In d ___ ____d o _____ Chrysler Corporation, Detroit, Threatened M ich. strike. E ly Manufacturing Co., Girard, Strike_____ Pa. 1 N ot yet reported. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis M iners..____ ____ _ ____d o........... ............. Silk workers_______ Iron-toy makers____ Cotton dyers......... . Box makers________ T o y makers.......... Automobile work ers. T oy makers________ Inside bakery work ers. Street-railway work ers. Typesetters________ 200 455 Oct. 16 600 Oct. 11 Upholsterers............. Adjusted. Agreed to have a com- Oct. 5 mittee settle all questions. Adjusted. Recognition of union _-_do____ committee and checkweighman. Back wages and working condi- Adjusted. Back wages paid; con- Oct. 14 ditions satisfactory. tions. Wages_______________________ __ Adjusted. Increase 5 cents per --_ d o ____ hour returned without discrimination. Wages and recognition.. _______ Adjusted. Increase of 16 percent; Sept. 1 union recognition. Working conditions _________ Adjusted. Satisfactory settle- Oct. 1 ment. Sept. 16 Oct. 2 Union recognition, checkweighman, and dues. Working agreement . . . . Wages _______ _____ __________ Discharges for union activities___ Adjusted. Returned without discrimination; 36 cents per hour on piecework; 35 cents per hour on other work. Unable to adjust. _____ ________ Oct. 16 250 - .. d o ____ 135 Oct. 14 125 5 Oct. 17 1,000 200 Oct. 18 110 Oct. 13 125 Oct. 11 170 6,000 Oct. 18 Oct. 18 50 Oct. 17 Oct. 21 Oct. 14 violation of agreement. Garment w orkers... 4,500 Oct. 19 Oct. 23 45,000 16 200 60 240 18 60 2,000 1431 Schultz Baking Co., Kansas City, ____d o______ M o. Northern Indiana Railroad, South Threatened Bend, Ind. strike. Ann Arbor Press, Ann Arbor, Lockout____ M ich. Cloak manufacturers, Los Angeles, Strike.........Calif. Color mixers........... 15 INDUSTRIAL DISPUTES Matson Navigation Co., San ____ d o______ Francisco, Calif. E . R . Haffelfinger & Co., Inc., ____ d o ______ Hanover, Pa. Adjusted. Satisfactory settle . . . d o ____ ment. ____ ____________ ______ Adjusted. Returned to work; Oct. 14 union wages to be paid. Collective bargaining and other Adjusted. W orking agreement Oct. 12 concluded fixing wages and other conditions. conditions. June 15 Payment of wages. . ___________ Adjusted. Resumption of work Sept. 29 October 6. Organization and working condi Adjusted. Returned to work; Oct. 6 arbitration in progress. tions. Wages, working conditions, and Adjusted. Color mixers $1.10 per Sept. 28 hour; others, graduated scale of union recognition. wages. Unable to adjust. Employers re Oct. 16 Violations of working cod e_____ fused to continue conference. Oct. 14 Working agreement____ ____ _ . . Workers involved Duration Company or industry and location Nature of controversy Craftsmen con cerned England W alton Leather Co., Controversy. Leather workers__ Ashland, Ky. United Press, New York C ity ___ ____ d o______ Telegraphers______ Cause of dispute Present status and terms of settlement In Direct direct ly ly Begin ning Ending 1933 Oct. 19 1933 Oct. 30 Oct. 17 Oct. 27 Oct. Oct. 17 7 Oct. 14 ___do____ 265 Oct. 19 150 White Gladstone Co., Chicago, 111 Strike______ J. K . Mosser Tannery Co., Noxen, Pa. N ew England Woodenware Co., Winchendon, Mass. Sibley, Enterprise, and Globe Mills, Augusta, Ga. Lockout____ Tanners__________ Collective bargaining and other conditions. Union dispute__________________ Strike______ W ages. Unclassified. Discrimination de nied. Referred to N .R .A . Adjusted. Agreement for 13 months concluded. Adjusted. Returned. Satisfac tory settlement. Adjusted. Returned without discrimination. Pending____________ ____ _______ Stretch-out system, discrimina tion against union members, and other violations of code. ____d o__________________________ Unclassified. Referred to Nation al Textile Industrial Relations Board. Pending_________________________ Oct. 22 N ov. Oct. 23 Oct. 31 230 Sept. 30 Oct. 30 250 Woodenware work ers. Textile workers___ ____ d o ______ ____ d o..... ......... ......... ( i ) ----------------------------------------- -------------------- Adjusted. Union recognition and collective bargaining. Adjusted. Small adjustment in wages. Pending______________ ________ _ ------d o_____ _ Textile workers___ Discharges.......................... . Adjusted. Workers reinstated____ ------d o______ Discharges for union activity. Strike______ Rubber workers___ Violation of agreement______ Threatened strike. Strike______ Textile workers___ Asked wage increase________ W orkers__________ Rubber workers___ Adjusted. Reinstated; conditions satisfactory. Wages and working conditions._. Adjusted. Agreed on arbitration.. Alleged coercion to join com pany Pending___________ _____________ union. Reinstatement not conceded as Unclassified. Referred to N .R .A .. per former agreement. Discharges for union affiliation; Adjusted. Increase 25 percent and union recognition. wages. Violation of code; discharges------- Pending_________________ _______ Drivers___________ W orking conditions_____________ Bakelite m old ers... Discharges; working conditions.. Cleaners and dyers. ____ d o______ Electricians_______ Controversy- Planermen, cutters, and carvers. Harriman Hosiery Mills, Harri- Strike______ Hosiery workers___ man, Tenn. Cleaners and dyers, Trenton, N .J. ____do______ Cleaners and dyers. Stokes Rubber Co., Trenton, N .J. Threatened strike. Cleveland Provision Co., Cleve ------do______ land, Ohio. Kurz Kasch Co., Dayton, O h io ... Strike. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Terms of new contract. 1 100 1 10,000 6 15,000 0) Oct. 15 350 6 Oct. 29 8 Oct. 21 Oct. 17 Oct. 26 23 (i) Oct. 19 Oct. 31 450 Oct. 10 N ov. 150 Oct. 20 (0 Oct. 30 1 Oct. 24 150 550 (!) _do. Adjusted. All reinstated. Wages to be arbitrated b y National Labor Board. (0 Oct. 20 Oct. 26 115 305 MONTHLY LABOR R E V IE W Cotton mills, Horse Creek, Valley, S.C. Aetna Rubber Co., Ashtabula, Ohio. Paragon Worsted Co., Providence, R.I. Saybrook Manufacturing Co., H ope Valley, R .I. Clover Worsted Mills, W oon socket, R.I. Bookman Cleaners & Dyers, Inc., Toledo, Ohio. Electricians, Spokane, W ash_____ Granite workers, Bedford, In d ___ ------ d o ______ Leather workers__ Closed-shop agreement. 1432 CASES H A N D L E D B Y C O N C IL IA T IO N S E R V IC E D U R IN G M O N T H OF O C T O B E R 1933—Continued -d o____ Shoe workers____ _ Durand Shoe Co., Richmond, Maine. Lyons Transportation Co., Erie, ___ do__.......... Drivers________ Buffalo, and Cleveland. LaSalle Hat Co., Philadelphia, Pa- ____ do______ Millinery workers. — Metal polishers____ Lathrop-Paulson Co., Chicago, 111 ____ do_____ https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis N ov. 7 79 125 Oct. Oct. 27 20 30 18 Sent. 20 Oct. 23 N ov. 8 (i) 35 Oct. 27 N ov. 1 740 Oct. 30 53 Oct. 23 Oct. 24 9 Oct. 25 Oct. 28 0) Oct. 31 300 Oct. 26 12 Oct. 28 75 600 4,500 1,100 (i) Oct. 20 Oct. 23 460 Oct. 30 N ov. 500 6 250 Oct. 25 3 40 Oct. 27 700 Oct. 31 "NTnv; 7 1.50 Oct. 27 N ov. 2 73 Oct. N ov. 4 200 Oct. 27 80 15 Oct. 25 1,500 (i) (i) 31 28 20 120 1433 1N ot yet reported. Oct. 24 INDUSTRIAL DISPUTES Discharge of 14 m e n ...................... Adjusted. Returned; conditions satisfactory. Adjusted. Reinstated all strikers; tentative agreement. Asked union recognition________ Pending__________________________ Working conditions_____________ Unclassified. Referred to Regional Board. Adjusted. Com pany denied dis Rheuping Leather Co., Fond du Threatened Leather workers____ Discharges for union affiliation. charge of workers. strike. Lac, Wis. Working conditions_____________ Adjusted. Reinstated 4 workers at Oxford Pottery Co., Cambridge, 40 cents per hour. Ohio. Electrical workers— Asked $1 per hour; receiving 74 Adjusted. Contractor paid $1 per Threatened Brown-Forman Distillery Co., cents. hour. strike. Louisville, K y. W orking conditions Street railways, Oklahoma City, Controversy- Street-railway work- Wages and working conditions.. . Adjusted. ers. settled; wages to be fixed by Okla. National Labor Board. National Aniline & Chemical Co., Threatened W orkers____ ______ Discharges and refusal to recog Pending_________________________ nize union. strike. Buffalo, N .Y . Organization and closed-shop Unclassified. Regional mediation Laundry drivers, St. Louis, M o ... agreement. board handling dispute. Asked wage increase of 25 percent Pending__________________________ American Radiator Co., Bayonne, and union recognition. N.J. Metal polishers____ Working conditions do-----------------------------------------Underwood Typewriter Co., Hart Threatened strike. ford, Conn. Wages and working conditions. . . Adjusted. Allowed increase and Teamsters and chauffeurs, Pater union recognition. son, N.J. Company denied M otor Gauge Equipm ent Co., La Controversy. Equipment makers. Discharges______________________ Unclassified. charges, alleging lack of business. crosse, Wis. Montevallo Coal Co., Aldrich,Ala. Threatened Miners_____________ Working conditions; alleged com Adjusted. (Terms not yet re strike. pany not complying with recent ceived) . agreement. Discharges______________________ Adjusted. Reinstated 2; others if Northwest Packing Co., Chicago, 111. business warrants. Riverside Mills, Augusta, G a____ ____ do______ Textile workers __ Conditions caused b y reported Adjusted. Returned; no discrimi violence b y other mill strikers. nation. Pending__________________________ W arwick Mills, W arwick, R .I___ Controversy. Loom fixers . . . . Asked wage increase M ilk drivers, Buffalo, N .Y _______ Threatened Drivers...... ................ Working conditions d o ------------------------------------------strike. Wages and working conditions___ Adjusted. Michigan labor com Holland Shoe Co., Holland, Mich_ missioner suggested all return to work pending further negotia tion. Black Diam ond M ine, Mossboro, Working conditions Adjusted. Conditions SatisfactoryAla. Monarch Shoe Co., Worcester, Controversy- Shoe w o r k e r s ...___ Discharges_________ Adjusted. Agreed to arbitrate Mass. differences. Standard Bag Co., Augusta, Ga__ Strike______ Bag workers. _____ ____d o_______ ______ _ Adjusted. All reinstated without discrimination. Union disputes_________________ Duration Company or industry and location Nature of controversy Craftsmen con cerned Cause of dispute Present status and terms of settlement 1434 CASES H A N D L E D B Y C O N C IL IA T IO N S E R V IC E D U R IN G M O N T H OF O C T O B E R 1933— Continued Workers involved In Direct direct ly ly Begin ning Ending 1933 Oct. 1 1933 Oct. 20 M ay 11 Oct. 14 Oct. 18 30 70 Oct. 22 0) (07 Oct. 24 Oct. 31 55 Oct. Oct. 23 28 Disputes involving the prevailingwage law Threatened Plumbers and steam- Working conditions and prevail strike. fitters. ing-wage scale. Controversy, Mechanics a n d laborers. Plumbers and steamfitters. Veterans’ Administration Hospi tal, Marion, Ind. Extensible Building, Washington, D .C . Controversy- Bricklayers and rodmen. Total- _______________ ____ 'N o t yet reported. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Refusal to set wood trim manu factured under nonunion con ditions. Prevailing wage and wage for overtime work. Adjusted. Agreement concluded and work continued. Oct. 30 Adjusted. Scale of 75 cents per hour posted and paid. Adjusted. Satisfactory settlement. Adjusted. Bricklayers $1 per day; rodmen allowed double time for overtime and holidays. Oct. Oct. 1 3 1 2 67,103 19 25 95,027 MONTHLY LABOR R E V IE W Post offices: LABOR AWARDS AND DECISIONS Wage Increase Awarded to Boston Elevated Railway Employees HE trustees of the Boston Elevated Railway Co. and the Amal gamated Association of Street and Electric Railway Employees and Division No. 589, agreed on July 5,1933, to submit certain changes in their existing contract of employment to a board of arbitration. The board was composed of David A. Marshall, chairman, James H. Vahey, representing the association, and Bentley W. Warren, repre senting the trustees of the company. The board awarded a wage rate oi 71 cents an hour for the two-man car, an increase of 2^ cents an hour over the previous rate, and denied the request of the trustees that the annual vacation period with pay be reduced from 2 weeks to 1 week. The trustees had requested a wage reduction of 15 percent, while the association had asked for an increase of 11% cents an hour. The trustees had requested that the vacation period of 2 weeks with pay provided for in the present agreement be reduced to 1 week. The association had asked that there be no change in the vacation period. Of the 8 additional changes requested by the trustees, 3 were dis posed of during the hearings, and 1 of the 2 changes requested by the association was likewise disposed of. On behalf of the trustees the board was urged, in. arriving at what should constitute the basic rate, to consider the following: The radical drop in the cost of living; that budgetary studies must be weighed carefully; that the financial condition of the company is a material factor; that actual earnings of carmen are high; that the wages paid by the company are much higher than in the street-railway industry generally; that other occupational earnings, the earnings of Govern ment employees, and the earnings of other employees of the company have been reduced much more than the earnings of the members of the carmen’s union; and that the small labor turn-over is proof of the attractiveness of work on the Elevated. On behalf of the association the board was urged to consider the following among other factors: That particular study be directed to the Public Control Act and to the specific payments which the trustees must meet under said act; that the men are entitled to a fair wage irrespective of the financial condition of the company or its earnings; and that the basic rate is the only rate which the board should con sider. The Public Control Act was passed in 1918 to provide for the public operation of the Boston Elevated Railway Co. It established a board of trustees for the company, consisting of live members ap pointed by the governor with the advice and consent of the council. These trustees were charged, not only with the management and oper- T https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1435 1436 MONTHLY LABOR R E V IE W ation of the railway system of the Boston Elevated Railway Co., but also with the payment of operating expenses, taxes, dividends, rentals for subway, tunnel, and Rapid Transit Lines, and interest on bonds and notes. In 1929, the legislature created the Metropolitan Transit District consisting of the following cities and towns: Arlington, Belmont, Boston, Brookline, Cambridge, Chelsea, Everett, Malden, Medford, Milton, Newton, Revere, Somerville, and Watertown. In the same act it provided that the voters in the district should express their desires as to what should be done “ with the future of the Boston Elevated Railway Co.” , and that at the biennial State election in 1930 they should vote upon plans for determining the future ownership, management, and operation of the lines. Three plans were submitted to the voters in 1930, as follows: Plan no. 1. Return to the Boston Elevated Railway Co. of the management and operation of its railway system by terminating the public management and operation thereof. Plan no. 2. Continuation of the public management and operation of the Bos ton Elevated Railway Co. in accordance with such terms and conditions as may be agreed to by stockholders of said company. Plan no. 3. Purchase by the Metropolitan Transit District, which comprises the cities and towns above enumerated, of the assets, property, and franchise of the Boston Elevated Railway Co., and same thereafter to be owned, managed, and operated by said district. As a result of the vote, plan no. 2 was adopted. In 1931, the legis lature extended the public management and operation of the company to July 1, 1959, and made it incumbent upon the trustees to pay, not only the operating expenses, but also dividends upon the common stock of the railway company, at 5 percent per annum upon the par value of such stock, during the continuance of such public management and operation, the payment of dividends to be included in the cost of service. The act passed in 1918 provided that if on the last day of any De cember or June after 1919 the amount remaining in the reserve fund of the company was insufficient to meet the deficiencies in any year, the trustees were to notify the treasurer and receiver general of the Commonwealth as to the amount of the deficiency and the amount of money in the reserve fund applicable to the deficiency, and the Commonwealth was thereupon to pay over to the trustees the amount of net loss. This net loss paid by the Commonwealth was to be re trieved by taxing the cities and towns served by the company in the manner provided by law. The award, rendered September 14, 1933, and the opinion of the board, in part, is as follows: Street-railway service, under modern conditions of living, is a public necessity in every large city in the country insofar as it is essential to the health, to the comfort, and to the prosperity of the people in general. In a city so situated as Boston, surrounded by multifold suburbs, such service is as essential to our health, comfort, and prosperity as is our water supply, sewage removal, fire and police protection, and other public services. In consideration of the public-service value of the street railway it follows that if car riders do not utilize this public service to such an extent that the sum total of their fares is sufficient in any 1 year to meet the operating expenses of the company, then it is only fair that the deficiency of operation occasioned by the lack of utilization shall be made up by direct taxation as is now provided under our statutes. * * * The_ primary social obligation of the trustees is to provide a means of trans portation that shall be effective and economical to those who wish to take https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis LABOR AW ARDS AND D E C IS IO N S 1437 advantage of that service. The operating losses of the Boston Elevated Railway Co., though of paramount importance, must be viewed not only from the point of view of their economic value, but also from their social aspects. Finally, it may be stated that this company is obligated to provide a type of service to those people who use the system so that they may be able to reach points of destination where they may contract the businesses of livelihood. Irrespective of the fact that many do not use directly the Boston Elevated Railway system for their own personal transportation, nevertheless, they benefit indirectly by this service insofar as many of their associates in business are transported thereby. * * * W e feel, therefore, that the method for meeting deficiencies is, as provided by the legislature, just and fair, and in view of the social and economic value of the service to the community at large, the operating deficiencies should not affect the basic rate of wage paid to its employees. Under no consideration should an employee of the railway be compelled to contribute to this deficiency unless his rate of wage is inequitable from the point of view of social values as well as from the point of view of reasonable living conditions. In view of the serious annual operating deficiencies of the road, we beg to suggest a reasonable method to provide against them; namely, that the trustees be relieved from payment of rentals for subway, tunnels, and rapid transit lines. * * * Insofar as the subways and tunnels operate for the benefit of all members of the community and even for those, not members of the com munity, who wish to take advantage of this service, it seems just that the Boston Elevated Railway Co. might well be relieved from further payment of rentals for subway, tunnels, and rapid transit lines. If the trustees should succeed in bringing about the passage of. a legislative enactment, the consequence of which would relieve them from payment of the above rentals, they would then be in a decidedly better condition to operate economically. When we consider that from the years 1918 to 1932 the payments for rentals of subway, tunnels, and rapid transit lines amounted to over 13 millions of dollars, it would appear that if this burden could be diminished by, let us say 50 percent, the railway would not have shown a deficit even in the last 3 years. * * * Chief among the various arguments advanced by the trustees of this road for the reduction of wages has been the deplorable operating: losses of the road. On the other hand, the association submits the counter argument that such losses should have no influence on the determination of a fair wage. The crux of this problem lies mainly in the fact that the legislature in its wisdom requires the trustees to pay dividends to its stockholders, irrespective of whether or not the road earns those dividends. Furthermore, these dividends are part and parcel of the cost of operation. Now, in view of the fact that the railway is in substance a public utility, the legislature has not erred in making it mandatory that the stockholders be paid annual dividends. This pro cedure on the part of the legislature is equitable, for if the holders of bonds in other public enterprises receive annual dividends therefrom, the stock holders in this railway are rightly entitled to the same treatment. Were it true that these dividends fluctuated according to the financial condition and earnings of the road, and were it further true that the stockholders lost or profited in direct relation thereto, then it would be imperative for us to consider their argument for a reduction of wages. But this is not true. W e conclude, there fore, that this argument on behalf of the trustees should not influence us in our determination of what constitutes a fair basic wage. W orthy of consideration are the arguments made on behalf of the trustees relative to the radical decline in the cost of living and to the Executive order of July 3, 1933, issued by the President of the United States, to the effect that the 15 percent retrenchment of the wages of all Federal employees be continued until December 31, 1933. On the other hand, we must consider on behalf of the association that since the passage of the National Industrial Recovery Act, prices of commodities have increased and it is likely that they will continue to do so. W ith regard to the termination of the Executive order, little can be said that would not enter into the problematical. * * * If all factors were controlled, we might subscribe to the argument that the small labor turn-over is evidence of the attractiveness of the work of the Ele vated employees. If this be true, then we may conclude that the argument is equally advantageous for both parties. It has been agreed that the youngest man from point of service has been in the employ of the road for at least a period of 15 years. The advantage to the men lies mainly in the fact of steady employment; the advantage to the trustees resides in the fact that the railway is manned by men of steady habits who value their positions and who become increasingly efficient as time elapses. The consuming public profits https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1438 MONTHLY LABOR R E V IE W from both advantages. As evidence thereof, it is observable that from the years 1926 to 1932 accidents occasioned by collision were reduced from 10,246 to 4,046 and industrial accidents were reduced from 1,465 to 698. In consideration of the statistical evidence proffered during the hearing, showing comparative wages of other railway lines, indexes of the cost of living based on numerous budgets, etc., the board said: * * * W e must conclude that during the past 6 or 7 years the dollar has appreciated in value, and the cost of living has declined. It would appear to be a strong argument in favor of the trustees that the wages of the carmen should be reduced in ratio to the decline in the cost of living. Y et this is only true when all factors of human behavior are held constant. If we select the cost of living as the sole criterion in this matter, we might acquiesce. But, unfortunately, we do not accept the cost of living as the sole criterion in the determination of what constitutes a fair wage. _ . . W ith regard to what constitutes a fair wage, we feel in a certain sense justified in being guided by the awards of prior arbitrations. In the arbitration of 1925, presided over by Judge Nelson Brown in the capacity of the impartial chairman, the award was set at 7 2 /2 cents. Since the last arbitration the basic wage rate was settled by agreement. Since there were amicable agreements during the latter period, it is inferable that all the various elements constituting a fair wage were seriously considered. On July 1, 1926, the fair rate of wage was set at 72j4 cents; during the period 1927 to 1932 the rate of wage was 75 cents; and in the last period from July 1, 1932, to July 1, 1933, was 68^2 cents. * * * To decide what is just and equitable for the present as well as for the immediate future is a task of first magnitude. Since the agreement between the association and the Boston Elevated Railway Co. was first signed, no board of arbitration has been virtually confronted with the demand to play the role of the prophet of the moment and of the future. Yet, whatever the future may hold, we can be guided only by present trends, and we are, therefore, forced into the uncomfortable position of casting the die as to their possibilities. On this basis, we believe, after due consideration that these carmen, in order to maintain a normal American standard of living, should receive a basic wage rate of 72]4 cents per hour. However, for reasons which will be forthwith introduced, we set the basic rate of wage for the 2-man car at 71 cents. W e have not been requested to deal directly with differentials, only on the proviso that we should award a 15 percent reduction of wages. Naturally, if the reduction be awarded, the differentials would be correspondingly altered. How ever, as the case has been presented to us, we do not feel obligated to change the existing differentials. _ . However, we have been urged to pass judgment relative to vacations. The company, on one hand, desires to limit the period of vacation to 1 week with pay, instead of 2 weeks; the association, on the other hand, urges that a period of 2 weeks’ vacation with pay be granted to all employees members of the associa tion. This request, on behalf of the association is denied. It is beyond the question of doubt that such a policy will be detrimental to some individuals, but we are concerned here primarily with a collective body of men and women and, unfortunate as it may be in individual cases, we adopt this policy. In a previous paragraph we decided upon 72}4 cents an hour as a fair basic wage but we set it at 71 cents. By virtue of the request of the association, we have chosen to deduct V/2 cents per hour from the basic wage, the sum total of which would be equivalent, annually, to approximately one weeks’ vacation with pay. In short, we are decidedly of the opinion that the financial condition of the railway should not affect the basic rate of wage. Yet, when we come to grips with such a matter as vacations, an entirely different situation faces us. Vaca tions are, however you may put it, a comfort, and in this light we cannot over look the request of the company, especially so, when we consider the fact that annual cost for such vacations amounts to approximately $140,000. * _ * * Consequently, in justice to the company and to the association, we do believe it equitable to maintain the 2 weeks with pay, with a reduction of 1)4 cents per hour from the basic rate of wage. * * * From a humanitarian point of view we are forced to consider the families of these carmen and in justice to them we decide that a reduction of the basic rate of wage is better than a change in working conditions, insofar as vacations are concerned. Therefore, the company’s request in the form presented is denied. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis LABOR AW ARDS AND D E C IS IO N S 1439 The board granted the request of the trustees for the following changes in the present agreement: Bus operators and 1-man car operators are to be allowed 5 minutes (instead of 10) at the beginning of the day and 10 minutes (instead of 20) at the end of the dav for turning in work and putting up car or bus. Men on night-work trains, Rapid Transit Lines, shall perform 7 hours’ platform or cover time for which they shall receive 8 hours’ pay. Collectors shall have an allowance of 10 minutes (instead of 20) for making up and turning in work at the end of the day. In regard to the request that “ All runs shall pay actual platform time plus the making-up and turning-in tim e/’ this board ruled that in paying the men the time should be computed to the nearest 5-minute period instead of 15-minute period as at present. The board denied the request of the trustees that meal tickets should be 45 cents instead of 65 cents. The board also denied the request of the association for a new section reading as follows: “ Rating for guards operating more than two cars shall be 5 cents per hour higher than the regular guard’s rate.” Arbitrator Bentley W. Warren, representing the trustees, filed a dis senting opinion, closing with the following statement: In my judgment the wage rates on the Boston Elevateci are, and have been for many years, too high, from any point of view, whether measured by the nature of the work, the rates upon other properties, the annual income of workers of other industries where no greater skill or experience is required or the ability of the car riders to pay fares or of the taxpayers— especially after four years of depres sion— to come to the aid of the car riders. Except as to the rates of hourly pay established by the award, I concur in its findings. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis HOUSING Building Operations in Principal Cities of the United States, October 1933 A C C O R D IN G to reports received by the Bureau of Labor Statistics X I from 758 identical cities having a population of 10,000 or over, there was a decrease of 7.4 percent in indicated expenditures for total building operations, comparing October 1933 with September 1933. However, the number of buildings for which these permits were issued increased eight tenths of 1 percent. The cost figures as shown in the following tables are as estimated by the prospective builder on applying for his permit to build. No land costs are included. Only building projects within the corporate limits of the cities enumerated are shown. This excludes considerable building in the suburbs of some cities. The States of Illinois, Massachusetts, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, and Pennsylvania, through their departments of labor, are cooperating with the Federal Bureau in the collection of these data. Comparisons, September and October 1933 T a b le 1 shows the estimated cost of new residential buildings, of new nonresidential buildings, of additions, alterations, and repairs, and of total building operations, in 758 identical cities of the United States having a population of 10,000 or over, by geographic divisions. C OST OF N E W B U IL D IN G S , OF A D D IT IO N S , A L T E R A T IO N S R E P A IR S , A N D OF T O T A L B U IL D IN G C O N S T R U C T IO N IN 758 I D E N T IC A L G E O G R \ P H IC 0m v i S o N S E R M IT S ISSU ED IN S E P T E M B E R A N D O C T O B E R 1933, B Y New residential buildings (es timated cost) New nonresidential buildings (es timated cost) Geographic division N ew England________ M iddle Atlantic East North Central . . West North Central South A tlantic.. South Central________ Mountain and Pacific______ T otal_____ _______ Percent September of 1933 change October 1933 $1, 523,426 7,496,898 1,123, 648 631,105 817,492 473,609 1,540,127 $1, 649, 745 2, 309, 990 922,447 598,965 814, 210 430, 679 1,453,414 + 8 .3 -6 9 .2 -1 7 .9 - 5 .1 - 0 .4 - 9 .1 - 0 .6 $2,223,238 7, 298,145 2,825,671 695, 643 997,034 743, 665 1,451, 773 $1,805,046 4,119, 751 2, 388,452 1,089, 760 2,065, 520 1, 602, 773 3, 517,407 -1 8 .8 -4 3 .6 -1 5 .5 +56.7 +107. 2 +115.5 +24.2 13, 606,305 8,179,450 -3 9 .9 16, 235,169 16, 588, 709 + 2 .2 Additions, alterations, and repairs (estimated cost) October 1933 Total construction (estimated cost) Geographic division September 1933 New England_______ M iddle Atlantic_____ East North C e n t r a lWest North Central.. South Atlantic.......... . South Central_______ Mountain and Pacific Total__________ 1440 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Percent of change September 1933 October 1933 Percent September of 1933 change October 1933 N um ber of Percent cities of change $1,135, 3,995, 1, 989, 650, 1,128, 734, 1,572, $1, 657,658 4, 664,386 1, 393,400 607,163 1, 784,037 911,926 2,213, 747 +46.0 +16.7 -3 0 .0 - 6 .7 +58.1 +24.1 +40.8 881, 744 790, 636 938, 702 977, 317 942, 950 952,009 564,424 $5,112,449 11,094,127 4, 704, 299 2,295, 888 4, 663, 767 2, 945, 378 7,184, 568 +16. 1 +58.5 +50.9 +57.4 11, 206, 308 13, 232, 317 +18.1 41,047, 782 38,000,476 - 7 .4 + 4 .7 -4 1 .0 - 20.8 104 173 172 69 76 78 86 758 1441 H O U S IN G Indicated expenditures for new residential buildings decreased 39.9 percent, comparing October with September. Decreases occurred in 6 of the 7 geographic divisions. In the New England States, how ever, there was an increase in the indicated expenditures for this type of building. Up to October 31, 1933, no contracts had been awarded from the public-works fund for housing projects. However, several allotments have been made for this type of structure, and when they materialize into contracts, it will undoubtedly stimulate residential building. Indicated expenditures for nonresidential buildings increased 2.2 percent, 4 of the 7 geographic divisions showing increases ranging from 24.2 percent to 115.5 percent. The nonresidential building group is affected by contracts from public-works fund, as whenever a contract is awarded by the Federal Government for a building in a city having a population of 10,000 or over, the indicated expenditures would be shown therein. There was an increase of 18.1 percent in expendi tures for additions, alterations, and repairs. Five of the seven geographic divisions regis tered increases in this type of construction. The data for repairs are also somewhat influenced by awards from the public-wprks fund, as a number of Federal agencies awarded contracts for repairs to existing buildings. . The estimated cost of all buildings for which permits were issued during this period was $38,000,476. This is a decrease of 7.4 percent as compared with September. The decrease was wholly caused by a falling off of residential building in the Middle Atlantic States. There was a decrease of more than $5,000,000 in residential building in the above-mentioned geographic division. The decrease occurred in New York City. Permits were issued for several large apartment houses in that city during September. Table 2 shows the number of new residential buildings, of new non residential buildings, of additions, alterations, and repairs, and of total building operations in 758 cities of the United States, by geo graphic divisions. V artf 2 —N U M B E R OP N E W B U IL D IN G S , OP A D D IT IO N S , A L T E R A T IO N S , A N D R E P A IR S A N D OF T O T A L B U IL D IN G C O N S T R U C T IO N IN 758 I D E N T IC A L C IT IE S , AS SH O W N B Y P E R M IT S ISSU ED IN S E P T E M B E R A N D O C T O B E R 1933, B Y G E O G R A P H IC DIV ISIO N S New residential buildings New nonresi Additions, alter Total construc ations, and dential build tion repairs ings Geographic division Octo ber 1933 Sep tember 1933 Octo ber 1933 Sep tember 1933 Octo ber 1933 Sep tember 1933 Octo ber 1933 Sep tember 1933 New England----------------------------------M iddle Atlantic-------------------------------East North Central-------------------------West North Central-------------------------South Atlantic----------------- ---------------South Central--....... - ------- ---------------Mountain and Pacific........................... 296 409 249 202 196 152 415 286 415 194 178 214 170 369 824 1,353 1,473 728 478 509 1,102 909 1,476 1,380 861 519 504 1,086 2, 524 6,160 3,046 1, 457 2, 928 2, 154 4, 378 2, 589 6, 056 2, 776 1,426 2,956 2, 325 4,597 3,644 7,922 4, 768 2, 387 3,602 2,815 5,895 3,784 7,947 4,350 2,465 3,689 2,999 6,052 T ota l__________ _______ - --- 1,919 1,826 - 4 .8 6,467 6, 735 + 4.1 22, 347 22,725 + 0 .3 31,033 31, 286 -bO.8 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1442 M ONTHLY LABOR R E V IE W Three geographic divisions showed increases and four decreases in the number of new residential buildings. The decrease for the country as a whole was 4.8 percent. New nonresidential buildings increased 4.1 percent in number, the largest increase being in the Middle Atlantic States. There was an increase of three tenths of 1 percent in the number of additions, alterations, and repairs. There was an increase of eight tenths of 1 percent in the total number of buildings for which permits were issued in October as compared with September. Six of the seven geographic divisions showed increases in the total number of building operations. In the East North Central States there was a sharp decrease in the number of building operations, however. This decrease was caused by the falling oil in the number of additions, alterations, and repairs in that division. Table 3 shows the estimated cost and number of families provided for in the different kinds of housekeeping dwellings for which permits were issued in 758 identical cities, in September and October, by geographic divisions. T 3 .—E S T IM A T E D C O ST A N D N U M B E R OF F A M IL IE S P R O V ID E D F O R IN T H E D IF F E R E N T K IN D S OF H O U S E K E E P IN G D W E L L IN G S F O R W H IC H P E R M IT S W E R E ISSU ED IN 758 I D E N T IC A L C IT IE S IN S E P T E M B E R A N D O C T O B E R 1933, B Y G E O G R A P H IC D IV ISIO N S a b l e 1-family dwellings Estimated cost Geographic division Septem ber 1933 October 1933 New England________ _ $1,411,126 $1, 226, 690 M iddle Atlantic . . . . . . 1,809, 748 1,830,440 East North C e n t r a l,___ 1,071,148 877, 447 West North C entral.. . . 612,105 585, 665 South Atlantic__________ 786, 592 750, 610 South C entral... . . _ . . . 441,809 329,829 Mountain and Pacific___ 1,398,937 1,271,214 T o t a l.. _______ . . Percent of change . 7, 531, 465 6, 871,895 - 8 .8 2-family dwellings Families pro vided for Estimated cost Septem ber 1933 October 1933 Octo ber 1933 Septem ber 1933 280 376 234 198 188 144 396 264 367 188 175 199 160 343 $78,300 146,850 50, 500 19,000 22,900 24, 300 65, 390 $104, 555 280, 750 45,000 13, 300 23, 700 24, 350 90,800 22 42 19 8 13 12 24 30 74 9 5 20 15 32 1,816 1,696 - 6 .6 407, 240 582, 455 +43.0 140 185 +32.1 Sep tember 1933 $21, 500 194, 200 0 0 39,900 75,000 90,400 15 1,802 o 0 4 4 33 Total___ ______ Percent of change____ _ 421,000 -9 2 .6 1,858 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis October 1933 Sep tember 1933 Octo ber 1933 Total, all kinds of housekeeping dwellings Families pro vided for New E ngland.. _______ $34, 000 M iddle Atlantic. ____ 5, 540,300 East North Central. . _ 0 West North Central____ 0 South Atlantic________ _ 8,000 South Central__________ 7, 500 Mountain and Pacific___ 75,800 5, 665, 600 Families pro vided for Sep tember 1933 M ultifamily dwellings Geographic division Estimated cost Octo ber 1933 Estimated cost Septem ber 1933 October 1933 12 $1, 523,426 $1,352,745 71 7,496,898 2,305, 390 0 1,121,648 922,447 0 631,105 598,965 31 817,492 814,210 60 473, 609 429,179 43 1, 540,127 1,452, 414 217 13,604,305 -8 8 .3 7,875, 350 -4 2 .1 Families pro vided for Sep tember 1933 Octo ber 1933 317 2, 220 253 206 205 160 453 306 512 197 180 250 235 418 3,814 2,098 -4 5 .0 1443 H O U S IN G There was a decrease of nearly $700,000 comparing October expendi tures for 1-family dwellings in these 758 cities with expenditures for September. The number of family-dwelling units provided in 1-family dwellings decreased 6.6 percent, comparing these 2 months. Decreases in number were shown in all divisions except the South Atlantic and South Central. No city has shown a pronounced in crease in the number of 1-family dwellings constructed. In the whole of New York City, during September, permits were issued for only one hundred and thirteen 1-family dwellings, and one hundred and twenty-eight 1-family dwellings during October. Indicated expenditures for 2-family dwellings increased 43 percent, while the family-dwelling units provided in this type of dwelling in creased 32.1 percent. This increase occurred in the New England and Middle Atlantic States. In the New England States it was caused by the building of a few 2-family dwellings in a large number of cities. The increase in the Middle Atlantic States occurred for the most part in the Boroughs of the Bronx and Brooklyn. Due to the inclusion in the September figures of several large apart ment houses in New York City, notably in the Borough of Manhat tan, there was a very pronounced decrease in expenditures and dwelling units in multifamily dwellings in October. Increases in expenditures, as well as family-dwelling units in the multifamily dwellings, however, occurred in the South Atlantic, South Central, and Mountain and Pacific divisions. Each geographic division showed a decrease in indicated expendi tures for housekeeping dwellings as a whole. Decreases ranged from a little over $3,000 in the South Atlantic States to approximately $5,000,000 in the Middle Atlantic States. There was a decrease of over 1,700 in the number of family-dwelling units provided in these cities during October as compared with September. All geographic divisions, except the South Atlantic and South Central, showed decreases in total dwelling units. The decreases, however, were small except in the Middle Atlantic division. Table 4 shows the index numbers of indicated expenditures for new residential buildings, for new nonresidential buildings, for additions, alterations, and repairs, and for total building operations. T able 4 .—I N D E X N U M B E R S OF F A M IL IE S P R O V ID E D F O R A N D OF IN D IC A T E D E X P E N D IT U R E S F O R B U IL D IN G O P E R A T IO N S AS SH O W N B Y P E R M IT S ISSU ED IN P R IN C IP A L C IT IE S OF T H E U N IT E D S T A T E S [M onthly average, 1929=100] Indicated expenditures forM onth 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Families provided for New resi dential buildings Total N ew non- Additions, residential alterations, building and repairs operations buildings 70.2 64.4 63.7 61.6 81.3 107. 9 95.0 115.2 73.7 85.7 51.3 58.3 44.4 44.9 73.8 .53. 5 64.2 58.1 58.2 49.7 30.1 33.7 24.8 25.4 41.8 34.8 41.0 39.8 33.5 30.8 10.8 9.5 7.5 6.6 11.4 12.6 21.7 22.8 10.7 11.0 11.8 6.5 8.6 5.2 12.8 13.1 25.5 30.1 13.1 12.1 — 1444 MONTHLY LABOR R E V IE W The index numbers of families provided for and of indicated expen ditures for new residential buildings were lower than for either September 1933 or October 1932. 0 ctober index numbers of indicated expenditures for nonresidential buildings and for additions, alterations, and repairs, were higher than lor either the previous month or the corresponding month of last year. 1 he total building operations index, while slightly higher than for October 1932, was lower than for September 1933. Construction from Public Funds Fa b le 5 shows the value of contracts awarded by the United States Government during September and October 1933, for construction piojects of all kinds. 4 his includes building construction; public roads; river, harbor, and flood-control projects; street and road building (other than public roads); naval vessels, reclamation proj ects; forest service; water and sewerage systems; and miscellaneous projects. \\ lienever a contract is awarded for a public building in a city having a population of 10,000 or over, the data are included in the tables herein. Data for other types of public construction are not shown in the building-operations tables. ^ able 5 . V A L U E OP C O N T R A C T S A W A R D E D F O R A L L F E D F R A U r’ ON'<;iTTfTTP rrTmM' OCTOBER* 1933^ bT geE S S h ^ d FvT s IO n I ® R N M E N T D U R IN G S E P T E M B E R A N D Building construction River, harbor, and flood-control projects Public roads Geographic division September 1933 October 1933 September 1933 October 1933 September 1933 October 1933 New England_______________ M iddle Atlantic_____________ East North Central__________ West North Central_________ South A tlantic.______ _______ South Central_______________ Mountain and Pacific_______ $118,925 4, 213,759 56, 386 42, 890 427, 254 340,802 55,461 $753, 381 2, 292,948 336, 768 741,882 3,295, 992 4, 202,177 2,861, 785 $1, 522,605 5, 523,492 4,905, 540 7,402,109 2,973, 297 4, 555,015 14,377,199 $2, 551,100 4,934,839 5,640, 642 8,151,255 4,278,106 7,091, 638 8, 625, 551 $14,315 1, 569,201 2,182, 307 13,090, 220 3, 202,601 9,332,191 2, 747,948 $759,061 3, 545, 755 13,200,240 6,904,804 7,335,509 15,981,813 2,486, 212 T o t a l ..____ ___________ 5, 255,477 214,489,933 41, 259, 257 41, 273,131 32,138, 783 50,213,394 Outside of Continental United States_____________________ 3, 325 1,047,282 Streets and roads 2 Geographic division Sep tember 1933 New England . ____ 0 M iddle Atlantic___. . . 0 East North Central___ 0 West North Central___ $225,329 South A tla n t ic ___ 171, 355 South Central_____. . . 404 Mountain and P a cific- 504,776 Total ____ ____ Outside of Continental United S t a t e s ..___ October 1933 273,884 Naval vessels September October 1933 1933 $199, 203 $39,486, 283 $1,505 734, 778 74,038, 296 258, 645 389,511 231,158 11,145 323,733 0 0 1,952,118 57,873, 713 30, 645 1,664,007 0 0 8,033, 640 9,075, 680 673,125 901,864 13, 296,990 180,705,130 975,065 93, 855 1,585, 854 193,572 : Subject to revision. 2 Includes $5,000 not allocated b y geographic divisions x Other than those reported b y the Bureau of Public Roads. Includes $7,000 not allocated b y geographic divisions. Includes $16,944 not allocated b y geographic divisions. Includes $64,670 not allocated b y geographic divisions. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Reclamation proj ects Septem ber 1933 0 0 0 $6,000 30,000 8,000 4,823, 671 Forestry October Sep October tember 1933 1933 1933 0 0 0 0 0 0 $21, 200 0 13,000 0 8, 700 0 747,124 $5, 456 * 4,874,671 5 806,968 5,456 $27,585 0 1,328,570 748,330 738,780 232, 485 5, 555, 634 « 8,696,054 1445 HOUSING T 5 .—V A L U E OF C O N T R A C T S A W A R D E D F O R A L L F E D E R A L C O N S T R U C T IO N P R O JE C T S B Y T H E U N IT E D S T A T E S G O V E R N M E N T D U R IN G S E P T E M B E R A N D O C T O B E R 1933, B Y G E O G R A P H IC D IV IS IO N S —Continued a b l e Water and sewerage systems Miscellaneous Total Geographic division September 1933 New England, ________ . . . M iddle Atlantic . East North Central. West North Central South A tla n t ic ____ South C en tra l____ ________ Mountain and Pacific. . . Total __________ . . . October 1933 September 1933 October 1933 September 1933 October 1933 0 0 0 0 $21,463 0 0 0 $13,831 5,000 51, 300 182,146 107,190 357, 333 $74,401 372, 533 32,326 0 412,828 6,474 14,345 $240,984 432, 247 90,444 196, 558 1, 274,962 294,165 1,189,486 $41, 216, 529 85,717, 281 7,407, 717 20, 766, 548 65,112, 511 14, 242,886 31,604, 536 $4,532,819 12,213,043 21,002, 320 17,139,062 19,101, 258 29, 582,175 30,529,890 21,463 716,800 912,907 3, 718, 846 *266,075,008 7134,187,181 28, 046 247,807 125, 226 3,348, 399 Outside of continental United States.. . _ . . . . . . * Includes $7,000 not allocated by geographic divisions. 7 See notes to detail. During October 1933 contracts were awarded or work was started under force account on projects to cost $134,187,181, This compares with more than $266,000,000 for the month of September. The decrease was caused by the falling off in awards for naval vessels. Awards for building construction; road construction; river, harbor, and flood-control projects; forestry work; and water and sewerage systems all showed pronounced increases, comparing awards made in October with those made in September. The projects for which contracts were awarded in the Mountain and Pacific division during October were to cost over $30,000,000. This is a larger sum than was accounted for by construction awards in any other geographic division. Street and road work accounted for oyer $16,000,000 of this expenditure in the Mountain and Pacific division. Contracts awarded in the South Central States showed the next highest total. River, harbor, and flood-control projects accounted for the greatest amount of expenditures in this geographic division. During September the largest expenditure for all projects occurred in the Middle Atlantic, South Atlantic, and New England States; large awards for naval vessels making up the greater part of the total. ' Contracts totaling over $3,000,000 were awarded outside of continental United States. Table 6 shows the value of contracts awarded from public works fund for all non-Federal construction projects, by geographic divisions. T 6 . — V A LU E OF C O N T R A C T S A W A R D E D F O R A L L N O N -F E D E R A L C O N S T R U C T IO N PR O JE C T S F R O M P U B L IC W O R K S A D M IN IS T R A T IO N FU N D S D U R IN G O C T O B E R 1933, B Y G E O G R A P H IC D IV ISIO N S a b l e Building construc tion Streets 1 and roads Water and sewerage systems New E n g la n d ... ___ _______ M iddle Atlantic _______ East North C en tra l________ West North Central___ _ __________ South Atlantic ______ South Central . . . . _____ _ Mountain and Pacific____________ . . $268,431 2,362, 804 1, 590,689 281,135 200, 208 479,058 640,378 $1, 084, 770 0 76,310 1, 200, 505 190, 000 85, 709 204, 779 $1,168,217 365,122 3, 269,608 995, 028 124,048 60,117 35,115 $173,000 52, 500 0 43,961 0 0 0 $2, 694,418 2,780,426 4,936, 607 2, 520, 629 514, 256 624,884 880,272 Total_______________ _____ . _ ____ Outside continental United S ta t e s .____ _ 5, 822, 703 2,842,073 6,017,255 140,122 269,461 14,951,492 140,122 Geographic division 1 Other than those reported b y the Bureau of Public Roads. 21719°—33— 12 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Miscel laneous Total 1446 MONTHLY LABOR R EV IEW During October contracts were awarded by the various State engineers of the Public Works Administration for construction proj ects to cost approximately $16,000,000. This sum includes the value of contracts awarded where work was let to an outside contractor. Where work was done by force account, the estimated cost of the project as furnished to the public-works engineer was used. Work on non-Federal public-works projects was started in all of the geographic divisions. The East North Central got off to a flying start with over $5,500,000 worth of projects under way. The New England, Middle Atlantic, and West North Central divisions all started public-works projects to cost over $2,000,000. Water and sewerage systems accounted for a larger percentage of this expenditure than any other type of construction. The cost of buildings to be constructed accounted for the next largest slice of the non-Federal public-works fund. The street and road paving as shown in this table does not include the road work done by the Bureau of Public Roads of the United States Department of Agriculture. Table 7 shows the value of public buildings and highway construc tion awards as reported by the various State governments. T 7 —V A L U E OF P U B L IC B U IL D IN G A N D H IG H W A Y C O N S T R U C T IO N A W A R D S AS R E P O R T E D B Y T H E S T A T E G O V E R N M E N T S , B Y G E O G R A P H IC D IV ISIO N S a b le Value of awards for public buildings Value of awards for highway construction Geographic division October 1932 New E ngland.._ ______ _________ M iddle Atlantic__________ . . . East North Central. _____ West North C e n t r a l.______ _ South Atlantic. ___________ . South Central_______________________ Mountain and P a cific._____ ________ Total______________ _______ September 1933 October 1933 i September 1933 October 1933 $71, 674 3,340,045 221,457 12,956 121,113 617, 247 211, 376 $308, 750 366, 542 237, 626 61,420 131,638 502,734 626,093 $262, 617 842,089 528,032 25,865 215,545 10,171 211, 899 $381, 605 513, 291 240.440 877, 699 392.441 882, 799 1,952,938 $326, 531 418,688 1,929,455 824, 682 181, 780 333, 280 1,166,609 4, 595,868 2, 234,803 2,096,218 5, 241, 213 5,181,025 1 Subject to revision Data concerning building contracts were received direct from the State officials. Data concerning highway construction were obtained from the Bureau of Public Roads. During October 1933 State awards for building construction totaled slightly over $2,000,000, which was practically the same as the September total, but not quite one half the October 1932 total. Awards made by the State governments for highway construction totaled a little more than $5,000,000 for each of the 2 months, Sep tember and October. Comparisons, October 1933 with October 1932 T a b l e 8 shows the estimated cost of new residential buildings, of new nonresidential buildings, of additions, alterations, and repairs, and of total building operations, in 341 identical cities of the United States having a population of 25,000 or over, for the months of October 1933 and October 1932, by geographic divisions. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1447 H O U S IN G T able 8 .—E S T IM A T E D COST OF N E W B U IL D IN G S , OF A D D IT IO N S , A L T E R A T IO N S , A N D R E P A IR S , A N D OF T O T A L B U IL D IN G C O N S T R U C T IO N IN 341 ID E N T IC A L C IT IE S , AS SH O W N B Y P E R M IT S ISSU ED IN O C T O B E R 1932 A N D O C T O B E R 1933, B Y G E O G R A P H IC D IV ISIO N S N ew residential buildings (estimated cost) New nonresidential buildings (estimated cost) Geographic division October 1932 October 1933 N ew England------ -----------------------M iddle Atlantic---- -------------------East North Central______________ West North Central.. __________ South Atlantic. -------------------------South Central. ________________ Mountain and P a c ific ___________ $843,180 2,289,831 1,039, 539 647,429 921,328 544,987 1,564,092 $1,075,955 1,733,840 732, 576 499, 445 706,820 346, 754 1,114, 514 T otal____ _________ _______ 7,850, 386 6,209,904 Percent of change Additions, alterations, and repairs (estimated cost) October 1932 October 1933 Percent of change +27.6 -2 4 .3 -2 8 .8 -2 2 .9 -2 3 .3 -3 6 .4 -2 8 .7 $1,027,119 4, 449, 500 1,640,810 1,344, 096 1, 560,74]. 