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U. S. DEPARTMENT OF LABOR
BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS
ROYAL MEEKER, Commissioner
MONTHLY
LABOR REVIEW
VOLUME VII
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
NUMBER 6
DECEMBER, 1918
/%(, H f
WASHINGTON
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE
1919
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
CONTENTS.
Special articles:
Page.
“ Engineering revision” as seen by safety committees, by Lucian W.
Chaney........................................................................................................ 1-17
Problem of the crippled man in industry, by Carl Ilookstadt.....................18-30
Labor and the war:
Final report on joint industrial councils, Great Britain............................... 31-34
Progress of joint industrial councils in Great Britain................................... 34-36
Shop stewards in Great Britain...................................................................... 36-40
Industrial league for the improvement of relations between employers and
employed, Great Britain............................................................................ 40, 41
War work of school children in Germany......................................................
41
Reconstruction:
Education Act, 1918 (England and Wales).................................................. 42-46
List of references on reconstruction, prepared by Mrs. V. B. Turner......... 47-79
Provision for the disabled, and vocational education:
Plan of Federal Board for Vocational Education for assisting disabled
soldiers and sailors...................................................................................... 80-85
Employment of cripples in a large industrial plant...................................... 85, 86
Retraining of crippled soldiers in Queen Mary’s Workshops, Brighton, Eng
land............................................................................................................. 87-89
Prices and cost of living:
Retail prices of food in the United States................................................... 90-100
Retail prices of dry goods in the United States........................................ 101-104
Price changes, wholesale and retail, in the United .States........................ 104-107
Index numbers of wholesale prices in the United States, 1913 to October,
1918.......................................................................................................... 108-110
Changes in wholesale prices in the United States..................................... 110-113
Wholesale prices in the United States and foreign countries, 1890 to Sep
tember, 1918............................................................................................ 113,114
Consumption of food in shipbuilding districts.......................................... 115-146
Index numbers of wholesale prices published by the Federal Reserve
Board....................................................................................................... 146-149
New cost of living regulations in Canada................................................... 149-152
Food prices in Great Britain............
152-156
Increase in the cost of living in Sweden from 1914 to the end of July, 1918. 156,157
Food and fuel control:
Food control in the United States.............................................................. 158-162
Food control in the District of Columbia................................................... 162-164
Reasons for and effect of “heatless days” order issued by Fuel Administra
tion in January, 1918............................................................................... 164-167
Food situation in Austria during the summer of 1918, compiled and
168-196
translated by Alfred Maylander...........................
Milk and butter supply in Switzerland........................................................
196
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in
IV
CONTENTS.
Wages and hours of labor:
Page.
New wage adjustment in the shipbuilding industry.................................197-212
Rates of pay of employees of firms manufacturing coal-tar chemicals__ 213, 214
Union scales in the bakery, mill work, and printing trades, and of chauffeurs,
teamsters, and drivers............................................................................. 214-259
Rates of wages paid to workers placed by public employment offices in the
United States, October, 1918................................................................. 260-309
Minimum and overtime rates of wages fixed by Agricultural Wages Board
for England and Wales............................................................................ 310, 311
Women in industry:
Summary of English experience with woman munition workers.............312-315
Industrial accidents :
Safety movement in the iron and steel industry....................................... 316, 317
Workmen’s compensation:
Comparative survey of workmen’s compensation laws.............................. 318-320
Workmen’s compensation experience in Montana, 1917-18...................... 320-322
Statement of the Ohio State Insurance Fund as of May 15, 1918............ 322-325
Standards of safety under the Washington workmen’s compensation law. 325, 326
Recent changes in British workmen’s compensation law in regard to occu
pational diseases...................................................................................... 326-328
Labor laws:
Compulsory work laws in the United States............................. ............... 329, 330
Uruguay law requiring employers to provide chairs for female employees.. 330
Housing and welfare work :
Housing schemes of the Ministry of Munitions, Great Britain................. 331-335
Women’s requirements in working-class dwellings in England................ 335-337
Employment and unemployment:
Employment in selected industries in October, 1918............................... 338-343
Index numbers of employment and of pay roll, January, 1915, to October,
1918......................................................................................................... 343-345
Post-bellum program of German trade-unions as to unemployment......... 345-351
Proposed new system of German labor market and employment statistics.351-354
Labor organizations :
Thirty-fourth annual conference of the trades and labor congress of Canada. 355-358
Strikes and lockouts :
Strikes and lockouts in the United States, July to September, 1918......... 359-363
Conciliation and arbitration :
Conciliation work of the Department of Labor, October 16 to November 15,
1918.
364-3
Arbitration in shipbuilding dispute in Australia..... ................................. 371, 372
Immigration :
Immigration in September, 1918............................ ................................... 373, 374
Directory of officials of bureaus of labor, employment offices, industrial commis
sions, compensation commissions, minimum wage boards, factory inspection
bureaus, and arbitration and conciliation boards in the United States and
Canada............................................................................................................ 375-392
Publications relating to labor:
Official—United States............................................................................... 393-397
Official—foreign countries........................................
398-404
Unofficial................ .................................................................................... 404-412
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
M ONTHLY LABOR R E V IE W
vol.
vii—n o . g
WASHINGTON
Dec e m be r ,
ms
“ ENGINEERING REVISION” AS SEEN BY SAFETY COMMITTEES.
BY LUCIAN W. CHANEY.
The expression “ engineering revision” is not yet sufficiently
familiar to be used without some explanatory statement.
It has been formulated to cover all applications of engineering
skill which bear upon industrial safety. It would include arrange
ment of buildings, the proper layout of the transportation system,
the design of all machines with reference to safe operation, the pro
vision of proper lighting, in fact, the almost endless changes and
modifications which have taken place or ought to take place for
safety reasons in the structure and arrangement of industrial plants.
It is more than probable that even safety men in daily contact
with the steady progress of structural modification have failed to
appreciate the extraordinary nature of the changes that have taken
place. That the importance of this “ engineering revision” in rela
tion to the mitigation of the severity of accidents and to further
progress in that direction is not fully understood is quite certain.
An attempt was made in the Monthly R eview of August, 1917/
to determine the importance of this factor through a study of severity
rates in different departments of the iron and steel industry and of
the fatalities in that industry on record in the files of the Bureau of
Labor Statistics.' That discussion is open to criticism on two points.
The data used belong in considerable part to a period in which the
safety movement had not yet gotten fairly under way. It is natural
to suppose that early efforts in the movement would be directed to
engineering defects and that these would become steadily of less
importance. The second point of criticism is that the judgment of
the authors may have been faulty. They were studying records,
possibly imperfect, at a time so remote from the original events that
no verification of the accuracy of the records was possible. It should
be said, however, that every effort was made to exclude doubtful cases.
Either of these contentions is of sufficient force to render highly
desirable the examination of any other available body of data not
open to these objections. The following table, therefore, embody
ing the experience of a large steel company for the three years ending
with 1917, is of interest.
1<<Can serious industrial accidents He eliminated?” by Lucian W. Chaney and Hugh S. Hanna in
This review of the
subject has now been published in two other places, namely, “ Safety,” the magazine of the American
Museum of Safety, July-August, 1918, and Bulletin 234 of the U . S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Safety
Movement in the Iron and Steel Industry, 1907 to 1917.
M o n th ly R e v ie w of the U. S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, August, 1917, pp. 1-16.
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[14S31
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2
M O N TH LY LABOR REVIEW.
CLASSIFICATION OF ACCIDENTS B Y SA FET Y COMMITTEES OF A ST EEL COMPANY,
1915 TO 1917.
Number of cases of disabling accidents.
Preventable by—
pisability of—
“ Engi
Care of
neering
revision.” worker.
Trade
risk.
Total.
Six weeks and under..............................................................................
Over six weeks.........................................................................................
Death and major mutilation................................................................
56
16
39
973
100
10
381
4S
19
1,410
164
68
Total...............................................................................................
111
1,083
448
1,642
Percentage distribution.
Six weeks and under..............................................................................
Over six weeks........................................................................................
Death and major mutilation................................................................
4
10
57
69
60
15
27
30
28
100
100
100
Total...............................................................................................
7
66
27
100
This company has during the past eight years very carefully con
sidered each case involving loss of time. The table is restricted to
three recent years in order not to involve conditions prior to the time
when safety work became somewhat standardized.
In each plant of the company the plant safety committee, in which
were included the director of safety and a group of superintendents,
made a careful study of the cases as they occurred. If there were
peculiar or doubtful features the safety inspectors from the director’s
office made a special investigation which was reported to the director
and by him to the committee. In this way there was established for
the consideration of the committee a reliable and exact record of the
occurrence upon which to base a judgment as to the causes of the
accident and as to the measures, if any, for the prevention of its
recurrence.
The scrutiny did not stop there. At stated intervals the conclu
sions of these plant committees were taken up by the central safety
committee of the company. This committee, after due considera
tion, would affirm the conclusion of the plant committee, return it
for further evidence, or in some cases modify or reverse it.
There is probably no group of cases on record in the country which
has been subjected to more exacting study before the final decision
was reached.
The bearing of this compilation on the question of the importance
of “ engineering revision” is found in the percentage column headed
“ Preventable by 'engineering revision.’”
It will be observed that of accidents causing six weeks’ disability
or less only 4 per cent could have been prevented, in the judgment of
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M ONTHLY LABOR REVIEW.
3
the committee, by engineering methods, in cases causing over six
weeks’ disability 10. per cent could have been so prevented, while in
cases involving death or major mutilation the percentage was 57.
It is worthy of remark that this figure, 57 per cent, is the same
as that reached in the Bureau of Labor Statistics study above men
tioned. The exact correspondence is of course purely a coincidence,
but a very significant one. The results of this careful study, based
on fresh material with full opportunity for learning all the facts
before a conclusion was reached, do not differ materially from those
of the earlier study of records of which no correction or amplifica
tion was possible.
The contention that prevention of minor injuries lies largely in
the education of the men in correct and safe methods of work, while
for the prevention of major injuries the main reliance must be upon
“ engineering revision,” is fully sustained by the conclusions of this
group of safety committees.
D EATH AND MAJOR MUTILATION.
Evidently the most important matters to be considered in this
connection are death and major mutilation. The cost of these, how
ever valued, outweighs all other injuries. It becomes, therefore, of
great importance to consider with searching care the results of
study of such cases by safety committees. For this reason the
details of 207 cases of death and major mutilation, including the 68
cases in the table on page 2, are recorded at the end of this article.
A sufficient description of each case is given to indicate the nature
of the hazard involved.
The cases are grouped under three heads, as determined by the
safety committees who considered them: (1) “ Preventable by'engi
neering revision/” (2) “ preventable by care either of injured or his
fellow workers,” and (3) “ unavoidable trade risk.”
In the opinion of the committees who passed upon them, 65 per
cent of these cases were preventable by “ 'engineering revision/” 24
per cent were preventable by care of the injured person or his fellow
workers, and 11 per cent were due to trade risk.
It will be observed at once that in this group of cases the com
mittees assign to the section “ preventable by 'engineering revision’ ”
a considerably larger percentage than the 57 per cent so assigned in
the earlier study by the Bureau of Labor Statistics and in the case
of the large iron and steel company above mentioned.
Several reasons may be given for this. The chief one doubtless
is that in a considerable portion of these cases particular attention
was directed to this factor, and the possibility of applying some
engineering remedy was given particularly close study.
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M ONTHLY LABOR REVIEW.
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In conclusion, the following statements may bo repeated as in
some sense the cardinal principles of safety work:
1. The reduction of minor injury will be accomplished mainly by
the education of the workers in correct and safe methods of work.
2. The reduction of death and major mutilation will result mainly
from the determination and application of adequate “ engineering
revision.”
ILLUSTRATIVE CASES.
The following descriptive lists include, in addition to the 68 cases
of death and major mutilation which occurred in one large steel
company’s plants, 139 cases drawn from other sources, making a
total of 207. The classification of cases follows the judgment of
the committees, and no attempt is made to modify conclusions which
are in some cases obviously doubtful.
Ca s e s P r e v e n t a b l e
by
S o m e F orm
of
“ E n g in ee rin g R e v isio n .”
Case 1.—Helper asphyxiated when he went to put stove on furnace. Pulled
burner back too far. Fatal. Stop installed to prevent running burner back so far.
Case 2 .—Top filler caught by elevator. He neglected to insert safety pin in start
ing lever, the result being that when his partner took hold of lever it moved unex
pectedly. Man evidently negligent, but a safer device is possible.
Case 3.—Laborer, given permission to leave his gang for a short time, sat down on
the electric rail of transfer track. Fatal. Had been warned about the rails. Track
has been entirely fenced in.
Case 4.—Laborer caught between buggies when a train of buggies was pushed
from the yard against the one which he was loading. Amputation of leg. Fore
man did not exercise due care to see that his men were in the clear.
Case 5.—Inexperienced man working as oiler. Greasing bearing on front trucks
of trolley of ore unloader. Trolley was racked back, catching head. Fatal. Recom
mended that machine be stopped while greasing is being done.
Case 6.—Nozzle setter was caught by molten metal when ladle of metal turned
in stirrup hooks, pouring out metal which ran down into the pit side. Fatal.
Trunnions have been changed so as to lower the center of gravity from 8J inches
below trunnions to 17 inches below.
Case 7.—Pipe-fitter’s helper had climbed to the runway of crane to close a valve.
He was caught between column and crane. Fatal. The pipe fitter was regarded as
at fault in not looking out for the safety of his men when working on the crane
runway.
Case 8.—Car-blocker’s helper was at work under a car when engine pushed other
cars against it, catching the man under the wheel.. Fatal. Car blocker at fault in
not putting out stop signals. Engine crew should have determined whether any
one was in danger before moving cars.
Case 9 .—Laborer on top of coke ovens was caught by larry car which carries the
coal to the ovens. Fatal. It seems to be the case that the steam from the quench
ing platform blinded him and he lost his way. The committee is of the opinion
that the only way to prevent such accidents is to remove the quenching from the
vicinity of the ovens to a quenching station.
Case 10.—Repair man was caught by trolley of unloader when it started unex
pectedly, ran to the top of the incline, broke the cables, and then slid back against
the man. Fatal. This starting would have been prevented had the safety switch
been pulled out and properly locked. The man had a safety padlock. The com-
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M ONTHLY LABOR REVIEW.
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mittee regard the dock management as negligent in not having called attention to
the use of these padlocks.
Case 11.—Ladle liner was caught between edge of ladle and wall of shop. lie had,
apparently, climbed on ladle to inspect it and his weight caused it to tip over. Fatal.
The committee is of the opinion that the number of foremen on this job is not suffi
cient to supervise the operations properly.
Case 12.—Repair man was changing insulators on the third rail at one of the batteries
of a coke oven. This battery had been cut out so that the rail was dead. The car
in order to get over this dead space would run at some speed and drift by. The man
put his hand on the third rail while the car was bridging the gap between this battery
and the next, thus making the rail alive. Fatal. Committee recommended that
the cut-out be so arranged that both batteries have dead rails when it is thrown.
This makes it impossible for a car to bridge over and make a supposedly dead rail
alive.
Case 13.—On starting an air compressor operated by a 2,200-volt circuit the relay
exploded, burning the man. Fatal. Recommended that high-voltage switches be
removed from the board and that temporary steel shields be installed until removal
can be accomplished.
Case 14.—Laborer cleaning up the scale car track had his wheelbarrow between the
rails. Scale car struck wheelbarrow throwing man against column. Fatal. The
committee feels that the management was slack at this point or the dangerous practice
of putting the wheelbarrow between the rails would have been stopped.
Case 15.—Melter’s helper was assisting to set the hot metal spout at the electric
furnace. Was loosening crane hook from loop of spout when it suddenly came away
and he lost his balance and fell to the floor, the spout tipping over on him. Fatal.
The committee regards the melter foremen as responsible for failure to have some parts
of the apparatus in proper order.
Case 16.—Rigger was going with his gang to work with a locomotive crane. As he
walked beside the crane he suddenly stepped in front of some cars on an adjacent
track and was run down. Fatal. Recommended that cranes do not move through
this busy yard under their own power but be handled by the yard engines.
Case 17.—Cinder snapper was digging away cinder and iron about monkey in order
to substitute a new one. The blast had been turned off when the process began but
later was turned on again. Monkey blew out and gas flames burned several, one
fatally. Foreman used bad judgment in turning on the blast while men were working
in position to be injured if an explosion occurred.
Case 18.—Laborer was crushed by falling ingot mold flask. It fell when a crane
lifted another which was on the same car. Fatal. Foreman should have seen to it
that the flasks were more securely placed.
Case 19— Craneman opening windows in monitor of merchant mill caught hold of
6,000-volt wire. Fatal. High tension wires are being removed to underground
conduits.
Case 20.—Oiler knocked from platform of ore bridge by grab bucket. Fell into
bin about 40 feet. Fatal. Rule made that no work shall be done on this platform
when bridge is in operation.
Case 21.—Lidsman at coke ovens struck by chute on larry car. Fatal. Gas
inspector who was on the car thought not to have been duly careful.
Case 22.—Craneman sitting down in his cab may have fallen asleep. He was found
with his head against the hoist fuse terminals. Fatal. A guard should have been
placed over the fuse blocks.
Case 23.—Switchman riding on footboard of engine was caught by a bar projecting
from the pile of scrap at the side of the track. Loss of foot. Yard foreman should be
more careful to keep yard clear.
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M O N TH LY LABOR REVIEW.
Case 24-—Laborer stepped from dock wall onto flat car of slowly moving train. Just
then the engineer slacked suddenly to test the coupling between two cars of the
string. The jar caused man to fall under the wheels. Fatal. The man evidently
crossed the track to reach a toilet. Such conveniences should not be placed where
men must cross tracks in order to reach them.
Case 25.—Pipe fitter’s helper sitting on a brace of the skip incline was caught when
the skip came down. Fatal. The foreman had attached a sign to the controller of the
skip hoist showing that it should not be operated. This was removed by some one
unknown. Recommended that all levers and switches whose operation would
endanger a workman shall be locked during the time the work is going on.
Cases 26-31.—Six men at work in blast furnace mains died of asphyxia when gas
washer man was unable to close valve of water seal. Arrangements made to lock
water seal valves when men are working in mains and additional valve will be installed
in mains.
Cases 32-34-—Three masons at work on a ladle foundation in pit were fatally burned
when furnace broke out. The furnace had just been rebuilt and was on its first heat.
An explosion occurred within, blowing out the tap hole, and the metal poured out on
the men. Rule adopted that furnaces shall not be put in operation until all repairs
on them are completed.
Case 35.—Millwright caught by 1,000-pound weight to door of open hearth when
bar with eye in end gave way. Fracture of leg, followed by infection. Fatal.
Recommended that guards be placed around weights.
Case 36.—Laborer killed by fragment of heater which exploded in the shanty where
he was eating lunch. Investigation showed that the blow-off valve was in bad con
dition. Recommended that better valves be installed and that they be inspected
at frequent intervals.
Case 37.— Sheeter’s helper was holding sheet in place on side of mill. To steady
himself he was holding on to rail of crane runway. Crane came down, crushing hand.
Loss of hand. This crane was not equipped with wheel guards in accordance with
the company rules.
Case 38.—Laborer struck by engine and leg crushed. Fatal. On investigation it
developed that the same foreman had had two other cases of fatal injury in his gang
under similar circumstances and was not in the vicinity on any occasion. Recom
mended that, as these gangs are largely of elderly men, the foreman should exercise
greater care.
Case 39.—Laborer assisting to replace derailed mold buggy. As the crane raised
the buggy one of the molds fell over, catching the man’s leg. Fatal. Recommended
that molds be removed from derailed buggies before attempting to replace them.
Case 40.—Laborer assisting in removing molds from buggies. After adjusting
chain to lugs of mold he stepped back on a track where a train was moving. Fatal.
The switchman of the moving train should have been on front of his train or preceding
it. Recommended to install better lighting at this point.
Case 41-—Laborer tightening bolts on pig machine was caught by his clothes on an
axle pin and crushed against a column. Fatal. Recommended that a guard be
placed along this runway. Foremen should not permit working on moving machinery.
Case 42.—Laborer crossing track was run down by coal car. Fatal. The switchman
should have been in position to warn this man.
Cast 43.—Laborer was struck by falling concrete chute when the manila rope hold
ing it broke. Fatal. Recommended that wire cable be used for such purposes.
Cast 44.—Lineman came in contact with high-tension wires on the pole where he
wa3 working. Fatal. Recommended that the clearance between high-tension wires
be increased to not less than 6 feet.
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M O N TH LY LABOR REVIEW.
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Case 45.—Boiler maker was shifting planks of scaffold at furnace top when he lost
balance and fell 90 feet to roof of cast house. One plank fell with him. Fatal.
Recommended that it be made a rule that such work shall not be done without use of
safety belt.
Case 46.—Laborer assisting in jacking up car for repairs. It was necessary to lower
the car somewhat, and when this was done it canted over, catching the man and crush
ing his skull. Fatal. Recommended that track adjacent to one on which cars are
being repaired be kept clear. Also that in jacking up cars they be followed with
blocking and that a shore be used on side next other repair track.
Case 47.-—Laborer carrying drinking water to open hearth was walking between build
ing and narrow gauge track when he was run down by locomotiv§. Fatal. Recom
mended (1) the installation of drinking fountains in the mills so that men will not be
Obliged to carry water through the yards and mills; (2) to require switchmen to ride
where they can see track in direction in which locomotive is moving; (3) to improve
the lighting in this part of the yard.
Case 48.—Laborer caught by splashing metal when the ladle carried by the crane
bumped against an empty ladle -which was being lined near the mixer. Fatal.
Recommended that ladle lining be conducted in some part of the mill where hot
metal is not being constantly carried.
Case 49.—Boiler washer entered boiler 11 hours after it was taken off steam line.
Part of wall fell and he was burned by the hot dust. Fatal. Recommended that it
be arranged that in washing-down boiler man stand outside fire door. Also that if the
wall shows bulging from the heat it be torn down and rebuilt.
Case 50.— Laborer caught between roll swinging from crane and pile of rolls on the
ground. Fatal. Recommended that roll racks be installed in the yard.
Case 51.-—-Carpenter’s helper using a belt pole to unship belt was struck in the
abdomen when pole caught in the belt. Fatal. Recommended that a loose pulley
be installed and that a lock be provided to prevent the use of the machine by un
authorized persons.
Case 52.— Scrap man wandered from his proper place and attempted to get on board
a larry car. In doing so he started the car and was caught and crushed. Fatal.
Recommended that car be so inclosed that men can not get on the car without being
seen by operator.
Case 53.—Top filler riding up in cage attempted to stop cage at about 50 feet. To
do this he reached through the structural work and grasped the operating cable which
is placed in opposite hoistway. He pulled cable in the wrong direction, causing
speed of cage to increase suddenly and was dragged from cage and fell 50 feet. Fatal.
Recommended to remove operating cable to a position in which it can not be reached
from the other cage. Also to inclose cages to the height of 7 feet.
Case 54.—Laborer passing cold saw was struck by the belt when it broke. Fatal.
Recommended that the belt guard be extended so as entirely to cover the belt.
Case 55.—Take off at shear bed was caught under falling load of angles. The load
was not evenly balanced and the end which hung down struck the side of the car and
the angles skidded from the chain, striking the man. Fatal. The foreman did not
exercise good judgment in choosing the apparatus used in this operation.
Case 56.—Casting man was opening valve on ladle to make a pour. Metal splashed
over top of ladle. Fatal. Recommended (1) that a canopy be erected over the pour
ing platform which would catch the metal in such a case. (2) That the height of
ladles be not increased without a corresponding adjustment of the trunnions. In
this case 6 inches had been added.
Case 57.—Laborer overcome by fumes when rescuing fellow worker in benzol house.
Fell on stairs causing fracture of neck. Fatal. Recommended that means be provided
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M ONTHLY LABOR REVIEW-
to remove fumes when it is necessary to open faucets to drain water from storage tanl-:s.
Also that a door be cut through so that escape from the space will be easier.
Case 58.—Crane hooker, for unknown reason, went up ladder to crane runway and
was caught between crane girder and column. Fatal. Recommended that a warning
sign be placed at foot of ladder warning all workmen not to go upon the runway without
the permission of the crane foreman.
Case 59.—Laborer was at work in a car from which unloading was going on by means
of a clam. A switching crew bumped into this car and the man was caught between
clam and end of car. Fatal. Recommended that a derailer be installed so that cars
can not'be shunted down into this track.
Case 60.—Laborer stepped out of shanty onto a track on which a car was running out
of control. The men on the car and others shouted to the man but he could not hear
on account of noise due to blast furnace stoves blowing off. Fatal. Recommended
that the installation of mufflers on stoves to reduce noise be hastened.
Case 61.—Fireman in boiler house caught when water tube burst. Fatal. Recom
mended that new type of fire doors be installed.
Case 62.—Weighmaster caught under plates falling from a pile. Some small plates
had been piled on top of larger ones. Fatal. Recommended that in piling plates
these of the same size be placed together. Also that the covering of the shipping
area with a roof be considered. The icy condition of the plates may have been a
factor in their falling.
Case 63.—Chipper attempted to cross tracks just in front of engine and was struck.
Fatal. Recommended that a subway be provided since there is a large amount of
necessary passing.
Case 64 — Boiler maker’s helper struck by metal splashing from ladle when it struck
mold which he was repairing. Fatal. Recommended that molds be removed to
some safe place for repair.
Case 65.— Laborer entered boiler which was to be cleaned and was overcome by gas.
Fatal. The foreman should have stayed with his men and seen that the required
procedure in cleaning the boiler was observed.
Case 66.—Repair man caught when a car operated by a cable into a dumping pit
started down the incline. The wheels had been imperfectly blocked and the jar due
to removing rivets probably threw blocks out of place. Fatal. Proper clamps for
use in such conditions had been provided, but the foreman in charge had not been
informed regarding them.
Case 67.—Laborer returning from emergency hospital along railway tracks was run
down. Fatal. Recommended that men having slight injuries be furnished street
car tickets and sent to another hospital, which will not require walking on tracks.
Case 68.—Brakeman riding on car pushed by engine was caught against coal box
of dinkey engine when the car on which he was riding was derailed due to accumulation
of cinder and dirt. Recommended that track be kept clean so as to avoid danger of
derailment.
Case 69.— Stopper setter helping to pour heat in Bessemer. The molds as poured
were capped with a cap weighing about 230 pounds. As the third mold was being
poured the second exploded, forcing up the cap and spraying the entire vicinity with
molten metal. Fatal. Recommended that the type of mold used at the time of
accident be discarded and a safer type substituted.
Case 70.—Mold capper. See Case 69. Fatal.
Case 71.—Mold capper. See Case 69. Fatal.
Case 72.—Lever man working on pulpit, 15 feet from mold. Case 63. Fatal. Recom
mended that a pulpit be erected, inclosed with steel and wire glass.
Case 73.— Lever man. See Case 72. Permanent total disability.
Case 74.—Conductor went between engine and car to adjust coupler. Caught
between drawheads. Fatal. Recommended that a coupling adjuster be applied.
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Case 75.—Fireman of steam shovel struck by brake band falling from shelf in cab _
The shelf was about 6 feet from floor. The brake band weighed about 50 pounds.
Pneumonia developed. Fatal. Recommended that storage of spare parts in such
a situation be discontinued.
Case 76....Helper was assisting in enlarging tapping hole at blast furnace. Metal
finally came out suddenly and struck some pipe scrap placed in the runner. The
metal exploded. Fatal. Recommended that the placing of pipe scrap in the runner
be discontinued.
Case 77.-—Laborer run down when cleaning up at crossover. Fatal. The train
crew did net have proper lookout when moving.
Case 78.—Helper struck by rod attached to heavy cable, when it fell from bustle
pipe. This cable had been pushed aside to allow crane to pass. When crane moved
the cable became entangled in the trolley and was pulled down. Fatal. Recom
mended that clamps be placed on crane runway, which will prevent crane from pass
ing cable which operates cinder gate. When necessary for crane to pass this point
millwright shall remove clamps and supervise the operations until clamps are replaced.
Case 79.—Hooker caught by falling ingot mold. The crane had set the mold down
and the man had unhooked the chain. He stooped for some purpose and the mold
toppled over on him. Fatal. Recommended that foreman should maintain better
conditions in the yard and supervise operations more closely.
Case 89.—Pipe fitter’s helper, using elevator as a platform in disconnecting a steam
pipe, was caught between railing at back of elevator and floor of open hearth. Just
how elevator was started is not known, as man was alone at time. Fatal. Recom
mended that the railing at back be extended to 7 feet in height.
Case 81.—Laborer cleaning track run down by engine. Fatal. Train crew were
not keeping proper lookout.
Case 82.—Hook-on caught when charging box full of bloom ends struck a bridge
girder and was thrown from the car. Iiook-on was riding the car and was thrown off
with the box. Fatal. Recommended that clearance be increased at this point.
Case 83.—Laborer fell through temporary covering of pit, in which there was about
6 inches of hot water. Fatal. Recommended that the opening into the treating
tank be railed securely.
Case 84.—Boiler maker fell from blast-furnace stove 100 feet to the ground. When
he loosened one bolt the spring of a channel caused another to break. Foreman should
have required use of life belt.
Case 85.—Track cleaner was attempting to loosen defective brake, so as to be able
to move the car. As he worked on the brake in front of the wheels, cars were shunted
down the track and bumped the one on whichlie was working. Fatal. Recommended
(1) that steps be taken to have defective brakes repaired more promptly; (2) that
some signal system be adopted which will warn men when cars are to be shunted
into this track.
Case 86.—laborer struck when hose blew off from oxygen tank. Fatal. Recom
mended that a more secure type of coupling be installed on the oxygen tanks.
Case 87.—Laborer was moving car at pig machine with pinch bar. As he worked,
another car was bumped into it by an engine coming to couple on. Fatal. Rec
ommended that a derailer be installed at the top of the grade and that train crew send
some one ahead when coming down.
Case 88.—Laborer run down by dinkey engine at point where clearance was inad
equate. Fatal. Recommended (1) increased clearance; (2) better lighting; (8)
change in engine cab, so as to give engineer better view.
Case 89.—Laborer knocked from coal barge into river by cable used to move barges
into position for being unloaded. Fatal. Recommended that it be made the rule
that operator before starting cable shall look to see that men on the barges are in the
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clear. The place is well lighted, so that the operator can easily see where the men
are.
Case 90.—Pit laborer in Bessemer struck by scrap falling from the roof 25 feet above.
This scrap accumulates rapidly at times from the blow of the converter. It is removed
as promptly as possible, but sometimes becomes clinched under the iron plates form
ing the roof and can not be got off without shutting down the mill. In this case
the jar of the scrap buggy overhead caused a portion to be loosened and fall. Fatal.
Recommended that an angle be attached to roof edge, which will tend to keep loosened
pieces from falling.
Case 91.—Pipe fitter's helper was removing brick for installation of steam pipe
in gas main. StarLing to go out the man took the wrong direction and fell into a downtake 12 feet deep, in which was a quantity of hot soot. Fatal. Recommended that
gates be installed in mains to prevent men working in them from reaching the downtakes by mistake.
Case 92.—Laborer ran across railway track in front of a train coming on the other
track just in time to be struck by engine. Fatal. Recommended that watchman
be stationed at this point to direct men to use a foot bridge, which is provided over
the tracks.
Case 93.—Rigger and four fellow -workers were removing bolts holding platform on
which they stood, the other side being fastened to girder of building. When the
bolts were partly removed the platform canted, throwing man off to the floor, 25 feet
below. Fatal. Recommended that foreman be instructed to stay such platforms
by use of block and fall when it is necessary to remove bolts. Also that a knee brace
be placed under each platform.
Case 94■—Rigger fell into furnace, 100 feet, when chain block broke. Fatal. Rec
ommended (1) that 4-ton, instead of 2-ton, blocks be used, and (2) that the cross arms
of newr blocks be steel forging instead of cast steel.
Case 95.—Boring mill hand used wrench to loosen tool which he took out for grind
ing. When he put the tool back he did not remove the wrench, and when the ma
chine was started, the wrench was carried around by the platform and he was caught
between it and the upright. Fatal. Recommended (1) that a rack be provided along
side the machine for tools; (2) change the position of the starting lever so that a man
will face machine when starting up.
Case 96.—Repair man asphyxiated when he wont into a pit to find a bell valve
which had fallen from its proper place. Fatal. Recommended that this bell valve
be more securely fastened in place.
Case 97.—Laborer injured when heater exploded. A boiler was blown off into
this heater, giving rise to an undue pressure. Fatal. Recommended that arrange
ments be made to blow off into air or into sewer.
Case 98.—Laborer crossing track between two cars was caught between bumpers.
Fatal. Recommended that when cars are moved in the mill a member of train crew
go ahead to see that men are in the clear.
Case 99.— Lineman came in contact -with 6,GOO-volt power line. Fatal. Recom
mended that, if possible, greater clearance be established.
Case 100.—Laborer run down by engine. Fatal. This crossing will always be
very dangerous as long as the railway has tracks in addition to the mill tracks. The
railway tracks should be removed.
Case 101.—Craneman sitting on track was struck when buggy came up the mill. Rec
ommended that fenders be placed on this car and that a warning signal be installed.
Case 102.— Wireman and helper drilling holes to fasten electric conduit to wall.
Were using board to pry drill up to its work. Board broke and helper fell. Fatal.
Recommended that a stronger piece of timber be used as a pry in such cases.
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Case 103.—Repair man sharpening chisel on emery wheel when it burst. Fatal.
Recommended that this and all other similar wheels be equipped with the standard
safety hood.
Case 104-—Steel pourer was caught when on opening the stopper a quantity of steel
jumped over the ladle top. Fatal. Recommended that canopies be installed over
all pouring platforms in open hearths.
Case 105.—Laborer sitting on larry car track was caught by car. Fatal. The
guard provided was in bad order. Directed that when guards become ineffective
machines be stopped until repairs are made.
Case 106.—Man was holding sledge for fellow worker to strike with another sledge
in removing wheel from shaft. A chip flew, striking abdomen. Fatal. Recom
mended that hereafter hydraulic pushers be used exclusively in removing wheels
from shafts. The use of sledges is to be discontinued entirely.
Case 107.—Wireman’s helper came in contact with high-tension wires and fell
from tower about 42 feet. Fatal. Recommended that distance between hightension wires be increased and that where they enter the mills they be inclosed in
conduits.
Case 108.—Drier man’s clothes were set on fire by back fire in drier which burst
out at the cleaning door where he was working. Fatal. Recommended that a halfinch steam line be led into the drier at this point which, when opened, will force
the dust out without danger of back-firing. A platform will also be installed to im
prove the working conditions.
Case 109.—Man fell down 26 feet inside of pipe at condensers being erected. Fatal.
Recommended that men doing this kind of work be required to wear a life belt.
Case 110.— Foundry rammer was caught under a core barrel which was overset
when the craneman began to hoist another barrel whose flange was caught under
that of the overset barrel. Fatal. Recommended that greater care be exercised in
storing these barrels that the flanges do not overlap, and that the light in this part
of the foundry be improved.
Case 111.—Oiler received shock from motor which he was oiling. Due to defective
insulation the motor frame had become electrified. Fatal. Recommended that the
frames of such motors be grounded.
Case 112.— Cinder dump man was caught by hot cinder when an explosion caused
ladle to overturn. Fatal. Recommendations: (1) Make center pin longer and pro vide
for a cotter pin through the end. This will prevent ladle from leaving truck. (2) Place
a rail clamp on.each end of cinder truck, such as is in use on locomotive crane.
Case 113.—Ora bin laborer fell through a space about 3 feet wide between trestle
platform and girder carrying track rail. Cause of fall unknown. Suffocated in ore.
Fatal. Recommended that this opening be closed with a grating of about a 10-inch
opening.
Case 114— Laborer shoveling out dirt from dumping car when bottom closed up,
catching man. Fatal. Found that the cylinders for closing the bottom were not
in good order. Ordered that they be put in proper order.
Case 115.—Millwright caught by explosion of coal dust at bin in open hearth. Fatal.
Recommended that the slide feed for coal dust be replaced by a dust-proof screw
feed.
Case 116.—Millwright’s helper. See Case 115. Fatal.
Case 117. Boiler maker foreman caught by platform which swung around when
locomotive crane pulled and hoisted on it. Platform and steps were being removed.
Recommended that in work of this kind two hitches be made to material instead
of one.
Case 118. Laborer shoveling coal into chute under car when car door dropped
down, crushing him against rail. Fatal. Recommended that in such unloading
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M ONTHLY LABOE REVIEW,
of coal the foreman shall remain in direct charge of the work until it is completed.
Also that the coaling station be removed to some locality not on main track which
will permit unloading without haste.
Case 119.—Laborer. See Case 118. Fatal.
Case 120.—Laborer. See Case 118. Fatal.
Case 121— Laborer caught between peel of charging car and charging buggy when
controller of charging car struck and operator was unable to control car. Fatal.
Recommended that charging cars be pushed entirely clear of furnace before attempt
ing to do work of this kind.
Case 122.-—Laborer passing between two cars when engine bumped them. Fatal.
Recommended (1) that cars be not left with space between them into which men
can go. (2) That a derailer be placed at the entrance of this mill.
Case 123.—Pipe titter’s helper burned when torch exploded and threw burning oil
over clothes. Fatal. Recommended (1) that electric extension lights be used for
such work whenever possible. (2) That three small holes be made in the cap of
each torch so that pressure inside may be relieved without explosion.
Case 124.—Laborer caught between magnet and side of car from which he wns
unloading scrap. The rails were wet and the crane trolley slipped causing magnet
to swing. Recommended that men be instructed to stand outside of car when direct
ing cranemen in using magnet for unloading.
Case 125.—Track laborer fell onto track and was run over by engine. Fatal. Rec
ommended that lighting in tunnel where accident occurred be improved so that
engineers can see more clearly the men who are obliged to work there.
Case 126.—Brakeman in getting off footboard of engine caught raincoat on bolt
causing him to fall, striking his head. Fatal. Recommended that as rapidly as
possible the passenger type of platform be installed on all locomotives.
Case 127.-—Laborer caught between pieces of scrap steel in furnace being repaired.
The pieces weighed about 6,000 pounds each. One had been moved to the side of
the furnace. When man began to shovel out loose brick the other piece toppled
over. Fatal. Recommended that such pieces of scrap be entirely removed from
furnaces undergoing repair.
Case 128.—Laborer caught by explosion in dryer of coal pulverizer in open hearth.
Fatal. Recommended (1) that dust-proof screw feed take the place of mechanical
slide feed. (2) That bin be cut off when repairs are in progress. (3) Inspection of
bin to see that it is empty before repairs begin. (4) Installation of recording ther
mometer to show when temperature is running dangerously high.
Case 129.—Man was replacing lamp above coal conveyor. Stepped into opening
where plate had been removed hr order to observe when coal was entirely out of con
veyor. Loss of leg. Directed that plate be not removed until conveyor has been
operating one half hour. This gives time for complete emptying and plate can be
immediately replaced. Use.of powdered coal will be shortly abandoned at this
plant, removing several hazards.
Case 130.—Laborer whose duty it was to replenish oil in cans on the gallery of
foundry apparently stepped onto runway while looking for a can. In some way he came
in contact with power rail and fell across the runway. In this position a crane which
was down for repair was pushed by another crane onto the man. Whether the shock
or the crushing injury was the cause of death could not be determined. Fatal.
Recommended that cranes down for repairs shall not be pushed about by other cranes.
This may be made impossible by chaining the idle crane in place.
Case 131.—Chipper caught under falling load of billets when link of chain broke.
Fatal. Links of chain had evidently been affected by acid used in pickling billets
before chipping. In some of them the cross section had been reduced from 1|- to f
inch. Recommended that billets be placed in the pickling vats when empty and thus
avoid exposing chains to action of acid.
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Case 132.—Laborer caught between grab bucket and side of car when unloading.
Fatal. Recommended that cranemen do not operate grab bucket in car while man is
inside car.
Case 133.—Patrolmen brought motor boat into boat house during a storm at night.
They closed windows and the door to protect themselves from the storm. The engine
continued to run and the fumes from exhaust caused asphyxia, Fatal. Recom
mended that in motor-boat houses and garages where it may be desirable to keep
engines running provision be made for piping the exhaust into the open air.
Case 134-—See Case 133. Fatal.
Ca s e s
in w h ic h
Ca r e
on t h e
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em edy.
Case 1.—Crane hooker adjusting chain on lift of billets. On his signal to lower the
craneman hoisted. Cable broke and block and hooks fell, striking man on thigh.
Amputation of leg necessary. Craneman at fault.
Case 2 .—Cooling tank for crane tongs overset when craneman started crane without
raising tongs. Laborer seated near tank was caught and held by the foot and the hot
water poured over him. Fatal. Craneman at fault. No safeguard possible.
Case 3.— Electrician pulled disconnecting switch of wrong engine and was burned
by the flash. Fatal. Man familiar with conditions and should not have made the
mistake.
Case 4 ~ Roll hand undertook during a delay in rolling to grind a pass in the rolls
which had become roughened. When rails began to move he was caught and legs
crushed. Fatal. Man should have gotten away sooner.
CaseS.—Carpenter climbing ladder carrying scantling. Fell 36 feet. Fatal. Ropes
are provided for pulling up material. Man should have used this provision.
Case 6. Carpenter removing tiles from roof of building stepped on tile at an unsup
ported point. The tile gave way and the man fell 50 feet. Fatal. Min aware of
danger of stepping on tile where not supported.
Case 7.—Lamp trimmer was hanging lamps from the vicinity of crane runway.
Did not see approaching crane and hand was caught. Amputation necessary. Crane
man at fault.
via Case 8. Machinist’s helper, after inspecting crane trolley according to directions
of foreman, came down from trolley platform to the top of cab. There he lay down
and crawled between cage and beam of crane. He then ordered craneman to rack
out and was caught by trolley. Fatal. No remedy except greater care on part of
men.
Case 9. Crane -repair man left crane at platform to repair switch. Craneman then
proceeded to transfer materials with magnet. The repair man, after finishing his job,
must have gotten on the crane, crossed to other side, and there, in trying to get off
was caught and crushed. Fatal. The repair man should have notified the craneman
that he needed to cross.
Case Id.—Oiler fell from ore bridge to bottom of ore bin—90 feet. Fatal. Was sup
posed to be oiling on another bridge at some distance from this. Reason, if any, for
being on this bridge unknown. The point from which, apparently, man must have
fallen is well guarded by railing and toeboard. Nothing in the way of prevention
except on the part of the men can be suggested in such cases.
Case 11. Loader was caught between lift of billets and side of car when craneman
racked in. Fatal. Loader was adjusting the side blocks, which had fallen down.
Craneman regarded as negligent and discharged.
Case 12. Extra craneman left the crane and then attempted to return without
signaling to stop. He stepped on the end truck and, slipping off onto the walk, was
crushed between girder and column. Fatal. Man negligent, but craneman some
what at fault.
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Case13 —Alan struck by engine when walking through subway. Fatal. Engine
crew claimed that smoke obscured view as they backed out of mill. Should have
waited for smoke to clear.
Case 14.—Car blocker run down by cars which railroad crew were moving. Fatal.
Crew at fault in not notifying foreman of coal hopper according to rule.
Case 15.—Chipper struck by block falling from crane. Fatal. Craneman pulled
main switch of crane just as hoist block was about to strike limit switch. This killed
the limit and block went up until cables broke and block fell.
Case 16.—Painter fell from plank which he had placed on a temporary safety barri
cade. He fell from roof to scaffold two floors below. Fatal. Partner warned him of
the insecurity of the arrangement which he made. Man clearly took a chance rather
than do the work necessary to safety.
Case 17.—Gas washer went into fan house to pack leaky bearing and was asphyxiated.
Fatal. It was not his duty to attend to this work, and a rule requires men not to go
alone into places where gas is likely to accumulate. Methods of keeping inclosed
spaces clear of gas deserve further attention.
Case 18.—Laborer going home from work was run down by train. Fatal. Thought
that he was under the influence of liquor and tried to board moving train. Fatal.
No safeguard except care on part of man.
Case 19.—Laborer run down by a string of cinder pots being pushed out of open
hearth pit. Fatal. He was standing on the track with his back to the approaching
train warming himself from molds which stood on an adjacent track. The train was
moving very slowly, and when some one noticed the man’s danger and signaled the
engineer lie stopped at once, but when the slack of the couplings straightened out it
was enough to strike the man and knock him down. Fatal. Only care can prevent
such occurrences.
Case 20.—Craneman left his crane, and for some unknown reason went upon the
crane runway and was caught between the end carriage of another crane and a column
of the building. Fatal. No duty required or even suggested his being at the point
where he was injured. Fatal. Care is the only remedy.
Case 21.—Unloader operator started motor and left his cab to readjust part of ma
chine, using a bar for this purpose in the vicinity of some open gears. When the part
he was adjusting came into place the sudden movement of the bar threw him into the
gears. Fatal. Man had been warned not to leave the cab and leave the motor running.
The adjustment he tried to make was another man’s duty. Covers were in process of
construction for the gears.
Case 22.—Switchman went between cars to couple. Caught and crushed. Fatal.
Care is the only possible safeguard.
Case 23.—Coal elevator operator removed cover of manhole and went down into
coal bunker. There his head was caught between conveyor buckets and bracket.
Fatal. No duties requiring man to enter the bunker. Rules forbid doing repairs or
approaching machinery when it is in motion.
Case 24■—Welder struck head against hydrogen tank, making slight wound. When
he reported to hospital several days later the wound was infected. It seemed to yield
to treatment but later changed for the worse and he finally developed a case of menin
gitis. Fatal. Prompt report of even slight injury is the only safeguard.
Case 25.—Laborer working with others on scaffold in furnace removing old lining
preparatory to relining. Around the scaffold is a space of about 12 inches through
which the bricks may fall to the bottom of the furnace. Through this space the man
fell. Fatal. There seems to be no way to conduct this operation in a safer manner.
Care on the part of workers is the only safeguard.
Case 26.—Car inspector stepped between cars to allow engine to pass A loco
motive making up a train on the track on which he was standing bumped the cars,
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knocking him down, and the wheels passed over him. Fatal. Care on part of man only
safeguard.
Case 27.— Larry car learner was on platform alongside hopper of larry car at coke
ovens. Man is not supposed to remain on this platform when car is in motion, since
the clearance at various points is not sufficient to pass safely. He was caught and
crushed at such a point. Fatal. The regular operator warned him to get down into
cage. Only care on men’s part will avoid such occurrences.
Case 28.—Crane hooker had lain down to sleep behind a pile of steel. Craneman,
moving castings, in some way shut power off and casting fell on hooker. Fatal. Hooker
to blame, since he had no right to use the place which he did for taking a nap. The
craneman can not be blamed, since he could not see man in position which he occupied .
Case 29.—Tool repair man stood on track watching locomotive on another track and
failed to notice one on track where he was standing. Knocked down and crushed.
Fatal. There are no curves at this point and the only available safeguard is attention
on the part of those having to cross the yard.
Case SO.—Boiler maker adjusting a channel with crane when knot of rope slipped,
allowing channel to fall. It weighed about 1,400 pounds. Fatal. The man had him
self made an improper knot in adjusting the rope.
Case SI.— Laborer run down by train. Loss of leg. Man was getting out of mill
somewhat before quitting time by an improper route. The train crew did all possible
to save him.
Case 32.—Laborer helping to move car along track was caught by swinging magnet
of crane. Fatal. Craneman disregarded rules in moving the magnet.
Case S3.—Laborer crossing track run down by engine. Fatal. Train crew taking all
possible precautions. Man took chance in crossing ahead of engine. Should have
waited for it to pass.
Case 34-—Switchman forgot to throw switch directing cars on proper track. As a
result they came back on the track from which they had just been pulled. He was
walking on this track with his back to the cars, evidently expecting them to take the
track for which ho had not thrown the switch. The engineer could not see the man
in this position. Fatal. The man ohly could prevent such accidents.
Case 35.—Yard cleaner run down by ladle train. Fatal. Train crew were following
usual procedure. It would seem to be a case where only care on man’s part could
prevent accident.
Case 36.—Fireman scalded when a head-on collision occurred between his train and
another. Fatal. Flagman did not go back proper distance and give signal.
Case 37.—Conductor closing switch walked onto adjacent track and was struck by
another train. Fatal. Man of long experience and should have been properly
cautious.
Case 38.—Laborer washing at a drain where the clearance was insufficient was
struck when train pushed in. Fatal. There is a shanty not far from this place pro
vided with basins and other conveniences, so there was no occasion to use this danger
ous place. Man must be held responsible.
Case 39 .—Laborer struck by slide bar when crane lowered lift of rails. In piling
100-pound rails, 10-pound rails about 15 feet long are used to separate the successive
layers. One of these was allowed to project about 24 inches. The load struck this pro
jecting end, causing the light rail to swing around violently. Fatal. Men instructed
to place slide bars so that they will not project.
Case 4-0.—Engineer caught between tender and locomotive when his engine collided,
with another. Fatal. Man did not have his train under proper control on a down grade.
Case 41-—Track laborer run down by train. Fatal. Train crews must be educated
to take greater precautions in moving through yards.
Case 42.— Watchman on bridge struck by engine. Fatal. Train crew should use
greater care in keeping effective lookout.
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Case 43.—Laborer run down by engine. Fatal. Train crew not sufficiently on the
lookout.
Case 44.—Laborer caught und,er slab falling from magnet. Fatal. Men had been
cautioned not to get too near when manipulating objects on magnet since power is
likely to go off without warning.
Case 45.—Brakeman stepped between cars on short side of curve to adjust coupling
and was caught. Fatal. Man did not observe rules.
Case 46.—Piler caught between lift of plates and pile when craneman pulled wrong
lever, racking,out trolley instead of lowering. Fatal. Craneman entirely at fault.
Case 47.—Craneman raised his lift until the limit switch was brought into action.
He got on the crane to locate the trouble and fell to the plate which was being carried.
Fatal. The man had been directed by motor inspector to remain on platform of crane
until trouble was located. This he did not do. The action of the limit switch in this
case doubtless prevented the blocks from going so high as to break the cables. I f this
had happened several men on the floor below would have been endangered.
Case 48.—Laborer caught under falling lift of plates when crane dog came off. Fatal.
Care on man’s part not to get under loads would seem the only remedy.
Case 49 .—Blacksmith’s helper struck in abdomen when end of bar he Avas turning
on anvil slipped from an\ril. Fatal. Greater care on part of man only possible pre
ventive.
C a s e s I n v o l v in g U n a v o id a b l e T r a d e R i s k .
Case 1.— Carpenter helping to remove scaffold from furnace after relining. • A piece
of scantling slipped from a bundle which had been hoisted to the top of furnace. It
fell back inside the furnace striking the man on the head as he came back onto the
scaffold. No recommendation.
Case 2.—Laborer passing under boiler floor was struck on the head by a brick falling
from floor abo\re—about 24 feet. No recommendation.
Case 3.—Labor foreman in charge of gang of laborers was engaged in taking down
from a coal stock pile a section of railroad track. The pile Avas about 10 feet high.
It did not appear that the track was dangerously undermined until it gave away and
as it slid down the man AAras crushed between the rails. The committee makes no
recommendation.
Case 4 .—Laborer fell from walk into ore bin and was smothered. No recommenda
tion.
Case 5.—Regular engineer had got out of cab to assist the SAA'itchman. The deceased
offered to run the engine. On getting into cab he apparently lost control of engine
and ran into platform and A\Tas crushed. No recommendation.
Case 6.—Lineman fell from tower, probably due to contact with liv^e wires. He and
fellow worker had been engaged on dead circuits on tower. lie was going to secure
material Avhen it is supposed he came in contact Avith the live wire. No recommenda
tion.
Case 7.—Fell from gondola car on which he Avas standing when locomotive crane
kicked another car against it. No recommendation.
Case 8 .—Machinist’s helper came in contact with overhead trolley bars and was
electrocuted. Man climbed up to the vicinity of the bars without direction from the
machinist and for no apparent reason. May have misunderstood his directions. No
recommendation.
Case 9.—Laborer pushing truck on which were loaded ingot mold flasks. The flasks
were to be transferred by crane from the door of shop. The truck got out of control
and ran past the point where the crane was Avaiting. The crane hooks caught on the
flasks causing them to fall. The man was crushed. No recommendation.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[14 9 8 ]
M ONTHLY LABOR REVIEW.
17
Case 10.—Hammerman forging steel billet on 2,000-pound steam hammer. Wa3
cutting billet. Cutter had stuck and man was using set on top of it. When hammer
came down the set twisted throwing handle against man with so much force as to
puncture his liver. Fatal. No recommendation.
Case 11.—Brakeman standing on end sills of car was probably thrown off by jar of
starting. The wheels passed over his body. Fatal. No recommendation.
Case 12.— Brakeman fell from car and wheels passed over body. Fatal. No recom
mendation.
Case 13.—Charger placing billet in heating furnace when end swung around striking
him in abdomen. Fatal. No recommendation.
Case 14.— Rigger was thrown into top of furnace when chain block broke. He fell
120 feet. Fatal. No recommendation.
Case 15.—Laborer engaged in tearing down open hearth furnace overcome by heat.
Had been working a spell of not more than 15 minutes. Fatal. No recommendation.
Case 16.—Conductor thrown from car when engineer applied brakes suddenly
thinking he was likely to run down a water boy. Fatal. No recommendation.
Case 17.—Fireman suffered heat stroke. Fatal. No recommendation.
Case 18.—Craneman was crossing the bridge over the coupling box when the same
broke and a piece flew up striking him. Fatal. No recommendation. The coupling
casting had a flaw vdiich could not be detected externally.
Case 19— Man riding ore car on trestle to set brake and stop car at desired point.
It would seem that the sill of the car where he was standing was slippery and that the
jar of the car threw- him off. Fatal. No recommendation.
Case 20.—Man riding on footboard of dinkey coal box was thrown from same when
car pushed by dinkey was derailed. Loss of leg. No recommendation.
Case 21.—Cinder pit man fell from ladle cars when going out of pit. Fatal. No
recommendation. Not knowm just how accident happened.
Case 22.—Laborer caught when gun carriage fell from crane due to breakage of
chain. Fatal. No recommendation. No flaw in chain, which was of a size which
.should be ample to sustain weight.
Case 23.—Brakeman fell from footboard of engine and was dragged for some distance.
•Fatal. No recommendation.
Case 24-—Inspector had his clothes set on fire by the explosion of a torch. Fatal.
No recommendation. Experiment with new type of searchlight. Tests did not
indicate the cause of torch explosion. It does not seem to be possible to detect flaws
in the steel except by the use of the torch.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[1409 ]
PROBLEM OF THE CRIPPLED MAN IN INDUSTRY .1
B y CARL H O O K STA D T.
The purposes of this article are to outline the actual industrial problem,
as disclosed by several intensive investigations, confronting workmen
permanently injured in industry; to analyze the causes of the various
factors entering into the problem; and to offer certain remedial sug
gestions. The statements are based chiefly upon a study of industrial
cripples in Massachusetts, supplemented by similar investigations in
California, Wisconsin, New York City, and Denmark. The facts
show the actual economic consequences of permanent disabilities
under normal industrial conditions.
THE PROBLEM.
The economic problems resulting from permanent disabilities are
indicated by (1) length of time totally disabled; (2) change of occupa
tion and of employer; (3) number unemployed; (4) reduction in
wages and earning capacity; (5) relative severity of various types of
injuries in different occupations and industries; and (6) the adequacy
of present statutory compensation benefits as compared with probable
loss of earning capacity.
P e rio d o f total d is a b ility .—The period of total disability resulting
from the loss of limbs is shown by the following table. Loss of a mem
ber, as hereinafter used, means loss of use or impairment of functions,
as well as loss by severance or amputation.
PER IO D OF TOTAL D ISA BIL IT Y R ESULTING FROM LOSS OF LIMB, B Y TYPE OF
INJU R Y .
Average period of
total disability
in months.
Per cent of cases causing total
disability of 18 months or
over.
Type of injury.
Massa
chusetts.
Califor
nia.
Massa
chusetts.
Califor
nia.
Loss of—
Hand or arm ...............................................................
Foot or leg
.............................................................
13.4
24.8
12.7
13.4
20
59
28
42
19
T otal............................................................................
15.9
13.0
33
33
28
Den
mark.
The above figures are minimums. Many of the injured men were
still disabled or unemployed at the time of the investigation, and the
actual disability periods, therefore, are longer than the figures indicate.
The accidents investigated in California occurred later than those in
Massachusetts, which accounts in part for the shorter disability
periods reported.
i Paper read at the annual meeting of the International Association of Industrial Accident Boards
and Comtnissions, Sept. 24-27, 1918, Madison, Wis.
18
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
r 15 0 0 ]
M ONTHLY LABOR REVIEW.
19
Two important facts stand out. One is the greater severity of the
foot and leg injuries over those of the hand and arm, and the other
is the unexpectedly long period of disability in all cases. One-third
of the workers losing a hand or foot are disabled for 18 months or
over. The average length of total disability for the lesser injuries is:
Loss of one eye, 4.8 months; of one thumb, 2.4 months; one finger,
2.1 months; two or more fingers, 3.8 months. The relative severity
of the several types of permanent injuries is also shown by the pro
portion of cases of each type of injury in which disability terminates
within 5 months. These proportions are: Hand or arm, 21 per cent;
foot or leg, 13 per cent; eye, 67 per cent; thumb, 59 per cent; one
finger, 91 per cent; and two or more fingers, 76 per cent. The per
centages for the loss of limbs were based upon the combined data of
Massachusetts and California: the percentages for the other injuries
were based upon California data alone.
In each typo of injury the seriousness of the disability increases
with the age of the workman. The average total disability for those
under 45 years and those 45 years or over is as follows: Loss of one
limb, men under 45 years, 12.2 months; men 45 years or over, 20.3
months; loss of one eye, men under 45, 4.4 months; men 45 or over,
6.5 months; loss of one thumb, 4.1 and 4.6 months, respectively;
one finger, 2 and 2.7 months; two or more fingers, 3.4 and 5.1 months.
Here again the averages for the major injuries are based upon the
combined Massachusetts and California data; whereas the lesser
injuries arc for California alone.
C hange o f em p lo yer a n d o ccu p a tio n .—Opportunity for reemployment
by the same employer varies inversely with the severity of the injury.
Of those who lose a hand or foot less than 4Q per cent (Massachusetts,
39 per cent; California, 37 per cent; Wisconsin, 37 per cent) return
to the same employer. For other injuries the percentages of workmen
returning to the same employer are as follows: Eye, 62; thumb,
56; one finger, 58; two or more fingers, 57.
Ability to return to the same occupation also decreases with the
severity of the injury. Of those who lose a hand or foot less than
one-third return to the same occupation (Massachusetts, 10 per cent;
California, 33 per cent; Wisconsin, 18 per cent; Denmark, 24.4 per
cent). For other injuries the percentages in California are as follows:
Eye, 73; thumb, 68; one finger, 69; two or more fingers, 60.
About one-third of the persons, therefore, sustaining a major injury
return to the same employer and about one-fourtli reenter the same
occupation, while in the case of minor injuries three-fifths return to
the same employer and two-thirds follow the same occupation. Of
the several types of injuries the loss of an eye has the least effect
upon the change of occupation or employer.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[1301]
20
M ONTHLY LABOR REVIEW.
The character of the industry determines to a considerable extent
whether the injured man is reemployed in the same industry or by
the same employer. Machinery manufacturing establishments show
a high percentage of reemployment. This is due mainly to two rea
sons: First, the employees arc usually highly skilled, and because of
this fact arc more readily reemployable; second, because of the nature
of the work employment for this type of disabled man is either already
available or can be more easily created. On the other hand, employ
ers in the building construction or trucking business show a low per
centage of reemployments. The character of the work and the
small size of the establishment account chiefly for the nonreemployment in these industries.
The percentage of those unemployed increases with the seriousness
of the injury. Of those who lost a limb about one-fourth were unem
ployed at the time of the investigation (Massachusetts, 23 per cent;
California, 27 per cent; Wisconsin, 16 per cent; Newr York City, 54
per cent). Of 45 eye-injury cases in. California, 13 per cent were
unemployed. Among those suffering minor injuries, the per cent
of unemployment was small. In California, of those losing one
finger, 2 per cent were unemployed; of those'losing two or more
fingers, 5 per cent were unemployed; and of those losing a thumb,
none was unemployed.
There was practically no difference between right-hand and lefthand injuries as regards length of total disability and opportunity for
reemployment. This is due to the fact, as will be explained later,
that a crippled man’s greatest handicap is not his inability to perform
w’ork, but his inability to get a job.
A comparison, from the standpoint of degree of skill required, of
occupations held by workmen before and after injury, shows that
a smaller number were engaged in skilled work after the injury than
before it. In Massachusetts, of the injured workers losing a limb,
60 per cent were in skilled occupations before the injury, whereas
only 31 per cent were in .skilled occupations after the injury. In
California the corresponding percentages were 61 before and 45 after
the injury. Of those sustaining minor injuries practically the same
per cent were in skilled occupations after the injury as there were
before.
Inability to speak English in many cases lessens the opportunity
for reemployment, although it is not possible to show this statisti
cally, because of incomplete and indefinite data. In a number of
cases reported by the industrial accident board and by insurance
companies in Massachusetts this factor had a determining influence.
Ability to understand and speak English may not be of vital im
portance to a machine tender in a cotton mill, but it is essential to
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
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M O NTHLY LABOR REVIEW.
21
watchmen, messengers, and elevator operators, and it is occupations
of this character that most of the injured employees fill after their
injury.
Summarizing the above conclusions, it may be said that reem
ployability of crippled industrial workers varies directly with degree
of occupational skill and ability to speak English, and inversely with
the severity of the injury and the age of the employee.
C hange i n w ages a n d e a rn in g c a p a c ity . —The effect of the injuries
upon earning capacity is difficult of determination. Change in
earning capacity is indicated by the difference in the wages received
before and after injury, but this method of comparison is entirely
misleading unless industrial conditions have remained stationary for
a sufficient length of time. Another method is to compare the wages
of crippled workers with those received by normal workers in the
same occupation; this method is faulty, however, in that it takes no
account of change in occupation necessitated by the injury. The
best method of measuring reduction of earning capacity is to com
pare the present wages of the injured worker with the wages current
in the occupation in which he was injured.
In Massachusetts 48 per cent of the injured workmen (hand and
foot cases) received less at the time they returned to work than they
received before the injury, 34 per cent received the same wages, and
18 per cent received a higher wage. In California the corresponding
percentages were 41, 33, and 26. In case of the lesser injuries (eye,
thumb, and fingers) 17 per cent received less, 33 per cent received
the same, and 50 per cent received more.
R e la tiv e severity o f u p p e r a n d loiver lim b in ju r ie s . —It may be well to
emphasize here that while from the medical and economic standpoint
the loss of a foot or leg is more serious than the loss of a hand or arm,
the compensation schedules of every State are based upon the theory
that industrial workers who lose an upper limb suffer a greater eco
nomic loss than those who lose a foot or a leg. Even the committee on
statistics of the International Association of Industrial Accident
Boards and Commissions seems to have adopted this view in formu
lating its severity rating schedule. The common, and practically
the only, argument in substantiation of this belief is that “ it stands to
reason.” Yet an analysis of the following table, giving the results
of four independent investigations, shows the contrary to be true.
There are two main reasons for this. In the first place the economic
severity of foot and log injuries is accentuated by the fact that a
preponderant number occur in industries in which the loss of the
member is a practical bar to employment. A one-legged man is
effectively excluded from most of the operations in the transportation,
construction, lumbering, and mining industries; it is in employ
ments of this character that three-fourths of the foot and leg injuries
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[1503]
22
M O N TH LY LABOR REVIEW.
occur. In California 91 per cent of the permanent foot and leg
injuries occurred in nonmanufacturing industries and 60 per cent
occurred in transportation and construction. An analysis of the
permanent disability accidents in Massachusetts during the first four
years’ operation of the compensation act shows that 75 per cent of the
hand and arm injuries occurred in manufacturing industries and 25
per cent in nonmanufacturing industries, while the percentages
as regards foot and leg injuries were exactly reversed, being 25
in manufacturing and 75 in nonmanufacturing industries. Nearly
all of the latter injuries occurred in the building trades, transporta
tion, and construction.
Ordinarily when one thinks of the relative industrial usefulness of
an upper and a lower limb one has in mind factory operations. And,
of course, in operating a machine a one-legged man is less handi
capped than a one-armed man; but, machine operators do not lose
their legs, they lose their hands and arms. In manufacturing industries
in which the majority of upper-limb injuries occur, the injured work
man can often go back to the same employer or the same occupation.
On the other hand, the industries dangerous to lower limbs are the
industries in which the use of lower limbs is practically indispensable.
A larger proportion of those who sustain foot and leg injuries, there
fore, must seek a new employer, and this fact affects adversely their
reemployability (see table below).
In the second place, the greatest industrial handicap heretofore
suffered by a crippled worker, as already noted, has not been his
inability to perform work, but his inability to get a job. Potential
ability to perform work is of little use to a workman who by reason
of his injury is prevented from seeking employment, or is not em
ployed even if he does find a prospective job.
The following table shows the relative severity of upper and lower
limb injuries as shown by four independent investigations:
R ELA T IV E SE V E R IT Y OF U P r E R AND LOW ER LIMB INJU R IES AS SHOWN BY VARIOUS
INVESTIGATIONS.
Place of investigation.
Massachusetts..................................................
California.................................................................
New York C ity..................................................'.
D enm ark......................................................... ..
1 Per cent reemployed by same employer.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Per cent of
Per cent re
Average pe cases in which
employed by
riod of total disability con
Per cent
same
employ
disability in tinued for 18 unemployed.
er or in same
months.
months or
occupation.
more.
Hand
or
arm.
Foot
or
leg.
Hand
or
arm.
Foot
or
leg.
13.4
12.7
24.8
13.4
26
28
59
42
19
55
Hand
or
arm.
Foot
or
leg.
30
41
8
24
62
17
FIand
or
arm.
Foot
or
leg.
52
140
30
132
* 27
MS
2 Per cent of persons reemployed in same occupations.
[1504]
23
M O N TH LY LABOR REVIEW,
It will bo noted that in practically every case the loss of a foot or a
leg is more serious than the loss of a hand or an arm as regards length
of total disability, per cent of persons reemployed by same employer
or in same occupation, and per cent of persons remaining unem
ployed after the injury.
C o m p a riso n o f sta tu to ry benefits w ith probable loss o f earnin']
c a p a c ity .—Adequacy of compensation benefits should be earnestly
considered in conjunction with the whole rehabilitation and reem
ployment problem. In none of the existing State compensation
laws is the scale of benefits commensurate with the economic losses
sustained by reason of industrial injuries. The benefits provided
under the most liberal law are not more than 50 per cent of full
indemnity, and those provided under the least liberal law are not
over half that of the most liberal. Some idea of this inadequacy is
obtained by comparing the statutory benefits with the schedule of
severity ratings of industrial injuries formulated by the committee
on statistics of the International Association of Industrial Accident
Boards and Commissions. The purpose of this schedule was to
obtain a more accurate measure of industrial hazards and was not
intended as a basis of compensation awards. Assuming, however,
that the schedule is a reasonable measure of adequacy for compoiir
sation payments, how do the compensation scales in our State laws
compare with this schedule ? The following table shows, for the
more important injuries, the severity ratings in terms of number of
weeks of time lost as computed by the committee on statistics, the
number of weeks of compensation benefits usually provided in State
laws, and the percentage the average time allowances of all the
States is of the severity schedule:
SE V E R IT Y RATING IN TIME LOST FROM EACH SPEC IFIED INJU R Y , AND PE R CENT
OF THIS LOSS COMPENSATED B Y STATUTORY B E N E FIT S.
Severity rat
Number of
ings ip time weeks for which
lost (in weeks), compensation
computed by is usually pay
committee on
able under
statistics of
State compen
sation laws.1
I. A .I.A .B .C .
Injury.
Death ................................... ....................................................
Permanent total disability............................ .....................
Loss of—
Arm.......................................................................................
H and.....................................................................................
L eg........................................................................................
F oot........................................................................... ..........
E y e .......................................................................................
Thum b.................................................................................
Index finger........................................................................
Great to e................................................ ............................
Per cent aver
age time allow
ance of State
laws is of com
m ittee’s sever
ity schedule 2
1,000
1^000
300
500
64
600-7.50
500
500-750
400
300
100
50
50
200
150
175
125
100
60
30
30
29
33
38
35
35
53
66
55
1 The number of weeks here given are those provided in the normal or model State compensation law.
2 These averages are computed from the arithmetical average of all the State laws having specific
schedules.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[1505]
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M ONTHLY LABOR REVIEW.
As the table shows, the average statutory compensation provided
for the loss of a hand, arm, foot, leg, or eye is approximately onethird of the loss of earning capacity caused by such injuries. More
over, the adequacy of the benefits provided decreases with the severity
of the injury. The above percentages refer only to time. When
the statutory wage percentages are applied, the percentages of
adequacy are still further reduced. Furthermore, a just and ade
quate compensation scale for permanent disabilities should take into
account not only the workman’s decreased earning Capacity, but his
increased living expenses as well. If the necessary expenditures of a
one-legged man are greater than those of a.normal man, his net
income and consequently his real earnings are doubly reduced.
A N A LY SIS OF CAUSES.
From the foregoing facts it is quite clear that the present industrial
handicap of the workman who sustains a major injury is a serious one.
The period of total disability resulting from the injury is unneces
sarily long. Only about one-third of the seriously crippled workers
return to the same employer, and relatively few reenter the same
occupation. The compensation benefits are inadequate, and prac
tically no retraining has been done. A critical analysis of the several
contributory causes shows that nearly all of these causes have their
origin in, and are closely related to, the absence of a central and
responsible supervising authority. The welfare of our crippled men
has been nobody’s business. Closely connected with this irresponsi
bility is the lack of opportunity. The very fact that men are crippled
lias closed the door of opportunity against them. They are not
given a chance to show their worth or ability. Some of the more
important of these contributory causes, in the order in which they
would present themselves to the injured employees, are as follows:
1.
The injury produces a sense of helplessness and uselessness.
The injured man’s self-reliance is temporarily destroyed and he feels
that he is “ done for” for the remainder of his life. Coupled with
this is a feeling of resentment and bitterness toward society for his
injury. In many cases he refuses to cooperate and adopts an antago
nistic attitude toward all efforts to help him. His unfamiliarity
with his legal rights prevents him from distinguishing between those
who wish to help him and those who desire to exploit him. Usually
the first person with whom he comes in contact following his injury
is the insurance company adjuster, who often antagonizes him and
arouses his suspicions. The agent’s efforts to obtain the facts in the
case in order to ascertain whether and to what extent the company
is liable are interpreted as an attempt to take advantage of him.
In many cases the agent is tactless, unsympathetic, and inclined to
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
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M O NTHLY LABOR REVIEW.
25
take-advantage of the employee. At the very time when the injured
man is in most need of assistance and sympathetic advice he meets
with indifference and exploitation. This initial experience colors all
his subsequent acts and has an important effect upon his reaction
toward medical treatment, rehabilitation, and reemployment.
2. Another contributory cause is the inadequate medical service
furnished, both as to quantity and quality. From every viewpoint,
ami especially from that of social economy, unlimited medical and
surgical treatment, without cost to the employee, should be provided.
Here again the element of distrust affects adversely the speedy
recovery of the injured man. In many cases the employee is sus
picious of the service provided by the insurance carrier and is ex
ploited by those in whom he has confidence and who speak his own
language. There is no one to take an intelligent interest in him
and to obtain his confidence. Furthermore, some races are pecu
liarly sensitive to pain and refuse to undergo necessary operations
or other treatment recommended. Because of this lack of coopera
tion the injury does not heal properly and disability is unnecessarilv
prolonged, or made permanent.
3. A third contributory factor, correlated with the medical service,
is the lack of rehabilitation hospitals for functional restoration.
Practically the only attempt at rehabilitation revealed by these
studies was the furnishing of artificial hands or arms, and these were
supplied in only about one-half the cases. In many instances the
men refused to wear these appliance's, either because they did not
fit or because they were unsightly and useless. No systematic in
struction in the adjustment and use of them was given.
4. Not only has there been very little reeducation and retraining of
industrial cripples, but a large proportion have never been educated
or industrially trained at all. The task of retraining our disabled
men brings into relief the great need for industrial education. How
ever, those who are most helpless and in need of assistance arc for
eigners, and consequently even an adequate industrial education
system would not solve the whole problem. But by no means all of
the disabled would be subjects for retraining. Very little could
probably be done with the old men—those who were already near
the end of their industrial career at the time of the injury. But an
intelligent readjustment of industry and the interested cooperation
of employers would take care of most of the remainder. Thousands
of positions exist which a one-armed or one-legged man could fill as
successfully as a normal man. Obviously, however, it would not be
desirable to place all these injured men in such positions without
regard to age. For example, men under 21 or 25 years of age should
not spend the rest of their lives operating elevators. Those most in
need and best adapted for reeducation are the young men. Of the
Stats ■: [1507].
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26
M O NTHLY LABOE EE VIEW.
disabled men studied in Massachusetts, 12 per cent were under 21
years, 28 per cent were under 24, and 43 per cent were under 30.
For California the corresponding percentages are 9, 18, and 35.
Most of these could probably be benefited by reeducation and
retraining for suitable occupations.
5.
None of the compensation States have established proper facili
ties for the reemployment of handicapped men. In Massachusetts
insurance companies must pay compensation for total disability until
the men are reemployed. Consequently, it is incumbent upon them
to find employment, but they have not been very successful. Em
ployers refuse to employ these industrial cripples unless they were
injured in their own establishments. Even then, because of the
character of the industry, the size of the establishment, the em
ployee’s lack of skill and ability to speak English, his possible adverse
effect upon plant output and processes of production, and the risk
of a second injury causing serious or total disability, many are not
reemployed. Few employers will employ handicapped men injured
in other establishments. They feel no moral responsibility in the
matter and do not want to be bothered with cripples, especially if
plenty of normal workers can be had at low wages. On the other
hand, many employers do feel morally responsible for workmen
injured in their own establishments, and this despite the fact that
their full legal obligations have been met by the payment of com
pensation insurance premiums. However, moral responsibility,
though important, is not necessarily the sole determining motive in
reemploying even their own injured men. A study of the reemploy
ment cases in Massachusetts discloses the fact that in many instances
the men taken back are old, faithful, and usually skilled employees
whose knowledge of the business is an economic asset to the employer.
One reason frequently advanced for not employing handicapped
men is that such men constitute an extrahazardous risk. From the
accident-compensation standpoint, injuries sustained by physically
defective workmen are more serious than similar injuries sustained
by normal workers and the accident or insurance cost to employers
or insurance carriers would be increased. As a matter of fact,
however, this fear is probably largely psychological, for the number
of such accidents as compared with the total is practicably negligible.
No figures arc available showing the actual number of second perma
nent injuries. However, a computation made by the Bureau of
Labor Statistics from accident data furnished by the Industrial
Commission of Wisconsin shows that the annual number of second
major injuries would at the very most be not over four in the entire
State; that is, of all the persons in the State of Wisconsin who had
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M ONTHLY LABOR REVIEW.
27
lost a hand, arm, foot, leg, or eye not more than four would suffer
the loss of a second major disability in any given year.
From the insurance standpoint, therefore, the employment of
physically defective men would present no special problem. The
increased compensation cost, which would be slight, could be taken
care of by the necessary increase in insurance rates. But this does
not hold true as regards self-insured employers, because in such
establishments there is a greater and more direct connection between
accidents and compensation costs, and because of this tendency
there is a decided tendency among self-insurers, through their
system of physical examinations, to discriminate against handicapped
men.
This factor of discrimination, therefore, whether based upon justi
fiable grounds or not, does actually exist and must be met. Two
remedial measures suggest themselves. One is the adoption of the
New York plan of compensating for second injuries. Under the
compensation act of this State the liability of an employer for a
second major disabling injury is limited to the liability resulting
from that particular injury without reference to any prior disability.
Compensation for the remaining disability is paid out of a special
fund, which could be charged to the industry as a whole. Since
July 1 of this year the Industrial Commission of Ohio has also put
this plan into effect in that State. Thus, from the compensation
viewpoint the extra hazard element inherent in a handicapped man
would be. eliminated and one factor of discrimination removed.
A second remedial measure would be the adoption of a plan pro
viding that employers, before they are granted the privilege of
carrying their own risk under the compensation act, must agree not
to discriminate against crippled men in the matter of employment.
Such an agreement by employers is required by the compensation
board of Pennsylvania.
6.
One of the chief obstacles in the way of a successful solution of
the whole rehabilitation problem lies in the very nature of our indus
trial society. Reemployment is beyond the State’s present power.
Our industries are privately owned and consequently opportunities
for industrial employment are under the exclusive control of private
employers. Employers therefore can not legally be compelled to
reemploy handicapped workers.
This question of compulsory employment has been considered by
foreign countries in connection with the reemployment of disabled
soldiers. In France employers who refuse to reemploy their propor
tionate share of military cripples are excluded from obtaining any con
cession, monopoly, or subsidy from the State. In Italy private
employers employing three or more persons must take back those
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employees who had been with them one year if they can do the same
work. The Paris conference of May, 1917, went on record as follows:
It belongs to the legislature of each allied country to decide whether or not em
ployers should be placed under obligation to employ disabled soldiers. Meantime,
the interallied conference holds that there is a moral obligation resting upon employers
to employ disabled soldiers in a number proportional to the importance and personnel
of each industrial and commercial establishment.
This principle of compulsion or constraint might conceivably be
applied to the employment of industrial cripples. For example, the
State compensation acts might be amended to provide that employers
having a certain number of employees must pay additional compen
sation to injured workmen if they refuse to reemploy these men at
suitable jobs and at fair wages. Such a scheme might act as an
incentive for employers to make an intelligent study of their estab
lishments, with the result that positions could be found or created
which would be mutually beneficial.
7. But actual restoration to industry solves only half of the prob
lem. It is important to know under what conditions injured workers
are reemployed. What wages should they receive, both absolutely
and in relation to normal workers ? What effect will their reemploy
ment have upon the displacement of normal workers and upon the
integrity of the organized labor movement? Those employers who
maintain sick-benefit funds, welfare plans, and the like seem more
inclined to reemploy and take care of their injured workers than
other employers. On the other hand, they are extremely hostile to
labor organizations and would resent interference from this quarter.
It is the policy of some of the labor unions to look after their own
disabled men, but a large proportion of injured workers are not mem
bers of labor organizations. The difficulties involved in these funda
mental problems, though great, need not be insoluble, but they require
cooperation and careful study.
8. Another factor tending to prolong disability and prevent early
return to industry is the operation of the lump-sum provision in many
of the State compensation laws. A lump sum usually looks large and
inviting to the average employee. He may want to return to his
native country or to invest the proceeds in some small business
enterprise, though these reasons arc frequently given merely as a
pretext to influence the industrial board. Often the employee is
afraid that his return to work would prejudice his rights under the
law. As a result the case drags on and on until for sheer relief a lump
sum is finally granted.
9. For the reasons mentioned above the injured man remains dis
abled and unemployed much longer than the circumstances warrant.
Accustomed to idleness and regular compensation payments he feels
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29
progressively less inclined to resume work. He gets into a rut,
adapts himself to a lower standard of living, and loses his ambition
and initiative. His idle time is frequently spent in'saloons and other
lounging places, in which ho finds cronies similarly situated. Here
he discusses his ailments, the seriousness of which he is inclined to
exaggerate, and the effect of which produces a psychosis which impairs
his will power and accelerates his physical deterioration.
10.
An analysis of the foregoing contributory causes shows that
they are all closely related to, and the result of, the lack of an intelli
gent and responsible supervision. The welfare of our disabled men,
whether injured in military or civil life, is a social and public function.
Accident prevention, compensation, insurance, medical treatment,
rehabilitation, reeducation, and reemployment are all component
parts of this problem and should be under the supervision and juris
diction of a single public body. Delegating to private agencies the
performance of these social functions should no longer be tolerated.
This is not intended as a criticism of these private agencies. They
have developed largely because the State failed to grasp its oppor
tunity or shirked its responsibility; but the fact remains that they
have not been able to perform these social functions successfully.
REMEDIAL SUGGESTIONS.
An examination of the facts and an analysis of the contributory
causes prompt the following remedial suggestions:
1.
C o m p en sa tio n . — (a) The compensation scale of benefits should
be materially increased to approximate the loss of earning capacity.
(b) Benefits for permanent injuries causing dismemberment or muti
lation should be fixed at a definite, though adequate, amount, graded
according to nature of disability and age and occupation of the em
ployee, but not dependent upon employment in individual cases.
Injured employees should not be penalized for rehabilitating them
selves. When the injured man knows that the amount of his com
pensation will not be affected by his early return to industry, disability
and unemployment will be materially decreased, (c) In Massachu
setts compensation is paid for the loss of a major member for 50
weeks, and also for total disability while disabled, and these pay
ments run concurrently. This practice of concurrent payments
should be abolished. The combined weekly amounts of such pay
ments in most cases exceed the employee’s wages. Employees are
often under the impression that the amount received will continue
indefinitely and consequently have less desire to return to work.
(d) The present system of granting lump sums should be abolished
or materially restricted for reasons already explained, (e) Employers
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should be relieved of the added risk involved in the employment of
disabled workers.
2. M edical service. — (a) Adequate medical and surgical treatment,
including necessary appliances, should be furnished by the State,
(o) Orthopedic and rehabilitation hospitals should be established and
maintained by the State, utilizing present institutions wherever
possible.
3. R e e d u c a tio n a n d r e tr a in in g .—There should be established voca
tional training schools, with both day and night courses, which should
be closely correlated with the rehabilitation hospitals.
4. R e e m p lo y m e n t. —A survey of the occupational opportunities in
the various industries of the State should be made and the coopera
tion of the employers and labor organizations should be enlisted.
Thousands of positions exist or could be created which crippled
workers could fill as successfully as normal workmen were the prob
lem carefully studied and an intelligent readjustment made. Par
ticular care should be taken to eliminate the stigma of charity. The
positions should be necessary and constructive in an industrial sense
in order that the handicapped man may feel himself an integral and
important part of the economic world and thus maintain his selfrespect.
5. In su ra n c e . —In the field of workmen’s compensation, compet
itive insurance companies are wholly unsatisfactory. Either a
monopolistic State insurance fund or an employers’ mutual association
should be substituted for the competitive casualty companies.
6. A d m in is tr a tio n . —The entire administrative and supervisory
work should be under the jurisdiction of one central authority,
preferably the industrial accident commission. This commission
should, in case of necessity, have power to coerce the employee as
well as the employer. Confidence, impartiality, and intelligent
direction and supervision are vital factors in the whole rehabilita
tion problem and these can best be obtained through public
administration.
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LABOR AND THE WAR,
FINAL REPORT ON JOINT INDUSTRIAL COUNCILS, GREAT BRITAIN.
The British Reconstruction Committee on Relations between
Employers and Employed (the Whitley committee) which proposed
the joint industrial councils plan that has received the indorsement
of the Government and is in process of adoption by the trades gen
erally, submitted its final report on July I, 19I8.1 The first report
of the committee outlined the joint industrial councils plan through
which the principle of self-government in industry is being devel
oped and fostered, and was noted in the Monthly R eview for Septem
ber, 1917 (pp. 130-132), and published in full in the bureau’s bul
letin No. 237 (pp. 229-237). The second report of the committee
was printed in full in the Monthly L abor R eview for September,
1918 (pp. 53-58); the third report, dealing with works committees
as a part of the plan, appeared in the Monthly R eview for June,
1918 (pp. 163-165); and the fourth report, taking up the subject of
conciliation and arbitration, was noted in the Monthly L abor
R eview for August, 1918 (pp. 237-240). The work of the committee
is completed by the publication of its final report, which is here given
in full:
To the Rt. Hon. D. L lo y d G e o r g e , M. P. (Prime Minister), S i r :
The committee was appointed by the Prime Minister in October, 1916, with the
following terms of reference(1) To make and consider suggestions for securing a permanent improvement in
the relations-between employers and workmen.
(2) To recommend means for securing that industrial conditions affecting the rela
tions between employers and workmen shall be systematically reviewed by those
concerned, with a view to improving conditions in the future.
This reference might be held to invite us to recommend in detail schemes applicable
to varied industries. From this we have refrained, in the belief that it is wiser to
indicate a ground plan only, and invite the persons actually engaged in the several
industries to build the fabric suited to their own conditions.
2.
We have presented four reports. In our first report on joint industrial councils
(Cd. 8606) we recommend the establishment for each of the principal well-organized
industries of a triple form of organization, representative of employers and employed,
consisting of joint industrial councils, joint district councils, and works committees,
each of the three forms of organization being linked up with the others so as to con
stitute an organization covering the whole of the trade, capable of considering and
advising upon matters affecting the welfare of the industry, and giving to labor a
definite and enlarged share in the discussion and settlement of industrial matters
with which employers and employed are jointly concerned.
1Great Britain. Ministry of Reconstruction. Committee on Relations between Employers and Em
ployed. Final report. London, 1918. Cd. 9153. Price, Id. net 4 pp.
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3. In our second report on joint industrial councils (Cd. 9002) we proposed for
trades where organization is at present very weak or nonexistent an adaptation and
expansion of the system of trade boards working under an amended trades board act;
and for trades in which organization is considerable, but not yet general, a system
of joint councils with some Government assistance which may be dispensed with as
these industries advance to the stage dealt with in our first report.
In the second report we proposed also a plan whereby the joint council of an indus
try, when it has agreed upon a minimum standard of working conditions for those
employed in the industry, may have the means of making those conditions general
in any district or over the whole country.
Taking our first and second reports together they constitute a scheme designed to
cover all the chief industries of the country and to equip each of them with a repre
sentative joint body capable of dealing with matters affecting the welfare of the
industry in which employers and employed are concerned and of caring for the
progressive improvement of the industry as an integral part of the national prosperity.
4. We have considered it no less important that in each factory or workshop, where
the circumstances of the industry permit, and when the conditions which we have
stated are fulfilled, there should be a works committee, representative of the manage
ment and the men and women employed, meeting regularly to consider questions
peculiar to the individual factory or workshop, which affect the daily life and com
fort of the workers and in no small degree the efficiency of the work, and in which
practical experience will bring a valuable contribution to the improvement of
methods. This question was the subject of our third report. (Cd. 9085.)
5. We wish to reaffirm our conviction, expressed in the first report, of the urgency
of the matter. In our opinion there is pressing need that every organized industry
should equip itself with a representative machinery capable of dealing with the
large questions of common interest to employers and employed arising in war time,
during demobilization, and in the period after the war. Further, we believe that
when the joint councils have gained confidence and experience in dealing with the
urgent problems of the moment they will find their sphere of usefulness to be much
wider than they themselves imagined at their first inception.
Similarly, works committees, beginning perhaps with limited functions, will, we
anticipate, without in any way trenching upon matters appropriate to the industrial
councils, find a continual growth in the list of questions appertaining to the individual
factory or workshop that can be dealt with by mutual agreement. We have purposely
refrained, throughout our reports, from making proposals in detail with regard to the
constitution of the councils and committees or the scope of their functions, because
we are convinced that this can only be done satisfactorily by the people engaged in
an industry and familiar with all its circumstances.
We note with satisfaction that, following the approval of our first report by the
War Cabinet, the Ministry of Labor has established a special department to give
assistance and information where it may be desired, and to collect and codify the
results of the activities and experience of the councils that have been formed or are
coming into existence.
6. In our fourth report (Cd. 9099) we have made recommendations on concilation
and arbitration. Relying in the main on the methods built up by agreement within
the various industries and looking to an expansion and improvement of these methods
resulting from the habit of dealing with common questions in joint council, we have
limited our new proposals to the establishment of a small standing arbitration council,
on the lines of the present committee on production, to deal with cases where the
parties have failed to come to an agreement under their ordinary procedure and wash
to refer their differences to this council.
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33
In this connection we have made suggestions designed to minimize the occurrence
of conflicting awards and to secure an interchange of knowledge and experience
between persons called upon to act as arbitrators.
7. On the question of the adoption of schemes of profit sharing and copartnership
we have considered the evidence at present available and have felt bound to come to
the conclusion that it does not justify us in putting forward any general recommenda
tions.
8. Our recommendations have the effect of conferring upon the joint industrial
councils, and through them upon the several industries, a large measure of self-govern
ment. Many of the subjects which might perhaps have been suggested as forming
objects of inquiry by the present committee are matters which, in our opinion, can
more usefully and profitably be considered by the joint organizations, composed, as
they are of those actually concerned in the various trades. Moreover, since our
committee was constituted two new departments of State have been set up, viz., the
Ministry of Labor and the Ministry of Reconstruction.
The functions of these departments and the activities of the various advisory com
mittees which they have established will necessarily include the consideration of the
relations between employers and employed and of the problems connected therewith,
and the departments will no doubt be better able (through and with the assistance of
the industrial councils which we have recommended) to offer such advice and
guidance as may be found necessary than the present committee.
It is clear, therefore, that if we were to undertake further inquiries there would be a
considerable amount of overlapping, either with the work that is now being carried on
by the central departments or with the duties and functions of the industrial councils.
For these reasons we beg to be allowed to present this as our final report.
9. Throughout our work we have received most valuable assistance from our secre
taries, Mr. H. J. Wilson and Mr. Arthur Greenwood, and we wish to record our grati
tude to them for the services they have rendered.
We have the honor to be, sir, your obedient servants,1
J. H . W h it l e y (Chairman). 1,1. A. H o b s o n .
F. S. B u t t o n .
fA. S u s a n L a w r e n c e .
G e o . J. C a r t e r .
M a u r ic e L e v y .
S. J. Ch a p m a n .
fJ. J. M a l l o n .
G. H. C l a u g h t o n .
T h o s . R. R a t c l if f e - E l l is .
|J. R. C l y n e s .
D. II. R. W il l ia m s .
F. N. H e p w o r t h .
fM oNA "Wil s o n .
W il f r e d H il l .
II. J. W il s o n ,
A. G r e e n w o o d ,
Secretaries.
1st July, 1918.
N ote.
By attaching our signatures to the general reports we desire to render hearty support
to the recommendations that industrial councils or trade boards, according to which
ever are the more suitable in the circumstances, should be established for the several
industries or businesses and that these bodies, representative of employees and em
ployed, should concern themselves with the establishment of minimum conditions
and the furtherance of the common interests of their trades.
But while recognizing that the more amicable relations thus established between
capital and labor will afford an atmosphere generally favorable to industrial peace
1 Mr. Smillie was unable to attend any of the meetings at which this report was considered, and therefore
does not sign it. Sir Allan M. Smith signs subject to his note to the report on conciliation and arbitration.
The members whose names are marked f sign subject to the note appended.
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and progress, we desire to express our view that a complete identity of interests be
tween capital and labor can not be thus effected, and that such machinery can not be
expected to furnish a settlement for the more serious conflicts of interest involved
in the working of an economic system primarily governed and directed by motives
of private profit.
J. R. C l y n e s .
J. A. H o b s o n .
A. S u s a n L a w r e n c e .
J. J. M a l l o n .
M o n a W il s o n .
PROGRESS OF JOINT INDUSTRIAL COUNCILS IN GREAT BRITAIN.
It appears from official sources 1 that during the month of Sep
tember, 1918, considerable progress was made in the work of joint
industrial councils in Great Britain. Since August 1, 1918, 8 of the
11 councils that have been established have held their first or second
meeting, and in each instance there appeared to be evidence that
the council is determined to deal effectively and without delay
with the vitally important functions which they have undertaken to
carry out.
The setting up of district councils and works committees and the
definition of their respective constitutions and functions and their
relation to the national council are naturally the first objects which
national councils have to consider, for district councils and works
committees are, for most of the industries to which the Whitley
report is applicable, an essential part of the scheme. Five of the
eight national councils referred to have devoted their attention to
this important part of their work. The furniture trade council has
provisionally agreed upon a draft constitution for district councils
and has decided to refer to a special committee the delimitation of
areas. The council of the rubber manufacturing industry has adopted
a constitution for district councils and has agreed upon the areas of
these councils; it has also agreed that the executive committee shall
draw up a constitution for works committees at the next meeting.
The heavy chemicals council has decided that 8 districts councils shall
be established, with 12 members upon each. At the meeting of the
council of the match manufacturing industry the principal business
was the consideration of the report of a subcommittee on district
councils and works committees. The constitution and functions of
these councils and committees, as recommended in the report, were
adopted after amendment, and it was decided that in view of the
nature of the distribution of the industry in the country only one
district council (for the London district) should be formed at present.
1 Data taken from the Labor Gazette (London) for October, 1918 (p. 329), and from The Month’s Work
(London), for October, 1918 (p. 52), issued by the Ministry of Labor. Cf. also article on pages 31 to 34 oi
this issue. Cf. also article on Industrial councils and trade boards in Great Britain, in the M o n th ly
L a bo r R e v ie w for September, 1918 (pp. 58-64).
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The building trades council held its first annual meeting at Birming
ham on August 1, 1918, at which the draft constitution was, with
certain minor amendments, adopted. The baking industry council
has appointed a general purposes committee, composed of five mem
bers from each side of the council, together with the officers, and has
instructed the committee to arrange for the setting up of a district
council. Gratifying progress is thus being made in this direction.
Regular consideration of wages, hours, and working conditions is
one of the main functions of joint industrial councils, and some of
them have already taken up this part of their work. The council of
the china clay industry has concluded a wages agreement which is to
remain in force until June, 1919. At the first meeting of the baking
industry council, held on September 18, a demand submitted by the
operatives for a 60s. ($14.60) minimum wage and a reduction of
working hours to 48 per week was dealt with. After a thorough and
friendly discussion an agreement was unanimously reached to the
effect that the minimum wage in industrial areas be 60s. and in rural
areas 55s. ($13.38) per week and that advances be given also to
allied workers and to woman workers, the present hours and con
ditions to remain, subject to no working week exceeding 54 hours.
The definition of areas is to be settled temporarily by the existing
conciliation boards and afterward by the district councils to be set up
by the national council. The agreement is to run for six months, at
the end of which period three months’ notice of termination may be
given by either side. Any question of the interpretation of the
agreement is to be referred to the general purposes committee of the
council with power to settle.
An interesting development in connection with industrial disputes
was made by the council of the heavy chemicals industry at its
second meeting, held on September 20. The council decided to ap
point an emergency committee, whose functions will practically con
stitute it a traveling conciliation board. The committee is composed
of six members and is constituted by forming a panel from the mem
bers of the council in alphabetical order and appointing the first three
on the employers’ list and the first three on the workpeople’s list to
serve for the first month, proceeding through the lists for each suc
ceeding month. The emergency committee will bo prepared to go at
once to any place in which a dispute has arisen which can not be
settled locally. The success of the new departure will be watched
with interest.
Demobilization and resettlement, the training of disabled soldiers
and sailors, and the position of apprentices returning from military
service are also receiving attention, according to reports. The build
ing trades council, for example, has considered the question of pri
ority of release for architects and architects’ clerks. The council hag
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also appointed a resettlement and reconstruction committee, and it is
understood that the committee will supersede the building trades
central advisory committees, which had previously been set up in
connection with the employment department of the Ministry of Labor.
The council of the china clay industry has appointed a military service
and demobilization committee, and the vehicle building council has
formed a subcommittee to consider and make recommendations upon
the question of the training of disabled soldiers and sailors and of the
position of returned apprentices.
Among other important matters which councils have considered
are education and the rationing of raw material. Thus the council
of the furniture trade has appointed a subcommittee to advise on
matters concerning education for the trade, and the council of the
rubber manufacturing industry has decided to invite a representative
from the Board of Education to attend the next meeting of the council.
Both councils have also appointed subcommittees to advise on the
rationing of raw material.
SHOP STEWARDS IN GREAT BRITAIN.
While shop stewards are not new to British industry, having
existed for many years in the printing and the engineering trades,
the shop steward movement of the past year is an entirely new and
definite expression of the revolt of labor from some of the conditions
caused by the war. The majority of the trade-unions had official
shop stewards before the war, under a variety of names such as
“ shop delegates,” “ works representatives,” “ collectors,” “ yard com
mitteemen,” etc. In the printing trade the “ chapel” goes back to
the seventeenth century and to-day the duties of the “ chapel,”
as laid down in the rules of various unions in the industry, include
those which fall in the province of shop stewards in many other
trades.
Works committees which deal with questions of craft or skill and
are, in many instances, formed of shop stewards are the subject of
a special report of the British Ministry of Labor.1 According to
this report two methods prevail in the formation of these commitees:
(1) The committee may be elected by all the workmen employed,
“ each department or shop being treated as a constituency and
returning a number of members perhaps in proportion to its size,”
or (2) it may be “'a committee of shop stewards of the different
unions represented in the works or, in a large works where shop
stewards are numerous, a committee elected by the shop stewards.”
Conditions vary so widely in different establishments that it is
impossible to generalize on methods of election of the stewards. In
1See M o n th ly
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some districts—Coventry, for example—the stewards are elected by
all the workers without regard to craft or process, but in other
districts it is the custom, in the larger engineering factories, for each
craft to elect its own stewards. The number of stewards therefore
varies greatly, usually according to the size of the plant, from as
few as two to forty or more.
The works committees of shop stewards are in some cases divide 1
into two sections, one for the craftsmen and one for the semiskille 1
men and laborers; usually, however, there is only one comiftittee for
both sets of workmen and in certain cases this committee represents
only the skilled workers. In such cases the lack of direct representa
tion of the unskilled workers is a source of friction. The position of
woman workers is also unsatisfactory, being somewhat analogous to
that of unskilled workmen. In some instances the women have a
vote in the election of the works committee elected by the various
departments and in other cases representation is secured to women’s
departments as such. Sometimes, even when women are excluded
from voting, the works committee may represent their interests.
The duties of the stewards also vary greatly in different sections.
In general it may be said that questions of general application, such as
district rates of wages, hours of work, and other district or national
conditions of work, are regarded as subjects to be settled by the
employers or associations of employers with the trade-unions. But
questions of special application, such as piece rates for particular
jobs where it is impossible to fix a general piece rate for the district,
grievances reported by workmen, complaints about wages and piece
rates which concern individuals, questions relating to the health
and safety of the workmen, dilution, suggestions for improvements,
shop discipline, including timekeeping, language, and methods of
foremen, and welfare, may all come under the direction of the shop
stewards.
It has been claimed that the spirit of the shop-steward movement
is hostile to the spirit of trades-unionism, but although the nonunionist has an equal opportunity with the unionist to nominate
shop stewards it is usually provided that the steward himself must
bo a member of some union.
In connection with this phase of the subject one of the labor papers 1
expresses regret that the sentiment of the recent national conference
of shop stewards and workers’ committees was against a combina
tion of the shop steward and trade-union movements. According to
the paper “ the assent of the unions concerned to the formation of a
committee in the Coventry area, on which the stewards were repre
sented as stewards and not as members of any organization, was a
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big stop forward” since it meant that those in authority in the
unions were beginning to recognize the necessity “ for giving to the
shop or works a definite and important place in the government of
the organization and marked the first approach to a thorough change
in that constitution which could only end in establishing the shop
and works as the effective industrial unit.” So it was considered
that the statement made in the conference, “ We must keep the
movement free of the unions,” meant a bitter and prolonged struggle
between the old and the new methods which would result in much of
labor’s power being frittered away in internal disputes.
Other writers, however, consider that the danger to the movement
does not lie in the obstruction offered by its opponents but in the
attempts being made to incorporate it in the officialism of tradeunionism which it was formed to resist; they believe that to transform
the stewards into paid union officials appointed by a national council
as had been proposed would strike at the very heart of the movement.
In a measure it seems to be true that the present shop steward
movement is a protest against the methods of trade-unionism, since
it has been felt that many of the trade-union officials have grown
away from shop conditions and have become to a considerable extent
bureaucrats themselves, and that as industrial conditions have
changed so much in the past few years only those within the shops
can have a really sympathetic understanding of present labor con
ditions. It is also frequently the case that many labor unions
having conflicting interests are represented in one shop and the
tendency of the movement therefore is to amalgamate-the various
interests and to treat with the employers directlv through the
“ works committees” formed of shop stewards rather than through
the individual unions.
While, in the past, employers contended for the right to deal
directly with their employees rather than through the trade-unions,
nevertheless, when the matter was presented to them as a new issue
they insisted, in some cases, upon dealing only with the national
executive of the labor unions or the district committees of the
trade-unions. A case in point is that of the strike in an airplane
works in Coventry which took place in the latter part of 1917 and
which not only interfered with aircraft production but spread to
various munition works in the same place. 'The airplane firm refused
to deal with the shop stewards on the ground that the question of
recognition of shop stewards was then under consideration by the
trade-union officials and the Employers’ Federation. The men
refused to accept the employer’s decision and the strike spread until
it involved about 50,000 workers. The matter was settled finally
by Government intervention and it was agreed that the men should
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return to work, that the Government 'should urge upon the Em
ployers’ Federation and on the trade-union executives the imme
diate settlement of the question in relation to both parties, and that
there should be no victimization on either side as a result of the
dispute.
In December, 1917, therefore, after a five days’ conference between
the Engineering Eihployers’ Federation and the trade-unions, an
agreement1 regulating the appointment and the functions of shop
stewards was drawn up and signed by 13 of the 16 unions concerned
and by the Employers’ Federation.
Previous to the above negotiations 21 societies in the Coventry
district were affiliated in a joint committee of all shop stewards and
works committees. Their rules did not differ materially from the
later ones but defined a little more specifically the shop duties of
the stewards.
In 1911 the workers in the Clyde shipyards formed a joint trades’
vigilant committee and in September, 1914, a similar organization
was effected among the engineering trades in the west of Scotland.
The object of this first organization was “ to endeavor to adjust all
complaints of a general character, endeavor to secure uniformity in
the conditions of employment of the members, and strengthen and
perfect the organizations of the affiliated unions.” Even though very
harmonious relations had been established between the employers and
the workmen in the Clyde district, one of the causes of the trouble
in 1915, which resulted in the deportation and imprisonment of some
of the workmen, was the withdrawal on the part of the management
of the privilege which the shop stewards had had of going from one
department to another in their official capacity.
Although the strike among the cotton operatives in Lancashire in
September of this year was primarily due to the question of wages
still the question of the recognition of the shop stewards came up.
In the report of the Commission of Inquiry into Industrial Unrest2
it is stated that much evidence was taken on the subjects of
shop stewards and shop committees and that there was a sharp
conflict of opinion on the subjects. In view of this difference of
opinion no recommendations were made by the commission but a
summary of the various opinions was given.
The advantages found in the establishment of shop committees
are the ease with which small and local grievances can be discussed
and settled and the possibility of closer contact between employers
and workmen. Shop committees work more quickly than tradeunion machinery and have better local knowledge. It was said,
also, that this system decentralizes trade-union procedure, creates
1 See M o n th ly R e v ie w , March, 1918, p p . 81, 85.
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M ONTHLY LABOR REVIEW.
solidarity among the workmen, and gives them more control over
the conditions of life.
On the other hand it was urged that the system, already in
operation, of discussion between the management and the tradeunion secretary works well, that a shop committee tends to weaken
trade-union authority as well as the authority of the employers, and
that it wastes time and leads to unauthorized strikes.
INDUSTRIAL LEAGUE FOR THE IMPROVEMENT OF RELATIONS BETWEEN
EMPLOYERS AND EMPLOYED, GREAT BRITAIN. 1
This league began in a very small way by the occasional meeting
about the dinner table of a few employers and labor leaders for the
purpose of frank discussion and mutual enlightenment. It has
grown rapidly in the two years of its existence and branches
are springing up throughout the country. The league, which is of no
political party, exists, it is stated, for the sole purpose of creating
a better relationship between employer and employed, it being be
lieved that much of the industrial strife arises from ignorance and
prejudice on both sides. Its functions are purely educational and
it is prepared to place any information in its possession at the dis
posal of its members. Those eligible for membership are employers’
organizations and individual employers of labor or firms, tradeunions and labor organizations and their officials, employed persons
of either sex, and any other individuals who approve of the objects
of the league.
The league stands for shorter but more productive hours of labor,
wages which will insure better living conditions, graded minimum
wages, equal pay for equal work, better housing, better educational
and technical training facilities, more efficient and humane manage
ment, and better workshop conditions. It also seeks to encourage
the small employers engaged on special manufacturing and at the
same time to inspire the workers to develop ideas for improving
processes and machinery.
The league is not intended to take the place of industrial councils,2
but since the councils must necessarily deal with questions relating
to their particular trades, the league aims to deal with industrial
questions from a broad national viewpoint. The aims of the leagues
apparently follow somewhat closely those of the National Alliance of
Employers and Employed, which is an unofficial organization formed
to study demobilization plans but which, when it found the Ministry
of Labor was officially to consider that question, turned its attention
1 The Industrial League. Published by The Industrial League, temporary address: 56 Victoria Street,
Westminster, SW 1. Two pamphlets. 20 pp., 6 pp. The Industrial League Journal. Vol. 1. No. L
56 Victoria Street, Westminster, SW 1.
■'See a r t i c l e s o n p a g e s 31 t o 34, a n d p a g e s 34 to 36 o f t h i s is s u e of t h e M o n t h l y L a b o r R e v i e w .
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to a study of the relations existing between employers and employed
and is now working in close touch with the Federation of British
Industries in an effort to bring about an improvement in these rela
tions. These three organizations all seem to have been created for,
and to be working towards, the same end, that is, industrial peace
after the war in order that the nation may achieve that nati nal
unity which is necessary for the future prosperity of the country.
WAR WORK OF SCHOOL CHILDREN IN GERMANY.
The Prussian minister of education recently addressed a memoran
dum to the lower house (A b g e o rd n e te n h a u s ) of the diet on the sub
ject of the employment of school children on economic war work.1
The memorandum points out that in agriculture the larger schoolboys
have frequently replaced farm hands. On a large number of farms
they were the only assistants of their mothers, who, in the absence of
the fathers at the front had to carry on the farm work alone. Thus
boys of 12 or 13 years of age often did the heaviest work, such as
manuring and plowing, sowing, mowing, etc. The help of school
children has shown itself to be valuable and indispensable in every
branch of agriculture, since without their aid many branches could not
have been kept up, and the prompt harvesting of the crops, especially
of potatoes, would have been impossible. The boys in the secondary
schools have, as members of the youths’ organizations under the direc
tion of the war economic office (K rie g sw irtsc h a ftsa m t ), done excellent
service in agriculture, not merely by carrying on work already begun,
but by extending the area of cultivation. Large stretches of waste
land have thus been rendered useful for the food supply. The juveniles
have been very keen in collecting anything and everything that might
eke out the food supply of the community, increase or replace raw
materials, and improve the circulation of money—from gold coins and
jewelry down to capsules and lead seals, medicinal herbs, wild fruits
and nettles, coffee grounds, bones, bottles, corks, women’s hair, fruit
stones, waste paper, etc. The facts, shown in the memorandum
in table form, as, for instance, that 17,285 centners (952.7 tons) of
fruit stones and 7,714 centners (425.2 short tons) of stinging nettles
were collected, do not represent the whole result. The help rendered
by the juveniles in obtaining subscriptions to the sixth and seventh
war loans is specially noteworthy. So far as statistics are obtainable
the elementary schools ( V o lkssch u len ), by subscriptions of their own
and by subscriptions due to their efforts, raised 170,600,000 marks
($40,602,800), while the secondary schools obtained 206,200,000
marks ($49,075,600).
1 Frankfurter Zeitung.
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RECONSTRUCTION,
EDUCATION ACT, 1918 (ENGLAND AND WALES).
The Education Act, 1918/ effecting, as it does, a complete change
of principle and method in the national system of education, is more
than a mere educational enactment—it is a practical embodiment of
the spirit of reconstruction which is now animating every phase of life.
This measure, which does not extend to Scotland and Ireland and
which becomes effective on “ such a day as the board of education
may appoint, and different days may be appointed for different
purposes and for different provisions of this act, for different areas
or parts of areas, and for different persons or classes of persons,” has
for its object “ the establishment of a national system of education
available for all persons capable of profiting thereby.” The act
affords educational advantages to young persons from 2 to 18 years
of age, and thus democratizes education.
In this direct dealing with human beings the new act differs from
its predecessors of 1870 and 1902, which dealt almost entirely with
administrative changes. It entirely repeals 11 education acts and
parts of 11 others. Its main proposals may be briefly summarized
as follows:
(1) Preparation by local education authorities of schemes for all
forms of education within their area.
(2) Raising the age limit for compulsory full-time attendance at
school to 14 years of age.
(3) Establishment of continuation schools for compulsory parttime education up to 18 years of age.
(4) Restriction of the employment of children.
(5) Development of the work of public elementary schools.
(6) Promotion of the health and physical training of children and
young persons.
(7) Extension of the work of local education authorities in regard
to medical inspection and medical treatment of children.
(8) Provision of nursery schools for children between 2 and under
5 years of age.
Much power is given the local education authorities in regard to
provision for the progressive development and the comprehensive
organization of education in their respective areas. The board of
education may, from time to time, require them to submit to it for
approval their schemes for such development and in this way place
-8 and 9 Geo. 5, ch. 39, Education Act, 1918. The original hill was introduced in Parliament Aug. 10,1917,
by Mr. Herbert Fisher, Minister of Education, but due to congestion of business had to be abandoned for
that session. On Jan. 14, 19 18 , the Education (No. 2) B ill was introduced by Mr. Fisher and by him suc
cessfully carried through to adoption Aug. 8, 1918.
42
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a check upon the manner in which their duties are performed and
their powers exercised.
SCHOOL ATTENDANCE.
At present, full-time school attendance, with a few exceptions, is
obligatory up to 12 years of age, and there is a restricted power of
compulsion up to 14 years. Under the act no exemption from school
attendance shall be granted to any child between the ages of 5 and
14 years. A child who reaches 14 during the school term must
attend until the end of that term. This age may in the discretion
of the authorities be extended to 15 years or even to 16 years. These
provisions, however, shall not go into effect until the termination of
the war.
CONTINUATION SCHOOLS.
Between 14 and 18 years instruction in a continuation school or its
equivalent is compulsory. Continuation schools which provide
suitable free courses of instruction and physical training must be
established and maintained through, but not necessarily by, the local
authorities. Plans for the organization of this system of schools
must be submitted by the local authorities and may be altered by
them in consultation with the board of education. A doubtful
feature of the scheme appears in the fact that among existing local
means which may be used to carry on the training “ works” schools
are recognized, and though they may be inspected by the proper
school authorities they are not under their direction and control.
There is no compulsion as to attendance at a continuation school
held in a place of employment.
The hours of work in continuation schools may not extend beyond
7 p. m. and are fixed at 320 hours each year, but may be decreased
to 280 hours by the local education authorities during the first seven
years from the day on which the provisions concerning hours of
attendance go into effect.
During a like period, no obligation to attend these schools applies
to young persons between the ages of 16 and 18 years nor “ after
that period to any young person who has attained the age of 16
before the expiration of that period.” Exception is also made of
the attendance of young persons above 14 years of age on the ap
pointed day who can satisfy the local education authorities that
they are receiving “ suitable and efficient full-time instruction” in
some other manner. And in addition to the foregoing exceptions,
voluntary “ suitable and efficient full-time instruction” up to 16
years of age exempts a scholar from compulsory education after that
age.
Failure to comply with these requirements, except for unavoidable
causes, is punishable by fine.
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M O NTHLY LABOE EEYIEW.
EMPLOYMENT OF SCHOOL CHILDREN.
The provisions of the act regarding the employment of children
may be summarized as follows:
(a) A child under 12 years of age may not be employed at all.
(b) A child 12 years or over shall not be employed for more than
two hours on Sunday, on school days before the close of school hours,
or on any day before 6 a. m. or after 8 p. m.
(c) A child may not be employed in any factory or workshop
under the Factory and Workshops Act, or in any mine or quarry, unless
lawfully so employed on the day the provision goes into effect.
(cZ) The local authority may prohibit or regulate the employment
of any child if it is satisfied that such employment is injurious to the
child’s health or education. It shall be the duty of the employer
and of the parent of a child in employment to furnish information
necessary for the carrying out of these provisions.
According to the act as passed, then, a child may be employed
from 4.30 p. m. to 8 p. m. on school days and from 6 a. m. to 8 p. m.
on Saturdays and holidays, with, an additional two hours on Sunday.
Thus, if he worked only 2 hours on each school day, 8 hours on Sat
urday, and 2 hours on Sunday, it would be possible for him to be em
ployed 20 hours each week over and above his school work.
It may also be noted in consideration of this part of the act that
section 13, subsection 2, paragraph iii, dealing with licenses for the
employment of children exceeding 12 years, shall not be effective
“earlier than three years after thé passing of this act.”
DEVELOPMENT OF PUBLIC ELEMENTARY EDUCATION.
The development of public elementary schools is to be carried on
by the establishment of central schools or special classes for instruc
tion in cookery, laundry work, housewifery, dairy work, handicrafts,
gardening, and other practical subjects; by courses in advanced
instruction in elementary schools for older scholars; by cooperation
in the preparation of the children for further education and their
transference to other schools; and by the supplying and training of
teachers. No fees are to be charged for elementary instruction, and
critics of the act regret that like provision has not been made for
secondary education.
PHYSICAL TRAINING AND MEDICAL INSPECTION.
In order to secure social and physical well being, existing measures
for the promotion of the health of children attending public elemen
tary schools have been extended to “ other children and young per
sons and persons over the age of 18 attending educational institu
tions.” The local authorities may, with the approval of the Board
of Education, maintain or assist in maintaining holiday or school
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camps—especially for scholars in continuation schools—centers, and
equipment for physical training, playing fields, school baths, school
swimming pools, and other facilities for social and physical training
in the day or evening.
1he duty of the local education authority in regard to medical
inspection and treatment is the same in relation to the continuation
and secondary schools as to the public elementary schools. It must
inspect them and it has power to provide medical treatment, but
this last is not obligatory.
NUHSEHY SCHOOLS.
The local education authority is also empowered to supply or aid
in supplying nursery schools “ for children over 2 and under 5 years
of age, or such later age as may be approved by the board of edu
cation,” and to attend to the health, nourishment, and physical
welfare of children in attendance. Here again the local authority is
free to provide or not to provide, to aid or not to aid the establish
ment of these schools, and parents are free to send or not to send
their children to them when established.
According to the minister of education an adequate system of
nursery schools will meet a widely felt want in the rural districts as
well as in the crowded areas, and will offer an opportunity which
will be eagerly accepted. There is no part of the Government’s plan
for educational reform which has aroused more enthusiasm than the
proposed establishment of these schools.1
CONCLUSION.
The trend of public opinion regarding this act which makes such
serious inroads on the employment of child labor indicates the appre
hension that exists as to changes in industry which the reconstruction
period may bring.
Notwithstanding the fact that numbers of employers—farmers,
manufacturers, and shopkeepers—through four years’ experience
with the inefficiency of untrained, undisciplined workers have come
to appreciate the paramount importance of educational reform and
have earnestly supported the education bill, the most open opposi
tion to the extension of universal education which is the keynote of
the act appears in a report of the education committee of the Federa
tion of British Industries, dated January, 1918.
The committee approves compulsory education up to the age of
14, but views “ with great alarm” its extension to 18 years at a
time when it would be most essential for the industrial future of
the country that the minimum of dislocation should take place.”
1 Federation of British Industries.
92434°—19----- 4
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M O NTHLY LABOR REVIEW.
It would, confine secondary education to children fitted to benefit
by it. The committee recommends that care be exercised in select
ing for these children an education suitable for the employments
they would eventually enter. Education of girls is not fully con
sidered. The committee suggests, however, that from an industrial
point of view it is more important to furnish them vocational educa
tion along domestic rather than along handicraft lines. The urgent
need of physical training is admitted; a better preparation of teachers
is advised; and a more systematic linking up of industry and educa
tion is believed to be advantageous.1
It would seem that since the provisions regarding exemptions can
not come into force until the end of the present war, when unem
ployment will doubtless exist, and since the obligation to attend
continuation schools does not apply to young persons between the
ages of 16 and 18 “ within a period of seven years from the appointed
day on which the provisions of this section come into force” reason
able time had been given for an easy readjustment to meet the new
conditions.
Labor, on the contrary, has taken the stand that education must
no longer be a class privilege; that every child should have oppor
tunity for full physical and mental development.
In the resolution on education presented at the Trades-Union
Congress at Derby, September 2, 1918, the trade-unionists, while
welcoming the recent education bill, went a step further and advo
cated compulsory nursery schools, free full time secondary educa
tion, the prohibition of the employment of children out of school
hours for purposes of trade or gain, and the raising of teachers’
salaries. The congress resolved that it would refuse to recognize
“ works” schools as continuation schools, give training for industry
only after 16 years of age, limit the hours of labor for young persons
under 18 to not more than 25 per week, and raise the school age to
16 years.
Medical and dental treatment and physical training should be
obligatory, according to the congress, and university education
should be made accessible to all classes of population by a more
generous system of State scholarships and grants. The congress
expresses the opinion that the new provision of a Parliament grant
of not less than one-half of the net local expenditure should be
increased to not less than 75 per cent of the total average expendi
tures, provided the education furnished by the local education
authority has been approved of as efficient.2
1 Federation of British Industries. Memorandum on Education. London, 191«.
2 Trades-Union Congress, Agenda for the 50th Annual Conference, Derby, Sept. 2 , 191S.
pp. 50 to 54.
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LIST OF REFERENCES ON RECONSTRUCTION.
PREPARED B Y MRS. Y . B . T U R N E R .
This bibliography deals with reconstruction and related subjects.
It does not purport to be a complete list of publications on these sub
jects, but gives sources that may be consulted at the library of the
United States Department of Labor, the Library of Congress, and the
Public Library, Washington, D. C. The material has been arranged
by countries, in broad groups, with the hope of facilitating access to it.
CANADA.
G eneral.
Kirkwood, J. C. Solving our reconstruction problem.
Industrial Canada, June, 1918, v. 19: 42-45.
An interpretation of the program of the new Canadian Industrial Reconstruc
tion Association which has been formed to consider the problems of recon
struction and to devise solutions therefor. Contents: Stabilizing indus
try—The problem of capital and labor—Women in industry—General and
technical education—Solving our reconstruction problem—Land settle
ment and agriculture —The vital matter of taxation—Safeguarding Canada’s
foreign trade—Trade within the empire—Immigration after the war—Com
munity development—Will study progress in other countries?—An altru
istic organization.
\ictor, L. A., ed. Canada’s future: What she offers after the war; a symposium of
official opinion.
Toronto, The Macmillan Company of Canada, Ltd., 191G. 320 p.
Willison, Sir John. The Canadian conception of a sound policy of national recon
struction after the war.
Economic World, Aug. 10, 1918, v. 16, n. s.: 18G-191.
A comprehensive statement on behalf of the Canadian Industrial Reconstruc
tion Association regarding a Canadian reconstruction policy.
—
Organization for after-the-war problems.
Industrial Canada, July, 1918, v. 19: 187-189.
Advocates the expansion of industries—-Scientific training and research—
Large sums on research—Relations with labor—Object of new organization.
H
o u sin g ,
L and S e t tl em en t,
and
T own P la n n in g .
Canada. Commission of Conservation. Conservation of life.
Special town planning number, v. 1, no. 3, Jaw. 1915. [Ottawa, 1915] p. 51-71.
Contents: Town planning and housing in Canada—The planning of Greater
Vancouver—Garden cities (illus.)—The Commission of conservation and
town planning and housing—Housing in Great Britain—Town planning—
What municipalities can do.
----------- . . . Rural planning and development, a study of rural conditions and
problems in Canada, by Thomas Adams. . . .
Ottawa, 1917. 281 p. illus.
Returned soldiers and land settlement, p. 207-21G.
Land settlement and after-war employment problems, p. 2G8-270.
----------- Urban and rural development in Canada.
Report of conference held at Winnipeg, May 28-30, 1917.
Ottawa, 1917. 98 p.
Civic efficiency and social welfare in planning of land, by W. F. Burditt.
p. 71-78. Planning and development of land, by Thomas Adams, p. 79-83.
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Canadian Pacific Railway Company. Returned veterans’ colonies.
1916. 26 p.
Details and forms connected with the settlement of returned soldiers on the
company’s land in western Canada.
Housing needs facing Canada.
Christian Science Monitor, Sept. 23, 1918, v. 10:12.
Mr. Thomas Adams (town planning expert of the Canadian Commission of
Conservation) policy of creating new towns. Garden city development
emphasized.
Reynolds, E. W. Some phases of Canada« housing problem.
Industrial Canada, Aug. 1918, v. 19: 54-57. illus.
Voices opinion that shortage of houses in Canadian industrial centers is not
primarily a war-time development, and that the solution of the present
problem can be reached by the construction of permanent dwellings only.
Summary of what has been accomplished in Great Britain, Tjnited States,
and Canada.
United States. Bureau of Labor Statistics. Rural planning and development in Canada.
In its Monthly Review, Apr. 1918, v. 6: 283-286.
A summary of Canada. Commission of Conservation. Rural planning and
development; a study of rural conditions in Canada, by Thomas Adams.
Ottawa, 1917. 281 p. illus.
L abor
and
I ndustry.
Canadian cabinet forms committee.
Christian Science Monitor, Nov. 27, 1918, v. 10: 9.
Special committee formed to deal with the absorption into civil life and the
occupation of discharged soldiers, and also to consider industrial and labor
conditions which may arise from industrial dislocation and readjustment.
Order-in-council given.
Gadsby, Mrs. M. A. Provision for the disabled and for vocational education. Eco
nomic aspects of the disabled soldier problem with particular reference to Canada.
U. S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. Monthly Labor Review, Sept. 1918, v. 7:68-80.
Reconstruction period recommendations.
Industrial Canada, Nov. 1918, v. 19: 43.
Important memorandum presented by the labor committee of the Canadian
Manufacturers’ Association to the labor subcommittee of the Reconstruc
tion and Development Committee of the Dominion Government at Ottawa
on Oct. 23, 1918.
Senior, C. N. Canada’s industrial reeducation system.
Industrial Canada, Sept. 1918, v. 19: 46-49. illus.
Cooperation of manufacturers has been secured and a survey of factories
made in order to find wider opportunities for training men. Systematic
methods have been followed in order to give every man as wide a choice
of occupation as possible and to occasion employers the least possible incon
venience.
Trades and labor congress of Canada. Report of proceedings of the thirty-fourth
annual convention held in the city of Quebec, Sept. 16-21.
Canada. Department of Labor. The Labor Gazette, Oct. 1918, v. 18, no.
10: 843-844.
Program for reconstruction.
Willison, Sir John. Canada must prepare for reconstruction.
Industrial Canada, June, 1918, v. 19: 46-47.
Relations of labor and capital—Britain’s agricultural policy—Canada must
conserve—Returned soldiers and immigrants.
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Willison, Sir John. The progress of industrial reconstruction.
Industrial Canada, Aug. 1918, v. 19: 50-51.
A review of some of the recent activities of the Canadian Industrial Recon
struction Association—Plans for bringing the agricultural West into closer
touch with the industrial East—Economic research for women graduates
of Canadian universities.
------ The progress of industrial reconstruction.
Industrial Canada, Sept. 1918, v. 19: 51-52.
More activities of the Canadian Industrial Reconstruction Association.
-----Progress of the reconstruction movement.
Industrial Canada, Nov. 1918, v. 19: 57.
Permanent organization of the Canadian Reconstruction Association being
rounded out—Possibilities of greatly improved trade relations with
France—Survey to be made to determine extent and character of Canada’s
industrial organization.
----- The reconstruction movement in the West.
Industrial Canada, Oct. 1918, v. 19: 58-59.
General survey of conditions throughout western Canada from Winnipeg to
the coast. Labor situation in British Columbia.
FRANCE.
General.
Council to study cooperative issues.
Christian Science Monitor, May 31, 1918, v. 10: 7.
Permanent council, attached to the Ministry of Labor and Social Thrift
(welfare), established to study all questions relating to the cooperative
movement. Includes divisions of the council, frequency of meetin",
questions to be considered, number of members, etc.
Doizy, D. Les nécessités de l’hygiène dans les lieux de combat et d’occupation.
In La Guerre et la Vie de Demain.
Paris, 1917. p. 4-24.
Discusses the immensity of the task of restoring sanitary conditions in the
invaded territory of France.
France. Laws, statutes, etc. Décret du 10 août 1917, instituant, auprès du comité
interministériel pour la reconstitution des régions envahies ou atteintes par les
faits, de guerre, un comité supérieur pour la coordination des secours publics et
privés, soit en argent, soit en nature, dans ces régions.
In France. Ministère du Travail et de la Prévoyance Sociale. Bulletin, Aug.Sept. 1917, v. 24: 100*-101*. Also In France. Journal Officiel, Aug. 12, 1917,
p. 6314.
Includes personnel of committee, duties, places of establishment, etc.
Gide, Charles. Les sociétés coopératives de consummation.
Paris, 1917. 354 p.
A review of the history of the consumers’ cooperative movement and a state
ment of the aims, organization, and methods of these societies at the present
time.
La guerre et la vie de demain. (Conférences de l'alliance d’hygiène sociale. 19141916.) Part II. Les risques immédiats de la guerre et leur réparation.
Paris, Félix Alcan, 1917. 349 p.
Deals with Hygiene in the invaded territory of France; Reeducation of the
disabled with a view to future employment; Provisions for victims of
tuberculosis; Wages; Housing; Food; and The War resources of France.
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I Tow France, inspired by adversity, prepares her economic future.
Economic World, May 4, 1918, n. ,s. v. 15; 618-1320.
A study in war economics issued by the Guaranty Trust Company of New
York, dealing in some detail with the reconstruction plans of France.
Launay, L. de. France—Allemagne, problèmes miniers—munitions—blocus—
après—guerre.
Paris, A. Colin, 1917. 279 p.
Macaigne, André. Notre France d’ apres-guerre. Comment réorganiser la France.
Comment développer ses forces productives. Solutions pratiques.
Paris, Pierre Roger et Cie, 1917. 304 p.
Includes: The economic struggle after the war; Economic, administrative,
and political reorganization; Natural resources; Industry; Labor; Agri
cultural problems, etc.
Reconstruction work in liberated regions of France.
Engineering and Contracting, June 26, 1918, v. 49: 648-649.
Account of how reconstruction work is carried on, taken largely from corre
spondence in “ Le Temps.”
La réorganisation de la France. Conférences faites a l’école des hautes études sociales
(Novembre 1915 à Janvier 1916) par MM. Ch. Seignobos ... [and others.]
Paris, Félix Alcan, 1917. 275 p.
Includes: The political interior and exterior, by Ch. Seignobos; The
economic development, by Ch. Chaumet; The organization of industry
after the war, by R. Legouez; Agriculture after the war, by Marcel Vacher;
The beautiful, the true, and the useful, and the reorganization of France,
by Adolphe Dervaux; The reconstitution of the French population, by
Charles Gide.
La reparation des dommages de guerre. Conferences faites a l’école des hautes études
sociales (Novembre 1915 à Janvier 1916) par MM. Larnaude ... and others.
Paris, Félix Alcan, 1917. 254 p.
Includes: The responsibility of the State; Pensions and indemnities; Aid
to war orphans; Reconstruction of ruined towns, etc.
United 'States. Bureau of Labor Statistics. Industrial canteens in France.
In its Monthly Review, June, 1918, v. 6: 211-214.
Summarized from Les restaurants de guerre in Bulletin du Travail et de la
Prévoyance Sociale, Jan.-Feb. 1918, v. 25 : 22-28.
Williams, Pierce C. The French program of industrial reconstruction viewed from
the standpoint of American participation therein.
Economic "World, Sept. 7, 1918, v. 102: 329-333.
Republished from Commerce Reports (U. S.), Aug. 27, 1918.
H ou sin g
axd
T own P lan n in g .
Auburtin, J. M. La cité de demain dans les régions dévastées, by J. M. Auburiin
and Henri Blanchard.
Paris, Librairie Armond Colin, 1917. 317 p.
A comprehensive study under the title “ The city of to-morrow in the de
vastated regions,” of the problems surrounding the work of rebuilding
the ruined towns and villages of France. Reviewed by Theodora Kimball
in Landscape Architecture, Jan. 1918, v. 8: 53-65.
Kimball, Theodora. Notes on rebuilding in France and Belgium.
Journal of the American Institute of Architects, Apr. 1918, v. 6: 164-168.
Traditional forms and modern needs. The present architectural situation
in France. German ideas for rebuilding Belgium and France.
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Lavedan, Henry. Small-house reconstruction in France.
Journal of the American Institute of Architects, Mar. 1918, v. 6: 120-130. illus.
From the French of Henri Lavedan in “ L’Illustration.” Discussion of the
fundamentals of the housing problem in the devastated regions of France.
The most necessary buildings to be erected first to be the nucleus of the
resurrected village. Account of some of the plans submitted in the exhibi
tion at the Museum of Decorative Arts in January, 1918.
Levy, Georges Benoit. A French garden hamlet.
Town Planning Review, Apr. 1918, v. 8 : 251-252.
Housing ef Duverdrey and Blondel’s munition workers.
New homes for old in France.
Literary Digest, Apr. 13, 1918, v. 57: 28-29. illus.
Describes various types of dwellings, designed by French architects at the
request of their Government; also various styles of buildings to be erected
in different parts of the country.
Risler, Georges. La guerre et l’habitation de demain.
In La Guerre et la Vie de Demain. Paris, 1917. p. 247-282.
Deals with the question of housing after the war.
Storey, Charles J. La cité reconstituée. An exposition on the replanning and
reorganization of the devastated regions in France.
American City, Sept. 193G, v. 15: 252-254.
L abor
and
I ndustry.
American Industrial Commission to France. The central association for the resump
tion of industrial activity in the invaded regions.
In its Report to the American Manufacturers Association. Sept.-Oct. 1916.
New York, 1916. p. 221-230.
A representative and powerful private body, officially recognized by the
French Government, which has taken up the work of reconstruction.
Borrel, Antoine. La lutte contre le chômage, avant, pendant, et après la guerre.
Paris, Dunod et Pinat, 1917. 336 p.
Discusses unemployment and measures of preventing it.
Duplessix, E. La renaissance industrielle en France et les lois sur les sociétés.
Paris, Rosseau et Cie, 1917. 47 p.
Urges a reform in the laws of commercial societies in order to facilitate the
industrial rehabilitation of France.
Faure, Fernand. La guerre et les resources de la France.
In La Guerre et la Vie de Demain. Paris, 1917, p. 328-343.
An account of the expenditures of France from August, 1914-June, 1916. in
which rigid economy is urged to prepare for the future.
France. Laws, statutes, etc. Circulaire du 16 juillet 1917, des Ministres de Tinté
rieur, de l’agriculture, du commerce, et de l’industrie et du Ministre du travail,
President du Comité interministériel pour aider à la reconstitution des régions
envahies, concernant les avances pour fonds de roulement aux habitants senistrés
des pays libérés (adressée aux préfets des départements atteints par les événements
de guerre).
In France. Ministère du Travail et de la Prévoyance Sociale. Bulletin, Aug.Sept. 1917, v. 24: 101*-104*.
Regulations governing the advancements of these funds.
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Larnaude, Ferdinand. La guerre et la reparation des dommages.
In La Guerre et la Vie de Demain. Paris, 1917, p. 201-231. Discours de M.
Hébrard de Villeneuve, v. 2. p. 232-243.
A discussion of a reparation of the damages of war.
Lebon, André. Problèmes économique nés de la guerre.
Paris, Payot et Cie, 1918. 274 p.
A discussion of economic problems arising out of the war, including labor
after the war and the economic war of the future.
Leclerq, J. La main d ’oeuvre nationale après la guerre.
Paris, Librairie Larousse, 1918.
Renouard, A. Textile reconstruction of France.
Textile World Journal, Oct. 14, 1916, v. 51: 4445; Oct. 21, 1916, v. 51: 4525;
Nov. 4, 1916, v. 51; 4720; Dec. 2, 1916, v. 52: 21.
Seine (Department). Commission mixte du travail et du chômage. Rapport au
nom de la Commission mixte du travail et du chômage relativement aux mésures
à prendre pour procéder a l’organisation du travail au moment de la démobilisa
tion . . .
Paris, Imprimerie Municipale, 1916. 59 p.
GREAT BRITAIN.
General.
Association of Chambers of Commerce of the United Kingdom. Some after-war
problems.
In its Report of Proceedings of the Fifty-seventh Annual Meeting. London, 1917.
p. 114-136.
Discussion led by Sir Albert Stanley, President of the Board of Trade and
John Hodge, Minister of Labor. Among the subjects dealt with are the
following: Cooperation between capital and labor, excess profits duty,
taxation after the wTar, Government contracts and wage increases, preserva
tion of trade secrets, and the national service act, the last of which is
intended to provide labor for depleted industries.
Cunningham, W. Economic problems after the war.
In Kirkaldy, A. W., ed. Credit, Industry and the War. London, 1916. p. 254266.
Includes: Labor, capital, agriculture, more extended study of economic
subjects, nationalization of industry, promotion of public welfare, etc.
Dawson, William II., ed. After-war problems.
London, Allen and Unwin, Ltd., 1917. 366 p.
----- Problems of the peace.
London, Allen and Unwin, Ltd., [1917] 365 p.
A discussion dealing largely with political problems at the close of the war.
Economic conference of the allies, Paris, 1916.
London, Harrison and Sons, 1916. 8 p.
A. Measures for the time of war. B. Transitory measures for the period of
commercial, industrial, agricultural, and maritime reconstruction of the
allies’ countries. C. Permanent measures of mutual assistance and col
laboration among the allies.
Edward, Joseph. Economics of reconstruction. Steps to the cooperative common
wealth.
In Cooperative Wholesale Societies, Limited. Annual, 1918. Manchester, 1918,
p. 233-244.
I. Fundamental rights. II. Reconstruction of economics. III. The co
operative commonwealth.
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Great Britain. Laws, statutes, etc. New Ministries Act, 1917. (7 and 8 Geo. 5
ch. 44.)
London,1917. 3 p.
An act to provide for the establishment of a Ministry of Reconstruction,
and to make provision as to the right of certain ministers to sit in Parlia
ment.
----- Ministry of Labour.
Labour Gazette. (Monthly). London.
This periodical contains reviews or summaries of reports of many of the
important British committees.
—— Ministry of Reconstruction. A list of commissions and committees set up to deal
■with questions which will arise at the close of the war.
London, 1918. 34 p. [Cd. 8916.]
Includes names, personnel, purpose, and reports of committees set up to
deal with after-war problems.
—— —— Reconstruction problems. No. 1. The aims of reconstruction.
London, 1918. 18 p. Pamphlet.
The place and function of the Ministry of Reconstruction in dealing with the
problems of reconstruction.
-----The war cabinet. The Ministry of Reconstruction.
In its Report . . . 1917. London, 1918. p. 199-210.
Includes Earlier stages; Establishment of Ministry; Functions of Ministry
Administration.
Kirkaldy, A. W., ed. Some thoughts on reconstruction after the war.
In his Labour, Finance, and the War. New York, 1916. p. 1-19.
[League of nations]. Viscount Grey on League of Nations.
Survey. July 6, 1918, v. 40: 400-401, 408.
Complete text of Viscount Grey’s pamphlet on the League of Nations.
Manchester Statistical Society. Transactions, 1916-1917.
Manchester, (Eng.) John Ileywood, 1917. I l l p.
Includes the following papers: The case for a guild of shippers, by Barnard
Ellinger; Economics after the war, by A. W. Kirkaldy; Education after
the war, by the Right Rev. Bishop Weldon; The quantity theory with
some reference to bank reserves, by W. Howard Goulty; State purchase
of the liquor trade, by R. B. Batty.
Planning for peace during war time.
Survey, July 21, 1917, v. 38: 354.
Deals with the establishment of the Reconstruction Committee and the
appointment of the Minister of Reconstruction.
Problems of reconstruction: a symposium.
London, Unwin, Ltd., 1918. 315 p.
Lectures and addresses delivered at the summer meeting at the Hampstead
garden suburb, Aug. 1917. Part I.—First principles of reconstruction;
Part II.—Reconstruction in education; Part III.—Social and industrial
reconstruction; Part IV.—Arts and crafts >n relation to reconstruction.
Rowntree, M. L. Cooperation or chaos? A handbook written at the request of the
“ War and social order” committee of the Society of Friends.
London, Headley Bros., Ltd., 1918. 108 p. rev. ed.
In two parts, critical and constructive; dealing with social and industrial
problems emphasized by the war, and conclusions.
Scott, William R. Economic problems of peace after the war.
Cambridge. University Press, 1917. 122 p.
Contents.—Economic man and a world at war—For the duration of the war.
Communications of a maritime state—The surprises of peace—Saving and
the standard of life. Organization reorientated.
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Tliomas, J. II. When the war is over.