3,898,003 1,422,852 $1,306,341 1,891,076 1,845,789 988,382 2,013,412 1,444,223 2, 757,282 +27.2 -5 7 .5 +12.5 -2 6 .5 +29.0 -6 2 .9 +93.8 -2 0 .9 15,343,127 12,246, 505 -2 0 .2 Total construction (estimated cost) Geographic division October 1932 October 1933 New England_____________ M iddle Atlantic _____ . . . East North Central . . . West North Central_____ South Atlantic. . ____ . . . South Central________ . . . Mountain and Pacific___ _ $884, 604 3, 516, 256 1, 473,491 486,065 1,139, 458 509,930 1,068, 607 $1,415,102 4, 238,217 1, 310, 097 523, 928 1, 648, 278 650, 663 1,908, 972 T o ta l... . . . . ______ 9,078,411 11, 695, 257 Num ber of cities October 1932 October 1933 +60.0 +20.5 -1 1 .1 + 7.8 +44. 7 +27.6 +78.6 $2,754,903 10, 255, 593 4,153, 840 2,477, 590 3, 621, 527 4,952,920 4,055, 551 $3, 797, 398 7,863,133 3,888,462 2, Oil, 755 4,368, 510 2,441,640 5,780,768 +37.8 -2 3 .3 - 6 .4 -1 8 .8 +20.6 -5 0 .7 +42.5 53 67 93 25 38 28 37 +28.8 32, 271,924 30,151,666 - 6 .6 341 Percent of change Percent of change Comparing October 1933 with October 1932, there was a decrease of 20.9 percent in indicated expenditures for new residential buildings. All geographic divisions, except the New England, showed decreases in expenditures for this type of structure. There was also a decrease in expenditures for new nonresidential buildings. Four of the seven geographic divisions, however, showed increases ranging from 12.5 percent in the East North Central States to 93.8 percent in the Mountain and Pacific States. Indicated expenditures for additions, alterations, and repairs increased 28.8 percent comparing October 1933 with the same month of the previous year. Increases for this type of structure were shown in all geographic divisions, except the East North Central. The total expenditures for building construction in these 341 cities, during October 1933, was 6.6 percent less than during the same month of last year. Four geographic divisions registered decreases in total expenditures and three showed increases. Table 9 shows the number of new residential buildings, of new non residential buildings, of additions, alterations, and repairs, and of total building operations in 341 identical cities having a population of 25,000 or over for the months of October 1933 and October 1932, by geographic divisions. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1448 T MONTHLY LABOR R EV IEW 9 — N U M B E R OF N E W B U IL D IN G S , OF A D D IT IO N S , A L T E R A T IO N S , A N D R E P A IR S , A N D OF T O T A L B U IL D IN G C O N S T R U C T IO N IN 341 ID E N T IC A L C IT IE S, AS S H O W N B Y P E R M IT S ISSU ED IN O C T O B E R 1932 A N D O C T O B E R 1933, B Y G E O G R A P H IC D IV ISIO N S a b le N ew residential buildings New nonresi dential build ings Additions, al terations, and repairs Total construc tion Geographic division October October October October October October October October 1932 1933 1932 1933 1932 1932 1933 1933 New England__________ _____ _____ M iddle Atlantic____________________ East North C en tra l-,-______________ West North Central________________ South A tla n tic _______________ _ South Central_________________ . Mountain and Pacific_____ _________ 166 425 200 187 249 223 492 161 311 161 140 160 129 295 665 1,547 1,464 802 563 394 1,164 572 1,115 1,200 733 453 432 918 2,169 4, 303 2, 401 941 2,906 1,718 3,469 2,115 5,489 2, 557 1,266 2,721 1,744 3, 722 3,000 6, 275 4,065 1,930 3,718 2, 335 5,125 2,848 6,915 3,918 2,139 3, 334 2, 305 4,935 T otal_________________________ Percent of change___________________ 1,942 1,357 -3 0 .1 6, 599 5, 423 -1 7 .8 17,907 19, 614 + 9.5 26, 448 26, 394 - 0 .2 New residential buildings decreased 30.1 percent in number, com paring October 1933 with October 1932. All geographic divisions showed decreases in the number of residential buildings. The number of new nonresidential buildings decreased 17.8 percent. The South Central was the only geographic division registering an increase in new nonresidential buildings, comparing these two periods. The number of additions, alterations, and repairs increased 9.5 percent. Five of the seven geographic divisions showed increases in this type of structure. The decrease in the total number of building operations was two tenths of 1 percent, 5 geographic divisions showing decreases and 2 showing increases. . Table 10 shows the number of families provided for in the different kinds of housekeeping dwellings, together with the estimated cost of such dwellings for which permits were issued in 341 identical cities during October 1933 and October 1932, by geographic divisions. T a b l e 10 .— E S T IM A T E D COST OF A N D N U M B E R OF F A M IL IE S P R O V ID E D FO R IN D I F F E R E N T K IN D S OF H O U S E K E E P IN G D W E L L IN G S FO R W H IC H P E R M IT S W E R E ISSU ED IN 341 I D E N T IC A L C IT IE S IN O C T O B E R 1932 A N D O C T O B E R 1933 B Y GEO- 1-family dwellings Geographic division Estimated cost October 1932 October 1933 2-family dwellings Families pro vided for October October 1932 1933 Estimated cost October 1932 October 1933 Families pro vided for October October 1932 1933 New England ________ _ $755,180 M iddle A tla n tic________ 1, 643, 731 East North Central_____ 837,107 West N orth Central 613, 979 South Atlantic__________ 872,178 South Central . . 437, 177 M ountain and Pacific___ 1,186,102 $717, 400 1, 324, 590 687, 576 487, 945 662, 020 252, 204 962, 314 153 370 186 181 240 209 432 151 274 155' 138 152 123 277 $61, 500 342, 300 65, 432 9, 750 24, 650 29, 560 218, 898 $67, 555 251, 250 45, 000 11,500 4,900 19, 550 73, 300 20 88 18 6 10 15 88 17 62 9 4 6 10 26 T o ta l-- _____ --_ Percent of change_____ 5, 094, 049 -1 9 .7 1, 771 1, 270 -2 8 .3 752, 090 473, 055 -3 7 .1 245 134 -4 5 .3 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 6, 345, 454 1449 H O U S IN G T able 1 0 — E S T IM A T E D C OST OF A N D N U M B E R OF FA M ILIES! P R O V ID E D F O R IN D I F F E R E N T K IN D S OF H O U S E K E E P IN G D W E L L IN G S F O R W H IC H P E R M IT S W E R E ISSU ED IN 341 ID E N T IC A L C IT IE S IN O C T O B E R 1932 A N D O C T O B E R 1933, B Y G E O G R A P H IC D IV IS IO N S —Continued Total, all kinds of housekeeping dwellings Multifamily dwellings Estimated cost Geographic division October 1932 N ew E n g la n d _________ M iddle Atlantic_________ East North Central-------West North Central-----South Atlantic__________ South Central----------------Mountain and Pacific-----T otal_____________ October 1933 Families pro vided for October October 1933 1932 Estimated cost October 1932 October 1933 Famili es provide d for October October 1932 1933 $26, 500 278, 800 43,000 23, 700 24,500 11, 800 159, 092 0 $158,000 0 0 39, 900 75,000 78, 900 10 89 11 12 16 14 78 0 54 0 0 31 60 39 $843,180 2, 264, 831 945, 539 647,429 921, 328 478, 537 1, 564, 092 $784,955 1, 733,840 732, 576 499,445 706, 820 346, 754 1,114, 514 183 547 215 199 266 238 598 168 390 164 142 189 i93 342 567, 392 351, 800 -3 8 .0 230 184 -2 0 .0 7, 664,936 5, 918, 904 -2 2 .8 2,246 1, 588 —29. 3 Indicated expenditures for 1-family dwellings decreased 19.7 percent, comparing October 1933 with the corresponding month of the pre vious year. This decrease was spread over all of the seven geographic divisions. The number of families provided for in these dwellings decreased 28.3 percent, all geographic divisions registering the decrease. Expenditures for 2-family dwellings decreased in all geographic divisions except the New England and the West North Central. The number of families provided for in 2-family dwellings decreased in all 7 geographic divisions. The South Atlantic and South Central States showed slight in creases in both indicated expenditures and in the number of families provided for in apartment houses; the other five geographic divisions showed decreases. Expenditures for housekeeping dwellings as a whole and the number of families provided for in these dwellings showed decreases in each of the seven geographic divisions. Details by Cities T a b le 11 shows the estimated expenditures for new residential buildings, for new nonresidential buildings, and for total building operations, together with the number of families provided for in new dwellings, in each of the cities of the United States having a population of 10,000 or over for which reports were received for October 1933. Permits were issued during October for the following important building projects: In West Hartford, Conn., for a school building to cost $235,000; in Newark, N.J., for a public utilities building to cost $1,500,000; and in Los Angeles, Calif., for factory buildings to cost $1,600,000. A contract was awarded by the Bureau of Yards and Docks of the Navy Department for a machinery and electrical shop in the Navy Yard, Bremerton, Wash., to cost $575,000. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1450 MONTHLY LABOR R EV IEW T able 1 1 .—E S T IM A T E D C OST OF B U IL D IN G S F O R W H IC H P E R M IT S W E R E ISSU ED IN P R IN C IP A L C IT IE S , O C T O B E R 1933 New England States C ity and State Connecticut: Ansonia. _. Bridgeport__ Bristol___ D anbury. __ Derby . East Hartford Fairfield. Greenwich___ Hamden Hartford_____ Meriden____ M iddletow n.. M ilford______ Naugatuck__ New Britain.. N ew H a ven .. Norwalk ... N orw ich ... . . Stamford. . . . Stratford . . T o rrin gton ... W allingford.. Water bury__ West Hartford W illim an tic.. Maine: Auburn_____ Biddeford___ Portland___ South Portland. _____ W estb rook ... Massachusetts: Arlington____ Attleboro . B e lm on t____ B everly_____ Boston 1_____ Braintree____ Brockton . . . Brookline.. C am bridge... Chelsea_____ C hicopee.. . Dedham ____ Easthampton. Everett______ Fall River___ Fitchburg___ Framingham. G a rd n e r.___ Gloucester___ H averhill... _ H olyoke.. . . Lawrence.. ._ Leominster. __ L o w e ll______ Malden .. . Marlborough. New New Fam residen nonresi- Total ilies tial dential (includ pro ing re build build vided pairs) ings ings for $5,000 $7, 750 50, 38C 8, 655 0 6, 705 5,500 6, 300 10,500 o 0 500 32, 600 500 3,00C 57, 750 9, 000 8, 550 4, 500 10, 355 3, 70C 60, 633 0 1,798 6, 000 1, 536 18; 000 9, 600 c 375 8,000 3, 873 17, 30C 22,115 5, 500 7, 505 5,400 1, 305 21, 755 8,175 3, 00C 3, 31C C 35C 11,800 4 ,80C 89,000 239,100 1,000 0 $13, 300 73,057 10,183 19,910 10, 723 10, 270 50,485 76, 75C 21, 785 47,192 79,128 3, 523 20,123 34! 925 11,023 21,103 45, 570 18, 650 23,850 30, 677 15,412 3,785 27, 775 342,185 2, 600 1 14 0 1 2 0 6 1 3 1 1 0 3 6 0 1 7 2 2 3 1 0 4 14 2 50, 000 1,000 4, 800 26, 60C 625 191,15C 78,100 2,125 202, 880 15 1 2 0 0 1,435 300 1,735 1, 540 0 0 2, 400 35, 585 1,495 25,420 4, 725 52,090 12, 305 1,460 137, 941 1,110, 385 5; 400 31, 020 2, 525 11,495 7,175 55, 785 2, 435 40, 822 700 6,021 16, 750 19, 650 2,025 14,105 9, 000 9, 300 0 18, 700 15, 483 23, 547 1,133 3,433 705 10, 355 5,410 12, 685 3,650 7, 050 1,850 11,665 11,500 29, 050 1,100 28, 677 23, 518 38,986 425 9,150 6 6 7 2 18 5 1 2 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 2 1 1 1 2 5 0 2 32, 500 23, 250 44, 500 9, 000 212,000 24, 315 3,000 37,000 6,000 0 1,500 0 0 0 0 1,500 6, 500 6, 000 500 500 10,000 19, 500 0 6, 300 4 non 7, 500 0 4! 660 1,600 15, 925 2,000 C ity and State M assachusetts— Continued. M edford_____ New Bedford Newburyport. N ewton_____ North Adams. Northampton. North Attleborough___ Peabody____ P ittsfield... P lym outh.. . Somerville___ Southbridge.. Springfield. . . Stoneham. . Swampscott . Taunton____ W altham. Watertown Wellesley____ Westfield____ West Springfield W inchester.. W inthrop___ Woburn Worcester___ New Hampshire: Manchester. __ Rhode Island: Central Falls Cranston East Provi- New New Fam residen nonresi- Total (includ ilies tial dential ing re pro build build vided pairs) ings ings for $3, 000 60 250 37! 050 57 500 0 0 143, 500 5, 500 7, 650 $2,000 2 750 3’ 160 3 250 6, 795 230, 400 2, 600 290 1,350 $12,160 55 245 98!840 65 800 27, 375 230,400 164, 505 8,420 14, 400 1 8 9 7 0 0 15 1 10 1,000 2 000 0 8,000 3, 500 15, 800 3, 000 6, 000 0 0 1,975 11,000 4, 600 0 12, 400 0 66, 000 3, 500 675 275 4,100 1,275 1,100 4, 025 650 20, 750 15,150 43, 350 4, 700 925 1,900 1,339 100, 505 1,350 34,300 0 1,675 5, 025 9, 050 19, 275 8, 200 30, 785 12, 700 42, 302 34,457 43, 350 16,090 15, 225 10,000 7, 370 114,715 7,450 108,100 4, 775 2 1 0 2 2 3 1 1 0 0 2 2 1 0 5 0 7 2 2, 200 33, 500 1,400 1,000 37, 750 688 960 1,555 945 23, 560 5 296 36,955 4, 866 2,875 77,157 1 4 1 1 9 500 16,100 133 036 27,057 133 836 66', 861 1 7 0 11, 700 485 9, 363 2, 505 24,043 0 4 32, 700 19, 250 36, 428 3, 450 78, 850 61, 373 7 4 0 8,000 19, 200 9,800 5,000 900 1,165 36,000 7, 350 5, 350 1, 650 16, 954 145, 650 30,150 12, 987 0 3 4 5 2 3, 500 1,500 500 3, 845 4,000 13, 242 1 1 10, 500 184,400 0 2, 625 10, 500 199, 725 4 5 1, 649, 745 1,805,046 5,112, 449 306 $32 005 1 775 12,841 31,917 7,700 2,400 5 Ö 0 2 1 0 North ProviPawtucket. _ Providence.. W arwick____ W esterly____ West WarW oonsocket.. Vermont: Bennington... Burlington__ 2 0 Middle Atlantic States N ew Jersey: Atlantic C ity. Bayonne. . Belleville____ Bloomfield__ Bridgeton___ Burlington.. . Camden_____ 0 0 $7, 200 0 0 0 500 A p plica tion s filed https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 0 0 $10,145 1,200 530 650 24,774 $24, 859 10,050 21,060 5,700 530 2,680 41,194 0 0 3 0 0 0 1 N ew Jersey— Continued. East Orange Elizabeth . Englew ood__ Garfield........ . $25, 000 0 0 11,000 6, 300 0 $3 800 500 5,280 7, 800 400 1,100 HOUSING T I M A T E D C OST OF B U IL D IN G S F O R W H IC H P E R M IT S W IN P R IN C IP A L C IT IE S , O C T O B E R 1933—Continued Middle Atlantic States— New New Fam Total residen nonresiilies tial dential (includ pro ing re build build vided pairs/ ings ings fo i. 0 0 $7,000 0 6, 500 3,500 0 2,000 0 0 $1, 785 40,300 0 0 1,600 43,450 2, 550 33,905 2,215 3,200 $7, 213 43,800 7,000 8,208 10, 310 72,525 2,740 38,095 5,935 3, 750 0 0 4 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 38, 500 3,025 45, 335 15,000 2,200 37, 755 0 600 4,595 14, 500 1, 624, 650 1, 689, 525 4 2 0 4 0 4, 500 0 17, 500 8,100 0 0 32,000 2,500 900 25 3,960 2,500 2, 975 10, 585 315 150 2,050 200 170 10, 342 10,138 49, 335 29,453 48,745 1,745 150 39,820 2, 825 2,905 0 2 0 2 2 0 0 5 1 1 0 13,150 0 12,000 0 29, 500 21,100 3,200 0 17, 800 0 12, 000 690 1,280 1,040 1,750 2, 600 2,000 3,164 8,843 0 16,610 500 1,410 1,190 15,036 6, 280 15, 603 4,800 37, 530 30, 684 32,725 20,785 35,120 2,715 14, 340 0 2 0 1 0 4 4 1 0 3 0 1 0 21, 200 0 4,565 2, 735 28,935 0 4 67, 800 0 13, 600 11,400 10, 250 0 0 0 0 24, 800 9,100 5,000 16, 300 0 0 0 2,500 5,000 0 5, 500 9, 500 19, 300 9,200 600 0 1,400 0 26,100 9,155 2, 850 1,285 28,023 418, 612 500 12, 500 615 24,158 3, 395 11, 250 925 1, 350 330 0 0 980 1, 300 900 60, 300 7,885 8, 635 0 490 395 0 0 125 112, 224 2, 950 20,235 67, 995 492, 378 2, 500 20, 885 4,295 30, 736 33, 545 22, 500 6,125 18, 550 2, 830 0 0 4, 255 9,450 4, 780 66, 500 17, 873 31,192 13,700 3, 775 3,965 17,900 1,800 26,525 5 0 4 3 4 0 0 0 0, 4 2 1 5 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 3 4 2 1 0 1 0 5 ii e u . in totals. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis C o n tin u e d C ity and State New New residen nonresitial dential build build ings ings N ew York— Continued. Mount Vernon________ $38,530 Newburgh___ 6,000 N ew Roehelle. 22,400 N ew York City: The Bronx1. 266, 500 Brooklyn 175,900 Manhattan1 136,000 Queens 1___ 327,900 R ichm ond140, 200 Niagara Falls3,700 North Tonawanda . 0 Ogdensburg. 0 Oneida______ 0 Oneonta_____ 0 Ossining_____ 0 Oswego______ 0 Peekskill 2 0 , :.oo Plattsburg___ 24,000 Port Chester. 0 Port Jervis__ 0 Poughkeepsie 6, .500 Rensselaer___ 2, .500 Rochester___ 15, ,500 Rockville C enter.. . . 61, 300 Saratoga Springs... 1, 300 Schenectady— 4, 500 Syracuse 47, 200 Tona w anda.2, 800 T roy ____ __ 26, 000 Utica-----------16, 000 Valley Stream 1,200 W atertow n.-. 1,500 White Plains. 16,800 Yonkers_____ 45,000 Pennsylvania: Abington Twp. 4,500 Allentown___ 17,700 Altoona ___ 2,000 Ambridge 2._ . 0 A rn old .. 4,200 Berwick _ 3,000 Bethlehem___ 5,250 Braddock____ 0 Bradford____ 0 Bristol___ 0 Canonsburg— 0 Carlisle______ 0 Chambersburg 0 Charleroi____ 0 Chester 0 Clairton ___ 0 Coatsville _ 0 Connellsville. 0 Conshohocken 0 Coraopolis___ 0 Donora 0 D u Bois___ -_ 0 Duquesne___ 2,200 Easton _ _ 0 Ellwood City 0 Erie_________ 15,000 Greensburg-.. 0 H arrisburg.-. £', 840 Haverford___ 0 Hazleton___ 8,200 Jeannette____ 0 Il ls Ied $4,000 500 16,350 5 1 3 80,150 242,750 200, 700 123,709 11,139 1,957 36 34 84 9 1 68 1,300 1,680 5,650 0 2,150 15, 350 7,900 990 496 0 18,275 24, 350 113,455 8 0 0 1 1 3 650 8 0 13,270 7,675 50,175 10,655 4,400 1,375 7,600 1,100 3,650 4 1 8 1 4 4 1 1 2,700 17,406 3,135 600 0 500 2,900 0 1,310 0 3,000 200 600 0 1,000 270 0 500 850 0 0 0 250 785 0 4, 365 0 3,425 2,075 2,175 150 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 2 8 1 2 1 0 1 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 4 0 1 0 2 0 1452 MONTHLY LABOR R E V IE W T a b l e 11 . -E S T IM A T E D C O ST OF B U IL D IN G S F O R W H IC H P E R M IT S W E R E ISSU ED IN P R IN C IP A L C IT IE S , O C T O B E R 1933— Continued Middle Atlantic States— C ity and State Pennsylv ania— Continued. Johnstown___ Kingston____ Lancaster.. _ Latrobe___ Lower Merion. M cKeesport.. M c K e e s Rocks 2. . _ Mahonoy City. M eadville___ Monessen____ M ount Lebanon___ _ M unhall____ N ew Castle... N orristow n.._ North Bradd ock ... . . . Oil C ity . . Philadelphia.. Phoenixville.. P ittsb u rgh ... New New Fam residen nonresi- Total ilies tial dential (includ pro ing re build build vided pairs) ings ings for $1,500 26,600 0 0 48,500 3,500 $1, 755 8,200 7,400 0 6,946 821 $10, 519 36,150 14,000 1,700 91, 365 12,940 1 9 0 0 6 1 0 0 0 6, 500 0 0 217,950 280 0 0 230,890 7,390 o 0 0 2 27,100 0 3, 800 0 0 0 1,665 1,455 27,600 1,275 6, 525 9,970 3 0 1 0 0 0 119,000 0 49,400 0 0 132, 845 300 173,194 0 1,875 582, 751 550 274, 345 0 0 30 0 14 C o n tin u e d C ity and State Pennsylvania— Continued. Pottstown___ Pottsville. _ Scranton____ Sharon 2_____ Steelton_____ Sunbury_____ Swissvale . . . Tamaqua___ U niontow n ... Upper Darby. Vandergrift—. W arren... . W ashington. _ W aynesboro.. West Chester. Wilkes-Barre. W ilkinsburg.. WilliamsportY ork _____ _ New New Fam residen nonresi- Total ilies tial dential (includ pro ing re build build vided pairs) ings ings for 0 $5,500 8,500 20,000 0 0 6,000 0 0 29, 000 0 0 0 0 0 19, 600 0 9,000 0 $1,825 350 23,446 2, 675 0 300 0 700 9, 550 3,051 0 0 710 0 450 1,500 0 782 26, 880 $4,150 7,850 43, 716 22,675 0 16,450 6,000 1,100 9,950 36,281 0 5,923 810 0 625 44,593 2,470 15,809 42,438 Total____ 2,309,990 4,119, 751 11,094,127 0 1 2 1 o 0 1 0 0 4 0 0 o o 0 7 0 1 0 512 East North Central States Illinois: A lton________ Aurora______ B elleville.. . . B e r w y n __ Bloom ington. Blue Island. . Brookfield . C airo.. . . . Calumet C ity. Canton______ Centralia____ Cham paign... Chicago_____ C h ica g o Heights___ Cicero_____ Danville D e c a tu r ... . . East St. Louis Elgin. _ Elmhurst Elmwood Park . . . . E vanston... Forest P ark... Freeport. . . . Granite C itv .. Harvey . . Highland P a r k ___ J oliet.. . . Kankakee. La Grange___ M a yw ood ___ Melrose Park M oline_____ M ount Vernon_______ Oak Park. Ottawa_____ Park R idge.. Peoria_______ Quincy______ $5, 562 $5,00C 2,685 3 ,30C 560 C 6,100 C 3, 600 C 2,850 0 0 0 100 0 360 0 180 0 0 5,000 0 61, 800 318,362 $9, 51C 14, 55C 5,485 6,65C 3, 60C 6,735 C 100 •760 780 0 5,275 653,166 0 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 15 0 0 0 0 1,000 2,000 7,800 4,800 13, 430 6,100 2,215 970 300 750 5, 650 14, 230 8,700 3,015 4, 260 12,840 8,550 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 ol 19, 000 0 0 0 0 775 2,000 860 785 0 1,000 1,135 36, 750 2,185 2,285 0 1,000 0 2 0 0 0 0 43,000 0 6,000 0 1,600 0 0 145 0 700 150 1,225 335 135 45,685 3,944 9, 500 5,850 3,200 335 5,025 2 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 7,000 0 0 27,305 0 1,125 20,225 4,390 0 39,045 0 4,695 74,870 5, 940 0 0 0 0 2 0 2 Not included in totals. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Illinois—Contd. Rockford . . . Rock Island _. Springfield ._ Sterling______ Streator_____ Urbana______ W aukegan... W ilm ette___ W innetka___ Indiana: Bedford_____ Connersville.. C r a w fo r d s ville_______ East Chicago. E lk h a rt_____ Elw ood______ E vansville... Fort W ayne . Gary------------Goshen______ Hammond .. . H un tington.. Indianapolis. Jeffersonville. K o k o m o ____ Lafayette____ La P o r t e ___ Logansport . M a r i o n ..___ Michigan C ity_______ Mishawaka— M uncie.. _. N ew Castle. . Richm ond___ South B en d .. Terre H aute.. Vincennes___ W hiting_____ Michigan: Adrian______ Ann A rbor__ $8,00C $47. C 1,02£ 22, 300 44,03C 500 15C 0 ( 0 0 0 ( 11,000 200, 60( 0 19,050 $17, 725 3,999 73, 270 1,510 271 8,475 2,850 217, 700 19, 450 1 0 4 1 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 40 20 40 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 7, 600 25,850 0 0 1,350 0 5,300 0 0 0 0 0 3,000 50,925 0 175 125 2,175 254,666 6,850 250 6,250 n5 125,2^7 0 205 300 1,575 435 0 51, 525 1,500 2,100 375 21, 373 340,929 9,300 2, 450 8,480 1, 665 166,878 1,000 1,725 300 3, 335 1,740 9,485 0 0 0 0 3 3 0 0 1 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 600 2,115 0 0 8,000 7,900 0 0 5, 340 1,340 1,225 0 3,200 8,340 46, 270 0 0 5,630 4,840 9,656 4,000 8,900 22, 710 64, 767 1,955 2,040 0 1 3 0 0 2 0 0 0 6,000 1,565 2,599 1,565 17,958 0 2 1453 HOUSING T a b l e 1 1 .- E S T I M A T E D C O ST OF B U IL D IN G S F O R W H IC H P E R M IT S W E R E ISSU ED IN P R IN C IP A L C IT IE S , O C T O B E R 1933—Continued E a st N orth Central States — Continued C ity and State Michigan—Con. Battle Creek. Bay C ity........ Detroit--------Flint . . . . . Grand Rapids Grosse Pointe Park______ Hamtramck. Highland H ollan d.. . . . Jackson........... Kalamazoo__ Lansing_____ Lincoln Park. Marquette___ M en om inee.. M uskegon.. . Royal O a k .. Saginaw_____ Sault Sainte W ya n d otte... Ypsilanti2___ Ohio: A k r o n ______ Alliance_____ Ashtabula___ B u c y r u s .___ C am brid ge... Cincinnati___ Cleveland___ Cleveland Heights____ Columbus___ Cuyahoga Falls______ D a y to n _____ East Clevel a n d . . ____ E ly r ia ______ Fostoria_____ Fam New New Total residen nonresi- (includ ilies pro tial dential ing re build build vided pairs) for ings ings C $3,000 10, GOC 124,350 2,400 0 1.000 0 $65C 1,185 28, 268 93,910 200 17, 214 6, 659 9,145 $2, 85C 10,174 40, 431 396, 936 2, 600 17, 914 28; 664 22,945 0 ' 1 2 24 2 0 1 0 15, 321 6,500 140 8,600 15,811 16, 640 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4, 250 400 300 50 100, 245 2,902 1,900 408 250 2,000 61,356 420 180 3,355 '460 8,645 12,940 1,397 60 100, 967 7,034 5,285 5,508 450 2,000 62, 956 3,740 1,780 3, 800 '800 17,856 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 2,150 2,600 0 575 325 300 4, 462 5; 725 350 2 1 0 12, 500 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 138, 800 59,500 38,905 75 850 627 0 0 0 3,905 45,085 77,800 71,875 75 1,300 1,327 0 0 0 6, 560 241,100 221,975 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 25 9 11,200 0 680 14,850 15, 730 122,600 2 0 0 0 250 15,371 250 40,301 0 0 10,000 0 705 400 11,134 5, 655 1 0 0 0 100 350 600 350 0 0 C ity and State Ohio—Contd. Frem ont... . . Hamilton____ Lakewood___ Lorain.. ___ Mansfield___ Marion______ Massillon____ M iddletow n.. Newark_____ Parma_______ Portsmouth. . Sandusky___ S h a k e r Heights____ Springfield... Steubenville.. Struthers . . . Tiffin________ Toledo ____ W arren.. . . . W ooster. . _ Xenia_______ Youngstown.. Wisconsin: Beloit_____ _ Cudahy___ _ Eau Claire__ Fond du L a c. Green B ay__ Kenosha... . . Marinette___ M ilw aukee.. . Racine _ ___ Sheboygan— Shorewood__ South Milwaukee. . . . Superior _ . . Tw o Rivers. . Waukesha___ W ausau. ___ W auwatosa... West Allis___ New New Total Fam residen nonresi- (includ ilies tial dential ing re pro build build vided pairs) for ings ings (1 0 (j $14,500 0 0 6, 500 0 5, 800 ( C c 2,50C 4,00C 0 3,200 $450 1,540 275 6,330 C 505 1,505 2,065 375 81C 43,10C 95C C 1,228 IOC 985 $1,650 3,735 855 23,370 45C 1,435 11,214 2, 970 7,645 4,985 45,450 1,500 2,575 7,834 100 4,810 0 0 0 2 0 0 2 0 1 0 0 0 1 2 0 1 33, 700 0 6,000 0 0 12,000 4, 000 2,500 500 0 24,100 1,465 1,400 375 0 10,358 1,085 600 6,075 134, 430 61,050 4,240 8,500 375 0 35,817 9,595 3,350 6, 575 144, 560 3 0 1 0 0 4 4 1 1 0 6, 300 0 0 500 0 7, 900 3,300 0 7,000 0 26, 200 5, 661 22,000 21,200 0 85, 510 106,475 300 3,150 6, 665 3,520 0 1,205 2, 500 '715 133, 726 525 4,200 1,790 300 96, 295 107,125 1,325 10,200 8,850 14, 720 3,600 1,930 14, 985 1,215 207,391 10, 261 30,193 42, 776 1,515 3 0 0 1 0 5 1 0 1 0 5 2 1 5 0 0 0 0 7, 300 7, 700 13, 000 0 0 3,200 0 7, 450 725 10, 235 3,285 0 10, 340 833 15, 700 9, 675 23, 760 14, 510 0 0 0 2 4 2 0 922, 447 2 , 388, 452 4, 704,299 197 W e st N orth Central States Iowa: Ames________ B urlington .,. Cedar Rapids Council Bluffs Davenport__ Des M oines. . D ubuque____ Fort D odge.. . Iowa C ity ___ Marshalltown Mason C it y .. Muscatine___ Ottumwa____ Sioux C ity __ W aterloo____ 0 0 $11,750 0 7,100 23, 565 5,100 0 6,000 0 13, 000 2,800 4,000 20, 500 18,000 s Not included in totals. $2,100 550 2, 308 3, 769 55,583 9,315 4, 332 0 750 1,000 23, 793 235 4,350 32,515 1,095 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis $3,150 550 44, 246 14,136 96, 350 43, 244 31, 239 1,000 14, 799 1,150 44, 209 6,185 9,350 55,990 21,500 0 0 6 0 2 12 1 0 2 0 8 2 3 4 2 Kansas: Arkansas City Atchison. Dodge C ity ... E ldorado.. . . Emporia_____ Fort Scott___ H utch in son.. Kansas C ity .. Lawrence____ Leavenworth M anhattan... N ewton_____ Pittsburg____ Salina_______ Topeka______ Wichita.......... 0 0 0 0 $6, 300 0 6, 000 10, 700 0 13, 500 9,000 3, 220 0 3, 000 8, 400 0 0 $9, 900 0 625 0 0 47, 031 6, 610 350 2, 300 90 330 0 8, 010 3,205 4, 257 0 $10, 200 250 6,830 6, 300 1,350 56, 301 22,495 3,125 16, 300 9,090 5, 625 0 11,885 14, 715 15, 672 0 0 0 0 2 0 2 5 0 3 1 1 0 2 4 0 1454 MONTHLY LABOR R E V IEW T a b l e 11 . — E S T IM A T E D COST OF B U IL D IN G S F O R W H IC H P E R M IT S W E R E ISSU ED IN P R IN C IP A L C IT IE S , O C T O B E R 1933—Continued West North Central States— C ity and State Minnesota: Albert Lea__ Duluth. ___ Faribault____ Hibbing . . . . Mankato. Minneapolis... Rochester___ St. Cloud. . St. Paul_____ S o u t h St. Paul_______ W in o n a ____ Missouri: Columbia___ Hannibal____ Independence Jefferson City Jop lin ._______ Kansas C ity .. M aplew ood... St. Charles__ St. Joseph___ New New Fam residen nonresi- Total ilies tial dential (includ pro ing re build build pairs) vided ings ings for 0 $4,000 4,600 0 3, 000 101,400 0 2, 750 25, 560 0 $1,650 4, 30C 2 ,15C 0 173, 030 6, 750 820 43,971 0 $49, 693 11,900 6, 210 3,435 347| 935 13, 750 5,130 152; 276 0 2 3 0 1 27 0 1 7 3, 000 0 205 0 3,820 1,125 1 0 0 0 0 17,150 2,000 36, 500 0 0 350 7, 500 5,400 1,625 15,100 1,250 0 2,150 7, 500 36,195 7,935 83,900 2, 950 0 0 0 3 2 11 0 0 1,500 ’ 250 52,043 l! 350 59, 545 0 1 C o n tin u e d C ity and State New New Fam residen nonresi- Total ilies tial dential (includ ing re pro build build vided pairs) ings ings for Missouri—Con. St. Louis____ $116,450 $446,878 $629, 646 Springfield.._ 9, 500 4,950 21,412 Nebraska: 0 260 60 0 1 950 300 Grand Island. 0 6, 550 7, 785 Hastings_____ 0 350 350 2, 345 29 413 9, 000 North Platte. 0 0 0 Omaha. ____ 75,050 66,100 178,467 North Dakota: 0 5,150 9,000 Grand Forks. 6, 300 515 8, 515 M inot . ... 0 13, 585 14,835 South Dakota: Aberdeen....... 0 0 4,290 H u r o n ._____ 0 0 0 0 0 0 Rapid C ity . 3, 500 560 5,285 Sioux F a lls.. 3, 370 620 16, 745 Total____ 598,965 1,089, 760 2, 295,888 28 3 0 0 0 0 1 0 16 0 5 0 0 0 0 2 3 180 South Atlantic States Delaware: W ilm ington .. District of C o lumbia: W ashington.. Florida: Gainesville__ Jacksonville. . K ey W est___ M iam i____ _ Orlando_____ Pensacola____ St. Augustine. St. Petersburg. Sanford_____ Tam pa______ West Palm Beach.......... Georgia: A th en s......... . Atlanta______ Augusta_____ Brunswick__ Columbus___ Lagrange____ R o m e __ . . . Savannah.. Maryland: Annapolis___ Baltimore___ Cum berland.. Frederick____ Hagerstown. _ Salisbury____ North Carolina: Asheville____ C harlotte... _ C o n c o r d .___ Durham _____ Elizabeth C ity----------F ayetteville.. Gastonia___ Goldsboro___ Greensboro. . . High P o in t... K inston_____ N ew Bern___ $36, 000 $350 $52,805 6 359, 550 86,049 784,935 64 2, 75C 13, 20C 2, 50C 1, 95C 0 4, 950 C 4, 50C C 2,150 635 341,385 0 24, 580 3,150 671,825 5,000 6, 800 0 4, 625 5,965 398, 585 2,500 85, 423 30, 337 687,127 8,135 35, 500 0 30, 738 4 13 1 3 0 5 0 1 0 4 2,964 265 14,154 2 2, 000 30,000 6,000 0 20, 640 3,400 0 0 0 3, 543 0 0 54, 750 0 0 3,800 4, 525 88, 331 9,132 1,820 81,831 3, 560 4,025 7, 386 1 22 4 0 5 3 0 0 7,800 58,000 0 0 0 13,800 600 281, 005 18, 375 410 1,370 2, 675 82, 481 717, 555 19, 775 5,461 2, 245 16,625 1 15 0 0 0 12 3, 500 6, 000 3, 700 33, 700 850 5,140 0 0 10, 613 21,860 4,000 39, 850 1 1 2 11 2, 300 0 0 7, 700 55,500 3,125 0 0 10, 300 7, 500 0 365 1,232 535 1,000 0 12, 600 9,970 1,100 8,265 74,927 4,785 2,900 2,000 1 0 0 2 2 2 0 0 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis North Carolina —Contd. Raleigh______ R ocky Mount Salisbury____ Statesville___ Thom asville.. W ilm ington .. W ilson______ Winston - Sa lem .. _____ South Carolina: Anderson____ C harleston... Columbia___ Greenville___ G reenw ood... Rock H ill___ Sum ter.......... Virginia: Alexandria__ C h a r lo tt e s ville_______ Danville____ Hopewell___ L yn ch b u rg... N ewport News______ Norfolk. Petersburg__ Portsm outh.. Richm ond___ R oa n ok e____ Staunton____ Suffolk______ Winchester. . West Virginia: Bluefield____ Charleston___ Clarksburg. ... Fairmont . . . H un tington.. M artinsburg. M organtown. Wheeling. . . . Total____ 0 $700 4,51C C c 0 c $3, 040 900 C 0 135 75 0 $3, 040 1,975 5, 79C 1,600 135 6,432 150 0 1 2 0 0 0 0 15,075 4, 417 32,790 7 3,350 1, 60C C 1,020 C 7,000 3, 500 7,260 0 1,387 4,390 500 2, 500 0 12, 295 88, 688 9,917 13, 215 2,920 16,025 3, 500 3 2 0 1 0 11 2 7, 500 490 12, 433 3 8,000 600 1, 200 8,100 0 3, 798 85 9,150 10, 878 6, 704 1,755 36, 400 3 1 1 3 5, 600 13, 896 0 0 0 9,000 4, 700 0 13, 550 2, 994 13, 095 755 396,958 54,735 667 100 4, 330 25 28, 533 138, 546 755 647, 754 100, 808 15, 544 5,030 5, 630 14, 075 4 4 0 0 0 2 2 0 3 0 4,800 0 6,800 6,000 0 0 0 100 5,800 1,835 2, 750 1,035 0 650 3, 450 1,620 21, 299 2, 575 13,900 11,310 500 2,410 13, 010 0 2 0 2 3 0 0 0 814, 210 2,065, 520 4, 663,767 250 1455 H O U S IN G T a b l e 1 1 .—E S T IM A T E D C O ST OF B U IL D IN G S F O R W H IC H P E R M IT S W E R E ISSU ED IN P R IN C IP A L C IT IE S , O C T O B E R 1933—Continued South Central States C ity and State Alabama: Anniston____ B essem er___ B ir m in g D e c a t u r ____ Huntsville___ M ontgom ery. Selma______ Arkansas: B ly th eville... El Dorado___ Fort Smith ._ H ot Springs.. Little R o ck ... Texarkana___ Kentucky: Fort Thom as. Henderson___ Lexington___ L o u is v ille __ Louisiana: Alexandria. . Lafayette____ New Orleans. Shreveport__ Mississippi: B ilo x i.. ____ Clarksdale . . . Columbus___ G reenwood... H attiesburg.. Jackson. ___ Laurel----------M e r id ia n ___ Vicksburg___ Oklahoma: A d a ................ Bartlesville... Chickasha___ E nid________ Fam New New Total residen nonresi- (includ ilies pro dential ing re tial vided build build pairs) for ings ings 0 $547 0 0 $5,815 1,722 0 0 $500 0 0 0 0 7,900 0 2,600 6,020 '750 14,00C 0 0 1,010 72| 756 C 29,271 '750 16,600 725 1,500 22,088 97, 629 4, 765 1 0 0 0 0 8 0 1 500 0 0 0 0 3, 600 0 c 0 1,000 2,031 0 1,500 50 5,996 1,000 13,454 8, 650 1 0 0 0 0 3 6, 000 0 0 26,000 2,000 0 0 360 150, 200 0 6,000 0 9,867 247,175 5,000 1 0 0 6 2 6,000 0 26, 800 6,462 725 0 1,085 29, 725 34,916 0 110,140 58,092 1 0 7 7 1,500 0 0 0 3,175 0 0 0 0 0 1,500 0 3, 650 0 0 900 675 0 2,000 0 3,000 825 3,650 0 3,175 3,900 13, 020 0 9,760 386 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1,000 0 3, 500 450 300 50,000 400 15, 000 450 300 51,000 898 20,490 0 0 1 0 1 C ity and State Oklahoma — Continued. McAlester___ Oklahoma C ity_______ Okmulgee----Sapulpa......... Seminole____ Shawnee. Tulsa________ Tennessee: Chattanooga. Jackson.. . . . Kingsport___ Knoxville____ M em phis____ Nashville____ Texas: Abilene______ Amarillo_____ Austin_______ Beaumont___ Big Spring___ B row n w ood.. Cleburne. . . . Corsicana___ Dallas_______ Denison 2-----E lP a s o .. . . . Fort W o r t h .. Galveston----Harlingen----Houston. . L u b b o ck .. . . Palestine___ Paris'________ San A n gelo... San A ntonio.. Sherman . . . Sweetwater—. Tem ple______ Texarkana 2_. W ichita Falls. Total------ New New Fam Total residen nonresi- (includ ilies tial dential ing re pro build build pairs) vided ings for ings $379 $879 1 1,000 873, 800 300 0 0 0 5,449 16,300 350 0 Û 20,425 887,495 300 0 22,465 1,250 36, 038 2 0 0 5 0 0 2,950 9, 850 0 5, 520 18,980 2, 550 26, 600 450 0 18,900 5,200 3,021 47, 784 10, 860 0 29, 206 116, 220 31,435 3 3 0 2 7 5 0 4,000 18,802 0 0 0 (! 0 24, 20(! 0 ( 28, 20( 12, 35C 2, 45C 131, 67f 5, 00C 9, 20C C 550 1, 20C 22,165 4,000 0 0 C 11, 700 0 0 30 2, 980 17, 547 0 600 0 550 40, 715 9, 000 11,662 18,400 18, 725 13, 775 75,859 800 692 800 335 8, 500 20,932 215 0 0 0 57, 633 2,065 5,299 11,442 33,074 27, 702 3, 760 1,850 661 1,250 144,111 14, 250 15, 734 68, 501 43, 219 181,442 227,034 7,955 12, 682 1,475 3,934 12, 650 76,424 7,310 175 150 2,092 72, 708 7,345 0 1 13 0 0 0 0 0 12 0 0 13 6 2 83 1 7 0 1 1 13 4 0 0 0 8 0 430,679 1,602, 773 2,945, 378 235 $500 Mountain and Pacific States Arizona: Phoenix_____ T u c s o n _____ California: Alameda____ A lham bra.. Bakersfield. Berkeley........ Beverly Hills. Burbank____ Burlingame... Compton Fresno Fullerton.. . . Hun t i n g t o n Park __ . . Inglewood___ Long Beach. Los Angeles.. M odesto_____ 0 $4, 750 0 $1,135 $8,133 23,127 0 1 0 0 0 8, 400 19, 000 143, 500 9, 500 40,000 600 0 21,000 0 4, 650 36^200 2,581 7, 500 18, 500 910 5, 750 39,900 19,380 0 18,950 6,800 13' 567 0 390 8,040 8,681 22, 361 18, 500 15, 625 40, 244 204, 700 31,030 44,000 21,014 9, 560 75', 573 4,107 6, 720 50, 749 0 0 0 5 5 15 3 2 1 0 3 0 3 9 53,928 2, 000 17,610 13,110 10, 000 800 25, 450 23,850 551, 280 471, 210 1,919,512 2, 768, 477 0 4, 617 0 2 N ot included in totals. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1 5 11 144 0 California— Continued. M onrovia___ O n ta rio_____ Palo A lto____ Pasadena........ Pomona_____ R ed la n d s___ Richm ond___ Riverside____ Sacramento... Salinas______ San BernardiSan Diego___ San F r a n San Leandro.. San M ateo__ Santa Ana___ Santa Barbara_________ Santa C ru z ... $1,000 0 38, 550 1,575 6,000 0 5, 500 0 12,025 0 $128 0 7, 250 7,427 6, 350 0 5, 775 5, 250 13, 550 2,035 $10, 274 1,700 51, 575 55, 610 21, 233 4, 476 15, 500 15,236 100, 645 4, 510 0 0 4 1 3 0 2 0 5 0 3, 500 58,400 2,160 215,098 39,234 409,161 1 20 185,149 24,370 3, 500 27,000 9, 500 112,921 30,940 51 400 450 521,199 64,875 4,586 30, 625 24, 698 54 8 1 4 2 11,050 7,350 11, 325 3,290 27,925 14,921 4 3 1456 MONTHLY LABOR REV IEW T a b l e 1 1 ,—E S T IM A T E D C O ST OF B U IL D IN G S F O R W H IC H P E R M IT S W E R E ISSU ED IN P R IN C IP A L C IT IE S , O C T O B E R 1933-Continued M o u n ta i n and P a cific States — Continued C ity and State California— Continued. Santa Monica. Santa R osa... South G a te... South Pasadena_______ Stockton___ Vallejo. ___ W hittier... .. Colorado: Boulder. Colorado Springs____ Denver ____ Fort C ollins.. Grand Junetion. Greeley. ___ Pueblo______ Idaho: B o is e _______ Pocatello____ Montana: Anaconda___ Billings______ Butte________ Great Falls.. . Helena______ Missoula____ Nevada: R e n o _____ New New Fam residen nonresi- Total ilies tial dential (includ pro ing re build build vided pairs) ings ings for $7,150 2,500 7,000 $1, 725 475 350 $16, 68C 7,110 12, 613 2 1 3 0 0 19, 300 C C 1, 95C 3,000 C 3, 442 24, 257 24, 555 50C 0 0 6 0 0 515 1,585 0 0 66, 00C 0 2, 585 123, 035 450 9, 615 270,320 2,615 0 13 0 0 0 500 280 205 1,975 1,043 2,447 9,151 0 0 1 2,600 0 15,996 500 44, 376 3,150 1 0 0 0 0 0 4,100 1, 300 0 1,075 1,370 1,425 1,045 9,100 0 3, 475 3,310 3, 225 5, 650 10, 500 0 0 0 0 7 2 1,000 13,800 39, 536 1 C ity and State New Mexico: Albuquerque. Oregon: A s t o r ia .____ Eugene______ Klam at h Falls______ M edford_____ Portland____ S a le m ........... Utah: New New Total Fam residen nonresiilies tial dential (includ ing re pro build build vided pairs) ings ings for $2, 300 $44, 596 $51,451 1 0 4,000 4,270 85 9, 998 8,175 0 1 0 750 58,150 3, 600 590 0 32,975 1,365 5,792 5,410 164,990 14,129 0 1 15 2 2 500 L 000 L 500 4 000 % 675 2 1 18, 350 1,153 32, 601 0 2,000 13, 500 0 1,500 1,500 1,000 20,950 10, 535 0 600 0 0 0 0 575,000 25 620 3, 075 0 10, 235 121, 567 1, 250 5,860 693, 437 2,050 5,190 7, 828 1, 500 117, 267 144, 546 0 1 9 0 1 1 1 12 4 ’ 275 50 3! 449 165 0 0 0 845 2,081 0 T o ta l... . 1, 453, 414 3, 517,407 7,184, 568 418 Provo. ____ Salt Lake Washington: Aberdeen___ Bellingham ... Bremerton___ H o q u ia m ___ Longview ___ Olympia_____ Port Angeles.. Seattle ......... Spokane_____ Walla W alla.. Wenatchee . . W yoming: Cheyenne___ H a w a ii City Honolulu_________ __________ ________ N ew resi dential buildings N ew nonresidential buildings $64, 855 $51,092 Total (in Fami cluding re lies pro pairs) vided for $150, 388 34 Building Subsidy and Building Activity in New Zealand COMMUNICATION from Walter W. Orebaugh, American vice consul in Wellington, New Zealand, dated September 15, 1933, states that there was a marked revival of building activity in that country during the 3 months, June, July, and August, due in part to the impetus given to the industry by the introduction of a Govern ment subsidy in aid of wages for building labor, in part to the public works program, and in part to the general improvement in business. A Government Subsidy to the Building Industry A p l a n , known as the “ No. 10 Scheme” , for a subsidy to encourage building was adopted in July 1932, but it contained several restrictive provisions which interfered with its effectiveness, and it was dropped after a period of 6 months. On June 1, 1933, it was reintroduced on a more liberal basis. The No. 10 scheme, as amended, placed no specific restriction as to the class of new buildings, alterations, additions to, or renovations of buildings upon which a wages subsidy would be granted. On approved works a wages subsidy of 3 3 % percent was paid from the unemployment fund, a fund constituted by a uniform https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis HOUSING 1457 levy of 5 percent on practically all classes of salary and wages earned by persons resident in New Zealand. In the case of the erection of new dwelling houses not exceeding £ 6 50 whole building cost, the wages subsidy was at the rate of 50 per cent on the total wages. This led to an immediate increase of building activity, and on September 6 the Government announced that as from September 12 no further applications for the subsidy would be entertained. There was a rush to get in applications before this date was reached, and though official statistics covering the period during which the scheme was in operation are not yet available, it is estimated that the total number of applications will be found to exceed 6,000, involving an expenditure of approximately £3,000,000. That the object in view has been achieved by the action of the Government in reintroducing the subsidy scheme is evident from the above figure which corresponds more than favorably with the figure for the same period in 1926, the year when building activity in New Zealand reached its highest pitch. It is considered noteworthy that the scheme has caused a distinct increase in home building. Besides new homes, there has been considerable activity in additions and renovations. Only a small fraction of this work would have been undertaken at the present time if the subsidy had not been a. stimulating factor. Public Works Program A nother stimulus to building activity was the ann ouncement made on June 30,1933, that the Government proposed to embark on a public works program involving an expenditure of approximately £920,000 as one means of alleviating the unfavorable economic conditions, including the widespread and increasing unemployment. The program includes the construction of a new terminal railway station at Wellington to replace the old one which has been an eyesore to the city for many years, the electrification of that portion of the Wellington-Auckland main-line railway between Wellington and Packakariki, a town situated at a distance of 27 miles northeast ofWellington, and the erection of a new post-office building at Dunedin. In making this announcement the acting Prime Minister, the Right Honorable J. G. Coates, said that the present favorable price level upon which constructional costs can now be computed made it desirable that the Government initiate its program at this time. New Provisions for Public Subsidies for Building in Germany 1 S A part of its program to combat unemployment the German L Government has since September 1932 granted subsidies totaling 700 million marks ($166,600,000) 2 to the building trades for repair, extension, partitioning, and remodeling work, in regard to which the Ministry of Labor recently stated that “ the granting of Government subsidies for repair and partitioning has already proven itself to be a particularly suitable method of creating work. ” The latest appropriation for building subsidies— 500 million marks ($119,000,000)—was made September 21 and on October 9 regula tions regarding the granting of individual subsidies from this fund were announced. These regulations also govern any future subsidies granted from unexpended balances of previous subsidies. The new regulations are much more liberal than the old and permit subsidies to owners or tenants for almost every kind of improvement to builtup property. A 1 Report of C. W . Gray, American Vice Consul at Berlin, Oct. 17, 1933. 2 Conversions into United States currency on basis of mark at par=23.8 cents. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1458 MONTHLY LABOR R EV IEW In the case of repairs and extensions the subsidy amounts to 20 percent of the cost of the work, but the total cost of each job must be at least 100 marks ($23.80). For partitioning and remodeling the subsidy is 50 percent of the total cost, but the maximum subsidy which can be granted is limited to 1,000 marks ($238). In addition, the Government will issue to the person to whom the subsidy is granted 6 interest coupons, each of which is equal to 4 percent of the amount spent by such persons (exclusive of the subsidy itself) for repair, extension, partitioning, or remodeling work. These coupons will be redeemed in cash— one every year— during the years 1934 to 1939. The following examples show to what extent the subsidy is granted: A person who spends 1,000 marks for repairs or extension to his property receives a subsidy of 200 marks (20 percent of the cost). He must provide the other 800 marks himself. However, he receives 6 interest coupons, each good for 32 marks (4 percent of 800 marks) which amount to a further subsidy of 192 marks. His total subsidy is, therefore, 392 marks (200 marks in cash plus 192 marks in coupons) or 39 percent of the total cost of the 1,000-mark job. If a person spends 2,000 marks for the partitioning or remodeling of a building, the cash subsidy amounts to 1,000 marks (50 percent of the total cost), leaving 1,000 marks which he himself must provide. He re ceives in addition 6 interest coupons, each good for 40 marks (4 percent of 1,000 marks), making a further subsidy of 240 marks. The total subsidy, therefore, is 1,240 marks (1,000 marks in cash plus 240 marks in coupons) or 62 percent of the entire cost of the work. Subsidies can be granted to the owner, tenant, renter, or other proprietor of any kind of building. There are only two exceptions: (1) Subsidies cannot be granted in the case of buildings owned or administered by the Federal or State Government; and (2) subsidies can be granted for buildings owned or administered by local govern ment only when such government contributes its share from funds not provided for in the regular budget. Work for which subsidies are granted under the new regulations must be ended by March 31, 1934, and they are listed as follows: Improvements (both external and internal) of all kinds, polishing, painting, papering, and general beautifying; repairs to or renewals of roof gutters, rain pipes, or the building of new roofs; renewals of or improvements to windows, doors, floors, ceilings, stairways, and bannisters; renewals of and improvements to lighting, heating, gas, and water fixtures; repairs to fences and the tiling of courtyards. Extensions include work which adds to the permanent worth of buildings, such as electric wiring, the installation of heating plants, ventilating systems, bathrooms, closets, elevators, and hooking up with sewerage mains. The building of extensions to fences and the laying of additional tiling in courtyards also come under this heading. The general rules governing partitioning and remodeling work are as follows: In the case of partitioning subsidies can be granted only if two or more apartments are created out of one. On remodeling work sub sidies can be granted only if one or more apartments are made from the building or room remodeled. The addition of another floor to a building is considered as remodeling. Each newly created apartment must be complete in itself with its own rooms, kitchen, and, whenever possible, private entrance. Subsidies can be given also when only a part of an apartment is created, such as a cellar for protection against air raids. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR Hours and Earnings in Foundries and Machine Shops, 1933 HE Bureau of Labor Statistics of the United States Department of Labor through its agents collected, from pay rolls and other records, figures covering days and hours worked and the earnings received by 19,763 wage earners of 364 representative foundries and by 41,960 wage earners of 492 machine shops in the United States; these figures are mainly for a representative pay-roll period in April, May, or June 1933. Table 1 presents summary data for 1933, to gether with similar data for each of the other years in which studies of these industries have been made by the Bureau.1 Details of the 1933 study will be published later in bulletin form. Table 1 shows that the foundry workers earned an average of 48.2 cents per hour and $14.25 in 1 week in 1933, as compared with 60 cents and $20.06 in 1931 and 62.4 cents and $30.39 in 1929. In 1933 their hourly earnings were 19.7 percent less than in 1931 and 22.8 per cent less than in 1929. Machine-shop employees earned an average of 54 cents per hour and $18.71 in 1 week in 1933, 63.4 cents and $24.22 in 1931, 63.8 cents per hour and $32.06 in 1 week in 1929. In 1933 their hourly earnings were 14.8 percent less than in 1931 and 15.4 percent less than in 1929. Hours actually worked in a representative week by the wage earners in the foundries averaged 29.6 in 1933, as compared with 33.5 in 1931 and 48.7 in 1929. They worked 59.9 percent of full time in 1933, 66.6 percent in 1931, and 95.5 percent in 1929; there was, in other words, 40.1 percent of short time or lost time in 1933, as against 33.4 percent in 1931 and only 4.5 percent in 1929. The wage earners in machine shops actually worked an average of 34.6 hours (71.3 percent of full time) in 1933, 38.2 hours (76.7 percent) in 1931, and 50.3 hours (exactly full time) in 1929; there was, thus, 28.7 percent of lost time in machine shops in 1933, 23.3 percent in 1931, and no short time in 1929. Full-time hours per week of wage earners in foundries averaged 49.4 in 1933, 50.3 in 1931, and 51 in 1929; and in machine shops they averaged 48.5 hours in 1933, 49.8 in 1931, and 50.3 in 1929. The full-time earnings per week of the wage earners in the foun dries studied averaged $23.81 in 1933, $30.18 in 1931, and $31.82 in 1929, while those in machine shops averaged $26.19 in 1933, $31.57 in 1931, and $32.09 in 1929. These are the average amounts that would have been earned had each wage earner worked full time in the week covered in the study, at the same average rate per hour as was earned in the week. T 1 For details for each year studied prior to 1933, see Bureau of Labor Statistics Buis. Nos. 362, 422, 471, 522, and 570. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1459 1460 MONTHLY LABOR R EV IEW Table 1 also shows index numbers of average full-time hours per week, average earnings per hour, and average full-time earnings per week, using the 1923 average as the base or 100. T a b l e 1 .— A V E R A G E H OU RS A N D E A R N IN G S IN F O U N D R IE S A N D M A C H IN E SHOPS A INJD Y JEAK N U M B E RS T H E R E O F , F O R A L L W A G E E A R N E R S ? 'B Y IN D U S T R Y Hours actu ally worked in 1 week Industry and year Foundries: 1923________________ 1925 _ ____ __ 1927 ___ _ 1929__ ___ ___ 1931 _ __ _____ _ I933___ __ _______ Machine shops: 1923_______________ 1925___ _______ . . . 1927______ _ . . . 1929.. . . ... 1931___ ______ _ 1933____ ______ . . . N um ber of estab lish ments Index numbers (1923=100) of— AverAverAverA ver age age N um age full Aver ber of full earn time actual A ver earn A ver age wage time ings earn age hours Aver Per ings age full earners per ings full per age cent in 1 earn time per week num of full hour week time ings earn week hours ber time per ings per per week hour week 351 413 417 399 388 364 32,166 40, 393 38, 943 40, 391 28, 699 19, 763 52.4 51. 5 51.1 51.0 50.3 49.4 0) (■) 46.6 48. 7 33.5 29.6 429 511 526 508 512 492 58,914 86,274 86, 779 91,491 65, 938 41, 960 50.8 50. 4 50. 1 50.3 49.8 48.5 0) 0) 0) Cl 48.2 96. 2 50.3 100.0 38.2 76. 7 34.6 71.3 0) $0. 558 $29. 24 (■) 0) .610 31.42 0) 91.2 .624 31.89 $29. 04 95.5 .624 31.82 30. 39 66. 6 .600 30. 18 20.06 59.3 .482 23.81 14. 25 .559 .602 .625 .638 .634 .540 28.40 30. 34 31.31 32. 09 31.57 26. 19 (0 (0 30. 15 32. 06 24.22 18. 71 100.0 98.3 97.5 97.3 96.0 94.3 100.0 109.3 111.8 111.8 107. 5 86.4 100. 0 107. 5 109.1 108. 8 103. 2 81.4 100. 0 99. 2 98. 6 99.0 98. 0 95.5 100. 0 107. 7 111. 8 114. 1 113. 4 96.6 100. 0 106. 8 110. 2 ] 13. 0 111. 2 92.2 1 Data not available. Average Days, Hours, and Earnings, 1931 and 1933, by Occupation and Sex T able 2 shows the average number of days on which wage earners worked in 1 week, the average full-time and actual hours and earnings m 1 week, the average earnings per hour, and the percent of full time actually worked in a representative week in 1931 and 1933. The averages are for all wage earners of each sex found in each of the important occupations in the foundries and in the machine shops that were covered in the study and also for the group designated in the table as “ other employees” , which includes wage earners in other occupations. Averages in the table are shown for males in all and for females in 3 of the 12 important occupations in foundries, and for males in all and for females in 16 of the 27 important occupations in machine shops, and also for the group of “ other employees” of each sex in each industry. Average hours actually worked in foundries in 1 week by males ranged in 1931, by occupations, from a low of 29.6 for molders, hand, floor, to a high of 39.8 for patternmakers, and in 1933 from 25.7 to 38.9 for the same occupations. Those worked by females ranged in 1931 from 20.8 for laborers to 31.2 for coremakers and in 1933 from 16.9 to 31.5 for the same occupations. Average earnings per hour of males ranged in 1931, by occupations, from 46 cents for laborers to 83.4 cents for patternmakers, and in 1933 from 37.8 cents to 65.2 cents for the same occupations. Those https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis W AGES AND HOURS OF LABOR 1461 of females ranged in 1931 from 37.7 cents for laborers to 49.6 cents for chippers and rough grinders and in 1933 from 29.6 cents for laborers to 32.4 cents for coremakers. Average actual earnings of males in 1 week in 1931 ranged, by occu pations, from $15.43 for laborers to $33.19 for patternmakers and in 1933 from $10.50 to $25.36 for the same occupations. Those of fe males ranged in 1931 from $7.83 for laborers to $13.42 for coremakers and in 1933 from $5 to $10.22 for these same occupations. Average hours actually worked in machine shops in 1 week by males ranged, in 1931, by occupations, from a low of 29.6 for hammersmiths, to a high of 41.9 for toolmakers and in 1933 from 29.3 to 36.8 for the same occupations. Those worked by females ranged in 1931 from 13 for engine-lathe operators to 56.3 for laborers and in 1933 from 30.1 for grinding-machine operators to 43 for screw-machine operators, hand. Average earnings per hour of males ranged, by occupations, in 1931 from 45.5 cents for laborers to 81.2 cents for patternmakers and in 1933 from 37.9 cents to 67.1 cents for the same occupations. Those of females ranged in 1931 from 32.6 cents for screw-m achine operators, semiautomatic, to 52.7 cents for turret-lathe operators and in 1933 from 20.4 cents for screw-machine operators, hand, to 54.1 cents for turret-lathe operators. Average actual earnings of males in 1 week in 1931 ranged, by occu pations, from $17.56 for laborers to $33.22 for patternmakers and in 1933 from $12.52 for laborers to $23.62 for toolmakers. Those of females ranged in 1931 from $6.71 for engine-lathe operators, to $22 for laborers and in 1933 from $8.79 for screw-machine operators, hand, to $18.32 for turret-lathe operators. Average earnings per hour and average actual earnings in 1 week of males and of females in each occupation in foundries and in machine shops (except males in the group of “ other emploj^ees” in machine shops and female grinding-machine operators, engine-lathe operators, turret-lathe operators, and polishers and buffers) were less in 1933 than in 1931. Males in the group of “ other employees” in machine shops earned an average of 50.6 cents per hour and $19.82 in 1 week in 1931 and 55 cents per hour and $20.05 in 1 week in 1933. Female grindingmachine operators earned an average of 44.3 cents per hour in 1931 and 51.9 cents per hour in 1933. Female engine-lathe operators earned an average of 51.6 cents per hour and $6.71 in 1 week in 1931 and 52.3 cents per hour and $17.44 in 1933. They actually worked an average of 13 hours or 26 percent of full time in 1931 and 33.3 hours or 72.4 percent of full time in 1933. Female turret-lathe operators earned an average of 52.7 cents per hour and $8.52 in 1 week in 1931 and 54.1 cents per hour and $18.32 in 1 week in 1933. They actually worked an average of 16.2 hours or 32.4 percent of full time in 1931 and an average of 33.8 hours or 75.1 percent of full time in 1933. Female polishers and buffers earned an average of 37 .7 cents per hour and $13.08 in 1 week in 1931 and 40 cents per hour and $14.07 in 1 week in 1933. 21719°—33----- 13 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1462 MONTHLY LABOR R EV IEW T able 3 —A V E R A G E D A Y S , H OU R S, A N D E A R N IN G S , 1931 A N D 1933, B Y IN D U S T R Y , O C C U P A T IO N , A N D S E X Foundries Occupation and sex Aver Aver N um age age ber of N um fulldays Year estab ber of time wage worked lish earners in 1 hours ments per week week Chippers and rough grinders: Male_________________ _ ___ 1931 1933 Female__________________ _ 1931 Coremakers: M ale________________ ____ 1931 1933 F em ale_________________ __ 1931 1933 Crane operators, male ___ _ 1931 1933 Cupola tenders, male___________ 1931 1933 Laborers: M ale_______________________ 1931 1933 Female_______ __ _________ 1931 1933 Molders (hand), bench, male___ 1931 1933 Molders (hand), floor, male. 1931 1933 Molders (machine), male___ ... 1931 1933 Molders’ helpers, floor, male___ 1931 1933 Patternmakers, male 1931 1933 Rough carpenters, male- . 1931 1933 Sand blasters, male________ 1931 1933 Other employees: Male_____ ____ ____________ 1931 1933 Female_________________ 1931 1933 All occupations: M a le--______ ________ Female______________ Male and female- 1931 1933 1931 1933 _ 1931 1133 Hours actu Aver ally worked Aver in 1 week Aver age age age full time earn ings earn Aver Per ings per ings age cent in 1 per num of full hour week week ber time 367 334 1 3,048 2,150 12 4.1 3.7 3.2 50. 6 49.4 50.0 33.1 29.8 21.5 65.4 $0. 509 $25.76 60.3 .396 19. 56 43.0 .496 24.80 374 331 34 30 217 177 344 306 2, 253 1,622 179 118 768 569 430 375 3.9 3.7 4.0 3.9 4.3 3.5 4.0 3.4 50.0 49.0 48.6 48.1 50.8 49.5 50.8 49.9 31.2 29.8 31. 2 31.5 37.6 30. 5 34.5 28.9 62.4 60.8 64. 2 65.5 74.0 61.6 67.9 57.9 .706 . 550 .430 .324 . 552 .440 .597 .470 35. 30 26.95 20.90 15. 58 28.04 21. 78 30. 33 23.45 22. 05 16.41 13. 42 10. 22 20.74 13.40 20.59 13. 60 366 330 5 4 300 273 376 349 215 190 231 182 194 182 237 169 157 152 6,907 4,134 10 16 1,593 1,361 3, 752 2, 556 2, 538 1,840 1, 234 756 1,107 708 424 232 266 238 4.0 3.4 2.9 2.8 3.7 3.3 3.6 3.2 3.7 3.5 3.9 3.6 4.9 4.7 4.5 3.9 4.2 3.8 50.8 50.0 47.8 50.6 50. 2 49.3 50.0 48.9 50.0 49.2 50.0 48.7 49.3 49.2 50.3 49. 2 50.3 50.0 33.6 27.8 20.8 16.9 30.2 27.2 29.6 25.7 30.4 28.5 33.6 29.8 39.8 38.9 37.4 31.0 34.7 30.9 66.1 55.6 43.5 33.4 60.2 55.2 59.2 52.6 60.8 57.9 67.2 61. 2 80.7 79. 1 74. 4 63.0 69.0 61.8 .460 .378 .377 .296 .727 .550 .782 .612 .661 .508 .492 .382 .834 .652 .599 .466 .559 .413 23.37 18.90 18. 02 14.98 36. 50 27.12 39.10 29. 93 33. 05 24.99 24. 60 18. 60 41.12 32.08 30.13 22.93 28.12 20. 65 15. 43 10. 50 7.83 5.00 21. 96 14.98 23.14 15. 70 20.06 14. 50 16.50 11. 40 33.19 25. 36 22.40 14. 47 19.41 12.76 358 316 6 4 4,149 3,078 29 10 4.6 4.0 3.5 5.7 50.5 49.8 49.6 46.7 38.6 34.0 24.4 36.4 76.4 68.3 49.2 77.9 .600 .496 .345 .228 30. 30 24. 70 17.11 10.65 23.16 16. 87 8. 44 8. 30 388 364 34 31 388 364 28,469 19,619 230 144 28. 699 19, 763 4.0 3.6 3.9 3.9 4.0 3.6 50.3 49.4 48.7 48.3 50.3 49.4 33.5 29.4 29.4 30.2 33.5 29.6 66.6 59.9 60.4 62.5 66.6 £9.9 .601 .483 .422 .314 .600 .482 30.23 23. 86 20. 55 15.17 30. 18 23.81 20.13 14. 28 12.40 9. 51 20. 06 14. 25 $24.84 18.31 16. 01 11.48 26. 57 18. 02 19. 47 13.16 27.39 19.98 $16.86 11.78 10.65 Machine shops Assemblers: M ale__________________ Female________ ______ Blacksmiths, male________ Blacksmiths’ helpers, male. Boring-mill operators, male. Crane operators: M ale__________________ Female_____________ Craters and packers: M ale__________ ____ ___ Female............................. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1931 1933 1931 1933 1931 1933 1931 1933 1931 1933 360 322 19 18 373 281 228 129 337 296 5,446 3, 647 145 197 698 395 481 217 1, 722 1,020 4.6 4.4 4.7 4.5 4.5 3.9 4.5 3.8 4.5 4.2 49.9 48.3 50.7 47.6 50.5 49.0 49.8 48.8 50.0 49.1 37.9 34.0 37.6 31.9 36.5 30.0 36.5 30.4 37.4 33.5 76.0 $0. 656 $32. 73 70.4 .538 25.99 74.2 .426 21.60 67.0 .359 17.09 72.3 .728 36. 76 61.2 .601 29. 45 73.3 .533 26. 54 62.3 .433 21.13 74.8 .733 36.65 68.2 .596 29.26 1931 1933 1931 221 136 2 780 401 2 4.7 4.3 5.5 50.4 49.8 47.5 39.7 35.0 46.0 78.8 70.3 96.8 .537 .444 .422 27. 06 22.11 20. 05 21.35 15.52 19. 38 1931 1933 1931 1933 253 191 9 6 1,218 824 32 22 4.7 4.4 4.4 4.8 50.1 48.6 49.7 47.8 39.1 35.0 34.1 37.9 78.0 72.0 68.6 79.3 .540 .437 .343 .281 27. 05 21. 24 17. 05 13.43 21.10 15.31 11.71 10. 66 1463 W AGES AND HOURS OF LABOR T able 2 —A V E R A G E D A Y S , H O U R S, A N D E A R N IN G S , 1931 A N D 1933, B Y IN D U S T R Y O C C U P A T IO N , A N D S E X —Continued Machine shops— Occupation and sex Drill-press operators: Male_-................... Female Fitters and bench hands: M ale................ . .......... Female. Grinding-machine operators: M ale_____________ ______ F e m a le ................ Hammersmiths, male. Helpers, not otherwise specified, m ale._____ _______ _____ ___ Laborers: Male.. FemaleLathe operators, engine: M ale______ _____ ___ Female. Lathe operators, turret: M ale_______________ Female______ Machinists, male. Machinists’ and toolmakers’ helpers, male-_____ _________ Milling-machine operators: M ale___ ____ _________ Female___________ Patternmakers, male - Planer operators, malePolishers and buffers: M ale______________ Female. Screw-machine operators (auto matic), male_________________ Screw-machine operators (hand) M ale_____________________ Fem ale. Screw-machine operators (semi automatic) : M ale__________ _________ Female- https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis C o n tin u e d Hours actu Aver Aver Aver Aver- ally worked Aver age N um age in 1 week age N um age age full ber of fullactual days earn time Year estab ber of time earn wage worked ings earn lish ings in 1 hours Aver Per per ings ments earners per age cent in 1 week per week num of full hour week week ber time 1931 1933 1931 1933 415 340 14 10 3,139 1,974 47 65 4.4 4.3 4.5 4.7 49.8 48.5 49.3 46.4 36.0 33.7 36.1 38.2 72.3 $0. 612 $30. 48 69.5 .514 24.93 73.2 .446 21.99 82.3 .419 19. 44 1931 1933 1931 1933 341 290 10 8 5,447 2,244 45 62 4.6 4.3 4.3 4.4 49.5 48.5 50.4 48.0 38.0 33.7 37.1 32.9 76.8 69.5 73.6 63.5 .666 .562 .411 .326 32. 97 27. 26 20.71 15. 65 25. 28 18.96 15. 23 10. 72 1931 1933 1931 1933 1931 1933 290 234 2 4 50 41 2,088 1,575 3 6 134 116 4.4 4.3 4.7 4.2 3.6 3.7 50.2 47.9 48.0 46.3 49.4 49.2 36.9 34.2 39.3 30.1 29.6 29.3 73.5 71.4 81.9 65. 0 59.9 59.6 .669 .557 .443 .519 .776 .614 33. 58 26. 68 21.26 24. 03 38. 33 30. 21 24. 69 19. 04 17. 43 15. 60 22. 94 18.00 1931 1933 278 214 2,262 960 4.5 4.3 50.6 48.8 37.1 35.0 73.3 71.7 .481 .399 24. 34 19.47 17.84 13.94 1931 1933 1931 1933 426 345 1 7 5,173 2, 553 4 20 4.6 4.2 6.0 5.0 50.3 48.8 49.5 49.1 38.6 76.7 33.0 67.6 56.3 113.7 39.3 80.0 .455 .379 .391 .309 22.89 18. 50 19.35 15.17 17. 56 12. 52 22.00 12.13 1931 1933 1931 1933 407 357 1 2 3,551 2,274 3 3 4.5 4.2 2.0 4.7 50.0 48.8 50.0 46.0 36.8 33.5 13.0 33.3 73. 6 68.6 26.0 72.4 .706 .578 .516 .523 35.30 28. 21 25. 80 24.06 25.97 19. 33 6. 71 17.44 1931 1933 1931 1933 1931 1933 333 288 2 1 374 342 2,467 1,702 3 3 2,575 1,988 4.4 4.2 2.3 4.0 4.8 4.6 49.8 48. 5 50.0 45.0 49.0 48.3 35.6 33.3 16.2 33.8 40.4 36.7 71.5 68.7 32.4 75.1 82.4 76.0 .672 .559 .527 .541 .733 .606 33. 47 27.11 26. 35 24. 35 35. 92 29. 27 23. 92 18. 61 8. 52 18.32 29. 62 22. 27 1931 1933 210 161 797 482 4.8 4.5 49.3 48.5 38.9 35.5 78.9 73.2 .513 .393 25. 29 19. 06 19.98 13. 96 1931 1933 1931 1933 1931 1933 1931 1933 331 285 8 5 282 219 315 242 2,246 1,557 18 9 1,431 695 1,168 525 4.6 4.3 4.4 4.7 4.9 4.2 4.5 4.1 49.3 47.9 48.9 47.2 50.1 48.4 50.1 48.7 37.8 33.7 38. 1 36.2 40.9 33.2 37.3 33.1 76.6 70.4 77.9 76.7 81.6 63.6 74. 5 63.0 .685 .576 .492 .446 .812 .671 .738 .608 33. 77 27. 59 24. 06 21.05 40. 68 32.48 36. 97 29. 61 25. 85 19. 43 18. 74 16.12 33. 22 22. 29 27. 53 20.15 1931 1933 1931 1933 101 75 4 3 379 297 6 3 4.1 4.2 4.2 4.3 49.4 47. 7 50.1 48.5 33.5 34.3 34.7 35.2 67.8 71.9 69.3 72.6 .656 . 483 .377 .400 32. 41 23.04 18. 89 19. 40 21. 96 16. 60 13. 08 14.07 1931 1933 122 95 486 319 4.4 4.6 49.5 47.6 37.1 36.3 74.9 76.3 .694 .576 34. 35 27. 42 25. 76 20.90 1931 1933 1931 1933 128 91 2 2 640 361 37 34 4.4 4.3 5.0 5.3 49.9 48.0 49.5 46.8 36.4 35.6 40.9 43.0 72.9 74.2 82.6 91.9 .654 .493 .356 .204 32. 63 23. 66 17. 62 9. 55 23. 79 17. 61 14. 57 8.79 1931 1933 1931 37 45 2 108 163 9 4.9 4.3 5.3 48.5 48.5 49.5 39.5 35.6 43.2 81.4 73.4 87.3 .705 .523 .326 34.19 25. 37 16.14 27. 87 18.58 14. 10 $22. 06 17.30 16.09 15. 99 1464 T a b l e MONTHLY LABOR R E V IE W 2 .—A V E R A O E D A Y S , H O U R S, A N D E A R N IN G S , 1931 A N D 1933, B Y IN D U S T R Y , O C C U P A T IO N , A N D S E X — Continued Machine shops— Occupation and sex Sheet and plate metal machine operators: M ale_______________________ Female____________________ Toolmakers, male______________ Aver N um N um Aver age age ber of fulldays Year estab ber of time wage worked lish hours in 1 ments earners per week week 1931 1933 1931 1933 1931 1933 Other precision-machine opera tors: M ale_______________________ 1931 1933 Female- _______________ . 1931 1933 Other skilled employees: M ale_______________________ 1931 1933 1931 F em a le................................ 1933 Other employees: M ale___________________ 1931 1933 Female................ ................... 1931 1933 All occupations: M ale_________________ C o n tin u e d 1931 1933 Female_______________ 1931 1933 Male and female. _. . 1931 1933 Hours actu Aver Aver ally worked Aver age in 1 week age full age actual time earn earn ings ings Aver Per ings per in 1 age cent hour per week num of full week ber time $22. 79 17. 21 14. 39 12. 72 31. 78 23. 62 164 135 8 11 355 279 1,072 854 35 46 2,386 1,535 4.6 4.4 4.4 4.6 5.0 4.6 50.2 48.6 49.0 48.8 49.4 48.6 36.8 34.1 37.3 35.5 41.9 36.8 73.3 $0. 619 $31.07 70.2 .505 24.54 76. 1 .386 18.91 72. 7 .358 17. 47 84.8 .758 37. 45 .643 31.25 75.7 308 207 6 9 1,490 775 77 47 4.3 4.2 4.8 3.9 50.0 49.0 48.5 46.8 35.7 33.1 38.6 31.0 71.4 67.6 79.6 66.2 .657 .534 .399 .341 32. 85 26.17 19. 35 15. 96 23. 46 17. 69 15. 37 10.58 478 422 26 29 9,287 6,314 345 294 4.8 4.5 4.8 4.4 49.9 48.5 49.3 47.1 39.8 35.6 40.5 33.9 79.8 73.4 82.2 72.0 .695 .579 .391 .337 34. 68 28.08 19. 28 15. 87 27. 63 20. 60 15. 84 11.43 465 440 25 19 6, 250 5, 236 206 146 4.8 4.6 4.9 4.5 50.1 48.5 47.9 47.5 39.2 36.4 39.0 33.7 78.2 75. 1 81. 4 70.9 .506 .550 .439 .384 25. 35 26.68 21.03 18. 24 19. 82 20. 05 17.13 12. 96 512 492 49 48 512 492 64,921 41,003 1,017 957 65,938 41, 960 4.6 4.4 4.7 4.5 4.6 4.4 49.8 48.5 49.2 47.4 49.8 48.5 38.2 34.6 38.8 34.2 38.2 34.6 76.7 71.3 78.9 72.2 76.7 71.3 .637 .545 .408 .351 .634 .540 31. 72 26. 43 20. 07 16. 64 31. 57 26.19 24. 36 18. 87 15. 85 11.98 24. 22 18. 71 Days, Hours, and Earnings, 1931 and 1933, by Sex and State T a b le 3 shows average days, hours, and earnings, and the percent of full time worked in 1 week. The averages are, by States, for the wage earners of each sex and of both sexes combined who were in cluded in the study of foundries and of machine shops in each State in 1931 and 1933. Foundries.-—Average full-time hours per week of males in foundries, in the various States included in the study, ranged in 1931 from a low of 45.4 to a high of 56, and in 1933 ranged from 39.1 to 55.2. Those for females ranged in 1931 from 44.5 to 51.4 and in 1933 from 44.6 to 54. Averages of males in all States combined decreased from 50.3 in 1931 to 49.4 in 1933, while those of females decreased from 48.7 in 1931 to 48.3 in 1933. Average earnings per hour of males in 1931 ranged, in the various States, from 40.1 to 74.3 cents and in 1933 from 32.2 to 62.3 cents. Averages of females in 1931 ranged from 31.8 to 47.2 cents and in 1933 from 27.1 to 42.4 cents. Averages for each State where shown for both years were less in 1933 than in 1931. Averages of males in all States combined decreased from 60.1 cents per hour in 1931 to 48.3 cents in 1933 and those of females decreased from 42.2 cents in 1931 to 31.4 cents in 1933. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis W AGES AND HOURS OF LABOR 1465 Average actual earnings of males in 1 week ranged, by States, from $14.35 to $27.33 in 1931 and from $8.93 to $22.07 in 1933. Those of females ranged from $9.39 to $15.38 in 1931 and from $6.35 to $15.96 in 1933. Averages for each State, except for females in Michigan, where shown for both years, were less in 1933 than in 1931. Female foundry workers in Michigan earned an average of $9.39 in 1931 and $11.38 in 1933. Averages of males in all States were $20.13 in 1931 and $14.28 in 1933, and those of females were $12.40 in 1931 and $9.51 in 1933. Machine shops.— Average full-time hours per week of males in machine shops, all States combined, decreased from 49.8 in 1931 to 48.5 in 1933 and those of females decreased from 49.2 in 1931 to 47.4 in 1933. Average hours actually worked in 1 week by males in all States combined fell from 38.2 (76.7 percent of full time) in 1931 to 34.6 hours per week (71.3 percent of full time) in 1933, and those of females decreased from 38.8 (78.9 percent of full time) in 1931 to 34.2 (72.2 percent of full time) in 1933. From 1931 to 1933 average earnings per hour of males in all States combined decreased from 63.7 to 54.5 cents and those of females decreased from 40.8 to 35.1 cents. In the same period average full-time earnings of males in 1 week, all States combined, decreased from $31.72 to $26.43 and those of females decreased from $20.07 to $16.64. Average earnings per hour and actual earnings in 1 week for each State (except for males in New Hampshire), where shown for both years, were less in 1933 than in 1931. Males in New Hampshire earned an average of 60 cents per hour in 1931 and 60.8 cents in 1933. Average actual earnings of males in 1 week, all States combined, decreased from $24.36 in 1931 to $18.87 in 1933 and those of females decreased from $15.85 in 1931 to $11.98 in 1933. The wage data in this report for a few large foundries and machine shops include only a representative portion of the total number of wage earners of such establishments, as the inclusion of the entire number would have given them undue weight, and might have im paired the representative character of the averages for the States in which the establishments are located. Table 3 shows the average days, hours and earnings in 1931 and 1933, by sex and State. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1466 T a b l e MONTHLY LABOR R EV IEW 3 .—A V E R A G E D A Y S , H O U R S, A N D E A R N IN G S , A N D P E R C E N T OF F U L L T IM E W O R K E D , 1931 A N D 1933, B Y I N D U S T R Y , S E X , A N D S T A T E Foundries N um ber of Year estab lish ments Sex and State Males Alabama_________ _______ ____ California__________________ . . C olorado..- ............................. - Connecticut____ ______________ Georgia _ _____ ___ I l li n o is .._______ _______ _ _____ In d ia n a .-. _____________ _____ Iow a--------------------- _ -------------Kansas - - - - - - - - - - _____ K entucky___ ______ ___ _____ Louisiana______________________ M aine.......................................... . M aryland________ _ _____ Massachusetts. ____________ _ M ichigan__ _______ M innesota_____________________ M issouri. __ . __________ New Hampshire___________ --N ew Jersey____________________ N ew Y o r k ._ . . . _________ Ohio_____ ____ ______________ Oregon____ _ __ . . . _______ Pennsylvania_________ _______ Rhode Island_____ _________ Tennessee_______ _______ ____ T exas.. _ _____ . _____ _ .. W a s h i n g t o n ____ - _____ _ Wisconsin_____ . ____________ T otal____________________ Females Connecticut.............. . Aver N um age ber of days wage worked earners in 1 week Hours Aver actually Aver worked Aver age Aver age in 1 week full age age full earn- time actual time ings earn earn hours per ings ings in Per per A ver hour per 1 week week age cent week num of full ber time 1931 1933 1931 1933 1931 1933 1931 1933 1931 1933 1931 1933 1931 1933 1931 1933 1931 1933 1931 1933 1931 1933 1931 1933 1931 1933 1931 1933 1931 1933 1931 1933 1931 1933 1931 1933 1931 1933 1931 1933 1931 1933 1931 1933 1931 1933 1931 1933 1931 1933 1931 1933 1931 1933 1931 1933 4 4 19 17 3 4 18 18 9 7 30 27 17 18 9 8 10 9 5 4 5 5 4 4 7 7 21 19 33 32 6 5 14 13 5 5 16 15 26 27 44 37 6 5 39 38 7 6 6 5 6 7 6 5 13 13 177 154 728 508 177 173 1,154 799 305 237 3,097 2,117 1,538 1,069 561 300 276 160 120 97 178 124 239 199 397 245 1,320 870 1,916 1,484 466 251 460 292 127 104 1,668 1,056 2,828 1,730 3,506 2,076 163 106 3,619 3,190 692 407 253 191 151 123 235 101 2,118 1,456 4.7 5.4 4.6 4.5 5.2 3.9 3.4 2.3 4.5 3.6 3.9 3.9 3.8 3.3 4.3 4. 1 4.0 4.2 3.6 4.3 4.5 3.6 4.8 3.9 4.6 3.4 4.2 3.8 3.9 3.7 3.9 3.6 4.2 3.9 4.5 2.7 4.2 3.5 3.9 3.5 4. 1 3.5 4.8 4.4 3.8 3.4 3.8 4.1 4.3 5.1 4.5 3.6 4.8 3.8 4.3 3.4 53.8 50.0 45.4 43.7 48. 0 48.0 50. 7 51. 4 50.9 50.6 49.6 47.8 51.1 51.7 53.6 50.7 56.0 55.2 51. 2 51. 2 52.4 48.4 48.3 52.2 49.9 48.0 47.2 46.7 52. 1 50.4 51.2 46.4 51.9 51.8 50.7 47. 1 48.9 49.2 49.2 49.2 51.0 51.3 47.2 39.1 51.1 48.8 50.4 50. 7 49.0 49.5 49.0 49.6 47.9 48.0 51. 5 50.5 43.2 46.9 34.7 35.4 45.6 30.5 28.5 19.3 36.0 30.8 30.9 32.1 29.7 25.4 35.0 35.6 37. 1 36.8 30.3 37.6 35.8 27.9 41. 4 35.3 40.6 28. 1 33.8 30. 1 33.3 30.0 32.9 28.4 35.3 33.0 37.8 22.1 35. 1 29.9 33.2 30.3 34. 7 30.6 36.5 29.3 32.5 28.9 31.7 33. 1 33.4 31.8 36.7 27. 7 37.8 28.6 35. 1 24.4 80.3 $0. 423 $22. 76 .322 16. 10 93.8 76.4 .743 33. 73 81.0 .623 27.23 .600 28. 80 95.0 63.5 .500 24. 00 56.2 .589 29. 86 37.5 .462 23.75 .403 20. 51 70.7 60.9 .341 17. 25 62.3 .647 32. 09 67.2 .492 23. 52 .559 28. 56 58. 1 .422 21.82 49. 1 65.3 .600 32. 16 .506 25. 65 70. 2 66.3 .455 25. 48 .379 20.92 66.7 59.2 . 521 26.68 73.4 .374 19.15 68.3 .401 21.01 57.6 .371 17. 96 .558 26. 95 85. 7 . 414 21.61 67.6 81.4 .543 27. 10 .462 22. 18 58.5 .690 32. 57 71.6 64.5 . 617 28.81 63.9 .582 30. 32 59.5 . 446 22. 48 64.3 .589 30. 16 . 519 24.08 61. 2 68.0 .577 29. 95 .445 23. 05 63.7 74.6 .567 28. 75 46.9 .526 24. 77 71.8 .608 29. 73 .472 23. 22 60.8 67.5 .599 29.47 .502 24.70 61. 6 68.0 .610 31.11 .459 59.6 23. 55 77.3 .675 31.86 74.9 .595 23. 26 63.6 .606 30. 97 59.2 .494 24.11 62.9 .597 30.09 65.3 .557 28.24 68.2 .471 23.08 64.2 .454 22.47 74.9 .515 25. 24 55.8 .402 19. 94 78.9 .698 33. 43 59.6 .551 26. 45 .584 30.08 68. 2 48.3 .472 23. 84 1931 1933 388 364 28,469 19, 619 4.0 3.6 50.3 49.4 33.5 29.6 66.6 59.9 .601 .483 30.23 23. 86 20. 13 14. 28 1931 1933 1931 1933 1931 1933 1933 1931 1933 1 1 4 4 2 3 1 1 1 (') 0) (>) <‘ > 24.7 49.1 27.8 59.9 22. 7 45. 7 21.4 42.0 45.0 100.0 (>) 0) 0) (') 0) 0) .409 .348 .472 . 296 .314 0) 0) («) « 20. 57 16. 15 23. 46 15. 07 14.13 0) (') (') 0) 10.09 9. 69 10. 70 6. 35 14. 14 0) («) (>) 0) (>) (') 3.4 50.3 3.3 46.4 3.5 49. 7 Indiana.. ________ _____ ______ 3.3 50.9 Iow a___ . . . . . ........................ 5.0 45.0 Kentucky_____________________ (') 0) (0 (■) 0) (>) 1 Fewer than 3 employees; therefore data included only in total. Illinois____________ ___________ https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis (0 0) 16 10 46 25 4 $18. 28 15.08 25.81 22.07 27. 33 15. 25 16. 77 8.93 14. 52 10. 48 19. 96 15. 79 16. 62 10. 72 20. 86 18.03 16. 86 13. 95 15.76 14.03 14. 35 10. 35 23.08 14. 58 22. 06 12. 98 23.31 18.59 19. 37 13. 40 19.38 14. 77 20. 36 14. 67 21.43 11.62 21.30 14. 11 19.87 15. 24 21.19 14.05 24. 63 17.41 19.70 14.30 18. 93 18. 43 15.74 14.42 18. 94 11.15 26. 43 15.76 20. 49 11.50 1467 W AGES AND HOURS OF LABOR T able 3 .—A V E R A G E D A Y S , H O U R S, A N D E A R N IN G S , A N D P E R C E N T OF F U L L T IM E W O R K E D , 1931 A N D 1933, B Y IN D U S T R Y , S E X , A N D S T A T E —Continued Foundries— N um ber of Year estab lish ments Sex and State C o n tin u e d Hours Aver Aver actually worked Aver Aver age Aver age N um in 1 week full age age age full ber of days earn- time actual time wage worked ings earn earn earners in 1 hours Aver Per per ings ings in per week age cent hour per 1 week week num of full week ber time Females— C on tinued M assachusetts.-. _______ ____ M ichigan______________ _______ New Jersey____________________ New Y ork . _ Ohio. .. _ _____________ . . _______________ Pennsylvania_______ ... Rhode Island___ _______ Tennessee.. W isconsin. ... _____ ____________ ____ .. ........ . . . ... T otal___ ________________ 1933 1931 1933 1931 1933 1931 1933 1931 1933 1931 1933 1931 1933 1931 1933 1931 1933 2 5 3 5 4 6 6 1 1 2 1 3 1 1 1 3 2 1931 1933 4 20 7 31 25 54 31 12 5 24 17 4 16 12 5.0 3.0 4.6 3.2 4. 1 4.6 4.2 3.8 5.0 4.0 3.2 3.5 (>) 5.7 0) 4.4 4.1 46.5 51. 4 52.9 48.2 48.8 46.9 46.6 44.5 54.0 50.3 43.0 50.9 (0 50.0 (>) 48.7 44.6 37.7 20.9 39. 2 25.7 34.7 38.0 32.4 30. 5 34.6 29.3 28.3 32.3 C) 48.3 (i) 32.3 27.1 81.1 $0. 424 $19. 72 40. 7 .448 23. 03 74.1 .290 15. 34 53.3 . 380 18. 32 71.1 .271 13. 22 81.0 .403 18.90 .334 15. 56 69. 5 68. 5 .438 19. 49 64. 1 .275 14.85 58. 3 .447 22. 48 59. 0 .344 16.51 63. 5 .460 23. 41 (') (>) (0 96. S .318 15. 90 (>) 0) (0 66. 3 .430 20. 94 60. 3 .330 14.72 34 31 230 144 3.9 3.9 48.7 48.3 29.4 30.2 60. 4 62. 5 .422 .314 20. 55 15.17 12. 40 9.51 4 4 19 17 3 4 18 18 9 7 30 27 17 18 9 8 10 9 5 4 5 5 4 4 7 7 21 19 33 32 6 5 14 13 5 5 16 15 26 27 44 37 6 5 39 38 177 154 728 508 177 173 1,156 800 305 237 3,113 2,127 1,584 1,094 561 304 276 160 122 98 178 124 239 199 397 245 1,320 874 1,936 1,491 466 251 460 292 127 104 1,699 1,081 2,882 1,761 3, 518 2,081 163 106 3, 643 3,207 4.7 5.4 4.6 4. 5 5. 2 3.9 3.4 2.3 4. 5 3.6 3.9 3.9 3.8 3.3 4.3 4.2 4.0 4.2 3.6 4.3 4.5 3.6 4.8 3.9 4.6 3.4 4.2 3.8 3.9 3.7 3.9 3.6 4.2 3.9 4.5 2.7 4.2 3.6 3.9 3.5 4.1 3.5 4.8 4. 4 3.8 3.4 53.8 50.0 45.4 43.7 48.0 48.0 50.6 51.4 50.9 50. 6 49.6 47.8 51.1 51. 6 53. 6 50.7 56. 0 55.2 51. 1 51.2 52.4 48.4 48.3 52. 2 49.9 48.0 47.2 46.7 52. 1 50. 4 51. 2 46.4 51.9 51.8 50.7 47. 1 48.9 49. 2 49.2 49.2 50.9 51.3 47. 2 39. 1 51.1 48.8 43.2 46.9 34.7 35.4 45.6 30.5 28.5 19.3 36.0 30.8 30.8 32. 1 29.5 25.3 35.0 35.8 37.1 36.8 30.4 37.5 35.8 27.9 41.4 35.3 40.6 28.1 33.8 30. 2 33.2 30. 1 32.9 28.4 35.3 33.0 37.8 22.1 34.9 30.0 33.3 30.4 34.7 30.7 36.5 29.3 32.5 28.9 80.3 93. 3 76. 4 81.0 95. 0 63. 5 56. 3 37. 5 70. 7 60.9 62. 1 67. 2 57. 7 49. 0 65. 3 70. 6 66. 3 66. 7 59. 5 73. 2 68. 3 57. 6 85. 7 67. 6 81.4 58. 5 71.6 64. 7 63. 7 59.7 64.3 61.2 68. 0 63. 7 74. 6 46. 9 71.4 61.0 67. 7 61.8 68. 2 59. 8 77. 3 74.9 63. 6 59. 2 .423 .322 .743 .623 .600 .500 .589 .462 .403 .341 .646 .492 .557 .420 .600 .503 .455 .379 .519 .373 .401 .371 .558 .414 .543 .462 .690 .616 .581 .445 .589 . 519 .577 .445 .567 .526 .604 .466 .594 .499 .610 .458 .675 .595 .605 .494 22. 76 16.10 33. 73 27. 23 28. 80 24.00 29. 80 23. 75 20. 51 17. 25 32.04 23. 52 28. 46 21.67 32.16 25. 50 25. 48 20.92 26. 52 19.10 21.01 17.96 26.95 21.61 27.10 22.18 32. 57 28. 77 30.27 22. 43 30.16 24.08 29. 95 23. 05 28. 75 24. 77 29. 54 22.93 29. 22 24. 55 31.05 23.50 31.86 23. 26 30.92 24.11 18.28 15.08 25.81 22. 07 27. 33 15. 25 16. 78 8.93 14. 52 10. 48 19.91 15. 76 16. 45 10. 62 20.86 17. 97 16. 86 13.95 15. 76 13.99 14. 35 10. 35 23.08 14.58 22. 06 12.98 23.31 18.58 19. 27 13.39 19.38 14. 77 20.36 14.67 21.43 11.62 21.09 14.00 19.78 15.16 21.16 14.04 24.63 17.41 19. 65 14.28 (0 (0 3 $15. 96 9.39 11.38 9.81 9. 40 15. 33 10.83 13. 34 9. 50 13.08 9. 75 14. 85 (‘) 15. 38 0) 13.88 8. 93 Males and females Alabama ... . ______________ 1931 1933 1931 1933 Colorado. .. ... . . . 1931 1933 Connecticut____ _____ .... . 1931 1933 Georgia______ ____ _ .. 1931 1933 Illinois______ ______ ______ ___ 1931 1933 Indiana________________________ 1931 1933 Iowa____ ______ _________ . . . 1931 1933 Kansas... _ _____________ ___ 1931 1933 Kentucky______________________ 1931 1933 L ouisiana... _ ___________ ____ 1931 1933 M a in e .____ ___________________ 1931 1933 M aryland_____ ._ _. . . 1931 1933 Massachusetts____________ 1931 1933 M ichigan________________ ___ 1931 1933Minnesota_____________________ 1931 1933 Missouri__________ ___________ 1931 1933 New Hampshire . . ______ 1931 1933 New Jersey ____ ___ . ______ 1931 1933 New Y ork. _. ___ . 1931 1933 Ohio_____ _______ . . 1931 1933 Oregon_________ _______ ____ 1931 1933 Pennsylvania.. ______________ 1931 1933 ( 'alifornia _. _____ .... ___ 1 Fewer than 3 employees; therefore data included only in total. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1468 T a b le MONTHLY LABOR R E V IE W 3 .—A V E R A G E D A Y S , H O U R S, A N D E A R N IN G S , A N D P E R C E N T OF F U L L T IM E W O R K E D , 1931 A N D 1933, B Y IN D U S T R Y , S E X , A N D S T A T E —Continued Foundries— C o n tin u e d Hours Aver Aver actually Aver worked Aver age A ver N um age N um age in 1 week age full age ber of full days earntime actual Year estab ber of time wage worked ings earn earn lish earners in 1 hours A ver Per per ings ings in ments per week age cent hour per 1 week week num of full week ber time Sex and State Males and females—Contd. ___ ____ _ _ . Rhode Island. Tennessee_________ _____ Texas___________ ____ __ Washington____ ____ . AVisconsin Total _ _ _ - 1931 1933 1931 1933 1931 1933 1931 1933 1931 1933 7 6 6 5 6 7 6 5 13 13 696 408 256 192 151 123 235 101 2,134 1,468 3.8 4.1 4.3 5.1 4.5 3.6 4.8 3.8 4.3 3.4 50.4 50.7 49.0 49.5 49.0 49.6 47.9 48.0 51.5 50.4 31.7 33.1 33.6 31.8 36. 7 27.7 37.8 28.6 35. 1 24.4 62.9 $0. 597 $30. 09 65.3 .556 28. 19 68.6 .469 22.98 64.2 .452 22. 37 74.9 .515 25. 24 .402 19. 94 55.8 78.9 .698 33. 43 59.6 .551 26. 45 68.2 .583 30.02 48.4 .471 23. 74 $18.91 18.40 15. 74 14. 37 18. 94 11. 15 26. 43 15. 76 20.44 11.48 1931 1933 388 364 28, 699 19, 763 4.0 3.6 50.3 49.4 33.5 29.6 66.6 59.9 30.18 23.81 20.06 14. 25 54.0 50. 1 45.1 44.3 48.0 47.7 49.3 48.0 51. 2 51.8 49.5 48.3 51.1 50.8 52.2 49.5 52.9 49.9 48.9 49.7 51.4 48.7 48.1 48.8 48.4 47. 5 48.2 46.4 51.5 48. ; 49.2' 48.8 51.3 50.4 48.8 48.6 49.4 48.9 49.2 48.2 49.9 49.0 46.2 47. 1 51. 2 49.3 40.1 41.3 39.2 40.7 36.5 32.0 37.0 30.1 42.6 40.8 37.6 34.7 35.8 27.8 34.3 38.4 47.6 45.4 36.7 36.9 43.2 38.5 39.4 34.4 41.3 37. 7 41.8 37.2 38.5 36.4 37.6 38.9 39.4 40.6 40.7 31.9 40.7 36.3 40.3 31.4 37.4 34.8 41.2 36.0 35.9 34.0 74.3 $0. 596 $32.18 82.4 .401 20.09 86.9 .753 33. 96 91.9 .643 28. 48 76.0 .647 31.06 67. 1 .550 26.24 75.1 .659 32. 49 62.7 .608 29.18 83.4 .462 23. 65 .352 18. 23 78.8 76.0 .657 32. 52 .548 26. 47 71.8 .543 27. 75 70. 1 54.7 .477 24. 23 .569 29. 70 65.7 .440 21. 78 77.6 90.0 .543 28. 72 91.0 .467 23. 30 75.1 .551 26. 94 74.2 .439 21.82 84.0 .524 26. 93 79.1 .464 22. 60 81.9 .550 26.46 .420 20.50 70.5 .658 31.85 85.3 .593 28.17 79. 4 86.7 .646 31.14 80.2 .563 26.12 .645 33. 22 74.8 .533 25. 64 75. 7 76.4 .601 29. 57 .570 27. 82 79.7 .562 28.83 76.8 .481 24. 24 80.6 83.4 .600 29. 28 .608 29. 55 65.6 82.4 .679 33. 54 74.2 .568 27. 78 81.9 .680 33. 46 .612 29. 50 65. 1 .628 31.34 74.9 .526 25. 77 71.0 89.2 .724 33. 45 76.4 .650 30. 62 70.1 .616 31.54 69.0 .531 26.18 $23. 88 16. 55 29. 47 26.20 23. 63 17. 64 24. 34 18. 30 19. 66 14. 35 24. 72 19. 01 19. 44 13.28 19. 50 16.88 25.81 21.20 20. 23 16.18 22. 66 17.86 21.69 14. 44 27.17 22.37 27.01 20.95 24. 84 19. 42 22. 57 22.15 22. 17 19. 50 24. 37 19. 37 27. 65 20.63 27. 37 19.23 23. 50 18. 29 29.82 23. 43 22.08 18.01 .600 .482 Machine shops Males A la b a m a ,____ . . . C aliforn ia -___ Colorado____ ___ _____ . Connecticut___ Georgia_______ .. Illinois_______ . . . -_Indiana____________ Iowa________ ______ Kansas______________ Kentucky— . Louisiana,M a in e-. . . . .. __ M aryland_________ Massachusetts. _ ___ Michigan - . Minnesota____________ Missouri- . - - _____ New Hampshire - N ew Jersey.- _ _____ N ew Y o r k .-- . . . . . . Ohio__________ . . . Oregon_________ . ... Pennsylvania................... https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1931 1933 1931 1933 1931 1933 1931 1933 1931 1933 1931 1933 1931 1933 1931 1933 1931 1933 1931 1933 1931 1933 1931 1933 1931 1933 1931 1933 1931 1933 1931 1933 1931 1933 1931 1933 1931 1933 1931 1933 1931 1933 1931 1933 1931 1933 7 7 23 21 3 4 20 18 9 7 36 35 17 17 7 6 11 11 7 7 6 6 4 4 8 8 38 37 35 34 8 8 19 18 5 5 25 27 34 34 85 73 6 5 48 48 457 321 1,628 947 282 204 2,409 1, 028 396 166 7, 025 5,616 1,855 1,370 815 256 272 296 395 255 199 129 492 468 456 324 6, 453 4, 987 3, 530 2,777 940 387 712 518 341 222 2,509 1,660 7, 488 4, 069 10, 316 5,069 175 118 8, 200 5, 786 4.5 4.8 5.2 5.2 4.6 4.1 4.3 3.8 5.2 5.1 4.7 4.5 4.5 3.8 3.9 4.8 5.5 5.4 4.8 4.9 5.2 4.7 4.7 4.0 4.6 4.3 4.9 4.6 4.6 4.5 4.7 4.8 4.9 4.8 4.7 4.4 4.9 4.5 4.8 4.2 4.6 4.3 5.3 4.6 4. 2 4.1 1469 W A G ES AND HOURS OF LABOR T able 3.—A V E R A G E D A Y S , H O U R S, A N D E A R N IN G S , A N D P E R C E N T OF F U L L T IM E W O R K E D , 1931 A N D 1933, B Y IN D U S T R Y , S E X , A N D S T A T E —Continued M a c h in e shop s — Continued N um ber of Year estab lish ments Sex and State Aver N um age ber of days wage worked earners in 1 week Hours actually Aver Aver worked A ver age Aver age in 1 week age full age fullearntime time ings earn earn hours per ings ings in per Aver Per per 1 week week age cent hour num offrili week ber time Males— Continued Rhode Island_____ _ __ _____ 1931 1933 1931 1933 Texas________________________ _ 1931 1933 Washington______________ . . . . 1931 1933 W isconsin______ ______________ 1931 1933 11 11 9 9 10 11 7 7 14 14 1,513 786 325 227 554 425 392 219 4,792 2,373 4.2 4.4 4.7 4.9 5.4 4.5 5.3 5. 1 4.5 4-0 50.4 50.6 49.0 48.7 48.0 45.1 47.6 45.0 51.2 50.4 34.9 36.5 35.2 37.1 39.1 34.9 42.8 38. 3 36.3 29.5 69. 2 $0.595 $29.99 72. 1 .525 26. 57 71.3 .568 27. 83 76. 2 .460 22.40 81.5 .603 28.94 77. 4 .527 23. 77 89. 9 .729 34.70 85. 1 .636 28. 62 70. 9 .617 31.59 58.5 .530 26. 71 1931 1933 512 492 64,921 41,003 4.6 4.4 49.8 48.5 38.2 34.6 76. 7 71.3 .637 .545 31.72 26. 43 24.36 18.87 1931 1933 1931 1933 Indiana____________________ . . . 1931 1933 M aine________ _________ . . 1931 1933 M assachusetts.________________ 1931 1933 M ichigan____ ______ _______ 1931 1933 N ew Hampshire __________ _ 1931 1933 N ew Jersey___ ________________ 1931 1933 New Y ork _______ _ ________ 1931 1933 Ohio______ _________ 1931 1933 Pennsylvania____ _____________ 1931 1933 Rhode Island_____ _______ _ 1931 1933 Tennessee____ _________ _____ 1931 Wisconsin . . . _ ________ 1931 1933 1 1 7 5 1 1 1 1 7 5 7 8 1 1 2 2 6 6 6 8 4 5 4 2 1 1 3 (>) 0) 56 43 21 82 8 9 87 89 201 239 18 25 22 2 214 211 212 153 93 57 38 17 (') 45 29 (>) C) 4.4 4.7 4.4 3.9 2.9 3.2 4.6 4.4 4.9 5.1 3.9 2.9 5.0 5.0 4.9 4.5 5.1 4.7 4. 1 3.4 4.3 4.8 0) 4.8 3.8 0) (>) 50.9 50.9 50.0 50.0 50.0 50.0 47.7 45.5 52.3 45.2 48.0 48.0 50.0 48.5 48.1 48.0 49.4 48.6 46.4 46.7 50.8 51.4 (>) 45.5 44.9 0) (>) 34.7 35.8 27.2 17.4 27.0 28.1 38.7 31.8 41.9 41.1 31.6 23.3 39.0 43.0 38.6 35.4 41.4 37.6 35.6 25.9 36.2 41.8 0) 38.8 23.7 (') (') 68. 2 70. 3 54.4 34. 8 54.0 56. 2 81.1 69.9 80.1 90. 9 65.8 48. 5 78.0 88. 7 80. 2 73.8 83.8 77.4 76. 7 55. 5 71.3 81.3 (>) 85. 3 52.8 (>) 0) .373 .299 .471 .371 .380 .270 .448 .399 .398 .374 .431 .328 .423 .263 .473 .383 .347 .255 .397 .389 .453 .366 (>) .378 .291 0) 0) 18.99 15. 22 23. 55 18. 55 19.00 13. 50 21.37 18.15 20. 82 16. 90 20.69 15. 74 21.15 12.76 22.75 18.38 17.14 12.39 18. 42 18.17 23.01 18.81 (0 17. '20 13. 07 0) 0) 12. 95 10. 68 12.80 6.45 10. 26 7. 60 17.35 12. 69 16. 66 15. 41 13.63 7. 63 16. 49 11.30 18.23 13. 57 14.38 9. 60 14.13 10.07 16.40 15.30 (‘) 14.66 6.89 49 48 1,017 957 4.7 4.5 49.2 47.4 38.8 34.2 78.9 72.2 .408 .351 20.07 15.85 16.64 i 11.98 7 457 4.5 54.0 7 321 4.8 50. 1 23 1,628 5.2 45.1 21 947 5.2 44.3 3 282 4.6 48.0 4 204 4. 1 47.7 20 2,410 4.3 49.3 18 1, 029 3.8 48.0 9 396 5.2 51.2 7 166 5.1 51.8 36 7,081 4.7 49.6 35 5, 659 4.5 48.3 17 1,876 4.5 51.0 17 1,452 3.8 50.8 7 815 3.9 52.2 6 256 4.8 49.5 11 272 5.5 52.9 11 296 5.4 49.9 7 395 4.8 48.9 7 255 | 4.9 49.7 included only in total. 40.1 41.3 39.2 40.7 36.5 32.0 37.0 30.1 42.6 40.8 37.6 34.7 35.7 27.2 34.3 38.4 47.6 45.4 36.7 36.9 74.3 82. 4 86.9 91.9 76.9 67.1 75.1 62.7 83. 2 78.8 75.8 71.8 70.0 53.5 65.7 77.6 90.0 91.0 75.1 74.2 .596 .401 .753 .643 .647 .550 .659 .608 .462 .352 .655 .546 .543 .473 .569 .440 .543 .467 .551 .439 32.18 20.09 33.96 28. 48 31.06 26.24 32.49 29.18 23.65 18.23 32.49 26. 37 27. 69 24.03 29.70 21.78 28. 72 23.30 26.94 21.82 Tennessee___ __________________ T otal_________________ $20. 74 19.16 20.00 17.10 23.59 18.41 31.16 24.39 22.43 15. 65 Females Connecticut____ _____ _________ Illinois_____ ________________ _ T otal____________________ 1931 1933 Males and females Alabama-------------------- ------- ------- 1931 1933 1931 1933 Colorado. _________________ 1931 1933 Connecticut_________________ 1931 1933 Georgia_______________________ 1931 1933 Illin o is _____________ 1931 1933 Indiana_____ ___________ 1931 1933 Iowa______________ . . . 1931 1933 Kansas______________ 1931 1933 Kentucky......... .......... ................. 1931 1933 1 Fewer than 3 employees, therefore data California________________ https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 23.88 16.55 29.47 26. 20 23.63 17. 64 24. 34 18. 30 19. 66 14.35 24.63 18.95 19.37 12.89 19.50 16.88 25. 81 21.20 20.23 16.18 1470 T a b l e MONTHLY LABOR R E V IE W 3 .—A V E R A G E D A Y S , H O U R S A N D E A R N IN G S , A N D P E R C E N T OF F U L L T IM E W O R K E D , 1931 A N D 1933, B Y I N D U S T R Y , S E X , A N D S T A T E —Continued Machine shops— N um ber of Year estab lish ments Sex and State C o n tin u e d A ver N um age ber of days wage worked earners in 1 week Hours Aver Aver actually Aver worked Aver age age in 1 week full age age full actual earntime time earn earn ings hours Aver Per ings ings in per per 1 week per week age cent hour num of full week ber time Males and females— Continued 1931 1933 M aine_________ . . . . ----------- 1931 1933 M aryland— ------------------- 1931 1933 1931 Massachusetts_______________ 1933 1931 M ichigan__ ______ — 1933 . . - 1931 M innesota.. ________ 1933 Missouri. ______ . . . . ---------- 1931 1933 1931 New Hampshire____ _____ . . . 1933 1931 N ew Jersey____ . . . ------1933 New Y ork ______ _ _ . . . -------- 1931 1933 Ohio_______ ____ _____ _______ 1931 1933 Oregon_____ . . . . ----------- . . . 1931 1933 Pennsylvania.. -------------- . . 1931 1933 1931 Rhode Island. 1933 Tennessee-------------- ----------------- 1931 1933 Texas______ . ---------------- - 1931 1933 --------------- 1931 Washington. . 1933 Wisconsin .. . . -------------------- 1931 1933 6 6 4 4 8 8 38 37 35 34 8 8 19 18 5 5 25 27 34 34 85 73 6 5 48 48 11 11 9 9 10 11 7 7 14 14 199 129 500 477 456 324 6, 540 5,076 3, 731 3,016 940 387 712 518 359 247 2, 531 1,662 7, 702 4, 280 10, 528 5,222 175 118 8,293 5,843 1,551 803 326 227 554 425 392 219 4, 837 2, 402 5.2 4.7 4.7 4.0 4.6 4.3 4.9 4.6 4.6 4.6 4.7 4.8 4.9 4.8 4.7 4.2 5.0 4.5 4.8 4.2 4.6 4.3 5.3 4.6 4.2 4.1 4.2 4.4 4. 7 4.9 5.4 4.5 5.3 5. 1 4.5 4.0 51.4 48. 7 48.1 48.8 48.4 47.5 48.2 46.4 51.5 47.9 49. 2 48.8 51.3 50.4 48.7 48.6 49.4 48.9 49.2 48. 2 49.9 49.0 46.2 47. 1 51.1 49.3 50.4 50.6 49.0 48.7 48.0 45. 1 47.6 45.0 51. 1 50.4 43.2 38.5 39.2 34.3 41.3 37.7 41.8 37. 1 38. 7 36.8 37.6 38.9 39.4 40.6 40.2 31.0 40.7 36.3 40.3 31.6 37.5 34.8 41.2 36.0 35.9 33.9 34.9 36.6 35.3 37. 1 39. 1 34.9 42.8 38.3 36.4 29.5 84.0 $0. 524 $26.93 79.1 .464 22. 60 81.5 .548 26. 36 70.3 .418 20. 40 85.3 .658 31.85 79.4 .593 28.17 86. 7 .644 31.04 80.0 .561 26. 03 75. 1 .631 32. 50 .519 24. 86 76.8 76.4 .601 29. 57 79.7 .570 27. 82 .562 28. 83 76.8 .481 24.24 80.6 82.5 .594 28. 93 63.8 .587 28. 53 82.4 .677 33.44 74.2 .568 27. 78 .674 33.16 81.9 65.6 .599 28.87 75. 2 .622 31.04 71.0 .518 25. 38 89.2 .724 33. 45 76.4 .650 30. 62 .614 31.38 70.3 68.8 .529 26. 08 69.2 .591 29. 79 .521 26. 36 72.3 72.0 .567 27. 78 76.2 .460 22. 40 81.5 .603 28. 94 77.4 .527 23. 77 89.9 .729 34. 70 85. 1 .636 28. 62 71.2 .615 31.43 58.5 .528 26. 61 $22. 66 17.86 21.51 14.31 27.17 22. 37 26.88 20.81 24. 40 19. 10 22. 57 22.15 22.17 19. 50 23. 83 18.18 27. 55 20. 62 27.13 18.95 23. 32 18. 04 29. 82 23.43 22.00 17. 94 20. 63 19. 08 19.99 17. 10 23. 59 18.41 31. 16 24.39 22.36 15. 55 1931 1933 512 492 65,938 41.960 4.6 4.4 49.8 48.5 38. 2 34.6 76.7 71.3 .634 . 540 24. 22 18. 71 Louisiana----- ---------------------------- Total _________ _ . .. 31.57 26. 19 Average Days, Hours, and Earnings, 1933, by Occupation, Sex, and State T a b le 4 shows average days, hours, and earnings and the percent of full time actually worked in 1 week in 1933, by States, for the wage earners in each of 4 representative occupations in foundries and 4 in machine shops. The averages for the wage earners in these occupa tions illustrate the variations in average hours and earnings in all occupations in each industry in the different States, and make easy the comparison of the averages of the wage earners in any occupation in the table for any State with those for any other State. Average hours actually worked in 1 week in 1933 by molders (hand), floor, the second occupation under foundries, ranged, by States, from a low of 16.9 to a high of 44.2 hours. The low was 34.6 and the high 89.7 percent of full time. The average for all States was 25.7 hours, or 52.6 percent of full time. Average earnings per hour of molders (hand), floor, ranged, by States, from 43.4 to 75.6 cents, and for all States averaged 61.2 cents. Average actual earnings in 1 week ranged, by States, from $10.39 to $23.95, and for all States averaged $15.70. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1471 W AGES AND HOURS OF LABOR T able 4 .—A V E R A G E D A Y S , H O U R S, A N D E A R N IN G S OF M A L E S IN E IG H T S P E C IF IE D O C C U P A T IO N S , 1933, B Y IN D U S T R Y A N D S T A T E Foundries Occupation, sex, and State Hours actu Aver ally worked N um N um Aver in 1 week: age age ber ber fulldays of of time estab wage w orked hours Aver Per in 1 lish earners per cent age week ments week num of full ber time Aver age earn ings per hour Aver Aver age age full actual time earn earn ings ings in 1 per week week Laborers, male: Alabama__________________ California______________ - _ _ Colorado_______ 1. ___________ Connecticut. __ _____________ Georgia______ . . -------- ----Illinois_______ _______ _____ .. Indiana--------- ------- --- ------------Iowa___ _____ _____ . . . . Kansas. -------------- ---------------K entucky________________ . __ Louisiana________ _ ________ Maine___ . . . . . . ______ ____ . M aryland________ __________ Massachusetts.. . . . ________ Michigan ... Minnesota_______ . . . ... Missouri. . . . . . . N ew Hampshire________ ______ New Jersey_____ ___________ . New Y ork .. ._ _. ___________ Ohio_______________ _______ .. Oregon____ _____ _____ _____ Pennsylvania . . . Rhode Island . . . . . Tennessee_______ _____ . Texas________________ - - - - - - - Washington___ ____ _ Wisconsin______ __ ... . . 3 16 4 16 7 26 18 8 9 4 5 1 6 15 30 5 13 3 12 27 35 3 37 4 4 4 3 12 23 70 43 193 63 494 245 53 32 34 26 28 40 138 357 37 61 9 247 347 468 14 700 77 63 10 7 255 5.4 4.6 3.5 2. 2 3.0 3.9 3.3 3.8 3.8 4.3 3.0 3.8 3. 1 3.8 3.3 3.4 3.7 1.8 3.4 3.3 3.4 4.6 3. 1 3.2 5.0 3.0 4.3 3.0 50.0 44.4 48.0 52.2 52. 1 48.2 52.2 50.9 56.4 51.0 47.3 54.0 50.8 46.9 51.6 46.0 52.0 49.1 48.7 49.2 51.4 37.7 49.9 51.6 49. 1 49.8 48.0 50.2 46.9 37.7 27.9 17.9 24.7 32. 7 24.1 31.9 34.4 36.7 24.4 36.9 26.9 30.4 28.4 30.2 30.2 14.7 29.5 30.2 29.1 29.6 26.7 29.0 45.0 23. 4 34.5 20.3 93.8 $0. 216 $10. 80 84.9 .495 21.98 58.1 .403 19. 34 34.3 .365 19. 05 47.4 .218 11. 36 .402 19.38 67.8 46.2 .337 17.59 .424 21. 58 62.7 61.0 .283 15. 96 .284 14. 48 72.0 51.6 .273 12.91 .332 17. 93 68.3 .305 15.49 53.0 64.8 .480 22. 51 55.0 .355 18. 32 65.7 .413 19.00 58.1 .336 17. 47 29.9 .461 22. 64 60.6 .353 17.19 61.4 .415 20. 42 56.6 .353 18.14 78.5 .470 17. 72 53.5 .367 18.31 56.2 .382 19. 71 91. 6 .201 9. 87 47.0 .305 15.19 71. 9 .480 23.04 40. 4 .375 18.83 Total_________________ ____ _ 330 4,134 3.4 50.0 27.8 55. 5 .378 18.90 10. 50 W iscon sin ........................ - .......... 4 17 4 18 7 27 18 8 9 4 5 4 5 18 30 5 12 4 14 26 36 5 34 5 5 7 5 13 26 84 26 120 25 192 131 57 32 21 20 20 46 124 183 44 57 14 138 204 268 20 418 41 29 32 22 162 5.4 4.2 3.5 2.0 4.0 3.2 2.9 3.6 3.9 4.0 4.3 3.7 3.2 3.4 3.2 3.3 3.4 2. 1 3.2 2.7 2.8 3.0 3.3 4.2 4.7 2.8 3. 5 2.9 49.3 43.0 48.1 48.9 49.8 48.3 51.7 50.1 54.3 52.7 47.1 49.2 47.1 47.0 48.9 46.6 52.4 46.0 50.0 48.5 50.1 39.9 48.4 50. 1 50.0 48.2 48.0 50.3 44.2 31.7 28.4 16.9 34.4 25.9 24.0 30.5 34.5 36.0 33.0 30.2 26.6 26.1 24. 4 25.3 27.3 17.3 26.9 22.4 22.9 20. 1 27.2 33.7 41.3 22.1 25.0 20.5 89. 7 73. 7 59. 0 34. 6 69. 1 53. 6 46. 4 60. 9 63.5 68. 3 70.1 61.4 56. 6 55. 5 49. 9 54. 3 52.1 37. 6 53. 8 46. 2 45. 7 50.4 56. 2 67.3 82.6 45.9 52.1 40.8 .538 .756 .535 .615 .545 .598 .507 .631 .471 .469 .565 .562 .641 .723 .598 .629 .590 .621 .616 .680 .599 .722 .622 .708 .434 .492 .649 . 582 26. 52 32. 51 25. 73 30.07 27.14 28. 88 26. 21 31.61 25.58 24. 72 26. 61 27. 65 30.19 33.98 29. 24 29.31 30. 92 28. 57 30. 80 32.98 30. 01 28. 81 30.10 35. 47 21. 70 23. 71 31.15 29. 27 23.79 23.95 15. 20 10.39 18. 78 15. 48 12.18 19. 29 16.27 16.85 18. 61 17.00 17.03 18. 87 14.56 15.91 16.12 10.73 16. 60 15.24 13. 72 14.49 16.91 23.83 17.96 10.86 16. 22 11.91 T otal............................................ 349 2, 556 3.2 48.9 25.7 52.6 .612 29. 93 15.70 Molders, hand, floor, male: California___ ________ - - Connecticut___________________ Georgia. _____ _______________ Illinois__________________ _____ Kentucky____________________ ________________ M arylan d-. Massachusetts_________________ New Hampshire_______________ Oregon----------- ---------------------- https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis $10.13 18. 64 11.23 6.53 5.37 13.15 8.12 13. 56 9. 75 10.44 6.65 12. 27 8.21 14. 59 10.08 12. 46 10.13 6.77 10. 42 12. 54 10. 28 13.93 9.80 11.08 9.03 7.14 16. 57 7. 62 1472 MONTHLY LABOR R EV IEW T able 4 —A V E R A G E D A Y S , H OU RS, A N D E A R N IN G S OF M A L E S IN E IG H T S P E C IF IE D O C C U P A T IO N S , 1933, B Y IN D U S T R Y A N D S T A T E —Continued Foundries— Occupation, sex, and State Molders, machine, piale: - - - -Alabama______ _____ California____ C o lo r a d o __ _ - Connecticut-Georgia________ ___ I llin o is _________ -- Indiana._ -------Iow a__________ - - - - -Kansas_____________ ------K e n t u c k y .- .----- . . . . Louisiana___. . ------ - Maine ____ ____ - - - --Maryland Massachusetts ----- --- - - - -M ichigan.. - . . --------------Minnesota_____ _____ . Missouri___ . . . -- . . . - -- New Hampshire_________ - - New Jersey------ _ -------- New Y ork -------- - - - - - - - - - -------- ---------Ohio____ ____ Oregon___ -_-- - - - - - Pennsylvania..----.. . Rhode Island.. ----Tennessee__ - ---------- -Texas_______ ___ Wisconsin--------- C o n tin u e d Hours actu Aver Aver Aver ally worked Aver N um N um Aver age in 1 week age age age full actual ber age ber fullearn time earn days of time of ings earn ings estab worked wage hours Aver Per per ings in 1 lish earners in 1 cent per age hour per week ments week num of full week week ber time 1 5 2 3 2 18 10 5 5 2 1 2 5 14 17 3 3 2 8 18 22 1 24 4 2 2 9 15 3 31 24 268 159 30 6 3 (>) 27 16 154 168 15 5 9 102 218 199 0) 202 84 4 5 88 (0 4.7 3.7 3.1 2.0 3.6 4.0 4.3 4.2 5.0 (0 3.9 3.7 4.1 3.8 3.0 3.4 1.7 3.3 3.2 3.3 (') 2.7 4.0 4.8 5.0 3.7 0) 46.5 48.0 57.2 52.1 47.9 48.9 48.6 55.0 49.3 0) 53.3 47.1 46.3 51.4 43.1 52.8 46.7 51.4 48.6 49.7 (>) 48.3 50.8 48.8 49.6 49.0 0) 39.6 25.3 26.1 15.1 29.6 27.6 38.8 35.6 46.1 (0 35.1 28.7 31.5 32.6 24.3 25.2 14.7 29.2 28.3 28.3 0) 21. 6 31.8 38.4 37.8 23.9 (') o) (>) 85.2 $0. 485 $22. 55 52.9 .503 24.14 45.6 .395 22. 59 29.0 .527 27. 46 61.8 .505 24. 19 56.4 .414 20.24 .484 23. 52 79.8 .400 22.00 64.7 93.5 .438 21.59 0) (>) (>) .532 28. 36 65.9 .562 26. 47 60.9 .640 29. 63 68.0 63.4 .401 20. 61 56.4 .480 20. 69 .372 19. 64 47.7 31.5 .571 26. 67 56.8 .508 26.11 58.2 .559 27.17 .494 24. 55 56.9 f1) (') G) 44.7 .557 26.90 62.6 .619 31.45 78.7 .309 15.08 76.2 .403 19. 99 .421 20. 63 48.8 0) $19. 21 12.73 10.31 7. 98 14. 95 11.42 18. 74 14.25 20.18 0) 18. 67 16.13 20.15 13.07 11.64 9.38 8. 38 14. 85 15.86 14.01 0) 12.04 19. 71 11.86 15.20 10.07 3.5 49. 2 28.5 57.9 .508 24. 99 14. 50 0) ----------- --- - - 190 1,840 Patternmakers, male: Alabama-------- ------------ California -- ---------------Colorado----- ---------- Connecticut----------- - Georgia------------------------Illinois______________ _____ Indiana.- -------------- ---------Iowa ___________ ___________ Kansas_________ - ------------Louisiana ------------------- Maryland . - - - ----------Massachusetts----- ----------------Michigan--------------- - ----------M in n esota----------------------- - __ Missouri. . ----------------------New Hampshire----------------------New Jersey______ ____ ___ ____ New Y ork_________________ _ _ Ohio. _____________________ O regon.. ----------------------------Pennsylvania----------------------- .. Rhode Island----------------Tennessee_____________________ Texas. __________________ --_ Washington___________________ W isconsin________________ ____ 3 7 3 5 5 14 10 7 2 4 6 4 17 4 8 1 10 7 15 2 27 2 1 5 3 10 14 13 9 13 9 105 31 10 3 5 10 18 42 7 9 3 75 38 55 3 144 7 3 8 4 70 5.1 5. 1 3.9 4.3 4.9 4.8 3.5 4.3 5.3 4.8 2.6 5.2 4.4 4.7 4.2 5.0 4.9 5.2 4.8 5.7 4.5 3.9 6.0 4. 1 5.0 4.9 50.6 43. 2 48. 1 54. 1 50.0 46.1 50.5 50.0 54.0 53.4 47.8 48. 1 51.4 51. 1 52.1 50.0 49. 2 49.8 50.7 36.0 48.2 52. 1 50.0 48.8 48.0 51.8 41.8 35.2 28. 1 42.7 38.8 39.8 27.8 33.7 53.0 40.9 18.3 45.8 35.5 36.1 36.6 43.0 42.8 44. 5 41.8 44.1 38.5 32.4 50.3 27.9 33.7 39.5 82.6 81.5 58.4 78.9 77.6 86.3 55.0 67.4 98. 1 76.6 38.3 95.2 69. 1 70.6 70.2 86.0 87.0 89.4 82.4 122.5 79.9 62.2 100.6 57.2 70.2 76.3 .603 .804 .712 .524 .609 .707 .648 .616 .713 .557 .619 .718 .600 .714 .602 .505 .639 .702 .620 .789 .651 .589 .800 .617 .763 .611 30. 51 34. 73 34. 25 28. 35 30. 45 32.59 32. 72 30.80 38. 50 29. 74 29. 59 34. 54 30. 84 36.49 31.36 25. 25 31.44 34. 96 31.43 28.40 31.38 30.69 40.00 30.11 36. 62 31.65 25.16 28.28 19. 99 22. 38 23.64 28.13 18.01 20. 72 37. 77 22.80 11.31 32.90 21.31 25. 79 22. 02 21.71 27. 34 31.20 25.89 34.81 25.08 19.06 40. 27 17.19 25. 73 24.12 182 708 4.7 49.2 38.9 79.1 .652 32.08 25.36 Total------ Total. ________ . . . . _____ i Fewer than 3 wage earners, therefore data included only in total. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1473 W AGES AND HOURS OF LABOR T a b le 4 — A V E R A G E D A Y S , H OU R S, A N D E A R N IN G S OF M A L E S IN E IG H T S P E C IF IE D O C C U PA TIO N S , 1933, B Y IN D U S T R Y A N D S T A T E —Continued Machine shops Occupation, sex, and State Fitters and bench hands, male: ____ _____ 2 12 3 13 1 24 8 4 5 5 1 2 4 18 21 4 8 1 16 24 37 4 39 9 5 5 2 13 - ----------------------- - - 290 Wisconsin Total- __ Laborers, male: W isconsin_________ _______ Total Hours actu Aver Aver Aver ally worked Aver age Num Num- Aver age in 1 week age full actual age age ber fullearn time earn days of time of earn ings ings estab wage worked hours Aver Per ings per in 1 lish earners in 1 cent age per per hour week ments week num of full week week time ber ____________ 513. 20 30. 60 20.49 30. 60 0) 24. 01 24. 74 22. 69 33.41 24.64 0) 19.15 30. 55 26.88 24. 50 25.23 26.11 26.83 29.00 31.17 28. 51 29.40 28.09 24. 84 25. 76 22. 04 29. 59 27.16 $9.89 28. 41 15. 63 23.16 (') 16.18 13.08 15. ^6 33.89 18. 62 (0 12. 26 25.47 20. 23 18. 83 16. 65 23.95 14.83 18. 58 21.90 21.04 20. 57 18.05 18. 72 13.00 16. 66 22.98 14.11 69.5 . 562 27. 26 18.96 45.1 37.4 26.5 27.1 39.8 33.0 28.3 38.4 45.0 38.3 55.4 34.7 36.8 37.0 33.6 32.2 36.1 31.5 32.7 29.5 33.4 40.8 33.3 30.0 38.5 38.2 33.5 27.1 84.3 84.0 56.5 55.4 74.8 67.3 55.8 80.5 90.0 75.5 104.5 69.4 75.7 79.1 70.9 67.5 71.1 64.3 67.1 61.5 68.0 85. 0 67. 5 59.6 79.1 85. 3 73.8 53. 5 .218 .425 .397 .415 . 187 .396 .344 .332 .276 . 234 . 194 .319 . 359 .414 .410 .370 .313 .443 . 395 .426 .357 .378 . 385 . 355 .230 .338 . 438 . 358 11.66 18.91 18.62 20.29 9.95 19.40 17.44 15.84 13.80 11.86 10. 28 15.95 17. 45 19.38 19.43 17. 65 15. 90 21. 71 19. 24 20. 45 17. 53 18.14 18. 98 17.91 11. 20 15.14 19.89 18. 15 9.83 15.89 10. 51 11.25 7.45 13.04 9. /4 12. 76 12. 44 8. 98 10. 74 11.06 13.19 15. 31 13. 75 11. 92 11. 29 13. 97 12. 92 12. 55 11.92 15. 42 12.83 10. 68 8. 87 12. 92 14.69 9.71 33.0 67.6 .379 18. 50 (0 316 76 11 21 15 (0 34 13 238 148 8 34 12 138 262 250 8 323 53 14 17 11 107 41.9 42.8 48.1 48.8 (>) 48.7 50.8 50.2 47.8 47.2 (>) 47.4 46.5 46.1 49.7 46.9 51.0 48.0 48.5 48.1 48.4 47.5 49. 1 50.7 47. 7 47. 1 45.8 50.3 2,244 4.3 48.5 33.7 5.1 4.6 3.6 3.3 4.9 4.3 4. 2 4.4 5.3 5.3 6.0 4.0 4.4 4.6 4.4 4. 1 4.4 4.7 4.2 3.8 4.0 5.0 4.0 3.8 4.8 5.0 4.6 3.9 53.5 44.5 46.9 48.9 53.2 49.0 50.7 47.7 50.0 50.7 53.0 50.0 48.6 46.8 47.4 47.7 50.8 49.0 48.7 48.0 49. 1 48.0 49.3 50.3 48.7 44.8 45.4 50.7 4. 2 48.8 3 13 3 12 3 29 12 4 5 4 3 2 5 24 24 8 7 2 22 21 61 2 36 10 7 3 6 14 29 53 7 58 18 427 95 15 10 11 4 8 14 220 178 17 33 6 95 232 348 2 401 62 33 26 10 141 345 2, 553 — l Fewer than 3 wage earners, therefore data included only in total. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 31.4 74.9 50. 315 .715 92.8 39.7 .426 76.3 36.7 . 627 75.8 37.0 (') (') (0 67.4 .493 32.8 .487 52.8 26.8 .452 67.3 33.8 .699 48.5 101.5 .522 75.6 35.7 0) (') 0) .404 63.9 30.3 83.4 .657 38.8 . 583 75.3 34.7 .493 38.2 76.9 . 538 66.1 31.0 .512 91.8 46.8 55.2 .559 26.5 64.1 . 598 31. 1 .648 70.3 33.8 .589 74.0 35.8 .619 69.9 33.2 .572 64. 2 31.5 .490 38.2 75.3 . 540 24. 1 50.5 75.6 .468 35.6 . 646 77.7 35.6 52.1 . 540 26.2 3.8 5.5 4.4 4.4 (>) 4.3 3.5 4.2 5.7 4.7 (') 3.5 4.6 4.5 4.5 4.3 5.2 4.4 4.1 4.4 4.4 4.8 3.8 4.5 3.9 5. 1 4.7 3.6 8 32 18 74 12. 52 == = = = 1474 T a b le MONTHLY LABOR REV IEW 4 .—A V E R A G E D A Y S , H O U R S, A N D E A R N IN G S OF M A L E S IN E IG H T S P E C IF IE D O C C U P A T IO N S , 1933, B Y IN D U S T R Y A N D S T A T E —Continued M a c h in e shops — Continued Occupation, sex, and State Lathe operators, engine, male: Alabama__ California_______ __ C olorad o.-. ... Connecticut. __ _ Georgia___. . . . Illinois________ _ . Indiana________ Iow a___ ___ Kansas________ __ K entucky_____ __ Louisiana ______ M aine____ M aryland____ . . Massachusetts___ Michigan . . ___ . Minnesota_____ _ Missouri_________ New Hampshire . N ew Jersey _ N ew York _ Ohio___ . - . Oregon____ __ Pennsylvania- _. Rhode Island___ Tennessee.. _ . . . Texas.— ___ Washington____ W is c o n s in .____ Total________ Toolmakers, male: Alabama_____ California___ Colorado........ Connecticut. . . . Georgia_________ Illinois. . . Indiana_______ Iow a_______ Kansas_____ K entucky__ _ M aine____ M aryland____ Massachusetts. M ich ig a n ______ Minnesota—. Missouri___ N ew Hampshire N ew Jersey.. N ew Y o r k ... O h io ____ Oregon.. Pennsylvania... Rhode Island Tennessee . . Texas______ W ashington. Wisconsin Total___ . Hour s actuN um Aver Aver- ally vorked N um age in 1 week ber age ber fullof days of time estab wage worker hours Aver Per lish in 1 per age cent ments earners week week num of full ber time 3 19 3 13 1 26 13 5 5 6 2 1 3 27 21 6 11 3 19 27 59 5 43 10 3 4 6 13 9 103 6 86 0) 276 73 15 32 17 10 38 6 327 97 20 47 17 94 186 205 17 369 47 8 38 14 116 52.1 44. 7 46. 7 49.5 0) 48.5 51.0 49.0 47.5 49.3 55. 2 50.0 50.0 46.1 50.4 50.0 50.8 51. 1 48.4 48.2 50.4 47.8 50.3 50.4 50.6 41.4 43.0 50.9 33.3 37.9 22.9 29.6 0) 29.4 23.9 36.0 46.2 35.4 54.9 36.0 18.6 38. 1 29.3 41. 1 40.5 35. 6 38.4 28.9 30.7 34. 2 35.9 35.5 40.3 34. 1 35. 4 27.0 63.9 $0. 474 .665 84.8 49.0 .560 59.8 .619 0) (0 60.6 .605 46. 9 .512 .482 73.5 .631 97.3 71.8 .457 99. 5 .426 .380 72.0 37.2 .596 . 541 82.6 . 541 58.1 82.2 .555 .521 79.7 69.7 .595 .623 79.3 .648 60.0 60.9 .597 71.5 .731 .570 71.4 .521 70.4 .474 79.6 .664 82.4 .663 82.3 53.0 . 546 $24. 70 29. 73 26. 15 30. 64 (') 29. 34 26.11 23. 62 29. 97 22. 53 23. 52 19.00 29. 80 24. 94 27. 27 27. 75 26. 47 30. 40 30.15 31.23 30.09 34.94 28. 67 26. 26 23. 98 27. 49 28. 51 27. 79 $15. 78 25. 24 12. 84 18.28 0) 17. 79 12. 24 17. 33 29.12 16. 19 23. 39 13.69 11.10 20.63 15. 82 22.81 21.07 21.19 23.88 18.74 18. 36 24. 97 20. 42 18.48 19.08 22. 66 23.49 14.73 28. 21 19. 33 .493 27. 12 .787 35.18 .659 31. 63 .621 30.86 .711 36. 12 .659 32. 42 .609 30. 69 .573 28. 99 .484 24.20 .562 27.88 .434 21. 70 .729 35. 21 .611 28. 72 .591 29. 37 .612 29.31 .634 32. 90 .671 32. 21 .621 29.81 .732 35.14 .570 27. 53 .733 35.18 .660 32. 27 .686 34.64 .580 29.00 . 691 30. OP .695 32.18 .605 30. 73 13. 79 34. 99 17.06 17.89 31.87 24.31 16.56 22.96 23.42 18.23 17.08 30.63 23.17 23.54 21.96 24.09 29. 37 23. 80 26.49 21. 71 38. 61 25.26 21. 67 24. 06 17. 94 24. 94 22. 52 .643 23. 62 2, 274 4.2 48.8 33.5 68.6 1 13 2 14 2 21 10 3 3 3 1 3 24 22 6 5 1 15 24 46 2 29 6 3 5 4 11 6 40 13 67 3 192 59 5 6 15 9 13 155 87 8 8 12 40 267 253 2 163 26 3 15 7 61 3.5 5.8 3.3 3.6 5.3 4.6 3.7 5.2 5.8 4.6 4.4 4.8 4.6 4.7 4.6 4. 1 5.0 4.9 4.9 4.5 6.5 4.5 4.2 5.3 3.7 4.7 4.6 55.0 44. 7 48.0 49.7 50.8 49.2 50.4 50.6 50.0 49.6 50.0 48.3 47.0 49.7 47.9 51.9 48.0 48.9 48.0 48.3 48.0 48.9 50.5 50.0 43.5 46.3 50.8 28.0 44.5 25.9 28.8 44.8 36.9 27.2 40.1 48.4 32.5 39.4 42.0 37.9 39.8 35.9 38.0 43.8 38.3 36.2 38. 1 52.7 38.3 31.6 41. 5 26.0 46.3 37.2 50.9 99 6 54.0 57.9 88. 2 75.0 54. 0 79.2 96.8 65.5 78.8 87.0 80.6 80. 1 74.9 73. 2 91.3 78.3 75.4 78.9 109.8 78.3 62.6 83.0 59.8 77.5 73.2 4.6 48.6 | 36.8 j 75.7 1, 535 1 Fewer than 3 employees, therefore data included only in total. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Aver Aver age age full actual time earn earn ings ings in 1 per week week 4.3 5.1 3.8 3.6 (>) 4.0 3.3 4.6 5.8 4.8 5.9 4.0 2.5 4.6 4.0 5. 