New York Times Current History, Feb. 1918, v. 7: 355-35G.
An address at London, Dec. 7, 1917, in which some of the serious post-war
problems, including Housing; Pensions; Railways; and Employment are
d'scussed.
United States. Bureau of Labor Statistics. Meaning of reconstruction.
In its Monthly Labor Review, Nov. 1918, v. 7: 74-75.
A review of The mean:ng of reconstruction, by Demos. London, Athenaeum
Literature Department, 1918. 75 p. *
----- Social reconstruction program of the British labor party.
In its Monthly Review, Apr. 1918, v. 6: G3-83.
A draft report on the general policy of the British labor party on “ Recon
struction.”
Villiers, Brougham. Britain after the peace. Revolution or reconstruction.
London, Unwin, 1918. 263 p.
Deals with the problems of demobilization, industrial control, taxation,
agricultural reform and small holdings, the probable effects of the war in
foreign countries, etc.
Webb, Sidney. Great Britain after the war, by Sidney WTebb and Arnold Freeman.
London, Unwin, 1916. 80 p.
A discussion of what will happen after the war in regard to trade, employ
ment, wages, prices, trade-unions, cooperation, women’s labor, foreign
commerce, the railways, coal supply, education, taxation, etc. Special
emphasis is laid on the education of the future.
Wells, H. G. Elements of reconstruction.
London, Nisbet and Co. [1917] 120 p.
Science in education and industry; Scientific agriculture and the nation’s
food; Long view of labor; Problems of political adaptation; An imperial
constitution; Higher education in the empire.
Whetham, William C. D. The war and the nation. .
London, John Murray, 1917. 312 p.
A study in constructive politics. Urgent need of better national organiza
tion along the following lines: British industry and commerce; Coal and
railways (Economy of central control); Education; Feeding of children;
Science in industry; etc.
A g r ic u l t u r e
and
L and Settlem en t.
Ashby, Arthur W. The rural problem. (Social reconstruction pamphlets. No. I.)
London, The Athenaeum. 40 p. Bibliography.
I. The organization of production.
II. Social problems—Population; Condition of the laborer; Employment of
women and children; Village life; Rural school; Village club; and The
rural church.
Great Britain. Board of Agriculture and Fisheries. Committee on land settlement
for sailors and soldiers. British agriculture the nation’s opportunity; being the
minority report of the departmental committee on the employment of soldiers and
sailors on the land . . . by Hon. Edward G. Strutt . . . [and others].
London, John Murray, 1917. 168 p.
The report sets forth the necessary elements in the reconstruction of agri
culture as (1) the establishment of such a level of prices as will render
intensive farming possible; (2) the improvement of the position of the
laborer as regards wages, housing, and the amenities of life; (3) the recogni
tion that the oivnership of land carries with it a duty to the community.
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Great Britain. Board oi Agriculture and Fisheries, Committee on land settlement
for sailors and soldiers. . . . Final report . . . and Minutes of evidence.
London, 1916. [Cd. 8182, 8277, 8347.]
Statement regarding the colonies settled under the “ Small-holding colonies
act, 1916,” passed as a result of this act, includes methods of dividing the
land and conditions upon which it may be had. (See Monthly Labor
Review, Sept, 1918, v. 7: 88-89.)
----- Ministry of Reconstruction. Agricultural policy subcommittee. Report of the
agricultural policy subcommittee of the Reconstruction Committee, appointed in
Aug. 1916, to consider and report upon the methods of effecting an increase in
home-grown food supplies, having regard to the need of such increase in the
interests of national security, together with reports by Sir Matthew G. Wallace.
London, 1918. 136 p. [Cd. 9079.]
Report is made from the standpoint of post-war conditions.
------------Committee dealing with law and practice relating to the acquisition and
valuation of land for public purposes. First report.
London, 1918. 55 p. [Cd. 8998.]
Acquisition cf land in England and Wales. Recommends extension of the
principle of compulsory acquisition for purposes of public interest and a
simplification of procedure for application of such powers.
—— Reconstruction Committee. Forestry subcommittee. Final report. . . . 1918.
London, 1918. 105 p. [Cd. 8881.]
Part I.—The present position.
Part II.—Forest policy recommended.
Hall, A. D. Agriculture after the war.
London, 1917. 137 p.
An argument for the increased domestic production of food and the greater
employment of men upon the land as essential to the security of Great
Britain, and independent of the particular interests of cither landowners or
farmers.
Lipson, E. Agriculture after the war. Part I.
Fortnightly Review, 1918.
An account of the position of agriculture in Great Britain before the war and
of how it has been affected by the war, including shortage of labor and
means of providing for this shortage.
—— Agriculture after the war. Part II.
Fortnightly Review, Apr. 1918, No. 616, n. s. p. 618-626.
Arguments for the “small holding,”
Smith-Gordon, Lionel. Rural reconstruction in Ireland. A record of cooperative
organization, by Lionel Smith-Gordon and Lawrence C. Staples.
London, P. S. King & Son, Ltd., 1917. 279 p.
A history of the cooperative movement in Ireland, including chapters on
Industrial cooperation and its relation to the agricultural movement ; The
economic results; and The future development of the movement.
Wolff, Henry W. The future of our agriculture.
London, P. S. King & Son, 1918. 511 p.
Includes Shortcomings of our agriculture; Remedies suggested; Working
credit for farmers; and Reclamation of waste land.
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C o m m u n a l K it c h e n s .
Black, Clementina. A new way of housekeeping.
London, W. Collins Sons, and Co., Ltd., 1918. 132 p.
Deals in an interesting and original way with the reconstruction of house
keeping, treating especially cooperative schemes for the preparation of food.
Communal kitchens in Great Britain.
United States. Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce. Commerce Re
ports, No. 88 Apr. 15, 1918, p. 198-200.
Report on several communal kitchens, including: Bill of fare; equipment for
kitchen in a provincial town; means of carrying food home, etc.
Great Britain. Ministry of Food. Official handbook of national kitchens and restau
rants. N. K. 2 4 .
London, 1918. 64 p.
Anillustrated account of the national kitchen movement from Feb. 25,
1918, to July, 1918.
Hilton, John. Public kitchens.
Quarterly Review Jan. 1918, p. 162-175.
Kitchens established and conducted under public authority for the sale at
cost price of cooked food prepared in large quantities, with a view to econo
mizing in food and fuel.
How to:start a national kitchen.
Local Government Chronicle, Mar. 23, 1918, p. 216-217.
Suggestions as to equipment and staff of a communal kitchen.
Lens. The science of national kitchens.
New Statesman, Apr. 27, 1918, v. 11: 68-69.
The psychology of making national kitchens attractive to the average person.
[Liverpool municipal kitchens.]
Washington Star, Apr. 21, 1918. (From correspondence of the Associated Press.)
Description of Liverpool’s municipal kitchens—a means of solving the food
shortage.
Ministry of Food’s new venture.
Christian Science Monitor, July 23, 1918, v. 10: 3.
An account of the opening, in London, of a communal restaurant (national),
including a description of the appearance of the restaurant, method of
serving food, method of preparing food, hours, wages, and uniforms of
workers, etc.
National kitchens.
Local Government Chronicle, Mar. 9, 1918. p. 184.
Order of the Food Controller authorizing local authorities under prescribed
conditions to establish and maintain in their area a national kitchen or
kitchens.
Whitney, Anice L. Communal kitchens in European countries.
United States. Bureau of Labor Statistics. Monthly Review, June, 1918, v. 6:
58-63.
Includes Great Britain, Germany, and Austria; The neutral countries.
Whyte, W. E. Houses of the future. A plea for national kitchens.
Local Government Journal and Officials’ Gazette, Oct. 5, 1918, v. 47: 477.
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E d u c a t io n .
Badley, John II. Education after the war.
Oxford, J. H. Blackwell, 1917. 125 p.
Summary of educational changes which must come as a result of the wrar.
Fisher, Herbert A. L. Educational reform speeches.
Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1918. 101 p.
A selection of speeches on the New Education bill. To these speeches is
appended a note of some of the principal features of the bill.
Gillman, Frederick J. The workers and education.
London, Allen & Unwin, Ltd. [1916], 66 p.
A record of some present-day experiments in education, especially in adult
education, undertaken in the belief that in the coming era of reconstruction
the need for this type of education will be increasingly recognized. These
experiments include: Settlements; Guest houses; Lecture schools; Study
circles; A rural experiment.
Great Britain. Board of Education. Committee on juvenile education in relation to
employment after the wrar. Final report, Yol. I—II.
London, 1917. [C'd. 8512.]
Vol. 1 of this report is a consideration of measures for the education and in
struction of children and young people after the war, especially of those
(1) who have been abnormally employed during the war; (2) who can not
immediately find advantageous employment; (3) who require special
training for employment.
Vol. II consists of summaries of evidence on this subject obtained in various
occupations and industries, and four appendices.
—— ---- Committee on juvenile education in relation to employment after the war.
. . . Interim report of the departmental committee on juvenile education in rela
tion to employment after the war.
London, 1916. 4 p. [Cd. 8374.]
—----- -—- Notes on the Education (No. 2) Bill, 1918.
London, 1918. 5 p. [Cd. 8918.]
Indicates the main points of difference between Education (No. 2) Bill and
the Educational Bill introduced in Aug. 1917.
-----Committee to inquire into the position of modern languages in the educational
system of Great Britain. Report of the committee appointed by the Prime Minister
[Aug. 26, 1916].
London, 1918. 82 p. [Cd. 9036.]
After a comprehensive report upon the subject, the committee recommends
that (1) Modern studies (French, German, Russian, Italian, and Spanish)
should be energetically fostered by all public and local authorities con
cerned with education and with public and private business; (2) that
means be taken to bring the business world into closer touch with education.
-----Committee to inquire into the position of natural science in the educational
system of Great Britain. Report of the committee appointed by the Prime
Minister . . . [Aug. 1916.]
London, 1918. 86 p. [Cd. 9011.]
General conclusions: (1) Natural science should be included in the general
course of education of all up to the age of about 16; (2) Tests of such a course,
recommended in the report, should, with necessary modifications, be ac
cepted as the normal qualification for entrance to the universities and pro
fessions; (3) Teachers’ wages and the number of scholarships granted should
be increased; (4) Inspection under the direction of the State should be
compulsory for all schools.
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Great Britain. Laws, statutes, etc. Education Act, 1918. [8 and 9 Geo. 5, ch. 39.]
London,1918. 39 p.
Copy of the provisions of the New Education Bill.
*---- Ministry of Reconstruction. Committee on adult education. Interim report.
Industrial and social conditions in relation to adult education.
London, 1918. 32 p. [Cd. 9107.]
Indicates briefly some changes in industrial organization which are desirable
in order that adult nonvocational education may be possible. Includes:
Hours, overtime, shifts, night work, heavy work, monotonous work, unem
ployment, housing, etc.
Kandel, I. K. England and educational reconstruction.
New Republic, May 4, 1918, v. 15: 13-16.
Discussion of the New Education Bill.
United States. Bureau of Labor Statistics. Recommendations for technical education
and industrial training in the United Kingdom.
In its Monthly Labor Review, July, 1918, v. 7: 51-56.
Summarized from “ After-war trade. ” Reports of departmental committees—
II. Technical training and education. In Board of Trade Journal and
Commercial Gazette (Great Britain), Jan. 10, 1918, p. 26-28.
----- Relation of industrial and social conditions to adult education.
In its Monthly Labor Review, Nov. 1918, v. 7:63-70.
Summary of Great Britain. Ministry of Reconstruction. Committee on adult
education. Interim report on industrial and social conditions in relation
to adult education.
London, 1918. 32 p. [Cd. 9107.]
F in a n c e .
Finance after the war.
Round Table, Sept. 1917, v. 7: 695-709.
Financial conditions of 1917 as a guide in estimating conditions at an “ uncer
tain later date. ”
Great Britain. Board of Trade. Committee on financial facilities for trade. Report
of a committee appointed to investigate the question of financial facilities for trade.
London. 1916. 8 p. [Cd. 8346.]
Consists of recommendations as to the best means of meeting the needs of
British firms after the war, as regards financial facilities for trade, particu
larly overseas contracts.
Marshall, Prof. Alfred. National taxation after the wrar.
In Dawson, William H., ed. After-war Problems. London [1917], p. 313-345.
An inquiry into the best means of acquiring a large public revenue to pay the
interest on the national debt.
Nicholson, J. Shield. War finance.
London, P. S. King and Son, Ltd., 1917. 480 p.
A review of war finance.
Sherwell, Arthur. National thrift.
In Dawson, William H., ed. After-war Problems. London [1917], p. 346-366.
Deals with the importance of a “ wise control of public and private expendi
ture and the proper and profitable utilization of national and personal
wealth. ”
Shi mmin, Arnold N. Taxation and social reconstruction. (Social reconstruction
pamphlets. No. II.)
London, The Athemeum. 1916. 32 p.
Contents. Introduction—The prewar system of finance—Finance during the
war—The process of reconstruction—Appendix.
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Sidney Webb on Post-war finance.
Christian Science Monitor, June 7, 1918, v. 10: 3.
A setting forth of the view of the Labour Party regarding the questio of
post-war finance. “ The financial problem, the pivotal one of the imme
diate future, is a question of production. Labor wants increased pro
duction and the reorganization of industry to that end. ”
H
ealth and
W elfa re.
Dawson, Sir Bertrand. The nation’s welfare. The future of the medical profession.
London, Cassell and Co., Ltd., 1918. 40 p.
Introduction contains a discussion of the proposed Ministry of Health. See
also p. 24-25. Suggestions as to formation and duties of the Ministry
of Healtn.
Equal pay and the family income. A proposal for the national endowment of mother
hood.
London, Headley Bros., 1918. 71 p.
Contents. Introduction—Report of the family endowment committee.
The treatment of the unmarried mother and her children—Endowment
and the family income—A flat rate of endowment or a scale graded in
accordance with income.
Great Britain. Laws, statutes, etc. Maternity and Child Welfare Act, 1918. [Sand
9 Geo. 5., Ch. 29.]
London, 1918. 3 p.
An act to make further provision for the health of mothers and young children.
(Aug. 8, 1918.)
—— Ministry of Health.
See various issues of Local Government Journal and Officials’ Gazette, 1918, for
a discussion of the proposed Ministry of Health. Also, Local Government
Chronicle, 1918.
-----Ministry of Reconstruction. Local government committee.
Report on transfer of functions of poor law authorities in England and Wales.
London, 1918. 26 p. (Cd. 8917.)
Committee appointed to consider and report upon the steps to be taken to
secure better coordination of public assistance in England and Wales and
upon such other matters affecting the system of local government as may
from time to time be referred to it.
Kerr, M. D., James. National health.
In Dawson, William H., ed. After-war Problems. London [1917]. p. 25H277.
Necessary conditions for improved national health and possibilities of secur
ing it.
McMillan, Margaret. The care of child life.
In Dawson, William H., ed. After-war Problems. London [1917]. p 278-291.
National need of curative and preventive work in the care of child life.
H
o u s in g a n d
T o w n P l a n n in g .
Abercrombie, Patrick. The basis of reconstruction. The need for a regional survey
of national resources.
Town Planning Review, Apr. 1918, v. 8: 201-210.
Adams, Thomas. The need of town-planning legislation and procedure for control
of land as a factor in house-building development.
Journal of the American Institute of Architects, Feb. 1918, v. 6: 68-70; Mar.
1918, v. 6: 135-137.
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M ONTHLY LABOR REVIEW.
Aldridge, Henry R. Housing after the war.
In Dawson, William H., ed. After-war Problems. London [1917]. p. 233-250.
Ashbee, C. R. Where the great city stands: A study in new civics.
London, Essex House Press, 1917. 165 p. illus.
Chappell, Edgar L., ed. The Welsh housing year-book, 1916.
Cardiff, South Wales, Garden Cities and Town Planning Association. 96 p.
Garden cities and town planning.
See Sept. 1918, issue.
A national program, Ewart G. Culpin; The new propaganda, C. B. Purdom;
Health of Letch worth during the war, Norman MacFayden; The lessons of
cottage building at Letchworth, H. D. Pearsall; Testimony of Letch worth
to the Garden City idea. Bibliography.
Geddes, Patrick, and Slater, Gilbert. Ideas at war.
London, Williams and Norgate, 1917. 256 p.
Regionalism as the hope of reconstruction.
Great Britain. Laws, statutes, etc. Housing. [8 and 9 Geo. 5.] A bill to confer
further powers on county councils in relation to the provision of houses for persons
in their employment or paid by them and to the housing of the working classes.
London, 1918. 4 p. [Bill 98.]
-----Local Government Board. Housing of the working classes.
London, 1918. 5 p.
---------- Committee appointed to consider questions of building construction.
London, 1918. 97 p. [Cd. 9191.]
Report of committee appointed by the president of the Local Government
Board and the secretary for Scotland to consider questions of building
construction in connection with the provision of dwellings for the working
classes in England and Wales and Scotland, and report upon methods of
securing economy and dispatch in the provision of such dwellings.
-----Ministry of Labour. Building plans.
In its Labour Gazette, Apr. 1918, v. 26: 160.
Estimated co3t of the buildings for which plans wrere passed during the first
quarter of 1918.
----- Ministry of Reconstruction. Reconstruction problems. No. 2. Housing in Eng
land and Wales.
London, 1918. 24 p. pamphlet.
----------- Advisory council. Women’s housing subcommittee. First interim report
. . . 1918.
London, 1918. 7 p. [Cd. 9166.]
A consideration of the housing question from the standpoint of the house
wife.
------- ——Advisory housing panel. Housing in England and Wales. Memorandum
by the advisory housing panel of the emergency problem.
London, 1918. 15 p. [Cd. 9087.]
A review of the housing question as it is likely to present itself at the close
of the war.
Joint committee on labour problems after the war. A million new houses after the war.
A statement on the housing problem as affected by the war, and some suggestions.
London, Cooperative Printing Society, 1917. 8 p.
Considers the extreme urgency for houses; Extent of shortage; Who is to build
the new cottages; What the Government ought to do at once; The cost; etc.
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Kimball, Theodora. Our British allies and reconstruction. A review of some recent
writings.
Landscape Architecture, July, 1918, v. 8: 169-174.
The books and periodicals reviewed deal largely with regionalism and after
war housing.
London. County Council. Housing after the war. Reports of the housing of the
working classes committee, being extracts from the minutes of proceedings of the
council on 23d July and 15th Oct. 1918.
London, P. S. King and Son, Ltd., 1918. 50 p.
A national housing policy.
Letchworth, Garden City Press.
A plea for the garden city principle in building to be done after the war, by
Garden Cities and Town Planning Association.
Rural organization council in 1917. Village life after the war.
London, Headley Bros. [1917.] 118 p.
Being special reports of conferences on the development of rural life, con
vened by the Rural Organization Council in 1917.
Swan, H. S. Copartnership housing in England.
Journal of the American Institute of Architects, Apr. 1918, v. 6: 183-189. Bibli
ography, p. 188-189.
Copartnership housing distinguished from garden cities—Operation of a
copartnership society—Advantages of copartnership housing—Copartner
ship tenants, etc.
Town planning for “ After-the-war ” in Dundee, Scotland.
American City, Nov. 1917, v. 17: 432-436.
Report submitted by the Dundee city engineer and city architect to the
housing and town planning committee of the Dundee town council, con
taining plans for laying out districts, type and design of houses, probable
cost, etc.
Town Planning Review, Apr. 1918, v. 8, Nos. 3-4.
Liverpool, University Press, 1918.
This issue contains many interesting articles on town planning and housing
after the war.
Scotland. Local Government Board. Provision of houses for the working classes
after the war. [Housing and town planning, No. I, 1918.]
Edinburgh, 1918. 4 p.
Treasury’s plan for furnishing funds to carry out this housing scheme.
—---------- Provision of houses for the working classes after the war. Housing of the
Working Classes acts, 1890 to 1909.
Edinburgh, 1918. illus. 9 plans.
Memorandum by the Local Government Board for Scotland with suggestions
in regard to the provision and planning of houses for working classes.
I n d u stry
and
T rade,
and
I n d u s t r ia l R e l a t io n s .
After-the-war program of Vickers (Ltd.).
United States Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce. Commerce Reports,
May 25, 1918, no. 123: 754-755.
Deals with their plans for utilizing their war plants for peace purposes.
Benn, Ernest J. P. Trade parliaments and their work.
London, Nisbet and Co., 1918. 91 p.
A discussion of the work of “ trade parliaments” which in this book are
recognized as being practically synonymous with the joint standing indus
trial councils of the Whitley report.
92434°—19— 5
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Bray, Reginald. The perils of demobilization.
In Great Britain. Board of Education. Papers read at a conference on the
Choice of Employment Act. London, 1917, p. 44-54.
Bristol association for industrial reconstruction. Works committees. Report of a con
ference between Bristol employers and trade-unionists. Penseot, Shipham, an 1
Somerset, April 20 and 21, 1918. Reviewed in the Monthly Labor Review of the
Bureau of Labor Statistics, Oct. 1918, v. 7: 51-54.
Bristol, J. W. Arrowsmith, Ltd., 1918. 12 p.
Deals with: 1. General considerations. 2. Whitley reports. 3. Formation
and procedure. 4. Basis of representation and election. 5. Functions.
6. Present and future prospects.
Bristol prepares for industrial reconstruction.
United States Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce. Commerce Reports,
January 24, 1918, no. 20: 309.
An account of the organization of the Bristol advisory committee under the
Ministry of Labor for the purpose of investigating industrial problems
arising out of the war.
Carter, Huntly. Industrial reconstruction. A symposium on the situation after the
war and how' to meet it.
London, Unwdn, 1917. 295 p.
Contents include: The State view—The view of capital—Labor view's—
Economic views—Appendices.
Dubery, Harry. The national alliance of employers and employed. Its origin,
objects, and ideals.
London,-Cooperative Printing Society, Ltd., 1918. 8 p.
See its Suggested scheme for industrial reorganization. Industrial Unity,
Nov. 1918, v. 1: 55.
Earnshaw-Cooper, Sir W. British industries after the war.
London. Central Committee for National Patriotic Organizations, [1916] 51 p.
Engineering industries. Committee of manufacturers and business men appointed
by the Minister of Reconstruction to consider the provision of new industries for
the engineering trades.
Railway News, Feb. 16, 1918, v. 109: 180-131.
Duties shall be to compile a list of articles made by (1) women, (2) men and
women, (3) skilled men, suitable for manufacture by British engineers,
which have not been made or not in sufficient quantities, but for which
there will be a demand. To recommend, establish, and develop new
industries, etc.
Fayle, C. Ernest. Industrial reconstruction. (Reprinted from “ Quarterly Review,”
Oct. 1916.)
London, William Clowes and Sons, Ltd.
Memorandum on the industrial situation after the war. The Garton Foun
dation, Harrison, 1916.
Furniss, H. Sanderson, ed. The industrial outlook.
London, Chatto and Wind us, 1917. 402 p.
A comprehensive treatment of the problems of reconstruction. Control of
industry, which means the possibility of giving a larger measure of control
to the working ■classes, is the keynote of the book.
Gardner, Lucy, ed. Hope for society.
London, Bell and Sons, 1917. 236 p.
Essays on social reconstruction after the war by various authors.
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Garton Foundation (Great Britain). Memorandum on the industrial situation after
the war.
London, Harrison and Sons, 1916. 90 p.
A memorandum compiled in an endeavor to suggest means of adjusting the
industrial situation at the close of the: present war. A large number of
criticisms and suggestions received from employers, leaders of workingclass opinion, etc., have been incorporated in this study.
Great Britain. Board of Trade.
Board of Trade Journal and Commercial Gazette. (Weekly.) London.
Gives special attention to trade restoration after the war.
— ------Commercial intelligence committee. British trade after the war. Report
of a subcommittee of the advisory committee to the Board of Trade on commercial
intelligence with respect to measures for securing the position, after the war, of
certain branches of British industry.
London, 1916. 18 p. [Cd. 8181.]
In addition to a report on imports and exports, recommendations for the
promotion of British industry are made.
------------------ British trade after the war. Report of a subcommittee of the ad
visory committee to the Board of Trade on commercial intelligence with respect to
measures for securing the position, after the war, of certain branches of British
industry.
London, 1916. 38 p. [Cd. 82.75].
Includes the branches of industry investigated with recommendations for
future changes.
- — ----- Committee on electrical trades. Report on the condition of electrical
trades after the war.
London, 1918. 14 p., [Cd. 9072]..
Discusses the position of trades before and after the war. Recommendations.
----------- - Committee on engineering trades after the war. Report, 1918.
London., 1918.. 54 p. [Cd. 9073.]
Discusses the position of the trades before the war and their position after
the war. Recommendations.
— ------ Committee on shipping and shipbuilding. Reports . . . to consider the
position of . . * after the war.
London, 1918. 156 p. [Cd. 9092.]
1. Emigration before the war. 2. “ Continental” emigrant traffic. 3. The
control stations. 4. The emigration policy of certain foreign countries..
5. Conclusions.
— ------------------Committee on textile trades. Report . . . to consider the position of the
textile trades after the war.
London, 1918. 130 p„ [Cd. 9070.]
General reports.on particular textiles, as cotton, linen, jute, flax, silk, wool,
etc., followed by a discussion of subjects common to all the textile indus
tries, viz: Plant and machinery; Efficiency of management; Efficiency of
labor; Scientific and technical research; Transport; Art and technical edu
cation; etc.
— -----Iron and steel trades committee. Report of the departmental committee
to consider the position of the iron and steel trades after the war.
London, 1918. 50 p. [Cd. 9071.]
Considers position of trades before the war and position after the war.
Recommendations.
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Great Britain. Committee on commercial and industrial policy. Final report of the
committee on commercial and industrial policy after the war.
London, 1918. 81 p. [Cd. 9035.]
------------ Interim report on certain essential industries.
London, 1918. 16 p. [Cd. 9032.]
Includes Synthetic dyes; Spelter; Tungsten; Magnetos; Optical and chemical
glass; Hosiery needles; Thorium nitrate; Barytes; Limit and screw gauges;
Drugs; General. Recommends the establishment of a permanent special
industries board.
---------- - Interim report on the importation of goods from the present enemy
countries after the war.
London, 1918. 4 p. [Cd. 9033.]
Recommends the continuance of the present regime whereby importation
of goods of enemy origin is prohibited for a period of at least 12 months
after the conclusion of the war.
----------- Interim report on the treatment of exports from the United Kingdom and
British overseas possessions and the conservation of the resources of the Empire
during the transitional period after the war.
London, 1918. 14 p. [Cd. 9034.]
Recommends that “ any measures should aim at securing to the British
Empire and the allied countries priority for their requirements and should
be applied only to materials which are mainly derived from those countries
and will be required by them.”
----- Committee on sulphuric acid and fertilizer trades. Report . . . on the post war
position of the sulphuric acid and fertilizer trades, 1918.
London, 1918. 14 p. [Cd. 8994.]
----- Ministry of Labour. Industrial councils. The recommendations of the Whitley
report.
London, 1918. 4 p. [H. Q. 7 B.]
Includes: The Whitley committee; Objects of the Whitley report; Recom
mendations; Industrial councils and the Government; Constitution of in
dustrial councils; Works committees; The need for industrial councils;
Procedure.
—-------------- The Whitley report, together with the letter of the Minister of Labour,
explaining the Government’s view of its proposals.
London, 1917. 19 p. (Industrial Reports, Number 1.)
----------- Industrial councils and trade boards. (Industrial reports, Number 3.)
London, 1918. 16 p.
Joint memorandum of the Minister of Reconstruction and the Minister of
Labour, explaining the Government’s view of the proposals of the Second
Whitley Report, together with the text of the report.
----------- Suggestions as to the constitution and functions of a joint industrial council.
London, 1918. 4 p. [H. Q. 7 A.]
■
----------- Works committees. Report of an inquiry made by the Ministry of Labour.
(Industrial Reports, Number 2.)
[London, 1918.] 145 p.
Deals with the constitution and the working of typical works committees in
engineering, shipbuilding, iron and steel, boot and shoe, mining, printing,
woolen, pottery, etc., trades. No conclusions drawn nor is any ideal form
of works committee outlined.
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Great Britain. Ministry of Reconstruction. Coal conservation committee. Final
report.
London, 1918. 89 p. [Cd. 9084.]
----------- - Committee on chemical trade. Report.
London, 1917. 4 p. [Cd. 8882.]
Report to advise as to the procedure which should he adopted for dealing
with the chemical trades.
-----------Committee on relations between employers and employed. Final report.
■
London, 1918. 4 p. [Cd. 9153.]
----------------- Report on conciliation and arbitration.
London, 1918. 5 p. [Cd. 9099.] In substitution of Cd. 9081.
Concerning compulsory arbitration.
---------------Second report on joint standing industrial councils.
London, 1918. 7 p. [Cd. 9002.]
Further recommendations dealing with industries in which organization on
the part of employers and employed is less completely established than in
industries covered by previous report. (See Great Britain. Reconstruc
tion committee. Subcommittee on relations between employers and em
ployed. Interim report on joint standing industrial councils. London,
1917. 8 p. [Cd. 8606.])
—— -----------Supplementary report on works committees.
London, 1918. 4 p. [Cd. 9001.]
-----Privy council. Committee for scientific and industrial research. Industrial re
search associations.
In its Report, 1917-1918. London, 1918. p. 13-19; 45-71.
Discusses the various methods of forming these associations.
----------- ------Second annual report, 1916-1917.
London, 1917.
Emphasizes the organization of industrial research for two reasons: 1. Impor
tance of arousing the interest of manufacturers in the application of science
to industry is apparent. 2. The influence of the war has created in indus
try an atmosphere conducive to the growth of new ideas.
----------- —— Third annual report, 1917-1918.
London, 1918. 78 p. [Cd. 9144.]
Part 1. Deals with the progress which is being made in the establishment of
research associations by industries preparing to undertake cooperative
research for the benefit of members. Coordination between Research De
partment and joint standing industrial councils.
Part 2. Deals with researches by professional and scientific societies assisted
by grants from the department.
—— Reconstruction committee. Subcommittee on relations between employers and
employed. Interim report on joint standing industrial councils.
London, 1917. 8 p. [Cd. 8606.]
Terms or reference: 1. To make and consider suggestions for securing a per
manent improvement in the relations between employers and employed.
2. To recommend means for securing that industrial conditions affecting
the relations between employers and workmen shall be systematically re
viewed by those concerned, with a view to improving conditions in the
future.
Halcrow, J. B. Tracts for the times. No. 2. The commercial future and its relation
to labour and capital.
London, 1918. 16 p.
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Hollis, Ernest P. The potentialities oi a national power scheme.
Iron and Coal Trades Review, Jan. 25, 1918, v. 98: 86-87.
A discussion of the methods of obtaining cheap power in view of the fact that
a committee of the Board of Trade is considering steps to be taken to that
end.
The industrial league (for the improvement of relations between employers and em
ployed).
London, 1918. 5 p.
Statement of the aims, administration, membership, etc.
Industrial reconstruction council. Industrial problems after the war. (Speech by
lit. Hon. G. H. Roberts, Minister of Labour, at Manchester, Mar. 13, 1918.)
London, 1918. 8 p.
-----Manifesto. Capital and labour and the Government.
London. Whitfield Press, Ltd., 1918. 1 p.
The Industrial Reconstruction Council believes that any commercial or in
dustrial matter ought not to interest the Government unless it interests
both labor and capital, and that the Government will undertake to obtain
and, wherever possible, accept advice on these matters from bodies equally
representative of both labor and capital.
-----Report for the six months ended June 30, 1918.
London, The Avenue Press, 1918. 4 p.
----- Talk by Mr. Arthur Greenwood on joint industrial councils before the Industrial
Reconstruction Council. Discussion.
5 typewritten pages.
-----Trade parliaments. Why they should be formed and how to form one in your
trade. An explanation of the Whitley report.
London, [1918] 12 p.
Jackson, Right Honorable Frederick Huth. The resettlement of industry.
London, National Alliance of Employers and Employed. [1918] 4 p
Problems to be solved: Demobilization; disorganization of industry while
factories are being transferred from war to peace; output; shortage of raw
materials; trade competition; national debt. Part of labor and capital in
solving these problems. Reinstatement problems should be handled by
representation of capital and labor with Government cooperation, not Gov
ernment control.
Kirkaldy, A. W., ed. Industry and finance: War expedients and reconstruction.
London, Putnam & Sons, "Ltd., 1917. 371 p.
Res .Its of inquiries arranged by the section of economic science and statistics
of the British association during 1916 and 1917.
Preparation for post-war conditions in Great Britain.
Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, May 1, 1918, v. 10: 399-400.
A list of some of the committees and commissions dealing with chemical
questions, established in Great Britain, within the British Ministry of
Reconstruction and other ministries and departments of the British Gov
ernment.
The project for a nation-wide installation of electric power in Great Britain.
Economic World, Mar. 2, 1918, n. s. v. 15: 297-298.
Includes a report by Alfred Nutting, clerk, American Consulate General,
London, and that of Consul Augustus E. Ingram, Bradford.
Renold,, C. J. Workshop committees. Suggested lines of development.
Survey, Oct. 5, 1918, v. 41: 1-8. (Reconstruction series, No. 1.)
Part of report of a special subcommittee studying industrial unrest.
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Report on the reconstruction of industry. Conference of Plymouth and Cornish citi
zens . . . Plymouth, 1918.
London, Argus Printing Co., Ltd., 1918. 27 p.
A consideration of the causes of distrust and suspicion, and suggestions for
industrial reconstruction.
Rowntree, B. Seebohm. Home problems after the war.
Contemporary Review, Oct. 1915, v. 108: 432-445.
A consideration of some of the problems which will confront Great Britain
at the close of the war: Trade dislocation, trade activity, trade depres
sion, how met.
Ruskin College, Oxford. The State and industry during the war and after. (Re
organization of industry. Series IV.)
London, Cooperative Printing Society, Ltd., 1918.
Includes the following papers: The State and the citizen, by H. Sanderson
Furness; The State and the producer, by John Hilton; The State and the
consumer, by J. J. Mallon. With criticisms.
Sparkos, Malcolm. A memorandum on industrial self-government. Together with a
draft scheme for a builders’ national industrial parliament.
[London, 1917.] 28 p.
Advocates the setting up of national industrial parliaments in the staple
industries as a means of solving some of the urgent problems that confront
Great Britain.
Stanley, Sir A. Commerce and industry after the war.
Great Britain. Board of Trade Journal and Commercial Gazette, Oct. 10, 1918,
v. 101: 452-454.
Includes: Present position of industry; After-war competition; Need for
larger scale production; Supplies of raw material; Scientific research;
Cooperation between employers and employed; Distribution; Maintenance
of “ key” industries; Sea and land transportation, etc..
United States. Bureau of Labor Statistics. British Government’s attitude on joint
standing industrial councils.
In its Monthly Review, Mar. 1918, v. 6 : 81-84.
Reprint of Great Britain. Ministry of Labour. Industrial councils. The
V\ hitley report, together with the letter of the Minister of Labour explaining
the Government’s view of its proposals. London, 1917. 19 p.
—
British reconstruction programs for the electrical, the engineering, and the
iron and steel trades.
In its Monthly Labor Review, Aug. 1918, v. 7 : 90-93.
Review of: Great Britain. Board of Trade. Iron and steel trades committee.
Report of departmental committee to consider the position of the iron and
steel trades after the war. London, 1918. 50 p. [Cd. 9071.] Great
Britain. Board of Trade. Committee on engineering trades after the war.
Report. London, 1918. 54 p. [Cd. 9073.]
Great Britain. Board of Trade. Committee on the electrical trades. Report
on the position of electrical trades after the war. London, 1918. 14 p. [9072.]
Constitution and functions of a joint industrial council.
In its Monthly Labor Review, Aug. 1918, v. 7 : 76-79.
Reprint of Great Britain. Ministry of Labour. Suggestions as to the con
stitution and functions of a joint industrial council. London, 1918. 4 p.
(H. Q. 7 A.)
—— Federation of British industries and industrial councils.
In its Monthly Labor Review, Oct. 1918, v. 7 : 44-47.
Views of the federation regarding the cooperation between employers and
employed.
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United States. Bureau of Labor Statistics. Industrial councils and trade boards in
Great Britain.
In its Monthly Labor Review, Sept. 1918, v. 7 : 58-64.
Reprint of Great Britain. Ministry of Labour. Industrial councils and trade
boards. London, 1918. 16 p.
----- Industrial councils in Great Britain.
In its Monthly Labor Review, July, 1918, v. 7: 27-28.
Summarization and partial reprint of Great Britain. Ministry of Labour.
Industrial councils. London, 1918. 4 p. (LL Q. 7 B.)
----- Industrial reconstruction council organized in Great Britain.
In its Monthly Labor Review, Sept. 1918, v. 7 : 64-66.
Account of the establishment of an unofficial propaganda body for the pur
pose of emphasizing the doctrine of self-government for industry and the
reconstruction of industry by industry itself.
----- Industrial self-government.
In it's Monthly Labor Review, Oct. 1918, v. 7 : 54-61.
A review of a memorandum on self-government in industry, together with a
draft for a builders’ national industrial parliament, by Malcolm Sparke3
London, Harrison & Sons, 1918. 28 p.
----- Joint councils of employers and employees adopted by pottery industry in
Great Britain.
In its Monthly Review, Apr. 1918, v. 6 : 234-236.
An account of the first meeting of the pottery council, Jan. 1], 1917. Objects
of the council given.
■ -Operation of works committees in Great Britain.
In its Monthly Labor Review, Aug. 1918, v. 7: 81-84.
—
Progress in the establishment of joint industrial councils in Great Britain.
In its Monthly Labor Review, Aug. 1918, v. 7 : 80-81.
Data obtained through special representative of the United States Bureau of
Labor Statistics in England.
-----Proposed joint standing industrial councils in Great Britain.
In its Monthly Review, Sept. 1917, v. 5:130-132.
A review of Great Britain. Reconstruction committee. Subcommittee on
relations between employers and employed. Interim report on joint
standing industrial councils. London, 1917. 8 p.
■ -Reconstruction program for the generation and distribution of electrical
energy in Great Britain.
In its Monthly Labor Review, Aug. 1918, v. 7: 9 3 - 9 7 .
A summary of Great Britain. Ministry of Reconstruction. Coal conservation
subcommittee. Interim report on electric power supply in Great Britain
London, 1917. 28 p. [Cd. 8880.J
■ -Second report on joint industrial councils by the British Ministry of Recon
struction.
In its Monthly Labor Review, Sept. 1918, v. 7: 53-58.
A reprint of Great Britain. Ministry of Reconstruction. Committee on
relations between employers and employed. Second report on joint
standing industrial councils. London, 1918. 7 p. [Cd. 9002.]
-----Works committees as part of the industrial council plan of Great Britain.
In its Monthly Review, June, 1918, v. 6 : 163-165.
Pull text of Great Britain. Ministry of Reconstruction. Committee on
relations between employers and employed. Supplementary report on
works committees. London, 1918. 4 p.
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Wages awards after the war.
Manchester Guardian, Oct. 11, 1918, p. 4.
Appointment of a committee by the Ministry of Reconstruction, with the
following terms of reference:
1 . Whether the compulsory operation of awards made under the munitions
of war acts of orders extending such awards, and of orders regulating
wages made under these acts, should be continued after the war.
2 . \\ hether the power to make such awards or orders should be continued
after the war.
3. The manner in which awards or orders if made or continued should be
enforced after the war and for what period.
Webb, Sidney. When peace comes: The way of industrial reconstruction.
London, Fabian Society, 1916. 32 p.
Suggestions as to methods of meeting the industrial differences when peace
comes. Considers “ Women in industry” and “ Scientific management,”
two of the most important problems to be solved.
L abor
and
E m plo y m en t.
Chapman, S. J. ed. Labour and capital after the war.
London, John Murray, 1918. 280 p.
A valuable contribution to the literature of the subject in the form of a col
lection of articles by prominent British authorities.
Chapman, S. J. The State and labour.
In Dawson, William H. ed. After-war Problems. London, 1917. p. 1 3 7 .
The problem of the State in relation to labor—its aim and its functions.
Cole, G. H. D. Labour after the war.
In his Labour in war time. London, 1915, p. 275-292.
A discussion of the position of labor during the period of readjustment and
conditions wdiich will affect it.
Ellinger, Barnard. Productivity of labour after the wrar.
Leeds (Eng.), Inman & Sons, 1917. 24 p.
Shows the necessity of increasing the productivity of labor and points out the
difficulties of the situation as to (1 ) Displaced labor; (2 ) Adaptabilitv of
labor; (3) Division of the product.
Employment after the war.
Spectator (London) Aug. 5, 1916, v. 117: 150-151.
Article based on the memorandum of the demobilization committee of the
Social Welfare Association of London. Reinstatement must be effected
by capital and labor acting together. Work should be done through a
central committee acting through local committees.
Employment of disabled men. The Roth band scheme.
Manchester Guardian, Oct. 19, 1918. p. 8 .
The schema is “ a royal roll of employers willing to employ one or more dis
abled men. A permanent guarantee of employment embodied in book
form and distributed to all employment agencies.”
Fabian society. (Liverpool.) Industrial conditions after the war; the place of the
labour exchange.
Liverpool, Fabian Society. (1916.)
Work of the labor exchange in finding jobs for soldiers and munition workers.
Advocates demobilization by trades.
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Great Britain. Ministry of labour. Employment Department.
Reports upon openings in industry suitable for disabled sailors and soldiers . . .
no. 1-17, April, 1917. London, 1917.
Contents: 1. Attendants at electricity substations. 2. Employment in pic
ture theaters. 8 . Tailoring. 4. Agricultural motor tractor work in Eng
land and Wales. 5. The furniture trade. 6 . Leather goods trade. 7.
Hand-sewn boot and shoe making and boot and shoe repairing. 8 . Gold,
silver, jewelry, and watch and clock jobbing. 9. Dental mechanics.
10. Aircraft manufacture. Fusilage making and erection of engine on
fusilage. 11. Wholesale tailoring. 1 2 . Boot and shoe manufacture. 13.
The basket-making trade, including the manufacture of cane and wicker
furniture. 14. The building trade. 14a. Appendix to no. 14, The build
ing trade. 15. Engineering, part 1. 16. Printing and kindred trades.
17. Engineering, part 2.
----------- Ministry of reconstruction. Civil war workers’ committee. First (interim)
report, . . . 1918
London. 1918. 11 p. [Cd. 9117.]
Report of a committee appointed to consider the arrangements which should
be made for the demobilization of workers engaged during the war in
national factories, controlled establishments . . . and other firms engaged
in the manufacture of war material.
---------------- --------- 2d, 3d, 4th, and 5th interim reports of the civil war workers’
committee.
London, 1918. 27 p. [Cd. 9192.]
Second interim report—Unemployment insurance.
Third interim report—Holidays for munition workers after the war.
Fourth interim report—Arrangements for cessation of war work.
Fifth interim report is a continuation of the first report and deals with the
Demobilization of women; Demobilization of juveniles; Preparation for
post-War work; Coordination between Government departments; Govern
ment contracts other than those for armaments; Employment exchanges;
Traveling facilities for discharged workers.
Hitchcock, C. N. British labor policy and its implications for the solution of American
war problems.
American Academy of Political and Social Science. Proceedings. Feb. 1918,
v. 7: 115-128.
Hobson, J. A. Labour and the costs of war.
London, 1916. 16 p.
A discussion of the effect of the war on industry and wages in Great Britain,
condition of workers after the war, and the burden of war loans.
Joint committee on labour problems after the war. The problem of unemployment
after the war.
London, Cooperative Printing Society, 1917. 7 p.
Memoranda on the prevention of unemployment and the necessity for re
vision of the unemployment insurance acts..
-----The restoration of trade-union conditions in cases not covered by the munition
acts.
London, Cooperative Printing Society, 1917. 9 p.
Statement of position with recommendations for enforcement.
-----Restoration of trade-union customs after the war.
London, Cooperative Printing Society, 1917. 14 p.
Statement and analysis of the Government guarantees.
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Labour Copartnership Association. London. Copartnership after the war.
London, Labour Copartnership Association. [1917]. 15 p.
Memorandum submitted to the Reconstruction Committee on behalf of the
Labour Copartnership Association, a body whose object is to make the
copartnership system applicable to the great industries of the country, and
thus help to bring about industrial peace.
Labour party. (Great Britain.)
Agenda of resolutions on reconstruction and amendments to be discussed at the
party conference on June 26, 1918, and two following days, together with nomi
nations for party executive and officers. London, 1918. 23 p.
—— Labour and the new social order. A report on reconstruction, London, 1918.
22 p.
—— Labour problems after the war.
London, The Labour Party, 1917. 15 p.
Resolutions carried at annual conference of Labour party, Manchester, Jan.
1917, regarding Demobilization, machinery for securing employment, legal
minimum wage, nationalization of railways, agriculture, taxation, position
of women after the war, education, child welfare, etc.
Labour party’s reconstruction program.
New York Times Current History, Feb. 1918, v. 7: 203-206.
Memorandum issued by the British Labor Party at its annual conference
at Nottingham, Jan. 23, 1918. Four pillars of reconstruction are specified
as: (a) Universal enforcement of the national minimum; (6 ) Democratic
control of industry; (c) Revolution in national finance; (d) The surplus
wealth for the common good.
[Relations between labor and capital after the war.]
See Industry and Trade and Industrial Relations. Industrial Reconstruction
Councils, and other references on relations between employers and employed
Tead, Ordway. Labor and reconstruction.
Yale Review, Apr. 1918, v. 7: 529-542.
A review of the British reconstruction program and a forecast of America’s
problems after the war.
United States. Bureau of Labor Statistics. Labor in Great Britain after the war.
In its Monthly Review, Mar. 1917, v. 4: 479-480: (from the National Labor
Tribune).
Resolutions adopted regarding the readjustment of labor after the war.
■
-----Labor resettlement committee, Great Britain.
In its Monthly Review, May, 1918, v. 6 : 64-68.
Proposed work of the labor resettlement committee outlined. (From Labour
Gazette, (British) Mar. 1918.)
W om en
in
I n d u stry .
Bondfield, Margaret C. The future of women in industry.
In Labour Year Book, London, 1916, p. 253-256.
Problem of women’s industrial future solved by a perfecting of trade-union
organization.
Bristol association for industrial reconstruction. Report of a conference between
organizers of trade-unions, Bristol employers, and others concerned with the indus
trial employment of women on the position of women in industry after the war.
Bristol, J. W. Arrowsmith, Ltd., 1918. 23 p.
Includes Employment; Organization of women workers; Whitley reports;
Remuneration; Welfare work.
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British association for the advancement of science. The woman worker after the war.
In its Draft Int rim Report. Manchester, 1915. p. 17-23.
Includes Attitude of employers to men returning after the war; Attitude to
employment of women after the war; Permanent increase of women’s labor
after the war; Statistics.
Drake, Barbara. Women in the engineering trades. Trade Union Series, No. 3.
London, Fabian Society: Research Department, 1917. 143 p.
Includes: The story of the dilution of labor; Position of women in the en
gineering trades during the war: Reconstruction; Appendix I. Report on
engineering industry, Clyde district, by Herbert E. R. Ilighton; Appendix
II. Statutory orders. Reviewed in the Monthly Review of the Bureau of
Labor Statistics, June 1918, v. 6 : 156-160.
Great Britain. Ministry of Reconstruction. Women’s employment committee.
Memorandum on subsidiary health and kindred services for women, by Miss A. M.
Anderson.
London, 1918. 24 p.
Notes on the possibility of developing certain subsidiary health and kindred
services, which offer new opportunities for the employment of industrial
working women.
Hopkins, T. What shall be done for the war woman?
Living Age, Dec. 2 , 1916, v. 291: 562-564.
Good general discussion of women’s place in industry after the war.
Hutchins, B. L. Women in industry after the war.
London, Athenaeum. Bibliography.
Contents—I. Preliminary.—II. Possibility of unemployment.—III. The
organization of women’s industry after the war.—IV. State control of
industry.—V. The health of the working woman at home.—VI. Conclusion.
Joint committee on labour problems after the war. The position of women after the
war. Report of the standing joint committee of industrial women’s organizations
presented to the joint committee on labour problems after the war.
London, Cooperative Society, Ltd., 1917. 20 p.
Contents.-—I. Introduction.—II. The effect of the war on women in indus
try.—III. The conditions on the declaration of peace.—IV. Recon
struction policy.—V. Conclusion. Included in the subheads of the con
tents are: Number of women employed; Wages; Factory legislation; Tradeunion organization; Housing; Educational reform; Political enfranchise
ment of women, etc. (Reviewed in Women’s Industrial News, July, 1917,
p. 5-10. Also in Women’s Trade Union Review, Apr. 1917, no. 105: 7 - 9 )
Labour party. Great Britain. National conference on Women’s civic and political
rights and responsibilities,Oct. 15 and 16, 1918. Final agenda.
London,1918, 4 p.
Programs.
The Labour Woman. The organ of the Women’s Labour League; a political organiza
tion of working women affiliated with the National Labour Party.
London, Victoria St. S. W.
National alliance of employers and employed. Woman workers’ future. Making
way for returned men.
Manchester Guardian, July 13, 1918. p. 5.
Proposals to be placed before all women’s societies on the withdrawal of
women from industry. Includes wages, hours, etc.
National union of women’s suffrage societies. Women and reconstruction.
London. National Union of Women’s Suffrage Societies, 1917. 28 p.
Some considerations relating to women’s political position after the war.
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Quin, L. H. Women’s labor in British war industries.
Iron Age, Jan. 17, 1918, v. 1.01: 206-210.
Deals with the great scope of women’s labor; problems involved: wages;
efficiency; working conditions; industrial canteens; after-war effects.
Royden, A. Maude. The woman’s movement of the future.
In Gollancz, Victor, ed. The Making of Women. London [1917] p. 128-146.
Stocks. Mary. The future of the woman war worker.
Athenaeum, Jan. 1918, p. 21-23.
Trade-unionism as a means of solving the problem of women workers’ present
'
position.
United States. Bureau of Labor Statistics. Women in the British engineering
trades after the war.
In its Monthly Review, June, 1918, v. 6 : 156-160.
A review of Women in the Engineering Trades, by Barbara Drake. London,
Allen & Unwin, 1917.
UNITED STATES.
G eneral.
American academy of political and social science. America’s relation to the world
conflict and to the coming peace. (In its Annals, v. 72, whole no. 161.)
Philadelphia, 1917. 250 p.
Includes papers on a durable peace; Planning the future America; Growth
of industrial democracy; etc.
An American reconstruction board.
Nation, June 15, 1918, v. 106: 699-700.
Suggestion that the United States Government create a committee or board
similar to the British Ministry of Reconstruction, for the comprehensive
study of reconstruction problems in the United States.
Another “ after-the-wTar ” program.
Survey, Sept. 14, 1918, v. 40: 673-674.
Program of social reconstruction adopted by Social Democratic League; Sum
mary of 18-page pamphlet issued by the league.
Friedman, E. M. ed. American problems of reconstruction. A national symposium
on the economic and financial aspects.
New York, E. P. Dutton and Co., 1918. 471 p.
Part I. A perspective of the problem.
Part II. Efficiency in production.
Part III. Adjustments in trade and finance.
Part IV. Programs, monetary and fiscal.
Indiana, Conference on reconstruction and readjustment. Proceedings of Indiana
conference . . . called by Governor James P. Goodrich, Indianapolis, Nov. 26,
1918. Indianapolis, 1918. 83 p.
Addresses were given on the following subjects: Governor James P. Goodrich,
calling Indiana conference on reconstruction to order, Nov. 26, 1918; Educa
tion; Women in industry; The colored man; Labor; Women; Social welfare;
Finance; Industry; Religious work; Health; The defense council; Municipal
government; Municipal finances; Social centers; Change—not revolution;
Vocational education; Agriculture; Good roads; Cooperation; Food; Employ
ment; Public utilities; Railroad rates; Retail trade.
National Economic League, Boston. Conditions and problems after the war.
National Economic League Quarterly, Nov. 1918, v. 2 , No- 3 . 147 p.
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Outline studies on the problems of the reconstruction period. [Prepared by a special
committee.]
New York, Association Press, 1918, 39 p.
A bibliography on the following subjects: Alcoholism; Social vice; The broken
family; The status of woman; The home-coming man; Democracy and the
war; Nationalism and internationalism; War finance, and the increased
burden of living; The new task of organized religion; The new spirit of
cooperation and service; The goal of civilization.
Preparing for after-war progress.
American City, Oct. 1918, v. 19: 272.
Announcement of a series of articles on the subject of the title, which will
commence in the November number These articles will cover many
phases of the subject.
Reconstruction after the war.
Survey, Jan. 26, 1918, v. 39: 466.
Reports of speeches made at annual meeting of the National Institute of
Social Science in New York City on Reconstruction after the War.
Reconstruction before Congress.
Survey, Oct. 12, 1918, v. 41: 47-49.
Proposed national reconstruction committees; Weeks’ resolution; Overman
resolution.
Reconstruction problems.
In American Federation of Labor. Proceedings. 1917. p. 136-141.
Schmidt, L. W. After the war—what?
Scientific American, Nov. 24, 1917, v. 117: 382.
Deals with the United States as a factor in the economics of restoration.
United States. Bureau of Labor Statistics. Proposed legislation on reconstruction
in the United States.
In its Monthly Labor Review, Nov. 1918, v. 7: 48-53.
The Weeks’ resolution. The Overman bill. Measures introduced in the
House by Congressmen Madden, London, and Edmonds.
-----Congress.
Joint congressional committee onreconstruction, by SenatorJohn W. Weeks.
In its Congressional Record, Sept. 27, 1918, v. 56: 11760-11763.
----- National Research Council.
In Great Britain. Privy Council. Committee for
Scientific andIndustrial
Research, 1917-1918.
London, 1918. p. 71-72.
Articles of permanent organization.
A g r ic u l t u r e
and
L and Settlem en t.
An army for agricultural reconstruction.
,
Survey, Sept. 14, 1918, v. 40: 671-672.
Memorandum on post-bellum labor situation prepared within the Army.
Demands:
fl) Survey of post-bellum labor position.
(2 ) Discharge from army to be withheld until employment is secured.
(3) Formation of army for agricultural restoration. Enlistment for 5
years. Land to be assigned and agriculture carried on under
military discipline.
Davenport, Eugene. "When Johnny comes marching home will he want such a farm
as Uncle Sam can give him?
Country Gentleman, Nov. 16, 1918, v. 83' 3-4, 24.
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Looking ahead.
Public, Sept. 28, 1918, v. 2 1 : 1234-1235.
Outline of Secretary Lane’s plan of providing farms for returning soldiers.
McMahon, J. R. A million farms for soldiers; Uncle Sam plans to give the boys
up-to-date homesteads.
Country Gentleman, Nov. 9, 1918, v. 83: 7 - 8 , 28.
Also outlines the soldier-settlement schemes which have been worked out
in Canada.
Mead, Elwood. Farms for soldiers when they come back.
World’s Work, Nov. 1918, v. 37; 61-67. illus. plans.
Written by the chairman of the California Land Settlement Board. Deals
with the Government’s plan to restore ex-soldiers to rural life, in the
light of California’s experience with State-aided settlement.
United States. Department of Agriculture. The business of agriculture during the
war and after. Discussion of the nation’s most vital industry, by D. F. Houston
. . . R. A. Pearson and C. Ousley.
Washington, Department of Agriculture. 1918. 35 p.
E
d u c a t io n .
Dean, Arthur D. Our schools in war time—and after.
Boston, Ginn and Co., 1918. 335 p.
Finney, R. L. Education and the reconstruction.
School and Society, July 6 , 1918, v. 8 : 11-17.
An outline of some of the items in the new educational program. Urges that
some agency for the leadership of educational reconstruction be adopted
and that the National Education Association and the Bureau of Education
form a joint commission for providing such an agency.
National Education Association. A national program for education. Statement
issued by the National Education Association Commission on the emergency in
education and the program for readjustment during and after the war.
Washington, The National Education Association, 1918. 27 p.
New educational policy proposed.
Christian Science Monitor, Oct. 14, 1918, v. 10: 2.
Bill introduced by Senator Hoke Smith providing for the addition of a
Department of Education to the administrative machinery of the United
States.
Teggart, F. J. University reconstruction.
Public, Nov. 9, 1918, v. 21: 1382-1384.
“ All courses of study or curricula should have as their aim the preparation
of the individual for some purposeful activity in life.” The writer thinks
the influence of the war, including the Student Army Training Corps, has
been to disorganize the old methods of instruction.
United States. Congress. Senate A bill to create a Department of Education, to
appropriate money for the conduct of said department, to appropriate money for
Federal cooperation with the States in the encouragement and support of education,
and for other purposes. (S. 4987).
Washington, 1918. 18 p.
Bill introduced by Senator Hoke Smith, October 10, 1918, and referred to
the Committee on Education and Labor
----- Federal Board for Vocational Education. Bulletins, 1917-18.
Washington.
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I n d u stry
and
T rade.
Emerson, Harrington. Coming back to a peace basis.
Scientific American, Aug. 3, 1918, v. 119: 89, 98-99.
Some suggestions for meeting the industrial problems which will arise after
the war.
Foreign trade after the war.
American Machinist, Apr. 4, 1918, v. 48: 585-587.
The first of a series of papers by the Guaranty Trust Company, of New York,
giving a general review of the existing conditions that will affect the future
of American production and distribution.
Marsh, A. R. The principles that should underlie our foreign trade policy after the
war.
Economic World, Aug. 3, 1918, v. 16: 147-148.
Rovensky, J. E. The United States in its new capacity as a creditor nation.
Economic World, Sept. 21, 1918, v. 16: 400-402.
Address delivered before the National Convention of The American Institute
of Ranking, Denver, Colo., September 19, 1918. “ America will be one of
the leading creditor nations of the world, a financial center from which a
large part of the world’s economic forces will be directed. ”
Taussig, F. W. How to promote foreign trade.
Quarterly Journal of Economics. May, 1918, v. 32: 417-445.
Part of the article deals with the changes broùght by the war to our export
and import trade. Urges an open door policy in the international com
mercial field.
Tead, Ordway. Productivity and reconstruction.
Public, Mar. 16, 1918, v. 2 1 : 332-334.
“ Reconstruction must assure goods for a world facing an actual deficit of
supplies; but it must also guarantee freedom and fulness of life to our whole
population.
Prescribes competent organization of demand and produc
tion.
United States. Committee on Public Information. Permanent Government organi
zation to standardize American industries is advocated by Chairman Baruch
. In its Official Bulletin, Nov. 15, 1918, v. 2:3.
----------- War Industries Board is preparing to help turn Nation’s resources back
into channels of peace.
In its Official Bulletin, Nov. 15, 1918, v. 2 : 1 - 2 .
The plans are explained by Mr. Baruch.
Wacker, C. H. An argument on war-time continuation of preliminary work on public
improvements.
American City, Jan. 1918, v. 18: 11-13.
Wade, H. T. International standards a by-product of the great world war.
Industrial Management, Apr. 1918, v. 55: 289-292.
An appeal to carry on the standardization of materials into the days of peace.
Wilson, R. R. Three after-the-war problems of the American business man.
The Protectionist, Oct. 1918, v. 30: 343-347.
Discussion of three problems named by the author, which are: Devising of
methods by which unemployment can be successfully averted: The wise
conservation and expansion of our foreign trade; Trade relations with the
nations ot Central and South America.
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American Academy of Political and Social Science. America’s interests after the
European war. (In its Annals, v. 61, whole no. 150.)
Philadelphia, 1915. 323 p.
Discusses problems of unemployment.
— ---- Rehabilitation of the wounded. (In its Annals, v. 80, whole no. 169.)
Philadelphia, 1918. 164 p.
Part II includes among other papers the following: Returning the disabled
soldier to economic independence, by Douglas C. McMurtrie; Employ
ment opportunities for Pennsylvanians disabled in war service, by Lew
R. Palmer; A practical help for cripples, an open suggestion to all employers
of labor, by Francis Mack; The blind as industrial workers, by Lieutenant
Colonel James Bordley; The organization and operation of the St. Louis
placement bureau for handicapped men, by G. Canby Robinson.
Hart, A. B. The New United States.
Yale Review, Oct. 1918, v. 8 : 1-17.
Latter part of the article deals with evolution of a new labor system since the
beginning of the war.
McChord, C. C. Diffusion of factories to country points will open after-war avenue to
soldier.
Metal Work, Aug. 16, 1918, v. 90: 179-183.
Excerpts. Automotive Industries, Aug. 15, 1918, v. 3 9 : 281. Abstract.
Engineering News, Aug. 29, 1918, v. 81: 412. An analysis of after-the-war
problems, with constructive suggestions for their solution.
New York (City). Mayor’s committee on unemployment. How to meet hard times,
a program for the prevention and relief of abnormal conditions.
New York City, 1917. 132 p.
Richardson, II. M. Capital and labor after the war.
Cooperative Consumer, May, 1917, v. 3: 45-48.
Tead, Ordway. Labor and reconstruction.
Yale Review, Apr. 1918, n. s., v. 7: 529-542.
Problems of American labor during the reconstruction period.
I nited States. Bureau of Labor Statistics. Vocational education and employment
of the handicapped, -with special reference to crippled soldiers. An annotated list
of references.
Washington, 1917. 29 p. (Reprinted from Monthly Review, Sept. 1917 p
187-212.)
T r a n s p o r t a t io n .
American Academy of Political and Social Science. War adjustments in railroad
regulation. (In its Annals, v. 76, whole no. 165.)
Philadelphia, 1918. 333 p.
Includes also a discussion of post-war railroad control.
Ivahn, Otto H. Government ownership of railroads and war taxation.
New York, 1918. 50 p.
Speare, C. F. The railroads and the Government.
American Review of Reviews, Feb. 1918, v. 57: 73-76.
Take over the railroads.
New Republic, Dec. 15, 1917, v. 13: 164-166.
Consideration of whether governmental operation of railroads or unification
under private control is the better method.
Tead, Ordway. The railroad crisis.
New Republic, Dec. 8 , 1917, v. 13: 143-144.
Suggests four policies to be used in solution of the railroad problem.
92434°—19---- 6
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Thompson. C. D. Paving the way for public ownership of railways.
Public, Nov. 16, 1918, v. 21: 1408-1410.
In favor of public ownership of railways.
Tomkins, Calvin. Transportation, trade policy, and the war.
Proceedings of the Academy of Political Science, Feb. 1918, v. 7: 75-83.
Van Metre, T. W. The problem of unified railroad operation.
Proceedings of the Academy of Political Science, Feb. 1918, v. 7: 88-92.
Consideration of methods by which the operating unity of railroads can be
effected.
M is c e l l a n e o u s .
Austin, O. P. War inflation and the world price level after the war.
Economic World, Sept. 1, 1917, n. s., v. 14: 293-295.
“ A forecast based on the world’s increased money supply.” Title.
Australian industrial and labor preparations for the post-war period.
Economic World, Mar. 23, 1918, n. s., v. 15: 407.
Australian town planning conference and exhibition. Official volume of proceedings
of the first Australian town planning and housing conference and exhibition. Ade
laide, October 17 to 24, 1917.
Adelaide, Vardon and Sons, Ltd., 1918. 162 p.
Great Britain. War Office. Reconstruction supplement to the daily review of the
foreign press. (Fortnightly.)
London.
Italy prepares for reconstruction.
Canada. Labour Gazette, Oct. 1918, v. 18: 787-788.
Moenart, Raymond. La resurrection des cités détruites.
Revue Belge, Sept. 15, 1918, v. 1: 1101-1112.
Discusses means of providing immediate shelter for the inhabitants who wish
to return; Utilization of materials left on site; Need of a plan for temporary
reconstruction which can be made the basis of permanent reconstruction.
National Institute of social sciences.
Reconstruction after the war. 1918. 242 p.
This volume constitutes v. 4 of the Journal of the Institute and also no. 50 of
the Journal of the American Social Science Association.
New Zealand Employers’ Federation. “ After-the-war” problems. Paper read by
Mr. William Prior, secretary, New Zealand Employers’ Federation. August 23,
1916.
Wellington, 1916. 10 p.
Readings in the economics of war: ed. by J. Maurice Clark, Walton H. Hamilton,
Harold G. Moulton.
Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 1918. 676 p.
Labor and the war, p. 480-535.
After-the-war problems, p. 617-666.
The Russell Sage Foundation. Library. Bulletin. Reconstruction. (Number 31.)
• New York. Russell Sage Foundation Library, (1918.) 4 p.
Bibliography.
United States. Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce. Economic reconstruc
tion. Analysis of main tendencies in the principal belligerent countries of Europe,
with statistics of production, consumption, and trade in important food stuffs and
industrial raw materials.
Washington, 1918. 74 p. (Miscellaneous series, no. 73.)
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United States. Bureau of Labor Statistics. Austrian employers’ preparations for
peace time.
In its Monthly Labor Review, Oct. 1918, v. 7: Cl.
An account of the combination of three powerful employers’ organizations to
combat the emancipation of the working classes. From Correspondenzblatt
der Gewerkschaften Deutschlands, Berlin, June 8 , 1918.
-----Post-war labor program of the International Association for Labor Legislation.
In its Monthly Labor Review, Nov. 1918, v. 7: 55-62.
A text of a memorandum submitted by the International Association for
Labor Legislation to the Swiss Federal Council in which the latter’s support
for the incorporation in the world’s peace treaty of a program of international
protective labor legislation and for its adoption by all signatory powers was
requested. This memorandum covers a number of minimum demands for
protective legislation which, if universally adopted, would standardize
labor conditions in many points.
----- Reconstruction program of the Italian superior labor council.
In its Monthly Labor Review, Nov. 1918, v. 7: 72-74.
From Italy. Ministero per l ’lndustria, il Commerico e il Lavoro. Bollettino dell’Ufficio del Lavoro, Rome, Aug. 1, 1918, v. 6 , no. 15.
-----Socio-political program of the German employers.
In its Monthly Labor Review, Nov. 1918, v. 7: 70-72
From Soziale Praxis, Berlin, Aug. 22-, 1918.
-----Reconstruction program of German trade-unions.
In its Monthly Review, Apr. 1918, v. G: 83-89.
Reconstruction scheme drawn up by the German trade-union organizations
and federations of private-salaried employees and submitted to the
Bundesrat and the Reichstag.
-----Federal Board for Vocational Education. The evolution of national systems of
vocational reeducation for disabled soldiers and sailors.
Washington, 1917. 29 p. (Bulletin no. 15.)
Zebitch, Milorade. La Serbie agricole et sa democratic.
Paris, Berger-Levrault, 1917. 82 p.
An exposition of the agricultural situation of Serbia at the beginning of the
war, and a study of the means for reconstructing and improving it after
peace has been declared.
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PROVISION FOR THE DISABLED, AND VOCATIONAL
EDUCATION.
PLAN OF FEDERAL BOARD FOR VOCATIONAL EDUCATION FOR ASSISTING
DISABLED SOLDIERS AND SAILORS.
Upon the Federal Board for Vocational Education Congress has
placed the responsibility of developing and superintending the ad
ministration of plans by which disabled men discharged from the
military and naval service of the United States may be vocationally
retrained and returned to civil employments.1 The duties of the
board may be briefly stated as follows:
To prescribe and provide suitable courses of vocational rehabilita
tion for all disabled soldiers and sailors who, after their discharge
from the service, are, in the opinion of the Federal board, unable to
resume a former occupation or to enter upon some other occupation,
or who, having entered upon some occupation, are unable to continue
in it successfully.
To make these courses available, without cost for instruction and
under such conditions as the board may prescribe, to any other dis
abled men who after discharge from the service are entitled to com
pensation under Article III of the War-Risk Insurance Act.
To provide such facilities, instructors, and courses as may be neces
sary to insure proper training.
To prescribe the courses to be followed in individual cases.
To pay, when in its discretion such payment is necessary, the ex
pense of travel, lodging, subsistence, and other necessary expenses of
persons while following the prescribed courses.
To do all things necessary to insure the vocational rehabilitation
of disabled men.
To provide for the placement of rehabilitated persons in suitable
occupations, utilizing in its discretion and with the approval of the
Secretary of Labor the facilities of the Department of Labor in so
far as may be practicable in the placement of rehabilitated persons.
To make or cause to have made studies, investigations, and reports
regarding vocational rehabilitation of disabled persons and their
placement in suitable occupations, doing this when it deems it ad
visable so to do, in cooperation with or through other departments
and bureaus of the Government.
i See M o n t h l y L a b o r R e v i e w for J u l y , 1913 ( p p . 2 9-31), ior text of t h e vocational r e h a b i li t a t io n law
passed b y Congress.
80
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
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M ONTHLY LABOE EEVIEW.
81
To cooperate with the War Department and the Nary Department
to effect a continuous process of vocational training, initiated in the
hospital before discharge from the service, continued after discharge,
and ending in the workshop; the Federal board, acting in an advisory
capacity as regards the initiation and conduct of such training in the
hospitals and the War and Navy Departments in an advisory capacity
as regards “ care of the health of the soldier and sailor after his dis
charge.”
To receive such gifts and donations from either public or private
sources “ as may be offered unconditionally,” these to be paid into
the Treasury and to constitute a “ special fund for vocational reha
bilitation,” to be used under the direction of the board in connection
with the appropriations made in the act.
Ever since its organization the Federal Board for Vocational Edu
cation has been engaged in planning a consummation of the purposes
of the act so that as rapidly as disabled men are returned to this
country they may be given the training necessary to refit them for
their former employments or to qualify them for the work they may
choose to do if their disabilities preclude them from reentering their
prewar occupations. In 14 cities1 throughout the country offices
have been opened to receive the applications of disabled soldiers and
sailors for free education under governmental supervision. The men
applying are advised as to their rights under the law, are helped in
every possible way to choose a suitable vocation, and as soon as they
are ready to go to work will be assisted to employment through an
agreement with the United States Employment Service, to be noted
hereafter. There is no compulsion by the Government; a disabled
man may or may not take advantage of the courses of vocational
training offered. If disability does not prevent a soldier or sailor
from returning to employment without training and he elects to
follow a course of vocational training provided by the Federal board,
the course will be furnished free of cost to him and compensation
provided by the War Risk Insurance Act will be paid to him, but no
allowance will be paid to his family. If, on the other hand, his dis
ability does prevent him from returning to employment without
training and he elects to follow a course of vocational training pro
vided by the Federal board, the course will be furnished free of cost
and he will also be paid, as long as the training lasts, a monthly
compensation equal to the sum to which he is entitled under the
War-Risk Insurance Act, or a sum equal to the pay of his last month
of service, whichever is the greater; but in no case will a single man,
or a man living apart from his dependents, receive less than $65 per
month, exclusive of the sum paid dependents, and a man living with
1 These cities are Atlanta, Boston, Chicago, Cincinnati, Dallas, Denver, Minneapolis, New Orleans,
New York. Philadelphia, San Francisco, Seattle, St. Louis, Washington.
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M O NTHLY LABOR REVIEW.
his dependents receive less than $75 per month, inclusive of the sum
paid to dependents.
In addition to the above the families or dependents of a disabled
man will receive from the Government during his period of training
a monthly allotment and allowance payment in the same amount
as that paid prior to this discharge from the Army or Navy. Upon
completion of his course of training the disabled man will continue
to receive the compensation prescribed by the War-Risk Insurance
Act so long as his disability continues. It is believed that by taking
advantage of the opportunities thus offered practically every soldier
and sailor will be able to get rid of the handicap caused by his dis
ability or acquire new powers to replace any that may have been lost.
As suggested, the Federal board has planned to assist to employ
ment rehabilitated and reeducated men, and to this end an agree
ment has been entered into between the board and the United States
Employment Service by which the more than 850 branch employment
offices throughout the country will be called upon to list all oppor
tunities available and to assist in every way in bringing the returned
soldier and the job together. This agreement provides the following:
1. That the United States Employment Service instructs its officers throughout
the country to extend the courtesies of its local offices to the placement officers
of the Federal board in assisting them in securing information that will be helpful
in the placement of disabled soldiers and sailors. This arrangement is in order that
information coming into possession of the United States Employment Service con
cerning suitable employment for rehabilitated men may be readily accessible to the
district placement officer; and also that the local office of the United States Employ
ment Service may be kept informed concerning the employment of men under the
care of th e Federal Board for Vocational Education.
2. The United States Employment Service offices will maintain a list of oppor
tunities opened to handicapped men of which these officers learn in the discharge
of their regular duties. The Federal board is making special surveys and investi
gations of this question.
3. The district placement officer of the Federal board will arrange to visit each of
the United States employment offices in his district, either personally or by deputy,
in order to obtain a free and full exchange of information concerning local employ
ment conditions and opportunities.
STATEMENT BY THE FEDERAL BOARD FOR VOCATIONAL EDUCATION.
The following statement by the Federal Board for Vocational Edu
cation gives a comprehensive idea of how it is operating and what its
plans, when fully consummated, will accomplish for the benefit of
disabled soldiers and sailors.1
In dealing with the disabled man the Federal Board for Vocational Education
expects to treat him throughout as a civilian needing advice and assistance; to approve
his choice of occupation, unless, after careful investigation, sound opinion shows it
» From Vocational Summary, for October, 1918, published by the Federal Board tor Vocational Educa
tion, 601 E Street, Washington, D. C.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
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M ONTHLY LABOE REVIEW.
83
tc be in the end not advisable; to train him to meet the needs of the occupation he
has elected; to urge him to make the most of his opportunity to overcome his handicap
by taking thorough going instructions; to help him to secure desirable permanent
employment; and to keep in close touch with him after he goes to work.
As soon as the Army authorities have decided that any disabled man is to be dis
charged from the hospital and returned to civilian life, it becomes the duty of the
Federal board, through its vocational advisers in hospitals to deal with the problem
of training him and of placing him in civilian employment. This task involves five
possible steps:
(a) Election by the disabled man of a course of training.
(b) Preliminary training to fit him for a definite occupation or pursuit.
(c) A probationary period of employment in that occupation or pursuit.
(d) Placement in suitable employment in the occupation or pursuit.
(e) Follow-up work to safeguard his interests.
Representatives of the Federal board will confer with each disabled man before his
discharge from the hospital. If he is able to resume his former occupation success
fully or to follow some new occupation without special training the Federal board
will assist him, if he so desires, to secure employment therein.
Should he elect, even under these circumstances, to take additional training for
his occupation before he enters upon employment, the law provides that he may do
so at the expense of the Government, under conditions determined by the Federal
board. If, however, he is unable to pursue his old occupation or to enter success
fully upon a new occupation, he may be trained by the Federal board for any voca
tion or pursuit that he desires to follow and in which, in the opinion of.the board,
he is likely to become proficient.
In advising as to future employment, representatives of the board will equip them
selves with information concerning the requirements and opportunities of the various
occupations. Much of this information will be furnished to the men in printed form.
The representatives will also be informed concerning the kinds of occupations from
which certain types of handicap are shut out.
Every effort will be made to assist the disabled man toward that occupation in
which he is most interested and for which, because of his aptitude and experience
on the one hand and his handicap on the other, he is best suited. In order to utilize
previous knowledge and skill the disabled man will be advised—other things being
equal—to elect training, should he need it, for the industry, business, or pursuit in
which he was engaged before the war or for one akin to it.
As a general policy a handicapped man will not be directed toward an overcrowded
or a waning occupation in which present or future competition might make permanent
employment uncertain. In order, however, to realize fully upon the man’s interest
and ability, he will be given the widest possible range of choice among those desirable
occupations in which he can, with his special handicap, successfully engage. In
this connection, the board will seek advice from those experts in the hospitals who
have effected the man’s physical rehabilitation.
The disabled man, with the approval of the board, may elect to be trained in agri
culture, commerce, industry, transportation, or the professions. The length and
character of the course of instruction will depend upon the requirements of the voca
tion, the ability and interest of the man, and his previous training and experience.
After the vocational adviser has assisted the handicapped man to choose a suitable
occupation, his case, with full information, will be referred to the office of the district
wherein the man has received physical rehabilitation. Every case will there be con
sidered individually on its merits by a local board made up of two representatives
of the district office, one of whom will be a physician; and two representatives chosen
from the locality, one of whom will be an employer and one a representative of labor.
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M ONTHLY LABOR REVIEW.
If necessary the man himself, accompanied by the vocational adviser, may appear
before the local board.
After physical rehabilitation the discharged soldier or sailor becomes a civilian to
be trained and placed in civilian employment by the Federal board. As a learner
and student it is proper that he be supported by the Government; therefore, the same
allotment and family allowance for his dependents will be paid as were received by
them while he was in the military service. As a student, moreover, he will have the
same freedom as any other civilian attending school or college. He will be “ on his
own,” meeting such expenses as are not covered by the board from the compensa
tion provided in the vocational rehabilitation act and sent monthly or semimonthly
direct to him.
Through the district vocational office, where a medical officer will be stationed,
the health of the disabled man will be cared for while in training by the board. After
he secures permanent employment he, as a beneficiary under the war-risk insurance
act, will be cared for by the War-Risk Insurance Bureau, should there be any recur
rence of disabilities due to military service.
As a student supported by the Government while taking instruction, the disabled
man will be expected to pursue the work in a satisfactory way and to obey reasonable
rules and regulations. Continued failure to do so will result in dismissal. Where
it.is found advisable to shift the student from one course of training or from one class
or school to another, this, with his consent, will be done.
The disabled man will be given his preliminary training in a variety of ways. As
far as possible existing facilities will be utilized. While the plant, equipment, and
staff of existing schools and colleges will, in many instances, be used, there will have
to be in many cases special arrangements to meet the needs of the disabled man.
Manufacturing establishments, offices, and farms will be employed to give preliminary
training, especially for those occupations not yet regarded as being within the school
or college field. In every case, however, the Federal board will require the course
of instruction to be adapted to the interests and needs of the disabled man, to be
definitely planned for him as a learner, and to be arranged or approved, as well as to
be inspected and supervised, by its agents.
The length of this course of preliminary training will vary greatly according to the
ability, ambition, and handicaps of the man and the requirements of the work itself,
or to the skill and knowledge required for present and future success.
In assisting the disabled man to secure desirable employment the Federal board,
as authorized and directed by the vocational rehabilitation act, will utilize as far as
may be practicable the facilities of the Department of Labor. Where the man has
been given preliminary training outside the plant, office, or farm on which he is to
be employed, this probationary period will begin when he is transferred, as a beginner,
into the occupation or pursuit. Where the preliminary training has been given within
the plant, office, or farm, the period of probation will start at the point, in the case
of each individual, where he becomes capable of entering upon the occupation or
pursuit as a worker.
As a probationer he will be perfecting himself in processes, adjusting himself to
the demands of commercial production, and gradually fitting himself to become a
permanent employee at the prevailing wage, either in the place where he is serving
his probationary period or elsewhere. During this period, the Federal board will
regard him as in training and subject to its inspection and supervision; but any wages
he may receive as a probationer will be over and above the amount paid to him by
the Government while he is in training.
This will begin at the point when, in the opinion of the board, the probationer
has adjusted himself to the requirements of the occupation or pursuit as a workman.
The shifting from probationary to permanent employment may be made in either
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
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M O N TH LY LABOE REVIEW.
85
the same or another establishment, and the disabled man will have the same freedom
of choice and action as any other workman “ on his own.” Support by the Govern
ment of the man as a student will cease at the close of the probationary period.
As a beneficiary under the War-Risk Insurance Act, however, he will be entitled to
the compensation allotted under that act. In most cases this will be less than the
support received from the Federal board under the provisions of the vocational
rehabilitation act.
The aim of the board will always be to direct the disabled man forward and to pro
vide him with training for an occupation in which he can become as proficient as the
normal man; yet it must not be overlooked that some of the disabled men will not
become fully competent to earn the prevailing wages. Therefore, where a disabled
man is unable, because of his handicap, to earn the full prevailing wage for his occu
pation, an adjustment in accordance with the rules and regulations of the shop is to
be made. Where working agreements are in effect between employers and employees,
the regulations thereof shall govern the procedure in adjusting such partial wages.
V here theie are no such facilities, the adjustment is to be made by conference between
the man, his employer, and a representative of the Federal board. It should be
fully understood that the disabled man himself, as a free contracting agent, may in
every case accept or reject any terms or scale proposed.
The disabled man should, however, receive equal pay for equal work, and under
no circumstances will a wage for a disabled man be approved by the Federal board
where it appears that decreases have been made because he is receiving a compensa
tion for his injury from the Government.
As the official friend and adviser to the disabled man, the board will keep in touch
with him, through its representatives, for such period after he enters employment
as may be necessary to complete, in each individual case, his reestablishment as a
civilian worker. The board will protect him against injustice or exploitation by the
adjustment of difficulties and, if need be, by aiding him through further training or
assistance to secure other and more desirable employment in the same or another
occupation.
EMPLOYMENT OF CRIPPLES IN A LARGE INDUSTRIAL PLANT .1
The problem of providing employment for the returned soldier
partially incapacitated by wounds or disease has aroused a general
interest, hitherto unknown, in the economic condition of cripples.
In addition to the provision being made by Federal and State
authorities to meet this situation, individual employers are making
plans on varying scales, according to the size of their plants, to
secure efficiency by the wise adjustment of disabled men to their
jobs.
The results of rehabilitation work at the Ford Motor Co.’s plant,
Detroit, Mich., are suggestive of plans which might be practical in
manufacturing enterprises differing from this one in the nature of
their output. Since, according to the chief surgeon, Dr. J. E. Mead,
no one applying for work is rejected on account of his physical con
dition unless he is suffering from a contagious disease which would
endanger the health of fellow employees, about 18 per cent of the
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‘ Iron Age, Sept. 26, 1918, voi. 102, pp. 739-742.
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M O NTHLY LABOR REVIEW.
men in the Ford plant are physically below standard. On November
1, 1917, 6,095 of the men employed in that factory were either crip
pled or diseased. In the majority of cases normal efficiency has
been secured by exercising care in the assignment of work to these
men. It is noted that the work is not of a charitable nature, but is
a necessary part of the ordinary course of manufacture.
At the request of the Surgeon General of the United States Army
a careful canvass was recently made to ascertain the actual number
of cripples employed at present and also the approximate number
of jobs which could be done by such men. The results of the can
vass show that—
There were at work in the plant 3 men without legs, 54 with one leg or foot miss
ing, 22 with hut one hand or arm, and 2 totally blind. Of these all were hired with
their present deformities, excepting 2 one-armed men and 1 man with but one foot.
These 3 were injured during their present employment.
The number of jobs that could be efficiently done by legless men was given as
670; by one-legged men, 2,637; by armless men, none; by one-armed men, 715; by
totally blind men, 10; making a total of 4,032. Special attachments or changes in
the machines would be necessary in few instances.
The time required for a new hand to become proficient in doing these various oper
ations was estimated as shown in the following table. The last mentioned therein
are skilled trades, such as tool making and diesinking.
TIME R EQ U IR ED FOR NEW H A N D TO BECOME PR OFICIENT IN SPECIFIED NUM BER
OF JOBS.
Number of jobs.
Percentage of
total jobs.
1 743
.....................................................................
l'46i ..............................................................................
251...................................................................................
534.
.....................................................................
43..
........................................................................
43
36
6
14
1
Time required to acquire dexterity.
1 day or less.
1 day to 1 week.
1 to 2 weeks.
1 month to 1 j-ear.
1 to 6 jrears.
Of the total number of cripples and other men physically under par working here,
85 per cent are classed by their foremen as fully efficient, and 15 per cent were found
to be unable to keep up with their able-bodied fellow workmen in the matter of pro
duction. In this latter class, however, the deficiency in almost all cases was but
slight..
Of the difficult problem presented in getting the man and the suit
able job together, Dr. Mead states:
The most equitable and probably the most efficient method by which the handi
capped men would have a chance with their more fortunate fellows would be the
elimination of discrimination in hiring men. Any disadvantage in this practice, at
least to the large employer, would be almost wholly overcome by proper adjustment
after hiring. It might then be necessary in some cases to change older employees to
different work in order to properly place some cripple newly hired, but this pro
cedure would work a great deal less hardship on all concerned than to refuse a cripple
work or discharge someone already working to make room for another.
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RETRAINING OF CRIPPLED SOLDIERS IN QUEEN MARY’S WORKSHOPS,
BRIGHTON, ENGLAND.
An interesting account by Mr. A. C. Baker, superintendent of
Queen Mary’s Workshops, of his experience in ‘‘retraining crippled
ex-service men” has been received by this bureau. Queen Mary’s
Workshops are operated in connection with the Pavilion Military
Hospital at Brighton, England.1 The patients at the Pavilion
Military Hospital are soldiers who have undergone amputation of one
or more limbs. They come to this hospital as soon as they are able
to leave the base hospital but while they are still in need of medical
treatment. By the joint operation of workshops and hospital the
men receive the curative effects of industrial work at the same time
they are being given medical treatment.
The superintendent describes his methods of procedure with new
patients, as follows:
As soon as the man arrives, I endeavor to visit him and get to know his position and
what he hopes to do. If he has no need of training, because he can follow his former
occupation, I do not take any further action in his case. In other cases I find advice
very welcome, and usually, so soon as the doctors have decided upon his medical
requirements, he pays me a visit and we go into details.
A knowledge of character reading is very helpful at this stage.
He then joins the class we haye mutually agreed upon, and is expected to make a
weekly attendance of 18 hours out of a possible 22.
The first few days are the most trying to him, and if he gets through these we usually
succeed in keeping him for the whole time he is in the hospital. A certain amount of
elasticity must be allowed for the many calls made upon his time, by the doctors,
nurses, etc., but, then, that is what he is primarily here for; yet, one has been very
much encouraged by the average daily attendance, which has at all times been very
good indeed, especially as it is entirely voluntary here.
It is impossible to follow a set syllabus at this stage of the scheme, as, owing to most
of his medical requirements having to be attended to between the same hours as those
the classes are open, he can not insure being present at a given time.
Besides, this period of the training must be regarded as a trial stage, saving muck
valuable time after the fitting of the limb, for continuing in the trade he has decided
upon.
The workshops classes afford instruction in such trade subjects as
motor mechanics, metal fitting and turning, electrical engineering,
commercial subjects, motion-picture machine operating, cabinet
making, turnery and joinery, boot and shoe making and repairing,
tailoring, mechanical drafting, carving and letter cutting, stainedglass work, and designing. Mr. Baker states:
A very large proportion of the men I have dealt with have chosen the commercial
training section, and I always encourage it when there is an obvious disadvantage to
their taking up a technical trade.
1 A d e s c r i p ti o n o f t h i s a n d o t h e r B r i ti s h m i l i t a r y h o s p it a ls is g iv e n in a n a c c o u n t o f t h e s e c o n d a llie d
c o n fe re n c e o n t h e a f te r c a r e o f d is a b le d m e n , w h ic h a p p e a r e d in t h e A u g u s t , 1918, M o n t h l y L a b o r R e v i e w
( p p . 31-43).
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M O NTHLY LABOR REVIEW.
It must not be thought that in this section we seek to create cheap clerks. On the
contrary, any man, whatever form of occupation he finally decides upon, will be the
better for such knowledge as can be gained here.
The method we follow is to give them a higher form of education than they previously
had—often through lack of opportunity.
The course embraces bookkeeping, accountancy, speech culture, and generally
endeavoring to impart a knowledge of details of things that matter in business life.
Much success has been attained in the case of men formerly employed as grocers’ or
ironmongers’ assistants serving behind the counter. Having gained a practical
knowledge of these trades, he has been trained—even if he has lost an arm—to fill
creditably the post as a traveler or secretary in these same trades, thus combining his
former knowledge with that he has gained by being trained in this section.
Even a less educated man who aspires to nothing higher than the proprietorship of
a small newspaper agency, and who can not follow a more strenuous occupation, will
be all the better for a six months’ course in commercial training.
Undeveloped talent is frequently coming to light, and in some cases a short course
brings out this latent quality to a remarkable degree.
The superintendent is of the opinion that instructors in this retrain
ing must be specially fitted for their duties, since he does not
think that the usual methods of vocational instruction are satis
factory.
The soldier patient, on leaving the Pavilion Military Hospital, goes
to Roehampton, in the suburbs of London, where he is fitted with an
artificial limb. When he is discharged from Roehampton, arrange
ments are made for him with his local war pensions committee for
his return to civil life and for the continuance of his training. Mr.
Baker says that it is just at the time of the man’s return to civil life
that special effort should be made to keep up the man’s interest in
his industrial training. “ This is the psychological moment, and it is
of the utmost importance that facilities should be afforded for the
student to take up his next course under very favorable conditions.
Once he is allowed to drift at this point it is so easy for him to fall
back into idle habits and all the former part of the training is lost.”
Mr. Baker makes the following observations, as the result of his
two years’ work among crippled men:
What the men require themselves is not always what others wush for them. Re
training for those who can not follow their old occupation is not compulsory, and I am
convinced that if men are to accept retraining voluntarily their own point of view
must have the first claim to consideration.
At one time I did not favor compulsory training for our men, but I have now formed
the opinion that once a man has undertaken training, and after a period of practical
test he should sign a contract to complete his course, provided his physical condition
permitted of it.
Many people assert that the men are unwilling to undertake training. So far as
my experience goes I have found no disinclination to do this. I admit they do
require a great deal of encouragement and persuasion, but it must be remembered
that the uprooting they have been subjected to is sufficient excuse for this temporary
indecision.
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89
If advice is given kindly and firmly and there is no glossing over what awaits them
in the future, they will undertake training and continue it gladly. But it must be
worth while, in no hole and corner make-believe fashion, and definite prospects put
before them, and no time should transpire between their beginning training and con
tinuing it to its next stage.
Hospitals such as this afford many forms of pleasure and so much is done for them,
the result is that men postpone serious thought of the future until they are discharged.
My experience is that army life has made many of them very idle and they require
a considerable amount of rousing out of themselves, especially if they have spent a
long time in hospital since being wounded and so become what has been called
“ hospitalized.”
Card playing is the most formidable hindrance to the successful pursuance of train
ing after a man has started here; r c e he has got into a group of gamblers, it is a very
hard proposition to get him out of it.
Another hindrance is the fact that well-paid employment can be almost certainly
found now, and one needs to be a pretty good advocate to make them realize it is
only temporary, especially when they hear from former hospital mates of the amounts
they are being paid.
I
strongly approve of the establishment of national workshops run entirely on a
commercial basis, as I am certain scores of these men will not be able to follow a trade
in competition with men who are not handicapped. They are easily made to feel
their disability, more especially those with double, or high amputations, and they
readily get discouraged.
Provision should also be made for the comfortable housing of the men. I am con
fident they will not accept any kind of institutional treatment in their nonworking
hours.
There has always been a great demand for such training as would enable them to
live outdoor lives. This I have not usually been able to satisfy, as we have only
provision for teaching technical trades usually followed within walls.
I
fear they will not take to the suggested idea of small holdings, except perhaps the
less educated in other things. Small holdings mean very hard work early and late.
Good sized gardens to their houses will give these men quite as much to do as they will
feel disposed to undertake.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[ 1571]
PRICES AND COST OF LIVING.
/
RETAIL PRICES OF FOOD IN THE UNITED STATES.
Retail prices of food as reported to the Bureau of Labor Statistics
for October, 1918, show, for all articles combined, an increase of 2
per cent as compared with September, 1918, and an increase of 16 per
cent as compared with October, 1917.
AVERAGE RETAIL PRICES .AND PE R CENT OP INCREASE OR DECREASE OCT. 15, 1918,
COMPARED W ITH OCT. 15, 1917, AND SEPT. 15, 1918.
Per cent of increase
{ + ) or decrease
{ - ) Oct. 15, 1918,
compared with—
Average price.
Article.
Sirloin steak................
Round steak...............
Rib roast.....................
Chuck roast............—
Plate beef.....................
Pork chops__ . . . . . . .
Bacon............................
H a m ............................
Lard..............................
Lamb............................
H ens..............................
Salmon, canned..........
E ggs..............................
B utter..........................
C heese..........................
M ilk..............................
Bread............................
Flour............................
Com meal....................
Rice...............................
Potatoes.......................
Onions ........................
Beans,-navy................
Pruens..........................
Raisins, seeded...........
Sugar.............................
Coffee............................
Tea................................
Unit.
Oct. 15,
1917.
Sept. 15,
1918.
Oct. 15,
1918.
Oct. 15,
1917.
$0.330
.309
.257
.218
.165
.388
.4S2
.426
.312
.316
.312
.283
.551
.508
.348
.127
. 099
.070
.070
.111
.031
.049
.189
.165
.150
.097
.305
.612
$0,417
. 398
.327
.284
.219
.461
.562
.519
.336
.369
.394
.305
.586
. 592
.360
.143
.099
.008
.069
.137
.039
.. 050
.169
.174
. 154
.096
.303
.664
$0. 410
.390
.323
.279
. 215
.454
.579
.520
.342
.352
.390
.309
.641
.651
.385
.148
.098
.067
.068
.140
. 035
.045
.167
.183
.155
.106
.305
.657
+24
+26
+ 26
+28
+30
+ 17
+ 20
+22
+ 10
+ 11
+25
+ 9
+ 16
+28
+ 11
+ 17
- 1
- 4
- 3
+26
Pound___
..d o ..........
. .d o ..........
. .d o ..........
..d o ..........
..d o ..........
. .d o ..........
. .d o ..........
..d o ..........
. .d o ..........
..d o ..........
..d o ..........
Dozen.......
Pound___
. .d o ..........
Quart........
Pound 2. ..
Pound___
. .d o ..........
. .do..........
..d o ...........
..d o ..........
..d o ...........
. .do...........
. .do...........
..d o ...........
. .do...........
..d o ...........
A ll articles combined.
1Increase of less than five-tenths of 1 per cent.
2Baked weight.
Sept. 15,
1918.
- 8
-1 2
+ 11
+ 3
+ 9
(s)
+ 7
- 2
- 2
- 1
- 2
- 2
- 2
+ 3
0)
+ 2
- 5
- 1
+ 1
+ 9
+ 10
+ 7
+ 3
- 1
- 2
- 1
+ 2
-1 0
-1 0
- 1
+ 5
+ 1
+ 10
+ 1
- 1
+ 16
+ 2
*No change in price.
The five cuts of fresh beef, which, in the year from October, 1917,
to October, 1918, show price increases ranging from 24 to 30 per cent
each, during the month from September 15 to October 15 declined in
price 2 per cent each, with the exception of rib roast which declined
90
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[1572]
M O N TH LY LABOE EEVIEW.
91
only 1 per cent. Hens also show a decline of 1 per cent in October,
yet since last October they have increased 25 per cent. Fifteen of
the 28 articles for which monthly prices are secured were cheaper in
October than in September. Flour was 2 per cent cheaper than it was
in September, and 4 per cent cheaper than it was a year ago. The
greatest advances in the month are shown in dairy products and sugar.
Eggs increased 9 per cent; butter, 10 per cent; and cheese, 7 per cent.
Sugar increased 10 per cent. The greatest decreases were in potatoes
and onions.
A comparison of prices for the 5-year period shows that food as a
whole was 75 per cent higher in October, 1918, than in the same
month of 1913. Every article increased 54 per cent or over. vFive
articles increased over 100 per cent, as follows: Corn meal, 119 per
cent; lard, 115 per cent; bacon, 108 per cent; flour, 103 per cent;
and pork chops, 102 per cent.
AVERAGE RETAIL PRICES AND PE R CENT OF INCREASE OR DECREASE OCT. 15 OF
EACH SPECIFIED Y E A R COMPARED W ITH OCT. 15, 1913.
Per cent of increase ( + ) or
decrease ( - ) Oct. 15 of each
specified year compared with
Oct. 15, 1913.
Average price Oct. 15—
Article.
Unit.
1913
1914
1915
1916
1917
1918
1914
1915
1916
Sirloin steak........ P o u n d .. $0.257 $0. 262 SO. 259 $0.276 $0.330 $0. 410
Round steak........ . ..d o ___
. 233
.238
.233
.247
.309
.390
Rib roast.............. . ..d o ___ .199
.206
.201
.212
.257
.323
t buck roast.......... . . .d o----. 174
.165
.174
.218
.279
Plate beef............. . . . d o . . . .
. 128
.122
.129
.165
.215
Pork chops........... . ..d o ___
.225
.229
.232
.247
.388
.454
Bacon.................... . ..d o ___ .278
.287
.273
.298
.482
. 579
Ham...................... . ..d o ___
.276
.282
.265
.332
.426
.520
Lard...................... .. .d o .. . .
.159
.156
. 144
.231
.312
.342
Lamb..................... .. .d o . . .. .184
.193
.209
.225
.316
.352
Hens...................... . .. d o ___ .212
.215
.205
.243
.312
. 390
Salmon, canned.. . . .d o .. . .
. 198
.204
.283
.309
E ggs...................... Dozen... .416
.390
.401
.458
.551
.641
B utter................... Pound.. .382
.374
.351
.418
.508
.651
Cheese................... . . . d o . . ..
.230
.268
.348
. 385
M ilk....................... Quart... .090
.090
.088
.094
.127
.148
Bread..................... Pound2. .056
.064
.070
.081
.099
.098
Flour..................... Pound.. .033
.037
.037
.051
.070
.067
Corn meal............. . . . d o . . . . .031
. 033
. 033
.035
.070
.068
R ice....................... . .. d o ----.091
.091
.111
. 140
Potatoes............... . .. d o ____ .018
.016
.016
.029
.031
.035
Onions................... . ..d o ___
045
.047
040
.033
Beans, n avy........ . . -do -----.079
.122
.189
. 167
Prunes................... ...d o .......
.134
.135
.165
. 183
Raisins.................. . . .do.......
. 125
. 130
. 150
.155
Sugar..................... . . .d o . ___
.055
.072
.061
.082
.097
.106
ColTee.......................... . . - d o .........
.299
.299
.305
.305
Tea................................ . . .do .........
.546
.612
.546
.657
________ ________
+ 2
+ 2
+ 4
+ 1
(i)
+ 1
+ 7 + 28
+ 6 + 33
+ 7 + 29
+ 60
+ 67
+ 62
+
+
+
+
+
2
3
2
2
5
1
+ 3
- 2
- 4
-1 0
+ 14
- 3
+ 10
+ 7
+20
+45
+22
+ 15
72
73
54
96
72
47
+ 102
+ 108
+ 88
+ 115
+ 91
+ 84
- 6
- 2
- 4
- 8
+ 10 + 32
+ 9 + 33
+ 54
+ 70
(i)
+ 14
+ 12
+ 6
- 2
+ 4
+ 45
+55
+ 13
+ 41
+ 77
+ 112
+ 126
+ 64
+12
+ 0
-1 1
-1 1
+61 + 72
+ 94
+31
+ 11
+ 49 + 76
+ 93
-
+ 17 + 50
1 75
All articles combined ......................
-f-
|
! No change in price.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
2
2Baked weight.
[1573]
1
1917
+
+
+
+
+
+
1918
+ 103
+ 119
92
M O NTHLY LABOR REVIEW.
RELA TIV E R ETA IL PRICES OF FOOD ON SEPT. 15 AND OCT. 15, 1918, AND ON OCT 15,
1913, 1914, 1915, 1916, AN D 1917.
[The relative price shows the per cent that the average price on the 15th of each month was of the average
price for the year 1913.]
Oct. 15.
1918
Unit.
A rticle..
Sept.
15.
Oct.
15.
1913
1914
1915
1916
1917
Corn meal............................................................. .. .do...........
Potatoes............................................................... .. .do...........
Sugar..................................................................... .. .do...........
164
178
165
220
208
193
213
185
170
155
161
174
206
230
223
175
161
175
163
216
214
193
216
183
186
170
166
172
203
227
208
193
101
104
101
107
103
102
101
100
121
100
101
100
99
103
106
101
103
107
104
110
106
105
98
100
113
98
101
114
111
109
89
132
103
104
102
110
101
99
91
97
117
92
100
124
113
108
94
111
108
111
108
118
110
123
147
114
132
109
105
144
155
117
165
149
130
138
130
185
178
159
198
146
160
133
143
176
214
232
17S
177
A ll articles combined........................................
178
181
104
105
103
121
157
Sirloin steak__.....................................................
Round steak............. ........................................
Rib roast..............................................................
Pork chops........... ...............................................
Bacon....................................................................
Ham ....................................................................
Lard ....................................................................
H e n s .....................................................................
Eggs ....................................................................
Butter...................................................................
Pound___
.. .do...........
.. .do...........
.. .do...........
.. .do...........
.. .do...........
.. .do...........
.. .do...........
Dozen.......
Pound. . . .
M il k .................................................................................... Quart........
B r e a d ................................................................................. Pound 1. . .
P o u n d ___
F l o u r ..................................................................................
1 Baked weight.
AVERAGE RETAIL PRICES OF THE PRINCIPAL ARTICLES OF F OOD FOR SELECTED
CITIES FOR OCT. 15, 1913, 1914, 1917, 1918, AND SEPT. 15, 1918.
[The prices shown below are computed from reports sent monthly to the bureau by retail dealers. As some
dealers occasionally fail to report, the number of quotations varies from month to month.]
Baltimore, Md.
Atlanta, Ga.
Article.
Unit.
Oct. 151913
Sirloin steak.. . .
Round ste a k .. .
Rib roast...........
Chuck roast
Plate beef..........
Pork chops........
Bacon, sliced ...
Ham, sliced__ _
Lard...................
Lam b.................
H ens...................
Salmon, canned
Eggs....................
Butter.................
Cheese.................
Milk.....................
Bread.................
Flour...................
Corn meal..........
Rice.....................
Potatoes.............
Onions................
Beans, navy___
Prunes................
Raisins, seeded.
Sugar...................
Coffee..................
Tea......................
1914
1917
Sept.
15,
1918.
Oct.
15,
1918.
Oct. 1.5—
1913
1914
1917
Sept.
15,
1918.
Oct.
15,
1918.
Pound. . $0.242 $0.263 $0,311 $0.406 $0. 400 $0. 235 $0. 218 $0,326 $0. 461 $0.458
.449
.372
.212
.456
. . . d o . . .. .213
.229
.315
.278
.371
.220
.356
.364
.241
.314
.315
.173
.184
.259
. ..d o ___
.197
.185
.312
.301
.. .do__ _
.267
.220
. 164
. 212
.273
.241
.242
.211
...d o .. ..
.212
.136
.169
.103
.157
.472
.504
. .. d o ___
.463
.196
.190
.371
.245
. 456
.250
.399
.583
.255
.559
.322
.603
.225
.457
...d o ----.589
.313
.490
.572
.585
.477
.549
.285
.310
...d o ----.4.39
.525
.308
.300
.342
.148
.326
.337
...d o ----.351
.148
. 154
.153
.347
.319
.402
.409
.185
.333
...d o ----. 202
.400
.180
.203
.313
.389
.444
.321
.427
.208
.215
.. .d o .__
.212
.383
. 337
.377
.208
.279
.275
.254
.268
. . .d o .. . .
.248
.247
.574
.639
.329
.482
.585
.345
.519
D o z ___
.341
.538
.363
.678
.617
Pound.. .399
.645
.538
.551
.605
.388
.385
.388
.404
.369
. . .d o .__
. 400
.360
. 355
.361
.160
.160
.117
Q uart... .106
.200
.087
.106
.159
.087
.200
.097
.097
Pound i . • 05a
.092
.102
.100
.057
.060
.100
.055
.070
.071
P o u n d .. .035
.072
.068
. 032
.037
.070
.037
.070
.065
.065
.064
.057
...d o ----.025
.027
.028
.059
.057
.026
.137
.112
. 135
__do........
.145
.142
. 108
.042
.043
.047
...d o .......
.018
.017
.030
.018
.«38
.050
.023
.050
.060
__do........
.063
.057
.059
. ISO
.177
.187
__do.......
.183
.188
. 187
.178
.178
__do.......
.181
.179
.186
.159
.155
.146
.. .d o.......
.162
.172
.180
.10!
.091
.092
.105
. 104
.094
.049
.. .do....... .058
.076
.067
.286
.285
.308
.277
__do........
.294
.311
.718
.702
.892
.634
__do........
.796
.897
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1 Baked weight.
T1574]
93
M ONTHLY LABOE REVIEW,
AVERAGE RETAIL PRICES OF THE PRINCIPAL ARTICLES OF FOOD FOR SELECTED
CITIES FOR OCT. 15, 1913, 1914, 1917, 1918, AND SEPT. 15, 1918—Continued.
Birmingham, Ala.
Article.
Oct. 15—
Unit.
1913
1914
1917
Sept.
15,
1918.
Boston, Mass
Oct.
15,
1918.
Oct. 15—
1913
1914
1917
Sept.
15,
1918.
Sirioin steak............. Pound.. $0.285 $0.292 $0.355 $0.420 $0. 413 $0.350 $0.363 SO. 442 $0.590
.314
.350
.246
.350
Rmmd steak............ . . .do....... .230
.385
.378
.449
.583
.266
.252
.213
.256
.315
.338
.339
.403
Rib roast................... ...d o ....... .205
.212
.175
.182
Chuck r o a st__ . . . . __do........
.293
.293
. 269
.349
.117
.170
.226
Plato hoof ............. __do.......
.227
.246
.389
.244
.455
.253
.437
.409
.493
Pork chops............... ...d o ....... .246
.254
.350
.509
.609
.268
.601
.458
.515
Bacon, sliced............ . ..d o ....... .350
.325
.450
.313
.510
.520
.330
.456
.536
Ham, sliced.............. ...d o ....... .320
.157
.154
.151
.308
.326
.347
.342
.309
Lard........................... ...d o ....... .152
.205
.225
.215
.433
.385
.345
.388
.395
Lamb......................... . . .do....... .219
.194
.342
.256
.286
.381
.344
Hens.......................... . . .do....... .200
.437
Salmon, canned....... .. .do___
.278
.294
.300
.310
.320
.494
.533
.467
.350
.530
.567
.660
.743
Eggs........................... Dozen... .350
.602
.524
.560
.667
.380
.369
Butter....................... Pound.. .400
.400
.558
Cheese....................... .. .do.......
.356
.369
.396
.328
.338
.104
.152
.200
.089
.089
.190
.130
.150
Milk........................... Quart... .100
.106
.111
.111
.092
.060
.060
.091
.055
Bread......................... Pound1. .054
.072
.041
.075
.037
.069
.036
.069
Flour.......................... Pound.. .036
.070
.054
.055
.035
.075
.026
.056
.038
.075
Com meal................. .. .do....... .024
.122
.142
.144
R ic e ........... .
- .. .do.......
. 134
.115
.047
.043
.020
.037
.017
.013
.034
.038
Potatoes.................... . . .do....... .022
__do.......
Onions............ .
.058
. 055
.049
.056
.051
Beans, navy............. __do........
. 184
. 197
. 180
. 184
. 178
.162
Prunes....................... .. .do.......
.162
. 160
. 168
. 181
Raisins, seeded........ .. .do.......
. 160
. 158
. 154
. 150
Sugar.......................... .. .do....... .057
. 102
.095
. 105
.054
.072
.098
. 100
.076
.322
.341
Coffee......................... .. .do.......
.328
.320
.366
T e a __r..................... .d o __
.794
.740
. 810
.646
.653
Buffalo, N Y.
Sirloin steak.............
Round steak.............
Rib roast...................
Chuck roast..............
Plate beef........ ........
Pork chops...............
Bacon, sliced...........
Ham, sliced..............
Lard..........................
Lam b........................
H ens..........................
Salmon, canned.. . .
E g g s.-.l....................
Butter........................
Cheese........................
Milk............................
Bread........................
Flour..........................
Cornmeal...................
Rice............................
Potatoes....................
Onions......................
Beans, navy.............
Prunes......................
Raisins, seeded.......
Suear.........................
Coil'ee.........................
T e a .................
Oct.
15,
1918.
SO. 571
578
.394
.325
.497
.534
.567
.344
.374
.439
.320
.838
.608
.344
.158
.091
.068
.074
.134
.037
.046
.173
.198
. 154
. 107
.341
.661
Chicago, 111.
.. .d o ---- $0.223 $0.234 $0.315 $0. 406 $0. 400 $0. 248 $0.268 $0. 306 $0.386 $0.376
.210
. .. d o ----- .193
.293
.383
.375
.216
.238
.273
.359
.343
. .. d o ----- .165
.178
.247
.317
.316
.247
.201
.219
.326
.313
. .. d o ----. 158
.220
.282
.283
. 179
.213
.287
.276
.. .d o . . . .
. 172
.230
. 128
.226
. 130
. 165
.216
.208
.388
.466
.d o . . . . .210
.218
.447
390
210
.205
.358
. 426
.230
.. .d o . . . . .223
.461
.523
_593
.528
.327
.327
.475
.577
.280
.432
. .. d o ----- .267
.509
.523
.320
.339
.439
.520
.517
.140
.306
.323
. .. d o ----- .144
.328
.150
.151
.299
.326
.332
.341
__d o . . . .
. 153
. 165
.289
.319
.314
.362
. 323
. 198
. 199
.204
.402
.394
.. .d o . . . . .210
.309
. 184
. 193
.271
.368
.337
.275
.280
. . .d o . . . .
.286
.300
.313
.306
.614
.551
.642
.383
.301
.521
Dozen... .366
.469
.333
.559
.510
.652
.358
.579
Pound.. .371
.354
.340
.487
.575
.615
. . . d o . . ..
.333
.338
.361
.368
.376
.395
.130
.140
.080
.155
Quart. . . .080
.080
.130
.129
.080
.129
.052
.100
.100
.100
Pound1. .056
.062
.105
.102
.102
.061
.065
.063
.063
Pound.. .030
.035
.034
.066
.065
.064
.029
.070
.064
. ..d o ----- .025
.028
.064
.028
.028
.071
.068
.067
.. .d o . . . .
. 108
. 129
.134
. 103
. 133
. 139
.011
.031
. .. d o ___ .017
.037
.031
.032
.028
.013
.027
.017
.. .d o .. . .
.056
.043
.042
.048
.042
.036
.182
.. .d o . . . .
. 163
.159
. 186
. 166
. 163
do. . . .
. 156
. 183
182
. 191
161
172
. ..d o.......
.137
.139
.141
. 145
. 152
. 154
.100
. ..d o....... .054
.072
.093
. 104
.088
.090
.052
. 100
.066
. ..d o .......
.293
.296
.296
.285
.283
.289
.534
.616
. ..d o .......
.640
.573
. 598
.607
1Baked weight.
02434°—10——7
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
115751
94
M O N TH LY LABOE R E V IE W .
AVERAGE RETAIL PRICES OF THE PRINCIPAL ARTICLES OF FOOD FOR SELECTED
CITIES FOR OCT. 15, 1913, 1914, 1917, 1918, AND SE PT . 15, 1918—Continued.
Cleveland, Ohio.
Article.
Oct. 15—
Unit.
1913
Sirloin steak.............
Round steak.............
Rib roast...................
Chuck roast..............
Plate beef.................
Pork chops...............
Bacon, sliced............
Ham, sliced..............
L ard...........................
L am b.........................
H en s.... ......................
Salmon canned ......
E ggs...'......................
Butter........................
Cheese.......................
Milk............................
Bread — ...................
Flour..........................
Com m eal.................
Rice............................
Potatoes.....................
Onions.......................
Beans, navy.............
Prunes.......................
Raisins, seeded........
Sugar..........................
Coffee.........................
Tea..............................
1914
1917
Sept.
15,
1918.
Oct.
15.
1918.
Oct. 15—
1913
1914
1917
Sent.
15,
1918.
P ound. . $0.254 $0.254 $0.307 $0. 385 $0.366 $0. 239 $0.236 $0.307 $0.381
.361
.226
.288
.214
...d o .......
.229
.341
.221
.285
.354
.265
.196
.232
.178
.232
...d o .......
.187
.281
.179
.293
. 275
. 173
.211
.260
.161
.262
...d o ........
.207
.205
. 144
...d o . . . . ............ . 123
. 158
.199
. 107
. 181
.493
.230
.226
.221
.402
...d o .......
.387
.423
.208
.440
. 542
.299
.468
.280
.520
...d o ........ . 281
.557
.588
.305
.538
.350
...d o ........ . 335
.436
. 553
.317
.463
.540
.325
.337
.160
...d o ........ . 164
.318
. 343
. 161
.329
.158
.339
.352
.200
.306
.330
.146
.176
.303
.348
. ..d o ........ .187
.403
. ..d o .......
.211
.381
. 194
.284
.209
.317
.206
.354
.295
. do
.270
.299
.264
.294
.599
.570
.378
. 656
.371
.350
.503
.542
D ozen... .427
.612
.530
.390
Pound. . .392
.386
. 651
.346
.580
.495
. 348
. ..d o .......
.350
.352
.367
.372
.140
.080
.120
.140
.084
Quart. . . .080
.084
.116
.118
.100
.100
.100
Pound1. .056
. 057
. 055
.056
.100
.120
.068
.036
.071
.026
Pound.. .031
.067
.028
.060
.057
.067
.030
.034
...d o .......
.026
.073
.066
.027
.061
.069
.141
...d o .. .
.111
. 144
. I ll
145
.041
.014
. ..d o ........ .019
.032
.034
.014
.012
.034
.023
.046
. ..d o .......
.038
.050
.046
.039
.148
__do___
. 191
. 162
. 147
. 185
.172
. ..d o ........
. 165
.179
. 179
. 178
. 144
...d o .
. 143
. 150
. 144
. 147
.094
.074
.101
. ..d o __
.055
.097
.054
. 104
.068
.089
_. d o
.297
.291
.298
.300
.304
.636
.661
.621
.573
Detroit, Mich.
Sirloin steak.............
Round steak.............
Rib roast...................
Chuck roast..............
Plate beef..................
Pork chops...............
Bacon, sliced............
Ham, sliced..............
Lard...........................
Lam b.........................
H ens..........................
Salmon, canned___
Eggs...........................
Butter........................
Cheese........................
Milk............................
Bread.........................
Flour..........................
Corn m eal.................
Rice............................
Potatoes....................
Onions.......................
Beans, navy.............
Prunes...... ...............
Raisins, seeded........
Sugar..........................
Coffee.........................
Tea..............................
Denver, Colo.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[1576]
SO. 374
.347
.278
.247
. 179
.443
.592
. 571
.346
.323
.349
.299
.585
.630
. 383
.118
.120
.059
.061
. 147
.029
.040
. 164
. 187
. 147
. no
.302
.642
Los Angeles, Cal.
. . .d o ___ $0.254 10.249 $0.305 $0.393 «0.379 $0.240 $0.237 $0. 277 $0.328
.214
.275
.208
.213
.247
.361
.210
.315
. ..d o .......
.343
.195
.242
.200
.294
.305
.194
.229
.301
. ..d o ....... .200
.
161
.197
.264
.186
.240
.. . d o ___
.158
.249
.124
. 158
.213
.127
.152
__do........
.200
.197
.210
.216
.369
.269
.372
.445
.469
.429
.254
. ..d o .......
.250
.457
.545
.355
.546
.235
.555
.635
. ..d o .......
.331
.290
.270
.436
.375
.536
.554
.350
...d o .......
.596
.513
.165
.160
.314
.335
.171
.301
.. .do.......
.339
.337
.179
.164
.175
.313
.367
.193
. . .do . . .
.340
.186
.288
.333
.314
.404
.203
.257
.400
.. .do.. . . .198
.372
.262
.319
.300
.288
.312
.387
.. .do.......
.268
. 532
.327
.582
.634
.659
D ozen... .356
.525
.563
.610
.364
.502
.588
.400
.640
.395
.535
.599
Pound.. .370
.344
.356
.. do
.397
.372
. 339
.120
.
090
.090
.148
.150
.
Ì
Ò
Ò
.100
.120
.140
Q uart...
.059
.095
.095
.065
.095
.060
.092
.092
Pound 1. .056
.031
.035
.068
.069
.066
.034
.040
.065
.071
Pound..
.032
.028
.075
.070
.034
.076
.. .do.......
.069
.078
.039
.116
.. d o . __
. 136
.104
.146
.138
.013
.037
.016
.029
. 032
...d o .......
.028
.017
.017
.038
.051
.049
.043
.033
. 043
. do
.194
.150
.. do
.148
.179
.165
.170
. ..d o .......
.180
.193
.158
.178
.140
.150
.154
.152
.141
. do
.104
.095
__do........ .054
.073
.072
.084
.097
.055
.307
.301
.304
__d o ....
.303
.318
.545
__do. ..
.587
.650
.601
.590
i Baked weight.
Oct.
15,
1918.
$0.328
.314
.293
.241
.199
.464
.641
.609
.346
.332
.423
.352
.735
.677
.390
.140
. 092
.071
.076
.143
.033
. 085
. 104
.187
. 158
. 105
.304
.665
95
M O N T H L Y L A B O R R E V IE W ,
AVERAGE R ETA IL PRICES OF THE PRINCIPAL ARTICLES OF FOOD FOR SELECTED
CITIES FOR OCT. 15, 1913, 1914, 1917, 1918, AND SE PT . 15, 1918—Continued.
Milwaukee, Wis.
Oet. 15-
Unit.
Article.
,
.
1913
Sirloin steak.............
Round steak.............
Rib roast...................
Chuck roast..............
Plat.« beef..................
Pork chops___ ____
Bacon, sliced............
Ham, sliced.............
Lard...........................
Lam b.........................
H ens..........................
Salmon carmaril___
Eggs...........................
Butter........................
Cheese ....................
Milk............................
Bread............... .........
Flour..........................
Corn meal.................
Rice
Potatoes....................
Onions. . ,
Beans, navy _____
Prunes
Raisins, seeded__
Sugar.................... .....
Coffee. .
Tea.............................
1914
1917
Sept.
15,
1918.
New Orleans, La.
Oct.
15,
1918.
Oct. 15—
1913
1914
1917
Sept.
15,
1918.
Oct.
/15,
1918.
Pound. . SO.238 SO. 240 SO.293 SO. 373 $0,361 $0.215 SO.236 $0,271 $0,325
. 216
.280
.345
...d o .......
.223
.358
.190
.200
.246
.302
...d o .......
.195
.286
.184
. 188
.238. .298
.195
.233
.293
. ..d o .......
.217
.266
.149
.183
.226
.160
.. .do.......
.200
. 130
. 128
.208
.192
. 155
.212
.213
.370
.402
.250
.255
.401
...d o .......
.428
.474
.544
. ..d o .......
.286
.293
.472
.560
.304
.328
.503
.589
.290
.502
.284
.298
.436
.516
.260
.425
...d o .......
.480
.315
.349
...d o ....... .158
.163
.335
.146
.301
.149
.333
.200
.314
.195
.316
.352
.342
. 210
...d o .......
.217
.376
.320
.188
.272
.210
.330 j . 391
.188
.366
.228
. ..d o .......
. 295
.304
.277
.283
.328
__do.
D ozen... .350
.323
.482
.497
.543
.343
.469
.326
.527
.584
.353
.499
.631
375
.365
Pound.. .350
.519
. 568
__do
.369
.357
.410
.350
.355
.110
.120
.070
.120
.095
.132
.098
. 148
Quart... .070
.100
.092
.092
.050
.087
.062
.053
.096
Pound1. .057
.069
. 066
.066
.038
.039
.079
. 036
.073
Pound.. . 030
.067
.029
.030
.072
.037
.036
.078
.069
.066
...d o .......
.114
.144
.124
. 146
. 100
do
. 030
.041
.045
.014
.027
.034
.021
. ..d o ....... 1 .016
.023
.047
.037
.045
. do.......
.047
.048
.193
.176
.162
. 151
.149
do
.165
.157
. 156
.177
.179
do
.160
.148
.150
. 160
.448
do.......
.091
. 106' . 051
.055
.068
. 096
.072
.099
.093
. ..d o .......
.263
.266
.268
.269
do.. ..
.249
.584
.625
.645
.623
. ..d o .......
.625
New York, N. Y.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1 Baked weight.
[1577]
.163
. 181
. 154.
. 104
.274
.641
Philadelphia, Pa.
.. .d o ___ $0.261 $0. 273. $0.356 $0. 463. $0-438 $0..312 SO. 313 $0i 392 $0,534
.272
.365
.497
.271
. 360
.480' .454
.264
...d o ....... . 255
.291
.393
.221
.224
.222
.298
.387
.372
.. .do....... .216
.190
.252
.348
.323
.301
do
. 169
.236
.122
.174
.237
.290
. 156
.213
.270
.. .do___
.400
.510
.477
.467
.233
.231
.247
.399
...d o ....... .229
.467
.281
.568
.464
.548
.558
.275
. 265
.257
...d o ___
.479
.572
. 320
.574
. 319
.476
. 580
.313
...d o ....... .295
. 328
.149
.336
.341
. 156
.313
.335
.158
.. .do....... .163
.404
.198
.331
.333
.163
.284
.305
.191
.. .do....... . 152
.238
.344
.443
.323
.413
.231
.221
. 410
...d o ....... .218
.260
.283
.334
.345
.348
.548
.603
.399
.692
.425
.429
.627
. 657
D ozen... .479
.562
.637
.421
.515
.599
. 656
.431
.381
Pound.. .375
.370
.361
.340
.343
.359
.080
. 1101 .130
.080
. 138
.140
.158
.090
Quart. .. .090
.089
.095
.099
.100
.048
.048
.062
.099
Pound 1. .060
.070
.032
.038
.075
.073
.073
.087
.078
Pound.. .032
.071
.069
.028
.029
.082
.078
.077
.036
.035
. ..d o .—
.118
.147'
. 136
.140
.do
. 115
.043
.038
.038
.020
.038
.040
.023
.021
. . .do....... .024
.054
.056
.053
.048
.059
__do........
.168
.185
. 174
. 172
.185
.182’
.164
.167
. 189
.193
__do........
. 139' .147
. 146
. 151
. 150'
.097
.094
.069
. 098
.106
.050
.097
.066
Sugar....... ................... __do........ . .049
.267
.283
( oiffee
.277
.280
.265
.583 : .586
.521
. 536
.551
Tea............................. ...d o .__
Sirloin steak...........
Round steak.............
Rib roast............. —
Chuck roast
Plate beef.................
Pork chops...............
Bacon, sliced............
Ham, sliced..............
Lard....................... ...
Lamb.........................
H ens........................
Salmon canned
Eggs...........................
B'utter........................
Chocse.
Milk...........................
Bread.........................
Flour..........................
Corn meat............... .
Rice
Potatoes....................
Onions.......................
Beans navy
Prunes.......................
$0,329
.301
.296
.232
.191
.491
.641
.500
.344
.392
.389
. 342
.593
.656
.399
. 157
.096
.073
.068
.123
. 043
$0. 504
. 470
.371
.323
. 215
. 449
. 575.575.342
’ . 365
.429
.292
.663
.705
. 380
.140
. 09-3
.070
] . 009
.144
.043
. 045
. 163
. 181
.143
* .105
. 273
' .605
,
96
M O N TH LY LABOR REVIEW.
AVERAGE RETAIL PRICES OF THE PRINCIPAL ARTICLES OF FOOD FOR SELECTED
CITIES FOR OCT. 15, 1913, 1914, 1917, 1918, AND SEPT. 15, 1918—Continued.
Pittsburgh, Pa.
Article.
Unit.
Oct. 151913
Sirloin steak__
Round steak.............
Rib roast...................
Chuck roast..............
Plate beef.................
Pork chops...............
Bacon, sliced............
Ham, sliced..............
Lard...........................
Lamb.........................
Hens...........................
Salmon, canned.......
Eggs...........................
Butter........................
Cheese........................
Milk............................
Bread___..................
Flour..........................
Com meal.................
Rice............................
Potatoes....................
Onions.................
Beans, navy........
Prunes.................
Raisins, seeded..
Sugar....................
Coffee....................
Tea........................
1914
Sept.
1917
Pound.. $0.277 $0.292
..d o ....... .237
.240
..d o ....... .217
.225
..d o .......
.187
..d o .......
.133
...d o ....... .232
.235
...d o ....... .306
.309
..d o ....... .299
.325
...d o ....... .157
.153
. .do....... .200
.213
..d o ....... .255
.250
..d o .......
Dozen... .380
.335
.384
Pound.. .395
...d o __
.090
Quart..
Pound 1 .055
. 054
.032
Pound.
.037
. -do__
.030
.033
..d o __
...d o ....
do__
do__
do__
do__
do__
.075
do__
do__
1918.
. . . d o . . . $0.214
.197
...d o ...
. ..d o __
.213
...d o —
...d o __
.242
..d o ....
.344
..d o ___
.340
..d o ___
.180
...d o ___
.167
..d o ___
. 245
..d o___
..d o ___
.564
Dozen..
.400
Pound.
..d o __
.100
Q uart..
P ou n d 1 .059
.034
Pound.
.035
..d o ___
..d o __
.018
..d o__
..d o __
.. do__
..do__
..d o __
.054
..d o __
..d o __
..d o ....
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Oct.
15,
1918.
Oct. 1.5—
1913
1914
1917
Sept.
15,
1918.
0. 356 SO. 480 $0. 463 $0. 260 $0. 260 SO. 308 SO. 381
.329
.443
.428
.243
.243
.301
.377
.274
.362
.355
.195
.200
.256
.303
.241
.320
.312
. 159
260
. 206
.171
.231
.229
.131
.166
.209
.406
.490
.463
.197
.213
.374
.437
.483
.591
.602
.289
.260
.486
.537
.465
.579
.588
.273
.275
.456
.529
.328
.336
.343
.131
. 126
.293
.314
.363
.392
.381
.183
.193
.308
.337
.378
.453
.168
.435
.178
.275
.336
.301
.316
.323
.314
.284
.528
.575
.607
.310
.285
.460
.511
.527
.610
.675
.379
.360
.526
.609
.357
.371
.397
. 369
. 125
.140
.140
.088
.088
.132
.140
.104
.097
.098
.056
.060
. 105
.100
.072
.068
.068
.029
.034
.063
.065
.081
.075
.074
.025
.026
.066
.061
.110
.141
.144
139
. 106
.032
.040
.036
.019
.016
.029
.036
.052
.045
.048
.047
.188
.172
. 168
160
. 192
. 165
.189
.202
177
. 173
.148
.148
.151
163
. 167
.101
.098
.108
.053
.064
.089
.096
.299
.298
.299
. 274
.283
.702
.758
.767
.628
.680
San Francisco, Cal.
Sirloin steak............
Round steak..........
Rib roast.................
Chuck roast..............
Plate beef............
Pork chops..........
Bacon, sliced............
Ham, sliced..............
Lard...........................
L am b........................
H ens..........................
Salmon, canned___
Eggs............................
Butter........................
Cheese........................
Milk............................
Bread........................
Flour..........................
Corn meal.................
Rice............................
Potatoes........•...........
Onions.......................
Beans, navy.............
Prunes.......................
Raisins, seeded........
Sugar...... ..................
Coffee.........................
Tea..............................
St. Louis, Mo.
.217
.155
.147
.253
.350
.340
.177
.183
.245
■Baked weight.
[15781
SO. 375
.367
.304
2ÄQ
.211
.423
.544
.537
.317
.320
.323
318
.565
.653
3Q8
.142
.100
.064
.060
138
.032
044
IfLÇ
196
173
.109
277
.698
Seattle, Wash.
.207 SO. 236 SO. 326 $0.322 $0. 243 SO. 230 SO. 267 SO. 366
.231
.320
.318
.207
.208
.251
.351
.232
.301
.305
.193
.190
.225
.305
. 162
.234
.237
.150
. 181
.254
.157
.217
211
. 216
... 121
. 153
.363
.442
.444
.243
.235
.400
.482
.519
.587
.612
.325
.338
.490
.595
.475
.543
.565
.300
.313
.431
.538
.302
.329
.337
.162
.171
.301
.339
.306
.339
.342
.177
.176
.287
.360
.315
.431
.437
.210
.243
.271
.382
.249
.278
.275
. 307
.277
.533
.608
.671
.756
.500
.542
.652
.698
.379
.545
.632
.700
.400
.394
.546
.627
.316
.366
.375
.312
. 348
.100
.121
.140
. 140
.097
.093
. 120
. 145
.060
.093
. 100
. 100
.052
.060
.104
.104
.039
.064
.069
.071
.029
.033
.060
.066
.038
.074
.073
.074
.034
.033
.075
.076
.105
. 136
. 141
. 144
. 109
.017
.031
.035
.033
.014
.015
.023
.037
.032
.030
.027
. 043
. 040
.177
. 151
.150
. 190
. 171
.152
.149
. 166
. 146
. 161
. 143
.136
. 139
. 145
. 149
.082
.092
. 104
.064
.073
.089
.098
.303
. 30S
.307
.316
.319
.534
.548
.559
.542
.590
.200
Oct.
15,
1918.
#0.367
.354
.313
.261
.216
.495
.620
.553
.340
.359
.385
.311
.716
.703
.363
.147
.103
. 036
.075
. 145
.027
.042
.171
.176
. 151
.108
.317
.598
M O NTHLY LABOR REVIEW,
97
A V ERAGE R E TA IL PRICES OF THE PR IN C IPA L ARTICLES OF FOOD FOR SELECTED
CITIES FOR OCT. 15, 1913, 1914, 1917, 1918, A N D SEPT. 15, 1918—Concluded.
Washington, D. C.
Article.
Unit.
Oct. 15—
1917
1913
Sirloin steak___
Round steak___
Rib roast.............
Chuck roast........
Plate beef............
Pork chops.........
Bacon, sliced___
Ham, sliced........
Lard.....................
Lamb...................
Hens....................
Salmon, canned.
E ggs.....................
B utter.................
Cheese..................
Milk.....................
Bread...................
Flour...................
Corn m eal..........
R ice.....................
Potatoes..............
Onions.................
Beans, n a v y ___
Prunes.................
Raisins, seeded..
Sugar...................
Coffee...................
T ea.......................
«0
Pound.
...d o ___
...d o ___
...d o ___
. ..d o ___
. ..d o ___
. ..d o ___
. ..d o ___
. ..d o.......
. ..d o___
. ..d o .......
..d o.......
D ozen...
Pound..
. ..d o ___
Quart...
Pound l.
Pound..
..d o.......
..d o___
..d o.......
..d o.......
...d o .......
. ..d o.......
. ..d o.......
. ..d o.......
..d o.......
...d o .......
016
067
051
*0.350
.337
.278
.243
.191
.415
.497
.438
.318
.360
.325
.236
. 546
.534
.351
. 140
. 101
.075
.062
.115
.031
.054
.201
.178
. 154
.094
.281
.592
Sept. 15,
1918
Oct. 15,
1918
10. 514
.498
. 403
.353
.282
.537
.561
.542
.345
.440
.435
.308
.590
.603
.369
. 147
.103
.069
.059
. 128
.039
.056
.168
.178
. 160
.092
.287
.730
SO. 514
.484
.402
.353
.255
.523
.584
.562
.350
.438
.453
.331
.686
.689
.379
.170
.103
.069
.059
. 133
.038
.044
. 159
.199
.163
.105
.300
.726
AVERAGE RETAIL PRICES OF THE PRINCIPAL ARTICLES OF FOOD FOR SEPT. 15,
1918, AND OCT. 15, 1918, FOR 31 CITIES.
[The prices shown below are computed from reports sent monthly to the bureau by retail dealers. As
some dealers occasionally fail to report, the number of quotations varies from month to month.]
Bridgeport,
Conn.
m
A rticle.
Charleston,
S. C.
Cincinnati,
Ohio.
Columbus,
Ohio.
Unit.
Sept.
15,
1918.
Sirloin steak.............
Round steak............
Rib roast...................
Chuck roast..............
Plate beef.................
Pork chops...............
Bacon, sliced............
Ham, sliced..............
Lard...........................
Lam b.........................
H ens..........................
Salmon, canned___
E ggs...........................
Butter........................
Cheese........................
Milk............................
Bread.........................
Flour..........................
Corn m eal.................
R:ce............................
Potatoes....................
Onions.......................
Beans, n a v y ............
Prunes.......................
Raisins, seeded........
Sugar..........................
Coffee.........................
Tea..............................
Butte Mont.
Oct.
15,
1918.
Sept.
15,
1918.
Oct.
15,
1918.
Sept.
15,
1918.
Oct.
15,
1918.
Sept.
15,
1918.
Oct.
15,
1918.
Sept.
15,
1918.
P o u n d .. $0. 535 SO. 524 SO. 309 SO. 365 10. 377 $0. 379 $0. 353 SO. 345 $0. 403
. . .d o ___ .521
. 510
. 341
.338
.388
.340
.382
.385
.347
. . .d o ___ . 404
. ?,27
.392
. 2X6
2X6
.306
. 306
. 319
321
. . .d o ___ .352
.329
.251
.255
.268
.278
.245
.243
.288
. . .d o ___ .239
.216
.186
.186
.210
.225
.212
.218
.238
.. .d o___ .464
.467
.461
.495
.452
.505
.465
.402
.438
. . .d o___ .589
.608
. 592
.621
.554
.635
.639
.541
.529
. . .d o___ .592
.564
.609
.555
.532
.507
.526
.530
.525
. . .d o ___ .332
.341
.334
.321
.334
.339
.335
. 349
.328
. . .d o___ .389
.346
.359
.381
.361
. 373
.326
.358
.320
. . .d o___ .431
.426
.396
.472
.374
.342
. 390
.457
.383
.. .d o ----- .358
. 354
.305
.350
.339
.300
.279
.308
.291
Dozen... .754
.794
.745
.717
.533
.555
.523
.554
.476
P o u n d .. . 553
.604
.604
.656
.575
.666
.596
.010
.649
. . .d o ___ .350
. 359
.396 \ 376
.359
. 389
.357
. 405
. 349
Q uart... . 140
.155
. 150
.150
. 185
.180
.130
.140
.130
Pound1. .100
.100
.100
.100
.100
.100
.096
.097
.097
P o u n d .. .070
.069
.069
.069
.071
.071
.067
.007
.069
. . .d o ___ .083
.084
.062
.083
.088
.061
.061
.058
.065
.144
. . .d o ----- .138
.142
. 147
.148
.117
.120
. 140
.150
. . .d o ___ .038
.038
.022
.048
.036
.027
.049
.035
.043
. . .d o ___ .060
.049
.044
.050
.046
.055
.060
.059
.040
.172
.151
.156
.163
.. .d o ___ .175
.173
. 197
. 193
-.177
. . .d o ___ .183
. 189
.173
. 181
.195
.162
. 181
.178
. 170
.158
.151
.. .d o___ . 160
.161
.155
.148
.159
. 165
.159
.094
. . .d o ___ .097
.116
. 103
.102
.095
.107
.115
.091
. . .d o ___ .317
. 423
.281
.289
.269
.278
.287
.319
.429
.838
.781
.654
.688
. . .d o ----- .640
.680
.779
.677
.673
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1Baked weight.
[1579]
Oct.
15,
1918.
SO. 393
.375
.279
.233
.398
.580
. 540
. 341
.383
.333
.302
.584
.645
.371
.140
.696
.066
.064
.143
.038
.046
.158
.193
. 148
.109
.289
.840
98
M O NTHLY LABOE REVIEW.
A V ERAGE R E TA IL PRICES OF THE, PRIN C IPA L ARTICLES OF FOOD FOR SE P T . 15,
1918, A N D OCT. 15, 1918, FO R 31 CITIES—Continued.
Dallas, Tex,
Article.
Fall River,
Mass.
Houston,
Tex.
Indianapolis, Jacksonville,
Ind.
Fla.
Unit.
Sept.
15,
1918.
Oct.
15,
1918.
Sept.
15r
1918.
Oct.
15,
1918.
Sept.
15,
1918.
Oct.
15,
1918.
Sept.
15,
1913.
Oct.
15,
1918.
Sept.
15,
1918.
Sirloin steak............. Pound. SO. 387 $0.386 $0. 594 $0. 580 $0. 347 SO. 339 $0.383 $0. 365 $0. 410
. 376
Round steak............. . . .d o ___ .371
. 511
. 505
.349
.345
. 375
. 355
.386
Rib roast................... .. .d o ___ .326
.330
.388
.386
.286
.282
.283
.280
.321
.294
Chuck roast.............. . . .d o ___ .292
.244
.244
.330
.319
.259
.258
.271
Plate beef................. . . .d o ___ .237
.237
.214
.209
.219
.208
.208
Pork chops............... . . .d o___ .422
.464
.440
.472
.414
.474
.454
.432
.465
Bacon, sliced............ .. -do___ .603
.609
.513
.535
.551
.713
.535
.550
.575
Ham, sliced.............. .. .d o___ . 532
.562
.497
.523
.502
.521
.509
.538
.508
.324
L ard........................... .. .d o ___ .341
.343
.334
.332
.320
.319
.338
.333
L am b......................... .. .d o ___ .360
.396
.399
.374
.375
.367
.385
. 350
H ens........................... . . .d o ___ .323
. 432
.326
304
403
.328
. 429
Salmon, canned___ .. .d o ___ .294
.305
.278
.291
.306
.255
.313
.258
287
.762
.559
E ggs........................... D ozen... .494
.818
.512
.530
. 503
. 552
.556
Butter........................ Pound.