1 4.9 4.6 4.6 3.8 3.9 4.7 4.2 4.3 5.3 4.5 5. 1 3.8 357 279 Aver age earn ings per hour .578 31.25 1475 W A G ES AND HOURS OF LABOR Wage-Rate Changes in American Industries Manufacturing Industries HE following table presents information concerning wage-rate adjustments occurring between September 15 and October 15, 1933, as shown by reports received from manufacturing establishments supplying employment data to this Bureau. Increases in wage rates averaging 12.3 percent and affecting 96,461 employees were reported by 468 of the 18,602 manufacturing estab lishments surveyed in October. The iron and steel industry reported the greatest number of workers affected by wage-rate increases over the month interval. Thirty-five establishments in that industry reported increases in wage rates affecting 38,053 workers and averag ing 10.7 percent. Increases affecting 7,109 employees and averaging 10.6 percent were reported by 21 establishments in the automobile industry. Other industries in which increases in rates affecting from 2,000 to 3,000 employees were reported were foundry and machineshop products, chemicals, rayon, and brass, bronze, and copper products. Of the 18,602 manufacturing establishments included in the October survey, 18,129 establishments, or 97.5 percent of the total, reported no change in wage rates over the month interval. The 3,262,266 employees not affected by changes in wage rates constituted 97.1 percent of the total number of employees covered by the October trend-of-employment survey of manufacturing industries. Only five manufacturing establishments reported wage-rate decreases between September and October. T T a b l e 1 . —W A G E -R A T E C H A N G E S IN M A N U F A C T U R I N G IN D U S T R IE S M O N T H E N D IN G O C T O B E R 15, 1933 Industry A ll manufacturing industries— Percent of total---------F ood and kindred products: Baking----------------------------Beverages-----------------------Butter----- -----------------------Confectionery------------------Flour_______ _____ _____ Ice cream-------------------------Slaughtering and meat p a ck in g ........................... Sugar, beet............ .............. Sugar refining, cane---------Textiles and their products: Fabrics: Carpets and rugs-------Cotton g o o d s ......... . Cotton small wears-----Dyeing and finishing textiles....... ................ Hats, fur-felt--------------K nit goods___________ Silk and rayon goods.. W oolen and worsted goods.......................... i Estab lish ments report ing WageWagerate in rate de creases creases 5 3, 262,266 97. 1 96,461 2.9 73,082 25,228 5,960 43,507 17,553 11,285 338 921 1 9 3 L12,498 19,955 7,518 3 1,958 2,186 6 2 16,632 308, 238 11,616 796 5 12 2 33,460 6, 248 123,553 50,001 1,392 797 1 75,118 247 100. 0 18,129 97.5 468 2.5 1,030 413 307 302 417 356 73,420 26,154 5,966 43,619 17, 646 11,377 1,013 396 305 297 412 349 17 15 2 4 5 7 244 63 13 112,501 21,913 9,704 243 54 10 689 116 Ifi fi32 309Î 034 11,621 27 683 114 466 238 33, 600 fi 248 124’ 945 50,798 151 36 454 236 240 75,365 239 Less than 1 tenth of one percent. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis No No Wage- Wagewage- rate in rate de wagerate rate creases creases changes changes 100. 0 18, 602 3, 358,960 153 Number of employees having— Num ber of establish ments reporting— Total number of em ployees D U R IN G 2 (‘) 2 1 6 99 93 92 140 233 0 1476 MONTHLY LABOR R E V IEW T a b l e 1 .— W A G E -R A T E C H A N G E S IN M A N U F A C T U R I N G IN D U S T R IE S M O N T H E N D IN G O C T O B E R 15, 1933— Continued Industry Textiles and their products— Continued. Wearing apparel: Clothing, men’s_______ Clothing, women’s........ Corsets and allied gar ments_______________ M en’s furnishings_____ M illinery_____________ Shirts and collars______ Iron and steel and their prod ucts, not including machin ery: Bolts, nuts, washers, and rivets___________________ Cast-iron p ip e____________ Cutlery (not including sil ver and plated cutlery) and edge tools_________ _ Forgings, iron and steel___ Hardware......... ..................... Iron and steel_____________ Plumbers’ supplies________ Steam and hot-water heat ing apparatus and steam fittings__________________ Stoves..................................... Structural and ornamental metal w o r k ..................... T in cans and other tinware. Tools (not including edge tools, machine tools, files, and saws)........................... Wire work............................... Machinery, not including trans portation equipment: Agricultural im plem ents.. . Cash registers, adding ma chines, and calculating machines_______ ____ ___ Electrical machinery, ap paratus, and supplies....... Engines, turbines, tractors, and water wheels________ Foundry and machine-shop products________ _______ Machine tools_____________ Radios and phonographs.._ Textile machinery and parts. Typewriters and supplies.. Nonferrous metals and their products: Aluminum manufactures... Brass, bronze, and copper products________ _____ _ Clocks and watches and time-recording devices__ Jewelry...... ..................... ....... Lighting equipm ent............ Silverware and plated ware. Smelting and refining—cop per, lead, and zinc............ Stamped and enameled ware..................................... Transportation equipment: Aircraft_________ ____ ____ Automobiles............. ........... Cars, electric and steam ra ilro a d ...______ _______ Locom otives_________ ____ Shipbuilding______________ Railroad repair shops: Electric railroad-........... ....... Steam railroad_____ ______ https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Estab lish , Total ments number of em report ployees ing Num ber of establish ments reporting— No wagerate change Wage- Wagerate in rate de creases creases D U R IN G Number of employees having— No wagerate changes WageWagerate in rate de creases creases 396 593 70, 604 34,458 374 566 22 27 67,949 32,959 2, 655 1, 499 32 73 135 122 5,453 7,242 8,845 18,650 29 70 134 122 3 3 1 5,050 7; 109 8,792 18, 650 403 133 53 79 44 14,406 6,630 78 42 1 2 13,812 6,092 594 538 132 66 99 206 73 11,292 7, 214 28, 269 254, 363 9,314 129 63 97 171 70 3 3 2 35 3 11, 203 6,806 28, 216 216,310 9,242 89 408 53 38,053 72 98 162 16,843 25,346 92 155 6 7 16, 256 24,697 587 649 202 60 17,045 10, 238 197 58 5 2 16, 523 10,081 522 157 127 71 8,950 7,836 126 70 1 1 8,934 7,832 16 4 79 9,118 75 4 7,773 1,345 35 16,366 35 291 112, 500 282 9 111,053 92 21,167 87 5 20, 069 1,098 1,075 143 43 52 16 125,024 15, 601 37,148 10, 768 11,988 1,046 136 38 51 15 29 7 5 1 1 122,015 14, 813 36,852 10,621 11, 979 3, 009 ’ 788 296 147 9 16,366 1,447 27 6,949 26 1 6,937 12 212 39,185 207 5 36, 621 2, 564 27 130 52 56 9, 606 9,487 3,642 9,247 26 130 52 56 1 9, 376 9,487 3,642 9,247 230 42 14,140 40 2 l,j, 289 851 86 15,932 84 2 15,104 828 25 239 6,445 221,612 24 218 1 21 5, 295 214, 503 1,150 7,109 49 11 100 8,876 2,851 30, 322 49 11 98 2 8,876 2, 851 30, 255 380 540 19,631 76,434 1 363 540 17 18, 741 76,434 67 890 1477 W A G ES AND HOURS OF LABOR T able 1. — W A G E -R A T E C H A N G E S IN M A N U F A C T U R I N G IN D U S T R IE S M O N T H E N D IN G .O C T O B E R 15, 1933—Continued Industry Lumber and allied products: Furniture________ _______ Lumber: M ill work......................... Sawmills______________ Turpentine and rosin.......... Stone, clay, and glass products: Brick, tile, and terra cotta.. C e m e n t..._______ ________ Glass_____________ ____ Marble, granite, slate, and other p r o d u c ts ..._______ P ottery...... ........ .................. Leather and its manufactures: Boots and shoes...... .......... . Leather.................................. Paper and printing: Boxes, paper______________ Paper and p ulp _____ _____ Printing and publishing: Book and jo b ____ ____ Newspapers and peri odicals_______ ______ Chemicals and allied products: Chemicals_______________ _ Cottonseed oil, cake, and meal_____ ____ ___ _____ Druggists’ preparations___ Explosives_______ _____ _ Fertilizers________ _____ _ Paints and varnishes.......... Petroleum refining________ Rayon and allied products. Soap....................................... Rubber products: Rubber boots and shoes----Rubber goods, other than boots, shoes, tires, and inner tubes.......... ............. Rubber tires and inner tubes.............. .................... Tobacco manufactures: Chewing and smoking to bacco and snuff--------------Cigars and cigarettes--------- Number of employees having— Number of establish ments reporting— Estab lish ments report ing Total number of em ployees 468 60, 655 455 13 494 621 27 21,348 83,438 1,923 481 614 26 12 7 1 662 131 177 20,469 13,199 46, 900 650 128 170 235 120 5,982 19,007 348 158 D U R IN G No Wage- Wagewage- rate in rate de rate creases creases changes No wagerate ihanges Wage Wage rate in rate de creases creases 58,751 1,904 20,890 82,722 1,829 328 716 94 12 3 7 20,142 12, 609 46,076 327 510 824 234 118 1 2 5, 957 18, 894 25 113 120, 806 32, 227 339 152 9 6 119,931 31,619 875 608 327 416 27,785 101,951 325 409 2 7 27,685 100,883 100 1,068 4 48,053 149 1 784 48,202 780 463 70,883 462 106 26,471 103 3 24,067 2,404 104 50 31 175 363 140 24 109 6, 677 8, 930 4,569 8,957 17, 680 56,180 37,681 17,274 101 50 27 152 355 139 22 107 3 6,490 8,930 4,380 7,182 17,317 56,118 34,881 16,951 187 4 23 8 1 2 2 189 1,775 363 62 2,800 323 9 10, 400 8 1 10,123 277 98 27,300 95 3 26,477 823 42 58, 668 41 1 57, 265 1,403 30 208 9, 491 46,407 30 205 3 9,491 45,591 816 1 130 85 70,798 Nonmanufacturing Industries D a t a concerning wage-rate changes occurring between September 15 and October 15, 1933, in 15 groups of nonmanufacturing industries are presented in the following table. No changes in wage rates were reported in the anthracite-niining industry. Increases were reported in each of the remaining 14 indus tries and decreases were reported in 3 industries over the month interval. The average percents of increase reported were as follows: Canning and preserving, 24.8 percent; bituminous-coal mining, 22.1 percent; hotels, 20.4 percent; power and light, 17.7 percent; retail trade, 17 percent; metalliferous mining, 15.2 percent; laundries and wholesale trade, each 13.1 percent; crude-petroleum producing, 12.5 percent; quarrying and nonmetallic mining, 10.3 percent; electricrailroad and motor-bus operation and maintenance, 7.5 percent; 21719°—33------14 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1478 MONTHLY LABOR R E V IEW banks, brokerage, insurance, real estate, 5.3 percent; dyeing and clean ing, 5.1 percent; and telephone and telegraph, 4.8 percent. The aver age percents of decrease were: Quarrying and nonmetallic mining and retail trade, each 9.1 percent, and wholesale trade, 7.6 percent. T a b l e 2 .—W A G E -R A T E C H A N G E S IN N O N M A N U F A C T U R IN G IN D U S T R IE S D U R IN G M O N T H E N D IN G O C T O B E R 15, 1933 Industrial group Estab lish ments report ing Anthracite mining. _ ________ 159 Percent of total___________ 100.0 Bituminous-coal mining _____ 1,514 Percent of total_____ 100. 0 Metalliferous m in ing.......... ....... 297 Percent of total___________ 100.0 Quarrying and nonmetallic mining______ _____ _______ 1,202 Percent of total___________ 100.0 Crude-petroleum producing___ 260 Percent o f total___________ 100.0 Telephone and telegraph . . _ 8,294 Percent of total___________ 100.0 Power and light_______________ 3,132 Percent of total. . . . . . . . 100. 0 Electric-railroad and motor-bus operation and maintenance... 557 Percent of total_________ _ 100.0 Wholesale trade_____________ 3,039 Percent of total_____ _ __ 100.0 Retail trade________ ____ _____ 18, 588 Percent of total___________ 100.0 Hotels___ ________ __________ 2, 706 Percent of total___________ 100. 0 Canning and preserving_______ 888 Percent of total____ _____ 100.0 Laundries____ ________ ____ _ 965 Percent of total___________ 100.0 Dyeing and cleaning__________ 377 _ 100.0 Percent of total________ Banks, brokerage, insurance, and real estate______________ 4, 569 Percent of total___________ 100.0 Number of establish ments reporting— Total number of em ployees No Wage- Wage- No wagewage- rate in rate de rate rate creases creases changes changes 77,833 100. 0 210,835 100.0 27,974 100.0 159 100.0 1,160 76.6 286 96.3 354 23.4 11 3.7 36,894 100. 0 29, 053 100. 0 246,416 100.0 204, 268 100.0 1,179 98.1 252 96.9 8,292 100. 0 3,106 99.2 21 1.7 8 3.1 2 (i) 26 0.8 133, 244 100.0 91,276 100. 0 437,841 100.0 140,128 100.0 96, 778 100. 0 57,152 517 92.8 3, 023 99.5 18, 554 99.8 2, 695 99.6 883 99. 4 945 97.9 372 98.7 40 7. 2 14 0.5 32 0.2 11 0.4 5 0. 6 20 2.1 5 1.3 4, 564 99.9 0.1 100. 0 11,863 100. 0 178, 777 100. 0 Number of employees hav ing— 5 2 0.2 2 0.1 2 0) Wagerate in creases 77, S33 100. 0 144, 742 68. 7 26, 369 94. 3 66,093 31. 3 1, 605 5. 7 35,305 95.7 28, 685 98. 7 246, 004 99. 8 199, 680 97. 8 1,516 4.1 368 1. 3 412 0. 2 4, 588 2. 2 127,148 95. 4 91,038 99.7 437, 219 99.9 189 726 99. 7 96, 678 99. 9 55 789 97. 6 11, 460 96. 6 6,096 ’ 4. 6 231 0.3 611 0.1 402 0. 3 100 0 1 1 363 ’2 4 403 3 4 178, 671 99. 9 106 0.1 Wagerate de creases 73 0.2 7 (0 11 (') 1 Less than one tenth of 1 percent. Wage Changes Reported by Trade Unions and Municipalities since August 1933 HANGES in the wages and hours of labor of trade-unionists and municipal employees, which occurred during the period August to November 1933 and which have been reported to the Bureau during the past month, are tabulated in the table following. The tabulation covers 40,364 workers, of whom 13,572 are reported to have gone on the 5-day week. C https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1479 W AGES AND HOURS OF LABOR R E C E N T W A G E C H A N G E S B Y I N D U S T R Y , O C C U P A T IO N , A N D L O C A L IT Y , A U G U ST TO N O V E M B E R 1933 Hours per week Rate of wages Industry or occupation and locality Date of change Before change Building trades: Bricklayers, masons, and plasterers: Schenectady, N .Y . . . . . . ------- -------------Westchester County, N .Y ___ . . . . ---------Painters: New York, N . Y ------ ------- -------- . . . . . . . Okmulgee, Okla __ . . . ------Chauffeurs and teamsters, Everett, Wash.: M ilk wagon drivers____________________________ Clothing trades: Fur workers, N ew York City and Brooklyn, N.Y., Jersey C ity and Newark, N.J.: Rabbit fur dressers. __________________ . . . Hat workers, Cleveland, O h io .._ -------------------Leather clothing workers, New York, N .Y ., Carteret, Elizabeth, Newark, New Brunswick, Passaic, and Perth A m boy, N . J . . . -------- . . . M en’s clothing workers: Cleveland, Ohio, tailors. _________________ New York, N .Y .: B ushelm en________________ . . . _____________ Custom tailors: Piece workers-------------- . . . ... Aug. 14 Oct. 1 Aug. 19 1.2844 1.25 Per day 5.00 Sept. 30 Sept. 22 Per hour i 1.75 (2) Per hour i 2.00 (3) Aug. 11 Aug. — Oct. 24 Oct. 1 Sept. 5 Aug. 14 Sept. 9 Sept. 5 Aug. 18 Iron and steel workers, Pueblo, Colo.: Steel workers, laborers__________________________ Aug. 1 Leather hand-bag workers: Chicago, 111.: Cutters: First class___ ______________________ - Sept. 11 _ d o____ Pocketbook makers: « (2) Per week 40.00 (7) (7) io 13.00 Per hour .70 .40 Per week (2) 0) 33.00 0) 20.00-30.00 40 44 35 30 45 45 40 (2) (2) (5) 44 (6) Per week 42.00 44 36 44 40 44 44 40-44 36 36 40 40 40 40 40 44 42 44 44 50-53 35 35 40 35-40 40 48 40 (8) («) io 19. 00 Per hour 1.00 .60 Per week 14.00-39. 00 (9) 36.00 0) 34.00 h 40 Per week (2) (2) (2) Per week 28. 50 22. 50 15.00 (2) (2) (2) 40 40 40 -__do____ (2) (2) (2) 30.00 22. 50 13. 00 (2) (2) (2) 40 40 40 ___do____ _ _do____ 0) (2) (2) 30.00 22. 50 16. 50 (2) (2) (2) 40 40 40 (2) (2) (2) (2) 28. 50 25.00 18.00 15.00 (2S> (2) (2) (2) 40 40 40 40 (2) (2) (2) 28. 50 18.00 12.00 (2) (2) (2) 40 40 40 __ d o____ ___do__- _ ___do____ __ do____ __do___ ___do____ General help, apprentices, and learners-------- . . .d o ____ Lumber, timber, and mill-work workers, Evansville, Box-factory laborers ____ . . . . -------- - Oct. 16 M etal trades, Belleville, 111.: Stove mounters____ . . ----------- -------- ------------- N ov. 15 Printing and publishing trades: Compositors and machine operators: East Liverpool, Ohio. ----------------- --------- Oct. 1 Trenton, N.J.: Newspaper, d ay--------- ----------------------- - Sept. 1 Newspaper, n i g h t ........... . . . ------- -_-do____ https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 35 40 Per hour .40 Skivers: 1 Per hundred. 2 N ot reported. 3 25 percent increase, * Piecework. 40 40 Per hour .37 Framers: Operators: Before After change change Per hour $1. 28 1.20 1.40 •62 Per day 4.50 Sept. 28 Sept. 1 Philadelphia, Pa., neckwear workers.. ---- ------------ Aug. 14 Millinery workers, Philadelphia, Pa.: Cutters, operators, blockers.. ___________ Aug. 28 W om en’s clothing workers: Chicago, 111., dressmakers _______ .. Cleveland, Ohio, dressmakers. ________ . . . New York, N .Y ., covered-button w orkers._. Philadelphia, Pa., dressmakers.. . ----------- . Coopers, Philadelphia, P a______ __________________ Per hour $1.12^ 1.50 After change Per hour .27 Per hour . 33% 50 40 . 45-, 60 . 67 48 40 Per day 6.45 Per day 7. 00 40 Per week 48.00 51. 00 Per weeek 54.00 57.00 48 48 5 20 percent increase, s 35 percent increase. 7 Various. s 30 to 40 percent increase. 9 15 percent increase. 10 Average. u M inim um . 48 1480 MONTHLY LABOR REV IEW R E C E N T W A G E C H A N G E S B Y IN D U S T R Y , O C C U P A T IO N , A N D L O C A L IT Y , A U G U ST TO N O V E M B E R 1933—Continued Hours per week Rate of wages Date of change Industry or occupation and locality Street-railway workers, Topeka, Kans.: Bus operators___________________ _____ ________ Car operators.. . __________________________ . Other occupations: Hartford, Conn., window cleaners _ . . . . . . New York, N .Y ., doll and toy workers_________ Sept. 1 Oct. 1 Before change After change Per hour $0. 32 . 40 Per hour $0. 40 . 50 63 63 48 48 10. 45 (2) Per week n 20. 00 (12) 54 40 40 40 136.00-8.00 40 40 35 35 Wheeling, W .V a., stogie m akers................... ........ Aug. 21 134.50-6.00 Municipal employees: Waco, Tex., teachers . . . __________________ Sept. 18 (2) 2 Not reported. 10 Average. 11 M inim um . 12 10 percent increase. Before After change change (>4) 43 Per thousand. 1412 percent reduction. Farm Wage and Labor Situation on October 1, 1933 HE general level of farm wages increased 10.2 percent between July 1 and October 1, 1933, this increase being slightly more than three times as large as the ordinary seasonal increase in farm wage rates, according to information contained in a press release of the United States Department of Agriculture dated October 11, 1933. The average daily rates, without board, on October 1, ranged from 70 cents in Alabama, Georgia, and South Carolina to $2.35 in Con necticut, Massachusetts, and Rhode Island, the average for the country as a whole being $1.25, as compared with $1.12 on July 1 of this year and $1.19 on October 1, 1932. Table 1, reproduced from the press release mentioned above, gives data on farm wage rates and employment, for the country as a whole, on October 1, 1933, in comparison with the rates prevailing on July 1 of this year and on the 1st of July and October 1932, an additional comparison with the annual average for the period 1910-14 being given in the case of wage rates. T T a b le 1 —F A R M W A G E R A T E S A N D E M P L O Y M E N T IN O C T O B E R 1933, AS C O M P A R E D W IT H JU L Y 1933 A N D JU L Y A N D O C T O B E R 1932 Annual average 1910-14 Item Farm wage rates: Per month, without b o a r d ____ ... . . . ____ Per day, without board . . . . . . . . ______ Supply of and demand for farm labor: Supply (percent of normal) _____ . . . . . . . . Demand (percent of normal)_____ . . . _______________ SuodIv (Dercent of demand) Farm em ploym ent:1 July 1932 Octo ber 1932 July 1933 Octo ber 1933 100 87 84 78 86 $20.41 $29. 09 $1.10 $1.43 $18. 00 $27.10 $0 89 $1.23 $17. 29 $26. 36 $0. 87 $1.19 $15. 84 $24. 27 $0. 82 $1.12 $17.19 $25.89 $0.91 $1.25 123. 6 62. 0 199. 2 123. 6 60. 8 203. 3 116. 2 65. 5 177.5 111 4 68.1 163. 6 2. 49 1. 09 3. 58 2. 31 1.09 3. 40 2. 37 1.01 3. 38 2.25 1. 05 3 30 57 66 171 57 40 56 67 177 62 44 76 97 165 69 50 3 70 81 6 176 s 73 «56 (in Related indexes: Ratio of farm prices to farm wages . . . _______ _ .. 100 100 1 On farms of crop reporters. 2 As of the 15th of the month. 3 September 1933—latest data available. 4 Average weekly earnings, N ew York State factories, June 1914=100. 5 August 1933—latest data available. 6 Federal Reserve Board’s indexes without seasonal adjustment, 1923-25=100. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1481 W AGES AND HOURS OF LABOR Table 2 shows average farm wage rates per day and per month, with board and without board, by State, on October 1, 1933. T a b l e 2 —A V E R A G E F A R M W A G E R A T E S ON O C T O B E R 1, 1933, B Y S T A T E Per month Geographical division and State W ith W ith W ith W ith out out board board board board $26. 50 $40. 00 $1.55 25. 50 44.50 1.40 23. 25 38. 75 1.30 29.00 52. 00 1.60 36.75 58. 75 1.90 29. 00 49. 25 1.70 $2.05 2.15 1.85 2. 35 2.35 2.35 Middle Atlantic N ew York ____ _ - 22.50 N ew Jersey__________ 25. 50 Pennsylvania-------------- 21.25 36.00 43.00 34.25 1.35 1.35 1.25 1.90 1.90 1.70 East North Central O hio............... . -- Indiana_______________ Illinois_______ --_ -Michigan. __ _ . Wisconsin________ - - . 17.50 18. 00 18. 75 15. 75 17. 25 27. 50 26. 50 26. 25 26. 25 27. 50 1.05 1.00 1.00 1.00 .95 1.45 1.30 1.35 1.40 1.40 West North Central M in n esota -Io w a -. ________ - --Missouri---- ---------------North D a k ota .-. - . South Dakota _ ___ N eb ra sk a -_________ Kansas____ ____ — - 18. 00 18.00 16. 50 18. 50 15. 75 18. 25 17. 75 27.00 25. 25 25. 50 28. 25 24. 75 27. 25 27. 50 1.05 1.00 .85 1.05 .85 1.05 1.05 1. 50 1.35 1.10 1.60 1.30 1.45 1.40 South Atlantic Delaware____ ____ Virginia - ----------------West Virginia_______ Geographical division and State Per day W ith W ith W ith W ith out out board board board board South Atlantic—Con. New England M aine-. -------New Hampshire-----Vermont _ _ _ ----Massachusetts— ----Rhode I s la n d ..-------Connecticut__________ Per month Per day 19. 75 20. 25 17. 00 18. 50 30. 50 31. 00 24. 75 28. 00 1.35 1.15 .85 .95 1.60 1.55 1.10 1.25 North Carolina. - $13. 75 $20.00 $0.70 .50 9.50 13.75 South Carolina_______ .55 Georgia... _ -------------- 9.00 14.00 .65 F lo r id a ______________ 14.00 21.25 $0.90 .70 .70 .90 East South Central 14. 50 14. 00 9. 25 10. 50 21.00 19. 25 13. 25 15. 25 .75 .70 .50 .55 1.00 .90 .70 .75 13.00 12.50 17.00 17.75 18. 75 18.00 24. 25 25.00 .60 .65 .90 .90 .85 .85 1. 25 1.10 25.00 27. 00 25. 50 21.50 22. 00 33. 75 30. 50 32.50 36. 00 38. 75 37. 75 33. 50 31.25 38.00 43. 75 45. 75 1. 30 1.45 1. 20 1. 10 1.00 1.25 1.45 1.35 1.85 1.80 1.75 1.55 1.30 1.40 1.80 1.85 W ashington__________ 23.75 Oregon----- --------- .. 25.50 California____________ 33.00 41.25 40.00 53.00 1.30 1.25 1.40 2.00 1.75 2.15 United States___ 17.19 25. 89 K entucky___________ Tennessee., . -------Alabama_____________ Mississippi........ ..........West South Central Arkansas-------- ---------Louisiana-------Oklahoma____________ Texas_________________ Mountain M ontana, Idaho___ ___ _ W yom ing _ Colorado. . ... . New M exico. . _ . . Arizona _ _____ _ . U tah.. . . . . . - .. Nevada___________ . . . Pacific .91 j 1.25 Wages in the Paper and Wood-Pulp Industries in Finland, 1928 to 1933 HE table below, taken from the Bank of Finland Monthly Bulletin for September 1933 (p. 27), shows average hourly wages for men and women in the paper and wood-pulp trades in Finland for specified periods since 1928. T https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1482 MONTHLY LABOR R EV IEW A V E R A G E H O U R L Y W A G E S IN T H E P A P E R A N D W O O D -P U L P IN D U S T R IE S IN F IN L A N D , 1928 TO 1933 ______________ [Conversions into United States currency on basis of mark at par=2.5 cents] Average hourly wages Men Period Finnish currency Marks 7. 42 7. 51 7. 70 6. 69 6. 16 6. 39 1928 (S eptem b er-N ovem ber).___ 1929 (Septem ber-Novem ber). . 1930 (August)________ . . . 1931 (August)________ . . . _ 1932 (August)______ ____ 1933 (M arch)_______ Women United States cur rency United States cur rency Finnish currency Cents 18.6 18.8 19. 3 16. 7 15. 4 16.0 Marks 3.67 3. 70 3. 79 3.20 3.02 3.12 Cents 9.2 9.3 9.5 8.0 7.6 7.8 Wages in Tokyo, June 1933 HE daily wages of Tokyo workers in June 1933 in various occu pations are shown in the following table, based on a tabulation in the June 1933 issue of the Monthly Report on Current Economic Conditions published by the Tokyo Chamber of Commerce and Industry: T D A I L Y W A G E S IN V A R IO U S IN D U S T R IE S , T O K Y O , JU NE 1933 [Conversions into United States currency on basis of yen at par=50 cents. Average exchange rate for June 1933 was 25.75 cents] Daily wage Occupation Textile industry: Silk reelers, female_____ Cotton spinners, femaleSilk throwers, female____ Cotton weavers, machine, female___________ Hosiery knitters, female— Metal industry: Lathemen........................... Finishers.............. ............ Founders_______________ Blacksmiths____________ Wooden-pattern makers.. Stone, glass, and clay prod ucts: Cement makers_________ Glassmakers____________ Potters.______ __________ Tile makers (shape)......... Chemical industry: Makers of chemicals_____ Matchmakers, male_____ Matchmakers, female____ Oil pressers................. ........ Paper industry: Makers of Japanese paper. Makers of printing paper.. Leather industry: Leather makers....... ................... ......... Food industry: Flour millers_____________ Sake-brewery workers____ Soy-brewery workers........ https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Index num bers Japa u .s . (June nese cur cur 1932= rency rency 100) Daily wage Occupation Yen 0.69 $0.35 . 84 .42 . 94 .47 103.0 96.6 114.6 . 77 1. 38 2. 00 1.00 .39 .69 1. 00 .50 96.2 100.7 88.9 80.0 5. 23 5. 21 3.07 4.19 4.42 2. 62 2. 61 1.54 2. 10 2.21 135.8 155. 5 101.7 135.6 126.6 2. 40 2. 72 1.87 1.40 1. 20 1.36 .94 .70 101.7 112.4 105.6 100.0 2.14 .90 .65 1.55 1.07 .45 .33 .78 105.4 78.3 100.0 102.6 1. 50 1.81 .75 .91 100.0 101.1 3.23 1.62 108.8 1.95 1.30 2.10 .98 .65 1.05 103.2 100.0 100.0 Food industry—Continued Sugar-refinery workers. Confectioners (Japanese cake)____________ Canners________ Wearing apparel industry: Tailors (for European dress)____________ Shoemakers______ _ Clogmakers ____________ Building industry: Carpenters_________ Plasterers. ______ Stonemasons________ Bricklayers. ___________ Roofing-tile layers________ Painters_____________ W oodworking industry: Sawyers (machine) Joiners____________ . Lacquerers_______ Printing industry: Compositors________ . Bookbinders_________ D ay laborers: Stevedores___ __________ D ay laborers, m ale............ D a y laborers, female_____ Fisherm en.. ______ Domestic service: Servants, male . . . ____ Servants, female_______ Other industries: Rope makers____________ M at makers (Tatam i)____ Index num bers Japa nese U.S. (June cur 1932= cur rency rency 100) Yen 2.16 $1.08 90.4 1.75 1.65 .88 .83 101.9 2.00 2.56 1.40 1.00 1. 28 .70 81.3 116.9 100.0 1. 95 2. 43 2. 83 2. 67 2. 75 2.29 . 98 1 22 1. 42 1.34 1.38 1.15 96.5 102.5 96.6 100.0 105.8 99.1 1. 74 1. 85 2.05 . 87 93 1.03 100.0 104.1 3. 00 2.31 1 50 1.16 94.6 104.1 2.55 1.51 .86 1.46 1.28 .76 .43 .73 113.3 107.9 107.5 86.4 .80 .78 .40 .39 96.4 101.3 1.48 2. 33 .74 1.17 102.1 97.1 100.6 100.0 1483 W AGES AND HOURS OF LABOR Wages in Factories in Chosen (Korea), 1932 HE results of a survey of wages in 1932 in factories in Chosen (Korea), employing 50 or more hands were published in the May 1933 issue of the Chosa Geppo (Monthly Statistical Review). These findings were forwarded in a report of June 14, 1933, from C. H. Stephan, American vice consul at Seoul, Chosen, and are given in part below. In 1932 the factories in Chosen employing 50 or more persons numbered 253, representing 36 different industries and 57,153 wage earners. Table 1 shows the average daily wages and hours of these workers, by nationality and by sex. T T a b l e 1.—A V E R A G E D A IL Y W A G E S A N D H OU RS OF F A C T O R Y W O R K E R S i IN C H O SEN , 1932, B Y N A T IO N A L IT Y Conversions into U.S. currency on basis of yen=50 cents. Average exchange rate for 1932 was 28.11 cents] Average wage Nationality Japanese: Males: A dults_____________________________________ Minors. __________________________________ Females, adults. _______________________________ Koreans: Males: Adults___________________ _____ ____________ Minors________________________ ____________ Females: A dults__________________ - _______________ Minors _ _______________________ ______ Chinese: Males: Adults. ---------------------------------------------------- . Minors_________ ___________ ______________ . All workers: Males: Adults______________________________________ Minors_____________________________________ Females: Adults______ _ . . ______________________ . Minors. . . . . . _______ . . ... 1 In establishments employing 50 or more workers. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Number of hands Japanese currency U.S. cur rency Average hours 5,359 103 389 Yen 1.94 .82 .94 Cents 97.0 41.0 47.0 8.7 8.4 9.8 27, 305 1,115 .90 .38 45.0 19.0 10.0 10.3 18, 523 2, 400 .55 .31 27.5 15.5 10.7 11.0 1,937 22 .70 .50 35.0 25.0 10.4 10.2 34, 601 1,240 1.05 .41 52.5 20.5 9.8 10. 1 18,912 2,400 .55 .31 27.5 15.5 10.7 11.0 1484 MONTHLY LABOR R E V IEW The average wages and hours of Japanese, Korean, and Chinese adult male workers in the factories covered are given in table 2. T a b l e 3„— A V E R A G E D A IL Y W A G E S A N D H O U R S OF A D U L T M A L E W O R K E R S i IN C H O SEN , 1932, B Y IN D U S T R Y A N D N A T IO N A L IT Y [Conversions into United States currency on basis of yen at par—50 cents. was 28.11 cents] Japanese Industry Arms _________________ Average exchange rate in 1932 Korean Chinese Average Average Average daily wages daily wages daily wages N um Num N um ber Hours ber Hours ber Hours of of of Jap Jap Jap hands anese u .s . hands anese U .S. hands anese U .S. cur cur cur cur cur cur rency rency rency rency rency rency 125 5 31 Briquettes __ _____ 29 Canned foods__ 2 Casting-. ___ Cement. _ - - ............. 269 6 Ceramic ware, . _ 41 Coal sorting________ _ 10 Confectionery ____ 7 Cotton ginning_________ 35 Electricity and gas.. - - Fertilizers______________ 3,230 1 Glassware - - 9 House fittings. _______ 202 61 Iron manufactures_____ 9 Leather, . _ 55 Lumbering_______ _ 1 Matches. _____________ Netmaking________ 7 1 Oils____________________ 72 Paper. .................. ........ 98 Printing _________ 115 Ruling___ _____________ 47 Refining (minerals)____ Rice cleaning__________ 23 21 Rubber manufactures. . 80 Shipbuilding___________ Socks (stockings). 27 Sugar__________________ 15 Tailoring 96 Tobacco manufacturing. 592 Vehicles_________ _____ W eaving. ___ _______ . 33 4 Weights and measures.. . Yen 2.20 $1.10 3.00 1.50 10.0 10.0 1.82 1.17 2. 50 2.40 2. 03 1.87 1.50 .91 1.80 1.78 3. 00 1.53 2. 25 2. 60 2. 70 1.75 1. 13 1.50 1.61 2. 09 2.38 1.13 2.08 1.57 1.50 2. 21 .91 .59 1.25 1.20 1.02 .94 .75 .46 .90 .89 1. 50 .77 1.13 1. 30 1. 35 .88 .57 1.25 .81 1.05 1.19 .57 1.04 .79 .75 1. 11 10.0 10.0 10.0 8.0 10.3 10.3 10.0 10.6 9.5 8.0 10.0 10.3 10.0 9.8 8.0 11.1 10.0 10. 1 12.0 11.5 9.3 11.0 9.8 10.8 10.1 10.5 2.31 1.87 2. 11 2. 39 2. 34 2. 50 1. 16 .94 1.06 1.20 1. 17 1.25 11.0 9.5 10.0 9.6 11.0 9.4 317 50 227 227 108 38 797 382 5,245 46 377 104 1,437 10 49 584 219 200 1,006 159 95 70 165 1,343 954 4,910 2,944 1,434 68 144 70 184 958 1, 690 645 49 1 In establishments em ploying 50 or more workers. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Yen 1.05 $0. 53 .80 .40 . 76 . 38 .78 .39 .24 .48 1.35 .68 .84 .42 .84 .42 .73 .37 .61 .31 . 68 .34 1.10 .55 .99 . 50 1. 30 .65 . 63 .32 .79 .40 1.34 .67 1.20 .60 .60 .30 .88 .44 .71 .36 1.05 .53 .72 .36 1.45 .73 .75 .38 .89 .45 .79 .40 .84 .42 1. 20 .60 . 70 .35 .95 .48 .95 .48 1.08 .54 1. 50 .75 .80 .40 1.15 .58 Yen 10.0 10. 0 10. 0 10. 0 10.0 10. 0 8. 0 10.3 10.3 10. 0 10.9 8.8 8.2 10.0 10.3 10. 0 9.7 8.0 10.8 10.0 10. 6 11. 0 11.5 9.4 11.2 9.3 11.3 10.4 10. 3 11. 7 11. 0 10. 0 10.0 9.8 11. 1 9.4 70 434 0. 66 $0. 33 11.6 .72 .36 10.3 — — 31 8 1.15 .92 . 58 .46 10 0 9.4 955 37 .53 .50 .27 .25 10.7 10.0 1 331 15 4 1. 40 1.06 .70 1. 57 .70 .53 .35 .79 11.0 9.5 12.0 11.0 4 1.28 .64 10.0 TREND OF EMPLOYMENT Trend of Employment, October 1933 HE Bureau of Labor Statistics of the United States Department of Labor presents herewith data compiled from pay-roll reports supplied by representative establishments in 89 of the principal man ufacturing industries of the country and 16 nonmanufacturing indus tries, covering the pay period ending nearest the 15th of the month. Additional information is presented concerning employment on publicworks projects, public roads, the executive civil service, and class I steam railroads. T Employment in Selected Manufacturing Industries in October 1933 Comparison of Employment and Pay-Roll Totals in October 1933 with September 1933 and October 1932 M PLOYM ENT in manufacturing industries increased 0.1 per cent in October 1933 as compared with September 1933 and pay rolls increased 0.6 percent over the month interval, according to reports received from representative establishments in 89 important manufacturing industries of the country. Comparing the changes in employment and pay rolls over the year interval, it is seen that the level of employment in October 1933 is 23.5 percent above the level of October 1932, and pay rolls in October 1933 showed a gain of 34.3 percent over the year interval. The index of employment in October 1933 was. 74, as compared with 73.9 in September 1933, 71.6 in August 1933, and 59.9 in October 1932; the pay-roll index in October 1933 was 53.6, as compared with 53.3 in September 1933, 51.9 in August 1933, and 39.9 in October 1932. The 12-month average for 1926 equals 100. These changes in employment and pay rolls in October 1933 are based on reports supplied by 18,602 establishments in 89 of the principal manufacturing industries of the United States. These establishments reported 3,358,960 employees on their pay rolls during the pay period ending nearest October 15 whose combined weekly earnings were $63,195,865. The employment reports received from these cooperating establishments cover approximately 50 percent of the total wage earners in all manufacturing industries of the country. The increases in employment and pay rolls between September and October 1933, while small, indicate a continuation of the gains in employment and pay roll which occurred during the preceding 6month interval. The fact that 56 industries, or nearly two thirds of the 89 manufacturing industries surveyed, reported increased em ployment in October would give reason to expect a greater expansion 1485 E https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1486 MONTHLY LABOR R E V IE W over the month interval than was shown. Those increases, however, were practically offset by the decreases reported in the remaining 33 industries. Among the decreases which largely affected the final result were losses of over 10 percent in employment in automobiles and a similar decline in silk goods where labor difficulties prevailed throughout the period covered. Smaller declines were recorded in iron and steel, boots and shoes, woolen and worsted goods, steam fittings, hardware, plumbers’ supplies, and men’s clothing, and seasonal shrinkage in the brick, cement, beverage, and ice-cream industries. The average percentage of change in employment between Septem ber and October over the preceding 10-year period has been a decrease of less than one tenth of 1 percent and pay rolls have shown an aver age gain of 2 percent over this interval. The small percentage gain in employment in October of the present year therefore indicates a change slightly better than average, while the pay-roll increase of 0.6 percent in October of the current year is appreciably less than the average increase shown in October over the preceding 10-vear interval. The gain of 0.1 percent in employment in manufacturing industries between September and October 1933 represents an estimated gain of approximately 7,000 workers over the month interval, and the in crease of 0.6 percent in factory pay rolls indicates that the total weekly pay rolls of factory employees in October were approximately two thirds of a million dollars greater than the total weekly pay rolls disbursed in September in all manufacturing industries combined. The index (74) of factory employment in October shows a gain of 34.3 percent over the employment index (55.1) of March 1933, which was the low point of employment recorded in manufacturing indus tries. The pay-roll index (53.6) in October is 60.5 percent above the level of the March pay-roll index of 33.4. Measured by these per centage gains there was an increase in employment in manufacturing industries of approximately 1,700,000 workers between March and October 1933 and an increase of $44,500,000 in weekly wages in October over the total amount paid in 1 week in March 1933. The most pronounced increases in employment between September and October were seasonal gains in the beet-sugar and radio industries. The beet-sugar industry, marking the beginning of its active season, reported a gain of 171.1 percent in employment and the radio industry reported an increase of 21.6 percent. The locomotive industry showed a gain of over 20 percent in number of workers and the cottonseed oil-cake-meal and fertilizer industries reported seasonal gains of 15.6 percent and 10.6 percent, respectively. Fifteen industries reported gains ranging from 5 percent to 9.8 percent, among which were the agricultural implement, confectionery, machine tool, jewelry, stove, shirt and collar, and cigar and cigarette industries. Other industries of major importance reporting increased employment over the month interval were petroleum refining, electrical machinery, shipbuilding, chemicals, foundries, sawmills, furniture, women’s clothing, knit goods, and cotton goods. Seven of the 14 groups into which the 89 manufacturing industries are classified reported increased employment between September and October. The tobacco group reported the largest percentage gain over the month, 4.6 percent, both the cigar and cigarette and the chew ing and smoking tobacco industries reporting increases. The machin https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis TKEND OF EMPLOYMENT 1487 ery group reported an increase of 3.7 percent, substantial gains being shown in radios, agricultural implements, machine tools, typewriters, electrical machinery, and foundries. The food group reported a gain of 3.6 percent, the beet sugar, confectionery, cane-sugar refining, and flour industries reporting the largest percentage increases. The gain of 2.9 percent in employment in the chemical group was due largely to seasonal increases in fertilizers and cottonseed oil-cake-meal com bined with smaller increases in the chemical, petroleum refining, and explosive industries. The paper group reported a gain of 2 percent. The nonferrous metal and the lumber groups reported increases in employment of 1.7 and 1.4 percent, respectively. The most pronounced decline in employment (7.9 percent) was reported in the transportation group in which the decrease of 10.4 per cent in the automobile industry contributed largely to the decline reported in the group. The stone, clay, and glass products group reported a decrease of 2.3 percent, seasonal decreasesi in the cement and brick industries offsetting small gains reported in the glass, marble, and pottery industries. The decline in employment in 8 of the 13 industries comprising the iron and steel group was reflected in the loss of 2.1 percent in employment in this group over the month inter val. The iron and steel industry reported 2.2 percent fewer employees in October than September and larger decreases -were shown in the tin can, forging, steam fitting, plumbers’ supplies, and hardware industries. The decreases in both the boot and shoe and the leather industries resulted in a decrease of 1.9 percent in the leather group. The decreases in the remaining 3 groups (textiles, rubber, and railroad repair shops) were 0.7 percent or less. Strikes continued to affect employment in factories in a number of localities. A large number of silk-goods plants reported decreased employment due to strikes in New Jersey and Pennsylvania. These strikes affected a number of plants in the dyeing and finishing textile industry which were forced to close or operate part time due to lack of material. Strikes in establishments in the furniture, flour, knit goods, and leather industries were also reported over the month interval. A comparison of the indexes of employment and pay roll in manu facturing industries in October 1933 with October 1932 shows that all but 8 of the 89 industries surveyed reported increased employment over the year interval and a similar number reported increased pay roll totals. Decreases in both items were reported in 6 industries— dyeing and finishing textiles, corsets, millinery, electric-railroad repair shops, cement, and marble-granite-slate. The newspaper and the book and job printing industries each reported small losses in pay rolls coupled with increased employment over the year interval, and the men’s furnishings and cigar and cigarette industries reported losses in employment coupled with increased pay-roll totals. In table 1, which follows, are shown the number of identical estab lishments reporting in both September and October 1933 in the 89 manufacturing industries, together with the total number of em ployees on the pay rolls of these establishments during the pay period ending nearest October 15, the amount of their earnings for 1 week in October, the percents of change over the month and year intervals, and the indexes of employment and pay roll in October 1933. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1488 MONTHLY LABOR REV IEW .The monthly percents of change for each of the 89 separate indus tries are computed by direct comparison of the total number of employees and of the amount of weekly pay roll reported in identical establishments for the 2 months considered. The percents of change over the month interval in the several groups and in the total of the 89 manufacturing industries are computed from the index numbers of these groups, which are obtained by weighting the index numbers of the several industries in the groups by the number of employees or wages paid in the industries. The percents of change over the year interval in the separate industries, in the groups and in the totals, are computed from the index numbers of employment and pay-roll totals. T AB+Ji !•—C O M P A R IS O N OF E M P L O Y M E N T A N D P A Y B O L L S IN M A N U FA C TU R IN G E S T A B L IS H M E N T S IN O C T O B E R 1933 W IT H S E P T E M B E R 1933 A N D O C T O B E R 1932 Industry F o o d a n d k in d red p ro d u c ts _______________ ____ B a k in g ...______________ Beverages ______________ Batter ____ _______ Confectionery___________ Flour_______________ . . . Icecream _____ . . . ___ Slaughtering and meat packing________ . . . Sugar, beet______________ Sugar refining, cane_____ Textiles and their products. Fabrics_________________ Carpets and rugs____ Cotton goods_______ Cotton small w a res... Dyeing and finishing textiles ___________ Hats, fur-felt__ _____ Knit goods _ ______ Silk and rayon goods.. W oolen and worsted goods . . __________ Wearing apparel_______ Clothing, m en’s _____ Clothing, wom en’s __ Corsets and allied gar ments ___________ M en’s furnishings___ Millinery____ ______ Shirts and collars____ Iron and steel and their products, not including machinery____ _ _ Bolts, nuts, washers, and rivets____________ ____ Cast-iron pipe_____ . . . Cutlery (not including silver and plated cutlery) and edge tools_______ Forgings, iron and steel._ Hardware................. ....... Iron and steel_________ Plumbers’ supplies______ Steam and hot-water heating apparatus and steam fittin g s........................ https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Employment Pay-roll totals Index numEstab bers October lish 1933 (average Percent of Percent of ments 1926=100) change change report NumAmount ing in ber of pay both on pay Octo roll (1 Octo Sep Sep Seproll ber week) ber tember tember Em Pay October 1932 October temijpr 1932 and to Oc to Oc roll 1933 1933 to Oc ploy October tober to Oc tober ment totals tober tober 1933 1933 1933 1933 3, If.) 1,030 413 307 302 417 356 322,300 73,420 26,154 5,966 43, 619 17,646 11, 377 + 3.6 + 1.2 -6 .5 - 1 .2 + 8.1 + 2 .4 -8 .1 +19.1 $6,528,685 +10.1 1, 599,105 +107. 9 701, 269 + 9.5 121, 301 + 5.2 644,122 + 13.6 362, 281 +12.1 284,990 + 2.0 + 17.2 + .4 + 5.8 - 9 .8 +131. 3 + 1.5 + 2.8 + 5 .9 + 8.8 + 6 .4 + 4.1 - 5 .9 + 4.5 103.7 89.0 150.9 106. 0 102.4 96. 2 76 8 81.7 72. 5 127. 7 80. 7 80.1 75. 3 57 5 112, 501 - . 8 +26.0 2, 218, 244 - . 6 +22.9 21,913 +171. 1 +16.3 398, 033 +143. 9 +29.7 9,704 + 7.6 +19.8 199, 340 + 4 .4 + 5.1 110. 5 248.8 93.2 87. 0 163. 0 68.0 3,316 1,965 27 689 116 773,495 628,243 16, 632 309,034 11, 621 +29.9 +36.0 +89.9 +61.2 +25.9 87.9 93.6 82.8 102.6 99 6 67. 7 74.4 65. 7 86. 4 77 4 153 36 466 238 33, 600 6, 248 124, 945 50, 798 - 2 .3 - 2 .8 610, 731 - 9 .4 + 3 .6 140, 024 + 1.6 +11. 3 1,974, 332 -1 0 .1 + .5 762,239 + 2.5 - 6 .2 - 9 .7 +11.4 + 5.5 +19.2 - 7 .2 +12.5 75.7 76. 8 96. 6 65.2 54. 0 57.6 79. 5 50.5 240 1,351 396 593 75, 365 145,252 70, 604 34,458 - 3 . 1 +29.5 1, 283, 690 -.4 + 3.9 2,496,849 - 2 . 1 + 8 .7 1, 215,149 + 1.6 + 1.6 693, 297 - 4 .9 - 5 .2 - 2 .0 -7 . 5 +37. 7 + 16.0 +26.0 +13. 3 99. 6 74.3 77.1 71 7 78,1 54.5 55 3 32 73 135 122 5, 453 7,242 8,845 18, 650 - 8 .5 - 5 .8 + 16.0 + 7.7 -2 3 .5 -1 2 .0 +15.0 +49.5 95. 5 67.1 69 6 73.4 80 6 48. 9 43 9 62.8 1,419 417,746 79 44 14,406 6, 630 132 66 99 206 73 11,292 7, 214 28,269 254, 363 9, 314 + 4.8 - 7 .9 - 6 .3 - 2 .2 - 6 .9 +22.7 208, 291 +38.9 134,941 +12.4 462, 411 +44.2 5,012,991 +59.4 149,430 98 16,843 - 7 .6 +19.6 244 63 13 -.7 -.7 + 5.5 + 1.2 - 2 .2 +17.7 11,820,893 +23.0 9,324,044 +52.8 322,810 +35.2 4,046,645 +23.0 183,573 - 9 .7 - 5 .4 + 7J. - 2 .5 - 3 .6 - 9 .3 + 5.5 +15.0 - 2 .1 84,166 102, 798 151, 447 249,992 +37.9 7,939,979 -2 .1 +42.5 + 3.1 +18.6 263,139 85, 221 302,493 - 1 .7 -.3 + 7 .3 + 1 .0 - 1 .3 + .4 +77.8 73.2 47.3 + .2 +75.0 + 3.9 +27.5 88.8 35.1 58.8 19.0 + 6.4 + 1 .7 - 7 .8 + .4 -1 2 .8 +24.0 +91. 5 +25.9 +113.4 +62.0 79. 0 76. 7 55. 3 76. 4 81.6 54. 3 49.6 30.6 49 5 46.5 - 8 .3 +17.8 44.6 27.8 1489 TREND OF EMPLOYMENT T a b l e 1.—C O M P A R IS O N OF E M P L O Y M E N T A N D P A Y R O L L S IN M A N U FA C TU R IN G E S T A B L IS H M E N T S 1932—Continued IN Industry Iron and steel and their products, n o t including m achinery—Continued. Stoves.. ----------- ----------Structural and ornamental m etalw ork------------------T in cans and other tinware.- -----------------------Tools (not including edge tools, machine tools, flies, and saws)________ Wire work -------------------Machinery, not including transportation e q u i p m en t_______ _____________ Agricultural implem ents.. Cash registers, adding ma chines, and calculating machines______________ Electrical machinery, ap paratus and supplies— Engines, turbines, trac tors, and water wheels.. Foundry and machineshop products_________ Machine tools___________ Radios and phonographs.. Textile machinery and Typewriters and supplies. Nonferrous metals and their products___________ Aluminum manufactures. Brass, bronze, and copper products_______________ Clocks and watches and time-recording devices.. Lighting equipment_____ Silverware and plated ware___________________ Smelting and refining— copper, lead, and zin c.. Stamped and enameled ware................................ OCTOBER 1933 W IT H SEPTEM BER 1933 A N D OCTOBER Pay-roll totals Employment Index numEstab 1933 (average lish Percent of Percent of 1926=100) ments change change reportAmount ing in of pay ber both Octo roll (1 Octo on pay Sep Sep Sep ber week) ber roll Em Pay tember October tember 1932 October tember 1932 to Oc roll to Oc to Oc and to Oc ploy 1933 1933 tober tober October tober ment totals tober 1933 1933 1933 1933 162 25,346 + 5.6 +49.3 $500,488 +12. 4 +51.6 82.7 56.4 202 17,045 + 1 .2 +24.3 314, 477 + 6.2 +39.8 51.2 33.0 60 10,238 - 8 .0 +11.8 191.985 - 7 .7 + 8.6 85.9 51.5 127 71 8,950 7,836 + 3.6 +38.0 - . 5 +40.1 163, 327 150, 785 + 5.0 +53.8 +1.7 +61.3 83. 1 128.2 54.0 103.9 1,826 79 359,680 9,118 + 3.7 +40.4 7,207,029 162,663 + 8.5 +94.3 + 6.9 +60.9 4-14. 2 +122.1 64.0 37.7 43.6 31.1 416,492 + 4.6 +44.0 85.7 67.4 + 3 .6 +27.6 2, 278, 501 + 4.8 +43.0 62.9 46.9 440,053 + 6.7 +46.2 55.4 36.4 + 2 .0 +37.3 2,382,122 + 7.9 +62.2 329,929 +21.6 +103. 5 725,960 + 4.8 +62.2 + 9.9 +93.6 4 37. 3 +99.0 60.4 48.0 162.4 37.8 33. 1 125.2 235,143 236,166 + . 3 +103.8 +11.4 +101.6 90.0 81.2 69.3 61.3 + 1.7 +35.2 2,022,181 124, 245 - 1 .5 +34.6 +4 .9 +38.9 + 4.6 +47.8 73.0 64.2 51.4 43.6 - 2 .9 35 16,366 291 112,500 92 21,167 1,075 142 43 125,024 15, 601 37,148 52 16 10, 768 11,988 632 27 108,188 6,949 212 39,185 27 130 52 9,606 9,487 3,642 + 2 .4 +34.3 + .4 +39.2 - . 9 +67.9 + 6.7 +45.3 +41.7 736,801 +57.1 72.4 49.5 + 5.4 +26.4 + 5 .6 + 8.6 + 2.4 +26.3 177,741 188, 516 64,388 + 13.1 +39.2 + 11.0 + 6.4 + 1.4 +26.9 52.6 47.8 84.1 43.7 34.7 59.4 -.9 56 9, 247 + 9.8 +21.7 191,859 +20.0 +21.3 77.5 55.2 42 14,140 + 2.3 +46.8 267,831 + 3 .8 +42.2 86.3 55.9 86 15,932 + .9 +37.6 270,800 - 6 .1 +39.4 83.1 55.9 424 25 239 270, 106 6,445 221, 612 -7 .9 +44.1 5, 697, 293 174, 599 + 3 .6 +48.3 -1 0 .4 +52.4 4, 641,844 -1 0 .4 +66.8 4-7.3 +27.9 -1 3 .3 +85.9 56.9 247.3 58.2 41.2 222.6 42.2 Locomotives_____________ Shipbuilding____________ 49 11 100 8,876 2, 851 30, 322 177,037 54, 008 649,805 4-5.0 + 1 .6 + 28.6 +40.4 4-3.6 +10.3 21.4 20.3 79.1 12.6 13.2 57.8 Railroad repair shops ___ Electric railroad_________ Steam railroad___________ 920 38( 540 96, 065 19, 631 76,434 + 4.9 2, 435,699 487,588 - 3 .5 + 5.9 1,948,111 4-8.0 +23.5 4-2.4 —3. 5 4-8.5 +26.6 51.0 63.2 50.1 44.7 50.0 44.3 1,61( 468 167,364 60,655 +1.4 +32.8 2,541,181 975,283 + 1.8 +32.4 4-1.5 +49.5 4-4.2 +45.3 51.8 64.1 33.2 41.7 494 621 27 21,348 83, 438 1,923 320, 347 - 3 .0 +17.8 + 1.8 +35.7 1,219, 705 25,846 + 6.5 +42.9 - 2 .8 +22.4 + .4 +62.3 +11.7 +48.4 40.3 49.0 64.6 24.6 31.0 55.8 Transportation equip m e n t________ ________ _ Automobiles____ _______ Cars, electric and steam Lumber and allied prodFurniture_______________ Lumber: M illwork____ _______ Turpentine and rosin........ https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis + 1.4 -2 .1 +20.9 +47.1 + 2.8 +16.8 -.2 + 1.1 -.3 1490 MONTHLY LABOE R EV IEW T a b l e 1 .— C O M P A R IS O N O P E M P L O Y M E N T A N D P A Y R O L L S IN M A N U F A C T U R IN G E S T A B L IS H M E N T S 1932—Continued IN Industry Stone, clay, and glass products____ ____ ___ Brick, tile, and terra cotta_______ __________ Cement .................. ........ Glass____________________ Marble, granite, slate, and other products_________ Pottery__________________ Leather and its m anufac tures_______________ Boots and shoes_____ . . . Leather_____ ____________ Paper and printing____ . Boxes, paper_____________ Paper and pulp__________ Printing and publishing: Book and job ____ . . . Newspapers and pe riodicals............. ....... Chemicals and allied prod ucts________ Chem icals.. ............. Cottonseed—oil, cake, and meal______________ Druggists’ preparations... Explosives_______________ Fertilizers________ ______ Paints and varnishes____ Petroleum refining___. . . Rayon and allied products Soap....... ........ ........... . OCTOBER 1933 W IT H SEPTEM BER 1933 A N D Employment Pay-roll totals Estab lish Percent of Percent of ments change change report NumAmount ing in ber of pay both on pay Octo roll (1 Octo Sep Sep Sep roll ber week) ber tember October tember 1932 October tember 1932 and to Oc to Oc 1933 1933 to Oc to Oc October tober tober tober tober 1933 1933 1933 1933 Index numbers October 1933 (average 1926=100) Em ploy ment Pay roll totals 1, 325 105,477 +19.3 51.7 32.8 662 131 177 20, 469 13,119 46,90C - 8 .5 + 9.4 -1 3 .7 -1 1 .4 +1.C +41.4 257,175 240,984 874, 310 - 9 .4 +13.1 - 4 .5 - 9 .1 + 2 .0 +51.3 31.5 38.0 80.6 14.7 22.9 59. 6 235 120 5,982 19, 007 + 1 .8 -1 2 .4 + 3.8 +24.1 117, 204 342,298 + 4.3 -2 2 .7 + 7.9 +33.9 45.4 74.7 27.3 50.2 506 348 158 153,033 120,806 32, 227 -1 .9 + 7.7 2,646,616 - 2 .2 + 3 .0 2, 006, 690 - 1 .2 +29.5 639, 926 - 6 .6 - 9 .1 + .7 +16.8 +11.4 +33.8 84.1 82.5 90.5 62.0 58. 5 74.1 1,990 327 416 248,821 27, 785 101,951 + 2.0 +12.8 5,793,681 + 1 .8 +25.8 486, 336 + 1 .0 +26.1 1, 899, 065 + 1.9 +5.8 - . 4 +19.1 - . 1 +27.5 90.5 92.6 94.8 70.6 76.0 66.3 -2 .3 +15.9 $1,831.971 + .9 784 48,202 + 1.6 + 1.2 1,212,937 +2.1 463 70,883 + 3.3 + 6.9 2,195, 343 + 3 .4 1,102 106 184,419 26, 471 104 50 31 175 363 140 24 109 6, 677 8,930 4, 569 8,957 17, 680 56,180 37, 681 17, 274 Rubber products__________ Rubber boots and shoes.. Rubber goods, other than boots, shoes, tires, and inner tubes____________ Rubber tires and inner tubes_________________ 149 9 96,368 10, 400 98 42 Tobacco m anufactures___ Chewing and smoking to bacco and snuff___ ____ Cigars and cigarettes____ Total, 89 industries... OCTOBER - 2 .9 73.5 57.8 -. 1 104.1 85.3 + 4.9 +27.8 + 6 .4 +41.0 98.7 120.9 77.8 87.0 +34.3 +14.1 +51.2 +59.5 +11.7 +14.6 +45.7 + 9.7 62.9 80.8 105.9 72.1 80.4 72.7 197.3 116.7 60.3 80.3 77.4 48.0 61.0 59.8 172.4 92.6 - . 3 +39.4 1,934,586 + 1.9 +31.9 195,221 + 1.9 +52.8 +55.4 89.1 68.6 62.8 61. 7 27,300 + 1.9 +43.4 + 7.5 +35.0 58, 668 - 2 .1 238 55,898 + 4.6 - 2 .2 30 208 9,491 46,407 + 2.4 + 5.1 + 2.1 - 2 .9 18,602j3,358,960 + .1 + 2.9 +30.7 4,015,109 + 2 .0 +42.7 632,490 +15.6 + 5 .0 + 2.1 +10.6 -. 1 + 3.8 + .3 + .6 +16.3 71, 476 +12.7 181, 208 +39.9 97, 945 +59.9 115, 577 +17.9 371, 345 +17.6 1, 517,153 +41.3 668, 793 +20.4 359,122 492,991 +21.1 + 6.5 + 7.9 +12.9 + 3 .0 + 3.9 + 2 .4 + .8 120.9 82.6 - 1 .3 +62.9 82.2 56.2 780,962 +6.1 +5.7 72.3 59 0 130,914 650,048 (i) + 7 .2 + 5.0 + 5.8 91.7 69.8 77.0 56.8 +23.5 63,195,865 + .6 +34.3 74.0 53.6 +39.3 1,246,374 1 Less than one tenth of 1 percent. Per Capita Earnings in Manufacturing Industries P e r capita weekly earnings in October 1933 for each of the 89 manufacturing industries surveyed by the Bureau of Labor Statistics and for all industries combined, together with the percents of change in October 1933 as compared with September 1933 and October 1932, are shown in table 2. These earnings must not be confused with full-time weekly rates of wages. They are per capita weekly earnings, computed by dividing the total amount of pay roll for the week by the total number of employees (part-time as well as full-time workers). https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1491 TREND OF EMPLOYMENT T a b l e 2 .—P E R C A P IT A W E E K L Y E A R N IN G S IN M A N U FA C TU R IN G IN D U S T R IE S IN O C T O B E R 1933 A N D C O M P A R IS O N W IT H S E P T E M B E R 1933 A N D O C T O B E R 1932 Industry Food and kindred products: Baking-------------------------------------------- ------- --------------------------------Beverages---------- ---------------------- -----------------------------------------------Butter------ ------- ------------- ---------- ---------------- ------- -----------------------Confectionery-------- ---------------------------- ------- ------------- ---------------Flour.................................... - ------- ------- ---------------------------------------Ice cream____________________________________ ______ ____ ____ Slaughtering and meat packing-------------------------------- ------- - ........ Sugar, beet-------------- ------------- --------------------------------------------------Sugar refining, cane.- .................. - ........ - ................- ............ ............. Textiles and their products: Fabrics: Carpets and rugs............................. ................... ............ .............. Cotton goods-------- ---------------------- --------------------------------------Cotton small wares___________________________ - ..................... Dyeing and finishing textiles------------------------------- --------------Hats, fur-felt____ ________________________ ____ ___________ Knit goods------------- -------- --------------------------------------------------Silk and rayon goods---------------------- -----------------------------------Woolen and worsted goods--------- ------- --------------------------------Wearing apparel: Clothing, m en’s . ..........................- ------- --------------------------------Clothing, women’s_________ ____ — ---------- -----------------------Corsets and allied garments..------ --------------------------------------M en’s furnishings............................... - ------- --------------------------Millinery-------------------------- ------------------- -----------------------------Shirts and collars.................. ....................................................... Iron and steel and their products, not including machinery: Bolts, nuts, washers, and rivets......................- .......... - ................. . Cast-iron pipe...................................... - ............................................ . Cutlery (not including silver and plated cutlery) and edge tools. Forgings, iron and steel............. ............................................ - ............ Hardware.......... .......... .......... ................................... - ............... - ........ Iron and steel..... ........ ................................... ............ ........ ................. Plumbers’ supplies----------- ---------- ------------------------------- ;------------Steam and hot-water heating apparatus and steam fittings------Stoves-------------- -----------------------------------------------------------------------Structural and ornamental metal w ork-------------- ------------- -------Tin cans and other tinware-------------- ---------------------------------------Tools (not including edge tools, machine tools, files, and saw s).. W irework---------- ------- --------------------- ------------------------- --------------M achinery, not including transportation equipment: Agricultural implements--------------------------- - - - -------------------------Cash registers, adding machines, and calculating machines------Electrical machinery, apparatus, and supplies----------------------- Engines, turbines, tractors, and water wheels---------------------------Foundry and machine-shop products........ ........ .............................. Machine tools----------- --------------------------------------------------------------Radios and p hon ographs............- ---------------------------------------- - - Textile machinery and parts....... ....................................................... Typewriters and supplies...................................... ............ .......... ....... Nonferrous metals and their products: Aluminum manufactures........... ................... .......................... .......... Brass, bronze, and copper p r o d u c ts ..................................... - ........ Clocks and watches and time-recording devices------------------------Jewelry------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Lighting equipment----------------------- ------- ---------------------------------Silverware and plated ware-------------------------- ------------- --------------Smelting and refining—copper, lead, and zinc---------------------------Stamped and enameled ware---------------- -----------------------------------Transportation equipment: Aircraft............ ............ ...................... - ------- ---------------------------- -----Automobiles--------------------------- ------------------- ------------------------- Cars, electric and steam railroad....................- ................................. Locom otives_______ ____ ____ _____ - ........ - ............ - ....................... Shipbuilding.............................................................. ............. — ........ Railroad repair shops: Electric railroad........................................................- ------- --------------Steam railroad--------------------------------- ---------------------------------------Lumber and allied products: Furniture........................ .......... - ........................................................... Lumber: M ill work----- ------------------------------------------------- ------------------- Sawmills-------- ----------------- ---------- ---------------------------- ---------Turpentine and rosin...............................................- .....................-- Stone, clay, and glass products: Brick, tile, and terra cotta----------------- ---------------------- - ................. C em en t.................... - ................... .......... ................................... - ........ Glass........................................... - ........................................................... 1No change. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Per capita Percent of change com weekly pared with— earnings October in October September 1932 1933 1933 $21. 78 26.81 20. 33 14. 77 20.53 25.05 19. 72 18.16 20.54 - 0 .8 - 3 .6 + 2 .8 - 2 .0 + 3.9 + 2.8 +. 2 -1 0 .1 - 3 .0 - 3 .6 +11.2 - 6 .0 + 3.3 - 8 .0 - 6 .4 - 2 .4 +11.4 -1 1 .9 19.41 13.09 15.80 18.18 22.41 15.80 15.01 17.03 + 1 .7 -.2 +• 9 + 4.8 -.3 + 3.8 + 3.2 - 1 .9 +23.8 +18.4 + 2.0 - 3 .4 + 7.6 + 7.1 +12.0 + 5 .8 17. 21 20.12 15. 43 14.19 17.12 13. 40 +. 2 - 8 .9 + 1.2 + 8.3 -2 0 .6 + 9 .0 +15.9 +11 9 -.2 +10.4 - 3 .1 +29.6 18.27 12. 85 18. 45 18.71 16. 36 19. 71 16. 04 17. 96 19. 75 18.45 18. 75 18. 25 19.24 + 2.4 + .8 + 1.5 +10.4 - 1 .6 + 2.7 - 6 .4 -.8 + 6.5 + 4.9 +• 3 + 1.3 + 2 .2 +22.6 + 7.4 +. 7 +38.1 +12.0 +48.4 + 1.7 - 1 .4 + 1.8 +12.6 - 3 .1 +11.5 +15.3 17.84 25.45 20. 25 20. 79 19.05 21.15 19.54 21.84 19. 70 + 5 .2 + 2.2 + 1.1 + 6.3 + 2.7 + 1.9 +12.9 + 1.3 + 4.5 +13.7 + 7.1 +12.3 + 5.1 +18.1 +18.8 - 2 .2 +21.3 +39.1 17.88 18.80 18.50 19. 87 17. 68 20. 75 18.94 17.00 + 6 .2 - 2 .0 + 7.3 + 5.2 - 1 .0 + 9.3 + 1.4 + 5.1 + 9 .6 +11.0 +10.1 - 2 .0 + .4 -.3 - 2 .9 + 1 .3 27.09 20.95 19.95 18.94 21.43 + 3 .6 - 3 .2 + 7.3 + 6 .4 + .8 -1 3 .7 +22.3 + .4 - 5 .4 - 5 .5 24.84 25.49 + 1 .3 + 8 .7 0) +19.2 16.08 + 2 .4 + 9 .4 15.01 14. 62 13.44 + .2 - 1 .3 + 4.8 + 4.1 +18.6 + 3 .7 12.56 18. 37 18.64 - 1 .1 +10.7 + .9 + 3 .2 + 2.1 + 6 .7 1492 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW Per capita Percent of change com pared with— weekly earnings in October September October 1933 1933 1932 Industry Stone, clay, and glass products—Continued. Marble, granite, slate, and other products_________ _ __________ Pottery____________ Leather and its manufactures: Boots and shoes_______ . . . Leather_______________ .. Paper and printing: Boxes, p a p e r ________________________ Paper and pulp__________ _________________ Printing and publishing: Book and job ______ ___________ . Newspapers and periodicals_______ Chemicals and allied products: _________ _ Chemicals _____ Cottonseed oil, cake, and meal Druggists’ preparations. ______________ Explosives_________________ ____ Fertilizers________________ Paints and varnishes________________ . Petroleum refining___ _ _____ Rayon and allied p r o d u c t s ..._____ Soap____________ _________ Rubber products: Rubber boots and shoes_____ _ _____ Rubber goods, other than boots, shoes, tires, and inner tubes . Rubber tires and inner tubes____ . . . . . Tobacco manufactures: Chewing and smoking tobacco and snuff . Cigars and cigarettes_______________ ______ Total, 89 industries____________ . $19. 59 18.01 + 2.4 16. 61 19.86 - 7 .1 17.50 18.63 - 2 .2 - 1 .1 + .9 25.16 30. 97 + .4 + .1 - 4 .0 - 7 .1 + 4 .6 + 1.4 + 5 .8 +15.7 + 3.1 +• 1 + 2.1 - 5 .1 23.89 10. 70 20. 29 21.44 12.90 21.00 27.01 17.75 20.79 18. 77 18. 06 21.24 + 2 .0 + 5.5 + .7 13.79 14.01 18. 81 - 2 .3 + 2 .0 -1 1 . 7 - 5 .7 +16.5 + 2 .8 2 Weighted. General Index Numbers of Employment and Pay-Roll Totals in Manufacturing Industries G e n e r a l index numbers of employment and pay-roll totals in manufacturing industries by months, from January 1926 to October 1933, together with average indexes for each of the years from 1926 to 1932 and for the 10-month period, January to October 1933, inclu sive, are shown in the following table. In computing these general indexes the index numbers of each of the separate industries are weighted according to their relative importance in the total. Follow ing this table are two charts prepared from these general indexes showing the course of employment and pay rolls from January 1926 to October 1933, inclusive. T able 3 .—G E N E R A L IN D E X E S OF E M P L O Y M E N T A N D P A Y R O L L S IN M A N U F A C T U R IN G IN D U S T R IE S , J A N U A R Y 1926 TO O C T O B E R 1933 [12-month average, 1926=100] Employment M onth January_____ February___ M arch______ April________ M a y ............. . June________ July------ ------August______ S eptem ber... October_____ N ovem ber__ December___ Average... Pay rolls 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1926 100.4 101.5 102.0 101.0 99.8 99.3 97.7 98.7 100.3 100.7 99.5 98.9 100.0 98.0 94. 9 89. 6 94. 5 88. 1 63. 7 48.6 35.8 102.2 100.6 93.9 101.8 91. 3 68. 1 49.6 36.4 103.4 102.0 95. 2 103.9 91. 6 69. 6 48. 2 33.4 101.5 100.8 93.8 104.6 90. 7 68. 5 44.7 34.9 99.8 99.8 94. 1 104.8 88. 6 67.7 42. 5 38.9 99.7 97.4 94.2 102.8 85. 2 63.8 39.3 43. 1 95.2 93.0 91.2 98.2 77.0 60. 3 36.2 46.5 98.7 95.0 94.2 102.1 75. 0 59. 7 36.3 51.9 99.3 94.1 95.4 102. 6 75.4 56. 7 38.1 53.3 102.9 95.2 99.0 102.4 74. 0 55. 3 39.9 53.6 99.6 91.6 96.1 95. 4 69. 6 52. 5 38.6 99.8 93.2 97.7 92.4 68.8 52.2 37.7 100.0 96.5 94.5 100.5 81.3 61.5 41.fi '42.8 97.3 99.0 99.5 98. 6 97.6 97.0. 95.0 95.1 95.8 95.3 93.5 92.6 96.4 1 Average for 10 months. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 91.6 93.0 93.7 93. 3 93.0 93. 1 92. 2 93. 6 95.0 95.9 95.4 95.5 93.8 95.2 97.4 98.6 99. 1 99.2 98.8 98.2 98. 6 99.3 98.4 95.0 92.3 97.5 90.7 90.9 90.5 89.9 88.6 86. 5 82. 7 81.0 80.9 79.9 77.9 76.6 84.7 74.6 75.3 75.9 75.7 75.2 73.4 71.7 71.2 70.9 68.9 67.1 66.7 72.2 64.8 56.6 65. 6 57.5 64.5 55. 1 62.2 56.0 59.7 58. 7 57. 5 62.8 55.2 67.3 56.0 71.6 58.5 73.9 59.9 74.0 59.4 58.3 60.1 >63.4 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1493 TREND OF EMPLOYMENT MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES MOMTHLY INDEXES I 9 Z 6 - I 9 3 3 . M O N THLY AVERAGE 192.6 = 100. EMPLOYMENT 05 10 0 192.7 95 90 Ô5 80 75 70 65 1932. 60 55 50 45 -40 35 JA N . FEB. MAR. 21719°—33-----15 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis APR. MAY JUNE JULY AUG. SEPT OCT. NOV. DEC. 1494 MONTHLY LABOR REV IEW MANUFACTURING MONTHLY INDEXES M ONTHLY AVERAGE. INDUSTRIES. 1926-1933 192.6= 100 PAY-ROLL TOTALS I OS 100 95 90 1930 85 80 75 70 65 60 55 50 45 40 35 JAN FEB. ><A3<''A.PR. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis MAY JUNE JULY AUG. SEPT. OCT. NOV. DEC. 1495 TREND OF EMPLOYMENT Time Worked in Manufacturing Industries in October 1933 R eports as to working time in October were received from 14,883 establishments in 89 manufacturing industries. Two percent of these establishments were idle, 70 percent operated on a full-time basis, and 28 percent worked on a part-time schedule. An average of 93 percent of full-time operation in October was shown by reports received from all the operating establishments in cluded in table 4. The establishments working part time in October averaged 76 percent of full-time operation. T a b l e 4.—P R O P O R T IO N OF F U L L T IM E W O R K E D IN M A N U FA C TU R IN G IN D U S T R IE S B Y E S T A B L IS H M E N T S R E P O R T IN G IN O C T O B E R 1933 Establishments reporting— Percent of es tablishments operating— Average percent of full time reported by— Part time All oper Estab lish ating es ments tablish operating ments part time Industry Total num ber F o o d a n d kin d red p r o d u c ts __________________ Baking_______________________________ ______ Butter____ __________________ _______ _____ Confectionery________ _________ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Flour________________________ _ _ ________ I c e c r e a m ___ _ _ __ __ _ ___ T extiles a n d th eir p r o d u c ts _______________ ___ Fabrics: Carpets and rugs___________ ____________ Cotton goods___________ _ ______________ Cotton small wares________ ____ _____ _ Dyeing and finishing textiles _ _ ____ _ Knit goods_____________ ____________ _ . Silk and rayon goods___ _________ ______ W oolen and worsted goods_____________ Wearing aDparel: Clothing, men’s— ________________ _ _ _ Clothing, women’s_____ _________________ Corsets and allied garments______________ M en’s furnishings____ ________________ Shirts and collars______________ _____ _ _ Iro n a n d steel a n d th eir p ro d u c ts , n o t in e lu d in g m a c h in e r y ______________ __________ Cast-iron pipe _________ ____ Cutlery (not including silver and plated cutlery) and edge tools___ ___ ... _____ Hardware. _ _ ___ ____________ _ __ _ Iron and steel. ______________________________ Steam and hot-water heating apparatus and steam fittings_________ _________ Structural and ornamental metal w ork. ___ _ Tools (not including edge tools, machine tools, files, and saws)___________ _ ___________ W irework............................................... . __ ___ M a ch in e ry , n o t in c lu d in g tra n s p o r ta tio n e q u ip m e n t ______ ____ ____________________ __ Cash registers, adding machines, and calculating machines__________ _____ _ ___________ Electrical machinery, apparatus, and supplies. Engines, turbines, tractors, and water wheels. Foundry and machine-shop products_________ Machine tools____________________________ _ * Less than one half of 1 percent. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 2,665 937 301 250 263 381 264 198 60 11 Per cent idle 1 (') 2 2 0) 2 Full time 77 84 59 65 70 87 72 77 98 64 22 15 41 33 27 13 27 23 2 36 96 98 91 93 94 96 95 96 100 90 70 88 78 78 77 70 81 84 80 73 2,695 4 81 15 95 71 20 644 99 130 20 419 209 230 10 1 2 5 85 83 70 84 30 92 72 83 5 16 28 12 70 7 7 14 97 95 92 97 82 99 98 96 40 70 74 73 74 79 76 69 81 76 46 58 81 85 15 18 50 38 19 13 96 93 91 92 93 97 71 65 82 80 61 75 50 43 17 48 57 63 87 84 67 74 71 59 36 29 61 67 34 63 71 39 25 66 84 83 90 93 80 76 76 74 74 70 2 41 64 69 51 54 36 29 49 81 92 95 89 67 78 82 78 108 49 1 29 41 70 59 81 86 74 76 1,491 46 1 62 80 37 20 91 97 74 83 25 242 71 901 124 4 44 69 34 62 58 52 31 65 37 41 89 95 80 90 88 78 84 70 72 71 1 21 3 286 374 24 55 89 96 2 1,130 68 41 20 113 41 77 133 56 87 144 158 55 3 6 4 4 2 1 8 5 1 1 1 1496 T a b le 4 .— MONTHLY LABOR R EV IEW P R O P O R T IO N OF F U L L T IM E W O R K E D IN M A N U F A C T U R I N G IN D U S T R IE S B Y E S T A B L IS H M E N T S R E P O R T IN G IN O C T O B E R 1933— Continued Establishments reporting— Percent of es tablishments operating— Average percent of full time reported by— Full time All oper Estab lish ating es ments tablish operating ments part time Industry Total num ber Per cent idle Part time Machinery—Continued. 38 37 7 Nonferrous metals and their products_______ Brass, bronze, and copper products__________ Clocks and watches and time-recording devices. J ew elry... . . . . ____________ ____________ . Silverware and plated ware . _____ . . . ____ Smelting and refining—copper, lead, and zinc. Transportation equipm ent___________________ Cars, electric and steam railroad._______ Shipbuilding________________________ ___ ______ Railroad repair shops---------------------------------------Steam railroad___________________ _______ .. 539 22 187 20 no 43 48 24 75 1 1 3 2 4 327 25 163 39 7 93 718 297 421 2 8 2 (') (>) 87 54 71 13 46 29 98 91 97 82 81 91 49 36 56 15 30 30 42 79 80 50 64 43 85 67 70 56 17 20 88 85 89 81 87 82 84 96 95 77 77 76 78 81 74 71 75 77 72 72 83 13 29 80 27 28 17 79 71 18 95 95 98 78 77 98 76 82 72 74 67 88 47 74 28 53 26 72 90 96 86 81 84 81 Lumber and allied products__________________ F u rn itu re_________ _____ _ . . . - ------------Lumber: M ill work ______ ______________________ Sawmills.. . . . --------------- --------Turpentine and rosin----- ------------------- . . . . 1, 271 393 1 1 73 85 25 13 94 97 76 76 375 483 20 2 1 10 67 71 20 31 29 70 93 92 84 79 74 80 Stone, clay, and glass products_______________ Brick, tile, and terra cotta . . . ---------------- . . . Cement. -------- --- ---------------------------- . . . . Glass__________ __________ . . ----------- ------Marble, granite, slate, and other products _ . Pottery________________________ ____________ 764 230 88 151 193 102 12 21 19 3 9 3 59 60 63 82 26 81 29 19 18 15 64 16 91 92 90 97 84 95 74 67 58 83 77 70 Leather and its m anufactures________________ Boots and shoes__________________ . ----------Leather ___________ ____________ ____ ______ 413 284 129 2 2 1 84 82 88 14 16 11 96 95 97 71 70 77 Paper and printing_________________ _________ 1, 701 272 334 (') 1 80 78 67 20 22 32 96 95 92 78 78 76 688 407 (>) 83 86 16 14 96 98 75 88 69 90 80 50 29 97 49 90 93 53 30 9 20 50 71 2 50 8 7 47 94 99 93 90 86 100 90 99 99 91 80 86 65 81 81 80 81 91 80 80 125 9 44 89 56 11 87 99 76 90 85 31 31 68 69 32 84 92 77 74 Paper and pulp-------- ------------- ---------------------Printing and publishing: Book and jo b ___________ ________ . . . . Newspapers and periodicals-------------------Chemicals and allied products------------------------Chemicals__________ _ ____ ______ ____ Druggists’ preparations----- .. . .. . .. Fertilizers____ _____________ ____ _____ ____ Paints and varnishes________________________ Petroleum r e fin in g .----- ---------------------------- . . 845 69 66 28 14 161 308 98 14 87 1 1 1 1 2 Rubber goods, other than boots, shoes, tires, Tobacco m anufactures_______________________ Chewing and smoking tobacco and snuff-------Cigars and cigarettes_________________________ 209 28 181 6 4 7 54 50 55 40 46 39 89 89 89 75 76 74 Total, 89 Industries-------------------- ------------- 14, 883 2 70 28 93 76 i Less than one half of 1 percent. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis TREND OF EMPLOYMENT 1497 Employment in Nonmanufacturing Industries in October 1933 M PLOYM ENT increased in October as compared with Septem ber 1933 in 10 of the 15 nonmanufacturing industries appearing in the following table, and increased pay-roll totals were reported in 12 of these 15 industries. Data for the building-construction industry are not presented here but are shown in more detail under the section “ Building construction.” The estimated gains in employment in 10 of these 15 nonmanufac turing industries more than offset the declines in the remaining 5 industries. Keports from re tail-trade establishments indicate an estimated gain of approximately 117,000 workers in that industry between September and October. The wholesale-trade industry showed an increase of approximately 13,000 workers and the crude-petroleum-produc.ing industry reported an estimated expansion of approximately 7,000 workers over the month interval. Employment gains in the power and light group were estimated at 6,000. The number returned to employment in the telephone and telegraph, electric-railroad, anthracite-mining, metalliferous-mining, and quarrying and nonmetallic-mining indus tries was smaller. The decrease of 28.1 percent in the canning and preserving industry represents an estimated drop of over 55,000 employees between September and October. This decrease, of course, is expected follow ing the peak month of September. The bituminous-coal-mining industry, due largely to strikes in certain localities, also reported a sharp decline. The decreases in number of workers in the remaining three industries (hotels, laundries, and dyeing and cleaning) were much less pronounced. The crude-petroleum-producing industry reported the largest per centage gains in both items, 6.7 percent in employment and 12.8 per cent in pay rolls. The metalliferous-mining industry reported an increase of 4.6 percent in employment over the month interval, and retail-trade establishments showed a gain of 4.2 percent. The power and light industry reported an increase of 2.4 percent in number of workers between September and October, wholesale-trade establish ments reported a gain of 1.7 percent, electric-railroad and motor-bus operation showed an increase of 1.4 percent, and the quarrying and nonmetallic-mining industry reported a gain of 1.1 percent. The increases in employment in the remaining four industries in which increased employment was reported were as follows: Telephone and telegraph, 0.5 percent; banks, brokerage, insurance, real estate, 0.4 percent; and anthracite mining, 0.2 percent. In the five industries in which decreased employment was reported over the month interval, the most pronounced decline was a seasonal decrease of 28.1 percent in the canning and preserving industry, which reached its peak of employment in September and regularly shows a sharp decline in October. Employment in the bituminous-coal mining industry was affected by strikes in various localities, the indus try reporting a decline of 5.3 percent. Increased earnings, however, in a large number of mines not affected by the labor disturbances resulted in a net decline of only one tenth of 1 percent in weekly pay rolls over the month interval. The hotel industry reported a falling off of 2.1 percent in employment in October due entirely to the closing E https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1498 MONTHLY LABOR R E V IEW of seasonal resort hotels, which were open during the first half of September and were closed in October. The laundry industry reported 1.6 percent fewer employees in October than in September, and the dyeing and cleaning industry reported a decrease of 0.3 percent. With the exception of 3 industries (telephone and telegraph, electricrailroad and motor-bus operation, and anthracite mining), each of these 15 nonmanufacturing industries reported more employees on their pay rolls in October 1933 than in October 1932. In the following table are presented employment and pay-roll data for the nonmanufacturing industries surveyed, exclusive of building construction: T a b l e 1 — C O M P A R IS O N OF E M P L O Y M E N T A N D P A Y R O L L S IN N O N M A N U F A C T U R IN G E S T A B L IS H M E N T S IN O C T O B E R 1933 W IT H S E P T E M B E R 1933 A N D O C T O B E R 1932 Industrial group Employment Pay-roll totals EstablishPercent of ments Percent of report change change ing in Amount both of pay roll on pay OctoSep Octo (1 week) Sep Sep tober tember roll Oc tember ber tember 1932 to tober 1932 to October and Oc 1933 to Octo Octo 1933 to Octo Octo tober ber ber ber 1933 ber 1933 1933 1933 1933 Coal mining: Anthracite..................... . 159 Bituminous____________ 1,514 Metalliferous m ining_______ 297 Quarrying and nonmetallic mining................................... 1,202 rude petroleum producing. _ 260 Public utilities: Telephone and telegraph. 8,294 3,132 Power and light________ Electric-r a i 1r o a d and motor-bus op era tio n and maintenance.......... 557 Trade: Wholesale.......................... 3,039 Retail................................. 18, 588 Hotels (cash payments only)1. 2,706 Canning and preserving......... 888 Laundries...... .......................... 965 Dyeing and cleaning________ 377 Banks, brokerage, insurance, and real estate...................... 4,569 77,833 210,835 27,974 + 0 .2 -1 1 .0 $2,450,825 - 5 .3 + 1 .5 3,514,092 + 4 .6 +33.4 573, 642 Index num bers, October 1933 (average 1929=100) Em ploy ment Pay roll totals + 1 .5 - 7 .6 - . 1 +16.7 + 8 .5 +43.9 56.9 68.0 40.7 61.6 44.1 25.9 36,894 29,053 + 1.1 + 6 .7 + 1.5 +24.3 566, 803 804,187 + 6 .4 + 3.7 +12.8 +17.9 53.2 70.6 31.2 50.1 246,416 204, 268 +• 5 + 2.4 - 9 .8 + 2 .9 6,504, 292 5,978, 638 + 3.8 -1 1 .5 + 6.1 + 2 .4 68.7 82.2 67.0 76.2 + 1.4 + 3 .6 133, 244 - 2 .4 3,601,938 - 2 .8 70.6 59.8 91, 276 437,841 140,128 96, 778 57,152 11,863 + 1 .7 + 7.3 + 4 .2 +10.2 - 2 .1 + 2.1 -2 8 .1 +55.7 - 1 .6 + .6 + 7.4 -.3 2,447,059 8, 597,146 1,790, 048 1, 044, 743 863,414 208,481 + 6 .0 + 3.3 + 4.4 + 7.7 + 1.0 - 4 .1 -3 1 .4 +68.1 - 1 .5 - 2 .5 + .5 •+3.1 83.5 89.6 77.0 126.3 78.0 88.4 66.0 72.3 56.2 87.1 59.7 60.6 178, 777 8 + .4 5,790,015 2+ . 2 2 99. 4 2 84.7 2+ . 8 2—1.9 1 The additional value of board, room, and tips cannot be computed. 8 Weighted. Per capita weekly earnings in October 1933 for 15 nonmanufactur ing industries included in the Bureau’s monthly trend-of-employment survey, together with the percents of change in October 1933 as compared with September 1933 and October 1932, are given in the table following. These per capita weekly earnings must not be confused with full-time weekly rates of wages; they are per capita weekly earnings computed by dividing the total amount of pay roll for the week by the total number of employees (part-time as well as full-time workers). https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1499 TREND OF EMPLOYMENT T 2 — P E R C A P IT A W E E K L Y E A R N IN G S IN 1 5 N O N M A N U FA C TU R IN G IN D U S T R IE S IN O C T O B E R 1 9 3 3 A N D C O M P A R IS O N W IT H S E P T E M B E R 1 9 3 3 A N D O C T O B E R 1 9 3 2 a b l e Industrial group Per capita weekly Percent of change October 1933 com pared with— in Octo ber 1933 Septem ber 1933 $31. 49 16.67 20.51 15. 36 27.68 + 1 .3 + 5 .5 + 3.8 + 5 .2 + 5.8 + 3 .7 +15.1 + 7 .8 + 2.1 - 5 .1 26.40 29.27 27.03 + 3 .3 + 3 .6 + 2 .2 - 1 .8 -.4 -.5 26. 81 19. 64 12.77 10.80 15.11 17. 57 32.39 + 4.3 + .3 + 3 .2 - 4 .4 + .1 + .8 2-.2 - 3 .8 - 2 .2 - 6 .0 + 8.0 - 3 .2 - 3 .9 2 - 2 .6 October 1932 Coal mining: Crude-petroleum producing____ .1 ...................... .................. __..................... _ Public utilities: Trade: Wholesale___ _____ _________________________________________________ 1 The additional value of board, room, and tips cannot be computed. 2 Weighted. Indexes of Employment and Pay-Roll Totals for Nonmanufacturing Industries I ndex numbers of employment and pay-roll totals for 15 non manufacturing industries are presented in the following table. These index numbers show the variation in employment and pay rolls by months, from January 1930 to October 1933, in all nonmanufac turing industries with the exception of the laundry, dyeing and cleaning, and the banks, brokerage, insurance, and real-estate indus tries for which information over the entire period is not available. The Bureau has secured data concerning employment and pay rolls for the index base year 1929 from establishments in these industries and has computed index numbers for those months for which data are available from the Bureau’s files. These indexes are shown in this tabulation. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1500 T MONTHLY LABOR R EV IEW 3 —IN D E X E S OF E M P L O Y M E N T A N D P A Y R O L L S F O R NON M A N U FA C TU R IN G IN D U S T R IE S , J A N U A R Y T O D E C E M B E R 1930, 1931, A N D 1932, A N D J A N U A R Y T O O C T O B E R 1933 [12-month average, 1929=100] a b l e Anthracite mining M onth Employment Bituminous-coal mining Pay rolls Employment Pay rolls 1930 1931 1932 1933 1930 1931 1932 1933 1930 1931 1932 1933 1930 1931 1932 1933 January..:_______ February________ M arch__________ April____________ M a y ____________ June____________ July....... ............ — August__________ September______ October_________ N ovem ber______ December_______ Average___ 102.1 106. 9 82.6 84.1 93.8 90.8 91.6 80. 2 93.8 99.0 97.2 99.1 90.6 89.5 82.0 85.2 80. 3 76.1 65.1 67.3 80.0 86.8 83. 5 79.8 76.2 71.2 73.7 70.1 66.9 53.0 44.5 49.2 55.8 63.9 62.7 62.3 52.5 58.7 54.6 51.6 43.2 39.5 43.8 47.7 56.8 56.9 — 105.8 89.3 121. 5 101.9 78.5 71.3 75.0 75. 2 98.8 76.1 94.3 66.7 84.0 53.7 78.8 56. 4 91.6 64.9 117. 2 91. 1 98.0 79.5 100.0 78.4 61. 5 43.2 102.5 57.3 56.8 102.4 61.2 48.8 98.6 72. C 37. 1 94. 4 58.6 30.6 90.4 37.4 34.0 88.4 34.5 38.2 88.6 41.4 46.6 89.2 47.0 60.7 90.5 66.7 61.6 91.8 51.0 92.5 56.2 — 92.5 Average.. 73.3 68.3 65. 2 58. 6 54.4 52.4 50.4 50.6 53.6 56. 2 54.6 52.3 47.0 36.1 47.0 37.2 46.8 30.7 33.9 26. 6 30. 7 26.9 27.3 29.2 24. 4 33.6 26.4 43.3 30.2 44.1 37.8 44.1 38.0 37.7 — 95.7 92.3 90.9 89.3 87.5 84. 6 80.5 79.0 78.1 77. 2 72.8 70. 1 68.3 65.3 63.5 63.9 62.4 60. 0 56.2 55.8 55.5 53.8 52.8 51. 2 49.3 32. 4 46.9 31.5 45. 0 30.0 43.3 29.4 38.3 30.0 32. 2 31. 5 29. 5 33.0 28.6 36.8 29.3 38.9 30.5 40.7 31.9 33.3 — 92.7 92.5 90.8 88.3 85.6 81 6 71. 9 71.0 69.9 68.6 63.4 59.9 55.0 54.6 52.8 51.4 49.3 46 1 41. 3 40.2 40. 0 37.4 35. 1 34.3 Quarrying and nonmetallic mining 29.7 18.1 27.8 17.8 26.5 17.4 25.0 16.4 23.8 17.0 20 1 18 3 16. 9 19.0 16.5 21.9 17.0 23.9 18.0 25.9 18.7 18.7 — 79.6 79.8 83.0 87.4 90.8 Q0 3 89.9 89.3 87.7 84.7 78.3 70.2 64.4 66.6 70.0 76.1 75.0 72 3 71.0 68.9 66.6 64. 5 59.3 53.9 48.9 35.1 47.4 34.8 46.0 35. 1 48.6 39.3 50.6 43. 4 4Q F) 47 3 49.5 49. 5 51.1 51.6 52. 4 52.6 52. 4 53.2 49.4 42.3 — 71.9 73.5 80.0 85.4 90.2 50.4 54.4 58.2 62.6 62.3 30.2 29. 6 28.7 30. 0 32. 3 85. 5 85.8 82.5 79.3 66.8 59.9 57.3 55. 1 51.2 48. 7 43.3 36.9 29. 1 28.4 29.7 29.9 30.5 29.3 30. 1 31.2 27. 1 22. 1 — 18.1 17.4 17.8 20. 2 23.8 83.2 59.1 36.5 133 4 78.0 44.8 21.6 119.6 84.3 67.4 49.0 '44.2 79. 3 53.4 29.1 '24.4 Crude-petroleum producing January......... ....... February_______ M arch__________ April____________ M a y ____________ June____________ July_____________ August__________ September______ October_________ N ovem ber______ December_______ 80.8 69.8 101.4 77.4 69.3 102.1 75.2 67. 6 86.4 65. 5 63. 7 81.7 62.6 61. 2 77.5 60.5 61. 3 75.6 58.6 63.2 68.9 59.4 68.6 71.1 62.4 71.8 74.9 67.0 68.0 79.4 69.4 79. 1 70.0 — 77.7 93.4 80.5 62.5 ‘ 50.5 95. 3 75. 4 53.7 145.8 93.4 83.2 67. 4ji 66. 5 81.3 57.5 35. 6 '35.2 Metalliferous mining January_________ February________ M arch__________ April____________ M a y ------------------June____________ July_____________ August__________ September______ October_________ N ovem ber______ December_______ 93.9 91.5 88.8 85.9 82.4 78.4 76.4 77.0 80.4 81.3 81.1 81.2 92. 7 90.8 89.3 86.8 89.8 90. 2 89.9 87.7 85.0 85. 2 83. 6 77.4 74.8 73.2 72.2 69.8 67.8 65.0 65.3 62.4 61.2 60.4 57.6 58. 2 54.9 57.2 54.4 57.0 51.4 56. 5 54.9 56.8 54.5 56.9 54. 2 58.0 55.4 59.5 57.4 60.8 56. 2 66.2 56.8 70.6 56.5 57.2 — 94.0 88.6 91.3 86.6 85.4 87. 1 88.5 86.0 84.0 82.6 80.0 77.2 71.5 70.0 73.2 66.3 64. 7 62.7 59.2 56.3 55. 2 54.4 52.0 54.9 Telephone and telegraph 46.5 39.9 101.6 46.9 41.7 100.2 43.2 42.5 99.4 44.5 40. 1 98.9 47. 1 41.6 99.7 44.8 40. 6 99.8 44.6 42.2 100. 0 42.9 42.5 98.8 41.9 44.4 96.8 42.5 50.1 94.5 42.4 93.0 41.7 — 91.6 90.5 89.2 88.6 88. 1 87.4 86.9 86.6 85.9 85.0 84. 1 83.5 83. 1 83.0 74.6 105. 1 82.0 73.9 101.9 81. 7 73.2 105.8 81. 2 72.3 103.4 80. 6 70. 1 103.2 79.9 69. 2 103.4 79. 1 68. 5 106. 6 78. 1 68.1 102.5 77.4 68.3 102.2 76.2 68.7 100.9 75.5 97.9 74.8 — 101.3 96.3 94.8 97 9 95.0 94. 1 95.0 93.3 92.3 92.1 91.6 89.7 92.7 89.1 71.7 89.6 71.9 88. 2 71.6 83.4 67.8 82.8 68.5 82. 1 66.6 79.6 66.7 79. 1 66.1 75. 9 64.6 75. 7 67.0 74.3 73.5 — Average___ 87.4 65.7 55.3 '60.0 85.9 61.7 44.1 142.6 97.9 86.6 79.1 170.7 102.9 93.7 81.1 '68.3 Electric-railroad and motor-bus operation and maintenance 2 Power and light January_________ February_______ M arch__________ A pril__________ _ M a y . . . ........ ........ June____________ July_____________ August__________ September______ October_________ N ovem ber______ December_______ 99.6 98.8 99. 7 100. 7 103.4 104.6 105.9 106.4 105. 2 104.8 103.4 103.2 99.2 97.8 96.7 97.1 97.6 97.2 96.7 95.9 94.7 92.7 91.3 90.3 89.3 87.2 85.5 84.8 84.0 83. 2 82.3 81.5 81.0 79.9 79.1 78.4 77.7 77.4 76.9 76.9 76.9 77.3 77.5 78.1 80.3 82.2 99.7 98.6 100. 4 99. 7 102. 1 102.4 102. 6 97.6 104. 5 98.7 107.8 98.3 106.7 97.4 106. 6 96.2 106. 1 94.3 105. 6 93.2 103.7 93.3 106.3 91.2 88.4 86.0 85.4 82.4 84.2 80.5 78.7 76.7 74.7 74. 4 73.2 73.2 Average___ 103.0 95.6 83.0 '78.1 104.3 96.7 79.8 73.0 71.6 71 69.4 69 69.9 70.0 70. 71.8 76.2 97.1 95.1 94.4 95.2 95.2 94. 95.3 92 91 91. 0 89.3 88. 86.9 86.6 86.4 86.8 85.9 85.3 85.6 84.8 84.0 82. 7 81. 5 79.9 79.5 78.9 77.6 78.0 76.9 76.5 75. 6 74. 1 73.5 72.3 71.8 71.4 70.6 70.4 69.8 69.5 69. 1 69.3 69.4 69. 5 69.7 70.6 _ 97.8 95.7 95. 4 97. 1 96.0 97. C 95. 6 92. 1 90. 5 88.9 87.7 88.6 85.6 87. 1 88. 1 86.6 85. 1 84.8 83.3 81.9 81.2 79. C 79.7 77.8 75.4 60.9 74. 8 60.6 73.6 59.4 71.8 58. 1 72.2 58.2 70. 2 58.0 66. 4 57.4 63.8 58.2 62.5 57.8 61. 5 59.8 61. 7 61.9 — 84.7 75.5 169.8 93.5 83.4 68.0 158.8 1 Average for 10 months. ■ Not including electric-railroad-car building and repairing; see transportation equipment and railroad repair-shop groups, manufacturing industries, table 1. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1501 TREND OF EMPLOYMENT T 3 —IN D E X E S OP E M P L O Y M E N T A N D P A Y R O LLS FO R N O N M AN U FAC TU R IN G IN D U S T R IE S , J A N U A R Y T O D E C E M B E R 1930, 1931, A N D 1932, A N D J A N U A R Y T O O C T O B E R 1933—Continued [12-month average, 1929=100] a b l e Retail trade Wholesale trade M onth Pay rolls Employment Employment Pay rolls 1930 1931 1932 1933 1930 1931 1932 1933 1930 1931 1932 1933 1930 1931 1932 1933 January_________ February, ___ M arch__________ A pril___________ M a y _____ ____ June , _________ July____________ August ________ September______ October,. ........... November ____ December_______ 100.0 98.5 97. 7 97.3 90.8 96.5 96.0 95.0 94.8 94. 2 92.6 92.0 89.5 88.2 87.4 87.4 87.1 87.1 86.8 86.5 86.1 85.2 84.1 83.7 81.8 80.9 79.8 78.9 77.9 77.0 76.6 76.4 77.1 77.8 77.6 77.0 75.3 74.1 73.1 73.3 74.0 75.7 76.9 79.7 82.1 83.5 — 100.0 98.3 99.7 97.9 97.4 98.6 96.0 93.6 93.6 92.9 91.0 91.3 87.5 88.4 89.1 85.2 84.7 84.1 83.3 82.1 81.4 79.9 79.7 77.8 74.1 72.5 71.3 68.9 69.7 66.2 64.7 63.2 63.1 63.9 63.3 62.6 61.7 58.6 57. 1 56.0 57.4 57.3 59.1 60.8 62.3 66.0 — 98.9 94.4 93.9 97.3 96.7 93.9 89.0 85.6 92.0 95.5 98.4 115.1 90.0 87.1 87.8 90. 1 89.9 89.1 83.9 81.8 86.6 89.8 90.9 106.2 84.3 80.5 81.4 81.6 80.9 79.4 74.6 72.6 77.8 81.3 81.7 95.2 76.9 73.4 71.4 78.6 77.0 78.3 74.6 78.1 86.0 89.6 — 99.7 96.0 95.5 97.5 97.3 96.8 91.7 87.6 92.4 95.1 96.8 107.7 89.4 86.7 87.5 88.3 88.0 87.6 83.3 80.3 83.5 84.6 85.4 94.1 78.0 73.7 73.4 72.7 71.1 68.2 63.3 60.7 64.6 67.1 66.9 73.6 62.7 58.4 55.1 60.4 59.5 60.5 58.1 62.7 69.2 72.3 ........ Average----- 96.0 86.6 78.2 176.8 95.9 83.6 67.0 159.6 95.9 89.4 80.9 178. 4 96.2 86.6 69.4 '61.9 Canning and preserving Hotels January................ 100.4 F e b ru a ry ..........- 102.4 M arch__________ 102.4 A p r il___________ 100.1 M a y ____________ 98.0 June____________ 98.0 J u l y , ,............... - 101.3 August- _______ 101. 5 Septem ber,. ___ 1 0 0 . 1 October_________ 97.5 N ovem ber_ 95. 2 December.......... 93.5 95.0 96.8 96.8 95.9 92.5 91. 6 93.3 92.8 90.6 87.4 84.9 83. 1 83.2 73.8 100.3 84.3 73.8 103.8 84.0 72.4 104.4 82.7 71.9 100.3 80. 1 71.9 98.4 78.0 73. 6 98. 1 78.4 75.6 99.8 77.6 77.1 98.6 77.0 78.7 97.1 75.4 77.0 95.5 74.3 93.6 73.2 ........ 91.5 91.0 93.7 93.4 89.9 87.7 85. 4 85.2 83.8 81.9 79.7 77.1 75.4 73.9 73.9 72.4 69.6 67.0 63.8 61.8 59.6 59.1 58.6 57.5 56.6 55.7 55.9 53.5 51.7 51.8 52.3 53.3 54.0 55.6 56.2 — 46.1 45.7 49.7 74.8 65.7 83.0 126.3 185.7 246.6 164.7 96.7 61.6 48.9 35.0 48.3 37.1 53.0 36.3 59.6 47.0 56.0 40.5 70.6 55.5 102.2 73.0 142. 9 99.0 180. 1 125.3 108.1 81.1 60.8 50.5 40.7 33.7 34.1 50.3 46.1 35.1 51.5 48.6 33.2 50.8 50.3 49.2 72.6 57.1 45.5 66.9 56.0 55.6 81.5 58.6 76.6 112.7 74.2 112.7 172.0 104.7 175.6 214. S 129.4 126.3 140.0 77.6 82.9 48.1 57.4 36.9 — 31.8 24.8 32.7 25.9 31.9 24.2 37.9 33.5 36.0 31.8 40.5 36.7 47.5 46.2 65.6 68.3 75. 1 127.0 51.8 87.1 34.4 25.6 — Average----- 99.2 91.7 79.0 174. 6 98.5 85.4 64.5 >54.0 103.9 80.9 59.5 174.4 96.1 65.6 42.6 150. 6 Employment B anks, brokerage, in s u ra n c e , and real estate Dyeing and cleaning Laundries Pay rolls Employment Pay rolls Em ploy ment Pay rolls 1931 1932 1933 1931 1932 1933 1931 1932 1933 1931 1932 1933 1932 1933 1932 1933 January............ . February ______ M arch__________ April____________ M a y ____________ June____________ July____________ August__________ September______ October_____ . . . 90.5 90.0 89.5 90.5 90.3 91.0 91.8 90.2 89.3 88.1 86. 2 85.3 84.7 82.9 82.0 82.0 81.4 81.0 80.3 78.9 78.6 77.5 76. 2 75.9 75.4 74.4 73.0 73.4 73.5 76.0 76.3 77.9 79.3 78.0 86.6 85.6 85.6 86.8 86.5 87.1 87.4 84.6 84.1 81.8 78.9 77. 4 76.4 73.3 71.6 71.4 70.6 68.6 66.3 63.9 62.9 61.2 59.1 58.7 57.9 55.5 52.9 54.0 54.5 56.7 56.1 57.6 60.6 59.7 88.9 87.4 88.0 95.7 96.7 99.0 98.6 93.5 95.3 94.2 90.1 84.9 82.1 80.5 80.6 83.3 84.5 85.1 82.4 79.5 83.3 82.3 78.0 75.2 73.0 70.9 71.2 81.1 82.0 85.6 82.9 83.1 88.6 88.4 77.7 75.1 75.6 86.3 86.6 89. 1 86.2 80.0 82.6 81.4 74.7 67.9 65.8 62. 2 61.7 65.9 67.3 65.8 60.0 56.3 61.0 58.8 52.3 48.4 46.6 42.4 41.0 54.6 53.9 56.7 52.8 52.8 60.3 60.6 98.3 98.3 98.9 98.6 98.0 97.9 98.4 98.5 98.4 98.6 98.0 98.0 97.5 96.8 96.5 96.2 96.2 97.3 97.7 98.3 99.0 99.4 93.5 93.0 92.9 92.1 92.7 90.0 89.8 88.2 87.1 86.3 85.7 85.5 85.2 84.3 83.7 82.9 83.2 84.4 84.8 84.4 84.5 84.7 Average----- 89.4 80.1 175.7 84.4 67.0 1 56.6 92.7 81.4 180.7 80.3 60.5 152.2 98.3 197.5 89.7 184.2 i Average for 10 months. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1502 MONTHLY LABOR R E V IE W Average Man-Hours Worked and Average Hourly Earnings N THE following tables the Bureau presents a tabulation of man hours worked per week and average hourly earnings based on reports supplied by identical establishments in September and October 1933 in 15 industrial groups and 78 separate manufacturing industries. Man-hour data for the building-construction group and for the insur ance, real estate, banking, and brokerage group are not available, and data for several of the 89 manufacturing industries surveyed monthly are omitted from these tables due to lack of adequate information. The total number of establishments supplying man-hour data in these 15 industrial groups represents approximately 50 percent of the establishments supplying monthly employment data. The tabulations are based on reports supplying actual man-hours worked and do not include nominal man-hour totals, obtained by multiplying the total number of employees in the establishment by the plant operating time. Table 1 shows the average hours worked per employee per week and average hourly earnings in 15 industrial groups and for all groups combined. The average hours per week and average hourly earnings for the combined total of the 15 industrial groups are weighted aver ages, wherein the average man-hours and average hourly earnings in each industrial group are multiplied by the total number of employees in the group in the current month and the sum of these products divided by the total number of employees in the combined 15 indus trial groups. The average man-hours and hourly earnings for the combined 89 manufacturing industries have been weighted in the same manner as the averages for all industrial groups combined, table 1. In presenting information for the separate manufacturing industries shown in table 2, data are published for only those industries in which the available man-hour information covers 20 percent or more of the total number of employees in the industry at the present time. I T 1 .— AVE R AG E HOURS W O R K E D PER W EE K PE R EM PLO Y EE AND AVERAG E H O U R L Y E A R N IN G S IN 15 IN D U S T R IA L G R O U PS, S E P T E M B E R A N D O C T O B E R 1933 a b l e Average hours per week Average hourly earnings Industrial group September 1933 October 1933 September 1933 Hours 36.1 Hours 35.8 Cents 51.6 Cents 52.5 38.0 31.8 39.0 34.4 38.0 38.7 29.9 39.6 34.9 35.5 82.2 50. 2 50.6 42.8 67.7 81.3 56.5 51.4 44.3 76.8 37.2 42.8 45.3 37.6 43. 1 45.5 69.5 66.0 57.5 71.0 67.6 58.9 IIZIIIZIIZ! 42.8 39.5 50.2 37.0 39.0 41.5 43.4 39.5 50.2 34.8 38.6 41.3 57.5 49.5 23.7 34.1 38.5 42.5 59.9 49.6 24.2 33.8 39.1 43.3 Average___________ _____________________ __________ ___ 38.0 37.8 51.6 52.5 M anufacturing_________________ ____ ____________________ ____ Coal mining: Anthracite...... ................. ............ ................................................. Bituminous____ ______ _______ _____ _____________________ Metalliferous mining_____________ ____ _______________________ Quarrying and nonmetallic mining___________________________ Crude-petroleum producing.____ ______________ ____ _______ Public utilities: Telephone and telegrap h...____ ____ ______ ______________ Power and light__________________________________________ Electric-railroad and motor-bus operation and maintenance Trade: Wholesale........................... .......................................... Retail......... ................................. ......... ............. .............. H otels........................ .................... .............................. Canning and preserving_____ ________ ____ ____ ______ Laundries__________ ______ ______________________________ * Dyeing and cleaning................................ ................. ..... .IIIIIIIIIi; https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis October 1933 1503 TREND OF EMPLOYMENT Per capita weekly earnings, computed by multiplying the average man-hours worked per week by the average hourly earnings shown in the following table, are not identical with the per capita weekly earnings appearing elsewhere in this trend-of-employment compila tion, which are obtained by dividing the total weekly earnings in all establishments reporting by the total number of employees in those establishments. As already noted, the basic information upon which the average weekly man-hours and average hourly earnings are com puted covers approximately 50 percent of the establishments report ing monthly employment data. T 2 —A V E R A G E H O U R S W O R K E D P E R W E E K P E R E M P L O Y E E A N D A V E R A G E H O U R L Y E A R N IN G S IN S E L E C T E D M A N U F A C T U R IN G IN D U S T R IE S , S E P T E M B E R A N D O C T O B E R 1933 a b l e Average hours per week Average hourlyearnings Industry Food and kindred products: Textiles and their products: Fabrics: Iron and steel and their products, not including machinery: Cutlery (not including silver and plated cutlery) and edge Steam and hot-water heating apparatus and steam fittings.. Tools"(not including edge tools, machine tools, files, and Machinery, not including transportation equipment: Cash registers, adding machines, and calculating machines. Nonferrous metals and their products: Stamped and enameled ware...................................................... https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Septem ber 1933 October 1933 Septem ber 1933 October 1933 Hours 41.1 41.0 37.6 38.3 45.7 40.0 48.0 38.5 Hours 40.9 38.6 36.0 39.1 43.5 39.7 51.6 35.0 Cents 50.3 67.6 38.8 52.1 54.0 49.9 43.9 51.4 Cents 50.6 69.1 39.8 51.7 57.6 49.9 38.1 56.2 37.1 36.0 37.0 35.2 36.0 34.1 37.3 37.9 35.4 36.5 36.6 36.7 35.1 34.9 50.4 36.5 42.7 49.9 45.0 42.9 48.0 50.5 36.9 43.8 50.0 45.4 42.7 49.5 34.0 28.3 33.8 25.0 49.0 45.9 50.1 49.9 37.6 32.6 34.3 33.8 34.6 33.0 35.9 33.6 40.4 37.0 34.6 35.1 33.4 31.8 32.4 37.7 34.3 36.7 50.0 56.8 50.6 57.0 49.2 54.3 50.7 52.1 46.4 50.7 58.1 47.6 59.4 51.1 55.0 51.7 54.1 49.8 35.5 36.7 35.0 34.9 50.6 52.0 51.6 55.4 34.2 38.7 33.4 34.5 33.8 35.0 34.1 38.2 37.1 35.1 37.8 33.7 34.8 34.1 36.0 36.5 37.2 39.0 50.0 66.9 58.8 58.6 54.7 59.0 49.4 61.7 51.2 51.3 69.8 59.4 59.6 55.8 58.2 50.0 64.0 51.0 35.0 36.7 39.1 35.3 35.9 37.4 37.3 36.0 35.9 35.6 41.6 38.7 36.6 40.1 36.3 37.7 47.5 52.1 44.3 48.9 50.7 49.9 49.4 45.2 47.9 52.4 44.9 48.8 49.4 50.8 51.1 45.4 1504 T a b l e MONTHLY LABOR R E V IE W 2 —A V E R A G E H O U R S W O R K E D P E R W E E K P E R E M P L O Y E E A N D Av e t ? i r r 2 N D BO O T O B E ™ ^ f f i S ? T B D M A N U F A C T U R I N G ^ I ^ U S T m E i ^ E ^ M B E R Average hours per week Average hourly earnings Industry Transportation equipment: Aircraft. _____ Automobiles_______ Cars, electric and steam railroadLocomotives_____ . Shipbuilding________ Railroad repair shops: Electric railroad_________ Steam railroad_____ Lumber and allied products: Furniture_____ Lumber: Millwork . . Sawmills____ Stone, clay, and glass products: Brick, tile, and terra cotta_____ C e m e n t____ Glass__________ Marble, granite, slate, and other products Pottery____ ______ Leather and its manufactures: Leather Paper and printing: Boxes, paper_______ Paper and pu lp_________ Printing and publishing: Book and job Newspapers and periodicals Chemicals and allied products: Chemicals____ Cottonseed oil, cake, and meal Druggists’ preparations____ Explosives___ Fertilizers___ Paints and varnishes Petroleum refining Rayon and allied products.Soap__________ Rubber products: Rubber goods, other than boots, shoes, tires, and inner tubes Rubber tires and inner tubes Tobacco manufactures: Chewing and smoking tobacco and snuff Cigars and cigarettes_____ September 1933 October 1933 September 1933 Hours Hours Cents 33! 8 October 1933 34.9 43.1 37.7 62.8 63.0 ,_ , .. « 35.0 32.3 31.1 33.5 00. y 34.5 37.9 37.8 43.5 !„ c o2. 2 58.8 53.8 62.9 60.1 . 37.6 40.0 35.4 38.1 Cents 70.3 38.2 80.7 39 3 42.7 59. 3 34.7 29.9 35.6 49.4 49.0 68.8 37.5 38.4 36.3 37.0 35.4 37.3 36.6 41. 6 37.9 37.7 35.5 37.9 49.6 60 7 26.5 48.0 60.1 35.8 54.4 71.6 47.5 49.9 Employment in Building Construction in October 1933 M P L 04 M ENT in the building-construction industry increased 0.5 percent in October as compared wdth September and pay rolls increased 1.9 percent over the month interval. The percents of change of employment and pay-roll totals in October as compared with September are based on returns made by 114 / 2 firi*ls engaged on public and private projects not aided bv public-works funds. These firms employed in October 92,953 workers m fhe various trades in the building-construction industry whose combined weekly earnings during the pay period ending nearest October 15 were $2,022,884. These reports cover building operations m various localities m 34 States and the District of Columbia E https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1505 TREND OF EMPLOYMENT C O M P A R IS O N OF E M P L O Y M E N T A N D T O T A L P A Y R O L L IN T H E BU ILD IN G CON STRU C TIO N IN D U S T R Y IN ID E N T IC A L F IR M S , S E P T E M B E R A N D O C T O B E R 1933 Locality Alabama: Birmingham--------- --------California: Los Angeles 1__________________ San Francisco-Oakland 1----------Other reporting localities 1-------Colorado: Denver-------------------------Connecticut: Bridgeport---------------- ----------Hartford___________________ -New H a ven .- -------------- ---------Delaware: W ilm ington.. . -----------District of Columbia______________ Florida: Jacksonville_______ ___ ____ M iam i__________________ . . Georgia: Atlanta---------------------------Illinois: Chicago 1______________________ Other reporting localities 1-------Indiana: Evansville . . . -------- -- Fort W ayne___________________ Indianapolis__________________ South B end____________ ___ Iowa: Des Moines-------------------------Kansas: W ich ita .. . ------------- --Kentucky: Louisville-----------Louisiana: New Orleans----------------Maine: Portland----- ------------- -- - Maryland: B altim ore1. . - Massachusetts: A ll reporting localities L — . . ________________ - -Michigan: Detroit_________________ --Flint . . . . _________________ Grand Rapids----------------- - Minnesota: Duluth_______ . . . ----------------Minneapolis__________________ St. Paul----------------------------------Missouri: Kansas C ity 2.......................... . . St. Louis______________________ Nebraska: Omaha_____________ -New York: N ew York C ity *.. . . -------Other reporting localities 1-------North Carolina: Charlotte------- .. Ohio: A kron. ______________________ C incinnati3________ ____ -Cleveland_____________________ D a y to n ____________ . . . . ----Youngstown--------------------------- Oklahoma: Oklahoma C ity__________ ____ Tulsa________________________ Oregon: Portland__________________ P ennsylvania:4 Erie area 1 --------- ------------------Philadelphia area 1------------------Pittsburgh area 1----- ---------------Reading-Lebanon area 1----------Scranton area 1------------------------Other reporting areas l._......... Rhode Island: Providence-------------Tennessee: Chattanooga— . . . --------------Knoxville_____________________ M em phis______________________ Nashville------ --------------------------Texas: San Antonio--------------- ------------- N um Number on pay roll Amount of pay roll Percent Percent ber of of of firms re change change port Oct. 15 Sept. 15 Oct. 15 Sept. 15 ing 75 430 383 -1 0 .9 $6, 283 $5, 634 -1 0 .3 21 36 22 205 1,055 1,298 571 612 1,140 953 526 711 + 8.1 -2 6 .6 -7 .9 +16.2 20, 204 29,633 11, 794 11, 268 22,617 19, 904 10, 577 12,961 +11.9 -3 2 .8 -1 0 .3 +15.0 125 251 181 120 520 560 1,313 1,128 984 8,594 615 1,320 1,118 943 7, 752 + 9.8 + .5 -.9 - 4 .2 - 9 .8 11,391 26, 702 26,811 19, 290 244, 525 12, 370 28, 516. 25,477 19,125 210, 480 + 8.6 + 6.8 - 5 .0 -.9 -1 3 .9 58 84 153 531 1,096 1,172 496 1,129 1,144 - 6 .6 + 3.0 - 2 .4 9, 028 17,301 17,172 6,875 19,023 17, 740 -2 3 .8 + 10.0 + 3.3 125 77 1,573 1,249 1,443 1,476 - 8 .3 +18.2 48, 531 22, 628 39,139 30,181 -1 9 .4 +33.4 55 87 164 39 105 69 155 122 101 105 320 348 1,144 206 587 356 1,385 1,272 384 1,310 347 372 1,270 255 601 346 1,317 1,016 430 1,291 + 8.4 + 6.9 +11.0 +23.8 + 2.4 - 2 .8 - 4 .9 -2 0. 1 +12.0 - 1 .5 4, 760 5,900 22, 321 3,488 10,125 6,205 25,831 19, 807 8, 517 22,935 5,478 6, 757 26,097 5,681 10, 542 5,954 23, 622 17, 269 9, 693 21,815 +15.1 +14.5 +16.9 +62.9 +4.1 - 4 .0 - 8 .6 -1 2 .8 +13.8 - 4 .9 716 4,643 4,896 + 5.4 116,335 114,694 - 1 .4 503 60 110 4,699 247 433 4, 744 257 506 + 1.0 + 4.0 +16.9 93,061 4, 661 6,975 98, 270 4,302 7,822 + 5.6 - 7 .7 +12.1 55 223 178 278 1,615 1,269 256 1,672 1,414 - 7 .9 + 3.5 +11.4 5,061 33,489 29,142 4,556 35,404 30,502 -1 0 .0 + 5.7 + 4.7 298 584 153 1,730 3,183 823 1, 750 3,464 844 + 1 .2 + 8 .8 + 2.6 36,105 79,739 15, 791 38,506 91, 300 17,617 + 6.7 +14.5 +11.6 317 234 53 5, 340 6,107 349 5, 799 5, 668 340 + 8.6 - 7 .2 - 2 .6 154,332 141, 249 5,073 176,688 132,610 5,566 +14.5 - 6 .1 + 9.7 85 478 621 119 75 357 2,401 2,738 598 296 396 2, 385 2,956 488 333 + 10.9 -.7 + 8 .0 -1 8 .4 +12.5 5,915 54, 619 68,486 10, 717 4,862 7,736 55,144 80,803 9,703 5,608 +30.8 + 1.0 +18.0 - 9 .5 +15.3 98 56 193 533 192 1,091 657 240 1,103 +23.3 +25.0 + 1.1 7,922 2,823 22,040 10,455 3,502 23, 514 +32.0 +24.1 + 6.7 28 478 252 45 38 314 263 350 6,249 1,965 253 261 2,781 1,704 259 6,318 2,168 304 269 2, 777 1,972 -2 6 .0 + 1.1 +10.3 +20.2 + 3.1 -.1 +15.7 4,296 115,716 47, 507 4, 236 5,909 45,878 35,813 3,006 121, 398 46, 659 5, 307 6,015 53,638 44, 790 -3 0 .0 + 4.9 —1.8 +25. 3 + 1. 8 +16.9 +25.1 38 49 78 90 336 437 552 1,196 211 471 488 1,026 -3 7 .2 + 7.8 -1 1 .6 -1 4 .2 5,486 6,389 9,331 16, 515 3,462 7,051 8,399 14,969 -3 6 .9 +10.4 -1 0 .0 - 9 .4 184 32 175 119 932 187 1,215 705 792 137 1,153 560 -1 5 .0 -2 6 .7 -5 .1 -2 0 .6 14,680 2,131 18,824 9,413 12, 583 1,511 17,934 7,430 -1 4 .3 -2 9 .1 - 4 .7 -2 1 .1 1 Data supplied b y cooperating State bureaus. 2 Includes both Kansas City, M o. and Kansas City, Kans. 3 Includes Covington and Newport, K y. < Each separate area includes from 2 to 8 counties. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1506 MONTHLY LABOR R E V IE W C O M P A R IS O N OF E M P L O Y M E N T A N D T O T A L P A Y R O L L IN T H E BU ILD IN G CON S TR U C TIO N IN D U S T R Y IN I D E N T IC A L F IR M S , S E P T E M B E R A N D O C T O B E R 1933— Continued N um Number on pay roll Amount of pay roll ber of Percent firms re of port Sept. 15 Oct. 15 change Sept. 15 Oct. 15 ing Locality Utah: Salt Lake C ity_____________ Virginia: N orfolk-Portsm outh___ _ _ _ Richm ond________________ __ . Washington: S eattle________ ____________ Spokane________ - - - - - - - - . Tacom a___ ____ _ _______ West Virginia: Wheeling - - - _ Wisconsin: All reporting localities L Total, all localities-- _______ Percent of change 91 448 620 +38.4 $8, 903 $8, 434 - 5 .3 94 146 1,092 1,125 968 1,099 -1 1 .4 - 2 .3 19,145 22, 208 18,410 22, 233 - 3 .8 + .1 157 50 84 45 58 788 180 209 255 858 789 192 158 264 1,396 + 6.7 -2 4 .4 + 3.5 +62.7 15,399 3,717 3, 601 4,690 14,888 14, 936 3, 592 2, 751 5, 591 24,976 - 3 .0 - 3 .4 -2 3 .6 +19.2 +67.8 11,172 92,478 92,953 + .5 1, 985, 522 2,022,884 + 1.9 1Data supplied by cooperating State bureaus. Trend of Employment in October 1933, by States N THE following table are shown the fluctuations in employment and pay-roll totals in October 1933 as compared with September 1933, in certain industrial groups by States. These tabulations have been prepared from data secured directly from reporting establshments and from information supplied by cooperating State agencies. The combined total of all groups does not include building-construc tion data, information concerning which is published elsewhere in a separate tabulation by city and State totals. In addition to the com bined total of all groups, the trend of employment and pay rolls in the manufacturing, public utility, hotel, wholesale trade, retail trade, bituminous-coal mining, crude-petroleum producing, quarrying and nonmetallic mining, metalliferous mining, laundry, and dyeing and cleaning groups is presented. In this State compilation, the totals of the telephone and telegraph, power and light, and electric-railroad operation groups have been combined and are presented as one group— public utilities. Due to the extreme seasonal fluctuations in the canning and preserving industry, and the fact that during certain months the activity in this industry in a number of States is negligible, data for this industry are not presented separately. The number of employees and the amount of weekly pay roll in September and October 1933 as reported by identical establishments in this industry are included, however, in the combined total of “ all groups.” The percents of change shown in the accompanying table, unless otherwise noted, are unweighted percents of change; that is, the industries included in the groups, and the groups comprising the total of all groups, have not been weighted according to their relative importance in the combined totals. The State totals for the anthracite-mining industry, which is confined entirely to the State of Pennsylvania, will be found in table 1, nonmanufacturing industries. When the identity of any reporting company would be disclosed by the publication of a State total for any industrial group, figures for the group do not appear in the separate industrial-group tabulation, but are included in the State totals for “ all groups.” Data are not presented for any industrial group when the representation in the State covers less than three establishments. I https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1507 TREND OF EMPLOYMENT Co m p a r is o n o f e m p l o y m e n t a n d p a y r o l l s in id e n t ic a l e s t a b l is h m e n t s IN S E P T E M B E R A N D O C T O B E R 1933, B Y ST A T E S [Figures in italics are not compiled b y the Bureau of Labor Statistics, but are taken from reports issued by cooperating State organizations] Total all groups State Manufacturing N um Num N um N um ber on Amount Amount Per Per ber on ber of Per of pay roll Per cent of pay roll cent ber of pay pay estab (1 week) estab cent of (1 week) cent of of of lish roll, Oc lish roll, Oc change October change October change ments tober ments tober change 1933 1933 1933 1933 521 66,320 + 1 .0 A labam a.............. . 413 A rizon a................. 9,199 + 5.3 19,029 + 2.6 Arkansas................ im California.......... . 2 1, 94.7 278,909 - 8 .8 815 38, 646 +15.0 Colorado_________ 1,119 171,944 152 12, 242 631 33,264 639 26,961 684 95,024 $887, 770 + 3 .2 191,978 +11.2 273,376 + .2 6,376,951 - 7 .3 774,985 +15.0 213 46,993 53 2, 353 178 13,677 1,129 164,680 118 16,526 + 1 .0 + 1.6 + 2 .9 $614,311 49, 405 178,428 - 1 4 .0 3 , 444 ,299 +37.3 315, 795 -1 3 .9 +29.4 2,824,387 157, 822 118, 635 233,419 992, 531 + 1.1 + 3.7 + 4 .2 +10.8 -.4 + 4.0 +11.6 + .9 - 5 .4 + 3.3 + 5.6 - 1 .1 3,357,053 243, 569 764,824 465,843 1,294,156 + 1.1 + 3.1 + 5.1 + 8.9 + 1 .2 658 151,237 7,865 48 3,692 57 141 15, 722 318 79, 786 225 O d a h o ... _______ 9,927 +11.8 -.3 Illinois___________ 4 1,774 350,068 1,276 143,077 + 2.5 Indiana__________ 1,201 48, 544 - 1.0 I o w a _______ ____ Kansas___________ « 1,357 68,896 «+ L 6 180,119 7,283,044 2, 752, 522 941,336 1,485,013 + 6 .0 + 1 .9 + 7.0 + 4 .6 « -.2 41 5,312 1.120 223, 093 579 105, 688 435 27, 284 455 28,250 +21.0 92,427 - 1 .2 4,260,525 + 3.5 2,090, 843 519,345 + .1 + .5 568,121 +10.8 -.1 + 8.4 + 2.3 + .6 854 75,357 K e n t u c k y .._____ 502 35, 380 Louisiana________ 582 50, 758 M aine___________ 828 93, 771 M aryland________ Massachusetts___ 8 8,058 394,987 1,316,995 584,764 861, 826 1,847,958 8,112,533 + 7.1 + 1.5 - 6 .9 - 1 .3 + 1.1 205 28,138 204 21,682 182 42,006 451 67,553 1,141 208,083 -.6 514, 879 318,905 + (3) - 3 .9 712, 783 « + 1.9 1,274,985 + 1 .9 3,870,229 + 2 .2 _(3) - 6 .1 8 - 1 .2 - .1 Connecticut______ Delaware____ Dist. of Columbia. Florida___________ Georgia................... + 2.4 - 1 .0 - 6 .3 + 2.2 + 1.9 + (3) + 7.5 + 8.4 - 1 .7 M ichigan_______ Minnesota_______ Mississippi_______ Missouri_________ Montana_________ 1,613 290,927 - 9 .2 1,101 74, 239 + 1.9 372 10, 890 + 2.5 1,217 120, 775 _(3) 357 11,808 +14.0 6, 233, 512 - 9 .6 1,554,187 + 7 .6 144, 728 + 4 .0 2,448, 889 281,514 +13.8 625 256,161 301 36,869 72 7, 351 530 69, 240 52 4,128 - 7 .4 5,286,411 + 3.4 737, 643 + 2.1 88,352 - 1 .0 1, 319, 598 +39.2 88,428 - 8 .1 + 8.7 + 1.3 - 2 .0 +39.2 N e b r a s k a ........... N e v a d a ... . . . . . New H am pshire.. New Jersey. ____ New M exico_____ 727 26, 692 145 1,836 512 41, 281 1,532 203, 230 194 4,508 + 8.4 + 7.6 - 5 .0 - 1 .4 (8) 557,403 +12.5 45, 227 +12.2 660, 771 -1 2 .1 4, 509,079 + 2 .2 85,932 + 8.0 125 14,596 25 373 187 36,368 7 655 184,329 23 456 +16.7 299,301 + .5 9,466 - 4 .2 554, 659 + 1 .3 3,861,332 - 6 .9 8,038 +19.0 + 2.7 -1 3 .9 + 2 .7 -.6 N ew Y ork _______ North Carolina__ North Dakota___ Ohio_____ _____ Oklahoma________ 8,429 592, 547 916 134,142 342 4, 558 5,067 455, 618 778 32, 767 + .6 14,075,908 _ ( 3 ) 81,801 365,914 556 128, 630 + 1- 1 1,814,029 + 3.1 + 6.7 97, 283 +10.4 59 1,150 + . 5 9, 236,944 + 3 .6 1,909 334, 644 + 4.3 652,069 + 8.7 148 12,136 + .1 8,237,920 + 1.1 1, 719,846 -.1 26,169 - . 2 6, 717,357 + 4.7 230,869 - 1 .5 + 3.1 + 3.4 + 2.6 + 8.9 Oregon___ _______ Pennsylvania____ Rhode Island . . . South Carolina___ South Dakota____ 699 40, 301 5,091 674, 399 918 68, 544 320 59, 689 260 6,308 - 1.2 757,418 - 1.7 14,034, 212 + 9.5 1,315,984 773, 808 +. 4 + 3.3 144, 742 -.8 373,865 + .7 7,140,815 +11.9 1,019,629 + 1.0 718,941 + 7 .2 40,804 + .8 +3.1 +12.7 + 2 .2 + 5.4 Tennessee-_______ Texas____________ Utah_____________ Vermont_________ Virginia__________ 737 822 345 383 1,323 - 1 .3 +7.1 +36.2 + 4.7 789,323 882,300 116, 537 123, 647 1,075,032 - . 1 + 6 .3 +26.7 + 4.4 -.3 -.1 598, 728 -1 1 .2 726, 234 8 + 1 .8 2,139,912 +40.0 47,140 - 1 .2 -1 5 .5 6 +4- 5 +32.9 + 1 .2 + 1.1 + 9.9 + 2.3 + 5.3 155 19, 737 1,749 397,625 265 56, 252 174 56,442 47 2,263 71, 867 -.3 74,110 + 5 . 4 16, 737 +14.0 11,460 + 2.2 95,018 + 1.1 1,097, 625 + .9 1,622,405 + 5 .9 318, 761 +15.6 215,445 + 1 .8 1, 594,155 + 2.3 269 406 85 118 411 Washington______ 1,170 64,171 + 1 .6 West Virginia____ 875 112,132 - 2 .7 Wisconsin________ u 1,050 155,431 + 1.0 W yom ing________ 195 6,574 +12.7 1, 278, 740 + 2 .7 2,090, 466 2, 773,972 +3.4 173,474 +25.5 262 30,420 183 40,441 777 123, 970 29 1,884 53, 531 43,181 6, 364 6, 605 67,196 _ (3 ) 1 Includes automobile dealers and garages, and sand, gravel, and building construction. 2 Includes banks, insurance, and office employment. 3 Less than one tenth of 1 percent. 4 Includes building and contracting. 5 Includes construction, municipal, agricultural, and office employment, amusement and recreation, professional, and transportation services. 6 Weighted percent of change. 7 Includes laundries. 8 No change. 8 Includes laundering and cleaning. 18 Includes construction but does not include hotels and restaurants. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1508 MONTHLY LABOR R E V IE W C O M P A R IS O N OF E M P L O Y M E N T A N D P A Y R O LLS IN ID EN T IC AL E S T A B L IS H M E N T S IN S E P T E M B E R A N D O C T O B E R 1933, B Y S T A T E S —Continued [Figures in italics are not compiled b y the Bureau of Labor Statistics, but are taken from reports issued by cooperating State organizations] Wholesale trade State Retail trade Num Num Num Amount Amount Per Per N um ber on ber of ber on Per of pay rol Per pay cent of pay roll cent ber of pay estab (1 week) estab cent of (1 week) cent of roll Oc of of ¡roll Oc lish change October change tober, change October change lish tober ments 1933 ments 1933 1933 1933 A labam a........... Arizona__________ Arkansas_________ California........... Colorado--......... 14 25 20 103 28 514 221 608 6,740 963 + 4.5 + .9 + 5 .6 + 1.8 —.4 Connecticut______ Delaware________ Dist. of Columbia. Florida___________ Georgia__________ 54 7 26 72 33 984 93 376 1,146 505 (8) +2. 2 + 2.5 - 1 .4 + 2.4 29,448 1,905 11, 242 26,274 14,747 Idaho____________ Illinois___________ Indiana__________ Iowa_____________ Kansas___________ 8 49 66 36 84 123 2,480 1,402 1,170 2,128 +. 8 + 1.3 + 1.6 -.3 + 4-7 Kentucky________ Louisiana________ M a in e ..-............... Maryland________ Massachusetts___ 20 29 18 36 701 425 754 468 763 16,284 Michigan________ Minnesota_______ Mississippi_______ Missouri................ Montana_________ 62 68 4 60 15 Nebraska________ Nevada__________ New Hampshire _ _ N ew Jersey______ New M exico.......... $15,108 +22.4 6,186 + 9.9 16,107 +IO .4 157,005 + 2.7 28,114 + 6.7 65 181 120 128 280 2, 210 1,717 1,561 26,967 4,781 + 8.3 + 5.9 + 5 .0 +■4 + 3.8 $37,317 30,100 22, 991 568,002 92,859 + 7 .2 + 8.1 - 1 .7 + .5 + 5.7 + 3.3 + 4.6 + 5.0 +4. 5 + 7 .2 120 22 412 106 40 5,237 454 12, 641 1,953 2,385 + 4.6 + 5.3 +3. 7 + 2 .6 + 1.8 103, 808 10, 273 257,460 36, 554 41,312 + 4.2 + 4.7 + 6.9 -i-7.5 + 6.6 3,446 60,281 34,816 29,738 49,116 + 7 .2 + 1 .9 + 2 .7 + 6.2 - 3 .5 67 148 171 128 473 936 24,967 7,010 3, 437 6,659 + 6.4 + 2.9 + 2.1 + 2.4 + 1 .6 14,998 491, 621 124,122 60, 325 120,459 +11.4 +1.1 +2. 5 + 3.5 + .7 +. 5 + 2.3 (8) -.8 + 1 .0 9, 353 18, 099 10,868 17,254 391,191 + 4 .0 + 9.6 -.3 - 1 .6 + .7 44 48 67 39 4,184 3,176 3, 255 969 7,144 66,783 + 7.5 - 6 .9 55, 236 53,449 17, 551 + 7.9 121, 937 +3.1 1,292,010 + 8.1 - 1 .7 + 3.1 + 2.8 + 1.7 1,651 4,949 112 4,935 249 + 2 .0 + 1.8 + 1.8 + .5 -3 .1 46, 215 132, 301 2, 208 132,102 7, 619 + 6.4 + 6.9 + 5.6 + 7.6 + 6.6 166 263 52 109 81 11,452 8, 272 484 9,692 989 - 4 .0 + 6.3 + 1.5 -.6 + 4.1 225,047 143, 722 5, 743 188, 548 19,446 + 2.8 4-2.6 4-8.9 4-1.2 + 4.1 35 8 16 25 6 1,021 112 175 674 87 + 2.6 (s) - 4 .9 + 7 .7 + 3.6 27, 624 3, 373 4, 564 18,647 3,108 + 5.1 + 1.8 - 2 .7 + 5.6 + 4.4 188 39 73 414 51 2,066 284 999 8,803 271 + 8.7 + 8 .0 + 2.0 + 6.9 + 1.1 37,920 6,171 15, 301 192, 033 6, 215 + 9.0 4-6.0 4-2.9 + 6.8 +1.1 N ew Y ork _______ North Carolina__ North Dakota____ Ohio_____________ Oklahoma............ 450 16 15 231 56 13,853 208 236 5, 414 1, 228 + 1 .0 + 4 .5 + .4 + .8 + 1.1 423,425 5,353 6, 645 136,833 29,403 + 3.6 + 9 .0 + 5 .2 +4. 3 + 9 .0 4, 258 157 11 1,593 107 87,467 658 299 38,084 2,313 + 5 .0 1,847,147 + 7 .2 14,120 + 8 .7 4, 622 + 6.3 718, 495 + 4.4 42,009 + 5.2 4-3. 7 + 8.2 + 4.6 +10.8 Oregon___________ Pennsylvania____ Rhode Island____ South Carolina___ South Dakota____ 54 123 44 14 10 1,432 3, 792 1,213 217 130 +. 6 + 2.1 + 4.0 + 5.9 -.8 38,588 103,115 28, 717 4, 930 3,429 + 8.2 + 5.6 + 3.6 + 9.4 + 5.4 188 358 491 20 9 2,532 31,940 5,028 537 101 Tennessee............ Texas____________ Utah_____________ Vermont_________ Virginia__________ 31 131 13 5 46 857 - 6 .3 3,306 + 3 .7 484 +. 6 115 + 6.5 1,327 + 10.4 18,149 - ( 3 ) 81,636 + 4-7 11,772 + 3 .6 2,726 + 5.9 30,178 +12.3 55 79 78 33 502 Washington______ West Virginia____ Wisconsin.............. W yom ing________ 91 27 46 8 2,288 609 588 64 62,431 + 6.8 17,257 +10. 1 29,111 + .3 1,865 + 5 .8 400 48 50 41 3 Less than one tenth of 1 percent. 8N o change. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis -.1 + .7 -.6 (8) 3, 972 + 3.5 +10.2 + 5 .2 (8) +11.0 51, 634' 614,843 105, 753 5,869 1,714 + 4.2 4-8.5 4-3.4 + .7 +11.3 + 9.8 591 451 5,511 + 1 .0 +1. 1 + 6.0 61,053 138,268 13, 687 6, 970 103,498 + 7.3 4-6.5 4-3.9 + 2.9 4-5.0 7,174 902 11,087 248 + 2.6 + 4.6 + 7 .7 + 3.3 133, 395 16, 713 162,269 5, 754 + 2.1 +11.1 + 8.5 + 6.2 8 ,1 4 2 1509 TREND OF EMPLOYMENT C O M P A R IS O N OF E M P L O Y M E N T A N D P A Y R O L L S IN ID EN T IC AL E S T A B L IS H M E N T S IN S E P T E M B E R A N D O C T O B E R 1933, B Y S T A T E S —Continued [Figures in italics are not compiled b y the Bureau of Labor Statistics, but are taken from reports issued by cooperating State organizations] Quarrying and nonmetallic mining State N um ber of estab lish ments N um N um Amount ber on Per of pay roll Per ber of pay roll cent of (1 week) cent of estab October change October change lish 1933 ments 1933 Alabama_________ Arizona............. . Arkansas_________ California________ Colorado................. 19 3 10 32 4 758 41 324 1,116 44 Connecticut______ Delaware. _____ Dist. of Columbia Florida................... Georgia__________ 26 3 353 59 18 27 835 1,489 Illinois.................... Indiana................... Iowa_____________ Kansas___________ 24 71 32 n Kentucky________ Louisiana________ Maine . ________ M aryland.. ____ Massachusetts___ +27.2 -1 8 .0 -1 3. 6 + 1.8 +25.7 $8,187 473 4,505 22,403 612 +47.6 -1 7 .0 - 6 .0 +11.2 + 4 .6 -1 3 .1 - 4 .8 5, 624 '854 - 8 .9 + 3 .3 -1 . 1 + 9.7 9, 550 15,759 - 1 .6 +18.9 904 1,795 589 1,206 + .3 + 3 .0 -1 1 . 4 -1 2 .2 14,938 27,403 8,092 22,255 - 4 .3 - 1 .5 - 6 .9 - 6 .1 36 13 12 u 23 943 646 209 S17 519 +12.4 -1 0 .3 -1 6 .1 +12.8 + 3 .2 9,630 9, 771 3,860 4,248 li, 2i9 +12.5 + 2.5 -2 6 .1 +16.3 + 5 .2 Michigan________ Minnesota_______ Mississippi_____ _ Missouri_______ . Montana................ 47 26 8 47 9 1, 420 501 171 1,166 122 -1 0 .1 +30.5 +12. 5 + 9.3 -1 6 .4 27,191 8,726 2,181 17, 545 1,388 + 3.1 +41.8 +21.6 +18.4 -3 6 .9 Nebraska________ N evada__________ New H am pshire.. New Jersey______ 235 + 8.3 3,231 +20.6 11 42 New York ______ North Carolina__ North Dakota____ Ohio ____________ Oklahoma_______ 7 Metalliferous mining 258 +150. 5 811 +12.0 N um Amount ber on Per of pay roll Per pay roll cent of (1 week) cent of October change October change 1933 1933 9 20 1,660 2,362 + 2 .3 +10.7 $23,858 53, 538 - 8 .0 +18.0 S3 16 2,817 1,086 + 3 .7 + 1.4 65,261 29,353 + 3.5 +17.7 11 2,147 + 3 .3 46,875 —3. 2 12 936 - 5 .6 17,220 -.9 42 32 4,036 1,706 + 8.1 +10.9 59,359 35, 601 +13.3 +18.6 15 17 1,756 2,380 + 1.3 + 5.9 22, 777 67,248 + 5.7 + 5.4 17 466 +34.7 11, 634 +56.0 3 5 13 931 +44.4 “ I. 1 262 19, 482 +16.4 +12.7 7,650 +255. 3 13,146 +10.3 76 14 2,176 '395 -.6 - 5 .5 39,123 4,980 +. 1 + 7.8 136 15 3,873 252 + 1 .0 +39.2 58, 442 1,980 +4. 3 +28.5 32 1,686 -.1 25, 621 + 2.9 Oregon_______ . . . Pennsylvania.. . . Rhode I s la n d ___ South Carolina___ South Dakota____ 5 164 62 5,797 +14.8 - 2 .4 984 84,883 +25.7 + 6 .4 6 60 + 3 .4 1,112 +10.6 5 8 95 62 -2 0 .8 -3 .1 917 1,153 -2 2 .3 +31.6 Tennessee________ Texas____________ Utah_____________ Vermont_______ Virginia__________ 25 21 6 40 32 1,539 407 148 2, 329 1,411 + 8.2 -3 7 .5 +28.7 + 2.4 - 5 .8 19, 744 8,809 2, 216 42, 764 13,396 +23.1 -2 6 .2 + 5.9 - 2 .0 —11.0 W ashington_____ West Virginia _ . Wisconsin_______ W yom ing____ _ . 18 24 H 212 899 167 +29.3 - 1 .4 - 2 .3 3,855 13,166 2,248 +51.9 + 5.7 - 7 .0 11 N ot available. 21719°—33----- 16 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 4 313 + 4 .3 6,302 +12.1 12 2,107 + 4 .0 40,986 +10.4 376 + 4-7 6,923 + 1.5 (“ ) 1510 m onthly labor r e v ie w C O M P A R IS O N OF E M P L O Y M E N T A N D P A Y R O L L S IN I D E N T I C A L E S T A B L IS H M E N T S IN S E P T E M B E R A N D O C T O B E R 1933, B Y S T A T E S —Continued [Figures in italics are not compiled b y the Bureau of Labor Statistics, but are taken from reports issued b y cooperating State organizations] State Alabama_________ Arizona__________ California________ Colorado......... ....... Bituminous-coal mining Crude-petroleum producing Num- NumAmount ber of ber on Per- of pay roll Perestab- pay roll cent of (1 week) cent of lish- October change October change ments 1933 1933 Num- NumAmount ber of ber on Per- of pay roll Perestab- pay roll cent of (1 week) cent of lish- October change October change ments 1933 1933 57 10,047 - 1 .8 3 195 -2 0 .5 54 5,254 +14.5 83 53 23 26 7,754 5,793 1,980 1,336 - 1 .2 - 4 .1 +48.5 +13.1 165 31, 773 + 5 .5 513,863 +14.2 16 1,451 + 1 .0 19,381 + 4-8 21 11 1,649 913 + .5 + 5.1 26,862 23, 713 +22.4 +13.7 13 1,493 +11.6 26, 228 +18.6 $122, 594 - 4 .0 -1 7 .1 94, 785 +22.1 9 40 485 7,723 + 9 .2 $11,821 +22.6 7 145 33 - 7.6 + 37.5 2,897 382 - 1 .2 +36.9 30 1, 466 + 20.0 31,161 +17.8 6 261 216 + 6.5 3, 595 +24.7 24 -1 7 .2 564 -1 7 .3 57 + 7.5 1,562 + 2.8 Connecticut______ Delaware ___Dist. of Columbia. Florida__________ Georgia............. . Idaho........... .......... Indiana_____ ____ Iowa_____________ Kansas________ Kentucky______ Louisiana________ M aine___________ M aryland____. . . Massachusetts___ Michigan............... Minnesota_______ Mississippi______ M is s o u r i..______ Nebraska________ Nevada__________ N ew Hampshire . New Jersey. ___ New M exico_____ New Y ork_____ _ North Carolina__ North Dakota____ Oklahom a_______ Oregon________ Pennsylvania____ Rhode Island____ South Carolina___ South Dakota____ Tennessee_______ Texas. _______ . . Utah_____________ Vermont_________ Virginia................ . Washington______ West Virginia____ Wisconsin________ 157,494 +20.9 109,876 + 1.3 41, 035 +143. 6 19,539 +15.2 5 303 10 84 18 721 13,520 779 +51.5 + 3.3 +21.0 15,108 247, 271 15, 209 +57.7 +26.6 +31.4 6 56 87 5,335 +17.6 +10.3 1,309 127, 505 +70.9 +12.8 449 47,987 -2 8 .8 604,521 -4 0 .2 21 892 +36.6 20,132 +50.5 22 5 16 2,978 371 2,043 + 1 .0 + 6 .6 +36.7 38, 535 6,815 51, 706 - 2 .6 - 5 .6 +38. 1 3 8,445 + .7 285,131 + 6 .0 34 8,346 + 6 .7 10 353 387 59,974 30 3, 338 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 143, 690 +18.5 + 9 .0 10, 791 + 3 .0 1,110,970 +48.7 +12.5 8 376 +13.6 7,824 + 9.1 + 6 .4 +31.0 7 191 + 4 .4 4,882 + 3.7 95,899 1511 TREND OF EMPLOYMENT C O M P A R IS O N OF E M P L O Y M E N T A N D P A Y R O L L S IN I D E N T I C A L E S T A B L IS H M E N T S IN S E P T E M B E R A N D O C T O B E R 1933, B Y S T A T E S — Continued [Figures in italics are not compiled b y the Bureau of Labor Statistics, but are taken from reports issued by cooperating State organizations] Hotels Public utilities State N um ber of estab lish ments N um Amount Per of pay roll Per ber on pay roll cent of (1 week) cent of October change October change 1933 1933 N um ber of estab lish ments N um Amount ber on Per of pay roll Per pay roll cent of (1 week) cent of October change October change 1933 1933 + 8 .6 + 8 .8 -■ 4 + 4. 8 + 5 .3 26 21 16 187 59 1,161 466 570 8,921 1,346 +. 6 + 6.6 + 2.1 - 2 .5 - 7 .6 $9,773 6,529 4,734 134,561 17,752 + 4.9 + 7 .8 + 5 .5 - 2 .3 - 6 .6 285,346 31, 238 231, 275 123, 279 177,474 +. 3 + 7.6 + 5.1 + 10.1 + 7.6 32 6 48 58 29 1,188 251 4,123 1,087 1,306 +• 8 « + 7.0 + 5.5 - 4.6 14,718 3, 401 57,434 10,395 10,057 +. 4 + 3 .6 + 8.7 + 6 .4 -1 .4 730 70,426 7, 700 9,256 7,299 14, 222 + 6 .0 + 3 .0 1,934,605 + 1 .2 196, 552 212,998 -.1 -.5 167,029 + 7 .3 + 5 .5 + 9.3 + 6.7 (8) 22 12 53 83 67 32 355 12,801 3,294 2,299 694 -.3 - 1 .2 + 5.4 + 5.5 + 1 .2 4,021 207,735 32, 691 21,312 7,463 + 5 .7 + 7 .5 + 4 .7 + 6 .1 + 3 .8 293 Kentucky-----------151 Louisiana________ 167 Maine _________ 93 Maryland. -------Massachusetts___ U1S1 6, 300 5, 527 2,558 12,477 45,698 + .4 145,707 + 1.5 140, 207 68,833 + 2.1 + .7 338,287 1,273,862 +■4 + 5.4 + 6.7 + 3.6 - 2 .1 -.3 36 22 37 23 92 1,832 1,726 1,225 1,125 4,787 + 2.9 - 4 .7 -3 0 .0 -.1 - 6 .8 18,459 17,929 13,976 13,753 64, 711 + 5 .5 - 4 .3 - 3 2 .7 + 3.1 - 6 .2 M ichigan__ _ --Minnesota_______ Mississippi--------M is s o u r i--------- -M ontana-------------- 406 232 143 141 101 22, 473 12, 800 973 7,171 1,966 + 1 .2 + 2.1 -. 1 +. 1 + 9.6 655, 434 331,135 19, 747 184,827 54,090 + 4.8 + 8 .7 + 7 .3 + 3 .3 + 5 .6 110 80 17 90 28 4,658 3,236 440 4,601 410 - 4 .8 + 1.8 - 2 .4 + 4.9 - 1 .9 51, 286 37, 740 3,038 52,528 5,523 - 2 .4 + 3 .2 - 5 .2 + 5 .3 - 1 .3 Nebraska____ _ Nevada____ N ew Hampshire - _ N ew Jersey---------N ew M exico___ - 299 38 140 265 54 5,599 354 2,149 21,174 601 -.3 - 3 .0 + 3 .3 -. 1 - 9 .8 142,043 10,181 57,429 604,087 12, 336 + 6 .8 + 2 .5 + 4 .0 + 2 .2 + 2 .2 42 12 26 85 15 1,495 167 589 4,440 320 + 1 .2 - 1 .2 -5 8 .0 -2 5 .4 -1 0 .6 15,229 2,694 6,935 54,653 3,414 + 8 .3 - 4 .8 -5 4 .9 -1 8 .3 - 6 .5 New Y ork ___ --North Carolina— North D a k ota .__ Ohio_____________ Oklahoma_______ 864 96 171 489 245 97,472 1,792 1,235 31,964 5,926 + 1 .4 2,966, 657 + 3 .8 37,495 30, 386 + 1.3 847,841 + 2.1 + .5 133,937 + 1 .8 + 6.1 + 7 .2 + 7.1 + 6 .3 277 36 24 152 63 30, 557 1,103 404 8,946 1,604 -.1 - 2 .5 + 2 .0 +. 9 + 3.8 457,043 9, 203 4,105 104,914 17,083 + 3.3 - 2 .1 + 3 .3 + 2 .5 + 4 .0 Oregon----------------Pennsylvania____ Rhode Island____ South Carolina___ South Dakota____ 183 734 42 70 129 5,556 53,130 3,263 1,533 1,025 + .9 140,160 + .7 1,474,411 + .2 93,781 - 7 .1 33, 694 + 3.5 25,138 + 4.1 + 5 .8 + 3.6 + 5 .7 + 6.1 60 181 25 15 19 1,261 9,672 403 422 307 + 3.5 + 2.5 -4 0 .8 + 3.7 - 1 .6 15,447 116,784 4,857 3,128 3,720 + 5 .2 + 4 .3 -3 4 .2 + 9.1 + 2.1 Texas____________ Utah________ Vermont___ Virginia--------------- 244 136 66 122 123 4,341 6,932 1,712 1,055 2,474 + 2.1 + 5.5 -.9 + .4 + .6 98, 564 180,767 33, 955 25,582 58,891 + 3 .4 +7.1 + 2 .0 + 1 .6 + 6 .3 37 46 13 26 35 2,203 3,697 474 582 1,906 -.7 + 3 .2 - 2 .3 - 8 .3 + 2.1 18,700 45,594 5,813 5,805 19,917 + 1 .3 + 3 .3 -.5 - 6 .0 + 2 .2 199 119 l i 41 48 9,599 6, 254 10, 808 ' 449 + 1 .0 + 2.9 + 1 .6 (8) 259,208 157, 210 312,150 10,456 + 5.4 + 7.5 +8.1 + 5 .2 84 38 12 43 12 2,510 1,112 1,282 ' 127 -.6 + 1.1 - 4 .3 + 2 .4 28,445 11,733 (U) 1,664 + 1 .5 + 1.7 Alabama_______ Arizona__________ Arkansas_________ California________ Colorado________ 89 68 62 44 196 1,737 1,401 1,710 42,039 5, 390 Connecticut______ Delaware ----- Dist. of ColumbiaFlorida................. Georgia---------------- 135 28 22 185 186 9,464 1,104 8,404 4, 775 6,504 Idaho__________ Illinois----------------Indiana_________ Iowa_____________ Kansas----------------- 56 80 115 430 126 Washington______ West Virginia-----W yom ing________ 8 No change. 11 N ot available. 12 Includes restaurants. 13 Includes steam railroads. H Includes railways and express. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis + 2 .3 $35,936 33,964 + 5.9 + .2 39,205 - . 1 1,172,929 + 2 .6 137,222 + 1.3 + 4 .3 + .8 + 1 .5 + 2 .6 + 2 .4 1512 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW C O M P A R IS O N OF E M P L O Y M E N T A N D P A Y R O L L S IN I D E N T I C A L E S T A B L IS H M E N T S IN S E P T E M B E R A N D O C T O B E R 1933, B Y S T A T E S —Continued [Figures in italics are not compiled b y the Bureau of Labor Statistics, but are taken from reports issued b y cooperating State organizations] Laundries State N um ber of estab lish ments Dyeing and cleaning N um Amount ber on Per of pay roll 1 Per payroll cent of (1 week) cent of October change October change 1933 1933 Alabama_________ Arizona.................. Arkansas_________ California________ Colorado_________ 5 10 13 1« 69 9 455 377 362 4,977 586 - 2 .4 + 1.3 - 4 .7 - 1 .0 - 2 .3 $4,179 5,191 3,343 88, 701 7,860 - 1.1 + 2.0 - 8 .0 + 1 .6 - 5 .5 Connecticut______ Delaware _______ Dist. of Columbia. Florida___________ Georgia.............. 25 3 20 9 12 1,184 237 2, 561 501 660 + .2 -.8 + .3 - 2 .3 - 1 .9 19,234 3,965 38, 627 4,944 5,982 -.3 - 2. 2 -.1 -.2 - 7 .5 Idaho____________ Illinois___________ Indiana__________ Iowa_____________ Kansas_____ _____ is 36 21 5 1,620 1,553 223 918 - 3 .6 - 3 .0 - 2.2 + 1.2 22, 774 20; 827 3,113 11,188 3 104 - 21.8 3 45 (8) $1,022 - 21.6 615 + 10.6 9 149 -1 3 .9 2,598 - 12.8 270 + 4 .2 5, 555 + 4.1 5 13 4 132 119 98 - 2.2 + 5.3 - 1.0 2,302 1,867 1,125 - 2 .4 + 3.6 - 1 .9 —3.3 - 5 .7 - 4 .4 -.2 12 6 215 261 + 1.4 - 1 .5 3,616 4,125 + 1.8 - 4 .5 5 5 251 86 + 2.4 +10.3 3,610 1,078 + 4 .0 +17.9 12 78 462 1,872 + .9 - 2 .2 6,974 31,503 + 9 .3 - 9 .0 16 12 609 459 - 1.1 + .2 11,267 7,680 -.4 - 3 .1 13 489 + 3 .6 8, 666 + 3 .8 3 104 (8) 1,885 + 4 .8 6 207 + 1 .5 5,163 + .4 17 570 + 2.0 10,762 + 2.6 42 6 1,646 180 + 2.0 - 12.6 29, 664 2,429 + 5.5 - 6 .5 4 18 4 64 1,036 330 - 4 .5 + .2 - 5 .4 1,204 19, 599 6,177 - 4 .6 + 9.4 + 1.8 4 16 8 54 430 128 - 3 .6 - 1 .4 -1 0 .5 753 7,221 2,294 + 3.0 + 1.0 - 10. 3 22 282 - 2.1 4,145 + 1.9 14 9 197 221 - 2 .5 + .9 3,541 2,987 + 1.3 + 2.1 16 794 - 4 .0 9,512 - 10.2 19 25 113 417 1,886 3,696 -1 1 .3 - 1 .3 + .3 5,958 28,478 58,528 -1 4 .8 - 4 .0 - 1 .4 M i c h i g a n .. .____ M in n e so ta ........... Mississippi_______ M issou ri............. Montana....... ........ 22 13 6 30 14 1,445 663 311 2,244 327 - 4 .3 - 3 .1 - 1.6 - 1 .3 -.6 19,880 10, 581 3,096 29; 587 5, 600 - 3 .4 - 1 .5 - 2.6 - 3 .2 + 3.3 N e b r a s k a ...____ Nevada__________ N ew Hampshire N ew Jersey______ New M exico_____ 7 4 18 25 4 571 51 332 3,124 187 - 2.1 - 1 .9 - 2 .4 - 2.6 -1 0 .5 7, 780 956 4, 794 61,401 2,795 - 6.6 - 4 .1 - 6 .3 -.7 - 9 .2 New Y ork _______ North Carolina___ North Dakota____ Ohio........................ Oklahoma....... ....... 70 12 11 79 9 7,138 735 210 4,086 619 - 1.6 - 5 .4 -.9 - 1 .9 - 6.6 121,578 7,776 3,171 60,106 7,921 -.7 - 6.6 + 2.0 - 2 .4 - 6.1 Oregon.................... Pennsylvania____ Rhode' Island____ South Carolina___ South Dakota........ 4 40 17 8 5 311 2,928 1,100 296 104 - 1 .3 + .1 - 2 .7 - 3 .6 - 1 .9 4,887 44, 213 18,764 2,860 1,310 + 1.0 - 2.8 - 6 .7 - 8.6 Tennessee........... . Texas...... ........ ....... Utah ........... .......... Vermont_________ Virginia........... ....... 12 24 7 4 10 888 1,176 489 59 841 (8) - 3 .4 (8) - 9 .2 + 4.1 7,687 12,767 6,850 784 9,171 - 4 .0 - 5 .0 -.2 - 4 .7 - 5 .9 Washington______ West Virginia.. . . W is c o n s in ...____ W yom ing________ 12 20 1« 28 6 558 694 996 95 - 4 .0 -.6 + .5 -3 .1 10,019 8,646 12,890 1, 535 - 5 .5 - 2.2 -2 . 5 - 4 .4 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis N um Amount ber on Per of pay rol Per pay roll cent of (1 week) cent of October change October change 1933 1933 12 Kentucky________ Louisiana________ M ain e.................... Maryland________ Massachusetts___ 8 N o change. 15 Includes dyeing and cleaning. N um ber of estab lish ments 1513 TREND OF EMPLOYMENT C O M P A R IS O N OF E M P L O Y M E N T A N D P A Y R O L L S IN I D E N T I C A L E S T A B L IS H M E N T S IN S E P T E M B E R A N D O C T O B E R 1933, B Y S T A T E S —Continued [Figures in italics are not compiled b y the Bureau of Labor Statistics, but are taken from reports issued b y cooperating State organizations] Banks, brokerage, insurance, and real estate State M aryland_________ ________ »------. . . - - - - - ...... ___________ ___________________ Utah Verm ont________________________ ____ - .......... - 3 Less than one tenth of 1 percent. 8 N o change. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Num ber of estab lish ments Number on pay roll October 1933 Percent of change Amount of payroll (1 week) October 1933 Percent of change 18 29 19 1,140 27 470 206 242 22,931 1,068 - 0 .8 - 1 .9 -.8 -.6 -.7 $13, 305 5, 606 5,891 751, 471 37,046 - 1 .8 + .8 + .7 + .2 + .3 56 17 41 IS 25 1,979 570 1,335 567 1,023 + .2 -.5 (8) + .5 +■4 68, 316 19, 696 47,849 17, 393 29, 715 + .6 -.4 - 1 .2 + .3 + .9 16 94 39 17 SI 138 10, 802 1,176 979 - 1 .4 +■ 1 - 1 .2 + .1 - 1 .2 3,422 368, 436 38,174 31, 357 22,607 + .5 +1. 9 - 1 . O' 21 9 16 24 227 842 371 254 856 8,408 -. 5 + .3 («) + 1.6 29, 543 13, 520 6, 597 31,660 26, 545 -2 . 4 - , 5> + . 2: “K 1' +2.7' 92 52 17 86 21 3,987 4,189 195 4, 747 244 + .4 +25.8 + .5 + .2 (8) 124, 308 101,857 4, 322 139, 340 6,867 738 (8) - .S -.9 ! + 3.1 + 15.3 + .9 - 2 ,8 -.5 17 505 + .2 17,412 + .8 39 109 16 381 12,478 87 (8) + .3 + 1 .2 9,011 351,086 2, 583 + .2 -.5 + 1.5 726 26 38 278 21 53, 634 556 274 7,938 592 -.6 + 8 .6 - 1 .1 - 1 .0 - 3 .3 1, 842, 595 14,459 6,590 258, 356 17,737 - 1 .3 + 8.1 - 2 .3 -.2 -.9 + .7 -.6 -.8 + 3.1 + 1 .0 + .9 + .6 - 1 .1 -.4 + .7 15 758 -.4 26, 356 798 S 3 ,1 1 9 -.3 71 4 UVt 28 11 31 926 110 240 + .1 (8) (8) 37,80i 3,301 6,004 31 23 14 30 32 1,129 1,311 457 235 1,337 + .4 + .7 - 1 .3 + .9 -.2 38, 701 37, 673 16, 203 6, 702 43,326 32 44 17 10 1,324 609 919 90 + 2 .0 -1 . 1 -.2 (8) 40,472 17,471 31,105 2, 762 , -.7 - 1 .1 _ (3 ) + 1.5 1514 MONTHLY LABOR R E V IE W Employment and Pay Rolls in October 1933 in Cities of Over 500,000 Population N THE following table are presented the fluctuations in employ ment and pay-roll totals in October 1933 as compared with September 1933 in 13 cities of the United States having a population of 500,000 or over. These changes are computed from reports received from identical establishments in each of the months considered. In addition to including reports received from establishments in the several industrial groups regularly covered in the Bureau’s survey, excluding building construction, reports have also been secured from other establishments in these cities for inclusion in these totals. Information concerning employment in building construction is not available for all cities at this time and therefore has not been included. I F L U C T U A T IO N S IN E M P L O Y M E N T A N D P A Y R O LLS IN O C T O B E R 1933 AS C O M P A R E D W IT H S E P T E M B E R 1933 Cities New York C ity _________ Chicago, 111--------------------Philadelphia, P a ________ Detroit, Mich___ _______ Los Angeles, Calif_______ Cleveland, Ohio_________ St. Louis, M o ................... . Baltimore, M d _____ - __ Boston, Mass____________ Pittsburgh, P a __________ San Francisco, Calif_____ Buffalo, N .Y ____________ Milwaukee, W is_________ Nfimber of Number on pay roll establish ments re porting in both September October 1933 1933 months 5,396 1,837 842 526 833 1,125 520 577 3, 654 435 1,151 437 451 345, 282 233,432 149, 742 197, 275 77, 706 99,868 73, 756 54, 684 99,675 56, 333 53,887 44,494 45,800 351,859 236, 754 156, 319 174,915 79,113 99, 598 73,731 56,348 101, 249 56,951 52,234 43,116 46,669 Amount of pay roll (1 week) Per cent of change September October 1933 1933 + 1.9 + 1.4 + 4.4 -1 1 .3 + 1.8 -.3 -(> ) + 3 .0 + 1 .6 + 1.1 - 3 .1 -3 .1 + 1.9 9,148,308 5, 375,740 3, 308, 407 4,525,377 1,852,043 2,074, 980 1, 577,171 1,100,126 2,411,050 1,191,277 1,257, 694 966,001 895, 797 9,164, 592 5,473,204 3,516,788 3,951,659 1,899,375 2,094,822 1,565,620 1,127,176 2,461,717 1, 242,723 1,257,408 938,827 934, 557 Per cent of change + 0 .2 + 1 .8 + 6 .3 -1 2 .7 + 2 .6 + 1 .0 -.7 + 2 .5 + 2.1 + 4.3 —(0 - 2 .8 + 4.3 1 Less than one tenth of 1 percent. Employment in the Executive Civil Service of the United States, October 1933 N OCTOBER 31, 1933, the United States Government had on its pay rolls 577,170 employees. This is an increase of 4,303 as com pared with October 31, 1932. Comparing October 1933 with Sep tember 1933, there was an increase of 10,814 employees or 1.9 percent. The data presented herein does not include the legislative, judicial, or Army and Navy services. The information shown in table 1 was compiled by the various departments and offices of the United States Government and sent to the United States Civil Service Commission where it was assembled. The figures were tabulated by the Bureau of Labor Statistics and are published in compliance with the direction of Congress. Table 1 shows the number of Federal employees inside the District of Columbia, the number of employees outside of the District of Columbia, and the total number for the entire Federal service. Approximately 12 percent of the total number of workers on the pay rolls of the United States Government are employed inside the District of Columbia. O https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1515 TREND OF EMPLOYMENT T a b l e 1 .— E M P L O Y E E S IN T H E E X E C U T IV E C IV IL S E R V IC E OF T H E U N IT E D S T A T E S , O C T O B E R 1932, S E P T E M B E R A N D O C T O B E R 1933 District of Columbia Item Perma nent Tem pora ry i Total Outside the District Perma nent Tem pora ry i Number of employees: October 1932____________ 64,484 2,490 66,974 470,043 35,850 6,482 69, 740 453, 750 42, 866 September 1933_________ 63, 258 6,386 71,054 454, 056 52, 060 October 1933______ ____ 64, 668 Gain or loss: October 1932-October +184 +3,896 +4,080 -15,987 +16,210 1933__________________ September 1933-October -9 6 +1,314 +306 +9,194 1933__________________ +1,410 Percent of change: October 1932-October - 3 .4 +45.2 + .3 +156.5 + 6.1 1933__________________ September 1933-October + 2.2 - 1 .5 + 1.9 +21.4 1933__________________ + .1 Labor turn-over October 1933: A d d itio n s ______________ 2 2,007 1,426 2 3, 433 3 12,152 24,445 1,326 2 793 2 2,119 12, 307 3 14, 790 Separations___ _________ 2. 07 12. 33 3. 01 2.68 31.16 Turn-over rate per 100... Total Entire service Perma nent 505,893 534, 527 496, 616 517,008 506,116 518, 724 Tem pora ry1 Total 38,340 572, 867 49, 348 566, 356 58,446 577, 170 +223 -15,803 +20,106 +4, 303 +9, 500 +1,716 +9, 098 +10, 814 + (5) + 1.9 - 3 .0 +52.4 + .8 + .3 +18.4 + 1.9 3 36, 597 4 14,159 25, 871 4 40, 030 3 27,097 13, 633 4 15, 583 4 29, 216 2. 63 28.91 5.40 5.11 1 N ot including field employees of the Post Office Department. 2 N ot including 729 employees ol the Federal Emergency Administration of Public Works transferred from a temporary to a permanent status. 3 N ot including 461 employees of the Federal Emergency Administration of Public Works, transferred from a temporary to a permanent status. 4 See notes to details. 3 Less than one tenth of 1 percent. Comparing October 1933 with September 1933, there was an increase of 2.2 percent in the number of permanent employees (half of this increase was caused by a transfer of 729 employees of the Public Works Administration from a temporary to a permanent status), and a decrease of 1.5 percent in the number of temporary em ployees in the District of Columbia, making a net increase of 1.9 percent in the total Federal employment in the city of Washington. Comparing October 1933 with October 1932, there was an increase of three tenths of 1 percent in permanent employees and an increase of 156.5 percent in temporary employees, making an increase of 6.1 percent in the total number of employees in the District of Columbia. The large increase in temporary employment is caused by the setting up of a number of new independent establishments since October of last year. Outside the District of Columbia, the number of permanent em ployees decreased 3.4 percent and the number of temporary employees increased 45.2 percent, comparing October 1933 pay rolls with those for October 1932. Comparing October 1933 with September 1933, there was an in crease of 0.3 percent in the number of permanent employees, an increase of 18.4 percent in the number of temporary employees, and an increase of 1.9 percent in total Federal employment. Pay-roll figures for the entire Government service are presented herewith for the first time. The total Government pay roll for all classes of civil employees for the month of September was $70,609,548, October pay rolls totaled $74,407,443. Table 2 shows employment and pay rolls for the Emergency Conservation Work. There was an increase of 30,685 persons engaged in Emergency Con servation Work, comparing October with September. This increase was caused by recruiting additional enrolled personnel during the month. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1516 T a b l e MONTHLY LABOR R E V IE W 3 .— E M P L O Y M E N T A N D P A Y R O L L S IN T H E E M E R G E N C Y C O N S E R V A T IO N AVORK, S E P T E M B E R A N D O C T O B E R 1933 Number Pay rolls Group September October September October Enrolled personnel______________ ________ Reserve officers, line. _________________ Reserve officers, m e d ica l______________ ____ Supervisory and technical....... ....................... 208, 402 2,902 986 14, 744 239,859 $6, 508, 392 3, 298 678,676 1,074 } 13, 488 1, 754,485 $7, 490, 799 T otal. . . __________ ____ ______ 227, 034 257, 719 29,095, 939 1 Data not available. 8,941, 553 0) 1,605,140 2 Not including October pay rolls for Reserve officers, line and medical. Information concerning employment and pay rolls in the Emer gency Conservation Work is collected by the Bureau of Labor Sta tistics from the War Department and the Forest Service of the Department of Agriculture. The pay of the enrolled enlisted personnel is $30 per month, except that 5 percent of the personnel of each company are paid $45 a month and an additional 8 percent are paid $36 per month. The pay roll for this branch of the service is figured on this basis. The amounts paid to Reserve officers, line and medical, are shown for September for the first time. Data for these branches will be sup plied regularly hereafter. Employment on Class I Steam Railroads in the United States EPORTS of the Interstate Commerce Commission for class I rail roads show that the number of employees (exclusive of executives and officials) decreased from 1,018,138 on September 15, 1933, to 1,011,110 on October 15, 1933, or 0.7 percent. Data are not yet avail able concerning total compensation of employees for October 1933. The latest pay-roll information available shows a decrease from $121,857,255 in August to $118,777,553 in September, or 2.5 percent. The monthly trend of employment from January 1923 to October 1933 on class I railroads_—-that is, all roads having operating revenues of $1,000,000 or over—is shown by index numbers published in the following table. These index numbers are constructed from monthly reports of the Interstate Commerce Commission, using the 12month average for 1926 as 100. R T a b le 1.—IN D E X E S OP E M P L O Y M E N T ON CLASS I ST E A M R AILR O AD S IN T H E U N IT E D S T A T E S , J A N U A R Y 1923 T O O C T O B E R 1933 [12-month average, 1926=100] M onth 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 January______________ February_______ _____ March_______________ April_______________ M a y__________________ June. . . . ____ July---------------------------August...... ..................... September__________ October______________ N ovem ber..................... Decem ber.____ ______ 98.3 98.6 100.5 102.0 105.0 107.1 108.2 109.4 107.8 107.3 105.2 99.4 96. 6 97.0 97.4 98.9 99.2 98.0 98. 1 99.0 99.7 100.8 99.0 96.0 95.6 95.4 95.2 96.6 97.8 98.6 99.4 99.7 99.9 100. 7 99. 1 97.1 95.8 96.0 96.7 98.9 100.2 101.6 102.9 102.7 102.8 103.4 101.2 98.2 95.5 95.3 95.8 97.4 99.4 100.9 101.0 99. 5 99.1 98.9 95.7 91.9 89.3 89.0 89.9 91.7 94.5 95.9 95.6 95.7 95.3 95.3 92.9 89.7 88.2 88.9 90.1 92. 2 94.9 96.1 96.6 97.4 96.8 96.9 93.0 88.8 86. 3 85.4 85.5 87.0 88.6 86.5 84. 7 83. 7 82. 2 80.4 77.0 74.9 73. 3 72. 7 72.9 73.5 73.9 72.8 72.4 71.2 69. 3 67.7 64. 5 62.6 61. 2 60. 3 60. 5 60.0 59. 7 57. 8 56.4 55. 0 55.8 57. 0 55. 9 54.8 53. 0 52. 7 51. 5 51. 8 52. 5 53. 6 55. 4 1 56.8 57. 7 57. 3 104.1 98.3 97.9 100.0 97.5 92.9 93.3 83.5 70.6 57.9 2 54.2 Average________ 1 Revised. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 2 Average for 10 months. 1517 TREND OF EMPLOYMENT Table 2 shows the total number of employees by occupations on the 15th day of August and of September 1933 and by group totals on the 15th of October 1933; also, pay-roll totals for the entire months of August and September. Total compensation for the month of October is not yet available. Beginning in January 1933 the Inter state Commerce Commission excluded reports of switching and ter minal companies from its monthly tabulations. The actual figures for the months shown in the following table therefore are not com parable with the totals published for the months prior to January 1933. The index numbers of employment for class 1 railroads shown in table 1 have been adjusted to allow for this revision and furnish a monthly indicator of the trend of employment from January 1923 to the latest month available. In these tabulations data for the oc cupational group reported as “ executives, officials and staff assistants” are omitted. T a b l e 2 — E M P L O Y M E N T A N D E A R N IN G S OP R A IL R O A D E M P L O Y E E S , A U G U S T A N D S E P T E M B E R 1933 [From m onthly reports of Interstate Commerce Commission. As data for only the more important occu pations are shown separately, the group totals are not the sum of the items under the respective groups. Employment figures for October 1933 are available b y group totals only at this time] Number of employees at middle of month Total earnings Occupation Professional, clerical, and general_________ ____ Clerks_______________________________________ Stenographers and typists___________________ Maintenance of way and structures--------------------Laborers, extra gang and work train_________ Laborers, track and roadway section-------------Maintenance of equipment and stores___________ Carmen_____________________________________ Electrical workers___________________________ Machinists__________________________________ Skilled trades helpers________________________ Laborers (shop, engine houses, power plants, and stores)________________________________ Common laborers (shop, engine houses, power plants, and stores)_________________________ Transportation, other than train, engine and yard. Station agents_______________________________ Telegraphers, telephoners, and towermen____ Truckers (stations, warehouses, and plat forms) _____________________________________ Crossings and bridge flagmen and gatemen. _ Transportation (yardmaster, switch tenders, and hostlers)_______________________________________ Transportation, train and engine________________ Road conductors____________________________ Road brakemen and flagmen________________ Yard brakemen and yard helpers____________ Road engineers and motormen_______________ Road firemen and helpers____________________ August 1933 Septem ber 1933 163, 550 85, 853 15, 366 219, 055 23,835 118,615 274,397 57,003 8, 092 38, 595 61, 092 164, 058 86, 295 15, 376 224, 753 25, 305 121, 658 278,881 58, 322 8, 208 39,079 62, 304 20, 636 20,879 1, 606, 556 1, 552, 596 18, 644 125, 351 24, 266 14, 930 19,114 126, 880 24, 232 14, 979 1,167,174 14, 206,931 3, 444, 699 2,087,436 1,107,924 13,853,114 3, 332,881 2, 023, 279 17,930 16,854 18, 660 16,864 1,413,000 1,140,930 1, 378, 984 1,131, 901 12, 238 207, 586 22, 828 47, 492 35, 989 27, 501 30,193 12, 264 211, 302 23, 195 48, 520 36,686 28,103 30,803 2,095,668 35, 221, 701 4,974, 790 6, 696, 554 4, 784, 238 6, 657,199 4, 804, 518 2, 047, 246 34,498, 970 4,889, 069 6, 648, 085 4, 622, 539 6, 555, 842 4, 744,397 October 1933 August 1933 Septem ber 1933 164, 647 $22, 086, 339 $21, 755,246 11, 048, 777 10,811,153 1, 850, 071 1,827, 715 217, 430 17, 335, 030 16,976, 799 1, 313, 580 1, 329, 913 6,984, 277 6, 734, 935 275,889 30,911, 586 29, 646,178 7, 234, 396 6,917, 320 1,110,818 1,067,127 5,147,086 4, 899, 397 5, 794,029 5, 529, 600 126, 437 12, 383 214, 324 All employees_____________________________ 1, 002,177 1,018,138 1,011,110 121,857, 255 118, 777, 553 Employment Created by Public Works Fund HE Bureau of Labor Statistics is charged with the duty of show ing each month the number of wage earners employed on work financed from the $3,300,000,000 public-works fund. Public-works allotments are divided into two large classes. First, Federal allotments; second, non-Federal allotments. Federal allot ments are monies which have been alio ted to some branch of the United States Government. They are financed wholly by public-works funds. T https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1518 MONTHLY LABOR R E V IE W They include such types of projects as post-office buildings, built by the Procurement Division of the Treasury Department; naval vessels, built by the Bureau of Construction and Repair of the United States Navy Department; river, harbor, and flood-control work, supervised by the Corps of Engineers, War Department; and reclamation proj ects, such as the Boulder Dam and the Tennessee Valley project. Whenever a contract is awarded by one of these Federal agencies, the name and address of the contractor, the type of project, and the amount of the contract is at once furnished to the Bureau of Labor Statistics. The Bureau then forwards a copy of its form (B.L.S. 742) to each of the contractors, asking for the number of wage earners employed, the amount of pay rolls, and the number of man-hours worked, as well as the total amount of expenditures for materials pur chased, for all pay-roll periods ending between the 15th of the past month and the 15th of the current month. The contractor in turn mails the schedule back to the Bureau, where the data are tabulated. Information concerning non-Federal projects are obtained from the State engineers of the Public Works Administration. Whenever a contract for a non-Federal project is awarded, the procedure is exactly the same as described for Federal projects. Non-Federal projects include such work as road and street paving, sewerage systems and water works, school buildings, public buildings of all kinds, and slum clearance and housing projects. The Public Works Administration grants 30 percent of the total cost of non-Federal projects, and if nec essary will loan the remaining 70 percent. In addition to the work done by contractors, some Government departments, cities, and States do work under force account— that is, they hire the labor directly. Data concerning force-account work are obtained in the same manner as for contract work, except that the schedules are made out by the Federal, State, county, or city agency doing the work. The information shown in the following tables should be regarded as more or less of a preliminary report, as work financed from publicworks fund is just getting under way. Table 1 shows employment, pay rolls, and man-hours worked on projects financed from public-works funds, during October 1933, by type of project. T a b l e 1 .—E M P L O Y M E N T , P A Y R O L L S , A N D M A N -H O U R S W O R K E D ON P R O JE C T S F IN A N C E D F R O M P U B L IC -W O R K S F U N D S D U R IN G O C T O B E R 1933, B Y T Y P E OF PR O JEC T T ype of project Num Number ber of of wage proj earners em ects re ported ployed Building construction_____________ Public roads . . . __________________ River, harbor, and flood control___ Streets and roads 2_________________ Naval vessels_______________ ____ Reclamation__________________ Water and sewerage_____ _ Miscellaneous_____________ 66 1,664 101 20 34 12 5 68 Total______________________ . . . 1,970 4,157 94, 350 11, 639 1,230 3,626 3,485 253 1,815 Amount of pay roll $387,901 (>) 378,035 62,354 401, 294 204, 729 7,929 135, 225 Aver Aver age Number age number Expendi of man earn of hours tures for hours worked ings per worked material hour in month 572,293 (0 693, 562 100, 437 515,149 337, 530 12, 692 256,621 $0. 678 (>) .545 .621 .779 .607 .625 .527 120, 555 11,577, 467 42, 488,284 4. 634 137.7 (>) 59.6 81.7 142.1 96.9 50.2 141.4 495.0 410,457, 231 1 Data not available. 2 Other than those reported b y the Bureau of Public Roads. 3 Includes $544,385 worth of materials which cannot be charged to any specific type of project. 4 Excluding data for Bureau of Public Roads. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis $412,429 0) 849,249 73,855 8,248, 361 168,880 7,172 3 697, 285 TR E N D OF EM P LO YM E N T 1519 For the month ending October 15, there were 120,555 employees directly engaged on construction jobs, excluding clerical and super visory workers, whose wages were paid directly from public-works funds. Of the 120,555 people directly put to work on public-works con struction projects up to October 15, 94,350 were working under the supervision of the Bureau of Public Roads. No data concerning pay rolls, man-hours, or expenditures for materials were obtained from that Bureau. Beginning with the November figures, however, this information will be supplied. Of the remaining 26,205 wage earners, the largest part were working on river, harbor, and flood-control projects. Building construction accounted for the employment of the third largest group. The pay roll for workers, excluding those on public roads, totaled $1,577,467. As the men worked an aggregate of 2,488,284 hours, this makes an hourly rate of 63.4 cents. Pay rolls for work on naval vessels reached a larger total than pay rolls for any other type of project. River, harbor, and flood-control work created more hours of labor, however. The average hourly rate of earnings for workers on naval vessels was 77.9 cents. All types of work, except river, harbor, flood-control, and miscellaneous projects paid an average of over 60 cents per hour. Expenditures for materials ranged from less than $7,500 in the case of water and sewerage projects to over $8,000,000 in the case of naval vessels. During the month scheduled, $10,457,231 was ex pended for materials purchased by contractors reporting to the Bureau. Table 2 shows employment, pay rolls, and man-hours worked during October on projects financed from public-works funds, by geographic divisions. Of the 120,555 wage earners paid from public-works funds, over 20,000 worked in each of the following geographic divisions: Middle Atlantic States, West North Central States, and Mountain and Pacific States. The South Atlantic was the only geographic division having fewer than 10,000 workers paid from public-works funds. The New England pay rolls reached a total of over $370,000; the Middle Atlantic, South Atlantic, and Mountain and Pacific had pay rolls totaling over $200,000. The highest earnings per hour, 70.9 cents, were shown in the New England States. This was followed by 69.4 cents in the South Atlantic and 69.3 cents in the Middle Atlantic States. By far the largest proportion of the material orders were placed by contractors located in the Middle Atlantic States. The preponder ance of expenditures for materials to be used in the Middle Atlantic States was caused by the placing of an order for steel for battleship construction, amounting to over $7,000,000. Materials purchased to be used in the West North Central States cost nearly $700,000. In no other geographic division did expenditures for material total as much as $400,000. Following is a list of the kinds of materials purchased, together with the expenditures for each type. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1520 M O N TH LY L A B O R R E V IE W T able 2 .— E M P L O Y M E N T , P A Y R O L L S , A N D M A N -H O U R S W O R K E D ON PROJECTS F I N A N C E D F R O M P U B L I C - W O R K S F U N D S D U R I N G O C T O B E R 1933, B Y G E O G R A P H I C D IV IS IO N S N u m b e r of w age earners em p lo y e d on — G eographic division N e w E n g la n d .. ___________ _ M id d le A tla n tic ________ _________ E ast N orth Cen tral___ __ ______ W est N orth C en tral__________ South A tla n tic _______ _______ South C en tral. _______ M o u n ta in and P a cific____ . T ota l - - A m ount of p a y roll i N u m ber o f m an hours w ork ed 1 A v er A v e r age age num ber E x p e n d i earn o f hours tures for ings w orked m aterials 1 per in h our i m on th 1 P u b lic roads Projects other than pu b lic roads 12, 363 20, 550 9, 522 16, 803 6,241 11,138 17, 733 3,898 2,286 3,124 5,731 3,395 4,184 3, 587 $371, 351 201,459 116,901 170,548 273, 203 182, 426 261, 579 523,884 290, 745 179,373 316, 620 393,776 360,361 423, 525 $0. 709 .693 .652 .539 .694 .506 .618 134.4 127.2 57.4 55.2 116.0 86.1 118.1 $282, 475 7,975,438 187,838 665,676 328,019 194, 733 278, 667 94, 350 26, 205 1, 577, 467 2, 488, 284 .634 95.0 2 10,457,231 1 E x clu din g data for p u b lic roads w h ich are n ot available. 2 Inclu des $544,385 w orth o f m aterials w h ich cannot be charged to a n y specific geographic division. Kind of materials Cement__________________________________________________________ Chemicals_______________________________________________________ Clay products____________________________________________________ Concrete products________________________________________________ Cordage and twine_______________________________________________ Crushed stone__________________________________________________ Electrical machinery, apparatus, and supplies_____________________ Explosives____________________________________________________ Forgings, iron and steel__________________________________________ Foundry and machine-shop products not elsewhere classified_____ II Hardware, miscellaneous__________________________ _______________ Instruments, professional and scientific___________________________ Lighting equipment______________________________________________ Lumber and timber products not elsewhere classified__________ II_II Machine tools__________________________________ ___________ Marble, granite, slate, and other stone products____________________ Minerals and earths, ground or otherwise treated__________________ Nonferrous-metal alloys; nonferrous-metal products, except alu minum, not elsewhere specified_________________________________ Paving materials and mixtures___________________________________ I Planing-mill products___________________________________________II Pumps and pumping equipment__________________________________ Refrigerators, mechanical_______________________________________ Sand and gravel___________________________________________ Smelting and refining, lead_______________________________________I Steel-works and rolling-mill products_____________________________ Structural and ornamental metalwork, not made in plants operated in connection with rolling mills__________________________________ Wire, drawn from purchased rods____________________ Other____________________________ T o ta l Amount expended $71, 373 11, 804 39, 735 19, 059 22, 173 90, 301 40, 567 14, 039 10, 274 52, 748 22, 906 250, 812 34, 000 722, 778 56, 818 38, 787 13, 996 153, 43, 22, 13, 38, 13, 11, 8, 378, 281 244 707 281 235 164 660 478 80, 964 43, 963 146, 084 10, 457, 231 It will be seen from this list that manufacturers of many classes of materials will profit by the public-works program. It is estimated that the fabrication of the materials purchased will give employment to approximately 27,000 people. As already stated, this report must be classified as preliminary. Up to October 15 the construction program of the Public Works Administration had not as yet assumed full force. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1521 TR E N D OF EM P LO YM E N T Employment on Public Roads T h e following table shows the number of employees (excluding those employed on road projects financed from public-works funds) engaged in building and maintaining State and Federal roads during September and October 1933, by geographic divisions. N U M B E R OF E M P L O Y E E S E N G A G E D IN T H E C O N S T R U C T IO N A N D M A IN T E N A N C E O F P U B L IC R O A D S , S T A T E A N D F E D E R A L , D U R IN G S E P T E M B E R A N D O C T O B E R 1933, B Y G E O G R A P H I C D I V I S I O N S 1 State Federal G eographic division Septem ber O ctober Septem ber O ctober 3,359 7,872 16, 220 7, 594 9,204 18,053 17,573 2,640 5,103 10,357 5,482 7,040 14,163 12,087 22, 979 47,121 40,884 27,780 42, 249 24,869 16,976 16,103 45,815 53, 210 32, 527 43,970 22,217 16,129 79, 880 56,872 -2 8 .8 222,858 229,971 + 3 .2 i E x clu sive o f em p loym en t furnished b y projects financed from pu b lic-w ork s funds. During the month of October there were 56,872 men employed on Federal road projects other than those financed from the publicworks fund. This is a decrease of 28.8 percent as compared with September. The reason for the decrease in employees on Federal road work is that very few contracts are being awarded for road building from Federal funds outside of the public-works fund. There was an increase of over 64,000 in the number of people employed on public-road work financed from P.W.A. funds. The number of people engaged on highway projects financed from State funds increased 3.2 percent in October as compared with September. The increases were confined to the East North Central, the West North Central, and the South Atlantic States. Decreases were shown in the other four divisions, with New England registering the largest falling-off in employment. Most of the employees working on road projects financed from State funds were engaged in mainte nance work. Out of a total of 229,971 in October, 1/1,260, or 74.5 percent, were working at maintaining existing roads. Unemployment in Foreign Countries HE table following gives statistics of unemployment in foreign countries, as shown in official reports for the years 1927 to 1932, inclusive, and by months beginning with August 1932 to the latest available date. T https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1522 M O N T H L Y L A B O R R E V IE W S T A T E M E N T OF U N E M P L O Y M E N T IN F O R E IG N C O U N T R IE S Australia Y ea r and date (end of m on th ) 1927___________________ 1928_______________ 1929___________________ 1930___________________ 1931___________________ 1932___________________ B elgium U n em ploym en t-insurance societies C o m p u l T rade-unionists u n sory insur em p lo y e d ance, n u m P artially u n em ber o f u n W h o lly u n em p loyed p loyed em p loyed in receipt o f benefit N um ber Percent N um ber Percent N u m b e r Percent 31,032 45, 669 47, 359 84, 767 117,866 120, 454 1932 A u g u st. _ ___ ______ Septem ber _ ___ O ctober __________________ N ovem b er _____ __ A ustria 7.0 10.8 11.1 19.3 27.4 29.4 0) 122,340 0) 0) 115, 042 28.1 109,182 26.5 106, 652 25.7 104,560 25.1 29.6 11,112 172, 450 156,185 164, 509 208, 389 253, 368 309, 969 5, 386 8,462 23, 250 79,186 161, 468 1.3 3.6 10.9 19.0 23, 763 22, 293 18,831 50,918 121,890 175, 259 3.9 3.5 3.0 7.9 16.9 20.7 269,188 275,840 297,791 329, 707 367, 829 167, 212 163,048 157,023 154, 657 171, 028 19.5 18.3 17.7 17.7 18.6 170,081 166,160 148,812 144, 583 155, 669 19.9 18.9 16.8 16.3 16.9 397,920 401, 321 379, 693 350, 552 320, 955 307, 873 300, 762 291,224 279, 053 280, 401 207,136 201, 305 195, 715 180,143 162, 781 145,881 142,119 135,105 22.1 21.0 20. 1 18.2 16.4 14.4 13.7 13.5 196, 237 185,052 186, 942 187, 222 176,174 158,005 168, 653 162,361 20.9 19.3 19.2 18.8 17.7 15.5 16.3 16.3 1933 Jan u ary, _ . ... F ebru ary. ._ M arch . . . . . ___ __ A p r il___ __ _________ ______ M a y ________________ _______ J u n e ... _ _ _ __ _____ J u ly _________________________ A u gu st. . . S e p te m b e r ... _______ O ctober _ ~~ Canada Y ea r and date (end of m onth) D anzig, Free C ity of C zechoslovakia Percent of N u m b e r o f u nem tradeunionists ployed u n em on live p loyed register T rad e-u n ion insur ance funds—u n em p lo ye d in re ceipt o f benefit N u m b er Percent N um ber o f un em p lo y e d registered 4.9 4. 5 5. 7 11.1 16.8 22.0 52,869 38, 636 41, 630 105, 442 291, 332 554, 059 17, 626 16, 342 23, 763 52,047 102,179 184, 555 1. 6 1 4 2.2 4.6 8.3 13.5 12, 905 18, 291 24,898 33, 244 1932 A u g u st. _ _ _______ Septem ber. _____ _ O ctober _ _ ___ _ N ov em b er __ _ ... _ D e c e m b e r .. _ . ... 21.4 20. 4 22.0 22.8 25. 5 460, 952 486, 935 533, 616 608, 809 746,311 172,118 170, 772 173, 706 190, 779 239,959 12.5 12.3 12.4 13. 5 16.9 1933 J a n u a r y ______ _ .................. F eb ru ary _____ . __________ M a r c h ____ ... . . A p r i l .. . . . M a y .. ______ . _ _ ______ Jun e_________________________ J u ly _________________________ A u g u st________ ____________ Septem ber . . O ctob er. _ ____ ___ _ 25.5 872, 775 24.3 920,182 25. 1 877, 955 24. 5 797, 516 23.8 726, 629 21.8 675, 933 21. 2 640, 360 19.9 625,836 19. 8 622, 561 19. 8 2 627, 121 300, 210 305, 036 295, 297 264, 530 247, 687 236, 007 226, 243 224, 375 20.5 20. 7 20.2 17.9 16. 6 15.8 15. 1 15.0 N o t reported. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis D enn aark T rad e-un ion u n e m p lo y m e n t funds— u n em ployed N um ber 1927. _______________________ 1928_________________________ 1929_________________________ 1930_________________________ 1931________________________ 1932_________ _______________ :--- î Percent fil 705 817 631 019 508 15.5 13.7 17.9 31.7 28, 989 30,469 31,806 35, 507 39, 042 95, 770 96, 076 101,518 113, 273 138, 335 30.5 30.4 31.8 35. 6 42.8 40, 726 39, 843 38, 313 36, 205 33, 372 29, 622 28, 714 26, 400 25, 219 141, 354 139, 331 116, 762 95, 619 84, 201 73, 565 74, 756 72, 559 74 139 82,300 43. 5 42.8 35.4 28.9 25.4 21.9 21. 7 21. 4 2 P rovision al figu re. 42, 39, 53, 99, 23.6 1523 TR E N D OF EM P LO Y M E N T S T A T E M E N T O F U N E M P L O Y M E N T I N F O R E I G N C O U N T R I E S — C on tin u ed E stonia F inland G erm an y France T rade-unionists N um ber unem N u m ber p loyed re o f un e m m aining p loyed o n live registered register Y ear and date (end of m onth) N um ber N u m b e r of o f u n em unem p lo y e d in p lo y e d receipt registered o fb e n e fit P ercent w h o lly u nem p loyed Percent partially u n em p loyed N um ber unem p lo y e d in receipt o f benefit 1927_________________________ 1928__________________________ 1929__________________________ 1930_______________________ 1931__________________________ 1932.______ ___________________ 3,037 2, 629 3,181 3, 054 3, 632 7,121 1,868 1,735 3,906 7,993 11, 522 17, 581 33, 549 4, 993 905 2,432 54, 587 264,845 1, 353,000 1,353,000 1, 678,824 3,144, 910 4, 573, 218 5, 579,858 8 7 8.6 13.2 22.2 34.3 43.8 3. 4 5.7 7.5 13.4 20.0 22.6 1,029, 694 1,451,137 2,158,049 2, 757, 999 2, 535, 601 1932 A u g u st. . . . _ . _______ _ Septem ber . O ctob er______ _ _______ _ N ov em b er . . . D e c e m b e r .. . ______________ 3,256 5, 957 8,901 10, 715 13, 727 16,966 18, 563 19, 908 21,690 20,289 264, 253 259, 237 247, 090 255,411 277,109 5, 223,810 5,102, 750 5,109,173 5, 355,428 5, 772,852 44.0 43.6 42. 9 43.2 45.1 23.2 22. 7 22.6 22. 1 22. 7 1, 991,985 1,849, 768 1, 720, 577 1, 768,602 2, 073,101 16,511 15, 437 14, 512 11,680 4,857 2,822 1,568 2,046 3,881 23,178 20, 731 19, 083 17, 732 13, 082 11,479 13, 437 15, 269 17,134 315, 364 330,874 313,518 309,101 282, 545 256,197 239, 449 235, 590 226, 375 232,632 6, 013, 612 6,000, 958 5, 598,855 5, 331, 252 5, 038, 640 4,856, 942 4,463,841 4,124, 288 3,849, 222 3, 744,860 46.2 47.4 52.7 46.3 44. 7 (>) (*) 26.3 23. 7 24. 1 22.2 22.6 21.6 (>) 0) 17.1 2, 372, 066 2, 455,428 2,165,891 1, 938, 910 1,801,930 1, 726, 676 1, 647,155 1, 530,452 1933 Jan u ary______________________ F eb ru ary . . . _______ M a rch ___ __ . _ A p r il. . . _____ _ . . . ______ M a y ______ _________ ______ __ Jun e___ _ _ _________ ______ J u ly __________________________ A u g u st. _ ______ ______ Septem ber_____ . . . . O ctob er_________________ . Great B ritain and N orthern Ireland Great Britain H u n gary Irish Free State C om p u lsory insurance Year and date (end of m onth) W h o lly unem p lo y e d N u m ber N u m ber T rade-unionists un- CornpulT em p o ra ry stop- o f persons sory inpages registered surance— w ith em num ber ploym en t unem exchanges Christian ployed Social N u m ber (B udaD em opest) cratic 1927___________________ 1928_____________________ 1929__________________ 1930_________________ 1931______________ 1932________________ 899, 093 980, 326 994, 091 1,467, 347 2,129, 359 2, 272, 590 7.4 8.2 8.2 11.8 16.7 17.6 263, 077 309, 903 268, 400 526, 604 587, 494 573,805 2. 3 2. 6 2. 2 4.3 4.6 4.5 1,107,000 1, 355, 000 1, 281,000 2, 297,000 2, 668,000 2, 757, 000 852 951 977 1,026 15,322 21,339 27, 635 29, 772 21 100 22’ 721 20,860 22,176 25, 230 3 62,817 1932 A u gu st___ . . . ___ Septem ber . . O ctober_____ _______ . . N o v e m b e r ______ ____ __ D ecem b er________________ 2, 215, 704 2, 279, 779 2, 295, 500 2, 328,920 2, 314, 528 17.4 17.9 17.9 18.2 18.1 731,104 645,286 515, 405 520,105 461, 274 5. 7 5.0 4.0 4.0 3.6 2,859,828 2, 858,011 2, 747,006 2, 799,806 2, 723, 287 947 1,022 1,091 1,072 1,106 28,186 27,860 28, 654 29, 336 30,967 3 57,081 3 80,923 3 70,067 3 102, 747 3 102,619 1933 J a n u a r y ... _____ . . . __ Febru ary ____ . . . ___ M arch . . . . . . A p ril. _ ___ _ . . . M a y ___ . . . Jun e________ _____________ J u l y .. ___________________ A u gu st___ ______________ S eptem ber________________ O ctober______ ____ ______ 2,422,808 2, 394,106 2, 310,062 2, 200,397 2, 128, 614 2, 029, 185 2, 000, 923 1,970, 379 1,976.870 21,974,000 18.9 18.7 18.0 17.2 16.6 15.8 15. 6 15.4 15.4 15.4 532, 640 520,808 511,309 536,882 497, 705 468,868 506,850 488, 365 398,214 2 362,000 4.2 4. 1 4.0 4. 2 3.9 3.7 4.0 3. 8 3.1 2.8 2, 903,065 2,856, 638 2, 776,184 2, 697, 634 2, 582, 879 2, 438,108 2, 442,175 2, 411,137 2, 336, 726 2,298,753 1,178 1,210 1,131 1,080 1,104 1,061 938 31,431 30,955 29,771 28, 521 26, 778 26,209 24,881 2 P rovision al figure. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 3 R egistration area extended. 3 95, 577 3 88, 747 3 82, 503 3 70, 039 3 65, 296 3 60, 578 3 56, 230 3 58 ’ 037 3 71,586 1524 M O N T H L Y L A B O R R E V IE W S T A T E M E N T O F U N E M P L O Y M E N T I N F O R E I G N C O U N T R I E S — Con tinued Y ear an d date (end o f m onth) Ita ly Japan Latvia N u m b e r o f u n em p lo y e d registered Official estim ates, u n em ployed N um ber u n em ployed rem ain ing on live reg ister W h o lly u nem plo ye d P artially u n em p loyed N u m b er 1927. 1928. 1929 1930. 1931. 1932. 278,484 324, 422 300, 787 425,437 734,454 1, 006, 442 97,054 38,457 16,154 23, 408 28, 721 33,468 368,465 413, 248 489,168 1932 A u g u s t___________ Septem ber_______ O ctober__________ N ov em b er_______ D ecem b er____ 945,972 949,408 956,357 1,038, 757 1,129,654 33, 666 37,043 32, 556 36,349 37,644 1933 Jan uary__________ F eb ru ary_________ M a rch ____________ A p r il_____________ M a y ______________ Jun e______________ J u ly ______________ A u g u s t___________ Septem ber_______ O ctob er__________ 1, 225,470 1, 229,387 1, 081, 536 1,025,754 1, 000,128 883, 621 824,195 888, 560 907,463 962,868 33,003 34, 506 29,129 51,871 45,183 38,815 4 229, 217 4 259, 640 1927_ 1928. 1929. 1930. 1931. 1932_ N u m ber u nem plo ye d reg istered b y e m p lo y m ent ex changes 5 U n em p loy m en t in surance societies— u n em ployed N u m ber Percent 5.2 5.9 6.9 3,131 4, 700 5, 617 4,851 8, 709 14, 582 26,868 22,009 27, 775 41, 281 87,659 162,638 9.0 6.9 7.5 9.7 18. 2 30.1 509, 580 505,969 503,958 484,213 463,403 7.1 7.0 7.0 6.7 6.4 9,650 8,762 13,806 17, 621 17, 247 116, 524 126, 510 128,961 142, 554 188,252 22.9 24.9 25.2 27. 6 31.5 444,032 438, 250 424, 287 414, 392 429, 295 428,708 418,177 6.1 6.1 5.8 5. 7 5.9 5.9 5.8 14,777 13, 886 13,087 10, 377 5,993 3,769 3,690 3,930 3,017 226, 709 187,652 165, 367 147, 531 123, 447 117,805 118,346 113,988 116, 237 119,092 37.6 31.1 27.3 24.3 25.3 22. 5 22. 6 21.9 22. 4 23.0 N e w Zea land Y ea r and date (end o f m on th ) Percent N etherlands N o rw a y T rade-unionists (10 u n io n s ) u n e m p lo y e d N um ber 8, 561 6,502 5,902 7,175 P oland R u m ania N u m ber N u m ber u n em u n em p lo y e d reg p lo y e d re istered m aining on w ith em liv e regis p loym en t ter offices P ercent N u m b er u nem p loyed re m aining on live reg ister 23,889 21, 759 19,089 19, 353 27,479 33,831 165, 340 125, 552 129, 450 226, 659 299, 502 255, 582 10,373 7,288 25, 338 35,851 38, 890 2, 895 5, 037 41,430 51, 549 14, 790 25.4 19.2 15.4 16.6 23.3 30.8 56, 332 55,855 54, 549 52, 477 52, 533 13,084 14, 358 15, 512 16,717 20, 735 26.9 29.3 31.6 34.2 42.4 27, 543 31,431 35,082 38,807 41, 571 187, 537 147,166 146,982 177,459 220, 245 29, 654 21,862 28,172 30,651 38,471 51, 698 49,971 51,035 53,171 55, 477 56, 563 57,169 56,750 2 56, 694 19, 249 19, 673 18,992 17,678 15, 335 13, 532 12, 995 14, 204 39.3 40.0 38. 5 35.7 30.9 27.2 26.0 28.4 40, 642 42,460 42,437 39,846 35, 803 30, 394 25,918 27, 459 32,848 35,223 264, 258 287, 219 279, 779 258, 954 235, 356 224, 566 213, 806 204, 364 200,030 211,926 44,797 45, 371 44, 294 37, 532 30, 336 24, 685 21,084 20,173 17,551 1932 A u gu st___ Septem ber. O ctober. __ N ovem b er . D ecem ber. 1933 J a n u a ry -.. F eb ru a ry .. M a r c h ____ A p ril_____ M a y ______ Ju n e______ J u ly______ A u gu st___ Septem ber. O ctober. __ 2 P rovisional figure. 4 N ew series, coverage extended in m id d le o f year 1932. 5 Includes n ot on ly w orkers w h o lly u n em p loyed bu t also those in term itten tly e m p lo y e d . https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1525 TEE N D OF E M P LO Y M E N T S T A T E M E N T O F U N E M P L O Y M E N T I N F O R E I G N C O U N T R I E S — C on tinued Saar T e r ritory Y ea r an d date (end of m onth) N um ber o f u nem ployed regis tered Sw eden Sw itzerland Trade-unionists u n em ployed U n em p loy m en t funds W h o lly u n em p lo y e d P artially u n e m p lo y e d N um ber Percent N u m ber Percent N u m ber 1927________________________ 1928________________________ 1929________________________ 1930________________________ 1931________________________ 1932________________________ 6, 591 9, 286 20,963 41,373 31, 076 29, 716 32,621 42,016 64,815 89,922 12. 0 10. 6 10. 7 12. 2 17. 2 22.8 1932 A u gust ___ ___________ S e p t e m b e r . . _________ . . O ctober. . . . ______ _ N o v e m b e r . ________ . . . D e ce m b e r .. __________ . 38,858 40, 320 40, 728 41,962 44,311 80,975 86, 709 92,868 97,666 129,002 20.0 20.7 22.2 23.8 31.4 36, 38, 42, 50, 66, 600 070 300 500 053 7.6 7.8 8.7 10.3 13.3 1933 January . . . . . .... F eb ru a ry ___. . . _ M a r c h ______ . . . __ A p ril___________ ______ M ay _ . . . . Ju n e___ ______ ______ ______ J u ly _______________________ A u g u st. . . . . . . S e p te m b e r .. 45, 700 45,101 42,258 40,082 37, 341 36,492 35,053 34, 840 35,287 120,156 118,251 121,456 110,055 93,360 89, 485 83, 771 76, 686 77,013 28.8 27.4 28.4 26.1 22.2 21.1 20.0 19.7 19.6 83,400 81, 800 60, 698 49,100 43, 600 40,958 39, 200 39, 200 38, 578 17.0 16.5 12.0 9.8 8. 7 8.0 7.8 7.8 7.3 21719°— 33------17 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Y u go slavia 2. 7 2. 1 1. 8 3. 4 5. 9 9 1 N u m ber o f unem ployed regis tered Percent 2 0 1 i 1 7 7 2 12 1 12.2 14, 761 53, 400 52,967 52,100 55, 700 59, 089 11.1 10.8 10.6 11.3 11.9 11,940 10,985 10, 474 11, 670 14, 248 56,000 57,400 52,575 47, 400 44,100 40,431 37, 500 38, 400 11.4 11.6 10.4 9.6 8.9 7.9 7.5 7.6 23, 574 25, 346 22,609 19, 671 15,115 14,492 11,710 9,841 10,043 RETAIL PRICES HE Bureau of Labor Statistics of the United States Department of Labor has since 1913 collected, compiled, and issued, as of the 15th of each month, retail prices of food. From time to time the work has been expanded by including additional cities and articles. The Bureau now covers 51 localities well scattered throughout the continental United States and also the Territory of Hawaii. Retail prices are secured for 45 of the principal articles of food. In order that current information may be available of tener, the Bureau is now collecting these prices every 2 weeks. The plan was inaugurated during August 1933 and prices are being collected every other Tuesday. Retail prices of coal were collected on January 15 and July 15 for the years 1913 through 1919 from the cities covered in the retail-food study. Beginning with June 1920, prices have been collected on the 15th of each month. No change has been made in the dates for the collection of retail prices of coal. A summary of prices and index numbers for earlier years and for current months is shown in a section of this publication. T Retail Prices of Food in October 1933 ETAIL prices of food were collected by the Bureau for two periods during the month, namely, October 10 and 24. Prices were re ceived from the same dealers and the same cities were covered as have been included in the Bureau’s reports for former periods. For Au gust 29, however, a representative number of reports was not received from some of the cities, and average prices for the United States as a whole for this date are not strictly comparable with average prices shown for other dates. The index numbers, however, have been ad justed by using the percent of change in identical cities and are, therefore, comparable with indexes of other periods. Three commodities have been added to the Bureau’s list of food items beginning with August 29. These items are rye bread, canned peaches, and canned pears. Only average prices can be shown for these articles as corresponding prices for the year 1913 are not avail able for the purpose of index numbers. Data for the tabular statements shown in this report are compiled from simple averages of the actual selling prices as reported to the Bureau by retail dealers in the 51 cities. Comparable information for months and years, 1913 to 1928, inclusive, is shown in Bulletins Nos. 396 and 495; and by months and years, 1929 to 1932, inclusive, in the January, February, and April 1933 issues of this publication. Indexes of all articles, combined, or groups of articles combined, both for cities and for the United States, are weighted according to R 1526 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis RETAIL PRICES 1527 the average family consumption. Consumption figures used since January 1921 are given in Bulletin 495 (p. 13). Those used for prior dates are given in Bulletin 300 (p. 61). The list of articles included in the groups, cereals, meats, and dairy products, will be found in the May 1932 issue of this publication. Table 1 shows index numbers of the total weighted retail cost of important food articles and of three groups of these articles; viz, cereals, meats, and dairy products, in the United States, 51 cities combined, by years, 1913 to 1932, inclusive, and on specified days of the months of 1932 and 1933. These index numbers are based on the year 1913 as 100. T able 1.—I N D E X N U M B E R S O F T H E T O T A L R E T A I L C O S T O F F O O D A N D O F C E R E A L S M E A T S , A N D D A I R Y P R O D U C T S I N T H E U N I T E D S T A T E S B Y Y E A R S , 1913 T O 1932 I N C L U S I V E , A N D O N S P E C I F I E D D A T E S O F E A C H M O N T H , J A N . 15, 1932, T O O C T 24. 1933, I N C L U S I V E ’ ’ [1913 = 100] Year 1913_____________ 1914_____________ 1915 ____________ 1916. ___________ 1 9 1 7 ..................... 1918____________ 1919_____________ 1920____- ________ 1921____________ 1922 ___________ 1923_ ___________ 1924_____________ 1925_____________ 1926_____________ 1927_____________ 1928_____________ 1929_____________ 1930_________ 1931_____________ 1932 ___________ A ll food C ere a ls M eats D a iry p ro d ucts 100.0 102.4 101.3 113.7 146.4 168.3 185. 9 203.4 153.3 141.6 146. 2 145.9 157.4 160.6 155.4 154.3 156.7 147.1 121.3 102.1 100.0 106.7 121.6 126.8 186.5 194.3 198.0 232.1 179.8 159.3 156.9 160.4 176.2 175.5 170.7 167.2 164.1 158.0 135.9 121.1 100.0 103.4 99.6 108.2 137.0 172.8 184.2 185.7 158.1 150.3 149.0 150.2 163.0 171.3 169.9 179.2 188.4 175.8 147.0 116.0 100.0 97.1 96.1 103.2 127.6 153.4 176.6 185.1 149.5 135.9 147.6 142.8 147.1 145.5 148.7 150.0 148.6 136.5 114.6 96.6 109.3 105.3 105.0 126.4 125.0 124.3 123.4 117.3 118.9 106.5 102.9 101.9 1932 Jan. 1 5 -. ___ F eb . 15_________ M a r. 15__________ Month A p r. 15____ M a y 15____ June 15___ J u ly 15____ A u g. 15____ Sept. 15___ Oet. 15____ N o v . 15____ D e c. 15____ All food C e re a ls M eats 103. 7 101.3 D a iry p rod ucts 100.3 100.4 99.4 98.7 122.9 122.6 122.5 121.2 120.4 119.2 119.0 118.0 114.8 118.6 115.3 113.4 122.6 120.1 119.2 114.6 109.1 103.2 97.4 94.3 92.6 91.4 93.1 93.5 93.8 93.9 95.9 94.8 90.9 90.5 90.4 93.7 96.7 104.8 106.7 107.1 107.0 107.4 107.3 106.6 112.3 112.0 112.3 112.8 115.8 117.2 128.0 137.8 138.8 140.2 142.7 143.8 143.3 99.9 99.0 100.1 98.8 100. 1 103.7 103.5 105.7 106.9 104.4 107.8 107.3 106.3 93.3 90.3 88.3 88.7 92.2 93.5 97.7 96.5 97.5 97.8 97.9 98.6 98.4 100.1 101.0 100.8 1933 Jan. 15_____ F eb . 15____ M a r. 15____ A p r. 15____ M a y 15____ June 15____ J u ly 15____ A u g. 15____ A u g . 29____ Sept. 12____ Sept. 26____ O ct. 10_____ O ct. 24_____ The following chart shows the trend in the retail cost of all food and of the classified groups, cereals, meats, and dairy products in the United States (51 cities) from January 15, 1929, to October 24, 1933, inclusive. Table 2 shows index numbers of the total weighted retail cost of important food articles and of cereals, meats, and dairy products in the United States based on the year 1913 as 100, and changes on October 24, 1933, compared with October 15, 1932, and September 26 and October 10, 1933. Table 3 shows the average retail prices of principal food articles for the United States, and index numbers for 23 of these articles based on the year 1913, for October 15, 1932, and September 12 and 26 and October 10 and 24, 1933. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1528 M O N T H L Y L A B O R R E V IE W https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis R E T A IL 1529 PRIC ES T able 2 .—I N D E X N U M B E R S O F T H E T O T A L W E I G H T E D R E T A I L C O S T O F F O O D A N D OF C E R E A L S , M E A T S , A N D D A I R Y P R O D U C T S F O R T H E U N IT E D S T A T E S O N S P E C I F I E D D A T E S , A N D P E R C E N T O F C H A N G E , O C T . 24, 1933, C O M P A R E D W I T H O C T . 15, 1932, A N D S E P T . 26 A N D O C T . 10, 1933 Index 1913=100 P ercent o f change O ct. 24, 1933, com pared w ith — A rticle O ct. 15 D a iry p ro d u cts _______________ 1933 1932 Sept. 12 Sept. 26 O ct. 10 O ct. 24 107.4 142.7 107.8 97.9 107.3 143.8 107.3 98.6 106.6 143.3 106.3 98.4 100.4 119.0 114.6 93.8 107.0 140.2 104.4 97.8 O ct. 15, Sept. 26, 1932 1933 + 6 .2 + 2 0 .4 -7 .2 + 4 .9 O ct. 10, 1933 -0 .7 + 0 .4 -1 .4 + 0 .5 -0 .7 -0 .3 - 0 .9 -0 .2 T able 3 .—A V E R A G E R E T A I L P R I C E S A N D I N D E X N U M B E R S O F P R I N C I P A L A R T I C L E S OF FO O D IN T H E U N IT E D O C T . 10 A N D 24, 1933 S T A T E S O N O C T . 15, 1932, S E P T . 12 A N D 26, A N D Index n um ber 1 (1913=100) A verage price A rticle Oct. 15 1933 1932 1932 Sept. Sept. 12 26 O ct. 10 O ct. 24 Cents Cents Cents Cents Cents 33.1 p o u n d -. Sirloin steak......................... 28.9 R o u n d steak__________:____________ d o — 23.7 R ib roast.......................................... . - - d o — 17.3 C h u ck roast_________ ______ _______ d o — 11.3 Plate beef........ ........... ........................... d o — 21.5 P ork c h o p s __________ _____ ________ d o — 23.2 B acon , s lic e d .------------ ------------------- d o — 34.0 H am , s lic e d -.............................. ......... d o — 22.1 L a m b , leg o f_____________ _____ ____d o — 23.1 H ens___________ __________ ________ d o — 20.0 Salm on, red, canned------------- 16-oz. can .. 10.7 M ilk , fresh_______________________ qu a rt,. 6.1 M ilk , evaporated--------------- 1 4 H -oz. can .. 26.7 B u tter..................... — round14.3 M argarine_________________________ d o — 22.6 Cheese__________________ __________ d o — 9.0 L a rd ___ ____________________ _____ - - d o — 19.1 V egetable lard su bstitu te-------------- d o — 34.6 Eggs, s trictly fresh-----------------------dozen,. 6.7 Bread, w h e a t .----------------------------p o u n d . Bread, r y e —.......................... ............... d o — 3.1 F lo u r .............. ........................... - ........... d o — 3.7 C ornm eal—...........—................. - ........ d o — 7.4 R olled oats------------ --------- -------------- d o — 8.5 C orn flakes_________________________ 8-oz.package. 22.4 W h ea t cereal______________________ 28-oz.packa ge. 15.1 M a ca ron i_______________ - - .p o u n d . 6.4 R i c e _______________________________ d o — 4.9 Beans, n a v y _________ ______ - ......... - d o — 1.5 P o ta to e s ........... ................ - ........... „ . d o — 2.8 O nion s............... ................. - ........... — d o — 2.4 -d o — C a bbage............ .................... 6.9 P ork and bean s--------------------- 16-oz. can . 10.3 C orn, canned________________ no. 2 can . 12.6 Peas, ca n n ed -----------------------------------d o —9.0 T om atoes, ca n n ed --------- ---------do— 5.1 S u g a r ................. poun d. 68.5 T e a ________________________________ -'do— 30.3 C offee........... .............- ..................... — d o — 8.9 P r u n e s ............. - ----------------------------- d o . . . 10.7 R a is in s .___________________________ d o . . . 21.7 B ananas__________________ _______ do ze n . 30.5 O ranges..... ............- ................. ............. d o . . . Peaches, can n ed____________ no. 2 L can . , Pears, can n ed................ do— 30.1 30.1 26.2 26.1 20.9 21.0 15.4 15.3 9.9 9.9 21.7 23.8 23.1 23.2 32.4 32.5 22.3 22.2 20.4 20.9 20.4 20.6 11.0 11.0 6.8 6.9 27.9 28.1 13.6 13.5 23.5 23.5 9.6 9.6 19.0 19.0 28.3 30.3 7.9 7.7 8.6 8.5 4.9 4.9 4.0 4.0 6.5 6.4 8.7 8.7 23.7 23.7 15.7 15.6 6.7 6.6 6.3 6.3 2.8 3.1 3.7 3.9 3.5 3.6 6. S 6.8 10.6 10.5 13.3 13.3 9.8 9.6 5.7 5.7 66. C 66.4 26.7 26.6 10.2 10.1 9.4 9.4 25.1 25.4 28.7 29.9 17.1 17.0 20.5 20.4 29.9 25.9 21.0 15.3 10.1 23.7 23.3 32.3 21.9 20.5 20.8 11.1 6.8 28.3 13.4 23.4 9.6 19.0 32.5 8.0 8.6 4.9 3.9 6.5 8.7 23.9 15.8 6.8 6.2 2.5 3.5 3.3 6.8 10.8 13.5 9.8 5.7 66.8 26.6 10.4 9.4 24.6 29.8 17.1 20.6 29.5 25.8 20.8 15.3 10. 1 23.1 23.3 32.0 21.5 20.5 20.7 11.1 6.8 28.2 13.3 23.2 9.5 19.0 33.4 8.0 8.6 4.8 3.9 6.5 8.8 24.0 15.8 6.8 6.0 2.3 3.4 3.2 6.9 10.9 13.5 9.9 5.7 66.8 26.6 10.6 9.4 24.7 29.7 17.2 20.5 O ct. 15 130.3 129.6 119.7 108.1 93.4 102.4 85.9 126.4 116.9 108.5 Sept. Sept. 12 26 118.5 117.5 105. 6 95.6 81.8 103.3 85.6 120.4 118.0 95.8 118.5 117.0 106.1 96.3 81.8 113.3 85.9 120.8 117.5 98.1 O ct. 24 117.7 116.1 106.1 95.6 83.5 112.9 86.3 120.1 115.9 96.2 116.1 115.7 105.1 95.6 83.5 110.0 86.3 119.0 113.8 96.2 120.2 123.6 123.6 124.7 124.7 69.7 72.8 73.4 73.9 73.6 102.3 106.3 106. 3 105.9 105.0 57.0 60.8 60.8 60.8 60.1 100.3 82.0 87.8 94.2 96.8 119.6 137.5 141.1 142.9 142.9 93.9 148.5 148.5 148.5 145.5 123.3 133.3 133.3 130.0 130.0 73.6 75.9 77.0 78.2 78.2 88.2 182.4 164.7 147.1 135.3 92.7 103.6 103.6 103.6 103.6 125.9 121.3 122.1 122.8 122.8 101.7 89.6 89.3 89.3 89.3 l N o prices w ere secured in 1913 for the articles for w h ich index n u m bers are n o t show n. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis O ct. 10 1530 M O N T H L Y L A B O R R E V IE W Table 4 shows index numbers of the weighted retail cost of food for the United States and 39 cities, based on the year 1913 as 100. The percents of change on October 24, 1933, compared with October 15, 1932, and September 26 and October 10, 1933, are also given for these cities and the United States and for 12 additional cities from which prices were not secured in 1913. T able 4 — I N D E X N U M B E R S O P T H E T O T A L W E I G H T E D R E T A I L C O S T O P F O O D B Y C I T IE S A N D F O R T H E U N I T E D S T A T E S , O N S P E C I F I E D D A T E S A N D P E R C E N T O F C H A N G E O C T . 24, 1933, C O M P A R E D W I T H O C T . 15, 1932, A N D S E P T . 26 A N D O C T . 10, 1933 In dex 1913 = 100 Percent of change O ct. 24, 1933, com pared w ith — C ity 1933 1932 O ct. 15, Sept. 26, 1932 1933 O ct. 10, 1933 O ct. 15 Sept. 12 Sept. 26 O ct. 10 O ct. 24 U nited States--------- 100.4 107.0 107.4 107.3 106.6 + 6 .2 -0 .8 - 0 .7 A tla n ta ____________ B a ltim ore-................ B irm in gh am . .......... B oston _____________ B rid gep ort_________ B u ffalo_____________ B u tte ______________ Charleston, S .C ----C h icago____________ C in cin n ati_________ C levelan d__________ C olu m bu s_________ D allas______________ D e n v e r____________ D etroit_____________ Fall R i v e r .......... .. H o u s to n ___________ In dian ap olis----------Jacksonville_______ K ansas C i t y ----------L ittle R o c k ________ L os A ngeles________ L ou isv ille__________ M an ch ester-----------M e m p h is __________ M ilw a u k ee.......... . M in n ea p olis_______ M o b ile _____________ N ew ark ____________ N e w H a v e n _______ N e w Orleans______ N ew Y o r k -------------N o rfo lk ...................... O m aha______ ______ P eoria______________ P h iladelph ia_______ P ittsbu rgh _________ Portland, M a i n e ... Portland, O reg____ P rovid en ce________ R ic h m o n d -------------R och ester__________ St. L ou is___________ St. P a u l____________ Salt L a ke C it y ------San F ran cisco_____ Savannah.................. S cranton___________ Seattle_____________ Springfield, 111......... W ash in gton .............. 97.7 104.6 99.9 102.6 105.4 110.5 103.0 108.6 104.6 110.8 102.9 108.5 104.1 113.4 103.6 108.4 104.7 112.9 103.8 107.4 104.5 112.6 113.0 112.1 111.8 103.3 109.5 96.3 93.8 108.0 111.0 106.1 105.6 108.5 111.0 106.9 106.0 107.9 110.0 108.6 105.5 107.3 110.0 107.6 102.4 + 7 .2 + 7 .9 + 3 .9 + 4 .6 + 3 .7 + 6 .9 +. 5 + 3 .9 95.4 94.7 9^.2 98.9 103.8 101.2 108.8 105.5 103.7 100.1 109.4 106.9 102.5 100.5 107.8 106.7 103.5 100.6 105.4 105.6 +. 1 + 1 .9 + .9 -1 .0 - 1 .2 - 1 .1 -1 . 7 - 1 .1 -.9 +. 6 -3 .3 - 1 .9 - .2 + .5 - 3 .7 -1 .2 + .6 -.5 + .2 -1 .0 - 1 .2 -.3 -.6 -.5 (0 -1 .0 - 2 .9 - 1 .7 + 1 .0 + •1 -2 .3 + .9 94.4 92.6 99.3 91.3 92.5 91.7 101.1 92.4 102.0 98.5 104.4 99.8 105.7 96.9 101.9 105.8 108.5 98.9 109.8 104.4 101.9 101.5 105.0 97.9 102.1 104.2 108.5 100.3 108.8 106.8 101.2 99.7 103.5 96.7 101.3 103.6 108.3 99.6 107.0 106.9 99.7 98.8 101.7 96.7 101.8 101.9 107.2 98.5 107.9 105.6 + .3 -1 .4 105.3 106.4 99.1 109.8 106.5 112.3 107.4 112.4 109.1 113.1 107.0 115.2 109.6 113.7 106.2 116.3 108.5 112.0 105.9 114.4 93.3 98.6 101.9 101.1 100.2 105. 1 99.1 110.1 103.9 111.0 105.2 110.9 ' 105.3 110.8 104.8 95.1 101.6 104.7 96.7 109.0 110.9 95.9 110.4 111.1 110.1 112.0 96.0 109.1 110.3 99.3 110.2 109.1 ÌÒ7.9 107.6 87.2 106.3 90.1 110.2 91.0 109.1 91.5 108.8 90.9 110.3 105.9 97.9 113.4 105.3 114.5 104.1 113.8 103.3 114.5 103.6 H aw aii: H o n o lu lu ______ O ther localities. ¡N o change. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 107.4 113.3 114.3 95.9 114.8 115.0 + 1 1 .7 + 9 .2 + 1 1 .7 + 8 .5 + 6 .2 + 1 4 .3 + 6 .8 + 8 .7 + 5 .6 + 6 .7 + 2 .4 + 6 .0 + 1 0 .0 + 1 1 .2 + 6 .0 + 6 .6 + 5 .8 + 7 .1 + 5 .2 + 3 .0 + 5 .2 + 6 .9 + 4 .2 + 3 .7 + 7 .4 + 9 .0 + 5 .5 + 5 .8 + 3 .9 + .9 + 7 .4 + 5 .3 + 9 .1 + 8 .4 + 9 .1 + 4 .3 + 3 .7 + 8 .0 + 8 .1 + 5 .8 1 .0 -1 .8 (0 + .4 -1 .6 -.9 + .9 - 1 .1 -2 .0 - .6 -1 .3 + .1 1.1 1 .0 - 1 .5 -.3 -1 .6 + 1 .4 -.9 + 1 .9 0) -.4 + .3 + .1 -.9 - 1 .6 - .4 - .3 + .4 - .7 + 1 .3 - 1 .1 - -.7 + 1 .9 - 1 .7 + 1 .3 - .2 -.3 0) + .1 - 1.1 + 6 .6 -.8 -1 .4 - 1 .3 - .4 - .2 + 1 .1 - .7 -. 1 -.5 - 2 .3 + 7 .1 + .6 + 2 .3 + 3 .5 - - 2 .1 - 2 .7 - 3 .2 -1 .2 - .4 - 2 .2 -1 .2 - 1 .7 -.9 - 1 .0 - 1 .1 - 1 .0 + .6 + .3 -.6 + .1 + .9 + .6 1531 RETAIL PRICES Retail Prices of Coal on October 15, 1933 ETAIL prices of coal as of the 15th of each month are secured from each of the 51 cities from which retail food prices are obtained. The prices quoted are for coal delivered to consumers but do not include charges for storing the coal in cellar or bins where an extra handling is necessary. Average prices for the United States for bituminous coal and for stove and chestnut sizes of Pennsylvania anthracite are computed from the quotations received from retail dealers in all cities where these coals are sold for household use. The prices shown for bitumi nous coal are averages of prices of the several kinds. In addition to the prices for Pennsylvania anthracite, prices are shown for Colorado, Arkansas, and New Mexico anthracite in those cities where these coals form any considerable portion of the sales for household use. Table 1 shows for the United States both average prices and index numbers of Pennsylvania white-ash anthracite, stove and chestnut sizes, and of bituminous coal on January 15 and July 15, 1913 to 1931, and for each month from January 15, 1932, to October 15, 1933. An average price for the year 1913 has been made from the averages for January and July of that year. The average price for each month has been divided by this average price for the year 1913 to obtain the index number. R T able 1.— A V E R A G E R E T A IL P R IC E S A N D IN D E X N U M B E R S OF C O A L F O R T H E U N I T E D S T A T E S B A S E D O N T H E Y E A R 1913 A S 100, O N T H E F I F T E E N T H O F S P E C I F I E D M O N T H S F R O M J A N U A R Y 1913 T O O C T O B E R 1933 Pen nsylvania an thracite, w hite ash— Stove Year and m on th Chestnut In A v A v dex erage erage 1913 price price =100 Dois. Dois. In Av dex In erage 1913 dexprice = 100 1913 = 100 1Insufficient data. Y ear and m on th Stove Dois. January J u ly ------------: Jan uary___ J u ly ________ : January------J u ly ________ : January___ J u ly ------------: J a n u a r y ... _ F e b ru a ry ___ M a r c h ____ A p ril M a y ________ Ju n e________ J u ly ________ A u g u st_____ S e p te m b e r.O ctober N o v e m b e r .D e ce m b e r .-: J a n u a r y ___ F ebru ary M arch. A p ril____ . M a y . _____ Ju n e. J u ly ________ A u g u st-------S e p te m b e r .. O cto b e r. -._ B itu m i nous Chestnut In Av Av dex erage erage 1913 price price = 100 Dois. 1913: A v . for y r . _ 7. 73 100.0 7.91 100.0 5.43 100.0 Jan uary____ 7. 99 103,4 8. 15 103.0 5.48 100.8 J u ly ________ 7. 46 96.6 7.68 97.0 5. 39 99.2 1914: Jan uary____ 7. 80 100.9 8.00 101.0 5. 97 109. 9 J u ly ________ 7.60 98.3 7. 78 98.3 5. 46 100.6 1915: Jan uary____ 7.83 101.3 7. 99 101.0 5.71 105.2 J u ly ________ 7. 54 97.6 7. 73 97.7 5. 44 100. 1 1916: January 7. 93 102.7 8.13 102.7 5.69 104.8 J u ly ________ 8.12 105.2 8. 28 104.6 5. 52 101. 6 1917: Jan uary— . 9.29 120.2 9.40 118.8 6. 96 128. 1 J u ly ________ 9.08 117.5 9.16 115.7 7.21 132.7 1918: Jan uary___ 9. 88 127.9 10.03 126.7 7. 68 141. 3 J u ly ________ 9.96 128.9 10. 07 127.3 7.92 145.8 1919: Jan uary___ 11.51 149.0 11.61 146.7 7.90 145.3 J u ly ________ 12.14 157.2 12.17 153.8 8.10 149. 1 1920: January — 12. 59 162.9 12. 77 161.3 8.81 162.1 J u ly ________ 14.28 184. 9 14. 33 181.1 10. 55 194. 1 1921: Jan uary____ 15.99 207.0 16.13 203.8 11. 82 217.6 J u ly ________ 14.90 192.8 14.95 188. 9 10. 47 192.7 1922: Jan uary____ 14. 98 193.9 15.02 189.8 9.89 182.0 J u ly ________ 14. 87 192.4 14.92 188.5 9. 49 174.6 1923: Jan uary____ 15. 43 199.7 15. 46 195.3 11.18 205.7 J u ly ________ 15.10 195.5 15. 05 190. 1 10.04 184.7 1924: Jan uary____ 15. 77 204. 1 15.70 199.1 9. 75 179.5 J u ly ________ 15. 24 197. 2 15.10 190.7 8. 94 164.5 1925: Jan uary____ 15. 45 200.0 15. 37 194. 2 9. 24 170.0 J u ly ________ 15. 14 196.0 14. 93 188. 6 8. 61 158.5 9. 74 179.3 1926: J a n u a r y --. _ i 1) <>) 0) <>> J u ly ________ 15. 43 199.7 15. 19 191.9 .8. 70 160. 1 1927: January - - 15. 66 202.7 15. 42 194.8 9. 96 183. 3 J u ly ________ 15.15 196.1 14.81 187. 1 8. 91 163.9 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Pen nsylvania an thracite, w h ite ash— B itu m i nous Av In dex erage dex 1913 price 1913 = 100 = 100 Dois. 15. 44 199.8 15. 08 190. 6 14.91 192.9 14. 63 184.9 15. 38 199.1 15. 06 190.3 14. 94 193.4 14. 63 184.8 15. 33 198. 4 15. 00 189. 5 14.84 192. 1 14. 53 183.6 15.12 195.8 14. 88 188.1 14. 61 189. 1 14. 59 184. 3 15.00 194.2 14. 97 189.1 14.98 193. 9 14. 95 188.9 14.54 188.2 14. 45 182. 6 13. 62 176.3 13. 46 170.0 13.30 172. 2 13. 11 165.6 13. 36 173. 0 13. 16 166.3 13. 37 173.0 13. 16 166.2 13. 50 174.8 13. 28 167. 9 13. 74 177. 9 13. 52 170.8 13. 79 178.5 13. 58 171. 5 13.83 178.9 13. 60 171.9 13. 87 179. 5 13. 65 172.5 13. 82 178.9 13. 61 171. 9 13. 75 178.0 13. 53 171.0 13. 70 177.3 13. 48 170.4 13. 22 171.1 13. 00 164.3 12.44 161.0 12. 25 154.8 12. 18 157.6 12. 00 151.6 12. 47 161.3 12. 26 155.0 12.85 166.3 12. 65 159.8 13. 33 172.5 13. 12 165.8 13.45 174.1 13. 23 167.2 Dois. 9. 30 8.69 9.09 8. 62 9. 11 8. 65 8. 87 8. 09 8.17 8.14 8.01 7. 85 7.60 7. 53 7.50 7. 52 7.54 7.60 7.59 7. 51 7. 46 7. 45 7. 43 7. 37 7.17 7.18 7.64 7. 77 7.94 8.08 171.1 159.9 167.2 158.6 167.6 159.1 163.2 148.9 150.3 149.7 147.4 144.5 139.9 138.6 138.0 138.4 138.7 139.9 139. 7 138.3 137.3 137. 0 136.7 135.6 132.0 132.1 140.7 143.0 146.0 148.7 IT U M IN 0 U 5 AND PL OF P R IC E S OF C O A L (st o v e a n d a n t h r a c it e 1 9 1 3 250 R E T A IL n n s y l v a n ia 1532 NUMBERS in d e x B - S E l * 1 1 - AM N l IAL.LV, 1913 TO I9E8, INCL. c h e s t n u t ) 1 0 0 MONTHLY, JA N U A R Y I9 E 9 TO DATE 250 s r >V E C H : s n lo r B IT OMI 4 0 U / \l V / .200 V \ V' V \u V V ^ ''^ C H E S v VVV 150 r n o r A ; \ b it u i 150 / t / 100 100 50 SO N (" A H 'i s ’ |6 ’ i t '18 K 5 U F flC lt N r DATA https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 19 '2 0 21 22 '2 3 '2 4 '2 5 '2 6 27 '2 8 ^ F M A M J J 192.9 A 6 0 M D J F M A M J J A 5 1930 0 H D J r f 1 A r i J J A 5 0 1931 MDJ F H A M J J A S I93Z 0 N D J F H A M J J 1933 A S 0 Ri M O N T H L Y LA B O R R E V IE W ^ .S T O V /E . 200 R E T A IL 1533 PRIC ES The preceding chart shows the trend in retail prices of stove and chestnut sizes of Pennsylvania anthracite and of bituminous coal in the United States. The trend is shown semiannually for the years 1913 to 1928, inclusive, and by months from January 15, 1929, to October 15,1933, inclusive. Table 2 shows average retail prices per ton of 2,000 pounds and index numbers (1913-= 100) for the United States on October 15, 1932, and September 15 and October 15, 1933, and percentage change in the year and in the month. T able 2 .—A V E R A G E R E T A IL P R IC E S A N D IN D E X N U M B E R S OF C O A L F O R T H E U N I T E D S T A T E S ; A N D P E R C E N T O F C H A N G E O N O C T . 15, 1933, C O M P A R E D W I T H O C T . 15, 1932, A N D S E P T . 15, 1933 A verage retail price and index num ber P ercent o f change O ct. 15,1933, co m pared w ith — A rticle P en nsylva nia anthracite: Stove: A verage price per 2,000 p o u n d s_____ _____ __ Index (1913-100) C hestnut: A verage price per 2,000 pou n ds _____________ In dex (1913-100) B itu m in ou s: A verage price per 2,000 poun ds ____________ ____ In dex (1913—100) O ct. 15, 1932 Sept. 15, 1933 O ct. 15, 1933 O ct. 15, 1932 Sept. 15, 1933 $13. 79 178.5 $13. 33 172.5 $13.45 174.1 -2 .5 + 0 .9 $13. 58 171.5 $13.12 165.8 $13. 23 167.2 -2 .6 + .8 $7.60 139.9 $7. 94 146.0 $8.08 148.7 + 6 .3 + 1 .8 Table 3 shows average retail prices of coal for household use by cities on October 15, 1932, and September 15 and October 15, 1933, as reported by local dealers in each city. table 3 .—A V E R A G E R E T A I L P R I C E S O F C O A L P E R T O N O F 2,000 P O U N D S , F O R H O U S E H O L D U S E , O C T . 15, 1932, A N D S E P T . 15 A N D O C T . 15, 1933, B Y C I T IE S 1932 1932 1933 C ity and kin d o f coal C ity and kin d of coal Atlanta, G a.: B itu m in ou s, prepared sizes. B altim ore, M d .: P en n sylva n ia anthracite: S to v e _____________________ C h estn u t_________________ B itum inous: Prepared sizes: L o w v olatile___________ R u n o f m ine: H igh volatile----------------B irm in gham , A la.: B itum inous, prepared sizes. B oston , M ass.: P en nsylvania anthracite: S t o v e .. . __________ ___ C hestnut ------- -------------B ridgeport, C on n.: P en n sylva n ia anthracite: S to v e _____________________ C h estn u t___ ______ ___ B u ffalo, N .Y .: P en nsylvania anthracite: S t o v e .. . _____________ . Chestnut ______________ B u tte, M o n t.: B itu m in ou s, prepared sizes. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1933 O ct. 15 Sept. 15 Oct. 15 $6.20 $6. 52 $6.92 13. 25 12.75 13.00 12. 75 13.25 13.00 8.75 9.06 9. 25 6. 86 7. 39 7.50 5.13 5.38 6.00 13. 75 13. 50 13.75 13.50 13.75 13.50 13.00 13.00 13.75 13. 75 13.75 13. 75 12. 49 12. 24 12. 85 12.60 12.85 12.60 9.75 9.70 9.70 Oct. 15 Charleston, S .C .: B itu m in ou s, p repared sizes. $8. 67 Chicago, 111. : P en nsylva nia anthracite: S to v e _____________________ 15. 75 C h e stn u t. . --------------- 15.51 B itum inous: Prepared sizes: 7.20 H ig h vo la tile ----------------9. 98 L o w v o la t ile .-------------R u n o f m in e: 7.17 L o w v o la tile . --------C incinnati, O hio: B itum inous: Prepared sizes: 5. 25 H igh v o la tile .---------- . . 7. 50 L o w vo la tile___________ C leveland, O hio: P en n sylva n ia anthracite: S to v e _____________________ 13. 69 C h estn u t----------- -------------- 13. 44 B itum inous: Prepared sizes: 5.64 H igh vo la tile___________ 8. 36 L o w v o la tile___________ Sept. 15 O ct. 15 $8.59 $9.92 13. 91 13.70 13.98 13.77 7. 99 10.44 8.09 10.57 7.70 7.78 5.54 7.38 6.06 7.83 12.44 12.19 12.44 12.19 5.82 8.82 6.34 9.07 1534 M O N T H L Y L A B O R R E V IE W T able 3 .—A V E R A G E R E T A I L P R I C E S O F C O A L P E R T O N O F 2,000 P U N D S , F O R H O U S E H O L D U S E , O C T . 15, 1932, A N D S E P T . 15 A N D O C T . 15, 1933, B Y C I T I E S — C o n tin u e d 1932 1933 C it y and kin d of coal O ct. 15 C olum bus, O hio: B itum inous: Prepared sizes: H igh volatile___________ L o w v olatile___________ D allas, T ex .: Arkansas anthracite, e g g . .. B itum inous, prepared sizes. D enver, C olo.: C olorado anthracite: Furnace, 1 and 2 m ixed Stove, 3 and 5 m i x e d ___ B itum inous, prepared sizes. D etroit, M ic h .: Pen nsylvania anthracite: S to v e . . ______________ C h estn ut_________ ______ _ B itum inous: Prepared sizes: H igh volatile___________ L o w v olatile........... ......... R u n o f m ine: L o w v olatile___________ F all R iver, M ass.: Pen nsylvania anthracite: Stove . . ____________ C h e s t n u t _____ _______ H ouston, T ex .: B itum inous, prepared sizes. Indianapolis, In d .: B itum inous: Prepared sizes: H ig h volatile___________ L o w v olatile___________ R u n o f m in e: L o w vola tile___________ Jacksonville, F la.: B itum inous, prepared sizes. K ansas C ity , M o .: Arkansas anthracite: F u rn ace__________ ______ S tove no. 4 __ _ . B itu m in ou s, prepared sizes. L ittle R o c k , A rk .: Arkansas anthracite, e g g . .. B itum inous, prepared sizes. L os Angeles, C alif.: B itum inous, prepared sizes. L ou isville, K y .: B itum inous: Prepared sizes: H igh v o la tile .. _______ L o w vola tile ______ _____ M anchester, N .H .: P en nsylva nia anthracite: S to v e ________ _____ _ C h estn ut______ ____ M em p h is, T en n .: B itum inous, prepared sizes. M ilw au k ee, W is.: P en n sylva n ia anthracite: S t o v e .. . . ________ C h e s t n u t _______ ______ B itu m in ou s: Prepared sizes: H ig h v o l a t i l e . . ___ . . . L o w vola tile. ______ M in neapolis, M in n .: P en n sylva n ia anthracite: S tov e_______________ _ _ C h estn ut_________ _____ B itum inous: P repared sizes: H igh volatile___________ L o w vola tile. _ ______ 1932 Sept. 15 Oct. 15 $5.04 6. 67 $5. 50 6.88 $6.15 7. 54 14. 00 10.00 13. 50 10.00 13. 50 10. 00 14. 50 14. 50 7.61 14. 75 14. 75 7. 39 15. 00 15.00 7. 66 13.29 13.13 12. 02 12.02 12.58 12. 36 6. 03 7.26 6.30 7. 42 6. 90 7.55 6. 50 6.70 6.70 14. 50 14. 25 14. 50 14. 25 14. 50 14.25 9. 60 10. 60 11. 60 5.07 7. 71 5. 64 7. 70 5.83 8.25 6. 05 6. 50 7.13 9. 00 10.75 11.13 10. 75 12. 25 5. 64 10. 38 12. 33 5.61 10. 50 12.50 5. 61 10. 75 8. 28 10. 50 8.17 10. 50 8.17 16. 25 17. 30 17.30 4.68 7.25 5. 20 7. 44 5.61 7. 94 14.83 14.83 15. 00 15. 00 15.00 15. 00 5. 67 6. 69 6.68 15. 05 14.80 13. 25 13.00 13.25 13. 00 6.97 9. 29 7. 27 9. 37 7. 52 9. 62 17.25 17.00 15. 50 15.25 15. 50 15. 25 9. 60 10. 09 11.85 | 12. 24 9.91 12.24 O ct. 15 Sept. 15 M o b ile , A la .: B itu m in o u s, prepared sizes. $7.16 $7. 77 N ew ark , N .J .: P en n sylva n ia anthracijte: S to v e _______________ 12.19 12. 60 C h e stn u t________________ 11.94 12.20 N e w H a ve n , C o n n .: P en n sylva n ia anthracite: S to v e ........... ......... 13. 65 13.50 C h e stn u t___________ 13. 65 13. 50 N e w Orleans, L a .: B itu m in ou s, prepared sizes. 8.07 9.07 N e w Y o r k , N .Y .: P en n sylva n ia anthracite: S to v e . _______ 12. 46 12.65 C h estn u t________ 12.21 12.40 N o rfo lk , V a .: P en n sylva n ia anthracite: S to v e_________ 13.00 13. 50 C h e s t n u t ........... .. 13.00 13. 50 B itu m in ou s: Prepared sizes: H ig h volatile___________ 6. 50 7.00 L o w vo la tile . ________ 8.00 8. 50 R u n o f m in e: L o w volatile ................. 6. 50 7.00 O m aha N e b r .; B itu m in ou s, prepared sizes. 8. 77 8. 52 Peoria, 111.: B itu m in ou s: P repared sizes: H ig h v olatile_________ 6.11 6. 39 L o w volatile_____ Philadelphia, Pa.: P en n sylva n ia anthracite: S tove _ _____ 11.75 12. 25 C h estn u t__________ 11.50 12. 00 P ittsburgh, P a .: P en n sylva n ia anthracite: C h estn u t_______ 12.88 12. 38 B itum inous, prepared sizes 4.00 4. 64 P ortlan d, M ain e: P en n sylva n ia anthracite: S to v e ____________ 15.84 14. 50 C h estn u t_______ 15.60 14.25 P ortlan d, Oreg.: B itu m in ou s, prepared sizes 11.86 12.99 P rovid en ce, R .I .: P en n sylva n ia anthracite: S to v e__________ 114. 50 ' 14. 50 C h e stn u t. ________ 114.25 114.25 R ic h m o n d , V a .: P en n sylva n ia anthracite: S tove________ . . 13. 38 13. 75 C h e s tn u t .. ___ 13.38 13.75 B itu m in ou s: Prepared sizes: H igh v o latile.......... .. . 6.83 7. 33 L o w vola tile . _ ________ 7. 98 8.40 R u n o f m ine: L o w v olatile. _ ________ 6. 71 6.75 R och ester, N .Y .: P en n sylva n ia anthracite: S t o v e .. . . . 13. 38 13.23 C h estn u t___________ 13.13 12.98 St. L ou is, M o .: P en nsylva nia anthracite: S tove. _ ______ ______ 15.16 13.91 C h estn u t____________ 15.16 13.72 B itum inous, prepared sizes 5. 45 5.61 St. Paul, M in n .: P en n sylva n ia anthracite: S to v e_____________________ 17.35 15.50 C h estu n u t............................ 17.10 15.25 1 T h e average price of coal delivered in bins is 50 cents higher than here show n. delivered in bins. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1933 C ity and kin d o f coa O ct. 15 $8.46 12.80 12.55 13. 90 13. 90 9.07 12.60 12.35 14.00 14.00 7.50 9.00 7.50 8.52 6. 46 9.29 12. 25 12.00 12.38 4.86 14.50 14.25 12.96 114. 75 114.50 13. 75 13. 75 7. 33 8. 40 6. 75 13.10 12.85 13.91 13.72 5. 50 15. 50 15.25 P ractica lly all coal is R E T A IL 1535 PRIC ES T able 3 — A V E R A G E R E T A I L P R I C E S O F C O A L P E R T O N O F 2,000 P O U N D S , F O R H O U S E H O L D U S E , O C T . 15, 1932, A N D S E P T . 15 A N D O C T . 15, 1933, B Y C I T I E S — C o n tin u e d 1932 1932 1933 1933 C it y and k in d o f coal C ity and k in d o f coal O ct. 15 St. P a u l, M in n .— C o n td . B itu m in ou s: Prepared sizes: H igh v olatile...... ......... .. $9.40 L o w v o la t ile ___________ 11.87 Salt L ake C ity , U tah: 7. 39 B itu m in ou s, prepared sizes. San Fran cisco, C alif.: N e w M ex ico anthracite: C erillos egg. . __________ 25.00 C olorado anthracite: 24. 50 B itu m in ou s, prepared sizes. 15.00 Savannah, G a.: B itu m in ou s, prepared sizes. 2 8.45 Scranton, Pa.: P en nsylvania anthracite: 9. 27 S tove_____________________ 9.00 C h estn u t. ___________ . Sept. 15 O ct. 15 $9. 98 $10.00 12. 33 12. 33 7.79 7.79 25.63 25. 63 25.11 15.98 25.11 16.06 Seattle, W ash .: B itum inous, prepared sizes. Springfield, 111.: B itum inous, prepared sizes. W ash in gton , D .C .: P en nsylva nia anthracite: S to ve ....... ........... ........... —— C h e stn u t_________________ B itu m in ou s: Prepared sizes: H igh vo la tile — -----------L o w v o latile___________ R u n of m ine: M ix e d _________ ______ O ct. 15 Sept. 15 Oct. 15 $9.86 $9.73 $9.69 3. 79 3.73 4.06 314. 46 314.45 314.45 314.15 314.15 314.15 3 8.29 310. 21 3 8.33 3 8.69 3 9. 97 310.31 3 7. 50 3 7. 70 3 7.88 2 9.94 210.04 8.81 8. 56 8.81 8. 56 2 A ll coal sold in Savannah is w eighted b y the c ity . A charge o f 10 cents per to n or half to n is m ade. T h is a dd itional charge has been in clu d ed in the a b o v e price. 3 Per ton o f 2,240 pou n ds. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis WHOLESALE PRICES Index Numbers of Wholesale Prices, 1913 to October 1933 T HE following table presents the index numbers of wholesale prices by groups of commodities, by years, from 1913 to 1932, inclusive, and by months from January 1932 to date: I N D E X N U M B E R S OF W H O L E S A L E P R IC E S [1926=100] Y ea r and m on th 1913......................... ........... 1914____________________ 1915............................... — 1916____________________ 1917..................... - ......... .. 1918......... - ......................... 1919____________________ 1920________ _______ . . . . 1921____________________ 1922____________________ 1923__________ ______ _ 1924........... ............. ........... 1925____________________ 1926_____ ______ ________ 1927____________________ 1928......... ............... ........... 1929____________________ 1930____________________ 1931____________________ 1932_____ _______________ 1932: J a n u a r y .. ________ F e b ru a ry .. . _ M a rch ___ ____ . . A p r il______________ M a y ______________ Jun e_______________ J u ly ................... ....... A u g u s t____________ S eptem ber________ O ctob er___________ N o v e m b e r _____ ._ D ecem b er_________ 1933: Jan u ary___________ F eb ru ary__________ M a rch ....................... A p r i l .. ____ _______ M a y ........................... Ju n e_______________ J u l y ______________ A u g u s t___ . . _ S ep tem ber________ O ctob er____ _______ Farm p rod ucts H ides Tex and F ood s leather tile p ro d p ro d ucts ucts Fu el M etals B u ild C h em H ouse- M isand furand ing icals celnishligh t m etal m ate and lanep ro d ing ing rials drugs ous ucts goods A ll co m m o d i ties 71.5 71.2 71.5 84.4 129.0 148.0 157.6 150.7 88.4 93.8 98.6 100.0 109.8 100.0 99.4 105.9 104.9 88.3 64.8 48.2 64.2 64.7 65.4 75.7 104.5 119. 1 129.5 137.4 90.6 87.6 92.7 91.0 100.2 100.0 96.7 101.0 99.9 90.5 74.6 61.0 68.1 70.9 75.5 93.4 123.8 125.7 174.1 171.3 109.2 104.6 104.2 101.5 105. 3 100.0 107.7 121.4 109.1 100.0 86.1 72.9 57.3 54.6 54.1 70.4 98.7 137. 2 135.3 164.8 94.5 100.2 111.3 106.7 108.3 100.0 95.6 95.5 90.4 80.3 66.3 54.9 61.3 56.6 51.8 74.3 105.4 109.2 104.3 163.7 96.8 107.3 97.3 92.0 96.5 100.0 88.3 84.3 83.0 78.5 67.5 70.3 90.8 80.2 86.3 116.5 150.6 136.5 130.9 149.4 117.5 102.9 109.3 106.3 103.2 100.0 96.3 97.0 100.5 92.1 84.5 80.2 56.7 52.7 53.5 67 6 88.2 98.6 115.6 150.1 97.4 97.3 108.7 102.3 101.7 100.0 94.7 94. 1 95.4 89.9 79.2 71.4 80.2 81.4 112.0 160.7 165.0 182.3 157.0 164.7 115.0 100.3 101.1 98.9 101.8 100.0 96.8 95.6 94.2 89. 1 79.3 73.5 56.3 56.8 56.0 61.4 74.2 93.3 105.9 141.8 113.0 103.5 108.9 104.9 103.1 100.0 97.5 95.1 94.3 92.7 84.9 75.1 93.1 89.9 86.9 100.6 122. 1 134.4 139. 1 167.5 109.2 92.8 99.7 93.6 109.0 100.0 91.0 85.4 82.6 77. 7 69.8 64.4 69. 68. 69. 85. 117. 131. 138. 154. 97. 96. 100. 98. 103. 100. 95. 96. 95. 86. 73. 64. 52.8 50.6 50.2 49.2 46.6 45.7 47.9 49.1 49.1 46.9 46. 7 44.1 64.7 62.5 62.3 61.0 59.3 58.8 60.9 61.8 61.8 60.5 60.6 58.3 79.3 78.3 77.3 75.0 72.5 70.8 68.6 69.7 72.2 72.8 71.4 69.6 59.6 59.5 58.0 56.1 54.3 52.7 51.5 52.7 55.6 55.0 53.9 53.0 67.9 68.3 67.9 70.2 70.7 71.6 72.3 72.1 70.8 71.1 71.4 69.3 81.8 80.9 80.8 80.3 80.1 79.9 79.2 80.1 80.1 80.3 79.6 79.4 74.8 73.4 73.2 72.5 71.5 70.8 69.7 69.6 70.5 70.7 70.7 70.8 75.7 75.5 75.3 74.4 73.6 73.1 73.0 73.3 72.9 72.7 72.4 72.3 77.7 77.5 77.1 76.3 74.8 74.7 74.0 73.6 73.7 73.7 73.7 73.6 65.6 64.7 64.7 64. 7 64.4 64. 2 64.3 64.6 64.7 64.1 63.7 63.4 67. 66. 65. 64. 63. 64. 65. 65. 64. 63. 62. 42.6 40.9 42.8 44.5 50.2 53.2 60. 1 57.6 57.0 55.7 55.8 53.7 54.6 56.1 59.4 61.2 65.5 64.8 64.9 64.2 68.9 68.0 68.1 69.4 76.9 82.4 86.3 91.7 92.3 89.0 51.9 51.2 51.3 51.8 55.9 61. 5 68.0 74.6 76.9 77. 1 66.0 63.6 62.9 61.5 60.4 61.5 65.3 65. 5 70.4 73.6 78.2 77.4 77.2 76.9 77.7 79.3 80.6 81.2 82.1 83.0 70.1 69.8 70.3 70.2 71.4 74.7 79.5 81.3 82.7 83.9 71.6 71.3 71.2 71.4 73.2 73.7 73.2 73.1 72.7 72.7 72.9 72.3 72.2 71.5 71.7 73.4 74.8 77.6 79.3 81.2 61.2 59.2 58.9 57.8 58.9 60.8 64.0 65.4 65.1 65.3 61. 59. 60. 60. 62. 65. 68. 69. 70. 71. 1536 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1537 W H O L E S A L E PRICES I N D E X N U M B E R S OE S P E C IF IE D G R O U P S O P C O M M O D IT IE S [1926=100] Year Raw m ate rials 1913__________ 1914__________ 1915__________ 1916 . . 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922__________ 1923__________ 1924__________ 1925__________ 1926__________ 1927__________ 1928__________ 1929 _________ 1930 _______ 1931 ____ 1932 . 68.8 67.6 67. 2 82.6 122.6 135. 8 145.9 151. 8 88. 3 96.0 98.5 97.6 106.7 100.0 96.5 99. 1 97. 5 84. 3 65. 6 55.1 Sem im anu- F in ished factured p ro d ucts arti cles N on agricultural co m m o d i ties A ll co m m o d i ties other than farm p ro d ucts and foods 69.4 67.8 68.9 82.3 109. 2 124. 7 130. 6 149.8 103.3 96.5 99.2 96.3 100.6 100.0 95.0 95.9 94. 5 88.0 77.0 70.3 69.0 66.8 68.5 85. 3 113.1 125.1 131.6 154.8 100.1 97.3 100.9 97.1 101.4 100. 0 94.6 94.8 93.3 85.9 74.6 68.3 70.0 66.4 68.0 88.3 114.2 124.6 128.8 161.3 104.9 102.4 104.3 99.7 102.6 100.0 94.0 92.9 91.6 85.2 75.0 70. 2 74.9 70.0 81.2 118. 3 150.4 153. 8 157.9 198. 