. 674
.543
.626
.549
.584
.633
.578
. 645
.610
Cheese........................ .. .d o ___ .350
.341
.391
.355
.345
.365
.370
.386
.359
Milk............................ Q uart... .172
.180
.150
.150
.184
.169
.120
.120
.153
Bread......................... Pound1. .100
.100
.100
.100
.096
.090
.100
.100
.100
Flour.......................... P o u n d .. . 069
.072
.067
.072
.072
.064
.070
.063
.071
Corn m eal....... .......... . . .d o___ .065
.084
.068
.064
.079
.066
.063
.002
.063
R ice............................ .. .d o----- .125
.132
.136
.136
.123
.122
.140
.147
. 136
Potatoes..................... ;.. .d o ----- .047
.037
.035
.036
.036
.038
.045
.030
.047
Onions....................... ;.. .d o ___ .057
.055
.060
.052
.053
.046
.051
.046
.064
Beans, n a v y ............
.d o ----- .176
. 177
.177
.175
.168
. 158
.169
.152
.192
Prunes....................... ¡...d o ----- .176
.196
.175
.178
.154
. 164
. 169
.181
.189
Raisins, seeded........ ' . . .d o ----- . 153
. 151
.162
.160
.169
.160
.171
.168
.173
Sugar...........
. OQQi
109
.d o ..
.095
lofi
. 108
Coffee......................... . . .d o ___
.337
.332
. 332
.336
.276
.279
Ì291
.295
. 323
Tea.................... ......... . . .d o ___
.798
.775
.583
. 595
.606
.796
.587
.796
.729
Kansa sCity,
Mo.
Sirloin steak.............
Round s te a k ...
Rib roast...................
Chuck roast____ __
Plate beef..................
Pork chops_____
Bacon, sliced_____
Ham, sliced..............
Lard...........................
L am b........
H ens...........................
Salmon, canned___
E ggs...........................
B utter........................
Cheese........................
Milk.............................
Bread.........................
Flour..........................
Corn meal......... .........
R ice......... .............. .
P otatoes...,...............
Onions.......................
Beans, n a v y ........ ...
Prunes..................... .
R aisins, seeded........
Sugar..........................
Coffee.........................
Tea..............................
Little Rock,
Ark.
Louisville,
Ky.
Manchester,
N. H.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[1580]
SO. 412
.393
.325
.276
.213
.477
.604
.502
.343
.373
.293
.600
.391
.ISO
.100
.071
.063
.134
.048
.065
.188
.194
.173
.332
.768
Memphis,
Tenn.
.. .do___ $0. 380 $0. 373 $0. 414 $0. 404 SO. 375 $0.371 SO. 566 SO. 558 $0. 402
. . .d o ___ .365
.361
.386
.385
.359
.351
. 515
.518
.378
.. .d o ___ .279
.277
.352
.338
.308
.307
.362
.374
.317
.243
.. .d o ___ . 259
.281
. 275
.267
.326
.270
.321
.285
. - -do___ .210
.210
.234
.235
.230
.233
.245
. .. d o ___ . 428
.438
.435
.463
.442
.437
.488
.486
.449
. ..d o ___ .578
.591
.621
. 609
.583
.586
.531
.543
.583
. . .d o ___ .516
.519
.538
. 525
. 533
.551
.495
.535
.521
. .. d o ___ .349
.352
.336
.336
.332
.341
.339
.345
.335
. .d o ..
393
380
388
. 300
367
. 309
. . -do___ .326
.321
. 353
.350
.371
.442
'367
.453
.336
. ...do___ .313
.321
.302
.321
.272
.279
.300
.304
.359
Dozen... . 487
. 554
.564
.571
.504
. 558
.689
.790
.507
Pound.. . «02
.647
.598
.662
.622
.650
.600
.680
.593
. . .d o .. . . .370
379
. 398
. 414
.380
Quart... . 143
. 143
. 150
.180
. Io0
.150
. 140
.140
.160
Pound1. .100
. 100
. 100
. 100
.100
.100
.093
.093
.099
Pound.. . 065
. C64
.070
.068
. 065
.065
.070
.070
.067
. . .d o ___ . 068
.008
.066
.003
.060
. 058
.078
.061
.077
.. .d o ___ .147
.147
.137
.140
.139
.134
. 137
.127
.134
. . .d o ___ .035
. 034
.044
.036
.038
.036
.034
.032
.042
. . .d o ___ . 056
. 048
.059
.048
.046
.042
. 045
.049
.048
. . .d o ___ . 184
.181
.175
. 155
.172
.167
.175
.174
.176
.. .d o ___ .185
.176
. 188
.157
.173
.181
.175
.182
.184
. . .d o ___ ., 163
.172
.150
.164
.157
.167
.158
.157
.161
. . .d o ___ . 100
. 110
. 095
.110
.096
.110
.103
. 110
.093
.. .d o ___ .289
.288
.329
.311
.272
.272
.335
.339
.303
. . . d o . . . . .723
.751
.852
.811
.762
.768
.596
.593
.787
1Baked weight.
Oct.
15,
1918.
SO. 393
.363
.295
.271
.233
.463
.588
.521
.336
.342
.381
.572
.661
.160
.099
.068
.060
.135
.039
.0.50
.171
.193
.153
.106
.304
.783
M O N TH LY LABOR REVIEW.
99
AVERAGE R E TA IL PRICES OF THE PR IN C IPA L ARTICLES OF FOOD FOR SEPT. 15,
1918, AN D OCT. 15, 1918, FOR 31 CITIES—Continued.
Unit.
Article.
Sirloin steak...........................
Round steak.........................
Rib roast.......................... ..
Chuck roast...........................
Plate beef...............................
Pork chops............................
Karon sliced........
Ham, sliced...........................
Lard........................................
Lam b..........
H ens.......................................
Salmon canned...................
E ggs........................................
Butter.....................................
Cheese ..................................
Milk.........................................
Bread......................................
Flour.......................................
Corn m eal..............................
Rice.........................................
Potatoes.................................
Onions....................................
Beans, navy..........................
Prunes....................................
Raisins, seeded....................
Su^ar......... ........... ...............
Coffee......................................
Tea...................... ...................
Minneapolis,
Minn.
Mobile, Ala.
Newark, N. .1.
New Haven,
Conn.
Sept.
15,
1918.
Oct.
15,
1918.
Sept.
15,
1918.
Oct.
15,
1918.
Sept.15,
1918.
Oct.
15,
1918.
Sept.
15,
1918.
Oct.
15,
1918.
SO. 302
.290
.250
.223
. 175
.410
SO. 347
.347
.320
.283
.244
.471
$0. 491
.496
.399
.349
.262
.479
$0. 567
.531
.398
.363
.504
.318
.354
.410
.265
.593
.576
.362
.173
.097
.070
.068
. 133
.047
.060
.179
. 195
.184
.092
.282
.624
SO. 466
.471
.377
.328
.234
.459
.537
.407
.347
.356
.425
.347
.744
.682
.383
.158
.097
.072
.081
. 147
.042
.052
.171
. 196
.151
. 103
.299
.593
$0. 572
.526
.404
.362
.511
.333
.274
.309
.365
.535
.616
.371
. 128
.088
.063
.058
. 141
.026
.032
.154
.178
.148
.106
.311
.532
$0.350
.346
.319
.273
.239
.492
.592
. 510
.334
.339
.450
.263
.597
.650
.389
.150
.096
.068
. 065
. 130
.045
.050
.174
.202
.181
. 107
.278
.640
.488
. 58 ì
. 599
.339
. 424
.441
.336
.761
.568
.355
.143
.100
.069
.080
. 136
.040
.057
.176
. 185
.154
102
332
.614
! ö08
346
375
439
339
819
.619
372
.143
.104
.069
.078
140
039
061
.176
202
.156
102
Pound. . Î0.325
.308
...d o .. ..
. .. d o ___
.265
.. -do___
.235
. . -d o .. . .
.185
.406
.. .d o___
. . .d o .__
. 541
.. .d o___
.500
.. .d o .. . .
.333
.. -d o .. . .
. 31S
.. -do. . . .
.335
.. .do. . . .
.369
.474
D ozen...
.545
Pound..
.. .d o .. . .
.329
.110
Q uart...
Pound L
.088
Pound. .
.063
.. .d o___
.060
.. .d o .. . .
.138
.. .d o .. . .
.025
.. .d o . . . .
.038
.. .do___
. 155
__d o . . . .
.166
.. .do___
.150
__d o . . . .
.098
.. .d o____
.311
. . .do----.517
Norfolk, Va.
Sirloin steak..........................
Round steak . ......................
Rib roast................................
Chuck roast...........................
Plate b e e f.............................
Pork chops............................
Bacon, sliced........................
Ham, sliced...........................
Lard.......................................
Lam b......................................
Hens........ ..............................
Salmon, canned...................
E g g s ..: ..................................
Butter.....................................
Cheese........... , .......................
Milk............... ........................
Bread......................................
Flour.......................................
Corn m eal..............................
Rice.........................................
Potatoes..................................
Onions....................................
Beans, navy..........................
Prunes........ ...........................
Raisins, seeded.....................
Sugar.......................................
Coffee......................................
Tea..........................................
. ..d o ___ $0.511 $0. 505
.468
.463
.. -do----.402
. . .do___
.408
.321
.. .d o ___
.335
.232
.. .d o .. . .
.238
...d o ....
.463
.483
.. .d o .. . .
. 576
.609
. 451
.. .d o ___
. 456
.. .d o____
.344
.366
__d o . . . .
.436
. 442
__d o ____
.450
.458
.. .d o .__
.292
.308
.599
.634
Dozen...
.577
.640
Pound. .
.368
__d o . __
.389
.193
Quart. . .
.215
.09)
.099
Pound '.
.072
.071
Pound. .
. . .d o___
.065
.063
__d o . __
. 150
. 147
.. .d o .__
.047
.045
__d o . __
.061
.061
__d o . __
. 186
.186
.. .d o. . . .
. 192
. 19S
.. .d o ----.163
.173
.. .d o ___
.094
. 107
. . .d o ___
.326
.326
.772
.782
.. -do-----
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Omaha, Nobr.
SO. 384
.370
.303
.267
. 193
.419
.587
.544
.346
.353
.333
.301
.480
.582
.367
. 138
.100
.064
.061
. 145
.037
.050
.163
. 177
.171
.097
.313
.676
1Baked weight.
[1581]
$0.371
. 355
.288
.252
. 192
.407
.600
. 550
.350
.327
.322
.304
.544
. 634
.401
. 148
.100
.064
.0.58
. 148
.032
.043
. 156
. 172
.168
.110
.318
.689
.409
.343
.389
.424
.356
.694
.610
.361
.150
.097
.073
.086
. 143
.041
.176
. 191
.151
.096
. 299
.571
Peoria, Hl.
$0.367
.363
.273
.257
.204
. 451
.563
.533
.349
.388
. 339
.304
.492
.578
.392
. 106
.100
.070
.065
. 138
.035
. 176
. 171
.159
.097
.267
.661
SO. 360
.349
.266
.246
. 193
.414
.571
.532
.346
.318
.315
.304
.559
.612
.416
. 107
. 100
.068
.065
. 143
.031
.051
. 175
. 184
.163
. 108
.272
.661
.495
le is
Portland, Mo.
$0. 590
.524
.360
.313
SO. 589
.501
.352
. 305
.483
.553
.527
.341
.385
.444
.290
.70)
.596
.352
. 140
. 100
.068
.072
. 129
.033
.050
. 178
. 172
.148
.093
.322
.636
.496
.566
.550
349
.359
.445
.299
.786
.659
.373
. 143
. 109
.068
.071
. 134
. 032
.043
. 171
. 183
. 14)
. 101
.317
.623
100
M ONTHLY LABOR REVIEW,
A VERAGE R E TA IL PRICES OF THE PR IN C IPA L ARTICLES OF FOOD FOR SEPT. 15,
1918, A N D OCT. 15, 1918, FOR 31 CITIES—Concluded.
Portland,
Oreg.
Article.
Sirloin steak.......................... Pound. $0.326
Round steak......................... .. .d o ___
.316
Rib roast................................ __d o . . . .
.292
Chuck roast........................... .. .d o ___
.232
Plate b e e f.............................. __d o . __
. 183
Pork chops............................ .. -do___
.457
Bacon, sliced........................ .. .d o___
.572
Ham, sliced........................... .. .d o ___
.506
Lard........................................ .. .d o .. . .
.350
L am b...................................... .. .d o____
.332
H ens................................... .. .do. . . .
.357
Salmon, canned................... .. .d o ___
. 357
E ggs........................................ D ozen...
.590
Butter..................................... Pound. .
.630
Cheese..................................... .. .d o____
.367
Milk......................................... Quart. . .
.139
Bread...................................... Pound i.
. 110
Flour....................................... Pound. .
.066
Com m eal.............................. .. -do. . . .
.077
Rice....................................
.. .do
. 141
Potatoes................................. .. .d o . . . .
.039
__do
Onions..............................
. 042
Beans, navy...... ...............
.. .d o----.162
Prunes.................................. .. -do___
.143
Raisins, seeded..................... .. .d o ----.147
Sugar.................................
__do
. 103
Coffee..............................
__do
.331
Tea..........................................
.591
Qct.
15,
1918.
.. .d o ___ $0.350
. . .d o .. . .
.323
. . .do
. 281
. . -do___
.247
.. .do
. 192
.. .d o .. . .
.409
.. .d o ___
.540
. . -do___
.520
.. .d o ___
.336
.. .do
.314
.do
. 343
.. -do.
.297
.467
D ozen...
Pound. .
.583
.. .do
.361
Quart. . .
.110
Pound i.
.085
Pound..
.067
.. .do
.064
.. .d o___
.137
.. .do. . . .
.023
.. .do
. 036
.. .do___
.168
.. .d o .. . .
. 175
.. .d o . . .
. 146
. . -do___
. 104
. . .do___
.318
. . - d o ....
.600
Sept.
15,
1918.
$0.323 $0. 660
.312
.557
.288
. 430
.231
.395
. 180
.468
.514
.572
.531
. 525
.604
. 352
343
. 329
415
362
444
.368
.294
.668
.683
.701
.567
. 343
. 420
.150
.150
.100
.100
.066
.069
. 076
. 073
141
132
. 032
. 038
03Q
051
.163
. 177
.147
.182
. 148
.149
106
101
322
33Q
.618
.625
St. Paul,
Minn.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Richmond,
Va.
Rochester,
N. Y.
Unit.
Sept.
15,
191S.
Sirloin steak...........................
Round steak.........................
Rib roast............................
Chuck roast.....................
Plate beef.............................
Pork chops............................
Bacon, sliced.........................
Ham, sliced...........................
Lard....................................
L am b................................
H ens....................................
Salmon, canned....................
E ggs........................................
Butter.....................................
Cheese.....................................
Milk....................................
Bread......................................
Flour...................................
Corn m eal..............................
Rice.........................................
Potatoes..................................
Onions....................................
Beans, n avy..........................
Prunes....................................
Raisins, seeded.....................
Sugar..’. ..................................
Coffee......................................
Tea...........................................
Providence,
R. I.
Oct.
15,
1918.
Sept.
15,
1918.
Oct.
15,
1918.
Sept.
15,
1918.
Oct.
15,
1918.
SO. 656
. 545
428
.392
$0. 455
.455
254
.322
265
.472
.572
7484
245
420
$0. 453
.426
348
! 326
262
466
.582
.478
352
413
$0. 408
.400
335
.319
230
.456
.515
.497
SO. 399
.383
.381
. 0DO
.245
.587
.654
385
. 157
.100
.068
.302
.630
.579
.305
. 715
.612
.130
. 100
.066
. 145
. 100
.061
.513
.543
.612
353
206
452
.783
.628
352
.158
.100
.069
072
038
045
.174
.190
.149
! 186
. 176
.149
Ì628
285
.7 5 5
Salt Lake City,
Utah.
$0.343 $0.341
.301.
.325
. 263
278
.244
.254
. 187
1Q2
.404
.473
.547
.583
.480
.500
.341
.360
. 276
430
! 243
.564
.600
260
.157
.100
.066
062
'.m
$0. 335
.328
?82
.039
.185
.173
.147
.098
.154
. 183
.149
.091
.752
. 586
Scranton,
Pa.
.140
.023
022
.159
. 185
142
. 110
.315
.592
337
$0. 459
.421
$0. 380
.380
'.257
.322
.268
.467
.586
.505
.366
.467
.579
.541
.337
.468
.583
.578
.344
241
.609
.665
307
.581
.546
.426
.518
.484
.339
. 386
. 313
.661
.573
.,589
.597
261
.in
.103
.060
076
. 140
.027
.125
.102
. 058
.130
.095
.071
.140
.100
.070
. 145
.024
. 135
.038
. 137
.035
.171
150
.169
153
. 175
163
.170
.500
.617
. 37 /
. 125
. 100
.067
. 077
. 143
.038
. 047
. 175
. 105
.350
.624
110
.356
.640
100
.322
.618
. 148
108
.328
.612
.298
.742
Baked weight.
[1582]
. 042
. 150
.2 0 1
.148
. ¿yo
.582
Springfield,
ill.
$0. 485
.443
375
.336
320
! 299
.529
.629
3Q5
.128
.085
.066
.313
.445
.516
.512
$0 .3 4 1
.3 3 5
.270
.244
. 202
.422
. 541
.502
.342
x .336
. 308
. 291
.581
.653
.403
. 134
. 100
.066
.069
. 144
.031
.039
. 158
.172
.303
.763
101
M ONTHLY LABOR REVIEW.
RETAIL PRICES OF DRY GOODS IN THE UNITED STATES.
The following table gives the average retail prices of 10 articles of
dry goods for October, 1917, and October, 1918. The averages given
are based on the retail prices of only standard brands.
AVERAGE RETA IL PRICES OF 10 ARTICLES OP D R Y GOODS IN 45 CITIES OCT. 15, 1917,
A N D OCT.) S, 1918, AN D IN 5 CITIES OCT. 15, 1918.
Article.
Unit.
A tlanta,
Ga.
Baltimore,
Md.
Birmingham,
Ala.
Boston,
Mass.
Oct. 15—
Oct. 15—
Oct. 15—
Oct. 15—
1917
Calico, 24 to 25 inch..........................
Percale................................................
Gingham, apron, 27 to 28 in c h ___
Gingham, dress, 32-inch.................
Gingham’, dress i 27-inch..................
Muslin, bleached...............................
Sheeting, bleached, 9 by 4 .............
Sheets, bleached, 81 by 90..............
Outing flannel, 27 to 28 inch..........
Flannel, white wool, 27-inch..........
Blankets, cotton, 66 by 80..............
1918
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1917
1918
1917
Buffalo,
N. Y.
Butte,
Mont.
1918
$0.220
.397
.301
504
.368
.373
.834
2.164
.368
1 125
5.650
Charleston.
S. C.
Per yard. 80.117 80.190 80.134 80.263 80.108 SO. 168 $0.144 SO. 253
.235
.384
__do.........
.190
.395
.329
.223
388
.233
.290
.168
.307
.125
.156
...d o ......... .143
.250
.286
.544
__do.........
.579
. 533
.413
.. .d o......... .215
.377
.201
.221
.360
.363
.203
.350
__do.......... .186
.357
.346
312
.230
.363
. 215
. 188
.854
.870
...d o ......... . 605
.588
.533
.839
561.
.831
Per sheet. 1.370 2.155 1.539 2.108 1.717 2.242 1.464
2.016
Per yard. .170
. 338
.198
.377
.349
.190
.217
.368
.. .do.........
.760
.917
.650
.850
Per pair..
6.124
6.950
5.990
.5.160
Chicago,
in.
Calico, 24 to 25 inch..........................
Percale.................................................
Gingham, apron, 27 to 28 inch___
Gingham, dress, 32-inch..................
Gingham j dress, 27-inch..................
Muslin, bleached...............................
Sheeting, bleached, 9 by 4 ..............
Sheets, bleached, 81 by 90..............
Outing flannel, 27 to 28 inch..........
Flannel, white wool, 27-inch..........
Blankets, cotton, 66 by 80___. . . .
1918
Per yard. $0.108 80. 250 $0.130 80.350 SO. 121 SO. 210 $0.118
.. .do......... .243
.400
.230
.409
. 258
.370
. 190
.292
.320
.190
...d o ......... .185
.150
.279
.190
.521
.521
__do.........
.503
.383
.394
...d o ......... .196
.240
.228
.413' .210
.214
.384
__do.........
.203
.338
.187
.331
.223
.788
.. .do......... .529
.550
.890
.450
.698
.518
Per sheet. 1.362 2.004 1.342 2.268 1.170 1.838 1.358
.377
.392
.223
Per yard. .186
.170
.349
.193
__do.........
.945
.990
4.792
Per pair..
5.938
5.310
Bridgeport,
Conn.
Calico, 24 to 25 inch..........................
Percale................................................
Gingham, apron, 27 to 28 inch___
Gingham, dress, 32-inch..................
Gingham', dressJ 27-inch..................
Muslin, bleached...............................
Shfeetirig, bleached, 9 by 4 ..............
Sheets, bleached, 81 by 90..............
Outing flannel, 27 to 28 inch..........
Flannel, white wool, 27-inch..........
Bltinkets, cotton, 66 by 80..............
1917
Cincinnati,
Ohio.
Cleveland,
Ohio.
Columbus,
Ohio.
Per yard. $0.125 $0. 246 $0.120 $0. 238 SO. 108 SO. 233 SO. 118
.. .do......... . 250
.319
.350
.250
.210
.387
. 219
.175
.142
.268
...d o ......... .140
.270
.307
.150
.. .do.........
.614
.588
.545
.202
.314
.352
...d o ......... .216
.363
.197
.300
. . .do......... .213
.343
. 179
.303
. 185
.358
. 213
.564
.508
.829
...d o ......... .607
.801
.798
.590
Per sheet. 1.600 2.140 1.288 1.999 1.476 2.124 1.450
.364
.172
Per yard. .205
.362
.194
.388
.180
.. .do.........
1.175
.900
.650
Per pair..
5.433
6.400
5.938
[1583]
Î0 .230
.383
.307
.592
.371
.348
.806
2.047
.424
1.125
6.567
102
M O N TH LY LABOR REVIEW.
A V ER A G E R E TA IL PRICES OF 10 ARTICLES OF D R Y GOODS IN 45 CITIES OCT. 15,1917,
AND OCT. 15, 1918, AND IN 5 CITIES OCT. 15, 1918—Continued.
Dallas, Tex.
Article.
Unit.
Oct. 151917
Calico, 24 to 25 inch..........................
Percale................................................
Gingham, apron, 27 to 28 in ch ___
Gingham, dress, 32-inch..................
Gingham, dress, 27-inch..................
Muslin, bleached..............................
Sheeting, bleached, 9 by 4 ..............
Sheets, bleached, 81 by 90..............
Outing flannel, 27 to 28 inch..........
Flannel, white, wool, 27-inch........
Blankets, cotton, 66 by SO..............
Denver, Colo. Detroit, Mich.
1918
1917
Oct. 15-
1918
Per yard. 0.125 SO. 217 SO. 122 t0. 238 SO. 143
...d o ......... .198
. 358
.225
.490
.225
.342
.250
...d o ......... .158
.175
.160
..d o .........
.538
.638
..d o ......... .200
. 255
.360
.325
.238
..d o ......... .191
.291
.233
.370
.231
..d o ......... . 473
.756
.621
.953
.594
Per sheet. 1.173 1.925 1.732 2. 359 1.608
Per yard. .210
.340
.206
.396
.198
. ..d o ........
.788
.979
Per pair..
6.483
5.950
Per yard
..d o .......
.do.
.do.
.do.
..d o ....... .
..d o .......
Per sheet
Per yard
...do'.___
Per pair...
1917
$0.202
SO. 090
.177
.150
.392
.287
.540
.326
.366
.840
2.188
.361
1.025
4.696
80. 203 $0.121 10.257 $0.150 80.
.350
.200
.368
.250
.268
.304
.150
.190
.512
.508
.329
.209
.349
.200
.301
.193
.326
.238
.755
.564
.829
.525
1.883 1. 319 2.054 1.375
.360
.180
.378
.190
.615
.835
7. 467
5.988
Little Rock,
Ark.
Calico, 24 to 25 inch.....................
Percale...............................................
Gingham, apron, 27 to 28 inch___
Gingham, dress, 32-inch.................
Gingham, dress, 27-inch..................
Muslin, bleached..............................
Sheeting, bleached, 9 by 4..............
Sheets, bleached, 81 bv 90..............
Outing flannel, 27 to 28 inch. . .
Flannel, white, wool, 27-inch..
Blankets, cotton, 66 by 80........
Per yard SO. 125 10.201 50.119
.. do'.___
.225
.361
.231
..d o ......... .163
.280
.171
.. do.........
.495
..d o .........
"Ì93
.325 ".248"
..d o ......... .204
.309
.213
..d o ......... .528
.806
.598
Per sheet. 1.340 1. 915 1.590
Per yard. .190
.336
.190
..d o .........
1.125
Per pair..
4.910
Memphis,
Tenn.
Calico, 24 to 25-inch..........................
Percale................................................
Gingham, apron, 27 to 28 inch___’
Gingham, dress, 32-inch..................
Gingham, dress, 27-inch..................
Muslin, bleached...............................
Sheeting, bleached 9 by 4 ...............
Sheets, bleached, 81 by 90...............
Outing flannel, 27 to 28 inch..........
Flannel, white wool, 27-inch..........
Blankets, cotton, 66 by 80..............
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Los Angeles,
Cal.
Î0.255
.439
.350
.549
.400
.360
.812
2.066
.397
1.100
[1584]
Louisville,
Ky.
.177
.220
. 545
1.413
.207
5.960
Milwaukee,
Wis.
Minneapolis,
Minn.
0.127 SO. 226
.240
.387
.161
.273
.606
.246
.346
.202
.340
.812
.523
1. 406 2.163
.189
.408
.800
5. 762
SO. 190
.373
.290
.520
.316
.350
.835
2.080
.373
1.057
5.435
Kansas City,
Mo.
80.125
.235
.187
.216
. 211
.553
1.400
.185
$0.247
.436
.316
.588
.390
. 359
.894
2.229
.400
6.108
Manchester,
N. H.
0.127 10. 244 10.122
.217
.410
.190
.188
.299
.125
.583
.234
.403
.213
.194
.341
.230
.482
.581
.778
1.348 1. 961 1. 530
.208
.403
.204
5.969
Per yard 3.120 $0. 259 SO.116 80.209
. .do....... . .220
.424
.207
.430
..d o .......
.150
.150
.293
.278
..d o .......
.546
.549
. .do.......
.238
.352
.207
. 345
. .do.......
.204
.348
.175
.335
. .do......... .563
.572
.854
.825
Per sheet. 1.411 2. 164 1.604 2.133
Per yard. .178
.360
.200
.331
. .do.........
1.350
.850
Per pair..
6.033
6.079
Oct. 15—
1918
Houston, Tex. Indianapolis, Jacksonville,
lnd.
Fla.
Calico, 24 to 25 inch....................
Percale..........................................
Gingham, apron, 27 to 28 in ch .
Gingham, dress, 32-inch............
Gingham, dress, 27-inch............
Muslin, bleached.........................
Sheeting, bleached, 9 by 4 ........
Sheets, bleached, 81 by 90.........
Outing flannel, 27 to 28 in c h ...
Flannel, white, wool, 27-inch..
Blankets, cotton, 66 by 80........
Fail River,
Mass.
80. 279
.398
.284
.513
.353
.355
.834
1.958
.388
1.285
4.926
Mobile,
Ala.
SO. 243
373
280
531
358
341
805
071
353
6.107
M ONTHLY
103
LA B O R R E V IE W .
AVERAGE R E TA IL PRICES OF 10 ARTICLES OF D R Y GOODS IN 45 CITIES OCT. 15,191?,
A N D OCT. 15, 1918, A N D I N 5 CITIES OCT. 15,1918—Continued.
Newark,
N. J.
Article.
Unit.
Oct. 15—
1917
Calico, 24 to 25 in ch .. . . .............
Percale..........................................
Gingham, apron, 27 to 28 inch.
Gingham, dress, 32-ineh............
Gingham, dress, 27-inch............
Muslin, bleached....... ..............
Sheeting, bleached 9 b y 4.........
Sheets, bleached, 81 by 90.........
Outing flannel, 27 to 28-inch. . .
Flannel, white, wool 27 inch. . .
Blankets, cotton, 66 b y 80........
Calico, 24 to 25 inch.....................
Percale................................_____
Gingham, apron 27 to 28 inch..
Gingham, dress, 32-inch............
Gingham, dress, 27-inch............
Muslin, bleached.........................
Sheeting, bleached, 9 by 4 ........
Sheets, bleached, 81 by 90.........
Outing flannel, 27 to 28-inch. . .
Flannel, white, wool, 27-inch..
Blankets, cotton, 66 by 80........
Calico, 24 to 25 inch.....................
Percale...........................................
Gingham, apron, 27 to 28in c h ..
Gingham, dress, 32 in c h ............
Gingham, dress, 27 inch............
Muslin, bleached.........................
Sheeting, bleached, 9-4...............
Sheets, bleached, 81 by 90..........
Outing flannel, 27 to 28 inch___
Flannel, white wool, 27 inch. . .
Blankets, cotton, 66 by 80.........
1918
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Oct. 151917
1918
Oct. 15—
1917
1918
New York,
N. Y.
Oct. 151917
Per yard $0.125 $0.260 $0.131. $0. 233. $0.150 Î0. 250 $0.139
..d o .___
220
. 430
.218
.235
.393
.375
.208
.270
.161
. .do.......
.150
.293
.267
163
.154
. .do.......
.537
.459
. 553
.212 .338
.244
..d o .......
.336
.373
.216
.330
. .do.......
.210
.351
.213
.317
.213
.501
. 546
.849
.do,
.778
.760
.569
Persheet 1.370 2.072 1.340 1.975
1.888 1.392
.342
.191
.372
Per yard
. 173
.339
.188
. .do....... 1.367 1. 650
.995 1.013
Per pair 3. 740 5. 75Q 3.000 4. 688
7.000
Norfolk, Va.
Omaha, Neb.
¡50,250
.434
.295
..572
.365
.354
.782
2. 062
.352
6.796
0.134 $0. 237
.250
.389
.168
.287
.608
.205
.367
.187
.362
.530
.776
1.342 2. 071
.189
.371
1.163
6.667
Pittsburgh,
Pa.
Portland, Me.
Per yard.
..d o ....... .
.d o ...
.d o ...
.do...
. .d o........
. .do____
Persheet.
Per yard.
. .do.........
Per pair..
1.000
Per yard. 0.119 $0.276
.361
.223
..d o ........
.286
.166
..d o ........
.554
. .d o .........
.215
.339
..d o .
.338
.201
..d o .
. 857
.578
. .do.
Per sheet 1.412 2.090
. 352
Per yard. .193
.800
...d o .........
6.536
Per pair..
Richmond,
Va.
Calico, 24 to 25 inch....................
Percale...........................................
Gingham, apron, 27 to 28 inch.
Gingham, dress, 32 in ch ............
Gingham, dress, 27 inch............
Muslin, bleached........................
Sheeting, bleached, 9-4..............
Sheets, bleaiched, 81 by 90.........
Outing flannel, 27 to 28 in c h ...
Flannel, w hite wool, 27 in eh . . .
Blankets, cotton, 66 by 80..........
New Haven, New Orleans,
Conn.
La.
Per yard
...d o ...
...d o __
...d o __
..d o __
. .d o __
..d o
Per sheet
Per yard
...d o ----Per pair.
$0.131
221
168
234
222
581
392
184
$0. 207
.343
.223
.513
.307
.350
.705
2.208
.340
D. 133
.235
.171
.202
.213
.553
1.443
.182
1. 022
5. 750
$0.211
.376
.289
.521
.367
.329
.866
2. 047
.391
1.022
6.125
Portland,
Oreg.
4.836
Providence,
R, I.
$0.127 $0.239
.228
.370
.147
.280
. 480
.196
.366
.200
.325
.542
.769
1.467 1.960
.176
.347
1.122
.9835.495
6.063
Rochester,
N. Y.
$0. 264
.424
.281
■ .552.368
.366
.923
2.189
.388-
Philadelphia,
Pa.
$0.274
.372
.297
.523
.370
$0.398
.310
.535
.390
.338
.775
1.976
.373
$0.238 $0.095 $0.198
.372
.200
.409
.294
.150
.248
.522
.471
.342
.337
.223
.365
.201
.309
844
.508
.775
2.075 1.387 2.075
.355
.353
.200
.914
.590
6.237
5.988
[1585]
Peoria, 111.
1918
St. Louis, Mo.
iüí
2.230
.390
.990
6.018
St. Paul,
Minn.
0.141 $0.250 10.108
.210
.250
.430
.290
.150
.147
.651
.245
.372
.172
.361
.208
.193
.474
.540
.810
1.318 1.987 1.370
.170
.195
.388
.875
6.750
$0. 214
.361
.284
.538
.349
.344
.867
2.227
.359
5.542
104
M ONTHLY
L A B O E E E V IE W .
AVER A G E R E TA IL PRICES OF 10 ARTICLES OF D R Y GOODS IN 45 CITIES OCT. 15,1917,
AN D OCT. 15, 1918, AN D IN 5 CITIES OCT. 15, 1918—Concluded.
Article.
Unit.
Salt Lake
City, Utah.
San Francisco,
Cal
Scranton,
Pa.
Seattle,
Wash.
Oct. 15—
Oct. 15—
Oct. 15—
Oct. 15—
1917
Calico, 24 to 25 inch..........................
Percale................................................
Gingham, apron, 27 to 28 inch___
Gingham, dress, 32inch...................
Gingham, dress, 27 in ch ..................
Muslin, bleached..............................
Sheeting, bleached, 9-4...................
Sheets, bleached, 81 by 90................
Outing flannel, 27 to 28 inches___
Flannel, white wool, 27inch............
Blankets, cotton, 66 by 80...............
j
1918
1918
1917
1918
1917
Per yard. $0.142 80.204
$0.125 $0.225 $0.150
. .. d o ........
.238
.424 $0.250 SO. 460
.220
.337
.250
.. .do........
.167
.294
.193
.300
.158
.287
.190
. . .d o .........
.656
. 545
.553
. ..d o ......... .234
.214
.366
.350
.185
.344
.219
. . .d o ........
.203
.230
.329
.336
.198
.352
.209
.. .d o ........
.571
.626
.826
854
.546
.626
.799
Per sheet 1.638 2.082 1.540 1.077 1.320 2.013 1.538
Per yard. .216
.388
.213
.190
.418
.214
.371
.. .d o ........
1.573
1.200
.688
Per pair..
6.366
5.762
5.842
Springfiefd,
111.
Calico, 24 to 25 inch..........................
Percale................................................
Gingham, apron, 27 to 28 inc.........
Gingham, dress, 32 inch..................
Gingham, dress, 27 in ch ..................
Muslin, bleached...............................
Sheeting, bleached, 9-4...................
Sheets, bleached, 81 by 90..............
Outing flannel, 27 to 28 inch..........
Flannel, white wool, 27 inch..........
Blankets, cotton, 66 by 80..............
1917
1918
SO.250
.456
.300
.510
.383
.344
.900
2.319
.390
1.083
5.890
Washington,
D. C.
Per yard. $0.125 $0.233 $0.130 $0.198
.. .d o ........
.400
.217
.420
.. .d o ........
.283
. 165
.192
.281
.. .d o ........
.529
.510
. .. d o ........
.207
.368
.257
.390
. .. d o ........
.190
.316
.219
.346
..d o ........
.520
.778
.601
.813
Per sheet 1.625 1.803 1.563 2.144
Per yard. .173
.341
.198
.398
.. .d o .........
1.195
Per pair..
5.483
5.556
........
PRICE CHANGES, WHOLESALE AND RETAIL, IN THE UNITED STATES.
A comparison of wholesale and retail price changes for important
food articles is contained in the subjoined table. As some prod
ucts—fresh beef, for example—are not sold by the retailer in the
same form in which they leave the wholesaler, strictly comparable
prices are not obtainable. In most instances, also, the comparison
is not for the same date, the retail prices being those prevailing on
the 15th of the month, while the wholesale prices are for a variable
date, usually several days prior to the 15tli. Notwithstanding these
differences, the figures may be considered indicative of price varia
tions in the retail as compared with the wholesale markets.
The differential between the two series of quotations at successive
dates is given to assist in making the comparison. It should not be
assumed, however, that this differential in any case represents the
margin of profit to the retailer, since, in addition to a possible dif
ference of grade between the article shown at wholesale and retail,
the various items of handling cost to both the wholesaler and retailer
are included in the figure.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[1586]
M O N TH LY LABOR REVIEW.
w h o le sa l e
and
r e t a il
p r ic e s
o p im p o r t a n t
food
105
a r t ic l e s
in
selec ted
CITIES.
IThe initials W = wholesale; R = retail. The wholesale price is the mean of the high and low quotation on
the date selected, as published in leading trade journals. The retail price is the average of prices re
ported to the Bureau of Labor Statistics by dealers.]
Article and city.
July1917
1911
1913:
AvUnit. erage
for
year. 1914 1915 1916 Jan. Apr. July. Oct. Jan. Apr. July Aug. Sept | Oct
Beef, Chicago:
Steer loin ends... W . L b ..
Sirloin steak....... R . L b ..
Price differential__
Beef, Chicago:
Steer rounds, No.
2.........................W. L b..
Round steak___ R . L b ..
Price differential. . .
Beef, Chicago:
Steerribs, No. 2..W . L b ..
Rib roast......... ... R . L b..
Price differential.. .
Beef, New York:
No. 2, loins......... W . L b ..
Sirloin steak....... R . L b ..
Price differential. . .
Beef, New York:
No. 2, rounds__ W . L b ..
Round ste a k ___ R . L b..
Price differential.. .
Beef, New York:
No. 2, ribs...........W . L b..
Rib roast............. R . L b ..
Price differential.. .
Pork. Chicago:
Loins................... W . L b..
C hops...................R . L b..
Price differential.. .
Pork, New York:
Loins, w estern..W . L b ..
Chops...................R. L b..
Price differential__
Bacon, Chicago:
Short clear sides. W. L b ..
Sliced................... R . Lb.:
Price differential.. .
Ham, Chicago:
Smoked...............W. L b ..
Smoked, sliced.. R . L b..
Price differential.. .
Lard, New York:
Prime,contract .W . L b ..
Pure, tu b ............R . L b ..
Price differential...
Lamb, Chicago:
Dressed round... W . L b..
Leg of, yearling. . R . L b ..
Price differential. . .
Poultry, New York:
Dressed fo w ls...W . L b..
Dressed hens___R . L b..
Price differential__
Butter, Chicago:
Creamery,extra .W . L b..
Creamery, extra . R . L b ..
Price differential. . .
Butter, New York:
Creamery,extra .W . L b..
Creamery,extra . R . L b..
Price differential. . .
Butter, San Francisco:
Creamery,extra .W . L b..
Creamery,extra . R . L b ..
Price differential.. .
Cheese, Chicago:
Whole m ilk........ W. L b..
Full cream..........R . L b ..
Price differential.. .
Cheese, New York:
Whole milk,
State.................W . L b..
lu l l cream..........R . L b..
Price differential... .......
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Cts.
Cts.
Cts.
Cts.
Cts.
Cts.
Cts.
Cts.
Cts.
Cts.
Cts.
Cts.
Cts.
Cts.
16.8 17.5 16.6 20.5 20. ( 20. ( 19. C 23.5 20.0 23.0 34.0 34.0 34.0 34.0
23.2 26.0 25.8 28.1 26.5 29.3 30.2 30.6 30.2 33.7 37.7 37.7 38.6 37.6
6.4 8.5 9.8 7.6 6.5 9.3 11.2 7.1 10.2 10.7 3.7 3.7 4.6 3.6
13.1 14.5 14.3 14.5 12.0 15.5 17.0 19.0 16.5 18.5 25.0 26.0 26.0 26.0
20.2 23.3 22.8 24.1 22.7 25.6 26.6 27.3 27.3 30.4 35.0 34.9 35.9 34.3
7. 1 8.8 8.5 9.6 10.7 10. J 9.6 8.3 10.8 11.9 10.0 8.9 9.9 8.3
15.7 16.5 14.5 17.5 16.0 21.0 20.0 23.0 20.0 22.0 28.0 30.0 32.0 31.0
19.5 21.2 21.3 22.9 22.3 24. 1 24.6 24.7 25.4 28.8 31.8 31.4 32.6 31.3
3.8 4.7 6.8 5.4 6.3 3. 1 4.6 1.7 5.4 6.8 3.8 1.4
.6
.3
15.8 18.3 17.0 20.0 18.0 19.0 19.0 27.5 23.5 26.0 28.0 32.0 34.0 35.0
25.9 27.4 28.2 29.4 28.4 31.8 .33.7 35.6 34.4 38.0 43.9 44.8 46.3 43.8
10.1 9. 1 11.2 9.4 10.4 12.8 14.7 8.1 10.9 12.0 15.9 12.8 12.3 8.8
12.1 13.5 13.5 14.5 13.0 17.0 17.5 19.0 18.0 20.0 28.0 29.0 29.0 27.0
24.9 27.0 27.1 28.9 27.5 31.5 33.7 36.0 35.2 38.4 46.3 46.7 48.0 45.4
12.8 13.5 13.6 14.4 14.5 14.5 16.2 17.0 17.2 18.4 18.3 17.7 19.0 18.4
15.1 16.5 16.0 18.0 16.0 20.0 19.0 27.5 23.5 25.0 28.0 30.5 32.5 32.0
21.8 22.5 22.7 24.3 23.8 27.0 27.9 29.8 29.4 32.4 37.5 37.6 38.7 37.2
6.7 6.0 6.7 6.3 7.8 7.0 8.9 2.3 5.9 7.4 9.5 7.1 6.2 5.2
14.9 16.5 15.0 16.5 16.5 24. C 25.0 33.0 27.0 29.0 29.0 32.0 35.0 34.0
19. 0 20.4 20.1 21.7 22.7 28.5 29.2 35.8 31.6 33.0 35.5 38.8 42.6 39.0
4.1 3.9 5.1 5.2 6.2 4.5 4.2 2.8 4.6 4.0 6.5 6.8 7.6 5.0
15.2 16.3 15.3 16.5 17.0 23.5 2.3.5 30.0 26.5 27.5 30.5 33.5 39.0 37.0
21.7 23.0 21.7 23.9 24.8 31.9 32.6 39.9 34.8 36.7 40.6 42.3 47.7 46.7
0.5 6.7 6.4 7.4 7.8 8.4 9.1 9.9 8.3 9.2 10.1 8.8 8.7 9.7
12.7 13.9 11.3 15.9 15.8 21.8 24.7 31.8 30.1 27.5 27.4 26.8 27.9 29.1
29.4 31.8 31.5 32.8 31.6 39.5 43.9 47.5 49.8 51.9 54.7 56.4 57.7 59.3
16.7 17.9 20.2 16.9 15.8 17.7 19.2 15.7 19.7 24.4 27.3 29.6 29.8 30.2
16.6 17.5 16.3 19.0 18.8 24.3 24.3 28.3 29.8 30.0 30.1 32.3 32.8 33.6
26.6 33.8 32.8 34.9 33.3 38.2 41.4 43.9 42.8 46.7 49.1 50.5 51.7 52.0
10.0 16.3 16.5 15.9 14.5 13.9 17.1 15.6 13.0 16.7 19.0 18.2 18.9 18.4
11.0 10.4 8.0 13.3 15.9 21.5 20.1 24.6 24.6 26.3 26.2 26.9 27.2 26.6
16.0 15.6 15.1 16.8 21.3 26.3 27.4 31.3 33.0 33.4 32.2 32.5 33.5 34.1
5.0 5.2 7.1 3.5 5.4 4.8 7.3 6.7 8.4 7.1 6.0 5.6 6.3 7.5
14.9 17.0 19.0 19.0 20.0 22.0 26.0 27.0 24.0 29.0 31.0 29.0 29.0 24.0
19.8 21.9 20.8 23.1 23.2 26.3 28.7 31.4 30.6 35.6 35.7 35.4 36.2 32.3
4.9 4,9 1.8 4.1 3.2 4.3 2.7 4.4 6.6 6.6 4.7 6.4 7.2 8.3
18.2 18.8 17.5 21.5 22.0 26.5 24.8 28.5 29.8 34.0 36.0 35.0 35.5 34.5
21.4 22.0 21.9 25.6 26.1 29.3 28.7 32.3 32.6
41.0 40.7 41.3 41.0
3.2 3.2 4.4 4.1 4.1 2.8 3.9 3.8 2.8
5.0 5.7 5.8 6.5
31.0 26.5 26.5 27.5 37.0 44.0 37.5 43.5 49.0 40.0 42.5 43.5 50.0 55.0
36.2 31.2 32.2 33.5 43.8 48.4 43.3 48.7 54.4 46.0 48.0 49.0 57.5 61.5
5.2 4.7 5.7 6.0 6.8 4.4 5.7 5.2 5.4 6.0 5.5 5.5 7.5 6.5
32.3 28.0 27.0 28.5 39.5 45.0 39.5 44.3 51.0 41.5 44.4 45.8 52.8 60.0
38.2 32.8 33.6 34.6 46.0 51.3 45.3 51.5 57.4 49.3 51.4 52.1 59.9 65.6
5.9 4.8 6.6 6.1 6.5 6.3 5.8 7.2 6.4 7.8 7.0 6.3 7.1 5.6
31.7 24.5 26.5 25.5 35.5 39.0 38.5 46.0 53.0 37.5 50.0 52.0 55.5 62.5
38.8 32.9 33.8 33.3 42.5 45.2 45.5 54.5 60.2 45.2 56.6 58.6 63.2 70.0
7.1 8.4 7.3 7.8 7.0 6.2 7.0 8.5 7.2 7.7 6.6 6.6 7.7 7.5
14.2 13.3 14.5 14.5 21.8 22.3 21.6 24.6 23.3 21.5 22.7 24.3 25.6 35.0
22.9 24.2 32.1 32.7 33.9 36.8 37.5 35.3 34.5 35.7 37.6 39.5
8.4 9.7 10.3 10.4 12.3 12.2 14.2 13.8 11.8 11.4 12.0 4.5
15.4 14.4 14.6 15.1 22.0 24.5 23.8 25.5 23.0 22.5 23.9 25.3 26.8 32.5
22.9 22.8 30.1 33.5 32.8 34.0 34.4 33.8 33.2 33.5 34.3 35.9
8.3 7.7 8.1 9.0 9.0 8.5 11.4 11.3 9.3 8.2 7.5 3.4
[1587]
106
M O N T H L Y L A B O R R E V IE W ,
W HOLESALE AND- R E TA IL PRICES OF IM PORTANT FOOD ARTICLES IN SELECTED
CITIES—Concluded.
Article and city-
Cheese, San Francisco:
F a n c y ...............-W .
Full cream......... R .
Price differential.. .
Milk, Chicago:
Fresh................... W .
Fresh, b ottled.. . R .
Price differential__
Milk, New York:
Fresh...................W .
Fresh,bottled... R .
Price differential___
Milk, San Franc-isco:
Fresh...................W .
Fresh, bottled... R .
Price differential__
Eggs, Chicago:
Fresh, firsts........W .
Strictly fresh___ R .
Price differential. . .
Eggs, New York:
Fresh, firsts........W .
Strictly fresh___R .
Price differential__
Eggs, San Francisco:
F resh .................. W .
Strictly iiresh___R .
Price differential.. .
Meal, corn, Chicago:
F in e .. ............. W .
F ine..................... R .
Price differential. . .
Beans, N ew York:
Medium,choice.. W .
N avy, w h ite ___ R .
Priee differential__
Potatoes, Chicago:
W h ite1................W .
W h ite .________ R .
Price differential__
Rice, New Orleans:
H ead....................W .
H ead....................R .
Price differential'__
Sugar, New York:
Granulated........ W .
Granulated.........R .
Price differential. . .
1917
1918
July—
1313:
Av
Unit. erage
for
year. 1914 1915. 1916 Jan. Apr. July. Oct. Jan. Apr. July. Aug. Sept. Oct
Cts. Cts. Cts. Cts. Cts. Cts. Cts. Cts. Cts. Cts ; Cts. Cts. Cts. Cts.
L b .. 15.9 12.5 11.5 13.5 18.0 21.5 20.0 22.0 - 25: 5 26.0 26.0 27.5 31.5 30.5
L b ..
20:0 22:9 24.2 29.7 29:7 31.6 33.5 33.5 32.3 33.8 36.6 37.5
8.5 9. 4 6.2 8.2 9,7 9:6 8:0 7.5 6.3 6.3 5.1 7.0
7
Q t . . 3:8 3.6 3:7 3.6 4.5 5.4 4.7 7.4 7.0 5.8 5.3 6.6 6.6 7.5
0 t..
8.0 8-.0 8.0 8.1 10.0 10.0 10:0 12.9 11.9 11.9 12.0 12.4 13.0 12.9
4. 2 4. 4 4.3 4.5 5.5 4. 6 5; 3 5.5 4.9 6 1 6.7 5.8 6.4 5.4
Q t..
Q t..
Q t..
Q t..
3.5
9:0
5.5
3.0
9.0
6.0
3.0
9.0
6.0
3.1 5: 1 4.9 5:0 7.2 8:1 5.9 5.4 6.3 6.8 8.2
9.0 10.0 10; 9 11.4 13.8 15.0 14.0 12.7 14.0 14.0 15.6
5.9 4.9 6.0 6.4 6.6 6:9 8.1 7.3 7.7 7.2 7.4
3.9 3.9 3.8 3.8 3.8 3.8 4.3 5.9 6.6 5.9 5.9 5.9 7.4 7.4
10:0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10:0 10.0 10.0 12: i 12:1 12.1 12.1 12.1 14.0 14.0
(j. 1 6; 1 6.2 6. 2 6>2 6.2 5.7 6.2 5.5 6.2 6.2 6.2 6 6 6.6
Doz. 22.6 18.8 16.8 21.8
Doz. 29.2 26.1 24.8 29.6
6.6 7.3 S.O 7.8
*
Doz. 24.9 21.5 20.0 24.1
Doz. 39.7 35.3 32.6 37.2
14.8 13.8 12.6 13.1
48.5 30.5 31.0 37.0 56.5 31.5 36.5 38.3 41.5 49.9
52.5 37.6 40.6 46.9 65.1 38.0 45.7 47.8 52.1 55.6
4.0 7.1 9.0 9.9 8.6 6.5 9.2 9.5 10.6 6.3
50.5 33.0 35.0 40.0 64.5 33.3 40.0 4L 5 45.5 52.5
66.7 42.4 47.7 62.7 80.8 47.6 57.3 60.9 65.7 69.2
16.2 9.4 12.7 22.7 16,3 14.3 17.3 19.4 20.2 6.7
Doz. 26.8 23.0 22.0 24.0 38.0 28.0 32.0 43.5 61.0 36.5 44.0 48.5 61.0 62.0
Doz. 37.3 33.8 31.0 33.3 48.0 37.4 39.2 60.8 71.0 41.9 51.4 57.3 67.1 75.6
10.5 10. 8 9.0 9.3 10.0 9.4 7.2 17.3 10.0 5.4 7.4
6.1 3.6
L b ..
L b ..
1.4
2.9
1.5
1.6
2.8
1.2
L b ..
L b..
4.0
4.0
5.8 9. S 10.8 13.0 15.4 13.8 14.1 13.7 11.9 11.6 11.1 11.0
8.1 11.3 14.9 16.2 18. 8 18 5 18 5 18 2 17 5 17 4 17, 4 17 2
2.3 1.5 4.1 3.2 3.4 4.7 4.4 4.5 5.6 5.8 6.3 6:2
L b ..
L b ..
1.0
1.5
.5
2.4
2.7
.3
.7
1.2
1.6
2.3
.7
2.9
3.9
1.0
4. 7
5.8
1.1
L b ..
L b ..
5.0
5.4
4.9
4.8
4.9
2.G
4.6
74
2.8
L b ..
L b ..
..........
4.3
4.9
.,6
5.9
6.3
.4
7.5
7.9
,4
3.1
7.5
4.2
4.6
.4
1.9
3. 1
1.2
2.4
4.2
1,8
3.6
5.0
1.4
4.5
5.8
1.3
5.2
7.1
1.9
5.1
7.0
1.9
6.0
7.2
1.2
5.4
6.8
1.4
5.3
6.8
1.5
4.5
6.8
2.3
4.1
6.7
2:6
4.4
5.0
.6
1.9
2.8
.9
2.0
2:8
.8
1.1
1.7
.6
1.5
3.7
2.2
2.9
3.5
.6
2.3
3.2
.9
2.7
7.7
8.8
8.8
9.3
7.6
7.6
9.1
2.6
7.1
10 1
3.9 3.0
2.3
1.8
1.9
2.6
4.7
4Í8
3.2
6.6
7.4
.8
8; I
8.7
.6
7.4
8.4
1.0
8:2
9.7
1.5
7.3
9.7
2.4
7.3
8.8
1.5
7.4
8.8
1.4
7.4
8:8
1.4
8.8 8.8
9.8 10.6
1.0 1.3
1.5
1.2
1 Good to choice.
Wholesale and retail prices expressed as percentages of the average
money prices for 1.913 are contained in the following table. This
will enable the reader to follow more easily the trend of price fluctua
tions of many food articles at wholesale and retail. Owing to lack
of satisfactory data for 1913, a few articles which are shown in the
preceding table do not appear in this one. The table shows that, as
compared with the 1913 base price, the retail price of lamb, poultry,
sugar, and particularly potatoes, was relatively higher in October
than the wholesale price, while the retail price of all other articles
was relatively lower than the wholesale price. This is noticeable
in the case of beef, pork, bacon, lard, milk, and eggs. The preceding
table shows, however, that the margin between wholesale and retail
prices for most of the articles was greater in October than in 1913.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[1588]
M ONTHLY
107
L A B O R R E V IE W ,
RELA TIV E W HOLESALE AND R ETA IL PRICES OF IMPORTANT FOOD ARTICLES IN
SELECTED CITIES (AVERAGE FOR 1913 = 100).
[The initials W=wholesale; R=retail.]
Article and city.
1913:
J u ly 1917
1918
Aver
age
for
year. 1914 1915 1916 Jan. Apr. July. Oct. Jan. Apr. July. Aug. Sept. Oct.
Beef, Chicago:
Steer loin ends (hips). W .
Sirloin steak............... .R .
Beef, Chicago:
Steer rounds, No. 2 .. W .
Round steak............... R .
Reef, Chicago:
Steer rihs, No. 2 ........ W
Rib roast..................... R .
Beef, New York:
No. 2 loins, city......... W.
Sirloin steak............... R .
Beef, New York:
No. 2 rounds, c it y ... W.
Round steak............... R .
Beef, New York:
No. 2 ribs, city........... W
Rib roast..................... R .
Pork, Chicago:
Loins............................ W
Chops........................... R .
Pork, New York:
Loins, western........... W
Chops........................... R
Bacon, Chicago:
Short clear sides........ W
Sliced............................ R .
Ham, Chicago:
Smoked...................... W
Smoked, sliced........... R
Lard, New York:
Prime, contract......... W
Pure, tub..................... -R .
Lamb, Chicago:
Dressed, round.......... W.
Leg of, yearling.......... .R .
Poultry, New York:
Dressed fowls............. W
Dressed hens.............. R .
Butter, Chicago:
Creamery, extra........ W
Creamer'v, extra......... .R .
Butter, New York:
Creamery, extra........ W
Creamery, extra......... R .
Butter, San Francisco:
Creamery, extra........ W .
Creamery, extra........ .R .
Milk, Chicago:
Fresh............................ IV
Fresh, bottled, del’vd .R .
Milk, New York
Fresh........................... W
Fresh, bottled, del’yd .R .
Milk, San Francisco:
Fresh........................... W
Fresh, bottled............ R
Eggs, Chicago:
Fresh, firsts................ W .
Strictly fresh............... R .
Eggs, New York:
Fresh, firsts................ W .
Strictly fresh.............. R
Eggs, San Francisco:
Fresh............................ W
Strictly fresh.............. R
Meal, corn, Chicago:
Fine.............................. W
Fine.............................. .R .
Potatoes, Chicago:
White, good to choice W.
W hite.......................... ,R.
Sugar, New York:
Granulated................. W
Granulated................. R .
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
100
100
104
112
95
in
122
121
119
114
119
126
113
130
140
132
119
130
137
145
202
163
202
163
202
166
202
162
100
100
111
115
109
113
111
119
92
112
118
127
130
132
145
135
126
135
141
151
191
173
198
173
198
178
198
170
100
100
105
109
92
109
111
117
102
114
134
124
127
126
146
127
127
130
140
148
178
163
191
161
204
167
197
161
100
100
116
106
108
109
127'
114
114
110
120
123
120
130
174
137
149
133
165
147
177
170
203
173
215
179
222
169
100
100
112
108
112
109
120
116
107
110
140
127
145
135
157
145
149
141
165
154
231
186
240
1S8
240
193
223
182
100
100
109
103
106
104
119
111
106
109
132
124
126
128
182
137
156
135
166
149
185
172
202
172
215
178
212
171
100
100
111
107
101
106
111
114
111
119
161
150
168
154
221
188
181
166
195
174
195
187
215
204
235
224
228
205
100
100
107
106
101
100
109
110
112
114
iòò
147
i55
150
197
184
174
160
181
169
201
187
220
195
257
220
243
215
100
100
109
108
89
107
125
112
124
107
172
134
194
149
250
162
237
169
217
177
216
186
211
192
220
196
220
202
100
100
105
127
98
123
114
131
113
125
146
144
146
156
170
165
ISO 181
161 176
181
185
195
190
198
194
202
195
100
100
95
98
73
94
121
105
145
133
195
164
183
171
224
196
224
206
239
209
238
201
245
203
247
209
242
213
100
100
114
111
12.8
105
128
117
134
1X7
148
133
174
145
181
159
161
155
195
180
208
180
195
179
195
183
161
163
100
100
103
103
96
102
118
120
121
122
146
137
136
134
157
151
164
152
187
198
192
192
190
195
193
190
192
100
100
85
86
85
89
89
93
119
121
142
134
121
119
140
135
158
150
129
127
137
133
140
135
161
159
177
170
100
100
87
86
84
88
88
91
122
120
139
134
122
119
137
135
158
150
128
129
137
135
142
136
163
157
186
172
100
100
77
85
84
87
80
86
112
110
123
116
121
117
145
140
167
155
118
116
158
146
164
151
175
163
197
180
100
100
95
100
97
100
95
101
118
125
142
125
124
125
195
161
184
149
153
149
139
150
174
155
174
163
197
161
100
100
86
100
86
100
89
100
146
111
140
121
143
127
206
1.53
231
167
169
156
154
141
180
156
194
156
234
173
100
100
100
100
97
100
97
100
too too
97
97
110
100
151
121
169
121
151
121
151
121
151
121
190
140
190
140
100
100
83
89
74
85
96
101
215
180
135
129
137
139
164
161
250
223
139
130
162
137
169
164
184
178
218
191
100
100
86
89
80
82
97
94
203
168
133
107
141
120
161
158
259
204
134
120
161
144
167
153
183
165
211
174
100
100
86
91
82
83
90
89
142
129
105
100
119
105
162
163
22,8
190
136
112
164
138
181
154
228
180
231
203
100
100
114
97
107
136
107
171
145
257
172
321
200
371
245
364
241
429
248
386
234
379
234
321
234
293
231
100
100
237
182
66
78
160
151
286
263
458
3S4
429
331
185
185
200
187
110
113
150
247
290
233
230
213
150
ISO1
100
100
98
94
137
129
174
161
153
151
188
178
172
171
191
198
170
198
170
180
172
180
172
180
205
200
205
216
[1589]
108
M ONTHLY
L A B O E K E V IE W .
INDEX NUMBERS OF WHOLESALE PRICES IN THE UNITED STATES,
1913 TO OCTOBER, 1918.
The bureau’s weighted index number of wholesale prices in repre
sentative markets of the United States showed a decrease in October
from the preceding month, standing at 204, as compared with 207 in
September. The most noticeable change took place in the group of
farm products, which showed a drop from 236 to 223. In the groups
of lumber and building materials and chemicals and drugs slight de
creases took place. Small increases were recorded for cloths and
clothing, metals and metal products, and for articles classed as mis
cellaneous In the groups of food, etc., fuel and lighting, and house
furnishing goods no change occurred.
Among important articles whose wholesale prices averaged lower
in October than in September were cotton, flaxseed, barley, corn,
oats, hay, cattle, hogs, sheep, poultry, rye flour, lard, corn meal,
beef, lamb, mutton, pork, onions, potatoes, glycerin, linseed oil, and
Douglas fir. Butter, cheese, coffee, eggs, fruits, ham, milk, oleo
margarine, sugar, tallow, wood pulp, rosin, cement, and men’s and
women’s underwear averaged higher in price, while wheat, rye, hides,
peanuts, tobacco, canned goods, wheat flour, bacon, molasses, rice,
salt, tea, and vinegar remained practically unchanged in price.
In the period from October, 1917, to October, 1918, the index
number of farm products increased from 207 to 223, that of food
articles from 183 to 199, and that of cloths and clothing from 194 to
253. In the same period the index number of fuel and lighting
increased from 143 to 179, that of metals and metal products from
182 to 186, and that of lumber and building materials from 134 to
157. The index number for house-furnishing goods, which is built
on a limited number of tableware articles, increased from 165 to 233,
and that of miscellaneous articles, including such important com
modities as cottonseed meal, jute, malt, lubricating oil, news-print
paper, rubber, starch, soap, plug tobacco, and wood pulp, increased
from 164 to 197. In the group of chemicals and drugs the index
number decreased from 242 in October, 1917, to 204 in October of
the present year.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
fl5901
109
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW.
IN D E X NUMBERS OF W HOLESALE PRICES, 1913 TO
COMMODITIES.
OCTOBER, 1918, BY GROUPS OF
11913=100.]
Year and month.
Lum
ber
Metals
Chem IlouseAll
and
and
furMiscel
com
metal build icals
nishlane modi
and
prod
ing
ing
ous.
ties.
ucts.
mate drugs. goods.
rials.
Farm
prod
ucts
Food,
etc.
Cloths
and
cloth
ing.
Fuel
and
light
ing.
100
97
97
101
103
100
99
96
101
102
100
100
100
100
100
100
99
99
100
100
100
107
102
98
99
100
100
101
101
98
100
101
100
99
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
99
102
100
100
99
98
101
101
103
101
103
104
109
108
103
101
99
103
102
95
103
112
110
107
100
105
98
99
100
100
100
99
98
97
97
92
99
98
90
89
87
87
87
87
87
92
91
85
85
86
S3
81
83
97
98
99
97
97
90
96
95
94
103
101
101
101
100
106
109
108
107
103
103
103
103
103
103
103
103
103
97
98
99
97
97
98
95
95
96
99
100
98
99
102
103
99
98
97
105
102
105
105
107
109
105
108
108
103
105
102
103
104
100
108
104
105
105
102
104
103
100
104
108
111
100
96
97
97
98
98
98
99
99
100
103
105
107
87
80
86
86
84
S3
83
84
85
88
90
93
96
97
83
87
89
91
96
100
102
100
100
100
104
114
94
94
95
94
94
94
93
94
93
93
93
95
97
113
106
104
103
102
102
104
107
109
114
121
141
146
101
101
101
101
301
101
101
101
101
101
101
101
101
98
98
97
97
97
96
96
96
96
96
99
100
103
100
98
100
99
99
100
99
101
100
98
101
102
105
122
108
109
111
114
110
116
118
12G
131
130
145
141
120
114
114
115
117
119
119
121
128
134
140
150
146
127
110
114
117
119
122
123
126
128
131
137
146
155
115
102
102
104
105
104
105
105
107
110
128
150
163
148
120
132
141
147
lol
149
145
145
148
151
160
185
101
99
100
101
102
102
101
98
100
100
101
103
105
143
140
144
147
150
153
150
143
132
132
135
142
143
110
105
105
105
109
109
109
111
111
ill
114
115
121
107
106
109
111
114
121
122
123
126
132
135
136
123
110
111
114
116
118
118
119
123
127
133
143
146
188
147
150
102
180
190
196
198
204
203
207
211
204
177
150
160
161
182
191
187
180
180
178
183
184
185
181
161
162
163
169
173
179
187
193
193
194
202
206
169
170
178
181
178
187
193
183
159
155
142
151
153
208
183
190
199
208
217
239
257
249
228
182
173
173
124
100
108
111
114
117
127
132
133
134
134
135
135
185
144
146
151
155
164
105
185
198
203
242
232
230
154
137
138
140
144
148
153
151
156
155
164
165
166
375
150
155
160
171
181
184
185
184
182
180
182
181
1913.
Average for year___
January......................
April...........................
July.............................
October......................
1914.
Average for year___
January......................
April...........................
July............................
August.......................
September.................
October......................
November.................
December..................
1915.
Average for year___
January......................
February...................
March.........................
April...........................
May.............................
June............................
July............................
August........................
September.................
October......................
November.................
December...................
1910.
Average for year___
January......................
February...................
March.........................
April...........................
M ay............................
June............................
J 111v .............................
August........................
September.................
October......................
November.................
December...................
115
1917.
Average Dr year___
January......................
February...................
March..........................
A pi'll...........................
M av.............................
June............................
.iulv.............................
August........................
September.................
October......................
November.................
December...................
02434°—19-----8
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[1591]
155
128
129
129
151
151
102
105
105
165
165
175
110
M ONTHLY
L A B O R R E V IE AY.
IN D E X NUM BERS OF W HOLESALE PRICES, 1913 TO OCTOBER, 1918, BY
COMMODITIES—Concluded.
Year and month.
1918.
3 ctnuary......................
E ebruary...................
M arch.........................
Apr i l ...........................
M av............................
Ju n e ............................
Ju ly .............................
A ugust.......................
Septem ber.................
October1....................
Farm
prod
ucts.
205
207
211
217
212
214
221
229
236
223
Food,
etc.
188
186
178
179
178
179
185
191
199
109
Cloths
and
cloth
ing.
209
213
220
230
234
243
249
251
251
253
Fuel
and
light
ing.
Metals
and
metal
prod
ucts.
169
171
171
170
172
171
178
178
179
179
173
175
176
177
177
183
183
183
1S6
GROUPS OF
Lum
ber
All
Chem Housefur- Miscel com
and
nishlane modi
build icals
and
ous.
ing
ing
ties.
mate drugs. goods.
rials.
136
137
142
145
147
148
153
156
158
157
216
217
217
214
209
205
202
207
206
204
188
188
188
188
188
192
192
227
233
233
178
181
184
193
197
199
192
191
195
197
1S5
187
1S7
191
191
193
198
202
207
204
1 Preliminary.
CHANGES IN WHOLESALE PRICES IN THE UNITED STATES.
Information gathered by the Bureau of Labor Statistics in repre
sentative markets shows that the wholesale prices of a number of
important commodities averaged considerably less in October than
in July of the present year. Among articles showing a decided drop
in price between these tAVo months were barley, oats, corn and cornmeal, rye flour, sheep, mutton, and salt pork. Smaller decreases
were shown for rye, wheat flour, potatoes, hides and leather, cotton
yarn, and pig tin.
On the other hand, considerable increases between July and
October took place in the prices of bacon, ham, butter, eggs, and
milk, while cotton, hogs, cattle, fresh beef, wheat, sugar, shoes,
copper, pig lead, and spelter also showed slight increases. For wool,
coal, coke, pig iron, steel billets, tin plate, crude and refined pe
troleum, and gasoline the price in October was practically the same
as in July.
Comparing prices in October with the average for 1913, the year
preceding the outbreak of war in Europe, it is seen from the tables
which folloAV that many commodities have more than doubled in
price. Conspicuous examples are ivheat, corn, rye, cotton, wool,
bacon, ham, lard, milk, eggs, sugar, pig iron, tin plate, and coke.
Increases of over 100 per cent are also shown for cattle, hogs, sheep,
wheat and rye flour, corn meal, cotton and woolen goods, and shoes.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[15921
Ill
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW.
W HOLESALE PRICES IN JULY, 1914, 1915, 1916, AND 1917, AND IN CERTAIN MONTHS OF
1918, AS COMPARED W ITH AVERAGE PRICES IN 1913.
AVERAGE MONEY PRICES.
July—
Article.
Unit.
1918
1913
1914
1915
1916
1917
Janu Apr.
ary .
July.
Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
FOODSTUFFS.
(a )
A n im a l.
S
$
$
Î
$
$
$
$
$
S
8
8.507 9. 219 9. 213 9. 985 12.56( 13.113 15.175 17.625 17. 825 18. 410 17.856
Cattle, good to
choice steers.
Beef, fresh, good
native steers.
Beef, salt, extra
mess.
Hogs, heavy............
Bacon, short clear
sides.
Hams, smoked,loose
Lard, prime, contract.
Pork, salt, mess___
Sheep, ewes.............
Mutton, dressed__
Butter, creamery,
extra.
Eggs, fresh, firsts...
D oz___
M i l Ur................................................
Q t
.226
.035
.187
.030
.223
.031
.318
.050
B u .......
. 874
.897 1.390 1.170
2.582
100 lbs
L b........
.130
.135
.132
.141
.164
.175
.205
.240
.242
. 2*45
.245
B b l___ 18.923 17. 250 17. 500 18. 250 30.500 31. 500 31. 900 34. 875 35.250 35.375 35. 503
100lbs.. 8.365 8. 769 7.281 9. 825 15. 460 16.300 17.150 17.720 19.188 19.725 17.850
L b........ .127 .141 .111 .157
.248
.293 .271
.275
.276
.278 .286
L b........
L b ........
.166
.110
.177
.102
.161
.081
.190
.131
.240
.201
.295
.250
.308
.255
.323
.269
.303
.264
.328
.272
.336
.266
B b l.... 22.471 23.625 18.500 27.167 42.250 50. 400 53.200 48.500 49.550 47. 250 42.500
100 lb s . 4.687 4.538 5.469 6. 545 8.600 11.144 14.950 10.975 11.156 10.375 9. 469
L b........ .103 .095 . 10£ .131
.145
.192 .243
.209
.205
.193 .151
L b........ .310 .270 .261 .276
.376
.487 .415
.443
.432
.537 .554
•
.169
.030
.557
.081
.330
.059
.374
.054
.385
.063
2.170 2.170
2.170
2.223
.431
.068
. 497
.082
(6) Vegetable.
Wheat, No. 1 northern.
Wheat flour, stand
ard patent.
Corn, No. 2, mixed.
Corn meal.............
Oats, standard, in
store.
Rye, No. 2 . ............
Rye flour..................
Barley, fair to good,
malting.
Rice, Honduras,
head.
Potatoes, w hite___
Sugar, granulated..
2.217 2. 216
B b l . .. . 4.584 4.594 7.031 6.100 12.750 U0.085 19.985 U0.702 U0.210 '10.210 U0.210
B n....... .625 .710 .783 .808
100lbs.. 1.599 1.780 1.750 1.982
B u ....... .376 .369 .529 .405
2.044
4.880
.764
1.775 1.665
4.835 5.350
.799 .872
1.700
4.450
. 69S
1.600 1.385
3.988 3.370
.718 .693
. 636 . 618 1.036 .966 2.226 1.915 2.648 1.705 1.636
Bu
B b l.... 3.468 3.075 5.533 5.035 11.417 10.356 13.687 10.500 10.113
B u ....... .625 .533 .743 .746 1.391 1.534 1.722 1.125
.993
1.633 1.625
9.481 9.169
1.010 .957
1.665
4.825
.765
L b ........
.051
.054
.049
.045
.070
.079
. 0S7
.094
.090
(2)
.091
B u ........
L b........
.614 1.206
.043 .042
.444
.058
.863
.075
2.375
. 075
1.272
.074
.687
.073
1.035
.074
1.530
.074
1.361
.085
.993
.088
TEX TILES AND
LEA TH ER GOODS.
Cotton,
upland,
middling.
C o tto n
yarn,
carded, 10/1.
Sheeting, brown,
Pepperefl.
Bleached muslin,
Lonsdale.
Wool, 1/4 and 3/8
grades, scoured.
Worsted yarn, 2/32’s
Clay worsted suitings, 16-oz,
Storm serge, allwool, 50-in.
H i d e s , packers’
h e a v y native
steers.
Leather, chrome
calf.
Leather,sole, oak..
Shoes, men’s, Goodyear welt, vici
calf, blucher.
Shoes, women’s,
Goodyear welt,
gun metal, button.
L b........
.128
.131
.092
.130
.261
.324
.317
.312
.345
.358
.325
L b ........
.221
.215
.160
.253
.450
.536
.616
.641
.640
.610
.610
Y d .......
.073
.070
.060
.078
.140
.171
.240
Y d .......
.082
.085
.075
.088
.160
.180
.230
.250
.250
L b........
.471
.444
. 557
.686
1.200
1. 455 1.455
1.437
1.437
1.437 1.437
1.600
3.250
2.000 2.150
4.065 4.275
2.150
4.450
2.150
2.150 2.150
( s)
( 2)
1.308 1.30S
1.470
1.568
1.568 1.642
.328
.272
.324
.300
.530
L b........ .777 . 650 .850 1.100
Y d ....... 1.382 1.328 1.508 2.000
-
Y d .......
.563
. 505
. 539
.760
1.176
L b........
.184
.194
.258
.270
.330
Sq. f t ..
.270
.275
.280
( 2)
( 2)
( 2)
.250
( 2)
.250
( 2)
.300
.300
.640
.630
.460
.540
. 550
.640
.640
L b ........ .449 . 475 . 495 .635
Pair__ 3.113 3.150 3. 250 3.750
.815
4.750
.830 .S O O
4.750 5.000
.830
5.645
.770
6.000
Pair__
3. 500
3. 500 3. 500
4.500
4. 750i 4.850 4.850
2.175 2.260 2.350 2. 750
1Standard war flour.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
;No quotation.
[1593]
j
.770 .770
G. 433 6.500
112
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW,
W HOLESALE PRICES IN JULY, 1914, 1915, 1916, AND 1917, AND IN CERTAIN MONTHS OF
1918, AS COMPARED W ITH AVER A G E PRICES IN 1913—Continued.
AVERAGE MONEY PRICES—Concluded.
JulyUnit.
Article.
1918
1913
1914
1915
1916
Janu Apr.
ary
1917
July.
Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
M IN E RA L AND
M ETAL PRODUCTS.
C o a l, anthracite,
chestnut.
Coal, bituminous,
run of mine.
C o k e , furnace,
prompt.
Copper, electrolytic.
Copper wire, bare,
No. 8.
Pig iron, Bessemer.
Steel billets..............
Tin plate, domestic
coke.
Pig tin ......................
P iglead.....................
Spelter......................
Petroleum, crude...
Petroleum, refined,
water-white.
Gasoline, m otor.: ..
2,2401bs. $5.313 $5. 241 $5.200 $5. 507 $5.933 $6.600,16.370 $6. 693 $6. 700 $7.000 $7.000
2,0001bs. 2. 200 2.200 2.200 2.200
5.000
3. 600: 3. 600
4.100
4.100
4.100 4.100
2,0001bs. 2.538 2.000 1.750 2.750 15. 000
6.000 6.000
6.000
6.000
6.000 6.000
.255
.285
.260
.290
L b........
L b........
.157
.167
. 134
.148
.199
.210
.265
.325
.235
.263
.318
.338
.235
. 263
.260
.290
.260
.290
2,2401bs. 17.133 14.900 14.950 21.950 57.450 37. 250,36.150 36. 600 36. 600 36. 600 36. 600
2,2401bs. 25.783 19.000 21.380 41. 000 100. 000 47.500,47.500 47. 500 47. 500 47.500 47.500
Ì00lbs.. 3. 558 3.350 3.175 5.875 12. 000 7. 750 7. 750 7.750 7.750 7.750 7. 750
L b........ . 449 .311 .391 .389
L b........ .044 .039 .058 .069
L b........ .058 .051 .220 .113
B b l___ 2.450 1.750 1.350 2. 600
G a l.... . 123 .120 .120 .120
G a l....
.168
.140
.120
.620
. 114
.093
3.100
.120
.240
.842 .880
.068 .070
.079 .070
3. 750 4.000
.160 .168
.932
.080
.087
4.000
.171
.920
.081
.090
4.000
.175
.240
.241
.245
.240
.240
.809 .794
.081 .081
.096 .091
4.000 4.000
.175 .175
.245
.245
RELATIVE PRICES.
J u ly Article.
1918
1913
1914
1915
1916
1917
Jan. April. July. Aug. Sept. Oct;
108.4
103.8
91.2
104.8
111.0
106.6
92.7
105.1
96.8
92.2
87.1
82.7
85.7
108.3
101.5
92.5
87.0
87.4
97.0
73.6
82.3
116.7
105.8
84.2
74.8
85.7
117.4
108.5
96.4
117.5
123.6
114.5
119.1
120.9
139.6
127.2
89.0
98.7
88.6
147.6
126.2
161.2
184.8
195.3
144.0
182.7
188.0
183.5
140.8
121.3
140.7
142.9
154.1
134.6
166.5
194.9
230.7
177.7
227.3
224.3
237.8
186.4
157.1
246.5
231.4
102.6
100.2
113.6
111.3
98.1
97.2
88.7
85.3
105.9
196.4
97.7
1Standard war flour.
159.0
153.4
125.3
109.4
140.7
162.9
159.5
118.9
96.1
72.3
134.9
133.9
133.1
129.3
124.0
107.7
151.9
145.2
119.4
88.2
140.6
174.4
295.4 248.3 248.3 248.3 254.3 253.7
278.1 1220.0 1217.8 1233.5 1222.7 '222.7 1222.7
327.0 284.0 266.4 266.4 272.0 256.0 221.6
305.2 302.4 334.6 301.8 278.3 249.4 210.8
203.2 212. 5 231.9 203.5 159.0 191.0 184.3
350.0 301.1 416.4 268.1 257.2 256.8 255.5
329.2 298.6 394.7 302.8 291.6 273.4 264.4
222.6 245.4 275.5 180.0 158.9 161.6 153.1
137.3 154.9 170.6 184.3 188.2 (2) 178.4
386.8 207.2 111.9 168.6 249.2 221.7 161.7
174.4 172.1 169.8 172.1 172.1 197.7 204.7
*No quotati on.
FOODSTUFFS.
(a) A n im a l.
Cattle, good to choice steers...........
Beef, fresh, good native steers.......
Beef, salt, extra mess......................
Hogs, heavy.......................................
Bacon, short clear sides...................
Hams, smoked, loose .....................
Lard, prime, contract.................... .
Pork, salt, mess.................................
Sheep, ew es.......................................
Mutton, dressed................................
Butter, creamery, extra..................
Eggs, fresh, firsts..............................
Milk......................................................
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
178.4
157.7
168.6
205.0
213.4
185.5
234.5
236.7
319.0
235.9
133.9
146.0
168.6
207.2
184.6
184.3
211.8
217.3
182.5
240.0
215.8
234.2
199.0
139.4
165.5
154.3
209.5
186.2
186.3
229.4
216.5
194.6
244.5
220.9
238.0
202.9
142.9
170.4
180.0
216.4
188.5
186.9
235.8
218.9
197.6
247.3
210.7
221.4
187.4
173.2
190.7
194.3
209.9
188.5
187.6
213.4
225.2
202.4
241.8
189.5
202.0
146.6
178.7
219.9
234.3
(b) Vegetable.
Wheat, No. 1 northern....................
Wheat flour, standard patent........
< orn, No. 2 m ixed............................
Corn meal...........................................
Oats, standard in store...................
Rve, No. 2...........................................
Rye flour.............................................
Barley, fair to good malting...........
Rice, Honduras, head.....................
Potatoes, white.................................
Sugar, granulated....... .....................
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
F15941
M ONTHLY
113
LA B O R R E V IE W .
W HOLESALE TRICES IN JULY, 1914, 1915, 1916, A N D 1917, AND IN CERTAIN MONTHS OF
1918, AS COMPARED W ITH AVER A G E PRICES IN 1913—Concluded.
RELATIVE PRICES—Concluded.
July—
Article.
1918
1913
1914
1915
1916
1917
Jan.
Apr. July. Aug. Sept.
Oct.
TEX TILES AND LEATH ER GOODS.
Cotton, upland, middling...............
Cotton yarn, carded, 10/1 .............
Sheeting, brown, Pepperell...........
Bleached muslin, Lonsdale ........
Wool, J- to | grades, scoured...........
Worsted yarn, 2/32s..........................
(day worsted suitings, 16-ounce...
Storm serge, all wool, 50-inch........
Hides, packers’, heavy native
steers..............................................
Leather, chrome calf........................
Leather, sole, oak..........................
Shoes, men’s Goodyear welt, viei
calf, blucher............................
Shoes, women’s Goodyear welt,
gun metal, button........................
100 102.3 71.9 101.6 203.9 253.1
10C 97.3 72.4 114.5 203.6 242.5
100 95.9 82.2 106.8 191.8 234.2
100 103.7 91.5 107.3 195.1 219.5
lot 94.3 118.3 145.6 254.8 308.9
10C 83.7 109.4 141.6 205.9 257.4
100 96.1 109.1 144.7 235.2 294.1
100 89.7 95.7 135.0 208.9 232.3
247.7
278.7
328.8
280.5
308.9
276.7
309.3
232.3
243.8
289.6
(’)
304.9
305.1
276.7
322.0
261.1
253.9
289.6
(i)
304.9
305.1
276.7
(!)
278.5
279.7 253.9
276.0 276 0
(i)
(i)
304.9 304.9
305.1 305.1
276.7 276.7
(!)
(!)
278.5 291.7
100 105.4 140.2 146.7 179.3 178.3 147.8 176.1 163.0 163.0 163.0
100 101.9 103.7 170.4 200.0 196.3 203.7 237.0 237.0 237.0 233.3
100 105.8 110.2 141.4 181.5 184.9 178.2 184.9 171.5 171.5 171.5
100 101 2 104 4 120.5 152.6 152.6 160.6 181.3 192.7 206.6 208.8
100 103.9 10S.1 126.4 100.9 160.9 160.9 206.9 218.4 223.0 223.0
m in e r a l a n d m e t a l p r o d u c t s .
Coal, anthracite, chestnut..............
Coal, bituminous, run of m ine___
Coke, furnace, prompt shipment
Copper, electrolytic..........................
Copper wire, bare, No. 8.................
Pig iron, Bessemer.......................
Steel billets.........................................
Tin plate, domestic, coke...............
Pig tin .................................................
Pig lead...............................................
Spelter................................................
Petroleum, crude..............................
Petroleum, refined, water-white..
Gasoline, motor..................... ...........
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
98.6
100.0
78.8
85.4
88.6
87.0
73.7
94.2
69.3
88.6
87.9
71.4
97.6
83.3
97.9
100 0
69.0
126.8
125.7
87.3
82.9
89.2
87.1
131.8
379.3
55.1
97.6
711
103.7
100.0
108.4
168.8
195.6
128.1
159.0
165.1
86.6
156.8
194.8
106.1
97.6
142.9
111.7
227.3
591.0
202.5
202.4
335.3
387.8
337.3
138.1
259.1
160.3
126.5
97.6
142.9
124.2
162.7
236.4
149.7
157.5
217.4
18-1.2
217.8
187.5
154.5
136.2
153.1
130.1
142.9
119.9
162.7
236.4
149.7
157.5
211.0
184.2
217.8
196.0
159.1
120.7
163.3
136.6
142.9
126.0
186.4
236.4
162.4
170.7
213.6
184.2
217.8
207.6
181.8
151.7
163.3
139.0
143.5
126.1
186.4
236.4
165.6
173.7
213.6
184.2
217.8
204.9
184.1
155.2
163.3
142.3
145.8
131.8
186.4
236.4
165.6
173.7
213.6
184.2
217.8
180.2
184.1
165.5
163.3
142.3
145.8
131.8
186.4
236.4
165.6
173.7
213.6
184.2
217.8
176.8
184.1
156.9
163.3
142.3
145.8
1No quotations.
WHOLESALE PRICES IN THE UNITED STATES AND FOREIGN COUNTRIES,
1890 TO SEPTEMBER, 1918.
In the following table the more important index numbers of
wholesale prices in the United States and several foreign countries,
as compiled by recognized authorities, have been reduced to a
common base in order that the trend of prices in the several coun
tries may be directly compared. The results here shown have been
obtained by merely shifting the base for each series of index num
bers to the year 1913, i. e., by dividing the index for 1913 on the
original base into the index for each year or month on that base.
These results are therefore to be regarded only as approximations
of the correct index numbers in the case of series constructed by
averaging the relative prices of individual commodities. This
applies to the index numbers of the Annalist, Gibson, the Economist,
Sauerbeck, the Department of Labor of Canada, and the Statistique
Générale of France. The index numbers of the Bureau of Labor
Statistics, Bradstreet, Dun, and the Bureau of Census and Statistics
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[1595]
114
M ONTHLY
LA B O R R E V IE W ,
of Australia are built oil aggregates of actual money prices, or rela
tives made from such aggregates of actual prices, and therefore can
be readily shifted to any desired base.
W HOLESALE PRICES IN THE U N ITED STATES AND CERTAIN FOREIGN COUNTRIES.
[Index numbers expressed as percentages of the index number for 1913.]
ra- France.
United Kingdom. Canada. Aust
lia.
United States.
Y ear and
month.
Bureau
of Labor
Sauer
BradStatis Anna
Gibson: Econo
Dun:
44 beck: 45
street: 200
list:
tics: 294
com- 22 com mist:
com
com
com 25 com 96 com
modmod
mod
mod
mod
mod
mod
ities.
ities.
ities.
ities.
ities.
ities
ities.
(vari
able).
1800
18Q5*
IQOf)
1905...........
1910...........
1913...........
1914...........
1915...........
1910...........
1917...........
too
too
105
110
129
191
i S3
72
82
81
90
100
99
123
160
204
8-5
73
S8
85
92
100
100
127
100
205
103
99
99
102
100
99
101
108
97
96
95
101
99
106
107
108
103
103
103
105
111
137
111
103
119
12S
125
131
314
121
120
126
149
151
170
175
J 67
77
83
98
100
101
105
123
. 169
102
101
104
107
97
95
94
100
98
99
101
101
108
109
105
101
110
116
119
133
110
118
121
136
150
155
100
171
181
1S4
185
184
182
180
182
181
151
159
170
188
203
198
189
190
195
200
199
200
April.........
185
187
188
191
101
108
108
September
207
200
204
204
207
207
201
203
207
210
81
70
80
99
100
123
175
78
68
71
79
98
100
104
106
126
187
70
86
88
98
100
97
107
128
1914
January...
April.........
Julv...........
O ctober...
100
98
99
99
1915
Januarv...
April.........
July...........
October...
1910
January...
April.........
July..........
October...
1917
January...
February
April.........
Julv...........
September
October...
November
December.
1918
January...
February
so
9(9
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
72
76
81
102
Depart
ment of
Labor:
272 com
mod
ities,
(vari
able.)
Bureau
of Cen Statis
sus and tique
Statis Générale:
tics: 92 45 com
com
mod
mod
ities.
ities.
97
70
SI
71
80
84
92
S2
110
134
174
84
92
100
106
147
138
153
98
96
104
106
101
101
99
102
2 102
2 109
2 113
2 100
2 100
2 101
2107
112
124
122
125
118
125
126
134
103
108
111
112
2 127
2 153
=167
2 142
2 124
2135
2 142
2158
113
123
121
141
143
156
156
371
149
157
157
175
127
132
132
138
2138
2 137
2 138
2139
1.50
156
160
1SS
201
197
' 200
203
206
207
206
2C9
1S4
188
197
200
201
210
208
210
209
212
214
217
187
193
199
203
205
211
208
207
207
212
214
218
154
160
163
169
177
179
179
181
179
179
183
187
2
158
164
108
175
178
181
184
185
191
140
146
154
157
172
176
175
181
178
182
183
1S2
195
196
196
200
205
206
208
208
207
184
188
189
191
1S8
186
192
192
193
205
210
217
225
216
211
212
210
212
215
216
218
221
223
227
228
233
231
219
220
221
223
225
226
227
230
232
190
194
199
199
204
207
210
210
211
too
1Average for January and July.
2 Quarter beginning in specified month.
[1S9G]
too
too
noo
140
2 146
2 158
2 166
2173
85
93
100
102
140
1S8
262
! 179
2 190
186
2 19S
2
215
225
230
248
256
266
268
270
280
281
293
304
313
319
327
•333
M O N T H L Y L A B O R R E V IE W .
115
CONSUMPTION OF FOOD IN SHIPBUILDING DISTRICTS.
In earlier numbers of the Monthly Labor R eview 1 this year
there have been given figures relating to the cost of living of families
residing in the principal shipbuilding districts of the United States.
These figures were the summary results of an investigation made by
the Bureau of Labor Statistics in cooperation with the Wage Adjust
ment Board of the Emergency Fleet Corporation in the early part
of the year 1918. The information published related to two allied
subjects: the first referred to the family budgets covering one year
preceding the investigation; and the second to the changes in the cost
of living between 1914 and 1918, as indicated by changes in retail
prices of articles entering into family consumption.
Except for a limited amount of information relating to the clothing
of 100 representative families in the New York district2 only summary
figures have thus far been published. The data, however, were
collected in cpiite voluminous detail. There is here given an analysis
of the quantity and the cost of the principal items of food consumed
by the families canvassed.
The agents of the bureau collected data in 35 localities along the
Atlantic and Pacific Coasts and on the Great Lakes. Reports were
obtained from white families in all of these localities and from colored
families in nine localities.
The first table shows for each locality the number of families
canvassed, the average number of persons in these families, the
number of equivalent adult males, the average cost of each article
of food per family, per person, and per equivalent adult male. For
the articles commonly sold by some standard unit of measurement
the quantity of consumption is also given. Footnotes state the year
covered by the family budgets in each locality.
As the families differ materially in the sex and age of the several
members, and as food consumption varies accordingly, it was deemed
necessary to reduce the families to a common standard of measure
ment of food consumption. Such standard is the equivalent adult
male, that is, the number of adult men estimated as eating a like
amount of food as each family. The figures are those that have
been used by the bureau in other cost of living investigations. It is
assumed for the purpose of this computation—
That all husbands consume a like amount of food;
That the wife consumes 90 per cent as much food as the husband;
That a child 15 years of age or over consumes as much food as an
adult man or woman;
That a child from 11 to 14 years of age, inclusive, consumes 90
per cent as much food as the husband;
;March, April, June (M o n th ly R e v ie w ), August, September, October, November, 19X3.
September, 1918, M o n t h l y L a b o r R e v ie w
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[1597]
116
M ONTHLY
L A B O R R E V IE W .
That a child 7 to 10 years of age, inclusive, consumes 75 per cent
as much food as the husband;
That a child 4 to 6 years of age, inclusive, consumes 40 per cent as
much food as the husband;
That a child 3 years of age or under consumes 15 per cent as much
food as the husband.
Thus, for example, the family of a husband and wife, a boy of 16,
a child of either sex of 14, and a child of either sex of 8 are assumed
as equal to 4.55 adult males.
The number of persons includes all persons who consumed food
during the year without allowance for absence. In the computation
of equivalent adult males allowance was made for absence any part
of the year.
In computing the averages the aggregate quantity and aggregate
cost were divided by the total number of families, the total number of
persons, and the total number of equivalent adult males, in all
families covered by the inquiry. These totals were used as a divisor,
even though all families and all persons did not consume some of
the several articles of food. This gives a general average consumption
figure.
In studying these figures and making comparisons between cities,
it is of service to know not only the general average consumption,
but also the proportion of families in the localities that actually
consumed each article. Such information is shown in the second
table.
These tables show the very marked difference in the several localities
in the selection of food and in the average consumption and cost.
The white and colored families are tabulated separately.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[1598]
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
118
M ONTHLY
L A B O R R E V IE W ,
AVERAGE Y E A R ’S CONSUMPTION OF THE PRINCIPAL
WHITE FAMILIES.
Bath, Me.1
Article.
Portland,
Me.1
99 families;
103 families;
580 persons;
590 persons;
396.52 equiv 405.35 equiv
alent adult
alent adult
males.
males.
Portsmouth,
N. HA
Boston,
Mass.1
104 families; 210 families;
608 families;
530 persons; 1,149 persons; 3,102 persons;
384.64 equiv 806.84 equiv 2,210.19 equiv
alent adult
alent adult
alent adult
males.
males.
males.
Quan Cost. Quan Cost. Quan Cost. Quan Cost.
tity.
tity.
tity.
tity.
Beef and veal, fresh (Dounds):
192.59 $58.33 173.25 $51.78 185.96
Average per fam ily. .
32.87
9.96 30.25
Average per nerson..
9.01 36.49
Average equivalent per
adult male..............
48.08 14.56 44.02 13.16 50. 28
Beef, salt (pounds):
Average per fam ily..
60.13 14.53 49. 45 12.52 42.00
Average per person..
10.26
2.48
8.24
8.63
2.19
Average equivalent per
adult male...............
15.01
3.63 12.56
3.18 11.36
Pork, fresh (pounds):
64.32 20.34 46. 73 14.88 52.84
Average per fa m ily ..
Average per person..
10.98
3.47
8.16
2.60 10.37
Average equivalent per
adult male...............
16.06
5.08 11.87
3. 78 14.29
Pork, salt (pounds):
Average per fam ily..
70.60 23.08 72.38 22. 43 70.86
12. 05
Average per person..
3.94 12.64
3.92 13.90
Average equivalent per
adult m ale..............
17.63
5.76 IS. 39
19.16
Mutton (pounds):
Average per fam ily..
25.86
7.51 15. 27
4.24 42.54
Average per person..
4. 41
2.67
.74
8.35
1.28
Average equivalent per
adult male...............
6.46
3.88
1.08 11.50
1.88
Poultry (pounds):
Average per fam ily..
15. 67
5.17 20.16
6.47 30.95
Average per person..
2.67
3.52
.88
1.13
6.07
Average equivalent per
adult male..............
3.91
5.12
1. 64
8.37
1.29
Other meat:
Average ner familv _.
12 97
10. 24
2. 21
1.79
Average * equivalent per
adult male...............
3. 24
2.60
Fish:
Average ner fam ilv..
24.17
17.38
Averaee ner nerson.............
4.13
3.03
Average * equivalent per
adult male................
4. 42
6.03
Other sea food:
Averaee ner fam ilv..
8.35
7.35
Averaee Der nerson. . . ____
1.43
1. 28
Average equivalent per
adult m ale................
2. OS
1. 87
Eggs (dozen):
Average per ,am ily. .
107.61 50.33 98.31 45.13 98.98
Average per person..
IS. 37
8.59 17.16
7.88 19.42
Average equivalent per
adult male.................
26. S7 12.56 24.98 11.47 26.76
Milk, sweet (quarts):
Average per fa m ily ..
383.56 44.81 436.89 51.44 470.86
Average per person..
65. 47
7.65 76.27
8.98 92.39
Average equivalent per
adult m ale................
95. 76 11.19 111.02 13.07 127.31
Buttermilk (quarts):
Average per fam ily..
19.60
1.17
1.85
.99 18.55
Average per person. . .
3.31
.17
3. 24
.20
.36
Average equivalent per
adult male................
4.89
.25
4.71
.30
.50
Cream (pints):
Average per fam ilv. . .
7.93
2. 42
2.71
.88
5.51
- 1,”i
A verage per person. ..
.41
1.35
.47
1.08
Average equivalent per
adult male................ ........ 1.98
.22
.60
.09
1. 49
1Year ending Mar. 31, 1918.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[ 1000]
New York,
N. Y.z
$56.12 195. 50 $59.93
11.01 35. 73 10.95
Quan
tity.
Cost.
225.23 $61.01
44.15 12.55
15.17
50.88
15.60
61.96
17.61
11.49
2.25
43.38
7.93
11.28
2.06
19.20
3.76
4.89
.96
3.11
11.29
2.94
5.28
1.34
17.22
3.38
56.28
10. 29
18. 21
3.33
02.82
12.31
20.09
3.94
4 66
14. 65
4.75
17. 28
5.53
23. 44
4.60
64.89
11.86
22.89
4. 18
55.03
10.79
19.35
3.79
6.34
16.89
5.96
15.14
5.32
12. 75
2.50
44.37
8.11
12.98
2.37
£0.35
9.87
14. 60
2.86
3.45
11.55
3.38
13.85
4.02
10.16
1.99
27. 40
5.01
9.05
1.65
31.87
0.25
10.32
2.02
2.75
7.13
2.36
8.77
8. 68
1. 70
2. 84
11. 78
2.31
10. 40
1.90
2.35
2. 71
3.24
18.61
3.65
15.36
2. 81
11. 62
2.28
5.03
4.00
3.20
6.73
1.32
5.69
1.04
3.53
.69
1.82
1. 48
46.26 102.86
9.08 18.80
12.51
47.87
8.75
.97
67.29
13.19
33.80
6.62
26.77
12.46
18.51
9.30
55.18 437. 80
10.83 80.02
58.17
10. 63
328.13
61.31
40. 05
7.85
14.92 113.95
15.14
90.27
11.02
.24
.04
4.23
.83
.36
.07
.10
.02
3.04
. 56
.03
.79
.06
. 110
.10
2.02
.40
3.81
.70
1. 16
.27
1.05
.21
.30
.06
.55
.99
. 3S
.29
.08
119
M O N T H L Y LA B O R R E V IE W ,
ARTICLES OF FOOD IN SH IPBU ILD IN G DISTRICTS.
WHITE •FAMILIES.
Philadelphia,
Pa.2
Baltimore,
Md.i
Newport
News, Va.1
Norfolk,
Vad
Savannah,
Ga.2
Brunswick,
Ga.2
Jacksonville,
Fla.2
512 families;
205 families;
72 families;
2,72(1 persons; 1,141 persons; 437 persons;
1,932.15 equiv 801.28 equiv 287.72 equiv
alent adult
alent adult
alent adult
males.
males
males.
97 families;
40 families;
35 families;
54 families;
578 persons; 217 persons;
192 persons;
299 persons;
401.25 equiv 141.79 equiv 128.17 equiv 192.50 equiv
alent adult
alent adult
alent adult
alent adult
males.
males.
males.
males.
Quan
tity.
Quan Cost.
tity.
Cost.
Quan
tity. Cost.
Quan
tity. Cost.
Quan Cost.
tity.
Quan Cost.
tity.
Quan
tity. Cost.
232.84 $62.74 226. 67 $62.41 204.44 $57.49 173.48 $53.73 168.43 $44.59 154.37 $37.92 220.44
8.22 28.14
43.83 11.81 40.73 11.21 33.68
9.47 29.11
9.01 31.05
6.91 39. SI
$56.76
10.25
61.70
16.62
57.99
15.97
51.16
14.39
41.94
12.99
47.51
12.58
42.15
10.36
61.84
15.92
10.70
2.01
4.93
.93
14.00
2.52
4.68
.84
7.24
1.19
2.97
.49
5.42
.91
2.15
.36
2.60
.48
.91
.17
.49
.09
.16
.03
2.50
.45
. 55
.10
2.83
1.31
3.58
1.20
1.81
.74
1.31
.52
.73
.26
.13
.04
.70
. 15
74.27
13.98
24.52
4.62
74.57
13. 10
24.35
4.37
60.24
9.92
20.06
3.31
75. 25
12.63
24.89
4.18
56.55
10.42
16.65
3.07
87.20
15.90
25.6S
4.68
82. 52
14.90
25.64
4.63
6.23
15.07
5.02
IS. 19
6.02
15.95
4.70
23.81
7.01
19.68
6.50
19.08
48.00
9.03
17.25
3.25
90.10
16.19
12.72
4.57
23.05
8.29
28.82
5.42
3.00
1.51
13.90
2.50
4.26
.77
23.15
7.19
41.67 165.63
6.87 27.80
60.23 153.35
10.11 28.27
47.28 131.69
8.72 24.01
39.85 119.50
7.26 21.58
35.20
6.36
30.24
10.43
40.04
14.56
43.26
13.34
35.96
10.88
33.52
9.87
8.71
1.43
3.10
. 51
3.41
.57
1.05
.18
.90
.17
.25
.05
.66
.12
.17
.03
2.59
.47
.71
.13
32.38 120. 83
5.82 19.91
7.64
2.12
3.56
1.09
2.18
.78
.82
.25
.25
.07
.18
.05
.73
.20
37.08
6.98
11.98
2.26
26.80
4.81
8.55
1.54
37.81
6.23
11.91
1.96
45.11
7.57
15.15
2.54
23.68
4.36
7.06
1.30
17.44
3.18
4.93
.90
30.81
5.57
9.56
1.73
3.17
6.S6
2.19
9.46
2.98
10.91
3.66
6.6S
1.99
4.76
1.35
8.64
9.83
11.79
2.22
15.61
2.81
10.74
1.77
3.12
19.69
299.29
56.34
9.46
1.74
3.99
2.69
2.76
11.59
1.91
19.52
3.28
4.72
.95
9.36
1.76
16.53
2.97
2.48
4.23
2.90
5.91
1. 11
5 96
1.07
5.67
.93
.......
•
1.52
74.30
13.99
11.42
1.92
35.23
6.63
78.87
14.17
9.34
20.18
33. 24 193.32
6.26 34.73
33.13
5.95
92.61
15.26
1.42
23.18 TO. 50
8.48
26.02 148. 24
4.67 24.42
1.37
41.96 104. 03
6.91 17.46
25.15
24.38 119.88
4.02 20.12
9.42
1.70
2.67
2.56
2.64
9.42
1.74
8.43
1.54
11.80
2.13
2.66
2.30
3.31
3.07
.57
3 29
.60
3.98
.72
72.88
13.43
11.26
20.56
17.52 105.93
2.94 19.53
1.12
.90
.87
46.56
7.81
2.68
9.39
1.71
27.60
5.09
42.03
7.66
7.79
11.48
14.69 105.40
2.71 19. 21
17.54
3.20
53.26
9.62
23.16
4.18
4.79
14.94
6.53
13.29 139.33
2.42 25.16
17.91
3.24
8.81
49.46
6.66
37.10
6.10
28.98
4.24
29.88
4.15
28. 78
3.63
39.09
5.01
.43
6.15
1.16 . .08
4.82
.87
.33
.06
7.03
1.16
.64
.11
8.25
1.38
.71
.12
12.58
2.32
1.18
.22
73.94
13.48
4.03
.73
30.22
5.46
2.81
.51
1.76
.16
1.99
.17
3.55
.33
20.19
1.10
8.48
.73
.41
.07
.15
.03
.11
.04
,79.31
1.63
.11
1.23
• OS
2 03
•• .3 8
49
1 TO
09
. 20
Qd
.04
.'54
.13
.28
.06
.31
.06
.......
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
.13
.02
.03
.08
; Year ending Dee. 31, 1917.
[1003]
..... . .......
120
M ONTHLY
L A B O E E E V IE W ,
AVERAGE Y E A R ’S CONSUMPTION OF T H E PRINCIPAL
WHITE FAMILIES—Continued.
Bath, Me.1
Article.
Milk, condensed and evanorated (cans):
Average per fam ily. .
Average per person..
Average equivalent per
adult male..............
Butter and oleomargarine
(pounds'):
Average per fam ily..
Average per person..
Average equivalent per
adult male..............
L ard and c o m p o u n d s
(pounds):
Average per fam ily..
Avlrage per person..
Average equivalent per
adult male..............
Cheese, not fancy (pounds):
Average per fa m ily ..
A verage per person..
Average equivalent per
adult male..............
Tea (pounds):
Average per fa m ily ..
Average per person..
Average equivalent per
adult m ale..............
CoiTee and s u b s t i t u t e s
(pounds):
Average per fa m ily ..
Average per person..
Average equivalent per
adult male................
Sugar (pounds'):
Average per fa m ily ..
Average per person..
Average equivalent per
adult m ale................
Molasses and sirup (quarts):
Average tier lamilv . .
Average per person.............
Average equivalent per
adult male................
Flour, wheat (pounds):
Average per fam ily. . .
Average per person. . .
Average equivalent per
adult male.................
Corn meal (pounds):
Average per fa m ily ...
Average per person..
Average equivalent per
adult male.................
Broad (loaves):
Average per fam ily. . .
Average per person. . .
Average equivalent per
adult male.................
Rolls (dozen):
A verage per fam ily. . .
A verage per person. . .
Average equivalent per
adult male.................
Rice (pounds):
Average per fa m ily .. .
Average per person...
Average equivalent per
adult male.................
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
99 families;
580 persons;
396.52 equiv
alent adult
males.
Portiand,
Me.1
Portsmouth,
N. II.1,
Boston,
Mass.1
New York,
N. YA
103 families; 104 families; 210 families;
608 families;
590 persons; 530 persons; 1,149 persons; 3,102 persons;
405.35 equiv 384.64 equiv 806.84 equiv 2,210.19 equiv
alent adult
alent aduit
alent adult
alent adult
males.
males.
males.
males.
Quan Cost. Quan
Quan
Quan
tity.
tity. Cost. tity. Cost. tity. Cost.
Quan
tity.
98. 24 $14.99
2.56
16. 77
88.98
15.53
$7.90
1.38
42. 44
8.33
$6.04
1.19
121.03 $17.55
23. 72 3. 44
24.53
3. 74
22.61
2.01
11. 48
1.63
104.31
17.81
49. 75
8. 49
98.93
17.27
44.64
7.79
26.04
12. 42
25.14
90.60
15.37
26. 20
4.47
65.31
11.40
22. 49
6.54
16.60
4.S4
11.31
1.93
3. 64
.62
9.63
1.68
3.12
.54
65.12 $10.23
11.90
1.S7
Cost.
16.95
2.66
33.29
4.83
97.19
19.07
46. 23 102. S4
9.07 18. 80
48.26
8.82
97. 45
19.10
43. 80
8.59
11.34
26.28
12.50
26.77
12. 36
26.81
12.05
19.03
3.32
56. 77
11.14
16. 72
3.28
44.05
8.05
13.06
2.39
36. 73
7.20
10.38
2.93
15.35
4.52
11.47
3. 40
10.10
2.86
13.82
2. 71
4.39
.86
17.16
3.14
5. 71
1.04
17.26
3.38
5.59
1.10
2.82
.91
2.45
.79
3. 74
1.19
4.47
1.49
4. 75
1.54
20.93
3.57
10.69
1.82
22.50
3.93
11.27
1.97
18.89
3.71
10.15
1.99
22.67
4.14
11.86
2.17
18.11
3.55
8.57
1.68
5.23
2.67
5. 72
2.S6
5.11
2. 75
5.90
3.09
4.98
2.36
22.53
3.84
6.36
1.09
19.76
3.45
6. 79
1.18
36. 41
7.15
9.99
1.96
29.54
5. 40
8.99
1.64
50.66
9.93
13.32
2.61
1.59
5.02
1.72
9.85
2. 70
7.69
2.34
13.94
3.66
17.66 185. 37
3.47 33.88
17.92
3.27
190.54
37.35
17.15
3.36
4.66
52.41
5.62
175. 40
29.94
43. 79
16.85 174.11
2.88 30.39
4.21
44.24
6.56
1.12
1.64
543. 32
92. 74
37.97 610. 23
6. 48 106.53
135. 65
9.48 155. 06
16.69 183.02
2.91 35.91
4.24
49.49
4.78
48.25
6. 44
1.12
3.84
4.63
.85
1.
1.04
1. 20
43.01 414. 59 30.13 503. 71 37. 12 261.01
7. 51 81.35
5. 91 92.06
6. 78 51.16
10. 93 112.10
75.41
12. 87
4.97
.85
64. 65
11.29
4.26
.74
53.40
10. 48
18.83
1.24
16.43
1.08
14. 44
242. 93 28.04 210. .30 22.17 261.35
41.47
4.79 36. 71
3.87 51.28
4. 72
2. 75
. 54
18.98
3. 72
8.15 131.10
9.66
71.80
5.22
3.65
.72
48.45
8.85
3.32
.61
18.26
3.58
1.27
.25
.99
12.61
.86
5.02
30. 73 266. 25 30.57
6.03 48.66
5.59
667. 42
130.82
59. 24 11.61
.35
60. 65
7.00
53.44
5.63
70.66
8.31
69. 30
7.96
183.60
16.30
1.10
.19
. 14
.02
2. 44
.43
.34
.06
7.14
1.40
.95
.19
12.83
2.34
1.91
.35
55.64
10.90
6.34
1.24
.27
.03
.62
.09
1.93
.26
3.34
.50
15.30
1.75
40. 76
6.96
4.21
.72
43.96
7.67
4. 45
.78
52.99
10. 40
5. 40
1.06
50.00
9.14
f .19
.95
46.72
9.10
4. 76
. C3
10. IS
1.C5
11. 17
1.13
14.33 |
’.46
13.61
1.35
12,85
.31
JYear ending Mar. •' 1, 1913.
[ 1602]
M ONTHLY
121
L A B O E R E V IE W .
ARTICLES OF FOOD IN SHIPBU ILD IN G D ISTRICTS-Continued.
W HITE FAM ILIES—Continued.
Philadelphia,
Pa.1
Baltimore,
Md.'
Newport
News, Va.1
Norfolk,
Va.1
Savannah,
Ga.2
Brunswick,
Ga.2
Jacksonville,
Fla.2
205 families;
512 families;
72 families ;
97 families;
40 families;
35 families;
54 families;
2,720 persons; 1,141 persons; 437 persons; 578 persons; 217 persons;
192 persons; 299 persons;
1,932.15 equiv 801.28 equiv 287.72 equiv 401.25 equiv 141.79 equiv 128.17 equiv 192.50 equiv
alent adult
alent adult
alent adult
alent adult
alent adult
alent adiRt
alent adult
males.
males.
males.
males.
males.
males.
males.
Quan Cost.
tity.
Quan
tity.
Cost.
Quan
tity.
Cost.
Quan
tity. Cost.
Quan Cost.
tity.
Quan
tity. Cost.
Quan
tity. Cost.
78.18 $11.07 101.51 $15. 47 125.38 $19.54 119.69 $18.17 145.23 $21.37
14. 72
2.08 18.24
2.78 20.66
3.22 20.09
3.05 26. 77
3.94
98.71 $12.80 119.78
17.99
2.33 21.63
20.72
2.93
25.97
3.96
31.37
4.89
28.93
4.39
40.97
6.03
26.96
3.50
33.60
3.43
91.66
17.25
41.55
7.82
79.28
14.24
35.20
6.32
86.49
14.25
40.46
6.67
80. 92
13.58
40.41
6.78
75.00
13.82
33.59
6.19
53.80
9.81
25.46
4.64
68.33
12.34
31.84
5.75
24.29
11.01
20.28
9.01
21.64
10.12
19.56
9.77
21.16
9. 48
14.69
6.95
19.17
8.93
55. 42
10. 43
16.02
3.02
79.82
14.34
31.85 100. 48
5.81 18.15
25.08
4.53
14.69
4.24
20. 42
5.60
25.92
6.87
34.30
9. 61
35.52
8. 48
34.46
8.70
28.19
7.04
17.67
3.33
5.86
1.10
16.28
2.92
5.61
1.01
20.99
3.46
7.24
1.19
34.96
5.87
12.00
2.01
18.43
3.40
6.14
1.13
13.74
2.51
4.38
.80
16.83
3.04
5.39
.97
21.90 103.57
3.93 17.06
27.44 141.88
4.52 23.81
39.75 125.90
6.67 23.21
30.06 126.20
5.54 23.01
$12.24
2.21
4.68
1.55
4.16
1.44
5.25
1.81
8. 45
2.90
5.20
1.73
3.75
1.20
4.72
1.51
11.79
2.22
6.23
1.17
10.18
1.83
5.82
1.05
8.56
1.41
6.35
1.05
9.82
1.65
5.50
.92
7.83
1.44
4.00
.74
2.46
.45
1.23
.22
6.65
1.20
4.03
.73
3.12
1.65
2.60
1.49
2.14
1.59
2.37
1.33
2.21
1.13
.67
.34
1.86
1.13
50.51
9.51
13.50
2.54
59.90
10.76
15.96
2.87
54.56
8.99
14.46
2.38
58.42
9.80
16.97
2.85
38.18
7.04
10.50
1.94
42.74
7.79
11.61
2.12
47.37
8.56
13.80
2.49
3.58
15.32
4.08
13.65
3.62
14.12
4.10
10.77
2.96
11.67
3.17
13.29
3.87
16.18 180. 94
2.95 32.68
17.52
3.16
13.38
215.03
40.48
56.98
251.75
47.39
19.80 178.82
3.73 32.13
5.25
45.75
16.55 223.82
2.97 36.88
4.24
56.01
21.97 224. 26
3. 62 37.63
5.50
54.21
21.64 189.83
3.63 34.99
5.23
53.55
17.71 164.51
3.26 29.99
4.99
44.92
50.76
4.92
5.15
.93
4.89
.81
6.88
1.16
13.25
2.44
8.92
1. 63
1 24
.77
1.32
1.22
1.66
3. 74
2. 44
1 Q2
18.75 305.10
3.53 54.82
22.05 544.96
3.96 89.79
39.40 601.38
6.49 100.92
42.64 455. 78
7.16 84.01
32.31 568.50
5.96 103.63
41.06 379.17
7.49 68.48
11.21 106.36
66. 71
4.97
78.06
5.64 136.37
9.86 145.38
10.31 128.58
9.11 155. 24
15. 72
2.96
1.06
.20
65.48
11.77
4.16 109.36
.75 18.02
6.86 203.06
1.13 34.08
12.27 148.15
2.06 27.31
6.95 172.03
1.28 31.36
.28
16.75
4.17
4.42
2.91
1.06
27.37
1.72
49.09
24.16 254.35
3.98 42.69
2.97
41.79
1.96
46.98
7.58
9.51
1.73
99.89
18.04
2.60
28.02
1.65
10.52 282.65
1.92 51.05
28.74
5.19
5.87
1.06
I 801.35
; 150.84
62.98 644.58
11.86 115.81
58.53 256.11
10.52 42.20
212.35
16.69 164.91
14.97
64.09
C. 05
61.49
5.93
86. 77
7.83
36.18
2.87
79.29
8.06
13.94
2.50
1.59
.29
6.64
1.09
.75
.12
7.30
1.22
.90
.15
10.95
2.02
1.22
.23
4.80
.88
.49
.09
5.72
1.03
.73
.13
.22
3.09
.35
1.31
.13
33.34
6.28
4.05
.76
24.52 307.58
4.12 56.70
27.02
4.88
8.83
1.07
3.57
.41
1.66
.19
1. 76
32. 76
6.17
3.36
.63
48.91
8. 79
4.98
.89
51.36
8. 46
5.30
.87
49.48
8.30
5.01 226.43
.84 41.74
8.68
.89
12.51
1.27
12.85
1.33
11.96
1.21 1 63.88
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
•Year ending Dee. 31, 1917.
[1603]
27.77 132.49
5.12 24.15
20.73 158.80
3.82 28.95
5.85
43.36
1.61
.21
15.66 111.00
2.85 20.05
10.55
1.90
31.14
2.91
4.28
122
M ONTHLY
L A B O R R E V IE W .
AVERAGE Y E A R ’S CONSUMPTION OF TH E PRINCIPAL
W HITE FAM ILIES—Continued.
Bath, Me.1
Article
Portland,
Me.1
99 families;
103 families;
580 persons;
590 persons;
396.52 equiv 405.35 equiv
alent adult
alent adult
males.
males.
Portsmouth,
N. H.1
Boston,
Mass.1
104 families; 210 families;
608 families;
530 persons; 1,149 persons; 3,102 persons;
384.64 equiv 806.84 equiv 2,210.19 equiv
alent adult
alent adult
alent adult
males.
males.
males.
Quan Cost. Quan Cost. Quan
Quan
tity.
tity.
tity. Cost. tity. Cost.
Macaroni and spaghetti:
Average per fam ily..............
$4 12
$3. 93
$1 45
$3. 91
Average per person..............
.67
.68
.81
.81
Average ' equivalent per
adult male..........................
.98
. 99
1.11
1.16
Cereals:
Average per fam ily..............
9.43
9. 09
8. 70
8 62
Average per person..............
1.61
1. 69
1. 71
1.58
Average equivalent per
adult male..........................
2.46
2.36
2 35
2.24
Pies, cakes, crackers, etc.:
Average nor fam ily..............
15.47
10.61
11. 87
13 41
Average per person..............
2.64
1.85
2. 45
2.33
Average equivalent per
adult male..........................
3.86
2. 70
3. 21
3.49
Fruit, fresh:
Average per fam ily..............
21. 29
19.99
24 50
24 01
Average per person..............
3.41
3. 72
4. 81
4.39
Average equivalent per
adult male..........................
4. 99
0. 41
6. 62
6.25
Fruit, dried and canned:
Average per fam ily..............
8.58
4.37
4. 79
6.16
Average per person..............
1. 46
.76
.94
1 13
Average equivalent per
adult male..........................
2.14
1.11
1.30
1.60
Potatoes, Irish (pecks):
Average per fam ily............. 64.83 27.36 72.36 31.72 61. 71 26.86 62.30 27.31
Average per person.............. 11.07
4.67 12.63
5. 54 12.11
5. 27 11.39
4.99
Average equivalent per
adult male.......................... 16.19
6. S3 18.39
8.00 16. 09
7. 20 16. 22
7.11
Beans and peas:
Average per fam ily.............
18.65
15.71
11 51
14 33
Average per person.............
3.18
2. 71
2. 81
2.10
Average equivalent per
adult male.........................
4.66
3.99
3. 87
3.00
Other vegetables, fresh:
Average per fam ily.............
32.33
32.09
34.07
32 12
Average per person.............
5.52
5.60
6.69
5.87
Average equivalent per
adult male..........................
8.07
8.15
9 21
8.36
Other vegetables, canned or
drj-.
Average per fam ily.............
11.04
R 01
9.14
Average per person.............
1.89
1.31
1.79
1.63
Average equivalent per
adult male.........................
1.94
2.76
2. 47
2.32
Other food:
Average per fam ily.............
19.80
21 43
10.70
18.92
Average per person..............
3.38
2.91
3.71
3.92
Average equivalent per
adult male..........................
4.24
4.91
5.12
5 .5S
Ice:
Average per fam ily___. . . .
3.78
3.77
7 10
4.95
Average per person.............
.97
1.30
Average eqixivaient per
adult male..........................
.94
1.34
.96
1.85
Lunches:
Average per fam ily.............
3.30
7 82
2.98
2.93
Average per person.............
.56
.52
.57
1.43
A verage'equivalent per
adult male..........................
.82
.76
.79
2.04
A 11 food:3
Average per fam ily............. ....... 357.02 ....... 596.50
645 18
619.84
|104.13
Average per person.............
112.15
121.63
117.92
Average equivalent per
adult male..........................
64.04
151.57
167.50
167.92
1
1
'1
’Year ending Mar. 31, 1918.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
’Year ending Dec. SI, 1917.
[1604]
New York,
N.'Y.a
Quan
tity.
Cost.
1.05
7 22
1.41
1.99
2. 78
3.90
4 ! 28
6.00
4 64
.91
-1.28
60.77
11.91
32.32
6.33
1G. 72
8. 89
1.50
2.11
27 50
5.39
rj 57
l ’ 79
2.51
17 37
3.40
4. 78
l! 32
1.85
1.71
2.40
US. 98
166.99
123
M ONTHLY LABOR REVIEW,
ARTICLES OF FOOD IN SH IPB U ILD IN G D ISTRICTS-Continued.
WHITE FAMILIES—Continued.
Philadelphia,
Pa.2
Baltimore,
Md.i
Newport
News, Va.1
72 families;
512 families;
205 families;
2,720 persons; 1,141 persons; 437 persons;
1,932.15 equiv 801.28 equiv 287.72 equiv
alent adult
alent adult
alent adult
males.
males.
males.
Quan
tity.
Brunswick,
Ga.2
Jacksonville.
Fla.2
97 families;
40 families;
578 persons; 217 persons;
401.25 equiv 141.79 equiv
alent adult
alent adult
males.
males.
35 families;
54 families;
192 persons;
299 persons;
128.17 equiv 192.50 equiv
alent adult
alent adult
males.
males.
Quan Cost.
tity.
Quan Cost.
tity.
Quan Cost.
tity.
Quan Cost.
tity.
Quan Cost.
tity.
$3. 70
.70
S3.43
.62
$4.45
.73
$4.82
.81
$3.97
.73
$2.77
Quan Cost.
tity.
$3.43
.62
.98
.88
1.11
1.16
1.12
.76
.96
5.63
1. 06
7.92
1.42
8.03
1.32
9.52
1.60
11.99
2.21
11.73
2. 14
8.75
1.53
1.49
2.03
2. 01
2.30
3.38
3.20
2.46
19.63
3.53
11.22
1.85
7.68
1.42
5.98
1.09
7.75
1.40
13.14
2.21
4.19
5.02
2.81
3.18
2.17
1.63
2. If
25.46
4. 79
22.51
4.04
25.89
4.27
26.22
4.40
14.71
2.71
18.00
3.28
19.15
3.48
6.48
6.34
4.91
5.37
1.01
8.14
1.37
5.54
1.02
8.45
1.54
5.31
.98
6. 75
3.90
. 73
4.20
63.62
11.43
8.98
16. 28
7. 36
1. 39
1.54
1.07
1.03
64.72 33.88
12. IS
6.38
1.97
26.88
4.83
53.01
8.73
26.69
4.40
42.36
7.11
6.88
13.27
6.68
10.24
10.41
1. 87
9.98
1. 64
34.65
6.39
5.34
9. 78
12.59
2.11
16.71
3.08
31.94
5.82
4.71
8. 72
9. 55
1. 76
1.49
2.31
1.56
22.10
3.71
17.14
3.12
34.96
6.31
4.68
9.81
13.83
2.52
17.31
3.13
4.85
10.98
1.98
l. 95
2. 66
2. 50
3.04
2. 69
3. 78
3.03
29.05
5. 47
36.85
6. 62
34.95
45. 55
7. 64
35. 71
27. 23
4.98
30.37
5.4i
7. 70
9. 43
8. 75
11. 01
10. 07
7.44
8.52
10 39
1. 71
«S. 34
1. 40
7. 48
1. 38
6. 80
1.24
10.02
1.81
Î9
47
2. 35
14
14
2. 54
3. 30
3. 62
2. 60
2. 02
2.11
1. 86
2.81
17. 53
3. 30
19. 51
3. 50
14.18
2.34
31. 88
24.06
4. 44
14.33
2.61
15.12
2. 73
3.91
4.21
1 40
7. 07
1 27
9. 50
1. 57
12. 77
2.14
9.11
1.68
6.46
l. 18
11.42
2.06
1 9S
1. SI
2. 38
3. 09
2. 57
1.76
3.21
10 59
1 QQ
4. SO
. 86
1.16
. 19
7. 42
1. 24
9.49
1.75
7.37
1. 34
6.12
1.11
4. 99
7. 46
7.71
2 31
1 23
. 29
1. 79
2. 68
2.01
1.72
60 D 84
624 77
112 25
613. 61
101. 10
707. 83
118. 79
563. 77
103.92
494.46
90.14
533.09
96.23
159. 84
153. 55
171.11
159. 04
135.02
149.54
114
1
Savannah,
Ga.2
Cost.
15.80
2.97
17.15
Norfolk,
Va-1
04
¡■The figure for “ AH Food ” is obtained by division of the total amount, rather than by addition of the
averages here shown.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[1605]
124
M ONTHLY LABOR REVIEW.
A V ERAGE Y E A R ’S CONSUM PTION OF THE PRINCIPAL
WHITE FAMILIES—Continued.
Article.
Tampa,
Fla.1
Pensacola,
Fla.1
Mobile,
Ala.1
Pascagoula,
Miss.1
Moss Point,
Miss.1
51 families;
249 persons;
159.87 equiv
alent adult
males.
65 families;
398 persons;
262.54 equiv
alent adult
males.
100 families;
609 persons;
416.64 equiv
alent adult
males.
32 families;
199 persons;
133.53 equiv
alent adult
males.
26 families;
130 persons;
86.20 equiv
alent adult
males.
Quan Cost. Quan
Quan
Quan
tity.
tity. Cost. tity. Cost. tity. Cost.
Quan
tity.
Beef and veal, fresh (pounds):
Average per fam ily............. 137.08 $35.46 164.80 $39. 55 162.12 $38.60 183.16 $43.39 101.35
Average per person............. 28.08
7.26 26.91
6.46 26.62
6.34 29.45
6.98
20.27
Average equivalent per
adult male......................... 43.73 11.31 40.80
9.79 38.91
9.26 43.89 10.40
30.57
Beef, salt (pounds):
Average per fam ily.............
1.27
.36
1.71
.61
.02
Average per person.............
.26
.07
.28
.10
.004
Average equivalent per
ad u lt male..........................
.41
.12
.42
. 15
.006
Pork, fresh (pounds):
Average per fam ily............. 46.33 13.44 41.97 11.56 45.66 12.25 58.81 17.13
22.50
Average per person............. 9.49
2.75
6.85
1.89
7.50
2.01
2.75
9.46
4.50
Average equivalent per
adult male......................... 14.78
4.29 10.39
2.86 10.96
2.94 14.09
4.11
6.79
Pork, salt (pounds):
Average per fam ily............. 109.67 32.67 112.80 34.00 123.77 37.08 86.06 31.43 143.58
Average per person............. 22.46
6.69 18.42
5. 55 20.32
6.09 13.84
5.05
28.72
Average equivalent per
adult male......................... 34.98 10.42 27.93
S. 42 29.71
8.90 20.62
7.53
43.31
Mutton (pounds):
Average per fam ily.............
5.27
1.19
.20
.05
.68
. 18
4.19
1. 49
Average per person............. 1.08
.24
.03
.01
.11
.03
.24
.67
Average equivalent per
adult male.......................... 1.68
.38
.05
.01
. 16
.04
1.00
.36
Poultry (pounds):
Average per fam ily............. 25.05
7.10 26.08
0 09
5 40 35 33
6. 59 21.32
Average per person______
5.13
1.45
4.26
1.08
3.50
.89
1.45
5.68
7.22
Average equivalent per
adult male.......................... 7.99
2.27
6.46
1.63
5.12
1.30
S. 47
2.16
10.89
Other meat:
Average per fam ily.............
7.97
12.86
13.20
13 87
Average per person.............
1.63
2.10
2. 23
2.17
Average equivalent per
adult male.........................
2.54
3.18
3.17
3.32
Fish:
Average per fam ily.............
8. 37
6 98
12.25
Average per person.............
1.71
2.00
1.03
.97
Average equivalent per
adult male.........................
2.67
3.03
1.51
1. 45
Other sea food:
Average per fam ily..............
1.07
4.04
6 83
8 Q9
Average per person.............
.22
.66
1 43
1 12
Average equivalent per
.34
1.00
1.64
2.14
adult male.
Eggs (dozen):
Average per fam ily.............. 74.37 30. 48 62.80 24.45 59.70 23.00 73.31 30.52
80.12
Average per person.............. 15.23
6.24 10.26
3.99
9. 80
3.78 11.79
4.91
16.02
Average equivalent per 23.73
9.72 15.55
6.05 14.33
5.52 17.57
7.31
24.16
adult male.
Milk, sweet (quarts):
Average per fam ily............. 158.19 18.84 132.22 14.50 128.72 13.80 202. 75 22.11 226.12
Average per person............. 32.40
3.86 21.59
2.37 20.64
2.27 32.00
3.55
45.22
Average equivalent per
adult male.......................... 50.46
6.01 32.73
3.59 30.17
3.31 48.59
5.30
68.20
Buttermilk (quarts):
Average per fam ily.............. 25.04
1.56 48.32
2.96 61.79
3.44 67.50
3.12
38.04
Average per nerson.............. 5.13
.32
7.89
. 48 10.15
.57 10.85
.50
7.61
Average equivalent per
adult male........................
7.99
.50 11.96
.73 14.83
.83 16.18
.75
11. 47
Cream (pints):
Average per fam ily..............
.Q3
3. 86
.06
.02
5.69
1.37
Average per person.............
.6 3
.15
Average equivalent per
adult male.......................... ..........
.96
.23
.01
.004 1.36
.33
1.43
1 Year ending Dec. 31, 1917.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[1G0G]
Cost.
$22.25
4.45
6.71
01
.002
.002
6.02
1.20
1.82
46.20
9.24
13.93
2.34
12 07
2 .41
3.64
.48
.71
1.38
29.34
5.87
8.85
22.61
4.52
6.82
1.90
.38
.57
.34
125
M ONTHLY LABOE EEVIEW,
ARTICLES OF FOOD IN SH IPB U IL D IN G DISTRICTS—Continued.
WHITE FAMILIES—Continued.
Madisonville,
La.1
Slidell,
La.1
27 families;
156 persons;
115.76 equiv
alent adult
males.
50 families;
320 persons;
210.14 equiv
alent adult
males.
Quan
tity.
Cost.
Beaumont,
Tex.1
Houston,
T ex.1
50 families;
91 families;
295 persons;
471 persons;
195.15 equiv 342.19 equiv
alent adult
alent adult
males.
males.
Orange,
Tex.1
Buffalo,
N. Y .1
Cleveland
Ohio 1
43 families;
204 families; 203 families
253 persons; 1,120 persons; 1,115 persons
180.62 equiv 780.99 equiv 788.13 equiv
alent adult
alent adult
alent adult
males.
males.
males.
Quan Cost. Quan Cost. Quan Cost. Quan Cost. Quan Cost.
tity.
tity.
tity.
tity.
tity.
Quan
tity. Cost.
185.04 $41.08 194.92 $45.33 194.06 $51. 66 229.00 $55. 76 230.95 $56.06 245.89 $63.87 259.70
7.11 30.46
32.03
7.08 32.89
8.76 44.24 10.77 39.25
9.53 44.79 11.63 47.28
43.16
61.19
10.59
14.27
101. 70
17.60
23. 72
42.74
7. 40
9.97
77.37
13.39
18.05
179.30
31.03
41.82
9.58
46.38
10.79
43.24
7.33
13.24
60.90
14.83
54.98
13.35
64.23
16.68
66.89
17.88
.75
. 14
.33
.06
1.12
.19
.35
.06
16.32
2.97
4.02
.73
10.51
1.91
2.87
.52
.20
.09
.27
.08
4.26
1.05
2.71
.74
45.92
8.87
13.15
2.54
28.00
4.76
9.46
1.61
59.68
10.87
18.40
3.35
79. 23
14.42
24.39
4.44
3.50
14.60
2.53
31.64
4.94
3.40
7.53
2.08
11.08
3.58
12.21
32.65 106.60
5.65 16.66
31.59
4.94
89.12
15.11
31.30
5.31
88.01
17.00
25.36
7.52
22.83
8.02
23.41
7.83
.20
.03
.07
.01
1.16
.20
.40
.07
2.32
.45
.71
.14
7. 61
8.73
1.36
49.72
13.97
2.37
6.67
2.25
15.59
4.81
20. 41
6.28
29.44 152.03
5.69 25.84
51.41
8.74
80.48
14.66
24.63
4.49
68.41
12.46
24.77
4. 51
36.19
12.24
21.02
6.43
17.62
6.33
19.00
3.46
5.42
.99
17.75
3.23
4.89
.87
.05
.02
.30
.10
.62
.19
9.86
1 71
24.36
3.81
6.00
.94
27.26
4.62
7.18
1.22
31.34
6.05
8.53
1.65
28.18
4.79
2.30
5.80
1.43
6.98
1.84
8.33
2.27
6.71
4.96
1.42
4.57
1.24
7.03
1.20
19.67
3.58
5.98
1.09
22.43
4.08
6.91
1.26
1.67
5.14
1.56
5.78
25.03
4.56
3.78
5.99
6.45
1.87
.32
8.00
1.46
1. 40
2.05
.45
2.09
1.98
3.97
.77
1.06
3.04
.52
.72
5. 46
.99
1.43
3. 83
. 71
1.00
9.93
1.55
9.30
1.58
12.30
2.38
15.86
2.70
2.52
2.36
2.38
3.27
5.02
.87
3.03
.47
2.95
.50
7.72
1.49
1.17
.72
.76
2.49
. 43
.58
3.47
.54
.82
3.77
.64
.97
59.54
9.30
14.17
18.71 213. 72
3.24 33.39
4.36
23.48
3.67
5.59
72.90
12.36
18.68
21.10 205.26
3.30 34.79
30.05
5.09
7.70
88.63
17.12
23.57
23.58 274.29
4.00 52.99
1.73
22.93
4.18
10.82
1.87
28.11
4.86
6.56
$69. 43
12.64
35.03
6.77
9.31
82.45
14.01
19.63
32.46 103.37
6.27 17.57
31.85
5.41
7.58
80.92
14.74
21.14
11.50 313.95
1.95 57.18
36.20
6.59
9.46
73.59
13.40
18.95
32.71
5.96
8.43
38.69 356.50
7.05 64.90
44.08
8.02
50.85
5.02
52.59
6.04
72.94
8.63
24.61
2.74
82.01
10.11
91.82
11.35
22.80
3.56
1.14
.18
78.14
13.24
4.83 120.45
.82 23.27
6.57
1.27
51.77
8.80
2.71
.46
8.43
1.53
.46
.08
16.28
2.96
1.25
.23
5.42
.27
20.02
1.24
32.03
1.75
12.32
.65
2. 20
.12
4.19
.32
.60
.09
.24
.04
1.82
.31
.73
.12
1.00
.19
.45
.09
.87
. 16
.25
.05
1.23
.22
.32
.06
.14
.06
.47
.19
.27
.12
.23
.06
.32
.08
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
126
M ONTHLY LABOR REVIEW,
AVER A G E Y E A R ’S CONSUM PTION OF THE PRINCIPAL
W HITE FAM ILIES—Continued.
Tampa,
Fla.1
Article.
Pensacola,
Fla.1
51 families;
65 families;
249 persons;
398 persons;
159.87 equiv 262.54 equiv
alent adult
alent adult
males.
males.
Mobile,
Ala.1
Pascagoula,
Miss.1
100 families;
32 families;
609 persons;
199 persons;
416.64 equiv 133.53 equiv
alent adult
alent adult
males.
males.
Quan Cost. Quan
Quan
Quan
tity.
tity. Cost. tity. Cost. tity. Cost.
Milk, condensed and evaporated (cans):
Average per fam ily... ........ 166.14
Average per person..
34.03
Average equivalent per
53.00
adult male...............
Butter and oleomargarine
(pounds):
64.51
Average per fam ily. .
13.21
Average per person..
Average equivalent per
20.58
adult male...............
Lard and c o m p o u n d s
(pounds):
111.55
Average per fa m ily ..
Average per person..
22.85
Average equivalent per
adult male...............
35.59
Cheese, not fancy (pounds):
Average per fa m ily ..
17.98
Average per person..
3.68
Average equivalent per
adult male...............
5.74
Tea (pounds):
Average per fam ily..
4.27
Average per person..
.88
Average equivalent per
adult male.................
1.36
Coffee and s u b s t i t u t e s
(pounds):
Average per fam ily..
40.82
Average per person..
8.36
Average equivalent per
adult male..............
13.02
Sugar (pounds):
Average per fa m ily ..
160.12
Average per person..
32.80
Average equivalent per
adult male...............
51. OS
Molasses and sirup (quarts):
Average per la m ilv ..
Average per person.............
Average equivalent per
adult male.................
Flour, wheat (pounds):
Average per fa m ily ..
437.14
Average per person..
89.53
Average equivalent per
adult male...............
139.45
Corn meal (pounds):
Average per fa m ily ..
166.55
Average per person..
34.11
Average equivalent per
adult male................
53.13
Bread (loaves):
Average per fam ily. . .
205.63
Average per person. . .
42.12
Average equivalent per
adult male................
65.60
Rolls (dozen):
Average per fa m ily ...
4.98
Average per person. . .
1.02
Average equivalent per
adult male...............
1.59
Rice (pounds):
Average per fam ily. . .
157.09
Average per person. . .
32.17
Average equivalent per
adult males............... ........ 50.11
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
«16.30 135.94 $18.78 124.80 $16.80 153.25 $22.05
3.34 22.20
3.07 20.49
2. 76 24.64
3.55
Moss Point,
Miss.1
26 families;
130 persons;
86.20 equiv
alent adult
males.
Quan
tity.
Cost.
86.31 $10. 40
17.26
2.08
5.20
33.66
4.65
29.95
4.03
36.73
5.28
26.03
3.14
28.92
5.92
76.00
12.41
31.84
5.20
67.14
11.02
29.15
4.79
75.84
12.20
33.07
5.32
44.58
8.92
20.05
4.01
9.23
18.82
7.88
16.11
7.00
18.18
7.93
13.45
6.05
29.16 124.09
4.79 19.95
28.15
4.53
120.77
24.15
27.33
5.47
28.21 125.83
5.78 20.55
29.01 127.98
4.74 21.01
9.00
31.15
7.18
30. 72
7.00
29.74
6.74
36.43
8.24
5.84
1.20
21.05
3.44
6.41
1.05
20.34
3.34
6.15
1.01
16.50
2.65
5.43
.87
18.54
3.71
5.98
1.20
1.86
5.21
1.59
4.88
1.48
3.95
1.30
5.59
1.80
2.13
.44
5.97
.97
3.42
.56
4, 64
.76
2.56
.42
2.67
.43
1.53
.25
2.92
.58
T.57.31
.68
1.48
.85
1.11
.61
.64
.37
.88
.47
11.57
2.37
64.85
10.59
16.60
2.71
77.52
12.73
18.33
3.01
85. SS
13.81
20.19
3.25
70.73
14.15
16.28
3.26
3.69
16.05
4.11
18.61
4.40
20.5S
4.84
21.33
4.91
24.50 ’222.38
3.94
44.48
19.81
3.96
15.50 220. 28
3.17 35.97
4.94
54.54
10.32
2.11
20.26 209.41
3.31 34.39
5.02
50.26
9.05
1.48
3.29
4.61
63.34
10.25
1.68
2.24
30.66 487.22
6.28 79.57
19.19 264.31
3.15 42. 50
2.46
34.39 476.19
5.62 78.19
5.87
67.08
2.06
32.99 578.38
5.42 93.01
40.12
6.45
5.98
10 09
2.00
8 60
1 38
3.02
519.58
103.92
35.49
7.10
9.78 120.63
8.51 114.29
7.92 138.61
9.61
156.72
10.70
8.53 185.74
1.75 30.33
10.15 204.42
1.60 33.57
10.80 136.56
1.77 21.96
7.17
1.15
230.50
46.10
12.80
2.56
2. 72
45.99
20.20 366. 80
4.14 59.90
2.51
49.06
32.73
1.72
69.52
3.86
24.01 493.45
3.92 81.03
32.48 608.84
5.33 97.90
2.59
34.67
111.96
22.39
7.81
1.56
6.45
90.81
5.94 118.44
7.80 145.91
8.31
33.77
2.36
.50
.10
15.65
2.56
1.49
.24
9.17
1.51
1.04
.17
18.25
2.93
1.83
.29
1.15
.23
.17
' .03
.16
3.87
.37
2.20
.25
4.37
.44
.35
.05
11.43 125.00
1.S8 20.10
11.90
1.91
128.23
25.65
11.31
2.26
2.85
38.68
3.41
14.39 L30. 75
2.95 21.35
11.78 122.41
1.92 20.10
4.59 32.37
2.92 29.38
1 Year ending Dec. 31, 1917.
[ 1608]
2.74
29.96
127
M O N TH LY LABOR REVIEW.
A R T IC L E S O F F O O D IN S H IP B U IL D IN G
D IS T R IC T S -C o n tin u e d .
WHITE FAMILIES— C o n ti n u e d .
Madison ville,
La.1
Slidell,
La.1
Beaumont,
T ex.1
Houston,
Tex.1
27 families;
153 persons;
115.76 equiv
alent adult
males.
50 families;
320 persons;
210.14 equiv
alent adult
males.
50 .amilies;
295 persons;
195.15 equiv
alent adult
males.
91 families;
471 persons;
342.19 equiv
alent adult
males.
Quan
tity.
Orange,
T ex.1
Buffalo,
N. Y .1
Cleveland,
Ohio.1
204 families; 203 families:
43 families;
253 persons; 1,120 persons; 1,115 persons;
180.62 equiv 780.99 equiv 788.13 equiv
alent adult
alent adult
alent adult
males.
males.
males.
Quan
Quan
Quan
Cost. Quan
tity. Cost. tity. Cost. tit y . Cost. tity. Cost.
Quan Cost.
tity.
Quan Cost.
tity.
153.89 *20.75 138.44 *18.71 163.54 $16.03 126.89 $12. 73 179.00 *19.00
2.92 27.72
26.63
2. 72 24.52
3.59 21.63
2.46 30.42
3.23
76.73 $10.85
13.98
1.98
67.77
12.34
$9.17
1.67
35.89
4.84
32.94
4.45
41.90
4.11
33.74
3.39
42.61
4.52
20.04
2.83
17.46
2.36
48.85
8.46
22.44
3.88
57.00
8.91
25. 27
3.95
79.38
13.45
36.55
6.20
75. 71
14.63
33.22
6.42
63.93
10.87
29.38
4.99
90.01
16.39
39.07
7.12
86.66
15.78
38.69
7.03
11.39
5.23
13.56
6.01
20.34
9.37
20.14
8.83
15.22
6.99
23.51
10.20
22.32
9.94
30.18 123.32
4.72 20.90
29.28
4.96
96.88
18.72
23.08 165.05
4.46 28.05
38.53
6.55
56.28
10.25
15.65
2.85
62.24
11.33
18.03
3.28
140. 78
24.37
35.03 140.48
6.06 21.95
32. 84
8.17
33.43
7.18
31.60
7.50
25.76
6.14
39.29
9.17
14.70
4.09
16.03
4.64
17.44
3.02
5.54
.96
1.5.58
2.43
4.71
.74
13.82
2.34
4.27
.72
23.08
4. 46
7.26
1.40
18.98
3.23
6.04
1.03
15.97
2.91
5.12
.93
19.68
3.58
6.24
1.14
4.07
1.29
3.71
1.12
3.54
1.09
6.14
1.93
4.52
1. 44
4.17
1.34
5.07
1.61
4.96
.86
1.02
.18
5.18
.81
1.43
.22
2.75
.47
1.45
.25
4.45
.86
2.24
.43
3.34
.57
1.96
.33
16.92
3.08
8.64
1.57
13.27
2.42
7.44
1.35
1.16
.24
1.23
.34
.70
.37
1.18
.69
.79
.47
4.42
2.26
3.42
1.92
133.78
23.15
19.04
3.30
77.70
12.14
17.99
2.81
64.92
11.00
16.33
2.77
50.63
9. 78
13.55
2. 62
61.42
10.44
16.16
2.75
48.41
8.82
13.60
2.48
51.70
9.41
14.77
2.69
4.44
18.49
4.28
16.63
4. 18
13.46
3.60
14.62
3.85
12.64
3.55
13.32
3.80
16.42 193. 95
2.99 35.31
17.74
3.23
31.20
227. 74
39.42
53.12
417.96
72.34
20.62 242.84
3.57 37.94
4.81
57.78
21.58 224.02
3.37 37. 97
5.13
57.40
19.16 205.19
3.25 39.64
4.91
10.86
1.88
10.30
1.61
2.63
2.53
2.45
3.97
28.97 664.08
5.01 103.76
46.20 546. 56
7.22 92.64
54.57
18.44 252.12
3.56 42.85
4.-90
60.02
8. 96
1. 73
3.24
10.99 140.04
9.43 133. 73
9.09 162. 59
10.62 173. 46
1.66 29. 40
9.29 174.63
1.57 33. 74
9.86 175.28
1.90 29.79
1.50
49.86
40.72 296.94
7.05 46.40
2.53
44. 44
20. 41 362.02
3.19 61.36
2.38
48. 44
27.22 377.62
4.61 72.96
2.62
41.73
9.73
1.65
41.24
7.51
2.32
10.77
31.68 206.33
6.12 35.07
14.02 445.65
2.38 81.17
8.43
49.12
3.34 116. 41
.32
.06
1.37
.23
.08
144.57
9.50
70.65
4.86
92.75
4.63
.80
.48
.08
3.34
.52
.35
.05
7.92
1.34
.11
.79
.08
2.03
.20
. 75
.33
17.57 164.14
2.75 27.82
14.13
2.40
75.65
14.62
0.84 148.51
1.32 25.24
3.62
20.12
1.82
3.03
1.08
211.22
36.56
49.27
17.74 211.48
3.07 33.04
4.14
50.32
4.18
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
42.05
6.98 100.42
.79
.13
2.80
.54
[1G09]
35.36
49.96
4. 57
1.71
.31
.94
11.09 111.60
6.76 1.58.01
6.42 209.56
1.11 32.74
4.29
3. 59
46.56. 427.23
7.91 77.82
97.49
27.37
46. 77
34.17 682.95
6.60 116.08
117.33
20.31
619.81
107.28
5.47
13.61
2.31
2.38
36.79 502.88
6.24 97.16
22. 97 179.03
3.90 32.61
.44
28.05 463.09
5.11 84.31
32.55
5.93
7.33 119.28
8.38
2.67
.49
36.25
6.60
2.37
.43
.70
9.34
.61
50.63 365.65
9.22 66.57
43.33
7.89
13.22
94.18
11.13
37.57
6.84
5.10
.93
24.44
4. 45
3.34
.61
.03
9.81
1.33
6.29
.86
12.72
2.16
51.60
9. 40
5.21
.95
50.23
9.15
5.01
.91
13.48
1.36
12.94
1.29
.14
.02
128
M O NTHLY LABOR REVIEW,
A VERAGE Y E A R ’S CONSUMPTION OF THE PRINCIPAL
WHITE FAMILIES—Continued.
Article.
Tampa,
Fla.1
Pensacola,
Fla.1
Mobile,
Ala.1
Pascagoula,
Miss.1
Moss Point,
Miss.1
SI families;
249 persons;
159.87
equivalent
adult males.
65 families;
398 persons;
262.54
equivalent
adult males.
100 families;
609 persons;
416.64
equivalent
adult males.
32 families;
199 persons;
133.53
equivalent
adult males.
26 families;
130 persons;
86.20
equivalent
adult males.
Quan Cost. Quan Cost. Quan Cost. Quan Cost.
tity.
tity.
tity.
tity.
Afacaroni and spaghetti:
$4.15
Average per family
.85
Average per person.............
Average * equivalent per
1.32
adult male .....................
Cereals:
7.07
Average per fam ily.............
1.45
Average per person.............
Average * equivalent per
2.25
adult male .....................
Pies, cakes, crackers etc.:
5.97
Average per fam ily.............
1.22
Average per person.............
Average ‘ equivalent per
adult m a le ........................
1.91
Fruit, fresh:
AVerage per fam ily.............
16.54
3.39
Average per person.............
Average * equivalent per
5.28
adult male.........................
Fruit, dried and canned:
6.16
Average per iam ily.............
1.26
Average per person.............
Average ‘ equivalent per
1.96
adult male.........................
Potatoes, Irish (pecks):
Average per fam ily............. 36.69 18.30
Average per person............. 7.51
3.75
Average equivalent per
11.70
5.84
adult male...........
Beans and peas:
11.45
Average per fam ily.............
Average per person.............
2.35
Average ‘ equivalent per
3.65
adult male..........................
Other vegetables, fresh:
Average per fam ily..............
30.59
Average per person.............
6.27
Average equivalent per
adult mare.........................
9. 76
Other vegetables, canned or
dry:
Average per fam ily.............
7.85
Average per person.............
1.61
Average equivalent per
aduit ma^e..........................
2.50
Other food:
Average per fam ily.............
21.09
Average per person.............
4.32
Average equivalent per
adult male....................
6.73
Ice:
Average per fam ily..............
10.44
Average per person............. '
2.14
Average equivalent per
adult male....................
3.33
Lunches:
Average per fam ily........
7.64
Average per person. . .
1.57
Average equivalent per
adult male....................
2.44
All food:2
Average per fam ily..............
498.82
Average per person.............
102.17
Average equivalent per
aduit m ale...................... ..........J l5 9 .13
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
$6.34
1.04
10.15
Cost.
$6.06
.99
$5. 83
.94
$6.47
1.29
1.57
1.45
1.40
1.95
11.27
1.84
10.95
1.80
8.31
1.34
8.87
1.77
2.79
2.63
1.99
2.67
4.11
4.83
.81
3.54
.57
3.12
.62
1.02
1.18
.85
.94
17.45
2.85
13.22
2.17
20.71
3.33
16.49
3.30
4.32
3.17
4.96
4.97
9.14
1.49
6.72
1.10
10.40
1.67
9.51
1.90
2. 26
40.98
6.69
Quan
tity.
1.61
17.82
2.91
34.97
5.74
4.41
8.39
17.12
2.80
2.49
17.12
2.81
39.41
6.34
4.11
9.44
15.73
2.58
2.87
19.38
3.12
26 38
5.28
4.64
T 06
18.50
2.98
13.19
2. 64
3.98
17.09
3. 42
4.24
3.78
4.43
5.15
33.52
5.47
31.31
5.22
34.98
5.63
33.55
6.71
8.30
7.63
8.38
10.12
12.99
2.12
10.73
1.76
14.00
2.25
7.99
1. GO
3.22
2.58
3.36
2. 41
22.07
3.60
19.73
3.24
17.07
2.75
22.83
4.57
5.46
4.74
4.09
6. £8
3.57
1.40
7.03
1.15
7.62
1.23
3.43
.69
2.12
1.69
1.83
1.03
13.53
2.21
3.97
.65
4.13
12.66
2.53
3.35
.95
.99
3.82
90. 72
528.38
86. 76
592.08
95.21
490. 48
98.10
137.52
126. 82
141.89
147.94
1Year ending Dec. 31,1917.
[ 1610 ]
M O N TH LY LABOR REVIEW.
A R T IC L E S O F F O O D IN
S H IP B U IL D IN G
129
D IS T R IC T S -C o n tin u e d .
WHITE FAMILIES—C o n ti n u e d .
Madisonville,
L a.1
Slidell,
L a.1
Beaumont.?
T ex .1
Houston,
T ex .1
Orange,
T ex .1
27 families;
156 persons;
115.76
equivalent
adult males.
50 families;
320 persons;
210.14
equivalent
adult males.
50 families;
295 persons;
195.15
equivalent
adult males.
91 families;
471 persons;
342.19
equivalent
adult males.
43 families;
253 persons;
180.62
equivalent
adult males.
Quan
tity.
Cost. Quan
tity. Cost.
204 families; 203 families;
1,120 persons; 1,115 persons;
780.99
788.13
equivalent
equivalent
adult males. adult males
Quan Cost. Quan Cost. Quan Cost. Quan
Quan
tity.
tity.
tity.
tity. Cost. tity. Cost.
$7. 30
1.24
1.27
85.51
.94
84.57
.83
1.46
1.48
1.87
1. 75
1.31
1.19
.69
9.34
1.62
11.97
1.87
7.32
1.24
4.95
.96
5.41
.92
7.85
1.43
6.45
1.17
2.18
2.85
1.88
1.32
1.29
2.05
1.66
3.35
.58
5.17
.81
4.37
.74
8.50
1.64
8.67
1.47
10. 70
1. 95
12.46
2.27
$2. 70
.49
.78
1.23
1.12
2.26
2.06
2.79
3.21
12.62
2. IS
16.52
2.58
21.34
3.62
24.16
4.67
21.26
3.61
23.55
4.39
26.77
4.87
2.94
3.93
5.47
6.42
5.06
6.15
6.90
6. 71
1.16
6.08
.95
7.98
1.35
8.91
1.72
12.81
2.18
3.32
.60
4.50
.82
1.56
7.75
Cleveland,
Ohio.1
$6.21
.97
*6. 27
1.08
33.22
6.75
Buffalo,
N. Y .1
1.45
16.55
2.86
40.16
6.28
3.86
9.56
20.58
3.56
2.04
18.55
2.90
40.52
6.87
4.41
10.38
26. 77
4.18
2.37
20.33
3.45
46.98
9.08
5.21
12.49
16.21
2.75
3.05
22.32
4.31
47.86
8.13
5.94
11.39
14.34
2. 77
.87
1.18
23.38
3.97
65.94
12.01
29.68
5.41
62.76
11.43
5.57
17.22
7.75
16.17
19.66
3.34
7.98
30.07
5. 48
7.75
7.83
1.43
4.80
6.37
4.15
3.81
4.68
2.08
2.02
27.50
4.76
32.45
5.07
36. 40
6.17
31.63
6.11
20.11
4.44
27.65
5.04
28. 40
5.17
6.41
7.72
9.33
8.41
6.22
7.22
7.32
9.81
1.70
9.59
1.50
10.89
1.84
13.05
2.52
13.30
2.26
7.41
1.35
6.81
1.24
2.29
2.28
2.79
3.47
3.17
1.93
1.75
15.18
2.63
16.09
2.51
20.52
3.48
18.67
3.61
21.47
3.65
18.88
3.44
19.11
3.48
3.54
3.83
5.26
4.97
5.11
4.93
4.92
3.35
.58
5.58
.87
10.19
1.73
11.30
2.18
10.80
1.84
4.66
.85
5.50
1.00
.78
1.33
2.61
3 01
2.57
1.22
1.42
14.86
2.57
4.15
.65
4.94
.84
8.09
1.56
3.50
12.44
2.27
9.78
1.78
3.47
.99
1.27
2.15
.83
3.25
>.52
539.07
93.30
538.55
84.15
574.32
97.34
581.25
112.30
593.83
100.93
597.62
108.85
608.76
110.83
125.73
128.14
147.15
154.58
141.37
156.10
156.80
2 Figures for “ All food’' are obtained by division of the total amount rather than by addition of the aver
age here shown
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[16113
130
M O N TH LY LABOR REVIEW.
AVER A G E Y E A R ’S CONSUM PTION OE T H E PR IN C IPA L
WHITE FAMILIES—Continued.
Lorain,
Ohio.1
Article.
Toledo,
Ohio.2
«Detroit,
Mich.3
Chicago,
111.3
Manitowoc,
Wis.2
109 families; 207 families; 256 families; 215 families;
I ll families;
599 persons; 1,106 persons; 1,448 persons; 1,164 persons; 608 persons;
430.28 equiva 775.87 equiva 982.85 equiva 809.07 equiva 412.27 equiva
lent adult
lent adult
lent adult
lent adult
lent ad ul i;
males.
males.
males.
males.
males.
Quan Cost.
tity.
Quan Cost. Quan Cost.
tity.
tity.
Quan Cost.
tity.
Quan
tity.
Cost
Reef and vea!,fresh(pounds):
Average per fa m ily ..
289. 71 $72.28 204.39 $54.32 207. 97 $59.27 235.28 $63.05 210.68 $54. 64
Average per person..
49.08 13.15 38.25 10.17 36. 77 10.48 43.46 11.65
38. 46
9.97
Average equivalent per
68. 32 18.31 54.53 14.49 54.17 15. 44 62.52 16.75
adult male..........
56.72 14.71
Beef,salt (pounds):
2.28
.67
1.88
6. 43
1.97 14.25
Average per fa m ily ..
.51
3.78
4.60
1.41
.41
.12
Average per person..
.35
.10
1.14
.35
2.63
.70
.84
.26
Average equivalent per
.58
.17
1.68
. 51
.50
.14
1.00
adult male..............
3.79
1.24
.38
Pork, fresh (pounds):
105.07 31.28 117.20 34. 22 111.39 35.29 80.63 24.25 108.04 70.92
Average per fa m ily ..
Average per person..
5. 69 21.93
6.24 14.89
19.12
6.40 19.69
4.48
19. 72
5.65
Average equivalent per
26.62
7.92 31.27
adul t male...............
6.44
9.13 29.01
9.19 21.43
29.09
8.33
Pork, salt (pounds):
Average per fam ily..
56.59 20.55 85.89 30.44 58. 71 21.58 56. 23 21.71
46.43 16.17
3.74 16. OS 5.70 10.38
Average per person..
10.30
3. S2 10.39
4.01
8.48
2.95
Average equivalent per
14. 33
5.21 22.92
adult male...............
8.12 15. 29
5.62 14.94
5.77
12.50
4.35
Mutton (pounds):
Average per fam ily..
4.50
7.23
1.91
3.68 26.66
7.22
1.29 13.09
5. 77
1.61
Average per person..
1.32
.35
.84
.24
2. 31
.65
4.92
1.33
1.05
.29
Average equivalent per
.48
adult male...............
1.83
1.20
3.41
.96
.34
7. OS
1.92
.43
Poultry (pounds):
Average per fam iiv..
20. 61
6. 60 22.55
7.16 24.53
7.13 22. 55
7.70
26. 71
8. 27
Average per person..
4.22
3.75
1.20
1.33
1.27
4. 53
1.42
3.99
4.88
1.51
Average equivalent per
6.02
adult male..............
5.22
1.67
1.86
1.90
5.87
6.52
2.05
7.19
2.23
Other meat:
Average per fam ilv..
28.62
16.03
17. 40
11.78
23 Q7
Average per person........... ..
5.21
3.00
3.08
2. 73
4.38
Average equivalent per
adult male...............
4.28
4.53
3.93
6. 45
Fish:
Average per fam ily..
4.65
8.61
9.23
K 32
Average per person.............
1.01
.87
1.63
1.59
! 97
Average equivalent per
adult male..............
1.40
1.24
2.40
2.29
1.43
Other sea food:
Average per fa m ilv ..
4. 79
6.39
5. 53
4. 24
Average per person.............
.87
1.03
1.13
.78
.88
Average equivalent per
adult male...............
1. 21
1. 47
1. 07
1.13
1.30
Eggs (dozen):
Average per fam ily..
81.46 36. 21 84. 34 37.01 91.82 40.38 93. 80 41. 50 96.95
37. 53
Average per person..
14. 82
6. 59 15. 79
7. 14 17.32
6.93 16.23
7.67
17. 70
6. 85
Average per equivalent
adult male..............
20. 64
9.17 22. 50
9. 87 23.92 10. 52 24. 92 11.03 20.10
10.10
Milk, sweet (quarts):
Average per fam ilv. .
314.38 37. 56 317. 69 36.16 324. 28 40.71 364. 83 42.16 412. 27 39.31
Average per person..
57. 21
6.84 59. 46
6. 77 57. 33
7.20 67.39
7.79
75. 27
7.18
Average equivalent per
adult male.................
79. 64
9. 52 84. 76
9. 65 84. 46 10.60 96.95 11.20 111.00 10. 59
Buttermilk (quarts):
Average per fam ily...
1.26
10.31
.57 33. 22
2.13 14.99
6.95
.59
.68
11.12
Average per person. . .
1. 88
.10
6. 22
.40
2.65
.22
1. 28
.11
2.03
. 12
Average equivalent per
adult male................
2. 61
.14
8. 86
.57
3.90
.33
1.85
.16
2.99
. 18
Cream (pints):
Average per fa m ily ...
.95
2.12
.25
2.17
.50
.57
2.04
.61
6.62
1.70
Average per person. . .
.17
.05
.41
.09
.37
.10
.38
.11
1.21
.31
Average equivalent per
adult male.................
.24
.06
.58
.13
.55
.15
.54
.16
.46
1.78
1 Year ending Dec. 31, 1917
- Year ending Mar. 31, 1918.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[ 1612]
131
M O N TH LY LABOR REVIEW.
ARTICLES OF FOOD IN SH IPB U IL D IN G DISTRICTS—Continued.
WHITE FAMILIES—Continued.
Superior, W is.2 Seattle, Wash.3 Tacoma, W ash.3 Portland, Oreg.8 San Francisco,
Cal.3
109 families;
550 persons;
367.88 equiv
alent adult
males.
208 families;
985 persons;
671.05 equiv
alent adult
males.
103 families;
477 persons;
347.51 equiv
alent adult
males.
164 families;
761 persons;
522.78 equiv
alent adult
males.
286 families;
1,368 persons;
974.61 equiv
alent adult
males.
Los Angeles,
Cal.3
157 families;
680 persons;
493.58 equiv
alent adult
males.
Quan
tity.
Cost.
Quan
tity.
Cost.
Quan
tity.
Cost.
Quan
tity.
Cost.
Quan
tity.
Cost.
Quan
tity.
Cost.
185. 42
36. 75
$48. 61
9.63
220. 90
46.65
$59.13
12.49
194. 63
42.03
$53.29
11.51
204.98
44.17
$52.31
11.27
224. 74
46.98
$60.84
12.72
127.98
29.55
$ol. 84
11.97
54. 94
14.40
68.47
18.33
57.69
15.80
04.30
13.41
65.95
17.85
40.71
16. 49
3.74
.74
1.33
.26
3.50
.74
1.16
.25
3.31
.71
.90
.19
1.96
.42
.63
.14
19.19
4.01
4.91
1.03
5.64
1.30
1.80
.41
1.11
98.50
19.52
.39
28.95
5.74
1.09
44. 52
9.40
.36
14.82
3.13
.98
42.11
9.09
.27
14.36
3.10
.62
30.82
6.64
.'20
9. 7S
2.11
5.63
28.76
6.01
1.44
9.79
2.05
1. 79
23. 79
5.49
.57
7.96
1.84
29.19
8.58
13.80
4.59
12.48
4.26
9.67
3.07
8. 44
2.87
7.57
2.53
57. 33
11.36
19. 34
3.83
44. 48
9.39
17.75
3. 75
48.95
10.57
20.23
4.37
42.98
9.26
15.53
3.35
38.15
7.98
15.16
3.17
36.32
8.39
17.08
3.91
16.99
5.73
13. 79
5.50
14.51
6. 00
13.48
4.87
11.20
4.45
11.55
5.43
6.63
1.31
1.79
.35
35. 79
7.56
10. 56
2.23
27.07
5.84
7. ~4
1.69
13.62
2.93
?. 91
.84
68.03
14.22
20.13
4.21
24.77
5.72
7.23
1.63
1.97
.53
11.09
3.27
8.02
2.32
4.27
1.23
19.96
5.91
7.88
2.32
21.53
4. 27
6.22
1.23
20. 42
4.31
6. 45
1.36
17.90
3.87
6.05
1.31
17.37
3.74
5.28
1.14
18.57
3.88
6.04
1.26
9. 71
2. 24
3.11
.72
1.84
6.33
2.00
5.31
1. 79
5. 45
1.66
5.45
1. 77
3.09
9.50
1.99
.99
0
2.21
6.38
14.93
2. 96
103.81
20.57
7.42
1.60
11.99
2.53
8. 47
1.83
4. 42
3.72
2.20
2.66
2.79
3.04
8.31
1.65
13.64
2.88
14.38
3.11
10.79
2.33
13.54
2.83
10.81
2. 50
2.46
4.23
4.26
3.38
3.97
3. 44
5.28
4.22
2.65
2.03
1.96
1.92
1,05
.89
.57
.44
.41
. 44
1.56
1.31
.79
.64
■ .58
43.05
8.53
99.44
21.00
47.10
9.95
105.75
22.83
50.84
10.98
101.20
21.81
45.48
9.80
99.06
20.71
46.31
9.68
.61
83.13
19.19
39.68
9.16
30.76
12.75
30.82
14.60
31.34
15.07
31.75
14.27
29.07
13.59
26.44
12.61
380.90
75.49
40.40
8.01
371. 43
78.43
41.93
8.85
399.53
86.27
46.04
9.94
421.02
90.73
47.72
10.28
335.80
70.20
39.95
8.35
211.75
48.89
28.92
6.68
112.86
11.97
115.13
13.00
118.42
13.65
132.08
14.97
98.54
11.72
67.35
9.20
43.41
8.60
2.22
.44
64.17
13.55
2.83
.60
89.39
19.30
4.32
.93
38.38
8.27
1.74
.37
11.50
2.40
.60
.12
13.92
3.21
1.40
.32
12.86
.66
19.89
.88
26.49
1.28
12.04
.55
3.38
.18
4.43
.45
5.35
1.06
1.39
.27
9.77
2.06
2.92
.62
3.48
.75
3.48
.75
6.00
1.29
1.37
.30
5.46
1.14
1.68
.35
.76
.18
.24
.08
1.58
.41
3.03
.91
.49
.24
.08
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1.03
.43
1.03
1.88
s Year ending May 31,1918.
[1613]
1.60 |
132
M ONTHLY LABOE BEVIEW,
AVER A G E Y E A R ’S CONSUMPTION OF THE PRIN C IPA L
WHITE FAMILIES—Continued.
Lorain,
Ohio.1
Article.
M ilk , c o n d e n s e d a n d e v a p o
ra te d (can s):
A v e r a g e p e r f a m i l y ..............
A v e ra g e p e r p e r s o n ................
A v erag e e q u iv a le n t p e r
a d u l t m a le ...............................
B u t t e r a n d o le o m a r g a r in e
(p o u n d s ):
A v e r a g e p e r f a m i l y ................
A v e r a g e p e r p e r s o n ................
A v e ra g e e q u iv a le n t p e r
a d u l t m a le ...............................
L a rd
and
com pounds
(p o u n d s ):
A v e r a g e p e r f a m i l y ................
A v e r a g e p e r p e r s o n ................
A v erag e e q u iv a le n t p e r
a d u l t m a l e . . ; .........................
C h e e se , n o t f a n c y ( p o u n d s ) :
A v e r a g e p e r f a m i l y ................
A v e r a g e p e r p e r s o n ................
A v e ra g e e q u iv a le n t p e r
a d u l t m a le ...............................
T e a (p o u n d s ):
A v e r a g e p e r f a m i l y ................
A v e r a g e p e r p e r s o n ................
A v e r a g e e q u i v a le n t p e r
a d u l t m a le ...............................
C offee
an d
s u b s titu te s
(p o u n d s):
A v e r a g e p e r f a m i l y ................
A v e r a g e p e r p e r s o n ...............
A v e r a g e e q iv a le n t
per
a d u l t m a le ..............................
S u g a r (p o u n d s ):
A v e r a g e p e r f a m i l y ................
A v e r a g e p e r p e r s o n ...............
A v e ra g e e q u iv a le n t p e r
a d u l t m a l e ............................ .
M o la sse s a n d s ir u p ( q u a r t s ) :
A v e r a g e p e r f a m i l y .............. .
A v e r a g e p e r p e r s o n ...............
A v e ra g e e q u iv a le n t p e r
a d u l t m a le ..............................
F l o u r ( w h e a t) ( p o u n d s ) :
A v e r a g e p e r f a m i l y .............. .
A v e r a g e p e r p e r s o n ...............
A v e ra g e e q u iv a le n t p er
a d u l t m a le .............................
C o rn m e a l ( p o u n d s ) :
A v e r a g e p e r f a m i l y ..............
A v e r a g e p e r p e r s o n ..............
A v e ra g e e q u iv a le n t p e r
a d u l t m a le .............................
B r e a d ( lo a v e s ):
A v e r a g e p e r f a m i l y ..............
A v e r a g e p e r p e r s o n ..............
A v erag e e q u iv a le n t p e r
a d u l t m a le ............................
R o lls (d o z e n ):
A v e r a g e p e r f a m i l y ..............
A v e r a g e p e r p e r s o n ..............
A v erag e e q u iv a le n t p er
a d u l t m a le .............................
R ic e ( p o u n d s ) :
A v e r a g e p e r f a m i l y _______
A v e r a g e p e r p e r s o n ..............
A v erag e e q u iv a le n t p e r
a d u l t m a l e . . . . . ..................
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Toledo,
Ohio.2
Detroit,
Mich.2
Chicago,
111.2
Manitowoc,
W is.2
109 families; 207 families; 256 families; 215 families;
111 families;
599 persons; 1,106 persons; 1,448 persons; 1,164 persons; 608 persons;
430.28 equiva 775.87 equiva 982.85 equiva 809.07 equiva 412.27 equiva
lent adult
lent adult
lent adult
lent adult
lent adult
males.
males.
males.
males.
males.
Quan Cost.
tity.
Quan Cost.
tity.
Quan Cost.
tity.
Quan Cost. Quan
tity.
tity.
Cost.
65.36
11. 89
$8. 81
1.60
78. 68
14. 73
88. 70
1.63
73. 09 810.30
1.82
12. 92
80. 80
14.92
89. 73
1.80
14. 47
2.64
$1.88
.34
16. 56
2.23
20.99
2.32
2.68
21.47
2.59
3.90
.51
19.04
43.78 110. 50
7. 97 20.68
45. 05 120. 50
8.43 21.30
51.98 111.36
9.19 20. 57
48.04
8.87
116. 06
21.19
48. 79
8. 91
28.02
11.09
29. 48
12.02
31. 39
13. 54
29. 59
12. 77
31. 25
13.14
80. 56
14.66
23. 84
4.34
84.35
15. 79
24. 59
4. 60
71.11
12. 57
21. 47
3. 80
52.34
9. 67
15. 24
2. 81
97. 08
17. 72
28. 71
5.24
20.41
6.04
22.51
6.56
18.52
5. 59
13.91
4. 05
26.14
7. 73
17.14
3.12
5.41
.98
16. 81
3.15
5.16
.97
19. 29
3.41
6.16
1.09
17. 79
3. 29
5. 58
1.03
15.31
2. 79
4.61
.84
110. 61
20.13
4. 34
1.37
4.49
1.38
5. 02
1.60
4. 73
1.48
4.12
1.24
11.69
2.13
6. 73
1.23
9.84
1.84
5.40
1.01
17.91
3.17
9.48
1.68
31.40
5.80
6. 75
1. 25
3.96
.72
2.20
.40
2. 96
1.71
2.62
1. 44
4. 66
2. 47
8.35
1.79
1.07
.59
48.14
8. 76
14. 59
2.65
50.06
9.37
14.13
2.64
48.74
8. 62
14.38
2. 54
56. 92
10.51
16.38
3. 03
60.31
11.01
10.86
3.08
3. 70
13.36
3.77
12.69
3. 75
12.19
218.82
39.82
55.43
19.79 175.54
3.60 32.85
5.01
46.83
1.90
.35
4.24
51.07
3.35
.63
.48
509.62
92. 74
15.88 186.09
2.97 34.67
4.35
16.24
4.54
16.76
3.10
177.89
32.48
15.89
2.90
49.82
4.45
47.90
4.28
4.61
2.01
.37
2.39
.42
.62
.89
35.36 323.86
6.44 60.61
15.12
17.71 187.48
3.13 34.63
21.95 367.60
4.11 64.99
2.51
.46
.53
26.21 381.06
4.63 70.38
.68
26.38
4.87
565.26
103.20
37.68
6.88
129.10
8.96
86.41
5.86
95.75
6.83 101.26
7.01
152.19
10.14
42.81
7.79
2.89
.53
33.52
6.27
2.11
.39
34.11
6.03
2.33
.41
29.98
5.54
1.95
.36
24.28
4.43
1.65
.30
.73
8.94
.56
8.89
.61
7.97
.52
6.54
.44
275.98
50.22
10.84
35.18 478.93
6.40 89.64
59.26 445.19
11.09 78 71
56.66 362.30
10.02 66.92
43.61
8.05
113.18
20.66
11.70
2.14
69.91
8.91 127.78
15.81 115.96
14.76
96.28
11.59
30 .47
3.15
10.72
1.95
1.44
.26
.74
.13
57.06
10.54
8.66
1.60
20.99
3.83
2.84
.52
6.56
1.23
.96
.18
5.11
.90
2.72
.37
1.75
. 26
1.33
.19
15.16
2.30
5.65
.76
51.14
9.31
5.03
.92
42.48
7.95
4.40
.82
.49
.09
5.10
.90
49.85
9.21
5.21
.96
48.08
8.78
4.94
.90
12.95
1.28 11.33
g Dec. 31, 1917.
1.17
[1614]
1.38
.13
1.33 13.25
'Year endin Mar. 31, 1918.
12.95
1.33
*
133
M ONTHLY LABOE REVIEW,
A R T IC L E S O F F O O D IN S H IP B U IL D IN G
D IS T R I C T S - C o n tin u e d .
WHITE FAMILIES—Concluded.
Superior, W is.2 Seattle, Wash.3 Tacoma, Wash.8 Portland, Oreg.8 1 San Francisco,
Cal.3
Los Angeles,
Cal.3
109 families;
550 persons;
367.88 equiv
alent adult
males.
157 families;
680 persons;
493.58 equiv
alent adult
males.
Quan
tity.
208 families;
985 persons;
671.05 equiv
alent adult
males.
103 families;
477 persons;
347.51 equiv
alent adult
males.
164 families;
761 persons;
522.78 equiv
alent adult
males.
Cost.
Quan
tity.
Cost.
Quan
tity.
Cost.
Quan
tity.
38.03
7.54
|9 . 12
1.81
124.82
26.36
$13.84
2.92
121.16
26.16
$13.75
2.97
11.27
2.70
38.69
4.29
35.91
121.24
24.03
53.15
10.53
106.06
22.40
51.09
10.79
35.92
15.75
32.87
55.08
10.92
16.25
3.22
16.32
18.53
3.67
286 families;
1,368 persons;
974.61 equiv
alent adult
males.
Cost.
Quan
tity.
Cost.
Quan
tity.
Cost.
69.27
14.93
$8.20
1.77
101.30
21.18
$11. 49
2. 40
131.36
30.33
$15.10
3.49
4.07
21.73
2.57
29.73
3.37
41.78
4.80
118.57
25.60
59.05
12.75
94.25
20.31
45.90
9.89
90.09
18.83
42.62
8.91
92.20
21.29
42.69
9.86
15.83
35.14
17.50
29.57
14.40
26. 44
12.51
29.33
13.58
51.97
10.97
15.42
3.26
50.75
10.96
14.87
3.21
53.76
11.59
15.91
3.43
33.81
7.07
10.29
2.15
50.39
11.64
15.10
3.49
4.81
16.11
4.78
15.04
4.41
16.87
4.99
9.92
3.02
16.03
4.80
5.68
1.13
25.51
5.39
7.77
1.64
26.60
5.74
8.00
1.73
20.53
4.42
6.38
1.38
21.90
4.58
6. SI
1.42
24.88
5. 74
8.17
1.89
5.49
1.68
7.91
2.41
7.88
2.37
6.44
2.00
6.43
2.00
7.91
2.60
9.14
1.81
4.91
.97
7.31
1.54
4,22
.89
5.38
1.16
3.08
.66
4.51
.97
2.59
.56
10.05
2.10
5.44
1.14
5.47
1.26
3.35
.77
2.71
1.45
2.27
1.31
1.59
.91
1.41
.81
2.95
1.60
1.74
1.07
48.04
9.52
14.65
2.90
45.21
9.55
15.01
3.17
39.25
8.48
13.31
2.87
35.80
7.71
11.97
2.58
40.38
8.44
13.02
2.72
38.04
8.78
12.23
2.82
14.23
4.34
14.01
4.65
11.63
3.94
11.23
3.75
11.85
3.82
12.10
3.89
188. 37
37.33
17.15
3.40
237.38
50.13
20.26
4. 28
261.16
56.39
22.35
4.83
195. 81
42. 20
17. 39
3.75
175. 60
36. 71
15. 57
3. 26
162. 74
37. 57
14.22
3.28
5.08
73. 58
6.28
77.40
6.63
61. 43
5. 46
51.53
4.57
51.76
4. 52
55. 81
2.90
.57
3. 09
.86
.96
306.05
60.65
31.90
6. 32
344.55
72. 76
90. 68
9. 45
106. 80
6.10
48.09
10.15
3. 42
.72
21.11
4.18
1.36
.27
3. 34
.72
19.69
4.16
.99
4.22
.91
2. 23
. 47
3. 59
.77
. 65
1.13
23. 27
5.02
334.79
72.15
19.35
4.17
1.25
6.90
105. 03
53.96
11.65
3.92
.85
40. 41
8.71
3. 01
.69
.96
139. 50
29.16
8.65
1. 81
165. 76
38. 27
10.65
2. 46
6.07
40.94
2. 54
52. 73
3.39
2. 86
.62
35.13
7.35
2. 48
.52
48.13
11.11
3. 44
.79
.73
6. 25
.40
14.90
1.06
15. 99
1.16
12.68
.90
10.31
15.31
1.09
182. 46
36.16
18. 62
3.69
256.98
54.26
27.83
5.88
131. 50
28.39
15. 74
3.40
291.96
62.92
30. 75
6. 63
574.33
120. 07
57. 70 .412. 83
12.06
95. 32
48. 83
11. 27
54. 06
5. 52
79. 65
8.63
38.97
4.67
91.59
9.65
16S. 54
16.93
131.32
15.53
12. 50
2.48
1.62
.32
10.05
2.12
1.42
.30
14. 77
3.19
2.36
.51
2.88
.62
.41
.09
8.92
1.87
1.32
.28
3.48
.80
.48
.11
3.70
. 4S
3.12
.44
4.38
.70
.90
.13
2. 62
.39
1.11
.15
39.03
7.73
3.99
.79
48.33
10.21
5.17
1.09
42. 86
9.26
4. 72
1.02
42. 29
9.11
4.59
.99
59.21
12.38
5.87
1. 23
36.41
8.41
3.60
.83
11.56
1.18
14.93
1.60
12. 70
13. 27
1.40
1.44
•Year ending May 31, 1018.
17.37
1.72
11.58
1. 15
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[1615]
134
M ONTHLY
LA B O R R E V IE W ,
A V E R A G E Y E A R ’S C O N S U M P T I O N O F T H E P R I N C I P A L
W HITE FAM ILIES—C o n c lu d e d .
L o r a in ,
O h io 1
D e tr o i t,
M ic h .2
T o le d o ,
O h io .2
C h ic a g o ,
111.2
M a n ito w o c ,
W i s .2
111
A r tic le .
215 fa m ilie s ;
fa m ilie s ;
109 fa m ilie s ;
207 fa m ilie s ;
256 fa m ilie s ;
608 p e rs o n s ;
599 p e r s o n s ; 1,106 p e rs o n s ; 1,448 p e rs o n s ; 1,164 p e rs o n s ;
809.07
e q u i v a 412.27 e q u i v a
430.28 e q u i v a 775.87 e q u i v a 982.85 e q u i v a
le n t a d u lt
le n t a d u l t
le n t a d u lt
le n t a d u lt
le n t a d u lt
m a le s .
m a le s .
m a le s .
m a le s .
m a le s .
M a c a r o n i a n d s p a g h e t ti:
A v e r a g e p e r f a m i l y ................
A v e r a g e p e r p e r s o n ................
A v erag e * e q u iv a le n t p er
a d u l t m a le ...............................
C e re a ls :
A v e r a g e p e r f a m i l y ................
A v e r a g e p e r p e r s o n ................
A v e ra g e * e q u iv a le n t p e r
a d u l t m a le ...............................
P ie s , c a k e s , c r a c k e r s , e tc .
A v e r a g e p e r f a m i l y ................
A v e r a g e p e r p e r s o n ................
A v erag e * e q u iv a le n t p e r
a d u l t m a le .............................
F r u i t , fresh :
A v e r a g e p e r f a m i l y ................
A v e ra g e p e r p e r s o n .........
A v e ra g e * e q u iv a le n t p e r
a d u l t m a l e ...............................
F r u i t , d r ie d a n d c a n n e d :
A v e r a g e p e r f a m i l y ................
A v e r a g e p e r p e r s o n ...............
A v e ra g e e q u iv a le n t p e r
a d u l t m a le ...............................
P o ta t o e s , I r is h (p e c k s ):
A v e r a g e p e r f a m i l y ................
A v e r a g e p e r p e r s o n ................
A v e ra g e * e q u iv a le n t p e r
a d u l t m a l e ...............................
B ea n s a n d Peas:
A v e r a g e p e r f a m i l y ................
A v e r a g e p e r p e r s o n ................
A v e ra g e * e q u iv a le n t p e r
a d u l t m a le ........................
O th e r v e g e ta b le s , fre s h :
A v e r a g e p e r f a m i l y ................
A v e r a g e p e r p e r s o n ................
A v erag e * e q u iv a le n t p e r
a d u l t m a l e ...............................
O th e r v e g e ta b le s , c a n n e d
or d ry :
A v e r a g e p e r f a m i l y ................
A v e r a g e p e r p e r s o n ................
A v erag e * e q u iv a le n t p e r
a d u l t m a le ...............................
O th e r food:
A /verage p e r f a m i l y ................
A v e r a g e p e r p e r s o n ................
A v erag e * e q u iv a le n t p e r
a d u l t m a le ............. .................
Ic e :
A v e ra g e p e r f a m i l y ................
A v e ra g e p e r p e r s o n ................
A v e ra g e * e q u i v a l e n t p e r
a d u l t m a le ...............................
L unches:
A v e r a g e p e r f a m i l y ................
A v e r a g e p e r p e r s o n ................
A v e ra g e * e q u iv a le n t p er
a d u l t m a le ...............................
A ll f o o d : 4
A v e r a g e p e r f a m i l y ................
A v e r a g e p e r p e r s o n ................
A v e ra g e e q u iv a le n t p er
a d u l t m a le ...............................
Q uan
C o s t.
tity .
Q uan
C o st.
tity .
Q uan
C o st.
tity .
Q uan
C o st.
tity .
S3.70
.6 7
13.78
.71
$4.17
.7 4
$4.7 8
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
C o st.
$2.6 2
.4 8
.88
.94
1.01
1.09
1.27
.7 0
6 .0 5
6.8 5
1 .2 8
8 .9 4
1.58
7.95
1.47
7.53
1.37
1.10
1.53
1.83
2.33
2.11
2 .0 3
10.41
1.89
10.80
13.33
2.46
7.4 6
1.36
2.64
2.02
2.88
16.37
2 .8 9
4 .2 6
3 .5 4
2.01
23. 76
4.32
25.10
4 .7 0
28. 37
5.02
24.03
4. 44
16.04
2.9 3
6.02
6 .7 0
7.39
6 .3 8
4.32
4.47
.81
3.24
.61
5.52
.9 8
4.58
.8 5
3.69
.6 7
.8 7
1.13
70.17
12.77
32.86
5.98
69.32
12.97
17.78
8.33
IS. 50
W e a r e n d i n g D e c . 31, 1917.
Q uan
tity .,
1.22
1.44
.8 9
32.17
6.02
85.61
15.13
34 .3 8
6.0 8
80.93
14.95
37.66
6.96
89.31
16.30
8.58
22.30
8.95
21.50
10.01
24.04
7.13
1.30
9.74
1.82
7.42
1 31
1.81
2 .6 0
26. 71
4.86
32.09
5.86
8.64
6.09
1.12
5.64
1.03
1.93
1.62
1.52
32. 71
6.12
31.88
5.64
27.41
5.06
32.45
5.62
6. 77
8.73
8.30
7.28
8.74
7.19
1.31
8.73
1.63
10.65
9.09
6.7 9
1.24
1.88
1.68
1.82
2.33
2.77
2.41
1.83
20.19
3 .6 7
18. 48
3 .4 6
21.39
3.7 8
19.43
3 .5 9
21.66
5.11
4.93
5.57
5.16
5.83
3.10
.5 6
4.26
.8 0
3.29
.5 8
4.52
.8 4
.5 3
. 78
1.14
.88
1.20
.1 4
?. 28
.6 0
8.46
1.58
8.05
1.42
3.95
.10
6.27
1.14
10.57
1.95
.8 3
r .2 6
2.10
:.s i
1.69
600. 42
109.26
605.17
113. 26
f 50. 25
114.96
615. 93
113. 77
549.38
100.30
152.10
161. 46
169.37
163.68
147.91
- Y e a r e n d i n g M ar.
[ 1616]
c l , 1918.
W e a r e n d in g M a y 31, 1918.
M ONTHLY
135
L A B O R R E V IE W ,
A R T I C L E S O F F O O D I N S H I P B U I L D I N G D I S T R I C T S —C o n ti n u e d .
W H ITE FAM ILIES—C o n c lu d e d .
S u p e r io r , W isA
109 fa m ilie s ;
550 p e rs o n s ;
367.88 e q u i v
a le n t a d u lt
m a le s .
Q uan
tity .
C o st.
S e a t tle , W a s h .1
208 fa m ilie s ;
985 p e rs o n s ;
671.05 e q u i v
a le n t a d u lt
m a le s .
103 fa m ilie s ;
477 p e rs o n s ;
347.51 e q u i v
a le n t a d u lt
m a le s .
Q uan
tity .
Q uan
tity .
C o st.
$3.62
.7 2
$4.03
.8 5
22.87
C o st.
164 fa m ilie s;
761 p e rs o n s ;
522.78 e q u i v
a le n t a d u lt
m a le s .
Q uan
tity .
$3. 63
.7 8
C o st.
286 fa m ilie s ;
1,368 p e rs o n s ;
974.61 e q u i v
a le n t a d u lt
m a le s .
Q uan
tity .
$3. 41
.7 4
C o st.
■ L o s A n g e le s,
C a l.8
157 ia m ilie s ;
680 p e rs o n s ;
493.58 e q u i v
a le n t a d u lt
m a le s .
Q uan
tity .
$6.59
1 .3 8
C o st.
|4 . 51
1. 04
1.07
1.25
1.0 8
1.07
1.94
1. 44
7.05
1.40
10. 23
8.43
1.82
8.94
1.93
7. 48
1. 56
7. 42
1. 71
2.09
3 .1 7
2 .5 0
2 .8 0
2.19
2. 36
8.45
1.68
'.9 3
1.67
4 .7 2
1.02
8.17
1 .7 6
11. 72
2. 45
8. 82
2 .0 4
2 .5 0
2 .4 6
1 .4 0
2. 56
3 .4 4
2. 81
24.63
4.88
27.90
5 .8 9
28.80
29.04
6 .2 6
30. 48
.37
31.18
7.20
7.30
8 .6 5
9.11
8.9 4
9.9 2
6.47
1.28
5.23
4.22
.9 1
4.12
3.7 4
. 86
2 .1 6
6.22
8.5 4
5.0 7
1.09
1.10
1.92
77.19
15.30
T a c o m a , W a s h . 1 P o r t l a n d , O re g .8 S a n F r a n c is c o ,
C a l.3
1 .6 2
31.45
6.23
53.24
11.24
9.32
16.50
1.5 0
16.60
3.51
57.44
12.40
5.1 5
17.02
6
.86
1.21
1.32
16. 45
3 .5 5
57.13
12.31
4.8 8
17.92
13.09
2.8 2
49.80
10.41
4.11
14.61
1.19
17.79
3 .7 2
44.90
10.37
5.2 2
14.28
15.45
3.57
4.91
4 .0 2
.8 0
5.7 5
1.21
4 .3 4
.9 4
4.64
1.00
6 .5 3
1.36
6. 43
1.19
1.78
1.29
1.46
1.92
2 .0 5
24.53
4. 86
33. 26
7.02
24.67
5 .3 3
29.81
. 42
32. 56
6.81
35.44
8.1 8
7. 27
10.31
7.31
9 .3 5
9 .5 5
11. 27
9.76
1.94
9.2 5
1.95
9.15
1.98
6.0 3
1.30
4.85
4.68
. 08
2.89
2.87
2.71
1.89
1.42
1. 49
20.64
4.09
21.97
4.64
18.94
4.09
22.61
4.87
23.98
5.01
20.57
4. 75
6.12
6.81
5.61
7.09
7.04
.67
.13
1.09
.2 3
.44
.0 9
.3 7
.0 8
.27
.06
6
1.01
1.49
1
4.09
.94
.20
.3 4
.1 3
.12
.0 8
1.30
4.25
.84
10.41
8.3 5
13. 39
2.8 9
17. 73
3.71
10. 65
2.46
1.26
3.23
2.4 8
4.20
5 .2 0
3 .3 9
548. 66
108. 73
576.38
121.71
552. 56
119.32
518.65
111.77
578.00
120.84
515.44
119.01
162.56
178.66
163. 77
162. 70
169. 62
163,95
2.20
1.80
'F i g u r e s io r ‘ A ll F o o d ” a re o b ta in e d b y d iv is io n oi th e t o t a l a m o u n t r a t h e r t h a n b y a d d i t i o n of t h e
a v e ra g e h e r e s h o w n .
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[1617]
136
M ONTHLY
AVERAGE
L A B O E E E V IE W ,
Y E A R ’S C O N S U M P T I O N
OF TH E
P R IN C IP A L
COLORED FAMILIES,
A rtic le
N e w p o rt N ew s,
V a .1
S a v a n n a h , G a .2
B r u n s w i c k , G a .2
J a c k s o n v ille ,
F l a .2
30 fa m ilie s ;
151 p e r s o n s ;
107.4-1 e q u i v a le n t
a d u l t m a le s .
14 fa m ilie s ;
56 p e rs o n s ;
42.11 e q u i v a le n t
a d u l t m a le s
15 fa m ilie s ;
76 p e rs o n s ,
53.55 e q u i v a le n t
a d u l t m a le s . -
27 fa m ilie s
130 p e rs o n s ,
93.84 e q u i v a le n t
a d u l t m a le s .
Q u a n tity .
B e e f a n d v e a l, fre s h ( p o u n d s ) :
A v e r a g e p e r f a m i l y ................
A v e r a g e p e r p e r s o n ................
A v e r a g e e q u i v a le n t p e r
a d u l t m a le ...............................
B ee f, s a l t ( p o u n d s ) :
A v e ra g e p e r f a m i l y ................
A v e r a g e p e r p e r s o n ................
A v e r a g e e q u i v a le n t p e r
a d u l t m a l e .............................
P o r k , fre s h ( p o u n d s ) :
A v e ra g e p e r f a m i l y ................
A v e r a g e p e r p e r s o n ................
A v e ra g e e q u i v a le n t p e r
a d u l t m a l e ..............................
P o rk , s a lt (p o u n d s):
A v e ra g e p e r f a m i l y ................
A v e ra g e p e r p e r s o n ................
A v e ra g e e q u i v a le n t p e r
a d u l t m a le ...............................
M u tto n ( p o u n d s ) :
A v e ra g e p e r f a m i l y ................
A v e ra g e p e r p e r s o n ................
A v e ra g e e q u i v a le n t p e r
a d u l t m a le ...............................
P o u ltry (p o u n d s):
A v e ra g e p e r f a m i l y . ..............
A v e ra g e p e r p e r s o n ................
A v e r a g e e q u i v a le n t p e r
a d u l t m a le ...............................
O th e r m e a t:
A v e ra g e p e r f a m ily .................
A v e ra g e p e r p e r s o n ................
A v e r a g e e q u i v a le n t p e r
a d u l t m a le ...............................
F is h :
A v e r a g e p e r f a m i l y ................
A v e r a g e p e r p e r s o n ................
A v e ra g e * e q u i v a l e n t p e r
a d u l t m a l e ..............................
O t h e r s e a food:
A v e r a g e p e r f a m i l y .................
A v e r a g e p e r p e r s o n ................
A v e ra g e * e q u iv a le n t p er
a d u l t m a l e .............................
E g g s (d o z e n ) :
A v e r a g e p e r f a m ily ..................
A v e r a g e p e r p e r s o n ..................
A v e ra g e e q u iv a le n t p e r
a d u l t m a le ...............................
M ilk , s w e e t ( q u a r t s ) :
A v e r a g e p e r f a m i l y .................
A v e r a g e p e r p e r s o n ................
A v e ra g e e q u iv a le n t p e r
a d u l t m a le ...............................
B u tte r m ilk ( q u a r ts ) :
A v e r a g e p e r f a m i l y .................
A v e r a g e p e r p e r s o n ................
A v e ra g e e q u iv a le n t p e r
a d u l t m a le ...............................
M ilk , c o n d e n s e d a n d e v a p o ra te d (can s):
A v e r a g e p e r f a m i l y .................
A v e r a g e p e r p e r s o n ................
A v e ra g e e q u iv a le n t p e r
a d u l t m a le ...............................
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
C o st.
Q u a n tity .
C o st.
Q u a n tity .
C o st.
Q u a n tity .
C ost
113.80
, 22.61
$28.82
5.73
117.43
29.36
$28.43
7.11
117.33
23.16
$28.45
5.61
84.37
17.52
$21.09
4 .3 8
31.7 8
8.0 5
39.04
9.45
32.87
7.97
24.28
6 .0 7
5.3 3
1.0 6
3.33
5 .5 7
1.39
1.86
3 .5 2
.73
.74
.15
.66
.4 6
1.49
.93
1.85
.6 2
68.27
13.56
22.89
4.55
59.5 0
14.88
16.6 8
4.1 7
64 .6 0
12.75
19.39
3 .8 3
1.01
.21
64.89
13.48
18.96
3 .9 4
19.06
6.39
19.78
5 .5 4
18.10
5.4 3
18.67
5 .4 6
121.63
24.17
42.35
8.4 1
136.43
34.11
34.73
108 53
21.42
3 2 .5 8
6.43
137.44
28.55
40.02
8.31
33.9 6
11.82
45.36
11.55
30.4 0
9.1 3
39.55
11.51
2.03
.4 0
.9 0
.1 8
1.71
.43
.51
.13
.87
.17
.2 5
.05
8.68
.57
.25
.5 7
.17
.24
.07
39 93
7.93
13.44
2 .6 7
16.21
4.05
4.2 2
1.05
10. 73
3 .0 2
.6 0
11.15
3.7 5
5 .3 9
1.4 0
3 .0 1
*
.84
16.80
3 .3 4
49.5 7
9 .8 5
2.12
13.16
3.2 9
20.93
4.35
6.02
11.87
2.34
6.21
1.29
1.79
12.13
2 .5 2
4.69
4 .3 8
3 .3 2
3 .4 9
13.49
2.68
9. 86
2 .4 6
14.05
2 .7 7
12.36
2 .5 7
3 .7 7
3 .2 8
3.9 4
3 .5 6
3 .S 9
.7 7
1 .2 9
.3 2
1. 84
.3 6
1.0 6
1 .0 9
. 43
.51
.3 1
23.01
4 .5 7
27. 43
. 86
6
10.88
2. 72
23.7 3
4.6 8
10. 48
2 .0 7
.22
18.26
3 .7 9
8 .3 4
1.7 3
13.84
6 .4 3
9. 12
3 .6 2
6 .6 5
2 .9 3
5 .2 5
2. 40
48.73
9 .6 8
8. 77
3 .5 7
.8 9
3 2 .0 7
.3 3
6
4.54
.9 0
73.2 2
15. 21
8 .9 6
1.74
28. 79
7 .2 0
13. 61
2. 45
9. 57
1.1 9
8 .9 8
1.27
21.0 7
2. 58
8.10
1.71
.4 3
.1 7
.0 4
50.7 3
5 .1 0
1.61
.0 4
.1 3
1.01
50. 48
10.4 8
3 .9 3
.8 2
2. 26
.1 8
.5 7
.0 6
14.21
1 .4 3
14.52
1.13
88. 77
10.01
1.86
13.41
2.66
79.93
19.9 8
1 1 .5 2
65.13
17.64
12.86
8 .7 1
1 .7 2
95.0 0
19.73
10.69
. 22
24. 79
3 .7 4
2 6 .5 7
3 .8 3
18 .2 4
2.4 4
27.33
3 .0 8
2.88
2Y e a r e n d i n g M a i. 3 1 ,1 9 1 8 .
[1618]
2
M ONTHLY
A R T IC L E S
OF
FOOD
IN
137
L A B O E R E V IE W ,
S H IP B U IL D IN G
D I S T R IC T S -C o n tin u e d .
COLORED FAMILIES.
T a m p a , F l a .2
P e n s a c o la , F l a .2
28 fa m ilie s ;
150 p e rs o n s ;
110.29 e q u i v a le n t
a d u l t m a le s .
Q u a n tity .
C o st.
27 fam ilies;
147 p e rs o n s ;
106.86 e q u i v a le n t
a d u l t m a le s .
Q u a n tity .
C o st.
M o b ile , A la .2
P a s c a g o u la , M iss.2
M a d is o n v ille , L a .2
33 fa m ilie s ;
176 p e rs o n s ;
120.96 e q u i v a le n t
a d u l t m a le s
19 fa m ilie s;
106 p e rs o n s ;
70.71 e q u i v a le n t
a d u l t m a le s .
26 fa m ilie s;
162 p e rs o n s ;
109.28 e q u i v a le n t
a d u l t m a le s .
Q u a n tity .
C o st.
Q u a n tity .
C o st.
Q u a n tity .
C o st.
96. 71
18.05
$23. 72
4 .4 3
112.11
20.5 9
$25.55
4 .6 9
115.67
21.69
$25.99
4.87
25.16
4.51
$30.15
5 .4 0
160.00
25 .6 8
$37.30
5 .9 9
24.55
6.02
28.33
6 .4 6
31.56
7.09
6. 76
8 .1 0
38.07
8.87
1.86
.3 5
.3 7
.0 7
.0 7
.01
.0 3
.01
14.53
2. 72
40. 42
7.25
12.26
2. 20
27.96
4 .4 9
6.97
1.12
10.86
3.2 9
6.65
1.66
34.46
5.53
.4 7
.0 9
.0 2
.01
73.16
13.66
19 92
3. 72
51.70
9 .5 0
14.10
2. 59
52.91
9. 92
18. 57
5.06
13.06
3 .5 6
14.43
3.9 6
143.29
26. 75
38.33
7.16
110. 70
20.33
32.38
5 .9 5
11.03
2.0 7
33.85
6 .3 5
77.84
13.95
24.74
4 .4 3
114.23
18.33
36.38
9.73
27.97
8 .1 8
3.01
9.24
20.92
6 .6 5
27.18
8.2 0
.3 7
.0 7
. 11
.0 2
3 .4 8
.6 5
.8 7
.1 6
5.91
1.06
32.38
5 .2 0
7.09
1.1 4
1.59
7.70
21.89
4. 09
5 .5 6
.0 9
. 03
.9 5
.2 4
5.81
1.08
26.5 9
4 .8 8
6. 73
1.24
11.24
2.11
3.21
.6 0
22.21
3.9 8
1.47
6.7 2
1 .7 0
3.0 7
.8 8
5.9 7
8.47
1.58
11.29
2 .1 2
1.69
8 .2 2
1.47
8.57
1.38
2 .1 5
2 .8 2
3 .0 8
2.21
2.0 4
11. 43
2 .1 3
14.15
2 .6 0
4.64
.8 7
11.13
1.99
5 .0 9
.8 2
2 .9 0
3. 58
1.27
2 .9 9
1.21
2.49
.47
6 .0 2
1.08
2.97
.4 8
1.10
.2 0
2.3 9
.44
.2 8
43.79
8.17
11.17
2 .0 5
18.58
3.47
14.68
2. 70
3.71
27.12
5.09
10. 57
1.98
.71
1.62
.6 8
.6 0
39.93
7.33
29. 26
5.25
11.28
2. 02
34.85
5 .5 9
13. 54
2.17
11.12
4.72
10.09
7.4 0
2.88
7.86
3 .0 3
8.29
3 .2 2
70.68
13 19
7.40
1.38
16.85
3 .1 0
1.66
,3 0
46.82
8.7 8
4.97
.93
2.5.37
4.5 5
2.77
.5 0
78.85
12.65
8.33
1.34
17.94
1.88
4.26
.4 2
12.77
1.36
6 .8 2
.7 5
18.76
1.98
33.11
6.18
2 .2 0
.41
7.70
1.41
.4 5
.0 8
22.12
4.1 5
1.16
.2 2
36.26
6 .5 0
1.81
.33
4.69
.75
.26
.04
S. 41
.5 6
1.95
.11
6.04
.3 2
9. 74
.4 9
1.12
.0 6
78.18
14.59
7.86
1.47
75.3 0
13.83
10.60
1.95
61.79
11.59
8.39
1.57
86.16
15.44
12. 77
2 .2 9
97. 50
15.65
14.27
2. 29
19.85
2 .0 0
19.0 2
2; 68
16.86
2.2 9
23.15
3 .4 3
23.20
3.3 9
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
2Y e a r e n d in g D e c . 31,1917.
[1619]
138
M ONTHLY
L A B O R R E V IE W ,
AVERAG E
Y E A R ’S C O N S U M P T I O N
OF TH E
P R IN C IP A L
COLORED FAM ILIES—Continued.
Article.
Newport News,
Va.‘
Savannah, Ga.2
Brunswick, Ga.2
Jacksonville,
Fla.2
30 families:
151 persons;
197.44 equivalent
adult males.
14 families;
56 persons;
42.11 equivalent
adult males.
15 families;
76 persons;
53.55 equivalent
adult males.
27 families;
130 persons;
93.81 equivalent
adult males.
Quantity.
Butter and oleomargarine
(pounds):
Average per fam ily..
Average per person..
Average equivalent per
adult male...............
L a r d a n d compounds
(pounds):
Average per fam ily..
Average per person. .
Average equivalent per
adult male...............
Cheese, notfancy (pounds):
Average per fa m ily ..
Average per person. .
Average equivalent per
adult male...............
Tea (pounds):
Average per fa m ily ..
Average per person..
Average equivalent per
adult male...............
Coffee and s u b s t i t u t e s
(pounds):
Average per fam ily. .
Average per person..
Average equivalent per
adult male...............
Sugar (pounds):
Average per fam ilv..
Average per person..
Average equivalent per
adult male...............
Molasses and sirup (quarts):
Average per fam ily.............
Average nor norson______
Average * equivalent per
adult male...............
Flour, wheat (pounds):
Average per fam ily..
Average per person..
Average equivalent per
adult male.............
Com meal (pounds):
Average per fam ily..
Average per person..
Average equivalent per
adult male...............
Bread (loaves):
Average per fa m ily ..
Average per person..
Average equivalent per
adult male...............
Rolls (dozen):
Average nor familv. _
Average * equivalent per
adult male...............
Rice (pounds):
Average per fa m ily ..
Average per person..
Average equivalent per
adult male...............
M acaroni and sp a g h e tti:
Average " equivalent per
adult male.................
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Cost.
Quantity.
Cost.
Quantity.
Cost.
Quantity.
Cost.
39.10
7.77
$18. 97
3.77
21.13
5.28
$10.84
2.71
30.00
5.92
$14.36
2.83
39.04
8.11
$16. 56
3.44
10.92
5.30
7. 02
3.60
8. 40
4.02
11.23
4. 77
125.53
24.94
34.54
6.86
113.29
28.32
26.41
G. 60
118.83
23.45
30. 40
6.00
93.48
19. 42
23.12
4.80
35.05
9.04
37.66
8. 78
33.29
8.52
26.90
6.65
18.00
3.58
6.58
1.31
5.48
1.37
2.07
.52
8.00
1.58
2. 74
.54
5.61
1-17
1.64
.34
5.03
1.84
1.82
.69
2.24
.77
1.61
.47
7.50
1.49
3.93
.78
9. 74
2. 43
4.85
1.21
3.32
.60
1.98
.39
4.30
.89
2.17
.45
2.09
1.10
3.24
1.61
.93
.55
1.24
.62
24. 27
4.82
6.76
1.34
30.64
7. 66
8. 75
2. 19
35.60
7. 03
10.06
1.99
21.44
4. 45
6.20
1.29
2. 91
9. 97
2.82
6.17
1.78
15.34 * 156.00
3.83
30.79
15.60
3.08
149.15
30.98
14.69
3.05
4.37
42.91
6.78
1.89
10.19
157.40
31.27
15.02
3.10
158.36
39.59
43.95
4.36
52.65
.81
1.13
60.5. 63
120.32'
43.87
8. 72
169.11
271.53
53.95
5.10
43.70
9.01
2.25
13.81
2.73
2.99
4.23
6.79
1.41
3.87
1.96
466.07
116.52
33.14
8.29
12.25
154.95
11.02
119.35
8.75
126.11
8.99
17.70
3. 52
223.57
55. 89
11.85
2.96
275.07
54.29
16.34
3.23
205.15
42.61
12.37
2.57
426.07
84.09
31.23
6.16
438.30
91.03
31.24
6.49
75.82
4.94
74.33
3.94
77.05
4.58
59.03
3.56
104.23
20.71
9.03
1.79
32.29
8.07
2.75
.69
42.80
8.45
4.45
.88
100.33
20.84
9.92
2.06
29.10
2.52
10.73
.91
11.99
1.25
28.87
2.85
15.67
3.09
2.05
.41
2.31
.48
.23
.05
47.87
9.51 .
13. 37
5.10
1.01
226.21
¿6.55
22.47
5.62
1.42
75.21
7.47
2. 22
4.39
.58
.67
.07
190.67
37.63
♦
¿3.41
18.39
3.63
193.85
40.26
18.39
3.82
f. 15
. to .73
5.29
.44
1.57
.39
2.81
.55
2.54
.53
.62
.52
.79
.73
1Year ending Mar. 31, 1913.
[ 1620]
139
M O N T H L Y L A B O R R E V IE W .
A R T IC L E S O F
FOOD
IN
S H IP B U IL D IN G
D I S T R IC T S -C o n tin u e d .
COLORED FAMILIES—C o n t i n u e d .
Tampa, Fla.1
28 families,
150 persons;
110.29 equivalent
adult males.
Quantity.
Cost.
Pensacola, F la .2
27 families;
147 persons,
100.86 equivalent
adult males.
Quantity
Cost.
Mobile, Ala.2
Pascagoula, Miss.2
Madisonvilie, La.3
33 families;
176 persons;
120.96 equivalent
adult males.
19 families;
106 persons70.71 equivalent
adult males.
26 families
162 persons
109.28 equivalent
adult males.
Quantity
Cost.
Quantity
Cost.
Quantity
Cost
30.11
5.02
$13.73
2.56
30.93
5.68
$12.36
2. 27
26.91
5.05
$11. 58
2.17
27.11
4.86
$13.08
2.34
23.42
3. 76
$10. 41
1.67
7.64
3.48
7.81
3.12
7.34
3.16
7.28
3.52
5.57
2.43
1.08
.20
26.17
4.88
140.89
25.88
31.79
5.84
123.70
23.19
28.65
5.37
161.89
29.02
37.99
6.81
130.50
20.94
31.51
5.05
.27
6.64
35.60
S. 03
33.75
7.82
43.50
10.21
31.05
7.50
12.21
2.28
4.15
.78
8.16
1.50
2.29
.42
10.61
1.99
3.18
.60
9.95
1.78
3.07
.55
3.23
.52
1.03
.17
3. iO
1.05
2.06
.58
2.89
.87
2.67
.83
.77
.25
4.68
.87
1.99
.37
4.91
.90
2.21
.41
4.27
.80
1.99
.37
6.00
1.08
3.41
.61
1.85
.30
1.07
.17
1.19
.51
1.24
.56
1.17
.54
1.61
.92
.44
.25
2.5.29
4. 72
7.19
1.34
39.37
7.23
8.94
1.64
40.70
7.63
10.96
2.06
41.58
7.45
10. 28
1. 84
75.58
12.13
14. 53
2.33
6.42
1.82
9.95
2.26
11.10
2.99
11.17
2.76
17.98
3.46
143.64
26.81
13.97
2.61
185.41
34.05
16.97
3.12
197.30
36.99
18.19
3.41
253.00
45.35
24.04
4.31
251.69
40.40
22.96
3.68
£6. 47
3.55
46.85
4.29
53.83
4.96
67.98
6.46
59.88
7.77
1.45
8.62
1.58
2.18
1.97
493.04
92.03
35.13
6.56
9.02
1.69
473.15
86.90
33.51
6.15
2.46
519.91
97.48
36.80
6.90
2.77
718.63
128.81
50.41
9.04
5.46
7 75
1 24
10.30
1.85
1 84
489.54
78.57
£4.77
5.58
125.17
8.92
119.55
8.47
141.84
10.04
193.10
13.54
116.47
8.27
3.07
.57
15.89
2.97
295.00
54.18
15.89
2.92
352.61
66.11
19.33
3.62
326.37
58.50
17.96
3.22
118.23
18.98
6.65
1.07
.78
4.03
74.54
4.01
96.20
5.27
87.70
4.83
28.13
1.58
42.64
7.96
4.13
.77
159.63
29.32
9.36
1.72
123.91
23.23
7.34
1.38
19.10
3.43
11.75
2.11
539.92
86.65
£4.53
5.54
10.83
1.05
40.33
2.37
33.80
2.00
i.15
3.10
128.43
8.21
8.33
1.53
.93
. 17
1.55
.29
.20
.04
10.95
1.96
1.09
.20
2.85
.46
28
n.i
168.43
31.44
42.76
2.11
.23
.42
.06
2.94
.29
.68
.0/
16.43
3.07
143.78
26.41
12.77
2.35
121.12
22.71
11.09
2. OS
170.47
30.56
15.67
2.81
318.23
51.07
27.37
4.39
4.17
S6.33
3.23
33.04
3.03
45.81
4.21
75.71
1.57
.29
3.33
.61
.40
.84
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
|
6.19
1.11
3.40
.55
1.08
1.66
.81
:Year ending Dee. 31,1917.
[ 1621]
6.51
3.96
.74
140
M ONTHLY
L A B O E E E V IE W ,
A V ER A G E Y E A R ’S CONSUMPTION OF THE PRIN C IPA L
COLORED FAMILIES—Concluded.
Articles.
Newport News,
V a .1
Savannah, Ga.2
Brunswick, Ga.2
Jacksonville,
Fla.2
30 families;
151 persons;
197.44 equivalent
adult males.
14 families;
56 persons;
42.11 equivalent
adult males.
15 families;
76 persons;
53.55 equivalent
adult males.
27 families;
130 persons;
93.81 equivalent
adult males.
Quantity.
C e re a ls :
i
A v e r a g e p e r f a m i l y ..................
A v e r a g e p e r p e r s o n .................
A v e ra g e e q u iv a le n t p e r
a d u l t m a l e .................................
P ie s , c a k e s , c r a c k e rs , e tc .:
A v e r a g e p e r f a m i l y ..................
A v e r a g e p e r p e r s o n .................
A v e ra g e e q u iv a le n t p e r
a d u l t m a l e .................................
F r u i t, fre sh :
A v e r a g e p e r f a m i l y .................
A v e r a g e p e r p e r s o n .................
A v e ra g e e q u iv a le n t per
a d u l t m a l e ................................
F r u it, d rie d a n d c a n n e d :
A v e r a g e p e r f a m i l y .................
A v e r a g e p e r p e r s o n .................
A v e ra g e e q u iv a le n t p er
a d u l t m a l e .........................
P o ta to e s , I r is h (p e c k s ):
A v e r a g e p e r f a m i l y .................
A v e r a g e p e r p e r s o n .................
A v e ra g e e q u iv a le n t p e r
a d u l t m a l e ................................
B e a n s a n d peas:
A v e r a g e p e r f a m i l y .................
A v e r a g e p e r p e r s o n .................
A v e r a g e e q u iv a le n t p e r
a d u l t m a l e ................................
O th e r v e g e ta b le s , fre sh :
A v e r a g e p e r f a m i l y . ..............
A v e r a g e p e r p e r s o n .................
A v e r a g e e q u iv a le n t p e r
a d u l t m a l e ................................
O th e r v e g e ta b le s , c a n n e d or
d ry :
A v e r a g e p e r f a m i l y .................
A v e r a g e p e r p e r s o n .................
A v e ra g e e q u iv a le n t p e r
a d u l t m a l e ................................
O th e r fo o d :
A v e r a g e p e r f a m i l y .................
A v e r a g e p e r p e r s o n .................
A v e ra g e e q u iv a le n t p e r
a d u l t m a l e ................................
Ic e :
A v e r a g e p e r f a m i l y _____
A v e r a g e p e r p e r s o n .................
A v e ra g e e q u iv a le n t p e r
a d u l t m a l e ................................
L unches:
A v e r a g e p e r f a m i l y .................
A v e r a g e p e r p e r s o n .................
A v e ra g e e q u iv a le n t p e r
a d u l t m a l e ......................... ..
A ll f o o d :8
A v e r a g e p e r f a m i l y .................
A v e r a g e o e r p e r s o n .................
A v e r a g e e q u iv a le n t p e r
a d u l t m a l e ................................
Cost.
Quantity.
Quantity.
Cost.
1.03
.36
1.25
8.05
7.11
1.78
11.01
2.17
7.62
1.58
$1. 29
.26
$4.35
.90
*
2.25
2.36
3.08
2.19
15.18
3.02
10.33
2.58
12.79
2.52
9.93
2.06
4.24
3 44
3. 58
2.86
5.20
1.03
1.42
.35
3.33
.66
2.77
.58
.47
1.45
15.45
3.07
17.46
4.37
4.31
5. 81
.93
7.51
1.88
21.60
4.26
2.50
6.05
.80
10. 74
2.12
23.09
4.79
3.01
6.64
11.16
2.32
3.21
16.63
3.30
13.55
3.39
11.36
2.24
4.50
3.18
3.06
33. 79
6. 71
26.60
6.65
5.08
25.21
5.24
9.43
8.84
7.21
7.25
6.36
1.26
4.06
1.01
4.30
5.56
1.15
10.63
2.21
1.78
1.35
1.20
1. 60
12. 71
2.53
19.29
4.82
11.51
2.27
13.52
2. 81
3.55
6.41
3.22
3,89
7.99
1.59
8.27
2.07
5. 54
1.09
6.29
1.31
2.23
2.75
1.55
1.81
8.52
1.69
5.96
1.49
1.93
.38
4. 79
.99
1.98
.54
1.38
496.00
98.54
393.10
98.28
404.04
79. 74
392. 19
81 45
138.49
130.69
113.18
112. 84
1Year ending March 31, 1918.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Cost.
$3.11
.78
1.00
8.54
Quantity.
$6.02
1.20
30.60
6. 08
Cost.
2Year ending Dee. 31, 1917.
[1622]
M ONTHLY
A R T IC L E S O F F O O D
IN
S H IP B U IL D IN G
141
LA B O R R E V IE W ,
D IS T R IC T S -C o n c lu d e d .
COLORED FAMILIES—Concluded.
Tampa, Fla.2
Pensacola, Fla.2
Mobile, Ala.2
Pascagoula, Miss.2
Madisonville, La.2
28 families;
150 persons;
110.29 equivalent
adult males.
27 families;
147 persons;
106.86 equivalent
adult males.
33 families;
176 persons;
120.96 equi valent
adult males.
19 families;
106 persons;
70.71 equivalent
adult males.
26 families;
162 persons;
109.28 equivalent
adult males.
Quantity.
Costl
Quantity.
SI. 90
.36
4.05
Cost.
Quantity.
Cost.
Quantity.
Cost.
89.62
1.80
$7.19
1.29
$9; 08
1.46
.18
1.79
2.03
1.93
2.16
6.04
1.13
3.22
.59
2.17
.41
1.91
.34
2.27
.36
5.32
1.00
7.27
1.30
11.40
1.83
1.53
.81
8. 46
1.5S
10.92
2.01
2.76
1. '5
1.95.
2.71
2.38
.44
5.79
1.06
3. 75
.70
4.05
.73
1.05
1.46
1.02
1.09
. 8.08
1.51
20.‘96
3.85
2.05
5.30
.54
9.66
1.77
17.18
3.22
2.44
4.69
16.04
2.95
11.09
2.07
8.60
1.61
22.74
4.08
2.35
6.11
13.32
2.50
2.82
4.05
3.63
30.91
5.77
28.18
5.18
21,12
3. 86
7. 85
7.12
3.08
7.34
1.35
.78
6. .88
1.29
1.86
18.83
3. 46 1____
13.38
2.50
.
1.56
12. 43
2.23
17.08
2. 74
3.34
4.05
8.83
1.42
2.10
21.45
3.84
23.40
25.38
26.00
4.17
6.82
6.19
9.10
1.63
7.01
1.12
5.57
1.88
2.45
1.67
11. 77
2.21
10.90
1.95
16.05
2.53
3.40
4.76
3.21
2.93
3.82
9.06
1.69
4.48
.82
5.05
.95
3.36
.60
1.90
.30
2.30
1.13
1.38
.90
.45
7.23
1.35
10.33
1.90
8.05
1.51
1.28
18.38
2.95
1.83
. 2.61
2.20
1.92
4.37
394.91
414.87
76.20
379.92
71.23
442.52
79.32
465.97
74.73
104.82
103.65
118.91
110.83
100. 26
i
Quantity.
$7.10
1.30
.60
15. 95
2.98
Cost.
l
Figures for “ Ail food" are obtained by division of the total amount rather than by addition of the
averages here shown.
92434°—10— 10
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[1623]
142
M ONTHLY
L A B O E R E V IE W
NUM BER OF FAMILIES ACTUALLY CONSUMING EACH OF THE PRIN C IPA L ARTICLES
OF FOOD IN SH IPB U ILD IN G DISTRICTS.
WHITE FAMILIES.
Bath,
Me.
Article.
Port
land,
Me.
Ports
mouth,
N . H.
Boston,
Mass.
New
York,
N. Y.
Phila
delphia,
Pa,
Balti Newport
News,
more,
Va.
Md.
Nor
folk,
Va.
512
205
72
608
99
97
210
103
104
families. families. families. families. families. families. families. families. families.
Beef and veal, fresh.
Beef, sa lt...................
Pork, fresh...............
Pork, salt..................
Mutton.......................
Poultry......................
Other meat...............
Fish............................
Other sea food..........
Fggs...........................
Milk, sw eet..............
Butterm ilk...............
Cream........................
Milk,condensed and
evaporated............
Butter and oleomargarine.............
Lard and compounds...................
Cheese, not fan cy...
Tea.............................
Coffee and substitu tes.......................
Sugar..........................
Molasses and sirup..
Flour (w heat)..........
Com m eal.................
Bread........................
R olls..........................
Rice............................
Macaroni and spaghetti.....................
Cereals........ ..............
Pies, cakes, crackers, e tc ...... ...........
Fruit, fresh...............
Fruit, dried and
canned...................
Potatoes, Irish.........
Beans and peas........
Other vegetables,
fresh........................
Other vegetables,
canned or drv___
Other food.................
Ice..............................
Lunches.....................
68
67
//
96
43
61
86
64
85
98
84
25
32
101
70
75
98
36
80
87
94
84
103
101
28
14
103
60
73
99
65
89
87
96
78
104
101
3
40
207
127
166
189
142
181
180
194
168
210
204
9
50
605
241
502
517
433
499
516
503
400
603
546
59
69
511
287
441
415
253
462
423
419
407
512
478
80
42
205
83
171
184
57
153
181
189
148
205
160
14
76
62
62
145
531
364
69
102
104
209
C03
69
67
95
100
63
97
95
71
96
194
150
194
79
99
94
99
82
SO
4
85
SO
103
93
102
88
82
8
£3
98
104
95
103
92
94
15
92
74
89
76
96
82
98
72
28
64
71
17
61
64
67
55
72
46
15
96
20
80
62
10
86
84
96
83
S5
68
11
1
162
66
91
509
205
72
97
546
452
559
502
378
447
203
140
156
72
60
57
97
88
78
170
210
184
207
144
175
39
197
570
608
457
587
237
578
241
572
489
512
369
511
174
501
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479
197
204
178
205
157
197
29
199
71
72
64
71
59
61
10
70
94
97
89
97
64
75
8
86
81
91
182
195
518
549
369
466
141
175
56
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77
81
82
102
89
103
178
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543
599
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509
174
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63
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66
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100
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474
154
190
205
193
34
68
72
69
11
83
67
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30
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[1G24]
7
M ONTHLY
NUM BER
OF
143
LA B O R R E V IE W .
F A M IL IE S A C T U A L L Y C O N S U M IN G E A C H O F T H E P R I N C I P A L A R T IC L E S
OF
FO O D
IN
S H IP B U IL D IN G
D I S T R IC T S -C o n tin u e d .
WHITE FAMILIES—C o n t i n u e d .
Article.
Savan
nah,
Ga.
Bruns Jackson
Tampa,
wick,
viHe,
Fla.
Ga.
Fla.
Pensa
cola,
Fla.
Mobile,
Ala.
Pasca
goula,
Miss.
Moss
Point,
Miss.
Madi
son ville,
La.
40
35
54
51
65
100
32
26
families families. families families families. families families. families. fam ilies.
Beef and veal, fresh.
Beef, salt...................
Pork, fresh...............
Pork, sa lt.................
Mutton......................
Poultry......................
Other meat...............
Fish............................
Other sea food.........
Eggs...........................
Milk, sweet...............
Buttermilk...............
Cream........................
Milk, condensed and
evaporated............
Butter and oleomargarine.............
Lard and compounds...................
Cheese, not la n cy ...
Tea.............................
Coffee and substitut e s.......................
Sugar..........................
Molasses and sirup..
Hour (w heat)..........
(torn m eal.................
Bread........................
R olls..........................
Rice............................
Macaroni'and spaghetti......................
Cereals.......................
Pies, cakes, crackers,e tc ...................
Fruit, fresh...............
Fruit, dried and
canned...................
Potatoes, Irish.........
Beans and peas........
Other vegetables,
fresh........................
Other vegetables,
canned or dry___
Other food.................
Ice..............................
Lunches.....................
40
1
34
39
2
34
34
25
40
20
6
37
'
34
3
34
34
2
29
31
34
19
35
20
13
32
54
8
50
54
47
45
51
37
54
38
3
52
50
4
38
48
8
38
48
17
51
33
13
41
6
51
64
1
54
54
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50
64
34
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32
26
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65
65
23
95
100
91
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32
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5
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18
9
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[ 162*0
27
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7
27
27-
20
27
24
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27
21
22
144
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW,
NUM BER
O F F A M IL IE S
A C T U A L L Y C O N S U M IN G E A C H O F T H E
OF FO O D
IN
S H IP B U IL D IN G
P R IN C IP A L A R T IC L E S
D I S T R I C T S — C o n tin u e d .
WHITE FAMILIES—C o n c l u d e d .
Slidell,
La.
Article.
Beaumont,
Tex.
50
50
families. families.
Beef and veal, fresh. . .
Beef, salt........................
Pork, fresh.....................
Pork, s a lt.......................
M utton...........................
P ou ltry ,. .......................
Other m eat....................
F ish.................................
Other sea food..............
E ggs........................
Milk, sw eet....................
Butterm ilk....................
Cream.................... ........
Milk, condensed and
evaporated.................
Butter and oleomargarine..........................
Lard and compounds..
Cheese, not fancy. . . . .
Tea..................................
Coflee and substitutes.
Sugar..............................
Molasses and sirup___
Flour (wheat.)...............
Corn meal................. .
Bread..............................
Rolls................................
R ice................................
Macaroniand spaghetti
Cereals............................
Pies, cakes, crackers,
e tc . ............................
Fruit, fresh....................
Fruit,
dried
and
canned.........................
Potatoes, Irish ............
Beans and peas............
Other vegetables, iresh
Other vegetables, canned or d ry ..................
Other food.....................
Ice...................................
Lunches.........................
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Houston, Orange,
Tex.
Tex.
Buffalo,
N. Y
Cleve
land,
Ohio.
Lorain,
Ohio.
Toledo,
Ohio.
91
43
families. families.
201
families.
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families.
109
families.
207
families.
203
67
175
189
93
107
194
154
105
204
181
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180
193
84
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141
203
193
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15
108
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96
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92
101
80
87
109
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199
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187
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102
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80
198
130
182
109
107
85
88
104
109
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108
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100
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207
207
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109
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145
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW.
N U M B E R O F F A M IL IE S A C T U A L L Y C O N S U M IN G E A C H O F
OF
FO O D
IN
S H IP B U IL D IN G
TH E
P R IN C IP A L A R T IC L E S
D IS T R IC T S -C o n tin u e d .
WHITE FAMILIES— C o n c l u d e d .
Article.
1
Detroit, i Chicago, Manito Superior, Seattle, Tacoma,
woc,
Mich.
111.
Wis.
Wash! Wash.
Wis.
Port
land,
Oreg.
San
Los
Fran Angeles,
cisco,Cal
Cal.
256
215
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109
208
164
103
286
157
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|
Beef and veal,fresh.
Beef, s a lt...................
Pork, fresh................
Pork, s a lt..................
Mutton.......................
P o u ltr y ....................
Other meat...............
Fish........................
Other sea food..........
E ggs-----:...................
Milk, sweet...............
Buttermilk...............
Cream........................
Milk, condensed and
evaporated............
B utterand oleomargarine....................
Lard and compounds...................
Cheese, not fancy ..
T e a ............................
Coffee and substitu tes......................
Sugar..........................
Molasses and sirup..
Flour (w heat)..........
Corn meal.................
Bread.........................
R olls..........................
Rice............................
Macaroni and spaghetti.....................
Cereals.......................
Pies, cakes,crackers,
etc............................
Fruit, fresh...............
Fruit, dried and
canned...................
Potatoes, Irish.........
Beans arid peas........
Other vegetables,
fresh........................
Other vegetables,
canned or d r y ___
Other food.................
Ice...............................
Lunches.....................
255
63
231
226
77
207
240
LSI
204
255
240
72
24
215
74
18C
195
112
165
196
148
157
214
201
33
30
I ll
19
101
89
30
88
107
74
85
111
107
23
46
109
26
103
101
34
86
98
86
85
109
100
55
28
205
44
148
179
119
142
158
189
122
207
197
124
87
103
17
74
96
CO
63
72
91
42
103
99
70
35
164
25
94
136
104
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150
68
163
155
81
41
284
133
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231
209
220
264
109
286
260
36
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88
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100
210
255
214
111
109
20S
103
163
284
157
252
192
223
198
156
167
109
83
50
107
82
71
201
180
160
102
93
75
161
139
125
243
234
245
154
138
120
242
256
186
252
177
241
36
241
205
215
146
213
128
198
99
206
111
111
91109
59
87
43
106
109
109
99
108
63
89
38
102
200
208
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208
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54
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103
80
102
85
87
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159
164
131
163
139
144
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156
140
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276
286
181
280
213
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69
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225
186
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139
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https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
111
12
19
(1627]
30
152
101
88
53
146
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW,
N U M B E R O F F A M IL IE S A C T U A L L Y C O N S U M IN G E A C H O F T H E P R I N C IP A L A R T IC L E S
OF
FOOD
IN
S H IP B U IL D IN G
D I S T R I C T S — C o n c lu d e d .
COLORED FAMILIES.
Article.
Newport Savan
nah,
News,
Ga.
Va.
Bruns Jackson Tampa,
wick,
ville,
Fla
Ga.
Fla.
Pensa
cola,
Fla.
Mobile,
Ala.
Pasca Madisonville,
goula,
La.
Miss
30
14
15
27
28
33
27
23
19
families. families. families. families. families. families. families. families. families.
Beef and veal, fresh.
Beef, salt...................
Pork', fresh...............
Pork, salt..................
Mutton......................
Poultry......................
Other meat...............
Fish............................
Other sea food.........
E g g s .........................
Milk, sweet...............
Buttermilk...............
M ilk, con d en sed
and evaporated. ..
Butter and oleomargarine.............
Lard and compounds...................
Cheese, not fan cy...
Tea.............................
Coffee and substitu tes.......................
Sugar........................
Molasses and sirup..
Flour (w heat)..........
Corn meal.................
Broad.........................
R olls..........................
R ice............................
Macaroni and spaghetti......................
Cereals.......................
Pies, cakes crackers, e t c ..................
Fruit, fresh...............
I1ruit, dried and
canned...................
Potatoes, Irish.........
Beans arid peas........
Other vegetables,
fresh........................
Other vegetables,
canned or d r y .. . .
Other food................
le e .........................
Lunches....................
28
3
24
26
2
22
23
27
11
29
17
9
14
2
13
14
1
11
12
13
4
11
5
1
15
14
15
2
8
15
15
7
13
4
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27
4
21
26
28
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24
27
19
23
25
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25
15
16
17
23
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26
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2‘>
9
INDEX NUMBERS OF WHOLESALE PRICES PUBLISHED BY THE FEDERAL
RESERVE BOARD.1
Under arrangements recently made with the Federal Reserve
Board the index numbers of wholesale prices computed by the Bureau
of Labor Statistics, together with certain data used in their construc
tion, are placed each month at the disposal of the board for use in
the Federal Reserve Bulletin. The October, 1918, issue of this pub
lication devotes several pages to the subject of wholesale prices in
their relation to business conditions in recent years, and presents a
table of index numbers constructed according to the method adopted
by the United States Bureau of Labor Statistics, but with a different
1 Federal Reserve Bulletin, October, 19H.
1005-1015.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Issued by the Federal Reserve Board, Washington, pp
[1628]
147
M ONTHLY LABOR REVIEW.
grouping of the commodities included. The grouping chosen com
prises (1) raw materials, including subgroups of farm, animal, forest,
and mineral products; (2) producers’ goods, such as steel rails, copper
wire, and cotton yarn; and (3) consumers’ goods, such as flour, beef,
and cotton textiles. It is explained that the classification of com
modities is somewhat arbitrary in some instances, since certain
articles are used both by producers and consumers. Also, it is often
difficult to distinguish between the classes of raw materials and
producers’ goods. In such cases the classification was made as far
as possible in accordance with the principal use of the commodity.
The total number of commodities included in the several groups is
the same as is used by the Bureau of Labor Statistics in its general
index of all commodities.
The list of commodities included in each group is published in
connection with the index numbers. Changes in the list will be
noted from month to month, and at intervals the revised list will be
published for purposes of convenient reference. The statistical
method employed insures continuity in the index numbers, so that
figures from month to month are entirely comparable.
MOVEMENT OF W HOLESALE PRICES IN THE U N IT E D STATES SINCE JA N U A RY ,
1914, B Y PRINCIPAL CLASSES OF COMMODITIES.
[Average for 191S—100.J
Ra w mater als.
Year and month.
Farm Animal Forest
prod prod prod
ucts.
ucts.
ucts.
Min
eral
prod
ucts.
Con
Pro
Total ducers’ sumers’
raw
goods. goods.
mate
rials.
All com
modities
(Bureau
of Labor
Statis
tics index
number).
1914.
Average for vear...........................■
___
January..................................................
February...............................................
March.....................................................
A pril.......................................................
M ay........................ ................... .
June........................................................
J u ly ........................................................
A ugust..................... ............................
September.............................................
October.................................................
November.............................................
December............ .......................
103
101
101
102
103
105
106
102
109
104
100
98
99
104
101
102 1
102
103
102
101
.106
109
110
105
103
99
97
99
99
99
99
98
98
97
97
96
96
96
94
90
98
98
97
97
91
89
88
87
<S6
85
84
86
99
100
100
100
100
99
98
98
101
100
96
95
94
95
94
95
94
94
94
93
92
99
100
95
92
92
101
101
100
99
97
98
100
103
106
108
102
103
102
99
100
99
99
98
98
98
99
102
101
99
98
97
111
108
116
114
120
119
108
112
111
102
105
104
109
100
97
95
96
95
99
102
104
104
104
105
101
97
93
94
94
94
94
93
93
93
92
92
92
92
93
91
85
87
88
87
89
91
92
91
92
92
96
100
99
96
98
98
99
101
99
101
100
98
99
99
100
100
94
95
95
96
97
97
98
98
99
101
108
115
102
•103
104
101
102
102
100
101
100
99
102
105
107
100
98
100
99
99
100
99
101
100
98
101
102
105
1915.
Average for year..................................
January.................................................
February.............................. ...............
March.....................................................
April........................................................
M’a v .......................................................
June.......................... ....................
Ju lv.........................................................
August................................... ...............
September.............................................
October................................. .............
November.............................................
Docember..............................................
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MOVEMENT OF W HOLESALE PRICES IN THE U N IT E D STATES SINCE JANUARY,
1914, B Y PRINCIPAL CLASSES OF COMMODITIES—Concluded.
R a w m a te r ia ls .
Y e a r a n d m o n th .
F a rm
p ro d
u c ts .
A n im a l
p ro d
u c ts .
F o re st
p ro d
u c ts .
M in
eral
p ro d
u c ts .
T o ta l
ra w
m a te
ria ls .
A ll c o n i- •
m o d ilie s
C on
(B u re a u
P ro
d u c e rs’ su m e rs’ of L ab o r
goods.
S ta tis
goods.
t i c s i n t e 'c
n u m b e r ) ..
1916.
A v e r n g e fo r y e a r ...................... .. _ ...............
J a n u a r y ................................................................
F e b r u a r y . ............................................................
M a r c h .....................................................................
A p r i l .............. . . ......... ..........................................
M a y . ............................. ......................................
J u n e .......................................................................
J u l y .......................................................................
A u g u s t .................................................................
S e p t e m b e r .........................................................
O c t o b e r .............................................................
N o v e m b e r ..........................................................
D e c e m b e r ............................................................
128
116
115
110
114
116
112
115
130
138
151
164
153
119
102
106
114
115
118
122
122
123
125
122
127
131
96
95
96
97
97
98
97
96
95
95
96
98
99
123
108
111
114
115
114
114
112
112
117
133
153
174
118
106
108
110
111
113
112
113
117
121
128
139
143
140
119
123
130
137
141
142
141
140
142
148
155
164
123
111
111
112
114
115
117
119
124
130
135
143
142
123
110
111
114
116
118
118
119
123
127
133
143
146
210
161
157
169
198
225
227
230
232
214
227
238
233
109
136
145
156
163
168
166
168
181
195
190
187'
178
118
99
100
103
105
108
120
126
128
129
129
129
129
179
175
185
191
189
196
205
198
175
167
150
157
158
173
147
151
160
169
180
185
187
183
181
178
182
178
187
166
168
171
181
189
199
212
211
203
185
181
180
172
147
155
156
172
179
178
174
175
175
181
183
185
175
150
155
160
171
181
184
185
1S4
182
ISO
182
1S1
240
242
249
243
226
232
237
246
174
176
178
193
201
198
209
215
130
131
135
137
138
138
140
14.3
171
172
172
170
173
171
180
180
183
184
187
190
189
189
196
200
181
184
187
190
192
194
196
199
192
193
189
193
194
197
202
205
185
187
187
191
191
193
198
203
1917.
A v e r a g e f o r y e a r ............................................
J a n u a r y ................................................................
F e b r u a r y ............................................................
M a r c h ....................................................................
A p r i l ......................................................................
M a y ........................................................................
J u n e ........................................................................
J u l y ........................................................................
A u g u s t .............. ....................................................
S e p t e m b e r .........................................................
O c t o b e r ................................................................
N o v e m b e r ..........................................................
D e c e m b e r ............................................................
1918.
J a n u a r y ................................................................
F e b r u a r y ............................................................
M a r c h ........................................ ............................
A p r i l ......................................................................
M a y ........................................................................
J u n e .......................................................................
J u l v ......................................................................
A u g u s t ................................. ................................
1
Commenting on the facts disclosed by the foregoing table the
Federal Reserve Bulletin notes that—
Measured by the crude test of range of price fluctuation, the group of articles classed
as consumers’ goods has shown greater stability of price than the group comprising
producers’ goods, and, with the exception of the two earlier years, also.the aggregate
of articles included in the raw materials group. While care must be used in drawing
conclusions from data covering such a limited period of time, it may be observed that
this is in harmony with the generally accepted view that stability of price increases
as a commodity passes from the raw toward the finished state.
It should be noted, however, that the accepted doctrine is not borne out, if the
price fluctuations of the producers’ goods group be compared with those of the raw
materials group, as the former shows a somewhat greater range of price fluctuation.
This inconsistency apparently is due to special conditions brought about by the
war. Thus the minerals subgroup, ordinarily exhibiting the greatest oscillation
among the several subgroups of the raw materials group, as a result of the price-fixing
activities of the Government has had its price fluctuations during the present year
confined within narrower limits than any of the other three subgroups, even the
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149
group of forest products, notably sluggish in its price movements. The effect of
price fixing is also manifest in the producers’ goods group. On the other hand the
index number for the farm products subgroup shows particularly large increases
mainly through the combined influence of the price movement of cotton and wheat,
though other members of the group have played their part in an increasing measure,
especially since the institution of price fixing for wheat in the fall of 1917.
The phenomenon of greater stability of price for the consumers’ goods group noted
above is manifested also in another manner. Changes from month to month are
with few exceptions gradual rather than abrupt, as is the case with both producers’
and consumers’ goods groups. Moreover, there is apparent a certain Continuity of
movement, especially in the latter part of the period, in contrast with the relatively
abrupt rises and declines shown by the other groups. The direction in which prices
move changes much less frequently in the case of consumers’ goods, prices of the
latter moving in somewhat the same manner as those of the forest products subgroup.
The phenomenon observed may, however, be due to the fact that there is a much
larger number of articles included in the consumers’ goods group; hence any abrupt
change in the individual item becomes much less pronounced when merged in the
figures for the group.
Cotton obviously plays a much larger part in the farm products subgroup than do
any particular classes of cotton textiles in the consumers’ goods group. This means
that certain commodities may at times dominate the price movements of the par
ticular groups, a considerable change in the price of the commodity serving in some
instance to determine the direction of the price movement of the subgroup, even
though the prices of the remaining members of the subgroup show some movement
in the opposite direction. The decrease of seven points in the index number for
the mineral products subgroup between June and July, 1917, was of this character,
being due entirely to a decrease in the prices of the two classes of semibituminous
coal, even though pig iron had shown a slight increase of price. At first sight this
may appear an anomalous situation. But further consideration merely serves to
confirm the reliability of the quotation. For a change of considerable magnitude
in the price of an important article is of more significance than slight changes in the
prices of articles of less importance. This accords fully with a system of weighting
which allots to commodities influence upon the index number commensurate with
their relative importance.
Monthly absolute and relative prices since January, 1914, are
given for a limited number of articles of a basic character in a second
table, the purpose being to furnish a more concrete illustration of
price movements than that afforded by the table of index numbers.
The actual average monthly prices shown have been abstracted from
the records of the Bureau of Labor Statistics. The relative prices
are in each case computed on the average price for 1913 as the base.
Thirty articles are included in this compilation.
NEW COST OF LIVING REGULATIONS IN CANADA.
New cost of living regulations have been issued by the Canadian
Government, designed to remedy certain defects in orders in council,
P. C. 2777 and P. C. 2957, issued in 1916. They provide for extending
facilities of investigation, for the publication of fair prices, and for
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M O N T H L Y
LA B O R
R E V IE W .
prosecution by municipalities or by the minister of labor in addition
to the present method of prosecution by provincial attorney general.
The new regulations make it possible to investigate rentals, and
authorize procedure against hotels and restaurants which sell neces
saries of life at a price higher “ than is reasonable and just.” Pro
vision is made for the appointment of a committee by the council of
any municipality, to be known as the fair-price committee, which
is empowered to investigate the amount of any necessary held for
sale, the time when acquired, the cost, the price at which it is held
for sale, the selling price which in the opinion of the committee is
just and reasonable, the amount of wastage or destruction and
reason for the same, and the fair rental value of any dwelling held
and offered for rental within any municipality. The full text of the
new regulations (P. C. 2461) is as follows: 1
Whereas, with the view to preventing undue enhancement of the cost of living,
orders in council P. C. 2777 and P. C. 2957 were enacted, but in their administration
certain defects therein have been disclosed;
Therefore, his excellency the governor general in council, on the recommendation
of the minister of labor, and under and by virtue of the powers conferred by the War
Measures Act, 1914, or otherwise, vested in the governor general in council, is pleased
to rescind and doth hereby rescind the above mentioned orders in council (P. C. 2777
and P. G. 2957) and is further pleased to make the following regulations, and the same
are hereby made and established accordingly:
REGULATIONS.
1. For the purpose of these regulations the expression “ council” means the govern
ing body of a municipality. “Minister” means the minister of labor. “ Necessary
of life” means a staple and ordinary article of food (whether fresh, preserved, canned,
or otherwise treated), clothing, fuel, including the products, materials, and ingredients
into, from, or of which any thereof are in whole or in part manufactured, composed,
derived, or made, and any other item of common and ordinary household expenditure.
“ Municipality” means any county, district, township, parish, city, town, village,
or other area within a province, which is governed municipally or by council or similar
body. “ Person” includes natural persons and bodies corporate.
2. (1) No person shall conspire, combine, agree, or arrange with any other person—
(a.) To limit the facilities for transporting, producing, manufacturing, supplying,
storing, or dealing in any necessary of life; or,
(b) To restrain or injure trade or commerce in relation to any necessary of life; or,
(c) To prevent, limit, or lessen the manufacture or production of any necessary of
life, or to enhance or maintain the price thereof; or,
(d) To prevent or lessen competition in the production, manufacture, purchase,
barter, sale, transportation, insurance, or supply of any necessary of life.
(2) Nothing in this section shall be construed to apply to combinations of workmen,
or employees, for their own reasonable protection as such workmen or employees.
(3) Section 498 of the Criminal Code shall, as respects necessaries of life only, until
the repeal of this section of these regulations, be deemed to have been repealed.
3. (1) No person shall accumulate or shall withhold from sale any necessary of life
beyond an amount thereof reasonably required for the use or consumption of his
household or for the ordinary purposes of his business.
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151
(2) Every person who holds or offers for sale, or sells or provides or furnishes for
consumption at a price, whether upon the premises which he occupies or not, any
necessary of life, shall sell it, or provide or furnish the same for consumption as afore
said, at a price not higher than is,reasonable and just; and any person who leases or
holds or offers for rental any property shall lease the same at a rental not higher than
is reasonable and just.
(3) Provided, however, that this section shall not apply or extend to any accumulat
ing or withholding by any farmer, gardener, or other person, of the products of any
farm, garden, or other land cultivated by him; nor shall any manufacturer, wholesaler,
or jobber, because of anything herein contained, be under obligation to sell to other
than such classes of persons as are accustomed to purchase from manufacturers, whole
salers, .or jobbers, respectively.
The above proviso shall not relieve any person from liability for waste under order
of his excellency the governor general in council, P. C. 597.
4. The minister may, by notice in writing under his hand or that of his deputy,
require any person who produces, stores, or deals in any necessary of life to make and
render unto the minister, within the time set in such notice, and such person shall
make and render unto the minister a written return under oath or affirmation contain
ing any information that the said minister may require, with respect to the production,
purchase, sale, shipment, origin, destination, or price of any necessary of life, produced,
stored, or dealt in by such person.
5. The minister shall have power to investigate the business and to examine tlie
premises, books, papers, and records of any person respecting any necessary of life
or rental value of any real estate, and for this purpose the minister may appoint an
examiner or examiners, and may authorize in writing any examiner so. appointed to
enter and examine the premises, books, records, and papers oi such person, and to take
evidence under oath or affirmation of any person whom such examiner or examiners
may believe has knowledge relating to the matters under investigation, and for all
such purposes the said examiner or examiners shall have the powers of a commissioner
appointed under the provisions of Part I of the Inquiries Act,
6. (1) The council of any municipality may appoint a committee of two qr more of
their officers, to be known as the Fair price committee, ” and shall submit the names
of the committee to the minister, who shall in writing authorize it to investigate:
(а) The amount of any necessary of life specified by the said council and held by
any person for sale or disposition, within such municipality, at any indicated time or
times, including any time preceding The making of these regulations;
(б) The time when any or all of such necessary of life was acquired, produced, or
brought within or into such municipality;
(e)
The cost within such municipality of such necessary of life, including all charges
of an overhead or other nature affecting such cost;
(d) The price at which such necessary of life is held in such municipality for sale,
or at which any sales of part of the same or of a similar necessary of life have been made
by such persons within such municipality at any indicated time or times, including
any time preceding the making of these regulations;
(t) The price which in the opinion of such committee would be a just and reason
able one at which to hold such necessary of life for sale within such municipality;
(/) The amount of wastage or destruction of any such necessary of life, and the
reason for same;
(g) The fair rental value of any dwelling held or offered for rental within the munic
ipality.
(2) For all such purposes the committee shall have the powers of a commissioner
appointed under the provisions oi Part I of the Inquiries Act.
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(3) Whenever in the opinion of the committee or of the council there is evidence
disclosing any offense against these regulations, either the committee or the council
may take such proceedings thereunder as they may deem proper, or may remit the
evidence to the attorney general of the Province within which such offense shall have
been committed for such action as such attorney general may be pleased to institute.
(4) All lawful expenses incurred by the said committee shall be payable by the
municipality.
7. Immediately upon the close of the investigations the said committee shall report
their findings to the minister and to the council by which they are appointed, and
shall publish over their signatures in the paper or papers published in the said munici
pality, or where there is no such paper, in a paper published at the nearest point
thereto, the fair price to the consumers in that municipality of the necessaries of life
investigated.
8. (1) Except in investigations had by a “ Fair price committee, ” whenever in the
opinion of the minister there is evidence disclosing any offense against these regula
tions, the minister shall take such proceedings as he may deem necessary or shall
remit the evidence to the attorney general of the province within which such offense
shall have been committed for such action as such attorney general may be pleased
to institute,
(2) Prosecutions under these regulations shall be commenced only in the county or
municipality in which some or ail of the necessaries of life with respect to which the
alleged offense was committed were situated at the time of the commission of the
offense, or in the county in which the person charged resides or carries on business.
9. (1) Any person who contravenes or fails to observe any of the provisions of these
regulations shall be guilty of an indictable offense and liable upon indictment or upon
summary conviction under Part XV of the Criminal Code to a penalty not exceeding
$5,000, or to imprisonment for any term not exceeding two years, or to both fine and
imprisonment as specified; and any director or officer of any company or corporation
who assents to or acquiesces in the contravention or nonobservance by such company
or corporation of any of the provisions of these regulations shall be guilty personally
and cumulatively with his company or corporation, and with his codirectors or asso
ciate officers.
(2) For the purposes of the trial of and indictment for any offense against these
regulations, section 581 of the Criminal Code, authorizing speedy trials without
juries, shall apply.
FOOD PRICES IN GREAT BRITAIN.1
G R A IN . F L O U R , A N D B R E A D .
The maximum prices established by the Government on August
31 for wheat, rye, and oats harvested this year in the United King
dom allow a gradual increase between October and June. Where
sale is made before January 1, 1919, the maximum price for wheat
and rye is fixed at 75s. 6d. ($18.37) per “ quarter” of 504 pounds
and for oats at 44s. 6d. ($10.83) per “ quarter” of 336 pounds; an
increase of 6d. (12.2 cents) per “quarter” is allowed on sales made in
the first three months of 1919, and a further increase of 6d. per
“quarter” on sales made in April, May, and June. The maximum
price for oats is increased 6d. per “quarter” each month from October
i Compiled from recent numbers of the National Food Journal, the official organ of the British Ministry
of Food.
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153
to June, inclusive, the price for the latter month being 49s. ($11.92)
per “quarter.” These prices are increased by Is. (24.3 cents) per
“quarter” where the grain is carried, without railway transport, direct
from the producer’s premises to the mill or factory for the purpose
of manufacture. Maximum prices for damaged grain, tailings,
dressings, and screenings are also established by the terms of the
order.
Since September 17, 1917, the retail maximum prices for flour,
cash over counter, have been as follows: Sack (280 pounds) or
half sack (sack charged for), 50s. ($12.17) per sack; 7 pounds or
more, but less than half a sack, 2s. Sd. (64.9 cents) per 14 pounds;
quartern ( 3 b pounds), 81d. (17.2 cents); half quartern ( I f pounds),
4Id. (8.6 cents); 1 pound, 2|d. (5.1 cents); self-raising flour, 3^d.
(7.1 cents) per pound. The use of flour for cake mixtures, baking
powders, soup squares or pastes, macaroni, spaghetti, chocolate
and cocoa powders, infants’ and invalids’ foods, and similar prepara
tions, except in accord with a license granted by the food controller,
is prohibited under the terms of the price-fixing order.
An order of the food controller dated August 21, 1918, provides
that on or after September 2, 1918, no person shall sell or buy at
retail any maize flour, maize flake, maize semolina, hominy, ceraline,
or maize meal at a price exceeding 4d. (8.1 cents) per pound. An
additional charge of Id. (1 cent) per pound may be made for delivery.
The retail maximum price of bread, as fixed by the order of Sep
tember 17,*1917, on the cash-over-counter plan is as follows: Pourpound loaf, 9d. (18.3 cents); 2-pound loaf, T^d. (9.1 cents); 1-pound
loaf, 24d. (5.1 cents). The 1-pound price is permitted only when
bread at 2pl. (4.6 cents) per pound is also for sale. In reply to a
question in Parliament the food controller stated that on July 1
of the present year the retail price of the 4-pound loaf in the vast
majority of districts was 9d. (18.3 cents), as fixed by the order. In
areas where it appears that by reason of exceptional circumstances
bread can not be sold at retail at the maximum provided by the order
and a reasonable profit made, the food controller has issued licenses
accordingly, and in the majority of these areas the quartern loaf
is now sold at 9 pi. (19.3 cents) and at lOd. (20.3 cents) in a few
instances.
BUTTER,
Oil August 7 the maximum retail price of butter, whether “ Gov
ernment” or “ British made,” was fixed at 2s. 4d. (56.8 cents) per
pound, delivered on the seller’s premises. The order defines “ Gov
ernment” butter as—
(a) All butter (whether made in the United Kingdom or imported) which is from
time to time distributed for sale in Great Britain by the food controller under the
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butter (distribution) order, 1917, or under any directions or regulations givren or
made or to be given thereunder; and
(6) All butter made, blended, or collected by any blender holding a license as such
issued by or under the authority of the food controller.
“ British made” butter means all butter other than “ Government”
butter. This price increased the retailer’s margin in the case of bulk
butter from 2|d. (5.1 cents) to 3d. (6.1 cents) per pound.
The maximum prices at which “ British made” butter may be sold
by a maker or blender to a retailer are 2s. Id. (50.7 cents) per pound
when sold in bulk and 2s. lk l. (51.7 cents) per pound when sold in
rolls, bricks, prints, or pats of 1 pound or less. In cases where the
maker or blender sells to a wholesaler, the above prices are reduced
by l|d . (2.5 cents) per pound.
M IL K .
Under the scale of prices in effect in Great Britain during the
summer of 1918, the maximum price of fresh milk at retail was fixed
at 2s. 4d. (56.8 cents) per gallon for June and July and 2s. 8d. (64.9
cents) per gallon for August and September, except where varied by
local control committees with the sanction of the food controller.
An extra charge of Id. (2 cents) per quart was allowed for milk
delivered to the buyer's premises in bottles.
An order effective July 28, 1918, fixed the retail maximum price
of canned condensed milk as follows: Full cream (sweetened), Is. 2£d.
(29.4 cents) per 14 ounces net; full cream (evaporated), ll|d . (23.3
cents) per 16 ounces net; full cream (unsweetened), ll|d . (23.3
cents) per 12 ounces net; machine skimmed, Is. Id. (26.4 cents) per
16 ounces gross.
CH EESE.
An order issued July 23, 1918, stipulated that until further notice
no cheese released for distribution by the Government should be sold
by retail at a price exceeding Is. 8d. (40.6 cents) per pound, with
an additional charge of Jd. (1 cent) per pound for delivery. For
British-made cheese not controlled in distribution by the Govern
ment, an addition to the actual cost to the retailer of not exceeding
2|d. (5 cents) is allowed.
M A R G A R IN E .
By an order of the food controller effective July 22, 1918, the
maximum price of margarine at retail to persons purchasing not less
than 28 pounds weekly was limited to Is. Id. (26.4 cents) per pound.
On all other sales at retail the maximum was fixed at Is. 2d. (28.4
cents) per pound. The margin allowed to retailers on sales at the
full retail price was set at 2d. (4.1 cents) a pound and to wholesalers
on sales to retailers at 6s. 6d. ($1.58) per hundredweight, including
all costs of cartage, delivery, and other incidental charges.
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POTA TO ES.
Under the prices established for the new potato crop, all varieties
of potatoes fall into two grades. The first grade consists of King
Edward varieties and what is known as the Golden Wonder. The
retail price of this grade is fixed at If d. (2.5 cents) a pound. All other
potatoes are placed in the second grade and retail at Id. 02 cents)
per pound. All persons selling potatoes at retail on or after August 8,
1918, are required to display a notice stating plainly the price at
which such potatoes are being sold. The distribution of the 1918
crop is under governmental control.
C O FF E E . COCOA PO W D ER ^ A N D TEA .
The retail price of roasted or ground coffee is, according to latest
available information, fixed at Is. 6d. (36.5 cents) per pound. The
price of green coffee is limited to Is. 4d. (32.4 cents) per pound. It
is provided, however, that prices up to 2s. 6d. (60.8 cents) and 2s: 4d.
(56.8 cents), respectively, may be charged for superior grades if
coffee at the lower prices is also for sale. Cocoa powder is priced at
3s. 2d. (77.1 cents) per pound for grade “A” and 2s. 2d. (52.7 cents)
for grade “B.” If the latter is packed in cartons 2s. 6d. (60.8 cents)
a pound may be charged. Tea, the distribution of which is under
national control, may be sold at prices up to 2s. 8d. (64.9 cents) per
pound.
SUG A R.
Retail maximum prices for sugar are as follows:
P er pound.
Cubes, loaf sugar, castor, and icing..................................................
Crushed, chips, granulated, crystals, dry white, W. I. grocery,
crystallized, Demerara, yellow crystals, white pieces (moist)...
W. I. muscovado (moist), raw brown cane crystals, pieces other
than white, W. 1. grocery sirups................................................
7fd. (15.7 cents)
7d. (14.2 cents)
Old. (13.7 cents)
P O U L T R Y A N D GAM E.
The following schedule of retail maximum prices for poultry and
game is contained in the September 11, 1918, issue of the National
Food Journal:
Cockerel, pullet, cock, or hen—
Per pound.
Weighing 6 pounds or less.........., ........ . 2s. Sd. (64.9 cents)
Weighing more than 0 pounds.................................................
Domestic duck—
Weighing 6 pounds or less....................... . 2s. 3d. (54.8 cents)
Weighing more than 6 pounds.................................................
Turkey............................................................- 2s. 8d. (64.9 cents)
Goose........................................ ....................... Is. 8d. (40.6 cents)
Guinea fowl.......................................................................................
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P e r fow l.
16s. 0d. ($3.89)
13s. 6d. ($3.28)
7s. Od. ($1.70)
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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW.
“Grouse and black game, young birds (hatched in 1918 and sold
Per fowl.
prior to Nov. 1, 1918)..................................................................
All other grouse and black game.................................
Partridge, young birds (hatched in 1918 and sold prior to Jan. 1,
1919).,................................................................................
All other partridges............ *...........................................................
Pheasants (cocks).............................................................................
Pheasants (hens)....................................................................................
5s. 6d. ($1.34)
3s. 3d. ($0.79)
4s. Od. ($0.97)
2s. 3d. ($0.55)
7s. Od. ($1.70)
6s. 6d. ($1.58)
M EAT.
The price of meat in Great Britain is regulated by various orders of
tiie food controller issued for the purpose of effecting a proper dis1ribution of this commodity. An order dated March 27, 1918, estab
lished uniform scales of maximum retail prices for beef, mutton,
iamb, and pork in the counties of England and Wales. A scale for
Scotland was added by order of July 13. These orders superseded
others previously issued. Maximum wholesale prices for homekilled and imported meats were established by order of March 28,
1918, amending the 1917 order. Wholesale and retail maximum
prices for edible offal, both home killed and imported, were pre
scribed in an order dated May 1, 1918. In orders of June 26 and
August 14 the food controller fixed the prices that may be charged
for bacon, ham, and lard at either wholesale or retail. To these
orders was added one of August 22 limiting the retail prices of veal.
INCREASE IN THE COST OF LIVING IN SWEDEN FROM 1914 TO THE END
OF JULY, 1918.
The American consul general at Stockholm has forwarded to the
State Department a brief statement showing increases in the cost of
living in Sweden from 1914 to the end of July, 1918, and the State
Department has made the information available to this bureau.
From this statement it appears that the table-d’hote meal at hotels
and restaurants has increased two crowns (53.6 cents) during the last
months, an advance of 20 to 25 per cent, and that at first-class res
taurants a course dinner, consisting of soup, fish, meat, and dessert,
now costs from 7 to 10 crowns ($1.88 to $2.95), while at a second-class
restaurant, or pensionat, a dinner can be obtained for about 5 crowns
($ 1.34). The consul general submits a table which shows the expendi
tures for food, light, and fuel for a normal family of husband, wife, and
two children with an estimate of disbursements for 1914 of 2,000
crowns ($536). It would seem that, taking 100 as a standard for
July, 1914, the cost of living had advanced to 294.3 in Stockholm,
285.5 in Gottenborg, and 282.9 in Malmo by the end of July, 1918.
These are increases over the cost of living in July, 1914, of 194.3 for
Stockholm, 185.5 for Gottenborg, and 182.9 for Malmo.
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E X P E N D IT U R E S FOR FOOD, LIGHT, A N D F U E L , 1914 TO 1918, FOR A NORMAL FAMILY,
W ITH AN ESTIM ATE OF D ISBU R SEM EN T FOR 1914 OF 2,000 CROWNS ($536).
1914
Place.
July.
Stockholm..........................
Upsala..................................
Eskilstuna.........................
Linköping...........................
Norrk oping.........................
Kalmar................................
Karlskrona..........................
Christianstad.....................
Malmo..................................
Landskrona.........................
Helsingborg.........................
Gottenborg.........................
Örebro..................................
Sundsvall...........................
U m ea....................................
L ulea....................................
Kiruna..................................
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
1915
1916
1918
Sec First Sec
Sec
Third Fourth First Sec
ond
ond First ond First quar quar quar ond July.
half. half. half. half. hall. half. ter.
ter.
ter. quar
ter.
105.6
109.1
105.6
108.2
106.4
104.1
106.3
107.7
105.9
10S.0
104.9
103.5
108.8
105.2
104.3
104.7
104.4
118.7
120.4
117.7
120.5
117.9
117.1
120 . 8
121.4
118.8
121 . '
117.6
120 . 8
119.3
114.3
128.2
130. 5
124. 2
128.8
126.0
127.3
128.9
135.3
131.2
132.8
128.8
128.9
128.2
125.1
132.9
136. 2
128.0
133. 5
130.1
130.6
134.0
137.6
144.1
137.8
134.2
135.2
132.5
134.9
112.2 122.1 129.9
113.8 122.4 127.9
108.9 116.2 121.2
92434°—10----- 11
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1917
IÌ639I
146.7
149.8
143.7
150.4
144.0
145.4
146. 3
149.0
148. 2
152. 0
145.6
150.6
148.2
152.8
147.1
148.6
135.0
168. 7
177.3
171.3
177.4
167. 2
169.2
168.6
173.2
173.8
176.7
171.5
175.8
172.9
171.9
172.9
172.6
154.5
177.1
197.8 230.3
185.9
208.1 234. 7
185.0
204.6 228.7
187.3
204.4 229.4
177.1
201.9 224. 7
183.4
204.6 224.7
178.5
199.3. 223.3
188.5
207.6 238.7
191.4
214.4 244.8
194.6
220 .6 245.4
186.0
215.8 246.1
191.8
215.2 248.1
180.4 ■ 204.3 224.7
185. 8 208.8 238.1
186.6
204.0 2 2 2 .0
189.3
208.9 232.4
172.9
192. 2 213.4
275.2
265.2
256. 5
255. 4
252. 8
257.9
247.7
268.3
273.4
272.5
273.8
279.3
251.9
263.3
246.5
258.6
245.9
294.3
280.4
265. 0
266.0
231.1
259.8
256.3
281.8
282.9
285.9
280. 8
285.5
264.3
275.6
262.7
278.1
265.3
FOOD AND FUEL CONTROL.
FOOD CONTROL IN THE UNITED STATES.
By the terms of a proclamation issued by the President on
November 2, the licensing machinery of the United States Food
Administration was enlarged to cover the manufacture, storage, and
distribution of various foods by agencies previously not included in
the licensed class. All concerns engaged in the business of operating
warehouses or other places in which any food or food commodities
are stored for hire were required to take out license by November 15.
Under a previous presidential proclamation, only cold-storage plants
were included.
A provision of the proclamation is designed to give more control
over the glycerin extraction of animal and vegetable fats and oils.
For this purpose all importers, manufacturers, or distributers .of the
following articles are placed under license: Chinese vegetable tallow,
cocoanut stearine, cocoanut oleine, cod oil, cod liver oil, cohune oil
fish and marine animal oils, lard oil, lard stearine, linseed oil, mustardseed oil, mutton tallow, neat’s-foot oil, neutral lard, oleo stearine,
oleo stock, olive oil, rape-seed oil, sesame oil, shea-nut oil, sunflowerseed oil, tallow, and all other animal or vegetable fats and oils which
are in whole or in part edible.
Under the proclamation all millers of corn, oats, barley, or rice»
irrespective of the size of their plants, must secure license. Hitherto
millers whose plants have a daily capacity of less than 75 barrels in
the manufacture of food for human consumption have been exempted
from license. Importers, manufacturers, and distributers of oat
flour, raw cornflakes, and buckwheat products are also placed under
license.
W H EA T FLO U R AND BREAD.
Under date of November 13 the Food Administration announced
the suspension of all regulations requiring the use of wheat sub
stitutes in baking. Relaxation of these regulations was the direct
result of the military armistice, which made the high seas again
safe for commerce and at the same time enabled many ships to be
released for the transport of wheat from the accumulated supplies
in India, Australia, and Argentina Restricted consumption of
wheat bread was still advocated, however, and the necessity for
continued conservation of all staple foods was emphasized. Under
158
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the new program accumulated stocks of substitute cereals were to
be cared for, the coarse grains to be used primarily for animal feeds
and substitutes, which do not find a ready sale by millers, dealers,
or bakers, to be purchased by the Food Administration Grain Cor
poration.
SUGAR.
Beginning November 1, the monthly household allowance of sugar
was increased from 2 pounds to 3 pounds per person by the Food
Administration. This increase was made possible by the rapid
manufacture of sugar from the new beet crop in the West and the
new cane crop in the South, together with the improved railway
transportation conditions, the reductions made in the consumption
of sugar in manufacturing industries, and the conservation measures
in effect during the past four months. The regulations were also
revised to permit of a month’s supply for an entire family being
purchased at a time. The allowance to public eating places was
increased in the same ratio as to households. Effective December 1,
the monthly per capita allowance of sugar for household use in the
beet-sugar producing States and in the cane-sugar producing territory
of Louisiana was further increased to 4 pounds, public eating places
in these sections being granted an increase to 4 pounds for every 90
meals served. This increase was granted because of the lack of
cargo space for overseas shipment, together with the insufficient
storage facilities in this country.
CORN M EAL, ETC .
In order to standardize further the various kinds of corn milling
products, changes affecting grits, cream meal, corn flour, pearl meal,
and common corn meals were announced by the Food Administration
in October. The new grades permit grits, cream meal, and corn
flour to have a moisture content of from 12^ to 13^ per cent and a
fat content of from 1^ to
per cent. In any case the sum of the
two must not exceed 15 per cent. Standard bolted, and plain or
water ground corn meal must not contain more than 12 per cent of
moisture when shipped in interstate traffic. If for local distribution,
it is unrestricted as to moisture or fat content. Pearl meal standards
for moisture and fat are 12 per cent and 3 per cent, respectively.
Rye and barley flour and oat and corn products have been standard
ized in the same manner. To facilitate the sale of substitutes with
wheat flour, the Food Administration will permit the trade to pack
corn meal and flour, barley flour, and oat flour in packages of 6 and
12 pounds and rye flour in packages of 16 and 32 pounds. This is
an amendment to the rule requiring them to be packed in packages
containing 1, 1^, 3, 5, 10, 25, 50, and 100 pounds.
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P E N A L T IE S F O R V IO L A T IO N O F F O O D R E G U L A T IO N S .
Violation of the regulations established by the United States Food
Administration for the conservation and proper distribution of food
stuffs has been followed in numerous instances by the imposition of
penalties designed effectually to prevent a repetition of the offense.
Among punishments recently imposed was the revocation for an
unlimited period of the license held by a firm of wholesalers and
brokers of foodstuffs in New York City because of attempted profit
eering in sales to the Allied Governments. In addition to the revo
cation of the firm’s license, its senior partner was held for the action
of a grand jury at Washington on a charge of conspiracy to manipu
late food prices, it having developed that he secured advance infor
mation of trade conditions by the use of unfair means.
In recognition of its violation of the instructions issued by the Food
Administration, a large concern manufacturing malted milk contrib
uted $50,000 worth of its product in equal amounts to the Quarter
master Department of the Army and the Bureau of Medicine and
Surgery of the Navy. The company had on hand more flour than
was permitted. When the facts were brought to the attention of
the controlling factors in the company, the acts of the individual
responsible were repudiated utterly and the desire expressed to give
to the Food Administration satisfactory evidence of their good faith.
The contribution aforesaid was accepted as such evidence.
For violation of the sugar regulations, a large hotel company of
New York City was compelled to shut down for three months the
confectionery department run in connection with its hotel and restau
rant business, and to contribute $10,000 to be divided equally be
tween the Red Cross and the Y. M. C. A. The brown sugar wrong
fully in the company’s possession was sold under the direction of the
Food Administration to be refined.
For selling a carload of animal feed as flour fit for human con
sumption, the license of a wholesaler and commission merchant of
Kansas City, Mo., was revoked until further notice and the facts were
reported to the Bureau of Chemistry of the United States Department
of Agriculture for possible action against the offender as a violator of
the Pure Food Act. A company in New York City, which delivered
honey adulterated with glucose in filling an order for pure honey,
had its license revoked for a period of four weeks For making a
false statement concerning the quantity of sugar it had on hand, also
for having an amount in excess of the legitimate allowance, one of
the prominent clubs of St. Paul, Minn., was allowed by the Food
Administration to close its restaurants for a period and to contribute
$1,000 to the fire sufferers of Northern Minnesota in lieu of more
drastic punishment.
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A company operating a chain of 60 retail stores in and near Boston,
Mass., was required to contribute $20,000 to the United War Work
Campaign, in lieu of further action, for violation of the sugar regula
tions and falsification of reports. In addition, each of the 60 stores
was required to display for 30 days a sign declaring that it had vio
lated Food Administration regulations and promising future com
pliance with its orders.
Among other penalties imposed for violation of the sugar regula
tions are: A confectionery company of Billings, Mont., was deprived
of sugar until April 1, 1919, for attempting to obtain more than its
proper allotment. A Chinese restaurant keeper of Tucson, Ariz.,
was permitted to contribute $50 to the Bed Cross for serving excessive
quantities of sugar to patrons. A Chicago, 111., company agreed to
contribute $10,000 worth of candy to soldiers and sailors located in
Illinois as penalty for making false reports on the amount of sugar
received this year. For delivering sugar to a canning company
without first obtaining the necessary certificate, a company of Salt
Lake City, Utah, surrendered 10,000 pounds of this commodity to
the Food Administration in lieu of further punishment. A fine of
$50 was imposed on a resident of Portland, Oreg., in the United
States District Court for violating the Food Control Act by having in
his possession excessive quantities of sugar, flour, and other food
commodities. Jail sentences of 6 months and 15 months, respec
tively, in addition to the fine of $50 in each case, were meted out to
two sugar hoarders by the United States District Court at Martinsburg, W. Va. A merchant of Thomas, W. Va., was fined $250 for
knowingly selling sugar in excessive quantities to the two offenders.
For attempting to curtail receipts and delivery of wheat by cutting
the prices on all wheat received during a specified period, three flour
mills of Winfield, Kans., were compelled to pay to all parties from
whom wheat was bought on those days amounts equal to the cut in
price. In addition they were permitted to contribute $300, $200,
and $100, respectively, to the American Red Cross in lieu of drastic
action by the Food Administration. A milling company of Leaven
worth, Kans., was found to have made grossly inaccurate reports on
profits accruing from the sale of flour. For this offense a contribu
tion of $10,000 to the Red Cross was permitted in place of further
action. The proprietor of a bakery located at Phoenix, Ariz., was
allowed to contribute $1,000 to war charities in lieu of other pen
alties when it was discovered that for a period of 10 days practically
no wheat flour substitutes had been used in the bread baked at his
plant. In addition, the bakery was compelled to use over a period
of 90 days in the making of bread sufficient substitutes to equalize
the deficit.
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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW.
In numerous instances violators of the Food Administration regu
lations have had their licenses revoked, either for limited or un
limited periods, and in case of the more serious offenders unfair orders
have been issued against them which prevent their obtaining supplies
for continuing longer in business.
FOOD CONTROL IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA.
The Food Administration for the District of Columbia came into
existence October 1 , 1917. In one year it has developed from a
two-room office with a small office force into a large and smoothly
running organization with various departments, such as the sugar
department, the baking division, and the inspection division, each
with a special kind of work to do.
Every month has seen developments and improvements, additions
to the force, and other changes which have made for greater efficiency.
In September a plan was evolved for securing the cooperation of all
public eating places, except hotels, in furnishing the war-working
population of Washington with wholesome food at the rate of SI per
day.1 A woman inspector was added to the District Food Adminis
tration to ascertain to what extent this request was being complied
with, and in less than three weeks this inspector visited 124 lunch
rooms. A careful inquiry into the menus and prices, sanitary con
ditions, methods of preparation of food, observance of rules and regu
lations, and storerooms led the inspector to conclude that the prof
iteering, if any, was carried on by those places commonly called
quick lunch rooms, which, although they may serve comparatively
large portions at moderate prices, do not serve quality or well cooked
foods, and therefore not good food value.
The war program for public eating places, which was sent out
October 19, and which was published in the November issue of the
Monthly L abor R eview (pp. 114-116), was later amended by a cir
cular letter of November 6. In this letter the ban on sandwiches was
lifted and permission was given to serve griddle cakes at the same
meal with victory bread. Also, the sugar allowance was increased
from 2 to 3 pounds for every 90 meals served.2
On October 3 a letter was sent to all candy manufacturers request
ing them to confine their sales to 1 pound per customer at any time
and soliciting their cooperation in the conservation of sugar.
On November 4 two letters were sent out to all retailers of food
stuffs. The important paragraphs from each are as follows:
On and after November 5, 1918, the payment of commissions, fees, tips, or other
gifts or gratuities by dealers in foodstuffs to the stewards, butlers, chefs, cooks, and
1 See M o h t h l y L a b o r R e v ie w for November, 1918, p p . 116, 117.
2 A s im ila r m o d ific a tio n h a s b e e n is s u e d to a p p ly to h o u s e h o ld s , t h e n e w r a tio n b e in g 3 p o u n d s p e r
c a p ita p e r m o n th .
I n th e b e e t-s u g a r d is tr ic ts a n d in th e c a n e -su g a r d is tr ic ts o f L o u is ia n a th e m o n th ly
p o rtio n p e r c a p ita h a s b e e n in c re a s e d to 4 p o u n d s .
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other servants and employees of the patrons and customers of such dealers will be
considered an unfair practice.
On and after November 5, 1918, it will be considered an unfair and wasteful practice
for a retail dealer to refuse to accept, without good reason, foodstuffs offered for deliv
ery by wholesale merchants and jobbers at his store, which goods had theretofore been
ordered or purchased by such retailer to be delivered at his store.
Considerable progress has been made in the last month in securing
the cooperation of the public markets in observing the fair price list
on perishables, as published in the daily papers of Washington. One
of the inspectors has a small office in Center Market, the largest
market in Washington. This makes it possible for him to keep in
close touch with prices.
Further investigation of market conditions by the inspectors of
the District Food Administration have recently revealed some interest
ing figures regarding the butter situation. Inspectors found 206,560
pounds of butter in cold storage. This butter was purchased at a low
figure and put into cold storage, against the period of scarcity and
perhaps, in some cases, with the idea of keeping it there until a suffi
cient advance in the retail price would insure a good profit.
To prevent such speculation, however, the United States Food
Administration issued special regulation No. 20, governing manu
facturers, dealers, brokers, and commission merchants in butter, which
reads in part as follows:
Rule I. Butter to be sold at a reasonable advance over cost. Tlie licensee dealing
in butter shall sell butter without regard to market or replacement value at not more.
than a reasonable advance over the cost to him of the particular butter sold. * * *
Cost for the purpose of this rule shall include purchase price, transportation charges,
if any, storage charges actually incurred on cold-storage butter, interest on money
invested at the current rate while butter is in cold storage, and actual cost of printing
if the butter is put in print forms from tubs or cubes.
A fair margin of profit based on the above costs was decided to be
3f cents per pound on sales of less than 100-pound lots. As a result a
considerable amount of best table firsts will be released at a much
lower price than the prevailing market price of butter and will give
the Washington housewife the opportunity of making purchases at
an advance of not more than 3§ cents over midsummer prices.
It has long been a matter of considerable regret that it was imprac
ticable to publish fresh meat prices on the weekly fair price list for the
District. *Many of the difficulties in the way have been overcome by
standardizing the method of cutting meats and by securing the con
sent of all meat dealers to post blackboards, 2 by 4 feet, on which are
painted the names of the various cuts of meat; first, the different
kinds of beef—porterhouse, sirloin, chuck roast, round, etc.; then the
cuts of veal, lamb, and fresh pork. A space is left at the right for
the dealer to chalk in his prices which are cash and carry prices only.
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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW.
In order to prevent speculation and the possible soaring of prices
during the next few months, the District Food Administration is
planning on greatly extending the work of the fair-price publication
committee, and for the remainder of the term of its existence the
greater part of its efforts will be concentrated on the enforcement of
the prices quoted in the fair price list.
REASONS FOR AND EFFECT OF “ HEATLESS DAYS ” ORDER ISSUED BY
FUEL ADMINISTRATION IN JANUARY, 1918.
Now that practically a year has elapsed since the United States
Fuel Administrator on January 17, 1918, issued his drastic order
shutting down for a period of four consecutive week days and the
nine ensuing Mondays1most of the nonwar industries east of the Mis
sissippi River, it may be well to review briefly the conditions which
prompted the order and the results achieved.2
When Dr. H. A. Garfield, the Fuel Administrator, was appointed
late in August, 1917, the coal situation was very threatening. Pro
duction for the preceding eight months had been larger than ever
before in the same period but in spite of this, and in spite of hysterical
bidding up of prices throughout the spring and summer, little progress
had apparently been made in “ stocking up" for the winter. Under
such circumstances, with cold weather approaching, the only prac
tical thing to do seemed to be to make every effort to keep production
at a high point and to effect a necessarily hasty revision of distribu
tion so that any shortage might fall least upon householders and our
war-making agencies. The immediate result of this policy was that
during the succeeding four months the mines produced more coal
than had ever before been mined in the same length of time.
The Fuel Administrator states that it was evident in September,
1917, that whether the unsatisfactory condition of coal stocks would
result in acute shortage during the winter depended upon two factors
whose influence could be neither altered nor foretold: If the Gov
ernment were to speed up war preparation faster than originally
intended, thus mobilizing, as it were, thousands of unlooked for coal
. consumers, or, if the winter were unusually severe, the coal situation
would surely result in a serious shortage. It is now well known that
both of these possibilities were realized. The Russian revolution led
to such changes in the Government’s basic plans as to upset more
than one of the carefully coordinated production programs. New
military necessities led to shortening the time allowed for completing
war plants and resulted in earlier operating date being set for such
industries. The abnormal demand of these new plants for fuel in
creased by leaps and bounds.
1 L a te r re d u c e d to th re e M o n d a y s, a s n o te d h e re a fte r.
2T h i s a c c o u n t i s b a s e d u p o n m e m o r a n d a s u p p l i e d b y t h e F u e l A d m i n i s t r a t o r u n d e r d a t e o f N o v . 1 2 ,1 9 1 8 .
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Then came a winter of greater severity than this country had
known for 50 years. The inhabitants of the United States will long
remember the winter of 1917-18. Blizzard followed blizzard. Coal
consumption doubled. The railroads were blocked for days at a time.
Freight of every description filled the railroad yards to over-flowing.
Delivery of coal to consumers became very slow and in some dis
tricts the return of empties to the mines almost ceased. Consumers
were near the end of their supplies while mines were idle for lack of cars.
In this situation there was a marked slowing up of the most essen
tial war industries. This is shown by the charts of the War Indus
tries Board. During December and January the production curve
dropped abruptly. Mills working on ship plates dropped to 30 per
cent capacity. Pig iron production was cut in two. Manufacturers
of shell steel, rails, and ordnance supplies, were in the grip of the
coal famine. Emergency measures applied to transportation of coal
were only partially successful, for almost as soon as yard jams were
relieved and coal trains were got under way, a return of blizzard
conditions blocked traffic. For several weeks this condition existed.
“ H E A T L E S S D A Y S ” O R D E R IS S U E D .
Meanwhile, on the 15th of January, in the harbors of the country
480 vessels loaded with supplies for the Allies and our soldiers were
awaiting bunker coal and all efforts to provide a supply proved futile.
Something had to be done and that quickly. Accordingly, on Jan
uary 17, 1918, after consultation with eastern State fuel adminis
trators, the Fuel Administrator issued an order for a four-day shut
down of all but the most necessary war industries and a similar
shutdown applicable to each succeeding Monday until the congestion
was relieved. The text of this order is as follows:
The United States Fuel Administrator, acting under the authority of an Executive
order of the President of the United States dated 23d August, 1917, appointing said
administrator, in furtherance of the purposes of said order and of the purposes of the
act of Congress therein referred to, approved 10 August, 1917, and finding it essential
effectively to carry out the provisions of this act, to make provision for a more adequate
supply of fuel for railroads, domestic consumers, public utilities, and for other uses
necessary to the national security in certain parts of the United States, hereby makes
and prescribes the following regulation:
S e c t io n I. Until further order of the United States Fuel Administrator, all per
sons selling fuel in whatever capacity shall, in filling their contracts or orders now
on hand, give preference to necessary current requirements of: Railroads, domestic
consumers, hospitals, charitable institutions, Army and Navy cantonments, public
utilities, by-product coke plants supplying gas for household use, telephone and tele
graph plants, shipping for bunker purposes, the United States for strictly governmenta,
purposes (not including factories or plants working on contracts for the United States
manufacturers of perishable food or of food for necessary immediate consumptionl
and municipal, county, or State governments for necessary public uses. Any tonnage
remaining after the foregoing preferred shipments have been made may be applied in
filling any other contracts or orders.
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S e c . II. On the following days, namely, January 18, 19, 20, 21, and 22, 1918, the
State fuel administrators and their accredited representatives in the various com
munities in the territory in which this regulation applies are hereby empowered and
directed to divert such fuel as arrives in such communities in carload lots to meet the
current requirements, and to provide an adequate and normal supply for such con
sumers of fuel as are specified in section I hereof.
S e c . III. On the following days, namely, January 18, 19, 20, 21, and 22, 1918, and,
also, on each and every Monday, beginning January 28, 1918, and continuing up to
and» including March 25, 1918, no manufacturer or manufacturing plant shall burn
fuel or use power derived from fuel for any purpose, with the following exceptions:
(а) Plants which necessarily must be continuously operated seven days each week
to avoid serious injury to the plant itself or its contents may use only such quantity
' of fuel as is necessary to prevent such injury to the plant or its contents;
(б) Manufacturers or plants manufacturing perishable foods or foods for necessary
immediate consumption;
(c) Manufacturers of food not perishable and not necessary for immediate consump
tion may burn fuel to the extent authorized by the fuel administrator of the State
in which such plant is located or by his duly authorized representative upon applica
tion by the United States Food Administrator ;
(d) Plants necessary to the printing and publication of daily papers may burn fuel
or use power derived therefrom as usual, except that on every Monday from January 21
to March 25, 1918, inclusive, they may burn fuel or use power derived therefrom only
to such extent as is necessary to print and publish such editions as such plants custo
marily print and publish on legal holidays other than the Sabbath; or, if such plants
do not customarily print or publish any editions on such legal holidays, they may
burn fuel or use such power to such extent as is necessary to issue one edition on the
said Mondays;
(«) Printing establishments may burn fuel on January 18,19, 20, 21, and 22,1918, to
such extent as is necessary to issue current numbers of magazines and other publica
tions periodically issued.
S e c . IV. On each Monday, beginning January 21, 1918, and continuing up to and
including Monday, March 25, 1918, no fuel shall be burned (except to such extent
as is essential to prevent injury to property from freezing) for the purpose of supplying
heat for:
(а) Any business or professional offices, except offices used by the United States,
State, county, or municipal governments, transportation companies, public utility
companies, telephone or telegraph companies, banks, trust companies, physicians,
or dentists ;
(б) Wholesale or retail stores, or any other stores, business houses, or business
buildings whatever, except that for the purpose of selling food only, stores may main
tain necessary heat on any of the specified days until 12 o’clock noon; and except
that for the purpose of selling drugs and medical supplies only, stores may maintain
necessary heat throughout the day and evening;
(c)
Theaters, moving-picture houses, bowling alleys, billiard rooms, private or public
dance halls, or any other place of public amusement.
S e c . V. On each Monday beginning January 21, 1918, and continuing up to and
including March 25, 1918, no fuel shall be burned for the purpose of heating rooms
in which intoxicating liquor is sold or served on those days.
Nothing in this regulation shall be construed to forbid the heating of restaurants,
hotels, or other places in which meals are served, but in which no intoxicating liquor
is sold or served on the said Mondays.
S e c . VI. No fuel shall be burned on any of the Mondays specified in the foregoing
section for the purpose of supplying power for the movement of surface, elevated,
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“ subway, or suburban cars or trains in excess of the amount used on the Sunday previous
thereto.
S e c . VII. Nothing in this regulation shall be construed to apply to or affect the
operation of any mine or plant producing fuel, nor shall this regulation be construed
to forbid the heating of such rooms or offices, or such portions of buildings, as are
used in connection with the production, transportation, or distribution of fuel.
S e c . VIII. State fuel administrators and their representatives specifically author
ized so to do are hereby empowered to grant such relief as may be essential to prevent
injury to health or to prevent destruction of or injury to property by fire or freezing.
S e c . IX. This regulation is effective throughout the United States east of the
Mississippi River, including the whole of the States of Louisiana and Minnesota.
S e c . X. Any person, firm, association, or corporation which violates or refuses to
conform to the above regulation may be liable to the penalty prescribed in the afore
said act of Congress.
(Signed)
IT. A. Garfield,
United States Fuel Administrator.
EFFEC TS OF TH E ORDER.
The Fuel Administrator says that the results were immediate.
The railroads cleared up their yards and tracks. Coal moved to
consumers and empties started back to the mines. The delayed
ships were rapidly bunkered and sent on their way. Within three
weeks not a ship was waiting in any American port for lack of coal,
and there has been no congestion from this cause since. Iron and
steel production rose steadily until the old levels were reached and
passed. The sudden drop of the production curve in December and
January was offset by an equally abrupt rise to new high levels.
The situation improved so much and so quickly after the order was
issued that it was modified in a subsequent order removing the
restriction after the establishments affected had been closed only
three of the nine Mondays specified in the original order. In speaking
of the order and its effect Dr. Garfield, the Fuel Administrator, says:
Neither the severity of the remedy nor its suddenness could be avoided. Nor wa3
it practicable at the time to explain the situation in full. On the other hand, I am
not surprised at the violent protest and adverse criticism voiced by the newspapers.
On the surface there was ample excuse for the criticism. The order was drastic.
It was unprecedented. It was our first realization of the fact that Gen. Sherman’s
characterization of war applies at home as well as at the front. After all, history
is likely to find most interest in the fact that, although the order was condemned, it
was loyally obeyed and that it saved a desperate situation.
Defense of the order is neither necessary nor appropriate, but I may be permitted
to state in answer to the enterprising statisticians who filled the public press with
estimates of billions of dollars lost in wages and profits, that had drastic action not been
taken the industrial shutdowns and the losses during the remainder of the winter
would have exceeded even the most extravagant figures named. Moreover they would
have fallen on industry unequally and have endangered our war program.
The actual saving in coal during the seven idle days has been estimated at 3,500,000
tons, but this represents only a small part of the benefits secured to war industry.
A condition of hopeless congestion was relieved and the railways were brought back
to normal operation. The production and transportation of war material was thence
forth able to go forward at full speed.
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FOOD SITUATION IN AUSTRIA DURING THE SUMMER OF 1918.1
C O M P IL E D A N D T R A N S L A T E D B Y A L F R E D M A Y L A N D E R .
THE GENERAL SITUATION.
Germany experienced increasing difficulties this summer with its
food supply, but in Austria the food situation was incomparably
worse. During the second half of June the Austrian food problem
suddenly became extremely serious. The bread ration was reduced
by one-lialf, owing, ostensibly, to failure of supplies expected from
abroad, for Austria, like Germany, had lived in the firm hope that
grain and other foodstuffs would arrive in trainloads from the Ukraine.
The reduced bread ration was the chief topic of the press for a week.
The Social-Democrats issued a proclamation enjoining calm on the
working classes and at the same time formulated a set of demands
for the Government, among which the increase of the bread ration
to its full amount was included. Demonstrations on a small scale
took place on the streets, and the city council of Vienna disclaimed
responsibility for the results of the bread order. The daily papers
agreed that life on half the bread ration, half the potato ration, and
200 grams (7 ounces) of beef was impossible. There were no eggs
and butter to speak of and very little milk. The meat ration for the
poorest classes was raised to 250 grams (8.8 ounces) and the double
sugar ration w~as allowed for June as well as July, sugar being the only
foodstuff of which there was an ample supply.
In her distress Austria appealed to Bavaria for help and was
refused, to Berlin and got a half-hearted response, and to Hungary,
which, in spite of labor troubles, managed to send immediate aid.
Germany after some delay also sent 1,000 carloads of flour.
In July the bread ration of half a loaf was irregularly issued, but
the Government provided substitutes of various sorts. The German
flour was all given to civilians. Horseflesh was issued officially and
new regulations, still more restricting the sale of beef, were proi The present article has been compiled from various Austrian daily papers in the form of translations
and digests. For previous articles on the same subject see: “ Foreign food prices as affected by the war,”
Bui. No. 170, U. S. Bureau of Labor Statistics; “ Food situation in central Europe, 1917,” Bui. No. 242.
and M o n th ly R e v ie w of the U. S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, July, 1916, pp. 82, 83; Feb., 1917, pp.
244,245; and June, 1917, pp. 961, 962.
168
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mulgated. Salt bacon, pork, geese, and hares were issued as sup
plements for the bread ration. Even hospitals and hotels are to
receive less meat in the future; it therefore seems clear that meat is
really very scarce. The potato harvest will be taken over by the
Government. Potatoes wnre scarce in July, and no general issue had
taken place for some time. Supplies of potatoes were expected from
Holland. Many restaurants in Vienna and other large cities closed
owing to a general lack of supplies. There was also a serious shortage
of salt in Vienna.
With the restoration of the full bread ration in August there came a
rise in the prices of flour and bread, which aroused general and violent
protest, as it was regarded as a tax on the urban population. The
Government explained the necessity of the increase of prices. Sug
gestions were made to the Government for adjusting the prices to
income. As a first step in this direction the Government mod
ified its scheme with regard to the neediest ( M in d estb em ittelten ).
The half flour ration still remains in force. The restaurant trade has
appealed to the Food Minister for protection. Complaints have been
lodged against some war kitchens. Welfare authorities give a sad
account of the underfeeding of children.
A medium good harvest—better than last year—is expected.
Illicit trading in the new grain has begun already. Three meatless
days a week have been introduced. Egg prices continue high. A
rise in sugar prices is announced for the autumn; possibly the entire
beet crop will not be utilized on account of coal shortage.
A significant fact from the viewpoint of the food supply as well as
politically is the passive resistance to the food regulations of the
Czech farmers and large landowners in Bohemia. The distress in
German Bohemia is acute and there is much friction between the
German and Czech population. The Germans and Czechs of Bohemia
have held numerous meetings and the former have sent a deputation
to the prime minister. Hunger typhus is claiming many victims in
Bohemia.
S U R V E Y O F T H E F O O D S IT U A T IO N B Y T H E F O O D M IN IS T E R .
Dr. Paul, the newly appointed Austrian food minister, gave a com
prehensive and fairly hopeful survey of the food situation in the
Lower House on July 19, 1918. According to the Arbeiter-Zeitung
he said: 1
It is impossible to abolish war administration as long as the blockade lasts. In
peace time Hungary supplied 16,000,000 to 18,000,000 metric centners,2 or 40 to 45
per cent, of our annual grain consumption; in 1915-16 our Hungarian imports stood
at 4,000,000, in 1916-17 at 600,000, and in 1917-18 at 800,000 metric centners. The
production of the Austrian grain fields has sunk considerably. Austria’s average
1 Arbeiter-Zeitung, Vienna, July 20,1918.
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M ONTIILY LABOE. REVIEW.
harvest in the five years preceding the war stood at 64,800,000 metric centners; in
1917-18 it only reached 26,000,000 metric centners. This decrease in conjunction
with reduced Hungarian imports, which are only partly compensated by imports
from occupied territory, accounts for a grain supply equal to one-third only of the
peace-time supply. In spite of increasing difficulties the State has successfully
requisitioned and evenly distributed 75 to 85 per cent of the self-suppliers’ surplus.
It has been impossible to circumvent leakages to illicit trade, as it is impossible to
supervise 10,000,000 farms and countless mills and bakeries. The nonproducing
population requires 17,000,000 metric centners of grain. The harvest surplus was
estimated at 8,000,000 metric centners, and the State succeeded in requisitioning
7,600,000 metric centners, so that self-sufficiency is impossible. We must remember
that the monarchy is dual, and however ready to help Hungary may be, actual pos
session is very different from dependency on imports from the sister State. The
Roumanian imports failed by 50 per cent, which meant a loss of 2,000,000 to 3,000,000
metric centners of grain; this quantity would have seen us through our present
difficulties.
The agricultural balance sheet in 1917-18 showed a deficit, as no fine flour could be
milled, and we had to fall back on high-priced Ukrainian imports. The Government
did not raise the flour prices in 1917-18. If the demand of the consumer for cheaper
food can not be met on account of special circumstances, he certainly has a right to
expect fair distribution of food, also that there shall be no unnecessary rise in price
on the way from grower to consumer.
The minister referred to the consumers’ organizations, which are
now spreading to the middle and official classes, mentioned certain
inequalities which result from the direct supply of these organizations
with State controlled foods, and passed on to the consideration of
public kitchens and illicit trade:
There are now 162 middle-class kitchens and 63 general war kitchens in Vienna,
catering for 68,000 and 106,000 persons, respectively. The Vienna and Lower Aus
trian kitchens are supplied direct by the State Central Supply Office; all others by
the rural and district food committees.
The abuses of illicit trade are extremely difficult, perhaps impossible, to meet in
times of famine and shortage. Strong measures null be taken when the harvest is in
and special orders will be directed against private mills. I dare not say that illicit
trade will be completely repressed; the best preventive is a sufficient food supply.
In demanding “ free trade” people forget that competition, Tinder existing condi
tions, can not cause goods to multiply nor prices to fall; rather would prices rise and
the supply of the poor be jeopardized. It would have been bettef had the individual
central supply companies been State departments from the outset.
Referring to his speech the Neue Freie Presse, the most prominent
Vienna daily, writes: 1
Dr. Paul was not very communicative in his first ministerial speech on July 19,
though he was remarkably free in dashing the hopes of a time of plenty after the
harvest. The faults of 1916 and 1917 must not be repeated; we must first secure our
year’s supply. We delayed too long this year in treating the self-suppliers according
to the urban scale, and we know the extraordinary number of people that wnre in
cluded as members of their households.
Hungary has issued new milling regulations, reducing the production of fine flour
and bran in proportion to bread flour, and has increased the price of fine white flour
1Neue Freie Presse, Vienna, July 20, 1918
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171
without altering that of bread flour. Austria should follow suit. The minister’s
speech indicated a rise in flour prices. We can not be too emphatic in warning against
such a policy; the nation must hear the cost.
C O M M E N T S O F T H E P R E S S O N T H E G E N E R A L F O O D S IT U A T IO N .
In an article entitled “ The production of food versus the infliction
of death” the Arbeiter-Zeitung comments on the food situation as
follows i1
In 1917 the harvest yield per acre was quite one-fourth less than the average for the
last decade. The causes of the decrease are many. There was, to begin with, a
scarcity of fertilizers, horses, and draft cattle. Then there was a great lack of labor.
Women, elderly men, and children worked from early till late, striving in vain to
replace able-bodied men called to the colors. The joyless work of undernourished
prisoners of war was no efficient substitute for the labor of free men. The result is
that the fields are overgrown with weeds, that cattle are badly managed, that the
areas under cultivation become less and the average yield per acre is reduced year by
year. In peace time Austria had a large surplus of sugar for exportation but now she
can not even supply her own needs. That is due to the lack of fertilizers, so abso
lutely essential for the cultivation of the beet, to the utilization of sugar beet as fodder,
to the use of sugar as substitute for other stuffs in certain technical processes; but
principally and primarily because of the lack of skilled men to attend to the careful
cultivation that sugar beet requires.
The Austrian stocks of cattle have been depleted, owdng to the insufficiency of
fodder. People ask: Was there not grass and the leaves of our Alpine forests? Cer
tainly, but there were no foragers; and the grass and leaves in the Styrian and Tryolean
mountains remained unutilized, and in the valleys the cattle, owing to shortage of
fodder and straw, had to be slaughtered.
The shipments of vegetables to market towns have fallen off. Why? In peace
time gardeners worked at home, and their wives took the produce to market. Now,
the men being at the front, the women have to work in the gardens and there is nobody
to take vegetables to market. So the market stalls are bare, the produce being bought
up at the gardens by the keepers of restaurants and hotels.
So wherever we look the root of all our troubles is to be found in the fact that men
have been withdrawn from the production of food and employed in the infliction of
death.
About the middle of June the same paper writes:2
The food crisis grows more and more perilous. There is lack of every necessary thing.
Things are bad in Vienna and still worse in the Provinces, where even the full bread
ration can not be supplied any longer. Austria is approaching the point of greatest
danger. The Government should understand that working men are by no means
satisfied with the scanty rations now distributed. A Government that is faithful to its
duty should inform the people why this bitter famine has come to pass, what has been
done to arrest it, why these efforts have been fruitless and what measures have been
adopted to overcome the difficulties of the crisis. In parliamentary debate the whole
matter should be expounded to the chosen representatives of the people. * * *
But at a time of the severest food crisis, when banknotes for 23,000,000,000 crowns
(?4,669,000,000) are in circulation, when the eighth war loan subscription lists are
open, when the offensive against Italy is proceeding, wdien the enemies of Austria
discuss the breaking up of the Austro-Hungarian monarchy, when the decision has to
be taken as to whether Austrian men and boys have to spend a fifth winter in the
trenches, Austria has no parliament.
1 Arbeiter-Zeitung, Vienna, May 2,1918.
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! Idem, June 10, 1918.
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M ONTHLY LABOR REVIEW.
A Vienna correspcn lent contributes to the Frankfurter Zeitung 1
a gloomy sketch of food conditions in Austria and in the Austrian
capital. lie adds the following observations:
Things need not have been quite so bad had all done their duty, and the chief share
of blame for failure in this respect must be laid on Hungary. Hungary has of course
suffered also. Her grain production has decreased, while at the same time she has had
to provide for the needs of the army, which must of course have lessened the number to
be fed in Austria. But in January, when the grain ration was being stringently cur
tailed in Austria, producers in Hungary received a monthly ration of 12 kilograms
[26,5 pounds] of grain and the urban population a ration of 7 kilograms [15.4 pounds]
of flour, which far exceeded the scanty ration dealt out to the population of Vienna.
Hungary by its improvident and selfish food policy has sinned not only against
Austria but against the united monarchy. Of late the Hungarian Government would
gladly have done more, but the supplies have already been consumed.
Other causes contributing to the crisis are: Want of proper organization throughout
the Empire, local feeling in various districts, and jealousy between the country and
the towns, shown by the fact that some districts have forbidden the export of pro
visions such as milk and potatoes, even though meat costs there only a fraction of
what it costs in Vienna. Military requisitions have had disappointing results, and
little or no method seems to have been observed in proportioning the prices of products
when the prices of foodstuffs were being fixed. This has rendered farmers reluctant
to deliver their produce. They are in need of all the necessaries of life except such
as they produce themselves, and can not get these necessaries even for money. Finally
the hopes long entertained of food supplies from the Ukraine have proved fallacious.
Various attempts are being made to improve matters. Substitutes for the reduced
bread and flour rations are being distributed by the State; the municipal administra
tion of Vienna has been distributing salt bacon; Hungary has sent 50 carloads of pota
toes and promises to send sausages and fats, together with fruit and vegetables; and
1,000 carloads of grain from Germany have been thankfully received.
But all these measures will serve to provide only the minimum bread and flour ration
during the next few weeks and bring only slight relief to the suffering people; hopes
for better nourishment depend on the next harvest, which can not begin before the
second half of July. In these circumstances it is not to be wondered that, the temper
of the people has not improved, that great strikes have broken out in Vienna, and
that the general unrest has shown itself in excesses of various kinds. The prorogation
of parliament under such conditions is a perilous step. But harvest time is not
remote, and if everything possible is done to reduce distress, a catastrophe may be
avoided.
H ARV EST PRO SPECTS.
A special article in the None Freie Presse,2 reviewing the harvest
prospects in Austria and Hungary, may be summarized as follows:
Austria always watches the Hungarian harvest with great interest. In 1917-18
Austria received barely 1,000,000 metric centners 3 of grain and flour from Hungary
instead of the normal ten to fifteen millions. Semiofficial reports estimate the Hun
garian wheat harvest at 28,000,000 metric centners [102,881,333 bushels], and the rye
harvest at 9,500,000 metric centners [37,399,464 bushels]. Fortunately the general
maize prospects are good, in spite of constant reports of bad crops in certain comitats,
and as fodder crops promise well there is likelihood of a good maize surplus, or, if maize
1 Frankfurter Zeitung, Frankfort on the Main, June 29, 1918.
2 Neue Freie Presse, Vienna, Aug. 9, 1918. Morning edition.
* A metric centner is equal to 220.16 pounus.
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173
is used for feeding purposes, of fattened cattle. In any case, Che good maize harvest
will stimulate Hungary’s good will to come to the aid of Austria in a greater measure
than last year.
As regards the Austrian harvest, thrashing results have proved that the area under
cultivation and the growing crops were overestimated. The Lower Austrian harvest
is thrashed, the Bohemian and Moravian harvests are in full swing, except in the most
northerly parts, and it is now safe to say that wheat and rye are average in spite of the
June frosts. There will be more wheat and rye than last year. The barley crop is a
record war crop. A second hay harvest will soon be cut; the second clover crop will
make up for the first. The fruit crop will not be bad, though there will be fewer
apples than in 1917. The potato crop promises to double last year’s. The average
fodder harvest will prevent a further decline in the supply of milk and cattle.
But when all is said, Austria is still dependent on Hungary, Roumania, and the
Ukraine for the full bread ration.
G R A IN .
Control o f the n ew h a rvest .—By means of an order published June
19, 1918/ the new Austrian harvest is placed under the strictest State
control in accordance with what has already been done in Germany
and is also to be done in Hungary. The measures for the delivery
of grain are necessitated by the fact that Austria is entering on the
new harvest year with absolutely no stocks of grain. Therefore
the new stocks must be delivered as quickly as possible.
The requisitioning of the harvest will be carried out’in three suc
cessive steps: (1) The delivery of early thrashed grain, (2) the delivery
of the preliminary quota, and (3) the ultimate requisitioning of any
surplus. For the delivery of the preliminary quotas, the Austrian
crown lands are to be divided into delivery departments and the indi
vidual political districts into delivery sections comprising five to six
communes. A delivery commission is to be set up for each section.
In the delivery of the preliminary quotas, which must be completed
by the end of September, the grain must proceed straight from the
thrashing machine to the mill or granary. The authorities are empow
ered to use compulsion to hasten the thrashing of grain. By means
of individual assessments which will be made after the field harvest
work, the same commissions, visiting every farm, will fix finally
for all farmers the amount of the remaining grain which they must
deliver.
The Arbeiter-Zeitung2 in a special article criticizes the new order
as follows:
The hotly debated Austrian order for the regulation of the grain supply during
the next harvest year (1918-19) has been published. The result of the debates is
nothing. The regulations are based on the principle that the whole harvest is to
be subject to compulsory State management. Necessity has triumphed over the
dilettanteism of the food policy of the prime minister and the machinations of the
agrarians. * * * Nevertheless in several important points the new order does
not fulfill the wishes of the consumer.
1Reichsgesetzblatt, Vienna, June 19, 1918.
92434°—19-----12
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2 Arbeiter-Zeitung, Vienna, June 21, 1918.
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M O N TH LY LABOR REVIEW.
The decision to allow*farmers to reserve grain, as in previous years, is an intolerable
wrong to urban consumers. Producers are able to eat bread made of good flour all
the year, while the remainder of the population have to put up for many months
with a wretched substitute for bread. Furthermore, the section enables producers
to provide for themselves a year’s full supply in advance, while others from week to
weak or even from day to day do not know whether they can get anything at all.
Again, stocks are accumulated in the individual rural households which are beyond
the reach of the masses of consumers. Finally the farmers are entirely relieved from
the pressure of higher prices-and from the vexations incidental to public control
of the bread supply. Owing to the misuse of grist mills, the wrong is intensified.
The Food Office since its establishment has made strenuous efforts to suppress the
continuous malversation connected with the mills. Unfortunately these efforts have
been in vain. The farmers armed with permits take grain in the mills, and there, it
is pretended, the individual consignments are ground. But everybody knows that
millers will grind grain for their friends without asking for permits, that the quantities
entered on the permits are arbitrarily exceeded, that a single permit is made to serve
on several occasions, and that these favors are secured by gifts of grain to the millers.
The quantities withdrawn by these methods from public control are so large that they
would, beyond a doubt, suffice to supply bread to the whole population until the new
harvest. There is only one remedy. The grist mills must be closed. All grain
immediately after thrashing should be commandeered, and the rural communes should
get a year’s supply on the basis of the ration.
The administrative instructions issued simultaneously with the order deserve
grateful recognition. * * * Orders to promote early thrashing in the districts
where the harvest is early have been issued. The provincial governors have been
directed to organize betimes a supply of thrashing machines, of coal for the engines,
and of labor. The grain is to be delivered forthwith to the war grain trade office
and is to be available in the second half of July to satisfy the most urgent demands
for bread.
P R I C E S F O R 1918-19 F O R G R A I N , P I J L S E , A N D F O D D E R .
The Neue Freie Presse 1 published an order fixing the following
requisition prices for grain, pulse, and fodder:
GRAIN.
W heat or sp elt.........................................................
R y e ..........................................................
B a rle y .......................................................................
O ats........................................................ ...................
M illet.........................................................................
Maize (shelled)...................................... ..................
B uckw heat............................................. ..................
Crowns per 100
kilograms.2
55
50
50
50
50
100
$3. 04
2. 84
2)21
1. 47
2. 30
2. 58
4. 42
120
150
100
90
Per 100
pounds.
$11. 05
13. 81
9. 21
8. 29
PULSE.
Peas............................................................................
L entils.................................................... ..................
French beans......................................... ..................
Horse beans............................................ ..................
1 Neue Freie Presse, Vienna, June 28, 1918. Evening edition.
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Per bushel.
2A crown is equal to 20.3 cents.
M ONTHLY
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L A B O R R E V IE W .
FORAGE.
Second quality grain........................................
Maize, cobs.......................................................
Fodder peas....................................... ...............
Cultivated vetch............................... ...............
Wild vetch........................................ ..............
Coronilla {P elu sch ken ) ....................................................... ..............
Lupines.............................................................
Crowns per 100
kilograms.
Per bushei.
50
15
60
70
50
70
70
$4. 60
1. 38
5. 52
6. 45
4. 60
6. 45
6. 45
For mixed grain tlie requisition price is that of the cheapest grain
contained in it. In the districts which have suffered from invasion
the higher costs of production will be compensated by extra prices.
All bread grain prices (wheat, spelt, rye, and barley) shown in the
above schedule will be increased, according to the time of delivery,
on the following scale: From the beginning of the harvest up to
July 15, by 25 crowns; from July 16 to July 31, by 20 crowns; in
August, by 15 crowns; in September, by 10 crowns; and from October
1 to December 20, by 5 crowns.
BREAD.
R e d u c tio n o f the bread r a tio n .—On June 15 the Food Bureau halved
the Vienna bread ration as from June 17 by the following order:
Certain obstacles have arisen in the delivery of foreign grain to Vienna which have
rendered necessary a temporary reduction of the bread ration by one-half in order
to maintain the flour ration. Ac; far as possible this reduction will be made up for
by the issue of other available foodstuffs.
The new bread order came as a painful surprise to the bulk of the
population on June 17. The Bakers’ Union had been informed of
the ofder on June 15 by the central provincial authorities 0S ta tth a lterei), which gave out the following announcement:
After Sunday (June 16) customers may only be supplied with half the bread ration
hitherto allowed—that is, half a loaf, or 630 grams [1.4 pounds], per head per week,
and heavy workers with 1,102 grams [2.4 pounds]. All bakers who have already
received full supplies for the coming week and those who may still receive such sup
plies within the next 10 days must make these supplies last a fortnight.1
C om m ents o f the p re ss .—The reduction of the bread ration was gen
erally greeted with resentment and dismay by the Vienna daily press.
The Arbeiter-Zeitung says: 2
The premier has brought on a food crisis by championing the cause of the agrarian
and merchant classes, and he attempts to shirk responsibility, apparently, by raising
the food president to the ministry. The coming of the half ration in Vienna was
foreshadowed months ago by reduced bread rations for nonsuppliers in provincial
towns and rural districts. The Food Bureau was besieged by deputations protesting
against the more favorable conditions in the capital; now Vienna also is in the same
state.
1 Die Zeit, Vienna, June 17,1918.
»Arbeiter-Zeitung.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
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It is not improbable that the resources of the Ukraine and Roumania have been
drained, and that conditions will remain as they are until the harvest. The recent
talk of help from Germany has not materialized. Germany and Hungary should be
made to realize the impossible food conditions in Austria. The three countries should
fare alike. The country can not be allowed to starve because of the Government’s
mistakes.
The weekly rations in Vienna, excluding bread, are as follows: One-half kilogram
[1.1 pounds] of potatoes, of which at least half is uneatable; 125 grams [4.4 ounces] of
black bran flour; 125 grams [4.4 ounces] of other milled products; 40 grams [1.4 ounces]
of fat; one egg; 190 grams [6.7 ounces] of sugar; 200 grams [7 ounces] of meat (after
waiting in line all night); a little jam and coffee substitute. So far bread has been
the mainstay.
The people will not stand the reduction; our allies must intervene to prevent the
gravest consequences. The reduction must be only temporary, and for a very short
time only.
S o c id l- B e m o c r a tic p r o c la m a tio n a n d d e m a n d s o f th e
V ie n n a L a b o r
C o u n c il .—The
Arbeiter-Zeitung 1 published a proclamation of the
committee of the Austrian German Social-Democrats addressed to
the workers, of which the following is an extract:
We have repeatedly warned the Government against the consequences of its weak
food policy. The food situation has reached a climax with the reduction of the bread
ration. It is impossible to manage on this ration.
The committee disclaims all responsibility for the consequences. It has approached
the Government and the municipality. The full ration must be restored, and mean
while compensation must be given in other ways. Help from Germany and Hungary
is imperative.
The committee begs the working people not te be carried away to any unconsidered
action, but calmly to await the decisions of the Labor Council, which is convened
for June 18. This plea is directed especially to railway men and to those connected
with food industries, as any disturbance in these industries would aggravate the
trouble. The committee is convinced that no self-respecting worker will indulge in
street riots.
The Vienna Labor Council on June 18 adopted the following
resolutions:2
The Labor Council demands the reinstatement of the full-bread ration, and until
that is possible, extra rations of other food must be granted. The workmen must be
able to buy these and their wages must be increased or the people will suffer physically.
Especially are these demands necessary for those working in night shifts and over
time and where continuous operation requires a 12-hour day. The Labor Council
requests the help of the German Social-Democratic Club and of the trade-unions to
put through these demands. The Labor Council asserts that no lasting improvement
in food conditions can take place while the Avar lasts. In the interest of the food
supply the council begs that all railway men, transport workers, and those connected
with food industries shall in every way avoid what may hinder production and trans
port. It also requests the workers to keep the peace and to allow no public or street
disturbances.
1 Arbeiter-Zeitung, Vienna, June 18 ,1 9 1 8 . Morning edition.
* Neue Freie Presse, Vienna, June 18 ,1 9 1 8 . Morning edition.
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177
T h e bread f a m i n e i n B o h e m ia .—Conditions with respect to the
bread supply seem to have been still worse in Bohemia than in
Vienna this summer, for the Bohemia writes:1
The * * * [censored] administration continues, and still Prague has no regis
tration system for bread or meat. The bread lines start at 3 p. m., and after standing
15 hours or more through the chilly night the starving populace may perhaps receive
half the ration, or perhaps nothing. Registration would be particularly valuable,
now that all claims can not be satisfied, as all sorts of abuses are possible under exist
ing conditions. No one can prove that a baker is lying when he states that he has
sold out after selling 20, 40, or 100 loaves and tells the all-night bread line to disperse,
but it is readily demonstrable that “ approvisatio ns” bread (very easily distinguish
able from illicit bread) is sold in large quantities at 15 to 20 crowns [$3.05 to $4.06]
per loaf. Registration would not suit some people, as it would mean semiautomatic
control.
Four years should have been ample preparation for the introduction of registration,
and every member of the community is entitled to know each morning how much
bread he will receive without standing in line or paying exorbitant prices.
During tlie budget debate in the Austrian Lower House, Deputy
Seliger, a Social-Democrat, spoke at some length on the food situa
tion in Bohemia. Among other things he said:2
In the industrial districts of German Bohemia the people have for months lived
on a ration which simply represents slow starvation. When Vienna reduced her
ration by half, there were districts in German Bohemia where for months past only a
fourth or a sixth of a loaf had been available; where, indeed, as in Reichenberg, loaves
were sliced for distribution.
It is wrong to attribute these facts to national politics, for the workmen in Prague
also know what hunger means. The Government appears to think that people can
help themselves with illicit trade. The trains that run from industrial centers into
agrarian districts are crowded, but from an economic standpoint this mode of supply
is madness. The people who seek food do not pay in money, but offer anything of
value that they may possess. Early potatoes and vegetables were, indeed, released
from control, but in German Bohemia potatoes cost 5 to 6 crowns per kilogram [$27.62
to $33.15 per bushel] and carrots more than 2 crowns per kilogram [18 cents per pound].
There still are workmen in textile factories who get no higher wages than in peace
time. The horrible conditions of malnutrition, the increase of disease, and the
advance in the death rate are the results of the food policy as practiced up to date.
B a d q u a lity o f the b re a d . —That bread is not only scarce but has
deteriorated very much in quality becomes evident from an article
in the Arbeiter-Zeitung 3 containing the following remarks:
Vienna bread has never before been so bad. The loaves contain very little
crumb. Underneath a thick crust one finds a mass of soft stuff—yellow, with a tinge
of green. A few days after baking the loaves begin to get moldy. In the cracks of
the crust white mold begins to form. Afterwards it turns green and black, and in a
short time it penetrates the whole loaf.
The bread is bad because the flour is bad. For some time past less maize flour
has been supplied to the bakeries; but while a few weeks ago the maize flour was
1 Bohemia, Prague, July 10, 1918. Evening edition.
2 Arbeiter-Zeitung, Vienna, July 20, 1918. Morning edition.
8 Arbeiter-Zeitung, Vienna, May 17,1914
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mixed with wheat and rye flour, it is now mixed with barley and oat flour to such an
extent that the proportion of wheat and rye flour is as low as 10 per cent. No baking
process has yet been invented whereby brea ’ fit for human consumption can be
produced from 10 per cent flour. That is particularly true when even the 10 per
cent consists largely of bran. The loaves produced are very like the flat cakes exca
vated from the sites of lake dwellings. But prehistoric man dealt with his bruised
cereals more rationally than we do. He produced flat cakes baked equally through
out; and even to this day similar cakes are baked in the secluded valleys of southern
Tyrol and Sweden. Austrian efforts to prepare leavened bread from such flour are
merely experiments with unsuitable materials. * * * The bread produced in
Paris, during the last days of the siege in 1871, was prepared from flour that was much
better than the flour now used in Vienna.
R e s to r a tio n o f th e b rea d r a tio n a n d r a is e i n th e p r ic e o f b r e a d . —After
the reduced bread ration had been in force for two months, prepara
tions were being made at the beginning of August to restore the full
ration. The Vienna municipal milling establishment already had at
its disposal flour from the new Lower Austrian and Hungarian
harvests.1
On August 10 the Fremdenblatt2 printed an announcement of
the Food Bureau that from August 12 the reduced bread ration would
be restored to its former quota of one loaf per head, and that the
price would be raised at the same time. The announcement stated
that the loaf of 1,260 grams [2.8 pounds], that used-to cost 72 hellers
[14.6 cents], would now be sold for 1.56 crowns [31.7 cents], that
the increased ration would hold good throughout the Empire, and
that care had been taken to hold the necessary flour in readiness.
The weekly allowance of flour was to remain at the half ration of
l kilogram [8.8 ounces] until further notice. The flour prices were
fixed at 1.16 crowns per kilogram [10.7 cents per pound] for bread
flour; at 1.7 crowns per kilogram [15.7 cents per pound] for cooking
flour, wheat and maize groats, rolled barley, millet pap, and buck
wheat grits; and at 2.76 crowns per kilogram [25.4 cents per pound]
for pastry flour.
The raising of the prices of bread and flour aroused general and
violent protest. The Neue Freie Presse 3 comments on it as follows:
The increase in bread and flour prices is a most unwelcome surprise. The Ministry
of Finance attempts to justify this policy by reason of the higher price of home-grown
grain and the high cost of Roumanian and Ukrainian imports. The result is an indi
rect tax on the urban population; a direct consequence of the war should not be borne
solely by one section. There is no certainty of maintenance of supplies throughout
the year; there is still a possibility of substitute flours, while the rural population
may secure the annual supply in best bread flour. A household of four will have to
pay at least 365 crowns [$74.10] more per year for bread; even incomes of 10,000 crowns
[$2,030] will be seriously affected. In view of war conditions it would be very difficult
to introduce any sliding scale of prices based on income. The Strassburg system
1 Die Zeit, Vienna, Aug. 5, 1918. Evening edition,
2 Fremdenbiatt, Vienna, Aug. 10, 1918. Morning edition.
8 Neue Freie Presse, Vienna, Aug. 4, 1918. Morning edition.
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179
was introduced in the early days of the war. A better basis would be rent. Rents
have not risen, as have all other expenditures. The price of bread for the poor must
not be raised. Though the State would have to bear part of the cost, yet the burden
would be more evenly distributed.
A few days later the same daily paper 1gave the following account,
from an authoritative source, of the Food Bureau’s reasons for raising
the bread price:
The new grain prices were fixed by the Central Price Testing Commission to en
courage grain production, which was being sacrificed to more profitable crops. Main
taining the present bread prices would have entailed a deficit of 1,100,000,000 crowns
[$223,300,000] at the present rate of wages, freight charges, bonuses, etc. The sole
object of the increased bread price is to meet this deficit, and not, as has been im
puted, to make up for the Grain Trade Office’s war deficit of 200,000,000 crowns
[$40,000,000], which was caused by the high price of foreign grain.
However, an order of August 10 of the governor of Lower
Austria announced 3 that the Government had set aside a consider
able sum to alleviate the burden which the increased bread price
would entail on the neediest ( M in d e stb e m itte lte n ), and that the po
litical authorities have received detailed instructions as to the execu
tion of the scheme, which would come into operation within the
next few days. Commenting on this announcement the Neue Freie
Presse demands a similar exemption for the middle classes.
MEAT.
Meat supplies were low in Vienna during the first weeks of June,
and consumers had to wait in line to obtain whatever the market
offered. The Arbeiter-Zeitung3 writes:
Within the last week butchers received 130 head of cattle for finest meat, 1,000 for
standard meat, and 234 for military purposes. One thousand two hundred head of
lean cattle is insufficient for the civilian population. Deliveries of hogs are also
very backward, and the animals are poor in fat. For these reasons the public has
to turn to horseflesh, which is rising steadily in price; 2,500 to 2,600 crowns [$507.50
to $527.80] is the latest price for slaughter horses yielding on an average 300 to 400
kilograms [661.4 to 881.8 pounds] of meat. Naturally the price rises with the demand.
We shall soon be as badly off for horse meat as for beef, and meat prospects are getting
steadily worse.
On June 15, Die Z eit4 states that hog deliveries from Roumania
have stopped, and that the sale depots for pork in Vienna will be
closed.
A few days later the same paper 5 reports that the Food Ministry
has decided on raising the charity meat ration from 200 to 250 grams
[7 to 8.8 ounces] as compensation for the decreased bread ration, and
1 Neue Freie Presse, Vienna, Aug. 7,1918. Evening edition.
2Idem, Aug. 11,1918. Morning edition.
3 Arbeiter-Zeitung, Vienna, June 14,1918. Morning edition.
4 Die Zeit, Vienna, June 15, 1918. Evening edition.
6 Idem, June 20,1918. Morning edition.
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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW.
horseflesh will be sold to persons better situated in amounts up to 1
kilogram [2.2 pounds] for each household and at reduced prices.
In an article on the prevalence of horseflesh over beef, Die Z eit1
says :
Thé old days of peace and plenty when we could get a large plateful of excellent
meat for 70 hellers [14.2 cents], when even people in very moderate circumstances
could afford a substantial meal, have vanished. A favored few can still have 200
grams [7 ounces] of beef per head per week, but to-day horseflesh comes in, and on
Sunday (June 23) most Viennese will sit down to a roast of horseflesh. The tragi
comedy of it consists in the fact that for many months we have paid untold sums for
roast beef in the restaurants, and now discover that we have really been having horse
flesh; that it is no new thing, that horse has been present in sausage and goulash, and
under the name of every meat dish under Heaven—even pickled tongue.
The Neue Freie Presse 2 reports that Germany has sent large con
signments of frozen meat to Vienna, which will cover almost a third
of the Vienna daily consumption.
According to Die Z eit3 the Official Deceiving Office for Cattle and
Meat has issued a notice that, in consequence of the technical diffi
culties connected with transport, the July beef ration for all hotels,
restaurants, boarding houses, etc., which consume more than 25
kilograms [55.1 pounds] of beef will be lowered by 20 per cent.
Even the hospitals are included in the measure at the rate of a 10
per cent decrease on present consumption. The consumer ration of
200 grams [7 ounces] per week suffers no alteration. “ It is an open
secret,” says Die Zeit, “ that as it is hotel proprietors can only exist
by using smuggling methods.”
An article in the Arbeiter-Zeitung 4 on the state of the meat supply
says :
The cattle stocks are so dimished that the weekly supply for Vienna can not be kept
up. The available supplies allow only for 100 grams [3.5 ounces] weekly per head of
the population, the rest of the meat ration being made up of cold-storage meat, and
yet many households are meatless. Two thousand five hundred kilograms [5,511.5
pounds] of beef and 15,000 kilograms [33,069 pounds] of cold-storage pork do not go
very far; of veal there is not enough to supply the hospitals, and mutton at 20 to 23
crowns per kilogram [$1.84 to $2.12 per pound] is sold out early in the forenoon.
Horseflesh is now gratefully bought at 15 to 20 crowns per kilogram [$1.38 to $1.84 per
pound], [Six lines censored.] Since 900 crowns [$182.70] were paid for a sucking
pig and 500 crowns [$101.50] for a goat, it is not easy even in the country to raise
animals, and the people live on vegetables. The farmers are the only ones who eat
meat. They will not sell any and ask exorbitant prices for their poultry—26 to 34
crowns per kilogram [$2.39 to $3.13 per pound]. If anyone can buy a Hungarian coldstorage hare for 16 crowns [$3.25] he is lucky, as no other meat is so cheap. [Five lines
censored.]
1 Die Zeit, Vienna, June 21,1918. Morning edition.
2 Neue Freie Presse, Vienna, June 27, 1918. Evening edition.
* Die Zeit, Vienna, July 2,1918. Morning edition.
* Arbeiter-Zeitung, Vienna, July 7,1918. Morning edition.
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According to the Arbeiter-Zeitung,1 retail prices for RussianPolish veal are to-be raised, effective July 17, to the following level:
Breast, neck, belly.....................................................
Breast, neck, belly (without bone)............................
Leg...............................................................................
Loin, cutlet, sweetbread.............................................
Head............................................................................
Feet.............................................................................
Lungs and heart..........................................................
Other parts (unspecified)............................................
Crowns per
kilogram.
Per pound.
13.10
16. 00
15.50
17. 50
8. 84
7.14
9. 20
13.10
$1. 21
1. 47
1.43
1. 61
.81
.66
.85
1. 21
In midsummer the meat shortage attained the proportions of a
calamity. On July 21, only 1,100 kilograms (2,425.1 pounds) of
beef, 2,000 kilograms (4,409.2 pounds) of pork, and 1,000 pigs’
heads were on sale at Vienna, and the crowds stormed the markets,
so that the police were in difficulties and laid about them, 17 persons
being arrested, while several people were carried out fainting. On
July 22 things were worse, there being no meat at all. Even so, there
were scenes. Fish and poultry prices were so excessive that no one
would buy.2
In consequence of greater costs of production the price of pork
from July 24 will be 14.20 crowns per kilogram ($1.31 per pound);
pig’s head and offal, 6.80 crowns (63 cents per pound); uncooked
tongue, 9 crowns (83 cents per pound); and salted tongue, 10 crowns
(92 cents per pound).3
The exhaustion of home supplies of slaughter cattle and reduced
imports from abroad necessitated a further limitation in the consump
tion of meat. According to the Neue Freie Presse,4 the Food Bureau
announced that from August 19 onward three meatless days a
week would have to be observed, as in the period between July 25,
1916, and the beginning of 1917. The meatless days may no longer
be chosen at the discretion of local authorities, but everywhere, on
Monday, Wednesday, and Friday of each week, the sale of meat,
and the preparation and consumption of dishes wholly or partly of
meat, are forbidden.
In connection with poisoning through eating horseflesh, one of
Vienna’s chief veterinary surgeons states that this meat is more
perishable than any other kind, and advises the public to reject any
meat that has a brown or grayish appearance and to be careful to
cook the meat very thoroughly, adding a spoonful of baking soda.5
1 Arbeiter-Zeitung, Vienna, July 17,1918. Morning edition.
2Idem, July 23, 1918. Morning edition.
8 Die Zeit, Vienna, July 23, 1918. Evening edition.
<Neue Freie Presse, Vienna, Aug. 13, 1918. Morning edition.
6Die Zeit, Vienna, Aug. 24,1918. Evening edition.
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GAM E A N D P O U L T R Y .
In June the Vienna municipal administration bought 800 young
geese, which were sold to the population at 29 crowns per kilogram
($2.67 per pound). It also bought 12,000 hares from cold storage
in Budapest, which were put on sale at the following prices
per kilogram: Back and legs, 17.25 crowns ($1.59 per pound);
back alone, 9.50 crowns (87 cents per pound); legs, 8 crowns (74 cents
per pound); parts for stewing, 5.52 crowns (51 cents per pound).1
The report of the Styrian Game Preservation Union gives the
excellent results of its activities in war time. The chief forester’s
report shows that from July, 1914, to the end of January, 1917,
military institutions in Styria received 65,805 kilograms (145,073.7
pounds) and the country poor 45,544 kilograms (100,406.3 pounds)
of large game free. In foresters’ households 344,352 kilograms
(759,158.4 pounds) were consumed. Military institutions bought
140,570 kilograms (309,900.6 pounds), and local inhabitants 569,215
kilograms (1,254,891.4 pounds) at 1 crown per kilogram (9.2 cents
per pound). In addition, 49,730 hares, 23,330 pheasants, and 28,610
partridges were obtained, of which very many were given away free
or sold at a very low price to military institutions and the poor.
So that in Styria alone 1,516,585 kilograms (3,343,463.3 pounds)
of game have been distributed.2
FATS.
Die Zeit of June 4 says: 3
The scarcity of fat becomes more and more pronounced. The supplies of lard, but
ter, and bacon fat are quite insufficient. Edible oil is only to be found in the wellstocked stores of illegitimate dealers, and they ask a price which on an average ranges
from 90 to 95 crowns per kilogram [$09.16 to $73 per gallon]. As to the cause of
the shortage, the last report of the war committee of the oil and fat industry throws
some light. The projected poppy culture, on which great hopes were based, gave very
disappointing results in consequence of the long-continued drought; and the yield of
other oil seeds at home and in occupied territories also fell far behind expectations.
The lack of concentrated fodder acted adversely on the production of animal fat.
Bone fat became scarce as a result of the deficiency in coal supplies and transportation
facilities, by reason of which many factories for extracting fat from bones had to be
shut down, and the raw material deteriorated. Stocks of fat now in the possession of
the War Fat Co. are low, and will make it necessary to differentiate very sharply
between the claims of consumers during the immediate future.
Small consignments of foreign butter that arrived in June were
distributed to the civilian population during the last two weeks of the
month. The ration was 40 grams (1.4 ounces) per capita, and the
price 2.48 crowns per 120 grams ($1.92 per pound).4 From June 16
to 29, bacon fat was issued in Vienna to all who did not belong to
the Cooperative War Workers. A ration of 50 grams (1.8 ounces')
'D ie Zeit, Vienna, June 25, 1918. Evening edition.
'Reichspost, Vienna, July 4, 1918.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
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; Die Zeit, Vienna, June 4, 1918.
'-Die Zeit, Vienna, June 9, 1918. Morning edition
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183
was distributed to each member of a household for 48 hellers (9.7
cents).1 A like distribution of bacon fat took place during the period
July 28 to August 10.2 A margarine ration of 40 grams (1.4 ounces)
at 2.10 crowns per cube of 120 grams ($1.62 per pound) was issued
during the two weeks, August 11 to 25.
EGGS.
At the Vienna City Council meeting of Juno 13, Dr. Weisskirchner,
the mayor, discussed the egg famine. According to the report read
by him, “ Vienna now depends on Galicia, Hungary, Poland, and the
Ukraine for eggs, as Upper Austria, Styria, Bohemia, and Moravia
have ceased to send supplies for over a year. Moreover, supplies
from Galicia, etc., have declined considerably. At the recent con
ference in Berlin, Austria ceded the greater part of her claims on
Ukraine eggs to Germany in compensation for grain concessions, so
that she will only receive 10 per cent of her quota up to August 1,
and Vienna will receive at the most 1,500 cases. Unfortunately, the
Ukraine eggs are badly packed and the cases arrive in a pilfered con
dition; the price has risen to 885 crowns ($179.66) per case of 1,440
eggs. For the last three weeks Galician supplies have failed com
pletely. The municipality is unable to proceed with the preserving
of eggs and there is very little chance of any available quantity
of preserved eggs in the winter. Regular distribution is possible only
when deliveries are regular and reach a minimum of 1,800 cases per
week (one egg per head).” The mayor promised to apply to the
Government for a better egg supply.3 The Prager Tageblatt4 says
that the high cost of eggs in some districts is due to a sort of chicken
pest, which is decimating the stock of fowls.
The Reichspost5 states that Trieste is suffering from a shortage of
eggs. August 7 something like a riot occurred in the market, where
a woman asked 2 crowns (40.6 cents) for one egg. A gendarme had
to interfere to protect her from public anger. She was arrested and
sentenced to three days’ imprisonment. Throughout the town there
is not an egg to be had for less than 1.90 crowns (38.6 cents), and even
the 2 crowns (40.6 cents) often demanded is paid without demur.
MILK.
The milk supply of Vienna seems to have improved somewhat in
the latter part of May, for the Arbeiter-Zeitung8 says:
Owing to a greater abundance of green fodder the milk supply of Vienna has recently
improved. Once more the daily supply amounts to 148,000 liters [39,097.9 gallons],
i Reichspost, Vienna, June 16, 1918. Morning edition.
5 Die Zeit, Vienna, July 27, 1918. Evening edition.
* Reichspost, Vienna, June. 14, 1918. Morning edition.
* Prager Tageblatt, Prague, July 7, 1918. Morning edition.
6 Reichspost, Vienna, August 8,1918. Morning edition.
6 Arbeiter-Zeitung, Vienna, May 28, 1918.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
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that it would again be possible to provide full allowances of milk to children and
invalids were it not that the increasing summer heat causes more and more milk to
spoil. On Friday last, out of 148,000 liters, 29,000 liters [7,661.1 gallons] turned sour,
the result being that on that day the situation was almost as bad as in the worst months
of the year. * * * The trouble is due partly to the scarcity of ice, the supply of
which is scantier than in any previous war-time summer, and partly to the use by
farmers and dealers of churns and cans not properly cleaned.
bo
The improvement in the milk supply was, however, of short dura
tion, for Die Zeit of July 4 says:1
The hope which had been indulged that with the increase of green fodder there would
be an increased milk supply is doomed to disappointment, owing to the continuous
reduction in the stocks of milch cows. Up till recently the supply of milk entering
Vienna amounted to a daily average of about 166,000 liters [43,853.1 gallons], but
during the last few weeks this has decreased, and, moreover, thousands of liters have
been received which were unfit for consumption. Just sufficient sound milk reaches
Vienna at present to furnish full rations to children, expectant and nursing mothers,
and invalids, but it is feared that further decreases will take place during the summer
and autumn.
PO TA TO ES.
At the end of the economic year Austria seems to have been even
worse off than Germany with respect to its supply of potatoes. Die
Z eit2 of May 26 states that the Vienna municipal administration has
announced that in consequence of insufficient supplies of potatoes the
ration for the week beginning May 29 would have to be reduced from
1 kilogram (2.2 pounds) per head to one-half kilogram (1.1 pounds).
The issue of June 9 of the same paper states that the reduced potato
ration is to be continued for the ensuing week.
Criticisms of the bad management of last year’s potato crop are
encountered daily in the press. The Arbeiter-Zeitung, 3 for instance,
says:
Last winter many stored potatoes had to be cleared out and used as manure because
they had gone bad. According to the Floridsdorfer Zeitung soldiers have been
employed to clear the cellars of the Military, Geographical, and Technological Insti
tute of bad potatoes. In Germany they are able to keep up the 3| kilograms [7.7
pounds] ration per head, while here i kilogram [1.1 pounds] per head is not always ob
tained, simply because no one seems to understand how to store this important food.
On June 15 Die Zeit4 says:
Big consignments of early potatoes are expected from Hungary next week, and
are to cost 1.16 crowns per kilogram [10.7 cents per pound] retail. The home potatoes
should be ripe by the end of the month. Unripe ones are already served in some
restaurants at 1.50 to 2 crowns [30.5 to 40.6 cents] per portion and illicit trade in them
is flourishing already.
It seems, however, that the potatoes expected from Hungary were
deflected from Vienna and sent to Bohemia—probably to pacify the
Bohemian population, which was actually starving at that time.
i Die Zeit, Vienna, July 4, 1918.
s Idem, May 26, 1918.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
* Arbeiter-Zeitung, Vienna, June 13, 1918. Morning edition.
4Die Zeit, Vienna, June 15, 1918. Evening edition.
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M O NTHLY LABOE KEVIEW.
185
Die Zeit of June 25 states:1
It is officially announced that the Food Ministry has decided to confiscate the potato
harvest. The order extends to early potatoes and is to be enforced at once. The
rations for the army, industrial workers, civilians, and farmers will be fixed shortly,
and as soon as the necessary quantity has been delivered the confiscation will end.
Delivery contracts may be fulfilled in spite of requisition. The potato distribution
will be regulated according to demand, and towns of over 10,000 inhabitants will be
divided into zones, with depots for distribution. The producer’s standard price for
potatoes voluntarily handed over is 100 crowns per metric centner ($5.52 per bushel).
Every 12 days, after June 22, this price will be lowered by 16 crowns (88 cents per
bushel), so that by September 4 the standard price will be 20 crowns per metric cent
ner ($1.10 per bushel). The latter price includes a bonus of 5 crowns (28 cents per
bushel) voluntary delivery, while for seized goods, 15 crowns (83 cents per bushel)
will be paid, less 20 per cent, which reduces the price to 12 crowns (66 cents per
bushel).
Die Zeit adds that the issue of this order was in part the result of
the lamentable destruction of the potato fields which had been going
on during the preceding weeks, when people from the towns were
permitted by the producers to dig up the potatoes they had bought
from them. The above order, says the paper, ought to put an end
to the “ hand bag” trade; but a more effectual method would be to
provide an equitable and sufficient supply to town dwellers.
In Bohemia, early in July, the central provincial authorities
(S ta tth a lte re i ) announced that the early potato harvest is at hand,
and that most farmers, especially those living near railways, are
selling direct to consumers at high prices. In order to secure pro
vision for all, this practise must be suppressed by energetic measures.
The central provincial authorities have, therefore, forbidden “ knap
sack” trade, and the police and the official representatives of the Food
Bureau have been given strict orders to combat all illicit trading with
the utmost severity.2
Commenting on this order the Bohemia quotes from the Czech
daily paper Pravo Lidu:3
Hunger is stronger than statutes, and whole battalions of soldiers would be necessary
to stopi:,lie knapsack expeditions from Prague for new potatoes, which form the staple
food nowadays. Much damage is done by people digging up half-grovra tubers and
throwing them away, as they can not differentiate between early and late potatoes.
The editor of the Bohemia adds:
It will be impossible to stop illicit trade, unless the populace is assured of sufficient
legitimate supplies. So far, the Food Bureau has done absurdly little in the way of
providing new potatoes, and has left the field to the illicit trade, so that once more the
poor have to go short; men with fixed salaries can not afford to barter linen, clothes or
tobacco, nor can they stay away from work like the workingmen do.
The potato supply of Vienna did not improve during midsummer,
for Die Zeit4 says:
The harvest season brought hopes that the potato ration would again be restored to
the former level. Instead, potato supplies have given out altogether, except for the
1 Die Zeit, Vienna, June 25,1918.
2 Bohemia, Prague, July 3,1918.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Morning edition.
Evening edition.
3 Idem, July 9, 1918. Evening edition.
* Die Zeit, Vienna, Aug. 8,1918. Morning edition.
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M O N TH LY LABOR REVIEW.
weekly one-lialf kilogram [1.1 pound] per head distributed in the poorer quarters by
the municipality. For weeks the rest of the population has received none. That
potato digging is suspended meantime for the sake of harvest operations is an unsatis
factory explanation, for certain well-known restaurants are able to serve small platefuls
for 3 crowns [60.9 cents], and any quantity can be obtained at from 2 to 5 crowns per
kilogram [$11.05 to $27.62 per bushel] through illicit channels. Middlemen have
once more succeeded in setting official plans at naught, which points to some grave
defect in organization.
The same daily1 states that from August 9 to 12 there will be a
distribution of early potatoes in districts 5, 15, and 21 of Vienna.
Each person is to receive \ kilogram [1.1 pound] for 54 hellers [11
cents], which price is equivalent to $6 per bushel. The distribution
scheme adopted by the municipal administration gives priority to
working class districts to the exclusion of middle class districts.
F R U IT S A N D V E G E T A B L E S.
That in 1918 vegetables were still scarce in Austria, and particu
larly in Vienna, is evident from statistics quoted in the ArbeiterZeitung,2 which show the total quantity of vegetables supplied to the
Vienna markets in April, 1913, 1917, and 1918, to have been: April,
1913, 58,000 metric centners (127,866.8 hundredweight); April, 1917,
21,194 metric centners (46,724.3 hundredweight); April, 1918, 29,400
metric centners (64,815.2 hundredweight).
Thus the supply in April, 1918, though larger than in the corre
sponding month of 1917, was only about one-half of the peace-time
supply.
In an article on the price movement of fruit and vegetables after
the establishment of free trade in these commodities, the Neue Freie
Presse 3 says:
Only of the green vegetable market could it be said recently that the daily supply
was equal to the demand. The prices are rather lower than last year’s, as the following
table shows, and 1917 was a very bad year:
PRICES OF V E G ET A B LE S IN THE V IE N N A M ARKETS, 1917 AND 1918.
Price.
Quan
tity.
Commodity.
1917
Round lot tunes .................................................................
Cooking lettuces.................................................................
R.ntahaga; first, quality.....................................................
Rutabaga^ second quality................................................
Cabbage, first- quality........................................................
Cabbage^ second quality..................................................
Spinach ............................................. ............................
Each___
.. do
.. do
.. do
.. do
.. do
K i lo gram.a
Hungarian peas................................................................... .. do
Rhubarb..............................................................................
Garlic.................................................................................... .. do
Crowns.
0.13-0.24 [
. 23- . 25 [
.54- . 72[
. 34- . 44 [
. 38- . 52 [
.23- . 34 [
.88-1.92 [
1918
Cents.
2.6- 4.9]
4.7- 5.1]
11.0- 14.6]
6.9- 8. 9]
7.7-10.6]
4.7- 6.9]
17.9- 39.0]
3.12-3. 56 [ 63.3- 72.3]
2.40-2.80 [ 48.7- 56.8]
5.30-5.50 [108.0-112.0]
« 2.2046 pounds.
1 Die Zeit, Vienna, Aug. 9, 1918. Evening edition.
2Arbeiter-Zeitung, Vienna, May 24, 1918.
sNeue Freie Presse, Vienna, June 15,1918. Morning edition.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
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Crowns. Cts,
0.18 3.7]
. 18 3.7]
. 46 9.3]
.32 6.5]
. 40 8.1]
. 24 4. 9]
1.40 [28.4]
3.50 [71.1]
2.70 [54.8]
4.50 [91.4]
M O N TH LY LABOR REVIEW.
187
The Hungarian consignments are falling off. Hungary has prohibited the direct
purchase by Vienna dealers, on the alleged ground that they caused rising prices, and
at the same time has stopped deliveries to Vienna from several districts, so that
direct supplies from these sources have failed, and we have received only the surplus
from the Budapest market. Naturally we do not get the pick of the market, and
transport from Budapest to Vienna now takes three days instead of one day. Of
Hungarian fruit, Vienna has only received appreciable supplies from Wiesen, and it is
probable that even these contingents will be reduced very shortly.
The following incident reported by the Arbeiter-Zeitung 1 conveys
an idea of the defective organization of the Austrian food supply:
At a time when the markets of Vienna are short of vegetables, and when the hungry
masses are eager to buy vegetables instead of bread, we have received a scandalous
piece of news. Since Friday six carloads of fresh vegetables have been standing at
the Eastern Freight Station and have been allowed to spoil. They are now utterly
unsuitable for food. The cars were consigned to one of the branches of the Austrian
Food Bureau. * * * Crowds of women and children surrounded the freight
yard on the chance of securing some of the rotten vegetables for consumption at home.
In these times of famine, people are eager to regard .even putrid food as welcome.
In an article on the reasons for high prices, Die Zeit2 says:
It should be interesting for the public to hear what, in the opinion of the market
authorities, has brought about the enormous rise in vegetable and fruit prices. In
the first place, railroad freight rates. A kilogram [2.2 pounds] of rutabagas is sold in
the Komorner district for 30 hellers [6.1 cents] and costs 52§ hellers [10.7 cents] to
transport. Before the war the freight rate was 4 hellers [0.8 cent].
Another fact is that time is not considered, and the goods may be five days in transit
and are naturally mostly spoiled on arrival, whereas before the war the journey from
Neusatz, on the Serbian frontier, to Vienna took only 36 hours. In Germany very
considerable reductions are made for the transport of vegetables and fruit. Perhaps
the Austrian authorities may see fit to alter these conditions.
The Food Ministry fixed the growers’ and wholesale prices for fresh
fruit—apples, pears, and plums—of 1918. Considering that this
year’s harvest will only be small, a slight increase has been allowed.
The standard retail prices are to be fixed by districts and are to
come into force on July 15.3
Die Zeit4 of July 24 says:
Fi;ee trade in fruit and vegetables, so loudly insisted on by a certain group of people,
has almost immediately collapsed. Prices soared, confusion reigned in the markets,
and it seemed impossible to get any fruit. A depot has now been formed to take over
fruit and distribute it, but it seems almost too late to effect much good.
Die Zeit5 writes on the bad prospects of the apple crop as follows:
On account of the scarcity of the apple crop, the export from Styria and Bohemia
will probably be forbidden. Should there be any surplus, the fruit utilization unions
of both Provinces will permit consignments, but the prospect is poor for the Vienna
market. It is to be hoped that the rich plum harvest wdll make amends.
1 Arbeiter-Zeitung, Vienna, July 6, 1918.
8 Die Zeit, Vienna, June 23,1918. Morning edition.
1 Arbeiter-Zeitung, Vienna, July 4,1918. Morning edition.
* Die Zeit, Vienna, July 24,1918. Morning edition.
6 Idem, Aug. 19, 1918. Evening edition.
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M O NTHLY LABOR REVIEW.
. The Reichspost1writes as follows on the scarcity of fruit:
Vienna has to go short of fruit because Austrian growers refuse to surrender it at
the maximum prices fixed for the city. Jam factories, less remote towns, and
private customers are able to outbid Vienna dealers five or eight times over. In
Hungary conditions are not much better. Three syndicates have been formed whose
chief care is to supply Budapest and other Hungarian centers, so that 70 per cent of
the fruit is kept within the country. As high prices as possible are sought for the 30
per cent of fruit free for export, because the syndicates often lose on home transactions
and must compensate themselves in this fashion. Vienna dealers have further com
petition to face in Budapest on the part of buyers from Galicia and Trieste, who can
offer better prices. Hence Austria only gets Hungary’s leavings. Moreover, a large
part of the scanty supplies coming into Austria deteriorates in transit, owing to
defective transport conditions.
The Neue Freie Presse 2 prints the following article on jam pros
pects:
The National Union of Jam Manufacturers denies that the trade absorbed large
quantities of fruit from the open market at exorbitant prices. On the contrary, fac
tories have secured less fruit than ever, the prices they were allowed to offer being less
than the lowest wholesale figures. Hence the fruit acquired was seldom sound or
usable. Vienna manufacturers drew their supplies from fruit released by the official
receiving depot. A few carloads were bought from dealers. In both cases the fruit
was no longer in marketable condition. Most factories preferred to close down rather
than accept such material. Consequently there will be very little jam from early
fruit. Moreover neutral imports were only one-tenth of the expected amount. Con
ditions for late fruit could not well be worse. Shortage of supplies makes stretching
by means of beets and turnips imperative. To think that such adulterations should
need to be resorted to in one of the richest fruit-growing countries in Europe !
SU G A R.
In June a deputation of confectionery manufacturers and retailers
presented to the minister of commerce a memorandum pointing out
that the confectionery industry, represented in Vienna alone by
14,000 establishments employing 70,000 workmen, is on the verge of
ruin. The demands presented were:
1. That a supply of sugar sufficient to enable the industry to sup
port itself be allowed.
2. th a t export of sugar wares bo forbidden, especially to Hungary,
where there is a superfluity.
3. That the fixed prices for foreign goods be abolished. These
prices have simply driven the goods from the home markets to
Bulgaria and Turkey, so that very important foodstuffs are lost to
the country, to the ruin of dealers.
4. That a careful examination of sugar quantities required for jam
making be made. Last season the requirements were enormously
overestimated, and the jam manufacturers sold sugar by the carload.
5. Certain cooperative associations get too much sugar. This
1 Reichpost, Vienna, Aug. 22,1918. Evening edition.
2 Neue Freie Tress, Vienna, Aug. 30, 1918. Morning edition.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
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M ONTHLY LABOE REVIEW.
189
sugar is not being sold to members, but is sent out to confectionery
factories to be made into candy and publicly sold. That is to say it
is sold free of tax instead of going into the hands of heavily taxed
legitimate dealers in candy.
The minister promised to look into the matter carefully, it being
his duty to protect legitimate trade.1
With respect to these demands, the Neue Freie Presse 2 says:
V e hear from a high official of the Food Bureau regarding the demand for the release
of more sugar to the confectionery trade that, considering the shortage, which moreover
lias caused a reduction of the ration, it will not be found possible to comply with it.
The confectionery trade receives 20 to 30 per cent of its normal requirements. As to
1he sugar allotted to large manufacturers for the export of confectionery goods, espe
cially to Hungary, this export is now extremely low, hardly 10 per cent of the normal
and that to Hungary is under control. The abolition of standard prices for foreign and
Hungarian sugar wares is another point which admits of no alteration. The old trick
of sending Austrian goods over the border to return as Hungarian would be played
again. The sugar for jam factories will be carefully meted out in proportion to their
fruit supplies, the surplus last year was generally due to a closing down of the jam
factories for want of coal.
i he Reichspost3 announces that a certain amount of sugar is to be
set aside by the Food Bureau for use in making brandy.
Since October, 1917, the manufacture of ice cream with sugar has
been prohibited on account of sugar shortage. At the constant
request, however, of the Vienna Pastry Cooks’ Association, the Food
Bureau has permitted ice cream to be made from June to October of
this year. A special assignment of sugar will not be accorded.
Hitherto honey has been utilized in place of sugar.4
Die Zeit5 reports that 50,000 kilograms (110,230 pounds) of
crystallized and moist sugar have been set aside for jam making for
those persons in Lower Austria who have fruit orchards. It will be
distributed in quantities of 10 kilograms (22 pounds) each
The normal sugar ration for the civilian population is 750 grams
(1.7 pounds) per head, and this was to be doubled for July by another
750 grams for jam making. In view of the present difficulties the
Food Ministry has decreed that the same double ration shall be dis
tributed during June in Vienna and all Crown lands with the exceptof Lower Austria.6
^ At the Vienna city council meeting on July 17, Municipal Councillor
(lussenbauer asked if and when the promised preserving sugar was to
lie distributed. There were no more cherries, soft fruit was all but
gone, and even apricots were on the downward grade, and yet there
1Neue Freie Presse, Vienna, June 13,1918. Morning edition.
2Idem, June 15, 1918. Morning edition.
‘ Reichspost, Vienna, June 14,1918. Morning edition.
Udem. Evening edition.
“Die Zeit, Vienna, June 15,1918. Evening edition.
' Neue Freie Presse, Vienna, June 21,1918. Evening edition.
92434°— 19----- 13
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
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M O NTHLY LABOR REVIEW.
was no sugar. Who was responsible for the inexcusable neglect?
The mayor replied that unfortunately it was all true. Fifty-one
hundred certificates for preserving sugar lay ready for the sugar,
but the sugar existed so far only on paper. The council had made
daily interrogations since June 28, and at last elicited the reply that a
small quantity for the Vienna garden owners had been received and
the rest would be made up from Ukraine sugar. The great difficulties
lay in the transport. The following week the promised sugar would
be distributed.1
In reply to an interpellation in the Lower House on the mis
application of sugar in jam factories, the Prime Minister stated:2
The Food Bftreau allocated 2,330 carloads to the trade in 1917-18. The factories had
to notify the “ Geos” of their fruit requirements, and the “ Geos” forwarded applica
tions for sugar to the central sugar office on the basis of these returns. The latter
supplied monthly consignments in accordance with this notification. The district
authorities were instructed to supervise strictly the application of the sugar. Those
factories which use sugar otherwise than for jam had to show that they had not mis
applied their preserving sugar. It was found that very few irregularities have occurred.
Where they have, proceedings will be instituted and sugar supplies discontinued.
All sugar which can not be used because of insufficient supplies of fruit will be dis
tributed amongst other factories.
According to the Neue Freie Presse,3 beet prospects are excellent,
though warm, dry weather is needed to develop the sugar. It is
essential that the coal requirements of the industry should be met
in the interests of both the home and export trades; at any rate, the
harvest should bo worked up into raw sugar. Should this not
prove feasible, then the sugar factories should receive timely warning
so that the roots may not bo spoiled for food and fodder purposes.
In an article on the prospects of the sugar-beet crop, the ArbeiterZeitung 4 says:
The coming sugar-beet crop is estimated at 50,000,000 metric centners [110,230,000
hundredweight] and, granted adequate coal supplies, it should yield some 8,000,000
metric centners [17,636,800hundredweight]of rawsugar. Atthc presentrate, factories
will have only received a third of their coal supplies by the end of September, and
further deliveries after that date will be negligible. To avert a crisis, the Government
has recommended that more time be taken in the extraction of sugar. The trade i?
against this proposal as the present-day sugar plants are designed for rapid processes
only; lack of storage facilities is another consideration. To dry the beet would mean
still more coal, and the often suggested plan of allowing householders to extract their
own sugar is wasteful and expensive, not to say impossible, when transport is so
scarce. The Government must at once allocate to factories sufficient coal for the
production of raw sugar. The sanitary authorities must decide whether raw sugar is
injurious to health, as the refiners maintain. Raw sugar is more difficult to store and ii
not so palatable, but it has the great merit of cheapness. When it comes to fixing prices
the Government should remember that the public will not take kindly to any increase,
and the nation should not be taken by surprise, as was the case with the bread price.
m eu e Freie Presse, Vienna, July IS. 1918. Morning edition.
2Reiehspost, Vienna, Aug. 2 , 191S.
‘ Neue Freie Presse, Vienna, Aug. Jl, 1918. Morning edition.
LArbeiter-Zeitung, Vienna, Aug. 18, 1918. Morning edition.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
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191
SALT.
To the many shortages in Vienna, a salt shortage has now been
added. In July the shortage of salt in Vienna was greater than
ever, and housewives had much difficulty in obtaining even one half
kilogram [1.1 pounds] of it. First, the shortage was said to be due
to a stoppage in traffic on account of the offensive in Italy, then it was
general transport difficulties, and now it is because there are no men
in the salt mines. At all events, there is no salt, but plenty of salt
hoarders.1
CO FFEE.
In an article on war coffee, the Reichspost* says:
War coffee is the only food substitute that has met with any appreciation, and it
compares not unfavorably with real coffee. Though its constituents have not been
published, it is certainly not injurious to health. The Oesterrcicliische Frauenzeitung
gives the following recipe for the preparation of a really good coffee from war coffee
and barley. (How does one get the barley?) The grain is first boiled in water,
drained on a sieve, and roasted in the oven or in a pan to a dark golden color. For
3 cr 4 'cups 15 grams [0.5 ounce] of the roasted barley are ground in the coffee mill
and placed in the percolator, and a solution of 3 or 4 teaspoonfuls of war coffee in
one-fourtli liter [0.26 quart] of water is poured through it slowly.
On the same subject Die Zeit 3 says:
Up to the present, war coffee has contained 5 per cent coffee beans, 25 per cent sub
stitute, and 70 per cent caramel sugar. In view of the shortage of raw material the
Food Council has recommended the use of 50 per cent of sugar only, the difference to
be made up by substitutes, so that the finished article will be a “ substitute” coffee
substitute.
W IN E .
A correspondent of Die Zeit4 writes from Haugsdorf, one of the
principal Lower Austrian wine districts, as follows:
In spite of very favorable vintage conditions the wine growers’ demands rise daily.
The 1917 vintage is being sold at 10 to 12 crowns per liter [$7.6S to $9.22 per gallon]
and more. This year’s vintage promises to be more prolific, yet, in spite of maximum
prices, 15 to 20 crowns per liter [$11.53 to $15.37 per gallon] are expected by wine
growers to be realized for it. The wine growers look for trade to Hungary, where
brandy production has been to the fore. The outlook for consumers is bad; one-fourth
liter [0.26 quart] will cost 5 crowns [$1.02] in any restaraunt. However, as barrels are
scarce and dear, wine growers may possibly be forced to sell large quantities of
new wine.
With respect to the vintage prospects the same paper5 reports:
Prospects for the vintage are very favorable. Vines are almost wholly in good con
dition, although the phylloxera has done damage in some districts. Plants are well
covered; some branches bear well-formed clusters weighing up to 3 kilograms [6.6
5Reichspost, Vienna, July 27, 1918.
Morning edition.
;ldem, Aug. 22, 1918. Evening edition.
11)ie Zeit, Vienna, Aug. 23,1918. Morning edition.
'Idem, Aug. 21, 1918. Morning edition.
“Idem, Aug. 24, 1918. Evening edition.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
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192
pounds]. Quantity and quality should alike be good. Forecasts regarding the price
o! 1918 wines are impossible as yet, but figures should be considerably higher than
last year.
BEER.
The Reichspost1 announces that the Food Bureau has issued an
order concerning the beer trade which will come into force on August
10. By this new arrangement, there will in future he two kinds of
leer, No. 1 of 4 per cent intensity, and No. 2 of less than 4 per cent
intensity. To prevent irregularities, the order says that both
varieties may not be on sale at the same time in any one establishment.
The Neue Facie Presse2 in an article on conditions in the brewing
industry says:
The past year has been a bad one for the brewing industry. There has been a steady
decline since the outbreak of the war; many smaller breweries have closed down or
have been amalgamated with the larger concerns. In 1915-16 beer production was
about 54 per cent; in 1916-17,11 per cent; and in 1917-18 only 8 per cent of the average
1911-1913 production. In view of the good grain and fodder harvests brewers hope
to receive 15 per cent of their normal supplies, as is the case in Hungary. The nourish
ment in beer, the fodder value of its waste products, and its cheapness compared with
wine or even mineral waters make beer production of the utmost importance. Before
the war 700,000 hectoliters [18,491,900 gallons] of beer were exported, representing
a value of 20,000,000 crowns [$4,060,000].
THE CLOSING OF R E ST A U R A N T S IN VIENNA.
That restaurants have suffered greatly from the food shortage in
Austria is evident from the following article quoted here from the
Neue Freie Presse.3
A war phenomenon of recent months—or to be exact, of the last few weeks—may
be observed in Vienna. We refer to closed restaurants and hotels with locked doors,
drawn blinds, and the placard: “ Closed until further notice,” or “ Will reopen on
August 1.” Thus, for the wretched consumers not only the bread basket but also
the menu card has been placed farther out of reach. Diminished portions and in
creased prices are now followed by the total withdrawal of public eating places. Many
of the closed places were patronized by members of the middle classes that maintain
no households of their own. Some of the closed restaurants bear the announcement:
“ Closed owing to mobilization,” or “ Closed through lack of supplies.” Others are
discreetly noncommunicative; but the reasons for closing are open secrets. * * *
The restaurant keepers had to steer between the Scvlla of the Food Bureau and the
Charybdis of the War Extortion Office. The Food Bureau restricts their supplies.
The War Extortion Office holds them to exact accountability should they have any
dealings with smugglers and illicit intermediate dealers. The keepers of eating places
in increasing numbers draw appropriate conclusions, and instead of rushing into
trouble they close their establishments and betake themselves to summer resorts as
visitors. Here, once more, we have a contest between the authorities and the trade,
the blows being borne by the backs of a third party—the consumers. The legal right
of a restaurant keeper to close his premises for a certain period in peace time can not
be disputed. Whether he can actually claim to do so in war time remains to be
‘ Reichspost, Vienna, Aug. 7, 1918. Morning edition.
‘Neue Freie Presse, Vienna, Aug. 21, 1918, Morning edition,
i Neue Freie Presse, Vienna, July 5, 1918.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
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M ONTHLY LABOR REVIEW.
tested. In the present circumstances, the closing of a restaurant may involve much
more than a little inconvenience or unpleasantness. Hence, the question is raised
whether the fact that, under section 18 of the Industrial Code, the concession of a
license to trade is dependent on “ the need of the population” does not logically
involve the consequence that a license can not be allowed to become dormant when
the interests of the population are thereby endangered.
The Arbeiter-Zeitung 1 published an article drawing attention to
the great rise in prices charged for food in restaurants, which makes
it impossible for people not enjoying war profits to patronize them.
Thus, for example, in a restaurant patronized usually by clerks and
minor officials, on a meatless day, the price of soup was 80 hellers
(16.2 cents); mushrooms and egg, 7 crowns ($1.42); vegetable pie, 6
crowns ($1.22). The writer proceeds:
At the present time when there are no potatoes and no flour, the difficulties of res
taurant keepers have become so great that the middle-class restaurants are confronted
with the same insuperable obstacles to getting the requisite supplies of food as the
numerous small restaurants in the suburbs which for some time now have been closed
down. Thus, on Sunday many restaurants could serve no midday or evening meal,
and the proprietors stated that they could not continue business until they received
meat and other food. On the other hand, the big restaurants in the city are not
affected by the scarcity because, owing to their extravagantly high charges, they are
in a position to continue paying the price of smuggled foodstuffs, which at present has
reached unheard of heights. In one of these hotels a portion of soup cost 2.50 crowns
(50.8 cents); beef and vegetables, 18 crowns ($3.65); roast beef, 20 crowns ($4.03);
green peas or beans, 10 crowms ($2.03). The illicit dealers are of course attentive to
the requirements of people who can pay 100 crowns ($20.30) for a lunch or dinner.
FOOD PRICES IN VIENNA, 1914 AND 1918.
In an article on the increase of prices of food and other necessaries
during the war, the Neue Freie Presse 2 published the following com
parative list of retail prices of the principal foodstuffs and of petro
leum, coal, and wood, ruling in Vienna in July, 1914 and 1918, based
on compilations of the municipal administration. The article re
marks, however, that the official quotations of prices given in the
list are in most instances fictitious because many of the foodstuffs
listed can not be obtained in legal trade and the profiteering of
illicit dealers has actually become grotesque.
RETAIL TRICES OF FOOD A N D F U E L IN V IE N N A , JULY, 191! AND 1918.
Prices,
Unit.
July, 1914.
I. Foodstuffs.
Flour.........................................................................................................
Tread..........
.......................................................................
Coffee (war coffee in 1918)....................................................................
Hufrar.......................................................................................................
Potatoes...................................................................................................
Lard..........................................................................................................
Rutter.......................................................................................................
Margarine...................................................... .........................................
1 Arbeiter-Zeitung, Vienna, July 9, 1918.
i Neue Freie Presse, Vienna, July 28,1918.
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.do.
.d o ....
.. 'do__
. . .do__
__do___
. . .do__
.. .do—
$0.028-S0.044
.021
.221- .369
. 074- . 0S1
.013- .019
.140- .177
.203- .369
.166- .185
Morning edition.
Ju’y, 1918.
$0.062-$0. I ll
. 053
.369- .425
.136- .145
. 122
.886- 1^220
.189- 1.910
.810
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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW.
R ETA IL PRICES OF FOOD A N D F U E L IN V IE N N A , JULY, 1914 A N D 1918-Concluded.
Prices.
Unit.
I . F oodstuffs — C o n c lu d e d .
M ilL ............................................................................................
C o tta g e c h e e s e ........... ...........................................................
E g g s ............................................................................................
B ee f, f o r e q u a r t e r ..................................................................
B e e f, h i n d q u a r t e r ...............................................................
M u t t o n ............................. ........................................................
P o r k ...........................................................................................
V e a l.............................................................................................
H o r s e , h i n d q u a r t e r ........................ . . . ..............................
Q uart..
P ound.
E ach ...
P ound.
.. .d o....
. . .do—
. . .do—
...d o —
...d o —
July, 1914.
$0.039-80.062
.066- .092
.0 1 2
.148.166.092.166.148.081-
.203
.240
.166
.212
.240
.111
July, 1918.
$0.200-80.215
2 .1 1
.108.664.7771.850.923.5731.110-
.142
1.660
1.-850
2.210
2.770
. 923
1.750
II. Cattle prices (live w eight.)
P r im e s t e e r s ..................................................., , , .................
•C o w s.................................................~~.....................................
Y o u n g c a ttl e , u n f a t t e n e d ...............................................
Cwt___
.. .do—
.. .do—
7. 730- 9.940
36.830-38.670
6.630- 8.290 ' 25.780-35.910
2.950- .6.450
27.620-30.390
Quart..
. . .do—
T o n .. . .
Cord. . .
.050
.461
7.510- 8.410
6.990- 9.200
III. Petroleum , coal, and wood.
P e t r o l e u m ...............................................................................
A lc o h o l, r e c t i f i e d .................................................................
C o a l, h a r d ...............................................................................
W o o d , h a r d ............................................................................
.97
2 .1 1
17.880-26.820
45.0Í 0-51.490
ILLICIT TRADE.
Die Zeit 1 sounds a serious note of warning against the grave
danger of illicit trade:
Knapsack and illicit trading are rampant in connection with the new harvest.
Besides offering fabulous prices to the farmer for his grain, dealers hold out other
inducements in the way of tobacco, sugar, tea, and coffee, not to speak of clothing
and household goods.
The first weeks are the most dangerous, as experience proves. Come peace or
protraction of hostilities, we are mainly dependent on our own resources. Our allies
have to look after themselves; food transport from the east via the Leitha proves
excessively difficult in war time, and the road from the Ukraine grows longer and
longer. Our harvest must not be allowed to slip through our fingers. Quick, decisive,
and concerted action is necessary on the part of the authorities.
Tlic Arbeiter-Zeitung 2 writes
oh
the same subject as follows:
During four years of warfare _our food supply has been seriously prejudiced by
agragrian and bourgeois influence. Observation of present conditions on the land
five rise to still graver fears for the coming economic year. Since spring, 1915, labor
members of the Food Bureau have been fighting against the illicit millings under
taken by small contract mills in the interests of self-suppliers. This year the mills
went to work long before the commissioners, and this autumn again the flour ration
of industrial workers is vanishing by these same secret channels, as we shall know to
our sorrow in February and March of next year. The instinct of self preservation is
driving urban dwellers out into the country to buy up all the grain or flour they can
at 6 to 10 crowns per kilogram (55 to 92 cents per pound), with an additional bonus
paid in industrial products. About one-tenth of the inhabitants of Vienna are engaged
in the knapsack trade in potatoes, and a very profitable trade it is, thanks to the
rewards offered by illicit dealers, hotels, restaurants, private hospitals, and persons
with means. “'Knapsack tourists^’ are a perfect plague on the railways, where
traveling was already sufficiently difficult without them, and so extensive were
their depredations last year that potato-growing districts in Austria were stripped
of their supplies and it was necessary to import quantities of inferior potatoes from
1Die Zeit, Vienna, Aug. 18,1918. Morning edition.
*Arhei:ter-Zeitung, Vienna, Aug. 28,1918. Morning edition.
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Galicia to meet homo needs, at a time when railroad cars wer more urgently required
to fetch the winter’s coal. The authorities must cease to be so complaisant to the
wishes of the moneyed classes and have some consideration for the mass of the people.
INFLUENCE OF THE FOOD SHORTAGE UPON THE PUBLIC HEALTH.
In a review of public health conditions the Bohemia/ a Prague
daily paper, states:
Dire necessity is forcing the nation to experiment as it has never done before on
the influence of hunger on physical activity. Comparison of actual food conditions
with theoretical quantities prescribed in physiological text books provokes a mourn
ful smile. For reasons of health things must be improved. There is a limit to under
feeding which comes when it borders on famine and disease. We have at the moment
a bread substitute in vegetables and fruit which should be cheap, but the present
prices are a scandal.
A report of the municipal health officer, Dr. Prochaska, to the
Prague city council on the malnutrition of the population, certified
that the birth rate had fallen by 48 per cent and the death rate had
so risen as to double the decrease of the population. Since 1913 the
population of Prague has decreased by 32,237 persons. The report
states that “ tuberculosis is rampant; 85 per cent of the hospital pa
tients are suffering from the disease. The working class suburbs are
suffering most heavily; in Holleschowitz Bubna 410 out of 10,000
die yearly of tuberculosis, and in Lieben, 5 5 7 .” 2
Die Z eit3reports that a special department for statistics on hunger
typhus has been established in the governor’s office at Prague. This
department gave out the following statistics:
There were 22,842 cases of hunger typhus in Bohemia in 1917, of which 4.6 per cent
proved fatal; 19,651 cases occurred in German industrial districts and 3,191 in Czech
agrarian districts. Of the former 5.22 per cent and of the latter 0.06 per cent were
fatal. There was no improvement in 1918, and last week’s record was the highest.
A map at the governor’s office shows the exact areas affected; the epidemic is most
prevalent in the German districts (Reichenberg district had 809 cases and 9 deaths),
while the principal Czech lands were immune.
The Bohemia4 quotes the above article verbatim, adding: “ The
report of a public utterance of the mayor of Reichenberg to the effect
that 45 cases of hunger typhus occurred in July in Reichenberg
alone, the biggest record in the year, was suppressed in a certain
issue. Does the censor suppose the epidemic will vanish because
Prague may not talk or write about it?”
Die Zeit5 publishes a sad account of the underfeeding of children:
The activities of the “ For the Child” organization have been unable to keep pace
with the distress in the poorer classes; its homes and hospitals have not been able to
supply the requisite amount of food. Nowadays only the children of war profiteers
1 Bohemia, Prague, July 2,1918. Morning edition.
2 Idem , June 4,1918. Evening edition.
2 Die Zeit, Vienna, Aug. 2,1918:. Morning edition.
♦Bohemia, Prague, Aug. 3,1918.
6 Die Zeit, Vienna, Aug. 4,1918. Morning edition.
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and the wealthy are well nourished; middle-class children have been underfed for
the last two years and will not be able to pick up again quickly with the return of
normal conditions. It will be possible to feed up children over 6 after the war, but
the constitution of children born during or just before the war is menaced.
The Viennese children’s hospitals find it very difficult to feed the inmates properly;
the official supplies are inadequate and often incomplete. Of the 250 liters [264.2
quarts] of milk required daily they receive barely 150 liters [158.5 quarts] in the sum
mer months and 70 liters [74 quarts] in spring and autumn. In place of milk farina
ceous food has to be given; the hospitals have to supplement the official supplies
from illicit trade. The sugar and jam allowances are constantly being reduced; these
articles also have to be bought illicitly. Children in homes fare worse, but even
these are better off than those in the care of their own mothers.
The conditions are not due to “ starvation” in the English meaning of the term.
There is certainly enough food in the country to feed the children. Children’s hos
pitals should not be allowed to resort to illicit trade. People living in luxury must
help in kind, not with money. Later poor and middle-class children must be fat
tened up in sanitoria, or the health of the next generation will be ruined.
MILK AND BUTTER SUPPLY IN SWITZERLAND.1
The Swiss Department of Public Economy has just published the
results of a comprehensive investigation of the production of milk
and dairy products in Switzerland. The report shows that in 1917
not only had production decreased 35 per cent as compared with
1914, but in addition the suppression of importation had sensibly
decreased the supplies. The report gives the following résumé of
its study:
1. During 1917 the decrease in the quantity of milk and dairy prod
ucts caused a critical stage in supply. The reserve of cheese and similar
products and of butter, established in previous years, has been
exhausted. The decreased production in 1916 was further accen
tuated in 1917, and it appears probable that there will be a further
decline in 1918, necessarily shortening the supply of this class of
food.
2. Every possible means to prevent further diminution must be
employed. It becomes necessary to import provender, and to estab
lish prices of the various classes of farm products in such a manner
that keeping of milch cows and the production of dairy products
will be as profitable as other branches of production, especially that
of meats.
3. It is hardly possible to escape new restrictions in exportation,
or even its prohibition.
4. There must be introduced a general scheme of milk rationing
as well as of butter and cheese. At the present rate of production
the purchasing population may be allowed the following individual
supplies: 500 grams (17.6 ounces) of milk per day; 200 grams (7
ounces) of butter; and 400 grams (14.1 ounces) of cheese per month.
1 Journal Official de la République Française, Paris.
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p.
7541.
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR.
NEW WAGE ADJUSTMENT IN THE SHIPBUILDING INDUSTRY.1
Two awards concluded on October 24, 1918, by the Shipbuilding
Wage Adjustment Board 2 establishes a uniform national wage scale
for shipbuilding workers in all parts of the country. For wageadjustment purposes the shipyards are placed in two divisions, one
including those of the Atlantic coast, Gulf, and Great Lakes dis
tricts, and the other including those on the Pacific coast. The new
scale provides a substantial increase over existing wages, the basic
crafts being granted a rate of 80 cents an hour, as compared with an
existing rate of 65f cents on the Pacific coast and 70 cents on the
Atlantic coast. The rates are based on cost of living figures supplied
by the United States Bureau of Labor Statistics, which indicate an
average increase of 20 per cent on the Pacific coast from October,
1917, to October, 1918, and of 15 per cent in the other shipbuilding
centers from December, 1917, to August, 1918. The 80-cent rate,
however, does not apply to laborers or to every class of skilled
mechanics. In each district the board increased the rates for laborers
and helpers “ upon whom the burden of rising costs of living falls
most heavily, as much or more than is required by a strict applica
tion of increase in cost of living reported by the Bureau of Labor
Statistics.” In the case of certain skilled trades, also, the board
did not deem it “ necessary or wise to apply this entire increase in
the cost of living to occupations already above the base rate of
the scale for the skilled trades.”
The award, affecting Pacific coast shipyards is retroactive to August
1, 1918; the other award is effective as of October 1, 1918.
Important features of the awards are provisions for (1) semiannual
(Apr. 1 and Oct. 1) readjustments of wages on the basis of changes
in the cost of living as determined for the board by the Bureau of
Labor Statistics; (2) organization of shop committees, representing
both workers and employees, to settle yard grievances; and (3)
guaranties of the continuation of open-shop conditions where now
prevailing and of the right of workmen to join unions without com
pany interference or discrimination.
1F o r
a record of other wage adjustments in this industry, see M o n th ly R eview for March, 1918, pp
07 76; A p r i l, 1918, p p . 182-188; May, 1918, pp. 127-142.
R
£ This is th e so-called Maey B o ard , a n ac co u n t of th e o rg an izatio n of which was giv en in th e M on th ly
for October, 1917, pp. 26-29.
e v iew
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The proposed awards were submitted to the conference of national
labor adjusting agencies for approval, which was announced on
October 27 in a statement from which the following paragraphs are
taken:
The characteristic of the awards now made is that national wage rates are established
for most of the shipyard trades. This, we are advised by the Macy Board, is in com
plete accord with the urgent requests of representatives of both employees and em
ployers. Such substitution of national standards for local differentials is in harmony
with the purposes for which this national conference was created, and is deemed an
important contribution toward the stabilization of labor conditions during the war.
The rates fixed are intended to be, and must be, standard rates. Experience has
abundantly demonstrated that industrial conditions can only be stabilized and the
enormous losses, both to the workers and to the Government, resulting from a large
turnover of labor, prevented by means of such standard rates and working conditions.
T E X T OF T H E A W A RD S.
The following is the text of the award applying to the Atlantic
coast, Gulf, and Great Lakes shipyards. The award affecting the
Pacific coast shipyards is substantially the same, the variations
being indicated by footnotes. Both wage scales are printed in full.
S e c t io n . Introduction. (1) Reasons for a national wage scale': The principal
characteristic of the following decision for Atlantic coast, Gulf, and Great Lakes
shipyards and the decision we are issuing simultaneously for Pacific coast shipyards
is, that they establish uniform national rates for practically all of the skilled trades.
We have adopted these uniform national rates because experience has convinced
us that by this means only can we put a stop to that shifting of employees from yard
to yard and district to district, which continues to be a chief obstacle to efficient
ship production. Added arguments for uniform national rates are that citizens work
ing for the Government—and work on ships is now essentially Government w orkfeel that they should all be treated alike; that there are no longer any marked differ
ences in the cost of living between different sections; and that the Federal Employ
ment Service, rather than divergent wage rates, with their unsettling tendencies,
should be relied upon to effect whatever shifting of wage earners is necessary to the
carrying out of the war program. It is a special gratification to us that this change,
which we believe to be in the national interest, was unanimously requested by the
international and local representatives of the shipbuilding crafts who came before us
in the hearings which preceded this adjustment.
In substituting uniform national rates for the shipyard employees in the different
crafts for the diverse rates previously established, so far as this seemed practicable,
we have not always been able to give full weight to local conditions. Since the
results will be of benefit to the great majority of the employees affected, we feel con
fident that the minority, who may be less benefited, will cheerfully accept the change
in the interest of the greatest good to the greatest number.
(2) Basis of increases in wages granted: The memorandum creating this board indi
cates clearly the ground for readjustments of wages. It says: “At any time after six
months have elapsed, following such ratified agreement or any such final decision
by the Adjustment Board on any question as to wages, hours, or conditions in any
plant or district, such question may be reopened by the Adjustment Board for adjust
ment, upon the request of a majority of the craft or crafts, at such plant affected by
such agreement or decision, provided it can lie shown that there has been a general
and material increase in the cost of living.” This provision was not intended to and
1
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docs not prevent such changes in the wages of particular crafts as will serve to bring
them into more harmonious relation with other rates in the general scale. It was
intended, however, to preclude, during the duration of the war, any general advance
in wages beyond that justified by a “general and material increase in the cost of
living.”
The war in which we are engaged is primarily an industrial war. To win it, we
must mobilize all of our industrial resources and utilize them to promote the national
purpose as we mobilize and utilize our army and navy. Standards of living are to
be protected so far as practicable, but the national interests must not be sacrificed for
the sake of the private interests of particular groups of citizens. We have not hesi
tated to demand the extreme sacrifice from the millions of men we are sending to the
front. Those left behind, serving their country equally as war workers, must not
expect to take advantage of the shortage of man power which the war itself causes to
advance their prewar standards. For, as the President said in his Labor Day Message,
in this struggle of democracy against autocracy, of labor against class privilege, “ we
are all enlisted men, members of a single army of many parts and many tasks, but
commanded by a single obligation, our faces set toward a single purpose.”
(3) Extent of increase in cost of living and resulting adjustments of wage rates: From
the evidence submitted to the board by the Bureau of Labor Statistics, in reference
to the increase in the cost of living in the five Pacific coast shipbuilding centers and
in 16 Atlantic coast, Gulf and Great Lakes shipbuilding centers, we conclude as
follows: 1
(а) The average increase in the cost of living on the Pacific coast from October,
1917, to October, 1918, was 20 per cent.
(б) Applying this average increase to the basic daily wage of $5.25, established by
our previous decision, the new basic wage for the $5.25 crafts would become $6.30,
or 78% cents an hour.
(e)
The average increase in the cost of living in the shipbuilding centers of the
Atlantic coast, Gulf, and Great Lakes for the eight months from December, 1917, to
August, 1918, was 15 per cent. In the absence of statistics for the precise period,
February to October, since our first decision for these Eastern shipyards was rendered,
we assume that the increase for these eight months was the same as for the overlap
ping eight months covered by the bureau’s investigation, that is, 15 per cent.
(d) Adding 15 per cent to the basic hourly, rate of 70 cents would make the new
rate 80jG cents.
(e) In the interest of uniformity and to comply with the unanimous request of the
international and local representatives of labor who appeared before us for a national
wage scale, we have made the basic hourly wage rate for the principal skilled crafts
80 cents.
(/) Owing to the diversity of conditions in the different sections of the country it
has not seemed practicable*to establish a uniform scale for laborers. Following prece
dents set by other departments of the Government, which employ many more laborers
than are engaged in shipbuilding, and in the interest of a uniform national policy,
we have fixed different rates of wnges for laborers and common laborers in the three
districts, Pacific coast, North Atlantic and Great Lakes, and South Atlantic and
Gulf. In each district we have increased the rates for laborers and helpers upon
whom the burden of rising costs of living falls most heavily, as much or more than is
1 In the Pacific coast award the following appears as paragraph (a):
(a) The increase in the cost of living in Seattle from October, 1917, to February, 1918, was less than the
10 per cent increase in wages granted by the N avy Department and the Emergency Fleet Corporation in
December, 1917, and made permanent on February 1, 1918. We therefore reaffirm our decision that no
readjustment of wages for Seattle shipyards was due oil February i as contended by the Seattle Metal
Trades. Council, and so advise the appyafboard, appointed to pass on this contention, after complying with
their request that we reexamine this issue on the basis of the cost of living statistics collected by the
Bureau of Labor Statistics.
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required by a strict application of the increase in cost of living reported by the Bureau
of Labor Statistics.
(g) We have not deemed it necessary or wise to apply this entire increase in the
cost of living to occupations already above the base rate of the scale for the skilled
trades. As in assessing the income tax, the Government exempts altogether small
incomes, while taking more than three-fourths of the income of the multimillionaire;
so in adjusting wages, while granting an advance to laborers and helpers fully suffi
cient to offset the increase in the cost of living, we have not considered it proper to
grant the full increase to the more highly paid occupations. Those whose hourly
rates were more than 70 cents have been increased by 10 per cent, except where by
variations from this rule it has been possible to establish a uniform national rate.1
S e c . II. Future increases in wages based on changes in the cost of living.—A principal
reason for the existence of this board and of the other Governmental wage adjusting
agencies is to promote stability in the war industries by insuring just and reasonable
readjustments in wages at periodic intervals without the necessity of recourse to strikes
or lockouts. Unfortunately every readjustment of wages is of necessity itself a cause
of widespread unrest and loss in efficiency. The advance in shipyard wages which
we are now making because of the ascertained increase in the cost of living, and the
advances which are being continuously made in other industries, will inevitably
cause further increase in the cost of living. To prevent any possible misunderstand
ing in reference to the position of this board with regard to future readjustments of
wages we announce that we shall be guided by the following principles:
(а) Until such time as the President may determine that the national interest
requires suspension of the policy of advancing the wages of laborers, helpers and
journeymen in the basic skilled crafts to correspond with “general and material in
creases in the cost of living,” we shall deem it our duty to be guided in future read
justments by such ascertained increases.
(б) The authority upon which we shall continue to rely for information as to changes
in the cost of living is the agency of the National Government which has been created
and is maintained to make statistical investigations of labor conditions, the Bureau
of Labor Statistics of the United States Department of Labor.
(c) After conference with representatives of the other Governmental wage-adjust
ing agencies we have decided that the dates at which it will be most expedient to
make wage adjustments are October 1 and April 1. We have requested the Bureau
of Labor Statistics to make the necessary investigations so that we may be advised of
future changes in the cost of living in time to announce on those dates whether read
justments are required and what readjustments.
(d) To give precision to the expression “general and material increase in the cost
of living,’ we rule that, as used in the memorandum, this phrase means an average
increase in the cost of living in the shipbuilding centers of the district to which any
wage adjustment applies of not less than 10 per cent. It is clearly our duty to relieve
shipyard employees of the burden that “ material” and long continued increases in
the cost of living would impose upon them, but we deem it also our duty to relieve
Government industries of the unsettlement and loss that result from readjustments
in wages, unless increases in the cost of living that are really “ material” have taken
place.
(e) We divide the country for wage-adjustment purposes into two districts: (1)
Pacific coast and (2) Atlantic coast, Gulf and Great Lakes. For administrative pur1 This sentence in the Pacific coast award reads as follows: Those whose daily rates were more than
?5.25 have been increased by 15 per cent, except where by variations from this rule it has been possible to
establish a uniform national rate. A new paragraph (i) is inserted as follows:
(¿) In some cases, as in that of crane operators in Seattle and Portland, we have made no increase since
they have already been given the benefit of an increase in excess of what is required by the increase in the
cost of living above the rate of $5.25, provided for “ operating engineers ” in the original award and adhered
to (witn the 10 per cent added in December) in San Francisco and Los Angeles.
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poses in the Settlement of grievances until further notice, we divide the shipbuilding
centers of the country into nine districts, two on the Pacific coast, one on the Great
Lakes, two on the South Atlantic and Gulf, and four on the North Atlantic.
S e c . III. Transportation expenses of employees.—Since our previous decisions were
rendered the organization of the United States Shipping Board Emergency Fleet
Corporation has developed to a point which makes it expedient to vest in it full respon
sibility for determining the policies to be adopted with reference to sharing or absorbing
the daily transportation expenses of shipyard employees in places where the local
housing facilities are inadequate.1 We, therefore, direct that in the case of each
yard where employees are now being reimbursed for all or a portion of their daily
transportation expenses, either in accordance with our previous decisions or in ac
cordance with rulings of the United States Shipping Board Emergency Fleet Cor
poration, such reimbursement shall continue to be made on the present basis only
until the United States Shipping Board Emergency Fleet Corporation shall establish
a new ruling with relation to the absorption or sharing of the transportation expenses
of the employees at any of such yards. We have reached the conclusion that as a
general rule in cases where it is necessary for the United States Shipping Board Emer
gency Fleet Corporation to absorb daily transportation expenses of shipyard employees,
no portion of the transportation cost paid by shipyard employees in traveling be
tween their homes and the shipyards other than that which is in excess of what may
be determined to be a reasonable amount for such shipyard employees to pay for
transportation to and from their work at each yard should be absorbed by the United
States Shipping Board Emergency Fleet Corporation except in instances where un
usual local conditions may require a different ruling.
We hereby surrender, transfer to, and vest in the United States Shipping Board
Emergency Fleet Corporation full authority to determine to what extent the cost of
daily transportation paid by shipyard employees shall be absorbed by the United
States Shipping Board Emergency Fleet Corporation.2
S e c . IV. Shop committees for the adjustment of grievances.—Shipyard owners not
parties to joint agreements with the labor organizations of their respective districts
are directed to cooperate with their employees in making effective the following
rules in reference to machinery for the settlement of industrial disputes; provided,
that shipyards having in operation substantially similar rules may, on the recom
mendation of the district examiner approved by the board, be permitted to continue
such rules in operation.
(1) The employees of each craft or calling in a shop or yard shall have the right to
select three of their number to represent them as members of a shop committee.
Each member of this committee shall be chosen for a term of six months by majority
vote through secret ballot in such manner as the employees may direct. Vacancies
for an unexpired term shall be filled by ballot. Members of an outgoing committee
shall be eligible for reelection. The chairman of each shop committee shall be a
member of a joint shop commiitee. The joint shop committee shall by ballot select
five of its members to act as an executive committee to represent it in conferences
with the superintendent or higher officials of the company. In contested cases, the
district examiner shall decide as to the validity of the election of a shop committee
and supervise a new election when he deems such new election necessary.
(2) When a grievance arises it shall be taken up by the craft or laborers’ committee
with the foreman or general foreman. Failing an adjustment, the craft or laborers’
committee may then take it up with the superintendent, and may call in the assist
ance of a representative chosen by the committee to confer over the grievance with
1
In the Pacific coast award this paragraph is concluded at this point by the following sentence: “ We
therefore include no regulations with reference to this subject in this decision. ”
s This paragraph does not appear in the Pacific coast award.
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the superintendent or the higher officials of the company. If the grievance concerns
more than one craft it shall be handled through the joint shop committee, first with
the superintendent, and then, failing a settlement, with the higher officials of the com
pany. In such conference with the superintendent or higher officials, the joint shop
committee shall have the right to call in the assistance of a representative chosen by
the committee. In case such conference fails to result in a satisfactory adjustment,
the grievance shall be submitted to the district examiner.
(3)
Any committeeman elected in accordance with the provisions of this section
who shall be found to have been discharged without just or sufficient cause, after due
investigation in the manner herein provided for the adjustment of grievances, shall
be reinstated with full pay for all time lost.
S e c . V. Discrimination against union or nonunion men ‘prohibited.—Believing that
in this national emergency past differences between employers and employees must
be forgotten in the common determination to produce the maximum possible number
of ships, the board will not tolerate any discrimination either on the part of employers
or employees between union and nonunion men; provided, that this declaration is to
be interpreted so as to conform with the principles laid down by the President of the
United States in his proclamation of April 8, 1918, creating the National War
Labor Board.
S e c . VI. Weekly pay. -Except where otherwise provided by joint agreement, em
ployees shall be paid at least once a week on the company’s time and in no case shall
more than one week's pay be held back.
S e c . VII. Shipyard employees to be provided 'with identification cards.—To put an end
to the continuous misunderstandings as to the rates of pay to which employees are
entitled, the board directs that every shipyard employee is to be provided with an
identification card by the shipyard company which employs him, such cards to be
supplied by the Emergency Fleet Corporation Upon these cards shall be entered
the name of the employee, the date on which the card is issued to him, his occupation,
and the rate of pay which lie is to receive.
S e c . VIII. Prompt payment on withdrawal from employment.—Any employee laid
off, discharged, or quitting of his own volition shall, as promptly as possible and in
any event within twenty-four hours, receive all wages due him.
S e c . IX. Compulsory insurance assessments prohibited.— Disapproving of insurance
assessments arbitrarily required by employers and with due regard to the limitations
of existing statutes, we direct that no employee who makes request for exemption in
writing shall be required by the employing shipyard to pay any assessment, not made
obligatory by State law, for insurance, medical attendance, or other benefits.
S e c . X. Medical first aid to be provided.— Competent medical first aid shall be pro
vided for employees requiring such aid and paid for by the employer.
S e c . XI. Adequate, toilets, washing facilities, and drinking water to be provided.— Ship
yard owners are directed to provide for their employees adequate and sanitary toilets,
washing facilities, and pure drinking water, properly cooled during the summer months.
S e c . X II. Additional sanitary precautions.—Our attention has been called to the
danger to the health of painters resulting from the use of spraying machines and from
poisonous gases and fumes in inadequately ventilated portions of the vessel in which
they are employed. We request that our examiners bring such conditions when found
to exist in their districts promptly to the attention of the director of industrial rela
tions.
S e c . X III. Scale of wages established.—The rates of wages to be paid to different
classes of employees by the shipyards of the Atlantic coast, Gulf, and Great Lakes
districts under the jurisdiction of this board shall be those set forth in the schedule,
appended hereto (Exhibit “ A ” ) which is made a substantive part of this award.
S e c . XIV. Wages now paid individual employees not to be cut.—Hourly or weekly
rates of wages now being paid to individual employees in excess of the rates fixed are
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in no wise altered or affected by the establishment of these rates: Provided, That em
ployees taken on or transferred to a different occupation after this decision becomes
effective shall be paid the rates established in Schedule “A” : Provided, further, That
this shall not be interpreted to sanction rates improperly fixed by any shipyard.
S e c . XV. Piece rales.— No changes in existing piece rates are to be made until after
the conference between representatives of the shipyards and of the piece-rate crafts
which has been called to meet in Washington during the current month has been held
and its recommendations have been acted upon by the board. No extensions of the
piece-rate system to occupations not now operating under this system are to be made
until the rates proposed have been submitted to the board and approved by it in
writing.
S e c . XVI. Further extensions of existing premium, bonus, or contract systems without
express authorization prohibited.—A primary purpose in adopting a national wage scale
for shipyard employees is to stabilize labor conditions. Experience has taught us
that the premium, bonus, and contract system of wage payment may, unless con
trolled, be used to entice employees from one shipyard to another. We therefore
direct that no further extensions of the premium, bonus, or contract systems be made
m any shipyard without the express written authorization of this board
S e c . XVII. Draftsmen and copyists.—In response to the request of the Navy De
partment and the Emergency Fleet Corporation, of representatives of the employees
affected, and of many of the shipbuilding companies, we have held hearings and
made a careful study of the compensation and privileges now enjoyed by draftsmen,
with a view to standardizing these conditions in the shipyards under our jurisdiction,
On the basis of this study we direct that in all shipyards building vessels under direct
contract with the Navy Department or the Emergency Fleet Corporation, the com
pensation, hours, and conditions of employment of draftsmen and copyists conform
to the following regulations to be made effective in such shipyards with the pay
period beginning on October 1, 1918. or immediately thereafter:
First. Draftsmen and copyists are to be subdivided into the following defined
classes and are to receive the compensation indicated:
Charge man.— Man who is in responsible charge of the drafting work on one or mere
ships and who is supervising its execution. Must have had five years’ experience
in marine drafting; or be a graduate of a technical school in the course in engineering
cr architecture, and in addition have had two years’ experience in a shipyard. Rate
per hour, $1.25 during the first six months’ service in this class and to increase 5
cents per hour at the end of each six months’ period to a maximum of $1.50 per hour.
Draftsman, grade A . —Man laying out and developing work completely from speci
fications. Must have had two years’ experience as draftsman in grade B, or five years
drafting or equivalent experience outside of a shipyard, cr be a graduate of a tech
nical school in the course in engineering or architecture, and in addition have had
one year’s experience in a shipyard. Rate per hour, $1 during the first six months’
service in this grade and to increase 5 cents per hour at the end of each six months’
period to a maximum of $1.20 per hour.
Draftsman, grade B . —Man designing details. Must have served one year as drafts
man in grade 0, or be a graduate of a technical school in the course in engineering or
architecture, with some shipyard experience, or have had four years’ drafting or
equivalent experience outside of a shipyard. Rate per hour, 75 cents during the
first six months’ service in this grade and to increase 5 cents per hour at the end of
each six months’ period to a maximum of 90 cents per hour.
Draftsman, grade C.—Man handling details under supervision. Must have had two
years’ experience in a shipyard, or three years’ drafting or equivalent experience
outside of a shipyard, or be a graduate of a technical school in the course in engineer
ing or architecture. Rate, G5 cents per hour.
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First-class copyist.— Man who alters tracings to agree with work or sketches of work
or man starting to do detail work. Must have had six months’ experience in a ship
yard or in a drafting room or in a technical school. Rate per hour, 50 cents during
the first six months’ service in this grade and to increase 5 cents per hour at the end
of each six months’ period to a maximum of 60 cents.
Second-class copyist—Man who traces from original work. Rate, 40 cents per hour.
Second. The qualifications specified in the above classification are minimum
qualifications. Promotions from one class to another are not to be automatic, but
are to depend upon the need of the shipyards for additional employees in the higher
class and the personal qualifications of the employees. In case of a dispute as to the
grading or promotion of an employee, appeal may be made to the shop committee
of draftsmen, to be selected in accordance with the provisions of Section IV, and fail
ing an agreement between the shop committee and the chief draftsman, to the
examiner of the district.
Third. Draftsmen and copyists now employed are to be classified in accordance
with the above scale, due weight being given to proficiency, experience, length of
service, and compensation now received in determining to which class each employee
shall be assigned: Provided, That wages now being paid to individual employees in
excess of the rates fixed herein are to be in no wise altered or affected by the estab
lishment of these rates.
Fourth. The regulations in regard to hours of employment and extra compensation
for week day overtime and holidays and for work on the night shift shall be the same
for draftsmen and copyists as are prescr bed in decisions of this board for mechanics
in the shipyards in which they are employed.
Fifth. Draftsmen and copyists shall be allowed 12 holidays each year with pay,
including the following: New Year’s Day, Washington’s Birthday, Decoration Day.
Fourth of July, Labor Day, Thanksgiving Day, and a half holiday on State and
national election days: Provided, That in shipyards now alloying draftsmen more than
12 holidays a year with pay, the existing custom shall not be changed.
S e c . XVIII. Leading men and quartermen.—In response to the request of the Navy,'
Department and the Emergency Fleet Corporation, and after conference with repre
sentatives of the shipyard and of the employees affected, we have adopted the fol
lowing definitions of leading men, quartermen, assistant foremen, and foremen, and
prescribe the rates of compensation indicated below for leading men and quartermen effective for the pay period beginning on October 1, 1918, or immediately
thereafter:
First. A leading man, sometimes known as a gang boss, snapper, or pusher, is a
man who directs, expedites, and is responsible for the output or effort of a certain
group of workmen. He is responsible to a foreman, assistant foreman, or quarterman,
“ Leading men” are not to be confused with “ leaders” as defined in E x h ib it“ A.”
The number of leading men should not exceed on the average 1 to every 12 in the
craft under their direction: Provided, That in a yard or upon a vessel in which less
than 12 men of any craft are employed, there may be one leading man for such craft.
Rate per hour, 18 cents in addition to the hourly rate fixed for first-class mechanics
in.the craft under his direction.
Second. A quarterman, sometimes known as a subforeman, is a man who directs
and expedites and is responsible for the effort and output of more than one group of
workmen. He is responsible to a foreman or assistant foreman. The number of quar
termen shall not exceed on an average 1 to every 30 men in the craft under their
direction: Provided, That there may be one quarterman to each craft employed on
small vessels, irrespective of the number of men of that craft so employed.
Rate per hour, 36 cents in addition to the hourly rate fixed for first-class mechanics
in the craft under his direction.
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205
Third. An assistant foreman is a man who, under the direction of the foreman,
handles a part of the work of a foreman and who takes the place of the foreman in
his absence.
A foreman is a man who supervises the work of all the men in a particular depart
ment or trade in accordance with the organization scheme of the plant at which he
is employed. He is responsible to the superintendent or the assistant superintendent
and has under his immediate supervision the assistant foreman and the quarterman
and leading men in his department or trade.
After careful consideration we have decided that it would be unwise for this board
to attempt to standardize the compensation of foremen and assistant foremen. We
therefore leave the determination of the compensation of these employees to the yards
concerned, subject to any supervision which the Navy Department or the Emergency
Fleet Corporation may deem it necessary to exercise. We also assume no jurisdiction
over the employment or discharge of foremen, believing that responsibility for the
selection and control of the supervisory force should rest squarely with the shipyards
themselves.
Fourth. The regulations in regard to hours of employment and extra compensation
for week-day overtime and holidays and for work on the night shift shall be the same
for leading men and quartermen as are prescribed in decisions of this board for
mechanics in the shipyards in which theyare employed.
S e c . XIX. Guards, watchmen, and sergeants— Guards, watchmen, and sergeants are
to work eight hours a day for six days a week. No overtime is to be required except
in extreme emergencies or when the number of employees is insufficient to permit
of rotation. The compensation for overtime and for Sundays and holidays is to be at
straight time. Rates per hour:1 In South Atlantic and Gulf yards, guards and
watchmen, 50 cents; sergeants, 55 cents. In North Atlantic and Great Lakes yardsj
guards and watchmen, 55 cents; sergeants, 60 cents, effective for the pay period
beginning on October 1, 1918, or immediately thereafter. The line of division be
tween the North and South Atlantic is the southern boundary of North Carolina.
S e c . XX.2 Compensation of instructors .—To standardize the compensation and con
ditions of employment of the growing number of instructors employed by the ship
yards to train learners in occupations in -which the available supply of qualified
journeymen is insufficient the board establishes the following grades of instructors,
with the weekly compensation specified: Junior instructors, $50; instructors $55:
senior instructors, $60.
Instructors are not to be required to work overtime nor on holidays except in
emergencies and when so employed are to receive no extra compensation.
Instructors now employed are to be assigned to these different grades in accordance
with their proficiency, length of service, and compensation now received: Provided,
That rates of compensation now being paid to individual employees in excess of the
rates herein are to be in nowise altered or affected by the establishment of these rates:
A?id providedfurther, That instructors taken on or transferred from a different occupa
tion after this decision becomes effective shall be paid the rates herein established.
S e c . XXI. Rates of wages for occupations not specified.—Rates o, wages for ship
building occupations not included in Exhibit “ A ” will be fixed by a supplementary
decision to be issued as soon as the necessary information can be collected. Meantime
existing rates for these occupations are to remain unchanged except on the recom
mendation of the district examiner approved by the board.
S e c . XXII No intermediate rates for occupations included in decision to be paid .—
The rates fixed for occupations enumerated in Exhibit “ A ” are the rates to be paid
1 The Pacific coast award provides rates per hour as follows: Guards and watchmen, 60 cents; sergeants,
65 cents; effective for the pay period beginning Oct. 1, 1918, or immediately thereafter.
2 This provision is omitted from the Pacific coast award.
92484°—19---- 14
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employees in these occupations except where special rates for learners have been
established by joint agreement or 1 have been approved by the board as provided
in the following sections.
S e c . X X III. M e th o d o f tr a in in g n e w m m w h en the a v a ila b le s u p p l y o f qualified
jo u r n e y m e n is in a d e q u a te . —At a conservative estimate the shipyards of the country
will require 200,000 additional employees to carry out the present shipbuilding
program. Whenever the board shall be convinced by investigation, in connection
with which the representatives of the employees as well as the shipyard owners shall
be consulted, that there is an inadequate supply of qualified mechanics in any occu
pation and that this can not be met by transferring mechanics from nonessential
industries in other parts of the country, the board will issue regulations covering
the following points: (1) The method of training new men to be set up and admin
istered subject to the supervisory control of the director of industrial relations of the
Emergency Fleet Corporation; (2) the rate of wages to be paid those admitted to the
training course; (3) the duration of the course; (4) the rate to be paid graduates of
the course during a stated probationary period before they shall be entitled to receive
the wages fixed for fully qualified journeymen; and (5) the method of determining
when graduates of the course have acquired sufficient skill to entitle them to be
ranked as qualified journeymen.2
S e c . XXIV.3 L e a rn ers' ra tes f o r c e rta in cra fts in w h ich the s u p p l y o f j o u m e y m m is
in a d e q u a te .—After consultation with the international officials of the International
Union of Boilermakers, Iron Shipbuilders and Helpers of America, we prescribe the
following rates and conditions for pupils in the training schools in the different yards
under our jurisdiction: (1) Riverter’s learners, 56 cents, to be continued for a period
not to exceed 6 weeks, when they are to be advanced to the full riveter’s rate of 80
cents; (2) chipper’s and calker’s learners, 56 cents, to be continued for a period not
to exceed? 6 weeks, when they are to be advanced to the full chipper’s and
calker’s rate of 80 cents; (3) driller’s learners, 46 cents, to be continued for a
period not to exceed 4 weeks, when they are to be advanced to the full driller’s
rate of 68 cents; (4) reamer’s learner, 46 cents, to be continued for 2 weeks,
when thay are to be advanced to the full reamer’s rate of 58 cents'
(5) bolters-up learners, 46 cents, to be continued for 2 weeks, when they aré
to be advanced to the full bolter’s rate of 58 cents; (6) holders-on learners, 48
cents, to be continued for 4 weeks, when they are to be advanced to the full holderson rate of 60 cento; (7) heaters, 46 cents, to be continued for 2 weeks, when they are
to be advanced to the full heater’s rate of 50 cents; (8) ship fitter’s learners, 70 cents,
to be continued for a period not to exceed 3 months, when they are to be advanced
to the full ship fitter’s rate of 80 cents;4 (9) loftsmen learners are to be paid the ship
fitters’ rate of 80 cents for a period not to exceed 4 months, when they are to be ad
vanced to the loftsmen rate of 90 cents. Whenever put on piece work learners are
to receive the regular piece-work rates.
1 The Pacific coast award contains at this point the clause, «upon the recommendation of the district
examiner.”
2 In the Pacific coast award the following sentence is added to this paragraph: “ Pending decision in
regard to this matter for other districts, the board approves the so-called 'permit system ' e s t a b l i s h e d iii
Seattle by agreement between representatives of the shipyards and of organized labor, and the ag reem en t
entered into between the steel yards of San Francisco and Local No. 6 of the International Union of Boiler
makers, Iron Shipbuilders and Helpers of America, and directs its examiners to collect information as to
the need of the extension of these or other similar systems in their respective districts.”
3 The provisions of this section are not included in the Pacific coast award.
4 shiP fltters rated “ second-class at the time of this decision, if retained in employment, are to be paid
the full 80-cent rate, provided they have had the training prescribed above or equivalent training Other
wise they are to be classed as ship fitter's learners at 70 cents for 3 months before being advanced to the
80-cent rate.
The ship fitter's learners are to be men who have had three months’ experience as «hip fitter’s helpers and
3 months’ experience as linermen or equivalent training
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Sec. XXV.
207-
W o rk in g h o u rs, h o lid a y s, a n d ex tra c o m p e n s a tio n f o r o v e rtim e ,
holidays,
the announcement of a national labor policy
standardizing working conditions on Government work and work for the Government,
the working hours, holidays, and extra compensation for overtime, holidays and work
on the night shift shall remain as established for shipyards and repair yards in the
respective districts by previous decisions of this board. In case of dispute as to what
these conditions were in the shipyards of any district the standard shall be the con
ditions observed in Buch district during the corresponding month of the preceding
year.
S e c . X X V I. A p p l i c a t i o n o f d e c is io n .— This decision shall apply on the Atlantic
coast, Gulf and Great Lakes 1 to shipbuilding and ship repairing plants and plants
engaged in installing equipment in ships under direct contracts with the Navy De
partment, or the Emergency Fleet Corporation or the United States Shipping Board,
to work performed by subcontractors in such plants or upon such ships being built
or repaired under such contracts and to shipyard construction or extension in this
district, the expense of which is borne entirely by the Navy Department or the Emer
gency F leet Corporation : P r o v id e d , That rates and working conditions in connection
with such yard construction or extension for building occupations are to be the pre
vailing rates and working conditions in the building trades in the locality in which
the shipyard is situated.S e c . X X V II. D a te w h en d ecisio n becom es effe ctiv e .3—B y combining into one district
for wage-adjustment purposes the North Atlantic, the Delaware River and Baltimore,
the Newport News and Chesapeake Bay, the South Atlantic and Gulf, and the Great
Lakes districts of our previous decisions, we have taken a long step in the direction
of national uniformity. We desire to take another step and make this new decision
effective in all of these districts upon the same date. This date is earlier than might
fairly be claimed by some of these districts, later than might have been claimed by
others. So much dissatisfaction has been caused by the variable retroactive provi
sions of our earlier decisions that we have decided not to make this decision retroac
tive for any shipyard or occupation, but in determining on the effective date to
strike an average that will be fair and reasonable for the enlarged district as a whole.
The rates and other conditions provided in this decision shall, therefore, be put into
effect in all the shipyards to which it applies for the pay period beginning on or imme
diately after Tuesday, October 1, 1918.
a n d w o rk o n the n ig h t sh ift.— T e n d in g
V. E v e r it
M a c y , C h a irm a n .
A p p o i n t e d b y the P r e s id e n t o f the U n ite d S ta te s .
L. C. M a r s h a l l ,
A p p o i n t e d b y the N a v y D e p a r tm e n t a n d the E m e rg e n c y F le e t C o r p o ra tio n .
A. J . B e r r e s ,
A p p o i n t e d by the P r e s id e n t o f the A m e r ic a n F e d e ra tio n o f L a b o r.
W a s h in g t o n , D. C.,
October 24, 1918.
» In the Pacific coast award the decision is made to apply to California, Oregon, and Washington.
2 At this point the Pacific coast award contains the following section:
XXV.
Se c .
Retroactive -provision.—In order that shipyard employees on the Pacific coast may be fully
c o m p e n s a t e d for the loss and inconvenience which they have suffered because of the unavoidable delay
t h e announcement of this decision, the wage rates fixed in Schedule “ A ” are made retroactive to August
in
1, 1918. Their attention is called to the fact that in strictness the basis for calculating their retroactive
p a y s h o u l d b e the increase from October, 1917, to August, 1918, rather than the greater increase from Octo
ber, 1917, to October, 1918, as herein provided. The more liberal adjustment is made in recognition of the
e x c e l l e n t production of Pacific coast shipyards, and in lieu of any further readjustment of wages prior to
April 1, 1919. All employees entitled to retroactive pay who were employed for any length of time from
August first until this decision is made effective, are to receive retroactive pay for the period of their em
ployment whether or not they are still employed.
8 The final section of the Pacific coast award is as follows:
XXVI. D ate w hen decision■becomes effective.—The rates and other conditions prescribed in this
decision, except as otherwise provided, shall be put into effect for the pay period beginning on or imme
diately after Tuesday, October 1,1918, or as soon thereafter as practicable.
Se c .
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E x h i b i t A — Wage
O C C U P A T IO N .1
LA B O R R E V IE W .
scale—Atlantic Coast, Gulf, and Great Lakes districts.
Rate
per
OCCUPATION.
Rate
per
Acetylene department:
Boiler shop:
hour.
hour.
Burners, first class...................... $0. 76
Boiler makers............................. $0. 80
Burners, second class.................
. 70
Boiler makers’ helpers...............
.54
Burners’ helpers.........................
.54
Flange turners............................
.86
Ohippers.....................................
.58
Flange turners’ helpers.............. . 64
Grinders.....................................
.58
Drillers (pneumatic)..................
. 68
Welders.......................................
. 80
Holders-on..................................
. 60
Welders’ helpers......................... . 54
Planer hands..............................
. 64
Angle smith department:
Rivet heaters.............................
.50
Angle smiths, heavy fires 2.........
. 96
Rivet heaters’ boys (Newport
Angle smiths, heavy fires, helpers . 64
News)......................................
.30
Angle smiths, other fires...........
. 80
Slab furnace men.......................
. 86
Angle smiths, other fires, helpers. .54
Slab furnace men’s helpers.......
. 64
Furnace men on shapes and
Bolting and liner department:
plates (shipwork)....................
. 90
Bolter.........................................
.58
Furnace men on shapes and
Liner m en..................................
. 64
plates, helpers.........................
. 64
Liner men’s helpers . .................
.54
Electric welders.........................
. 82 Cement department:
Heaters in angle work................
. 64
Cementers..................................
. 60
Blacksmith shop:
Cementers’ helpers.....................
.50
Backhandler.............................. .54
Chipping
and
calking
department:
Blacksmiths, heavy fires 2.........
. 96
Chippers and calkers..................
. 80
Blacksmiths, heavy fires, helpers . 64
Packers.......................................
.58
Blacksmiths, other fires.............
. 80
Tank testers................................
. 86
Blacksmiths, other fires, helpers. .54Cleaning
department:
Boiler makers ............................. .30
Leaders 4..................................... . 64
Boiler makers’ helpers..............
.54
Drop forgers................................
.80 Coppersmith department:
Coppersmiths..............................
Drop forgers’ helpers..................
. 86
.54
Coppersmiths’ helpers..............
Hammer and machine forgers,
.54
Heat, frost, and asbestos workers
heavy 3.................................... 1. 48
(pipe coverers)........................
Hammer and machine forgers’
. 80
Pipe fitters................................
helpers..................................... . 64
. 80
Pipe fitters’ helpers....................
Hammer runners, heavy............
.54
.64
Plumbers....................................
Hammer runners, other.............
. 80
.58
Plumbers’ helpers......................
Heaters.......................................
.54
. 64
Steam fitters...............................
Heaters to heavy forgers............ . 76
. 80
Steam fitters’ helpers.................
Levermen or cranemen..............
.54
. 80
Levermenor cranemen’s helpers. .58 Drilling and reaming department:
Liner forgers............................... .64
Drillers (pneumatic)..................
. 68
Liner forgers’ helpers................. .54
Reamers (pneumatic).................
. 58
1 The occupations enumerated in this decision are describedin the Handbook on Shipyard Occupations,
published by the United States Shipping Board Emergency Fleet Corporation, copies of which m a y be
obtained through the district examiners of the Shipbuilding Labor Adjustment Board.
2 Angle smiths and blacksmiths, heavy fires, are angle smiths and blacksmiths who normally require two
or more helpers in connection with their work. Laborers and back handlers are not to be considered helpers
under this definition.
; Hammer and machine forgers, heavy, are men who normally work billets 6 inches in diameter and
up, and use a furnace for heating. Men doing drop-forging work are not to come within this classification.
‘Leaders work along with the gangs they direct and are not to be confused with “ leading men.”
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[1690]
M O NTHLY LABOR REVIEW.
E x h i b i t A — Wage
209
scale—Atlantic Coast, Gulf, and Great Lakes districts—Continued.
o c c u p a t io n .
.
Rate
per
OCCUPATION.
Electrical department:
hour.
Electricians................................ $0. 80
Electricians’ helpers.......................... 54
Joiners................................................ 80
Machinists, first class......................... 80
Wiremen.............................................64
Erecting department:
Marine erectors, first class................. 80
Marine erectors, second class.............72
Marine erectors’ helpers.................... 54
Specialists or handy men.................. 62
Fitting-up department:
Angle and frame setters.....................80
Fitters................................................ 80
Fitters’ helpers.................................. 54
Plate hangers (regulators), first
class................................................ 70
Plate hangers, second class............... 60
Plate hangers’ helpers....................... 54
Foundry department:
Casting cleaners (hand and ma
chine chippers).............................. 58
Chippers and grinders........................58
Cupola tenders................................... 80
Cupola tenders’ helpers..................... 54
Molders.............................................. 80
Molders’ helpers................................ 54
Furnace department:
Heaters............................................... 64
Leaders 1 ............................................ 76
Strikers.............................................. 64
Hull engineering department:
Joiners.................................
80
Joiners’ helpers.................................. 54
Marine erectors, first-class.................80
Marine erectors, second-class............ 72
Marine erectors’ helpers....................54
Specialists or handy men.................. 62
Joiner department:
Joiners................................................80
Joiners’ helpers.................................. 54
Machine men..................................... 80
Machine men’s helpers......................54
Lumber department:
Machine men..................................... 74
Machine men’s helpers......................54
Machine shop:
Machinists, first-class......................... 80
Machinists, second-class.................... 72
Rate
Machine shop—Concluded.
hour.
Machinists’ helpers.................... $0. 54
Specialists or handy men.................. 62
Metal polishers, buffers, and
platers.............................................80
Material labor department:
Brakemen, yard................................. 62
Checkers, material............................. 64
Conductors, locomotive......................64
Conductors, road crane...................... 58
Engineers, locomotive....................... 72
Firemen, locomotive......................... 50
Hoisting and portable firemen..
.58
Hook and chain fasteners (hook
tenders).............. ; ......................... 62
Hook and chain fasteners, lead
ers L-............................................... 72
Operators of aerial hoists, single
•and double cableways, hoist
ing donkeys and winches,
hoisting cranes and derricks,
with carrying capacity of over
three tons........................................80
Operators of nonhoisting don
keys and winches........................... 70
Switchmen, yard. .... .........................62
Mold loft:
Joiners................................................ 80
Joiners’ helpers.................................. 54
Loftsmen............................................ 90
Loftsmen’s helpers.............................54
Paint department :
Painters and polishers....................... 74
Painters and polishers’ helpers.. . 54
Painters, bitumastic.......................... 80
Red leaders........................................ 56
Pattern shop:
Pattern makers.........................
Plant maintenance department:
Hose m en........................................... 70
Saw filers............................................ 80
Saw filers’ helpers.............................. 54
Tool grinders...................................... 70
Toolsmiths (tool dressers).................. 82
Power-house department:
Engineers (steam and electric)..
.80
Firemen..............................................58
Oilers.................................................. 58
Water tenders.....................................58
1Leaders work along with the gangs they direct and are not to be confused with “ leading men.”
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[1691]
86
210
E x h ib it
M O N T H L Y L A B O R R E V IE W .
A— W age sca le— A tl a n t i c C o a s t , G u lf , a n d G rea t L a k e s d is tr ic ts — Concluded.
OCCUPATION.
Rate
per
OCCUPATION.
Bate
Rigging department:
hour.
Ship shed department—Concld. hour.
Erectors....................................... $0. 58
Drillers (operators of drill presses) $0. 64
Erectors, leaders 1 ......................
.68
Mangle rollers.................................... 66
Hook and chain fasteners (crane
Offsetters............................................64
men, crane riggers).................
.62
Planers............................................... 64
Hook and chain fasteners, lead
Punchers............................................ 64
ers 1 ..........................................
.72
Pressmen, first-class...........................72
Riggers, loft and ship.................
.74
Pressmen, second-class...................... 64
Riveting department:
Pressmen’s helpers............................ 54
Heaters.......................................
.50
Sawyers.............................................. 54
Heater boys (Newport News)...
.30
Scarfers...............................................64
Holders-on..................................
.60 Ventilation department:
Passers........................................
.36
Sheet-metal workers...........................80
Passer boys (Newport N ew s).... .25
Sheet-metal workers’ helpers............ 54
Riveters......................................
.80 All departments:
Rivet testers...............................
.86
Checkers, material............................. 64
Stage builders............................. .66
Common laborers (South Atlan
Ship carpenter department:
tic and Gulf)...................................36
Ship carpenters, first-class.........
.80
Counters (piecework)......................... 68
Ship carpenters, second-class. ..
.74
Laborers............................................. 46
Ship carpenters’ helpers............
.54
Layers-out,2 5 cents addition to
Ship shed department:
journeyman’s hourly rate.
Bending rollers...........................
.80
Storeroom clerks.................................58
Countersinkers............................
.64
Timekeepers...............
58
W age scale f o r e m p lo yees in w o o d e n -sh ip y a rd s n o t in c lu d e d above.
hour.
Calkers................................................................................................................... $0.80
Calkers’ helpers..............................................................................................................
Ceilers and plankers......................................................................................................62
Cut-off saw operators.............................. ; ................................................................... 5 8
Fasteners 3 ..................................................................................................................... 62
General helpers..............................................................................................................
Millmen.........................................................................................................................80
Oakum spinners.................................................................................................... 4 2. 50
Ship carpenters (shipwrights), first-class.....................................................................80
Ship carpenters (shipwrights), second-class................................................................ 7 4
Ship carpenters (shipwrights), helpers........................................................................ 5 4
Ship joiners................................................................................................................... 80
Stage builders............................................................................................................... 6 6
Treenail machine operators.......................................................................................... 5 8
Woodworking machines (small), operators................................................................... 5 0
1 Leaders work along with the gangs they direct and are not to be confused with “ leading men.”
2Layers-out are men who lay out work direct from the blue prints.
3 Fasteners embrace men operating either air or electrically driven augers or hammers, driving driftbolts
or treenails, fastening timbers with strap irons, fastening driftbolts after driving, managing treenail cap
tools, and splitting and weighing treenails.
4 Per bale.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[1692]
M O N T H L Y L A B O E R E V IE W ,
211
W age scale— P a c ific co a st s h ip y a r d s.
OCCUPATION.1
Acetylene burners.............................
Acetylene welders.............................
Angle and frame setters...................
Angle smiths, heavy fires 2 .............
Angle smiths, heavy fires, helpers.
Angle smiths, other fires.................
Angle smiths, other fires, helpers .
Backhandler.......................................
Bending rollers..................................
Blacksmiths, heavy fires 2..............
Blacksmiths, heavy fires, helpers..
Blacksmiths, other fires...................
Blacksmiths, other fires, h elp ers..
Boiler makers.....................................
Boiler makers’ helpers.....................
Bolters.................................................
Bolt makers (bolt headers)..............
Bolt makers’ helpers........................
Brakemen (yard)...............................
Carpenters, ship 3...........................
Carpenters’ helpers........................
Casting cleaners.............................
Checkers, material.........................
Chippers and calkers.....................
Chippers and grinders (foundry). .
Conductors, locomotive.................
Countersinkers...............................
Coppersmiths.................................
Coppersmiths’ helpers...................
Counters (piecework)....................
Cupola tenders (melters)...............
Drillers, pneumatic.......................
Drillers (drill-press operators).......
Electric welders.............................
Electrical workers..........................
Electrical workers’ helpers............
Engineers, locomotive...................
Engineers in power houses (steam
and electric)...............................
Rate
per
hour.
$0. 76
.80
.80
.96
.64
.80
.58
.58
.80
.96
.64
.80
.58
.80
.58
.58
.80
.58
.66
.86
.58
.58
.64
.80
.58
.68
.64
.86
.58
.68
.80
.68
.64
.82
.80
.58
.72
.80
occupation.
Erectors..............................
Erectors, leaders 4...........
Firemen.............................
Firemen, locomotive.......
Flange turners.................
Flange turners’ helpers .
Forgers, hammer and machine,
heavy 6. .........................
Forgers, hammer and machine,
heavy, helpers..............
Forgers, drop....................
Forgers, drop, helpers...
Forgers, liner....................
Forgers, liner, h elp ers...
Foundry carpent ers.......
Furnace men on shapes and plates.
Furnace men on shapes and plates,
helpers............................
Hammer runners, heavy
Hammer runners, other..
Heat, frost, and asbestos workers..
Heaters in forge shop__
Heaters in angle work.. .
Heaters (rivet)...............
Holders-on......................
Hook tenders (cranemen, crane
riggers)........................
Hook tenders, leaders 4.
Hosemen.........................
Joiners, ship...................
Laborers.........................
Layers-out,6 (5 cents in addition to
journeyman’s hourly rate).
Loftsmen........................
Machine helpers (flange)
Machinists......................
Machinists, specialists...
Machinists’ helpers........
Mangle rollers................
Rate
per
hour.
$0. 58
. 68
.58
.52
.86
. 64
1.48
.64
.80
.58
.64
.58
.68
.90
.64
.64
.58
.80
.76
.68
.56
.64
.62
.72
.70
.86
.52
.90
.58
.80
.62
.58
.66
1The occupations enumerated in this decision are described in the Handbook on Shipyard O ccu p atio n s
published by the United States Shipping Board Emergency Fleet Corporation, copies of w hich m a y be
obtained through the district examiner of the Shipbuilding Labor Adjustment Board.
2 Angle smiths and blacksmiths, heavy fires, are angle smiths and blacksmiths who normally require
two or more helpers in connection with their work. Laborers and backhandlers are not to be considered
helpers under this definition.
2
In view of the fact that a sufficient number of ship carpenters should now have been trained to meet the
needs of the wooden shipyards, the three months’ probationary rate established for house carpenters em
ployed in shipbuilding is withdrawn.
*Leaders work along with the gangs they direct and are not to be confused with “ leading men.”
^Forgers, hammer and machine, heavy, are men who normally work billets six inches in diameter and
up and use a furnace for heating. Men doing drop-forging work are not to come within this classification.
6 Layers-out are men who lay out work direct from the blue prints.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[1693]
212
M ONTHLY LABOR REVIEW,
Wage scale—Pacific coast shipyards—Concluded.
OCCUPATION.
Rate
per
hour.
Metal polishers and buffers (fin
ishers) ......................................... .$0. 80
Holders.................................................. 80
Holders’ helpers.................................... 58
62
Oilers.................................
Operators of aerial hoists, single
and double cableways, hoisting
donkeys and winches, hoisting
cranes and derricks, carrying
capacity over three tons.................... 80
Operators of nonhoisting donkeys
and winches.......................................70
Painters........................
74
Painters, bitumastic.......... ...................86
Passer boys (rivet).................................36
Pattern makers.....................................94
Pipe fitters............................................. 80
Pipe fitters’ helpers...............................58
Planer m en............................................64
Plate hangers (regulators)..................... 74
Plate hangers’ helpers.......................... 59
Plumbers................................................80
Plumbers’ helpers................................ 58
Pivssmen................................................80
Rate
per
hour.
OCCUPATION.
Punch and shear men...........
Reamers................................
Red leaders...........................
Riveters.................................
Rivet testers..........................
Riggers, loft and ship...........
Sawyers (iron).......................
Scarfers..................................
Sheet-metal workers..............
Sheet-metal workers’ helpers
Ship fitters............................
Ship fitters’ helpers..............
Slab furnace men....... .........
Slab furnace men’s helpers ..
Stage builders.......................
Steam fitters..........................
Steam fitters’ helpers............
Storeroom clerks....................
Strikers..................................
Switchmen, locomotive. . . __
Tank testers...........................
Time keepers........................
Water tenders.......................
80. 68
. 68
. 60
. 80
. 86
. 74
. 58
: 68
. 86
. 58
. 80
.58
. 86
. 64
. 66
. 80
. 58
.58
. 64
.66
. 86
.58
. 62
Rate
Wage scale for employees in wooden-ship yards not included above.
per hour.
Beetlers, first 30 days............................................................................................ $0. 62
Beetlers, after 30 days...................................................................................................68
Bevel turners.......................................................
62
Boat builders................................................................................................................ 86
94
Calkers. . . . ...................................................................
Calkers’ helpers 1..................................................... ..................... •............................58
Ceilers and plankers (clamp hangers)..................................................................
.68
Cut-off saw operators.....................................................................................................62
Fasteners 2..................................................................................................................... 68
General helpers............................................................................................................. 58
Millmen......................................................................................................................... 86
Oakum spinners, first 30 days...................................................................................... 56
Oakum spinners, after 30 days..................................................................................... 62
Ship carpenters (shipwrights).......................................................................................86
Ship carpenters’ helpers.......................................................
58
Ship carpenters, joiners................................................................................................ 86
Stage builders.........................................................................
66
Treenail-machine operators...........................................................................................62
Woodworking-machine (small) operators......................................................................62
1 To increase 50 cents per day at end of each 3 months during period of 18 months.
1 Fasteners embrace pneumatic and electrically-driven tool operators and bolt stickers.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[1694]
M ONTHLY
L A B O R R E V IE W .
213
RATES OF PAY OF EMPLOYEES OF FIRMS MANUFACTURING COAL-TAR
CHEMICALS.
The United States Tariff Commission is publishing a series of
pamphlets on industries affected by the tariff, and No. 6 of this
tariff information series, issued in July, 1918, is entitled “ Census of
dyes and coal-tar chemicals, 1917.” 1 The report is divided into
three parts: (1) A general summary of the production of coal-tar
chemicals in the United States during 1917, as revealed by a special
investigation made by the United States Tariff Commission; discus
sion of statistical tables giving the output of each product classed as
crude, intermediate, and finished product; interpretation of the 60
per cent clause of the act of September 8, 1916; employees, rates of
pay, and research work in the coal-tar chemical industries; (2) a
historical review of the development of the dye industry in the
United States since the outbreak of the European war; (3) statis
tical tables showing imports and exports of coal-tar chemicals, and
imports of natural dyes. A review of the entire pamphlet is not
here attempted, attention being confined to that portion which in
terests labor particularly, namely, the number of employees engaged
in this industry and the rates of pay received by them on December
15, 1917, or the nearest representative date for which records were
available.
It is stated that during 1917, 190 firms (exclusive of coke-oven
plants and gas houses) reported the manufacture of coal-tar chemi
cals, and that 176 of these firms employed 1,733 chemists and other
technically trained men and 17,910 skilled artisans and laborers in
manufacturing operations on coal-tar products. It is also stated
that over two and one-half million dollars was spent in 1917 on re
search work alone. The output of finished coal-tar products during
1917 was 54,550,107 pounds, valued at $68,790,857, or an average of
$1.26 per pound.
The table which follows shows the number and per cent of employees
engaged in manufacturing operations receiving specified rates of
pay in each of the groups of technically trained and nontechnically
trained men. The table also shows the percentage of each group
receiving the specified wage or more. The proportion of technically
trained men receiving the higher rates of compensation is much
greater than the proportion of nontechnically trained men. For
example, 66.9 per cent of the technically trained men received
$25 or more per week, whereas only 25.6 per cent of the employees
without technical training received $25 or more per week. Nine
teen per cent of the technically trained men received $50 or more per
i U n ite d S ta t e s T a r if f C o m m is s io n .
c h e m ic a ls , 1917.
W a s h i n g to n , 1918.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
T a r if f in f o r m a ti o n s e rie s No. 6.
73 p p .
[1695]
C e n s u s of dyes and c o a l-ta r
214
M ONTHLY
L A B O R R E V IE W .
week, whereas only 0.3 per cent of the men without technical training
received $50 or more per week.
NUM BER A N D R A T E S O F P A Y O F E M P L O Y E E S E N G A G E D I N M A N U F A C T U R I N G O P E R A T I O N S , R E P O R T E D B Y 176 P L A N T S M A N U F A C T U R I N G C O A L - T A R P R O D U C T S .
N u m b e r re c e iv in g
e a c h sp e c ifie d
w age.
Classified weekly w a g e s .
P e r c e n t re
c e iv in g e a c h
s p e c ifie d w a g e .
M en
C hem
w ith
is ts
and
out
t e c h n i te c h n i
cal
c a lly
tr a i n e d t r a i n
m en.
in g .
T o t a l.
44
331
1 ,0 11
6 ,889
5,628
2,773
1,792
428
213
156
378
0 .2
.9
18.1
13.9
13.6
12.5
10 .6
6 .0
5 .2
19.0
0 .2
1 .8
5 .6
36.7
30.1
14.1
8.8
1.4
.6
.4
.3
19,643
100.0
10 0.0
$5 or under................................................................
$5 but under $10......................................................
$10 but under $15....................................................
$15 but under $20....................................................
$20 but under $25....................................................
$25 but under $30....................................................
$30 but under $35....................................................
$35 but under $10....................................................
$40 but under $45....................................................
$45 but under $50....................................................
$50 and over.............................................................
330
44
327
996
6 ,576
5,387
2,537
1,575
245
109
66
48
Total...............................................................
1,733
17,910
4
15
313
241
236
217
183
104
90
P e r c e n t re
c e iv in g e a c h
sp e c ifie d w ag e
o r m o re .
C hem
M en
C hem
M en
is ts
w ith
is ts
w ith
and
out
and
out
t e c h n i te c h n i t e c h n i t e c h n i
c a lly
cal
c a lly
cal
tr a i n e d t r a i n tr a i n e d t r a i n
m en.
in g .
m en.
in g .
10 0.0
9 9 .8
9 8 .9
80.8
6 6 .9
5 3 .3
40.8
3 0 .2
2 4 .2
19 .0
100.0
99 .8
9 8 .0
92.4
55.7
25.6
11.5
2 .7
1.3
.7
.3
UNION SCALES IN THE BAKERY, MILLWORK, AND PRINTING TRADES,
AND OF CHAUFFEURS, TEAMSTERS, AND DRIVERS.
In the September, 1918, Monthly L abor R eview there was
published the union scale of wages and hours of labor as of May
15, 1918, and May 15, 1917, for the principal occupations in the
building, granite and stone, and metal trades, and in freight hand
ling in the chief industrial cities of the North Atlantic division of the
United States. In the October R eview there was published the
union scale for the same dates and the same industries and occupa
tions in the principal cities of the North Central division of the coun
try. In the November R eview there was published the union scale
for the same industries and occupations in chief industrial cities of the
South Atlantic, South Central, and Western divisions of the country.
In continuation of this subject there are published in this issue of the
R eview the union scales for the principal occupations in the bakery,
' millwork, and printing trades, and of chauffeurs, teamsters, and
drivers in the principal industrial cities of the North Atlantic and
South Atlantic divisions of the country. Known changes since May
15, 1918 are indicated in footnotes. The scales as of the two dates
are printed in parallel columns so that comparisons may be made be
tween the two years.
The information was collected by special agents of the United
States Bureau of Labor Statistics in personal calls on the local
union officials.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[1696]
M ONTHLY
215
L A B O R R E V IE W ,
U N IO N S C A L E O F W A G E S A N D H O U R S O F L A B O R IN E A C H T R A D E , IN T H E N O R T H
A T L A N T I C A N D S O U T H A T L A N T I C S T A T E S , O N M A Y 15, 1918, A N D M A Y 15, 1917.
BAKERY TRADES.
B A K ER S.
M a y 15, 1918.
M a y 15, 1917.
R a t e of w a g e sG e o g ra p h ic a l d iv is io n a n d
c i ty .
Per
P e r w eek,
h o u r.
fu ll
ti m e .
For
Sun
For
days
o v e r
and
ti m e .
h o lidays.
H o u rs:
F u ll d ay s;
S a tu r d a y s ;
F u ll w eek.
R a t e of
N um w ages—
b e r of
iu u iillis
w ith
P er
S a tu r
P e r w eek,
day
h o u r.
h a lf
fu ll
h o liti m e .
day.
H o u rs:
F u ll d ay s;
S a tu r d a y s ;
F u ll w eek.
NORTH ATLANTIC.
B o s to n , M a ss.:
H a n d b a k e rie s —
F o r e m e n ..............................
J o u r n e y m e n 2 ..................
J o u r n e y m e n 3 ..................
H e lp e r s .................................
M a c h in e b a k e rie s —
F o r e m e n ..............................
J o u r n e y m e n ......................
H e b re w b re a d —
B e n c h m e n ..........................
F o r e m e n ..............................
S e c o n d h a n d s ..................
B r id g e p o r t, C o n n .:
H a n d b a k e r i e s 5—
F o r e m e n ..............................
O v e n m e n . ........................
S e c o n d s h a n d s ..................
B e n c h m e n ..........................
M a c h in e b a k e rie s —
F o r e m e n ..............................
O v e n m e n a n d m ix e rs .
S e c o n d h a n d s ..................
B e n c h m e n ..........................
H e lp e r s .................................
H eb rew b read —
F o r e m e n ..............................
S e c o n d h a n d s ....................
T h i r d h a n d s ......................
B u f f a lo , N . Y .:
H a n d b a k e rie s —
B e n c h m e n , d a v ...............
B e n c h m e n ', n i g h t ...........
O v e n m e n , d a y ................
O v e n m e n i n i g h t ............
M a c h in e b a k e rie s —
B e n c h m e n ..........................
O v e n m e n ..........................
P o lis h b r e a d —
F i r s t h a n d s , d a y .............
F i r s t h a n d s , n i g h t .........
S e c o n d h a n d s , d a y ........
S econd h a n d s j n ig h t ...
N e w a r k , N . J.:
H a n d b a k e rie s —
B a k e r s — 1 -m a n s h o p s
a n d f ir s t h a n d s ___
S e c o n d h a n d s .................
T h i r d h a n d s ......................
M a c h in e b a k e rie s —
B e n c h h a n d s ___
O v e n m e n a n d m ix e rs .
Cents. D olls.
Regular rate
m ultiplied
by—
Cents. D olls.
1
1
1
1
9-9-5
9-9-5
9-9-5
9-9-5
4
4
4
4
3 0 .0
25 .0
26.7
(*)
18.00
15.00
16.00
(<)
10 - 1 0 -60
10 - 1 0 -6 0
10 - 1 0 -6 0
(<)
1
1
8-8-48
8-8-48
37.5
33 .3
18.00
16.00
8 - 8 -48
8-8-48
«1
«1
•1
8-8-48
8-8-48
8-8-48
4 5 .8
58 .3
52.1
22.00
28.00
25.00
8-8-48
8-8-48
8 - 8 -4 8
(8)
(8)
(8)
(8)
8
8
8
8
-8
-8
-8
-8
-
4
4
4
4
8
8
8
8
46.3
42 .6
3 8 .9
3 5 .2
25.00
23.00
2 1.0 0
19.00
9
9
9
9
-9-9-9
-9-
54
54
-5 4
54
160c.
160c.
160c.
160c.
150c.
(8)
(8)
(8)
(*)
(8)
8-8
8-8
8-8
8-8
8-8
-
4
4
4
4
4
8
8
8
8
8
52.1
47.9
43.8
3 9 .6
33 .3
25.00
23.00
2 1.0 0
19.00
16.00
8 -8
8-88 -8
8-88-8-
-4 8
48
-48
48
48
32.0 0
29.0 0
26.00
1 75e.
i6 0 c .
i5 0 c .
(*)
(»)
(•)
8-8-48
8-8-48
8-8-48
5 0 .0
44.4
38 .9
27.00
24.00
2 1.0 0
9-9-54
9-9-54
9-9-54
44.4
48.1
48.1
51.9
24.00
26.00
26.00
28.00
1 70c.
i7 0 c .
i8 0 c .
180c.
101
101
101
1*1
9
9
9
9
4
4
4
4
35 .2
3 7 .0
3 8 .9
40.7
19.00
20.00
2 1.0 0
22.00
9
9
9
9
44.4
48.1
24.00
26.00
i5 0 c .
180c.
2
2
9-9-54
9-9-54
3 5 .2
3 8 .9
19.00
2 1.0 0
9-9-54
9-9-54
46.7
51.9
41.7
46.3
28.00
28.00
25.00
25.00
1 80c.
180c.
1 70c.
i7 0 c .
1
1
1
1
3 5 .0
36 .7
30 .0
31.7
2 1.0 0
22.00
18.00
19.00
42.6
38.9
35.2
23.0 0
2 1.0 0
19.00
1 60c.
1 60c
i5 0 c .
HI
HI
HI
9-9-54
9-9-54
9-9-54
3 7 .0
33 .3
2 9 .6
20.00
18.00
16.00
9-9-54
9-9-54
9-9-54
45.8
5 0 .0
22.00
24.00
1 60c.
i6 0 c .
HI
8-8-48
8-8-48
35.4
41.7
17.00
1«1
20.00
8-8-48
8-8-43
44.4
3 7 .0
3 7 .0
3 3 .3
24.00
20.00
20.00
18.00
5 0 .0
41.7
24.00
20.00
5 0 .0
768. 8
5 6 .3
24.00
33.00
27.00
(5)
(6)
(6)
58 .3
5 4 .2
5 0 .0
45 .8
28.00
26.0 0
24.00
22.00
160c.
160c.
1 60c.
160c.
58.3
5 4 .2
50.0
45.8
3 9 .6
28.00
26.00
24.00
22.0 0
19.00
66.7
60.4
5 4 .2
i6 5 c .
i6 5 c .
i6 5 c .
i6 5 c .
lè
H
10
9
10
9
-
9
9
9
9
-
-10
-9-10
-9-
5
5
5
5
-60
54
-6 0
54
1 R a t e i n c e n ts p e r h o u r .
2 C la ss e d a s h e n c h m e n , o r t h i r d h a n d s , on M a y 15,1917.
•C la s s e d a s o v e n m e n , o r s e c o n d h a n d s , on May 15,1917.
4N o s c a le i n e ffe c t o n M a y 15,1917.
* O v e r ti m e w o r k p r o h ib i te d .
• H e b r e w h o li d a y s a n d L a b o r Day off, w ith pay.
'M o r e t h a n h a l f of t h e m e m b e r s received more than the scale; amount not reported.
• H o lid a y s off, w i t h p a y .
8 H e b r e w h o lid a y s o n , w i t h p a y .
“ F o r S u n d a y s ; fo r h o li d a y s d o a b l e time.
u F o r S u n d a y s ; w o r k o n h o li d a y s p r o h ib i te d .
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[1697]
10
10
10
10
-9
-9
-9-9-
-10
-10
-10
-10
-54
-54
54
54
-6 0
-6 0
-6 0
-6 0
216
M O NTHLY LABOE REVIEW.
UNION SCALE OF WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR IN EACH T R AD E, IN THE NORTH
ATLANTIC AND SOUTH ATLANTIC STATES, ON MAY 15, 1918, AND MAY 15, 1917—
Continued.
BAKERY TRADES—Continued.
BAKE R S—Continued.
May 15, 1918.
May 15, 1917.
Rate o.'
Num
wage;—
ber of
months
Hours:
with
For
Full days; Satur
Per
Sun
Saturdays;
Per
day
Per week, For days
Full
week.
Per week,
half hour.
hour. full over arid
full
time.
holi
time.
holi
time.
day.
days.
Rate of wages-
Geographical division and
city.
Hours:
Full days;
Saturdays;
Full week.
NORTH ATLANTIC—contd.
Newark, N. J.—Continued.
Cents.
Hebrew bread—
Mixers............................. 56.3
Oven m en...................... 62.5
New Haven, Conn.:
Hand bakeries—
First hands.................... 52.9
Second hands................ 47.1
Bench men...................... 45.1
Oven m en...................... 49.0
Hebrew bread—
First hands.................... 56.9
Second hands................. 49.0
Third hands................. 45.1
Italian bread—
Hand bakeries4—
Foremen..................... 33.3
Foremen..................... 35.1
Foremen..................
35.1
Second hands........... 31.6
Second hands............. 29.8
Second hands............. 29.8
Second hands............. 31.6
Machine bakeries—
Foremen..................... 38.6
Second hands............. 35.1
New York, N. Y.:
Hand bakeries—
First hands, Union M,
Bronx........................ 7 41.2
First hands, Union B,
Brooklyn..................... 942.6
Second hands, Union
M, Bronx.........
1035.3
Second hands, Union
B, Brooklyn............... »37.0
Second hands, Union
E, Manhattan............ 1035.3
Third hands, Union M,
Bronx.........
1231.4
Third hands, Union
B, Brooklyn........... 1335.2
Third hands, Union
E, Manhattan.......... 1231.4
Foremen, Union E,
Manhattan................. 41.2
D olls.
Regular rate
m ultiplied
by—
Cents. Dolls.
27.00
30.00
U
14
il
8-8-48
8-8-48
48.1
53.7
26.00
29.00
27.00
24.00
23.00
25.00
li
li
li
li
21
21
21
21
8| 8i 8J8i -
84-51
84-51
84-51
8J-51
47.1
41.2
39.2
43.1
2 1.0 0
20.00
22.00
8i - 84-51
85—8^-51
8J- 8J-51
il
il
U
84- 84-51
8i - 8§-51
8i - 84-51
45.6
38.6
35.1
28.00
3 50c.
22.0 0
20.00
94- 94-57
94- 94-57
94- 94-57
19.00 5 300c.
20.00 5215c.
20.00 5160c.
n
94-57
94-57
94-57
94-57
94-57
94-57
94-57
29.8
31.6
31.6
28.1
26.3
26.3
28.1
17.00
18.00
18.00
16.00
15.00
15.00
16.00
94949494949494-
35.1
31.6
18.00
20.00
94- 94-57
94- 94-57
29.00
25.00
23.00
3 50c.
850c.
¡1
6215c.
81
5 200c.
5 300c.
5160c.
«i
6i
«i
9 |949494949494-
22.00 » 175c.
20.00 3175c.
2i
«i
94- 94-57
94- 94-57
18.00
17.00
17.00
18.00
61
«1
24.00
9 - 9- 54
9-9-54
84- 84-51
94-57
94-57
94-57
94-57
94-57
94-57
94-57
2 1.0 0
8 50c.
i
84- 84-51
41.2
2 1.0 0
84- 84-51
23.00
3 60c.
2i
9-9-54
38.9
2 1.0 0
9 - 9 -54
18.00
8 45c.
i
84- 84-51
35.3
18.00
84- 84-51
20.00
3 50c.
2i
9-9-54
33.3
18.00
9-9-54
18.00 8 45c.
i
84- 84-51
35.3
18.00
84- 84-51
16.00 8 45c.
i
84- 84-51
31.4
16.00
84- 84-51
19.00
3 50c.
2i
9-9-54
31.5
17.00
9-9-54
16.00
s 45c.
i
84- 84-51
31.4
16.00
84- 84-51
2 1.0 0 8 50c.
41.2 2 1.0 0
i
84- 84-51
84- 84-51
1 Hebrew holidays off, with pay.
2Holidays off, with pay.
8Rate in cents per hour.
4Variations in rates within each occupation are due to the size of ovens and number of bakings per day.
6 Rate in cents per extra baking.
6For Sundays; holidays off, with pay for extra half day worked on preceding day.
7 Scale became 51 cents on May 25,1918.
8Rates in cents per hour, limited to 2 hours per day.
8Scale became 48.1 cents on May 25,1918.
10Scale became 45.1 cents on May 24,1918.
11Scale became 42.6 cents on May 24,1918.
12Scale became 41.2 cents on May 25,1918.
13Scale became 38.9 cents on May 24,1918.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[■369S]
M ONTHLY
217
L A B O R R E V IE W ,
U NION SCALE OF W AGES AND HOURS OF LABOR IN EACH TR AD E, IN THE NORTH
ATLANTIC AND SOUTH ATLANTIC STATES, ON MAY 15, 1918, A N D M A Y 15, 1917—
Continued.
BAKERY TRADES—Continued.
B A K ER S—Continued.
May 15, 1918.
May 15, 1917.
Rate of
Num
wages—
ber of
Geographical division and
months
Hours:
city.
with
For
Full days; Satur
Per
SunSaturdays;
Per
day
Per week, over days
Full week.
Per week,
half hour.
hour. full
and
full
holitime. time. holitime.
day.
days.
Rate o wages-
Hours:
Full days;
Saturdays;
Full week.
NORTH ATLANTIC— co n td .
New York, N . Y .—Contd.
Machine bakeries—
Benchmen, Union A, Cents.
B ron x......................... 1 37.3
Benchmen, Union B,
Brooklyn..................... 3 41.2
Benchmen, Union E,
Manhattan................. 137.3
Benchmen, Union D,
Manhattan................. 41.2
Foremen, Union A,
Bronx.......................... « 49.0
Foremen, Union B,
B rooklyn................... 1 52.9
Foremen, Union E,
Manhattan...... ........... «49.0
Foremen, Union D,
Manhattan...... ........... 47.1
Helpers, Union D,
Manhattan................. 31.4
Oven men and mixers,
Union A, Bronx........ «43.1
Oven men and mixers,
Union B, Brooklyn.. 9 47.1
Oven men and mixers,
Union E , Manhattan. 8 43.1
Spongers and dough
setters, Union A,
Bronx.......................... '39.2
Spongers and dough
setters. Union B,
Brooklyn..................... i«43.1
Bohemian bread—
First hands..................... 47.1
Second hands................. 43.1
Third hands................... 39.2
Hebrew bread—
Hand bakeries—
First hands, Union
G, Bronx................. 76.5
First hands, Union
I , Manhattan.......... 76.5
First hands, Union
K , East Side, Man
hattan .................................... 76.5
D olls.
R egular rate
m ultiplied
by—
19.00
2 45c.
1
84- 84-51
37.3
19.00
21.00
4 50c.
«1
8 84- 84-51
37.3
19.00
84- 84-51
19.00
4 45c.
1
84- 84-51
37.3
19.00
8£—82—
51
Cents. D olls.
21.00
14
1
84- 84-51
35.3
18.00
8J- 8^—
51
25.00
2 50c.
1
84- 84-51
49.0
25.00
84- 84-51
8£- 8J-51
27.00
4 60c.
«1
284- 84-51
49.0
25.00
25.00
4 50c.
1
84- 84-51
49.0
25.00
84- 84-51
24.00
14
1
84- 84-51
41.2
21.00
84- 84-51
84- 84-51
16.00
14
1
84- 84-51
31.4
16.00
22.00
2 45c.
1
84- 84-51
43.1
22.00
8J—51
24.00
4 60c.
«1
» 84- 84-51
43.1
22.00
84- 84-51
22.00
4 45c.
1
84- 84-51
43.1
22.00
8§—8^—
51
20.00
2 45c.
1
84- 84-51
39.2
20.00
84- 84-51
22.00
4 50c.
«1
io 84- 84-51
24.00
22.00
20.00
60c.
4 60c.
4 60c.
n1
ni
n 1
84- 84-51
84- 84-51
84- 84-51
4
-
39.2
20.00
84- 84-51
39.2
35.3
31.4
20.00
18.00
16.00
84- 81-51
84- 84-51
84- 84-51
39.00
(i,)
18 1
84- 84-51
60.8
31.00
84- 84-51
39.00
(1!)
18 1
84- 84-51
58.8
30.00
84- 84-51
39.00
(1 2 )
H I
84- 84-51 1 ............. 60.8
31.00
84—84—51
1Scale became 47.1 cents on May 25,1918.
2 Rates in cents per hour, limited to 2 hours per day.
8Scale became 50 cents and 48 hours on May 24,1918.
4 Rate in cents per hour.
6 Holidays off, with pay.
6 Scale became 58.8 cents on May 25,1918.
7Scale became 62.5 cents and 48 hours on May 24,1918.
8Scale became 52.9 cents on May 25,1918.
3Scale became 56.3 cents and 48 hours on May 24,1918.
w Scale became 52.1 cents and 48 hours on May 24, 191811 For Sundays; holidays off, with pay.
12 Overtime work prohibited.
13 Hebrew holidays oil', with pay.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
84- 84-51
[1699]
218
M O N T H L Y L A B O R R E V IE W ,
UNION SCALE OF WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR IN EACH T R A D E , IN THE NORTH
ATLANTIC AND SOUTH ATLANTIC STATES, ON MAY 15, 1918, AND MAY 15, 1917—
Continued.
BAKERY TRADES—Continued.
B A K ER S—Continued.
May 15, 1918.
Rate of wagesGeographical division and
city.
For
Per
SunFor days
Per week, over
hour. full time. and
time.
holi
days.
May 15, 1917.
Rate of
Num
wages—
ber of
months
Hours:
with
Full days; Satur
Per
Saturdays;
day
Full week.
Per week,
half
full
holi hour. time.
day.
Hours:
Full days;
Saturdays;
Full week.
NORTH ATLANTIC—contd.
New York, N. Y.—Contd.
Hebrew bread—Contd.
Hand bakeries—Cld.
Second hands, Un- Cents.
ion G, Bronx.......... 70.6
Second hands, Union I, Manhattan. . 70.6
Second hands, Union K, East Side,
Manhattan.............. 70.6
Third hands, Union
G, B r o n x ............... 66.7
Third hands, Union
H, Brooklyn........... 72.9
Third hands, Union
I, Manhattan.......... 66.7
Third hands, Union
K , East Side, Man
hattan...................... 66.7
Fourth hands, Union I, M anhattan.. 45.1
Bench hands, Union
H, Brooklyn........... 77.1
Overmen, Union H,
Brooklyn................. 83.3
Machine bakeries—
First hands, Union
G, Bronx................. 86.7
First hands, Union
i , Manhattan.......... 86.7
First hands, Union
K, East Side, Man
hattan...................... 86.7
First hands, Union
J, Manhattan.......... 82.2
Second hands, Union G, Bronx.......... 80.0
Second hands, Union I, Manhattan.. 80.0
Second hands, Union K , East Side,
Manhattan.............. 80.0
Second hands, Union ,T, M anhattan.. 75.6
Third hands, Union
G, Bronx................. 75.6
Third hands, Union
H, Brooklyn........... 72.9
Third hands, Union
I , Manhattan ............ 75.6
Third hands, Union
K, East Side, Man75.6
Third hands, Union
L, Brooklyn .............. 80.0
Benchm en, ' Union
H, Brooklyn ............. 77.1
Benchmen, ’ Union
L , Brooklyn .............. 80.0
D olls.
Regular rate
m ultiplied
by—
36.00
(*)
8J- 84-51
52.9
27.00
84- 84-51
54.9
28.00
81- 81—51
36.00
0)
21
8 i- 84-51
36.00
0)
21
84- 84-51
52.9
27.00
84- 84-51
34.00
0)
21
84- 84-51
49.0
25.00
84- 84-51
35.00
«
21
8-8-48
49.0
25.00
84- 84-51
34.00
«
21
84- 84-51
49.0
25.00
84- 84-51
34.00
0)
21
84- 84-51
49.0
25.00
81- 81—51
84- 84-51
39.2
20.00
81- 81—51
23.00
«
21
37.00
0)
21
8-8-48
54.9
28.00
84- 84-51
40.00
0)
21
8-8-48
62.7
32.00
81—8^—51
39.00
(0
21
74- 74-45
64.6
31.00
8-8-48
39.00
0)
21
74- 74-45
62:5
30.00
8-8-48
39.00
(*)
21
74- 74-45
68.9
31.00
74- 74-45
0)
21
74- 74-45
62.5
30.00
8 - 8 -48
0)
21
74- 74-45
56.3
27.00
8 - 8 -48
«
21
74- 74-45
58.3
28.00
8 - S -48
37.00
36.00
36.00
36.00
0)
21
74- 74-45
60.0
27.00
74- 74-45
34.00
0)
21
74 - 74-45
50.0
24.00
8-8-48
34.00
0)
21
74- 74-45
52.1
25.00
8-8-48
35.00
(l)
21
8 - 8 -48
52.1
25.00
8-8-48
34.00
(*)
21
74- 74-45
52.1
25.00
8 - 8 -48
34.00
0
)
1
74- 74-45
55.6
25.00
74- 71-45
36.00
0)
21
74- 74-45
45.1
23.00
84- 84-51
8-8-48
58.3
28.00
8-8-48
52.9 27.00
74- 74-45
2 Hebrew holidays off, w ith pay.
84- 84-51
37.00
«
21
36.00
(0
21
1 Overtime work prohibited.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Cents. D olls.
21
[1700]
M ONTHLY
219
L A B O E R E V IE W ,
U NION SCALE OF WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR IN EACH T R AD E, IN THE NORTH
ATLANTIC A N D SOUTH ATLANTIC STATES, ON MAY 15, 1918, A N D MAY 15, 1917—
Continued..
BAKERY TRADES—Continued.
B A K E R S—Continued.
May 15, 1918.
May 15, 1917.
Rate of
Num
wages—
ber of
Geographical division and
months
Hours:
city.
with
For
Full days; Satur
SunPer
Saturdays;
Per
day
Per week, over days
Full week.
Per week,
half hour.
hour. full time. and
full
holi
time.
holi
time.
day.
days.
Rate of wages-
Hours:
Full days:
Saturdays;
Full week.
NORTH ATLANTIC— Contd.
New York—Concluded.
Hebrew bread—Concld.
Machine bakeries—Cld.
Oven men, Union H,
Brooklyn.................
Oven men, Union L,
Brooklyn.................
Italian bread—
First hands, Union Q,
Manhattan..................
Second hands, Union
Q, Manhattan............
Third hands, Union
Q, Manhattan............
Polish bread—
Foremen, Union 0 ,
Brooklyn.....................
Second hands, Union
0 , Brooklyn...............
Third hands, Union
0 , Brooklyn...............
Oven men and mixers,
Union 0 , Brooklyn..
Scandinavian bread—
Foremen, night work,
Union C, Manhattan.
Oven men, night work,
Union N, Manhattan
Benchmen,nightwork,
Union C, Manhattan.
Bakers, working alone,
nighi work, Union
C, Manhattan.............
Foremen,
daywork,
Union C, Manhattan.
Second hands, daywork, U nion C, Man
hattan..........................
Third hands, daywork,
Union C, Manhattan.
Philadelphia, Pa.:
Hand bakeries—
First hands, mixers, or
oven m en...................
Second
hands
or
benchmen...................
Machine bakeries—
First hands, mixers, or
oven m en...................
Second
hands
or
benchmen...................
Hebrew bread—
Foremen or ovenm en..
Second
hands
or
dough mixers.............
Thirdhands...................
• '
R e g u la r rate
m u ltip lie d
by
C en ts. D o lls .
C en ts. D o lls .
83.3
40.00
0)
n
8-8-48
66.7
32.00
8 —8 —
48
93.3
42.00
(*)
21
7 i- 7.1-45
60.8
31.00
8}- 81-51
8J- 8J-51
60.4
29.00 3 75c.
1
8-8-48
43.1
22.00
56.3
27.00
75c.
1
8-8-48
39.2
20.00
8J- 8i-51
52.1
25.00
3 75c.
1
8-8-48
35.3
18.00
8 i- 8J-51
59.3
32.00
3 70c.
1
9-9-54
48.1
26.00
9-9-54
51.9
28.00
3 60c.
1
9-9-54
40.7
22.00
9-9-54
44.4
24.00 3 60c.
1
9-9-54
33.3
18.00
9-9-54
51.9
28.00 3 70c.
1
9-9-54
40.7
22.00
9-9-54
48.1
26.00 3 75c.
<1
9-9-54
40.7
22.00
9-9-54
44.4
24.00
3 65c.
‘1
9-9-54
37.0
20.00
9 - 9 -o4
40.7
22.00 3 65e.
<1
9-9-54
33.3
18.00
9-9-54
44.4
24.00
3 75c.
‘1
9-9-54
37.0
20.00
9-9-54
44.4
24.00 3 75c.
<1
9-9-54
37.0
20.00
9-9-54
40.7
22.00 3 65c.
‘1
9-9-54
33.3
18.00
9-9-54
38.9
21.00
65c.
*1
9-9-54
31.5
17.00
9 - 9 -54
48.1
26.00
Ü
1
9-9-54
40.8
22.00
9-9-54
40.7
22.00
li
1
9-9-54
35.2
19.00
9-9-54
54.2
26.00
li
1
8-8-48
45.8
22.00
8-8-48
45.8
22.00
li
1
8-8-4«
39.6
19.00
8-8-48
64.6
31.00
ü
*1
8-8-48
51.9
28.00
9-9-54
‘1
8-8-48
58.3 28.00
46.3 25.00
li
50.0 24.00
8 - 8 - 4 8 ......
38.9 21.00
*1
li
1 Overtime work prohibited.
2 Hebrew holidays ofl, w ith pay.
« Rate in cents per hour.
< 5 holidays off each year, w ith pay; if work is performed, $5 per day additional.
• Hebrew holidays ofl, w ith pay for extra half day worked on preceding day.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[1701]
9-9-54
9-9-54
220
M O NTHLY LABOR REVIEW,
UNION SCALE OF WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR IN EACH T R AD E, IN THE NORTH
ATLANTIC AND SOUTH ATLANTIC STATES, ON MAY 15, 1918, AN D MAY 15, 1917 —
Continued.
BAKERY TRADES—Continued.
B A K ER S—Continued.
May 15,1918.
May 15, 1917.
Rate of
Num
wages—
ber of
Geographical division and
months
Hours:
city.
with
For
Full days; SaturPer
Sun
Saturdays;
Per
For
day
Per week,
Full week.
Per week, over days
half
hour.
full
hour. full time. and
holi
time.
time.
holi
day.
days.
Rate of wages-
NORTH ATLANTIC— Concld.
Hours:
Full days;
Saturdays;
Full week.
R e g iu a r rate
m u ltip lie d
Pittsburgh, Pa.:
C en ts. D o lls .
C en ts. D o lls .
by —
Hand bakeries—
9-9-54
42.6 23.00
1
8 |- 81-51
li
Foremen ....................... '51.0 26.00
35.2 19.00
9-9-54
1
8 i- 81-51
............. 43.1 22.00
Bon ohm on
lì
21.00
9
-9-54
38.9
1.
8
f8Í-51
147.1
24.00
Oven men and mixers.
lì
Machine bakeries—
52.1
25.00
8
-8-48
1
8
8
4
8
Foremen . r r................ 62.5 30.00
lì
8-8-48
37.5 18.00
1
8-8-48
Benchmen ................. 45.8 22.00
lì
8
8-48
41.7
20.00
1
24.00
8
8
4
8
50.0
Oven men and mixers.
lì
8-8-48
31.3 15.00
1
8-8-48
TTelpers
....................... 37.5 18.00
lì
Hebrew bread—
7 |- 74-45
64.4 29.00
2 7J- 0 -45
1
First hands..................... 77.8 35.00
li
74- 74-45
57.8 26.00
1
2 71- 0 -45
Second hands ..........- 71.1 32.00
li
74- 74-45
51.1 23.00
1
2 7 i- ,i -45
Third hands ............... 62.2 28.00
li
20.00
74
- 74-45
44.4
1
2
1
\0
-45
Fourth hands ............. 55.6 25.00
lì
Polish bread—
84- 84-51
47.1 24.00
1
74- 74-45
First hands.................... 62.2 28.00
lì
84- 84-51
41.2 21.00
1
74- 75-45
Second hands................. 57.8 26.00
li
84- 84-51
37.3 19.00
1
7J- 7Ì-45
Benchmen...................... 53.3 24.00
lì
Providence, R. I.:
Machine bakeries—
8-8-48
37.5 18.00
1
8-8-48
First hands..................... 45.8 22.00
lì
8-8-48
41.7 20.00
1
8-8-48
Mixers............................. 50.0 24.00
li
8
-8-48
15.00
31.3
1
8 - 8 -48
Helpers _ _________ 37.5 18.00
lì
Hebrew bread—
9
-9-54
25.00
F o r e m e n .............................. 66.7 32.00 3 75c.
46.3
41
8-8-48
9-9-54
42.6 23.00
41
8-8-48
Second h an d s............... 62.5 30.00 3 75c.
9
-9-54
38.9
21.00
41
8-8-48
Third hands................... 56.3 27.00 3 75c.
Italian bread—
12
-12 -72
20.00
27.8
1
12 -12 -72
First hands..................... 31.9 23.00 5200c.
12 -12 -72
23.6 17.00
1
12 -12 -72
Second hands................. 27.8 20.00 5 200c.
Rochester, N. Y.:
9 - 9 -54
46.3 25.00
«1
3 1 - Si-51
Foremen or first hands. 49.0 25.00
lì
9 - 9 -54
40.7 22.00
e1
8 i- 81-51
Second hands................. 45.1 23.00
lì
9 - 9 -54
35.2 19.00
41
8.1- Si—
51
Third hands................... 41.2 21.00
lì
Hebrew bread—
8 |- 84-51
49.0 25.00
14
<■1
81- 81-51
First hands..................... 54.9 28.00
84- 84-51
45.1 23.00
51
8 |- 8Ì-51
Second hands................ 51.0 26.00
lì
8 |- 84-51
81- 81-51
43.1 22.00
«1
Third hands................... 49.0 25.00
lì
Springfield, Mass.:
9-9-54
42.6 23.00
81- 81-51
'<2
Foremen......................... 52.9 27.00
lì
Second hands or oven9-9-54
37.0 20.00
72
8J— 81-51
m en.............................. 147.1 24.00
li
9-9-54
33.3 18.00
8J- 81-51
72
T h i r d h a n d s................. 43.1 22.00
li
Hebrew bread—
9 - 9 -54
51.9 28.00
8 - 8 -48
F o r e m e n .... ........................ 62.5 30.00 3 75c.
{1
9-9-54
44.4 24.00
8 - 8 -48
«1
S econd h a n d s
___
54.2 26.00 3 70c.
9-9-54
38.9 21.00
8-8-48
T h ird h a n d s
61
47.9 23.00 3 65c.
Worcester, Mass.:
Hebrew bread—
9 - 9 -54
49.1 26.50
F o r e m e n . . . . __________ 52.8 28.50 3 65c.
9-9-54
41
9-9-54
41
44.8 24.20
9-9-54
Sec on d hands
49.1 26.50 3 65c.
9-9-54
37.0 20.00
9-9-54
41
Third hands................... 40.7 22.00 3 65c.
1 More than half the members received more than the scale; amount not reported.
2For Sundays, 74 hours; do not work on Saturdays.
3 Rate in cents per hour.
4 Hebrew ho1¡days off, w ith pay.
• Rate in cents per baking.
_
*
* For Sundays; double time for holidays.
i For Sundays; holidays oil with pay; time and one-half if work is performed.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[1702]
M ONTHLY
221
L A B O E R E V IE W .
U NION SCALE OF W AGES AND HOURS OF LABOR IN EACH T R AD E, IN THE NORTH
ATLANTIC AND SOUTH ATLANTIC STATES, ON MAY 15, 1918, AN D MAY 15, 1917Continued.
BAKERY TRADES—Concluded.
BAKERS—Concluded.
May 15, 1917.
May 15, 1918.
Rate of
Num
wages—
ber of
months
Geographical division and
Hours:
with
city.
Full days; Satur
For
Per
Saturdays;
Per
day
For Sun
Per week,
Full
week.
days
week,
Per
half hour. full
over and
hour. full time.
holi
time.
holi
time.
day.
days.
Rate of wages-
SOUTH ATLANTIC.
Baltimore, Md.:
Cents. D olls.
Hebrew bread—
Foremen or oven men. 55.6 30.00
50.0 27.00
Richmond, Va.:
Machine bakeries—“Porpm p,ti
58.3 28.00
41.7 20.00
47.9 23.00
47.9 23.00
50.0 24.00
Washington, D. C.:
Hand bakeries—
TlftlrPTS
56.3 27.00
Machine bakeries—
56.3 27.00
Bakers, night work---- 2 60.3 28.92
Regular rate
m ultiplied
by
1
U
Hours:
Full days;
Saturdays:
Full week.
Cents. D olls.
1
9 -9 -5 4
9 -9 -5 4
46.3
40.7
25.00
22.00
9 - 9 -54
9 - 9 -54
1
1 50c.
> 50c.
« 55c.
1 60c.
1
1
1
1
1
8 -8 -4 8
8 -8 -4 8
8 -8 -4 8
8 - 8 -4S
8 -8 -4 8
52.1
31.1
33.0
33.1
35.0
25.00
16.80
17.80
17.90
18.90
9 - 9 -54
9 -9 -5 4
9 -9 -5 4
9 -9 -5 4
9 -9 -5 4
1*
1
8 -8 -4 8
36.1
19.50
9 - 9 -54
1£
1*
1
1
8 -8 -4 8
8 -8 -4 8
40.6
(3)
19.50
(3)
8 -8 -4 8
(3)
li
CHAUFFEURS, T E A M S T E R S , A N D D R I V E R S .
CHAUFFEURS.«
NORTH ATLANTIC.
4 8 .0
23.0 0
24 .0 0
Ü
Ü
9 -9 -5 4
9 -9 -6 3
8 -8 -5 6
11 -11 -77
35.2
25.0
25.0
22.7
19.00
15.75
14.00
17.50
9 -9 -5 4
9 -9 -6 3
8 -8 -5 6
11 -11 -77
10 -10
11 -11
11 -11
11 -11
10 -10
-70
-66
-66
-66
-70
28.6
24.2
27.3
30.3
27.5
21.00
16.00
18.00
20.00
19.25
lOi-lOi-731
11 -11 -66
11 -11 -66
11 -11 -66
10 -10 -60
10 -10 -60
9 -9 -5 4
11 -11 -66
12 -12 -72
10 -10 -60
33.3
29.6
-33.3
23.6
28.3
20.00
16.00
22.00
17.00
17.00
10 -10 -60
9 -9 -5 4
11 -11 -66
12 -12 -72
10 -10 -60
2
1
1
1
3 0 .0
30 .3
33 .3
36 .4
3 0 .0
2 1.0 0
20.00
22.0 0
24.0 0
2 1.0 0
« 35c.
1
72
72
72
(*)
8 33.3
3 7 .0
37 .9
2 7 .8
i«28.3
20.00
20.00
25.0 0
20.00
17.00
Ü
1
li
5 9 - 5 -50
6 9 - 5 -50
li
« 35c.
1 35c.
^O c.
1
1
8 9 - 5 -50
19.00
2
2 1.0 0
18.90
16.80
19.25
1 35c.
17.00
38.0
6
3 8 .9
3 0 .0
3 0 .0
2 5 .0
(6)
(6)
(6)
34.0
6
2
2
1
1
1
2
1
4 6 .0
O
»o
1
B o s to n , M a s s.:
C o a l d e liv e r y , e l e c tr ic
t r u c k ......................................
C o a l d e l iv e r y , g a s o lin e
t r u c k ......................................
D e p a r t m e n t s to r e , g a s o
li n e c a r .................................
E x t r a , A g r e e m e n t A .........
E x t r a , A g r e e m e n t B .........
G e n e r a l.....................................
T o u t i n g c a r, p u b li c s e r
v i c e ........................................
T r u c k s , 1 t o n o r l e s s .........
T r u c k s , 2 t o 3 to n s .............
T r u c k s , o v e r 3 t o n s ...........
T a x i c a b s .................................
B u ffa lo , N. Y.:
G e n e ra l, U n io n A ...............
G e n e ra l, U n io n B ...............
M a r k e t ......................................
T r u c k s ......................................
H e lp e r s .....................................
‘ Rate in cents per hour.
2 Scale became 61.9 cents on Nov. 1, 1918.
2 No scale in effect on May 15, 1917.
.
, , ,
, .
«Owing to the great number of classifications of this occupation and to conserve space the data for classi
fications embracing a comparatively small membership of the union have been omitted from the lists of
the larger cities.
. . .
s 54 hours and same pay per week, October to March, inclusive.
6 40 cents per hour until 8 p. m., 55 cents per hour thereafter.
2 For Sundays; holidays off with pay.
8 Allowed one day off each month, with pay.
8 Scale became 38.3 cents on June 1, 1918.
w Scale became 33.3 cents on June 1, 1918.
92434—19----- 15
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[1703]
222
M O N T H L Y L A B O R R E V IE W ,
UNION SCALE OP WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR IN EACH TR AD E, IN THE NORTH
ATLANTIC AND SOUTH ATLANTIC STATES, ON MAY 15, 1918, AND MAY 15, 1917Continued.
CHAUFFEURS, TEAMSTERS, AND D R IVER S—Continued.
CHAUFFEURS—Continued.
May 15, 1918.
May 15, 1917.
Rate of
Num
wages—
ber of
Geographical division and
months
Hours:
city.
with
For
Full days;
Satur
Per
Sun
Saturdays;
Per
For
day
week,
Per
Full week.
Per
over days
half hour. week,
hour. full time.
and
full
holi
time.
holi
time.
day.
days.
Rate of wages-
NORTH ATLANTIC—c o n td .
N e w a rk , N . L :
C en ts. D o lls .
C o m m is s io n h o u s e s .........
41.7 25.00
L o c a l e x p r e s s ......................
36.7 22.00
M a n u f a c tu r in g s h o p s . . .
37.5 22.50
T r u c k s , 3 t o n s .................. 3 41.7 25. 00
T r u c k s , 5 t o n s .................... 4 45.0 27.00
N e w Y o r k , N . Y .:
C o a l, 4 to n s a n d o v e r, g a s 46.7 28.00
F is h , t r u c k s , o v e r 2 t o n s .
50.0 30.00
F u r n i t u r e .............................
50.0 27.00
F u r n i t u r e v a n s , e le c t r i c . . 35.0 21.00
F u r n i t u r e , 1 t o n o r o v e r . . 38.3 23.00
M ilk , w h o le s a le , u n d e r
65 c a n s ................................
43.3 26.00
M ilk , w h o le s a le , 6 5 c a n s .
37.1 26.00
P o u l t r y ...................................
36.4 24.00
P ro d u c e, tru c k s , u n d e r 2
t o n s ......................................
45.5 30.00
P ro d u c e, tru c k s , over 2
t o n s ......................................
45.5 30.00
T r u c k s , e x c a v a t in g , 5
a n d 6 t o n s ........................
41.6 24.96
T r u c k s , 2 t o n s , g a s .........
40.7 22.00
T r u c k s , 3 to n s , g a s .........
42.6 23.00
T r u c k s , 3J t o n s , e le c tric . _ 30.3 20.00
T r u c k s , 4 t o n s , g a s t a n k . 44.4 24.00
T r u c k s , 5 t o n s , g a s ............. 46.3 25.00
S p e c ia l d e l i v e r y ................... 28.6 20.00
T a x i c a b s .................................. 33.3 21.00
H e lp e r s , a u t o t r u c k s , 2d
m e n ........................................ 44 .4 24.00
H e lp e r s , c o a l a n d a s p h a l t . 33.3 20.00
H e lp e r s , f u r n i t u r e .............. 31.7 19.00
H e lp e r s , p o u l t r y .........
36.4 24.00
H e lp e r s , p r o d u c e ................ 37.9 1 25.00
Hours:
Full days;
Saturdays;
Full week.
R e g u l a r rate
m u lt ip lied
by
1
1
1
3 60c.
3 60c.
81
7 40c.
li
91
91
3 40c.
1
3 40c.
10
10
10
10
10
1*
2
72
2
2
2
2
-10
-10
-10
-10
-10
8 10 -10 -60
10 -10 -60
9 -9 -5 4
10 -10 -60
10 -10 -60
(>)
U
1*
1
1
(“ )
Cents. D olls.
-60
-60
-60
-60
-60
3
10 -10 -60
77 10 -10 -70
11 -11 -66
33.3
33.3
33.3
37.5
41.7
20.00
20.00
20.00
22.50
25.00
10
10
10
10
10
-10
-10
-10
-10
-10
-60
-60
-60
-60
-60
41.7
41.7
38.5
22.5
35.8
25.00
25.00
23.00
19. 50
21.50
610
10
10
10
10
-10
-10
-10
-10
-10
-60
-60
-60
-60
-60
27.3
29.9
28.8
21.00
23.00
19.00
78 11 -11 -77
73 11 -11 -77
11 -11 -66
» 40c.
2
11 -11 -66
31.8
21.00
11 -11 -66
77 40c.
2
11 -11 -66
37.9
25.00
11 -11 -66
15 i
74 40c.
40c.
3 30c.
74 40c.
74 40c.
1
3 31c.
2
2
2
(“ )
2
2
1
1
10 -10 -60
9 -9 -5 4
9 -9 -5 4
78 10 -10 -66
9 - 9 -54
9 -9 -5 4
77 10 -10 -70
9 -9 -6 3
34.1
33.3
35.0
28.0
36.7
38.3
25.7
27.5
22.50
20.00
21.00
18.50
22.00
23.00
18.00
19.25
11 -11
10 -10
10 -10
78 10 -10
10 -10
10 -10
77 10 -10
10 -10
-66
-60
-60
-66
-60
-60
-70
-70
It
18 1
!0 1
8 40c.
74 40c.
(»)
2
li
(18)
2
9 -9 -5 4
79 10 -10 -60
10 -10 -60
11 -11 -66
11 -11 -66
28.3
28.3
29.2
28.8
27.3
17.00
17.00
17.50
19.00
18.00
10
78 10
10
11
11
-60
-60
-60
-66
-66
3
1 Jfor,S u n d a y s ; h o li d a y s off, w i t h p a y , d o u b le t i m e i f w o r k is p e rfo rm e d .
2 S c a le b e c a m e 45.8 c e n ts o n J u n e 1 , 1918.
3 R a t e i n c e n ts p e r h o u r .
S c a l e b e c a m e 50 c e n ts o n J u n e 1, 1918.
6 D o u b le t i m e a f t e r o n e h o u r .
8 55 h o u r s p e r w e e k , J u n e t o A u g u s t , in c lu s iv e .
7 60 c e n ts p e r h o u r a f t e r o n e h o u r.
8 W o r k o n S u n d a y p r o h i b i t e d ; h o li d a y s off, w i t h p a y .
* T i m e a n d o n e - h a lf a f t e r 8 p . m .
18
O n e d a y off e a c h m o n t h w i t h p a y .
11
O n e d a y off e a c h m o n t h , a n d o n e w e e k off e a c h y e a r w i t h p a y .
13 W o r k 6 h o u r s , p a i d fo r f u ll d a y .
15 S u n d a y w o r k p r o h ib i te d ; J e w is h h o li d a y s off, w i t h p a y .
18 R.a t e i h c e n ts p e r h o u r ; 60 c e n ts p e r h o u r a f t e r o n e h o u r .
18 T i m e a n d o n e - h a lf a f t e r o n e h o u r .
J8 O n S u n d a y s , 6 h o u r s . E v e r y o th e r S u n d a y a n d h o l i d a y off, w i t h pay.
17 ‘f ,u n ; aF w o r k p r o h ib i te d ; le g a l a n d J e w is h h o li d a y s off, w i t h p a y .
“ llV
t i m e a 7 te r o n e llo l,r a n d o n S a t u r d a y a f t e r n o o n s , J u n e t o A u g u s t , in c lu s iv e .
19 o5 h o u r s per w e e k , J u n e t o A u g u s t , inclusive.
* T i m e a n d o n e - h a lf a f t e r 8 p . xu.
4
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[1704]
-10
-10
-10
-11
-11
223
M O N T H L Y L A B O R R E V IE W .
UNION SCALE OF WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR IN EACH TRADE, IN THE NORTH
ATLANTIC AND SOUTH ATLANTIC STATES, ON MAY 15, 1918, AND MAY 15, 1917—
Continued.
CHAUFFEURS, TEAMSTERS, AND D R IV E R S—Continued.
C H A U FFEU R S—Concluded.
May 15, 1917.
May 15,1918.
R a te of
N um
w ages—
b e r of
I LIULilli),
H ours:
w ith
F u ll days;
For
S a tu r
Per
S un
S
a
tu
rd
a
y
s;
Per
For
d ay
P e r w eek,
F u ll w eek.
P e r w eek, over d ay s
h alf h o u r. full
a
n
d
full
h o u r.
h o li
tim e. holi
tim e .
tim e .
day.
days.
R a te of w ages—
Geographical division and
city.
NORTH ATLANTIC—concld.
Philadelphia, Pa.:
Coal, 2 -ton trucks.
General, It tons..
Piano..................
Taxicabs.............
Touring cars........
Helpers, general...
Helpers, piano......
Portland, Me.:
Trucks, 1 ton.......
Trucks, li tons--Trucks, 2 to 3 tons.
Providence, R. I.:
Coal...........................
Department stores and
furniture.................
Helpers, department
stores......................
Rochester, N. Y.:
Delivery.....................
Funeral......................
General......................
Taxicabs....................
Trucks, delivery..........
Milk...........................
Scranton, Pa.:
Trucks, small.............. .
Trucks, large.............. .
Springfield, Mass.:
Coal, 2 tons................. .
.
.
Tracks, 2 tons.
.
.
Helpers........... .
Worcester, Mass.:
.
Coal, 4 or 5 tons.
C ents. D o lls .
37.0
27.8
38.1
49.1
34.4
44.4
23.8
43.6
22.00
17.50
24.00
27.00
18.60
24.00
15.00
24.00
30.9
32.7
36.4
38.2
17.00
18.00
20.00
21.00
36.7
22.00
R e g u la r rate
m u ltip lie d
by
‘ 35c.
C en ts. D o lls .
2 310 - 9 i-5 9 i
2
1 1 -8 -6 3
2
1 1 - 8 -63
2
1 0 - 5 -55
9 -9 -5 4
1
9 -9 -5 4
1
1 1 - 8 -63
2
2
1 0 - 5 -55
12
li
H
li
li
2 o 10 - 5 -55
2 « 1 0 -5 -5 5
2 « 10 - 5 -55
2 « 10 - 5 -55
8
8
8
8
li
2
a 35c.
3 35e.
li
li
li
3 35c.
li
4
30.9 17.00
(4)
(4)
(4)
(4)
33.3 20.00
27.0 * 15.00
29.7 16.50
(4)
(4)
30.0 18.00
(4)
10 -10 -60
10 -10 -60
33.3
20.00
10 -10 -60
C)
10 -10 -60
28.3
17.00
10 -10 -60
(7)
10 -10 -60
21.7
13.00
10 -10 -60
(4)
(4)
30.0
17.9
26.7
30.0
(4)
(4)
18.00
15.00
16.00
21.00
12
12
28.3
40.4
14.00
20.00
18.00
14.00
33.3
36.7
38 0
30 0
34.3
30 0
20.00
22.00
20.52
18.00
18.50
21. 00
34.3
45.5
17.00
22.50
1
1
40.0
40.0
43.6
45.5
34.5
22.00
22.00
24.00
25.00
19.00
li
li
li
li
li
io 2 u 10 - 5 -55
2
1 0 - 5 -55
2
1 0 -5 -5 5
10 2 u 10 - 5 -55
10 2 u 10 - 5 -55
6
12
12
6
6
36.4 20.00
36.4 20.00
40.0 22.00
U) >. (4)
29.1 16.00
48.0
24.00
li
2 m 9 - 5 -50
6
40.0
3 36c.
8li
8 36o.
• li
1
(4)
(4)
10 -10 -60
9 Î- 91-551
9 i- 9Î-55Î
14.00
15.00
17.00
18.00
23.3
(1)
140c.
1 0 - 5 -55
23.3
25.0
28.3
30.0
30.0
U)
H o u rs:
F u ll d ay s;
S a tu rd a y s;
F u ll w eek.
1
10 -10 -60
1
10 -10 -60
2
9 -9 -5 4
1
10 -10 -60
2
9 -9 -5 4
1 » 10 -10 -70
2
2
9 - 4J-49i
9 - 4J-49J
20.00
10
10
10
10
10
12
10
» 10
[1705]
(4)
(4)
-10
-12
-10
-10
-60
-60
- 60
-60
-60
-84
-60
-70
9 - 4J-49i
9 - 4J-49J
n 10 - 5
1 0 -5
1 0 -5
(4)
1 0 -5
-55
-55
-55
-55
n 9 - 5 -50
1 Rate in cents per hour until 9 p. m., time and one-half thereafter.
2 551hours, June to September, inclusive.
*Rate in conts per hour.
*No scale in effect on May 15,1917.
»And a bonus of 5 per eent on money turned in. amounting to $54 or more per week.
*60 hours per weekj December to March, inclusive,
rWork prohibited.
®Double time after midnight.
»One day off each month and one week off each year with pay.
mFor Sundays; holidays off, with pay.
u 60 hours per week, November to April, inclusive.
12
54 hours per week, October to March, inclusive.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
-10
-10
-10
-10
224
M ONTHLY LABOR REVIEW.
UNION SCALE OF WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR IN EACH TRADE, IN THE NORTH
ATLANTIC AND SOUTH ATLANTIC STATES, ON MAY 15, 1918, AND MAY 15 1917 _
Continued.
CHAUFFEURS, TEAMSTERS, AND D R IV E R S—Continued.
T E A M S T E R S A N D D R I V E R S .i
May 15, 1918.
May 15, 1917.
Rate of wages—
Geographical division and
city.
For
Per For Sun
Per week, over
days
hour. full time. and
time.
holi
days.
NORTH ATLANTIC.
B o sto n, M ass.:
C en ts.
C arriag e........................
22.9
Coal, i h o rse................
42.0
Coal, 2 ho rses..............
44.0
Coal, 3 ho rses..............
46.0
C om m ission houses,
h o rs e .......... ...............
* 33.9
C om m ission houses,
h o rse s........................
537.3
D e p a rtm e n t stores,
h o rs e ..........................
33.3
D e p a rtm e n t stores,
h o rse s........................ ....... 35.2
G eneral, 1 horse, li g h t__ 28.8
G eneral, 1 h o rs e __ ____
30.3
G eneral, 2 horses.............. 33.3
G eneral, 3 h o rses.............
34.8
G eneral, 4 h o rses.............
36.4
L a u n d r y ............................. 38.9
L u m b e r, 1 h o rs e ..............
38.0
L u m b e r, 2 h o rse s............
42.0
M ilk, d e liv e ry ..................
35.7
M ilk, ro u te fo rem en . . . .
46.7
N ew sp ap er, 1 horse, re
la y d e p o t........................
31.3
P ian o an d fu rn itu re ____ 27.3
H e l p e r s , d e p a rtm e n t
store, 1 h o rse................. . 22.2
H elp e rs, g e n e ra l.............. . 30.3
H elp e rs, lu m b e r ............... 33.3
B uffalo, N . Y .:
G eneral, 1 horse, U n io n A. «16.0
G eneral, 1 horse, U n io n B . 33.3
G eneral, 2 horses, U n io n
D o lls .
16.00
Num
ber of
m o n th s
Hours:
W ith
Full days; Satur
Saturdays; day
Full week. half Per
holi hour.
day.
R e g u la r rate
m u ltip lie d
by—
30c.
Rate of
wages—
Per
week,
full
time.
Hours:
Full days;
Saturdays;
Full week.
C en ts. D o lls .
22.9 16.00
10 -10 -70
30.0 15.00
3 9 —5- 50
32.0 16.00
s 9 - 5 -50
23.00
1§
34.0 17.00
3 9 - 5 -50
20.00
50c.
10Ì- 6Ì-59
28.0 16.50
10'- 61-59
22.00
50e.
10è- 61-59
31.4 18.50
10J- 67-59
18. CO
H
9 -9 -5 4
29.6 16.00
9 -9 -5 4
19.00
H
9 -9 -5 4
31.5 17.00
9 - 9 -54
19.00
11 -11 -6 6
(7)
22.7 15.00
11 -11 -6 6
20.00
11 -11 -6 6
(7)
24.2 16.00
11 -11 -6 6
22.00
11 -1 1 -6 6
(7)
27.3 18.00
11 -11 -6 6
23.00
11 -1 1 -6 6
(7)
28.8 19.00
11 -11 -66
24.09
11 -11 -66
(7)
30.3 20.00
11 -11 -66
21.00 lì
9 -9 -5 4
33.3 18.00
8 9 - 9 -54
19.00 101
9 -5 -5 0
32.0
16.00
9 -5 -5 0
101
21.00
9 - 5 -50
36.0 18.00
9 -5 -5 0
25.00
1
11 10 -10 -70
28.6 20.00 « 10 -10 -70
28.00
1
» 10 -10 -60
38.3 23.00 « 10 -10 -60
15. 00 2 40c. (U )
8 - 8 -4 8
31.3 15.00
8 - 8 -48
18.00 2 40c.
11 -11 -66
27.3 18.00
11 -11 -66
12. 00
9 - 9 -5 4
lì
20.4 11.00
9 - 9-54
20.00
11 -1 1 -6 6
(7)
24.2 16.00
11 -11 -6 6
22.00 (7)
11 -11 -66
27.3 18.00
11 -11 -6 6
9.60
10 -10 -60
lì
16.0 9.60
18.00
1
9 - 9 -54
29.6 16.00
A .............................
«30.0 18.00
10 -10 -60
30.0 18.00
10 - 1 0 -60
G eneral, 2 horses, U nion
B ....................... ................ 37.0 20.00
9 -9 -5 4
33.3
18.00
9 - 0 -54
G eneral, 3 horses................ «33.3 20.00
10 -10 -60
33.3 20.00
10 - 1 0 -60
M arket, 1 h o rse.................. 30.3 20.00
11 -11 -66
25.8 17.00
11 -11 -6 6
M arket, 2 h o rse s................ 34.8 23.00
11 -11 -66
31.8 21.00
11-11 -66
to the great number of classifications of these occupations and to conserve space the dat i for
lt t f o t t S ^ f c ng 3 C°mparatlVely sm a1 1 membership of the union have been omitted fro m th e
2 Rate in cents per hour.
*54 hours and same pay per week, October to March, inclusive.
4 Scale became 37.3_cents on June 1, 1918.
«F°r Sundays; holidays off, with pay, double time if work is performed
6 Scale became 40.7 cents on June 1 , 1918.
21. 00
22. 00
1
1J
1*
10 -10
s9 - 5
39 - 5
39 - 5
-70
-50
-50
-50
7 40 cen ts p e r h o u r u n til 8 p. m ., 55 cen ts th e reafte r.
8 F o r S u n d ay s; h o lid ay s off, w ith p a y .
8 H o u rs v a ry b u t to ta l 54 p e r w eek.
10 T im e a n d one-half afte r 2 h o u rs.
withApa°y ed 2 dayS ° fl each m o n th > O ctober to M ay, in c lu siv e, w ith pay; and 2 w eeks v ac atio n each year,
w ith 'p a y V'ed 1 fla7 ofl' eveI7 3 w eeks, O ctober to M ay, in c lu siv e, with pay; and 1 w eek vacation each y ear
13 $4 p e r d a y for S u n d ay s; d o u b le tim e for h o lid ay s.
14 Seale becam e 30 cents on J u n e 1, 1918.
15 Seale becam e 33.3 cents on Ju n e 1, 1918.
16 Scale becam e 36.7 c e n ts on June 1,1918.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[1706]
225
M O N TH LY LABOR REVIEW,
UNION SCALE OF WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR IN EACH T R A D E , IN THE NORTH
ATLANTIC AND SOUTH ATLANTIC STATES, ON MAY 15, 1918, AND MAY 15, 1917—
Continue d.
CHAUFFEURS, TEAMSTERS, AND D R IVER S—Continued.
TEAMSTERS AND DRIVERS—Continued.
May 15,1918.
Rate of wages—
0 cographical division and
city.
NORTH- ATLANTIC—eontd.
For
Sun
Per
For days
Per week, over
hour. full time. and
time.
holi
days.
May 15,1917.
Rate of
Num
wages—
ber of
months
Hours:
with
Full days;
Per
Saturdays; Satur
day
Per week,
Full week.
half hour. full
holi
time.
day.
Regular rate
m ultiplied
Newark, N. J.:
Cents. D olls.
by
Cents. D olls.
10 -10 -60
1
Beef or provisions, 1 horse 34.2 20.50
1
26.7 16.00
Commission houses, 2
10 -10 -60
1
li
28.3 17.00
horses.............................. 41.7 25.00
10 -10 -00
1
2
Express, 1 horse............... 28.3 17.00
25.0 15.00
Express', 1 horse, New10 -10 -60
ark to New York.......... 30.0 18.00
1
2
26.7 16.00
Express, 2 horses, New10 -10 -60
1
2
ark to New York.......... 33.3 20.0?
30.0 IS. 00
10 -10 -60
1
2
Express, 3 horses............. 35.0 21.00
31.7 19.00
Express, 3 horses, New10 -10 -60
1
ark to New York.......... 36.7 22.00
2
33.3 20.00
10 -10 -60
General, 1 horse................ 28.3 17.00 i 45c.
25.0 15.00
H
10 -10 -60
General', 2 horses.............. 31.7 19.00 i 45c.
1J
28.3 17.00
10 -10 -60
1
2
26.7 16.00
Manufacturing, 2 horses.. 33.3 20.00
New York, N . Y.:
10 -10 -60
2
33.3 20.00
Beef, butter, and e g g s... 41.7 25.00 2 40c.
9-9-54
28.3 17.00
Building material, 1 horse 35.2 19.00 2 40c. 82
Building material, 2
9-9-54
31.7 19.00
horses.............................. 38.9 21.00 2 40c. s 2
Building material, 3
9-9-54
35.0 21.00
horses.............................. 42.6 23.00 2 40c. 82
10 -10 -60
Butter and eggs................ 36.7 22.00 2 40c.
2
28.3 17.00
510 -10 -60
2
Coal, 1 horse.™................. 33.3 20.00 « 1
3 28.3 17.00
8 10 -10 -60
Coal, 2 horses..................... 36.7 22.00
2
<1
3 31.7 19.00
510 -10 -60
Coal, 3 horses..................... 40.0 24.00
2
*1
3 35.0 21.00
9 - 9 -54
2
Delivery, 2 horses............ 37.0 20.00 2 40c.
30.0 18.00
Delivery ^ 2 horses, whole1
10 -10 -70
31.4 22.00
sale................................... 35.7 25. 00
10 -10 -60
25.9 17.10
2
Excavating........................ 30.0 18.00 6 1
8 10 -10 -66
22.7 15.00
Express, 1 horse............... 24.2 16.00 i.25c. (7)
s 10 -10 -66
Express, 2 horses............. 27.3 18.00 i 30c. n
25.0 16.50
Fish, 1 horse...................... 41.7 25.00 2 40c.
2 10 -10 -60
30.0 18.00
Fish' 2 horses.................... 41.7 25.00 2 40c.
10 -10 -60
2
35.0 21.00
12 -12 -84
1
1
17.0 15.00
Funeral.............................. 19.6 16.50
9-9-54
28.3 17.00
General, 1 horse,Union C. 35.2 19.00 2 40c.
2
9-9-54
2
31.7 19.00
General, 2 horses__
38.9 21.00 2 40c.
General' 2 horses, wind9-9-54
33.3 20.00
lass................................... 40.7 22.00 2 40c. 82
9-9-54
35.0 21.00
General, 3 horses.............. 42.6 23.00 2 40c. 82
11 -11 -66
28.8 19.00
Market, East Side............ 36.4 24.00 i 40c (9)
(10)
1 0 - 6 -56
37.5 21.00
Market, West Side........... 44.6 25.00
1
Milk, 1 horse...................... 32. 9 23.00 (U)
10 -10 -70
25.7 18.00
1
1
n 10 -10 -60
Milk, 2 horses.................... 33.3 20.00
30.0 21.00
10 -10 -60
27.1 19.00
Milk, 3 horses
............. 36.7 22.00 1 40c. (13)
11 -11 -66
27.3 18.00
Produce, 1 horse............... 33.3 22.00 2 40c.
2
Prod nee 2 horses__
2
11 -11 -66
31.8 21.00
37.9 25. 00 2 40e.
Theater properties......... 30.0 18.00
i< i
10 -10 -60
30.0 18.00
21.4 15.00
10 -10 -60
i
Helners. milk.................... 28.3 17.00
i
1 Rate in cents per hour.
2 Rate in cents per hour,-for first hour; 60 cents per hour thereafter,
s For Sundays; holidays off, with pay.
* Double time after 1 hour.
s 55 hours and same pay per week, June to August, inclusive.
6 Time and one-half after 1 hour.
2 Full day’s pay for 6 hours’ work.
8 Every other Sunday and holiday off, with pay.
s Do hot work on Sundays; Jewish holidays off, with pay.
io Work on Sundays prohibited; full day’s pay for 6 hours’ work on holidays,
u No pay for overtime.
i2 Allowed 1 day oil each month, with pay.
is $4 per day for Sundays; for holidays, single time,
n For Sundays; for holidays, double time.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Hours;
Full days;
Saturdays;
Full week.
[1707]
10 -10 -60
10 -10 -60
10 -10 -60
10 -10 -60
10 -10 -60
10 -10 -60
10
10
10
10
-10
-10
-10
-10
-60
-60
-60
-60
10 -10 -60
10 -10 -60
10 -10 -60
10
10
810
e 10
5 10
10
-10
-10
-10
-10
-10
-10
-60
-60
-60
-60
-60
-60
10
11
810
8 10
10
10
12
10
10
-10
-11
-10
-10
-10
-10
-12
-10
-10
-70
-66
-66
-66
-60
-60
-84
-60
-60
10 -10 -60
10 -10 -60
11 -13 -66
1 0 - 6 - 56
12 10 -10 -70
12 10 -10 -70
I2 10 -10 -70
11 -11. -66
11 -11 -66
10 -10 -60
1» 10 -10 -70
226
M O NTHLY LABOR REVIEW.
UNION SCALE O F WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR IN EACH TRADE, IN THE NORTH
ATLANTIC AND SOUTH ATLANTIC STATES, ON MAY 15, 1918, AND MAY 15, 1917—
Continued.
CHAUFFEURS, TEAMSTERS, AND D RIVERS—Continued.
TEAMSTERS AND DRIVERS—Continued.
May 15, 1918.
Rate of
Num
wages—
ber of
months
Hours:
with
Full days;
Per
Saturdays; Satur
Per week,
day
Full week.
half hour. full
holi
time.
day.
Rato of wagesGeographical division and
city.
For
Per
Sun
Per week, For days
over
hour. full
and
time. time. holi
days.
NORTH ATLANTIC—e o n td .
May 15,1917.
Hours:
Full days;
Saturdays;
Full week.
Regular rate
multiplied.
Philadelphia, Pa.:
Cents. D olls.
by—
Coal, 1 ton............. .......... 28.6 17.00 1 35c.
2
Coal, 2 tons....................... 3(J. 3 18.00 i35c.
2
General, team ing............ 22. 2 14.00 3 35c.
2
28.6 18.00 3 35c.
2
General, 2-horse teaming. 33.3 19.00
2
n
Lumber, 1 horse............... 29. 5 18.00
1
2
Lumber, 2 horses............. 32.8 20.00
1
2
Oysters............................... 36.8 21.00
2
Ü
Produce, 2 horses............. 29.2 21.00
1
51
Helpers............................... 31.6 18.00
2
Ü.
Portland, Me.:
General, 1 horse................ 31.0 18.00
2
General, 2 horses............... 34. 5 19.00
2
li
Providence, R. I.:
Coal, 1 horse...................... 28.3 17.00
2
li
Coal, 2 horses.................... 30.0 18.00
2
li
Coal, 3 horses..................... 31.7 19.00
2
H
Coal, 4 horses..................... 33.3 20.00
2
li
Rochester, N . Y.:
Building material............. 25.0 15.00 7 l i
2
Coal and dump -wagons,
1 horse........................ 23.3 14.00 7 l i
2
Coal, 2 or 3 horses............. 30.0 18.00 7 l i
2
General, delivery............. 30. 6 16.50
2
' li
General, three-quarter
wagons............................ 30.6 16.50 ’ l i
2
General, 2 horses............... 34.3 18.50
2
Ice ........................................ 30.1 9 22.00 ' l i n 50c.
Milk..................................... 35.7 “ 25.00 (")
1
1
Piano................................... 38.9 21.00 ’ l i
2
Helpers, general............... 30. 6 16. 50 ' l i
2
Helpers, ie e .„ ................... 27. 4 9 20.00 <*) 1140c.
Scranton, Pa.:
Baggage.............................. 25.0 15.00
1
1
Bakery and general team
in g .................................... 1635.2 19.00
1
(">
Bakery, retail.................... 33.3 »>20.00
1
C17)
Bakery, wholesale........... 33.3 2120.00
1
(” )
Coal and dump wagons.. 1826.7 16.00
1
2
General, 2 horses.............. 38.4 19.00
2
li
Stores, delivery................. 31. 5 17.00
1
1
2 10 - 9J-59i
2 10 - 9*-59*
1 1 - 8 -63
11-8-63
10L 6 -57
11 - 6 -61
11 - 6 -61
101- 6 -57
12 -12 -72
10i- 6 -57
•10-5-55
•10-5-55
10
10
10
10
-10
-10
-10
-10
Cents. Dolls.
14.00
15.00
12.00
15.00
15.00
14.00
16.00
(4)
12
23.0
24.6
19.0
23.8
26.3
23.0
26.2
(4)
(4)
(4)
(4)
(4)
8
8
23.3
25.0
14.00
15.00
10 -10 -60
10 -10 -60
25.0
26.7
28.3
30.0
15.00
16.00
17.00
18.00
10
10
10
10
4
4
12
12
12
12
-60
-60
-60
-60
10 -10 -60
8 10 -10 -60
8 10 -10 -60
9-9-54
9-9-54
9-9-54
» 12 -13 -73
“ 10 -10 -70
9-9-54
9-9-54
* 12 -13 -73
10 -10 -60
3
3
(4\
1 1 - 6 -61
11 - 6 -61
11-8
101- 6
11-6
11-6
(4)
-63
-57
-01
-61
(4\
-10
-10
-10
-10
-60
-60
-60
-60
25.0
15.00
10 -10 -60
23.3
30.0
22.5
14.00
18.00
13.50
8 10 -10 -60
• 10 -10 -60
10 -10 -60
23.3 14.00
26.7 16.00
30.1 9 22.00
1424.3 “ 17.00
31 7 19.00
21.7 13.00
27.4 20.00
23.3
14.00
78 9 - 9 -54
25.0 “ 15.00
10 -10 -60
25.0 15.00
18 10 -10 -60
25.0 15.00
10 -10 -60
26.7 16.00
9 - 4i—49*
34.3 17.00
9-9-54
............. («)
(*)
10 -10
10 -10
912 -13
18 10 -10
10 -10
10 -10
9 12 -13
-60
-60
-73
-70
-60
-60
-73
10 -10 -00
“ 10
10
10
10
9
-10 -60
-10 -60
-10 -60
-10 -60
- 4*-49J
(4)
2 55j hours and same pay per week, June to September, inclusive
* Rate in cents per hour.
4 No scale in effect on May 15, 1917.
«
Sundays; holidays off, with pay, if work is performed day before and day after.
' 58 hours and same pay per week, December to March, inclusive.
7 Double time after midnight.
6 55 hours and same pay per week, June to August, inclusive.
8 $18 and 48 hours per week, November to April, inclusive.
10 No overtime except November to April, inclusive, rate 35 cents per hour.
11 Rate in cents per hour for regular work; no pay for caring for horses, wagons, etc., an Sundays; for
holidays, single tim e.
’
9
- ’
12 And various commissions.
13 Average hours.
14 More than half of the members received more than the scale; amount not reported
ls No overtime except November to April, inclusive, rate 25 cents per hour.
16 More than half of the members received more than the scale, amount not reported*
17 Work on Sunday prohibited; for holidays, double time.
18 Allowed 6 days off each year, with pay.
19 And 15 per cent commission on sales over $100 per week.
20 And 18 per cent commission on sales over $80 per week.
21 And 10 per cent commission on sales over $150 per week.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[1708]
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW.
U N I O N SCALE OP WAGES A N D H O U R S O F L A B O R I N E A C H
A T L A N T I C A N D S O U T H A T L A N T I C STATES, O N M A Y IS,
C o n tin u e d .
227
TRADE, I N T H E N O R T H
1918, A N D M A Y 15, 1917—
CHAUFFEURS, TEAMSTERS, AND D R IVER S—Concluded.
TEAMSTERS AND DRIVERS—Concluded.
May 15,1918.
Rate of wages—
Geographical division and
city.
For
Per
For Sun
Per week, over
days
hour. full tim e. and
tim e.
holi
days.
NORTH ATLANTIC—COnCld.
Springfield, Mass.:
Coal, 1 horse.......................
Coal, 2 horses.....................
Grain and mason supplies, 1 horse-..................
Grain and mason supplies, 2 horses.................
Helpers...............................
Worcester, Mass.:
Coal, 1 horse.......................
Coal, 2 horses.....................
May 15,1917.
Rate of
Num
wages—
ber of
months
Hours:
with
Full days; Satur
Saturdays;
Per
day
Full week.
Per week,
half
full
holi hour. tim
e.
day.
Regular rate
m ultiplied
by
19.00
12
H
12
20.00
H
Cents. D olls.
34.5
36.3
34.5
19.00
36.4
34.5
20.00
19.00
40.0
42.0
38.0
20.00
21.00
19. 00
Hours:
Full days;
Saturdays;
Full week.
Cents. D olls.
>10-5-55
» 1 0 - 5 -55
6
6
30.9
32.7
17.00
18.00
« 10 - 5 -55
» 10 - 5 -55
n
2
1 0 - 5 -55
12
30.9
17.00
1 0 - 5 -55
n
2
2
1 0 - 5 -55
1 0 - 5 -55
12
12
32.7
30.9
18.00
17.00
10-5-55
1 0 - 5 -55
2
2
2
>9-5-50
»9-5-50
>9-5-50
6
6
6
32.0
34.0
30.0
16.00
17.00
15.00
* 9 - 5 -50
*9-5-50
»9-5-50
29.4 « 15.00
26.7 ' 16.00
S i- Si-51
w '-io '-e o
H
ll
1*
SOUTH ATLANTIC.
Washington, D . C.:
"Bakery, even ing,.............
"Rnlrery morning ______
Bakery, assistant ro u te
• agents and extra satesm en..................................
Ice cream............................
Helpers, ice cream............
M ilk ...................................
Milk, route agents............
39. 2 < 20.00
33.3 4 20.00
1
1
1
s 36.7 22.00
9 35.0 24.50 10 30c.
«30.0 21.00 « 30c.
1
21.4 «15.00
2 8 .6
20.00
1
81- 8J-51
10-10*-60
(*)
(•)
(»)
10 -10
1 » 10 -10
1 ii 10 -10
(14) « 10 -10
1» 10 -10
(“ )
-60
-70
-70
-70
-70
»30.0 18.00
25. Ò 17.50
20.0 14.00
21.4 «15.00
25.7 18.00
10
« 10
» 10
M10
» 10
-10
-10
-10
-10
-10
-60
-70
-70
-70
-7 0
MILLWORK.
CARPENTERS.
NORTH ATLANTIC.
B o s to n , M a ss.:
C a b i n e tm a k e r s , s t o c k
c u t t e r s a n d f it te r s , a n d
m o l d e r s ................................. 6 0 .0
M ill m e n .................................... »50.0
P la n e r m e n , m a tc h e r
m en,
an d s a n d p a p e rm a c h in e m e n .................... 6 0 .0
26.40
22.00
2
2
2
2
8-4-44
8-4-44
12
12
5 0 .0
50 .0
22.00
22.00
8-4-44
8-4-44
26.40
2
2
8-4-44
12
4 5 .0
19.80
8-4-44
1 F o r S u n d a y s ; h o li d a y s o fl, w i t h p a y .
2 60 h o u r s a n d s a m e p a y p e r w e e k , N o v e m b e r t o A p r il, in c lu s iv e .
> 54 h o u r s a n d s a m e p a y p e r w e e k , O c to b e r t o M a rc h , in c lu s iv e .
< A n d 10 p e r c e n t c o m m is s io n o n s a le s o v e r $200 p e r w e e k .
* $4 p e r d a y a n d 10 p e r c e n t c o m m is s io n o n s a le s o v e r $40 i n a d d i t i o n t o r e g u la r w a g e s.
» A n d 15 p e r c e n t c o m m is s io n o n s a le s o v e r $100 p e r w e e k .
» A n d 10 p e r c e n t c o m m is s io n o n s a le s o v e r $160 p e r w e e k .
8 M o re t h a n h a l f t h e m e m b e r s r e c e iv e d m o r e t h a n t h e s c a le ; a m o u n t n o t r e p o r t e d .
8 S c a le b e c a m e 45 c e n ts o n J u n e 1, 1918.
10 R a t e i n c e n ts p e r h o u r .
11 A llo w e d 15 d a y s o f l e a c h y e a r , w ith p a y ; i n e v e n t o f illn e s s , 25 d a y s .
u S c a le b e e a m e 35 c e n ts o n J u n e 1 ,1 9 1 8 .
18 A n d 2 p e r c e n t c o m m is s io n o n c a s h t u r n e d in .
14 W o r k o n e - h a lf d a y , p a i d fo r f u ll d a y .
15 A v e r a g e h o u r s .
18 A n d 1 p e r c e n t c o m m is s io n o n c a s h t u r n e d in .
n S c a le b e c a m e 60 c e n ts o n J u n e 1, 1918.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[1 7 0 9 ]
228
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW.
UNION S C A L E OF W A G E S AND H O U R S O F L A B O R IN E A C H T R A D E , I N THE N O R T H
ATLANTIC A N D S O U T H ATLANTIC S T A T E S , ON MAY 15, 1918, A N D M A Y 15, 1917—
Continued.
MILLWORK—Continued.
C A R P E N T E R S — C o n c lu d e d .
May 15, 1918.
May 15,1917.
Bate of
Num
wages—
ber of
Geographical division and
LuuUths
Hours:
city.
with
Full days; Satur
For
Per
Sun
Saturdays;
Per
For days
day
Per week, over
Full week.
Per week,
half hour.
hour. full
and
full
time.
holi
time.
holi
time.
day.
days.
Rate of wages-
R egu.ar rate
multi-plied
by
19.45
2
n
9-5-50
12
38.9
19.45
9-5-50
50.0
50.0
24.75
24.75
2
2
2
2
9 - 4i-49i
9 - 4 '-4 9 |1
12
12
35.0
35.0
16.80
18.90
8-8-48
2 9 - 9 -54
45.0
45.0
40.0
19.80
19.80
17.60
2
2
2
2
2
2
8-4-44
8-4-44
8-4-44
12
12
12
35.2
45.0
40.0
15.50
19.80
17.60
8-4-44
8 - 4 -44
8-4-44
62.5
56.3
60.0
42. 6
27. 50
24.75
21.60
29.70
20. 46
2
2
‘ li
H
H
22
22
2
2
2
8-4-44
8-4-44
8 |- 41-48
9 - 4i-49J
8 - 8 -48
12
12
12
12
56.3
40.9
40.0
50.0
40. 6
24.75
18.00
20.00
24.75
19 50
8-4-44
8-4-44
9-5-50
9 - 41-49J
45.8
41.7
22.00
20.00
2
2
2
2
8§- 4§-48
81- 4|-48
12
12
45.8
41.7
22.00
20.00
8?- 4f-48
8 |- 4|-48
NORTH ATLANTIC—concld.
Cents. Dolls.
Bridgeport, Conn.................
Buffalo, N . k .:
Cabinetmakers..................
Millmen..............................
Newark, N. J.:
Bench hands......................
Molding stickers...............
New Haven, Conn...............
New York, N . Y.:
Cabinetmakers..................
Millmen..............................
Philadelphia, Pa..................
Pittsburgh, Pa......................
Springfield, Mass.:
Molding machine m en. . .
Wood turners....................
Bench hands, cabinetmakers, and stock cutters...................................
Planer men, sanders, and
saw yers...........................
Worcester, Mass...................
Hours:
Full days;
Saturdays;
Full week.
1 38.9
4 45.0
Cents. D olls.
3 7 .5
18.00
2
2
8§- 4§-48
12
37.5
18.00
81- 41-48-
31.3
50.0
15.00
24.00
2
6li
2
2
8 f- 4J-48
8 |- 4§-48
12
12
31.3
35.0
15.00
16.80
8§- 41-48
8f- 41-48
740.0
21.60
1*
2
9-9-54
33.3
18.00
9-9-54
845.6
936.9
M48.8
"36.3
21.90
17.70
23.40
17.40
1J
li
• li
2
2
2
2
8-8-48
8-8-48
8-8-48
8-8-48
40.6
31.9
43.8
31.3
19.50
15.30
21.00
15.00
8 8 48
8 - 8 48
8 - 8 -48
8-8-48
1242.5
"47 5
20.40
22. 80
li
lè
2
2
8 - 8 -48
8-8-48
37. 5
42. 5
18.00
20. 40
8 8 48
8-8-48
"46.3
22.20
n
2
8-8-48
41.3
19.80
8-8-48
SOUTH ATLANTIC.
Jacksonville, Fla..................
Washington' D. C.:
Bench hands and cabinetmakers.......................
Berlin sanders...................
Layers off...........................
Planing machine men —
Straight molders, crosscut, mill work, and
frame makers.................
Varietv molders................
W ood turners, band, and
scroll sawyers.................
G L A Z IE R S .
NORTH ATLANTIC.
Boston, Mass............... !.___
Bridgeport, Conn.................
Buffalo, N . Y .......................
Newark, N. J........................
New York, N. Y ..................
Philadelphia, P a ..................
Pittsburgh, P a .....................
1645.5
48.0
56.3
62.5
42.1
50.0
67.5
20.00
2
20.00
24.75
27.50
21.89
22.00
29.70
li
li
2
n
2
2
2
2
li
2
H
2
ii
1 Scale became 41.7 cents on June 15, 1918.
250 hours per week, June to August, inclusive.
* Work on Saturday afternoon prohibited,
* Scale became 47.5 cents on June 1, 1918.
* D o u b le t im e a f te r 10 p . m .
1 Double time after 9 p. m.
i Scale became 50 cents on June 1,1918.
8 S c a le b e c a m e 58.1 c e n ts o n A u g . 1 ,1 9 1 8 .
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
8-4-44
9-5-50
' « 8 - 4 -44
8-4-44
9J- 41-52
8-4-44
8-4-44
12
12
40.9 18.00
8-4-44
40.0 20.00
9-5-50
50.0 24.00
8-8-48
12 50.0 22.00
8-4-44
12 39.5 20.52
9Ì- 41-52
12 50.0 22.00
8-4-44
12 65.0 28.60
8-4-44
9 Scale became 49.4 cents on Aug. 1,1918.
10 Scale became 61.3 cents on Aug. 1,1918.
11 Scale became 48.8 cents on Aug. 1, 1918.
12 Scale became 55 cents on Aug. 1,1918.
13 Scale became 60 cents on Aug. 1,1918.
14 Scale became 58.8 cents on Aug. 1,1918.
i» Scale became 47.7 cents on June 1, 1918.
16 48 Pours p e r w e e k , A p r il to J u n e , in c lu s iv e .
£1710]
9
M O N TH LY LABOE REVIEW.
229
U N IO N SCALE OE WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR IN EACH T R A D E , IN THE NORTH
ATLANTIC AND SOUTH ATLANTIC STATES, ON MAY 15, 1918, AND MAY 15, 1917—
Continued.
MILLWORK—Concluded.
GLAZIERS—Concluded.
May 15,1918.
May 15, 1917.
Rate of
Num
wages—
ber of
Geographical division and
months
Hours:
city.
with
For
Full days;
Per
Sun
Saturdays; Satur
.Per
day
Per week, For days
Full
week.
Per week,
half hour.
hour. full over and
full
time.
holi
time.
holi
time.
day.
days.
Rate of wages—
SOUTH ATLANTIC.
Cents. D olls.
Washington, D. C...............
7 4 3 .8
19.47
Regular rate
m ultiplied
by—
13 1 2 2
8 - 43-441
12
Hours:
Full days;
Saturdays;
Full week.
Cents. D olls.
37.5
16.69
8 - 4J-44J
PA IN TE R S: H ardw ood Finishers.
NORTH ATLANTIC.
2
2
00
T
XT
etc1:
OO
Boston, Mass........................
Buffalo, N. Y .......................
N ew York, N . Y.:
Manhattan, Bronx, and
Richmond......................
Kings..................................
Philadelphia, P a ..................
Pittsburgh, P a .....................
Rochester, N. Y ...................
45.0
56.3
21.60
24.75
H
3 8 - 4 -44
12
9
40.0
50.0
19.20
24.00
8§- 41-48
4 8 - 8 -48
562. 5
762.5
840.0
45.0
51.3
27.50
27.50
19.20
19.80
22.55
2
2
11
U
13
(6)
(*)
2
2
2
8-4-44
8-4-44
8f- 4j-48
8-4-44
8-4-44
12
12
12
12
12
62.5
62.5
40.0
45.0
40.6
27.50
27.50
19.20
19.80
17.88
8-4-44
8-4-44
8J- 4Ì-48
8-4-44
8 - 4 -44
•
Washington, D. C............... 7050.0
24.00
13
2
8- 8 -48
50.0
24.00
8-8-48
n
SOUTH ATLANTIC.
PRINTING AND PUBLISHING: BOOK AND JOB.
B IN D E R Y WOMEN.
NORTH ATLANTIC.
Boston, Mass.:
Book repairers...................
Gatherers, hand................
Machine operators and
gold-leaf layers 72..........
Machine operators and
gold-leaf layers 73.........
Journey women74.............
J ourney women.................
Sheet examiners...............
Buffalo, N. Y .......................
29.2
24.0
14.00
11.50
11
13
2
77 8 |- 41-48
71 8j}- 4§-48
12
12
25.0
24.0
11.50
24.0
11.52
13
2
n 8<f- 41-48
12
22.9
11.00
2
12.00
24.0 11.52
2
77 8§- 41-48
12 21.0 10.08
13
23.0 11.04
2
U
77 81- 41-48
12 22.9 11.00
n 8J_ 41-48
23.0 11.04
2
12 19.0
9.12
13
22.9 11.00
2
71 8§- 41-48
12 22.9 11.00
13
2
18.8
9.00
77 8 - 8 -48 ............. 18.8
9.00
13
1 Scale became 50 cents on Juné 1, 1918.
2 Time and one-half on Saturday afternoon.
3 48 hours per week, April to June, inclusive.
* 44 hours per week, June to August, inclusive.
6 Scale became 68.8 cents on June 1, 1918.
6 Rate, 137.5 cents per hour.
7 Scale became 70 cents on June 1, 1918.
8 Rate, 143 cents per hour.
8 More than half of the members received more than the scale; amount not reported.
16 Scale became 62.5 cents on Aug. 1,1918.
11 Hours vary, but total 48 per week.
72 Classed as gathering and folding machine operators and gold-leaf layers on May 15,1917
Classed as folding and pasting machine operators, gold-leaf layers, ‘and machine operators
74 Classed as book examiners on May 15,1917.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[1711]
77 8§- 41-48
u 8 f- 41-48
77 8 |- 41-48
77 8 f77 8177 8§77 81a 8-
41-48
41-48
41-48
41-48
8 -48
on May 15,
230
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW.
U N I O N S C A L E OF W A G E S A N D H O U R S O F L A B O R I N E A C H T R A D E , IN T H E N O R T H
A T L A N T I C A N D S O U T H A T L A N T I C S T A T E S , O N M A Y 15, 1918, A N D M A Y 15, 1917—
Continued.
P R IN T IN G A N D P U B L ISH IN G : BO O K A N D JOB—Continued.
B IN D E R Y W O M E N — Continued.
May 15,1918.
Rate of wagesGeographical division and
city.
For
Sun
Per
For days
Per week, over
hour. full time. and
time.
holi
days.
NORTH ATLANTIC—COntd.
Newark, N . J.:
Folding-machine feeders.
Journey women, 2 years
or more experience........
New York, N. Y.:
Gathering-machine operators.................................
Envelope inserters and
mailers............................
Flat and roll mail wrap
pers ..................................
CoVerers..............................
Drop-roll feeders, setting
andchangingmachines.
Head gold-leaf layers and
drop-roller feeders........
Coverers, hand, and in
sert wire stitch ma
chine operators and
setters..............................
All-round hands s ............
Assistant operators or
flllers-in on gathering
machines........................
Book examiners 7 ..........
Hand folders or stitchers,
silk or thread; openersup or takers-ofl.............
Hand folders or box
emptiers for 3-point
machines.........................
Ruling-machine feeders..
Philadelphia, Pa.:
Quad machine operators,
auto-feed, drop rollers.
Jobbers...............................
Sewers, h a n d 9 .................
Bunchers10........................
Hand folders, all-round
sheet girls, or inserters.
Cents. D olls.
May 15,1917.
Rate of
Num
wages—
ber of
months
Hours:
with
Full days; Satur
Saturdays;
Per
day
Full week.
Per week,
half hour.
full
holi
time.
day.
Regular rate
m ultiplied
by—
Hours:
Full days;
Saturdays;
Full week.
Cents. D olls.
123.0
11.04
2li
2
8J- 41-48
12
23.0
11.04
8§—4£—
48
*20.0
9.60
» li
2
8 |- 41-48
12
20.0
9.60
83- 41-48
47.9
23.00
Ü
2
4 8 - 8 -48
47.9
23.00
< 8 - 8 -48
43.8
21.00
li
2
48 - 8 -48
39.6
19.00
<8-8-48
39.6
37.5
19.00
18.00
li
li
2
2
<8-8-48
<8-8-48
39.6
33.3
19.00
16.00
‘ 8 - 8 -48
< 8 - 8 -48
33.3
16.00
li
2
<8-8-48
33.3
16.00
48 - 8 -48
33.3
16.00
5li
2
<8-8-48
29.2
14.00
<8-8-48
29.2
29.2
14.00
14.00
li
li
2
2
<8-8-48
<8-8-48
29.2
25.0
14.00
12.00
< 8 - 8 -48
* 8 - 8 -48
29.2
25.0
14.00
12.00
li
li
2
2
<8-8-48
< 8 - 8 -48
22.9
25.0
11.00
12.00
< 8 - 8 -48
<8-8-48
25.0
12.00
li
2
< 8 - 8 -48
20.8
10.00
< 8 - 8 -48
20.8
18.8
10.00
9.00
li
li
2
2
< 8 - 8 -48
< 8 - 8 -48
20.8
18.8
10.00
9.00
< 8 - 8 -48
< 8 - 8 -48
29.2
25.0
25.0
20.8
14.00
12.00
12.00
10.00
li
li
li
li
*2
82
82
82
25.0
22.9
18.8
17.0
12.00
11.00
9.00
8.16
8f8J8J8 f-
41-48
41-48
41-48
41—48
12
12
12
12
8f8f8f8f-
41-48
41-48
41-48
4J-48
20.8 10.00
82
8 f- 41-48
12 16.7
8.00
8 |- 41-43
li
1 Wage was increased to 25 cents per hour on July 1,1918, but scale was not revised.
2 Double time after 4 hours.
* Wage was increased to 22.1 cents per hour on July 1,1918, but scale was not revised.
4 Hours vary, but total 48 per week.
8 Double time after midnight.
«Drop roll feeders, gatherers, hand and machine stitchers, inserters, pasters and caneelers, pointmachine feeders, wire stitchers, and goldleaf layers.
7 Collators, jobbers (general work), pasters, hand gatherers, stitchers or sewers; machine operators—
folding (drop roll, point, or Cleveland); gathering; gathering, flllers-in; pasting, sewing, or stripping; flat
and saddle stitchers; openers-up, insert wire stitching machine; blank-book work; gatherers; hand sewers,
or table workers; machine operators—indexing, numbering, paging, patent-back sewing, perforating, or
wire stitching.
8 For New Years, Thanksgiving, and Memorial days, time and one-half.
6 Or all-round job workers, gold-leaf layers, wire stitchers, numberers and pagers, folding-machine
operators, single-point machine operators, sewers, Singer machine operators,
m O r platers, perforators, b o a r d la y e r s , fly-leaf workers, and Sm yth sewing-machine o p e r a to r s .
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[1712]
MONTHLY LABOE REVIEW,
231
UNION SCALE OF WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR IN EACH TRADE, IN THE NORTH
ATLANTIC AND SOUTH ATLANTIC STATES, ON MAY 15, 1918, AND MAY 15, 1917—
Continued.
PRINTING AND PUBLISHING: BOOK AND JOB—Continued.
BINDERY WOMEN—Concluded.
May 15, 1918.
Rate of wagesGeographical division and
city.
For
Per
Sun
For days
Per week, over
hour. full time. and
time.
holi
days.
SOUTH ATLANTIC.
Cents. Dolls.
Atlanta, Ga........................... 22.9
Baltimore, Md.:
Machine hands................. 25.0
Table hands...................... 25.0
Numberers, hand............. 3 15.0
Washington, D. C............... 4 18.8
11.00
12.00
12.00
9.00
May 15,1917.
Rate of
Num
wages—
ber of
months
Honrs:
with
Full days;
Saturdays; Satur
Per
day
Full week.
Per week,
half hour.
full
holi
time.
day.
Regular rati
m ultiplied
by —
Cents. Dolls.
i*
2
1 8 - 8 -48
(2)
(3)
ij>
2
2
2
2
1 8 - 8 -48
1 8 - 8 -48
‘8-8-48
8-8-48
20.8
18.8
3 15.0
18.8
10.00
9.00
ii
lì
li
Hours:
Full days;
Saturdays;
Full week.
9.00
(»)
1 8 - 8 48
1 8 - 8 48
‘ 8 8 48
8-8-48
BOOKBINDERS.
NORTH ATLANTIC.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
2
i 8f - 41-48
12
43.8
21.00
i 8}- 4¿-48
2
2
i 8§- 41-48
18§- 4|-48
12
12
45.8
52.1
22.00
25.00
*81- 41-48
*8§- 4§-48
2
2
i 81- 4§-48
18§- 14-48
12
12
47.9
37.5
23.00
18.00
i8§- 41-48
i8§- 41-48
2
18}- 4Ì-48
12
45.8
22.00
18f- 41-48
2
2
2
i 8 f- 4-1-48
181- 41-48
i 81- 41-48
12
12
12
37.5
41.7
45.8
18.00
20.00
22.00
181- 41-48
■8§- 41-48
i 81- 41-48
2
2
* 81- 41-48
181- 41-48
12
12
45.8
45.8
22.00
22.00
i 81- 41-48
181- 41-18
2
i 8 f- 4¿-48
12
37.5
18.00
18J- 41-48
2
i 8 f- 41-48
12
45.8
22.00
181- 41-48
2
18J- 41-48
181- 41-48
12
12
45.8
47.9
22.00
23.00
i8 f - 41-48
181- 41-48
2
i 8 - 8 -48
3
43.8
21.00
> 8 - 8 -48
2
2
i 8 - 8 -48
i 8 - 8 -48
$
3
43.3
47.9
21.00
23.00
» 8 - 8 -48
> 8 - 8 -48
2
18 - 8 -48
3
43.8
21.00
between
£1718J
1
oc
1
ex
2
00
Boston, Mass.:
Case makers, hand............. ‘ 43.8 21.00
Ü
Case makers, head band
ers and liners, hand----- «45.8 22.00
li
Case makers, m achine.. . 7 52.1 25.00
li
Case makers, machine;
casers-in,
machine;
trimmers, book............. »47.9 23.00
lì
Casers-in, machine........... ‘ 43.8 21.00
li
Casers-in, machine; head
banders and liners,
machine.................... . »47.9 23.00
li
Cutters, board—
Union A .......................... » 41.7 20.00
li
Union B .......................... 9 41.7 20. 00
li
Cutters, sheet and stock. »47.9 23.00
lì
Cutters, stock, leather
and cloth........................ *45.8 22. 00
li
Folders, machine............. «45.8 22.00
li
Forwarders, stock, blank
work................................ 1050.0 24.00
lì
Rounders and backers,
machine.......................... 1146.9 22.50
lì
Stampers and inkers—
Union A .......................... 1050.0 24.00
li
Union B .......................... »47.9 23.00
li
Buffalo, N . Y.:
Cutters; cutters, stock;
rulers............................... 45.8 22.00
li
F i n i s h e r s , blank and
printed work, and rulers 47.9 23.00
li
Forwarders, grade A ....... 47.9 23.00
li
Forwarders, grade B,
blank and printed work. 45.8 22.00
li
i Hours vary, but total 48 per week.
s Not organized on May 15, 1917.
3 Per 1,000 sheets.
4 Wage was increased to $15 per week of 48 hours
was not revised.
5 Scale became 45.8 cents on June 1,1918.
*Scale became 47.9 cents on June 1, 1918i Scale became 54.2 cents on June 1, 1918.
8Scale became 50 cents on June 1, 1918.
»Scale became 43.8 cents on June 1, 1918.
i* Scale became 52.1 cents on June 1,1918.
u Scale became 49 cents on June 1,1918.
May 15,1917, and May IS, 1918, but the scale
232
M O N TH LY LABOR REVIEW.
UNION SCALE OF WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR IN EACH T R A D E , IN THE NORTH
ATLANTIC AND SOUTH ATLANTIC STATES, ON MAY 15, 1918, AND MAY 15, 1917—
Continued..
PRINTING AND PUBLISHING: BOOK AND JOB—Continued.
B OOKBINDERS—Continued.
May 15,1918.
Rate of wages—
Geographical division and
city.
NOKTH ATLANTIC—contd.
For
Per
Sun
For days
Per week, over
hour. full time. and
time.
holi
days.
Rate of
Num
wages—
ber of
months
Hours:
with
Full days; Satur
Saturdays;
Per
day
Full week.
Per week,
half hour.
full
holi
time.
day.
Hours:
Full days;
Saturdays;
Full week.
Regular rate
m ultiplied
Newark, N. J.:
Cents. D olls.
by—
2 1}
Case makers and casers-in. i 43.8 21.00
Cutters, book, paper, or
2 1}
rotary machine............. » 43.8 21.00
2 1}
Cutters', machine.............. 3 47.9 23.00
Finishers and forwarders,
all-round........................ « 47.9 23.00
2Ü
Finishers, first class, and
gilders............................ <50.0 24.00
2li
Finishers, second class;
folders, machine.......... i 43.8 21.00
2l i
Forwarders,first class... *50.0 24.00
21*
Forwarders, second class. i 43.0 21.00
2l i
F o r w a r d e r s , sheet
straighteners.................. 6 39.6 19.00
8li
New York, N. Y.:
All-round men, blank
book work, first class. . 56.3 27.00
6l i
All-round men, blank
book work, second class 50.0 24.00
*1}
All-round men on general reference books___ 62.5 30.00
1li
All-round men on general reference books___ 62.5 30.00
7li
Backer, machine.............. 56.3 27.00
7l i
Case m a k er s and
stretcher makers, machine................................ 52 1 25.00
7l i
Case makers, m achine.. . 56.3 27.00
7l i
Casers-in, hand; casersin, assistant, machine;
colorers, book................. 52.1 25.00
7l i
Casers-in, machine........... 56.3 27.00
7l i
Coverers and stitchers,
assistant, machine........ 52.1 25.00
7 li
Coverers, extra; circuit
warpers, Bibles; forwarders, extra............... 54.2 26.00
7li
Coverers, gatherers, and
stitchers, machine........ 52.1 ,25.00
■l i
Cutters, block, machine,
- sheet and plate, sheet
stock, stock.................... 52.1 25.00
7li
Cutters, board; gluers-oif,
machine;
gluers-up;
nippers, sawers-out, or
smashers, machine....... 47.9 23.00
7lì
Cutters, machine.............. 54.2 26.00
7l i
Finishers, assistant.......... 52.1 25.00
7l ì
Finishers, extra................ 62.5 30.00
7l i
Folders, machine............. 56.3 27.00
7l ì
Gilders, book, edge.......... 70.0 33.60
7l i
Head banders and liners,
machine.......................... 56.3 27.00
7l i
Head banders, assistant,
machine; head banders
and liners........................ 52.1 25.00
7l i
1 Scale became 47.9 cents on July 1, 1918.
2Double time after 4 hours.
8 Scale became 52.1 cents on July 1, 1918.
» Seale became 54.2 cents on July 1, 1918.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
May 15, 1917.
Cents. D olls.
2
8f- 4J-48
12
43.8
21.00
8J- 4J-48
2
2
8f- 4J-48
8 f- 4J-48
12
12
43.8
47.9
21.00
23.00
8 |- 4}-48
8 |- 4-J-48
2
8 f- 4}-48
12
47.9
23.00
8f- 4J-48
2
8 f- 4}-48
12
47. S 23. 00
8f- 4i-48
2
2
2
8f- 4-}-48
81- 4}-48
8}- 41-48
12
12
12
43.8
50.0
43.8
21.00
24.00
21.00
8f- 45-48
8J- 4}-48
8}- 45-48
2
8}- 41-48
12
39.6
19.00
8f- 4J-48
2
8-8-48
50.0
24.00
8-8-48
2
8-8-48
43.8
21.00
8-8-48
2
»8-8-48
54.2
26.00
»8 - S -48
2
2
» 8 - 8 -48
»8 - 8 -48
52.1
52.1
25.00
25.00
»8-8-48
»8-8-48
2
2
88-8-48
»8-8-48
45.8
52.1
22.00
25.00
» 8 - 8 -48
» 8 - 8 -48
2
2
«8-8-48
» 8 - 8 -48
' 45. 8
52.1
22.00
25.00
» 8 - 8 -48
» 8 - 8 -48
2
»8-8-48
45.8
22.00
» 8 - 8 -48
2
»8-8-48
50.0
24.00
» 8 - 8 -48
2
» 8 - 8 -48
47.9
23.00
* 8 - 8 -48
2
»8-8-48
45.8
22.00
» 8 - 8 -48
2
2
2
2
2
2
8 8 _ s -48
» 8 - 8 48
»8-8-48
*8-8-48
88 - 8 -48
»8-8-48
41. 7
47. 9
45.8
58.3
47. 9
69.0
20.00
23.00
22.00
28.00
23.00
33. 12
» 8 - 8 -48
» 8 - 8 -48
» 8 - 8 -48
» 8 - 8 -48
» 8 - 8 -48
»8 - > -48
2
»8-8-48
52. 1 25.00
» 8 - 8 -48
2
»8-8-48
45. 8 22.00
»8-8-48
5 Scale became 43.8 cents on July 1, 1918.
1Double time after midnight.
7 Double time after 5 hours.
»Hours vary, but total 48 per week.
[1714]
233
M ONTHLY LABOE REVIEW,
U NION SCALE OF WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR IN EACH T R AD E, IN THE NORTH
ATLANTIC AND SOUTH ATLANTIC STATES, ON MAY 15, 1918, AND MAY 15, 1917—
Continued.
PRINTING AND PUBLISHING: BOOK AND JOB—Continued.
BOOKBINDERS—Continued.
May 15,1918.
May 15,1917.
Rate of
Num
wages—
ber of
Geographical division and
months
Hours:
city.
with
For
Full days. Satur
Per
Sun
Saturdays;
Per
For days
day
Per week, over
Per week,
Full week.
half hour.
hour. full time. and
full
holi
time.
holi
time.
day.
days.
Rate of wages—
Hours:
Full days;
Saturdays;
Full week.
NORTH ATLANTIC—COntd.
Regular rate
m ultiplied
New York, N. Y .—Concld.
Rounders and backers, Cents. D olls.
Cents. D olls.
6y—
hand;repairers, b o o k .. 52.1 25.00 11
2
45.8 22.00
2 8 - 8 -48
2
lb
Rulers, first class.............. 56.3 27.00
2 8 - 8 -48
50.0 24.00
2
Rulers, second class......... 50.0 24.00
43.0 21.00
2 8 - 8 -48
lè
2
Stampers, A....................... 56.3 27.00
45.8 22.00
2 8 - 8 -48
2
Stampers, B ....................... 56.3 27.00 311
50.0 24.00
2 8 - 8 -48
2
Stampers, head, A ........... 68.8 33.00 *iè
2 8 - 8 -48
64.6 31.00
2
Stampers, head, B ........... 68.8 33.00 3iè
62.5 30.00
2 8 - 8 -48
2
Trimmers........................... 58.3 28.00
52.1 25.00
2 8 - 8 -48
2
Trimmers, machine, A . . 47.9 23.00 1li
41.7 20.00
2 8 - 8 -48
2
Trimmers, machine, B. . . 56.3 27.00
52.1 25.00
2 8 - 8 -48
2
Trimmers, machine, C. .. 52.1 25.00
2 8 - 8 -48
45.8 22.00
Philadelphia, Pa.:
Case makers, hand........... 45.8 22.00
37.5 18.00
Case makers, machine, A. 52.1 25.00 •‘ il
43.8 21.00
Case makers, machine, B;
casers-in, m a c h i n e ;
rounders and backers,
machine.......................... 50.0 24.00
41.7 20.00
Cutters, book and sheet,. 43.8 21.00
35.4 17.00
Cutters, hand, leather. . . 43.8 21.00
31.3 15.00
Cutters, job and pamph
let..................................... 43.8 21.00
33.3 16.00
Cutters, stock, leather,
blank work..................... 45.8 22.00
37.5 18r 00
Finishers, extra printed
work................................ 54.2 26.00 4 14
■45.8 22.00
Finishers, job and full
bound blank work........ 52.1 25.00 sn
43.8 21.00
Finishers, sheep and
plain job; strippers, ma
chine .............................. 45.8 22.00
39.6 19.00
81- 4-2-48
Folders, assistant, ma
chine .............................. 37.5 18.00
31.3 15.00
8J- 42-48
Folders, machine, coverers; machine, trimmers;
machine, printed work. 50.0 24.00
81- 41-48
19.00
Forwarders, circuit edge
Bible work or extra
j o b - p r i n t e d work;
gilders............................ 50.0 24.00
43.8 21.00
8 f- 45-48
Forwarders,
cloth,
printed work............... 45.8 22.00
37.5 18.00
81- 4-5-48
Forwarders,
copying
books.............................. 43.8 21.00
37.5 18.00
81- 41-48
Forwarders, extra job,
printed work............... 52.1 25.00
81- 41-48
43.8 21.00
Forwarders, full bound,
stock and job............... 50.0 24.00
81- 41-48
37.5 18.00
Forwarders, half bound,
blank work................... 45.8 22.00
81- 41-48
35.4 17.00
Forwarders, head sheet
m en................................ 43.8 21.00
8-1- 41-48
35.4 17.00
1 Double time after 5 hours.
2 Hours vary, but total 48 per week.
* Double time after midnight.
4 For New Years, Memorial, and Thanksgiving days, time and one-half,
s More than half of the members received more than the scale; amount not reported.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
d*
tits
28
28
28
28
28
28
28
28
28
28
28
-
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
-48
-48
-48
-48
-48
-48
-48
-48
-48
-48
-48
81- 4-2-48
82- 42-48
HI
[1715]
82- 42-48
8 |- 42-48
82- 42-48
82- 42-48
8 f- 42-48
8-2- 42-48
82- 42-48
8 f- 42-48
82- 42-48
82- 42-48
234
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW,
UNION SCALE OF WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR IN EACH TRADE, IN THE NORTH
ATLANTIC AND SOUTH ATLANTIC STATES, ON MAY 15, 1918, AND MAY 15, 1917_
Continued.
PRINTING AND PUBLISHING: BOOK AND JOB—Continued.
BO OKBINDERS—Concluded.
May 15,1918.
Rate of wages—
Geographical division and
city.
For
Per For Sun
Per week, over
days
hour. full time. and
time.
holi
days.
May 15,1917.
Rate of
Num wages—
ber of
months
Hours:
with
Full days; Satur
Saturdays; day
Per
Full week. half Per week
hour.
full
holi
time.
day.
Hours:
Full days;
Saturdays;
Full week.
NORTH ATLANTIC—concld
Philadelphia, Pa.—Concld.
Forwarders, loose leaf
hinders blank work;
rollers and backers__
Forwarders, plain job,
sheep and half bound
(edition work), sheet
m en...............................
Gluers-up, sawers-out.
smashers, or assistant
sheet m en.....................
Rulers, down line...........
Rulers, extra job............
Rulers, faint lin e............
Rulers, head....................
Stampers___7..................
Stampers, head................
Pittsburgh, Pa.:
Cutters..............................
Finishers, A .....................
Finishers, B .....................
Forwarders, A ................. .
Forwarders, B ................. .
Rulers................................
Providence, R . I.:
C e n ts. D o l l s .
47.9
23.00
45.8
2 2 .0 0
39.6
45.8
47.9
45.8
52.1
50.0
56.3
23.00
22.00
25.00
24.00
27.00
45.8
50.0
50.0
45.8
45.8
50.0
22.00
24.00
24.00
22.00
22.00
24.00
19.00
2 2 .0 0
3 37.5 18.00
Finishers.................
3 45.8 22.00
Scranton, Pa.:
Case makers, machine__ 8 54.2 26.00
50.0 24.00
47.9 23.00
Finishers...............
Folders, machine.
43.8 21.00
Stampers...............
50.0 24.00
Stampers, h e a d ...
62.5 30.00
R e g u l a r r a te
m u ltip lie d
b y 2
‘ ii
12
39.6
19.00
83- 4J-48
J- 43-48
12
39.6
19.00
8J- 4j-48
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
28.1
39.6
43.8
37.5
45.8
41.7
47.9
13.50
19.00
8Î- 4Ì-48
21.00
18.00
22.00
12
37.1
43.8
41.0
39.6
37.1
39.6
1 lè
2
‘ li
‘ li
ili
‘ li
■ li
‘ li
22
2
2
2
2
22
22
‘ li
1H
1l i
1l f
‘ li
‘ li
2
2
2
2
2
2
H
li
2
2
<8-8-48
<8-8-48
li
li
li
li
li
li
2
2
2
2
2
2
8 - -48
8-8-48
8-8-48
8-8-48
8-8-48
8-8-48
11
*
C ents. Dolls.
8|— 43-48
8
8 f8J8 f8f83-
43-48
43-48
43-48
43-48
43-48
83- 43-48
83- 43-48
8 - 8 -48
8-8-48
8-8-48
93- 5 -513
8-8-48
12
........
37.5
45.8
20.00
23.00
19.00
21.00
21.00
19.00
19.00
19.00
18.00
22.00
47.9
43.8
41.7
37.5
43.8
56.3
21.00
20.00
18.00
21.00
23.00
27.00
8f- 41-48
8f8383838 |-
41,-48
43-48
43-48
43-48
43-48
93- 5 -513
8-8-48
9 |- 5 -513
8-8-48
93- 5 -513
8-8-48
<8
-48
-48
-
‘8 8
8
8
8
-
8
8
8
8
8
8
-48
48
-48
-48
-48
-48
SOUTH ATLANTIC.
Atlanta, Ga.........................
Baltimore, Md.:
Cutters..............................
Forwarders, blank book;
finishers.........................
Forwarders, j o b . . . . ___
Rulers.................................
Richmond, Va.:
Cutters; forwarders..........
Finishers............................
Rulers.................................
Washington, D. C...............
»46.9
22.50
li
.2
<8-8-48
40.6
19.50
< 8 - 8 -48
345.8 822.00
li
2
< 8 - 8 -48
35.4
17.00
< 8 - 8 -48
3 45.8 622.00
845. 8 622. 00
858. 3 628.00
U
2
2
2
<8-8-48
<8-8-48
<8-8-48
41.7
35.4
41.7
20.00
17.00
li
20.00
<8 - 8 -48
<8 - 8 -48
<8 - 1 -48
3 33.3
50.0
3 39.6
6 37.5
li
li
H
li
H
H
li
8-8-48
8-8-48
8-8-48
8-8-48
33.3
39.6
39.6
37.5
16.00
19.00
19.00
18.00
8-8-48
8-8-48
8-8-48
8-8-48
16.00
24.00
19.00
18.00
li
2
1 Double time after midnight.
2 For New Years, Memorial, and Thanksgiving days, time and one-half.
a More than half of the members received more than the scale; amount not reported.
<Hours vary, but total 48 per week.
Scale to become $30 on Dec. 15,1918.
6
More than half of the members received more than the scale; amount not reported.
cents on Aug. 1 5,191B.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
11716]
Scale became 60
M ONTHLY
235
L A B O R R E V IE W ,
U NION SCALE OF WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR IN EACH T R A D E , IN THE NORTH
ATLANTIC AND SOUTH ATLANTIC STATES, ON MAY 15, 1918, AND MAY 15, 1917Con tin u e d .
PRINTING AND PUBLISHING: BOOK AND JOB—Continued.
COMPOSITORS.
May 15, 1918.
Rate of wages—
Geographical division and
city.
NORTH ATLANTIC.
Boston, Mass.......................
Bridgeport, Conn...............
Buffalo, N . Y.:
English..............................
German.............................
Fall River, Mass.................
Manchester, N . H ..............
Newark, N . J.:
English and G erm an.. .
New Haven, Conn.............
New York, N . Y.:
English..............................
Bohemian.........................
German.............................
Hebrew.............................
Hungarian........................
Italian...............................
Philadelphia, Pa*:
English........................ .
German.............................
Pittsburgh, P a ...................
Portland, Me.......................
Providence, R. I .................
Rochester, N . Y .................
Scranton, P a .......................
Proof readers...................
Springfield, Mass............... .
Worcester, Mass.................
For
P er
Sun
P e r w eek, F o r d ay s
h o ur. full over an d
tim e. tim e. holi
d ays.
Cents. Dolls.
50.0
47.9
45.8
41.7
39.6
39.6
3 56.3
44.8
558.3
43.8
63.6
60.9
64.3
61.9
50.0
41.7
47.9
37.5
“45 8
45. 8
47.9
50.0
41. /
l*34.4
24.00
23.00
Regular rate
multiplied
by—
2
13
2 2 .0 0
2 0 .0 0
li
2
H 2
19.00
2
19.00
4 2
27.00 4 4
2
21.50 4
2
28.00
62
2 1 .0 0
4 824
28.00 4
28.00 14
2
27.00
4 92
26.00
4 2
24.00 44 102
2 0 .0 0
4 22
23.00
4
18.00
4 22
2 2 .0 0
4
4
2 2 .0 0
2
li
23.00 4 “2
24.00 4 » 2
2
2 0 .0 0
*4
16. 50 4
2
H o u rs:
F u ll days;
S atu rd a y s;
F u ll w eek.
¿- 53-48
8-8-48
8-8-48
8-8-48
8-8-48
8-8-48
8-8-48
8-8-48
7 8 - 8 -48
8-8-48
8-4-44
8-6-46
7-7-42
7-7-42
»8-8-48
8-8-48
8-8-48
8-8-48
8-8-48
7 8 - 8 -48
8-8-48
8-8-48
4^-48
»8-8-48
8
May 15,1917.
Num
b e r of
months
with
Rate oí
wages—
S a tu r
Per
day
P er w eek,
h alf
holi h o u r. full
time.
d ay.
Cents. Dolls.
12
12
12
45.8
43.8
43.8
41.7
37.5
37.5
50.0
40.6
52.1
41.7
56.8
56.5
57.1
54.8
43.8
41 7
43.8
37.5
37.5
41 7
47 9
50.0
41.7
1S
34.4
. on
18. ÖÖ
18.00
20 op
23 on
24.00
2 0 .0 0
16.50
37.5
43.8
37.5
43.8
42.0
37.5
47.9
18.00
18.00
21.00
20.16
18.00
23.00
H o u rs:
F u ll days;
S a tu rd a y s;
F u ll week.
2 2 .0 0
21
83- 53-48
2 1 .0 0
2 0 .0 0
8-8-48
8-8-48
8-8-48
8-8-48
8-8-48
8-8-48
»8-8-48
8-8-48
8-4-44
8-6-46
7-7-42
7-7-42
»8 - 8 -48
R- 8 -4S
8-8-48
8-8-48
"8
8 43
. QD
18.00
18.00
24.00
19.50
25.00
2 0 .0 0
25.00
26.00
24.00
23.00
2 1 .0 0
21
8-8-48
8 |- 4J-4S
»8-8-48
SOUTH ATLANTIC.
Atlanta, Ga.........................
Baltimore, Md....................
Charleston, S. C..................
Jacksonville, Fla................
Norfolk, V a../......................
Richmond, Va....................
Washington, D. C........ :...
“37.5
ls43.8
37. 5
1643.8
“42.0
1837.5
50.0
18.00
18.00
21.00
21.00
20.16
if
H
4
17 60c.
18.00 4
24.00 7*4
»2
2
4
2
2
4
4
»8-8-48
»8-8-48
8-8-48
8-8-48
83- 53-48
»8-8-48
“ 8-8-48
12
4
21.00
»8-8-48
»8-8-48
8-8-48
»8-8-48
83- 5-3-48
»8-8-48
“ 8 - 8 -48
1 D o u b le tim e after m id n ig h t.
2D o u b le tim e after 6 h o u rs.
s S c a le b e c a m e 60.4 c e n ts o n M a y 3 1 ,1 9 1 8 .
‘ D o u b le t i m e a f t e r 10 p . m ., a n d o n S a t u r d a y a f t e r 6 p . m .
s S c a le b e c a m e 62.5 c e n ts o n M a y 3 1 ,1 9 1 8 .
6T r i p le t i m e o n S u n d a y s b e fo re 7.30 a . m . a n d a f t e r 5.30 p . m .
7 H o u r s v a r y , b u t t o t a l 48 p e r week.
8 F o r S u n d a y s ; for h o li d a y s d o u b le ti m e .
8 F o r S u n d a y s ; for h o li d a y s s in g le ti m e .
10 F o r N e w Y e a r ’s, M e m o ria l, a n d T h a n k s g i v in g days, t i m e a n d o n e -h a lf.
11 S c a le b e c a m e 47.9 c e n ts o n A u g . 1 ,1 9 1 8 .
M F o r S u n d a y s ; for h o lid a y s , t i m e a n d o n e -h a lf.
13 M o re t h a n h a lf of t h e m e m b e r s r e c e iv e d m o re than the sc a le ; a m o u n t n o t r e p o r t e d .
14 S c a le b e c a m e 43.8 c e n ts o n J u l y 1 ,1 9 1 8 .
15 M o re t h a n half of the m e m b e r s r e c e iv e d more than the scale; a m o u n t not reported.
64.2 c e n ts o n Sept. 1,1918.
16 S c a le became 52.1 cents on July 15,1918.
17 R a t e i n c e n ts p e r hour.
18 S c a le b e c a m e 47.9 c e n ts o n J u ñ e 1 ,1 9 1 8 .
18 D o u b le t i m e a f te r m i d n i g h t a n d fo r o v e r t im e o n S u n d a y s a n d h o l i d a y s .
28 44 h o u r s p e r week, J u n e t o S e p te m b e r , in c lu s iv e .
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[1 7 1 7 ]
Scale became
236
M ONTHLY
L A B O R R E V IE W ,
UNION SCALE OF WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR IN EACH T R AD E, IN THE NORTH
ATLANTIC AND SOUTH ATLANTIC STATES, ON MAY 15, 1918, AND MAY 15, 1917—
Continued.
PRINTING AND PUBLISHING: BOOK AND JOB—Continued.
ELECTROTYPERS: B atterym en and Builders.
May 15, 1918.
May 15,1917.
Rate of
Num
wages—
ber of
Geographical division and
months
Hours:
city.
with
Full days; Satur
For
Sun
Per
Saturdays;
Per
For days
day
Per week, over
Full week.
Per week,
half hour.
hour. full time. and
full
holi
time.
holi
time.
day.
days.
Rate of wages-
NORTH ATLANTIC.
R e g u la r rate
m u ltip lie d
Boston, Mass.:
Cents.
Batterymen and blockers 39.6
Builders and casters......... 43.8
Buffalo, N. Y ........................ 3 41.7
New Haven, Conn............... 4 35.5
New York, h i . Y .................. 62.5
Philadelphia, P a ............................ 55.0
Pittsburgh, Pa...................... 7 40.6
Rochester, N. Y ................... 33.3
Scranton, Pa......................... 4 39.6
Springfieid, 111...................... 9 41.7
SOUTH ATLANTIC.
Hours:
Full days;
Sa tod ays;
Full week.
D o lls .
19.00
21.00
20.00
19.00
27. 50
26.40
19.50
16.00
19.00
20.00
by
—
1li
iH
H
li
6li
6u
5l i
li
lj
li
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
Cents. D o lls .
8 f- 41-48
8J- 41-48
8 - 8 -48
9 - 8i-53i
8-4-44
8J- 4J-48
12
12
12
8 |- 41-48
12
37.5
18.00
10 8 f - 4 -48
8-1- 41-48
83- 41-48
12
12
37.5
35.4
37.5
18.00
17.00
18.00
8 f - 41-48
8 |— 41-48
8-8-48
12
12
8 8 - 8 4.8
g _ 8- 48
8 - 8 -48
(2)
41.7
37 .6
35.5
56.3
47.9
39 fi
31 3
39 fi
(2)
20.00
18 no
19.00
24.75
23.00
(2)
8 f- 41-48
9 - 8i-53i
8-4-44
8 f- 41-48
is no
"
Atlanta, Ga........................... 45.8
Baltimore, M d .................................... «35.4
Washington, D. C ............... 4 37.5
22.00
17.00
18.00
H
6H
H
2
12 2
2
8-8-48
ELECTROTYPERS: Finishers and Molders.
NORTH ATLANTIC.
Boston, Mass............... .
Buffalo, N. Y.:
Finishers....................
Molders.......................
New Haven, Conn.......
New York, N. Y.:
Finishers....................
Molders.......................
Philadelphia, Pa.:
Finishers....................
Molders.......................
Pittsburgh, Pa.:
Finishers....................
Molders........ .............
Rochester, N . Y.:
Finishers....................
Molders.......................
52.5
25.20
lì
2
8 f - 41-48
50 .0
5 0 .0
44.9
24.00
24.00
24.00
H
2
2
2
8-8-48
8-8-48
9 - 8 Ì-5 3 Ì
12
50.0
24.00
S i - 41-48
43.8
5 0 .0
8-8-48
8-8-48
9 - 8 è -5 3 i
12
44.9
21.00
24.00
24.00
I36 S .8
68 .8
33 .0 0 n 90c. 14 9Oc.
5 li
30.25
2
8-8-48
8-4-44
12
68 .8
68 .8
3 3 .00
3 0 .25
8-8-48
8-4-44
<59.6
64 .2
28. 60
3 0 .80
6li
6li
2
2
8 f - 41-48
8 j - 41-48
12 4 52.1
12 4 56.3
25. 00
27. 00
8 J - 41-48
8 f - 41-48
l>45.8
1553.1
22 .0 0
25.50
5 li
6 lì
2
2
88
8 -4 8
8 8 - 8 -4 8
45.8 ’ 2 2 .0 0
52.1
25.00
«8-8-48
»8-8-48
50 .0
50 .0
24.00
24.00
H
li
2
2
li
li
8 -8
.............
48
.........
8-8-48
3 7 .5
43.8
18.00
2 1 .0 0
8
8 -48
8-8-48
1 D o u b le tim e a lte r m id n ig h t.
2 N o scale i n effect on M ay 15, 1917.
3 Scale becam e 43.8 ce n ts on J u ly 1, 1918.
4 M ore th a n h a lf of th e m e m b e r s r e c e iv e d more than the scale; amount not reported.
5 D o u b le tim e after 10 p . m .
6 D o u b le tim e after 10 p. m . a n d o n S a t u r d a y a f t e r 2 p. m.
7 Scale becam e 44.7 c e n ts o n J u n e 1 ,1 9 1 8 .
8 H ours v a ry , b u t to ta l 48 p e r w e e k .
9 Scale becam e 43.8 ce n ts o n O c t. 29, 1918.
10 \y o rli 9 h o u rs on F rid a y .
11 M ore th a n h alf th e m e m b e r s r e c e iv e d more than the scale, amount not reported. Scale became 37.5
c e n ts on S ep t. 1, 1918.
12 T im e an d one-half o n S a t u r d a y a f te r n o o n .
13 Scale becam e 75 c e n ts o n J u n e l , 1918.
14 R a te in c e n ts p e r h o u r .
15 Scale becam e 50.4 c e n ts o n J u n e 1 ,1 9 1 8 .
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[1 7 1 8 ]
V
237
M O N TH LY LABOR REVIEW,
UNION SCALE OF WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR IN EACH T R AD E, IN THE NORTH
ATLANTIC AND SOUTH ATLANTIC STATES, ON MAY 15, 1918, AND MAY 15, 1917—
Continued.
PRINTING AND PUBLISHING: BOOK AND JOB—Continued.
E L E C T R O T Y P E R S: Finishers and Molders—Concluded.
May 15,1917.
May 15,1918.
Rate of
Num
wages—
ber of
Geographical division and
months
Hours:
city.
with
Full days; Satur
For
Per
Saturdays;
Sun
Per
day
For
Per week,
Full week.
Per week, over days
half hour.
full
and
full
hour.
holi
time.
time. time. holi
day.
days.
Rate of wages-
NORTH ATLANTIC—concld.
Scranton, Pa.:
Finish pts............................
Mold firs...............................
Springfield, Mass.................
Regular rate
m ultiplied
by —
i\
2
21.00
Cents. D olls.
Cents. D olls.
i 43.8
1 50.0
2 54.2
24.00
26.00
Hours:
Full days;
Saturdays;
Full week.
21.00
24.00
24.00
8 - 8 -48
8 - 8 -48
3 S2- 4 -48
i*
2
2
8 - 8 -48
8 - 8 -48
8 1 - 44-48
43.8
50.0
12 i 50.0
2
Sf- 4J-4S
12
50.0
24.00
8 |- 4J-48
6 1*
‘ li
52
62
li
2
8f— 4‘-48
8 f- 4’-48
8-8-48
8-8-48
12
12
47.9
52.1
52.1
i 56.3
23.00
25.00
25.00
27.00
8 |- 41-48
8§- 44-48
8-8-48
8-8-48
SOUTH \TLANTIC.
Atlanta, Ga...........................
Baltimore, Md.:
Finishers............................
Molders...............................
Richmond, V a.....................
Washington, D. C................
50.0
24.00
4 47.9
^ 52.1
23.00
25.00
27.50
28.00
57.3
i 58.3
n
»
LINOTYPE OPERATORS.
NORTH ATLANTIC.
92434°—19-----16
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[1719]
CO
^1
T
12 50.0 24.00
8J- 5?r-48
2
8J- SJ-48
54.2 26.00
8U
Boston, Mass...............
8 i- SJ-48
12 45.8 22.00
2
8J- 5J-48
50.0 24.00
Monotype operators
8li
47.9 23.00
8 - 8 -48
8-8-48
li
150. 0 24.00
Bridgeport, Conn........
li
53.1 25.50
8 - 8--48
2
8-8-48
59.4 28.50
Buffalo, N. Y ..............
li
8 - 8 -48
45.8 22.00
2
8-8-48
46.9 22.50
9li
Fall River, Mass.........
18.00
8-8-48
37.5
2
8-8-48
39.6 19.00
Manchester, N. H . . . .
li
8-8-48
50.0 24.00
2 .
8 - S -48
W56.3 27.00 “ l i
Newark, N. J...............
8 - 8 -48
22.00
45.8
2
8-8-48
8 li
‘ 45.8 22.00
New Haven, C onn....
New York, N. Y.:
13
2
14
s - 8 -48
i
54.
2
26.00
“ 8 - 8 -48
8li
‘258.3 28.00
English......................
70.7 26.50
2
7J- 7J-37J
li
73.3 27.50
German.....................
6-6-36
32.00
88.9
2
6
6
3
6
91.7 33.00 8 l i
Hebrew.....................
7-7-42
64.3 27.00
7-7-42
71.4 30.00
Hungarian................
l i 16 2
7-7-42
54.8
23.00
2
7
7
4
2
61.9 26.00
Italian........................
li
Philadelphia, Pa.:
14 8 - 8 -48
47.9 23.00
8 - 8 -48
English............................... ‘ 54. 2 26.00 8 l i 16 2
« 8 - 0 -40
12 57.5 23.00
2 « 8 - 0 -40
German.............................. 57.5 23.00
li
1 More than half of the members received mote than the scale; amount not reported.
2 Scale became 56.3 cents on Oct. 29, 1918.
3 Work 9 hours cn Friday.
4 Moro than haif of the members received more than the scale; amount n o t r e p o r t e d . S c a le became
50 cents on Sept. 1, 1918.
•
6 Double time after 10 p. m. and on Saturday after 5 p. m.
6 Time and one-half on Saturday afternoon.
1 Scale became 54.2 cents on Sept. 1,1918.
8Double time after midnight.
8 Double time after 6 hours.
10 More than half of the members received m o re t h a n t h e scale; a m o u n t not r e p o r t e d . S c a le b e c a m e
60.4 cents on May 31, 1918.
“ Double time after 10 p. m. and on Saturday after 6 p. m .
12 More than half of the members received more than the s c a le ; a m o u n t n o t r e p o r t e d . S c a le became
62.5 cents on May 31,1918.
‘3 Triple time on Sunday before 7.30 a. m. and after 5.30 p. m .
m Hours vary, but total 48 per week.
16 For Sundays; for holidays, regular rate.
is For New Year’s, Memorial, and Thanksgiving days, time and one-hall,
u Work only 5 days per week.
238
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW,
UNION SCALE OF W AGE8 AND HOURS OF LABOR IN EACH T R A D E , IN THE NORTH
ATLANTIC AND SOUTH ATLANTIC STATES, ON MAY 15, 1918, AND MAY 15, 1917—
Continued.
PRINTING AND PUB DISHING: BOOK AND JOB—Continued.
L IN O TY PE O PERATORS—Concluded.
May 15,1918.
Rate of wages—
city.
For
Per
For Sun
days
Per week, over
hour. full time. and
time.
holi
days.
NOKTH ATLANTIC—Condd.
Pittsburgh, Pa.:
Cents.
English.........................
58.3
German.............................. 50.8
Monotype operators......... *50.0
Portland,'M e....................... 37.5
Providence, R. I .................. 52.1
Monotype operators......... 56.3
Rochester, N. Y ................... 47.9
Monotype operators......... 45.8
Scranton, P a ......................... 50.0
Springfield, Mass................. 41.7
Wercester, Mass................. . *43.8
D o lls .
Rateo*
Num
wages—
ber of
lUuiitliS
Hours:
with
Full days; Satur
Saturdays;
Per
day
Full week.
Per week,
half
holi hour. ftril
time.
day.
R e g u la r rat*
m u ltip lie d
by—
27.00
U
24.40 1 75c.
11
24.00
ij
18.00
»1*
25.00
27.00 3if
11
23.00
22.00
if
24.00
lè
20.00
3H
21.00
lè
May 16, 1917.
2
3
2
2
2
2
2
2
‘2
2
2
? - % -48
S - 8 -48
8-8-48
8-8-48
8-8-48
8-8-48
<8-8-48
<8-8-48
8-8-48
8J- 41-48
<8-8-48
Hours:
Full days:
Saturdays;
Full week.
Cents. D o n s .
52.1
50.8
45.8
37.5
47.9
47.9
47.9
41.7
50.0
13 4L 7
*43.8
25.00
24. 40
22.00
18.00
23.00
23.00
23. 00
20.00
24.00
20. ÒÒ
21.00
8-8-48
8 - 8 -48
8 - 8 -4S
1-8-48
8-8-48
8-8-48
<8-8-48
<8-8-48
8 - 8 -48
8 |- 41-43
<8-8-48
46.9 22.50
*50.0 24.00
50.0 24.00
53.1 25.50
12 47.0 *22. 56
45.8 22.00
» 11.0
56.3 27.00
<8-8-48
<8-8-48
8-8-48
<8-8-48
81- 51-43
* 8 - 8 -48
< 8 - 8 -48
11 » - 8 -48
SOUTH ATLANTIC.
Atlanta, Ga ..........................
Baltimore, Md......................
Chailestori, S. C...................
Jacksonville, F la ..................
Norfolk, V a ...........................
Richmond, V a ............
Richmond, V a ................
Washington, D . C...............
46.9
«50.0
*50.0
7 53.1
*47.0
*45.8
»11.0
56.3
22.50
24.00
24.00
25.50
22.56
22.00
27.00
lè
lè
if
lè
7 60c.
lè
lè
7» i f
<2
2
lè
2
2
\\
lè
*8-8-48
i 8 _ 8 _48
8-8-48
8-8-48
81- 5J-48
<8-8-48
<8-8-48
77 8 - 8 -48
MACHINE TEN D ER S.
NORTH ATLANTIC.
Boston, Mass........................
Newark, N. J.......................
New York, N. Y.:
1 to 4 machines.................
5 to 8 machines.................
9 to 12 machines...............
13 or more machines........
Springfield, Mass.................
54.2
7256.3
26.00
27.00
78 11
2
7<58.3
i«61.5
1765.6
«69.8
*41.7
28.00
29.50
31.50
33.50
20.00
8 11
8 11
8 11
*11
is 2
7‘ 2
is 2
*lf
2
81- 51-48
8 8 48
7‘ 2
<8 - 8- 48
<8 —8 —48
«8 - 8- 48
<8-8-48
<1-48
2
Sir
12
12
50.0
50.0
24.00
24.00
8*- 51-48
8-8-48
54.2
57.3
61.5
* 65.6
41.7
26. no
27.50
29.50
31.50
20.00
<8-8-48
<8-8-48
*8-8-48
<8-8-48
8J- 4Ì-48
1 R a t e i n c e n ts p e r h o u r .
I M o re t h a n h a l f o f t h e m e m b e r s r e c e iv e d more than t h e s c a le ; amount not reported.
8 D o u b le ti m e a f t e r m i d n ig h t.
< H o u r s v a r y , b u t t o t a l 48 p e r w e e k .
6 F o r S u n d a y s ; t i m e a n d o n e - h a lf fo r h o li d a y s .
8 M o re t h a n h a l f o f t h e m e m b e r s r e c e iv e d m o re t h a n the s c a le ; amount n o t r e p o r t e d . S c a le b e c a m e
60.4 c e n ts o n S e p t. 1,1 9 1 8 .
7 S e a le b e c a m e 58.3 c e n ts o n J u l y 1 5,1918.
8 M o re t h a n h a l f of t h e m e m b e r s re c e iv e d m o r e than the scale; amount not reported. Scale b e c a m e
54.2 c e n ts o n J u n e 1 ,1 9 1 8 .
8 P e r 1,000 e m s , m in io n .
18 D o u b le t i m e a f t e r m i d n i g h t a n d fo r o v e r t im e o n S u n d a y s a n d h o li d a y s .
II 44 h o u r s p e r w e e k , J u n e t o S e p te m b e r , in c lu s iv e .
12 S c a le b e c a m e 60.4 c e n ts o n M a y 31 ,1 9 1 8 .
13 D o u b le ti m e a f t e r 10 p . m . a n d o n S a t u r d a y a f t e r 6 p . m.
11 S c a le b e c a m e 62.5 c e n ts o n M a y 3 1 ,1 9 1 8 .
16 T r i p le t i m e o n S u n d a y s b efo re 7.30 a . m . a n d a f t e r 5.30 p . m .
11 S c a le b e c a m e 65.6 c e n ts o n M a y 3 1 ,1 9 1 8 .
17 S c a le b e c a m e 69.8 c e n ts o n M a y 31, 1918.
i‘ M o re t h a n h a l f o f t h e members received more t h a n the scale; amount not reported. Seale became
74 c e n ts o n M a y 3 1 ,1918.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[1720]
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW,
UNION SCALE OF
ATLANTIC AND
Continued.
239
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR IN EACH TRADE, IN THE NORTH
SOUTH ATLANTIC STATES, ON MAY 15, 1918, AND MAY 15, 1917—
PRINTING AND PUBLISHING: BOOK AND JOB—Continued.
MACHINE T E N D E R S—Concluded.
May 15, 1918.
May 15, 1917.
Rate of
Num
w ages—
ber of
months
Hours:
with
Full days; Satur
For
Saturdays;
Per
Sun
Per
day
For
Per week,
Full week.
days
Per week,
half hoar.
and
hour. full over
full
holi
time.
time.
h o li
time.
day.
days.
SOUTH
ATLANTIC.
Cents. D olls.
Baltimore, M d...................... 1 58.3
Washington, D . C ............... 56.3
28.00
27.00
Regular rats
m ultiplied
by—
Ü I
2li
2
li
00 OO
1 1
00 00
1 1
OOOO
Rate of wages—
Geographical division and
city.
Hours:
Full days,
Saturdays;
Full week.
Cents. D olls.
4
58.3
56.3
28.00
27.00
8-8-48
8 - 8 -4S
57.3
27.50
8 -8
-48
-48
M ACHINIST OPERATORS.
NORTH ATLANTIC.
Providence, R. I.:
Operating and caring for
1 ni achfne ..... ................... Opel ating 1 and caring
for 2 machines...............
Operating 1 and caring
for 3 machines...............
R o c h e s te r N. Y _________
Springfield, Mass.................
63.5
30.50
li
2
8 -8 -4 8
54.2
26.00
« li
2
8 -8 -4 8
47.9
23.00
8 -8
56.3
27.00
‘ li
2
8 -8 -4 8
47.9
23.00
8-8-48
58.3
52.1
28.00
25.00
20.00
‘ li
li
‘ li
2
2
8 -8 -4 8
« 8 -8 -4 8
8} - 4J-48
47.9
5 2 .1
C)
23.00
25.00
« 4 1 .7
8 -8 -4 8
8 -8 -4 8
(’)
.Atlanta f i e ____ _________ «53.1
R,i 1tim o r e . M d . . . . . . . . . . . . 950.0
Jii^k se n vi lle ; F i a . . . . _____ 1056.3
25.50
24.00
27.00
li
li
li
82
2
2
«53.1
50.0
56.3
25.50
24.00
27.00
2
12
(7)
1 1 1
«8-8-48
OOOOOO
‘ 8 -8 -4 8
« 8 -8 -4 8
00 OOOO
1 1 1
00 OOoc
SOUTH ATLANTIC.
PHOTO-ENGRAVERS.
NORTH ATLANTIC.
2
8*-4 -48
12 43.8 21.00
8f- 4-48
ii
2
8i-4 -48
12 50.0 24.00
5 8 -8 -48
li
n 8^-1 -48
2
12 C)
(7)
li
CO
« 8 -8 -48
« 62.5 30.00
13 1J 13 2
«8 -8 -48
2
«8-8-48
58.3 28.00
«8 -8 -48
“ li
«8§-4»-43
2
12 «54.2 26.00
1» l i
‘ 8-8-48
52.1 25.00
«8-8-48
« 8 -8 -48
li
li
43.8 21.00
« 8 -8 -48
« 8 -8 -48
li
li
2
52.1 25.00
&Ï-4Î-48
8|-4i-48
li
2
17 9 -4 -48
Ì2 «52.1 25.00
»7 9 -4 -48
li
1 Scale became 68.8 cents on Sept. 1,1918, but scale was not revised.
2 Double time after midnight, and for overtime on Sundays and holidays,
s 44 hours per week, June to September, inclusive.
<Double time after midnight.
6 Hours vary, but total 48 per week.
6 More than half of the members received more than the scale; amount not reported,
i No scale in effect on May 15,1917.
s For Sundays; for holidays, time and one-half.
» Scale became 60.4 cents on Sept. 1,1918.
1» Scale became 62.5 cents on July 15, 1918.
« Nine hours on Friday.
n Double time after 4 hours, triple time after 8 hours.
is Triple time after 8 hours.
i* Scale became 62.5 cents on Nov. 1,1918.
15 Double time after 4 hours.
is More than half of the members received more than the scale; amount not reported. Scale became 56.3
cents on June 1,1918.
ii Eight hours on Monday.
Boston, Mass........................ 43.8
Buffalo, N. Y ....................... 62.5
New Haven, Conn............... « 54.2
New York, N. Y .................. »62.5
Philadelphia, P a .................. 1458.3
Pittsburgh, P a ..................... «58.3
Providence, R. I............. «52.1
Zinc etchers and prooiers. 43.8
Scranton, P a ......................... «56.3
Springfield, Mass................. 1654.2
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
21.00
30.00
26.00
30.00
28.00
28.00
25.00
21.00
27.00
26.00
[1721]
240
M ONTHLY LABOR REVIEW,
UNION SCALE OF WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR IN EACH
ATLANTIC AND SOUTH ATLANTIC STATES, ON MAY 15,
Continued..
TRADE, IN THE NORTH
1918, AND MAY 15, 1917—
P R IN T IN G AND P U B L IS H IN G : BOOK AND JOB— Continued.
PHOTO-ENGRAVERS—Concluded.
May 15, 1918.
Rate of wages—
Geographical division and
city.
For
Per
Sun
For days
Per week, over
hour. full time. arid
time.
holi
days.
SOUTH ATLANTIC.
Cents. D olls.
Atlanta, Ga...........................
Baltimore, Md......................
Richmond, V a.....................
Washington, D .C ...............
1 54.2
58.3
58.3
1 58.3
26.00
28.00
28.00
28.00
May 15,1917.
Rate of
Num
wages—
ber of
months
Hours:
with
Full days; Satur
Saturdays;
Per
day
Full week.
Per week,
half hour.
full
holi
time.
day.
Reqnlar rate
m ultiplied
by—
li
u
4H
2
32
2
2
Hours:
Full days;
Saturdays;
Full week.
Cents. D olls.
8 -8 -48
8f-4|-48
8f-4 -48
8i-5i-48
12
12
12
1 47.9
54.2
54.2
54.2
23.00
26.00
26.00
26.00
8 8 48
8Î-41-48
8-Î-4 -48
8i-5i-48
PRESS FEEDERS.
NORTH ATLANTIC.
1
1
tk
00
00
81-41-48
8 -8 -48
8 -8 -48
‘ 8 -8 -48
68 -8 -48
«8 -8 -48
68 -8 -48
68 -8 -48
8J-4J-48
8f-4)—48
SF4L48
»8 -8 -48
»8-8- 48
» 8 -8 -48
»8 -8 -48
»8 -8 -48
»8 -8 -48
00
[1722]
8I-4Ì-48
oo
1 T
00
OO
!
OO 00
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
00
Boston, Mass.:
2
Cylinder presses............... 1 39.6 19.00 5 l ì
12 33.3 16.00
81-41-48
2-color or perfecting
2
presses............................. 41.7 20.00 6 l ì
81-41-48
12 35.4 17.00
Bridgeport, Conn.:
2
Cylinder presses............... 31.3 15.00
8 -8 -48
31.3 15.00
lì
2
Platen presses................... 25.0 12.00
8 -8 -48
25.0 12.00
li
Buffalo, N. Y.:
2
Cylinder presses............... 34. 4 16.50 6 l i
8 -8 -48
30.2 14.50
2
Cylinder presses(females ) 29.2 14.00 ‘ l i
8 -8 -48
20.8 10.00
2-color presses, folders
and feeders on news
paper work and auto
2
matic presses ................ 35.4 17.00 6 l i
8 -8 -48
32.3 15.50
2
Platen presses................. .. 31.3 15.00
8 -8 -48
22.9 11.00
2
Platen presses (females). 25.0 12.00 ‘ l i
8 -8 -48
18.8
9.00
Newark, N. J.:
2
Cylinder presses............... 1 40.0 18.70
12 35.4 17.00
81-41-48
7l ì
Automatic presses, 2 ma
2
chines ............................. 41.3 19.80 ’ l ì
12 37.5 18.00
8f—4j-48
Automatic cross feeders, 2
2
machines ...................... 41.4 19.90 7 l i
12 39.6 19.00
8^-41-48
New Haven, Conn.: Cylin
2
der and platen presses. . . 1 25.0 12.00
“8 - 8 - 4 8
25.0 12.00
8l ì
New York, N. Y.:
Cylinder presses and
folding machines........ 45.8 22.00 io l i
2
»8-8- 48
36.5 17.50
Platen presses................... 35.4 17.00 ' l i
2
» 8 -8 -48
26.0 12.50
Philadelphia , Pa. (competi
tive offices):
Flat-bed
perfecting
n2
presses............................. 41.7 20.00 ‘ l i
131.3 15.00
Press assistants, rotary
u2
presses, all sizes............ 41.7 20.00 ‘ l ì
»8-8-48
33.3 16.00
Cylinder presses, less
li 2
"than 25 by 38 inches . . . 33.3 16.00 ‘ l i
25.0 12.00
Cylinder and rotary
il 2
29.2 14.00 ‘ l i
presses, all sizes....... .
22.9 11.00
1More than half of the members received more than the scale; amount not reported.
1Double time after 4 hours.
; Triple time after 8 hours.
*Double time after 4 hours, triple time after 8 hours.
6Double time after midnight.
*44 hours per week, June to August, inclusive.
! Double time after 10 p. m. and on Saturday after 6 p . m.
6 Double time after 10 p. m.
*Hours vary, but total 48 per week.
10 Double time after 5 hours.
u For New Year’s, Memorial, and Thanksgiving days, time and one-half.
»8-8- 48
241
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW.
UNION SCALE OF WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR IN EACH T R A D E , IN THE NORTH
ATLANTIC AND SOUTH ATLANTIC STATES, ON MAY IS, 1918, AND MAY 15, 1917—
Continued..
P R IN T IN G A N D P U B L IS H IN G : BOOK A N D JOB—Continued.
PR E SS FE E D ER S—Continued.
May 15,1918.
Rate of wages—
Geographical division and
city.
For
Sun
Per
For days
Per week, over
hour. full time. and
time.
holi
days.
May 15,1917.
Rate of
Num
wages—
ber of
months
Hours:
with
Full days; Satur
Saturdays;
Per
day
Full week.
Per week,
haff hour.
full
holi
time.
day.
Hours:
Full days;
Saturdays;
Full week.
NORTH ATLANTIC —C O n cld .
Philadelphia, Pa. (non
competitive offices):
Press assistants, rotary
or cylinder presses, 69 Cents.
inches or over................ 52.7
Press assistants, on sin
gle production McKee
presses ........................... 51.6
Press assistants, cylinder
or rotary presses under
69 inches......................... 50.0
Press assistants, 2 flat bed
or 1 or 2-color automatic presses................. 45.8
4-color wet
proving
presses............................ 45.8
Press assistants, photo
gravures or Intaglio
presses............................. 41.3
Cylinder presses under
25x38 inches................... 36.7
Pittsburgh, Pa.
Cylinder presses............... 3 31.3
Cylinder presses and folding machine (fem ales). 25.0
Platen presses............
22.9
Platen presses (fem ales). 20.8
Portland, Me.: Cylinder
presses................................ 329. 2
Providence, R. I.:
3 29.2
Cylinder presses. . . .
Platen presses................... 3 25.0
Rochester, N. Y.:
Cvlinder presses_______ 3 28.1
Platen presses................... 3 20.8
Scranton, Pa.:
Cylinder presses............. . 35.4
Platen presses................... 25.0
Springfield, Mass.: Cvlinder presses......................... 29.2
Worcester, Mass.: Cylinder presses......................... 31.3
B o lli
Regular rate
m ultiplied
by—
Cents. D olls.
1 1*
2
2 9|~0 -48
2 12
41.7
20.00
2 9|~0 -48
24.75
1 1*
2
2 91-0 -48
2 12
40.6
19.50
2 9f -0 -48
24.00
'li
2
2 91-0 -48
2 12
39.6
19.00
2 9f~0 -48
22.00
25.30
1li
2
291-0 -48
2 12
35.4
17.00
29H> -48
22.00
1lì
2
2 91-0 -48
2 12
32.3
15.50
2 9f-0 -48
19.80
1lì
2
291-0 -48
2 12
31.3
15.00
29J-0 -48
17.60
'lì
2
291-0 -48
2 12
27.1
13.00
2 9î-0 -18
15.00
‘ lì
2
* 8 -8 -48
29.2
14.00
4 8 -8 -48
12.00
11.00
10.00
'lì
1lì
'lì
2
2
2
<8 -8 -48
* 8 -8 -48
* 8 -8 -48
22.9
20.8
18.8
11.00
10.00
9.00
<8 -8 -48
4 8 -8 -48
48 -8 -48
14.00
1lì
2
8 -8 -48
8 25.0
12.00
8 -8 -48
14.00
12.00
1li
'lì
2
2
« 8 -8 -48
<8 -8 -48
3 27.1
3 22.9
13.00
11.00
4 8 -8 -48
4 8 -8 -48
13.50
10.00
1lì
'lì
2
2
* 8 -8 -48
* 8 -8 -48
27.1
20.8
13.00
10.00
4 8 -8 -48
4 8 -8 -48
17.00
12. 00
'lì
1li
2
2
8 -8 -48
8 -8 -48
29.2
18.8
14.00
9.00
14.00
li
2
8 -8 -48
3 25.0
12.00
8 -8 -48
15.00
6l ì
2
* 8 -8 -48
31.3
15.00
4 8 -8 -48
25.0
20.8
12.00
10.00
H
lì
2
2
3 17.7
3 15.6
8.50
7.50
8 -8 -48
8 -8 -48
3 29.2
? 20.8
14.00
10.00
'li
'li
2
2
8 -8 -48
8 -8 -48 .............
8 -8 -48 ........
<8 -8 -48
3 29.2
3 20.8
14.00
10.00
4 8 -8 -48
48 -8 -48
8 -8 -48
-8 -48
8
SOUTH ATLANTIC.
Atlanta, Ga.:
Cylinder presses...............
Platen presses (fem ales).
Baltimore, Md.:
Cylinder presses...............
Platen presses...................
1 Double time after midnight.
2No work on Saturday.
1 More than half of the members received more than the scale; amount not reported.
* Hours vary, but total 48 per week.
6 Double time after 10 p. m.
6 More than half of the members received more than the scale; amount not reported. Scale became
45.8 cents on Sept. 1,1918.
' More than half of the members received more than the scale; amount not reported. Scale became
35.4 cents on Sept. 1,1918.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[1723]
242
M O N T H L Y L A B O R R E V IE W ,
UNION SCALE OF WAGES
ATLANTIC AND SOUTH
Continued..
AND HOURS OF LABOR IN EACH TRADE, IN THE NORTH
ATLANTIC STATES, ON MAY 15, 1918, AND MAY 15, 1917—
PRINTING AND PUBLISHING: BOOK AND JOB—Continued.
PR ESS FE E D ER S—Concluded.
M a y 15,1918.
May 15,1917.
Rate of
Num
wages—
ber of
months
Hours:
with
For
Full days; Satur
Per
Sun
Saturdays;
Per
For
day
P e r week,
Fall week.
week,
over days
half h Per
hour. fall time.
and
o a r.
fall
h
o
li
time.
holi
ti m e .
day.
days.
Rate of wages—
G e o g r a p h ic a l d i v i s i o n a n d
c it y .
SOUTH ATLANTIC— e o n d d .
Jacksonville, Fla.:
Cents.
Cylinder presses ............. 1 25.0
Platen presses................... 4 20.8
Richmond, Va.: C y lin d e r
_presses................................ 31 .3
Washington, D. C.:
Cylinder presses................ ‘ 31.3
Platen presses................... ‘ 22.9
Hours:
Full days;
Saturdays;
Full week.
R eg u l i r rate
■multi p lied
D o lls .
12.0 0
10.00
2l i
15.00
lè
by
2
2
15.00
11 .0 0
mS
1*
2
2
Cents. D olls.
12 .0 0
2 5 .0
20.8 10.00
‘ 8 -8 -4 8
» 8 -8 -4 8
•
8 -8 -4 8
* 8 - 8 -4 8
» 8 -8 -4 8
* 8 -8 -4 8
* 8 -8 -4 8
2 5 .0
12 .0 0
8 -8 -48
31 .3
2 2 .9
15.00
1 L 0O
» 8 -8 -48
» 8 -8 -48
PRESSMEN: Cylinder.
NOBTH ATLANTIC.
»1*
2
8 } -4 i-4 S
12
5 9 .4
28.50
8J—4J—43
26.00
2 li
2
8J--4Ì-Ì8
12
5 0 .0
24.09
8 J-4 Ì-4 8
25.00
2 1.0 0
!lè
li
2
2
8 Ì-4 J-4 8
8 -8 - 48
12
4 7 .9
4 3 .8
23.00
2 1.0 0
8 f-4 L 4 8
* 8 - 8 -18
22.00
2li
»li
22.00
25.00
» li
»li
27.00
20.50
2
8 -8 -48
41.7
20.00
2
2
8 -8 -48
8 - 8 -48
43.8
4 7 .9
2 1.0 0
23.00
OO
-*•
1
30.50
°p
OO
« 8 -8 -4 8
•8 -8 -48
2
8 -8 -4 8
‘ 5 4 .2
26.00
‘ 8 -8 -4 8
2
8 -8 -48
4 0 .6
19.50
»8 -8 -48
18.00
‘ lè
2
8 -8 -4 8
33.3
16.00
‘ 8 -8 -4 3
20.00
22.00
• li
• li
2
2
» 8 -8 -4 8
« 8 -8 -4 8
4 1 .7
4 5 .8
20.00
22.00
»8
*8
25.00
• li
2
» 8 -8 -4 8
52 .1
25.0 0
18.50
• li
2
» 8 -8 -4 8
38.5
18.50
-8
-8
-4 8
-4 8
T
OO
1
OO
Boston, Mass.:
Operating rotary presses. 63.5
Operating 1 perfecting
press or 2 oolor presses. 54.2
Operating 1 or 2 cylinder
or cylinder and job
presses............................. 52.1
Bridgeport, Conn.................* 43.8
Buffalo, N. Y.:
Operating press with
automatic feed............ .
Operating 1 or 2 cylinder
presses............................. 45. 8
Operating duplex presses) 52.1
Operating web magazine
or book presses.............. 56.3
Operating
automatic
folding machine............ 42.7
Assistant
on
rotary
presses............................. 37.5
Newark, N. J.:
Operating 1 auto press, 1
rotary New Era press
or 1 Harris press not
over 16 by 18 inches . . . 7 41.7
Operating 2 auto presses. » 45.8
Operating 1 or 2 cylinder
presses.............................i»52.1
Operating 1 or 2 Stand
ard presses..................... 1138.5
»8
-8
-4 8
1 S c a le b e o a m e 29.2 c e n ts o n J u l y 15,1918.
2 D o u b le ti m e a f t e r m i d n ig h t.
8Hours vary, but total 48 per week.
4S c a le b e c a m e 25 c e n ts o n J u l y 15, 1918.
3 M ore t h a n h a lf o f t h e m e m b e r s re c e iv e d m o r e t h a n t h e scale: a m o u n t n o t r e p o r te d .
644 h o u r s p e r w e e k , J u n e to A u g u s t , in c lu s iv e .
7 A n d a b o n u s o f 10 p e r c e n t to s in g le m e n ; m a r r ie d m e n $10 p e r m o n t h . M o re t h a n h a l f o f t h e m e m
b e rs re c e iv e d m o r e t h a n t h e scale; a m o u n t n o t r e p o r t e d . S c a le b e c a m e 43.8 c e n ts o n J u n e 1, a n d 58.3 ce n to
o n S e p t. 18, 1918.
8 D o u b le ti m e a f t e r 10 p . m . a n d o n S a t u r d a y a f te r 6 p . m .
9A n d a b o n u s of 10 p e r c e n t to s in g le m a n a n d $10 p e r m o n t h to m a r r ie d m e n
M o re t h a n h a l f 0. th e
m e m b e r s re c e iv e d m o r e t h a n t h e s c a le , a m o u n t n o t r e p o r t e d . S c a le b e c a m e 50 c e n to o n J u n e 1 a n d 62.5
c e n ts o n S e p t. 18,1918.
10 S c a le b e c a m e 56.3 c e n to o n J u n e 1 , a n d 66.7 c e n ts o n S e p t. 18,1918.
11 S c a le b e c a m e 41.7 c e n ts o n J a n e 1 ,1 9 1 8 , a n d 52.1 c e n ts fo r o p e r a tin g 1 p re s s a n d 58.3 c e n ts for o p e r a tin g
2 p re s s e s o n S e p t. 18,1918.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[1724]
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW,
243
U N I O N S C A L E O F W A G E S A N D H O U R S O P L A B O R I N EACH T R A D E , I N T H E
ATLANTIC A N D SOUTH A T L A N T I C S T A T E S , ON M A Y 15, 1918, A N D M A Y
C o n tin u e d .
NORTH
15, 1917—
PRINTING AND PUBLISHING: BOOK AND JOB—Continued.
P R E S S M E N : C y l i n d e r — C o n tin u e d .
M a y 15,1918
M a y 16,1917.
R a t e of w a g e s -
N um -
<;oographic&l d iv is io n a n d
c ity .
Per
For
P er w eek,
o v e rh o u r.
fu ll
tim e .
tim e .
NORTH ATLANTIC— C o n td .
New Haven, Conn.:
Operating 1 or 2 presses..
Operating offset presses..
New York, N. Y.:
In charge of single-roll
web press, 46 inches or
under, or double sheet
feed rotary press...........
Operating offset or Coxduplex press...................
Operating* sheet-fed rotar y , or 2d man on web
press................................
Operating 1 or 2 single
presses3 ..........................
Operating web press with
2 feeders and wire
stitchers..........................
In charge of double-roll
web press, over 46
inches..............................
In charge of double-roll
web press, 46 inches or
under 4............................
Operating Kidder web
presses under 30 inches.
Operating 1 Kidder Meisel, New Era or rotary
ticket press, or 2 Robinson or 2 Griffiths
ticket presses.................
Assistants, web brakemen and tension m e n . .
Assistants, first, McKee
presses.............................
Assistants, second, MeKee presses....................
Assistants, in charge of
sextuple folding ma
chines ..............................
Assistants, rotary press
sheet feed........................
Assistants, web, oilers and
utility m en.....................
Assistants attending automatic feeder cylinder
press or sextuple folding machine...................
Operating 3 job cylinder
presses, or 4 single or 2
double Kidder presses,
or 1 or 2 prover presses.
For
Sundays
and
h o li
days.
H o u rs:
F u ll days;
S a tu r d a y s ;
F u ll w eek.
R a t e of
w ag es—
m o n th s
w ith
S a tu r
Per
day
P er w eek,
h a lf
h o u r.
fu ll
h o li
tim e .
day.
H o u rs;
Full d a v s '
Saturdays;
F u l l week.
Regular rate
multiplied.
Cents. D olls.
4 3 .8
52.1
Cents. D oits.
bp
21.00
25.00
‘ li
‘ li
2
2
‘ li
‘ li
2
> 8 -8 -4 8
2
>8
-8 -48
77.1
37.00
70 .8
34.00
> 8 -8 -4 8
»8 - 8 -48
2 1.0 0
25.00
*8
>8
68.8
33.0 0
» 8 -8 -43
62.5
30.0 0
*8
-8 -43
-8 -43
43.8
52 .1
-8 43
-8 -48
68.8
33.00
* 8 -8 -4 8
5 8 .3
28.00
>8
31.00
‘ li
‘ li
2
64.6
2
> 8 -8 -4 8
5 4 .2
23.0 0
* 8 -8 -43
86.5
41.50
‘ li
2
> 8 -8 -4 8
77.1
87.5 0
*8
-8 -43
85.4
41.00
‘ li
2
> 8 -8 -4 8
8 3 .3
40.00
*8
-8 -43
81 .3
39.00
‘ li
‘ li
2
‘ 8 -8 -4 8
72.9
35.03
*8
-8 -43
2
> 8 -8 -4 8
(‘)
(*>
66.7
32.00
56.3
27.00
5 4 .2
26.00
52 .1
25.00
4 6 .9
22.50
5 2 .1
25.00
5 0 .0
24.00
4 7 .9
‘ li
‘li
‘ li
‘ li
2
> 8 -8 -4 8
(')
(*)
2
* 8 -8 -4 8
4 4 .8
21.5 3
(»)
<»)
* 8 -8 -48
2
* 8 -8 -4 8
4 3 .8
2 1.0 0
*8-8-48
2
> 8 -8 -4 8
88.5
18.50
* 8 -8 -48
> 8 -8 -48
2
> 8 -8 -4 8
4 2 .7
2 a 50
2
* 8 -8 -4 8
4 0 .6
19.50
*8-8-48
23.00
'l i
‘ li
‘ li
2
> 8 -8 -4 8
3 9 .6
19.00
* 8 -8 -43
45 .8
22.00
•li
2
* 8 -8 -4 8
3 3 .5
17.50
* 8 -8 -48
6 2 .5
30.00
‘ li
a
« 8 -8 -4 8
5 2 .1
25 .0 0
>8 -8 -48
1 Double time after 10 p. m.
2 Hours vary but total 48 per week.
3 Or 1 poster press 24 by 41 inches or over, or 1 close register label press, or 1 perfection or 1 cylinder and
3 platen presses.
4 Operating single-roll web press over 46 Inches, or web press with 1 feed« and wire stitcher or paster.
6 No scale in effect on May 15,1917.
6 Double time after 5 hours.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[1725]
244
MONTHLY LABOE REVIEW,
UNION SCALE OF WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR IN EACH T R A D E , IN THE NORTH
ATLANTIC AND SOUTH ATLANTIC STATES, ON MAY 15, 1918, AND MAY 15, 1917_
Continued.
PRINTING AND PUBLISHING: BOOK AND JOB—Continued.
PR E SSM E N : Cylinder—Continued.
May 15, 1918.
May 15, 1917.
Rate of
Num
wages—
ber of
months
Hours:
with
For
Full days; Satur
Per
Sun
Saturdays;
Per
day
Per week, For days
Full
week.
Per week,
half hour.
hour. full oyer and
full
time.
holi
time.
holi
time.
day.
days.
Rate of wages-
( G e o g r a p h ic a l d i v i s i o n a n d
c ity .
Hours:
Full days;
Saturdays;
Full week.
N O R TH ATLANTIC— C O n td .
Philadelphia, Pa. (competitive offices):
I n charge of web press
with folder.....................
In charge of 1 web press.
Operating 1 flat-bed per
fecting press with auto
feed..................................
Operating 1 or 2 presses
with automatic feed. . .
Operating 1 flat-bed per
fecting press...................
Operating 1 cylinder and
not more than 3 platen
presses.............................
Operating
3
Harris
presses.............................
Operating 2 Adams
presses.............................
Overlay cutters .........................
Philadelphia, Pa. (noncompetitive offices):
In charge of web rotary
presses with 2 or more
printing rolls .........................
In charge of web rotary
presses, 69 inches or
over or Cottrell presses,
46 inches, with folder. .
In charge of web rotary
presses, 46 inches, flat
delivery .......................................
In eharge of web rotary
presses,
under
46
inches, or second pressm en.................................
In charge of Intaglio
presses...........................................
Operating 2 flat-bed
presses.............................
Overlay and matrix
Crnfi D olls.
68.8 33 00
64.6 31.00
Regular rate
m ultiplied
by—
1li
li
1
‘ li
22
• 8 -8 -48
54.2
26.00
*8 -8 -48
1
li
*2
*8 -8 -48
52.1
25.00
* 8 -8 -48
58.3
28.00
‘ li
22
ag _8 -48
50.0
24.00
* 8 -8 -48
1 H
56.3
27.00
52.1
25.00
50.0
47.9
2
• 8 -8 -48
47.9
23.00
*
8 -8 -48
45.8
22.00
!8 -8 -48
43 ! 8
21.00
*
9 f- 0 -48
76.0
36.50
2
9f- 0 -48
72.9
35.00
0 -48
‘ li
2
9 |- 0 -48
67.7
32.50
9»- 0 -48
32.00
‘ li
2
9 f- 0 -48
62.5
30.00
£8.3
28.00
‘ li
2
9*- 0 -48
54.2
26.00
94- 0 -48
56.3
27.00
‘ li
2
9-»-
52.
25.00
C*
94- 0 -48
50.0
24.00
9j- 0 -48
8
8 -48
45.8
22.00
*8-8-48
*8-8-48
52.1
25.00
« 8 - 8 -48
'li
¡2
*
24 00
23.00
1li
‘ li
22
22
18
«8
80.2
38. 50
‘ li
2
77.1
37.00
‘ li
71.9
34.50
66. 7
47.9
23.00
‘ li
2
charge of 2 cylinder
and platen presses.......... 54.2
In charge of 3 cylinder
and platen presses........ 7 58.3
26.00
‘ li
Operating 2 Harris autop re sse s,
or
✓ 4\
*8 -8 -48
29.00
‘ li
m a tic
28.50
28.00
26.00
p r e s s e « . ....................................
(4)
59.4
60. 4
54.2
Pittsburgh, Pa.:
Operating 2 cylinder, or
1 cylinder and 2 platen
Cents. D olls.
58.3
2
c u t t e r s .....................................
1 R 8 -48
* 8 -8 -48
22
22
s
-
8 48
-8 -48
-4*
41
8 -8 -48
7
8 -8 -48
0 -4R
in
28.00
2
*8-8-48
56.3 27.00
*8-8-48
•li
1 Double time after midnight.
2 For New Year’s, Memorial, and Thanksgiving days, time and one-half.
* Hours vary, but total 48 per week.
* No scale in effect on May 15,1917.
* Double time after 10 p. m.
* Double time after midnight and on Saturday after 5 p. m.
* More than half of the members received more than the scale; amount not reported.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[1726]
245
MONTHLY LABOE REVIEW,
UNION SCALE OF WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR IN EACH T R A D E , IN THE N O RTH
ATLANTIC AND SOUTH ATLANTIC STATES, ON MAY 15, 1918, AND MAY 15, 1917—
Continued,
PRINTING AND PUBLISHING: BOOK AND JOB—Continued.
PR E SSM E N : Cylinder—Continued.
May 15,1917.
May 15,1918.
Rate of
Num
wages—
ber of
Geographical division and
months
Hours:
city.
with
Full days; Satur
For
Per
Saturdays;
Sun
Per
day
For
Per week,
Full
week.
Per week, over days
half hour. full
and
hour. full time.
holi
time.
time.
holi
day.
days.
Rate of wages—
N O R TH ATLANTIC— c o n e l d .
Portland, Me.:
Operating 1 press...
Operating 2 presses.
Providence, R. I.........
Rochester, N. Y ..........
Scranton, P a ................
Springfield, Mass........
Worcester, Mass..........
SOUTH
Cents. D olls.
1 39.6
« 41.7
4 43.8
4 45.8
52.1
41.7
43.8
Regular rate
m ultiplied
by
Hours:
Full days;
Saturdays;
Full week.
Cents. D olls.
21.00
8-8-48
8-8-48
8-8-48
8-8-48
8-8-48
8 —8 —
48
8-8-48
4 34.4
37.5
16.50
18.00
‘8-8-48
5 8 - 8 -48
‘ 8 - 8 -48
50.0
24.00
‘8-8-48
8-8-48
4 43.8
4 3G.5
21.00
6 8 - 8 -48
17.50
8-8-48
»8-8-48
‘8-8-48
52.1
43.8
25.00
21.00
‘8-8-48
‘8-8-48
‘8-8-48
41.7
20.00
‘8-8-48
8-8-48
33.3
16.00
8-8-48
19.00
20.00
21.00
22.00
25.00
20.00
21.00
2 lì
•lì
2D
2 lì
2lì
lì
'lì
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
8-8-48
8-8-48
‘8-8-48
‘8-8-48
8-8-48
8-8-48
‘8-8-48
18.00
20.00
lì
lì
2
2
‘8-8-48
‘8-8-48
24.00
• lì
2
21.00
17.50
• lì
‘ lì
2
2
25.00
21.00
2lì
2lè
2
2
20.00
‘ lì
2
t-
35.4
4 35.4
4 41. 7
43.8
45.8
41.7
43.8
17.00
17.00
20.00
21.00
22.00
20.00
ATLANTIC.
Atlanta, Ga.:
Operating 1 press........... 37.5
Operating 2 presses........ 41.7
Baltimore, Md.:
Label work 7.................... 8 50.0
Operating 1 or 2 presses,
(commercial work). . . »43.8
Charleston, S. C................. <36.5
Jacksonville, Fla.:
In charge of cylinder and
platen presses.............. 1052.I
Operating 1 or 2 presses.. 1143.8
Operating Harris and
automatic presses....... i*41.7
Richmond, Va.: Operating
1 or 2 presses................ <33.3
Washington, D. C.:
Operating 1 or 2 presses
68 inches or under___ 1550.0
Operating 1 press over
1*50.0
68 inches....................
Operating 1 offset........... 1058.3
Operating web presses,
head pressmen............. 475.0
Operating web presses,
second position............ <62.5
16.00
li
li
24.00
14 l ì
2
‘8-8-48
4 47.9
23.00
‘8-8- 48
24.00
28.00
14 H
2
14 H
2
‘ 8-8-48
‘8-8-48
50.0
58.3
24.0
28.00
5 8 - 8 -48
‘ 8 - 8 -48
36.00
14 l ì
2
‘ 8-8
62.5
30.00
8-8-48
-48
8-8-48
2
30.00 1 4 l ì
i Scale became 41.7 cents on Sept. 1,1918.
* Double time after midnight.
.
,
. . _ .
,, «
* More than half of the members received more than the scale; amount not reported. Scale became 43.8
cents on Sept. 1, 1918.
,
,
, ,
4
More than half of the members received more than the scale; amount not reported.
‘ Hours vary, but total 48 per week.
‘ 8 - 8 -48
50.0
24.00
7
Or operating 1 o ^ sin g lec y lin d e r, or 1 double cylinder, or 1 2-color, or 1 single cylinder and 2 platen
presses, or 1 web rotary magazine press.
, .
aa r
^ » More than half of the members received more than the scale; amount not reported. Scale became 64.6
CCI^Mo?e^than half of the members received more than the scale; amount not reported.
cents on Sept. 1, 1918.
w Scale became 56.3 cents on July 15,1918.
ii Scale became 46.9 cents on July 15,1918.
12 Scale became 43.8 cents on July 15,1918.
,,
. . ____ . .
w More than half of the members received more than the scale; amount not reported.
cents on Aug. 2,1918.
„ ,
. . .
14 Double time after 10 p. m. and on Saturday after 6 p .m .
10 More than half of the members received more than the scale; amount not reported.
cents on Aug. 2,1918.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[1727]
Scale became 60.4
a„ai 0 w a m p F.1 5
Scale became bi.&
Q
70 n
Scale became 72.y
246
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW,
UNION SCALE OF WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR IN EACH T R A D E , IN THE NORTH
ATLANTIC AND SOUTH ATLANTIC STATES, ON MAY 15, 1918, AND MAY 15 1917—
Continued.
PRINTING AND PUBLISHING: BOOK AND JOB—Continued.
PR E SSM E N : Cylinder—Concluded.
May 15,1918.
Rate of wages—
Geographical division and
city.
For
Per
Sun
Per week, For days
hour. full over and ;
time. time. holi
days.
SOUTH ATLANTIC—Concld.
Regulaw ro te
Washington, D . C.—Old.
m ulti plied
Operating web presses, Cents. D olls.
by
third position................. i 47.9 23.00
> li
2
Operating 1 rotary press,
(sheet feed)..................... 4 54.2 26.00 2 l i
2
May 15,1917.
Rate of
Num
wages—
ber of
months
Hours:
with
Full days;
Saturdays; Satur
Per
day
Full week.
Per week,
half
holi hour. full
time.
day.
Hours:
Full days;
Saturdays;
Full week.
Cents. D olls.
8-8-48
*8-8-48
47.9
23.00
8-8-48
54.2
26.00
»8-8-48
41.7
37.5
20.00
18.00
PRESSM EN : Platen.
NORTH ATLANTIC.
Boston, Mass.:
Operating Harris, Falsom or Kidder presses.
Operating 2 presses..........
Bridgeport, Conn.:
Operating 1 or 2 presses..
Operating 3 or 4 presses..
Buffalo, N . Y ........................
Newark, N . L:
Operating 1 or 2 presses..
Operating 3 or 4 presses..
Operating 5 or 6 presses..
New Haven, Conn...............
New York, N. Y.:
Operating 1 to 3 presses..
Operating 4 presses..........
Operating 5 presses..........
Operating 3 automatic
feed presses.....................
Operating 1 multi-web
ticket press.....................
Philadelphia, Pa.:
Operating 2 presses with
automatic feeders..........
In charge of auto job
presses, operating auto
process p r e s s e s or
provers............................
45.8
41.7
22.00
20.00
6 37.5
*39.6
37. 5
6 li
5li
2
2
8 f- 4Ì-48
8f- 4J-48
18.00
19.00
18.00
li
li
bl i
2
2
2
8-8-48
8-8-48
8-8-48
37.5
39.6
33.3
18.00
19.00
16.00
8-8-48
8-8-48
'8-8-48
»35.4
1039.6
n43.8
«37.5
17.00
19.00
21.00
18,00
'li
'li
'li
12 l ì
2
2
2
2
3 8 - 8 -48
*8-8-48
*8-8-48
»8-8-48
35.4
39.6
43.8
37.5
17.00
19.00
21.00
18.0Ó
*8-8-48
*8-8-48
*8-8-48
*8-8-48
52.1
56.3
58.3
25.00
27.00
28.00
12 l i
12 l ì
12 l i
2
2
2
*8-8-48
»8-8-48
» 8 - 8 -48
“ 41.7
47.9
52.1
20.00
23.00
25.00
*8-8-48
*8-8-48
» 8 - 8 -48
12
12
8f- 4J-48
8f—41—48
60.4
29.00
13 l i
2
»8-8-48
50.0
24.00
»8-8-48
70.8
34.00
“ li
2
» 8 - 8 -48
62.5
30.00
*8-8-48
52.1
25.00
“ li
16 2
■8-8-48
47.9
23.00
* 8 - 8 -48
52.1
25.00
14 l ì
«2
*8-8-48
41.7
20.00
»8-8-48
cente on Aug*
members received more than tha scale; amount not reported. Scale became 62.5
l Double time after 10 p. m. and on Saturday after 6 p. m.
8 Hours vary, but total 48 per week.
centsIoneAugn 2^ai91°8f the rnembers received more than the scale; amount not reported. Scale became 67.7
6 Double time after midnight.
‘ More than half of the members received more than the scale; amount not reported
' 44 hours per week, June to August, inclusive.
1
2preSsscs° o n 'fep tH M O ll^ °n JUn6 1918’ ^ 52-1 C6ntS f°r operatinS 1 Press and « .2 cents for operating,
9 D outle time after 10 p. m. and on Saturday after 6 p. m.
cents
rfeceived more than the scale; amount not reported. Scale became 43.8
cents on June 1,1918, and 56.3 cents for operatmg 3 presses and 58.3 cents for operating 4 presses, on Sept. 18
More than half of the members received more than the scale; amount not reported. Scale became 47 9
cents on June 1, and 60.4 cents for operating 5 presses, on Sept. 18,1918.
12 Double time after 10 p. m.
’
!! ?? Per cent of the members received $1 per week more than the scale.
14 Double time after midnight.
“ For New Year's, Memorial, and Thanksgiving days, time and one-half.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[
1728
]
241
MONTHLY LABOE REVIEW,
UNION SCALE OF WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR IN EACH T R AD E, IN THE NORTH
ATLANTIC AND SOUTH ATLANTIC STATES, ON MAY 15, 1918, AND MAY 15, 1917Continued.
P R IN T IN G A N D P U B L ISH IN G : BOOK A N D JOB—Concluded.
PR ESSM EN : P laten—Concluded.
May 15,
1918.
May 15,1917.
Rate of
Rate of wages—
division and
city.
Geographical
Num wages—
ber of
months
Hours:
with
Full days; Satur
For
PeaSun Saturdays; day
Per
For days
Per week, over
Full week.
Pea- week,
half hour.
hour. foil time. and
full
holi
time.
holi
time.
day.
days.
NORTH ATLANTIC—concld.
Philadelphia, Pa.—Concld. Centi.,
Operatmg 1 or 2 presses.. 41.7
Operating 4 presses......... 45.8
Operating 5 or more
presses............................ 50.0
Operating provers......... 47.9
Pittsburgh, Pa..................... 43.8
Providence, R. I.:
Operating 1 or more
presses............................. ‘ 35.4
Operating presses 14 by
22 inches or over........... ‘ 39.6
Rochester, N. Y.:
Operating 1 or 2 presses.. * 31.3
Operating 3 presses.......... »35.4
Operating 4 presses.......... 39.6
Scr.r1ton. Pa.:*
0 perating 1 to 3 presses.. 35.4
Operating 4 presses.......... 39.6
Springfield,’ Mass................. ‘ 37.5
Worcester, Mass................... 33.3
DoUs.
Regular rate
m ultiplied
by
-48
Cents. D olls.
20.00
22.00
1 1$
32
22
3
24.00
23.00
21.00
1 li
‘ li
22
*2
2
*8-8-48
»8 _ 8 _4g
»8-8-48
41.7
41.7
17.00
ili
2
38 - 8 -48
19.00
‘ li
‘1 li
li
2
3 8 - 8 -48
2
15.00
17.00
19.00
11
$
Hours:
Full days;
Saturdays;
Full week.
33.3
37.5
16. CÖ
18.00
41.7
20.00
20.00
38 - 8 48
20.00
»8-8-48
*33 3
16.00
»8-8-48
137.5
18.00
»8-8-48
*8-8-48
38-8-48
»8-8-48
31.3
35.4
39.6
15.00
17.00
19. ÓÓ
»8-8-43
« ft 8 48
* 8 - 8 -48
8-8-48
8 - 8 48
8 8 Ag
'8-8-48
g_ $
3 g _ g _i8
‘ li
2
2
17.00 ‘ li
19.00 1 1|
li
18.00
16.00 ' li
2
2
2
2
8-8-48
8 - 8 -48
8 - 8 —18
»8-8-48
29.2
33.3
37.5
33.3
14.00
16.00
18.00
16.00
2
2
8-8-48
8-8-48
31.3
34.4
16.50
»8-8-48
SOUTH ATLANTIC.
Atlanta, Ga.:
Operating 1 press............. 31.3
Operating 2 presses........ 34.4
Operating 3 or more
presses............................. 37.5
Baltimore, Md.:
Operating 1 to 3 presses.. ’ 33.3
Operating 4 or 5 presses.. 8 39.6
Charleston S. C.................... 1*31.3
Jacksonville, Fla.:
Operating 1 to 3 presses. . 1831.3
Operating more than 3
presses............................. 1137.5
Richmond, Va...................... *25.0
Washington, D. C.:
Operating 1 or 2 presses
with auto attachment. H43.8
Operating 1to 4 presses.. 1237.5
15.00
16.50
18.00
16.00
19.00
15.00
li
li
li
‘ li
‘ li
15.00
8
8 48
8-8-48
2
8-8-48
37.5
18.00
»8-8-48
»8-8-48
16.00
19.00
15.00
» 8 - 8 -48
» 8 - 8 -48
8 - 8 -48
8
8 48
‘ li
2
2
•2
8-8-48
33.3
39.6
31.3
15.00
‘ li
2
»8-8-48
31.3
15.00
» 8 - 8 -48
18. 00
1H
2
li
« 8 - 8 -48
8-8-48
37 5
‘ 25.0
12.00
88
8 48
8 - 8 -48
2
2
»8-8-48
»8 - 8 ^ 8
‘ 43.8
‘ 37.5
12.0 0
U
2 1.0 0
13 IJ
“ li
18.00
21.00
18.00
»8-8-48
»8 - 8 -48
I D o u b le ti m e a f te r m i d n ig h t.
1 F o r N e w Y e a r ’s, M e m o ria l, a n d T h a n k s g i v in g d a y s , t i m e a n d o n e -h a lf.
5Hours vary, b u t t o t a l 48 p e r w e e k .
‘ Double t i m e a f te r m i d n ig h t a n d o n S a t u r d a y a f te r 5 p , m .
8 More t h a n h a l f o f t h e m e m b e r s r e c e iv e d m o re t h a n t h e sc a le ; a m o u n t n o t r e p o r t e d .
6 D o u b le t i m e a f t e r 10 p . m .
7 More t h a n h a lf of t h e m e m b e r s r e c e iv e d m o re t h a n t h e s c a le ; a m o u n t n o t r e p o r t e d . S c a le b e c a m e 45.8
c e n ts on S e p t. 1, 1918.
8 More t h a n h a lf of t h e m e m b e r s r e c e iv e d m o r e t h a n t h e s c a le ; a m o u n t n o t r e p o r t e d . S c a le b e c a m e 50
c e n ts on S e p t. 1,1918.
9 F o r S u n d a y s ; for h o lid a y s , s in g le ti m e .
10 S c a le became 34.4 c e n ts fo r o p e r a t in g 1 o r 2 p re s s e s a n d 37.5 c e n ts fo r o p e r a t in g 3 p re s s e s o n J u l y 15,1918.
II S c a le became 40.6 c e n ts for o p e r a tin g 4 p re s s e s a n d 43.8 c e n ts for o p e r a t in g 5 p re s s e s o n J u l y 15,1918.
u More t h a n h a lf of t h e m e m b e r s r e c e iv e d m o re t h a n t h e scale; a m o u n t n o t r e p o r t e d . S e a le b e c a m e 62.5
c e n ts on Aug. 2,1 9 1 8 .
13 D o u b le ti m e a f te r 10 p . m . a n d o n S a t u r d a y a f te r 6 p . m .
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[1729]
248
M O N T H L Y LABOE EEYIEW,
UNI ON SCALE OF WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR IN EACH T R A D E , IN THE NORTH
ATLANTIC AND SOUTH ATLANTIC STATES, ON MAY 15, 1918, AND MAY 15, 191—
Continued.
PRINTING AND PUBLISHING: NEWSPAPER.
COMPOSITORS: B ayw ork.
May 15,1918.
Rate of wages—
Geographical division and
city.
NORTH
For
Per
Sun
For days
Per week, over
hour. full time. arid
time.
holi
days.
A T L A N T IC
Cent». D olls.
68.0
Boston, Mass................. ..
Buffalo, N. Y.:
English............................... 59.4
German.............................. 41. 7
■50.0
Fall River, Mass.................. 45.8
Manchester, N. FI................ 39.6
Newark. N. J.:
English............................... 69.6
German.............................. 56.3
New Haven, Conn............... 50.0
New York, N. Y.:
English......................... . ^ 71.1
Bohemian.......................... 46.7
German.............................. 73.3
H ebrew.............................. 61.7
Hungarian......................... 64.3
Hungarian, m ake-ups.... 78.6
Italian................................. 61.9
Philadelphia P a .................. 50.0
Pittsburgh, P a ..................... 65.0
Portland, Me........................ I039.6
Providence, R. I .................. 52.1
Rochester, N. Y.:
English............................... 46.9
German.............................. 41.7
Scranton, P a ......................... 1052.1
Springfield, Mass................. 47.9
Worcester, Mass.:
English....................
49.0
French.............................. 44.8
SO U TH
Regular rate
m ultiplied
by—
May 15, 1917.
Rate of
Num
wages—
ber of
months
Hours:
with
Full days;
Per
Saturdays; Satur
Per week,
day
Full week.
half hour. full
holi
time.
day.
Hours:
Full days;
Saturdays;
Full week.
Cents. D olls.
28.56 1 87c.
1
2 7 - 7 -42
68.0
28.56
2 7 - 7 -42
28.50
20.00
24.00
22.00
19.00
u ì
2
2
2
2
53.1
41.7
47.9
44.8
37.5
25.50
20.00
23.00
21.50
18.00
8-8-48
8-8-48
8-8-48
8-8-48
8-8-48
63.0
56.3
50.0
29.00
22.50
24.00
l b 7f—46
' 8 - 0 -40
8-8-48
lì
9h
8 - 8 -48
8-8-48
8 - 8 -18
8-8-48
8-8-48
2
lì
lì
1
1
2
7§- 7|-46
68-0-40
8-8-48
32.00
lì
21.00
H
27.50
lì
33.00
li
27.00
li
33.00
lì
26.00
lì
24.00
lì
29.25
lì
19.00
lì
25.00 1 75c.
1
8l i
2
1
52
52
2
1
1
2
1
7 i- 71-45
7 |- 74-45
7J- 7i-37J
6-6-36
7-7-42
7-7-42
7-7-42
8-8-48
9 7 i- 71,-45
8-8-48
8-8-48
66.7
41.7
70.7
88.9
57.1
71.4
54.8
41.7
61.0
39.6
50.0
30.00
20.00
26.50
32.00
24.00
23.00
30.00
20.00
27.45
19.00
24.00
7 i- 71-45
8 - 8‘-48
7 i- 74-371
6 - 6 36
7-7-42
7-7-42
7 - 7 42
8-8-48
97 i- 74-45
8-8-48
8-8-48
8-8-48
8-8-48
8-8-48
8-8-48
45.8
41.7
52.1
44.8
22.00
20.00
25.00
21.50
8 - 8 48
8 - 8-48
8-8-48
8-8-48
18 2
8-8-48
8-8-48
47.9
43.8
23 00
21.00
8 8 48
8-8-48
1
8-8-48
43.8
21.00
8-8-48
1
7-7-42
8-8-48
w 7 - 7 -42
8-8-48
8-8-48
8-8-48
8-8-48
7-7-42
61.9
35.4
1042.9
46.9
50.0
46.9
37.5
60.7
26 00
17.00
18.00
22.50
24.00
22 50
18.00
25.50
32.00
22.50
24.00
H
H
H
22.50
20.00
25.00
23.00
lili
li
Q2j
2
2
li 2
23.50
21.50
1J
H
13 2
24.00
lì
(12)
12
A T L A N T IC .
Atlanta, Ga...........................
Baltimore, Md.:
English.............................
German........................
Charleston, S. C .................
Jacksonville, F la................
Head ad. m en.................
Norfolk, Va.........................
Richmond, Y a......................
Washington, D. C.............
50.0
H61.9
35.4
1042.9
52.1
52.1
I046. 9
1045.8
»60. 7
26. 00 1 75c.
17.00 1 60c.
18.00
lì
25.00
lì
25.00
lì
22.50
22.00
lì
25.50 1 86c.
1
1
16 !
16 1
62
1
1
16
7 8 7 - 7 -42
8 - 8 -48
8-8-48
8-8-48
8 - 8 48
7-7-42
1 Rate in cents per hour.
2 Actual hours worked; minimum, 6 hours per day, 36 per week; maximum, 8 hours per day, 48 per
week.
8 Scale became 52.1 cents on July 1, 1918.
*Double time alter 6 hours.
6 For Sundays; for holidays, regular rate.
6 Work 5 days per week.
' Scale became 76.7 cents on July 1, 1918.
8 For Sundays; for holidays, double time.
9 Minimum; maximum, 8 hours per day, 48 per week.
10 More than hall of the members received more than the scale; amount not reported.
11 For Sundays; for holidays, time and one-half
1210 cents per hour more than regular rate.
18 For Sundays; for holidays, time and one-third.
14 Scale became 66.5 cents on Sept. 1, 1918.
16 Hours worked; maximum, 8 horns per day, 48 hours and same pay per week.
16 F or Sundays, on 6-day newspapers, double time
12 Scale became 78.6 cents on June 3,1918.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[1730]
7- 42
8 -48
249
M O N T H L Y LABOE REVIEW.
U N IO N S C A L E O F W A G E S A N D H O U R S O F L A B O R IN E A C H T R A D E , IN T H E N O R T H
A T L A N T I C A N D S O U T H A T L A N T I C S T A T E S , O N M A Y 15, 1918, A N D M A Y 15, 1917—
C o n tin u e d .
PRINTING AND PUBLISHING: NEW SPAPER—Continued.
COMPOSITORS: N ightwork.
May 15,1917.
May 15, 1918.
Rate of wages—
Geographical d iv i s i o n a n d
c ity .
For
Sun
Per
For days
Per week, over
hour. full time. and
holi
time.
days.
Rate of
Num
wages—
ber of
months
Hours:
with
Full days; Satur
Per
Saturdays;
Per week,
day
Full week.
half hour. full
time.
holi
day.
Hours:
Full days,
Saturdays;
Full week.
R e g u l i r rate
m u lti 'plied
NORTH ATLANTIC.
Cents. D o lls.
72.0
Boston M ass..
65.6
Buffalo, N. Y ...........
Bridgeport, Conn.
•54.2
Man ohester, N. H ___ ____ 45.8
Newark, N. J.:
71.7
E nglish....
German.............................. 62.5
New Haven, Conn..
56.3
New York, N. Y.:
English__
«77.8
English, third shift, 2 a.
m to 10 a, m
7 90.5
80.0
German. . .
12 2 . 2
Hebrew. . .
Italian................................. 66.7
Philadelphia, Pa.:
English............................... 56.5
German.............................. 62.5
Pittsburgh, Pa.:
English............................... 70.0
German
55.0
Portland, Me........................ 43.8
Providence, R. I .................. 60.0
Rochester, N. Y................... 49.0
Scranton, P a ......................... 58.3
Springfield, M ass..
55.2
"Worcester, Mass.
55.2
SOUTH ATLANTIC.
Atlanta, Ga ......................... 56.3
Baltimore, Md...................... 1264.3
Charleston, S. C________ « 59.5
Ad. m en............................ 8 71.4
Norfolk, V a ................................ s 51.0
Richmond, V a .......................... 8 50.0
W ashington, D . C .................. » 6 6.6
30.24
31.50
26.00
22.00
33.00
25.00
27.00
Cents. D o lls .
by
1 92c!
1J
11
11
li
lz
1
2
1
2 7 _ 7 -42
8-8-48
8-8-48
8 - 8 -48 '
4l i
1
1
1
7f- 72-46
s 8' - 0 -40
8 - 8 -48
(12)
72.0
59.4
52.1
43.8
30.24
2S.5
25.00
67.4
62.5
56.3
31.00
25.00
27.00
2 1.0 0
0
7 - 7 -42
8-8-48
8-8-48
8-8-48
7§~ 7§-46
6 8 - 0 -40
8 - 8 -48
1
71- 7J-45
73.3
33.00
71- 71-45
38.00
30.00
33.00
28.00
li
li
It
li
1
1
1
2
7-7-42
71- 7-1-371
4-1- 41-27
7 - 7“-42
85.7
77.3
118.5
59.5
36.00
29.00
32.00
25.00
7-7-42
71- 71-371
41- 41-27
7-7-42
26.00
25.00
li
li
1
1
7§- 7|-46
‘8-0-40
« 47.8
62.5
22.00
7§- 7§-46
‘8-0-40
li
1
1
s 71- 71-45
8-8-48
8 - S -48
71- 71-45
8 - 8 -48
8-8-48
8 - 8 -48'
8 - S -48
06.0
55.0
43.8
57.8
47.9
58.3
52.1
54.2
29.70
26.40
971- 71-45
8 - 8 -48
8 - 8 -48
71- 71-45
8-8-48
8-8-48
8-8-48
8-8-48
8-8-48
7-7-42
1» 7 - 7 -42
18 7 _ 7 _42
8-8-48
8-8-48
7-7-42
50.0
46.3
59.5
71.4
51.0
» 41.7
24.00
27.00
25.00
30.00
24.50
35.00
31.50
26.40
li
1 75c.
1
li
27.00 1 75C.
1
li
1
23.50
io 2
28.00
11
1
26.50 <“ )
26.50
1
11
2 1.0 0
27.00
li
27.00 1 80c.
25.00
li
30.00
li
24.50
li
24.00
li
27.96 794iC
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
(12)
66.6
25.00
2 1.0 0
26.00
23.00
28.00
25.00
26.00
8-8-48
7-7-42
is 7 _ 7 _42
is 7 _ 7 _42
8-8-48
20.00
8-8-48
7-7-42
27.96 j
LINOTYPE OPERATORS: D aywork.
NORTH ATLANTIC.
M a s s ...................... ......
C onn. _
B u ffa lo , N . Y . :
E n g l i s h __
r . T - T _______
B o s fn n
Bridgeport,
G e r m a n ....................................
68.0
i‘50.0
5 9 .4
4 1 .7
28.56 1 87c.
24.00
H
1
2
2 7 _ 7 _42
68.0
8 - 8 -4 8
4 7 .9
28.56
23.00
28.50
20.00
2
2
8 - 8 -4 8
8 - 8 -4 8
5 3 .1
4 1 .7
25.50
20.00
li
li
-42
8-8-48
‘7 - 7
8-8-48
8 - ft -48
1 R a t e i n c e n ts p e r h o u r .
sA c t u a l h o u r s w o r k e d ; m i n i m u m , 6 h o u r s p e r d a y , 36 per week; maximum. 8 hoursperday, 48per w e e k .
• S c a le b e c a m e 56.3 c e n ts o n J u l y 1, 1918.
«For S u n d a y s ; for h o li d a y s , r e g u l a r ra te .
• W o rk 5 d a y s p e r w eek.
« S c a le b e c a m e 83.3 c e n ts o n J u l y 1 ,1 9 1 8 .
7 S c a le b e c a m e 96.4 c e n ts o n J u l y 1, 1918.
• M o re t h a n h a l f of t h e m e m b e r s r e c e iv e d m o r e t h a n the scale; amount not reported.
• M in im u m ; m a x im u m , 8 h o u r s p e r d a y , 48 p e r w e e k .
10 F o r S u n d a y s a n d S a t u r d a y n ig h t s ; fo r h o li d a y s ; t i m e a n d o n e -h a lf,
11 10 c e n ts p e r h o u r m o r e t h a n t h e r e g u l a r r a t e ,
u S c a le b e c a m e 67.9 c e n ts o n S e p t. 1 ,1918.
i*H o u r s w o r k e d ; m a x im u m , 8 h o u r s p e r day, 48 hours and same pay per week.
m S c a le b e c a m e 85.7 c e n ts o n J u n e 3, 1918.
is S c a le b e c a m e 52.1 c e n ts on July 1, 1918.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[1731]
250
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW,
UNION SCALE OF W AGES AN D H OURS OF LABOR IN EACH T R A D E , IN TH E NORTH
ATLANTIC A N D SOUTH ATLANTIC STATES, ON MAY 15, 1918, AN D MAY 15, 1917—
Continued.
PRINTING- AND PUBLISHING: NEW SPAPER—C o n tin u e d .
LIN O TY PE OPERATORS: D ayw ork—Concluded.
May 15, 1918.
Rate o f w a g e s —
Geographical d i v i s i o n
and
city.
For
Per For Sun
Per week, over
days
hour. full time. and
time.
holi
days.
NORTH ATLANTIC— C O n d d .
C en ts. D o l l s .
F a ll R iv e r, M ass ........................... 46.9 22.50
M an chester, N . H ....................... 39.6 19.00
N ew ark , N . J . :
E n g lis h ........................... ..
69.6 32.00
G e rm a n ................................ 56.3 22.50
N ew H a v e n , Conn...................... 50.0 24.00
N ew Y o rk , hi. Y .:
E n g lis h ................................. 4 71.1 32.00
B o h e m ia n .................. .
54.8 23.00
G e rm a n ................................. 73.3 27.50
H e b re w ................................. 91.7 33.00
H u n g a ria n ........................... 76.2 32.00
I ta lia n ................................... 61.9 26.00
P h ila d e lp h ia , Pa............. • 52.1 25.00
P itts b u rg h , P a ....................... 65.0 29.25
P o rtla n d , M e .......................... •39.6 19.00
P ro v id en c e, R. I.............. 52.1 25.00
P ro v id en c e, R . 1.............. U1 2 .0
R o ch e ster, N . Y .:
E n g lis h ................................. 49.0 23.50
G e rm a n ................................. 41.7 2 0 .0 0
S cran to n , P a .......................... 52.1 25.00
S pringfield, M ass.................. 51.1 23.00
S pringfield, M ass..................
9.5
W o rcester, M ass.:
E n g lis h ............................. 49.0 23.50
F re n c h .............................. 44.8 21.50
Rate of
Num wages
—
ber of
months
Hours:
with
Full days; Satur
Saturdays; day
Per
Full week. half Per w eek,
hour.
full
holi
time.
day.
R e g u l a r r a te
m u ltip lie d
by
2
1
2
14
li
li
2
1
1
li
2
li
*li ‘ 1
li 7 li
2
li
1
lì
li 2 2
2
li
1
li
1
li
2
lì
1»75c. 1
1
1
li
li
lì
lì
2
2
1
lì
li
18 2
»2
1
May 15, 1917.
lì
1
8-8-48
8-8-48
7j_ 7|_46
«8-0-40
8-8-48
74- 74-45
7*- 7'-42
74- 74-374
6-6-36
7-7-42
7-7-42
8-8-48
«74_ 7 4 -4 5
S ' - 8'-48
8-8-48
64 - 64-39
8-8-48
8-8-48
8-8-48
74- 74-45
74- 74-45
8 -8
48
8-8-48
C en ts. D o U s .
2 2 .0 0
12
45.8
37.5
63.0
56.3
50.0
66.7
52.4
70.7
88.9
6 6 .7
54 8
45.8
61.0
39.6
50.0
U1 1 .5
47 Q
41.7
52.1
4 7 .8
n 9 .5
47 9
4 3 .8
18.00
29 00
22.50
24.00
30 00
2 2 .0 0
26.50
32.00
28 00
23 00
2 2 .0 0
27. 45
19.00
24.00
23 00
25 00
2Ì.5Ó
20 00
23 fX>
2 1 .0 0
H o u rs:
F u ll d ay s;
S atu rd a y s;
F u ll w eek.
8 -48
8-8-48
7• 23 - 73-46
f §—HU
8-0-40
8-8-48
7j_. yi_45
7 *- 7 " 42
71 7-1—
271
8
6
6
36
7 7 42
7 7 42
8
8 48
i 71—71 45
R*
43
8
8 48
64- 64-39
8
8 48
8 -8
48
8 -8
48
7j_ 7j 45
74- 74-45
ft ft AQ
8-8-48
SOUTH ATLANTIC.
A tla n ta , Ga.................... H8.5
B altim o re, M d :
E n g lis h ................................. 1461.9
G e rm a n ................................ 35.4
C h arleston, S. C ................... is 9.0
Jack so n v ille, Fla............. 55.2
N orfo lk, V a ..................... ..
• 46.9
R ic h m o n d , Va................ 56.3
W a sh in g to n , D. C............... 1760.7
li
26.00 1° 75c.
17.00 1° 60c.
1«Ile.
26.50
li
1J
22.50
27.00
lì
25.50 MS6c.
1
1
1
1
‘ 1
12
1
1
8-8-48
7-7-42
8-8-48
»64- 64-39
8 '- 8*-48
8-8-48
8-8-48
7-7-42
U8.5
61 9 26 no
35 4 17.00
9.0
52. Ì 25 00
46 Q 22 50
0 45 8 22 itì
83.7
25.50
8-8-48
•7 H An
8 -8
43
1 fU—61—
20
g 8 48
r _ ft ¿2
8
8 48
7 -7
I D o u b le t i m e a f t e r 6 h o u r s .
* F o r S u n d a y s ; fo r h o li d a y s , r e g u l a r r a te .
3 VVo r k 5 d a y s p e r w e e k .
4 S c a le b e c a m e 70.7 c e n ts o n .Tuly 1 ,1 9 1 8 .
5 $2 e x t r a for b e g i n n in g w o r k a t o r b e fo re 5 a . m .; $1 e x t r a for b e g i n n in g a t or b e fo re 7 a .m .
• F o r S u n d a y s , o n 6- d a y n e w s p a p e r s , d o u b le tim e .
7 F o r S u n d a y s ; fo r h o li d a y s , d o u b le tim e .
• M o r e t h a n h a l f of t h e m e m b e r s r e c e iv e d m o r e t h a n t h e s c a le ; a m o u n t n o t r e p o r t e d .
8 M in im u m ; m a x im u m , 8 h o u r s p e r d a y , 48 p e r w e e k .
10 R a t e i n c e n ts p e r h o u r .
II P e r 1,000 e m s n o n p a r e il.
12 P e r L000 e m s.
13 F o r S u n d a y s ; for h o li d a y s , ti m e a n d o n e - th ir d .
14 S c a le b e c a m o 65.5 c e n ts o n S e p t. 1 ,1 9 1 8 .
16 P e r 1,000 e m s n o n p a r e i l a n d m i n io n . A n d w a r b o n u s of S3 p e r w e e k .
14 P e r L 000 e m s n o n p a r e i l a n d m in io n .
17 For Sundays; for holiday», regular rate.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[1732]
-42
251
M ONTHLY LABOR REVIEW,
U N I O N S C A L E OF W A G E S A N D H O U R S O F L A B O R I N E A C H T R A D E , I N T H E N O R T H
A T L A N T I C AND S O U T H A T L A N T I C S T A T E S , O N M A Y 15, 1918, A N D M A Y 15, 1917—
Continued.
PRINTING AND PUBLISHING: NEWSPAPERr-Continued.
LINOTYPE OPERATORS: N ightwork.
M a y 15,1918.
Rate of wagesGeographical d iv i s i o n a n d
city.
For
Per
Sun
Per week, For days
hour. full over and
time. time. holi
days.
NORTH ATLANTIC.
Cents. D olls.
B o s t o n , M a s s .............................
L o b s t e r s h i f t ..........................
B r i d g e p o r t , C o n n .....................
B u f f a lo , N . Y .:
E n g l i s h ...................................... .
G e r m a n ......................................
M a n c h e s t e r , N . H ....................
N e w a r k , N . J .:
E n g l i s h ........................................
G e r m a n ......................................
N e w H a v e n , C o n n ...................
N e w Y o r k , N . Y .:
E n g l i s h ........................................
E n g lis h , th i r d s h ift, 2
a . m . t o 10 a . m ..............
G e r m a n .......................................
H e b r e w .......................................
H u n g a r i a n ................................
I t a l i a n ..........................................
P h ila d e lp h ia , P a .:
E n g l i s h .......................................
G e r m a n ......................................
P itts b u r g h , P a .:
E n g l i s h ........................................
G e r m a n .......................................
P o r t l a n d , M e ...............................
P r o v i d e n c e , R . I .......................
P r o v i d e n c e , R . 1 .......................
R o c h e s t e r , N . Y ........................
S c r a n t o n , P a ................................
S p r i n g f i e l d , M a s s ......................
S p r i n g f i e l d , M a s s ......................
W o r c e s t e r , M a s s ........................
72.0
77.0
»54.2
Rate of
Num
wages—
ber of
months
Hours:
with
Full days;
Saturdays; Satur
Per
day
Full week.
Per week,
half hour.
full
holi
time.
day.
Regular rate
m ultiplied
by—
30.24 i 92c.
32.34 i 92c.
26.00
Ü
M a y 15, 1917.
Hours:
Full days;
Saturdays;
Full week.
Cents. D olls.
1
1
1
»7-7-42
»7-7-42
8-8-48
72.0
77.0
52.1
30. 24
32.34
25.00
1 7 _ 7 _42
* 7 - 7 42
8-8-48
8-8-48
8-8-48
8-8-48
59.4
45.8
43.8
28.50
22.00
21.00
8-8-48
8-8-48
8 - 8 48
7J- 7§-46
8-0-40
8-8-48
67.4
62.5
56.3
31.00
25.00
27.00
7§- 7? -46
8-0-40
8-8-48
65.6
45.8
45.8
31.50
22.00
22.00
li
li
2
4li
71.7
62.5
56.3
33.00
25.00
27.00
2
li
li
1
‘ 77.8
35.00
li
1
7 i- 7J-45
‘ 73.3
33.00
7 i- 7i-45
7 90.5
80.0
122.2
78.6
66.7
38.00
30.00
33.00
33.00
28.00
li
li
li
li
li
1
1
82
2
7-7-42
7 i- 74-374
44- 4i-27
7-7-42
7-7-42
85.7
77.3
118.5
71.4
59.5
36.00
29.00
32.00
30.00
25.00
7-7-42
74- 74-374
4J- 44-27
7-7-42
7-7-42
«60.9
62.5
28.00
25.00
li
li
1
7§- 7§-46
8-0-40
8 54.3
62.5
25.00
25.00
7}- 7|-46
8-0-40
70.0
55.0
47.9
60.0
»13.0
53.1
58.3
58.9
1210.5
55.2
31. 50
li
26.40 1 75c.
23.00
li
27.00 1 75c.
1
25.50
li
28.00
Ü
26.50
li
1
26.50
li
66.0
55.0
47.9
57.8
»12.5
52.1
58.3
55.6
'no.5
54.2
29.70
26.40
23.00
26.00
9 7i~ 7J-45
8-8-48
8-8-48
7 h 7i-45
11 6 - 6 36
1
1
1
* 7 i- 7i-45
8-8-48
8-8-48
7J- 7 H 5
" 6 - 6 -36
8-8-48
8-8-48
7 i- 74-45
7 |- 74-45
8-8-48
»10.0
1864.3
»11.0
• 51.0
62.5
»66.6
li
27.00 1 80c.
» 13c.
24.50
li
30.00
li
27.96 '94.5c.
1
1
1
1
1
1
8 - 8 -48
7-7-42
»10.0
64.3
Ü
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
25.00
28.00
25.00
26.00
8-8-18
8-8-48
7i~ 7i-45
7J- 74-45
8-8-48
SOUTH ATLANTIC.
A t l a n t a , G a ..................................
B a l t i m o r e , M d ............................
C h a r l e s t o n , S . C .........................
N o r f o l k , V a ..................................
R i c h m o n d , V a ............................
W a s h i n g t o n , D . C ....................
* 6J- 6j-39
8‘- 8'-48
8-8-48
7-7-42
27.00
1011.0
51.0 24.. 50
"50.0 24.00
66.6 2796
8-8-48
7-7-42
* 64- 6J-39
8 ' - 8'-48
8-8-48
7-7-42
1 Rate in cents per hour.
2 Actual hours worked; m i n im u m 6 h o u r s p e r d a y , 36 p e r w e e k ; maximum 8 h o u r s per day, 48 p e r w e e k .
8 Scale became 56.3 cents o n J u l y 1, 1918.
4 For Sundays and Saturday n ig h t s ; fo r h o li d a y s , r e g u la r r a te .
6 More than half of t h e m e m b e r s re c e iv e d m o re t h a n t h e sc a le ; a m o u n t n o t r e p o r t e d . Scale became 83.3
cents on July 1, 1918.
6 More than h a l f of th e m e m b e r s re c e iv e d m o re t h a n t h e s c a le ; a m o u n t n o t r e p o r t e d .
7 Scale became 96.4 c e n ts o n J u l y 1 ,1 9 1 8 .
8 For Sundays; fo r h o li d a y s , r e g u l a r r a t e .
9 Minimum; m a x im u m 8 h o u r s p e r d a y , 48 p e r w e e k .
18 Per 1,000 e m s n o n p a r e il.
u M in im u m ; m a x i m u m 74 h o u r s p e r d a y , 45 p e r week.
12
Per 1,000 ems.
18 Scale b e c a m e 67.9 c e n ts o n S e p t. 1, 19] 8.
i< Eighty p e r c e n t of th e m e m b e r s r e c e iv e d $3 p e r w e e k m o re t h a n the scale.
u S c a le b e c a m e 85.7 cents on June 3, 1918.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[1 7 3 3 1
252
M O N TH LY LABOR REVIEW.
UNION SCALE OF W AGES AND HOURS OF LABOR IN EACH T R A D E , I N T H E NORTH
ATLANTIC AND SOUTH ATLANTIC STATES, ON MAY 15, 1918, AN D MAY 15, 1917—
C o n t in u e d .
PRINTING AND PUBLISHING: NEW SPAPER—Continued.
M A C H IN E T E N D E R S : D a y w o rk .
May 15, 1917.
May 15, 1918.
R a te of w ag esG e o g ra p h ic a l d iv is io n a n d
c ity .
P er
h o u r.
Per
w eek,
fu ll
tim e .
H o u rs:
F u ll d a y s;
S a tu rd a y s ;
F u ll w e ek .
H o u rs:
F u ll d a y s;
S a tu rd a y s ;
F u ll w eek .
R egular rate
m ultiplied
NORTH ATLANTIC.
by
Cents. Dolls.
68.0
3 5 .0 0
6 7 .7
4 6 .9
5 2 .1
« 6 9 .6
5 3 .1
2 8 .5 6
2 4 .0 0
32. 50
22. 50
2 5 .0 0
3 2 .0 0
2 5 .5 0
7 60. 0
8 62. 2
« 6 8 .9
117 3 .3
5 0 .0
7 0 .7
4 7 .3
5 2 .1
5 7 .3
« 5 2 .1
55. 2
«49. 0
2 7 .0 0
2 8 .0 0
3 1 .0 0
3 3 .0 0
2 4 .0 0
3 1 .8 0
21.-30
2 5 .0 0
27. 50
2 5 .0 0
2 6 .5 0
23. 50
A t l a n t a , G a ................................... 5 2 .1
B a l t i m o r e , M d ............................ 1461. 9
C h a r l e s t o n , S . C................... 6 5 .5
.T a c k s o n v i lie , F l a ....................... 55. 2
N o r f o l k , V a .................................. « 4 6 .9
R i c h m o n d , V a ............................ 5 6 .3
W a s h i n g t o n , D. C............... 16 6 0 .7
2 5 .0 0
2 6 .0 0
2 7 .5 0
26. 50
2 2 .5 0
2 7 .0 0
2 5 .5 0
P o s to n , M ass
...........................
P r i d im p o r t , C o n n _.................
B u ffa lo N Y
F a l l R i v e r M a s s ......................
M a n c h e s t e r , N . TT _________
N e w a r k , N . J ...............................
N e w F T a v e n , C o n n . .................
N e w Y o r k , N . Y .:
1 t o 4 m a c h i n e s ......................
5 t o 8 m a c h i n e s ......................
9 t o 12 m a c h i n e s ...................
13 o r m o r e m a c h i n e s ..........
P h i l a d e l p h i a P a .......................
P i t t s b u r g h , f a ...........................
A s s i s t a n t s ...............................
P r o v i d e n c e , R . I .......................
R o c h e s t e r , N . Y ........................
S c r a n t o n , P a ................................
S p r i n g f i e l d , M a s s ......................
W o r c e s t e r , M a s s ........................
For
Sun
days
and
h o li
days.
For
o v e r
tim e .
R a te of
N um
w ages—
b e r of
m o n th s
w ith
S a tu r
Per
day
Per
w eek,
h a lf
h o u r.
fu ll
h o li
tim e .
day.
Cents. D olls.
—
1 87c.
1|
lì
4 IJ
li
2
lì
lì
lì
1Î
lì
li
lì
lì
1 75c.
11
lì
lì
lì
1
2
2
2
5lì
1
2
81
81
81
81
1
1
1
1
2
1
U
is 2
6 8 .0
s 7 - 7 -4 2
8 - 8 - 4 8
8 - 8 - 4 8
8 - 8 - 4 8
8 - 8 - 4 8
7 § - 7 g -4 6
8 “ - 8 -4 8
7 i7 |7-17 |-
7 i-4 5
7 i-4 5
7 J -4 5
7 1 -4 5
8 - 8 -4 8
12 7 1 - 7 i - 4 5
12 7 | - 7 |- 4 5
8 - 8 - 4 8
8 - 8 - 4 8
8 - 8 - 4 8
8 - 8 - 4 8
8 -8 - 4 8
4 7 .9
6 1 .5
4 5 .8
5 2 .1
6 3 .0
5 3 .1
..........
2 8 .5 6
2 3 .0 0
2 9 .5 0
22.00
2 5 .0 9
2 9 .0 0
2 5 .5 0
2 7 - 7 -4 2
8 -8 - 4 8
8 -8 - 4 8
8 -8 - 4 8
8 -8 - 4 8
7 § - 7 1-46
8 - 8 ' -4 8
5 5 .6
« 5 7 .8
6 4 .4
« 6 8 .9
4 5 .8
6 6 .7
4 3 .3
« 5 0 .0
5 6 .3
5 2 .1
5 2 .1
4 7 .9
2 5 .0 0
2 6 .0 0
2 9 .0 0
3 1 .0 0
3 0 .0 0
1 9 .5 0
2 4 .0 0
2 7 .0 0
2 5 .0 0
2 5 .0 0
2 3 .0 0
7 i - 7 4 -4 5
7 Ï - 7 1 -4 5
7 J - 7 i- 4 5
7 i - 7 i-4 5
8 -8 - 4 8
12 7 i - 7 1 -4 5
i 2 7 i - 71-45
8 -8 - 4 8
8 -8 - 4 8
8 -8 - 4 8
8 -8 - 4 8
8 -8 - 4 8
5 2 .1
6 1 .9
5 9 .5
5 2 .1
« 4 6 .9
5 0 .0
« 6 0 .7
2 5 .0 0
2 6 .0 0
2 5 .0 0
2 5 .0 0
2 2 .5 0
2 4 .0 0
2 5 .5 0
8 -8 - 4 8
7 - 7 - 4 2
« 7 - 7 - 4 2
8 - 8 -4 8
8 - 8 -4 8
8 - > -4 8
7 - 7 - 4 2
72.0
61.5
67.4
62.5
30.24
29.50
31.00
30.00
2 7 - 7 -4 2
8-8-48
7§- 7 f—46
8-8-48
22.00
SOUTH ATLANTIC.
lì
1 75c.
1
li
li
li
1 86c.
1
1
1
81
«2
1
1
8
7
is 7
8
8
8
7
-8 - 7 _ 7
- 8 -8 -8 - 7 -
4 8
4 2
_42
4 8
4 8
4 8
4 2
M A C H IN E T E N D E R S : N ig h tw o r k .
NORTH
A T L A N T IC .
P o s to n , M ass ...........................
B u ffa lo , N . Y ............................
N e w a rk , N . J ............................
N e w H a v e n , C o n n ..................
72.0
67.7
« 71.7
62.5
30. 24 1 92c.
32.50
lì
2
33.00
30.00
lì
1
1
1
1
2 7 - 7 -42
8-8-48
T Ì- 71-46
8-8-48
1 Rate in cents per hour.
5 Actual hours worked; minimum 6 hours per day, 36 per week; maximum 8 hours per day, 48 per week.
8 Scale became 52.1 cents on July 1, 1918.
4Double time after 6 hours.
« For Sundays; for holidays, regular rate.
«More than half of the members received more than the scale; amount not reported.
7 Scale became 65.6 cents on July 1,1918.
'Double time for Sundays on six-day newspapers.
•Scale became 67.8 cents on July 1, 1918.
18 Scale became 74.4 cents on July 1,1918.
u Seale became 78.9 cents on July 1, 1918.
w Minimum; maximum 8 hours per day, 48 per week.
“ For Sundays; for holidays, time and one-third.
14Scale became 65.5 cents on Sept. 1, 1918.
16 Homs worked; maximum, 48 horns and same pay per w e e k .
18More than half of the members received more than the scale: a m o u n t not reported. Scale b e c a m e 78.8
cents on June 3, 1918.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[1734]
M ONTHLY
253
LABOR REVIEW.
U NION SCALE OF WAGES AN D HOURS OF LABOR IN EACH TRADE, IN THE NORTH
ATLANTIC A N D SOUTH ATLANTIC STATES, ON MAY 15, 1918, AND MAY 15, 1917—
Continued.
PRINTING AND PUBLISHING: NEW SPAPER—Continued.
MACHINE TENDERS: Nightwork—Concluded.
May 15, 1917.
May 15, 1918.
Rate of wagesGeographical division and
city.
For
Per
Sun
For days
Per week, over
hour. full time. and
holi
time.
days.
N O R TH ATLANTIC— c o n c l d .
New York, N. Y.:
1 to 4 machines __
,5 to 8 machines.................
Qtn 12 m achines..............
13 or more machines ..
...........
Philadelphia Pa
Pittsburgh Pa ________
Assistants
____ . . . . . . .
Providence "R. T
Rochester, ft. Y ....................
Springfield, Mass.................
Worcester, Mass.:
E n g lish ..............................
Cents. Dolls.
R egul ar rate
m u lt plied
by
Hours:
Full days;
Saturdays;
Full week.
Cents. Dolls.
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
71—71-45
71- 71—45
71- 71-45
71- 71-45
7§- 7§-46
8 71- 71-45
e 71- 71-45
71- 71-45
8-8-48
71- 71-45
66.7
68.9
75.6
80.0
54.3
66.7
43.3
57.8
58.3
GO. 0
30. 00
31.00
34.00
36.00
25.00
30.00
19.50
26.00
28.00
27.00
11
1
8-8-48
54.2
26.00
8-8-48
27. 50
H
27.00 7 80c.
1
30. 00
30.00
H
31. 00
11
27.96
(u3
1
1
1
1
1
1
8-8-48
7-7-42
8-8-48
8-8-48
8-8-48
7-7-42
557.3
64.3
62.5
51.0
62.5
66.6
27.50
27.00
30.00
24.50
30.00
27.96
8-8-48
7-7-42
8-8-48
8-8-48
8-8-48
7-7-42
61.5
50.0
47.9
29.50
24.00
23.00
8 - 8 -48
8-8-48
8-8-48
>71.1 32.00
1*
273.3 33.00
a
380.0 36.00
H
484. 4 38.00
n
s 56. 5 26.00
n
70.7 31.80
n
47.3 21.30
ii
60.0 27.00 7 75c.
362. 5 30.00
H
63.3 28.50
H
55.2
Rate of
Num
wages—
ber of
months
Hours:
with
Full days; Satur
Per
Saturdays;
day
Per week,
Full week.
half hour.
full
holi
tim e.
day.
26.50
717174717 |671«7171871-
71-45
71-45
71-45
71-45
71-4(5
71-45
71-45
71-45
8"-48
71-45
SOUTH ATLANTIC.
Atlanta Ga
Baltimore, Md ...................
Charleston ft 0 _______
Norfolk Va
....................
B ich m on d V a
Washington, D. C ..............
557.3
«64.3
62. 5
62. 5
965.6
1866.6
MACHINIST OPERATORS: Daywork.
NOR TH ATLANTIC.
N Y
67.7
52.1
Portland, Me........................ 47.9
■ R uffaln
32.50
25.00
23.00
H
H
H
l
13 11
1
8-8-48
8-8-48
8-8-48
.............
1 Scale became 76.7 cents on July 1, 1918.
2 Scale became 78.9 cents on July 1, 1918.
£ Scale became 85.6 cents on July 1, 1918.
4Seale became 90 cents on July 1, 1918.
* More than half of the members received more than the scale; amount not reported,
e Minimum; maximum 8 hours per day, 48 per week.
2 Rate in cents per hour.
8 Scale became 67.9 cents on Sept. J , 1918.
9 Fifty per cent of the members received $1 per week more than the scale.
10 More than half of the members received more than the scale: amount not reported. Scale became 85.7
cents on June 3, 1918.
n 94.5 cents per hour.
12 For Sundays; for holidays time and one-third,
u For Sundays and Saturday nights; for holidays, regular rata.
92434°—19-----17
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[1735]
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW,
254
UNION SCALE OF
ATLANTIC AND
Continued.
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR IN EACH TRADE, IN THE NORTH
SOUTH ATLANTIC STATES, ON MAY 15, 1918, AND MAY 15, 1917—
PRINTING AND PUBLISHING: NEW SPAPER—Continued.
PHOTO-ENGRAVERS: Daywork.
May 15, 1918.
Rate of wagesGeographical division and
city.
NORTH
For
Per
Sun
For days
Per week, over
hour. full time. and
time.
holi
days.
Rate of
N um
wages—
ber of
months
Hours:
with
Full days; Satur
Per
Saturdays;
day
Full week.
Per week,
half
full
holi hour. time.
day.
Hours:
Full days;
Saturdays;
Full week.
R egul or rate
m u lt plied
A T L A N T IC .
Cents. D olls.
Boston, Mass........................
Buffalo, N. Y .......................
New York, N. Y .................
Philadelphia, P a .................
Pittsburgh. P a .....................
Providence, R. I ..................
Scranton, F a .........................
May 15, 1917.
60.4
62.5
73.3
64.6
158.3
62.5
56.2
29.00
30.00
33.00
31.00
28.00
30.00
27.00
i?
H
11
H
2U
H
H
Cents. D olls.
1
2
1
1
2U
U
2
8-8-48
8-8-48
71- 71-45
8-8-48
8-8-48
‘ 8 - 8- 48
8-8-48
60.4
56.3
64.4
58.3
29.00
27.00
29.00
28.00
26. 00
29. 00
25.00
8-8-48
8-8-48
7 b 71—45
8-8-48
8-8-48
¡8-8-48
8-8-48
71.1
66.7
60.4
60.4
32.00
17. 00
32. 00
28.00
29.00
29.00
8-8-48
8-8-48
7 b 7b45
8-8-48
7-7-42
• 8 - 8 -48
15 4 .2
60.4
52.1
PHOTO-ENGRAVERS: Nightwork.
NORTH ATLANTIC.
Boston, Mass........................
Buffalo, N. Y .......................
New York, N. Y ..................
Philadelphia, P a .................
Pittsburgh, P a .....................
Providence, R. I ..................
66.7
■ 62.5
85.7
68.7
17 3 .8
6 62. 5
32.00
30.00
36.00
33.00
31.00
30.00
11
11
11
H
2 11
H
1
2
1
1
H
8-8-48
7-7-42
7-7-42
8-8-48
7-7-42
:8 - 8 -48
66.7
13 5 .4
PRESSM EN, WEB PR E SSES: Daywork.
N O R TH ATLANTIC.
Boston, Mass.:
Head pressmen.................
Journeymen......................
Brakemen..........................
Bridgeport, Conn.:
Head pressmen.................
A ssistants..........................
Buffalo, N. Y.:
Head pressmen.................
Tension m en.....................
Oilers, brakemen, and
platers.............................
Fall*River, Mass.:
Head pressmen............. .
Journeymen......................
» 63.4
8 52.7
» 59.6
26.64
22.14
25.02
s It
lul i
7H
2
2
2
7-7-42
7-7-42
7-7-42
63.4
52.7
59.6
26.64
22.14
25.02
7-7-42
7-7-42
7-7-42
52.1
31.3
25.00
15.00
1
1
1
1
8 - 8-48
8-8-48
52.1
31.3
25.00
15.00
8-8-48
8-8-48
65.6
53.1
36.75
29.75
11
H
2
2
u 8 -14 -54
118 -14 -54
53.1
40.6
29.75
22.75
8 -15 -55
» 8 -15 -55
50.0
28.00
H
2
u 8 -14 -54
37.5
21.00
»8 -15 -55
52.1 »25.00
46.9 »22.50
188 - 8 - 4 8
1
1
52.1 »25.00
»8 - 8 - 4 8
u 8 _ 8-48
1
»8 - 8 - 4 8
46.9 »22.50
1
1More than half of the members received more than the scale; amount not reported.
: Double time after 4 hours.
1Hours vary, but total 48 per week.
*For Labor Day double time.
6 Scale became 6&8 cents on June 3, 1918.
‘Scale became 76.1 cents on May 17, 1918.
' 74 cents per hour on Saturday after 5 p. m
‘ Scale became 63.4 cents on May 17, 1918.
* 61.5 cents per hour on Saturdays after 5 p. m.
1069.5 cents per hour on Saturdays after 5 p. m.
11 Work 54 hours; paid for 56.
12 Work 55 hours, paid for 56
» Allowed 2 weeks’ vacation, each year, with pay.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[1736]
255
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW,
*
U N IO N SCALE OE
ATLANTIC AND
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR IN EACH TRADE, IN THE NORTH
SOUTH ATLANTIC STATES, ON MAY 15, 1918, AND MAY 15, 1917-
Continued.
PRINTING AND PUBLISHING: NEW SPAPER—Continued.
PRESSMEN, WEB PRESSES; Daywork—Continued.
May 15,1917.
May 15, 1918.
Rate of wagesGeographical division
city.
an d
For
Per
Sun
For days
Per week, over
hour. full time. and
holi
time.
days.
N O R T H A T L A N T IC — c o n o i d .
Newark, N. J.:
Cents.
Head pressm en............... 66.7
.InnrnpyTTiftn ..................... 2 54.2
New Haven, Conn.55.6
Head pressmen.
Tension men and brake38.9
men
New York, N. Y.:
Head pressmen................. 73.3
Journeymen...................... 60.0
Philadelphia, Pa.:
Head pressmen
62.5
Tension men and brakem en................................. 50.0
Oilers, platers, and floorm en................................. 50.0
Pittsburgh, Pa.:
2 54.2
Head pressmen..
54.2
First assistants. .
Front tension men__
51.0
Hear tension men__
49.0
Oilers.................................. 49.0
Portland, Me........................ 50.0
Providence, R. I.;
iiead pressmen _
50 .0
Journeymen...................... 45 .0
Rochester, N. Y.:
Head pressmen.. .
77.1
54 .2
Assistant foremen
Floormen........................... 41 .7
Tension m en..................
45 .8
Scranton, Pa.:
First pressmen..........
(')
Second pressmen
50 .0
Third pressmen
43 .8
39.6
Fourth pressmen.
Assistants on sextuple
presses................................ 37 .5
Springfield, Mass.Head pressmen................. 55.3
Journevmcn....................... 43.8
Worcester, Mass.:
Head pressmen................. 2 62.5
Journeymen . . .
47 .9
i OUTII
Dolls.
Rate of
Num
wages—
ber of
months
Hours:
with
Full days; Satur
Per
Saturdays ; day
Per week,
Full week.
half hour.
full
holi
time.
day.
Regular rate
m ultiplied
by
32.00
26.00
li
H
30.00
Hours:
Full days;
Saturdays;
Full week.
Cents. D olls.
‘ li
1l i
8-8-48
8-8-48
62.5
50.0
30.00
24.00
8-8-48
8-8-48
8 -14 -54
li
1
8 -14 -54
55.6
30.00
21.00
li
1
f -14 -54
38.9
21.00
S -14 -54
33.00
27.00
li
li
2
2
7i- 7i—45
7i- 74-45
68.9
55.6
31.02
25.02
7i- 7i—45
7i- 7i—45
30.00
li
»1
8-8-48
52.1
25.00
8-8-48
24.00
li
1
6-8-48
37.5
18.00
8-8-48
24.00
li
:1
8-8-48
34.4
16.50
8-8-48
8 - 8 -48
8-8-48
8-8-48
8-8-48
8-8-48
8-8-48
2 48.1
2 41.9
2 41.3
241.3
2 38.8
39.6
23.10
20.10
19.80
19.80
18.60
19.00
8-8-48
8-8-48
8-8-48
B - 8 -48
8-8-48
8-8-48
26.00
26.00
24.50
23.50
23.50
24.00
li
li
li
li
li
li
2
2
2
2
2
24.00
21.60
li
li
*2
42
8
8
8 -4 8
8 -4 8
50.0
45.0
24.00
21.60
8
8
-
8 -4 8
8 -4 8
37.00
26.00
2 0 .00
22.00
1*
li
li
li
52
52
52
52
8 - 8 -48
8 - 8 -4 8
8 - 8 -4 8
8 - 8 -4 8
2 52.1
2 37.5
2 29.2
33.3
25.00
18.00
14.00
16.00
8
8
8
8
-
8 -4 8
8 -4 8
8 -4 8
8 -4 8
24.00
21.00
19.00
‘ li
7li
7li
7li
2
2
2
2
18.00
■
(‘)
2
-
8
8
8
8
-
8 -4 8
8 -4 8
8 -4 8
8 -4 8
(6)
43.8
37.5
33.3
(6>
21.00
18.00
16.00
8 - 8 -48
8 - 8 -4 8
8 - 8 -4 8
8 - 8 -4 3
li
2
;
- 8 -4 8
31.3
15.00
8 - 8 -48
26.52
21.00
li
li
7
2
8
8
-
8 -4 8
8 -4 8
2 52.1
40.6
25.02
19.50
8
8
30.00
23.00
li
li
‘ li
‘ li
8 - 8 -4 8
8 - 8 -4 8
2 56.3
43.8
27.00
21.00
8 — 8 —48
8 - 8 -4 8
34.50
28.50
1
1
1
1
8 - 8 -48
8 - 8 -4 8
50.0
43.8
24.00
21.00
8 - 8 -48
8 - 8 -4 8
-
-
8 -4 3
8 -4 3
ATI A N T I C .
Atlanta, Ga.:
Head pressmen................. 71 . 9
Journeymen....................... 59 .4
’ For Sundays; holidays oil, with pay.
2 More than naif of the members received more than the scale; amount not reported.
s For Sundays; for Memorial Day, July Fourth, Labor Day, and Christmas double time; for other
holidays time and one-half,
4 For Sundays; for holidays regular rate.
‘ For Sundays; for holidays time and one-halt
‘Rate not specified in scale.
’Double time after midnight.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[1787]
256
M ONTHLY LABOR REVIEW.
UNION SCALE OF W AGES A N D HO U R S OF LABOR IN EACH TRADE IN THE NORTH
ATLANTIC AND SOUTH ATLANTIC STATES, ON MAY 15, 1918, AN D MAY 15 1917Continued.
PRINTING AND PUBLISHING: NEW SPAPER—Continued.
PR RESSM EN, W EB PR E SSE S; D ayw ork—Concluded.
May 15 1918.
Rate of wagesGeographical division and
city.
For
Per
Sun
Per week, For days
hour. full over and
time. time. holi
days.
SOUTH ATLANTIC—COncld.
Baltimore, Md.:
Cents.
Head pressmen................. >58.1
First assistants................. »45.6
Second assistants............. »42.5
Charleston, S. O................... 450.0
Jacksonville, Fla.:
Head pressmen................. 62.5
First assistants................. 346.9
Oilers, platers and floorm en.................................. 7 37.5
Richmond, Va.:
Head pressmen................. 862.5
Assistants.......................... i°35. 4
Washington, D. C.:
Head pressmen................. 75.0
Tension m en..................... 62.5
Oilers and platers............. <62.5
D olls.
May 15 1917.
Rate of
Num
wages—
ber of
months
Hours:
with
Full days;
Saturdays; Satur
Per
day
Full week.
Per week,
half hour.
full
holi
time.
day.
Regular rate
m ultiplied
by-
27.90
21.90
20. 40
24.00
14
14
14
(2)
(2)
(2)
30.00
22 . 50
'14
14
el
lì
1
1
8 -8
8 -8
8 -8
8 -8
-48
-18
-48
-48
8 -8 -48
8 -8 -48
Hours:
Full days;
Saturdays;
Full week.
Cents. D olls.
50.0
37.5
34.4
50.0
24.00
18.00
16.50
24.00
8 -8
8 -8
8 -8
8 -8
02.5
40.9
30.00
22.50
8 -8 -48
8 -8 -48
-48
-48
-48
-48
18.00
5 14
1
8 -8 -48
37.5
•18.00
8 -8 -48
30.00
17.00
14
s1
14
81
8 -8 -48
8-8-48
52.1
29.2
25.00
14.00
8 -8 -48
8 -8 -48
36. 00
30. 00
30.00
14
14
lì
il 14
Il 1 A
h 14
8 -8 -48
8 -8 -48
8 -8 -48
50. C 24.00
38.8 18. 60
37.5 18.00
8 -8 -48
8 -8 -48
8 -8 -48
26 09
6 -6 -36
6 -6 -36
6 -6 -36
PRESSMEN, WEB PR E SSES: N ightwork.
NORTH
A T I ,A N T I C .
Boston, Mass.:
Head pressmen.................
Journeymen......................
Brakem en.........................
Bridgeport, Conn.:
Head pressmen.................
Assistants..........................
Buffalo, N. Y.:
Head pressmen.................
Tension m en.....................
Oilers, platers and brakemen .................................
Newark, N. J.:
Head pressmen.................
Journeymen......................
New Haven, Conn.:
Head pressmen.................
Journeymen......................
New York, N. Y.:
Head pressmen.................
Journeymen......................
1274.0
1361.5
i860.5
26.64
22.14
25.02
14
lì
lì
1
6 -6 -36
6 -6 -36
6 -6 -36
74.0
61.5
62.5
37.5
30.00
18.00
1
1
1
1
8 -8 -48
8 -8 -48
62.5
37.5
18 nn
8 -8 -48
8 -8 -48
75.0
60.7
31.50
25.50
14
1*
1
1
7 -7 -42
7 -7 -42
60.7
46.4
25.50
19.50
7 -7 -42
7 -7 -42
57.1
24.00
lì
1
7 -7 -42
42.9
18.00
7 -7 -42
89.5
73.6
34.00
28.00
14
lì
li 1A
n 14
6 -8 -38
6 -8 -38
78.9
63.2
30.00
24.00
6 -8 -38
6 -8 -38
69.4
50.0
25.00
IS. 00
lì
lì
2
2
6 -6 -36
6 -6 -36
69.4
50.0
25.00
18.00
1
1
22.14
6 -6 -36
6 -6 -36
90.7 34.00
1
6 -74-374
li
85.3 32.00
6-7è-37|
74.7 28.00
1
6 -74-374
lì
69.3 26.00
6 -7J-37J
1 Scale became 62.5 cents on July 1.1918.
2 Work 5 hours; paid for full day.
;Scale became 50 cents on July 1, 1918.
More than ball of the members received more than the scale; amount not reported.
* Double time after midnight.
^
‘For Sundays, on 6-day newspapers, double time.
7Scale became 41.7 cents on July 15,1918.
850 per cent of the members received 85 per week more than the scale.
I or Sundays, on 6-day newspapers, time and one-half.
x
‘»50 per cent of the members received S3 per week more than the scale.
11 For Sundays; for holidays, regular rate.
12Scale became 88.8 cents on May 17, 1918.
“ Scale became 74 cents on May 17, 1918.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[1738]
M ONTHLY
257
L A B O E R E V IE W ,
U NION SCALE OP W AGES AND HO U R S OF LABOR IN EACH TR AD E, IN TH E NORTH
ATLANTIC AND SOUTH ATLANTIC STATES, ON MAY 15, 1918, AND MAY 15, 1917—
Continued,
PRINTING AND PUBLISHING: NEW SPAPER—Continued.
PRESSM EN, W EB PR E SSES: N ightw ork—Continued.
May 15, 1917.
May 15, 1918.
Rate of wagesGeographical division and
city.
For
Sun
Per
For days
Per week, over
hour. full time. and
holi
time.
days.
78.9
R egular rate
m ultiplied
by —
n
30.00
lè
63.2
24.00
n
24.00
n
26.00
26.00
24.50
23.50
23.50
24.00
n
n
n
NORTH ATLANTIC—COncld.
Cents. Dolls.
Philadelphia, Pa.:
H ead p re ssm e n ..
Tensionmen and brakem en
Oilers, platers and floorm en................................. 63.2
Pittsburgh, Pa.;
Head pressmen................. 254.2
First a s s i s ta n t s _______ 54.2
“F r o n t te n s io n m e n
51.0
"Re^r f.enqinn m e n
49.0
........... ............ 49.0
Oilers
250.0
Providence, R. I.:
Head pressmen................. 257.1
Journeymen....................... 51.4
Rochester, N. Y.:
H e ^ d p re s s m e n __
95. 2
A ssista n t- fo re m en _____ 71.4
T e n s io n m e n
__ _______ 61.9
F lo o rm e n
..........- ______ 52.4
Scranton, Pa.:
F ir s t p r e s s m e n
.............. 0 )
S een n d p re s s m e n
59.5
T h i r d p r e s s m e n __
52.4
F o u r th p r e s s m e n .............. 47.6
Assistants on sextuple
presses.........................
Springfield, Mass.:
Worcester, Mass.:
SO U TH
_
Hours:
Full days;
Saturdays;
Full week.
Cents. Dolls.
f> -8 -38
65.8
25.00
6 -8 -38
!i
6 -8 -38
47.4
18.00
6 -8 -38
n
6 -8 -38
43.4
16.50
6 -8 -38
if
n
14
I
l
l
l
l
l
8 -8 -48
8 -8 -48
8 -8 -48
8 -8 -48
8-8-18
8 -8 -48
248.1
241.9
41.3
41.3
38.8
241.7
23.10
20.10
19.80
19. SO
18.60
20.00
8
8
8
8
8
8
24.00
21.60
14
14
■2
7 -7 -42
7 -7 -42
2
:2
57.1
51.4
24.00
21.60
7 -7 -42
7 -7 -42
40.00
30.00
26.00
22.00
14
li
14
1-4
1
1
1
1
7 -7
7 -7
7 -7
7 -7
-42
-42
-42
-42
66.7
47.6
42.9
38.1
28.00
20.00
18.00
16.00
7 -7
7 -7
7 -7
7 -7
-42
-42
-42
-42
(4)
25.00
22.00
20.00
5 14
5 1*
514
1
1
1
1
42
-42
-42
-42
50.0
42.9
38.1
(4)
5 1 |
7 -7
7 -7
7 -7
7 -7
21.00
18.00
16.00
7 -7
7 -7
7 -7
7 -7
-42
-42
-42
-42
0)
-8
-8
-8
-8
-8
-8
-48
-48
-48
-48
-48
-48
45.2
19.00
14
1
7 -7 -42
35.7
15.00
7 -7 -42
55.3
43.8
30.94
24.50
14
14
1
1
8 -8 -56
8 -8 -56
52.1
40.6
29.19
22.75
8 -8 -56
8 -8 -56
271. 4
54.8
30.00
23. 00
14
14
1
1
7 -7 -42
7 -7 -42
264.3
50.0
27.00
21.00
7 -7 -42
7 -7 -42
71.9
59.4
34.50
28.50
1
1
1
1
8 -8 -48
8 -8 -48
50.0
43.8
24.00
21.00
8 -8 -48
8 -8 -48
660. 7
7 46. 4
1 42.9
25.50
19.50
18.00
14
14
14
1
1
1
7 -7 -42
7 -7 -42
7 -7 -42
57.1
42.9
39.3
24.00
18.00
16.50
7 -7 -42
7 -7 -42
7 -7 -42
H e a d p r e s s m e n ......................
J o u r n e y m e n ........................
H e a d p re s s m e n
J o u rn e y m e n
Rate of
Num
wages—
ber of
months
Hours:
with
Full days; Satur
Per
Saturdays;
day
Per week,
Full week.
half hour. full
holi
time.
day.
A T L A N T IC .
Atlanta, Ga..
H e a d p re s s m e n . .
J o u rn e y m e n
__________
Baltimore, Md.;
H e q d p re s s m e n ____
T e n s io n m e n
______
O ilers a n d p la te r s
Charleston, S. C.:
s 50. 0 24.00
First assistants................. 243.8 21.00
* For Sundays; or Memorial Day, July 4,
time and one-half.
2 More than half of the members received
! For Sundays; for holidays, regular rate.
4Rate not specified in scale.
6Double time after noon.
*Scale became 71.4 cents on July 1, 1918
»Scale became 57.1 cents on July 1, 1918.
H e q d p r e s s m e n ___
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
8 -8 -48
50.0 24.00
1
8 -8 -48
14
8 -S -48
8 -8 -48 ............. 43.8 21.00
1
14
Labor Day, and Christmas, double time; for other holidays,
,
more than the scale; amount not reported.
[17391
258
MONTHLY LABOE REVIEW.
UNION SCALE OF WAGES AN D H O U R S OF LABOR IN EACH
ATLANTIC AN D SOUTH ATLANTIC STATES, ON MAY IS,
Continued.
TRADE, IN THE NORTH
1918, AND MAY IS, 1917—
PRINTING AND PUBLISHING: NEW SPAPER—Continued.
PRESSMEN, WEB PRESSES: Nightwork—Concluded.
May 15, 1918.
Rate of wagesGeographical division and
city.
For
Per
Sun
Per week, For days
hour. full over and
time. tim e. holi
days.
SOUTH ATLANTIC— COncld.
Jacksonville, Fla..
Head pressmen...............
First assistants............... .
Oilers, platers and floorm en.................................
Richmond, Va.:
Head pressmen............... .
Assistants___,.......... ........
Washington, D. C..
Head pressmen.................
Tension m en.....................
Oiiers and platers............
Cents. Dolls.
71.4
353. 6
May 15, 1917.
Kate of
Num
wages—
ber of
months
Tours:
with
Full days;
Saturdays; Satur
Per
day
Full week.
half
Per week,
full
holi hour. time.
day.
R egular rate
m ultiplied
by—
30.00
22.50
1li
‘ li
31
’4
7 -7 -42
7 -7 -42
Cents. D olls.
71.4
53.6
30.00
22.50
Hours:
Full days;
Saturdays,
Full week.
7 -7 -42
7 -7 -42
M2.9
18.00
7 -7 -42
42.9
18.00
7 -7 -42
21.00
14.00
*li
li
li
21
543.8
<¡29.2
«1
61
8 -8 -48
8 -8 -48
43.8
29.2
21.00
14.00
8 -8 -48
8 -8 -48
6 75.0
662.5
6 62.5
36.00
30.00
30.00
li
li
li
7 li
' li
7l i
8 -8 -48
8 -8 -48
8 -8 -48
51.5
38.8
37.5
24.72
18.60
18.00
8 -8 -48
8 -8 -48
8 -8 -48
64.3
MI . 7
46.9
43.8
58.7
39.6
62.5
43.8
50.0
41.7
57.1
37.5
4,3.8
40.6
46.9
27.00
20.00
22.50
21.00
27.00
19.00
30.00
21.00
24.00
20.00
24.00
18.00
«21.00
19.50
22.50
7-7-42
8 - 8 -48
8-8-48
8 - 8 -48
7§- 7|-46
8-8-48
8 - 8 -48
8-8-48
8-8-48
8 - 8 -48
7-7-42
8-8-48
«8 - 8 -48
8-8-48
8-8-48
8-8-48
46.9
8-8-48
46.9
8-8-48
41.7
8-8-48
43.8
............. 50.9
(“ )
22.50
22.50
20.00
21.00
24.00
8-8-43
8 - 8 -48
8 - 3 -4.8
ST ER EO TY PEES : D aywork.
NORTH ATLANTIC.
Boston, Mass...............
Bridgeport, Conn........
Buffalo, N. Y ...............
Fall River, Mass..........
Newark, N. J .............. .
New Haven, C o n n ....
New York, N. Y ........ .
Philadelj hia, P a ..........
Pittsburgh, P a .............
Portland, Me................
Providence, R. I ..........
Rochester, N. Y ...........
Scranton, P a .................
Springfield, Mass..........
Worcester, Mass...........
64.3 27.00 8 76c.
2
7-7-42
45.8 22.00
8-8-48
lé
50.0 24.00
1
8-8-48
li
43.8 21.00
2
8-8-48
963.0 29.00
14 (li)
7 h ”|-46
41.7 20.00
2
8-8-48
14
66.7 32.00 8 90c. 690c.
8-8-48
52.1 25.00
1
8-8-48
I4
50.0 24.00
72
8-8-48
il
41.7 20.00
8-8-48
l i 11 1
57.1 24.00 8 75c.
1
7-7-42
46.9 22.50
■2
8 - 8 -48
I4
47.9 «23.00
1
» 8-8-48
li
40.6 19.50
. 8 - 8 -48
li
li
50.0 24.00
2
8-8-48
li
,'OUTH ATLANTIC.
Atlanta, Ga.....................
Baltimore, M d..............
Jacksonville, Fla..........
Richmond, V a . . . . . . . .
Washington, D. C........
51.0
52.1
50.0
«43.8
«50.9
24.50
25.00
24.00
21.00
24.00
li
lé
li
14
14
2
1
1
'1
1
(15)
i Double time after midnight.
: For Sundays, on 6-day newspapers, double time.
! Scale became 57.1 cents on July 15, 1918.
<Scale became 47.6 cents on July 15, 1918.
¡More than half of the members received more than the scale: amount not reported
«For Sundays, od 6-day newspapers, time and one-half.
1
‘ Lor Sundays; for holidays, regular rate.
R a t e in cents per hour.
week more than^thc^
P6r We<* m0r6 than the scalc: 17 Per cent were raised to *2 per
£ or Sundays, $5.50 per day; for holidays regular rate.
11 For Sundays; for holidays double time.
32Allowed 2 days off, each year, w ith pay.
12 Scale became 50 cents on July 1, 1918.
14 Scale became 63.6 cents on June 1, 1918.
4 7 j6hours ffer week?' M°Dday t 0 Saturday' inclusive’ 7 honrs 0 11 Sunday, one day oil each week, average
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[1 7 4 0 ]
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW,
259
U NION SCALE OP -WAGES A N D H OURS OF LABOR IN EACH TR AD E, IN THE NORTH
ATLANTIC A N D SOUTH ATLANTIC STATES, ON MAY 15 1918, AND MAY 15 1917—
Concluded.
PRINTING AND PUBLISHING: NEW SPAPER—Concluded.
ST E R E O T Y PE R S: Nightwork.
May 15, 1917.
May 15, 1918.
Rate of wagesGeographical division and
city.
NORTH
For
Per
Sun
For days
Per week, over
hour. full time. and
holi
time.
days.
A T L A N T IC .
Cents. Dolls.
Poston, Mass........................
"Buffalo, N. Y r r r r T.............
Newark, N. .T
New Haven, OonnTTTrTTT.
N ew York, N . Y . . Tr..........
Philadelphia. P a ____ ____
Pittsburgh, Pa.....................
Portland, Me........................
Providence, R.
___
Rochester, N. Y . .................
Scranton, P a .........................
Springfield, Mass.................
Worcester, Mass...................
SO U TH
75.0
57.1
80.6
52.6
84.2
52.1
50.0
41.7
57.1
46.9
54.8
53.6
50.0
Rate of
Num
wages—
ber 01
months
Hours:
with
Full days;
Per
Saturdays; Satur
day
Per week,
Full week.
hah' hour.
full
holi
time.
day.
Reqular rate
m ultiplied
by —
Hours:
Full days;
Saturdays,
Full week
Cents. Dolls.
1
27.00 1 76c.
li
1
24.00
li
29.00
(2)
li
2
2 0 .0 0
32.00 1 90c. 1 90c.
1
25.00
li
li
1
24.00
1
20.00
li
1
24.00 1 75c.
li
1
22.50
1
23.00
li
1
26.25
li
2
24.00
li
6-6-36
7-7-42
6-6-36
6-8-38
6-8-38
8-8-48
8-8-48
8-8-48
7-7-42
8-8-48
7-7-42
7-8-50
7-7-42
75.0 27.00
53.6 22.50
75.0 27.00
50.0 19.00
78.9 30.00
43. S 21.00
50.0 24.00
41.7 20.00
57.1 24.00
37.5 18.00
50.0 21.00
53.6 26.25
46.9 22.50
6-6-36
7-7-42
6-6-36
6 - 8 -38
6-8-38
8 - 8 -48
8-8-48
8-8-48
7-7-42
8-8-48
7-7-42
7-8-50
8-8-48
A T L A N T IC .
Atlanta, Ga _.........................
Pal timoré, Md____ T..........
Jacksonville, Fla__ - ...........
Richmond, Va___ _______
Washington, D. C................
54.2
58.1
58.6
* 43.8
756.0
26.00
25.00
24.60
21.00
24.00
li
li
li
li
li
1
1
n
n
l
8-8-48
7-8-43
7-7-42
8-8-48
s 6i - 8 -42?
50.0
50.0
50.0
M3.8
56.0
24.00
22.50
2 1 .0 0
21.00
24.00
8-8-48
7 -10 -45
7-7-42
8-8-48
t 8 i- 8 -42?
»Rate in cents per hour.
! For Sundays, $5.50 per day; for holidays regular rate.
1For Sundays, on 6-day newspapers, double time.
* 33 per cent of the members received $5 and 33 per cent received $6.50 per week more than the scale. Scale
became 52.1 cents on July 1,1918.
6 For Sundays, on 6-dav newspapers, time and one-half.
t 33 per cent of the meriibers received $1.50 and 33 per cent $5 per week more than the scale.
i Scale became 70 cents on June 1, 1918.
s 6i hours Monday to Thursday, inclusive, 8 hours Friday to Sunday, inclusive, one day oil each week,
average 42} hours per week.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[17411
260
MONTHLY LABOE REVIEW.
RATES OF WAGES PAID TO WORKERS PLACED BY PUBLIC EMPLOYMENT
OFFICES IN THE UNITED STATES, OCTOBER, 1918.
In the table which follows are given the rates of wages paid to
workers placed in employment by public employment offices in the
United States and the District of Columbia on the last day of October,
1918, or the date nearest the last day in October on which workers
were placed, in 33 selected occupations. In a lew instances no report
was received for October. In such cases the figures for the preceding
months of September or August were used. Data are presented for
449 employment offices, comprising Federal employment offices in
42 States and the District of Columbia, Federal-municipal employ
ment offices in 8 States, Federal-State employment offices in 19
States, Federal-county employment offices in 2 States, a Federal-Statecounty employment office in one State, Federal-State-municipal em
ployment offices m 5 States, Federal-State-county-municipal em
ployment offices in 3 States, State employment offices in 4 States,
and municipal employment offices in 4 States.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
C1T42I
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
262
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW,
R A TES OF WAGES PAID TO W ORKERS PLACED IN EMPLOYMENT B Y PUBLIC
[Fed.“ Federal; Sta.= State; Co.== county; Mun.= municipal
State, city, and kind of
office.
Blacksmiths. Boiler makers
Alabama:
Anniston (F ed .)..............
Bessemer (F ed .)..............
Birmingham (F ed .).........
Dothan (F ed .)...................
Mobile (F ed .).....................
Selma (F ed .)......................
Arizona:
Flag tafl (F ed .).................
Glol>e (F ed .)......................
Phoenix (Fed., Sta., Co.,
Mun.)...............................
Prescott (F ed .)..................
Tucson (Fed., Sta., Co.)..
Yuma (Fed., Sta., Co.,
Mun.)...............................
Arkansas:
Fort Smith (Fed., S ta .)..
Helena (F ed.)....................
Hot Springs ( Fed., Sta.)..
Jonesboro (F ed .)...............
North Little Rock (Fed.,
Sta.).................................
Pine Bluff (F ed .)..............
Texarkana (Fed., S ta.)...
California:
Anderson (F ed .)...............
Colusa (Fed., Sta.)...........
El Centro (F ed .)...............
Grass Valley (F ed .)..........
Hanford (F ed .)..................
King City (F ed.)...............
Los Angeles ( Fed., Sta. ) . .
Madera (F ed .)...................
Merced (F ed .)....................
Modesto (Fed., Co.)..........
Monterev (F ed .)................
Napa (F ed .)...................
New Castle (Fed. Sta.). .
Oakland (Fed. Sta.).
Oxnard (F ed .)...................
Placerville (F ed ., Sta.) ..
Red Bluff (Fed., S t a .)..
Salinas (Fed., Sta.)
San Bernardino (Fedd__
San Diego (F ed.)...............
San Francisco (Fed.)
San Luis Obispo (Fed.,
„ Co.)...............................
Santa Ana (F ed .)..........
Santa Barbara (F ed .). . .
Santa Maria (F ed.)..
Sebastopol (Fed., S ta .)...
Stockton (F ed .)..
Tehama (Fed., S ta .). . .
Ukiah (Fed., S t a .)...
Visalia (F ed .)........
W atson ville ( Fed.).
Colorado:
Boulder (Fed., S ta .)........
Brighton (F ed.)..
Colorado Springs (Fed.,
S ta.)............. .
Denver No. 1 (S ta .)...
Denver No. 2 (Fed., Sta.).
Denver (F e d .)...
Grand Junction (Fed.,
Sta . ) 6......................
Pueblo (Fed. S ta .)..........
Connecticut:
Bridgeport (F ed .).............
Meriden (Fed., M u n . ) ____
Stamford (F ed .).........
Wiilimantic (Fed.)___
JAnd board.
* With
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
JO. 70 h.
. 55 h.
6.00 d.
.75h.
Bricklayers.
Carpenters.
Cleaners and
scrubbers,
female.
JO.70 h. JO. 50-J0.60 h. $1.50-12.00 !
. 93 h
. 59 h.
. 75 h.
. 55 h.
1.0 0 .!.
. 75 h.
. 55 h.
. 70 h.
1.50 .1
.55 h.
10.65 h.
.68 h.
. 70 h.
6.00 d.
7.00 d.
6. OOd.
6 . OOd.
. 75 h.
.75 h.
6.40 d.
. 75 h.
. 65 h.
1.0 0 h.
6.00 d.
6.35 d.
S.OOd.
.25-.35 h.
.75 h.
.60 h.
. 87.) h.
. 68 h.
.87*h.
. 87i h.
. 87i h.
.87Jh.
.60 h
.60 h.
.60 h.
. 60 h.
• 60h.
. 68 h.
• 87Jh.
.68 h.
. 68 h.
. 87J h.
.60 h.
. 60 h.
. 60 h.
• 6 8 h.
6.00 d.
5.00 w.
S.OOd.
5. OOd.
4.50 d.
5.00 d.
C. 00 d.
6.00 d.
5. OOd.
5.00 d.
4. 50 d.
6 . 5Ó d.
5.00 d.
.30 h.
'
50 a.
. . I ............... V
6. OOd.
. do n.
•
4. 50 d.
4.00-5. OOd.
7.00 d.
4.00 d.
7. OOd.
. 35 h.
5.00-6. 00 d.
. 50- . 60 h.
6.00 d.
7.00 d.
. 68 h.
. 68 h.
. 68 h.
. 68 h.
• 72h.
.72 h.
6. 00 d.
1.0 0 h.
1.0 0 h.
. 55 h.
team.
•And board and room.
[1744]
.75 h.
.75 h.
. 75 h.
40.00 m
2.60 d.
. 40h.
. 30 h.
5.85 d
30 h
.70h.
. 60 h.
• 65h
2.50 d.
12 . 00 w.
‘And female *2.50 d.
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW,
263
EMPLOYMENT OFFICES IN THE U N IT E D STATES, OCTOBER, 191*
h.= hour; d.= day; w .= week; m.—month; y.=»year.)
Cooks, m a le .
$62.50
90.00
5 .0 0
15.00
m.
m.
w.
w.
Cooks, female.
$ 6 .00 w .
3 .0 0 w .
4 .0 0 -5 .0 0 w .
D r iv e r s ,
teamsters, e tc .
* 2 .5 0 -$ 3 .0 0 d .
.3 0 h.
3 .0 0 d .
25.00 w .
40.00-100.00 m .
3 .5 0 d .
5 0 .0 0 -
70.00 m .
51.00 m .
4 0 .0 0 - 6 0 .00 m .
m.
w.
m.
w.
4 .0 0 w.
2.50 d .
3 .5 0 d .
...................................
3.5 0 d .
i6 .0 0 d .
60.00 m .
2.50 d .
2.50
3 .0 0
3 .0 0
3 .0 0
1 3 .0 0 d .
3 .0 0 d .
4.50 d .
2.25 d.
3 .5 0 d .
4 0 .0 0 -5 0 .00 m .
1 50 .0 0 -7 5 .0 0 m .
i 2.00 d .
i 3 5 .0 0 -5 0 .0 0 m .
1.50 d .
1 3.0 0 d .
3 .0 0 d .
50.00 m .
50.00 m .
1 3 .0 0 d .
75.00 m .
50.00 m .
5 0 .0 0 -7 5 .00 m .
3 .0 0 -3 .6 0 d .
6 5 .0 0 -9 0 .00 m .
$3.75 d .
.5 0 h.
. 7 50.00 m .
1 4 5 .0 0 m .
3 60.00 m .
2.5 0 d .
30.00 m .
2.0 0 d .
.4 0 h .
1 3 .0 0
• 3 .0 0
75.00
2.70
2.50
3.0 0
60.00
3 .0 0
1 2 .5 0 -3 .0 0
' 3 .0 0
1 5 0 .0 0
. 40 h .
d.
d.
m.
d.
d.
d.
m.
d.
d.
d.
m.
5.0 0 d .
5 .0 0 d .
.0 5 h .
<3.00 d .
’ 3 .0 0 d.
3 .0 0 d .
8 50.00 m .
3 .5 0 d .
4 0 .0 0 -5 0 .00 m .
4.00 d .
3 .5 0 d .
2.5 0 d .
d.
d.
d.
d.
3 5 .0 0 -5 5 .00 m .
35.00 m .
1 60.00 m .
: S0.O0 m .
4.50 d .
.4 5 h .
1 2 .5 0 d .
75.00 m .
25.00 w .
50.00 m .
50.00 m .
1100. 00 m .
$ 0 .3 0 -$ 0 .40 h.
1.0 0 d .
1.50 d .
...................................
100.00 m .
60.0 0 -7 0 .0 0 m .
$ 2 .0 0 -$ 2 .50 d.
50.00 m .
3 .0 0 d .
2.75 d .
3 .0 0 d .
60.00 rn.
22.50 w .
90.00 m .
100.00 m .
Hod carriers.
3 .5 0 d .
90.00 m .
90.00
10.00-25.00
90.00
15.00
F a r m hands.
ft
125.00 m .
7 5 .0 0 -1 0 0 .00 m .
D o c k la b o r e r s .
3 .5 0 d .
3 .5 0 d .
3 .0 0 d.
73. 00 d .
3 .0 0 d.
1 3 .0 0 - 4.0 0 d.
8 3 .0 0 d.
4.5 0 d.
.75 h .
.5 0 h .
4 5 .0 0 75.00 m.
3 .0 0 d .
1 3 .0 0 - 4 .0 0 d .
3 2.0 0
13.2 5
3 .0 0
1 2 .0 0 - 4.0 0
3 .0 0
4.00
4.5 0 d .
d.
d.
d.
d.
d.
d.
i 3 .5 0 - 4.0 0 d .
75.00 m .
80.00
75.00-100.00
4 .0 0
4.00
m.
m.
d.
d.
50.00
40 .0 0 -7 5 .0 0
3 .5 0
3 .5 0
m.
m.
d.
d.
60.00 m .
30.00 m .
60.00 m .
35.00 m .
.65 h .
3.5 0
3.5 0
3 .5 0
3.5 0
d.
d.
d.
d.
.................... .’ i o ’h . "
.4 0 h .
w.
h.
d.
w.
' And found—single; married—175.00 m. and house.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[1745]
50.00 m .
75.00 m .
70.00 m .
70.00 m .
¡.0 0 d.
.561 h .
4.50 d.
4.50 d.
60.00 m .
2.50 d.
90.00 m .
73 .5 0 d .
20.00
.45
4.00
18.00
6 0 .0 0 6 0 .0 0 -
50.00
i 4 5 .0 0 -5 5 .0 0
35.00
.371 h .
40.00
.5 5 h .
te m p o ra r y office
m.
m.
m.
,5 0 h .
m.
110 hours.
264
M ONTHLY LABOR REVIEW.
RATES OF WAGES PAID TO WORKERS PLACED IN EMPLOYMENT BY PUBLIC
State, city, and kind oi
office.
House
servants.
Inside
wiremen.
Alabama:
Anniston (F ed .).............. $4.00-110.00 w.
Bessemer (F ed .)...............
Birmingham (F ed .)........
5.00 w.
$0.75 h.
Dothan (F ed .).................
Mobile (F ed.)’. ................. 3.50- 4.00 w.
Seima (F ed .).....................
Arizona:
Flagstaff (F ed .)...............
5.00 d.
Globe (F ed .).....................
Phoenix (Fed., Sta., Co.,
Mun.)..............................
35.00 m.
,70h.
Prescott (F ed .)..................
. 75 h.
Tucson (Fed., Sta., C o.)..
6.00 d.
Yuma (Fed., Sta., Co.,
Mun.)...............................
Arkansas:
Fort Smith (Fed., S ta .)..
Helena (F ed .)....................
. 75 h.
Hot Springs (Fed., S ta .).
4.00 w. 70.00-80.00 m.
Jonesboro (F ed .)............... 4.00- 5.00 w.
North Little Rock (Fed.,
Sta.)..................................
Pine Bluff...........................
. 75 h.
Texarkana (Fed., S ta.)...
. 75 h.
California:
Anderson (F ed .)...............
Colusa (Fed., Sta.)...........
El Centro (F ed .)...............
35.00 in.
Grass Valley (F ed .)..........
Hanford (F ed .).................
King City ( Fed. ) ...............
Los Angèles (Fed., S ta .). 35.00-40.00 m.
5.00 d.
Madera (F ed .)...................
Merced (F ed .)....................
Modesto (Fed., Co.).......... 220.00-35.00 m.
Monterey (F ed .)...............
2 50.00 m.
0. 50 d.
Napa (F ed .). . . ' .................
New Castle (Fed., S t a .)..
Oakland (Fed., Sta.)........
Oxnard (F ed .)...................
Placerville (Fed., S ta .)...
Red Bluff (Fed., S ta .)__
Salinas (Fed., Sta.)..........
San Bernardino (E e d .)...
San Diego (F ed .)..............
San Francisco (F ed .)....... 25.00-50.00 m.
San Luis Obispo (Fed.,
Co.)........................
25.00-40.00 m.
Santa Ana (F ed .).............
Santa Barbara (F ed .)___ 30.66-40. 00 m.
fi.OOd.
Santa Maria (F ed .)...........
Sebastopol (Fed., S ta .)...
6.00 d.
Stockton (Fed.).................
Tehama (Fed., Sta.)___ _
1.00 d.
Ukiah (Fed., Sta.)............
30.00 m.
Visalia (F ed.).....................
Watsonville (Fed.)___
ColoradoBoulder (Fed., Sta.)........
Brighton (Fed.).............
Colorado Springs (Fed.,
Sta.)..........................
.
30.00 m.
Denver No. 1 (S ta.)..........
50.00 m.
. 75 h.
Denver No. 2(Fed.. Sta.). 8.0012.00 w. . 75 h.
Denver (F e d .).. .
8.0012.00 vv.
Grand Junction (Fed.,
Sta.)<..........................
Pueblo (Fed., Sta.)...........
5.00 w.
Connecticut:
Bridgeport (F ed.).............
35.00 m.
. 671 h .
Meriden (Fed.. Mun.)___
. 60 h .
Stamford (F ed .)................|
Willimantic (Fed.)........... 1
110 h o u r s .
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Laundry op ! Laundry, op
erators, male. erators,female.
Laborers.
$0.27 $0.35 h.
13.40 d.
. 30 h.
. 35 h.
. 40 h.
.32 h.
$1.10d.
........***..........
3. 50 d.
50 d.
10.00 w.
.35 h.
.30- . 50 h.
2.50- 4.00 d.
3.50 d.
. 30 h.
3.25 d.
. 30 h.
3.30 d.
. 35 h.
. 30 h.
. 30 h.
45.00 m.
30.00 m.
15.00 w.
12.00 w.
3.50 d.
3. 50 d.
3.00- 3.25 d.
4.00 d.
i-2.25 d
4.00 d.
2.50 d.
15.00-18.00 w.
8.00-10.00 w.
2.00 d.
• 1.50 d.
3.00 d.
9.00-12.00 w.
12.00 w.
18.00 w.
12.00 w.
4.20 d.
3.00- 3.50 d.
2. 50- 3. no d
2.50- 4.00 d.
3. 50 d.
4.00 d.
3.00 d.
3.00-4.00 d.
40.00 m.
4.00 d.
. 371- . 40 h.
. 37) h.
3 .50 d!
3.003.00-
15.00 w.
9.00 w.
20.00 w.
15.00 w.
4.00
d.
18.0025.00
w.
9.0015.00 w.
4.00
d.
18.0021.007.00w. 15.00 w.
4.50d.
.35 h.
. 42 h.
.3 7 1 - ■471 h.
4 .0 0 d .
.3 0 h .
;A n d b o a r d .
[1746]
1.00 d.
8.50 w.
2.50 d.
15.00 w.
265
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW,
EMPLOYMENT OFFICES IN THE U N IT E D STATES, OCTOBER, 1918—Continued.
Machinists.
10. 60-10.70 h.
.78 h.
. 72* h.
. 70 h.
.72* h.
Molders.
$6.00 d.
. 73 h.
Plasterers.
SO.60-SO.62* h.
SO.6O-S0.62* h.
.55h.
.65 h.
Plumbers.
SO.87* h.
.75 h.
. 60 h.
6.00 d.
. 70 h.
. 68 h.
6. OOd.
Painters.
6.00 d.
6. OOd.
7.00 d.
.65 h.
.75 h.
5.00d.
7. OOd.
• 87* h.
7. OOd.
.72 h.
..............................
15.00 w.
75.00 m.
6. OOd.
.87* h.
7.00 d.
.75 h.
.87 h.
.68 h.
. 68 h.
$8.00-S20.00 w.
7.00- 9.00 w.
. 65 h.
. 68h.
. 6S h.
Saleswomen.
. 87* h.
. 72* h.
. 75 h.
. 72 h.
60.00 m.
6.00- 20.00 w.
12.00 w.
10.00 w.
15.00 W.
6. OOd.
.65- .75 h.
. 75 h.
4.00 d.
6.00 d.
6.00 d.
10. OO- 12.00 w.
6.00 d.
6.00 d.
5.00 d.
6.00 d.
6.50 d.
50.00 m.
.60- . 75 h.
5. OOd.
7. OOd.
6.50 d.
5.00 d.
6.00 d.
9. 00- 12.00 w.
2.50 d.
40.00- 75.00 m.
7.00 d.
12.00-20.00 w.
6.00 d.
5.30 d.
4.62 d.
6.00 d.
. 60 h.
.68 h.
. 68 h.
.68 h.
6.00 d.
6.00 d.
6.00 d.
6.00 d.
5.00 d.
5.50 d.
5.50 d.
5.50 d.
7. OOd.
. 87* h.
7.00 d.
7.00 d.
7.00 d.
. 87* h.
6.50 d.
7.00 d.
7. OOd.
5.77* d.
. 75- . 80 h.
. 50- . 80 h.
.55 h.
10.00 w
5.65 d.
.55 h.
. 60 h.
7.00 d.
. 62* h.
. 42* h. ..............................
•A n d found.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
. 75 h.
. 67 h.
.75 h.
. 60 h.
'T e m p o ra ry office.
[1747]
8.00 w.
12.00 w.
10.00 w.
12.00 w
1* 00-14.00 w.
12.00 w.
266
MONTHLY LAE OR REVIEW,
RATES OF WAGES PA ID TO W OR K ER S PLACED IN EMPLOYMENT
State, city, and kind
of office.
Seamstresses.
Sewing
machine
operators,
male.
A labama:
Anniston (F ed .)................
$2.50-S3.50 d.
Bessemer (F ed .)................
Birmingham (F ed .)..........
*1.25 d.
Dothan (F ed .)...................
Mobile (F ed .).....................
1.50 d.
Selma (F ed.)......................
Arizona:
Flagstaff (F ed .).................
2.00 d.
Globe (F ed .)......................
Phoenix (Fed., Sta., Co.,
Mun.)...............................
Prescott (F ed.)..................
Tucson (Fed., S ta .,Co.)..
Yuma (Fed., Sta., Co.,
Mun.)...............................
Arkansas:
P’ort Smith (Fed., Sta .)..
Helena (F ed .)....................
Hot Springs (Fed., Sta.).
Jonesboro (F ed .)...............
North Little Rock (Fed.,
Sta.).................................
Pine Bluff (F ed.)..............
15.00 w.
Texarkani (Fed., S ta .)..
California:
Anderson (F ed .)...............
Colusa (Fed., Sta.)............
El Centro (F ed .)...............
Grass Valley (F ed .)..........
Hanford (F ed.)..................
King City (F ed.)...............
I.os Angeles (Fed., Sta.).. 1.75-2.50 d.
15.00 w.
Madera (F ed .)...................
Merced 'F ed .)....................
Modesto (Fed., Co.)..........
Monterey (Fed.)................
2.00 d.
4.50 d.
Napa (F e d .)......................
New Castle (Fed., S ta .)..
Oakland (Fed., Sta.)........
Oxnard (F ed .)...................
Placerville (Fed., S ta .)...
Red Bluff (Fed., Sta.)__
Salinas (Fed., Sta.)..........
San Bernardino (F e d .)...
San Diego (F ed .)...............
2.00 d.
San Francisco (F ed .)....... 2.00-3.00 d.
San Luis Obispo (Fed.,
Co.)...................................
Santa Ana (F ed .)..............
Santa Barbara (F ed .)___
2.00 d.
Santa Maria (F ed .)...........
Sebastopol (Fed., S ta .). ..
Stockton (F ed.)...........
Tehama (Fed., Sta.).........
Ukiah (Fed., £>ta.)............
Visalia (F ed .).....................
Watsonville (Fed.')... .
Colorado:
Boulder (Fed., Sta.).........
Brighton (F ed .)__
Colorado Springs (Fed.,
Sta.)..................................
1.50 d.
Denver No. 1 (Sta.).......... 15.0021.00
w.
18.00-25.00
w.
Denver N o .2 (F ed.,Sta.).
10.00 w.
Denver (F ed.)................ 15.0021.00
w.
18.00-25.00
w.
Grand junction (Fed.,
Sta.)5............................ .
Pueblo (Fed., Sta.)....... ...
1.50 d.
Connecticut:
Bridgeport ( F e d .) ...___
2.75 d.
Meriden (Fed.-Mun.)........
Stamford (Fed.)................
Willimantic (F ed.)............
1And board.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Sewing
machine
operators,
female.
$2.00-$2.75 d.
Stenog
raphers,
female.
$60.00-5100.00"
*125.00 m.
1.00 d.
100.00 m
75.00 m.
60.00 m
100.00 m. 75.00-100.0j m.
100.00 m. 60.00-100.00 m.
125.00-150.00m 75.00-100.00 m.
60.00 m.
50.00 m.
60.00 m.
n o . o o - 2o .o o
150.00 m.
125.00 m.
125.00 m.
100.00 m.
87.50 m.
75.00 m.
w. 75.00-100.00 m.
75.00 m.
3.00 d.
5 2.50 d.
12.00-20.00 w.
4.00 .
3.00 d.
100.00 m. 60.0090.00 m.
60.00- 110.00 m.
12.00-20.00 w.
85.00 m.
75.00 m.
2.00 d.
12.00-16.00 w.
80.00 m.
100.00 m.
40.00 m.
85.00 m.
15.00 w.
12.00-16.00 w. 15.00-25.00 w. 15.00-21.00 w.
1And inexperienced, $6.00.
[1748]
Stenog
raphers,
male.
BY PUBLIC
20.00 w.
.25 h.
15.00 w.
25.00 w.
20.00 w.
12.00-18.00 w.
70.00 m.
15.00 w.
6And piecework.
100.00 m.
267
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW.
EMPLOYMENT OFFICES IN TH E U N IT E D STATES, OCTOBER, 1918—Continued.
Structural
iron workers.
10 .75 h.
. SOh.
Telephone
operators
(switchboard),
female.
..............................
. 70 h.
Waitresses.
Waiters.
Casual
workers,
male.
Casual
workers,
female.
$0.30-10.35 h.
$0.15-10.30 h.
$20.00 w.
5.00 w.
$10.00 w.
3.00 w.
l.OOd.
3.00 d.
.30 h.
.30 h.
2.00 d.
12.00 w.
12.00 w.
.35 h.
. 23 h.
2.00 d.
12.00 w.
2.00-3.00 d.
• 37| h.
2.50 d.
. 50 h.
3.00 d.
. 20 h.
i 5.00-7.50 w.
$40.00 m.
. 72) h.
.72 h.
90.00 m.
6.50 w.
15.00 w.
7.00 w.
30.00 m.
40.00 m.
7.00 w.
12.00 w.
3.50 d.
3.50 d.
11. 50 d.
2. 50 d.
2.50 d.
3.00 d.
2.00 d.
4.00 d.
10.00 w.
15.00 w.
10.00-12.00 w.
6.00 d.
60.00 m.
2.00 d.
1.50 d.
4.00 d.
1.50-2.00 d.
1.00-1.50 d.
20.00 w.
10.00 w.
.40 h.
. 35-. 40 h.
. 25 h.
. 35 h.
2.50 d.
30.00-60.00 m.
2.00-3. 50 d.
<1.50-2.50 d.
12.00-15.00 w.
. 40 h.
.35 h.
115.00 w.
3.00 d.
. 50 h.
.35 h.
i 30.00 m.
. 40 h.
. 25 h.
.45 h.
. 45 h.
60.00 m.
12.00 w.
18.00-20.00 w.
1 15.00 w.
.35 h.
. 87* h.
. 87* h.
.8 7 ih .
. 76 h.
10.00 w.
12.00 w
12.00 w.
15.00 w.
15.00 w.
15.00 w.
15.00 w.
10.00 w.
12.00 w.
14.00 w.
12.00 w.
.35 h.
3.50 d.
.40 h.
. 40 h.
. 30 h.
2.60 d.
.35-. 40 h.
.30 h.
‘ 50.00 m.
125.00 m.
.40 h.
.35 h.
.25h.
.25 h.
.42 h
.32 h.
12.00 w.
114.00 w.
110.00 w.
15.00 w.
7.00 w.
20.00 w.
14.00 w.
A n ri found.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
‘ Temporary office.
[1749]
‘And board and room.
268
M ONTHLY LABOR REVIEW.
RATES OF WAGES PAID TO WORKERS PLACED IN EMPLOYMENT BY PUBT IC
State, city, and kind of
office.
Blacksmiths. Boiler makers
Delaware:
Georgetown (F ed .).........
New7 Castle (F ed .)........... SO. 70- . 72 h.
Wilmington (Fed., Sta.,
.80 h.
Mun.)...............................
District of Columbia*
Washington (F ed .)...........
.72 h.
Florida:
. 85 h.
Jacksonville (F ed .)...........
Live Oak (F ed .)...............
Miami (F ed .).....................
Pensacola (F ed .)...............
. 72 h.
Tampa (F e d .)...................
GeorgiaAtlanta (F ed .)...................
.70 b.
Augusta (Fed., M u n .)....
. 70 h.
Brunswick (F ed .).............
. 65 h.
Columbus (F ed .)...............
Macon (F ed .).....................
Rome (F ed .)......................
20. 00 w.
Savannah (F ed .)...............
.8 0 h .
Idaho:
Boise (M un.)......................
fi.OOd.
Moscow (Fed., M un.)___
St. Anthony (F ed .)..........
6.00 d.
Twin.Falls (F ed .).............
Wallace (F ed .)...................
Illinois:
Alton (Fed., Sta.).............
Aurora (Fed., S ta .)..........
Bioomington (Fed., Sta.).
Cairo (Fed.. Sta.)..............
Centralia (Fed., S ta .)___
Chicago (Fed., Sta.).........
.50- . 60 h.
Danville (Fed., Sta.)........
. 68 h
Decatur (Fed., S ta .)........
. 68h.
East St. Louis (Fed., Sta.)
. 48 h.
Elgin (Fed., Sta.).............
. 65 h.
Freeport (Fed.. Sta.)........
Galesburg (Fed.. S t a .) ...
Joliet (Fed., S ta .).............
.62 h.
Kankakee (Fed., S ta .)...
. 68 h.
La Salle (Fed., Sta.) . . .
Madison (Fed., Sta.)........
. 46 h.
Peoria (Fed., Sta.)............
5.00 d.
Quincy (Fed., S ta .)..........
Rockford (Fed., Sta.)___
. 50- . 624 h.
R o c k Isla n d -M o lin e
(Fed., S ta .)...................
.6511.
Springfield (Fed., S t a .)..
.40- .60 b.
W aukegan (Fed , S ta .)...
Indiana:
East Chicago (F ed .).........
. 70 h.
Evansville (Fed., S ta .)...
Fort Wayne (Fed., Sta.).
. 58 h.
Indianapolis (Fed., Sta.).
Kokomo (F ed .)...............
Muncie (Fed., Sta.)..........
Richmond (Fed., S ta .)...
South Bend (Fed., S ta .).
Terre Haute (Fed., Sta.).
4.00 d.
Iow7a:
Burlington (Fed., S ta .)..
. 58 h.
Cedar Rapids (Fed., Sta.)
.55 h.
Council Bluffs (Fed.,Sta.)
Creston (Fed., Sta.).
Davenport (Fed., S ta .)...
. 50 h.
Des Moines (Fed.. Sta .)..
.50h.
Mason City (Fed. S ta .)..
Ottumwa (Fed., Sta.)__
Sioux City No. 1 (Fed.,
S ta .).....................
5.00 d.
Sioux City No. 2 (Fed.,
Sta.)............................
5.00 d.
Waterloo (Fed., S t a .) ....
.5 0 h .
1And board.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Bricklayers.
Carpenters.
SO.70- . 72 h.
$0. 85 h.
13.45- . 65h.
.70- . 72 h.
Cleaners and
scrubbers,female.
. 80 h.
. 90h.
. 80 h.
40.00 m.
5.60 d.
. 874 h.
.75 h.
! 1. 50 d.
. 70 h.
. 874 h.
.60- . 65 h.
. 60 h.
.624- . 75 h.
. 70 h.
. 55 h.
. 724 h.
. 874 h.
.70- . 85 h.
. 70 h.
. 75 h.
. 65 h.
. 75 h.
. 65 h.
.80 h.
. 75 h.
• 60h.
. 80 h.
7. 00 d.
. 60 h.
. COh.
.55- . 60 h.
* . 55- .60 h.
. 60 h.
.45 11.
.74 h.
6.00 d.
6. 00 d.
7.00 d.
6.50 d:
6.25 d.
. 45 h.
. 814 h.
. 75 h.
.75h.
.624- . 70 h.
.72 1).
6.60 d.
. 75 h.
. 60 h.
. 65 h.
. 70 h.
. 70 h.
. 65 h.
.60h .
.75 h.
.60 h.
. 70 h.
. 65 h.
. 65 h.
.60h.
.70 h.
.52- . 75 h.
. 55 h.
. 814 h.
.80- ,85 b.
. 674 b.
. 55- . 70 h.
. 58 h.
. 60 h.
.................
.75 h.
. 65 h.
.60- . 67 h.
. 68 h.
. 68 h.
. 50 h.
. 75 h.
. 75 h.
. 65 h.
. 87) h.
.81 h.
. 70 h.
.65- . 72 h.
. 68 h.
. tO h.
. 81 i h.
. 75 h.
.33 h.
8.00 d.
.68 h.
.80 h.
. 81| h.
. 814 h.
. 50 h.
.58h.
.81 h.
. S4 h.
. 35 h.
3.00 d.
. 25 h.
. 25 h.
2. 60 d.
1.50 d.
. 25 h.
. 15 h.
. 25 h.
.25 b.
2.00-2. 50 d.
. 30 h.
.25 h.
. 20 h.
. 25 h
. £0 h.
.35- .401).
. 25 h.
.6,01).
.60h.
. 60 h.
. 25 h.
1.60 d.
. GOh
. 65 h.
1.75 d.
.601).
.70 h.
fíñ h
ÍG7 h!
.67 h.
.70h
.70h.
. 68 h.
[1 7 5 0 ]
2. 00 d.
"iÓ.’oo’w."
. 65 h.
. 68 h.
. 68 h.
. 45 h.
1And lunch and car fare.
7.00-0.00 w.
.5 0 h .
.30 b.
95 00 w
.25- .35 h.
2. 50 d
.25 h
! 25 h!
. 75 h.
.30- . 35 h.
. 50 h.
! 30 hi
•Including house.
269
M ONTHLY LABOE EEVIEW,
EMPLOYMENT OFFICES IN THE UNITED STATES, OCTOBEE, 1918—Continued.
Cooks, male.
Cooks, female.
Drivers,
teamsters, etc.
Dock laborers.
$30.00-45.00 in.
$25.00-30.00 w.
00 100 00 m.
Farm hands.
1 75.00-100.00 m.
8.00-10.00 w.
25.00 w.
.46h.
145.00 m.
85.00 m.
35.00-50.00 m.
18.00 w.
,40h.
40.00 m.
18.00-25.00 w.
15.00 W.
.40 h.
.30 h.
1 5.00 w.
.021 h.
' ,50h.
2.50 d.
¡¡2.00 d.
?.. 75 d.
6.00- 8.00 w.
8.00 w.
$0.56! h.
. 40 h.
5.00- 5.00 w.
40 00 70 00 m.
60.00 m.
Hod carriers.
,35h.
.40 h.
.35- .40 h.
18.00-20.00 w.
6.00 w.
5.00 w.
3.00 d.
3.50 d.
100.00 m.
75.00 m.
4.00 d.
3.50 d.
2.50 d.
4.00 d.
4.50 d.
35.00-50.00 m.
.40h.
1.50 d.
2.00 d.
3.50 d.
,40h.
2.50 d.
60.00 m.
4.00 d.
4.00 d.
5.00 d.
100 00 m.
40.00 m.
645.00 m.
21.00 w.
.37 h.
18.00-35.00 w.
10.00 w.
15.00 w.
7.00 w.
10.00-18.00 \v.
7.00 w.
7.00 w.
8.00 w.
25.00 w.
15.00 w.
22 . 00 w.
60.00 m.
25.00 w.
6.00 w.
18.00 w.
10.00 w.
20.00-25.00 W .
12.00-15.00 w.
18.00-25.00 w.
10.00-20.00 w.
10.00 w.
10.00-12.00 w.
15.00-25.00 w.
10 00-12 00 w
6.00 w.
2.50 d.
2.00 d.
2.00- 3.00 d.
3.00 d.
24.00 w.
18.00 w.
18.00 w.
3.50 d.
,35h.
3.00 d.
,35h.
13.00 w.
21.00 w.
.40- .55 h.
.38 h.
3.50 d.
40.00—
50. ÔÔm.
45.00 m.
35.00 m.
50.00 m.
53.00 m.
50.00 m .
45.00-50.00 m.
45.00 m.
,50h.
.50 h.
,55h.
.50h.
.35 h.
,60h.
. 40 h.
.52$ h.
50.00 m .
2.75 d
3.00 d.
4.00 d.
................................
4.00 d.
.40- .50 h.
“3.00 d.
C.OOd.
45.00-60.00 m .
50.00-60.00 m.
30.00-60.00 m.
.40- . 50h.
15.00 w.
25.00 w.
1?. C0 w.
.35 h.
3.00 d.
3.00 d.
.30 li.
19.00 w.
10.00 w.
18.00-25.00 w.
20.00 w.
12.00-18.00 w.
15.00 w.
. 40 h.
21.00 w.
.36$ h.
. 40 h.
60.00-125.00 m.
60.00-75.00 m.
21. CO w
60.00-125.00 m.
18.00 w .
60.00-75.00 m.
12.00 w .
21.00 w.
18.00 w.
.
“T im e a n d a h a lf for o v e rtim e ; d o u b le tim e lor S u n d a y .
92434°—19-----18
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[1751]
. 42$ h.
.40- .45 h.
2.00 d.
40.00 m.
35.00 m.
1.00 d.
40.00 m .
3.00 d.
40.00 m .
¿5.00 m.
40 h.
! 30 h .
18.00 m.
110.00 w.
.47$- .50h.
. 40 h.
£0.00m.
55.00 m.
60.00-70.00 m.
50.00 m .
60.00 m.
55.00 m.
55.00 m.
4.00 d.
.40 h.
,50h.
50.0C-60.0Om.
60.00-75.00 m .
.6 0 h .
60.00-75.00 m.
.6 0 h .
.4 0 h .
60.00 m .
“M arried, $60 m .
LT im e a n d a half o v ertim e.
270
M ONTHLY
L A B O E E E V IE W ,
RATES OF WAGES PA ID TO W ORKERS PLACED IN EMPLOYMENT B Y PUBLIC
State, city, and kind of
office.
Delaware:
Georgetown (F ed.)...........
New Castle (Fed.).............
Wilmington (Fed., Sta.,
M un.)...............................
District ol Columbia:
Washington (Fed.)...........
Florida:
Jacksonville (F ed.)...........
Live Oak (F ed .)...............
Miami (F ed .).....................
Pensacola (Fed.1)...............
Tampa (F ed.)....................
Georgia:
Atlanta (F ed .)...................
Augusta (Fed., Mun.)__
Brunswick (F ed.).............
Columbus (F ed.)...............
Macon (T ed.).....................
Rome (F ed.)......................
Savannah (F e d .).............
Idaho:
Boise (Mun.)......................
Moscow (Fed., M un.)___
St. Anthony (F ed .)..........
Twin Falls (F ed .).:..........
Wallace (F ed.)...................
Illinois:
Alton (Fed., Sta.)............
Aurora (Fed., Sta.)..........
Bloomington (Fed., Sta.)
Cairo (Fed.. Sta.)..............
Centralia (Fed., S ta .)___
Chicago (Fed., Sta.).........
Danville (Fed., Sta.)........
Decatur (Fed., Sta.)........
East St. Louis (Fed., Sta.)
Elgin (Fed., S ta .).............
Freeport (Fed., S ta .)___
Galesburg (Fed., S t a .) ...
Joliet (Fed., Sta.).............
Kankakee (Fed., S t a .) ...
La Salle (Fed., S ta .)........
Madison (Fed., S ta .)........
Peoria (Fed., Sta.)............
Quincy (Fed., Sta.)..........
Rockford (Fed., Sta.)___
Rock Island - M o lin e
(Fed., S ta .).....................
Springfield (Fed., S ta .)..
Waukegan (Fed., S ta .)...
Indiana:
East Chicago (F ed.).........
Evansville (Fed., S ta .)...
Fort Wayne (Fed., Sta.).
Indianapolis (Fed., Sta.).
Kokomo (F ed .).................
Muncie (Fed., Sta.)..........
Richmond (Fed., S ta .)...
South Bend (Fed., Sta.)..
Terre Haute (Fed., Sta.)..
Iowa:
Burlington (Fed., S ta .)..
Cedar Rapids (Fed., Sta.)
Council Bluffs (Fed.,
Sta.).................................
Creston (Fed., Sta.)..........
Davenport (Fed., S ta .)...
Des Moines (Fed., S ta .)..
Mason City (Fed., S ta .)..
Ottumwa (Fed., S ta .)___
Sioux City No. 1 (Fed.,
Sta. ) ................................
Sioux: City No. 2 (Fed.,
S ta .)................................
Waterloo (Fed., S ta .)___
House
servants.
Inside
wiremen.
$20.00-25.00 w
$7.00 w.
2 30.00 m.
.75 h.
• 75h.
8.00 w.
.55 h.
5.00- 7.00 w.
7.50 w.
7.00 w.
5.00-10.00 w.
4.00 w.
35.00 m.
40.00 m.
1.50 d.
40.00 m.
40.00 m.
7.00 w.
7.00 w.
6.00 w.
. 70 h.
. 75 h.
. 75 h.
.C0h.
. 64 h.
8.00 d.
. 42) h.
3.00 d.
.40- .60 h.
6.00 w.
7.00-8. 00 w.
6.00 w.
5.00 w.
5.00 w.
6.00 w.
5.00 w.
3.50- 8.00 w.
35.00 m.
5.00- 6. 00 w.
5.00 w.
6.00- 8.00 w.
7.00 w.
.30- . 45 h.
8.00 w.
7.00 w.
.50- . 60 h.
. 62) h.
.70 h.
. 75 h.
. 65- . 75 h.
. 67) h.
. 35 h.
. 50 h.
. 60 h.
4.00 w.
5.00 w.
7.00 w.
6.00 w.
5.00 w.
6.00 w.
.60 h.
5.00-10.00 w.
8.00 w.
6.00 w.
6.50 w.
6. 00 w.
.67 h.
.75 h.
6.00-11. 00 w.
6. 00-11. 00 w.
6. 00 w.
'And 30.35 for women.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[1752]
Laborers.
Laundry
operators,
male.
Laundry
operators,
female.
$3.30 d.
.40 h. $18.00-25.00 w
1.46 h.
2.00 d.
.40 h.
9.00 w.
.35 h.
. 35 h.
.25- .30 h. ..........................
. 40 h.
• 30h.
.30- .32) h. 14.00-18. 00 w.
. 35 h.
.30- . 40 h.
. 274 h
.30 h.
.30 h.
. 36 h.
1.50 d.
4.00d.
3.00 d.
4.00 d.
. 50 h.
4.75 d.
00-15.00 w.
R i¥i-10 on w
1.25 d.
3.00 d.
2. 50 d.
.30- . 45h.
.35- . 50 h.
. 35 h.
. 40 h.
3.85 d.
.40- . 50 h. 18.00-22.00 w.
. 40 h.
15.00 w.
• 40h.
3.50 d.
20.00 w.
. 30 h.
.30- . 45 h.
.40 h.
2.60 d.
9.00 w.
.35- . 40 h. 20.00-25.00 w .
.25- . 45 h.
. 38) h.
.40 h.
14. 00 w.
. 40 h.
. 45- . 50 h. 15.00-18.00 w.
4.00-4. 75 d.
20. 00 w.
.35- . 50 h. 12.00-16.00 w.
.38- . 40 h.
. 44 h
3.25 d.
. 40 h.
.40 h.
.36) h.
. 30 h.
.35 h.
.35- . 45 h.
. 40 h.
9.00 w.
6.00 w.
8.00-12.00 w.
. 25 h.
8.00-10.00 w.
9.006.00-
15.00 w.
10.00 w.
15.00 w.
8.00 w.
21.00 wl
18 h
12.00 w.
.35- .50 h.
. 32 h.
. 40-, 45 h.
. 45 h.
. 40 h.
.40 h.
20. 00 w.
20.00 w.
11.00 w.
. 35 h.
. 40-55 h.
21.00 w.
.30h.
. 40-,55 h.
21.00 w.
.37) h.
2And board and room.
. 30 h.
8.00 w.
. 30 h.
. 45 h.
8.00 w.
.15 h.
271
M O N T H L Y L A B O R R E V IE W ,
EMPLOYMENT OFFICES IN THE U N IT E D STATES, OCTOBER, 1918—Continued.
Machinists.
Holders.
Plasterers.
Painters.
Plumbers.
Saleswomen.
$0.70 h.
$0.60- . 65 h.
$0.70 h.
$0.70 h.
. 65- . 80 h.
.80 h.
.60- .70 h.
,75h.
.75- . 80 h.
SS. 00-10.00 w.
.75 h.
.70 h.
.75h.
.75 h.
.75 h.
12.00 w
$0. 72i h.
. 60 h.
.721h.
. 60 h.
.50- .75 h.
. 72i h.
. 724 h.
. 60 h.
. 72- . 80 h.
. 65 h.
.80 h.
. 65 h.
. 80 h.
. 50 h.
. 60 h.
.50 h.
.60h.
. 65 h.
.75 h.
. 65 h.
. 70 h.
. SOh.
.50 h.
. 75 h.
. 45 h.
.74 h.
. 62* h.
.72 h.
.70 h.
.70- . 80 h.
. 75 h.
.75 h.
. 75 h.
.75 h.
. 75 h.
,80 b.
6.00-12. 00 w
12.00 w.
7.00 d.
8.00 d.
7. 20 d.
2.00 d.
5. 50 d.
.60 h.
. 75 h.
.75h.
7.00 w.
5 50 d.
4. 50-6.50 d.
. 60 h.
. 50 h.
. 58 h.
.75 h.
. 60 h.
. 70 h.
.60 h.
.75 h.
. 80 h.
. 65 h.
. 874 h.
. 75 h.
.75 h.
. 75 h.
. 874 h.
12,00 w.
9.00 w.
10.00 w.
8.00 w.
5.00-6.00 d.
.55 h.
5.25-5. 50 d.
5. 50 d.
. 75 Iff
. 55 h.
. 60 h.
6.50 cl.
.60 .75 h.
. 50 h.
.65 h.
. 68 h.
.60- . 75 h.
. OS h.
. 68 h.
. 62.1 h.
. 45 h.
. 50 h.
. 68- . 78 h.
.68 h.
. 50- .65 h.
. 60 h.
8.00 w.
. 874 h.
.50- . 60 h.
. 65 h.
.35- . 50 h.
. 574- • SOh.
.75 h.
6. 00-S. 00 d.
. 45- . 68 h.
.60 h.
4.00-8.00 d.
. 45- . 60 h.
. 65 h.
. 55 h.
. 75 h.
. SO- . 90 h.
S5- 75 h.
. 70 h.
65 h
.68 h.
. 55 h.
*68 h.
. 58 h.
. 624 h.
70 h
.50-170 h.
.58 h.
8 .CKLÌ2. ÓÓw
. 72 h.
7.92 d.
. 45 -. 52 h.
. 50 h.
. 50 h.
. 85 h.
. 70 h.
. 8 li h.
5.45 d.
.65- . 85 h.
8.00 w.
10.00 w.
7.00-12.00 w.
12.00 w.
.60h.
. 60 h.
. 60 h.
6.00 9.00 d.
5.00 d.
7.00 w.
l.OOd.
. 55 h.
4.75 d.
. 50 h.
5.00 d.
. 50 h.
.80 h.
5.50 d.
10. 00 w.
2.50 d.
.45 h.
. 70 h.
.65 h.
.65 h.
.87 h.
.75 h.
.85 h.
.75 h.
10.00 w.
2.00 d.
.65 h.
.874 h.
. 624 h.
68 h
68 h
68 h
.50 h.
. 68 h.
.50 h.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
5.00 W.
10.00-25.00 w.
. 40 h.
8Piece work.
[1753]
.eo h .
.80 h.
10.00-25.00 w.
8.00 w.
272
M ONTHLY
L A B O R R E V IE W ,
RATES OF WAGES PAID TO W ORKERS PLACED IN EMPLOYMENT BY PUBLIC
State, city, and kind
of office.
Seamstresses.
Sewing
machine
operators,
male.
Sewing
machine
operators,
female.
Stenog
raphers,
male.
Stenog
raphers,
female.
Delaware:
Georgetown (F ed.)...........
New Castle, (F ed .)............
$100.00-150.00m. •il00.00-125.00m.
Wilmington (Fed., Sta.,
Mun.)................................ $7.00-9.00 w.
$13.00-17.00w. 25.00-30.00 w. 75.00-90.00 m.
District of Columbia:
Washington (F ed.)...........
1.50 d.
2.10 d.
1,000.00 y.
1,200.00 y.
Florida:
Jacksonville (F ed .).,........
Live Oak (Fed.)................
Miami (F ed .).....................
Pensacola (F ed .)...............
Tampa (F ed.)....................
Georgia:
Atlanta (F ed .)................... 9.00-18.00 w. $9.00-15.00 w. 8.00-14.00 w. 75.00125.00
m.
50.00125.00 m.
Augusta (Fed., M un.)___
125.00 m.
85.00 m.
Brunswick (F ed.).............
100.00125.00m.
75.00125.00 m.
Columbus (Fed.)...............
Macon (F ed .).....................
100.00 m.
75.00 m.
Rome (F ed.)......................
CO. 00 m.
CO. 00 m.
Savannah (Fed.)...............
12.00 w.
1. 75 d.
100.00 m.
1.00 d.
90.00 m.
Idaho:
Boise (Mun.)......................
Moscow (Fed., M un.)___
.40h.
St. Anthony (F ed .)..........
3.00d.
3.00-3
3. OOd.
4.50 d.
3.50 d.
Twin Falls (F e d .)............
Wallace (F ed.)...................
Illinois:
Alton (Fed., Sta.).............
05.00 m.
Aurora (Fed., S ta .)..........
Bloomington (Fed., Sta.)
12.00 w.
Cairo (Fed., S ta .).............
Centralia (Fed., S ta .)___
90. Ó0 m.
90.00 m.
Chicago (Fed., S ta .)........
2.00 d.
9.00-29.00 w. 80.00-125.00 m. 40.0080.00 m.
Danville (Fed., Sta.).......
8.00 w.
9.00 w.
100.00 m.
50.00 m.
Decatur (Fed., S ta .)........
90.00 m.
80.00 m.
East St. L ouis(Fed.,Sta.)
. 20 h.
30.00 w.
. 20 h.
90.00 m.
75.00 m.
Elgin (Fed., S t a .) .,.........
12.00 w.:
Freeport (Fed., Sta.)........
1.75 <k
60.00 m.
1.75 d.
Galesburg (Fed., S ta .). . .
7.50 w.
10.00-18.00 w.
45.00 m.
Joliet (Fed., Sta.).............
15.0025.00 w.
85.00100.00
m.
Kankakee (Fed., S t a .)...
20.00 w.
15.0025.008.00-20.00
w.
w.
La Salle (Fed., Sta.)........
3. OOd.
Madison (F ed.,Sta.).........
85.00 m.
Peoria (Fed., S ta .)...........
Quincy (Fed., Sta.)..........
50.00 m.
Rockford (Fed., Sta.)___
2.00 d.
15.00 w.
75.00 m.
R ock
Island-Moline
(Fed., Sta.)............. .
2.00 d.
125.00 m.
100.00 m. 80.00-100.00 m.
75.00 m.
Springfield (Fed., S ta ,)...
2. OOd.
2.50 d.
1.50 d. CO.00-100.00 m. 10.00-15.00 w.
Waukegan (Fed., S ta .)...
Indiana:
East Chicago (F ed .).........
75 00 m
Evansville (Fed., S ta .). . .
Fort Wayne (Fed., Sta.)..
8.00 w.
70.00 m.
Indianapolis (Fed., Sta.).
9.00 w.
16.00 w.
Kokomo (F ed .).................
Muncie (Fed., S ta .)..........
7.00 W.
Richmond (F ed ., Sta.). .
8.00 w.
South Bend (Fed'., Sta .).
Terre Haute (Fed., Sta.)
« 8 on w
13.00 w.
Iowa:
Burlington (Fed., S ta .)...
8.00 w.
14.00 w.
15.00 w.
8.00 w.
15.00 w.
Cedar R apids(Fed., Sta.)
104.00 m.
15.00 w.
Council Bluffs Fed., Sta.)
40.00-95.00 m.
Creston (Fed., Sta.)..........
Davenport ( Fed., Sta. ) . . .
2. OOd.
.30-. 40 h.
.30-. 40 h.
15.00 w. 12.0045.0Ò w.
Des Moines (F ed ., S ta .)...
25.00 w.
15.00 w.
Mason City (F ed ., S ta .)..
60.00 m.
«
Ottumwa (Fed., Sta.). ..
Sioux City, No. 1 (Fed.,
Sta.)..............................
3.005.00 d.
1.50 d. 75.00100.00
m.
10.0025.00 w.
Sioux City, No. 2 (Fed.,
S t a . ) . . . . . ........... . . . . . ;
3.005.00 d.
1.50 d. 75.00100.00
10.00m.
25.00 w.
Waterloo (Fed., S ta .).. . .
10.00 w.
10.00 w.
15.00 W.
1And board,
Piecework.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[1754]
273
M O N T H L Y L A B O E R E V IE W ,
EMPLOYMENT OFFICES IN THE U N IT E D STATES, OCTOBER, 1918—Concluded.
Structural
iron workers.
Telephone
operators
(switchboard),
female.
Waitresses.
Waiters.
SO. 90 h.
Casual
workers,
female.
$0. 40-, 45 h.
$8.00 w. i $60.00-100.00 m.
. 87 h.
Casual
workers,
male.
720.00 y.
$7.00-10.00 w.
75.00 m.
19.00 w.
. 30 h.
.40h.
. 46 h.
.801).
1 7.00-8.00 w.
.501).
.30 h.
. 75 h.
15.00-18.00 w.
. 80 h.
7. 00-12.00 w.
10,00 w.
75.00 m.
. 70 h.
.72 h.
?. 00 d.
1. 50 d.
10. 00 w.
16.00 w.
1. 50 d.
l.OOd.
2. 50 d.
. 25 h.
2.50 d.
12. 00 w.
. 35 h.
.35 h
2. 00 d.
4.50 d.
3.50 d
50.00 m.
4. 50 d.
8. 00 w.
7.00 w.
. 40 h.
2.00 d.
.30 h.
2. OOd.
40.00-60.00 m.
6. 00 w.
10.00 w.
18.00 w.
12.00 w.
6.00 w.
10.00 w.
8. 00 w.
. 45 h.
.35 li.
. 40 h.
. 35 h.
2. 25 d.
. 35 h.
2.60 d.
,15h.
. 25 h.
. 20 h.
1.50 d.
. 25 h.
14.00 w.
9. 00 w.
6.00 w.
. 40 h.
. 35 h.
. 20-. 40 b
.30 h.
8. 00 w.
.351).
2. 50 d.
.25h.
3.50-5.00 d
. 40 h.
. 25-. 30 h.
2. OOd.
2.00 d .
12.50 w.
. 80 h.
$1. 50 d
30. 00 m.
. 85 h.
.751).
. 45 h.
. 70h.
12.00 w.
9.00 w.
9.00 w.
10. 00 w.
. 60 h.
40.00 m.
1.00 h.
.75 h.
. 55 h.
. 7811).
. 45-, 70 h.
30. 00-50. 00 m.
12.00 w.
5.00-7. 00 w.
12. 00 w.
17. 00 w.
■50. 00 m
1.50-2. 00 d.
12.00-14.00 w.
10.00-15.00 w.
9.00-12.- 50 w.
8.00 w.
. 25 h
.42-. 46 h.
. 40 h
. 40 1).
.45 b.
3. 25 d.
,2 0 b
7. 00 w.
7. 00 w.
>7.00 w.
3.00 d.
. 40 h.
. 40 h.
1.50 d.
.35 h.
.25 h.
10. 00 w.
12.00 w.
8.00 w.
9.00 w.
8.00 W.
.30 h.
• 40h.
.40-. 45 h.
. 25-. 35 h.
8.00 w.
8.00-12.00 w.
15.00 w .
7. 00-12.00 vv.
9.00 w.
1.00 d.
6.00 w.
. 40 h.
. 40 h.
. 40 h.
.40b.
. 17 h.
15. 00 w\
10.00-12.00 w.
.40-60. h
.3 0 - . 35 b .
. 17 h.
8. 00 w.
15.00 w .
15.00 w.
10.00-12.00 w.
10.00 W .
. 40-. 60 h.
.35 h.
. 3 0 - . 35 h.
.30 h.
7.00 w.
8.00 w.
26.00 m.
. 60 h.
11.00 w.
. 50 h.
5.50 w.
. 75 h.
10. 00 w.
1.00 d.
. 75 1).
¡A n d ro o m a n d b o a rd .
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
b e g in n e rs .
[1755]
. 25 h.
.30 h.
2.50 d
. 35 h.
. 20-. 25 b.
274
M ONTHLY
L A B O R R E V IE W .
RATES OF WAGES PAID TO W ORKERS PLACED IN EMPLOYMENT B Y PUBLIC
State, city, and kind
office.
Kansas:
Atchison (F ed .)...............
Emporia (F ed .)...............
H ays (F ed .)......................
Hutchinson (F ed .)..........
Independence (F ed .)___
Kansas City (F ed .).........
Parsons (F ed .).................
Salina (F ed .)....................
Topeka (Fed., Sta.)........
Wichita (F ed .).................
Kentucky:
Ashland (F ed .)................
Covington (F ed .).............
Henderson (F ed .)............
Lexington (F ed .)............
Louisville (F ed .).............
Louisville (Sta.)...............
Owensboro (F ed .)...........
Paducah (F ed .)...............
Louisiana:
Alexandria (F ed .)...........
Baton Rouge (F ed.).......
Lake Charles (F ed.)........
Monroe (F ed .)..................
New Orleans (F ed .)........
Shreveport (Fed., Mun.)
Maine:
Augusta. (F ed .)................
Bangor (F ed.)..................
B ath (F ed.)......................
Biddeford (M un.)............
Lewiston (Fed.)...............
Portland (F ed.)...............
Maryland:
Baltimore (F ed.).............
Cumberland (F ed .)........
Hagerstown (F e d .)...’ !.
Salisbury (F ed .)...............
Massachusetts:
Boston (Fed., Sta.)..........
Greenfield (F ed.)........... !]
Lawrence ( F e d .)...!.!!! ]
New Bedford (Fed.).'.'!!]
Newburyport (F ed .)___ ]
North Adams (F e d .)...!
Pittsfield (F ed.)............. !]
Salem (F ed.)...............
Springfield (Fed., Sta.)!!!
Worcester (Fed., S t a .).. .
Michigan:
B attle Creek (F ed .). . .
B ay City (F ed .)...........
Benton Harbor (Fed.)
Detroit (Fed., Sta.). . .
E scanaba(Fed.). .
Flint (F ed.)..................
Flint (S ta .)...................
Grand Rapids (F ed.)..
Grand Rapids (S ta .). .
Jackson (F ed .).............
Jackson (Sta.)...............
Kalamazoo (F ed.).......
Kalamazoo ( S t a .) .....
Lansing (Sta.)...............
Marquette (F ed .).........
Muskegon (F ed.)..........
Muskegon (S ta.)...........
Pontiac (F ed .).............
Port Huron (F ed .)___
Saginaw (S ta .)..............
Traverse City (Fed.)
Blacksmiths. Boiler makers
0.68 h.
0. 68 h.
.75 h.
. 68 h.
. 75 h.
.40-
.50 h.
.45 h.
.52 h.
. 70 h.
5.00 d.
. 60 h.
. 68 h.
. 50 h.
. 50 h.
. 87) h .
• 87jjh.
. 87) h.
. 87) h.
. 87) h.
.75 h.
. 87) h.
Cleaners and
scrubbers,
female.
Ï0. 60 h.
. 62) h.
. 62) h.
.70 h.
.60- . 70 h.
.75 h.
. 62) h.
. 60 h.
. 62) h.
.75 h.
. 60 h.
. 60 h.
. 60 h.
. 60 h.
.60 h.
. 60 h.
. 60 h.
.60 h.
. 80 h.
•80h.
. 80 h.
. 80 h.
.75 h.
0.35 h .
2.10 d.
. 30 h.
. 25 h.
. 30 h.
¡.00- 10.00 w.
6.00 w.
.10-
.20 h.
•60h.
. 60 h.
. 65 h.
. 65 h.
. 60 h.
. 75 h.
. 68) h.
. 87) h.
.87 h.
1.00 h.
1.00 h.
. 80 h.
1.00 h.
. 70 h.
. 721 h.
.871 h.
. 721 h.
. 72) h.
. 70 h.
• 60h.
. 75 h.
. 75 h.
.60-
.65 h.
. 70 h.
. 80 h.
.60-
. 80 h.
. 68 h.
. 65 h.
. 871 h.
. 90 h.
. 70 h.
. 62) h
. 571 h
. 70 h.
8.00 w.
2.50 w.
72 h.
.65 h.
. 75 h.
. 65 h.
.80 h.
.25 h.
75 h.
24.00 w.
.65 h.
.80 h.
. 621 h
.68 h.
. 72 h.
16.00 w.
.60.60-
. 75 h.
. 75 h.
. 74 h.
. 75 h.
. 55 h.
. 70 h.
.70 h.
4.00 d.
. 50 h.
. 70 h.
.80 h.
40.00 m.
1.00 d.
.30 h.
.25-
.35 h.
........... 2.ÓÒ d.
16.50 w.
. 70 h.
24.00 w.
.60 h.
. 70 h.
. 55 h.
. 75 h.
•68h.
.60. 45. 55-
.60 h.
i 10.00 w.
. 70 h.
. 70 h.
. 60 h.
. 65 h.
.30 h.
.30 h.
. 70 h.
. 45 h.
.68 h.
75 h.
.55 h.
. 75 h.
175 h.
.75 h.
.S0h.
. 60 h.
. 65 h.
.55.60-
. 60 h.
. 50 h.
. 70 h.
. 65 h.
.30 h.
.60 h.
. 75 h.
.50 h.
. 75 h.
.60 h.
. 70 h.
. 50 h.
. 60 h.
.70 h.
. 70 h.
.65 h.
. 62) h
.30 h.
.30 h.
2.00 d.
.35 h.
.25 h.
.30 b.
. 35 h.
*.*33 h.
'.*20 h.*
‘And board.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
0.75 h.
Carpenters.
.80 h.
. 72 h.
. 6S h.
.60 h.
.60-
Bricklayers.
‘And board and room.
[1756]
M ONTHLY
275
L A B O R R E V IE W ,
EMPLOYMENT OFFICES IN THE U N ITED STATES, OCTOBER, ISIS—Continued.
Cooks, male.
390.00 m.
Cooks, female.
Drivers,
teamsters, etc.
$60.00 m.
$0.35 h.
Dock laborers.
25.00 w.
60.00 m.
100.00 m.
21.00 w.
18.00 w.
35.00 m.
10.00-20.00 w.
.00 h.
.40 h.
$0.35h.
.35 h.
80.00-125.00 m.
100.00 m. 1 5.00- 7.00'w.
. 37J h.
8.00- 15.00 w.
3.00- 7.00 w.
.43 h.
.43Jh.
45.00 m.
40.00-60.00 m.
50.00 m.
*
. 40 h.
.60h.
i 2.00 d.
3.00 d.
1.50- 2. 50 d.
. 35 h.
.35 h.
,35 b.
. 30 h.
100.00 m.
3.50 d.
18.00 w.
2. 50 d.
.20-
,60 b.
.40 b.
. 45 h.
.45h.
. 40 h.
. 25 h.
. 40 h.
2. 25 d.
2.75 d.
. 45 h.
. 50 h.
3.00 d.
2. 25d..
. 40 h.
18.00 w.
¡2.50(1,
3. 50 d.
3.00 d.
3.00 d.
4. 40 d.
18. 00-20.00 w.
• 65 b.
30.00- 50.00 m.
1 50.00 m.
40.00 m.
i 2. 00 d.
45.00 m.
30.00- 50.00 m.
18.00- 25.00 w.
14.00- 18.00 w.
12.00- 22. 00 w.
7.00- 10.00 w.
16.00 w.
80.00-100.00 m.
12.00 w.
100.00-125.00 m.
. 40 h.
75.00 m.
. 40 ta.
. 40 h.
. 40 h.
. 30 h.
. 35 h.
l.OOd.
40. 00 m.
. 30 h.
18.00- 22. 00 w.
212.00 w.
10.00- 15.00 w.
2 12. 00 w.
22. 00 w.
.45 b.
40.00- 50.00 m.
18.00 w.
. 45 h.
2 45. OOm.
2 SO. 00 m.
$0.40 h.
50.00 m.
45.00-55.00 m.
60.00 m.
.35 h.
4.00 w.
25.00 m.
7. 00 w.
Hod carriers.
$50.00 m.
60.00 m.
18.00 w.
100.00 m.
Farm hands.
4. 40 d.
. 40-
. 60 h.
. 45 h.
. 45 h.
.45-
3.00 d.
.60 h.
4.00 d.
. 473, h.
3 .0 0 a .
21.00 w
23.00- 21.00 w.
116.00- 25.00 w.
17.50 w.
10. 00- 20. 00 w.
110. 00 m.
45.00- 60.00 m.
26.00 w.
2.50- 4.00 d.
18.00 w.
15. 00 w.
. 45 h.
3.00- 3.50 d.
535.00- 40.00 m.
45.00 m.
18.00- 20.00 w.
. 55 h.
.40 h.
60.00- 75.00 m.
2. 50 d.
75.00 m.
3.50- 4.00 d.
115.00 w.
60. 00- 80.00 m.
80.00 m.
18.00- 20. 00 w.
50.00- 75.00 m.
100.00 m.
30.00 m.
105.00 m.
105.00 m.
15.00 w.
* W ith team.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
3 . 00 d.
i 7.50 d.
3.50- 4.00 d.
18. 00 w.
18.00 w.
3. .50 d.
20.00- 25.00 w.
4. 00 d.
i 50.00 m.
.31 h.
45.00 m.
3.00 d.
50.00 m.
2.50 d.
3.00 d.
40.00- 45.00 m.
2.00 d.
40.00- 50. 00 m.
3.00 d.
.60 h.
. 45 h.
.33- .40 h.
240.00- 55.00 in.
.50 h.
,40 b.
.70 b.
. 40 h.
22.00 w.
3.50- 4.00 d.
21.00 w.
2 50.00 m.
2.00- 3.00d.
40.00 m.
44.00 d.
‘To potato diggers, including board.
[1757]
. 45 h.
276
M ONTHLY
LABO R E E V IE W .
R A T E S O F W A G E S P A ID TO W O R K E R S P L A C E D
S ta te , c ity , a n d k in d of
office.
K ansas:
A tc h i s o n ( F e d . ) ...........
E m p o r ia ( F e d . ) ...........
H a y s ( F e d . ) .............. . .
H u tc h in s o n ( F e d .) ...
In d e p e n d e n c e (F e d .).
K a n s a s C ity ( F e d . ) . . .
P a r s o n s ( F e d . ) ..............
S a lin a ( F e d . ) .................
T o p e k a ( F e d ., S t a . ) ............
W ic h ita ( F e d .) * .. . . . .
K e n tu c k y :
A s h l a n d ( F e d . ) ............
C o v in g to n ( F e d . ) ____
H en d erso n ( F e d .) ....
L e x in g to n ( F e d . ) . . . .
L o u i s v i lle ( F e d . ) .........
L o u i s v i lle ( S t a . ) ..........
O w e n s b o r o ( F e d . ) ___
P a d u c a h ( F e d . ) ..............
L o u isia n a :
A le x a n d r i a ( F e d . ) .............
B a t o n R o u g e ( F e d . ) ____
L a k e C h a rle s ( F e d . ) .........
M o n ro e ( F e d . ) .....................
N e w O r le a n s ( F e d . ) . . . . .
S h r e v e p o r t ( F e d ., M u n .)
M a in e :
A u g u s t a ( F e d . ) ...................
B a n g o r ( F e d . ) ......................
B a t h ( F e d . ) ...........................
B id d e f o r d ( F e d ., M u n .)
L e w i s t o n ( F e d . ) l ..............
P o r t l a n d ( F e d . ) ..................
M a r y la n d :
B a l tim o r e ( F e d . ) ...............
C u m b e r la n d ( F e d . ) ____ _
H a g e r s to w n ( F e d . ) ...........
S a li s b u r y ( F e d . ) ................
M a s s a c h u s e tts :
B o s to n ( F e d ., S t a . ) ..........
G r e e n f ie ld ( F e d . ) ...............
L a w r e n c e ( F e d . ) ................
N e w B e d f o r d ( F e d . ) ____
N e w b u r y p o r t ( F e d . ) ____
N o r t h A d a m s ( F e d . ) ____
P it t s f i e l d ( F e d . ) ................. .
S a le m ( F e d . ) ........................ .
S p r in g f ie ld ( F e d ., S t a . ) . . .
W o r c e s t e r ( F e d ., S t a . ) ___
M ic h ig a n :
B a t t l e C re e k ( F e d . ) ............
B a y C it y ( F e d . ) .................
B e n to n H a rb o r ( F e d .) . .
D e t r o i t ( F e d ., S t a . ) ..........
E s c a n a b a ( F e d . ) ................
F l i n t ( F e d . ) ..........................
F l i n t ( S t a . ) ......................... ..
G r a n d R a p i d s ( F e d . ) ___
G r a n d R a p i d s ( S t a . ) ___
J a c k s o n ( F e d . ) .................... ..
J a c k s o n ( S t a . ) ............. ..
K a la m a z o o ( F e d . ) .........
K a la m a z o o ( S t a . ) ..........
L a n s i n g ( S t a . ) .................
M a rc ju e tte ( F e d . ) ..........
M u s k e g o n ( F e d . ) ...........
M u sk e g o n ( S t a . ) . . . . . .
P o n t i a c ( F e d . ) ................
P o r t H u r o n ( F e d . ) ___
S a g in a w ( S t a . ) ................
T r a v e r s e C it y ( F e d . ) . .
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
House
servants.
I n s id e
w irem en.
6. 00 w .
5.00 w.
0.75 h.
7. 00 w .
8.00 w .
. 75 h.
5.00- 7.00 w.
8 .0012.00 w .
. 65 h.
.75 h.
. 70 h.
.65 h.
6.00-8.00 w .
i 5.00-7.00 w .
. 72 h.
1.00-1.50 d.
• 60h.
. 75 h.
.75 h.
.45 h.
IN E M P L O Y M E N T
L aborers.
$0.32i h.
.35 h.
. 40 h.
. 35 h.
. 40-. 50 h.
. 40 h.
.33 h.
. 40 h.
.30 h.
. 43J h.
. 35 h.
. 40 h.
,3 5 h .
.35 h.
. 35-, 45 h.
.4 0 -, 50 h.
. 35 h.
.35 h.
. 80 h.
.75 h.
.30 h.
.35 h.
. 30 h.
. 35 h .
.30 h.
. 35 h.
3.00-8.00 w .
.40 h.
. 70 h.
30.75 w.
.40 h.
. 50 h.
. 40-, 50 h.
9.00 w .
6.00-9.00 w .
21.00 w.
.40-. 70 h.
3.00 d.
. 32-, 50 h.
7.00 w .
6.00 w .
. 70 h .
. 60 h.
. 40-. 46 h.
. 40 h.
. 40 h.
.30 h.
6.00-9. 00 w.
. 75 h.
15.00 w .
3.50 w.
25.00 m .
5.00 w.
7.00-10.00 w .
7.009.00 w.
. 60-. 65 h.
2 8. 00 w.
4.005.007.00 w .
12.00 w.
7.00-10.00
8.00
18.00
5.00-7.00
w.
w.
w.
w.
6.00-7.00 w.
2 7.00 w .
6.00 w.
. 60-, 75 h.
7.00 w.
. 35-. 48 h.
.71 h.
. 50 h.
.5 0 -. 55 h.
. 50-,75 h.
.40 h.
10.00 w .
7.00 w.
. 50-. 70 h.
1 A n d b o ard .
[1758]
. 40-. 45 h.
.40 h.
.36 h.
. 45 h.
4.00 d.
3. 00-3.55 d.
. 45 h.
18.00-24.00 w.
. 35-. 50 h.
37^-.40 h.
. 40-. 52i h.
. 35-, 50 h.
. 40 h.
.45-, 60 h.
i 45.00 m .
. 35-. 37?, h.
. 40 h.
. 37.) h.
.3 5 -.4 0 h.
. 40 h.
. 40-, 50 h.
. 35-, 40 h.
3.00-3.50 d.
. 40 h.
4.00 d.
4. 50-6.00 d.
. 50 h.
.40 h.
. 40-, 45 h.
3.75 d.
3.00 d.
Laundry
operators,
male.
B Y P U B L IC
Laundry
operators,
female.
3f8.00w.
8.00w.
112.00w.
15.00w. 6.5015.00-35.00w. 8.50-
9.00 w.
20.00w.
15. 00w.
12.00w. 6.00-8.00 w.
7. 50-9.00 w. 3.00-6.00w.
17.00w.
10.00w.
18.00w.
25.00w.
20.00w.
1.25d.
7.00w.
10.00w.
. 20-, 25h.
10.00w.
12.00w.
15.00w.
8.00 w.
18.00w.
9.00 w.
................. .................
................. .................
19.00-22.00w. *25.00-33.00m.
260.00m.
12.00w.
25.00w.
12.00w.
24. 00w. 18.00-21.00w.
20.00w.
18.00-25.00w.
18. 00w.
2. 25d.
9.00 w.
14.00w.
.................
.25 h.
M ONTHLY LABOR REVIEW,
277
EMPLOYMENT OFFICES IN THE U N IT E D STATES, OCTOBER, 1918—Continued.
M a c h in is ts .
H o ld e rs .
8 0 .68J h .
. 68 h .
. 75
.75
. 75
.75
h.
h.
h.
h.
P a in t e r s .
P la s te r e r s .
$ 0 .6 0 h .
SO. 75 h .
. 75 h .
. 55 h .
P lu m b e r s .
$0.75 h .
. 624'h .
S a le sw o m e n .
$ 6 .0 0 -9 .0 0 w .
10.00 vv.
.8 7 4 h .
6 .6 0 d .
.7 5 h .
1.00 h .
.8 7 J h .
.5 0 h .
.75 h .
.55 h .
.7 2 h .
.5 5 h .
.5 3 h .
.7 5 h .
. 75 h .
.6 8 h .
.6 8 h .
. 58 h .
. 60 h .
.5 0 h .
.7 0 h .
.7 0 h
. 6S -. 75 h .
.6 0 h .
.4 5 - .5 0 h .
. 70h.
. 72 h .
.5 0 h .
.7 0 h .
. 72 h .
.7 2 h .
.6 0 h .
. 60h.
.7 5 h .
1 .0 0 h .
.7 5 h .
.7 5 h .
15.00 w .
10 00 w .
10 00 w.
10 .0 0 -1 1 .0 0 w .
.72 h .
.68 h .
. 60 h .
, 6 7 |h .
• 82J h .
.7 2 h .
.75 h .
.6 8 h .
. 727. h .
.6 2 7 -. 72J h .
4 .0 0 d .
24.00 w .
.5 0 . 7 2 b .
. 72-. 80 h .
.6 8 h .
. 684 h .
1 .0 0 h .
. 87J h .
.62-1 h .
. 721 h .
6 .0 0 -1 5 .0 0 w
26.00 m .
. 72 h .
.7 5 h .
.7 5 h .
6 .0 0 6 .0 0 -
10.0 0 w.
10.00 W.
5 .0 0 -8 .0 0 w .
. 75 h .
5 .5 0 d .
.75 h .
. 50 h .
. 75 h .
.5 0 h .
1.00 h .
5 .0 0 d .
.5 0 h .
.7 0 h .
. 60 h .
. 80 h .
.7 0 h .
.7 0 h .
. 70 h .
.5 0 h .
. 5 0 - .65 h
.7 0 h .
.6 5 h .
15.00 w
. 6 0 - . 72J h .
. 65 h .
. 65 h .
.6 0 -.7 4 h .
4 .5 0 d .
. 75 h .
.8 0 h .
. 80 h .
. 80 h .
12.00 w .
10.00 w .
. 724h.
. 50 h .
5 .5 0 d .
.6 7 h .
6.75 d .
. 724 h .
5 .5 0 d .
5.00 d .
. 60 h .
6 .0 0 -1 0 .0 0
10.00 w.
. 50-. 65
. 45
.67
.4 5 -. 60
4.50
. 55
. 76
.5 0 - .5 8
.6 0 -. 70
h.
h.
h.
h.
d.
h.
h.
h.
h.
. 40-. 60 h .
. 6 0 - . 73J h .
. 50 h .
. 68 h .
.4 7 4 -.5 5 h .
24 .5 0 w .
15.00 w.
. 65 h .
5 .0 0 d .
6 .0 0 - 8 .0 0 d .
.4 5 -. 72 h .
.6 7 | h .
.6 0 h .
.5 0 h .
.3 5 h .
3 0 .0 0 h .
.7 5 h .
.4 5 -.5 0 h .
. 80 h .
4 .5 0 d .
. 80h.
. 70 h .
. 55 h .
.S ljh .
.3 5 -. 60 h .
. 811 h .
. 65 h .
8.5 0 w
1 2 .0 0 w .
12.00 w .
1 5 .0 0 -2 1 .0 0 vy.
. 50 h .
.5 5 h .
.7 0 h .
. 50~. 60 h .
. 40 h .
. 40-. 75 h .
. 3 0 - .60 h .
8 .0 0 -1 2 .0 0 w
5 .0 0 d .
.4 5 - .7 5 h .
5 .0 0 d .
.5 5 h .
5 .6 0 d .
.3 5 -, 50 h .
. 50 h .
.6 0 h .
.5 0 h .
.6 0 h .
.4 5 h .
.5 0 -. 60 h .
. 6 0 ~ .75 h .
.8 1 h .
7 .0 0 w .
2 .7 5 -3 .0 0 d .
6 .0 0 -1 2 00 w .
10 .0 0 -1 ?. 00 w .
.55 h .
4 .5 0 -6 .0 0 d .
.6 0 h .
.6 5 h .
.6 5 h .
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
.5 0 h .
.7 5 h .
8 A n d b o a r d a n d ro o m .
[1759]
.S 0 h .
.5 0 h .
15.00 w .
278
M ONTHLY LABOR REVIEW.
RATES OF WAGES PAID TO W ORKERS PLACED IN EMPLOYMENT B Y PUBLIC
State, city, and kind
of office.
Seamstresses.
Sewing
machine
operators,
male.
Sewing
machine
operators,
female.
Kansas:
Atchison (F ed .).................
Emporia (F ed .).................
$10 .00 w.
$ 10.00 w.
Hays (F ed .)........................
Hutchinson (F ed .)...........
Independence (Fed.)____
Kansas City (F ed .)..........
Parsons (F ed .)...................
Salina (F ed .)......................
Topeka (Fed., Sta.)..........
Wichita (Fed.)................. 2.00-3.00 d. $5. 00- 20 . 00 w.
Kentucky:'
Ashland (F ed .)..................
Covine ton (F ed.)...............
Henderson (F ed .).............
Lexington (F ed.)..............
Louisville (Fed.)............... 10 . 00- 12.0 0 w.
8.00 -12.0 0 w.
Louisville (Sta.)................
Owensboro (F ed .)............
Paducah (F ed .)................. 5.00-8.00 w.
4 . 00-6.00 w.
Louisiana:
Alexandria (F ed .)............
Baton Rouge (Fed.).........
Lake Charles (Fed.)..........
Monroe (F ed .)....................
New Orleans (Fed.)..........
3.50 d.
1.50 d.
2 1.0 0 w.
Shreveport (Fed., Mun.).
G. 00 w.
6.00 w.
Maine:
Augusta (F ed .).................. 10 . 00- 1 1 . 00 w.
10 . 00- 11.0 0 w.
Bangor (F ed .)....................
Bath (F ed .)........................
2.00 d.
. 15-, 22 h.
.3 5 -,4 2 h.
Biddeford (Fed., M un.)..
Lewiston (F ed .)................
18.00 w.
18.00 w.
Portland (Fed.).................
7.50-18.00 w.
Maryland:
Baltimore (Fed.)...............
Cumberland (F ed .)..........
15.00 w.
20.00 w.
25. 00 w.
Hagerstown (Fed.)............
Salisbury (F ed .)................
Massachusetts:
Boston (Fed., Sta.)..........
sio on i?novv
10.00 w.
Greenfield (Fed . ) . . ...........
Lawrence (F ed .)...............
N ew Bedford CFed.l___
Newburyport (F ed .)........
. 40 h.
.35 h.
North Adams (F ed .)........
Pittsfield (F ed .)................
Salem (F ed.)......................
Springfield (Fed., S ta .)...
Worcester (Fed., S t a .)..
Michigan:
Battle Creek (F ed .)..........
B ay City (F ed .)................
Benton Harbor (F ed .). .
9.00 w.
9.00 w.
Detroit (Fed., Sta.)..........
2.50 d
2.50 d.
Escanaba ( F e d . ) . ..........
Flint (F ed .)........................
Flint (S ta.).........................
Grand Rapids (Fed.)__
2.50 d.
12.00 w.
Grand Rapids (Sta.)........
Jackson (Fed.)...................
Jackson (S ta.).................... 8.00-15.00 w.
8.00-15.00 w.
Kalamazoo (F ed .)...........
. 20-. 30 h.
Kalamazoo (Sta.)..............
Lansing (S ta .).......... -........
Marquette (F ed .)..............
Muskegon (Fed.)...............
2.50-3. 00 d.
Muskegon (Sta.)___ . . . . .
Pontiac (F ed .)...................
Port Huron (Fed.). ___
. 25 h
Saginaw (S ta .)...................
Traverse City (F ed .)........
1And board.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
And maintenance.
£1700]
Stenog
raphers,
male.
Stenog
raphers,
female.
$12.50 w.
60.00 in.
$125.00 m.
60. 00 m.
80.00-100.00 m. 75.0090.00 m.
100.00 m. 75.00- 125.00 m.
100.00-150.00m. 50.0010 . 00-
12.5.00 m.
12 .0 0 w.
40.00-60.00 m. 20.00-40.00 m.
125.00 m.
100.00 m.
75. -00 m.
25.00 w.
85.00 m.
80.00 m.
100 . 00 m.
100.00 m.
15.00 w. 12.00-15.00 w.
20.00-30.00 w. 10.00-25.00 w.
15.00 w.
15.00 w.
900.00 y.
90.00-125.00 m.
SO. 00 m.
£0.00 m.
1 320 on
80.00 m.
80.00 m.
10.00 w.
15.00-17.00 w.
12.00-24.00 w. 12 OO 94 OOw
24.00 w. 10. 00-14.00 W.
60.00-80.00 m.
15.00 w.
15.00 w.
20.00 w.
15.00 w.
8. 00- 20.00 w . 8 . 00- 20.00 w.
15,00 18.00 w.
15.00 w.
100.00 m.
75.00 m.
15.00-25.00 w.
-Piecework.
M ONTHLY
279
LABOR REVIEW,
EMPLOYMENT OFFICES IN THE U N IT E D STATES, OCTOBER, 1918—Continued.
S tru c tu ra l
iro n w orkers.
Telephone
operators
(sw itch b o a rd ),
fem ale.
W aitresses.
W a iters.
$7.50 w .
40.00 m .
$10.00 w .
8 .0 0 w .
12.0 0 w .
0). 00 w.
9.00-15.50 w .
12.0 0 w .
20.0 0 w .
$8.00 w .
7.00 w.
$1. 00 h.
.S O h.
. 80 h .
,70 b.
. 871 h.
8 . 00 w.
6.00-8. 00 w.
6 .00-7.00 w.
75.00 m .
.70 h.
3.00-0.00 W.
5.00-8.00 w.
6 .00-12.00 w.
4.00-6.00 w.
.72 h.
. 75 h.
. 72-1 h.
. 721 h .
. 871 h.
. 87% tu
$0.30 h.
.35 h .
$0. 25 h.
. 25 h .
. 40 h .
.4 0 h .
.4 0 h.
.30 h .
.35 h.
. 35 h .
. 40 h .
. 25 h.
2 .1 0 d.
. 25 h.
.35 h.
2.50-3. 50 d.
6 .00-9.00 w.
.2 0 -. 35 h.
. 10-. 20 h.
.3 0 h.
2.0 0 d.
. 85 h.
Casual
w orkers,
fem ale.
.50 h.
2 .0 0 d.
. 75 h.
C asual
w orkers,
m ale.
.
3.00 d.
15.00 w.
7.00 W.
18.00 w .
17.00 W.
40.00 m .
16.00 w.
. 40 h.
. 53 h.
1.50 d.
8.00-14.00 w.
10.00 W.
5.00 w.
. 50 h .
.3 0 h .
7.00-13.00 w.
8 .00-12.00 w.
12.00 w.
. 30-. 40 h.
3.00 d.
3. 50 d.
.3 2 -. 40 h.
.2 5 - 30 h.
1 2.00 w.
4.00-7.00 w.
1 10.00 W.
9.00 w .
15.00 w.
10.00 W.
US. 00 m.
7.00 w.
15.00 w .
12. 00-15.00 w.
115.00 w.
8 .00-12.00 w.
2 .0 0 d.
12.00 w.
. 25 h.
.72 h.
10.00 w.
.4 0 h .
. 25 h.
19.00 w.
17.20 w.
. 35 h .
14.00 w.
. 45 h.
.70 h.
*30.00 m .
* 25.00 m.
5.00 w.
1
6 .2 5 h .
.3 0 h .
.3 5 -. 40 h.
.40 h.
.3 0 h .
. 35 h .
1. 00 h.
75.00-80.00 m.
7.00-8.00 w.
9.00 w.
.SO h.
12.00 w.
10.00 w.
. 45 h.
. 30 h .
12.00 w .
17.00 w.
19.00 w.
. 40 h.
.3 5 h.
. 40-, 50 h.
.30 h.
.2 5 h .
9.00 w.
7.00-8.00 w.
12.00 w.
410.00 w .
. 40-. 50 h.
. 40 h .
.35 h.
. 40 h.
. 30-. 35 h.
15.00-18.00 w.
.40 h.
.40 h.
. 40 h.
. 35 h.
. 30 h.
. 30 h.
.7 5 h .
14.00 W.
6.00-7.00 d.
8.00-10.00 w.
9.00 w.
.50 h.
. 30 h.
* And board and room.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
5 And car fare.
[1761]
6 Inexperienced.
. 25 h.
. 30 h.
280
M ONTHLY
L A B O E R E V IE W .
R A TES OF WAGES PA ID TO W OR K ER S PLACED IN EMPLOYMENT BY PUBLIC
State, city, and kind of
office.
Blacksmiths. Boiler makers.
Minnesota:
Albert Lea (Fed.)..............
Bemidji (F ed .)..'1.............
Duluth (F ed .,S ta .)..........
.80 h.
Mankato ( Fed., M un.). . .
Minneapolis (Fed., Sta.)..
Pipestone (Fied., Co.)___
St (Paul (Fed., Sta.. Mun.)
.65 h.
Mississippi:
Greenville (F ed.)..............
Gulfport (F ed .).’...............
.50 h.
Hattiesburg (Fed.)...........
Holly Springs (F ed .).. . . .
Jackson (F ed .)...................
. 50 h.
Meridian (Fed.).................
.60 h.
Natchez (F ed.)..................
Pascagoula (F ed.).............
Vicksburg (F ed.)..............
West Point (F ed .)............
Missouri:
Cape Girardeau (F ed .). . .
Hannibal (Fed., S ta .)___
4.00 d.
.Toplin (F ed.)......................
Sedalia (F ed.).................... . 60- . 75 h.
Springfield (F ed.).............
.50 h.
Montana:
Anaconda (Fed.)...............
6.50d.
Billings (F ed .)...................
G. 00 d.
Bozeman (F ed .)................
Butte (M un.).....................
. 68 h.
Glasgow (F ed .)..................
Great Falls (F ed .)............
. 75 h.
Havre (F ed .).....................
6.00 d.
Helena (Fed.).....................
6.00 d.
Kalispell (Fed., Sta.)___
Lewistown (Fed.).............
6.00 d.
Livingston (Fed.).............
6.00 d.
Miles City (F e d .).............
Missoula (F ed .)...............
Roundup (F ed .)...............
6 . 60 d.
Nebraska:
Hastings (F ed .).................
Lincoln (Fed., Sta.).........
.50 h.
Omaha (Fed., Sta., Co.,
Mun.)...............................
. 68 h.
Nevada:
Elko (F ed .)........................
4.50 d.
Reno (F ed .).....................
New Hampshire:
Berlin (F ed .)......................
Dover (F ed .)....................
Franklin (Fed.).................
. 72£ b.
Keene (F ed .)....................
Manchester (F ed .)............
4.00 d.
Nashua (F ed .)...................
Plym outh (F ed .)..............
3.50 d.
New Jersey:
Atlantic City (Fed., Sta.,
Mun.)...............................
Camden (Fed., Sta.,
Mun.)............................
.70-,80 h.
Hoboken (Fed., Sta.,
Mun.)...............................
Jersey City (Fed., Sta.,
Mun.)................................
.45-.65 h.
Newark (Fed.,
Sta.,
Mun.)................................
. 45-, 50 h.
OraDge
(Fed.,
Sta.,
Mun.)................................
Paterson (Fed., Sta.,
Mun.)...............................
24.00 w.
PerthAm boy (Fed., Sta.,
Mun.)................................
. 75 h.
Trenton (Fed., Sta.,
Mun.)................................
. 68 h.
Carpenters.
sj:n 35 h
. 30 In
. 70 h.
. 75 h.
.70 h.
.62 h.
40.00 m.
. 75 h.
. 87J h.
4.80 d.
. 60 h.
.60 h.
.60 h.
SO.90 h.
.85 h.
.81 h.
. 65 h.
. 75 h.
. 75 h.
. 70 h.
.80 h.
. 70 h.
6.00 d.
.68 h.
6.50d.
7.00 d.
. 874 h. . 60. 87h h. . 55.87h.
8.00 d.
. 68J h.
.70 h.
1.25 d.
55 h.
.65 h.
. 65 h.
. 70 h.
. 75 h.
.25 h.
12 .0 0 w.
6.50-8.00 d.
7.00 d.
. 35 h.
6.60 d.
35 h
r>o ft
1.0 0 h.
8.00 d.
8.00 d.
. 75 h.
6.60 d.
6.00 d.
6.00 d.
6.50 d.
6.00 d.
1.0 0 h.
. 60 h.
. 57 h.
2 0 .00 m.
. 55 h.
. 68 li.
.75 h.
. 68 h.
5.50 d.
Cleaners and
scrubbers,
female.
$0.50 h.
.60 h.
. 624 h.
. 70 h.
$0.68 h.
. 87J h.
6.50 d.
. 40-, 50 h.
3.00 d.
35 ft
.35 h.
6.00 d.
3.00 d.
.70 h.
30 ft
.40 h.
. 70 h.
.40 h.
5.50 d.
6.00 d.
. 54} h
. 80 h.
. 75 h
.60 h.
3.50-6.50 d
.60 1]
.70 h
.70 h.
. 70 h.
. 70-,80 h.
. 80h.
.62’- . 724 b.
13.00 w.
2.00 d.
2.00 d.
. 46- . 70 h.
. 45-. 50 h.
. 614-. 70 h.
2.00 d.
5.50 d.
2. COd.
2 .10 d.
. 75 h.
. 70 h.
. 70 h.
. 72J h.
. 75h.
. 79 h.
.30 h.
.60 h.
.S0 h.
.72 h.
2.10-2.80 d.
i On cook cars.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Bricklayers.
s And board.
[1762]
281
M ONTHLY LABOE REVIEW.
EMPLOYM ENT OFFICES IN THE U N IT E D STATES, OCTOBER, 1918—Continued.
Cooks, male.
Cooks, female.
Drivers,
teamsters, etc.
Dock laborers.
*75. 00 m.
110 .0 0 m.
50.00 m.
3.50 d.
84. 00 d.
18.00- 25.00 w.
50.00 m.
4.00 d.
. 45 h.
4.00 d.
.38 b.
6.00 w.
80.00 m.
50.00 m.
4. 00 w.
3.00 d.
2. 50- 5.00 w.
75. 00 m.
25.00 w.
_....._.....
2.00- 3.00 d.
40. 00 m.
.40 h.
60. 00 m.
3.50 d.
4. 50 d.
75.00 m.
5.00 d.
90. 00-100. 00 m.
4.00 d.
27.00 w.
75 00 m
30. 00-40. 00 m
21 00 m
05 OOm
3. 50 d. '
60.00-75.00 m.
3. 00 d.
5 00 d
85 00 in
4.50 d.
4.00 d.
105.00 m.
25.00 w.
45. 00 m.
65. 00 m
125.00 m.
35.00 w.
70 00 1/V) 00 m
30. 00 m.
$5.00 d.
.56 h.
.30 h.
. 45 h.
2.00 d.
.35 h.
100 00 m
i 8. 00 d.
$60.00 m.
60.00 m.
60.00 in.
50.00 m.
65.00- 70.00 m.
.40- .50 h.
70.00 m.
Hod carriers.
1.25 d.
80. 00 m
80. 00 m.
Farm bands.
2.0 0 d.
.30 h.
. 45 h.
.40 b.
.40h.
3.50- 4.00 d.
75.00 m.
75.00-85.00 m.
3. 50 d.
6.00 d.
4. 50 d.
50.00-65.00 m.
3.50 d.
50. 00-60.00 m.
4.00 d.
75.00 m.
5.00 d.
5.00 d.5.00 d.
5.50
d
30.00 m!
00. 00 m
115.00 m
65.00 m.
4.00 d.
25.00 w.
12 .0 0 w.
18.00 w.
18.00 w.
50.00 m.
60.00 m.
^30.00 w.
20.00 w.
22.00 w.
65.00 m.
. 50 h.
4. 50 d.
85.00 m.
75.00 m.
50.00 m.
100.00 m.
^ 4 .00 d.
4.50 d.
60.00 m .
3.00 d.
2 8.00 w
*65.00 m
21. 50 w.
3.50 d.
8 40.00 m.
12 .0 0 w.
3.00 d.
3.00 d.
125.00 m.
15. 00 w.
3
50.00 m.
SO. 00 m.
Iß. 00-95. no w
5.00 d.
2.00 d.
1.0 0 d.
40.00-60.00 m
. 50 h.
18.00 w
8.00 w.
. 45 h.
90.00 m.
10 00 14 00 w
18 00 25 00 w
10.00-14 00 w
18.00 22.00 \v
. 62J h.
. 42 h.
40.00 m.
21.0 0 w
20. 00 w
30.00-60.00 m.
60.00 m.
40.00 m.
21.0 0 w.
. 50 h.
45.00 m.
. 65 h.
SO. 00 m.
40.00 m.
22.00 w.
.50h.
40. OOm.
.50 h.
. 50 h.
35.00-50.00 m.
.50 h.
75. 00-100. 00 m.
.40h.
40.00-80.00 m
8And b o a rd a n d ro o m .
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[
1703
? $1.00 h . o v e r tim e .
]
282
M O NTHLY LABOR REVIEW,
RATES OF WAGES PAID TO W OR K ER S PLACED IN EMPLOYMENT B Y PUBLIC
State, city, and kind of
office.
House
servants.
Minnesota:
Albert Lea (F ed .).............
$6.00 w.
Bemidji (F ed .)..................
». 00 w.
Duluth (Fed., Sta.)..........
30.00 m.
Mankato (Fed.. M un.). . .
Minneapolis (Fed., S ta .).
Pipestone (Fed.., Co.)----St. Paul (Fed., Sta.,
M un.)...............................
30.00 m.
Mississippi:
Greenville (F ed .)..............
Gulfport (F e d .)...............
Hattiesburg (F ed .)..........
Holly Springs (Fed.).......
Jackson (F ed.)...................
Meridian (F ed .)................
20.00 m.
Natchez (F ed .).................. 2.50- 4.00 vv.
Pascagoula (Fed.).............
Vicksburg (F ed .)..............
W est Point (F ed .)............
Missouri:
Cape Girardeau (F ed .). . .
Hannibal (Fed., Sta.)___
Joplin (F ed .).....................
Sedalia (Fed.)....................
Springfield (Fed.).............
7.00 w.
Anaconda (F ed.)............... 35.00-60.00 m.
Billings (F e d .).)...............
40.00 m.
Bozeman (Fed.)................
Butte (M un.)..................... 35.00-40.00 m.
Glasgow (F ed .)..................
30.00 m.
Great Falls (F ed .)........
10.00 w.
Havre (F ed .)___ ’.............. 25.00-35.00 m.
Helena (Fed.).................... 35. 00-50.00 m.
Kalispell (Fed., Sta.)___
30.00 m.
Lewistown (Fed.).............
35.00 m.
Livingston (F ed .)...........
30.00 m.
Miles City (F ed.)..............
30.00 m.
Missoula (F ed .)...............
40.00 m.
Roundup (F ed .).............
30.00 m.
Nebraska:
Hastings (F ed .).................
6.00 w.
Lincoln (Fed., S ta .).........
7.00 w.
Omaha (Fed.j Sta., Co.,
Mun.).............................
10.00 w.
Nevada:
Elko (F ed .)........................
12.00 w.
Reno (F ed .).......................
35.00 m.
New Hampshire:
Berlin (F ed .).....................
Dover (F ed .).....................
1 5.00 w.
Franklin (F ed .)..............
1 5.00 w.
Keene (F ed.)..................
Manchester (F ed .)__
5.00 w.
Nashua (F ed .).................
Plymouth (F ed .)............
New Jersey:
Atlantic City (Fed., Sta.,
Mun.).............................
8.00 w .
Camden (Fed.,
Sta.,
Mun.)........................
Hoboken, (Fed., Sta.,
M un.).....................
Jersey City (Fed., Sta.,
M un.)........... ............
Newark (Fed.,
Sta.,
Mun.)........... ..................
Orange
(Fed.,
Sta.,
M un.)....................
35.00 m.
Paterson (Fed., Sta.,
Mun.).................
35.00 m.
Perth Amboy (Fed., Sta..
Mun.)....................
20. 00-40. 00 m.
Trenton (Fed., Sta.,
Mun.)...........................
2.00 d.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Inside
wiremen.
$0.75 h.
Laborers.
$0. 40 h.
55.00 m.
4.00 d.
. 40-. 45 h.
. 40-. 45 h.
. 45 h.
.55 h.
Laundry
operators,
male.
Laundry
operators,
female.
$20.00 w.
. 40 h. 16. 00-25. 00 w.
10 .0 0 w.
2.50 d.
. 60 h.
.75 h.
. 70- . 75 b.
. 75 b.
6.50 d.
. 75 h.
1.0 0 h.
5.25 d.
■8.00 d.
. 35 h.
2,50 d.
. 35 h.
.25- . 35 h.
.40 h.
2.00- 3.85 d.
2.75 d.
.35 h.
.35 h.
.30- .45h.
.35- . 40 h.
.35 h.
20 . 00 w.
9.00 w.
18. 00 w.
10.00 w.
4.50 d.
25.00 w.
15.00 w.
. 50 h.
3.50 d.
40.00 m.
4.50 d.
3.00- 5.00 d.
. 50 h.
4.50 d.
125.00 m.
80. 00 m.
. 50 h. 22.00-35.00 w. 12.00-25.00 w.
1 0 0 d.
24. 00 w.
19.00 w.
3.50 d.
50 h.
30.00 w.
25.00 w.
• 50 b.
4.00 d.
5.00 d.
. 80 h.
.40 li.
«r
. 80 h.
IS. 00 w.
12.0 0 w.
22.00 w.
15.00 vv.
3.50 d.
3. 50 d.
.42 h.
.50 h.
.40 h.
3.00- 4.00 d.
4.25 d.
. 40- . 50 h.
. 45 h.
. 58-, 75 h.
.40-
2 1 . 00 w.
18.00 w.
.40 h.
7.00 w.
. 50 h.
2.00 d.
.40-
. 45 h.
.40-
. 45 h.
. 45 h.
• UJ 11.
. 75 h.
. 75 h.
]And board.
[1764]
10.00 w.
2.50- 3.00 d.
16.00 w.
17.00 w.
15.00 w.
.3 8 |- . 55 h.
6.00-18.00 w.
233
M O N TH LY LABOE EEYIEW,
EMPLOYMENT OFFICES IN THE U N IT E D STATES, OCTOBER, 1918—Continued.
Machinists.
Holders.
Painters.
Plasterers.
Plumbers.
CO. 50 h.
$0.70 h.
SO. 68 h.
SO. 80 fa.
SO. 70 h.
Saleswomen.
815. 00 w .
. 75 fa.
.60 h.
.65 h.
. 60 h.
.60fa.
.75 fa.
.85 fa.
10.00 w.
,60h.
. 75 h.
. 75 h.
. 70 h.
.50 h.
. 75 h.
3.50 d.
.50
. 80 h.
. 871 h.
. 87-| fa.
6. 00- 20.00 w.
40.00 m.
8. 00- 20 . 00 w.
. 55 h.
.60- . 70 h.
.75 h.
7.00- 8 .00 d.
.60 h.
75 h
.60 fa.
75 h
. 90 h.
10.00 w.
.68 h.
5.50 d.
. 65 h.
. 75 fa.
.65- .80 h.
. 75 h.
f . 50 d.
. 68 h.
6.50- 7.00 d.
6.50- 7.00 d.
8.00 d.
8.00 d.
5.50 d.
8.00 d.
6.00 d.
1.0 0 fa.
8.00 d.
aood.
1.00 fa.
8.00 d.
8.00 d.
75.00 rn.
75.00 m.
65.00-125.00 m.
60. OOxa.
6.00 d.
5. .50- 6.00 d.
1.0 0 h.
8.00 <1.
12 .0 0 w.
50.00 m.
fa.
8. 00 w.
10.00 w.
5. 77} d.
5. 77} d.
. 75 h.
. 68 h.
6.50 d.
. 75 h.
7.00 d.
.68 h.
5. 77} d.
1.00 h.
50.00 m.
75.00 m.
6.60 d.
. 60 h.
.55 fa.
. 70 h.
.68fa.
. 40 h.
. 70 h.
. 75 h.
.45 h.
. 75 h.
.72 h.
. 65- . 72} h.
. 75 h.
.SOfa.
5.20 d.
6.50 d.
1.00
. 87} h.
5.00 d.
5.00 d.
4.00 d.
15.00 w.
12.00 w.
.60 h.
. 60 fa.
6.00 d.
.60-
. 87} fa.
8.00 w.
. 70 fa.
. 90 h.
. 70 h
. 75 h.
lO.OOw.
.70 fa.
.75h.
10 . 00 w.
.60 fa.
. 62}
. 65 h.
. 45- . 80 h.
•C0 h.
.60-
. 65 h.
.50-
. 65 fa.
.50-
.65 fa.
0.00 w.
. 75h.
. 75 h.
.65- . 15h.
.72- , 90 h.
.75 fa.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
.50 fa.
.45 In-
.7511.
12.00 w.
. 62} h.
: <5hj
.75h.
.0. 00-30.00 w.
,55h.
©
F
.70h.
.75 h.
2.00- 3.00 L '
2 A n d fo u n d .
[1765]
284
M ONTHLY LABOE EEVIEW.
R A T E S O F W A G E S P A ID
State, city, and kind
of omce.
TO
Seamstresses.
Minnesota:
Albert Lea (Fed.)............
Bemidji (Fed.).................
Duluth (Fed., Sta)..........
Mankato (Fed., M u n .)...
Minneapolis (Fed., Sta.).
Pipestone (Fed., Co.)___
St.Paul (Fed., Sta., Mun.)
Mississippi:
Greenville (F ed .)..............
Gulfport (F ed .).................
Hattiesburg (Fed.)............
H olly Springs (F ed .).......
Jackson (Fed.)...................
Meridian (Fed.).................
Natchez (F ed .)..................
Pascagoula (F ed .).............
Vicksburg (F ed .)..............
West Point (F ed .)............
Missouri:
Cape Girardeau (F ed .). . .
Hannibal (Fed., Sta.)___
Joplin (F ed .)......................
Sedalia (F ed .)__
Springfield (Fed.)..............
Montana:
Anaconda (F ed .)...
Billings (F ed .)..........
Bozeman (F ed .).........
Butte (M un.)..........
Glasgow (F ed .).......
Great Falls ( Fed.) ... .
Havre (F ed .)___
Helena (F ed .)..
Kalispell (Fed., S ta .)...
Lewistown (F ed .)..
Livingston (F ed .)..
Miles City (F e d .)....
Missoula (F ed .)..
Roundup (F ed.) ..
Nebraska:
Hastings (F ed .)..
Lincoln (Fed.. Sta.')..
Omaha (Fed., Sta., Co.,
Mun.).............
Nevada:
Elko (F e d .)...
Reno (F ed .)__
New Hampshire:
Berlin (F ed .)__
Dover (F ed .)...
Franklin (F ed.)..
Keene (Fed.)
Manchester (Fed.)
Nashua (F ed .)..
Plymouth (F ed .)___
New Jersey:
Atlantic City (Fed., Sta.
M un.)...
Camden (Fed.
Sta.,
Mun.).........
Hoboken (Fed., Sta.,
M un.).............
Jersey City (Fed., Sta.,
M un.).......
Newark (Fed.,
Sta.,
M un.)...
Orange
(Fed.,
Sta..
M un.)...........
Paterson (Fed., Sta.,
M un.).........
Perth Amboy (Fed., Sta.,
M un.)...........
Trenton (Fed., Sta.,
M un.)............. .......
W O RK ERS PLACED
Sewing
machine
operators,
male.
E M P L O Y M E N T B Y P U B L IC
Sewing
machine
operators,
female.
Stenog
raphers,
male.
$ 100.00 m.
$ 12.0 0 w. $18.00-22. OOw.
Stenog
raphers,
female.
con no m
80.00 in.
40.00-75.00 m.
75 on rn
125.00 m.
$12 .0 0 w. 75.00-100.00 m. 65.00-95.00 m.
2.00 d.
60.00-80.00 m.
100.00-125.00m 40 oo-100 00 m
10 . 00- 20.00 w.
1.25-2.00 d.
75.00 m.
60.00-105.00 m.
2.00 d.
10 . 00- 20.00 w.
2.00 d.
125.00-175.00 m. 90.00-150.00m.
100 OOm
jno 00 m
75.00 m.
2 3.00 d.
3.00 d.
3 00
.2
85 OOm
19,5 00 m
85 oo m
125.00 m.
100.00 m.
50 rl 1 OO 00 195 OOrn p^n 00- 1 90 oo m
125.00 m.
100 . 00 m.‘
2.50-3.00 d.
100 .00- 1 10.00 m.
90 00 \v
75.00 m'.
100 OOTil'
2.00 d.
8.00 w.
12 .0 0 w.
18 nn nr
8.00 w.
85.00 m.
bu. uu m.
3.50 d.
100.00 m.
120.00 m.
.................... ;■**
75.00 m.
id.
Uu ill.
75.00 m.
13 oo w
05 00 m
15.00 w.
95 on w t
10.00-18.00 w-
a on_95 no
20.00 w.
15 00 25 00 w
in nn_i 95 oo m
15 00-25 00 w
18 OO ixr
16.00 w
00 w
2U. UU W.
4.00-14.00 w.
8 . 00 w
J.............
1 A n d b o ard .
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
IN
9.00-35.00 w. ¡’5.00-125.00 m. Z5.00-100.00 m,
2A n d m e a ls .
[1T6G]
75 oo 11 o oo rn
M ONTHLY
285
L A B O R R E V IE W ,
EMPLOYMENT OFFICES IN THE UNITED STATES, OCTOBER, 1918—Continued.
Structural
iron workers.
Telephone
operators
(switchboard),
female.'
Waitresses.
Waiters.
17.00 w.
$9.00 w.
$0.70 h.
10.00 w.
9.00 w.
$9.00 w.
10.00 w.
15.00-20.00 w.
Casual
workers,
male.
SO. 30 h.
55.00 m.
. 45 h.
Casual
workers,
female.
$0. 30 h.
. 45-. 50 h.
. 35 h.
.45 h.
. 30-.35 h.
2.50 d.
1.50 d.
3.00 d.
10.00 w.
i 6.00 w.
40.00 m.
7.50 W .
50.00 m.
20.00-40.00 m.
2.50 d.
10.00 w.
6.
00 w .
■ '
l
y
75 h
. 80 h.
5.00-10.00 w.
.80h.
50.00 m.
6. 50-7.00 d.
1.00. h.
. 75 h.
~ . 30 h.
10.00 w.
7. 00 w.
. 25 h.
l.OOd.
21.00 w.
14.00 w.
40.00 m.
.50 h.
. 25 h.
5.00 d.
. 50 h.
. 50 h.
.501).
3.00 d.
3.00 d.
. 50 h.
4.50 d.
.35 h.
. 50 h.
. 35 h.
. 40 h.
2.00-3.00 d
2. OOd.
. 35 h.
3. OOd.
. 50 h.
4.00 d.
. 35h.
75.00 m.
65.00-75.00 m.
16.50 w.
5 3.00-4.00 d.
4.00 d.
16.00 w.
16.00 w.
16.50 w.
3 60.00 m.
3.00 d.
50.00-85.00 m.
21.00 w.
10.00-15.00 w.
15.00 w.
10.00-12.00 w.
75.09 m.
50.00 m.
10.00 w.
10.00 w.
. 35 h.
. 40 h.
.35 h.
15.00 w.
12.00 w.
.40 h.
. 35 h.
3.00 d.
2.00 d.
35.00 m.
. 50 h.
7.00 d.
.72Jh.
. 30 h.
.53 h.
35.00 m.
eo.oom.
50.00 m.
1 7. 00 w.
3 5. 00 w.
6. 00 w.
40.00 m.
3.00 d.
3.00-3. 50 d.
.26-.35 h.
3.00 d.
30.00-50.00 m.
10.00 w.
4.00 d.
25.00-70.00 m.
.35-. 40 h.
35.00 m.
. 40 h.
. 25 h.
7.00 w.
.35h.
. 25 h.
50.00 m.
.S0h.
2.00 d.
* 14.00-30.00 m.
.52-.58 h.
. GOh.
.801).
18.00 w.
8.00 w.
. 25 h.
. 80 h.
8.00-15.00 w.
. 40-. 55 h.
.30h.
. 80 h.
3.50-4.00 d.
9.00-15.00 w. i 40.00-60.00 m. i 36.00-50.00 m.
! While learning.
-And hoard and room.
2.12 d.
92434°—19-----19
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
[1767]
286
MONTHLY LABOR RKVUiW.
RATES OF W AGES PAID TO W ORKERS PLACED IN EMPLOYMENT B Y PUBLIC
State, city, and Lind of Blacksmiths. Boiler makers
. Bricklayers. | Carpenters.
office.
New Mexico:
Albuquerque (Fed.).__
Deming (Fed.).............
Raton (Fed.)...............
Roswell (Fed.).............
Santa Fe (Fed., Sta.)...
New York:
Amsterdam (Fed.)........
Auburn (Fed.)..........
Binghamton (Fed.)......
Cortland (Fed.)...........
Elmira (Fed., Sta.).___
Glens Falls (Fed.).........
Gloversville (Fed.).........
Ithaca (Fed.)................
Jamestown (Fed.). ..
Kingston (Fed., Sta.)__
Newburgh (Fed.. Sta.)...
Niagara Falls (Fed.)......
North Tonawanda (Fed.).
Olean (Fed.)...........
Oneonta (Fed.).......
Oswego (Fed.).........
Poughkeepsie (Fed.)......
Rome (Fed.).........
Schenectady (Fed.).......
Troy (Fed.)..................
Utica (Fed.).................
Watertown (Fed.)... i
Yonkers (Fed.)............
North Carolina:
Asheville (Fed.)......
Charlotte (Fed.)........
Elizabeth City (Fed.)!.!!
Newbern (Fed.).........
Raleigh (Fed.)........
Wilmington (Fed.)...
Winston-Salem ’(Fed.,
Mun.)..................
North Dakota:
Bismarck (Fed.)...
Devils Lake (Fed.)...
Dickinson (Fed.)..
Grand Forks (Fed.). . .
Jamestown (Fed.)..
Minot (Fed.)......... '
Oakes (Fed.)......
Ohio:
Air Nitrates (Fed., Sta.,
Mun.).............
Akron (Fed., Sta., Mun.).
Ancor (Fed., Sta., Mun.)
Barberton (Fed., Sta.,
Mun.).............
Canton (Fed., Sta., Mun.)
ChUlicothe (Fed., Sta.,
Mun.).............
Cincinnati (Fed., Sta.,
Mun.)...........
Cleveland (Fed., Sta.,
Mun.)..........
Columbus (Fed., Sta.,
Mun.)..........
Coshocton (Fed., Sta.,
Mun.).............
Dayton (Fed., Sta.,
Mun.).......
Findlay(Fed., Sta.,Mun.)
Hamilton (Fed., Sta.,
Mun.)..........
Lima (Fed., Sta., Mun.)..
Lorain (Fed., Sta., Mun.)
Mansfield (Fed., Sta.,
Mun.).............
Marietta (Fed., Sta.,
Mun.)..........
SO.75 li.
4.00 d.
*0.60 h.
. 45 h.
. 70h.
. 40 h.
.6 8
h.
. 60 h.
. 45-. 60 h.
. 55 h.
. 75 h.
. 75 h .
. 60 h.
. 87) h.
7. 70 d.
. 70 h.
. 68 h.
SO.87) h.
. 75 h.
. 87) h.
. 75 h.
. 75 h.
. 70 h.
. 65 h.
.57 h.
. 57) h.
. 88) h.
. 60 h.
. 65 h.
....... 75 li.
. 73 h .
.70 h.
.45 h.
.68 h .
.60 h.
. 60 h .
.60 h .
.50 h .
1.00 h.
.55-.65 h.
.65 h.
. 65 h.
. 82) h.
. 87) h.
.90 h.
.60 h.
.55 h.
.85 h.
.62) h.
.55-.65 h.
.50-. 62)h.
1 And board and room.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
?0.60h.
.60- .75 h. ..................
.60- .75 h.
. 60 h.
SO.35 h.
6 .00d.
. 57 h.
.60 h.
. 50 h.
. 45 h.
. 68 h.
.60 h.
Cleaners and
scrubbers,
female.
.62) h.
. 55-.65 h.
.90 h.
.90 h .
.87)-. 90 h.
. 60 h.
.55 h.
""s.’edh."
. 85 h.
.S0h.
........... . 80 h.
.60 h.
2 And board.
[1768]
. 70 h.
.70 h.
.58 h.
. 60 h.
60 h
. 70 h.
.45- .51 h.
.65 h.
. 68 h.
.60 h.
. 65 h.
.55- .65 h.
. 68 h.
. 70 h.
. 65 h.
. 65 h.
. 65 h.
.55 h.
.60 h.
.65 h.
.55 h.
.60 h.
. 65 h.
.60 h.
.75 h.
.75 h.
.65 h.
75 h.
.60 h.
. 75 h.
. 53 h.
.75 h.
h.
.80 h.
.65 h.
. 70 h.
. 60- . 75 h.
.60 h.
.65 h.
. 60- .85 h.
.65- . 70 h.
.60 h.
.70 h.
.60 h.
. 65 h.
.55 h.
. 70 h.
.65 h.
. 50 h.
.25 h.
i. 50-2.00 d.
2.00 d.
2.00 d.
. 45 h.
.25-. 30 h.
2.00 d.
2.00 d.
. 25 h.
45.00 m.
.25 h.
12.00 w.
2.00 d.
2 1,50-2.00 d.
.30 h.
.30 h.
1.50 d.
.30 h.
.40 h.
. 25 h.
.30 h.
.6 8 1
.25 h.
1.75 d.
2.35 d.
1.75-2.00 d.
2.10 d.
1.75-2.00 d.
1.50 d.
. 30 h.
a w ith house.
1.50 d.
287
monthly labor review,
EMPLOYMENT OFFICES IN THE UNITED l-STATES, OCTOBER, 1918—Continued.
Cooks, male.
Cooks, female.
8100.00 m.
100.00 m.
$75.00 m.
50.00 m.
25.00-75.00 m.
2.50 d.
25.00-60.00 m.
Drivers,
teamsters, etc.
7.00 w.
5.00-10.00 w.
25.00-60.00 m.
12.00 w.
25.00-60.00 m.
2 50.00 m.
15. 00 W.
21.00 w.
i 30.00 m.
18.00 w.
75.00 m.
1 16.00 w.
30.00 m.
10.00 W.
10. (X) w.
40.00- 60.00 m.
8.00-12.00 w.
15.00- 18.00 w.
.33 h.
is on 9.o on w
. 55 h.
. 40 h.
18.00-22.00 w.
25.00 w.
3. 00 d.
4.00-5.00 w.
. 30 h.
3.50 d.
90.00 m.
50.00 m.
50.00 m.
3. 50 d.
20.00 w.
20.00 w.
90.00 m.
20.00 \v.
100.00 m.
15.00 w.
15.00 w.
20.00 w.
24.00 w.
. 40 h.
20.00 w.
4.00 d.
i 9.00 w.
10.00 w.
. 37* h.
24.00 w.
20.00 w.
12.00 w.
20.00 w.
« 12.00-18.00 w.
* 12.00-15.00 w.
4.00 A. 50 d.
100.00 m.
8.00 w.
25.00 w.
12.00 w.
25.00 w.
12.00 w.
20.00
. 36- 43 h.
. 45 h.
. 60 h.
.55 h.
;.4 5 h .
. 65-1.00 h.
.40 h.
. 35 h.
2.00 d.
. 30 h.
. 30 h.
.................. 40 li. "
.30 h.
50.00 m.
65.00 m.
55.00 m.
25.00 w.
75.00 m.
40.00 m.
40.0050.00 m.
35.00- 60.00 m.
35.00 m.
3 45.00 m.
40.0045.00 m.
45.00- 70.00 m. . . .
30.0060.00 m.
.45h.
24.00 w.
6.00 w.
4.00 w.
5.00 w.
20.00 w.
7.00 d.
$0. 40 h.
50.00 m.
30.00-50.00 m. ................................
$3.50 d.
18.00 w.
i 30.00 m.
75.00 m.
15.00 w.
45.00 m.
3.00 d.
70.00 m.
18.00 w.
3.00 d.
15.00 w.
100.00 m.
50.00-70.00 m.
Hod carriers.
$2.00-3.00 d.
2.00d.
3.00 d.
2.00-3.00 d.
1.75 d.
$60.00 m.
4.00 d.
i 6.00-8.00 w.
60.00 m.
75.00 m.
Farm bands.
Dock laborers.
w.
35.00-50. 00 m.
45.00 m.
. 50 h.
. 55 h.
. .65 h.
.3 7 |h .
40.00 m.
30.00-40.00 m.
. 50 h.
. 50 b.
1 40.00 m.
. 55 b.
. 60 h.
i 45.00-60.00 m.
. 55-. 65 h.
. 45 h.
40.00 m.
40.00-50.00 m.
3.75 d.
4.00 d.
85.00 m.
.35 h.
. 40 h.
40.00 m.
40.00 m.
. 45 h.
2. 50 d.
. 45 h.
15.00 w.
‘And meals.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
3.00 d.
35.00-40.00 m.
18.00 w.
8.00 w.
. 50 h.
80.00 m.
60.00 m.
3.00 d.
75.00 m.
75.00 m.
50.00 m.
80.00 m.
s Piece work.
[1769]
288
M ONTHLY
L A B O R R E V IE W ,
RATES OF WAGES PAID TO WORKERS PLACED IN EMPLOYMENT BY PUBLIC
State, city, and kind of
office.
New Mexico:
Albuquerque (F ed .)........
Deming (F ed .)..................
Raton (F ed .).....................
. Roswell (F ed .)..................
Santa Fe (Fed., S ta .)___
New York:
Amsterdam (Fed.)...........
Auburn (F ed .)..................
. Binghamton (F ed .)..........
Cortland (F ed .).................
Elmira (Fed., Sta.)..........
. Glens Falls (F ed .)............
Gloversville (F ed .)...........
Ithaca (F ed .).....................
. Jamestown (F ed .)............
. Kingston (Fed., S ta .)___
Newburgh (Fed., S ta .)...
Niagara Falls (F ed .)........
North Tonawanda (Fed.)
Olean (F ed .)......................
. Qneonta (F ed .).................
Oswego (F ed .)...................
Poughkeepsie (F ed .)........
.Rome (F ed .)......................
Schenectady (F ed .)..........
Troy (F ed .)....................
.1Utica. (F ed .)___. . . . . . . . . .
.Watertown (F ed .)............
.Yonkers (F ed .)................
North Carolina:
.Asheville (F ed .)...............
Charlotte (F e d .)..
Elizabeth City (F ed .)___
Newbern (F ed.)...............
Raleigh (F ed .)...................
Wilmington (F ed.).......
Winston-Salem (F ed.M un.).......................
North Dakota:
Bismarck (F ed .)...............
Devils Lake (F ed .)..........
Dickinson (F e d .)..
Fargo (F ed.)......................
Grand Forks (F ed.).........
Jamestown (F ed .)..........
, Minot (F ed.).............
Oakes (Fed.)...........
Ohio:
Air Nitrates (Fed., Sta .
M un.)..................
Akron (Fed., Sta., Mun.).
Ancor (Fed., Sta., Mun.).
Barberton (Fed., Sta.,
Mun.)..........................
Canton (Fed., Sta., Mun.)
Chillicothe (Fed., Sta.,
Mun.).............................
Cincinnati (Fed., Sta.,
M un.)..........................
Cleveland(Fed.,Sta.,Mun.)
Columbus (Fed., Sta.,
M u n .)..............
Coehocton (Fed., Sta.,
Dayton (Fed., Sta., Mun.)
Findlay (F ed.,Sta.,Mun.)
Hamilton (Fed., Sta.,
Mun.)................
Lima (Fed., Sta., Mun.)..
Lorain (F ed.,Sta.,Mun.)..
Mansfield (Fed., Sta.,
Mun.)...............
Marietta (Fed., Sta.,
Mun.)......................
House
servants.
wiremen.
Laundry
operators,
male.
Laundry
operators,
_ female.
$0. 25
$30.00 m.
30.00 m.
25.00 m.
10. GOh.
7.00 w.
5. 00 w.
7.00 w.
5.00-10. 00 w.
. 683 h.
. 35 h.
GO. 00 m.
3.20 d.
. 35- . 40 h.
3.85 d.
4.10 d.
. 35 h.
.36 h.
. 40 h.
. 45 h.
.40 h.
10. 00 w.
25. 00-30.00 m.
35.00 m.
6.00-10.00 w.
.53 h.
........... 5.00 w.
5.00-7.00 w.
25.00 m.
.50 h.
7. ,0ft w.
9.00-10.00 w.
5.50- 8.00. w.
5.00- 8.00 w.
10.00 w.
. 45 h.
..65-ho
. 75 h.
3.50 w,
4. 00 w.
. 65 h.
3.00 w.
5.00 w.
.70 h.
. 72i h.
1 Jjf) ri
$15.00 w.
$6.00-10.00 w.
. 45 h.
10. 00 w.
2. 50- 3. 00 d. 18. 00-20. 00 w. 12. 00-15.00 w.
. 40 h.
12.00 w.
.40 h.
. 50 h.
3.20 d.
3.50-4.00 d.
.35- .40 h.
.33- . 45 h.
. 45 h.
. 15 h.
1 .35 h.
. 42 h.
8.00 w.
. 50h.
14.00 w.
14.00 w.
.35- . 45 h. 2.25- 2.50 d. 10.00-15.00 w.
3.00 d.
. 374 h.
. 30 h.
. 30 h.
. 35 h.
2.50-3.00 d.
. 30 h.
. 35 h.
. 30 h.
35.00 m.
2.50 d.
8.00 w.
0.00 w.
. 70 h.
7.00 w.
9.00 w.
65 h
.00 h.
. G8J h.
£6 .50 w.
6.50 w.
.50- . 65 h .
• 62’ h.
340.00 m.
8.00-10.00 w.
.60 h.
. 65- .75 h.
. 72i h .
4.00 w.
9.00 w.
. 40 h.
7.00 w.
. 50 h.
. 40 h.
. 40 h.
. 40 h.
. 40 h
. 40 h.
. 45 h.
.40 h.
.45 h.
90.00 m.
12.00 w.
20.00 w.
10. 00 w.
10.00 w.
20.00 w.
12.00 w.
18. OOw.
18.00 w.
14. OOw.
10. 00 w.
. 40- . 45 h.
. 45 h.
. 40 h.
.40 h
.40- . 45 h.
! 40 h.
.40- . 60 h.
. 40 h.
. 40 h.
.374- .40 h.
3.50 d.
6.00 w.
8.00 w.
h
. 40 h.
.42 h.
20.00 w.
. 40 h.
. 35 h.
. 3 3 - .3 9
.30- ,40h.
s Pie ce work.
1And 10 per cent bonus.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Laborers.
[1770]
12.00 w.
. 25 h.
1.50 d.
M ONTHLY
289
L A B O E R E V IE W ,
EMPLOYMENT OFFICES IN THE UNITED STATES, OCTOBER, 1918—Continued.
Machinists.
Molders.
Painters.
Plasterers.
$5. 77J d.
. 87Î h.
. 75 h.
7.00 d.
. 55- . 60 h.
. 55 h.
25.00 w.
.50- .751).
.41- . 47 h.
.41- . 60 h.
. 55 h.
. COh.
. 75 h.
. 55 h.
. 60 h.
. 73 h.
10. 70 h.
.
. 50 h.
. 74 h.
. 85 h.
. 90 h.
. 65 h.
. 65 h.
. 63J h.
. 50 h.
.65 h.
. 75 h.
.73 h.
. C2J- . 72i h.
Saleswomen.
$1.00 h.
. 87J h.
815.00 w.
. 87 h.
7.00 d.
15.00 w.
. 70 h.
9.00 w.
»0.65 h.
.50 h.
5.50 d.
7.00- 8.00 w.
9.00 w.
4.50 d.
.60 h.
. 65 h.
. 50 h.
. 70 h.
.85 h.
. 79 h.
255.00 w.
5.25 d.
. 56 h.
. 68 h.
.38. 68. 72.53.50.37-
Plumbers.
..............................
. 75 h.
,53 h.
.68 h.
$0.75 h. . 85 h,
5.00 d.
. 75 h.
. 70 h.
e.ood.
.62* h.
.40- .60 h.
. 62i h.
. 62 Vh.
.60 h.
. 60 h.
. 65 h.
. 50 h.
. 55 h.
.55 h.
.85 h.
9.00 w.
10.00-15.00 w.
. 68 h.
9.00-12.00 w.
.52 h.
2..5 24 h.
............... 6.‘ÓÓd."
30.00 w
. 19 h.
10.0012:00 w.
8.00- 10.00 w.
8:00-12.00 w.
7.00- 12.00 w.
9.00 w.
9.00 w.
8. 00 w.
.75 h.
.75 h.
. 75 h.
5:00 w.
.75 h..
.60 h.
.60 h.
.60 h.
15.00 w.
. 60- . 65 h.
.70 h.
2 7.00 d.
5.50 d.
,62 th .
.55' h.
.60 h.
. 75 h.
.60 h.
.75 h.
5.00 d.
.75 h.
10.00 w.
10.00 w.
. 65 h.
.75 h.
6.50 d.
.65 h.
.60 h.
.75 h.
. 75 h.
.75 h.
8.00 w.
. 45 h.
.60- .85 h.
.70 h.
5.50 d.
.55 h.
.60- .80 h.
. 68* h.
.65- .70 h.
. 683
.80- 1.00 h.
.68 h.
6.17 d.
.60 h.
.75 h.
5.50- 6.50 d.
.50 h.
.50 h.
.80 h.
10.00 w.
10.00 w.
.70 h.
2.55 h.
. 74 h.
5.25 d.
2.50 h.
.40 h.
.65 h.
.68 h.
. 75 h.
*10.00 w.
.60 h.
.60 h.
.GO h.
.60 h.
.90 h.
18.00 w
.50-
9.00 w
.40- .80 h.
.65 h.
.45-
.40- .60 h.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
3And board and room.
[1771]
10.00 w.
12.0020.00 w.
12.00-
15.00 w.
290
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW.
R A T E S O F W A G E S P A ID T O W O R K E R S P L A C E D IN E M P L O Y M E N T B Y P U B L IC
State, city, and kind
of office.
Sewing
machine
operators,
male.
Seamstresses.
Sewing
machine
operators,
female.
Stenog
raphers,
male.
Stenog
raphers,
female.
New Mexico:
Albuquerque (F ed .).......
ft7^ 00 tn
£125 no m
Deming (F ed .).................
i . . . ; .................
150.00 m.
Raton (F ed .)....................
inn 00 m
Roswell (F ed .).................
L _ ...............
90 nn w
i
Santa Fe (Fed., Sta ) . . .
2 50 d
New York:
Amsterdam (F ed .). . . . . .
*30.00 w.
$2.50 d.
Auburn (F ed.)...................
in no
Binghamton (F ed .)..........
$20.00 m.
Io. 50 w.
10.50 w.
.25 h.
Cortland (F ed .).................
f
Elmira (Fed.. Sta.)..........
2.00 d. 1........... .............
8.00 w.
15.00 w.
Glens Falls (F ed .)............
2.00 d.
6.00-15.00 w8.00-15.00 w.
Gloversville (F ed .)........__
11 .0 0 w
Ithaca (F ed .).....................
Jamestown (F ed .).............
12 .0 0 w.
12 .0 0 w.
Kingston (Fed., S ta .)___ 2.50-3.00 d.
2.50-3.00 d
75.00-100.00 m. 75.00-100.00 m
Newburgh (Fed., S ta .)...
i5 .00-18.00 w.
18.00 w
Niagara Falls (Fed,) ........
.25 h.
.................
North Tonawanda (Fed.)
12 .0 0 w.
10.00 w.
Olean (F ed .)..
42 h
Oneonta (F ed .)........
10 fU1 vir
15.00 w.
20.00 w.
Oswego (F ed .)...................
Poughkeepsie (Fed.) . . ..
,25 h.
. 28 h.
.24 h.
Rome (F ed.)...........
1.50-2.00 d.
Schenectady (Fed.) ..
19 nruir. nn w
Troy (F ed .).................
2 . 00 d
25.00 w.
15.00 w. 18.0020.00
iz ow.
o -islo o w.
Utica (F ed .)........ .............. 12.00-18.00 w. 25.00-40.00 w. 12.00-18.00 w. 18.00-25.00. w. 1 2 . 0020.00 w
Watertown (F ed .)..
8.00 w.
12.0025.00 w.
Yonkers (F e d .).. . . .
. 20 h.
12 .0 0 w.
North Carolina:
Asheville ( Fed ) ___
Charlotte (F ed.).
2 ^ nn xy
Elizabeth City (Fed.)
75.00 m.
7** on m
Newbern ( Fed.) ..
15 nn 90 00 w
Raleigh (F ed .)___
Wilmington (F ed.)..
100.00-125.00 m. 85 no 115 00 m
Winston-Salem
(Fed.,
Mun.)..................
North Dakota:
Bismarck (F ed .)___
75 no m
Devits Lake (F ed.)_.
Dickinson (F ed .)...
Fargo (F ed .)......... .
inn nn m
Grand Forks (Fed.).
Jamestown (F ed .)__
Minot (Fed.)...........
lo. 00 w.
25. 00 w.
15. 00 w.
¿U. uu w.
Oakes (Fed.).............
Ohio:
Air Nitrates (Fed., Sta.,
Mun.).................
. 25 h.
Akron (Fed., Sta.,Mun.).
2.00 d.
9.00 w.
100. 00 m.
75.00 m.
Ancor (Fed., Sta., Mun.').
Barberton (Fed., Sta.,
Mun.)......................
on nn ™
- 65.00 m.
oh. uu m.
Canton(Fed.. Sta.,Mun.).
8. 00 w.
10.00 w.
25.00 w. 60.00-100.00 m.
Chillicothe (Fed., Sta.,
Mun.)....................
19 nn
Cincinnati (Fed., Sta.,
Mun.)....................
14.00 w.
21. 00 w.
16.00 w.
75.00 m.
Cleveland (Fed., Sta.,
Mun.).................
2.50 d. 20. 00-22.00 w. 12.00-15.00 w.
50-100. 00 m.
Columbus (Fed., Sta.,
Mun.)..................
75. 00 m.
Coshocton (Fed., Sta.,
Mun.)........................
Dayton (Fed., Sta., Mun.) 10. 00-12. 00 w.
. 25 h. 75.00-150. 00 m. 15. 00-20. 00 w.
Findlay * (Fed.,
Sta.,
M un.).............................
ft nn_i 9 nn t>t
15 on
mw
Hamilton (Fed., Sta.,
M un.)..................
12 00 w
Lima (Fed Sta., Mun.)..
2.0 0 d :
* 15. 00 w.
100. 00 m .
60.00 m .
Lorain (Fed.. Sta., Mun.)
Mansfield (Fed., Sta.,
M un.)......................
?. 00 d .
. 25h.
20.00 w .
18.00 w.
Marietta (Fed., Sta.,
M un.)...............................
1. 50 d.
50.00 m.
j
1A n d b o a r d .
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
2A n d ro o m a n d b o a r d .
[ 1772 ]
291
M ONTHLY LABOR REVIEW,
EMPLOYMENT OFFICES IN THE UNITED STATES, OCTOBER, 1918—Continued.
S tr u c t u r a l
ir o n w o rk e rs .
T e le p h o n e
o p e r a to r s
( s w i tc h b o a r d ) ,
fe m a le .
C asu al
w o rk ers,
m a le .
W a itre s s e s .
W a ite r s .
C asual
w o rk e rs ,
fem ale.
...................................
$ 0 .4 0 ta.
. 5 0 - .75 h .
$12.00 w .
.7 0 ta.
1.5 0 d .
3. 50 d .
6 .0 0 -8 . (HI w .
6 .0 0 w .
17.00 w .
. 35 h .
2 .5 0 -3 .0 0 d .
. 40 h .
3 .0 0 d .
. 25 h .
. 28 h .
1 .5 0 -2 .0 0 d .
3 .5 0 d .
3 .0 0 d .
1 8 .0 0 -2 2 .0 0 w .
2 .0 0 d.
...................................
8 .0 0 w .
$ 5 .0 0 -1 8 .0 0 w .
7 .0 0 w .
i 30.0 0 m .
9 .0 0 w .
50.0 0 m .
$ 0 .2 5 h .
.2 5 ta.
2 .0 0 d .
2 .0 0 d .
. 20 h .
. 30 h .
. 45 h .
. 19 h .
............- ...................
. 75 h .
4.50 d .
. 70 h .
5 0 .00 m .
8.00—15. 00 w .
30.0 0 m .
1 0 .0 0 -1 2 .0 0 w .
18.0 0 m .
. 25 h .
. 35 h .
3 0 .0 0 m .
7 .0 0 -1 0 .0 0 w .
5 6 .0 0 -8 .0 0 w .
. 35 h .
2; 5 0 -4 .0 0 d .
6 .0 0 w .
8 .0 0 w .
2 .0 0 d .
. 14
.2 5
. 25
' .3 5
2 .0 0 -2 .5 0
ta.
h.
h.
h.
d.
. 38 h .
10.00 w .
. 30 h .
3 .0 0 d .
12.00 w .
.7 0 h .
• ;
a,
. 15 ta.
■>.. -
.3 5 li.
. 30 h .
25.00 m .
35 .0 0 m .
. 70 h.
.6 2 J h .
. 87J h .
. 70 h.
..50 h .
3 .2 5 d .
. 50 h .
. 45 h.
3 .0 0 d.
,9 0 h .
.5 0 h !
. 70 h.
1 .5 0 d .
30.00 m .
12.00 w .
1,5.00 w .
15.00 w .
10.00 w .
9 .0 0 w .
10.00 w .
75.00 m .
18.00 w.
9 .0 0 w .
8 .0 0 w .
. 40 h.
. 25 h.
.3011.
8 .0 0 w .
15.00 w .
14.00 w .
9 .0 0 w .
.4 0 h .
. 25 n .
.3 5 h .
. 25 h.
.2 5 ta.
8 .0 0 w .
.7 5 h .
10.0 0 w .
• • • • • ' - . ......V
2.0 0 d .
65.00 m .
55 .0 0 -7 5 .0 0 m .
l.O O d.
a 18 .0 0 -2 2 .0 0 w .
3 9 .0 0 -1 2 .0 0 w .
.5 0 h .
2.35 d.
. 40 h .
1 .7 5 -2 .0 0 1 .
10.00 w .
7 .0 0 w .
. 40 h .
. 25 ta.
9 .0 0 w .
36.0 0 w .
3 .50d.
1 .7 5 -2 .0 0 1 .
12.00 w.
7 .0 0 w .
.4 0 h .
.4 0 h .
.2 0 ta.
.3001.
12.00 w .
12.00 w .
.4 0 ta.
2 .0 0 1 .
.3 0 h .
.2 0 ta.
26.00 m .
. 19 h .
15.00 w .
¡A n d m e a ls .
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
4P ie c e w o rk .
[1773]
292
M ONTHLY LABOR REVIEW,
R ATES OF WAGES PAID TO W ORKERS PLACED IN EM PLOYMENT BY PUBLIC
S ta te , c ity , a n d k in d of
’ office.
O h io —C o n clu d ed .
M arion (F e d ., S ta ., M un.)
N e w a rk
(F e d .,
S ta.,
M u n .)..................................
P o r ts m o u th (F e d ., S ta.,
M u n .)..................................
S a n d u s k y (F e d ., S ta., Co.,
M u n .)..................................
S p rin gfield (F e d ., S ta.,
M u n .)..................................
S te u b e n v ille (F e d ., S ta.,
M u n .)..................................
Tiffin (F e d ., S ta ., M u n .)..
T o led o (F e d ., S ta., M un.)
W a rre n (F e d ., S ta., M un.)
W a sh in g to n C. H . (F ed .,
S ta., M u n .).......................
Y o u n g sto w n (F e d ., S ta.,
M u n .)..................................
Z an esville (F e d ., S ta.,
M u n .).................................
O k lah o m a:
A rd m o re (F e d ., S t a . ) . . . .
B a rtle sv ille (F e d ., S ta .) ..
C h ick asha (F e d ., S ta .) __
E n id (F e d ., S t a . ) . .
L a w to n (F e d ., S ta .) .........
M cA lester (F e d ., S ta .) . . .
M uskogee (F e d ., S ta .) ___
O k lah o m a C ity (F ed .,
S ta .) ....................................
P au ls-V alley (F e d ., S ta .).
S h aw nee (F e d ., S t a . ) . . . .
T u lsa (F e d ., S ta .) ........ .
O regon:
A sto ria ( F e d .) .....................
E u g e n e ( F e d .) ....................
M edford ( F e d .) ...................
P e n d le to n ( F e d .) ...............
P o r tla n d (F e d ., M u n .) ...
R o seb u rg ( F e d .) .................
S alem ( F e d .) ........................
P e n n s v lv a n ia :
A lle n to w n (F e d ., S t a . ) . . .
B ra d d o c k ( F e d .) ................
B u tle r ( F e d .) .......................
C h este r ( F e d .) .....................
C onnellsville ( F e d .) ..........
F a s to n ( F e d .) ......................
G reen sb u rg ( F e d .) .............
Jo h n sto w n (F e d ., S t a .) ...
L a n c a s te r ( F e d .) ................
M cK eesport (F e d ., S ta .) ..
M eadville ( F e d . ) . ..............
N e w c a s tle (F e d ., S t a .) ...
N ew K en sin g to n (F ed .,
S t a . ) ....................................
O il C ity ( F e d .) ....................
P h ila d e lp h ia (F e d ., S ta .).
P itts b u r g h (F e d ., S t a . ) . . .
P o tts to w n ( F e d .) ...............
R e a d in g (F e d ., S t a .) ........
S c ra n to n (F e d ., S t a . ) . . . .
S h aro n ( F e d .) .) ..................
S o u th B e th le h e m ( F e d .) .
W a sh in g to n ( F e d .) ............
W ellsboro ( F e d .) ................
W illia m s p o rt (F e d ., S ta .)
Y o rk (F e d ., S t a .) ...............
R h o d e Is la n d :
N e w p o rt ( F e d .) ..................
P a w tu c k e t ( F e d .) ..............
P ro v id e n c e ( F e d .) .............
P ro v id en c e ( S ta .) ..........
W o o n socket ( F e d .) . . . . . .
B la c k s m ith s. Boiler m a k ers.
¥0.55 h.
C a rp e n te rs.
C leaners a n d
scru b b ers,
fem ale.
10.75 h.
? 0 .55 h.
1 0 .2 0 h.
.80 h.
.60 h.
. 55 h.
. 50 h.
.6 8 h.
.83 h.
. 65 h .
. 25 h.
. 83) h .
. 68) h.
. 25 h.
. 80 h.
. 80 h.
2 .0 0 d.
. 60 h.
.S 0-. 81 h.
. 25 h.
.60 h .
.65 h.
. 80 h.
.50 h.
. 65 h.
. 70 h .
7.00-8.00 d.
,7 0 h .
l.O O d.
. 70 h.
. 00 h.
. 75 h.
2.60 d.
. 50 h.
. 50 h.
. 70 h.
. 65 h.
.2 0 h.
. 60 h.
75h.
1 .0 0 h.
. 75 h.
87-1 h
. 80 h.
8. 00 d.
.
5. 80 d.
5. 80 d.
3. 50 d.
.75 h.
. 87) h.
.6 8 h.
. 75 1).
. 80 b.
. 72 h.
.60 h.
5.77?, d.
5. 50*d.
5.77 d.
5. 77?. d.
*
. 82} h .
. 75 h.
. 18 h.
. 60 h.
. 77 b.
. 75 h.
.70 h.
.60-1. 25 h.
. 70 h.
. 60- . 85 h.
. 55- . 80 h.
. 39 h.
. £8 h.
. 50 h.
20 . 00 w .
. 50 h.
. 60 h.
. 82?,- h.
. 70 h.
e,o h
. 60 h.
7.00 d.
. 60 h.
60. 00 m .
. 35 h.
1. 50 d.
. 60 h.
. 60 h.
. 67) h.
. 60 h.
3 575 d
6.60 d.
8 . 00 d.
5. 771 d.
5. 77’, d.
8 .0 0 d.
6 .0 0 d.
6.60 d.
. 30 h.
6 .0 0 d.
. 35 h.
. 53 h.
5.30 d.
.60 h.
.75 h.
.70 h.
. 80 h.
. 72) h.
. 65 h.
. 65 h.
.58 b.
. 75 h.
. 70 h.
. 621 h .
. 60 h.
5. 60 d.
. 30 h.
2 00 H
2 .1 2 d!
1. 00 h.
. 45 h.
. 80 h.
.6 5 -.6 8 h.
. 80 h.
. 60-, 75 h.
. 70 h.
. 6 0 -.S 0 h .
. 55-, 70 h.
.80-1.00 h.
. 80 h.
. SO—. 85 h.
.6 0 - . 90 h.
. 65-. 82 h.
. 65 h.
. 70-, 80 h.
■\ 60-. 80 h.
. 68 h.
. 68 h.
. 75 h.
. 50 h.
.90 h.
.65 h.
.60 h.
. 65 h.
. 75 h.
. 70 h.
. 35 h.
. 65 h.
.70 h.
. 72) h.
. 68f h.
. 55 h.
. 50 h.
2. 00 d.
.2 0 h.
.75 h.
. 70 h .
. 25 h .
.72 h.
. 70 h.
. 80 h.
. 75 h.
.70 h.
. 43-. 70 h.
.70 h.
. 70 h.
A n d b o ard .
. 70 h.
.75 h.
.70 h.
. 55 h.
. C0-.70 h.
. 50 h.
1 A n d b o a rd a n d ro o m .
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
10. 55 h.
B ric k lay ers.
2 M arried, i f . 50 d .
[1774]
1
2. 50 d.
2.50 d.
3. 00 d.
2.50 d.
. 33-. 40 h.
2 .0 0 d.
2. 00-2. 50 d.
. 20 h.
2 .0 0 d.
. 35 h.
293
M ONTHLY LABOE REVIEW,
EMPLOYMENT OFFICES IN THE U N IT E D STATES, OCTOBER, 1918—Continued.
Cooks, male.
Cooks, female.
Drivers,
teamsters, etc.
Dock laborers.
Î50.00 m.
$0.45 h.
i 50. COm.
Farm hands.
Hod carriers.
$0. 45 h.
1 40.00 m.
122. 50 w.
12.00 w.
18.00 w.
8.00 w.
22.00 w.
SO. 40 h.
50.00 m.
. 45 h.
40.00 m.
35.00 m.
4.00-5.00 d. ..............................
. 35 h.
. 40 h.
. 45 h.
25.00 w.
80.00 m.
15.00 w.
90.00 m.
15. 00 w.
100.00 m.
70.00 m.
4.50 d.
.S0h.
18.00 w.
. 57’ h.
.45 h.
2 2.00 d.
,80h.
. 40 h.
40. 00 m.
45.00 m.
40.00-45.00 m.
40.00 m.
-
. 50 h.
35.00-50.00 m.
•
15.00 w.
'
2.50 d.
3.85 d.
15.00 w.
10.00 w.
12.00 w.
3.50 d.
15.00 w.
15.00 w.
. 50 h.
125.00 m.
75.00 m.
4.50-?.60 d.
5.00 d.
80.00 m.
3.50 d.
5.00 d.
4.00 d. ..............................
5.00 d.
80.00 m.
50.00-150.00 m.
125.00 m.
75.00 m.
35.00 m.
3.00 d.
50.00 m.
4.00 d.
80.00 m.
12.00 w.
40.00-60.00 m.
125.00 m.
£0.00 in.
.401).
4. 80 d.
35.00 m.
.451).
6.00 d.
2.00 d.
50.00 m.
40.00 m.
40.00 m.
. 50 h.
. 40 h.
3.00 d.
3.50 d.
75.00 m.
CO. 00 m.
50.00 m.
150.00 in.
4.00.d.
5.00 d.
rr<" " " '“V":* "
75.00 m.
9.00 w.
30.00 w.
12.00 w.
22.80 w.
5.00 d.
00.00 m.
50.00 m.
25.00 w.
50.00 m.
50.00 m.
4.50 d.
20.00-30.00 w.
15.00 w.
475.0C-100.00 m.
100.00-125.00 m.
10.00-25.00 w.
12.00 w.
20.0C-25.00w.
20.00 w.
20.00-23.00 w.
18.00-24.00 w.
12.00 w.
8.00 w.
18.00-25.00 m.
>>
©©
©
©
© OÔ
125.00 m.
50.00-60.00 m.
8.00 w.
.35 h.
20.00 w.
25.00 W.
15.00 w.
10.00 w.
25.00 w.
.60 h.
,50 b.
.40 h.
.50 h.
• 70 h»
30.00-50.00 m.
50.00 m.
s 40.00 m.
40.00-50.00 m.
. 50 h.
. 80 h.
. 40-, 60 b-.
2.50 d.
s 40.00 m.
. 45 h.
.60 h.
..............................
..............................
s 60.00 m.
40.00-50.00 m.
3.25 d.
3. 50 d.
3.00 d.
18.00 w.
. 50 h.
20.00-25.00 w.
I..............................
18.00 w.
1
.40 h.
1
12.00 w.
.25h.
*And found.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
.45 h.
18.00 w.
18.00 w.
. 40 h.
30.00-40.00 m.
40.00 m.
6 Time and a half for over lima.
[1775]
.48 h.
. 50 h.
4.75 d.
294
M ONTHLY LABOE REVIEW,
RATES OF WAGES PAID TO WORKERS PLACED IN EMPLOYMENT BY PUBLIC
State, city, and kind of
¿ilice.
Ohio—Concluded.
Marion (-Fed., Sta., Mun.)
N ewark (F ed. ,Sta., Mun.. )
Portsmouth (Fed., Sta.,
Mun.)...............................
Sandusky (Fed., Sta.,
Co., M un.).......................
Springfield (Fed., Sta.,
Mun.)...............................
Steubenville (Fed., Sta.,
Mun.)...............................
Tiffin (Fed., Sta., M un.)..
Toledo (Fed., Sta., Muri.)
Warren (Fed.,Sta.,Mun.)
Washington C. H. (Fed.,
Sta., M un.).....................
Youngstown (Fed., Sta.,
M un.)...............................
Zanesville (Fed., Sta.,
Mun.)...............................
Oklahoma:
Ardmore (Fed., S ta .). . . .
Bartlesville (Fed., S ta .)..
Chickasha (Fed., S t a .)...
Enid (Fed., Sta.)..............
Lawton (Féd., Sta.).........
McAlester (Fed., S t a .)...
Muskogee (Fed., Sta.)__
Oklahoma City (Fed.,
Sta.).......................... : . . .
Pauls Valley (Fed., Sta.)
Shawnee (Fed., Sta.).......
Tulsa (Fed., Sta.).............
Oregon:
Astoria (F ed .).................
Eugene (F ed .)...................
Medford (F ed .)..................
Portland (Fed., M un.)..
Roseburg (F ed .)...............
Salem (F ed .)......................
Pennsylvania:
Allentown (Fed., S ta .)...
Beaver Falls (F ed .)..........
Braddock (F ed.)...............
Butler (F ed .).....................
Chester (F ed .)............
Connellsville (F e d .).........
Easton (F ed .)....................
Greensburg (Fed.)
Johnstown (Fed., Sta.).
Lancaster (Fed.)...............
McKeesport (Fed., Sta.)..
Meadville (F ed .)...............
New Castle (Fed., Sta.)
New' Kensington (Fed.,
Sta.)..............................
Oil City (F ed.)...............
Philadelphia (Fed., Sta.).
Pittsburgh (Fed., S t a .) ..
Pottstown (F ed .)............
Reading (Fed., Sta.)........
Scranton (Fed., Sta.)__
Sharon (F ed.)...............
South Bethlehem (F ed)..
Washington (Fed.)...........
Wellsboro (Fed.)...........
Williamsport (Fed., Sta.).
York (Fed., Sta.).............
Rhode Island:
Newport (F ed .).................
Pawtucket (Fed.)..............
Providence (F ed .)............
Providence (Sta.).............
Woonsocket (Fed.)...........
House
servants.
Inside
wiremen.
$6.00 w.
$0.60 h.
7.50 w.
. 70 h.
Laundry
operators,
male.
Laundry
operators,
female.
$0.40 h.
.33- .40 h.
. 38 h.
$18.00 w.
$6.50 w.
. 40 h.
5.00 w.
8.00 w.
7.00 w.
.35- . 40 h.
. 65 h.
. 70 h.
. 681 h.
. 45 h.
.50 h.
. 40 h.
.40- ,50h.
12.00 w.
15.00 w.
y .o o
w.
. 65 h.
. 40 h.
8.00 w.
. 75 h.
. 45 h.
SO. 00 m.
10.0 ) w.
10.00 w.
. 60 h.
. 40 h .
15.00 w.
10.00 w.
. 72 h.
. 75 h.
2.00 d.
8.00 w.
15.00 w.
.15.00 w.
9.00 w.
7.00 w.
. 75 h.
7.50 w.
4.00- 6.00 w.
4.20 d.
. 75 h.
.35 h.
4.00 d.
,30 k.
. 40 h.
. 35 h.
■,35h.
. 35 h.
7.00 w.
7.00 w.
. 65 h.
. 72 h.
. 35 h .
. 40 h.
,50h.
.40 h.
6. 00 w..
30.00 m.
7.00 d.
5.00 w.
y .o o
5.00 d.
4.00 d.
4.00 d.
4.00 d.
3.98 d.
4.00d.
. 18 h.
. 42 h.
. 40 h.
. 40 h.
. 40 h.
. 40 h.
w.
8.00-10.00 w.
1 50 (\ *
2! 12 d!
. 50 h
10.00 w.
. 62 h.
8.00 w.
5.00-10.00 w.
7.00 w.
. 70 h.
.65- . 75 h.
.50- . 80 h.
7.00 w.
3. 00- 5.00 w.
. 50 h.
40.00 m.
. 65 h.
5.00 w.
4.00 w.
8.00 w.
.62.) h.
. 50 h.
* 8. 00 w.
8.00 w.
.30- .35 h.
. 45 h.
15.00 w.
8 . 00 w .
. 42 h.
.5 0 -,5 5 h.
. 40 li.
1 Piece work.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Laborers.
[1 7 7 6 ].
fi on 10 DOyr
.42- .60h
. 50 h.
22.00 w.
8.00 w.
.40- .46 h.
. 42- .55 h.
. 40 h.
. 36 h. ..........................
.38- . 60 h.
.42- . 50 h.
. 40 h.
7.00-10.00 w.
. 42) h.
. 30-. 40 h.
. 40 h.
20.00 w.
. 25 h.
8.00 w.
. 20 h
.40-.50 h. 15.00-18.00 w.
12 00 w
.35-. 40 h. 18.00-20.00 w'. 12.00-15.00 w .
. 40 h.
9.00 w.
.40-. 50 h.
‘ Inexperienced.
•
295
M O N TH LY LABOR REVIEW,
EMPLOYMENT OFFICES IN THE UNITED STATES, OCTOBER, 1918—Continued.
Machinists.
Painters.
Molders.
Plasterers.
$0.50- . 65 h.
.60 h.
SO.55 h.
$0.45 h.
.50 h.
.68 h.
5.95 d.
.55 h.
.55 h.
.70 h.
.65 h.
.60 h.
.40 h.
5.50 d.
$0.65 h.
Plumbers.
Saleswomen.
.75 h.
$12.00 w
$0.68 h.
10.00 w.
7.00 w.
.75 h.
.80 h.
.62}h.
. 75 h.
.75 h.
.70 h.
.681 h.
9.00 w.
6.00 w.
9.00 w.
10.00 w.
.50 h.
.70 h.
.45 h.
1 5.00-10.00 d.
.69 h.
. 75 h.
.75 h.
. 45 h.
.40 h.
.55 h.
.25
*.72 h.
7.00 d.
>r
.72 h.
.75 h.
8 10.00 w.
.75 h.
6 . 40 d.
6.00 d.
1.00 h.
6.60 d.
5.50 d.
5.77 d.
5.77} d.
5.77} d.
6 .4 0 'd.
. 77 h.
. 72i h.
.68 h.
.60 h.
. 62} h.
.35- .40
.70
.45- .65
.70
h.
h.
h.
h.
.60- .70
. 70
.60- .90
8 .60- . 80
h.
h.
h.
h.
.60 h.
72- .75 h!
.50 h.
^50 h.
.50-. 65 h.
. 65
@FedFRASER