2 96.1 98.9 118.6 108.7 105.3 100.0 94.3 94.5 93.9 81.8 69.0 59.3 M o n th 1932: Jan uary___ F e b r u a r y .. M a r c h .. . . J u ly _______ Septem ber. O cto b e r___ N ovem ber. D e ce m b e r .. 1933: Jan uary___ F e b r u a r y .. M a r c h _____ A p r il.. . . . M a y ____ __ J u ly ----------A u g u st------S ep tem b er. O cto b e r----- Raw m ate rials Semim anu- F in facished tured p ro d arti ucts cles A ll co m N on - m od i agrities other culthan tural com farm m o d i p ro d ties ucts and foods 58.3 56.9 56.1 55. 5 53.9 53.2 54.7 55.7 56.2 54.6 54.2 52.1 63.1 61.9 60.8 59.6 58.1 57.6 55. 5 57.9 60.7 60.7 58.9 57.7 72.1 71.4 71.5 71.1 70.3 70.0 70.5 70. 7 70.4 69.6 69.3 68.4 70.3 69.6 69.3 68.9 68.1 67.8 68.0 68. 5 68.7 68.1 67.5 66.5 71.7 71.3 70.9 70.9 70.4 70.1 69.7 70.1 70.4 70.2 69.8 69.0 50.2 48.4 49.4 50.0 53.7 56.2 61.8 60.6 61.7 61.8 56.9 56.3 56.9 57.3 61.3 65.3 69.1 71.7 72.9 72.8 66.7 65.7 65.7 65.7 67.2 69.0 72.2 73.4 74.8 75.4 64.9 63.7 63.8 63.7 65.4 67.4 70.7 72.0 73.7 74.4 67.3 66.0 65.8 65.3 66.5 68.9 72.2 74.1 76.1 77.2 Weekly Index Numbers of Wholesale Prices A s u m m a r iz a t io n of the weekly index numbers for the 10 major groups of commodities and for all commodities combined as issued during the month of October 1933 will be found in the following statement: I N D E X N U M B E R S O F W H O L E S A L E P R I C E S F O R W E E K S O F O C T . 7, 14, 21, A N D 28, 1933 [1926 = 100] W e e k ending— G rou p O ct. 7 O ct. 14 O ct. 21 O ct. 28 A ll com m od ities_____________________________ ______ 71.3 71.1 70.4 70.9 F arm p rod u cts_____ _____ ______ ______ - ..................... ........... F ood s.................... ......... ....................... ............ ............................. H ides and leather p rod u cts____ __________ _______________ Textile p ro d u cts. .............................. ......................................... 57.5 65.0 91.8 76.3 73.4 82.4 83.7 72.7 81.1 65.0 56.7 64.8 88.8 76.2 73.8 82.3 83.9 72.7 81.2 65.0 54.2 63.7 88.8 76.2 74.0 82.0 83.6 72.6 81.3 64.9 55.6 64.2 87.7 76.3 74.5 82.4 83.5 72.7 81.3 65.2 M etals and m etal p rod u cts.................. ..................... ............... B u ild in g m a t e r ia ls ........................................................ ........... Chem icals and drugs_______________ __________ ________ H ouse-furnishing g ood s............... .................................. .......... M iscellaneous_____________ _______ ________ ______ ________ https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1538 M O N TH LY L A B O R R E V IE W Purchasing Power of the Dollar, 1913 to October 1933 C h a n g e s in the buying power of the dollar expressed in terms of wholesale prices from 1913 to October 1933 are shown in the follow ing table. The figures in this table are reciprocals of the index numbers. To illustrate, the index number representing the level of all commodities at wholesale in October 1933 with average prices for the year 1926 as the base, is shown to be 71.2. The reciprocal of this index number is 0.01404 which, translated into dollars, and cents becomes $1,404. The table shows that the dollar expanded so much in its buying value that $1 of 1926 had increased in value to $1,404 in October 1933 in the purchase of all commodities at wholesale. The purchasing power of the dollar for all groups and subgroups of commodities for the current month will be found on page 1543. P U R C H A S IN G POW ER OP TH E D OLLAR EXPRESSED P R IC E S IN TERM S OF W H O L E SA L E [1926=$!] Y ea r and m on th 1913. __________________ 1914. _________________ 1915. __________________ 1916____________________ 1917. __________________ 1918____________________ 1919____________________ 1920____________________ 1921____________________ 1922____________________ 1923............. ................... .. 1924. _________________ 1925 _____________ ____ 1926____________________ 1927____________________ 1928. __________________ 1929 __________________ 1930____________________ 1931____________________ 1932____________ _______ 1932: Jan uary__________ F eb ru a ry ________ M a r c h ___________ A p ril_____________ M a y _____________ Ju n e_____________ J u ly --------------------A u g u st___________ Septem ber_______ O c t o b e r _________ N o v e m b e r ______ D ecem b er_______ 1933: Jan uary__________ F eb ru ary _______ M a r c h ................... A p ril_____________ M a y _____________ Ju n e_____________ J u ly ______________ A u gu st___________ S eptem ber___. . . O ctob er__________ Farm p rod ucts F ood s H ides and leath er p ro d ucts T ex tile p ro d ucts Fuel and ligh t ing M etals B u ild C h e m H ouse- M isand furning icals celm etal ish and m ate lanep ro d ing drugs rials ous ucts goods $1. 399 $1. 558 $1. 468 $1. 745 $1. 631 $1.101 $1. 764 $1. 247 $1. 776 $1. 074 1.404 1.546 1.410 1.832 1. 767 1.247 1.898 1. 229 1.761 1. 112 1.399 1.529 1.325 1.848 1.931 1.159 1. 869 .893 1.786 1. 151 1.185 1. 321 1.071 1.420 1. 346 .858 .622 1.629 1.479 .994 .775 .957 .808 1.013 .949 .664 1.134 .606 .819 1. 348 .676 .840 .796 .729 .916 1.014 .733 .549 .744 1.072 .635 .772 .574 .739 .959 .764 .865 .637 .944 .719 .664 .728 .584 .607 .611 .669 .666 .607 .705 .597 1.131 1.104 .916 1.058 1.033 .851 1.027 .870 .885 .916 i. 066 1. 142 .956 .998 .932 .972 1.028 .997 .966 1.078 1. 014 1. 079 .960 .898 1.028 .915 .920 .989 .918 1.003 1.000 1.099 .985 .937 1.087 .941 .978 1.011 1. 068 .953 .911 .998 .950 .923 1.036 .969 .983 .982 .970 .917 1.000 1.000 1. 000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.006 1.034 ,929 1.046 1.133 1.038 1.056 1.033 1.026 1.099 .944 .990 .824 1.047 1.186 1. 031 1.063 1.046 1.052 1.171 .953 1.001 .917 1.106 1.205 .995 1.048 1.062 1.060 1. 211 1.133 1.105 1.000 1.245 1.274 1.086 1.112 1.122 1.079 1.287 1.543 1. 340 1.161 1.508 1.481 1.183 1.263 1.261 1.178 1.433 2.075 1. 639 1. 372 1.821 1.422 1. 247 1. 401 1.361 1.332 1. 553 1.894 1. 546 1. 261 1.678 1.473 1.222 1.337 1.321 1.287 1. 524 1. 976 1.600 1.277 1.681 1. 464 1.236 1.362 1.325 1.290 1.546 1.992 1.605 1. 294 1.724 1.473 1.238 1.366 1.328 1.297 1.546 2.033 1.639 1.333 1.783 1.425 1. 245 1.379 1.344 1.311 1.546 2.146 1.686 1.379 1.842 1.414 1.248 1. 399 1.359 1.337 1. 553 2.188 1. 701 1.412 1.898 1.397 1. 252 1.412 1.368 1.339 1.558 2.088 1. 642 1.458 1.942 1.383 1.263 1.435 1.370 1. 351 1. 555 2.037 1.618 1.435 1.898 1.387 1.248 1.437 1.364 1. 359 1.548 2.037 1. 618 1.385 1.799 1.412 1.248 1.418 1.372 1.357 1.546 2.132 1.653 1.374 1.818 1.406 1.245 1.414 1.376 1.357 1. 560 2.141 1.650 1.401 1.855 1.401 1.256 1.414 1. 381 1.357 1.570 2. 268 1.715 1.437 1.887 1.443 1. 259 1.412 1.383 1.359 1.577 1.792 1.451 2.347 1.927 1. 515 1.279 1.427 1.397 1.372 1.634 2.445 1.862 1. 471 1. 953 1.572 1.292 1.433 1.403 1.383 1.689 2. 336 1.832 1. 468 1.949 1.590 1.295 1.422 1.404 1.385 1. 698 2. 247 1.783 1.441 1.931 1.626 1.300 1.425 1.401 1.399 1.730 1.992 1.684 1.300 1. 789 1.656 1.287 1.401 1.366 1.395 1.698 1.880 1. 634 1. 214 1.626 1. 626 1. 261 1.339 1.357 1.362 1.645 1.664 1. 527 1.159 1.471 1. 531 1. 241 1.258 1. 366 1. 337 1. 563 1. 736 1. 543 1.091 1.340 1.527 1.232 1.230 1.368 1.289 1. 529 1.754 1.541 1.083 1.300 1.420 1. 218 1. 209 1.376 1.261 1. 536 1.795 1. 558 1.124 1.297 1.359 1. 205 1.192 1.376 1. 232 1. 531 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis All com m o d i ties $1.433 1. 468 1.439 1.170 .851 .762 .722 .648 1.025 1.034 .994 1.019 .966 1.000 1.048 1.034 1.049 1.157 1.370 1. 543 1.486 1.508 1.515 1.527 1.553 1.565 1.550 1.534 1.531 1.553 1.565 1.597 1.639 1.672 1.661 1.656 1.595 1. 538 1.451 1.439 1.412 1.404 1539 W H O LE S A LE PRICES Processing Taxes and the Price Index The Agricultural Adjustment Act provided that “ to obtain revenue for extraordinary expenses incurred by reason of the national economic emergency, there shall be levied processing taxes * * V ’ 1 In accordance with this act, the. Secretary of Agriculture established a processing tax of 30 cents a bushel on wheat effective July 10, 1933. There was also declared effective August 1, 1933, a processing tax of 4.2 cents per pound on cotton. On September 14, the Secretary of Agriculture announced a processing tax, effective October 1, on leaf tobacco of 1.7 cents per pound for Maryland tobacco and 3 cents per pound for tobacco from other States. In all cases these taxes are to be collected by the Bureau of Internal Kevenue on “ the first domestic processing” of each raw material. No tax is to be paid by the purchaser of the raw materials when such materials are to be used for purposes of feeding or otherwise by the farmer. The tax is to be paid by the purchaser of the raw materials when such materials are to be processed or converted into other items for further sale. As considerable portions of these raw materials are not purchased for processing it is not justifiable to include these taxes in regular market quotations. The index number of the Bureau of Labor Statistics, showing the general trend of wholesale commodity prices, represents market prices and therefore prices used in the calculation of these indexes for articles subject to the processing tax do not include such taxes. In order that the effect of processing taxes on the index numbers of the Bureau of Labor Statistics may be shown, there has been cal culated a series of wholesale price indexes for the major and sub groups of farm products upon which taxes have been assessed, for the period during which they have been effective. The following tabular statement shows the comparison of the regular series of index numbers of the Bureau for farm products with the indexes based upon prices including processing taxes. IN D E X N U M B E R S OF W H O L E S A L E P R IC E S OF F A R M P R O D U C T S W IT H A N D W IT H O U T P R O C E S S IN G T A X E S Other farm products Grains A ll farm products M o n th J u ly ................................................... ....................... A u gu st______________________________________ S e p t e m b e r .................... ...................... ............... O cto b e r ._________________________ _______ _ W ith ou t tax W ith tax 73.4 64.6 63.9 58.2 83. 2 77.5 76.8 71.1 W ith o u t tax W ith tax 62.5 61.2 61.2 67.7 66.8 67.5 W ith o u t tax fin i 57.6 57.0 55.7 W ith tax 62.5 62.1 61.2 It will be seen from the above that the index numbers of the individual groups of farm products have been affected by the process ing tax. The index number for grains for October, excluding the tax on wheat, was 58.2 as compared with 71.1 when the tax was included, showing a differential of over 22 percent between the two figures. The index number for other farm products for the same month, excluding the tax on cotton and tobacco, was 61.2. Includ ing these taxes the index is 67.5. The differential between the two 1 P t. 2, sec. 9, par. a, H .B . 3835, app roved M a y 12, 1933. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1540 M O N TH LY L A B O R R E V IE W series was more than 11 percent. For all farm products for the month of October, the index number of the regular series is 55.7 as compared with 61.2 with all taxes added, showing a differential of 11 percent between the two indexes. The corn-hog ratio has been announced as effective November 5, with the following provisions: Until December 1, the tax on corn is announced as 5 cents per bushel of 56 pounds, and effective Decem ber 1, the rate of tax shall be 20 cents per bushel of 56 pounds. For hogs, the following taxes have been announced: Effective November 5, 50 cents per 100 pounds live weight; December 1, $1 per hundred weight; January 1, 1934, $1.50 per hundredweight; and February 1, 1934, $2 per hundredweight. The effect of these latter taxes will be shown in the November index. Wholesale Price Trends During October 1933 W h o l e s a l e commodity prices continued their rise during the month of October. The index number of the general level of whole sale prices showed an advance of one half of 1 percent, maintaining the upward movement which was begun in March of the present year. This index which includes 784 commodities of price series weighted according to their relative importance in the markets and based on the average prices for the year 1926 as 100 rose from 70.8 for Septem ber to 71.2 for October. The index for October averaged the same as for September 1931 when the index number was also 71.2. As compared with October 1932 when the index number stood at 64.4, the present level shows an increase of more than 10 percent over that of a year ago. The index for October is over 19 percent higher than that for February when prices had reached their low point with an index of 59.8. The all commodities index, which indicates the trend in the general level of wholesale prices, shows that prices for October were 25 per cent below the level of June 1929 when the index stood at 95.2. Prices for the current month averaged higher than in the correspond ing month of the year before for the fifth consecutive time in the past 3 years. . Between September and October increases in prices were reported m 199 instances, decreases in 185 instances, while in 400 instances no changes were shown. The group of fuel and lighting materials again showed the largest pnce advance with the group as a whole rising by more than 4% per cent over the previous month. Increased prices took place in the averages for bituminous coal, coke, and petroleum products. The wholesale prices of anthracite, however, showed a slight decrease. The house-furnishing-goods group registered the second largest advance in average prices. This group increased by nearly 2% per cent from September to October. Both furniture and furnishings shared m the upward movement. Continued strengthening of prices of brick and tile, cement, lumber, structural steel, and other building materials caused the group of all building materials to advance nearly 1}'2 percent over the month https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis W H O LE S A LE PRICES 1541 before. Prepared paint and paint materials registered slightly declin ing prices. Metals and metal products as a whole continued on the up grade during October due to further advancing average prices of agricultural implements, iron and steel products, and motor vehicles. On the other hand nonferrous metals showed a general weakening of prices, while plumbing and heating fixtures remained at the September levels. The index for the group as a whole rose by more than 1 percent. The sharp up turn in market prices of textile products, which has been in evidence since the low point was reached in February, was considerably slowed down. The group as a whole showed only a fractional increase during October. The subgroups of clothing and woolen and worsted goods advanced, while cotton goods, knit goods, silk and rayon, and other textile products declined. 21719°—33------ 18 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1542 M O N T H L Y LA B O R R E V IE W The miscellaneous group of commodities showed a very slight recovery. Advancing prices for crude rubber, paper and pulp, and other miscellaneous items outweighed declining prices for cattle feed, with automobile tires and tubes showing no change in average prices between the 2 months. Declining prices of hides and skins, leather, and boots and shoes exerted greater influence on the hides and leather products group than did advancing prices for other leather products and forced the group as a whole to show the greatest decrease of any of the 10 major groups of commodities with a drop of more than 3 % percent from the previous month. Wholesale prices of farm products, which had shown sharp advances up to 2 months ago, showed a further reaction in October and dropped by over 2 percent as compared with September. The group as a whole, however, still remains 36 percent above February, the low point reached during the year, and about 19 percent higher than the corresponding month of last year. Radical reductions in the market price of grains and lesser declines in calves, cows, steers, dressed poultry, cotton, oranges, hops, and fresh vegetables were mainly responsible for the decrease. Hogs, eggs, lemons, leaf tobacco, and wool showed price increases between the 2 months. Manufactured food products as a whole showed a downward move ment by falling slightly niore than 1 percent in October as compared with September. The index for the month was nearly 20 percent above the low of February of this year and 6 percent higher than October a year ago. Among food items which showed price increases during the month were butter, bread, rice, dried fruits, canned vegetables, fresh beef, and fresh pork. Items showing weakening prices were flour, maca roni, corn meal, cured beef, cured pork, lamb, mutton, raw and granu lated sugar, and vegetable oils. The chemicals and drugs group showed no change in the general level of prices during October. Declining prices for chemicals and drugs and pharmaceuticals were offset by advancing prices of fertilizer materials and mixed fertilizers. . The group of raw materials, including basic farm products, pig tin, pig lead, crude rubber, and similar articles, showed a fractional increase during the month. Semimanufactured articles declined slightly to a level of 20 percent above a year ago. Finished products prices moved upward by nearly 1 percent and were slightly more than 8 percent over October of last year. The nonagricultural commodities group whicn includes all com modities except farm products advanced by about 1 percent within the month. The combined index for all products exclusive of farm products and processed foods shows an increase of about 2% percent between September and October and a rise of more than 10 percent over October a year ago. Raw materials were 27% percent higher in October than in February when the low point was reached. Semimanufactured articles were over 29 percent higher in October than in February. In the same period finished products advanced by 14 percent, nonagricultural commodities by 16 percent, and all commodities, eliminating farm products and foods, by 17 percent. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis W H O LE S A LE IN D E X NUM BERS OF 1543 PRICES W H O L E S A L E P R IC E S B Y G R O U P S C O M M O D IT IE S AND SU BG RO U PS OF [1926=100.0] G roups and subgroups O ctober 1932 Septem ber 1933 A ll com m od ities__________________________________________ 64.4 70.8 F arm produ cts------------------------------------------------------------------ 46.9 34.4 45.0 52.1 60.5 60.5 64. 1 52.2 56.4 65.4 72.8 84. 6 49.6 64.1 81.9 55.0 62.5 56.2 50.9 30.8 56.5 67.7 71.1 88.7 81.1 76.7 104.6 104.4 47.4 80.3 84.7 80.4 92.7 50.7 67.5 70.7 75.3 79.0 56.6 68.3 67.5 81.7 80.0 72.7 79.8 55.9 63.4 66.5 73.7 74.7 72.8 64.1 44. 6 42.7 73.4 7.3 82.1 54.6 60.7 69.6 68.1 70.2 57.0 63.9 46.7 61.2 64.9 65.8 84.7 66.8 51.5 64.5 92.3 98.9 84.1 85.4 84.6 76.9 81. 1 91.3 74.8 34.5 82.7 76.5 70.4 82.0 84.7 79.7 90.4 101. 5 49.6 82.1 83.2 80.3 90.4 68. 5 74.7 82.7 82.6 90.8 82.0 77.3 74.7 82.4 85.9 72.7 78.8 56.8 66.6 67.8 79.3 80.5 78.4 65.1 43.2 64.2 82.2 14.9 78.1 61.7 72.9 74.8 73.7 76.1 B u tter, cheese, and m ilk ------------------------------------------- F u el and lighting m aterials---------------------------------------------- E le c tr ic ity ___________________________________________ A ll com m od ities other than farm products and foods __ i D ata n ot yet available. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis O ctober 1933 71.2 55.7 58.2 45.4 61.2 64.2 66.0 85.0 62.5 51.0 64.4 89.0 98.9 71.2 83.2 85.1 77. 1 84.8 88.8 74.7 32.0 84.5 75.3 73.6 81.8 89.8 82.6 (0 0) 52.7 83.0 83.7 82.4 90.9 67.0 74.7 83.9 84.6 91.2 84.2 76. 1 74.7 86.8 87.1 72.7 78.6 56.8 67.6 68.3 81.2 82.8 79.8 65.3 43.2 60.4 82.4 15.6 78.6 61.8 72.8 75.4 74.4 77.2 Purchasing pow er of the dollar O ctober 1933 $1,404 1.795 1.718 2.203 1.634 1.558 1. 515 1.176 1. 600 1.961 1.553 1.124 1.011 1.404 1.202 1.175 1.297 1.179 1.126 1.339 3.125 1.183 1.328 1.359 1.222 1.114 1. 211 1.898 1.205 1.195 1.214 1.100 1.493 1.339 1.192 1.182 1.096 1.188 1.314 1.339 1.152 1.148 1.376 1.272 1. 761 1.479 1.464 1.232 1.208 1.253 1. 531 2. 315 1. 656 1.214 6.410 1.272 1.618 1.374 1.326 1.344 1.295 1544 M O N T H L Y L A B O R R E V IE W Wholesale Prices in the United States and in Foreign Countries N THE following table the index numbers of wholesale prices of the Bureau of Labor Statistics of the United States Department of Labor, and those in certain foreign countries, have been brought together in order that the trend of prices in the several countries may be compared. The base periods here shown are those appearing in the original sources from which the information has been drawn, in certain cases being the year 1913 or some other pre-war period. Only general comparisons can be made from these figures, since, in addition to_ differences in the base periods, and the kind and number of articles included, there are important differences in the composi tion of the index numbers themselves. Indexes are shown for the years 1926-32, inclusive, and by months since July 1931. I IN D E X N U M B E R S OF W H O L E S A L E P R IC E S IN T H E U N IT E D E IG N C O U N T R IE S C ou ntry. U nited States Bureau C om p u tin g a g e n c y ... o f L abor Statistics Base period. 1926 (100) IN FOR 1 A u s tralia Austria B elgium Bureau of Census and Statistics Federal Statis tical Bureau M in istry o f In dustry 1911 JanuaryJune 1914 ( 1, 000) STATES AN D Bulgaria Canada Chile China L abor General Statis tical Bureau D o m in ion Bureau of Statistics General Statis tical Bureau N ational T a riff C om m ission, Shanghai A p ril 1914 (100) 1926 (100) 1926 (100) 1913 GOO) 1926 (100) (Paper) 125 (G o ld ) 55 502 (Paper) (Silver) 155 i ( 100) (G old ) 47 C om m odities. 1926. 1927. 1928. 1929. 1930. 1931. 1932. 100.0 95.4 96.7 95.3 86.4 73.0 64.8 1, 832 1,817 1, 792 1,803 1, 596 1,428 1,411 1932 January_____ F eb ru a ry ____ M a r c h _______ A p ril................ M a y ................ Ju n e_________ J u ly_________ A u gu st______ S e p t e m b e r ... O ctober______ N o v e m b e r ___ D ecem ber___ 67.3 66.3 66.0 65.5 64.4 63.9 64.5 65.2 65.3 64.4 63.9 62.6 1.414 1, 449 1,438 1, 431 1, 408 1, 390 1, 397 1.415 1,441 1,404 1,382 1, 367 1933 January_____ F eb ru ary____ M a r c h _______ A p ril_________ M a y _________ Ju n e............... J u l y . . .............. August______ S eptem ber___ 61.0 59.8 60.2 60.4 62.7 65.0 68.9 69.5 70.8 1, 344 1, 330 1, 333 1, 358 1, 406 1, 439 1,455 1,452 1 Q uotations, 154 since January 1932. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 123 133 130 130 117 108 112 114 112 113 112 116 115 112 112 110 111 111 108 108 106 107 107 108 109 111 108 108 744 847 843 851 744 626 532 100.0 102.4 109.8 117.0 94.6 79.1 70.3 100.0 97.7 96.4 95.6 86.6 72.1 66.7 192.5 192.4 166.9 152.2 230.4 557 554 548 539 526 514 512 524 533 529 525 522 75.7 75.9 75.9 72.4 71.7 71.7 69.2 67.9 66.9 64.5 63.3 62.5 69.4 69.2 69.1 68.2 67.4 66.4 66.4 66.7 65.9 65.0 64.7 64.0 146.5 151.9 164.2 189.8 213.0 226.6 230.2 239.6 281.6 293.9 289.0 337.8 521 512 504 501 502 507 506 501 496 63.5 62.4 61.0 61.5 62.1 61.3 62.6 63.9 63.6 64.4 65.4 66.9 67.6 70.5 69.4 68.9 346.0 344.7 343.4 351.2 357.3 357.8 353.2 100.0 104.4 101.7 104.5 114.8 126.7 112.4 119.3 116.7 115.7 113.6 111.8 111.3 109.8 108.7 106.9 107.5 108.6 107.6 106.7 104.5 104.2 104.5 103.4 101.7 100.4 1545 W H O L E S A L E PRIC ES I N D E X N U M B E R S OF W H O L E S A L E P R IC E S IN T H E U N IT E D S T A T E S A N D IN F O R E IG N C O U N T R I E S — C on tin u ed C o u n try . C om p u tin g a g e n c y --- C zecho- D en m ark slovakia F in lan d France G erm an y In d ia Ita ly Japan Central Central Bureau of Sta tistics General Statisti cal B u reau F ederal Statisti cal B u reau D ep art m ent, e tc.,3 Calcutta R iccard o Bach i B a n k of Japan, T okyo 1926 ( 100) 1913 1913 ( 100) ( 100) July 1914 (100) 1913 ( 100) ( 100) O ctober 1900 (100) 118 120 (P aper) 126 400 (P aper) 72 (Paper) 144 ^ g f.* !.1 tistics Base p er io d . C om m od ities- July 1914 (100) (G old ) 69 2944 1926. 1927. 1928. 1929 1930. 1931. 1932. 2 968 2 969 2 913 118.6 107.5 99.5 1932 Jan uary-------F eb ru a ry ----M a r c h ---------A p ril-----------M a y ................ J u n e . . . ......... J u ly -------------A u gust--------S e p te m b e r .O ctob er------N o v e m b e r .. D ecem b er—1933 January— . F e b ru a r y .. M a r c h ------A p ril______ M a y .........Ju n e______ J u ly _______ A u gu st----Septem ber. 3 P aper revised. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 102.3 101.4 101.4 100.7 99.5 97.3 98.0 97.9 100.1 99.5 99.1 99.0 96.6 96.3 95.5 94.6 96.3 98.3 98.3 97.4 96.5 Statisti cal D e partm ent 1913 98 90 84 90 695 642 645 627 554 502 427 134.4 137.6 140.0 137.2 124.6 110.9 96.5 148 148 145 141 116 96 91 602.0 495.3 461.6 445.3383.0 328.4 303.7 236.7 224.6 226.1 219.8 181.0 153.0 161.1 94 93 92 89 88 87 89 89 90 90 91 90 439 446 444 439 438 425 430 415 413 412 413 413 100.0 99.8 99.8 98.4 97.2 96.2 95.9 95.4 95.1 94.3 93.9 92.4 97 97 94 92 89 86 87 91 91 91 90 88 316.6 314.4 315.0 311.3 305.1 297.4 295.7 295.9 299.6 298.6 298.2 295.8 159.5 161.4 158.5 154.1 150.3 146.4 147.7 155.8 167.4 169.1 177.9 184.6 122 9(1 89 89 88 123 123 125 126 128 89 90 90 90 411 404 390 387 383 403 401 397 395 91.0 91.2 91.1 90.7 91.9 92.9 93.9 94.2 94.9 88 86 82 84 87 89 91 89 88 292.0 ■286.3 281.3 279.1 278.8 281.2 278.9 278.3 275.8 185.0 179.6 177.4 176.2 176.8 179.6 182.1 180.0 182.4 163 153 153 150 130 114 117 100 118 119 117 115 114 113 115 117 119 118 120 119 117 124 123 101 102 3 D ep artm en t o f C om m ercia l Intelligence and Statistics. 1546 M O N TH LY L A B O R R E V IE W I N D E X N U M B E R S O F W H O L E S A L E P R IC E S IN T H E U N IT E D S T A T E S A N D IN F O R E IG N C O U N T R I E S — C on tinued C o u n try ____________ Jugo slavia N ew N eth er Zealand lands revised C om p u tin g a g e n c y .. N a tional B ank Census Office Central Central Central Bureau and of C en Bureau Bureau Office of L a Statis sus and o f Sta o f Sta o f Sta bor Sta tics Statis tistics tistics tistics tistics Office tics N or w ay P oland South Africa Spain Sweden S w it zerland U nited K in g d om B oard Federal B oard L a bor of of D ep a rt T rad e Trade m ent July 1926 (100) 1913 (100) 1909-13 (1,000) 1913 (100) 1927 (100) 1910 (1,000) 1913 (100) 1913 (100) C om m od ities—.......... 55 48 180 95 73 188 74 160 1926_________________ 1927_________________ 1928_________________ 1929_________________ 1930_________________ 1 9 3 1 ...______________ 1932................................. 100.0 103.4 106.2 100.6 86.8 72.9 65.2 145 148 149 142 117 97 79 1553 1478 1492 1488 1449 1346 1297 157 149 137 122 122 88. 7 100. 0 101.0 95.7 82.3 70.5 61. 7 1387 1395 1354 1305 1155 1119 1031 181 172 167 171 172 174 173 149 146 148 140 122 111 109 144. 5 142.6 144.6 141. 2 126.5 109. 7 96.0 89.1 85. 2 84.4 82.1 71.9 62.6 61.1 67.8 67. 3 67. 8 66.1 65. 4 64. 9 65.6 62.6 61. 8 63.9 64.7 64.8 84 83 82 80 79 78 76 75 76 77 77 76 1344 1330 1325 1316 1313 1308 1308 1308 1311 1304 1286 1273 123 123 122 120 120 120 122 123 123 123 124 123 63.9 64. 6 63. 8 65.3 66. 1 61. 8 60.4 60.2 60. 2 58.8 58. 4 56.1 1083 176 178 180 181 177 174 172 171 170 169 170 169 109 110 109 109 109 108 108 108 110 109 108 101.4 99. 6 98. 7 97.7 95. 6 94. 5 93.6 95.0 94. 8 94.8 92. 4 91.8 63. 7 63. 4 63. 0 61.6 60. 6 59.0 58.8 59. 9 61. 4 60.8 60. 8 60. 8 67.6 68.4 67.0 66.3 64.9 66.1 63.7 60.7 60.7 75 74 72 71 72 73 73 73 75 1266 1315 1316 1315 1323 1321 1327 1325 122 121 121 121 121 121 121 122 123 56.3 57. 9 57.9 57.6 56. 8 58.2 58. 2 53.9 54. 9 982 169 168 166 164 106 106 105 105 106 106 108 108 109 91.3 90.1 90. 0 91.1 91. 6 91.2 91. 7 90.9 91.0 60.3 59. 5 58. 7 58.5 59. 7 61. 2 61. 5 61. 7 62.0 1932 Jan uary------------- . . . A p ril_____ _________ J u ly ............................... A u g u s t _____________ O ctober_____________ 1933 Jan uary____ ______ _ A p ril— ...................... Ju n e________________ J u ly ......................... https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1062 1002 978 1013 1072 no (100) 78 1924 (100) 150 PUBLICATIONS RELATING TO LABOR Official— United States C o n n e c t i c u t .— Agricultural gardens. Experiment Station. New Haven, 1933. Circular 91: Unemployment 10 pp. This bulletin, prepared at the request of the Connecticut Unemployment Commission, contains information regarding the best utilization of garden plots by families suffering from the depression. ------ Department of Public Welfare. Hartford, 1933. Report for the two years ended June 30, 1932. (Public Document No. 28.) 209 pp. Contains data on public provision for the poor, private provision for the aged, child care, etc. Gives reports for individual homes for the aged. M a s s a c h u s e t t s .—Department of Banking and Insurance. Office of the Com missioner of Banks. Credit unions: Statutes of the Commonwealth of M assa chusetts, General Laws, Chapters 167; 171; 266, sections 52-55, and amend ments to December 31, 1931. [Boston, 1932?] 32 pp. M il w a u k e e , ( W is c o n s in ).— [Board of School Directors.] ment. 40 Street Trades Depart Annual report, July 1, 1932-July 1, 1933. pp., charts. ( Mimeographed .) ■ ------ M ayor’s Housing Commission. Report. Milwaukee, Milwaukee, 1933. 1933. 28 pp., maps, charts, plans. N ew Y o r k .— Department of Labor. Division of Statistics and Information* Public work in the State of New York— laws and regulations as of July 1, 1933. Albany, 1933. 14 PP- ------ -------- Employment Service. tion in the laundry industry. ( Mimeographed .) Division of Junior Placement. New York, 1933. Job informa [Various paging.] Illus. Prepared for the guidance of employment workers dealing with placements in occupations in the industry covered. ------ Department of Social Welfare. Volume, distribution and cost of child dependency in New York State for the year ending December 31, 1931, by James H. Foster and Robert Axel. Albany, 1933. 109 pp., maps, charts. The foreword points out that this is the first attempt to study the various aspects of child dependency on a State-wide basis, with particular reference to the situation in the individual counties. At the close of 1931 there were in New York 108,592 dependent children in institutions, foster homes, and families aided by boards of child welfare, of whom 91.6 percent were public charges or under public supervision, while only 8.4 percent were maintained through private philanthropy. The net disbursement for the care of dependent children in 1931 amounted to $34,934,039, of which 80.9 percent was paid from public funds and 19.1 percent from private philanthropy. “ For the entire State, the total cost of child care amounted to an expenditure of $2.77 per capita of population— $2.24 from public funds and $0.53 from private philanthropic sources.” C a r o l i n a .— Department of Labor. Rules and regulations of the depart ment of labor relative to the employment of children under 16 years of age; Standards of the department of labor for grading industrial plants, effective June 1, 1933. Raleigh [1933]. 10 pp. N orth O k l a h o m a .— Department of Labor. Oklahoma City, 1933. Bulletin No. 12-C: Women in industry. 51 pp. Contains the laws of Oklahoma relating to women in industry. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1547 1548 M ONTHLY P e n n s y l v a n i a .— L A B O R R E V IE W Department of Labor and Industry. employment of m inors.' Harrisburg, 1938. Regulations affecting 23 pp. -------------- Special Bulletin No. 36: Women workers after a plant shutdown. pared by Bureau of Women and Children. [Harrisburg], 1933. Pre 18 pp. Reviewed in this issue. F r a n c i s c o ( C a l i f o r n i a ) . — Committee for the Survey of Unemployment Relief Administration. Report. San Francisco, 1933. 122 pp., charts. The activities and expenditures of the various relief agencies in the city are reported, and an account is given of special studies of families receiving relief. San S t a t e s .— Department of Commerce. Bureau of Mines. Bulletin 878: Coal-mine accidents in the United States, 1931, by W. W. Adams, L. E. Geyer, and L. Chenoweth. Washington, 1933. 104 PP- U n it e d Reviewed in this issue. •---------------------------------------- Bulletin 374- M etal-m ine accidents in the United States during the calendar year 1981, by William W. Adams. Washington, 1933. 36 pp. Reviewed in this issue. -------------- -—— Mineral resources of the United States, 1930. Part I I — Nonmetals. Washington, 1932. 876 pp., charts. The section on coal includes statistics of number of mine workers, days worked by the mines, length of the working day, output per man, and strikes, suspensions, and lockouts, in 1930 and earlier years. —— -------------- Minerals yearbook, 1982-33. Washington, 1933. Includes a short section on safety in mining in 1932. 819 pp., charts. -------------- Bureau of the Census. 1933. 255 pp. Manual of joint causes of death. ( Third edition.) Washington, This volume is for use in the compilation of mortality statistics where two or more causes of death are given either as primary or secondary causes or in other relations, in order to insure comparability when the statistics are compiled in the usually accepted manner on the basis of the single cause of death. ------ Department of Labor. Bureau of Labor Statistics. Bulletin No. 582: Occupation hazards and diagnostic signs; a guide to impairments to be looked for in hazardous occupations. Washington, 1933. 52 pp. (Revision of Bulletin No. 306.) -------------- -------Bulletin No. 586: Wages and hours of labor in the lumber industry in the United States, 1932. Washington, 1933. 67 pp. ---------------------- Bulletin No. 587: Wages and hours of labor in rayon and other synthetic yarn manufacturing, 1932. Washington, 1933. 32 pp. ------------—- ■ — —■Bulletin No. 589: Wages and hours of labor in the leather industry, 1932. Washington, 1933. 102 pp. ---------------------- Bulletin No. 590: Labor legislation, 1931 and 1932. 1933. Washington, 186 pp. -------------- Children’s Bureau. Proceedings of child health recovery conference, held on the call of the Secretary of Labor, in Washington, D.C., October 6, 1983. Washington, 1933. 57 pp. ( Mimeographed .) Some account of this conference was given in the Monthly Labor Review for November 1933 (p. 1090). — — ---------------- Publication No. 218: Employed boys and girls in Rochester and Utica, N .Y ., by Alice Channing. -------------- Women’s Bureau. Washington, 1933. 74 PP- Bulletin No. 110: The change from manual to dial operation in the telephone industry, by Ethel L. Best. Washington, 1933. 15 pp. Reviewed in this issue. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1549 P U B LIC A T IO N S R E L A T IN G TO LA B O R Bureau of Indian Affairs. ( Mimeographed .) Report on activities under the Indian emergency conservation work program. U n it e d S t a t e s .— Department Indians at work. of the Interior. Washington [1933], 8 f pp., illus. ---- — ■ —-—- Office of Education. Bulletin, 1982, No. 17, National Survey of Secondary Education: Monograph No. I f — Programs of guidance, by William C. Reavis. Washington, 1983. I f f pp., diagrams. In the judgment of the author, the necessity for guidance services in the secondary schools arises from the nature of the demand for modern secondary education; the shifts in the social and economic order to which the secondaryschool student must make adjustments; the adolescent’ s need for counsel and guidance; and the need of eliminating waste in educational processes. ---------- -—1-—-— ——■Monograph No. 21— Instruction in the social studies, by William G. Kimmel. Washington, 1983. 105 pp. Outlines and analyzes social studies in both junior and senior high schools and gives suggestions for improving the teaching of social studies. ■ —-— Federal Board for Vocational Education. Bulletin No. 169, Agricultural Series No. f f : Analysis of special jobs in farm forestry— Timber farming for profit, including woods management and free planting of marginal, submarginal, and idle lands. Washington, 1938. f 2 pp. This pamphlet was prepared for the use of teachers of vocational agriculture in instructing persons on jobs having to do with production of timber crops. ■ —-—- Interstate Commerce Commission. Bureau of Statistics. Accident Bulle tin No. 101: Summary and analysis of accidents on steam railways in the United States subject to the Interstate Commerce Act, calendar year 1932. Washington, 1933. 88 pp., charts. Data from this summary are published in this issue of the Monthly Labor Review. Official— Foreign Countries B e l g i u m .— Ministère de l’Intérieur. Office Central de Statistique. statistique de la Belgique et du Congo Belge, 1933. paging.] Brussels, 1983. Annuaire [Various This statistical yearbook includes data on cooperation, various types of socialinsurance funds, workers’ dwellings, strikes and lockouts, and industrial accidents, together with data on the number of employees in different industries. While some of the statistics in the volume are for 1932, most of them are for earlier years. C a n a d a .— Bureau of Statistics. The Canada year book, 1983. Ottawa, 1933. I l f 6 pp., maps. Gives statistics on wages, employment and unemployment, production, prices, cost of living, trade-union membership, fatal industrial accidents, workmen’s compensation, strikes and lockouts, old-age pensions, the cooperative movement, immigration, etc. Information on 1932 labor legislation from this publication is given in this issue of the Monthly Labor Review. ------ ------ Seventh Census of Canada, 1931. Bulletin No. X X X I : Gainfully employed 10 years of age and over for Canada and the Provinces, 1931. Ottawa, 1933. 23 pp. Of the 3,924,533 persons 10 years of age and over gainfully employed in 1931 in Canada, 3,258,614 were males and 665,919 were females. C e y l o n .— [Registrar General and Director of Commercial Intelligence?] Annual general report for 1982 on the economic, social, and general conditions of the island. Colombo, Ceylon Government Press, 1983. 101 pp., map, charts. ( Compiled from the reports of the government departments.) Includes some data on housing, labor, wages, and cooperative societies. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1550 M O N T H L Y L A B O R R E V IE W Dirección General de Estadística. Censo de personas sin trabajo ano 1932 {artículo transitorio del decreto legislativo No. 5A. de 16 de julio de 1932). San José, 1933. 35 pp. C osta _ R ica. Census of unemployed workers in Costa Rica. F e d e r a t e d M a l a y S t a t e s .— Labor 1932. Kuala Lumpur, 1933. Department. Annual report for the near 63 pp. Some data on wages of laborers on rubber and copra estates are given in the report. Bureau de la Statistique Générale. Annuaire statistique, 1932. [ Various paging.] Contains statistics of welfare institutions, cooperative and mutual agricultural credit organizations, wages and hours of labor, unemployment, savings and insurance funds, and accidents. P r a n c e .- Fans, 1933. Home Office. G r e a t B r it a in . and workshops. Welfare Pamphlet No. 5: Ventilation of factories London, 1933. 51 pp., diagrams, Ulus. (Second edition.) An illustrated description of various types of factory ventilation systems. I n t e r n a t i o n a l L a b o r O f f i c e .— International survey of legal decisions on labor law, 1931. Geneva, 1933. agent, Boston, Mass.) 372 pp. (W orld Peace Foundation, American The countries covered are England, France, Germany, Italy, and the United States. Department o f Industry and Commerce. Report for 1932 [of "proceedings in connection with the administration of the factory and workshop acfs]. Dublin, [1933]. 15 pp. I r is h F r e e S t a t e .— Japan. Cabinet Imperial. Bureau de la Statistique Générale. tique de I Empire du Japon. and French.) Tokyo, 1983. 159 pp., charts. Résumé statis(In Japanese Section IX of this report deals with labor and includes among other material a census of labor, and data on operations of employment offices, strikes and lock outs, unemployment statistics, and wages, the latest figures on the last-mentioned subject being for 1931. L e a g u e of N a t io n s . Economic Intelligence Service. 1932—33. Geneva, 1933. agent, Boston, Mass.) 3 j5 pp. World economic survey, ( World Peace Foundation, American I he confusion of prices, and wages and social policy are the subjects of two chapters. N eth erlan ds. Departement van Socialezaken. uitgeoefend in 1932. The Hague, 1933. Verslag over het haventoezicht, 58 pp. Annual report on harbor inspection in the Netherlands in 1932, including in formation on accidents, industrial disputes, unemployment, and other labor conditions. Statistiske Centralbyrâ. Norges bergverksdrift, 1932. (Opgaver over bergverksdriften pa svalbard for aret 1931.) Oslo, 1933. jO pp. N orw ay. Annual report on mining activities in Norway in 1932, with data as to number of workers engaged in mining and amounts paid in wages. -------------- Statistisk àrbokfor Kongeriket Norge, 1933. Oslo, 1933. 258 pp. Among the subjects covered in this statistical yearbook are unemployment, work of employment offices, industrial disputes, collective agreements, tradeunion membership, wages, social insurance, cooperative societies, production, and prices and cost of living. The data on some of these subjects come down to 1933. The section giving international comparisons includes figures on prices and cost of living, industrial disputes, unemployment, and trade-union member ship in various countries. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1551 P U B LIC A T IO N S R E L A T IN G TO LA B O R ( N o r w a y ) . — Arbeidskontor. Arsberetning, 1932. Oslo, 1933. 27 pp. Annual report of the Oslo Employment Office for the year 1932, including data on applications for jobs and workers, and on jobs filled, by industries and principal occupations. P o l a n d .— Chief Bureau of Statistics. Concise statistical year-book of Poland, O slo 1933. Warsaw, 1933. 170 pp., map. [In English.] Contains statistical information for Poland up to 1933, the subjects covered including employment; salaried employees; workers employed on public works; unemployment; employment service; social insurance, including unemployment insurance; wages and salaries; and cost of living. Q u e e n s l a n d ( A u s t r a l i a ) .— Registrar-General’s and Australian statistics. Brisbane, 1933. Office. A B C of Queensland 336 pp., map. Practically the official yearbook of Queensland, presented under the authority of the State government, and giving a statistical survey of the condition and activities of the State. Some of the labor subjects are industrial accidents, labor organizations, work of industrial courts, labor disputes, retail price indexes, rents, unemployment and unemployment relief and insurance, basic wages, and “ weighted average nominal weekly rates payable to adult males for a full week’s work.” S t r a i t s S e t t l e m e n t s .— Labor Department. Annual report, for the year 1932. Singapore, 1933. 31 pp. The report gives some data on wages of estate laborers. S w i t z e r l a n d .— Caisse Nationale Suisse d ’Assurance en cas d ’Accidents. port annuel et comptes pour Vexercice, 1932. [Berne?], 1933. Rap J+6 pp. Report on the operation of the Swiss National Workmen’s Compensation Fund for the year 1932. The number of enterprises subject to compulsory insurance at the end of 1932 was 42,994, an increase of 586 over the number included in the previous year. T o k y o (J a p a n ) . — Municipal Office. Bureau o f Statistics. Statistical abstract for Tokyo, 1931. Vol.IV. Tokyo, 1933. 163 pp., charts. Labor statistics, including daily wages, industrial disputes, etc., are given in part VIII of this publication. U n i o n o f S o u t h A f r i c a .— Office of Census and Statistics. Official yearbook of the Union and of Basutoland, Bechuanaland Protectorate and Swaziland, No. 14, 1931-1932. Pretoria, 1933. 1080 pp., maps, charts. Includes chapters on labor and industrial conditions, prices, social conditions (including data on old-age pensions, etc.), and mines (employment, average pay, accidents). Unofficial F e d e r a t i o n o f L a b o r . Executive Council. Report to the fiftythird annual convention, Washington, D.C., October 2, 1933. 128 pp., charts. A m e r ic a n Data on benefit payments by standard national and international unions during 1932, taken from this report, are given in this issue of the Monthly Labor Review. A report on the recent convention of the federation including a review of the report of the executive council, was published in the Monthly Labor Review for November (pp. 1120-1131). Familienpolitik, Probleme, Ziele und Wege. fiir Standesamtswesen Gmb H., 1933. 77 pp. B aum er, G ertrud. Berlin, Verlag Deals with the family as a social problem, including the influence of the depres sion upon the family, family welfare work, family responsibility, education, protection of youth, etc. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1552 B in g h a m M O N T H L Y L A B O R R E V IE W W alter V an D y k e , and M ^ New York, Harper & Bros., 1931. oore, 320 pp. B r u c e V i c t o r . H ow to interview (,Second printing.) I lie writers discuss the various problems connected with conducting satisfac tory personal interviews with a view to providing a dependable technique for various types of interviews. There is a classified and annotated bibliography. B lo d g ett, H a r v e y millan Co., 1933. A. M akin g the most o f your income. N ew 180 pp. York, M a c ’ c A n experiment in adul education:, Training for the unemployed in the New York City continuation schools. New York, Public Library, 96th Street Branch, 1932. 19 nv chart illus. ’ C i v i c C o m m i t t e e f o r A d u l t L i t e r a c y ( N e w Y o r k ). Includes an account of the summer session of 1932 in the Brooklyn boys’ con tinuation school, giving data as to causes and period of unemployment of student body, etc. C o n f e d e r a z io n e N a z io n a l e a n d ls p a n is h )0me’ [1 9 3 3 ? ]' S i n d a c a t i F a s c is t i d e l l ’ I n d u s t r i a 128 VV' L a carta {In Italian> French, English, German, The Fascist labor charter or code in effect in Italy. A l l is o n . The cotton cooperatives in the York, D. Appleton-Century Co., 1933. 268 pp., mans G e e , W il s o n , a n d T e r r y , E d w a r d Southeast New Social S c o n c e s ™ h ° n Um versUy ° f Virginia Institute for Research in the Reviews the general situation of the cotton farmer; analyzes the cooperative cotton-marketing associations set up in the Southeastern States, from the point of view of finance, marketing agreements, field service, membership and deliveries, marketing policies and procedures, etc.; and discusses the situation under Federal aid. Mothers’ assistance in Philadelphia— actual and potential costs: A study of 1,010 families. Hanover, N .H ., Sociological Press, 1933117 pp. (Studies m Social Economy, Carola Woerishoffer Graduate Depart ment of Social Economy and Social Research, Bryn Mawr College.) H a l l , E l iza b e t h L A study of 1,010 familes who, through the death of their heads (married men residing in Philadelphia), either were or might become charges upon the Mothers’ Assistance Fund of that city. The purpose of the study was to arrive at some method of estimating, with a reasonable approach to accuracy, the maximum amount of money needed to carry the fund for a given period in a large city like Philadelphia. It was made in normal times, the deaths of the men whose families were studied having occurred between December 1, 1923, and May 31, 1924 inclusive, and the figure indicated may therefore, it is pointed out, be taken also as the minimum for times of depression. Effects of the War on economic and social life in Finland New Haven Yale University Press,1933. 125 pp. (.Economic and Social History of the World War, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, Division of H arm aja, L eo . I2jC 0 7 l07YLvCS CLTlCL Jl i XSIOTIJ . ) Summary data are given on housing conditions, wages, hours, industrial con flicts, cost of living, etc. H u g h e s , H u g h f . Cooperation here and abroad: A brief survey o f cooverative achievement. M inneapolis, M idland Cooperative Oil Association, 1933. f 8 pp A vividly written account giving a brief history of the Rochdale Pioneers and of their predecessor, Robert Owen, showing the development of certain types of agricultural cooperative organizations and of consumers’ cooperative societies. Incorporates the results of the writer’s life-long interest and long experience with cooperative organizations (as director of markets of the Minnesota Depart ment of Agriculture). https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis P U B LIC A T IO N S R E L A T IN G TO LA B O R I n d i a n a p o l i s C o u n c il o f S o c ia l A g e n c i e s . of a recreation survey of Indianapolis. charts. 1553 The leisure of a people: Report 5/1 pp., maps, [Indianapolis?], 1929. The report deals with the various facilities provided in Indianapolis for the use of leisure time. A bibliography is appended. I n s t it u t f ü r K o n j u n k t u r f o r s c h u n g . Berlin, 1933. Konjunkturstatistisches Handbuch, 1933. 384 pp. Contains general economic statistics for Germany for 1933 and earlier years. Chronic illness in New York City. New York, Columbia University Press, 1933. Vol. 1, 258 pp., charts; Vol. I I , 287 pp., charts; appendixes. (Studies of the Research Bureau of the Welfare Council of New York City, No. 5.) Ja r r e t t , M ir y C. This survey of the care of the chronic sick in New York City shows the extent of the problem presented by the large number of persons who are chronically disabled. The first volume deals with the different problems arising out of such a large amount of disability, and the second with the care of the chronic sick by different types of voluntary agencies. J o h n C r e r a r L i b r a r y , C h ic a g o . N R A : The new deal for business and indus try— a bibliography, M ay-August 1933, together with a list of official publica tions of other new governmental agencies. Compiled by Jerome K . Wilcox. Chicago, American Library Association, 1933. 78 pp. The cotton textile industry of the Southern Appalachian Pied mont. Chapel Hill, University of North Carolina Press, 1933. 188 pp., maps, charts. L em e r t, B en F. A study of the cotton-textile industry of this region and of the reasons for its growth. An exhaustive analysis of costs in comparison with those of the New England textile regions indicates a lower labor cost in the Piedmont, which, combined with its other natural advantages, seems to promise a continued devel opment, if the industry continues to meet the market’s demands. and d e G r u c h y , C l a r e . Salvaging old age in industry. San Francisco, Calif., Old Age Center, 1933. 7 pp. M eh nert, K laus. Youth in Soviet Russia. ( Translated by Michael Davidson.) New York, Harcourt, Brace & Co., 1933. 270 pp. M a r t i n , L i l l i e n J ., Deals with organization and education of children, youth, and adults, includ ing students in the higher institutions of learning, the youth on socialized largescale farms, etc. N e w S u r v e y o f L o n d o n L if e a n d L a b o r . London, P. S. King & Sons, Ltd., 1933. Volume V : London industries, I I . 435 pp. H. A. We move in new directions. New York, W. W. Norton & 284 VPP atch, B uel W . Land settlement for the unemployed. [Washington, D.C.], Editorial Research Reports, 1933. (Vol. II, No. 15,, pp. 271-287.) Overstreet, Co., Inc., 1933. Reviews various attempts, by legislative enactment or actual experiment, to forward subsistence-homestead plans. * Written with special reference to the work of the Subsistence Homesteads Division under the N.R.A. Housing in Philadelphia, 1932, by Ber Philadelphia, 1600 Walnut Street, 1933. 38 pp., maps, P h il a d e l p h ia H o u s in g A s s o c ia t io n . nard J. Newman. diagrams, illus. The book of opportunities— A dictionary of jobs: Personal sidelights on 3,500 American occupations. New York, G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1933. 410 pp. (Revised edition.) P l a t t , .R u t h e r f o r d . Includes descriptions of the latest jobs and professions and suggests that there are novel fields of work ahead. Bulletin, Vol. 12, No. 1: Women’s wages compared with living costs and general community standards, 1914-1032. Portland, Oreg., 1033 , 15 pp., chart. R eed C o lleg e. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1554 M O N T H L Y L A B O R R E V IE W Unemployment and the child. Being the report on an inquiry into the effects of unemployment on the children of the unem ployed and on unemployed young workers in Great Britain. London, Long mans, Green & Co., 1933. 137 pp. S a v e t h e C h il d r e n F u n d ( L o n d o n ). Children, young people, and un employment: A series of enquiries into the effects o f unemployment on children and young people. _ Part I I , Austria, Great Britain, Poland. Geneva, Switzer land, 15 Rue Lévrier, 1933. 99 pp. Sa v e t h e C h il d r e n I n t e r n a t io n a l U n io n . Bulletin No. 16: Research in farm laboi— scope and method. Prepared under the direction of the Advisory Committee on Social and Economic Research in Agriculture. New York, 230 Park Avenue, 1933. 84 pp., charts. S o c ia l S c ie n c e R e s e a r c h C o u n c i l . F l o r a M. A bibliography on fam ily relationships. New York, National Council of Parent Education, 60 East Forty-second Street, 1932 273 pp. T hurston, Compiled for the use of professional leaders and students concerned with family problems. W e l f a r e C o u n c il o f N e w Y o r k C i t y . vey of work for boys in Brooklyn. Research Bureau. New York, 1931. Study 7: A sur 319 pp., maps, charts. “ This survey of work for boys in Brooklyn is an attempt to give the general lay of the land as regards the organized service to boys in the borough, to measure roughly the needs of neighborhoods for additional recreational and social service for children, and to learn something of what adolescent boys themselves think about their social-recreational affairs. Its aim was solely to provide Brooklyn social agencies with information which would be useful in planning their programs of service.” https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis