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■■ *' I j'f ® Ï 1 jije d ir a i LU 'i J3 "Vs <J https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis U.S. Department of Labor Elizabeth Dole, Secretary Bureau of Labor Statistics Janet L. Norwood, Commissioner The Monthly Labor Review is published by the Bureau of Labor Statistics of the U.S. Department of Labor. Communications on editorial matters should be addressed to the Editor-in-Chief, Monthly Labor Review, Bureau of Labor Statistics, Washington, DC 20212. Phone: (202) 523-1327. Subscription price per year—$20 domestic; $25 foreign. Single copy, $5 domestic; $6.25 foreign. Subscription prices and distribution policies for the Monthly Labor Review (ISSN 0098-1818) and other Government publications are set by the Government Printing Office, an agency of the U.S. Congress. 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Box 13309 Philadelphia, PA 19101 Phone: (215) 596-1154 Donald M. Cruse Region IV Alabama Florida Georgia Kentucky Mississippi North Carolina South Carolina Tennessee 1371 Peachtree Street, N.E. Atlanta, GA 30367 Phone: (404) 347-4416 Region V Lois L. Orr Illinois Indiana Michigan Minnesota Ohio Wisconsin 9th Floor Federal Office Building 230 South Dearborn Street Chicago, IL 60604 Region VI Bryan Richey Arkansas Louisiana New Mexico Oklahoma Texas Federal Building Room 221 525 Griffin Street Dallas, TX 75202 Phone: (312) 353-1880 Phone: (214) 767-6970 Gunnar Engen Region VII R egion VIII August cover: Iowa Kansas Missouri Nebraska Colorado Wyoming Montana North Dakota South Dakota Utah Unemployed, a 1939 print by Chet Lamore, from the collection of Reba and Dave Williams, included in the exhibit, American Screenprints, organized by the National Academy of Design, New York, displayed from May 17 to September 2, 1988, at the Marriner S. Eccles Federal Reserve Board Building, Washington, DC; photo courtesy of Dave Williams. Region IX Region X Sam M. Hirabayashi American Samoa Arizona California Guam Hawaii Nevada Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands Alaska Idaho Oregon Washington 71 Stevenson Street P. O. Box 3766 San Francisco, CA 94119 Cover design by Melvin B. Moxley https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 911 Walnut Street Kansas City, MO 64106 Phone: (816) 426-2481 Phone: (415) 995-5606 F ed era of St. Louis M onM Labor Review August 1989 Volume 112, Number 8 SEP 2 11989 A rticles 3 Henry Lowenstern, Eclitor-in-Chief Robert W. Fisher, Executive Editor Employment gains slow in the first half of 1989 Steven E. Haugen Slower job growth was evident, particularly in manufacturing and construction; the jobless rate edged up in the second quarter 10 How many new jobs since 1982? Two surveys differ Paul O. Flaim Employers have reported more job growth than indicated in the household survey; dual jobholding and employment of illegal aliens are likely reasons 16 Reasons for not working: poor and nonpoor compared Mark Littman Unlike their nonpoor counterparts in 1986, poor male householders were more likely to cite inability to find full-year work, illness, or disability as reasons for working part year or not working 22 Cyrus S. Ching: pioneer in industrial peacemaking A. H. Raskin As a manager, and later as a government executive, Ching pointed the way to a cooperative system of labor relations by showing that differences are more easily resolved when reason prevails 36 Productivity in retail auto and home supply stores Patricia S. Wilder Productivity grew at an above-average annual rate during 1972-87, reflecting strong demand and improvements in store operations Reports Departm ents https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 41 Milestones in Producer Price Index methodology and presentation Andrew G. Clem 43 Do more-educated workers fare better following job loss? 2 41 43 47 49 53 55 Labor month in review Technical note Research summary Major agreements expiring next month Developments in industrial relations Book review Current labor statistics Paul Swaim, Michael Podgursky Labor month in review IN ST IT U T IO N A L S E T T IN G . Twenty five years ago, in an essay reviewing the first 50 years of the Monthly Labor Review, H.M . Douty discussed the “ difficult task of issuing a monthly periodical [with] high standards o f accuracy and objectivity, and with as much regard as possible for the English language.” The essay also discussed the “ institutional setting” that “ serves powerfully to determine the character of such journals as the Monthly Labor Review . ” D outy’s reflections are worth recalling as the mlr enters its 75th year. F actfinding. [The Review’s] recognition as an authoritative research journal, both in this country and abroad, is a reflection of the in stitutional position o f the Bureau of Labor Statistics. This position, in turn, owes much to the support of the Department of Labor, within which the Bureau has functioned since 1913. The integrity that the Bureau has maintained as a factfinding agency in the dif ficult field of labor research and statistics has been m irrored in the [Review]. An in stitutional setting may well impose limita tions upon editorial discretion; it may also, depending upon the nature and character of the institution, be a source of great strength. The establishment by Congress o f the Bureau of Labor Statistics in 1884 was one outcome of the first great wave o f labor discontent to pass over the United States. The Knights of Labor, through which the unrest of the period found its principal organized expression, pressed vigorously for a Federal labor agency. Influenced by the pioneering labor bureaus in a number of the States, Congress directed the new agency “ to collect information upon the subject of labor, its relation to capital, the hours of work, and the earnings o f laboring men and women, and the means o f promoting their material, social, intellectual, and moral pro sperity.” W rig h t’s legacy. Despite the nature o f its mandate, it was not inevitable that the Bureau should, from the beginning, have adopted the operating principles that con tinue to guide it. It might have ventured more in the direction of policy or o f ad 2 Monthly Labor Review August 1989 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis vocacy rather than of factfinding. That it did not do so is part o f the legacy from its first Commissioner. Shortly after his appoint ment, Carroll D. W right prepared a state ment “ to indicate clearly the policy which should mark the work o f this O ffice.” He concluded that “ a Bureau o f Labor [Statistics] cannot solve social or industrial problems...[but] by judicious investigations and the fearless publication o f the results thereof, it may and should enable the peo ple to more clearly and more fully com prehend many o f the problems which now vex th em .” This commitment to “ investigations” meant, in the days before massive statistical systems, just what the term implies; name ly, the first-hand study of particular social problems. It meant the collection o f infor mation directly from individuals, business 1915-1990 DIAMOND ANNIVERSARY firms, and unions through the use of “ special agents.” The Bureau’s agents, now working under more impressive job titles, were and remain one of its greatest assets. Their patient and often difficult work, em bodied in an immense variety of reports, has done much to establish a firm tradition of objective inquiry. Field collection. The first report of the new Bureau was on Industrial Depressions (1886). In his letter of transmittal, the Com missioner stated that the underlying data were gathered by 15 agents in the United States and 5 in Europe. Eighty years later, despite the extensive use in some programs of data collected by mailed questionnaire or assembled by other agencies, the “ investiga tion,” in the sense of a special study involv ing on-the-spot data collection, continues to play a major role in the B ureau’s work. Bureau agents often find themselves in un likely places compiling information on the effect of minimum wage coverage on workers in the shellfish processing industry, employee earnings in hosiery manufacture, the causes o f industrial accidents in logging, labor requirements in hospital construction, or the detailed expenditures o f a workingclass family on goods and services. Many recurring statistical programs, notably in oc cupational wages and retail prices, are bas ed largely on field collection. This tradition of first-hand data collection has produced an enormous respect within the Bureau for facts, their useful arrangement, and their dissemination. Equally important has been the Bureau’s realization of the con tribution o f facts, embodied in the results o f “ investigations” and statistical series, to policymaking and reform. Although in no sense involved itself in policy formation, an impressive case can be made for the con tribution of the Bureau to a wide range of reforms that have helped to better conditions for workers in this country. Additionally, and particularly after W orld W ar II, key Bureau statistical series have become of great importance in public and private deci sions relating to general economic and social policy. For an agency such as the Bureau, the published results o f its research plainly con stitute the main reason for its existence. The standards of the agency inevitably have been reflected in its publications. The Monthly Labor Review has served the Bureau and the Department o f Labor well for 50 years, but the Bureau and the Department in turn have sustained and nourished the Review and pro tected its integrity as a research journal. Douty retired in 1970 after a distinguished 31-year career in government, most of it at bls. Since publication of his essay in July 1965, the Bureau has grown in size and responsibilities and has modernized its data collection and process ing methods. Yet, Douty’s description of the in stitutional setting remains fully relevant in the Review’s diamond anniversary year. □ Employment gains slow in the first half of 1989 Slower job growth was particularly evident in construction and manufacturing; the unemployment rate edged up slightly in the second quarter Steven E. Haugen Steven E. Haugen is an economist in the Office of Employment and Unemployment Statistics, Bureau of Labor Statistics. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis mployment growth moderated in the first half of 1989, as the economy moved into its seventh year of expansion from the 1981-82 recession. While unemployment showed continued improvement early in the year, it edged back up in the second quarter. This left both the number of unemployed per sons, at 6.5 million, and the civilian unemploy ment rate, at 5.3 percent, about the same as in the fourth quarter of 1988. The slackening job growth was most evident in the goods-producing sector. Both manufac turing, which had posted substantial employ ment growth in 1987-88, and construction, which had also made healthy employment gains, registered a slowdown in job growth dur ing the first half of 1989. For the most part, the service-producing sector continued its pattern of strong employment growth, although several in dustries in the sector, particularly those closely tied to the goods-producing industries, also ex perienced a reduction in employment gains. In the first quarter of 1989, there were already some signs that the brisk pace of economic growth that characterized 1987 and 1988 might be slowing. Interest rates had been trending up ward throughout most of 1988, and as rates con tinued to rise in early 1989, the demand for interest-sensitive products began to wane. Con struction activity slowed, owing largely to a de cline in the demand for new homes. Consumer spending for durable goods, such as new cars, also softened. The effect of the slowdown in E consumption was quickly felt in the Nation’s factories: new orders for durable goods dropped in January and February, and industrial produc tion leveled off in the first quarter after rising throughout 1988. Early in the second quarter, some of these yardsticks of economic performance recovered a bit. The uptrend in interest rates leveled off in April, and rates then began to edge down. Also in April, the number of permits for new housing edged up, and consumer spending increased. Nevertheless, homebuilding generally remained weaker than in 1988, as did sales of such bigticket durables as new cars. In addition, the sharply rising value of the dollar midway through the second quarter did not augur well for those U.S. manufacturers who had been benefiting from robust export growth in recent years. Employment Developments in the labor market also pointed to slower economic growth in the first half of 1989.1 While nonagricultural payroll employ ment, as measured by the survey of business establishments, grew by 1.5 million between the fourth quarter of 1988 and the second quar ter of 1989, much of the job gain occurred early in the year. (See table 1.) Boosted by a large increase in January, nonagricultural employ ment expanded by approximately 880,000 in the first quarter, but slowed in the second quarter, Monthly Labor Review August 1989 3 Employment and Unemployment in First-Half 1989 Nonagricultural employment exhibited the smallest quarterly gain since the third quarter o f 1986. when only about 620,000 jobs were added.2 This was the smallest quarterly gain since the third quarter of 1986. The slowing of employ ment growth within the first half of the year is shown clearly in chart 1, which presents season ally adjusted monthly changes in nonagricul tural employment. Civilian employment, as measured by the household survey, also showed weaker growth in the second quarter. About three-fourths of the 1.4-million increase in the first half of 1989 occurred in the first quarter. (See table 2.) Over all, the payroll and household surveys indicated about the same volume of employment growth in the first half of 1989. During most of 1987 and 1988, however, the payroll series showed much faster growth than the household series. (For further information on the differences in employment growth between the establishment and household surveys, see the article in this issue entitled “How many new jobs since 1982? Data from two surveys differ.”) Goods-producing industries. Several barome ters of economic activity indicated weakness in the construction and manufacturing industries during the first half of the year. In construction, declines in the number of building permits, housing starts, and new home sales in the first quarter suggested that the rise in mortgage inter est rates, which began during the second half of 1988 and continued into 1989, had contributed to a softening of demand for new housing. Al though interest rates eased in May, homebuilding continued at a more tepid pace than in 1988. (See table 3.) Reflecting these developments, employment growth in the construction industry slowed markedly during the first half of 1989. In the second quarter, payroll employment in con struction stood at 5.3 million, the same as in the first quarter and up only 85,000 over the level of the fourth quarter of 1988. The weakness in the industry was most apparent in the general build ing and special trades contractors divisions, which are highly involved in residential con struction. Employment among heavy construc tion contractors held fairly steady. During the first 6 years of the current recovery, employ ment in this industry advanced little, while both general building and special trades contractors showed marked employment growth. In particu lar, job growth in the special trades division accounted for more than two-thirds of the total employment increase in construction. Rising interest rates may also have affected the manufacturing industry in early 1989. Retail sales softened in the first quarter, particularly the sales of such interest-rate-sensitive items as 4 Monthly Labor Review August 1989 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis new cars. Reflecting the slowdown in consumer spending, new orders for durable goods de clined slightly from late-1988 levels. Addition ally, export growth, which had accounted for much of the strength in manufacturing over the 1987-88 period, eased a little as the value of the dollar stopped declining in 1988 and began to increase in the first half of 1989. The declining dollar had been helping some manufacturers by making U.S. exports less expensive. Trends in manufacturing employment con firmed some slowing in the industry. Job gains in manufacturing, which had been rising at a rapid clip during much of 1987-88, slowed abruptly during the first quarter of 1989, and employment was essentially unchanged in the second quarter at 19.7 million; this left the job count up only 100,000 from fourth-quarter 1988 levels, about half the growth posted in the sec ond half of 1988. The weakness was most ap parent in the durable goods industries, notably in the machinery and electrical equipment com ponents, industries which had been benefiting from the rapid growth in exports. There was also little or no job growth in the lumber indus try and in stone, clay, and glass products, reflecting the slowdown in construction. Em ploym ent in auto m anufacturing declined slightly, as car makers backed away from ag gressive production schedules in the face of large inventory-sales imbalances. Employment growth in nondurable m anufacturing also slowed in the first half of 1989. Smaller job gains were particularly evident in the paper products and printing and publishing industries. Despite the slowdown in employment growth, the factory workweek remained at a very high level, as did overtime hours. Employees on manufacturing payrolls continued to average about 41 hours per week during the first 6 months of 1989, roughly as much as in 1987 and 1988. Similarly, manufacturing overtime, at 3.9 hours in the first half, remained at very high levels by historical standards. After allowing for the effects of labormanagement disputes which occurred in June, mining employment rose slightly in the first half of 1989. About half of the increase occurred in oil and gas extraction. Employment gains in this industry are directly related to the price of oil, and it may be that the rise in oil prices since mid-1988 provided an employment boost for the industry. At 715,000 in the second quarter, however, mining employment was still below its level one year earlier. Service-producing industries. Job growth in the service-producing sector remained healthy Table 1. Employees on nonagricultural payrolls by industry, seasonally adjusted quarterly averages, 1982-89 [In thousands] 1982 1984 IV IV 1988 1989 Industry Total ............................................................ I II III IV I llp 88,717 95,869 104,355 105,184 105,976 106,799 107,680 108,299 Total private .............................................. 72,893 79,711 87,111 87,851 88,577 89,288 90,104 90,624 Goods-producing................................................. 22,980 24,936 25,022 25,202 25,313 25,452 25,634 25,647 Mining.............................................................. Oil and gas extraction ................................... 1,029 651 956 609 722 409 725 411 723 407 713 397 712 395 717 399 Construction..................................................... General building contractors......................... 3,837 959 4,501 1,188 5,028 1,354 5,116 1,372 5,155 1,373 5,189 1,373 5,263 1,394 5,276 1,383 Manufacturing ................................................. 18,115 19,479 19,271 19,360 19,435 19,550 19,659 19,654 Durable goods .............................................. Lumber and wood products........................ Furniture and fixtures................................. Stone, clay, and glass products ................ Primary metal industries ........................... Blast furnaces and basic steel products .. Fabricated metal products......................... Machinery, except electrical ...................... Electrical and electronic equipment ........... Transportation equipment ......................... Motor vehicles and equipment................ Instruments and related products ............... Miscellaneous manufacturing .................... 10,484 11,630 596 703 425 492 558 593 824 843 344 317 1,349 1,483 2,051 2,235 1,953 2,247 1,662 1,931 877 659 721 699 367 382 11,336 760 528 595 763 277 1,416 2,046 2,068 2,042 844 734 384 11,404 763 529 599 770 278 1,426 2,068 2,069 2,053 855 744 385 11,467 762 530 601 778 277 1,436 2,095 2,072 2,051 860 754 387 11,540 775 532 605 784 277 1,445 2,119 2,072 2,059 866 762 387 11,601 780 534 607 787 276 1,458 2,138 2,062 2,072 874 773 390 11,584 769 534 606 788 275 1,451 2,148 2,051 2,068 871 778 391 7,850 1,608 64 726 1,156 682 1,404 1,055 187 792 176 7,935 1,636 57 734 1,101 689 1,540 1,050 161 820 146 7,956 1,634 56 731 1,095 692 1,555 1,061 161 826 145 7,968 1,628 55 726 1,087 694 1,568 1,070 162 833 144 8,011 1,646 56 725 1,087 695 1,582 1,076 162 838 143 8,058 1,652 56 728 1,096 696 1,597 1,086 161 842 144 8,070 1,656 53 728 1,095 696 1,604 1,092 162 842 142 65,737 70,933 79,333 79,983 80,663 81,346 82,047 82,652 Nondurable goods ........................................ Food and kindred products ........................ Tobacco manufactures ............................. Textile mill products................................... Apparel and other textile products ............. Paper and allied products ......................... Printing and publishing ............................. Chemicals and allied products .................. Petroleum and coal products...................... Rubber and miscellaneous plastics products Leather and leather products .................... Service-producing ............................................... 7,631 1,628 68 729 1,139 654 1,271 1,055 200 679 209 Transportation and public utilities...................... Transportation .............................................. Communication and public utilities ................ 5,023 2,735 2,288 5,200 2,963 2,237 5,481 3,270 2,211 5,523 3,309 2,214 5,570 3,353 2,217 5,615 3,401 2,214 5,662 3,448 2,214 5,701 3,486 2,215 Wholesale trade............................................... Durable goods .............................................. Nondurable goods ........................................ 5,213 3,034 2,179 5,644 3,336 2,308 5,952 3,508 2,444 6,004 3,545 2,460 6,053 3,579 2,474 6,105 3,612 2,493 6,171 3,657 2,514 6,219 3,683 2,536 15,189 16,921 2,141 2,317 2,510 2,685 1,634 1,833 4,872 5,525 18,943 2,476 3,039 2,047 6,240 19,042 2,460 3,073 2,074 6,270 19,170 2,454 3,115 2,106 6,294 19,280 2,453 3,165 2,130 6,321 19,452 2,481 3,212 2,149 6,326 19,513 2,488 3,242 2,156 6,349 5,779 2,890 1,784 1,105 6,635 3,291 2,061 1,283 6,658 3,285 2,075 1,297 6,686 3,286 2,088 1,313 6,727 3,300 2,103 1,324 6,761 3,312 2,114 1,335 6,789 3,315 2,123 1,350 Services .......................................................... Business services ........................................ Health services ............................................ 19,131 21,231 3,289 4,196 5,892 6,177 25,079 5,438 6,989 25,422 5,532 7,085 25,785 5,621 7,189 26,109 5,688 7,313 26,424 5,724 7,442 26,755 5,780 7,568 Government..................................................... Federal ......................................................... State............................................................ Local............................................................ 15,824 16,159 2,745 2,830 3,641 3,772 9,438 9,557 17,244 2,969 4,030 10,245 17,333 2,961 4,057 10,315 17,399 2,970 4,079 10,350 17,511 2,983 4,084 10,444 17,576 2,981 4,094 10,502 17,675 2,993 4,121 10,561 Retail trade....................................................... General merchandise stores......................... Food stores ................................................. Automotive dealers and service stations ....... Eating and drinking places ........................... Finance, insurance, and real estate.................. Finance......................................................... Insurance ..................................................... Real estate................................................... p = 5,356 2,664 1,715 977 preliminary. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Monthly Labor Review August 1989 5 6 Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Employment and Unemployment in First-Half 1989 Table 2. Employment status by sex, age, race, and Hispanic origin, seasonally adjusted quarterly averages, 1982-89 [In thousands] 1982 1984 IV IV 1988 1989 Characteristic 1 II III IV I II Total Civilian labor force.......................................... Percent of population............................... Employed................................................... Agriculture .............................................. Nonagriculture ........................................ Employment-population ratio.................... Unemployed............................................... Unemployment ra te ................................. 110,959 114,257 121,045 121,352 121,881 122,388 123,291 123,790 64.1 64.5 65.8 65.8 65.9 66.4 66.1 66.5 99,120 105,944 114,152 114,688 115,202 115,843 116,900 117,289 3,471 3,324 3,212 3,139 3,126 3,223 3,243 3,104 95,649 102,620 110,940 111,549 112,076 112,620 113,657 114,185 57.3 59.8 62.1 62.2 62.3 62.9 62.5 63.0 11,839 8,312 6,893 6,664 6,678 6,545 6,391 6,501 10.7 7.3 5.7 5.5 5.5 5.2 5.3 5.3 Men, 20 years and over Civilian labor force.......................................... Percent of population............................... Employed................................................... Employment-population ratio.................... Unemployed............................................... Unemployment ra te ................................. 58,375 78.8 52,553 70.9 5,822 10.0 68,020 78.3 56,257 73.4 3,764 6.3 62,522 78.0 59,448 74.1 3,074 4.9 62,721 78.0 59,756 74.3 2,965 4.7 62,843 77.9 59,905 74.3 2,938 4.7 62,971 77.8 60,017 74.2 2,953 4.7 63,468 78.1 60,642 74.6 2,827 4.5 63,681 78.1 60,883 74.7 2,798 4.4 44,112 52.9 40,127 48.1 3,985 9.0 46,357 54.0 43,256 50.4 3,101 6.7 50,501 56.6 47,963 53.8 2,538 5.0 50,604 56.6 48,122 53.8 2,483 4.9 50,919 56.8 48,423 54.0 2,496 4.9 51,449 57.2 49,022 54.5 2,427 4.7 51,890 57.6 49,514 54.9 2,376 4.6 52,131 57.7 49,632 54.9 2,499 4.8 8,472 54.3 6,440 41.3 2,032 24.0 7,880 54.1 6,432 44.1 1,448 18.4 8,022 55.0 6,742 46.2 1,281 16.0 8,026 55.1 6,810 46.7 1,216 15.2 8,119 56.0 6,874 47.4 1,244 15.3 7,969 55.2 6,804 47.1 1,165 14.6 7,933 55.2 6,745 46.9 1,188 15.0 7,978 56.0 6,774 47.6 1,203 15.1 Women, 20 years and over Civilian labor force.......................................... Percent of population............................... Employed................................................... Employment-population ratio.................... Unemployed............................................... Unemployment ra te ................................. Both sexes, 16 to 19 years Civilian labor force.......................................... Percent of population............................... Employed................................................... Employment-population ratio.................... Unemployed............................................... Unemployment ra te ................................. White Civilian labor force.......................................... Percent of population............................... Employed................................................... Employment-population ratio.................... Unemployed............................................... Unemployment ra te ................................. 96,623 64.4 87,452 58.3 9,171 9.5 98,811 104,255 104,555 104,900 105,286 105,964 106,310 64.7 66.1 66.2 66.2 66.4 66.7 66.8 92,616 99,204 99,691 99,909 100,436 101,338 101,539 60.7 62.9 63.1 63.1 63.3 63.8 63.8 6,195 4,864 5,050 4,991 4,849 4,626 4,772 6.3 4.8 4.7 4.8 4.4 4.6 4.5 11,503 61.5 9,155 48.9 2,348 20.4 12,252 62.9 10,393 53.3 1,859 15.2 13,137 63.9 11,512 56.0 1,626 12.4 13,090 63.4 11,530 55.8 1,559 11.9 13,240 63.8 11,751 56.7 1,489 11.2 13,342 64.1 11,831 56.8 1,510 11.3 13,459 64.4 11,898 56.9 1,561 11.6 13,444 64.1 11,932 56.9 1,512 11.2 6,826 63.5 5,783 53.8 1,043 15.3 7,614 65.4 6,819 58.6 795 10.4 8,889 67.6 8,176 62.2 713 8.0 8,914 67.2 8,127 61.3 787 8.8 9,007 67.3 8,286 61.9 721 8.0 9,119 67.6 8,409 62.3 709 7.8 9,212 67.7 8,546 62.8 666 7.2 9,321 67.9 8,568 62.4 752 8.1 Black Civilian labor force.......................................... Percent of population............................... Employed................................................... Employment-population ratio.................... Unemployed............................................... Unemployment ra te ................................. Hispanic origin Civilian labor force.......................................... Percent of population............................... Employed................................................... Employment-population ratio.................... Unemployed............................................... Unemployment ra te ................................. Note: Detail for race and Hispanic-origin groups will not sum to totals because data for the “other races” group are not pre- August 1989 sented and Hispanics are included in both the white and black population groups. C h a rt 1. M onthly changes in nonagricultural em ploym ent, seasonally adjusted, J an u a ry 1 9 8 8 -J u n e 1 9 8 9 [Thousands] [Thousands] Jan. Mar. May July Sept No\i 1988 Jan. Mar. May 1989 NOTE: Data for the most recent 2 months are preliminary in the first half of the year. However, the pace of the increase was a little slower relative to the rapid rate of job growth achieved during 1988. Slower growth was particularly evident in in dustries, such as wholesale and retail trade, that were most affected by the slowdown in the de mand for new construction and durable goods. Nevertheless, the service-producing sector grew by 1.3 million, accounting for nearly 9 out of every 10 jobs added. Employment growth in wholesale trade slowed a bit during the first half. Job gains in durable goods distribution, which had been quite buoyant in 1988 due to strong export de mand, slowed somewhat, while growth in non durable goods distribution held steady. Overall, wholesale trade added 115,000 jobs in the first half of 1989. Employment increases in retail trade also tapered off somewhat in the second quarter, after surging in the first quarter of the year. Smaller job gains occurred in food stores and auto dealers— the latter probably reflecting slower car sales. In finance, insurance, and real estate, employment continued to show moderate growth. Several service-producing industries contin ued to exhibit strong employment growth throughout the first half of 1989. Employment https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis in transportation and public utilities continued to make sizable gains, with an increase of about 85.000 (despite the labor-management dispute at Eastern Airlines). Most of the growth oc curred in transportation, reflecting in part the ongoing expansion of airlines in order to meet the growing demand for air travel and further growth in trucking. The services industry con tinued its pattern of strong job growth, adding nearly 650,000 jobs. As has been the case in recent years, the sharpest growth was in health services, while net job additions in business services slowed somewhat. Government em ployment continued to grow in the first half of the year, driven mostly by increases in the local government area. Unemployment Despite slower growth, the service-producing sector accounted for nearly 9 out of every 10 new jobs. Unemployment continued to improve early in 1989, but then edged up in the second quarter. In the first quarter, both the number of unem ployed persons and the civilian unemployment rate inched down. In March, these figures reached post-recession lows of 6.1 million and 5.0 percent. Subsequently, unemployment rose a bit, consistent with the slowing of employ ment growth. At 6.5 million and 5.3 percent, Monthly Labor Review August 1989 7 Employment and Unemployment in First-Half 1989 The number of involuntary part-time workers remained above the historical norm for this stage of a recovery. both the level and rate of unemployment in the second quarter were about the same as in the fourth quarter of 1988. Unemployment patterns among the major de mographic groups varied somewhat during the first half. Reflecting the overall trend, the un employment rate for adult women declined slightly in the first quarter, but then edged back up in the second, reaching 4.8 percent. In con trast, the jobless rate for adult men continued to edge down throughout the first half, falling to 4.4 percent. The unemployment rate for teenagers, at 15.1 percent in the second quarter, showed little definitive movement during the first half. The jobless rate for black workers also showed little change during the first half of 1989. At 11.2 percent in the second quarter, the black unemployment rate was about the same as in the fourth quarter of 1988. Although it followed the overall improvement in unemploy ment during the expansion, the black unemploy ment rate remained 2^ times the rate for white workers (4.5 percent) in the second quarter. The unemployment rate for Hispanic workers was 8.1 percent— continuing about midway be tween the rates for black and white workers. Duration and reasons. There was a little im provement in the duration of unemployment during the first half of 1989. Both the mean duration, at 11.9 weeks, and the median, at 5.4 weeks, were down slightly in the second quarter from fourth-quarter 1988 levels. The number of persons without work for 27 weeks or longer, often referred to as the very long-term unem ployed, edged down to 650,000 in the second quarter, or about 10 percent of the unemployed. Little change occurred in the distribution of jobless persons in terms of their reason for being unemployed. The proportion who lost their last Table 3. job continued to account for the largest segment of the unemployed, at about 43 percent in the second quarter. Those who had left their last job voluntarily to search for another one accounted for 16 percent of the unemployed, while new entrants and reentrants made up approximately 11 and 30 percent, respectively. Involuntary part-time work and discourage ment. In addition to the tally of persons who are unemployed, another measure of labor market difficulty is the number of workers employed part time who would like to work full time. This group— often referred to as involuntary parttime workers or persons employed part time for economic reasons, and sometimes labeled the partially unemployed— totaled 5.0 million in the second quarter, about the same as the fourthquarter 1988 figure. Although the group had declined markedly in size from recession-high levels, it remained above the historical norm (as a percent of total employment) for this stage of a recovery. Most persons not in the labor force do not want jobs. However, some report that they would like to work but are not seeking jobs because they do not believe there are any avail able. These individuals, termed discouraged workers by the Bureau of Labor Statistics, to taled about 870,000 in the second quarter of 1989, down somewhat from the level in the fourth quarter of 1988. Their number has declined very slowly over the past 2 years. Earlier in the ex pansion, it had dropped sharply from the elevated levels associated with the 1981—82 recession. EMPLOYMENT GROWTH SLOWED during the first half of 1989, and unemployment finished the half about in line with late-1988 levels. To put this slowdown in labor market improvement in perspective, it should be noted that a similar Selected indicators pertaining to Homebuilding, December 1988 to May 1989 Indicator 1988 Dec. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Mar. Apr. May 8.40 8.55 8.65 9.09 9.40 9.30 Average commitment rate on fixed-rate mortgages (percent) ......... 10.61 10.73 10.65 11.03 11.05 10.77 New housing permits (thousands) ................................................. 1,518 1,486 1,403 1,230 1,334 1,347 New housing starts (thousands)..................................................... 1,577 1,678 1,465 1,409 1,343p 1,309p New house sales (thousands) ....................................................... 669 700 621 597p 613P preliminary. Source: Mortgage interest rate data are from the Federal Monthly Labor Review Feb. Average commitment rate on adjustable-rate mortgages (percent) .. p = 8 1989 Jan. August 1989 547p Home Loan Mortgage Corporation’s Primary Mortgage Market Survey. Housing data are from the Bureau of the Census and are seasonally adjusted annual rates. slowdown also occurred during 1986, only to be followed by more than 2 years of very robust job growth. Thus, it remains to be seen whether the moderation in growth in the first half of this year is a harbinger of further weakness, or merely a temporary lull in the pattern of strong labor mar ket performance that has characterized most of the current expansion. □ Footnotes 1The employment and labor force data used in this article are taken from two sources: The Current Employment Statistics program, a monthly survey of more than 300,000 business establishments nationwide conducted by the Bu reau of Labor Statistics (bls) in cooperation with State Em ployment Security Agencies, and the Current PopulationSurvey, a monthly survey of about 56,000 households na tionwide conducted for bls by the Bureau of the Census. For further information on these surveys, see Handbook of Methods, Bulletin 2285 (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1988). 2 Unless otherwise noted, estimates of employment change in this article refer to differences in seasonally ad justed quarterly averages. The effects of unions on wages Relatively centralized bargaining structures are only one of the institutional arrangements that insulate European employers from fear of union wage increases. Unionized competitors tend to face the same wage rates, and laws requiring an extension of negotiated wages to the unorganized sector in some countries require the nonunion sector to adopt the negotiated wage level. Labor policies therefore tend to reduce the competitive threat presented by union wage increases. Unions in the United States also secure relatively high fringe benefits for their members, which increases the competitive threat from the nonunion sector. In addition, decentralized bargaining may result in differences in fringe benefit costs within the unionized sector. In Europe, most fringe benefits are established by law and hence apply with relatively equal force to most employers. International differences in the division of responsibilities between legislation and collective bargaining therefore influence the competitive threat associated with unions. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis —Robert J. Flanagan Labor Relations and the Litigation Explosion (W ashington, The Brookings Institution, 1987), pp. 9 8 -99. Monthly Labor Review August 1989 9 How many new jobs since 1982? Data from two surveys differ Employers have been reporting more job growth than is indicated by the household survey; this divergence may reflect an increase in dual jobholding and in the employment of illegal aliens Paul O. Flaim Paul O. Flaim is chief of the Division of Labor Force Statistics, Office of Employment and Unemployment Statistics, Bureau of Labor Statistics. 10 Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis he growth in employment during the produced substantially higher estimates of em expansionary period that began in late ployment growth than did the household survey. 1982 has been extremely robust by any Then, as now, the different behavior of the two standard. The exact magnitude of the growth, series was cause for concern among some of the however, depends on the statistical series used users of these numbers.2 to gauge it. As of April 1989, the Bureau of Labor Statistics’ survey of employers’ pay Making the data more comparable rolls— the Current Employment Statistics pro gram— had shown an increase of about 20 mil It is important to note that the two surveys do lion jobs since November 1982, while the not cover quite the same universe. The em survey of households— the Current Population ployer survey counts payroll jo b s in the Survey ( c ps ) conducted for bls by the Bureau of nonfarm sector of the economy, while the the Census— showed an increase of only 18 mil household series focuses on employed persons, lion in the number of employed persons. There including those in farm work, private household was thus a discrepancy of 2 million between the work, unpaid family work, and self-employment. two surveys. In addition, the two surveys differ in the way More recently, the employment figures from they treat dual jobholders and workers on strike the payroll survey have been revised— or or on other unpaid absences. And there are yet “benchmarked”— downward for the period other definitional and methodological differ since March 1987,1 with the level for April ences that may allow the trends in the two series 1989 being lowered by more than half a million. to diverge significantly.3 This has substantially narrowed the gap in For a clearer comparison of the trends in the growth estimates between the two employment two series—given the differences noted above— it series. However, for the period from November is useful to adjust the data from the household 1982 to April 1989, the increase in the payroll survey to make them conform more closely to series still exceeds the growth in total employ those from the less comprehensive payroll sur ment, as measured through the household sur vey. To do so, we must subtract from the house vey, by about 1.4 million. hold series those groups of workers not covered While much of the divergence between the by the payroll survey. Table 1 summarizes the two series has taken place since mid-1987, their changes in the data from the two surveys for the paths had begun to differ noticeably as early as period November 1982 to April 1989 both be 1984. Such a divergence during expansionary fore and after this type of adjustment.4 periods is not unprecedented. Even during the Surprisingly, the difference between the expansion of the late 1970’s, the payroll survey growth paths of the two series turns out to be T August 1989 even larger when the household data are sub jected to this adjustment. While the original es timate from the household series had grown by 1.4 million less than that from the payroll series over the November 1982-April 1989 period, the adjusted series show a bigger and more rapidly expanding growth gap, which is in excess of 2 million for the same period even after the recent downward revision of the payroll data. As indicated earlier, and as shown in chart 1, the growth disparity between the two jobs series began to develop in mid-1984. During 1985, it averaged about 1 million, but then shrank again, averaging around half a million during 1986 and the first half of 1987. Thereafter, the gap began to widen rapidly, expanding to 2.1 million by April 1989 (and to nearly 2.5 million by May 1989). Possible reasons for a widening gap Because the adjustments of the household data outlined above actually pull the paths of the two employment series further apart, we must look for other factors to explain the widening gap, even if we do not have the data with which to quantify their impact. Three such factors are discussed below. First, the growth of the payroll employment series in recent years may have been boosted by an increase in the rate of dual jobholding— that is, in the number of persons working for more than one employer. Secondly, at least until the recent benchmarking of the payroll data, there appears to have been some overestimation of the jobs being created by newly established firms. And thirdly, the relatively slow growth of the household employment series may reflect an underestimation of the expansion of the popula tion of working age, particularly with regard to the component made up by immigrants.5 Dual jobholders. With the strong demand for labor during the recent expansion, many work ers may have taken on a second job, perhaps to make up for earnings forgone during the reces sions of the early 1980’s. By working for two or more employers, these workers would be picked up on more than one payroll. This would lead to an increase in the number of jobs counted in the payroll survey, without affecting the count of employed persons from the household survey— because, in the latter survey, workers are counted only once, regardless of the number of jobs they hold. How important is this defini tional difference between the two series in ex plaining the growing gap between them? The extent to which dual jobholding may have increased in recent years should be known https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Table 1. Changes in employment from November 1982 to April 1989 as measured through the payroll survey and the Current Population Survey [In thousands] Month and year Payroll jobs Total A djusted CPS CPS em ploym ent em ploym ent November 1982 . . . 88,671 99,112 85,116 April 1989 ............. 108,094 117,113 102,469 Change over period................ 19,423 18,001 17,353 -1,422 -2,070 Difference between change In cps employment and change In payroll jobs.................... Note: Data are seasonally adjusted. later this year, when data on “moonlighting”— collected through a special supplement to the May 1989 c ps —become available for analysis. Actually, the data for 1985, the latest available on this topic, already indicated an upward trend in dual jobholding and a possible linkage to the difference in growth between the payroll and the household employment series, which was al ready becoming noticeable at the time.6 Be cause the rate of dual jobholding has also been seen to grow during previous expansionary peri ods, and because the economy has grown con siderably since 1985, a further increase in dual jobholding may be anticipated in the 1989 data. In this context, it is interesting to note that all of the excess growth in the payroll series, rela tive to the household series, since late 1982 has occurred in the service-producing industries, principally in retail trade and services. (See table 2.) Many of the jobs in these two indus tries are of a part-time nature, and their rapid growth would have provided ample opportuni ties for workers to moonlight. Thus, increased dual jobholding in these two industries is likely to have accounted for a substantial share of the recent divergence between the two employment series. It should also be noted that, even if a person does not work for two employers simulta neously, he or she can still be picked up on two (or more) payrolls in the survey of employers. This can occur when a worker leaves one job to take up another during the pay period of refer ence for this survey. Because this type of mo- The growth disparity between the two jobs series began to develop in mid-1984. Monthly Labor Review August 1989 11 New Jobs Since 1982: Two Surveys Differ bility is known to increase with the demand for labor, it is likely to have contributed to the rapid growth in the number of jobs reported in the payroll survey during the current economic expansion. Unfortunately, the dual-jobholders hypothe sis does not help at all in explaining why the data from the two surveys have behaved in an entirely opposite fashion in measuring em ploym ent growth in the goods-producing industries— mining, construction, and manu facturing. As shown in table 2, the increase in employment in these industries, as well as in a couple of service-producing industries, was actually greater as measured through the house hold survey than as measured through the pay roll survey. One can only speculate as to why the job data for these industries show a pattern radically dif ferent from those for the trade and miscella neous services industries. Perhaps some of the employment growth in goods-producing indus tries, which was rather meager over the period in question, consisted of jobs of rather marginal nature that may be reported in the household survey but are not picked up in the establish ment-based counts. And there could be other explanations, such as changes in the patterns of The excess growth has occurred in service-producing industries. C h art 1. unpaid absences, which are treated differently in the two surveys. But there is no actual evi dence that any such developments have taken place. The “new-birth” factor. At least until the re cent benchmarking of the payroll data, the esti mating assumptions that had to be made about the monthly increases in jobs originating from the “births” of new firms were another factor in the relatively rapid growth of the payroll series. Newly established firms cannot be immediately sampled in the payroll survey, and the number of jobs they create must initially be projected from historical trends. A subsequent annual re vision (benchmark) of payroll employment data is then made, based on virtually complete counts of jobs obtained retroactively, largely through the unemployment insurance program. The most recent of these benchmark adjust ments was done in June 1989, using actual counts of employment obtained in March 1988. As indicated earlier, the result was a substantial downward revision of the growth in payroll employment since March 1987, with the previ ously published total for April 1989 being low ered by more than half a million.7 The direction and magnitude of this revision— illustrated in E x te n t to which th e grow th In payroll em ploym ent since Novem ber 1 9 8 2 has e x c e e d e d or trailed the grow th In em ploym ent as m easured by th e household survey [Millions] 4 .0 [Millions] 4 .0 ■ Growth difference after June 1989 benchmarking of payroll series 3 .5 3 .0 3 .5 3 .0 H Additional growth difference before June 1989 benchmarking O C 2 .5 2.0 2. 0 1 .5 0 .5 1.5 - 0 .5 0.0 0.0 i -0 .5 1983 NOTE: 12 I I l I I I I I I I I M l l I I I I II I I II I I I I I I I I I I I I I l I I l l | | | | | | | l i i | | | i | i i i i | i i i i i 19 8 4 19 8 5 1986 19 87 The household data have been adjusted to payroll employment concepts. Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis August 1989 1988 19 8 9 -0 .5 chart 1— would suggest that the actual rate of job creation stemming from the establishment of new firms was not nearly as strong in the most recent stages of the expansion as had been assumed based on the experience accumulated during the earlier stages of the recovery. Unfortunately, we will now have to wait until the next annual round of benchmarking, which will be based on a complete count of payroll jobs for March 1989 and be finalized in June 1990, to determine whether the data from the establishment survey, even as recently revised, have accurately portrayed the trend in payroll employment since the March 1988 benchmark count. Depending on the direction and magni tude of future revisions of the payroll data— namely those that will result from the 1990 benchmarking— the growth gap between the two employment series could either be nar rowed further or widened once more for the post-March 1988 period. Table 2. Comparison of changes in employment between November 1982 and April 1989 in the payroll and household surveys, by industry [In thousands] Changes betw een N ovem ber 1982 and April 1989 Industry (A) Household survey (B) Total nonagricultural wage and salary workers........................................................ 19,423 2 17,182 2,241 Goods-producing industries ................................. Mining................................................................ Construction....................................................... Manufacturing..................................................... Durable goods................................................. Nondurable goods............................................ 2,716 -308 1,432 1,592 1,147 445 3,625 -189 1,629 2,185 1,417 768 -909 -119 -197 -593 -270 -323 Service-producing industries ............................... Transportation and public utilities........................ Trade ................................................................ Finance, insurance, and real estate.................... Miscellaneous services...................................... Government....................................................... 16,707 662 5,315 1,425 7,506 1,799 213,557 3,150 -381 1,965 -167 1,590 143 Payroll survey1 The population estimates. While it is now ob 1 Based on preliminary data for April 1989. vious that, at least until its recent revision, the 2Excluding private household workers. payroll series had overstated the growth in em ployment, the household series has probably un Note: Data are seasonally adjusted. derstated it. One way this could have come about is if, in projecting the population esti mates to which the household job series is hinged, there had been an underestimation of 1980 census-based population projections made the inflow of aliens into the country. Whether by the Bureau of the Census for the current this problem actually occurred during the decade and beyond will come to the actual find 1980’s, and to what extent, cannot be known ings from the upcoming 1990 census. However, with any certainty until the findings from the if the projections were to fall substantially short, 1990 census are compiled and analyzed, if then. relative to the 1990 census count, there would In this regard, it is useful to remind ourselves have to be another upward revision of both the of what happened after the population counts population data and the labor force and employ from the 1980 census became available. These ment numbers from the household survey. Two counts showed that the population of working factors are crucial in this regard: (1) How well age was actually much larger than had been the Census Bureau has done in estimating the projected in the estimates underlying the house net inflow of illegal aliens during the 1980’s; hold data for the 1970’s and early 1980’s. The and, (2) the extent to which these and other higher 1980 census counts— representing an in persons will actually report themselves in the crease in the size of the undocumented alien 1990 census. The number of illegal aliens is, by definition, population, as well as better reporting by other population groups— made necessary a substan extremely difficult to estimate. However, data tial upward revision of both the population and from the U.S. Immigration and Naturalization employment numbers.8 In fact, the cps employ Service ( in s ) suggest an upsurge in illegal immi ment estimates for April 1980, the census gration during the 1980’s. While the ins data month, had to be revised upward by about 2 relate only to the apprehensions of undocu million. The data for all of the 1970’s also were mented aliens, the increase in such cases from modified through a “wedging” procedure to about 900,000 in 1980 to about 1.8 million in bring them in line with the new numbers for 1986 (chart 2) has, in all likelihood, been ac 1980.9 Until this revision was made, the rate of companied by a substantial increase in the increase in cps employment had been much number of aliens who managed to enter the slower than that of payroll employment, creat country without being apprehended. Yet, in the ing a pattern very similar to the one we have absence of “hard data,” this rather strong indica tion of an upsurge in illegal immigration in the seen in recent years. We can only speculate as to how close the mid-1980’s has not yet been taken into account https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1,043 3,350 1,592 25,916 1,656 Monthly Labor Review D ifference (A )-(B ) August 1989 13 New Jobs Since 1982: Two Surveys Differ There is a rather strong indication of an upsurge in illegal immigration in the mid-1980’s. in constructing the official population estimates for the Nation. Instead, it has been assumed that the contribution of illegal aliens to the country’s population growth has remained constant during the decade, amounting to some 200,000 per year. Note from chart 2 that the number of appre hensions of illegal aliens averaged over 1.3 mil lion a year in the 1985-88 period. If we assume that for every two aliens apprehended over this 4-year period, there was one who succeeded in entering the country, the “undetected” inflow would have been well above a half million per year. Thus, the actual yearly increase in illegal aliens (inflows minus outflows) could have av eraged far in excess of the 200,000 allowance used by the Census Bureau in constructing the year-by-year population estim ates for the 1980’s. The 200,000 yearly allowance, it should be noted, is based on the estimated net annual increase in the number of illegal aliens in the early 1980’s, years during which unemploy ment in this country was very high and the de mand for labor very low.10 In subsequent years, when the demand for labor increased consider ably, the net inflow of illegal aliens is likely to have reached much higher levels. It thus is possible that we have had a sizable shortfall in the official estimates of population growth due to the difficulty of estimating the size of the illegal alien component. And because most illegal aliens enter the country to take a job, a substantial underestimation of the in crease in their number would inevitably lead to a substantial underestimation of employment growth in the data from the household survey. A geographic glance. With a few exceptions, the data for individual States show a clear ten dency for the payroll employment series to grow at a faster rate than the household series in areas where the demand for labor is strongest. For example, of the 15 States with the lowest jobless rates for 1988 (4.3 percent or below), there were 12 for which the rate of growth in employment since 1983 had been higher as measured through the payroll survey than as measured through the c p s . Conversely, of the 15 States with the highest rates of unemployment in 1988 (6.3 per cent or above), 11 showed a slower rate of em ployment growth in the payroll survey than in the household survey. This geographic pattern lends support to the hypothesis that the observed divergence in the C h a rt 2. Num ber of apprehensions of undocum ented aliens a t or within the U.S. border, s ele cted years, 1 9 6 0 -8 8 Apprehensions (in millions) 2.00 1 .7 5 1 .5 0 1 .2 5 1.00 0 .7 5 0 .5 0 0 .2 5 0.00 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 Fiscal year SOURCE: 14 M onthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis U.S. Immigration and Naturalization Service. August 1989 1985 1986 1987 1988 growth of the two employment series is related to an increase in dual jobholding and to a rise in the net inflow of undocumented workers from abroad. After all, it is in areas with the lowest unemployment rates that a worker who wants to earn some extra money through moonlighting can more easily find a second job. And it is to these areas of strong demand for labor that many immigrants are likely to gravitate in their search for work. D Footnotes A cknowledgment : The author thanks John F. Stinson, Jr., a senior economist in the Office of Employment and Unemployment Statistics, who contributed significantly to the preparation of the data for this analysis. 1The monthly employment estimates from the Current Employment Statistics program are revised annually to bring them into line with benchmarks (comprehensive counts of employment) for the various nonagricultural in dustries. The primary sources of benchmark information are employment data, by industry, compiled quarterly by State agencies from reports of all establishments covered under State unemployment insurance laws. 2 For a discusson of the divergence between the two em ployment series in the 1970’s, see Alexander Korns, “The Difference Between the Payroll and the Household Meas ures of Employment, 1975-79,” Survey of Current Busi ness, December 1979, pp. 44-49. 3 For a detailed description of the definitional differences between the two surveys, see Gloria P. Green, “Comparing Employment Estimates from Household and Payroll Sur veys,” Monthly Labor Review, December 1969, pp. 9-20. 4 In this adjustment, the following groups of workers are subtracted from the monthly household data: agricultural workers (except those in agricultural services), selfemployed nonagricultural workers, private household work ers, unpaid family workers, and workers on unpaid absences. These workers fall outside the scope of the payroll survey. 5 A fourth factor that was also investigated was a possible increase in the employment of 14- and 15-year-olds as wage and salary workers. This would contribute to an increase in the payroll series without having any effect on the household numbers, which are limited to the population age 16 and over. However, an examination of the data showed that, while the proportion of 14- and 15-year-olds who are em ployed as wage and salary workers has indeed increased in recent years, the total number of youths of this age in the population has been declining, and their employment level (in absolute numbers) has hardly increased at all. These https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis youths, therefore, could not have contributed much to the increase in payroll employment. 6 See John F. Stinson, Jr., “Moonlighting: a key to differ ences in measuring employment growth,” Monthly Labor Review, February 1987, pp. 30-31. 7 For a description of this procedure and its results, see Fred R. Cronkhite, “BLS Establishment Estimates Revised to March 1988 Benchmarks,” Employment and Earnings, June 1989, pp. 6-22. 8 The 1980 census counts of the noninstitutional popula tion 16 years of age and over turned out to be 3.7 million higher than the official projections for April 1980, the month the census was taken. The Census Bureau subse quently estimated that 1.7 million of these persons were undocumented aliens and that the other 2 million were native-born persons found through “improved coverage”— that is, through better reporting than had been achieved in previous census counts. 9 For a description of the revision, see Kenneth Buckley, Jennifer Marks, and Ronald Statt, “Revisions in the Current Population Survey Beginning in January 1982,” Employ ment and Earnings, February 1982, pp. 7-15. 10 In constructing the population estimates for the 1980’s, the Census Bureau has been assuming that the undocu mented alien population has been increasing by 200,000 persons each year. This estimate was arrived at by compar ing the increase in the foreign-bom population between 1980 and 1983 (as reported in the 1980 census and in a special supplement to the April 1983 cps) with the net in crease in the number of foreign-bom persons legally admit ted to the country over that period. The excess increase, averaging roughly 200,000 per year, was deemed to consist of undocumented aliens. But it should be noted that the 1980-83 period was one of very high unemployment. The actual increase in the number of illegal aliens in the subse quent years of rapid economic expansion and strong demand for labor in the United States—and of severe strife and mounting economic problems in various countries of Latin America—was probably much higher. M onthly Labor Review August 1989 15 Reasons for not working: poor and nonpoor householders Compared with their nonpoor counterparts in 1986, poor male householders were more likely to cite inability to find full-year work, illness, or disability as reasons for working part year or not working, and poor female householders with young children were more likely to indicate family responsibilities Mark S. Littman Mark S. Littman is a sociologist at the U.S. Bureau of the Census. The views expressed in this article are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Census Bureau. The statistical assistance of Eleanor F. Baugher is gratefully acknowledged. 16 Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis espite a great deal of discussion about from about 95 percent of the nonpoor in 1959 to what the work activity of the poor is and 91 percent by 1986. should be, there is no consensus. Pub In comparison, about 50 percent of the poor lished views range from implying that none of worked at all in 1986, down from 68 percent in the poor work to implying that they all work 1959. Although the proportion of the working year round, full time or have unquestionable poor has been rather stable in the 1980’s, it fell reasons for not doing so.1 precipitously in the 1960’s and 1970’s. (See This article compares the work experience of table 1.) Several factors are responsible for the poor (income below the poverty level) and non different work rates of the poor and nonpoor, poor (income above the poverty level) heads of but the increase in the proportion of poor family households (hereafter called “house families headed by women is the largest single holders”) between 1959 and 1986.2 It also ex factor explaining the drop in the work force amines how the reasons given by the poor for participation of poor householders.5 not working or for working part year differ from Poor families maintained by women have not those given by the nonpoor. The data are based shared in the increased labor force participation on the official poverty figures from the Bureau of women that has characterized the past quarter of the Census and labor force activity as meas of a century. Families maintained by women ured in the Current Population Survey ( c ps ) . 3 have increased from 23 percent of all poor families in 1959 to 51 percent in 1986. Nonpoor Work rates families maintained by women represented 7 percent of all nonpoor families in 1959, and 12 In 1986, about 80 percent of nonpoor family percent in 1986. While the proportion of householders worked, down from 90 percent in families maintained by women who worked in 1959, but unchanged overall in the 1980’s. Al the previous year has increased for nonpoor though several reasons for the decline have been women, it has decreased for poor women. For expounded, none has been universally ac nonpoor women maintaining families with no cepted.4 For example, earlier retirement (before spouse present, the proportion working in age 65) has been one reason given, but even creased from 64 percent in 1959 to 75 percent in when the age universe is restricted to house 1986; for poor women, the corresponding pro holders of preretirement age (22-64), the pro portions were 43 percent and 40 percent. (See portion working in the preceding year declined table 1.) D August 1989 While the percent of poor female household ers who work has decreased only slightly since 1959, the decline has been more pronounced for their male counterparts. Three of four poor men maintaining families worked in 1959, compared with 3 of 5 in 1986, a proportion that has re mained fairly constant during the 1980’s. (See table 1.) The proportion of poor male house holders working year round, full time has also remained fairly constant, varying only between 24 percent and 27 percent since the mid-1970’s. This figure had been 38 percent in 1959. (See table 2.) Reason for work status Study of reasons for not working or for working part year is a means of listening to the poor describe the causes of their present work status. Apparently, there have been no studies to inves tigate the validity of the reasons for the “not working” and “working part year” responses which have been elicited in the cps for many years as part of the standard questions on weeks worked in previous calendar year. Some ana lysts believe these data are biased— not because there is evidence to suggest that poor respond ents are more prone to give false responses, but because of the belief that survey respondents, regardless of poverty status, tend to give re sponses which they deem will be accepted without questions by the enumerator or by society.6 Table 1. Percent of poor and nonpoor male and female family householders who worked, selected years, 1959-86 N onpoor Poor Year Total M ale1 Fem ale Total M ale1 Fem ale 1959 1965 1969 1972 1975 1978 1979 .... .... .... .... .... .... .... 67.5 60.7 54.6 53.5 50.4 49.0 48.7 74.9 68.7 61.4 64.9 61.5 57.6 57.1 42.9 40.7 42.7 38.1 36.5 40.6 39.7 89.7 88.2 87.3 85.7 82.9 82.8 82.3 90.9 90.0 89.1 87.6 84.5 84.1 83.5 63.8 66.8 67.3 67.5 68.8 72.5 73.4 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 .... .... .... .... .... .... .... 49.4 50.7 48.7 49.3 49.1 50.3 49.8 59.5 61.0 59.2 59.7 59.8 60.1 60.1 38.5 39.4 36.3 37.3 37.5 39.6 40.1 81.7 80.9 80.2 79.7 79.8 79.4 79.7 82.6 81.8 81.1 80.5 80.5 80.0 80.4 74.0 74.0 73.0 73.7 74.5 74.4 74.7 1 Data are for families in which no spouse was present and for all married-couple families. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Table 2. Percent of poor and nonpoor male and female family householders who worked year round, full time, selected years, 1959-86 Nonpoor Poor Total Male1 Female Total Male1 Female 1959 1965 1969 1972 1975 1978 1979 ........................... ........................... ........................... ........................... ........................... ........................... ........................... 31.5 29.3 21.6 19.8 15.9 16.1 16.4 37.6 36.3 29.4 29.4 24.2 26.7 25.8 10.9 11.6 7.9 6.9 5.6 5.6 6.4 68.8 71.5 70.0 67.6 63.0 65.1 64.3 70.5 73.6 72.5 70.0 65.2 67.2 66.3 40.5 42.6 42.1 43.3 43.6 48.2 48.5 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 ........................... ........................... ........................... ........................... ........................... ........................... ........................... 16.2 17.5 15.7 16.9 17.1 16.4 16.6 25.6 27.0 23.5 26.2 26.1 25.5 25.4 6.0 7.1 6.5 6.2 7.3 6.5 8.3 62.9 62.0 59.9 60.7 62.3 62.1 62.3 64.5 63.4 61.0 61.8 63.6 63.5 63.5 50.2 50.5 50.6 52.2 53.1 52.2 53.0 1 Data are for families in which no spouse was present and for all married-couple families. Male householders. Of the 1.3 million poor male householders who did not work in 1986, 36 percent said they were ill or disabled, 37 percent were retired, 13 percent were unable to find work, 9 percent were “keeping house,” 3 percent were in school, and 3 percent gave “other reasons.” (See table 3.) No further elabo ration of these responses is elicited in the c p s . The responses were quite different for nonpoor male householders who did not work in 1986. Three of four of them were retired, 16 percent were ill or disabled, 2 percent were unable to find work, 1 percent were going to school, 6 percent gave “family reasons,” and 1 percent gave “other reasons.” Thus the retired and ill and disabled categories alone covered about 73 percent of nonworking poor male householders in 1986 (compared with 91 percent of the non poor), with about twice as many poor as non poor indicating they were ill or disabled.7 If, as some analysts maintain, work alone prevents poverty, then the poverty rate would have been very low in 1959 when 75 percent of poor male householders worked. But, that was the year their poverty rate was the highest ever recorded. Clearly, then, working sufficient hours and at sufficient wage levels are important in eliminating poverty.8 It would appear that insufficient wages are nearly as important as part-year or part-time work for poor families headed by men: the male householder in 870,000 poor families worked year round, full time in 1986. These men repre sented 42 percent of poor male householders who worked at all. Including those who did not The retired and ill and disabled categories alone covered about 73 percent of nonworking poor male householders in 1986, compared with 91 percent of the nonpoor. M onthly Labor Review August 1989 17 Reasons For Not Working Table 3. Poor and nonpoor family householders who did not work or worked part year bv reason selected years, 1976-86 y ’ Poor N onpoor W ork status and reason 1976 1978 1979 1983 1985 1986 1976 1978 1979 1983 1985 1986 1,502 100.0 1,595 100.0 1,543 100.0 2,168 100.0 2,147 100.0 2,048 100.0 8,864 100.0 8,104 100.0 8,271 1Ò 0.0 8,732 100.0 8,002 1 Ò 0.0 8 404 100.0 11.5 25.6 6.3 43.3 13.4 13.7 29.5 5.3 36.7 14.9 13.4 29.2 5.9 37.1 14.3 7.3 16.4 4.2 58.1 14.1 9.4 17.7 4.5 54.4 14.0 8.8 19.2 4.9 55.0 12.1 14.6 6.1 4.6 48.5 26.3 14.4 7.4 5.0 40.7 32.5 14.3 10.0 4.5 41.3 29.9 9.4 5.8 3.7 54.2 26.9 10 7 7 1 38 47.1 31.3 1? n 7 1 ¿2 46 6 30.1 2,745 100.0 2,657 100.0 2,706 100.0 3,845 100.0 3,535 100.0 3,491 100.0 8,120 100.0 8,402 100.0 8,737 100.0 10,369 1Ó 0.0 10,835 1Ò 0.0 10 889 100.0 29.5 41.9 3.7 8.8 13.5 2.6 30.8 39.2 3.3 6.8 16.2 3.7 31.5 40.1 3.1 6.0 16.9 2.1 23.5 37.5 3.9 19.2 14.3 1.5 23.9 40.3 3.8 14.5 15.2 2.3 23.9 40.5 3.9 13.1 16.9 1.7 26.4 12.4 1.1 2.5 56.1 1.6 26.6 10.5 1.2 1.3 58.6 1.7 25.2 13.1 1.1 1.2 58.3 1.1 21.0 10.3 1.3 3.3 63.6 .6 184 10.0 1.2 17 67.9 .8 1L 2 99 1.4 1.8 69 0 .7 823 100.0 759 100.0 791 100.0 1,232 100.0 1,157 100.0 1,066 100.0 7,756 100.0 6,992 100.0 7,098 100.0 7,754 1Ò 0.0 6,905 1Ò 0.0 7 339 14.7 2.8 6.4 55.3 20.8 19.1 3.7 4.6 47.6 25.0 18.6 5.2 8.5 4.4 2.9 69.0 15.3 8.3 4.3 3.9 69.5 14.0 14.5 1.8 4.7 50.3 28.8 14.7 2.5 5.0 42.4 35.5 14.6 5.7 4.4 42.2 33.0 9.2 3.7 3.6 55.2 28.3 10.8 4.7 37 48.0 32.9 11 7 5.2 46.1 24.7 6.7 2.8 3.7 70.2 16.6 47 6 31.7 1,093 100.0 1,080 100.0 1,154 100.0 1,615 100.0 1,436 100.0 1,328 100.0 6,565 100.0 6,810 100.0 7,152 1Ó 0.0 8,705 1 Ò 0.0 9,108 1Ò 0 .Ó 9 160 100.0 46.2 1.7 4.6 10.9 32.0 4.6 49.4 1.7 2.3 5.5 36.7 4.5 45.9 6.0 2.7 5.3 36.3 3.7 32.6 8.9 3.6 23.9 29.0 1.9 33.7 9.3 3.6 18.0 31.8 3.6 36.2 9.1 2.7 12.5 37.0 2.5 27.9 .6 1.1 2.6 66.1 1.7 27.5 .8 1.0 1.2 68.0 1.5 25.8 5.3 .9 1.2 65.7 1.1 20.3 5.3 1.2 3.3 69.5 .5 17.5 59 1 1 16 73.1 .7 164 13 18 74 4 .6 678 100.0 835 100.0 752 100.0 937 100.0 989 100.0 982 100.0 1,109 100.0 1,112 100.0 1,172 100.0 976 100.0 1,098 1Ó 0.0 1 O fifi 1Ò 0.0 7.5 53.3 6.0 28.6 4.4 8.7 52.9 5.7 26.8 5.7 8.0 54.5 6.5 27.7 3.3 8.0 34.3 4.8 42.2 10.8 10.4 33.2 6.5 37.4 12.5 9.5 35.4 5.8 39.3 10.0 15.2 36.2 4.6 35.8 8.2 12.8 37.9 5.2 30.2 13.8 12.5 36.0 4.9 35.8 10.8 10.9 22.7 4.4 46.2 15.8 10 5 22.3 46 41.3 21.3 14 6 20 4 6.1 40 0 18.9 1,652 100.0 1,577 100.0 1,552 100.0 2,230 100.0 2,099 100.0 2,163 100.0 1,555 100.0 1,591 100.0 1,585 100.0 1,663 1Ò 0.0 1,727 100.0 1 7?9 1Ò 0.0 18.5 68.5 3.1 7.4 1.2 1.3 18.1 64.9 3.9 7.8 2.2 3.0 21.2 65.5 3.4 6.4 2.5 .9 16.9 58.3 4.2 15.8 3.6 1.2 17.1 61.5 4.0 12.1 4.0 1.4 16.3 59.7 4.7 13.5 4.6 1.2 20.2 61.9 1.4 1.9 13.6 1.2 23.0 52.0 2.3 1.5 18.7 2.4 22.5 48.6 2.0 1.1 24.9 .9 24.8 36.4 1.7 3.1 33.0 1.1 23 0 31.6 13 2 1 40.8 1.2 21 2 33 5 2J 16 40 3 1.2 356 100.0 448 100.0 433 100.0 473 100.0 493 100.0 554 100.0 244 100.0 312 100.0 284 100.0 180 100.0 254 100.0 257 100.0 3.1 61.8 6.5 26.4 2.2 6.9 59.8 5.6 23.4 4.2 8.5 56.6 6.5 24.7 3.7 4.7 42.9 5.1 39.1 8.2 9.7 41.2 7.3 31.0 10.8 7.4 39.5 6.3 36.3 10.5 12.7 43.4 6.1 35.2 2.5 7.4 44.6 5.8 28.5 13.8 10.6 38.7 6.0 37.7 7.0 10.0 30.6 5.0 43.3 11.1 79 24.4 83 43.7 15.7 140 198 6,6 444 15.2 791 100.0 813 100.0 768 100.0 1,136 100.0 1,106 100.0 1,082 100.0 173 100.0 148 100.0 156 100.0 131 100.0 146 100.0 100.0 9.0 77.1 4.2 8.2 0 1.4 11.4 73.6 3.9 6.3 1.4 3.3 11.8 76.6 3.0 7.3 .5 .8 7.5 71.1 4.8 14.2 1.3 1.9 9.8 72.7 3.6 10.8 1.3 1.9 7.6 73.9 4.1 12.7 1.1 .7 25.4 62.4 5.8 3.5 2.9 0 16.2 63.5 6.8 3.4 6.1 4.1 22.4 63.5 7.7 2.6 2.6 1.3 22.1 55.0 3.1 4.6 16.8 0 25.3 41.8 27 1.4 27.4 All householders Worked part year: Number (thousands) Percent ............. Reason: III or disabled................. Keeping house............... Going to school............. Unable to find full-year work Other reasons ............... Did not work last year: Number (thousands)............... Percent ........................... Reason: III or disabled....... Keeping house Going to school ... Unable to find work Retired ............. Other ................. Male householders1 Worked part year: Number (thousands) Percent ............. Reason: III or disabled................. Keeping house............... Going to school ............. Unable to find full-year work Other reasons ............... Did not work: Number (thousands)............... Percent .............................. Reason: III or disabled....... Keeping house Going to school ... Unable to find work Retired ............. Other reasons__ 5.3 Female householders Worked part year: Number (thousands) Percent ............. Reason: III or disabled................. Keeping house............... Going to school............. Unable to find full-year work Other ........................... Did not work: Number (thousands) Percent ............. Reason: III or disabled....... Keeping house Going to school ... Unable to find work Retired ............. Other reasons .... Female householders with children under age 6 Worked part year: Number (thousands).................................. Percent .................................................... '‘ " ' Reason: III or disabled.................................................... Keeping house....................................................... Going to school................................... . UnatJle to find full-year work................. Other reasons ................................................. ‘ Did not work: Number (thousands)........................... Percent ......................................................... . . . . . . . Reason: III or disabled........................................................ Keeping house.......................................... Going to school..................................... . Unable to find work ................................... Retired ........................................................ ‘ Other reasons .............................. 1Data are for families in which no spouse was present and for all married-couple families 18 Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis August 1989 0 m o ¿9 5 .5 136 13 J 3 56 3 ¿9 74 15.6 1.5 work, these year-round, full-time workers rep resented 25 percent of all poor male household ers, a proportion that has changed little since 1969. The proportion of poor male household ers able to find year-round (but not necessarily full-time) employment— 48 percent— was con siderably smaller than among the nonpoor (82 percent). Conversely, a much higher proportion of poor male householders worked less than half of the year than did the nonpoor, and a higher proportion usually worked part time. Do the reasons the 1.1 million poor male householders who worked fewer than 50 weeks differ from those of the nonpoor who also worked part year? The majority (70 percent) of these poor male householders said they were unable to find full-year work, 8 percent were ill or disabled, 4 percent listed family reasons, 4 percent were in school, and 14 percent gave “other reasons.” The proportion of part-year workers who said they were “unable to find full-year work” has increased dramatically for the poor, from 48 percent in 1978 to 70 percent in 1981, where it has since remained. In con trast, a much lower proportion of the nonpoor indicated inability to find work as the reason for working part year (only 48 percent in 1986). This indicates that the poor male householders’ reported desire to work certainly was no less than that of nonpoor householders.9 A much higher proportion of nonpoor male householders (32 percent) than poor male householders (14 percent) gave “other reasons” for working part year. Poor male householders are a diverse lot. The possible solutions for the poverty of those who are of retirement age or who have a work dis ability are distinct from the 51 percent of the poor male heads who are already working year round or are working part year but want fullyear employment. Combined, individuals working year round, those who did not work because they were retired, ill, or disabled, and those who worked part year because they were unable to find year-round work represented 83 percent of all poor families with a male house holder in 1986. (See table 4.) Female householders. The distribution de picted for poor male householders differs con siderably from that for poor women maintaining families without a spouse. (See table 4.) As noted, about 40 percent of poor female householders worked in 1986, about the same proportion as in 1978, but higher than the 36 percent who worked in 1982. (See table 1.) About 8 percent worked year round, full time, a figure only one-third that of poor male house holders, and considerably below that for non https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Table 4. Work status of poor and nonpoor family house holders in 1986, by reason Nonpoor Poor Work status and reason Percent Number (thousands) Percent 7,023 1,452 100.0 20.7 57,468 37,424 100.0 65.1 1,127 181 393 347 16.0 2.6 5.6 4.9 3,916 1,011 598 2,879 6.8 1.8 1.0 5.0 Did not work: III or disabled ...................... Retired............................... Family reasons.................... Other reasons1 .................... 833 591 1,413 654 11.9 8.4 20.1 9.3 1,868 7,512 1,082 428 3.3 13.1 1.9 .7 In Armed Forces .................... 32 .5 752 1.3 3,410 984 100.0 28.9 50,636 33,386 100.0 65.9 741 88 237 21.7 2.6 7.0 3,490 855 2,994 6.9 1.7 5.9 Did not work: III or disabled ...................... Retired ............................... Other reasons1 .................... 481 492 356 14.1 14.4 10.4 1,501 6,815 843 3.0 13.5 1.7 In Armed Forces .................... 32 .9 752 1.5 3,613 468 100.0 13.0 6,832 4,038 100.0 59.1 386 93 348 155 10.7 2.6 9.6 4.3 426 156 217 266 6.2 2.3 3.2 3.9 352 100 1,292 420 9.7 2.8 35.8 11.6 367 696 580 85 5.4 10.2 8.5 1.2 1,801 165 100.0 9.2 1,170 778 100.0 66.5 201 41 219 93 11.2 2.3 12.2 5.2 114 36 51 56 9.7 3.1 4.4 4.8 82 12 800 189 4.6 .7 44.4 10.5 18 21 76 20 1.5 1.8 6.5 1.7 Number (thousands) All householders Total ........................................ Worked year round ................ Worked part year: Unable to find full-year work .. Ill or disabled ...................... Family reasons.................... Other reasons1 .................... Male householders2 Total ........................................ Worked year round ................ Worked part year: Unable to find full-year work .. Ill or disabled ...................... Other reasons1 .................... Female householders Total ........................................ Worked year round ................ Worked part year: Unable to find full-year work .. Ill or disabled ...................... Family reasons.................... Other reasons1 .................... Did not work: III or disabled ...................... Retired............................... Family reasons ..................... Other reasons1 .................... Female householders with children under age 6 Total ........................................ Worked year round ................ Worked part year: Unable to find full-year work .. Ill or disabled ...................... Family reasons.................... Other reasons1 .................... Did not work: III or disabled ...................... Retired........................— Family reasons.................... Other reasons1 .................... 1 For part-year work, this category includes “going to school” and other uncoded re sponses. For those who did not work all year, this category includes “going to school, _ “unable to find work,” and other uncoded reasons. For male householders, family reasons also are included in this category. 2 Data are for families in which no spouse was present and for all married-couple families. Monthly Labor Review August 1989 19 Reasons For Not Working Poor female householders were less likely than their nonpoor counterparts to report illness or disability as the reason for not working. 20 Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis poor female householders, 53 percent of whom worked year round, full time in 1986. The reasons for not working for poor female householders differed considerably from those for poor male householders, as might be ex pected. The reasons also differed considerably from those of nonpoor women, in part because of the different life cycle stages of poor and nonpoor female householders. For example, 40 percent of nonpoor female householders gave retirement as the reason for not working in 1986, compared with only 5 percent of poor female householders. (See table 3.) Poor female householders were less likely than their nonpoor counterparts to report illness or disability as the reason for not working (16 percent versus 21 percent in 1986), unlike the distributions for poor versus nonpoor men. The majority (60 per cent) of poor nonworking women gave “taking care of home or family” as the reason for not working; only 34 percent of nonpoor women who did not work gave this as the main reason. This proportion, although holding fairly steady in the 1980’s, has declined since 1978 for both the poor and nonpoor. In 1978, 65 percent of poor and 52 percent of nonpoor female house holders who did not work gave family responsi bilities as the reason. Restricting discussion to female family householders with children under age 6 helps control for the life cycle differences between poor and nonpoor female householders. In 1986, only 40 percent of poor women with chil dren under age 6 worked, compared with 88 percent of nonpoor women. The proportion for the nonpoor has increased from about 73 per cent in the mid-1960’s, while that for the poor is about the same as in 1965, having fluctuated only little. Families with children under age 6 and a female householder accounted for about 1 of 4 poor families and for about half of all poor families with a female householder. In contrast, families with children under age 6 and a female householder are only about 2 percent of the non poor families. One could argue that the norm is not the work experience of nonpoor women, but rather of poor women in this family type, given that 61 percent of women with children under age 6 and no spouse present had incomes below the poverty level in 1986. For those who did not work at all, poverty was almost universal, with 89 percent below the poverty level. About 6 percent of poor female householders with children under age 6 worked year round, full time, 13 percent worked part year because they could not find year-round work or were ill or disabled, and 5 percent did not work at all because of disability or illness or were retired. In contrast, of the nonpoor women, 61 percent August 1989 worked year round, full time, 13 percent worked part year because they could not find full-year work or were ill or disabled, and 3 percent did not work because of illness, disabil ity, or retirement.10 In fact, the percent of non poor women with children under age 6 who worked year round in 1986 was actually as high as that for nonpoor male householders. Fortyfour percent of the poor women with children under age 6 gave family responsibilities as the reason for not working at all, and an additional 12 percent gave a similar response for working part year. Conclusion Combined, 83 percent of poor men maintaining families in 1986 either worked full year; worked part year because of illness, disability, or inabil ity to find full-year work; or did not work be cause of retirement, illness, or disability. An additional 7 percent worked part year for other reasons. Only 10 percent of poor male house holders did not work at all for reasons such as going to school, “family reasons,” and unspeci fied reasons. For poor women maintaining families with no spouse present, only about 39 percent either worked full year or had reasons similar to those for poor men for working part year (illness, disability, or inability to find full-year work) or for not working (retirement, illness, or disabil ity). More than half of those with children under age 6 gave family reasons as the cause of their limited work year or their total lack of work outside the home during 1986. Only 11 percent of nonpoor women with children under age 6 gave a similar rationale.11 Society may be philosophically ambivalent about whether mothers with young children should work, but the actions of nonpoor women householders raising children with no spouse to assist them are clear: The vast majority work and work year round, usually full time. In 1986, about 1.5 million children under age 6 were in families with a female householder (no spouse present) who did not work and gave family re sponsibilities as the reason. Despite child sup port for some and Federal aid to others, virtually all such children (96 percent) were in poor households. The data indicate, however, that require ments to work for welfare program eligibility will not alone end poverty in the United States. The majority (at least 60 percent) of poor family householders already work year round, full time; work part year because they cannot find full-year employment, are ill, or disabled; or do not work because of retirement, disability, or illness. □ Footnotes 1 For an example of the former, see Lawrence Wade, “The Illusions and Realities of Poverty and Income,” The Washington Times, Aug. 7, 1987. Wade writes, “Many lazy people are poor. The problem for taxpayers is . . . poverty experts refuse to measure laziness.” An example of the latter is Sheldon Danziger and Peter Gottschalk, “Work, poverty, and the working poor: a multifaceted problem,” Monthly Labor Review, September 1986, pp. 17-21. Danzinger and Gottschalk assume in their conclusion, for example, that society at large does not expect college stu dents or women with young children to work, when neither view seems to be supported by the actual recent labor force activity of these groups. 2 Family householders were chosen because three-fourths of the poor are in families and three-fourths of household members are children or householders themselves, the for mer presumably dependent on the latter. It should be noted that these are not work history data for this group, and thus the data do not represent changes in the work experience of the same householders over time. The data presented here are derived from tables published by the Census Bureau in the P-60 series of Current Population Reports. The data shown for male householders refer to families in which no spouse was present and to married-couple families. Between 5 percent and 10 percent of householders in poor marriedcouple families are women. 3 In 1986, the average poverty threshold ranged from about $5,600 for a person living alone to $22,500 for a family of nine or more. For a description of the Federal Government’s official poverty definition, see Poverty in the United States: 1986, Current Population Reports, Series P-60, No. 160 (Bureau of the Census, 1988). 4 See Howard Hayghe and Steven E. Haugen, “A profile of husbands in today’s labor market,” Monthly Labor Re view, October 1987, pp. 12-17. One reason given has been the advent/availability of disability insurance. See David T. Ellwood and Lawrence H. Summers, “Is Welfare Really the Problem?” The Public Interest, Spring 1986, pp. 66-67; and “Work Disincentives and Disability Insurance,” in P. Royal Shipp, ed., Work Disincentives and Income Mainte nance Programs (Washington, Congressional Research Service, 1980), Report No. 80-111 EPW. 5 Although the age distribution of poor versus nonpoor family householders differs, this explains little of the differ ence in the proportion who work. For example, our society does not expect the aged to work and, thus, their numbers should be subtracted from those family householders con sidered eligible for work; but family householders who are 65 years and over represent a smaller proportion of poor family householders (about 10 percent in 1986) than non poor householders (16 percent in 1986). Furthermore, the proportion of poor householders who are aged has declined considerably since official poverty statistics were first col lected—from 22 percent of all poor families in 1959 to the current 10-percent level—as the poverty rate for the elderly has declined, from the highest rate of any age group in 1959, to one of the lowest in 1986. Thus, the aged are not a factor in explaining the lower rates of working for the poor versus the nonpoor. Excluding both the aged and those household ers under age 22 (which eliminates teenage householders still attending school) only increases the proportion of poor https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis householders who worked to 54 percent in 1986. The com parable figure for the nonpoor is 91 percent. Thus, although differences in age composition do exist, controlling for age does not eliminate differences in the work experience of the poor and nonpoor. 6 David Elwood writes: “There are clearly people who do not work who society does not expect to work even if the lack of work leads to poverty.” See David Elwood, “The Hope for Self-Support” in Manuel Carballo and Mary Jo Bane, eds., The State and Poor in the 1980’s (Boston, Auburn House Publishing Co., 1984), p. 22. Unfortunately, what is clear to some is not clear to others. For example, some analysts find it difficult to believe that one can look for employment all year and find none. It is interesting to note, however, that the proportion of male householders who indicated an inability to find work as the reason for not working has seemingly fluctuated with the business cycle, increasing to 24 percent in 1983 when the poverty rate was at its recent peak, then decreasing to its present level of 13 percent. This group represented only 5 percent of nonworking poor male households in 1978, a recent low point in the poverty rate. The fact that the propor tional size of this group fluctuated with the business cycle would seem to be sufficient evidence that these men are indeed looking for work. As another illustration, “going to school” is arguably a questionable reason for not working for an adult maintaining a family, given that more than half of all college students are employed (see Anne McDougall Young, “Fewer students in work force as school age popula tion declines,” Monthly Labor Review, July 1984, pp. 3437) and the figure is undoubtedly higher for family house holders. Furthermore, it seems to be a pervasive attitude in the United States that the college years are ones in which at least summer employment is expected. Yet, there seems no better route to better one’s lot than through education. Why then should society regard persons who are poor and going to school as deviant? Regardless, only about 3 percent of poor male householders who did not work gave “going to school” as their principal reason, and such householders represent only about 1 percent of all poor male households. 7 Charles Murray is among those analysts who seem to question the extent of reported disability among the poor. See “In Search of the Working Poor,” The Public Interest, Fall 1987, pp. 8-9. 8 See Danziger and Gottschalk, “Work, Poverty and the Working Poor”; and Sar A. Levitan and Isaac Shapiro, Working But Poor: America’s Contradiction (Baltimore, Johns Hopkins University Press, 1987). 9 Attitudinal research by Leonard Goodwin seems to con firm the similar work ethic of the poor vis-a-vis the nonpoor. See Do the Poor Want to Work? (Washington, The Brook ings Institution, 1972). 10 This is in contrast to often cited figures for working mothers, the majority of whom work part time or part year. The majority of these women are in married-couple families and are not sustaining families by themselves, as are those under discussion here. See Poverty in the United States: 1986. 11 It should be noted that only 1 of 4 of all poor families gave home responsibilities as the reason for their limited participation or nonparticipation in the work force in 1986. Monthly Labor Review August 1989 21 Labor Hall of Fame Cyrus S. Ching: pioneer in industrial peacemaking As a manager, and later as a government executive, Ching pointed the way to a cooperative system of labor relations by showing that differences are much more easily resolved when reason, rather than rancor, prevails A. H. Raskin A. H. Raskin is an economic analyst formerly with The New York Times. Much of the material in this article is drawn from an oral history of Cyrus S. Ching, as related by Ching in a series of interviews with John Truesdale, September 1965-December 1967, and from an oral memoir recorded by Ching in August 1965. 22 M onthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis hrough much of America’s rise to great way for a union assault on the mass production ness as an industrial power, mistrust and industries, a tiny group of men of good will misunderstanding have been dominant became pioneers in the development of tech characteristics of relations between employers niques to reduce the conflict between manage and organized labor. Most managements ment and labor by substituting reasonableness viewed attempts by unions to represent their for tests of strength. A position of towering em workers as mischievous intrusions, destructive inence in this select circle was occupied by of the interests of company and employee alike. Cyrus S. Ching, a corporate executive who That attitude found expression in tactics so hos demonstrated such breadth of vision and free tile to unionization that many of the country’s dom from parochial identifications that union foremost corporations built up private armies of ists were almost always at least as enthusiastic labor spies and strongarm men to keep labor at as their opposite numbers in management when bay. Ching agreed to help find mutually advantageous Unions responded with counterweapons that were violent and often illegal— a response made solutions to seemingly intractable disputes. The lofty stature he speedily acquired as a more virulent by the widespread belief within mediator transcended the fact that his height of labor that the agents of law enforcement were 6 feet 7 inches would have made him an impres vassals of the all-powerful captains of industry. Strikes were long, bitter, and often bloody. The sive figure in any labor-management conference costs were high in lost production, shoddy room. Early in his career, Ching capsulized his workmanship, and inefficiency. They fre philosophy of dispute resolution in words that quently were even higher in the damage in would remain as guideposts for future practi flicted on the public by a prolonged cutoff of tioners of the mediator’s trade. “The only way vital services or by the weakening of companies you can get things settled,” he was wont to say, whose financial health was essential to the jobs “is to find a way where each side can save face. of their employees and the well-being of whole If one side or the other in a labor dispute tries to communities. push the other to the wall, it’s going to have In the 1930’s and 1940’s, when President disastrous effects on the situation under consid Franklin D. Roosevelt’s New Deal opened the eration as well as for future relations.” T August 1989 Up through the ranks Ching was bom May 21, 1876, on his father’s farm in Prince Edward Island, Canada. The only son in a family with seven daughters, he came of Welsh stock (Chynge was the original spelling of the family name), was educated in a one-room schoolhouse, and early on developed a voracious appetite for reading, mostly history and the classics. At the age of 16, he accompa nied a favorite uncle to the county seat, where he sat in on a court trial and was instantly con sumed with an overwhelming urge to become a lawyer. On his return to the farm, young Ching went out to pick potatoes with his father. He took that occasion to inform his dad that never again would he pick potatoes. The elder Ching had no money to send his son to college, but the uncle, who was better off, volunteered to foot the bill. Within a week, Cyrus was in Charlottestown, the capital of Prince Edward Island, and en rolled in Prince of Wales College, a cross be tween a prep school and an institution of higher education. He studied there for 2 years before transfer ring to a business college, where he spent a year acquiring skills in stenography, shorthand, and bookkeeping. In 1895, he abandoned the Gulf of St. Lawrence for a 4-year stay in Alberta, where he worked for a grain elevator company visiting farmers and making contracts for deliv ery of their grain to the company’s elevators. His salary was a munificent $20 a month, plus room and board. But his ambition from the start was to move across the border to the United States, a country for which Ching had developed an enormous admiration through his reading of Viscount James Bryce’s 1888 classic, The American Commonwealth. On October 31, 1899, with $31 and a copy of Bryce’s book, he went to Boston and filled out an application for employ ment with the utility company that ran Boston’s trolleys and was about to expand into operation of an elevated rapid transit system. A recession was on and jobs were scarce, but Ching per suaded a supervisor to put him on as an extra on the job list for streetcar motormen. His income averaged $7 a week, and most days he had to start his 10-hour schedule at 5:20 a.m. A more serious problem was that his great height made it hard for Ching not to bump his head on the ceiling of his open cab every time he reached for the trolley cord. Escape came through Ching’s assignment as a checker of the fares registered on each trolley as it came off its last night run. He started work at 5 p.m. and stayed on duty until 3 a.m ., 7 days https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis The Labor Hall of Fame This is the fourth of several articles, comis sioned by Friends of the Department of Labor, about members of the Labor Hall of Fame, which honors posthumously Ameri cans who have contributed most to enhance the quality of life of American workers. The Labor Hall of Fame is an activity of Friends of the Department of Labor, an independent membership organization established in 1987 “to support the traditional programs and goals of the U.S. Department of Labor, and to generally support the cause of improved labor-management relations.” The first eight persons elected to the Labor Hall of Fame were Samuel Gompers, John R. Commons, Cyrus S. Ching, Frances Perkins, John L. Lewis, A. Philip Randolph, George Meany, and James P. Mitchell. A panel composed of national leaders from unions, industry, academia, and govern ment, and chaired by Monsignor George Higgins, makes the selection to the Labor Hall of Fame. Former Secretary of Labor W. J. Usery, Jr., chairs Friends of the De partment of Labor. The Hall of Fame is housed in the north lobby of the Frances Perkins Building, 200 Constitution Avenue, N.W ., Washington, DC 20212. Friends of the Department of Labor invites Hall of Fame nominations. They may be submitted to Friends of the Department of Labor, Box 2258, Washington, DC 20013. a week, at 22 cents an hour. However, his enter prising spirit would quickly lift Ching out of that drudge detail. The elevated system, with elec tric cars equipped with airbrakes and automatic controls, was scheduled to begin operations June 10, 1901. Months before that date, while cars still were being fitted out, Ching went on his own time to the system’s Charlestown yards and familiar ized himself with the new equipment. His mooselike figure quickly became part of the landscape. He displayed endless curiosity in questioning the electrical engineers and airbrake experts on the intricacies of the machinery and the controls. The supervisors in charge of train ing for the elevated trains developed such re spect for the knowledge Ching was picking up that they sent him out as an instructor to help break in the motormen assigned to trial runs. Even though he had no operating experience of his own, Ching proved so adept a teacher that he was assigned as a troubleshooter at the outset of M onthly Labor Review August 1989 23 Cyrus S. Ching Workers never hesitated to share with him their thoughts about the company. regular service on the elevated, and was then quickly promoted to a post in charge of restoring service whenever there was a breakdown or other difficulty on the line. By this time, he had worked himself up to a weekly pay envelope of $18.50 for a 12-hour shift. Bad luck overtook Ching 2 months after he assumed his broader responsibilities. He was trying to fix a live wire on a defective brake shoe when a board on which he was standing for insulation slipped out from under him, and he received an electric shock so severe that he was unconscious for 6 days. His hair and clothing were burned off in the accident; his eyes were closed by blisters and the doctors feared he might be permanently blind; only diligent effort by his nurses to remove damaged tissue pre vented lifelong scarring that would have dis torted his face. Until his death, he did carry scars on both hands, marking the places where the current had passed from one side of his body to the other. There was no workmen’s compensation at that time, and Ching was dropped from the Boston El payroll the minute he entered the charity ward at the Boston municipal hospital. The company did not even offer to pay for his burned clothing. Friends advised Ching to sue the company, but he decided there was no chance of winning because the utility would ac cuse him of contributory negligence in not tak ing greater care to make sure that the board on which he was standing was secure. Two weeks after he left the hospital, the Boston El gave him a temporary job as a prior to restoring him to his old job at the begin ning of 1902. Higher-ups in the company had by that time recognized that they had a good thing in Ching. He was transferred to the management side of the fence at a salary of $2,500 a year and put in charge of training motormen to run a new type of streetcar. In his new post, he soon came to know motormen, conductors, and brakemen all over the system. His friendliness made the employees feel he was one of them, not a boss, and they never hesitated to share with him thenthoughts about the company and the way it treated its workers. Very little of what they told him was complimentary. The company had 15,000 employees and its pay scales were frozen from the time the ele vated operations started until 1912, a period during which there were no unions, and little talk of unionization, on the system. Over these years, Ching moved through a series of jobs, all of which kept him in close touch with the em ployees, and he sensed that low wages, lack of overtime pay, overtight schedules, and an utter lack of communication between management 24 Monthly Labor Review August 1989 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis and workers were breeding dissatisfaction that could mean trouble for the company. Ching had become a U.S. citizen in 1909, and in 1912 he had received his law degree after completing night courses at what is now North eastern University. By that time, his apprehen sions about labor trouble at the Boston El were overwhelmingly strong, but he could not get the company to take his warnings seriously. The top men would not believe that a union could get anywhere in their system, even though activists were wearing union buttons openly for the first time in the company’s history. The prevailing view was that the union movement could be quashed by firing a few troublemakers, and Ching’s superiors thus were not receptive to his entreaties that conditions be improved to allevi ate unrest. The result of this head-in-the-sand policy was a strike by 7,000 of the firm’s 15,000 em ployees, which lasted from June to August of 1912. The company maintained operations on a sporadic basis with strikebreakers, most of them brought in from New York. The Mayor of Boston and the Governor of Massachusetts, under intense public pressure to get the transit system back to normal, put the heat on the com pany to settle. They called in the Boston El’s president, a general in the State militia, and warned him that they had sufficient evidence in their possession to convict him of bribing legis lators to influence regulatory legislation affect ing the company. They threatened to expose him and turn the incriminating data over to the U.S. district attorney if he failed to recognize the union immediately and sign an agreement ending the strike. The company president, in words Ching used years later to describe the event, “went all to pieces like a burst balloon.” The first news the operating people at the line had of the settlement was a story in the afternoon papers heralding the strike’s end. The company president resigned soon after and was replaced by a minor manage ment official who had gained the confidence of the union and the workers. He was Matthew C. Brush, who up to then had been the company’s assistant vice president and who later became a firm friend of William D. Mahon, the interna tional president of the Amalgamated Asso ciation of Street Car Employees, the union involved in the strike. The first task confronting the new company leadership was to negotiate specific terms of the settlement. No one on the management team except Ching was willing to take on that assign ment. A 23-member committee representing the union trooped into his office, looking both dour and belligerent. He told them to cheer up. “You gave us a good licking. Why not enjoy it?” he asked. That broke the ice, and Ching made the initial order of business a pledge by both sides that neither would ever again use spies to sit in on the other’s private meetings. The unionists an grily denied that they had ever stooped to such tactics. Ching did not argue the point. Instead, he called into the meeting room one of his own young assistants who, Ching knew, had been planted in his office to ferret out confidential information and feed it to the union. He re vealed to the startled assistant and the union committee that his suspicions had been aroused weeks before when he discovered the young aide peering into communications and records that had nothing to do with his job. Ching’s Machiavellian response to this discovery was to channel to the spy a steady stream of misleading data intended to confuse the union. Everyone laughed when Ching finished his recital, and the laughter turned to cheers when he announced that he held no grudge against the young assistant, who was basically an intelli gent and useful worker, and that he intended to keep him on his staff in the new era of amicable relations with the union. Ching made no bones that the company, for its part, had been guilty of infiltrating the union’s ranks with spies and provocateurs. He promised that the practice would stop at once—a promise Brush, the newly installed company president, was quick to endorse. The new agreement obligated the company to discharge all the scabs it had brought in, many of whom had been promised permanent employ ment. They got no bonuses for their strikebreak ing activity, simply enough money to get them back home. Other terms of the new contract proved more difficult to hammer out to the satis faction of both sides. As a result, most of the terms, including new wage scales, were turned over for binding determination by a three-man arbitration panel, chaired by the president of the Boston Chamber of Commerce, with one repre sentative from the company and one from the union as his comembers. Eighty percent of the strikers were reinstated in their old jobs. Those who were dropped from the payroll were fired for stealing fares or for other infractions of established rules, and not for strike-related activities. Mahon’s Amalgamated Association was rec ognized as bargaining agent for all the hourly rated employees on the Boston transit system, but the American Federation of Labor and its affiliates in the building trades were not happy with that arrangement. After conferences attended by Ching, Mahon, and Samuel Gom https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis pers, the federation’s founder and president, the Amalgamated ceded jurisdiction over the Boston El’s electricians, carpenters, painters and other craftsmen to the construction unions—a concession that meant the company had to make separate agreements, in the form of written contracts or oral understandings, with 34 distinct labor units. That created new com plications, especially when it came to harmon izing construction wage rates with those the arbitrators had established for the transit line’s operating crews. Facing up to that challenge gave Ching additional opportunities to persuade the chiefs of the Boston El unions of his com mitment to fair treatment of the company’s employees. One such opportunity presented itself when the divisional chairman for the Order of Rail way Telegraphers sought out Ching with a copy of the union’s standard contract. He was startled when Ching refused to sign on the grounds that the proposed wage rate of 32 cents an hour was too low. It had to be 2 cents higher, he in sisted, to match the 34-cent rate the transit sys tem’s basic contract fixed for motormen and conductors. When the post-strike agreements came up for renewal in 1916, Ching had stabilized relations with the unions to a point that arbitration was unnecessary. He informed the company’s board of directors that a general pay increase of 2 cents an hour would be needed to avert a strike. He also told the board that he had promised the unions they would have the company’s answer to their demand for higher wages in time to present it to the rank and file at a rally in a Boston hall the following evening. Unimpressed by this notice, the board adjourn ed without making a decision on the pay hike. Ching tracked down his boss, Matthew Brush, after the meeting and warned him that the com pany was making a “horrible mistake.” The company president summoned all his top execu tives to a strategy session the next morning, during which Brush assured Ching that he would back him in any measures necessary to avert a strike. However, he accompanied that assurance with an unequivocal declaration that there was no way to reconvene the company board before the union’s scheduled meeting that evening. Ching had no choice but to invite the officials who would preside at the union session to meet with him an hour before the opening discussion by the union members on whether to strike or stay at work. He admitted to them that he felt terribly let down, but that he must have more time to get the company’s OK on the 2-cent increase. The union’s international vice presi- 7 like people en masse and as individuals, ” he said. ‘ Monthly Labor Review August 1989 25 Cyrus S. Ching At U.S. Rubber, he became the company's de facto director o f industrial relations—a somewhat amorphous assignment. dent, the ranking labor official at the conference with Ching, did not waste time reproaching the board of directors for their failure to bite the bullet. Instead, with the union’s 7 o’clock open ing session only a few minutes away, he put through a call from Ching’s office to the super intendent of the union meeting hall. He told the superintendent to station his assistant at the hall’s main lighting switch and to go himself to the platform and inform those at the meeting that the union’s international offi cers were still in negotiations with the company and could not come to the session. Immediately on that announcement, the assistant superinten dent was to pull the switch and plunge the hall into total darkness, so that no rump meeting could be held by militants bent on fomenting a walkout. The strategy worked beautifully, and the next morning all the employees reported for work. But Ching felt he owed it to his saviors in the upper echelon of the international union not to let the board of directors off too lightly for their dereliction. He told Brush and the board that they had bought time but that they would have to pay for it. What would now be needed to prevent a strike, he said, would be a 4-cent hourly raise, double the amount that would have been required if the company had honored the original timetable. Privately, Ching had no doubt that the union rank and file would ratify a contract calling for a 3-cent boost, but he wanted to teach the board a lesson in the costs of management obtuseness. The board approved the 4-cent figure and the union could exult in a victory. That experience made Ching a strong believer throughout his career in involving the parent union directly in negotiations when a fractious local leadership or rank and file appeared eager to shut a company down before efforts at peace ful resolution of disputes had been exhausted. “One reason I get along with people so well,” he said in an amplification of his philosophy, “is that I like people. I like people en masse and I like people as individuals.“ The rapport he es tablished with the multiple unions on the Boston El was so pervasive that, even though all but two unions had a contractual right to arbitration of unresolved grievances, only two cases went that route and both involved unions not covered by the arbitration clause as a matter of right. The workers’ man in management When the United States entered World War I in 1918, Ching was rejected for military service because no branch of the Armed Forces would take anyone over 6 feet 4 inches. That same 26 Monthly Labor Review August 1989 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis year, he quit the Boston El because the de clining state of that company’s finances had compelled it to petition the Governor and the Massachusetts legislature for takeover by the State. Ching felt he would be happier remaining in private industry and, early in 1919, he went to work for the United States Rubber Company, which had many small plants in New England and other sections of the country. He had no title to start with, but on the basis of his record at the Boston El, he was assigned responsibilities that made him the company’s de facto director of industrial relations—a somewhat amorphous as signment because the 40,000 employees work ing under the U.S. Rubber umbrella were split up among 34 subsidiary companies, most of which had presidents of their own and sub stantial autonomy in managing their day-to-day affairs. The first test of how well this bifurcated com mand structure would operate in the field of labor relations came when workers in the Mon treal plant of one affiliate, the Dominion Rubber Company, struck for recognition of a union they were in the process of forming. Ching, with the acquiescence of local management, issued a press statement declaring the company’s readi ness to meet its employees halfway by setting up grievance machinery, capped by arbitration. That commitment brought Ching a sulphurous rebuke from U.S. Rubber’s executive vice pres ident. “Have you gone mad?” Ching’s superior bellowed. “We’re never going to let outsiders tell our company what to do.” Happily for Ching, the president of U.S. Rubber was in the room and promptly overruled his chief aide. “As long as I ’m president of this company, we’ll never refuse to arbitrate a grievance,” he said. Publication of the Ching statement brought all the strikers back to their jobs in the Canadian unit, and the company established a committee to represent them while arrangements were made for a secret-ballot election on union affili ation. The militantly antimanagement labor movement, the Industrial Workers of the World, had helped initiate the strike, but sup port for its radical program waned swiftly in the wake of the conciliatory attitude that Ching had persuaded management to adopt. The election resulted in certification of a local chartered di rectly by the AFL, the first union recognized as a bargaining agent anywhere in the U.S. Rubber corporate structure. That breakthrough did not unleash a tide of unionization elsewhere in the company, nor did Ching feel it was in the company’s best interests to foster such a movement on a broad scale. What deterred him was a recognition that the AFL’s commitment to craft delimitation pro vided poor protection for the welfare of workers in a mass production industry like rubbermak ing, which operated along industrial, rather than craft, lines. A preferable alternative, in Ching’s estimation, was that each U.S. Rubber plant encourage employees to organize factory coun cils, which would choose their own officers to meet regularly with management as spokespeople for the work force. It took Ching 4 years to get general acceptance within the company of the factory council idea. That was partly be cause he had to persuade skeptical plant execu tives of the scheme’s value before he could begin to enlist employee support. Ching encountered resistance from plant offi cials, who were eager to safeguard their auton omy from headquarters interference. One of the approaches he found effective in overcoming their fears is exemplified by his experience with the manager of a plant in Woonsocket, ri. The manager gave Ching an icy greeting, complain ing that all his time was wasted on shepherding around bumptious visitors from the company offices in New York. “What the hell do you want?” he demanded. “I don’t think what I want is important at all,” Ching replied. “It’s what you want that is important to me.” The manager took him at his word and thrust before Ching a months-old requisition to headquarters for a new boiler to replace one that was in imminent danger of blowing—a requisition that had been consistently ignored despite the manager’s fre quent, urgent calls for action. Ching got on the phone and shortly obtained from the president of U.S. Rubber the go-ahead for installation of a new boiler at Woonsocket. The incident marked the start of a lifelong friendship between the plant manager and Ching. Another Ching move to cement relations be tween the plant managers and his office was his veto of topside suggestions that all the local industrial relations managers report directly to him, rather than to their plant bosses. Ching believed that the plant managers had to be supreme in all matters affecting their opera tions, subject to removal only if they proved inadequate to their jobs. As he saw it, the func tion of the local industrial relations manager was to try to persuade the plant chief of the correctness of the policies he was advocating, but to go along with the boss’s final decision. The plant managers were counseled to recruit industrial relations managers from inside the plant, with ability to get along with workers and to win their confidence the main yardstick in determining whom they sleeted. Ching’s spadework paid off in widespread employer support for the factory council con https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis cept, then shunned by most other big compa nies. The underlying idea was that the councils would function as vehicles for two-way commu nication between management and workers. The bylaws governing all the councils called for arbitration in the event that direct talks between the two sides did not resolve a dispute. During the decade in which the councils flourished, no case ever went to arbitration, strong support for Ching’s conviction that an acceptable compro mise could always be achieved so long as the people on both sides were reasonable. The commitment to mutuality of interest be came so ingrained among the employees that, in some plants, the factory councils organized sales committees to persuade service stations and other retailers to stock and promote U.S. Rubber tires. Similar employee-initiated sales campaigns focused on the operators of major trucking fleets; the theory behind all of these efforts was that expanded sale of U.S. Rubber products meant more secure jobs. The councils also came up with valuable suggestions for adapting production lines to more advanced tire building technology. In Detroit, where the com pany had one of its largest plants, members of the council rode the streetcars to ask employees and riders what they considered the best place to work in Detroit. Eighty-two per cent of thosequestioned picked U.S. Rubber over all of the giant auto companies that were fast turning the city into the motor capital of the world. One of the automakers was so incensed by U.S. Rub ber’s sponsorship of factory councils that it can celed a $10 million contract for tire deliveries, but that did not diminish U.S. Rubber’s zeal for the concept. However, the power balance in the rubber industry shifted substantially during the early 1930’s, as Section 7a of the National Industrial Recovery Act set off a wave of union organiza tion in many basic industries. The AFL, still clinging to its preference for craft unionism, reluctantly authorized formation in 1934 of a United Rubber Workers Council to coordinate the federal locals to which it had issued charters. The combined membership of these locals at the end of 1933 was estimated to be close to 50,000 workers, most of them at Goodyear, Goodrich, and Firestone. Unhappiness with the federation’s half hearted backing for any real unionization cam paign in the mass production industries soon led to disaffection within the federal locals. In May 1935, John L. Lewis of the United Mine Work ers, spearhead of the industrial union forces clamoring for a fundamental shift in afl policy, prodded the federation’s Executive Council to charter the collapsing federal locals as a new Ching believed each U.S. Rubber plant should encourage employees to form factory councils as spokespeople for the work force. Monthly Labor Review August 1989 27 Cyrus S. Ching Other companies regarded Ching as a maverick. international union, the United Rubber Workers ( u r w ). Lewis’s success in this direction was less than complete, however. The a fl high com mand specifically excluded from the jurisdiction of the new international all rubber workers en gaged in construction or maintenance work or in the manufacture or installation of machinery. This renewed capitulation by the federation to the craft unions, which insisted that they be allowed continued jurisdiction, at least on paper, over rubber workers they had never seri ously attempted to unionize, coupled with other limitations the parent organization put on the United Rubber Workers, made that union a quick enrollee under the banner of the Commit tee for Industrial Organization. Later to become the Congress of Industrial Organizations (cio), the committee was established by Lewis and other ranking industrial unionists to pressure re forms by the federation establishment. In 1936, the aggressive new rubber workers union called sitdown strikes in Akron at plants of all the major rubber companies except U.S. Rubber, a testimonial to the stability of relation ships Ching was able to maintain between the company and the factory councils even in a year of general turbulence. The industrywide drive was a full year old before the first tentative moves to organize U.S. Rubber were made by the u r w . Employee attendance was pitifully small at scattered meetings the union called in that initial period, but that did not make Ching complacent. He could see the union becoming a force in the rest of the industry and had no doubt U.S. Rubber’s turn would come. Moreover, he rec ognized that the parallel organizing effort by the United Auto Workers in the big automobile companies could eventually lead to a situation in which unionized autoworkers would refuse to mount tires that were not union-made on the vehicles coming off the assembly line. The Great Depression had put U.S. Rubber’s fi nances in the precarious shape, and Ching feared the outcome of any strike offensive the u r w might launch against the company’s plants. He decided boldness was the best approach to addressing that potential challenge. Apropos of nothing at all, he put in a phone call to the union’s newly elected international president. Sherman Dairymple, a Marine lieutenant in World War I, had come to prominence in rubber unionism through his militancy as first head of the Goodrich local. Ching had never met Dalrymple, but he felt the best way to get his atten tion was to be blunt in his very first remarks. “I just wanted to tell you something,” Ching said as soon as the union chief said hello. “If I didn’t know any more about organizing the employees 28 Monthly Labor Review August 1989 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis of the United States Rubber Company than you do, I ’d quit the job.” Dalrymple exploded. “I don’t mind telling you we’ll get you organized,” he shouted at Ching. The response was intended to calm the unionist down. “I know you will, Mr. Dalrymple,” Ching said, “but when you do, I want you to organize it right. The way you’re doing it is creating a lot of antagonism, which is entirely unnecessary, and I would like to sit down and talk with you.” Dalrymple hesitated, whereupon Ching inter jected that he would not go to the union head quarters in Akron and he knew the union head could not come to the company offices in New York without having to account to his people. In the interest of confidentiality, Ching proposed that they meet in Pittsburgh. He said the only associate he would bring along was a veteran plant manager from Indianapolis. When Dal rymple said he would have to have someone with him, Ching agreed, but then startled the unionist for the second time by adding, “I’m going to tell you who you’re going to have with you.” That ignited a new explosion from Dalrymple’s end of the wire. “There isn’t anyone going to tell me whom I’m going to have with me,” the unionist sputtered. Ching was un abashed. “You’re going to have Allan Haywood [the cio’s national director of organization and a close associate of John L. Lewis],” Ching said. When Dalrymple asked whether the U.S. Rub ber executive knew Haywood, the response was, “I sure do and I like him very much.” The Pittsburgh meeting started at 10 o’clock one morning and continued without a break until Ching had to leave 12 hours later to catch his train back to New York. The conferees got along famously, with Ching in the role of men tor to Dalrymple on the right road to unionizing the U.S. Rubber work force. He recommended that the union head and his aides get to know the heads of the factory councils at each plant, whom he described as the people in the com pany best informed about the needs and desires of the workers. If the u rw could convince these council leaders that their organizations ought to become part of the union, Ching pointed out, the cio would not have to devote any money or staff to organizing. He promised that the com pany would put no obstacles in the union’s path but would leave it entirely up to the employees to decide the issue of affiliation. When Dalrymple objected that neither he nor his aides could get past the guards if they went to the plant gates on their own, Ching promised to take care of that problem. By way of exam ple, he phoned from the hotel room in which the conference was being held and spoke to the manager of the U.S. Rubber plant in Detroit. He conveyed Dalrymple’s desire to meet the man ager in Detroit and asked him to give the union president any information he wanted when he visited the plant. “OK if you say so,” was the manager’s answer, and an appointment was ar ranged for the following Tuesday. At that time, the plant official supplied the unionist with the names of the council heads and a smooth rela tionship was promptly achieved in Detroit and at other U.S. Rubber plants. In the months that followed, the erstwhile leaders of the factory councils at several facilities presented them selves to their management counterparts at the regularly scheduled time for their monthly meeting and simply announced that they now were there as representatives of a new unit of the u r w . The company’s response was, “Fine, let’s go on from here,” and usually there was very little change, if any, in the old ways of doing things. In contrast with the chaos that surrounded union bids for recognition at many other large companies, no elections were necessary to establish the u r w ’s right to speak for the em ployees at U.S. Rubber plants. Under a commit ment made to Dalrymple by Ching at their first conference, union recognition was automatic whenever a local came in with cards signed by a majority of the employees at a U.S. Rubber plant. “You can only doublecross me once and I don’t think you will; I don’t think you’re that kind of man,” Ching had told Dalrymple. That foundation of trust spared his company discord of the kind that would plague U.S. Rubber’s competitors for years. Peacemaking as profession For their part, the other companies regarded Ching as a maverick, at least up until World War II. The 1942 appointment of the War Labor Board as monitor of industrial relations and en forcer of the “Little Steel formula,” which set an economy wide ceiling on pay increases, made coordination of approaches to the union a meas ure all the tiremakers recognized as a mutual safeguard. Even then, however, the investment Ching had made in winning Dalrymple’s respect for the good faith U.S. Rubber consistantly dis played in its dealings with the union worked out advantageously for the company. Thus, when union members at the company’s Detroit plant walked out in a 1944 wildcat strike that violated organized labor’s wartime pledge to avoid all work stoppages, the international president fined all the members involved and made the penalty stick, despite much protest within the union. The originality Ching demonstrated in break https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis ing down historic barriers to harmonious labormanagement relations frequently prompted the Government to request his services in ironing out disputes that menaced the national welfare. He was also in demand as a member of tripartite panels assisting in the administration of novel programs for promoting industrial stability, es pecially during the Great Depression and the turbulent periods just before and after World War II. In the “preparedness” period preceding the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, during which the Nation’s steel mills were operating under forced draft to produce steel for tanks, guns, and other armaments for the allies fighting the Axis powers, William S. Knudsen, chairman of the National Defense Advisory Commission, called in Ching early in 1941 to head off a threatened strike at the big Lackawanna, n y , plant of Beth lehem Steel. Knudsen, who had been president of General Motors when President Roosevelt drafted him for the defense post, had come to admire Ching for his skillful handling of the business disputes that frequently clouded rela tionships between General Motors and U.S. Rubber. Bethlehem Steel, which had repulsed the United Steelworkers in a violent 1937 strike, was in no mood to let the union capitalize on the defense emergency to win recognition 4 years later. When the first pickets appeared outside the Lackawanna gates in February 1941, the company’s general counsel phoned Knudsen and asked him to get the Governor of New York to call out the militia to clear the streets around the plant and ensure safe passage for those who wanted to work. Ching picked up an extension phone and told the Bethlehem lawyer that Knudsen would do no such thing. Instead, he directed the lawyer to round up Joseph Larkin, Bethlehem’s vice pres ident for industrial relations, and come to Wash ington that afternoon for a face-to-face meeting with the defense mobilization chief. The meet ing was held in Knudsen’s apartment, but the Bethlehem executives were not the only ones there. Ching had arranged to have Philip Mur ray, the steel union president, and Sidney Hill man, whom the President had named as labor coordinator of the preparedness program, also in attendance. Ching’s own preliminary exploration had made him sure that the union would send every one back to work if it could get company agree ment to let the National Labor Relations Board ( n l r b ) hold a quick election to determine whether the cio group had the support of a ma jority of the plant employees. When that idea was broached to the company officials, they The foundation of trust he established spared his company the discord that would plague its competitors for years. Monthly Labor Review August 1989 29 Cyrus S. Ching Ching had no philosophical objection to the union shop, if it was voluntarily contracted between the union and management. 30 Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis asserted that the union support was confined to a handful of agitators. Ching said the only way to find out whether the union spoke for the ma jority was through an election, and asked Hill man to find out from the nlrb how long it would take to arrange one. The answer was 10 days. When the company assented to the vote, the picket lines were withdrawn and production re turned to normal. When the poll was taken, 75 percent of the workers backed the union. A few weeks later, President Roosevelt ap pointed Ching as one of four employer members of a tripartite National Defense Mediation Board to do systematic troubleshooting of the kind Ching had done at Bethlehem. The board’s life was brief. It collapsed shortly before Pearl Harbor when its two cio members resigned in protest against the refusal of their 10 colleagues (including the two members representing the a fl ) to recommend that the United Mine Work ers be given a union shop contract requiring all miners employed in the captive coal mines owned by the steel companies to join the u m w as a condition of employment. Ching himself had no philosophical objection to the union shop, provided it was contracted voluntarily between an employer and a union. However, he felt it was totally inappropriate for any Government agency to mandate compulsory union membership—a position he continued to hold even after the United States became an active combatant and the entire economy was made subject to Government controls on wages, prices, and many other aspects of commercial life. In the captive mine dispute, the President superseded the National Defense Mediation Board with a special arbitration panel consisting of Dr. John Steelman of the White House staff, John L. Lewis of the union, and Benjamin F. Fairless, the chairman of United States Steel. The panel’s decision, which by ironic coinci dence came down on the very day the Japanese struck at Pearl Harbor, awarded the union shop to Lewis’s union. However, the National War Labor Board, which had oversight of labormanagement relations throughout World War II, operated under a philosophy, akin to that Ching espoused, against Government imposi tion of compulsory union membership. As an alternative, the wartime board evolved a com promise formula known as “maintenance of membership,” under which workers who be longed to the union at the time a contract was signed were required to remain members, but those who did not belong were under no obliga tion to join. Ching had no qualms about that formulation. He served as an employer repre sentative on the War Labor Board from Febru ary 1942 to September of the following year and August 1989 then returned to his duties at U.S. Rubber, which was heavily involved in the manufacture of military equipment made of synthetic rubber. In part because of the cooperative tradition he had ingrained, a new plant, rushed into opera tion in Des Moines early in the war, took on 19,000 employees as fast as they could be proc essed, with no shred of labor difficulty. After the war ended and the headaches of reconversion to civilian production were behind the company, Ching decided it was time to re tire. When he submitted his notice to the board chairman in August 1947, effective at the close of the year, he was already 6 years past the normal retirement age of 65. The chairman urged him not to wait for his separation date before starting to relax, and Ching went off with his wife to a fishing camp on the Tobique River in New Brunswick, Canada, where he swiftly engrossed himself in catching salmon. Late one afternoon, while the Chings were having cock tails with Mortimer Proctor, the former Gover nor of Vermont, a caretaker rushed over in great excitement to announce that the White House was on the phone. The call was from Presidential assistant John Steelman, who said President Truman wanted Ching to become the first director of the Federal Mediation and Conciliation Service ( fm c s ), re cently created under the Taft-Hartley Act (1947). That law, passed by Congress over the President’s veto, had been dubbed a “slave labor” law by both wings of organized labor because of the many promanagement revisions it made in the Wagner Act of 1935, long re garded as labor’s Magna Carta. Perhaps the least controversial of the changes under the new law was its provision for replacing the old United States Conciliation Service, a branch of the Labor Department, with the independent f m c s , the agency Truman wanted Ching to head. Ching’s first response was an emphatic no. All he wanted to do was stay by the river and fish. His response was the same when Steelman called again to say that the chairman of a House appropriations subcommittee was refusing to approve any funds for the new agency until he knew who its director was going to be. So far Ching was the only one the congressman seemed willing to approve. When Ching refused to be swayed, Steelman contented himself with asking when Ching was getting back to his of fice in New York. Within an hour of Ching’s return to New York, Steelman was back on the phone telling him the President wanted to see him at the White House the next day. Because he still was technically on the U.S. Rubber payroll, Ching notified the company’s chairman and executive committee of the nature of the upcoming meeting with the President and was told the decision was his to make. Ching’s inclination still was to turn the job down and he gave Truman a long list of reasons for doing so. When the President continued to press for ac ceptance, Ching came up with the argument he expected would be the clincher. “I ’m a Republi can,” he said. Truman looked back at him with out blinking. “Well, is that any reason why you shouldn’t serve your country?” he asked. Ching knew when he was licked. “You win, Mr. Pres ident,” he said. He was sworn in the Friday before Labor Day 1947. None of the savage partisan conflict that had surrounded passage of the Taft-Hartley Act manifested itself in the Senate’s confirmation of the Ching nomination. On the contrary, the chairman of the Senate Committee on Education and Labor, Robert A. Taft, who had been the law’s chief architect, called the new fcm s direc tor a few days after his appointment to say it would not be necessary for him to appear at a confirmation hearing. The committee had al ready voted to approve him. So far as Truman was concerned, his sole instruction to Ching was to administer the law in the best way possi ble to advance the interests of all the country’s people. The President made it clear that neither Ching nor anyone else charged with the law’s administration was to be influenced by the neg ative views Truman himself had expressed in the message accompanying his veto of the TaftHartley Act. How seriously the President meant that ad monition was swiftly demonstrated to Ching. A sticky dispute developed at the Oak Ridge, t n , nuclear plant between the Union Carbide Com pany, operating the plant for the Atomic Energy Commission ( a e c ), and the unions representing the Oak Ridge workers. Mediation failed to break the deadlock, and David E. Lilienthal, the a e c chairman, told Ching that a strike at the facility would be disastrous. On that basis, Ching went to Truman and advised him that the White House ought to move for an 80-day no strike injunction under the national emergency provisions of Taft-Hartley, the first occasion on which that highly sensitive section of the new law would come into play. However, when the President agreed, Ching felt obliged to sound a cautionary note. “Now you’ve listened to me and you say it’s the thing to do, but before you proceed, Mr. President, I’d suggest that you talk to some of your political advisors because your political future might be at stake,” Ching said. Truman glared at him angrily. “When my political future is placed side by side with the best interests of https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis the American people, my political future is not at all significant,” the President snapped. Tru man and Ching, who had scarcely known one another before the fm cs appointment, became fast friends. Ching had originally accepted the job for 1 year, but he found the fashioning of new instruments for industrial peace so exhila rating that he stayed on through all of Truman’s second term as well. His rapport with the Presi dent was in no way damaged by the fact that he had voted for Thomas E. Dewey when Truman ran for reelection in 1948. The start-up staff of the fm cs was composed entirely of employees of the old United States Conciliation Service. Ching set about improv ing both the caliber and the morale of the per sonnel at all levels. The staff’s response is well illustrated by an incident that occurred while Ching was holed up in his office one weekend making calls to a half-dozen cities in an effort to settle a critical case. He began early Saturday morning and was still at it at 4 a.m. Sunday when it suddenly hit him that someone on the fm cs switchboard must be matching him in devotion to duty. He picked up his phone and asked the woman at the other end of the line, “What in the world are you still doing around here? When did you come on?” When she said she had been there since before he started work the day before, he blurted, “For heaven’s sake, I ’m sorry.” She would have none of his apol ogy. “Mr. Ching,” she said, “I knew you were in a very critical situation and I knew you were going to need telephone service, so I just stayed.” The notion widespread among both labor and management that industrial disputes are most easily resolved when the public knows nothing about what goes on behind the closed doors of the collective bargaining chamber did not ap peal to Ching as the proper posture for the head of an agency whose mission it was to promote labor-management amity in behalf of the public. At a press conference after his swearing-in, he informed the reporters on the labor beat that his door would always be open to them. All they had to do was stick their head in whenever they had a question, and he would tell them what he could, limiting himself to “no comment” if he felt anything he might say would jeopardize a settlement. Friends advised Ching that a more practical way to deal with the press was to hire a public information specialist to supplement his per sonal contacts. That idea proved a bust. The publicist would shoulder Ching aside and insist that he be the one to answer questions from the audience after Ching’s frequent speeches before business or labor groups or on college cam- Cking's rapport with Truman was in no way damaged by the fact that he had voted for Dewey in 1948. Monthly Labor Review August 1989 31 Cyrus S. Ching As FMCS chief, Ching assured reporters that his door would always be open to them. 32 puses. Worse yet, the press officer spread the word among reporters that he was the one to see whenever they had a question about mediation activities. When that policy was made known to Ching by one irked newsgatherer, he was shocked. He called in his director of administrative management and announced that he had discov ered a way to save money on the fm cs budget: fire the public relations man. That action was followed up with a press conference, at which Ching renewed his assurance to the media repre sentatives that they could always get through to him or anyone else in the agency. Everybody looked pleased until Ching followed his state ment up with an announcement that he was cre ating a special committee to advise him on public relations. The reporters brightened up again when he said: “The committee will con sist of you gentlemen in this room and its chair man will be Louis Stark [then the chief labor reporter for The New York Times and the ac knowledged dean of the press corps].” The only time Ching held out on the press in connection with a major labor dispute was in 1949, when an industrywide strike in steel over the establishment of company-financed pen sions was throttling the economy. The strike had grown out of the steel industry’s refusal to accept the recommendation of a Presidential factfinding board, headed by Judge Samuel I. Rosenman, for a pension system underwritten exclusively by contributions from the steel producers. The basic industry position, with United States Steel as its principal enunciator, was that the workers should share the cost of the system with their employers. Ching suspected that Beth lehem Steel, which ranked second only to U.S. Steel in size, was less than wholehearted in its support of this stand. He knew that Bethlehem had, in fact, been running a noncontributory pension plan for its own employees since 1923. Three weeks into the strike, Ching phoned Joseph Larkin, Bethlehem’s industrial relations chief, and set up a private luncheon at the Drake Hotel in New York. Larkin brought along Eu gene Grace, the company’s chairman, who au thorized direct talks between his aides and a union committee headed by Philip Murray out side the framework of the master negotiations for an industrywide peace formula. The prob lem then became how to divert the attention of the media from Bethlehem, lest too much pub licity torpedo what were, at best, going to be delicate explorations. The expedient Ching hit on was to announce with considerable fanfare that he believed it would be useful to hold separate conversations Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis August 1989 with each company on a possible solution. The first such talks, he said, would be with U.S. Steel, the traditional pacesetter, with Ching participating personally in the meetings at the Biltmore Hotel. Nothing was said about any meetings with Bethlehem. Reporters were out in force at the U.S. Steel conferences, which began at 10 a.m. each morn ing and continued until 5 p.m., with a midday break for lunch. Ching would brief the press after each session and would profess optimism, even though nothing inside the conference room provided the remotest foundation for hope. U.S. Steel was adamant that any pension plan would have to involve some copayment by workers. On the fourth day, John Stephens, the U.S. Steel vice president for industrial relations, drew Ching aside and asked what game he was playing, because it was so obvious to the com pany representatives that the whole exercise was a charade. Ching confessed after first extracting a promise from Stephens that he would not tell anyone in his own group what was up with Bethlehem. “God bless you,” was Stephens’ re sponse. “That’s the only way out of this thing.” The next day, an accord was concluded at Beth lehem and the rest of the companies soon fell into line. The pattern of noncontributory pen sions became widespread in American industry over the next 2 years, another step in the devel opment of a supplemental layer of social secu rity under labor-management auspices. A problem for Ching throughout his 5 years at fm cs was to preserve the independence of the service from the Labor Department, whose Sec retaries had trouble reconciling themselves to the idea that they did not have primary respon sibility for moving on industrial disputes, es pecially those with national overtones. When Truman was reelected in 1948, a pivotal plank in the Democratic platform called for blanket repeal of the Taft-Hartley Act, a step that would have doomed the separate status the law guaran teed for f m c s . When the Congressional session began shortly after Truman’s surprise victory, several bills were introduced by ranking Democrats for Taft-Hartley nullification. One Thursday in January, the clerk of the Senate Committee on Education and Labor noti fied Ching that the committee wanted him to testify on the repeal measures on the following Tuesday. Ching’s testimony was to be confined to the one provision of special interest to him— maintaining the distinct identity of f m c s , free from any institutional attachment to the Labor Department. He knew that his position con flicted with the basic White House position that Taft-Hartley should be annulled in toto. More especially, it was diametrically opposed to the stand Secretary of Labor Maurice Tobin had persuaded the Administration to take with re spect to the mediation service. Tobin, who had been Mayor of Boston and Governor of Massa chusetts and a highly effective campaigner for Truman in the 1948 campaign, won strong White House backing for his view that, even if Congress rejected the arguments for repealing the whole law, a fight should be made to give jurisdiction over mediation of industrial con flicts back to the Labor Department. Aware of the constellation of Administration power arrayed against him, Ching still felt he must let the legislators on Capitol Hill know of his disagreement. He conferred with Peter Seitz, the fm cs general counsel, and began drafting testimony in favor of independence for the Federal mediators. When he got home that Thursday evening, Ching told his wife to start packing their household belongings, because he felt the President would be requesting his resig nation for openly differing with the White House on an important policy question. He fin ished drafting his statement on Friday and ar ranged a Monday meeting with representatives of the Budget Bureau, whose responsibility it was to review and clear all presentations to Con gress by Administration officials. Before Ching got out of bed on Saturday, his wife informed him that Matthew J. Connelly, the President’s executive secretary, was on the phone, eager to talk to him. Ching put his hand over the mouthpiece and whispered to his wife, “Here it comes.” Connelly asked him to come right over to see the President. Ushered into Truman’s presence, he was told by the Chief Executive that he understood Ching would be testifying on the Taft-Hartley Act 2 days later. “You’re very well informed, Mr. President,” Ching replied. He was totally unprepared for what followed. “I just wanted to tell you to say anything you believe and never mind what the Administration position is,” were Truman’s words. “Say whatever you believe to be right.” Ching did, and throughout his tenure as chief, further Labor Department challenges to the ju risdiction of the fm cs were almost nonexistent. Reflections on a career The qualities that made Ching so impressive in stilling fierce emotional clashes and re-creating an atmosphere of rationality among disputants extended beyond his personal warmth and nim bleness of mind. Where he might readily have used his imposing height as a means of impress ing the belligerents, Ching managed to do just the opposite. His shambling gait and the Sher lock Holmes-type curved pipe, from which he https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis coaxed great billows of smoke whenever he was not ostentatiously refilling it with tobacco, com bined with his easy manner to fill any confer ence room with a sense of calm conducive to meetings of mind. That did not mean Ching could not be tough. At the height of one of the long series of coal strikes ordered by John L. Lewis in the late 1940’s, Ching called Lewis and the negotiators for the mine owners to meet with him. He began by asking Lewis and George Love, chairman of the Consolidation Coal Company, to tell him what the dispute was all about. Love deferred to Lewis, who proceeded to excoriate every coal operator in the room as a greedy oppressor of the miners. Then the president of the United Mine Workers had a few choice words to ad dress to the peacemaker sitting in for Uncle Sam: “Now you, Mr. Ching, have the temerity to sit here representing the United States Govern ment and claim to be impartial. You know you’ve been a corporation executive all your life. How could you possibly be impartial? I don’t expect impartiality from you.” When Lewis stopped speaking, Ching asked whether he was quite through. “Yes, sir,” was the frigid reply. “Well, I want to tell you something; you’ve completely failed in your purpose,” said Ching. “What do you mean, sir?” Lewis in quired in his most imperious tone. “Your princi pal object in what you said about me was to get me mad, and you can’t do that,” Ching de clared. “I only get mad when I want to and I just don’t want to at this time. I think it’s very amus ing.” That defused Lewis. “Oh, what’s the use,” he growled. “Let’s get down to business.” With that, everything got back on track and the negotiations proceeded without further insults. Ching could be equally forthright when a top industrialist was obstructing resolution of a con sequential impasse. In 1949, when the United Steelworkers and the large steel producers were approaching the showdown over employersubsidized pensions, Ching felt the only way to avert a strike was through appointment of a Presidential factfinding board. Truman, whose early experiences with labor in the White House made him reluctant ever to get back into the middle of a major industrial confrontation, was cool to the idea. Ching had to enlist the support of John Steelman, Clark Clifford, and Tom Clark, then the Attorney General, before Tru man said yes. Philip Murray assured Ching that his union would keep its members at work if the companies agreed to appear before the factfind ers. Ching anticipated no difficulty on that score, because any recommendations made by the panel would not be binding. Ching favored independence from the Labor Department for government mediators. Monthly Labor Review August 1989 33 Cyrus S. Ching Ching remained actively involved in mediation duties right up to the time of his death at age 91 . 34 Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis The board of directors of United States Steel proved wary, however, and the rest of the indus try held off, awaiting “Big Steel’s” response. The first word from the board was a telegram to Truman raising questions about the function of the factfinders. Ching regarded all of these in quiries as legitimate, and he had a telegram de signed to overcome U.S. Steel’s apprehensions sent over the President’s signature. The com pany directors came back with a second tele gram to Truman, raising further questions, and Ching was called to the White House for a deci sion on what the Government’s next step should be. Ching advised Truman not to answer the wire, but instead to empower the fm cs chief to call Benjamin Fairless, the company’s chair man, and tell him he was speaking in the Presi dent’s name. Given a green light by Truman to proceed, Ching was blunt in his conversation with Fairless the next day. “My conversation is going to be very short this morning,” Ching said. “Number One, I want to tell you that you can’t bargain with the President of the United States and, Number Two, will you send an answer, yes or no, this morning. Either you will or you won’t, no more exchanging of telegrams.” Fairless gasped. “You’re quite plainspoken this morning,” he said. “Yes, I intended to be. And that is the message I’m giving you from the President in answer to your telegram.” That conversation ended the holdout, and the factfinding panel headed by Judge Rosenman began its vain effort to head off the strike. It took a month of shut down before the breakthrough at Bethlehem produced a settlement in line with the panel’s recommendation that the full cost of pensions be borne by the companies. President Eisenhower endeavored to per suade Ching to stay on at fm cs after the 1952 election, but Ching felt it was time for a change and enthusiastically recommended David Cole as his successor. Thereupon, Lewis Strauss, the new chairman of the Atomic Energy Commis sion ( a e c ), urged Ching to accept the chairman ship of a special labor relations panel to handle disputes at aec installations. Ching indicated readiness to take on that task, provided he was allowed to submit names of people from academe, industry, and labor to round out the panel and make it possible to set up threemember subcommittees to hold hearings and mediate conflicts in various parts of the country. Ching’s list of panel nominees sat around the White House without action for several weeks in mid-1953. When a dispute broke out at the Oak Ridge installation during that period of drift, Strauss and James P. Mitchell, then Secre tary of Labor, phoned Ching at a salmon fishing August 1989 camp in New Brunswick and told him to get his panel to work on the case right away. Ching responded that there was no panel because the White House had not approved anyone he nom inated. Ching said he was going to continue fishing because there was no point in his return ing to Washington until there was a panel and he had an opportunity to meet with it and set up operating procedures. The next day, an official from the White House and another from the aec flew up to explain to Ching somewhat abashedly that some of those he had recommended were politically unacceptable and that none of them had been cleared with the proper authorities in the Repub lican Party. Ching was horrified. “If that’s the kind of thing you want, why, go ahead. I’m not going to have anything to do with it,” he said. It took months before matters were resolved to Ching’s satisfaction. In the interim, some of those he had nominated had taken other jobs that made them unavailable for service. However, most of the rest were duly appointed, and Ching was satisfied that he would be presiding over a group of mediators and arbitrators of stature, well able to grapple with any dispute either in a factfinding capacity or with authority from the parties to make definitive decisions both sides would implement. Reports from the subcommit tees were to be reviewed by the full panel, and all decisions had to be unanimous. Ching was still actively involved in his duties as panel chairman right up to his death of a heart attack at home on December 27, 1967, at the age of 91. In a thoughtful memoir tape recorded by Ching in August 1965, he mused on the trans formations that had taken place in the labormanagement scene since he started work at U.S. Rubber just after World War I. The masterservant relationship still dominated employee relations in most companies in the early days of his career. Ching recalled a visit he had made in the early 1920’s to the strikebound Rhode Island plant of a textile company that supplied tire fab ric to U.S. Rubber. When he had asked the company treasurer what the strike was about, he was told that the workers had sent a committee to see the treasurer to protest a 10-percent pay cut decreed by the company. “What did you say to them?” Ching asked. “Say to them? When the time comes that I have to talk to my servants, I’ll quit,” the treasurer replied. As Ching went out the door, his final words were: “Well, the Czar and the Kaiser both said that, and they had to quit.” In the early years, not more than a half-dozen large corporations embraced Ching’s concept of two-way communication with the work force through factory councils or other employee rep- resentation plans. When Ching and Arthur Young, director of industrial relations for In ternational Harvester, were invited to a manu facturers’ meeting in the 1920’s to outline the experience of their companies with factory councils, the chairman of the session, a top executive of the J. I. Case farm equipment com pany, cut off any discussion after their presenta tions. “We’ve heard enough of this Bolshevik talk; let’s go on to the next order of business,” he said. The employer response to unionism in the early years was just as frosty, even among the few companies willing to open doors for employee-employer communication. When Herbert Hoover, who had been United States Food Administrator in World War I, served as president of the Federated Engineering Societies for a year before joining the Harding Cabinet as Secretary of Commerce in 1921, he became friendly with Samuel Gompers of the a f l . Hoover asked the heads of U.S. Rubber and several other companies he regarded as forwardlooking to meet with him at the Metropolitan Club in Manhattan one Sunday afternoon. He asked these men why their companies didn’t sit down with Gompers and try to work out an https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis amicable relationship with organized labor. Such a relationship, in Hoover’s opinion, would be a bulwark against the spread of radicalism reflected in the rise of the “Wobblies,” the In dustrial Workers of the World. The Hoover ini tiative got no encouragement from those at the meeting. The obstacles that Hoover did not comprehend, Ching recorded in his memoir, were that Gompers had no standing in the affairs of any company except to the extent that afl unions had organized the workers, and that the federation’s focus on craft unionism precluded any effective organization of the mass-pro duction industries by its affiliates. Ching’s championship, within management, of the concept of nonadversarial relations with workers, organized and unorganized, and his unshakable confidence that “fair, square, open, honest dealings” were bedrock requirements for employer-employee harmony account for his designation alongside Frances Perkins, John R. Commons, and Samuel Gompers as initial en trants to the Labor Hall of Fame. “Labor rela tions are something like family relations, except the boss and workers can’t get a divorce.” Mak ing that relationship a mutually rewarding one was his lifelong goal. □ He considered ‘fair, square, open, honest dealings to be bedrock requirements for employer-employee harmony. Monthly Labor Review ’ August 1989 35 Productivity in the retail auto and home supply store industry Productivity grew at an above-average annual rate during the 1972-87 period , reflecting strong demand and improvements in store operations Patricia S. Wilder Patricia S. Wilder is an economist in the Division of Industry Productivity and Technology Studies, Bureau of Labor Statistics. Mark W. Dumas, an economist in the same division, provided assistance in the preparation of this article. 36 Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis roductivity, or output per hour of all per sons, in the retail auto and home supply store industry1 rose at an average annual rate of 3.0 percent from 1972 to 1987. This increase was well above the 0.9-percent annual gain in productivity registered by the nonfarm business sector of the economy. The growth in productivity reflects an increase in output of 5.5 percent per year, and a rise in hours of 2.4 percent annually. Contributing to the growth in productivity for the auto and home supply store industry were strong demand and increased use of computers in store operations. The productivity trend for the 15-year period was one of overall growth for the industry. Since 1972, increases in productivity have oc curred in every year but four, ranging from 0.6 percent to 11.4 percent. Declines in productiv ity occurred in 1974, 1979, and 1982, with no change occurring in 1984. The largest decline occurred in 1974, when productivity posted a 6.2-percent drop. (See table 1.) Two pronounced subperiod trends in produc tivity were observed for the years 1972-82 and 1982-87. During the earlier period, productiv ity in the auto and home supply store industry increased at an average annual rate of 2.7 per cent, as output rose 5.2 percent and hours of all persons grew 2.4 percent. Even though the economy experienced two economic recessions during this period, auto and home supply stores recorded substantial growth, demonstrating the countercyclical nature of the industry. During P August 1989 this same period, output of the franchised new car dealers industry reflected the general down turn in the economy, declining 0.7 percent while productivity was growing at a very low rate of 0.6 percent. Auto and home supply stores benefited from the recovery that began in 1983. During the latter period, 1982-87, pro ductivity grew 3.8 percent annually, while out put grew at a high rate of 6.9 percent, and hours increased 3.1 percent. Output and demand In spite of several economic downturns during 1972-87, output of the auto and home supply store industry increased at a rapid rate of 5.5 percent per year. In comparison, output of the private nonfarm business sector increased an av erage of 2.8 percent per year. Although auto and home supply store industry output growth can be affected by cyclical changes in the economy, the industry is less prone to the negative effects of economic downturns than other industries. For example, during this same period, output grew at a slow average annual rate in the motor vehicle manufacturing (2.0 percent) and the franchised new car dealers industries (1.2 per cent). During downturns or recessions, consumers who want a new vehicle, but cannot afford one, frequently turn to auto parts stores to main tain their existing vehicles. These “do-ityourselfers” change their own oil and filters; Table 1. Productivity and related indexes for the auto and home supply stores industry, 1972-87 [1977=100] Year O utput per All Hours of hour of all Output all persons persons persons 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 ....... ....... ....... ....... ....... 86.2 90.3 84.7 89.9 90.5 68.2 77.5 76.0 81.5 86.0 79.1 85.8 89.7 90.7 95.0 77.4 84.3 88.8 91.0 95.5 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 ....... ....... ....... ....... ....... 100.0 104.0 103.2 106.7 109.2 100.0 104.2 108.5 107.6 110.6 100.0 100.2 105.1 100.8 101.3 100.0 104.6 109.8 105.1 106.0 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 ....... ....... ....... ....... ....... ....... 107.2 119.4 119.4 126.3 127.0 132.4 109.9 124.3 136.5 149.4 149.7 154.5 102.5 104.1 114.3 118.3 117.9 116.7 106.9 110.6 119.6 124.2 124.8 125.1 A verage annual rates of change (in p ercent)1 1972-87 .. 1982-87.. 3.0 3.8 5.5 6.9 2.4 3.1 3.0 3.4 1 All average rates of change are based on the linear least squares of the logarithms of the index numbers. replace air filters; install their own car stereos; and in the case of older cars and trucks, attempt more complicated jobs such as brake repair. During the 1980 and 1981-82 recessions, out put in the auto and home supply store industry grew 1.1 percent per year, compared with a decline of 3.4 percent in the franchised new car dealers industry. Reflecting the general economic recovery since 1982, output in the industry again experi enced a sharp increase, rising 6.9 percent annu ally from 1982 to 1987. The surge in light truck sales during this period contributed to the strong demand for accessories and parts. From 1982 to 1987, sales of light trucks increased at an aver age annual rate of 14.9 percent.2 Studies indicate that a major proportion of light truck owners plan to purchase items such as heavyduty shocks, off-road tires and wheels, heavyduty springs, lift kits, and grille guards. These items are generally purchased within 1 year of vehicle purchase.3 Auto parts stores operate in what is com monly referred to as the automotive “aftermarket” because the products they sell are used to improve or repair a vehicle after it has been sold by a dealer. Industry output growth re https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis flects, in part, the growing number of motor vehicles on the road and an increase in the aver age age of these vehicles. Passenger cars in op eration increased at an average annual rate of 2.0 percent between 1972 and 1987. The num ber of trucks in operation also increased over this period, growing 5.8 percent per year.4 An increase in the average age of cars and trucks has also contributed to industry output growth. The mean age of passenger cars grew from 5.7 years in 1972 to 7.6 years in 1987. While the mean age of trucks in operation has generally been higher than that of passenger cars, the age of trucks also increased from 7.2 years in 1972 to 8.0 in 1987.5 Consumers who hold onto their vehicles longer, either for economic or personal reasons, tend to turn to auto parts stores to dress up their vehicles with such items as new floor mats, new body-striping, and new wheel covers.6 Of the total automotive service and parts mar ket, the auto and home supply store industry has boosted its share of the market from 17 percent in 1975 to 22 percent in 1985.7 For new car dealers, who have the largest proportion of the service and parts market, at about 33 percent, market share remained relatively unchanged during this period. The share held by gasoline service stations, however, declined from about 14 percent of the market in 1975 to 8 percent in 1985. The breakdown of sales in the automotive service and parts market by source during 1985 was: franchised new car dealers, 33 percent; automotive repair shops, 28 percent; tire, bat tery, and accessory dealers (auto supply stores), 22 percent; gasoline service stations, 8 percent; general merchandise stores, 7 percent; and all others, 3 percent. Auto dealers tend to reap the benefits of auto parts sales in the first year of new vehicle ownership. Until recently, new car dealers have not focused much of their attention on auto parts sales. They have been and still are primarily interested in the sale of new vehicles, thus far leaving the major portion of auto parts sales to the automotive aftermarket. Auto and home supply stores demonstrate substantial countercyclicality during recessions. Industry structure and employment The auto and home supply store industry con sists of establishments primarily engaged in the sale of tires, batteries, and automobile parts and accessories. Home supply items such as appli ances, radios, and television sets are frequently sold by these establishments. However, the per centage of dealers selling home appliances and other home supplies has continued to decline over time. Tire, battery, and accessory stores have grown from over 75 percent of total auto and home supply establishments in 1972 to 90 Monthly Labor Review August 1989 37 Productivity in Retail Auto and Home Supply Stores Workers in marketing and sales represent the largest occupational group in the industry's workforce. 38 Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis percent in 1982. Tire, battery, and accessory stores also account for 90 percent of the indus try’s retail sales. The retail auto and home supply store indus try is characterized by a large number of small, single-unit firms. Auto and home supply stores have relatively few employees per store. In 1972, the industry consisted of 37,510 estab lishments with an average of nearly 6 em ployees per store. By 1982, there were 48,846 establishments with average employees per store remaining at about 6. The number of single-unit firms, which make up 90 percent of all establishments, has remained relatively un changed since 1972. While single-unit firms still account for the majority of the stores in the industry, multiunit operations (for example, companies that own a chain of stores) account for 10 percent of total stores and generate about 50 percent of industry sales. Employment in multiunit firms accounts for about 48 percent of the paid employees in the industry. This percentage has not changed significantly since 1972. The work force of the auto and home supply store industry consists of nonsupervisory work ers, supervisory workers, the self-employed, and unpaid family workers. The number of per sons employed in the industry rose 62 percent, or 3.0 percent annually, from 214,500 in 1972 to 346,500 in 1987. Hours of all persons in creased at an average annual rate of 2.4 percent. The average weekly hours of nonsupervisory workers in the industry fell 8.9 percent between 1972 and 1987, from 43.9 to 39.2. Employment of nonsupervisory workers, the largest component of the industry work force, increased 55 percent during the period studied, from 166,600 to 257,800. The number of super visory workers more than doubled, rising from 23,900 to 60,700. From 1972 to 1987, the num ber of self-employed persons grew 30 percent, from 20,000 to 26,000. During the same period, the number of unpaid family workers declined 50 percent, from 4,000 to 2,000. Workers in marketing and sales represent the largest occupational group in the retail auto and home supply store industry’s work force.8 In 1986, nearly one-third of the industry’s work force was employed in marketing and sales. Within this occupational group, salespersons represented the largest category, accounting for 30 percent of employment in the industry. Me chanic, installer, and repairer occupations rep resent about 29 percent of the work force. Within this occupational group, tire repairers and changers accounted for almost 14 percent of employment and automotive mechanics about 13 percent. August 1989 Factors affecting productivity One of the most important innovations in this industry has been the increased use of comput ers for retail operations. Recent productivity growth has benefited from the spread of this technology. However, because most retail auto and home supply stores are small, computer use varies greatly throughout the industry. Although not all stores have fully computerized their op erations, most have replaced mechanical cash registers with electronic cash registers. Computers are often used in conjunction with point-of-sale terminals (cash registers) and elec tronic scanning devices. This technology varies in its sophistication, but its objective is to com puterize the transaction. In some cases, infor mation coded on merchandise is fed into the computer using the scanning devices. In a more labor-intensive operation, the description and price of the items to be purchased are entered by a salesperson into a computer terminal. Accu mulating sales information using the computer results in more accurate inventory records and reduces employee time required for monitoring shelf stocks. In addition, the computer provides the location of each item in the stockroom, and, in some cases, the location in which the item belongs on the sales floor. Purchase orders can be automatically generated when computer records show stockroom quantities are too low. Computers are also used to perform record keeping and administrative functions formerly performed manually. For example, by using computerized information on sales activity, store managers can schedule staff hours more efficiently. In some stores, computer terminals are linked directly to a companywide computer system that can be used by each store for oper ations such as inventory control and product reorder, and for participation in advertising campaigns. Computers now are being used more fre quently in service bay areas of firms that have combined parts stores with complete service op erations. Computerized diagnostic equipment can pinpoint car problems quickly and provide a complete engine analysis, helping mechanics perform auto repairs faster and more accurately. Other equipment available for auto repair in cludes comprehensive testing devices for the more sophisticated electronic ignition systems in automobiles. These devices allow mechanics to trigger the electronic ignition system without starting the engine, thereby avoiding long and costly road testing of vehicles. Electronic equipment is available for wheel balancing. This equipment is compact and easy to operate. These units use light beams for measuring off-balance motion, detect imbal ances, and recommend weight adjustments with electronic speed and accuracy. The units are designed to be set up faster and to operate more easily than other balancers and can be used for a wide range of automobiles. A product that uses the latest laser technology is available to assist mechanics in aligning wheels and suspensions accurately. Compact design and portability make these devices at tractive. Some models do not require a rack or a dedicated bay, and the setup time is about half that of other systems. The extent to which sophisticated diagnostic equipment is being used varies greatly through out the industry. The skill and equipment mix usually found in the smaller establishments often is not well suited for the more complex diagnosis and repair work. The effect of this technology on the industry has been further lim ited because many firms, especially smaller ones, cannot afford the high cost of much of the equipment. Other factors, such as store layout and design and self-service merchandising, have had an im pact on productivity growth in the retail auto and home supply store industry. Some stores have sought to increase productivity growth and sales by remodeling older stores and improving the design and layout of new facilities. Because more than two-thirds of all purchasing decisions are made after the customer enters the store, adequate signs and displays are important.9 By emphasizing the more popular product lines, auto and home supply stores are able to use the do-it-yourself trend to help increase their total sales volume. Furthermore, store layout empha sizes the self-service concept, which is increas ingly important as stores operate with a low ratio of sales personnel to customers.10 Selfservice store layouts have helped to reduce the work load of store personnel by allow ing customers to browse for their choice of merchandise. Outlook Industry productivity growth should benefit from the continuing diffusion of electronic data processing equipment. The availability of more affordable personal computers has put computer technology within the reach of many more small store owners. More complex technology, such as electronic shopping systems for the sale of auto parts and accessories, could lead to increases in productivity for the industry if its use becomes widespread. These computerized systems can print customer orders, shipping date, and credit card information, and provide inventory status for the retailer. Also, increased use of more sophisticated technology, such as electronic diagnostic equipment, lasers, and other electronic testing devices, will help to improve productivity. Continued improvements in store layout and design should also be a contributing factor to productivity growth in the industry. Mergers and acquisitions are beginning to occur more frequently and are expected to con tinue in the near future. If this trend continues, it could have a positive effect on productivity because the economies of scale and financial resources of larger companies have facilitated the introduction and use of computer technol ogy. Also, industry output growth is expected to continue even during periods when new car sales are down. The continuing popularity of light trucks is predicted to boost sales for the parts market into the 1990’s.11 The skill composition of the work force of the auto and home supply store industry is not ex pected to change much over the next decade. Based on Bureau of Labor Statistics projections, the proportion of marketing and sales personnel is expected to rise from about 33 percent of wage and salary worker employment in 1986 to 34 percent in the year 2000. The share of em ployment held by salespersons is expected to rise slightly to about 32 percent. Numbers of automotive mechanics and tire repairers and changers are expected to rise by less than 1 percent. Workers in administrative support occupations, including clerical, are projected to decline from about 15 percent of industry em ployment in 1986 to about 13 percent in 2000, reflecting the diffusion of computer technology in the future. □ Footnotes 1The auto and home supply store industry is classified as sic 5531 in the 1987 Standard Industrial Classification Manual, published by the U.S. Office of Management and Budget. 2 Based on statistics published in Wards Automotive Year book (Detroit, m i , Ward’s Communications, Inc., 1983 to 1988). https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 3 “Truck surge means gold for aftermarket,” Automotive News, Aug. 15, 1988. 4 Based on statistics published in Wards Automotive Year book, 1987, and Wards Automotive Yearbook, 1988 (Detroit, m i , Ward’s Communications, Inc.). 5Motor Vehicle Facts and Figures, 1988 (Detroit, Mi, Motor Vehicle Manufacturers Association, 1988). Monthly Labor Review August 1989 39 Productivity in Retail Auto and Home Supply Stores 6 “Falling Car Sales a Boon to Parts Sellers,” The Wash ington Post, Dec. 7, 1987, business section. 7N A D A Data for 1981, 1985, 1986 (McLean, v a , Na tional Automobile Dealers Association), pp. 8 and 10. 8 Figures cited in this section are based on data developed by the Bureau of Labor Statistics in the 1986-2000 National Industry-Occupational Matrix. APPENDIX: 40 Monthly Labor Review August 1989 10 “Strategies,” Automotive Chain Store, May 1983, p. 28. 11 “Parts Firms see bonanza in light-truck boom,” Auto motive News, Aug. 1, 1988. Measurement techniques and limitations Indexes of output per hour o f all persons measure changes in the relationship between the output of an industry and hours expended on that output. An index of output per hour is derived by dividing an index of output by an index of industry hours. The preferred output index for retail trade indus tries would be obtained from data on quantities o f the various goods sold by the industry, each weighted (that is, multiplied) by the employee hours required to sell one unit of each good in some specified base period. This concept also embodies the services asso ciated with moving the goods from the retail estab lishment to the consumer. Thus, those goods that require more retail labor are given more importance in the index. Data on the quantities of goods sold usually are not available for trade industries, including auto and home supply stores. Therefore, real output was m eas ured by removing the effects of changing price levels from the current dollar value of sales. Because an adjustment for changing price levels usually lowers the dollar value, such a series is usually referred to as a deflated value measure. Output measures based on deflated value have two major characteristics. First, they can reflect shifts in sales among products o f different value that have the same unit labor requirements. (For example, if cus tomers begin to purchase more unadvertised brands instead o f “nationally advertised” brands, dollar sales will decrease if the unadvertised brand is priced lower.) Thus, a change can occur in the output per hour index even if the labor required to sell the mer chandise does not change. Second, the sales level, in both current and con stant dollars, reflects differences in unit values for identical products sold in different types of establish ments. For example, the unit value associated with a product sold in a self-service “discount” store may be lower than the unit value associated with the same product sold in a store that provides many sales clerks and delivery service. The output measure, therefore, reflects changes in the level o f service provided to customers, insofar as differences in unit values reflect the difference in service among the various types of establishments. In addition to the deflated value technique, weights relating to labor importance were used to combine segments of the output index into a total output meas ure. The weights used were gross margin weights. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 9 “Why pop advertising w orks,” Automotive Chain Store, July 1982, p. 32. These weights, calculated for each merchandise line category, represent the percentage markup provided by the auto and home supply store industry. Gross margins are used in place of labor importance weights, which are unavailable for this industry. These procedures result in a final output index that is closer, conceptually, to the preferred output measure. The index o f hours for the auto and home supply store industry is for all persons, that is, hours for paid employees, self-employed, and unpaid family work ers. As in all of the output per hour measures pub lished by the Bureau of Labor Statistics, hours and employment are each considered homogeneous and additive. Adequate information does not exist to weight the various types o f labor separately. The indexes of output per hour relate total output to one input— labor time. The indexes do not measure the specific contribution of labor, capital, or any other single factor. Rather, they reflect the joint ef fect o f many interrelated influences, such as changes in technology, capital investment, capacity utili zation, store design and layout, skill and effort of the work force, managerial ability, and labormanagement relations. No explicit adjustments were made to the measures to take into account increases or decreases in some services provided to the consumer. There has been a trend toward more self-service operations. This has shifted some of the hours in retailing from the employee to the consumer. However, data are not available to measure the effect of this change. Adjust ments for changes in product quality are made to the extent that changes in quality have been accounted for in the price indexes used to deflate the current dollar value o f sales. The basic sources for the output series for this measure consist of the total sales data and sales by merchandise line reported by the U .S. Department of Commerce. The deflators were developed using vari ous Consumer Price Indexes published by the Bureau o f Labor Statistics. The gross margin weights were developed from data reported by the U .S. Depart ment o f Commerce. The basic sources for the all person hour series consist of data on employment and hours published by the Bureau of Labor Statistics and the Bureau of the Census, supplemented by data from special tabu lations compiled for the Bureau of Labor Statistics by the Bureau o f the Census. Technical notes M ilestones in Producer Price Index m ethodology and presentation Andrew G. Clem Some of the most profound changes in the history of the Bureau of Labor Statistics’ Producer Price Index (ppi) program have occurred during the 1980’s. The comple tion of the ppi Revision has not only greatly expanded the coverage o f the index, but has also vastly improved sampling and calcula tion procedures. It has also made ppi data more compatible with other economic time series by making more extensive use of the Standard Industrial Classification (sic). Now that the transition has been com pleted, it is an appropriate time to review what specific changes have been made in the index itself and in the monthly detailed report, Producer Price Indexes. For obvi ous reasons, the focus here will be on the most recent changes; however, notable ear lier accomplishments will be outlined as well. This technical note should be of par ticular benefit for statistical researchers. (Although the name “W holesale Price Index” was officially used until 1978, the term “Producer Price Index” as used in this report refers, for the sake of clarity, to the industrial price program over the years.) The Bureau conducted the first compre hensive overhaul of the ppi when the January 1952 index was published.1 This overhaul involved a major expansion of the sample of commodities, a revision of the weight structure, and a retroactive recalcu lation of the indexes back to 1947. The scope of the sample expansion is reflected by the large number of index series in the ppi historical files whose data begin in 1947— 1,811 individual items and com modity groupings. Only 81 series date back further than 1947. The other significant first in 1952 was the introduction o f in dexes for “economic sectors,” what we now call “stages of processing” (sop). Andrew G. Clem is an economist in the Office of Prices and Living Conditions, Bureau of Labor Statistics. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis The next watershed year in the industrial price program was 1967. The commodity code system was extended to provide more “room” for expansion: detailed items’ codes were expanded to eight digits instead of six as in the past. This accommodated a new level of aggregation, the subproduct class (below the four-digit product class level). In addition, there was a revision of the weight structure, and a major reclassifica tion involving machinery, transportation equipment, tobacco, and beverages. Fi nally, the first indexes classified by sic were published under the Industry-Sector Price Index (ispi) program, a precursor to the ppi Revision. The double-digit rates o f inflation during the 1970’s gave rise to heightened public awareness of government price statistics. In the ppi program, special efforts were made to improve the quality and sample breadth of energy price indexes. Seasonal adjustment methodology was improved, and given greater public prominence. In July 1975, seasonally adjusted percent changes for the principal ppi series were cited as the primary analytical measure of overall price change for the first time. More importantly, research was begun on the comprehensive project to revise the methodology of the ppi. The year 1978 was marked by several crucial events, both cosmetic and substan tive. In M arch, the name of the program was officially changed from the “W hole sale Price Index” to the “Producer Price Index.” For years, the term “wholesale” had been misleading many people into thinking that the index was based on quotes that wholesalers or distributors charged to retail outlets. The name change to “ppi” was intended to express more correctly the type of price collected, which was always the price received by the producer. At the same time, the analytical focus of the pro gram shifted from the major commodity groups to the stage-of-processing cate gories. Thus, the Index for All Commodi ties was replaced by the Finished Goods Price Index as the principal measure of industrial prices. The use of stage-ofprocessing indexes, instead of major com modity groupings, went a long way toward eliminating the double-counting problem that had been a major criticism of the ppi. By May of 1978, the regular cycle of revis ing indexes on the fourth month after their original publication was in place. July 1978 marked the introduction o f published in dexes from the “pilot survey” of four indus tries for the ppi Revision.2 Regular publication of indexes under the revised methodology began in January 1980. The expansion of coverage under the ppi Revision proceeded almost as scheduled during the first half of the decade, in spite o f tight budget constraints. Many indus tries, such as printing and publishing, log ging, ship and boat building, and various engineering and scientific instruments were introduced into the ppi for the first time. In addition, coverage was expanded consider ably for many other industries, such as air craft and parts, chemicals, plastics, and special industry machinery. Indexes for steel mill products (July 1982) and refined petroleum products (July 1985) were among those substantially overhauled be cause of the PPI Revision. However, one consequence o f the scientific sampling pro cedures used in the ppi Revision process was that many detailed indexes could no longer be published. As the ppi Revision neared completion, several major changes were made in the physical presentation of the data. In Janu ary 1985, price indexes for the net output of higher level SICgroupings were introduced. Until then, the highest level indexes that had been published were four-digit industry indexes. A number of three-digit industry group and several two-digit major industry group indexes were first published between 1985 and 1986, thus affording even better compatibility between the ppi and other economic time series. In January 1986, the first stage of the ppi Revision program was completed, as the final batch of 74 mining and manufacturing industries was published to bring the total up to 490. By that time, the universe of coverage excluded all imported goods. In addition, indexes were first published for the net output of the total mining and total manufacturing sectors. The few remaining Industry-Sector Price Indexes were elim inated, as their function was supplanted by the new industry-classified indexes under Monthly Labor Review August 1989 41 Technical Note the PPI Revision. Because o f these changes, the content o f the detailed report changed considerably, with some tables being elim inated, others renumbered, and yet others being reformatted. In July 1986, indexes measuring prices for material inputs to the construction sector were first published. This is a pilot project for what is hoped will eventually become a system of material in put indexes for goods-producing industries. The weighting structure of the PPI com modity grouping indexes was revised at the beginning of 1987, as 1982 census values of shipments replaced the 1972 weights that had been used since 1976.3 In January 1988, the reference base was changed from 1967 = 100 to 1982 = 100, the first such change since 1971. Thus, the weight base year and the index reference year coincided for the first time in the modem era. Industry-based “revised” stage-of-process indexes were first released to the public in January 1988; this new system relies ex clusively on the input-output table to allo cate industries. Indexes for several new “service-sector” industries were first pub lished during 1988, including air freight, deep sea transportation, and radio broad casting. These represent the first major step in the next stage— an expansion of the PPI into service industries, which are in creasingly important in the American economy. F ootn otes 1 All dates cited in this report refer to the month to which the indexes pertain, usually 1 month before the indexes were published. 2 The results of this test phase were described in John Early, “The Producer Price Index Revision: overview and pilot survey results,” Monthly Labor Review, December 1979, pp. 11-19. 3 An article describing the weight change and analyzing its effects on the index is An drew Clem and William D. Thomas, “New weight structure being used in Producer Price Index,” Monthly Labor Review, August 1987, pp. 12-21. P a ttern s o f location al a d ju stm en t It has been argued that there are a number of changes in the economic and technological environment of an industry which could make a par ticular country less attractive as a production location. One might ex pect that both foreign- and domestically-owned firms would respond to these changes in a broadly similar fashion. That is, if local production becomes less attractive, both groups will reduce it, perhaps closing lo cal production facilities. It has been suggested, however, that both respective adjustment paths and the new configurations of multinational and domestic firms may differ. Specifically, it is argued that, given the characteristics of the industry in question, multinationals will be more responsive than domestic firms to changes in the attractiveness of local production. According to this view, multinationals can and do relocate production quickly in response to local factor price, exchange rate and regulatory changes and that domestic firms are either less inclined or less able to do this. —Donald G. McFetridge Trade Liberalization and the Multinationals (Ottawa, Economic Council o f Canada, 1989), p. 5. 42 Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis August 1989 Research sum m aries Do m ore-educated workers fare better following job displacement? Paul Swaim and Michael Podgursky Increased international competition and capital mobility, new workplace technol ogies, and structural changes in industry continue to focus attention on the problem of job displacement and on labor market policies to reduce and more equitably distribute the costs of such changes.1 It has been argued that the ongoing—and perhaps accelerating—process of structural economic change has increased employers’ demand for higher educational attainment among work ers, because workers with good cognitive skills are more easily trained and generally more adaptable. For example, according to authors o f a recent joint publication o f the U .S. Departments o f Education and Labor, shifts in the industrial and job mix are placing an increasing prem ium on basic educational skills that many workers lack.2 In economic terms, this means that workers with better general education will have lower costs of displacement. The argument that general education fa cilitates labor market adjustment is intu itively plausible and supported by some case study evidence.3 Statistical tests of this hypothesis, however, have been ham pered by scarcity of data, because, until recently, microdata on the postdisplace ment experience of a large sample of per manently displaced workers have not been available. In this report, we use a large sample of displaced workers from the Janu ary 1984 and January 1986 Displaced Workers Surveys, special supplements to the Current Population Survey (CPS),4 to examine the effect of education on postdis placement labor market adjustment. We find strong evidence that workers with more schooling experience smaller eco nomic losses as a result of displacement. veys and drew a sample of 10,659 workers between the ages of 20 and 61 whose full time nonagricultural jobs were eliminated between January 1979 and January 1986 due to plant or company closures or moves, slack work, or abolishment of position or shift.5 W e excluded workers age 62 and older because they would generally be eli gible for Social Security retirement pay ments and possibly private pensions as well. They thus face a different set of cir cumstances in the labor market than do younger workers. Finally, the Displaced W orkers Surveys only provided infor mation on usual weekly earnings and full-time/part-time nature of the w orker’s former job. By limiting our sample to full time workers, we attempt to control for Educational credentials of workers In January 1984 and again in January 1986, all respondents from 60,000 CPS house holds were asked whether they or any other member of their household age 20 or older had “lost or left a job” within the previous 5 years “because of an employer going out of business, a layoff from which [the worker] was not recalled, or other similar reasons.” An affirmative response triggered 18 supplemental questions con cerning the nature of the job lost and post displacement labor market experience. These displacement questions, of course, supplement the extensive demographic and labor force data in the basic monthly cps. For this study, we pooled the two sur- Table 1. Average educational and demographic characteristics of displaced and employed workers, by occupation of former job Occupation Percent of displaced workers Education (years) Age (years) Percent female Percent black Total displaced workers1 ......................... (Total employed workers)........................ 100.0 (100.0) 212.3 (13.1) 234.3 (37.1) 2 3 4 .4 2 1 2 .O (40.5) (10.1) Operatives ...................................... 228.6 (13.7) 11.3 (11.2) 234.3 (38.0) 235.3 (28.5) 15.0 (14.5) Craft and precision........................... 221.3 (14.0) 11.8 (11.8) 234.9 (37.0) 212.5 (8.2) 29 .I Laborers.......................................... 28.2 (3.5) 11.3 (11.2) 2 3 2 .I (34.2) 217.3 (15.7) 319.9 (16.7) Clerical ............................................ 210.1 (17.5) 212.6 (12.8) 233.7 (37.1) 268.5 (77.6) 313.6 (11.0) Managerial ................ ..................... 28.8 (13.3) 214.0 (14.6) 235.8 (39.2) 240.5 (33.1) 5.2 (5.4) Sales............................................... 28.4 (9.7) 213.1 (13.5) 234.7 (36.3) 39.1 (36.0) 4.3 (4.5) Service ............................................ 25.6 (9.7) 11.9 (11.8) 2 3 4 .O (37.2) 258.7 (51.3) 23.6 (21.0) Professional .................................... 25.8 (14.3) 214.8 (16.1) 234.9 (37.9) 236.3 (46.5) 7.6 (7.3) Technical ........................................ 23.1 (3.8) 13.8 (13.9) 232.9 (34.6) 233.9 (46.1) 5.8 (8.1) u io p ia u c i ■ Paul Swaim is an economist at the Economic Research Service of the U.S. Department of Agriculture, and Michael Podgursky is associate professor of economics at the University of Mas sachusetts at Amherst. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis nonagricultural wage and salary jobs between Janu ary 1979 and January 1986. Statistics in parentheses refer to workers ages 20 to 61 employed in full-time nonagricultural jobs in January 1984. To facilitate comparison between these two groups, the age crite rion for displaced workers refers to age at the time of (6.6) i i. 2 Difference between the upper (displaced) and lower (total employed) estimates significant at the 1percent level. 3 Difference between the upper (displaced) and lower (total employed) estimates significant at the 5percent level. Monthly Labor Review August 1989 43 Research Summary hours of work on the old job when comparing pre- and postdisplacement earnings levels. Sampling weights provided with the cps can be used to estimate national totals cor responding to our sample. Such tabulations suggest that displacement is widespread. For example, weighted tabulations from the 1986 survey indicate that approxi mately 5.8 million workers who fit our sample definition were displaced from at least one full-time job between 1981 and 1984.6 Table 1 presents descriptive statistics for these workers, broken down by the broad occupational class of the w orker’s former job. For comparison, we indicate in paren theses the average characteristics o f all full time workers employed in these same occu Table 2. pational groups in January 1984. The first column o f the table shows occupational shares o f the relevant population. Bluecollar workers (operatives, craftworkers, and laborers) account for the majority of displaced workers and are much more likely to be displaced than are white-collar or service workers. For example, operatives represent just 13.7 percent of employment, but 28.6 percent of displaced workers. The second column of table 1 compares the average educational attainment of dis placed workers with the corresponding av erages for all workers. Displaced workers tend to have less formal schooling than does the average employed worker. This occurs not because displaced workers have Median earnings losses and number of weeks of joblessness following displacement, by educational attainment and occupation Years of schooling completed Occupation on former job All displaced workers:1 Percent earnings loss ...................................... Number of weeks jobless ................................. Operatives: Percent earnings loss............................. Number of weeks jobless........................ Craft and precision: Percent earnings loss............................. Number of weeks jobless........................ Laborers: Percent earnings loss............................. Number of weeks jobless........................ Clerical: Percent earnings loss............................. Number of weeks jobless........................ Managerial: Percent earnings loss............................. Number of weeks jobless........................ Sales: Percent earnings loss............................. Number of weeks jobless........................ Service: Percent earnings loss............................. Number of weeks jobless........................ Professional: Percent earnings loss............................. Number of weeks jobless........................ Technical: Percent earnings loss............................. Number of weeks jobless........................ 1 Workers ages 20 to 61 displaced from full-time nonagriculturai wage and salary jobs between January 1979 and January 1986. Earnings loss, which is only defined for workers reemployed on the survey date, is the percentage reduction in usual weekly earnings between the old job and the current job. Earnings on the old job were adjusted for trend growth in occupational wages between the year of job loss and the date of the survey (as reported in various issues of the Bureau of Labor Statistics monthly publication Employment and Earnings). The tabulations 44 Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis August 1989 11 or fewer 12 13 to 15 16.1 39 10.2 24 8.4 15 2.0 12 16.1 52 12.8 26 14.0 17 5.2 20 17.2 26 8.4 20 13.3 16 4.1 15 14.7 51 10.9 24 13.6 24 (2) (2) 17.5 36 9.5 26 6.1 16 1.6 12 327.2 330 12.8 12 8.4 12 2.0 9 9.5 24 8.4 12 .6 12 .0 12 19.5 36 5.3 13 5.7 13 3-6.3 312 (2) (2) 11.2 20 3.8 8 .2 10 (2) 12.0 9.2 13 1.9 (2> 16 16 or more 8 of numbers of weeks jobless are for workers displaced at least 1 year prior to the survey. Although some of these workers’ jobless spells are rightcensored (that is, still in progress on the survey date), the median spell durations are not biased because fewer than 50 percent of the workers in any cell expe rience a year or more without work. 2 Median value not reported because fewer than 26 observations were available. 3 Between 26 and 50 observations were available. less education than employed workers in the same occupation, but because workers in blue-collar occupations, in which aver age education is lower, are much more likely to be displaced.7 This is particularly true for operatives and laborers, who have considerably lower educational attainment, on average, than do sales and clerical work ers, not to mention professional, technical, and managerial workers. As a group, dis placed workers are also younger than the total work force, and are disproportionately male and black. The cost of displacement From the worker’s perspective, two poten tial costs of displacement are the time spent finding a new job and reductions in earn ings from predisplacement levels once the worker is reemployed. Table 2 presents median weeks of joblessness and median percentage-point earnings losses for our sample of displaced workers by educational level. The data for all displaced workers in the first two rows show that workers with fewer years of schooling experience much larger losses. The median reduction in usual weekly earnings falls from 16.1 per cent for workers lacking a high school diploma to just 2.0 percent for those having completed at least 4 years o f college. Simi larly, median weeks of joblessness falls from 39 to 12. The benefits of more education are also evident for the nine broad occupational categories. With only a few exceptions, earnings loss and number of weeks spent jobless fall steadily as years of schooling increase. It is noteworthy, however, that the profile o f the decline in displacementrelated costs with education differs some what among the occupations. For example, completion of high school is very important in blue-collar occupations, but attending college does not appear to bring additional improvements unless a 4-year degree is ob tained. By contrast, the distinction between having 12 years of schooling and having 13 to 15 years is important for managerial, sales, professional, and technical workers. This decline in weeks of joblessness and in earnings loss with education need not be attributable to schooling, if education is correlated with other determinants of ad justm ent success. Table 3 presents multi variate statistical estimates of the effect of an additional year o f completed schooling on short- and long-term displacement costs. In addition to education, our models include a large number of independent vari ables that control for other worker and labor market characteristics likely to affect postdisplacement adjustment. We also con trol for years since displacement, because Table 3. The effect of an additional year of educational attainment on private costs of job displacement Education coefficient and average value of variable (in parentheses) Dependent variable Blue-collar White-collar and service Men Women Men Women 1) Median weeks of joblessness ............................................... 2-2.3 (24.5) 2-5.3 (47.5) -0.4 (12.5) 2-2.4 (18.5) 2) Probability of full-time reemployment .................................... 23.2 (56.2) 22.1 (40.2) 21.7 (69.0) 21.8 (49.3) 3) Percent loss In full-time weekly earnings ............................... 2-2.6 (9.4) 2-3.7 (9.4) 2-3.5 (3.8) 2-5.0 (2.7) 4) Probability that group health insurance was not replaced....... 2-2.4 (39.6) 2-2.7 (41.6) 2-3.6 (27.3) 2-1.8 (30.8) Change in— 11n addition to years of schooling, the following independent variables were included in the model: age (linear term plus a spline at age 50); dummy variables for race, marital status, and number of children; the log of weekly earnings, years of tenure, and occupation (eight dummy variables) for prior job; unionization rate in industry of prior employment; dummy variables for plant shutdown, abolishment of shift or position, eligibility for unem ployment insurance benefits, receiving of advance some of the reductions in earnings associ ated with displacement may be transitory. W e estimated separate multivariate models for four subgroups defined by sex and broad occupational groupings, because co efficient values are likely to differ for these groups. More-detailed occupational strati fication was not attempted because un reliably small sample sizes would result. However, dummy variables were included for each of the nine occupational groups in table 2 .8 Row 1 of table 3 focuses on the duration of joblessness following displacement. The education coefficient is the estimated effect of an incremental year o f education on the median spell of joblessness for an average worker in the four subsamples. (These are computed from the estimated coefficients of a flexible multivariate survival model fit to the distribution of jobless spells.9) For blue-collar men, an incremental year of ed ucation reduced the median spell by 2.3 weeks. The effect was similar for whitecollar women (2.4 weeks), but consider ably greater for blue-collar women (5.3 weeks). Schooling had a smaller and m ar ginally significant effect for men in the white-collar and service groups (0.4 weeks, significant at the 12-percent level).10 Another indication of adjustment success is whether these workers, all o f whom lost full-time jobs, returned to full-time em- https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis notice of layoff, year of displacement, and years since displacement; and local unemployment rate at time of displacement. The effects reported in rows 2 and 4 are based on maximum-likelihood logit coefficients, The effects in row 1 are calculated from maximumlikelihood coefficients of a Weibull duration model, The effects in row 3 are ordinary least squares coefficients, 2 Significant at the 1-percent level. ployment. The second row o f table 3 shows the percentage-point effect of an extra year of education on the probability that a worker was reemployed full time at the sur vey date (that is, in January 1984 or Janu ary 1986). (These are computed from maximum-likelihood logit coefficients for an average worker in each of the four sub samples.) An additional year o f education raises the probability of subsequent full time employment by 3.2 percentage points for blue-collar men, and is significant and positive for the other three groups as well. Thus, the coefficients in the first two rows of the table clearly show that moreeducated workers spend less time without work following displacement and are more likely to return to full-time employment. The percentage reduction in full-time weekly earnings associated with displace ment also is smaller for workers with greater educational attainment. The third row of table 3 shows the percentage-point change in earnings loss associated with an extra year of education for workers who were reemployed full time when surveyed. (These were computed from the ordinary least squares coefficients of an earnings equation with full-time weekly earnings in January 1984 or January 1986 as the de pendent variable.) The reduction in earn ings loss per year of education ranges from 2.6 percentage points for male blue-collar workers up to 5.0 percentage points for fe male white-collar w orkers.11 Finally, higher educational attainment reduces the likelihood o f losing employer group health insurance— a major fringe benefit. Because employer-based plans usually terminate within 90 days of layoff, the risk of health insurance loss looms large for displaced workers. Among blue-collar men, 39.6 percent of workers who had an employer-sponsored group health plan on their old job reported that they were cov ered by no group plan at the time of the survey. The educational effects reported in row 4 of the table are computed from maximum-likelihood coefficients of a logit model of health insurance loss. For the blue-collar men, an incremental year of schooling reduced the loss rate by 2.4 per centage points. Similar reductions in loss rates result for the other three subgroups.12 Conclusion Data from the Displaced W orker Surveys show that more-educated workers fare bet ter in the job market following displace ment. In the face of involuntary job loss, workers with greater educational attain ment suffer smaller economic losses. Among otherwise comparable workers, displaced workers who have completed more years of schooling spend significantly less time finding a new job and are more likely to return to full-time employment. More-educated workers also become reem ployed at earnings levels that compare more favorably to those on their former job and are more likely to replace employersponsored health plans lost with the prior job. Does education also reduce the social cost of economic change? The reductions in the private costs of displacement associated with education also represent net reduc tions in the social costs of economic change if the better adjustment experience of educated workers reflects their greater pro ductivity in new jobs or their greater pro ductivity in finding the right new job. Such productivity gains, in turn, would reflect the increased value of investing in general skills during a period of rapid structural change. It is possible, however, that some of the advantages accruing to moreeducated workers do not reflect true social gains if educational credentials are serving as a signal of native intelligence or perse verance, rather than of productive skills ac quired in school.13 Unfortunately, our data do not tell us why more-educated workers fare better, just that they d o .14 One final caveat is in order. While greater educational attainment lowers the costs of displacement, it by no means elim- Monthly Labor Review August 1989 45 Research Summary mates these costs. Many workers with aboveaverage education still experience long spells of joblessness and large earnings losses upon reemployment. Improved general education thus is unlikely to address fully the concerns motivating targeted adjustment assistance for displaced workers, such as Job Training Partnership Act Title III programs. □ Footnotes Acknowledgment : Paul Swaim wishes to acknowledge the support of the American Statis tical Association/National Science Foundation/ Bureau of Labor Statistics’ Research Fellows Program. The authors thank Jaesung Kim of the Bureau of Labor Statistics for programming assistance, and Neil Alper of Northeastern University, Robert Costrell of the University of Massachusetts, and Ann Polivka and Marilyn Manser of the Bureau of Labor Statistics for helpful comments on an earlier draft of this report. 1 Recent reports examining the problems of displaced workers include Economic Adjustment and Worker Dislocation in a Competitive Society, Report of the Secretary of Labor’s Task Force on Economic Adjustment and Worker Dislocation (U.S. Department of Labor, December 1986); U.S. Congress, Office of Technology Assess ment, Technology and Structural Unemployment: Reemploying Displaced Adults, ota - ite-250 (Washington, U.S. Government Printing Office, February 1986); and Richard M. Cyert and David C. Mowery, Technology and Employ ment: Innovation and Growth in the U.S. Econ omy (Washington, National Academy Press, 1987). 2 See U.S. Department of Education and U.S. Department of Labor, The Bottom Line: Basic Skills in the Workplace (Washington, U.S. Gov ernment Printing Office, 1988). Other authors have come to similar conclu sions. Robert Reich and Michael Piore and Charles Sabel emphasize that a broadly trained work force is necessary for the “flexible pro duction” model of work organization that is emerging in competitive sectors of U.S. manu facturing. (See Robert Reich, The Next Ameri can Frontier (New York, Times Books, 1983); and Michael Piore and Charles Sabel, The Sec ond Industrial Divide (New York, Basic Books, 1984).) Similarly, authors of a major economet ric study using Current Population Survey micro data on earnings covering more than two decades conclude that labor market returns to education have risen sharply in the 1980’s, and that in creased demand for educated workers is an im portant cause of that rise. (See Kevin Murphy and Finis Welch, “The Structure of Wages,” Working Paper (Los Angeles, Unicon Research Corporation, April 1988).) Theodore Schultz ar gues that educational investments produce not only more productive but also more adaptable workers—that is, workers better able to redeploy their human resources in the face of economic 46 Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis August 1989 change. (See Theodore Schultz, “The Value of the Ability to Deal with Disequilibria,” Journal of Economic Literature, September 1975, pp. 827-46.) 3 In a 1986 report on technology and structural unemployment by the Office of Technology As sessment (see footnote 1), the authors note the adjustment problems of workers lacking basic educational skills who participated in various Federal Job Training Partnership Act Title III (“Dislocated Worker”) programs. For evidence from earlier case studies, see Jeanne Prial Gordus, Paul Jarley, and Louis Ferman, Plant Clos ings and Economic Dislocation (Kalamazoo, Ml, W. E. Upjohn, 1981). 4 The Current Population Survey is a program of personal interviews conducted monthly by the Bureau of the Census for the Bureau of Labor Statistics. The sample, selected to represent the U.S. population 16 years of age and older, con sisted of about 60,000 households in 1984 and 1986. 5 We excluded workers who reported job loss due to self-employed business failure, termina tion of a seasonal job, or “other” reasons, which is consistent with the technique employed by other researchers. (See Paul O. Flaim and Ellen Sehgal, “Displaced workers of 1979-83: how have they fared?” Monthly Labor Review, June 1985, pp. 3-16; and Francis Horvath, “The pulse of economic change: displaced workers of 1981-85,” Monthly Labor Review, June 1987, pp. 3—12.) Unlike these authors, however, we do not exclude workers with less than 3 years of seniority on their former jobs. None of the find ings of this study are changed if we restrict our sample to workers with 3 or more years of tenure. 6 Because the 1984 and 1986 surveys both in clude workers displaced in 1981-83, the total weighted count for our pooled sample would overstate the incidence of displacement. Yearby-year comparisons for the two surveys suggest that many workers “displaced” in the year prior to the survey are eventually recalled by thenformer employers. (See Michael Podgursky, “Job Displacement and Labor Market Adjust ment: Evidence from the Displaced Worker Surveys,” in Richard M. Cyert and David M. Mowery, eds., The Impact of Technological Change on Employment and Economic Growth (Cambridge, m a , Ballinger, 1988), pp. 3-41.) Hence our choice to report the weighted count for 1981-84 from the 1986 Displaced Worker Survey. 7 As is indicated in table 1, mean educational attainment is significantly lower for displaced workers than for all employed in four of the white-collar occupations (clerical, managerial, sales, and professional). Within-occupation dif ferences in years of schooling, however, account for just 0.1 year of the 0.8 year of educational gap between all displaced woikers and all employed. 8 A complete list of the independent variables is provided in a footnote to table 3. For reasons of space, we report only education coefficients in the table. The full set of estimated coefficients for all the independent variables and related statistics is available on request from the authors. 9 Specifically, we used a Weibull regression model. For a description of this model, see Michael Podgursky and Paul Swaim, “Duration of Joblessness Following Displacement,” Indus trial Relations, Fall 1987, pp. 213-26. 10 The relatively weak association between education and weeks spent jobless for whitecollar men is at least partially attributable to the fact that years of schooling completed enters the survival-time model as a linear effect. We reesti mated the model replacing the linear education term with dummy variables for the four intervals used in table 2 (0 to 11, 12, 13 to 15, and 16 or more years of schooling). The estimated coeffi cients indicate much longer jobless durations for the least educated group (significant at the 2percent level), but very similar spell lengths for the remaining three groups. 11 Because data on reemployment earnings are unavailable for workers not employed on the sur vey date, the estimated impacts of education on weekly earnings may be unreliable for these workers. In “Job Displacement and Earnings Loss: Evidence from the Displaced Worker Sur vey,” Industrial and Labor Relations Review, October 1987, pp. 17—29, Michael Podgursky and Paul Swaim analyze sample selection for this model using 1984 Displaced Worker Survey data. Their results suggest that nonrandom selection into reemployment probably does not significantly bias the estimated coefficients for education. 12 In “Health insurance loss: the case of the displaced worker,” Monthly Labor Review, April 1987, pp. 30—33, Michael Podgursky and Paul Swaim show that health insurance loss rates are much lower for reemployed workers, but that a substantial number become reemployed in jobs without employer-sponsored health insurance. More-educated workers are more likely to re place their former health plan both because they become reemployed more quickly and because their new jobs are more likely to provide in surance coverage. 13 Michael Spence analyzes educational cre dentials as signals of native abilities. See Michael Spence, “Job Market Signaling,” Quar terly Journal o f Economics, Vol. 87, 1973, pp. 355-74. Similarly, if more-educated work ers bump less-educated workers further back in job queues, the social return to education is re duced. See Lester Thurow, Generating Inequal ity (New York, Basic Books, 1975). 14 The Displaced Worker Survey data suggest one possible explanation for the link between education and adjustment to displacement. More-educated workers are more likely to make employment-related moves to a new city or county. For example, 14.9 percent of the men with 0 to 11 years of schooling made such a move, as compared to 27.1 percent for those with 16 or more years of schooling. The corre sponding migration rates for women were 9.7 and 22.0 percent. Major agreem ents expiring next month This list of selected collective bargaining agreements expiring in September is based on information collected by the Bureau’s Office of Compensation and W orking Conditions. The list includes agreements covering 1,000 workers or more. Private industry is arranged in order of Standard Industrial Classification. Labor organiza tions listed are affiliated with the A F L -C io, except where noted as independent (Ind.). Private industry Construction National Electrical Contractors Association, American Line Builders, Interstate; Electrical Workers (ibew ), 1,400 workers National Electrical Contractors Association, Southern Florida; Electrical Workers (ibew ), 1,200 workers Northeastern States Area Agreement, Interstate; Boilermakers, 1,000 workers Western States Field Construction Negotiat ing Committee, Interstate; Boilermakers, 6,000 workers tertown, ny ; United Steelworkers, 1,550 workers Armco, Inc., Butler, pa ; Butler Armco Inde pendent Union (Ind.), 2,100 workers Atlantic Steel Co., Atlanta, ga ; United Steel workers, 1,000 workers Copperweld Steel Co., Warren, oh ; United Steelworkers, 1,300 workers Cyclops Corp., Cytemps Specialty Steel Divi sion, Pittsburgh and Titusville, pa ; United Steel workers, 1,000 workers Cyclops Corp., Empire-Detroit Steel Division, Mansfield, oh ; United Steelworkers, 1,200 workers Retail trade Machinery, except electrical Dresser Industries, Inc., Dresser Clark Division, Olean, ny ; United Steelworkers, 1,250 workers Hamischfeger Corp., Milwaukee, wi; United Steelworkers, 1,300 workers Schnuck Supermarkets, St. Louis, m o ; Food and Commercial Workers, 1,200 workers Electrical and electronic equipment Amana Refrigeration, a subsidiary of Raytheon Corp., Amana, ia ; Machinists, 1,475 workers Whirlpool Corp., Fort Smith, ar ; Allied Indus trial Workers, 3,800 workers Food products Fluid milk and ice cream companies, California; Teamsters, 1,500 workers Transportation equipment Borg-Wamer Corp., Muncie, Workers, 2,250 workers Paper Federal Paper Board Co., Riegelwood, NC; Paperworkers, 1,200 workers Hammermill Paper Co., Thilmany Pulp and Paper Division, Kaukauna, wi; Paperworkers, 1,250 workers Transportation Hampton Roads Shipping Association, Virginia; Mobile Steamship Association, Mobile, al ; New Orleans Steamship Association, New Or leans, la ; New York Shipping Association, Port of New York-New Jersey; Philadelphia Marine trade Association, Philadelphia, pa ; Steamship Trade Association of Baltimore, Baltimore, md ; South Atlantic Employers Negotiating Commit tee, South Atlantic ports; Southeast Florida Em ployers Association, Florida; and the West Gulf Maritime Association, West South Central ports; International Longshoremen’s Association, 26,000 workers Chemicals Revlon, Inc., Edison, 2,000 workers nj ; Automobile Workers, Glass Anchor Hocking Corp., Lancaster, Glass Workers, 1,500 workers oh ; Flint Steel Acme Steel Co., Riverdale, il ; United Steel workers, 1,050 workers A1 Tech Specialty Steel Corp., Dunkirk and Wa- https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis in ; Automobile A&P Food Stores, Baltimore, m d ; Food and Commercial Workers, 2,000 workers Alpha Beta, Frys Food Stores, and Safeway Food Stores, Arizona; Food and Commercial Workers, 4,000 workers Giant Food Stores, Baltimore, m d ; Food and Commercial Workers, 4,125 workers Giant Food Stores, Washington, DC, area; Food and Commercial Workers, 9,000 workers Jewel Food Stores, Illinois and Indiana; Food and Commercial Workers, 17,000 workers Safeway Food Stores, Baltimore, MD, area; Food and Commercial Workers, 7,500 workers Insurance Prudential Insurance Co., interstate; Food and Commercial Workers, 15,000 workers Hotels Casino hotels in Atlantic City, n j ; Hotel Em ployees and Restaurant Employees, 13,000 workers Hotel Association of Washington, Washington, DC; Hotel Employees and Restaurant Em ployees, 5,000 workers Amusement services Disneyland, Anaheim, 2,000 workers ca ; various unions, Hospitals Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, ny ; Retail, Wholesale and Department Store, 1,300 workers Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, m a ; Massachusetts Nurses Association (Ind.), 1,400 workers Public activities Public utilities Consumer Power Co., Michigan, excluding De troit; Utility Workers, 4,300 General administration Alameda County general employees, Alameda County, ca ; Service Employees, 5,500 workers Monthly Labor Review August 1989 47 Major Agreements Expiring Next Month Public activities— Continued General administration—Continued Los Angeles County clerical employees, Los Angeles County, ca ; Service Employees, 14,500 workers Los Angeles County administrative and techni cal employees, Los Angeles County, ca ; Service Employees, 2,500 workers Los Angeles County supervisors, Los Angeles County, ca ; Service Employees, 1,450 workers Los Angeles County artisans and blue-collar em- ployees, Los Angeles County, ployees, 2,650 workers ca ; Service Em Education 1,250 workers Los Angeles County Registered Nurses, Los An geles County, ca ; Service Employees, 4,425 workers Brentwood teachers, Brentwood, ny ; American Federation of Teachers, 1,000 workers Compton teachers, Compton, ca ; National Edu cation Association (Ind.), 1,300 workers Los Angeles County institutional supervisors Los Angeles County, ca ; Service Employees, 1,250 workers Health care Protective services Los Angeles County paramedical employees, Los Angeles County, ca ; Service Employees, Michigan State Police, Michigan; Service Em ployees, 1,850 workers Finding workable solutions Labor relations did not play a dominant role in professional sports until the early 1970’s. Although player conflicts over work practices came early in the development of professional sports, they were char acterized by infrequent and transitory confrontations with team owners. In the decades before unions and collective bargaining became in grained in the sports industry, professional athletes were treated like privileged peons. They had adulation from the public and generally made larger incomes from playing games than they would have made in outside pursuits, but hardly any made big money. Players viewed themselves as knights on a noble mission to provide entertainment and have fun in the process. They were not engaged in the contests for power with management that coal miners and steelworkers were. Sport was more avocation and pastime than career and business. By the early 1970’s, growing fan interest in the games, heightened by network television, had transformed professional sports into lucra tive business enterprises. Leagues expanded to take advantage of popu lation explosions in the cities of the West and South. Wealthy business moguls bid for sports franchises as tax havens and ego builders. En tirely new leagues sprang up to compete with established organizations and lure away players at attractive salaries. As sports became more like traditional businesses, players increasingly turned to agents to rep resent them in individual salary negotiations. Most important, players’ associations, formerly weak or nonexistent, became a countervailing power to the owners’ exclusive interests. Professional sports entered a new era, featuring collective bargaining, court actions, and strikes. — Paul D. Staudohar The Sports Industry and Collective Bargaining 2d ed. (Ithaca, NY, Cornell University, New York State School of Industrial and Labor Relations, 1989), pp. 4 -5 . 48 Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis August 1989 Developm ents in industrial relations AT&T settlement American Telephone & Telegraph Co. (A T & T ) settled with the Communications W orkers of America and the International Brotherhood of Electrical W orkers on a 3year contract. The settlement focused on “family care benefits,” reflecting the in creasing concern throughout the Nation re garding adequate care for children and/or elderly or infirm relatives in families in which both spouses are employed. A 1987 survey of A T & T employees— 53 percent of whom are women— showed a growing concern for family care, particularly child care. Company vice president Raymond E. Williams called the agreement “the most progressive ever negotiated by A T & T . It recognizes the needs for A T & T ’ s changing work force and it will further strengthen A T & T ’ s competitive thrust and cost contain ment as the company enters the 1990’s.” Similar sentiments regarding child care and elder care were expressed by Commu nications W orkers’ president Morton Bahr and Electrical W orkers’ president John J. Barry. The two unions bargained as one with A T & T , a departure from their past prac tice of coordinating bargaining but settling separately, which sometimes resulted in variations in terms. The 1989 accord cov ered 135,000 employees represented by the Communications W orkers and 40,000 rep resented by the Electrical W orkers. The new family care approach calls for— • A $5 million company obligation to fund efforts to increase the number o f profes sional organizations able to meet the child and elder care needs of employees. • Up to 12 months of unpaid leave for the birth or adoption of a child (up from 6 months), and a provision permitting em ployees to take up to 12 months of leave within a 2-year period to care for seri- “Developments in Industrial Relations” is pre pared by George Ruben of the Division of De velopments in Labor-Management Relations, Bureau of Labor Statistics, and is largely based on information from secondary sources. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis • • • • ously ill family members. During both types o f leave, a t & t will pay the full cost o f death benefits and basic group life insurance for up to 1 year and medi cal expense benefits for up to 6 months, with employees paying the full cost of supplemental life insurance on them selves and dependent health insurance coverage. A company payment of up to $2,000 to employees adopting children under age 18, effective January 1, 1990. Resource and referral organizations, en gaged by the company, to assist em ployees in locating and evaluating care for children under age 13 and relatives older than age 59. The separate organi zations are to begin operating on January 1 of 1990 and 1991, respectively, and will also foster the expansion and estab lishment o f care plans. New dependent care reimbursement ac counts allowing employees to deposit up to $5,000 a year, free from Federal in come and Social Security taxes. The money will be used to provide care in or out o f the employee’s home— but not in a nursing home— for dependent children under age 13 and for elderly dependents not capable of self-care. Money remain ing in individual accounts at the end o f a plan year will be shifted into a general account and credited to all participants. A trial revision of the existing excused workday plan— during 1990, employees can take off on short notice and in incre ments o f at least 2 hours, one of the 4 annual paid days off. W age increases for the 115,000 “non manufacturing” or operating employees are 4 percent retroactive to May 28, 1989, 2.5 percent on May 27, 1990, and 2.25 percent on May 26, 1991. The 60,000 manufactur ing employees received an immediate lump-sum payment equal to 8 percent of their earnings during the preceding 12 months, followed by wage increases of 3.5 percent on May 27, 1990, and 3 percent on May 26, 1991. The 10,000 skilled trades manufacturing workers also received an immediate 50-cent-an-hour wage increase. Prior to the settlement, average weekly pay reportedly was $512 for operating em ployees and $494.68 for all manufacturing employees. A new profit-sharing plan, the A T & T Per formance Award, provides for possible dis tributions to employees in March of 1991, 1992, and 1993, based on A T & T ’ s operating results during the preceding year. The dis tributions will be in equal amounts to all workers, and will come from an allocation equal to 5 percent o f the com pany’s net in come after an amount equal to 8 percent of common shareholders’ equity is deducted. Revisions in the savings and security plan include a company pay-in equal to two-thirds of the employee’s basic invest ment in A T & T stock shares (was one-half) and the employee’s maximum investment in the basic and supplemental portions of the plan was raised to 16 percent of basic pay. Also, the plan’s administrative and investment costs were shifted to partici pants and they now are allowed to borrow against their holdings. Effective July 1, 1989, pensions were increased by 12 percent for employees re tiring after May 27, 1989. This brought the benefit rate range to $19.17-$46.68 a month for each year of credited service, from $17.12—$41.68. The parties also raised pensions 5 percent for employees who retired prior to January 31, 1988, and by prorated amounts for some of those who retired later, effective January 1, 1991. On January 1, 1990, a new a t & t Trans fer System will replace two existing plans. Under the new approach, employees who are declared surplus are permitted to trans fer to other locations, with the company paying up to $7,000 o f moving expenses. If the new job has a lower pay rate, the cut will be imposed in stages varying by length o f service, until the lower rate is reached. The maximum transition period is 65 weeks for employees with at least 15 years of service. Surplus employees will be relocated in seniority order and will have precedence over “nonsurplus” employees seeking a career change. Nonsurplus employees will not receive relocation pay. A T & T did not win its initial demand for higher deductibles on health insurance ben efits, but the existing $150 a year de ductible was extended to cover additional Monthly Labor Review August 1989 49 Developments in Industrial Relations services. In another move to control medi cal costs, the settlement encourages the use of preferred provider organizations by pe nalizing employees who do not use them once they are established in an area. In such cases, employees who remain under the ex isting medical expense plan will go from full coverage to paying 20 percent o f ex penses after a $200 deductible. Other changes include coverage of two mam mograms per year and midwife charges, elimination of a requirement for a second medical opinion prior to surgery, and pro visions requiring physicians to accept the payments offered by the plan and prohibit ing them from directly billing patients for charges in excess of the payments. After the A T & T accord, the Communica tions W orkers and Electrical W orkers still faced 1989 negotiations with the seven re gional companies that, with a t & t , made up the Bell Telephone System prior to its court-ordered breakup in 1984. The first round of settlements after the breakup, in 1986, resulted in wide variations in wage and benefit terms, a departure from the past practice of pattern bargaining. Industry ob servers generally expected variations to continue in the 1989 settlements, except for emphasis on adoption o f various types of family care provisions. National Steel-U nited Steelworkers In the second 1989 settlement in the steel industry, National Steel Corp. and the United Steelworkers agreed on terms simi lar to those at Bethlehem Steel C orp., with some exceptions. (See Monthly Labor Re view, July 1989, p. 43, for the Bethlehem term s.) The differences resulted because the 1986 accord at National called for smaller cuts in wages and benefits than the Bethlehem accord— 64 cents an hour ver sus $1.97, according to a Steelworkers’ official— and because the companies con tinue to insist that terms must be tailored to their individual conditions, in contrast to the pre-1986 practice of settling on essen tially identical contracts. The differences were an immediate 31cent-an-hour wage restoration increase for production workers at National (42 cents for office and technical employees), com pared with the 8.09-percent immediate in crease at Bethlehem (future increases were the same at both companies— $1 an hour in January 1991 and 50 cents an hour in Janu ary 1992), and company wide distribution of the entire annual profit-sharing allo cation (10 percent o f pretax profits) at National. At Bethlehem, 60 percent of the allocation will be distributed company wide and the balance will be allocated to com 50 Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis August 1989 pany units in proportion to their profits, for payment to their employees. The National settlement, for 7,300 em ployees at three plants in Michigan, Illi nois, and Indiana was first rejected by union members, but was later accepted after National agreed to changes in the profit-sharing and inflation recognition payments. The accord left only Inland Steel Co. and Armco, Inc., to settle with the Steelworkers in the 1989 round of bargain ing at the major producers. The 1987 agree ment with USX C orp., the largest company in the industry, expires in January 1991. Elsewhere in the steel industry, relations were less conciliatory between CitiSteel USA Inc. of Claymont, d e , and the Steel workers. According to the union, the com pany was not keeping a commitment to staff the reopened plant with employees of the former operator, Phoenix Steel C orp., which had shut down in 1987 after declar ing bankruptcy. Accordingly, the union, which had represented Phoenix employees since 1943, filed a complaint with the N a tional Labor Relations Board. China International Trust and Investment C orp., the new owner, countered that any hiring commitments were not valid because they had been made by a prospective part ner who did not actually participate in the purchase. CitiSteel’s president said that up to a third of the 190 employees hired so far were former Phoenix Steel employees. Em ployment is expected to total 300 when full production is reached in 1990. Civil rights cases The Supreme Court issued several rulings that were generally viewed as restraints on women’s and m inorities’ efforts to redress allegedly unfair employment practices. In Wards Cove Packing Co. v. Antonio, the Court held that employees must now prove that racial imbalances in their em ployer’s work force result from practices that have no valid business justification. Under the previous interpretation of Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, a statis tical indication of racial imbalance was suf ficient for a finding o f discrimination, even if there was no evidence that the employer intended to discriminate. Title VII pro hibits discrimination in employment based on sex or race. The case, which originated 15 years ago, involved salmon cannery workers, mostly Filipinos and Alaskan Natives. They claimed that W ards Cove Packing’s hiring and promotion practices— which included racially segregating work, eating, and sleep areas and not promoting from within— rel egated them to canning line jobs, generally leaving the higher paying nonline jobs to whites. Wards Cove argued that the plain tiffs had failed to demonstrate which partic ular employment practices caused the alleged discrimination. The company also contended that its ability to fill the nonline jobs was limited by the pool of available trained applicants. Justice Byron R. W hite, writing for the five-member majority, remanded the case to an appeals court for further review. The opinion stated that the plaintiff’s statistical comparison of the percentage o f whites in line and nonline jobs was not appropriate if the absence o f minorities from nonline jobs resulted from a dearth o f minority appli cants that could not be attributed to the company. In dissent, Justice John Paul Stevens, joined by Justices W illiam J. Brennan Jr., Thurgood Marshall, and Harry A. Blackmun, accused the majority of “turning a blind eye to the meaning and purpose of Title V II.” In a separate dissent, Justice Blackmun said that the majority decision would protect blatantly discriminatory em ployment practices. In Martin v. Wilks, the Supreme Court ruled that a group o f white firefighters in Birmingham, a l , could challenge an affirmative action plan that had been adopted in 1981 with approval of a lower court to settle charges by blacks that the city had engaged in discriminatory hiring and promotion practices. In their 1983 suit, the white plaintiffs claimed that the affir mative action plan had denied them promo tions because of their race, a violation, they maintained, o f Title VII of the Civil Rights Act and the Fourteenth Amendment. In the majority opinion, C hief Justice W illiam Rehnquist acknowledged that “the great majority” of appeals courts had re jected challenges to affirmative action plans by “secondary parties” such as the white firefighters, particularly when the plaintiffs were aware o f the plan when it was adopted but delayed in initiating a court test. However, he said, the white fire fighters’ challenge must be allowed be cause a voluntary settlement between a group of employees and their employer “cannot possibly settle . . . the conflicting claims o f another group of employees who do not join in the agreem ent.” In dissent, Justice John Paul Stevens, writing for Justices W illiam J. Brennan, Jr., Thurgood M arshall, and Harry A. Blackmun, said the ruling was “unfathom able” and will “subject large employers who seek to comply with the law to a neverending stream o f litigation and potential liability.” In Lorance v. A T & T Technologies, Inc., the Supreme Court held that three women employees of an A T & T plant in Aurora, IL , waited too long before filing a lawsuit con tending that a new job seniority system had sexually discriminated against them. Under the new system, the jobs held by the women had been converted to coverage by plantwide job preference seniority rules, from department rules, dropping them to lower paying jobs. The five-member ruling, written by Jus tice Antonin Scalia, said the claim should have been filed within 300 days after the seniority change was adopted. The opinion maintained that the Congress intended to give “special treatm ent” to seniority sys tems to avert challenges that would disrupt employees “settled expectations.” Justice Thurgood M arshall, joined in dissent by Justices W illiam J. Brennan, J r ., and Harry A. Blackmun, said the decision was at odds with the Civil Rights Act be cause it required the women to sue before they had suffered adverse effects. In Mansell v. Mansell, the Supreme Court held that the divorced spouse of a military retiree is not entitled to a share of any disability benefits received by the re tiree. (Possible disability benefits are paid to retirees in combination with regular pen sions, which are reduced by the amount of the disability benefits. The disability por tion is tax free, unlike the regular pension portion.) The decision hinged on the intent of the Congress in passing the Uniformed Services Former Spouses Protection Act, which permitted State courts to treat mili tary retirement pensions as marital property in divorce settlements. Justice Thurgood M arshall, writing for the seven-member majority, expressed sympathy for affected former spouses but said that the “plain language” of the act specifically excluded disability benefits from marital property. Justice Sandra Day O ’Connor, joined in dissent by Justice Harry A. Blackmun said that the intent of the Congress was to over turn a 1981 decision in which the court had excluded all retirement benefits from mari tal property. Justice O ’Connor said that this legislative intent made it inconceivable that the Congress intended the broad remedial purpose of the statute to be thwarted by such an exclusion. Drug test rulings In Consolidated Rail Corp. v. Railway Labor Executives’ Association, the Su preme Court held that railroads are not required to bargain with unions before in cluding drug tests in the periodic physical examinations. The case arose in 1987, when Consolidated Rail Corp. (Conrail) https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis added drug tests to the physical exam all employees must undergo every 3 years and employees in safety-related jobs must undergo if they are off duty more than 30 days. In the 7 -2 decision, the Court decided that Conrail’s action was a minor dispute under provisions of the Railway Labor Act, meaning that the unions’ only recourse was after-the-fact arbitration. In contrast, major disputes must be resolved through negotia tions prior to any changes. The ruling will extend to the airline transportation industry, where collective bargaining is also covered by the Railway Labor Act. An official of the Airline Indus trial Relations Conference, an em ployers’ group, said that drug tests in conjunction with physical examinations were already common in the industry, but the major re maining question was the Federal Aviation Administration’s order that airlines conduct spot drug tests of employees in safetyrelated jobs. The National Labor Relations Board is sued two rulings regarding drug and alco hol testing of private industry employees outside of railroads and airline transporta tion. In one case, the Board ruled that the Johnson-B atem an C o., a concrete pipemaker, acted contrary to the National Labor Relations Act when it attempted to uni laterally institute drug and alcohol tests for employees who require medical treat ment for on-the-job injuries. Instead, the Board said, the company should have negotiated with the Machinists union, which initiated the legal test, because the attempted change was “germane to the working environment.” In the second case, the Board ruled that the Minneapolis Star Tribune newspaper had acted properly in beginning drug and alcohol tests of job applicants without en gaging in collective bargaining. The Board said that its decision hinged on the fact that the applicants did not become part of col lective bargaining units until they were hired. The case was initiated by The News paper Guild. Building service workers Some 10,000 employees of office and com mercial buildings in the Chicago area were covered by similar Service Employees Local 25 settlements with the Building Owners and Managers Association and in dependent firms. The 1-year contracts raised base wage rates 40 cents an hour, to $9.40 for janitors, $9.70 for elevator operators, and $8.65 for security employees. The em ployers’ pay ment into the health and welfare fund was raised by 10 cents per hour worked (to 95 cents), and is subject to an additional 10cent increase if needed to maintain benefit levels. The settlement also enables the union to collect financial penalties from employers who are chronically late in forwarding union dues collected from employees. Toshiba American accord In the electrical appliance manufacturing industry, there was a collective bargaining settlement at the Japanese-owned Toshiba American, Inc., plant in Lebanon, T N , where Local 429 of the International Broth erhood of Electrical W orkers has repre sented employees since 1980. After a 2-week work stoppage involving 500 em ployees, the parties agreed on a 3-year con tract to succeed one that expired in April. Pay was raised a total of 90 cents over the term. (Prior to the settlement, pay averaged $8.57 an hour, according to the union.) Other provisions included addition of a pension plan with a benefit rate of $7 a month for each year o f credited service, and a new prescription drug plan covering all but $3 o f the cost o f each prescription. Toshiba hired about 70 replacement workers during the stoppage, but they were terminated when the regular employees re turned to work. After the stoppage ended, Toshiba and the union were awaiting an arbitrator’s decision on the 1-week suspen sion of 47 employees for allegedly illegal picket line action. W heeling-Nisshin workers vote Union efforts to organize foreigncontrolled facilities in domestic industries moved forward when employees of the W heeling-N isshin Steel Co. in Follansbee, w v, voted 39 to 20 for representation by the United Steelworkers. A union official who had been trying to organize the plant since it opened in April 1988, believes the ballot ing was strongly influenced by the size of the initial profit-sharing distribution at the plant, which had ranged from $3 to $300, instead of the $1,800 employees had ex pected. The company’s president explained that the employees were not scheduled to receive a share of profits until after 1989, but the company decided on an earlier pay out after it attained profitability in the fourth quarter of 1988, based on operating results for the full year. He said the com pany would not contest the election results and was prepared to negotiate an initial labor contract. Prior to the contract, em ployee earnings averaged $10.20 an hour plus benefits. Monthly Labor Review August 1989 51 Developments in Industrial Relations The highly automated mill is unusual because 48 of the 64 employees in the bar gaining unit hold 2- or 4-year college de grees. Most of them completed thenadvanced education after losing jobs in the steel and coal industries. W heeling-N isshin Steel Co. produces galvanized steel. The plant is 70-percent owned by N isshin-Steel C o., a Japanese firm; the remainder is owned by W heelingPittsburgh Steel Co. Mack Trucks employees vote The United Auto W orkers’ renewed drive to organize domestic plants in the South and other areas received a boost when a majority of employees o f a M ack Trucks, Inc., plant in W innsboro, sc , voted in favor of union representation. The tally was 453 votes for the union, 398 votes for no union, and 2 votes for an employee group purporting to be an alternative to the Auto W orkers. M ack filed objections with the National Labor Relations Board, claiming that the Auto W orkers had been paying transferees from its Pennsylvania and Maryland plants, “thereby interfering with their free choice and inducing them to vote for the union.” M ack also asserted that the union engaged in coercive and intimidating activity that prevented a free election. Company offi cials vowed to carry the case as far as nec essary to prove their contentions, which could delay a final decision on the vote outcome for 2 years or more. Union officials denied the charges, maintaining that the $100 a week they had paid to about 300 workers in the preceding 18 months was a “transition payment” to help them adapt to the lower pay scales o f the Winnsboro plant. The election dispute was the latest in a series of confrontations that began in 1987, when Mack closed a major plant in Allen town, pa, and cut back operations at its Hagerstown, MD, plant, shifting much of the work to the new Winnsboro plant. Later, a judge ruled that displaced em ployees had the right to transfer to W inns boro. O f the 400 that transferred, about 300 were still on the payroll at the time of the representation election. Elections set at Nissan The National Labor Relations Board sched uled a representation election for em ployees of Nissan M otor Manufacturing C orp., USA, in Smyrna, TN, in response to a petition from the Auto Workers. The union claimed that more than half o f the 2,400 employees had signed election au 52 Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis August 1989 thorization cards, but company officials contended that the total was much lower. (Under the law, 30 percent of eligible em ployees must sign the cards before an elec tion can be held.) The election announcement came after a 17-month organizing drive, and was accompanied by the beginning of Auto W orkers efforts to organize two other Japanese-owned plants— the Toyota plant in Georgetown, KY, and the Subaru-Isuzu plant in Lafayette, in. So far, the union’s organizing successes in the automobile industry have been lim ited to 6,400 employees of plants operated jointly by Japanese and American compa nies, such as New United M otor M anufac turing Inc. in Fremont, ca (operated by General Motors Corp. and Toyota M otor Co.) and M azda M otor Manufacturing in Flat Rock, mi (partly owned by Ford M otor Co.). The union’s first major organizing effort at a Japanese-owned plant involved the Honda of America Manufacturing Corp. operation in M arysville, OH. This effort ended in 1986, when the union withdrew its petition to the Board for an election, pre sumably because of doubts that it could gam er a majority of votes. (See Monthly Labor Review, May 1986, p. 51.) Boston, Los Angeles teachers settle In addition to providing for salary in creases, settlements for public school teachers in Los Angeles, ca, and Boston, ma, gave teachers a larger role in determin ing school operating policies. Under the Los Angeles accord, commit tees at each o f the 600 schools will address budget, curriculum, and other matters. The committees will have 12 to 16 members— one half o f them teachers and the other half, school administrators, parents of stu dents, and, in some cases, students. The committee will decide by majority vote such issues as budgets, teaching methods and materials, and student discipline. There will also be one overall district com mittee, with the same makeup, to resolve impasses in the local committees. The settlement for the 22,000 Los Ange les teachers was preceded by a 10-day work stoppage. The contract provided for an 8percent salary increase in each of the 3 con tract years, bringing the salary range to $29,5 2 9 -$ 5 1,490 a year. It eliminated a requirement that elementary teachers su pervise school playgrounds, but did not restore financial penalties that had been im posed on some teachers for refusing to per form these and other duties prior to the start of the work stoppage. The teachers are represented by United Teachers of Los Angeles, which is af filiated with the National Education Asso ciation and the American Federation of Teachers. In Boston, negotiators also moved to de centralize administration by establishing “school site councils” o f principals, teach ers, parents, and students that will make decisions about school operations. The councils will make decisions regarding teachers without regard to their seniority, and will be permitted to seek waivers of State and local school regulations to im prove educational attainment. The 3-year contract was negotiated by the school board and the American Federa tion of Teachers. It provided for an initial 7-percent salary increase, which was de ferred 3 months (to December 1989) in re turn for retention of 184 teachers scheduled to be laid off, followed by 7-percent in creases in September of 1990 and 1991. Prior to the settlement, pay ranged from $24,000 for starting teachers to more than $38,000 after 20 years of service. Hospital bargaining units set After reviewing comments from interested parties, the National Labor Relations Board has adopted its 1988 proposal to place hos pital employees in eight predetermined cat egories for purposes o f forming collective bargaining units. (See Monthly Labor Re view, November 1988, p. 40.) Since 1974, when the National Labor Relations Act was amended to cover hospital workers, the Board had made determinations of proper bargaining units on a case-by-case basis, which drew union criticism that the units sometimes consisted of employees with dissimilar interests and goals, leading to union losses in representation elections. The American Hospital Association, which announced that it would test the de cision in court, had proposed that employ ees be placed in two broad classes: professionals and nonprofessionals. The Association contended that the B oard’s de cision would foster union organizing ef forts, forcing hospitals to expend “tremendous . . . time and energy and re sources” in negotiating as many as eight contracts with different provisions and ter mination dates. The Association also claimed that the ruling increases the possi bility of work stoppages. The eight designated categories of em ployees are physicians, nurses, other pro fessional employees, technical employees, skilled maintenance employees, business office clerical employees, guards, and other nonprofessional employees. □ Book reviews Challenges for working women Women’s Questfo r Economic Equality . By Victor R. Fuchs. Cambridge, m a , Harvard University Press, 1988. 171 pp. $18.95. Women at Work. Edited by Rosalind M. Schwartz. Los Angeles, CA, Univer sity of California, Institute o f Indus trial Relations, 1988. 210 pp. The changing role of women in American society is strongly reflected in their in creased labor force participation. Data from the Bureau of Labor Statistics show that labor participation grew 41 percent for women from 1966 to 1988. From 1976 to 1985, the participation rate has grown by 56 percent among women between ages 18 and 44 with a child under 12 months old. Two recent books, Women’s Quest for Economic Equality, by Victor Fuchs, and Women at W ork , edited by Rosalind Schwartz, use these labor force statistics as a basis for discussions of current workplace conditions, and the need for change. The first book is a treatise on how far women have progressed, and how much further they have to go. The second book is a col lection of research papers addressing the changing roles and expertise o f women in the workplace. For increasing numbers of women, the workplace has become a great source of satisfaction but also a source of problems and challenges. Current concerns for working women are debated in each book. In many cases, the topics mirror those currently receiving na tional attention, through legislation and lobbying efforts. These topics include: occupational segregation, wage gaps, dif ficulty in promoting to management positions, unequal responsibility for the household, child care, and time off from work for new parents. Employer-provided benefits for new parents, such as worksite child care centers, are still in their infancy. Adequate social policy provisions are lack ing to meet these specific needs. Victor Fuchs asks, “W hat can be done?” and sug gests that certain family-oriented policies can be adopted by employers to meet these needs. Fuchs’ book describes how the extraor https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis dinary changes in gender roles have had a profound effect on American society over the last quarter century. He explains that the relatively weaker economic position of women results primarily from conflicts be tween career and family. These conflicts are much stronger in women than in men. On average, women have stronger desires for children than men, and have greater concerns for the welfare of children after they are bom . This creates an economic disadvantage for women. Fuchs mentions that even though women have increased their income, they have less leisure time than men do; the lower marriage rate has made more women dependent on their own income; similarly, women have become more financially responsible for their chil dren. It has been argued that decisions made by men and women with regard to work, marriage, fertility, and children af fect the entire society. Fuchs contends that women bear the greatest portion of the work-family burden, and he advocates a strong affirmative action program in the labor market to counteract this imbalance. Fuchs’ book describes and analyzes four possible scenarios for future society in light of the current roles of women, and their quest for economic equality. These scenar ios are: a return to the traditional gender roles that prevailed prior to the 1960’s; a return to a split society that is deeply di vided between a religious (traditional) m i nority and secular (egalitarian) majority; an egalitarian stable role where men and women seek equal roles at work and at home; and a continued role o f a persistent disequalibrium where gains for women continue to be offset by losses. He argues that no specific scenario would exist exclu sively and concludes that future society may be a blend of all the elements given in the four scenarios, while women continue to strive for equal roles at work and at home. Women at Work is a collection o f re search papers organized into four major sections. Section one looks at the changing structure of employment, including more flexibility and choice, and discusses the im plications of these changes for women. Section two, “W omen as Professionals,” focuses on the allocation of work to this unique group of female workers. In the next section, three articles provide an ana lytical study o f the combined role of women at home and at work, its effect on their mental health, and potential welfare policies for a flexible and less stressful en vironment for working women. The final section examines the health of working women, especially those o f childbearing age, and considers the implications for pub lic policy. Susan Christopherson’s article on “labor flexibility,” the opening essay in Women at W ork , explores the nature of the contingent work force (part-time, temporary, and con tract workers). Through the use of contin gent workers, Christopherson argues, firms can often avoid the responsibilities of providing benefits for working parents. The contingent worker, on the other hand, has more flexible time at her disposal to adapt to different strategies to maximize income. During the 1980’s, the thriving contingent work force, which is estimated at about 30 million people, has played an important role in responding to the business climate, according to Christopherson. For the vast majority of women, especially mi nority women, this work has helped bring about flexibility and freedom. Unfortu nately, such advantages come with a cost, as contingent work does not guarantee basic benefits, good wages, or a clear-cut career path. The author calls for new labor market theories to fit the realities of the 1980’s. Her article urges employers to offer more flexible work hours, shared jobs, part-time jobs, and flexitime to fit the needs of working women. In the fourth section of Women at W ork , Susan G ardin’s article, “Physical activity on the job: effects of birth outcomes and implications for the public policy,” reviews research on the topic conducted in the United States and Europe. The results of her analysis of the relationship between pregnant working women and the low birth rate are inconclusive; there is insufficient evidence to support a call for mandatory parental leave policies to be implemented by employers. Her article cites numerous world studies and hypothesizes that the Monthly Labor Review August 1989 53 Book Review United States is not yet ready to establish a comprehensive parental leave policy. Such a leave policy would be dependent upon a variety of socio-economic and cultural fac tors, and would represent social opinion about the importance of motherhood, chil dren, and the bonding o f parent and child. Current U .S. policy suggests that “mother hood” and maternity support are not popu lar concepts, according to the article. Both books address common issues: working women, role relations, and public policy implications. Fuchs’ book provides fewer details on research methodology, while Women at Work emphasizes method ology and empirical evidence. The infor mation provided in these books is relevant, factual, and o f human interest; both have used a multidisciplinary approach in study ing w om en’s changing behavior. The books complement each other. W ork/family issues, such as parental leave and child care, have received considerable attention recently, including congressional debate, and will likely remain on the public agenda as women continue to increase their partic ipation in the labor force. These books will help in defining women’s concerns to poli cymakers, especially those charged with developing employer-provided benefits. — Rita S. Jain Division of Occupational Pay and Employee Benefit Levels Bureau of Labor Statistics MLR s ta ff p osition s The Monthly Labor Review would like to hear from persons interested in future staff positions. Applicants should describe editing and economics skills and submit U.S. Form 171 to the editor-in-chief. 54 Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis August 1989 Current labor statistics N o tes on C u rren t L a b o r S ta tistics .................... 56 C o m p a ra tiv e in d ica to rs 1. Labor market indicators........................................................ 2. Annual and quarterly percent changes in compensation, prices, and productivity ...................................................... 3. Alternative measures of wage and compensation changes.................................................................................. 66 67 67 L a b o r fo rce d ata 4. Employment status of the total population, data seasonally adjusted ...................................................... 5. Employment status of the civilian population, data seasonally adjusted ...................................................... 6. Selected employment indicators, data seasonally adjusted ...................................................... 7. Selected unemployment indicators, data seasonally adjusted ...................................................... 8. Unemployment rates by sex and age, data seasonally adjusted ...................................................... 9. Unemployed persons by reason for unemployment, data seasonally adjusted ...................................................... 10. Duration of unemployment, data seasonallyadjusted .......... 11. Unemployment rates of civilian workers, byState .............. 12. Employment of workers by State ........................................ 13. Employment of workers by industry, data seasonally adjusted ...................................................... 14. Average weekly hours by industry, data seasonally adjusted ...................................................... 15. Average hourly earnings by industry, data seasonally adjusted ...................................................... 16. Average hourly earnings by industry .................................. 17. Average weekly earnings by industry.................................. 18. Diffusion indexes of employment change, data seasonally adjusted ...................................................... 19. Annual data: Employment status of the noninstitutional population ........................................ 20. Annual data: Employment levels by industry .................... 21. Annual data: Average hours and earnings levels by industry ............................................................................ 68 69 70 71 72 72 72 73 73 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 26. Average specified compensation and wage adjustments, bargaining situations covering 1,000 workers or more . . . . 27. Average effective wage adjustments, bargaining situations covering 1,000 workers or m o re.......................................... 28. Specified compensation and wage adjustments, State and local government bargaining situations covering 1,000 workers or m o re.......................................... 29. Work stoppages involving 1,000 workers or more ............ 84 85 85 85 P rice data 30. Consumer Price Index: U.S. city average, by expenditure category and commodity and service groups ...................... 31. Consumer Price Index: U.S. city average and local data, all items ............................................................................... 32. Annual data: Consumer Price Index, all items and major g ro u p s................................................................. 33. Producer Price Indexes by stage of processing .................. 34. Producer Price Indexes, by durability of product .............. 35. Annual data: Producer Price Indexes by stage of processing.......................................................... 36. U.S. export price indexes by Standard International Trade Classification .................. 37. U.S. import price indexes by Standard International Trade Classification .................. 86 89 90 91 92 92 93 94 74 75 76 76 77 78 79 79 80 38. U.S. export price indexes by end-use category .................. 39. U.S. import price indexes by end-use category.................. 40. U.S. export price indexes by Standard Industrial Classification .................................. 41. U.S. import price indexes by Standard Industrial Classification .................................. 95 95 95 96 P rod u ctivity data 42. Indexes of productivity, hourly compensation, and unit costs, data seasonally adjusted.............................. 43. Annual indexes of multifactor productivity ........................ 44. Annual indexes of productivity, hourly compensation, unit costs, and p rices........................................................... 96 97 98 In tern ation al com p arison s data L a b o r co m p en sa tio n an d co llectiv e b a rg a in in g data 22. Employment Cost Index, compensation, by occupation and industry group........................................ 23. Employment Cost Index, wages and salaries, by occupation and industry group........................................ 24. Employment Cost Index, private nonfarm workers, by bargaining status, region, and area size ........................ 25. Specified compensation and wage adjustments from contract settlements, and effective wage adjustments, situations covering 1,000 workers or more ........................ L ab or com p en sation and collective b a rgain in g d a ta — C on tin ued 81 82 83 84 45. Unemployment rates in nine countries, data seasonally adjusted ...................................................... 99 46. Annual data: Employment status of civilian working-age population, 10 countries.................. 100 47. Annual indexes of productivity and related measures, 12 countries ........................................................................... 101 In ju ry an d illn ess data 48. Annual data: Occupational injury and illness incidence rates ....................................................................... 102 55 Current Labor Statistics Notes on Current Labor Statistics This section of the Review presents the principal statistical series collected and cal culated by the Bureau o f Labor Statistics: series on labor force; employment; unemployment; collective bargaining set tlements; consumer; producer; and interna tional prices; productivity; international comparisons; and injury and illness statis tics. In the notes that follow; the data in each group of tables are briefly described; key definitions are given; notes on the data are set forth; and sources of additional in formation are cited. General notes The following notes apply to several tables in this section: Seasonal adjustment. Certain monthly and quarterly data are adjusted to eliminate the effect on the data o f such factors as climatic conditions, industry production schedules, opening and closing of schools, holiday buying periods, and vacation prac tices, which might prevent short-term eval uation of the statistical series. Tables containing data that have been adjusted are identified as “seasonally adjusted.” (All other data are not seasonally adjusted.) Seasonal effects are estimated on the basis of past experience. W hen new seasonal fac tors are computed each year, revisions may affect seasonally adjusted data for several preceding years. Seasonally adjusted data appear in tables 1 -3 , 4 -1 0 , 13-15, 17-18, 42, and 45.) Seasonally adjusted labor force data in ta bles 12 and 4 -1 0 were revised in the Febru ary 1989 issue of the Review and reflect the experience through 1988. Seasonally ad justed establishment survey data shown in tables 13-15 and 17-18 were revised in the July 1989 Review and reflect the experience through March 1989. A brief explanation of the seasonal adjustment methodology appears in “Notes on the data.” Revisions in the productivity data in table 42 are usually introduced in the Sep tember issue. Seasonally adjusted indexes and percent changes from month-to-month and quarter-to-quarter are published for nu merous Consumer and Producer Price In dex series. However, seasonally adjusted indexes are not published for the U .S. aver age All Items CPI. Only seasonally adjusted percent changes are available for this series. Adjustments for price 56 Monthly Labor Review August 1989 n.e.s. — not elsewhere specified. p = preliminary. To increase the timeliness of some series, preliminary figures are is sued based on representa tive but incomplete returns. r = revised. Generally, this re vision reflects the avail ability o f later data but may also reflect other adjustments. Additional information Data that supplement the tables in this sec tion are published by the Bureau in a vari ety of sources. News releases provide the latest statistical information published by the Bureau; the major recurring releases are published according to the schedule pre ceding these general notes. More informa tion about labor force, employment, and unemployment data and the household and establishment surveys underlying the data are available in Employment and Earnings, a monthly publication of the Bureau. More data from the household survey are pub lished in the data books— Revised Sea sonally Adjusted Labor Force Statistics, Bulletin 2306, and Labor Force Statistics Derived From the Current Population Sur vey, Bulletin 2307. More data from the es tablishment survey appear in two data books— Employment, Hours, and Earn ings, United States, and Employment, Hours, and Earnings, States and Areas, and the supplements to these data books. More detailed information on employee compensation and collective bargaining settlements is published in the monthly pe riodical, Current Wage Developments. More detailed data on consumer and pro ducer prices are published in the monthly periodicals, The C P I Detailed Report, and Producer Price Indexes. Detailed data on all o f the series in this section are provided in the Handbook o f Labor Statistics, which is published biennally by the Bureau, b l s bulletins are issued covering productivity, injury and illness, and other data in this section. Finally, the Monthly Labor Review carries analytical articles on annual and longer term developments in labor force, employment, and unemployment; em ployee compensation and collective bar gaining; prices; productivity; international comparisons; and injury and illness data. changes. Some data— such as the “real” earnings shown in table 15— are adjusted to elimi nate the effect of changes in price. These https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis adjustments are made by dividing currentdollar values by the Consumer Price Index or the appropriate component o f the index, then multiplying by 100. For example, given a current hourly wage rate of $3 and a current price index number of 150, where 1977 = 100, the hourly rate expressed in 1977 dollars is $2 ($3/150 x 100 = $2). The $2 (or any other resulting values) are described as “real,” “constant,” or “ 1977” dollars. Symbols n.e.c. = not elsewhere classified. Com parative Indicators (Tables 1-3) Comparative indicators tables provide an overview and comparison of major b l s statistical series. Consequently, although many of the included series are available monthly, all measures in these comparative tables are presented quarterly and annually. Labor market indicators include em ployment measures from two major sur veys and information on rates of change in compensation provided by the Employment Cost Index ( e c i ) program. The labor force participation rate, the employment-topopulation ratio, and unemployment rates for major demographic groups based on the Current Population (“household ”) Survey are presented, while measures of employ ment and average weekly hours by major industry sector are given using nonagricultural payroll data. The Employment Cost Index (compensation), by major sector and by bargaining status, is chosen from a vari ety o f b l s compensation and wage mea sures because it provides a comprehensive measure of employer costs for hiring labor, not just outlays for wages, and it is not affected by employment shifts among oc cupations and industries. Data on changes in compensation, prices, and productivity are presented in table 2. Measures of rates o f change of compensation and wages from the Employ ment Cost Index program are provided for all civilian nonfarm workers (excluding Federal and household workers) and for all private nonfarm workers. Measures of changes in: consumer prices for all urban consumers; producer prices by stage of processing; and the overall export and im port price indexes are given. Measures of productivity (output per hour o f all persons) are provided for major sectors. Alternative measures of wage and compensation rates of change, which reflect the overall trend in labor costs, are summarized in table 3. Differences in concepts and scope, related to the specific purposes of the series, contribute to the variation in changes among the individual measures. Notes on the data Definitions of each series and notes on the data are contained in later sections of these notes describing each set o f data. For de tailed descriptions of each data series, see b l s Handbook o f Methods, Bulletin 2285 (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1988), as well as the additional bulletins, articles, and other publications noted in the separate sec tions of the Review's “Current Labor Statistics N otes.” Users may also wish to consult Major Programs, Bureau o f Labor Statistics, Report 718 (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1985). Em ploym ent and Unem ploym ent Data (Tables 1; 4 -2 1 ) Household survey data Description of the series in this section are ob tained from the Current Population Survey, a program o f personal interview s con ducted monthly by the Bureau o f the Cen sus for the Bureau of Labor Statistics. The sample consists o f about 55,800 house holds selected to represent the U .S. popula tion 16 years of age and older. Households are interviewed on a rotating basis, so that three-fourths of the sample is the same for any 2 consecutive months. em plo ym en t d a ta Definitions Employed persons include (1) all civil ians who worked for pay any time during the week which includes the 12th day o f the month or who worked unpaid for 15 hours or more in a fam ily-operated enterprise and (2) those who were temporarily absent from their regular jobs because o f illness, vacation, industrial dispute, or similar rea sons. Members of the Armed Forces sta tioned in the United States are also included in the employed total. A person working at more than one job is counted only in the job at which he or she worked the greatest number of hours. Unemployed persons are those who did not work during the survey week, but were https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis available for work except for temporary ill ness and had looked for jobs within the preceding 4 weeks. Persons who did not look for work because they were on layoff or waiting to start new jobs within the next 30 days are also counted among the unem ployed. The overall unemployment rate represents the num ber unemployed as a percent of the labor force, including the resident Armed Forces. The civilian un employment rate represents the number unemployed as a percent of the civilian labor force. The labor force consists of all employed or unemployed civilians plus members of the Armed Forces stationed in the United States. Persons not in the labor force are those not classified as employed or unem ployed; this group includes persons who are retired, those engaged in their own house work, those not working while attending school, those unable to work because of long-term illness, those discouraged from seeking work because o f personal or jobmarket factors, and those who are voluntar ily idle. The noninsiitutional population comprises all persons 16 years o f age and older who are not inmates of penal or men tal institutions, sanitariums, or homes for the aged, infirm, or needy, and members of the Armed Forces stationed in the United States. The labor force participation rate is the proportion of the noninstitutional population that is in the labor force. The employment-population ratio is total em ploym ent (including the resident Armed Forces) as a percent o f the noninstitutional population. Notes on the data From time to time, and especially after a decennial census, adjustments are made in the Current Population Survey figures to correct for estimating errors during the intercensal years. These adjustments affect the comparability of historical data. A de scription of these adjustments and their ef fect on the various data series appear in the E xplanatory N otes o f Employment and Earnings. Labor force data in tables 1 and 4 -1 0 are seasonally adjusted based on the experi ence through December 1988. Since Janu ary 1980, national labor force data have been seasonally adjusted with a procedure called X - ll ARIMA which was developed at Statistics Canada as an extension of the standard X - ll method previously used by b l s . A detailed description of the proce dure appears in the X - ll ARIMA Seasonal Adjustment M ethod , by Estela Bee Dagum (S tatistics C anada, C atalogue No. 1 2 564E, February 1980). At the end of each calendar year, season ally adjusted data for the previous 5 years are revised, and projected seasonal adjust ment factors are calculated for use during the Ja n u ary -Ju n e period. In July, new seasonal adjustment factors, which incor porate the experience through June, are produced for the July-D ecem ber period but no révisons are made in the historical data. Additional sources of information For detailed explanations o f the data, see Handbook o f M ethods , Bulletin 2285 (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1988). Histori cal unadjusted data from 1948 to 1987 are available in Labor Force Statistics Derived from the Current Population Survey, Bul letin 2307 (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1988). Historical seasonally adjusted data appear in Labor Force Statistics Derived bls from the Current Population Survey: A Databook, Vol. II, Bulletin 2096 (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1982), and Revised Seasonally Adjusted Labor Force Statis tics, 1978-87, Bulletin 2306 (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1988). A comprehensive discussion of the dif ferences between household and establish ment data on employment appears in Gloria P. Green, “Comparing employment esti mates from household and payroll sur veys,” Monthly Labor Review, December 1969, pp. 9 -2 0 . Establishment survey data Description of the series EM PLO YM EN T, HOURS, A N D EARNINGS D A T A in this section are compiled from payroll records reported monthly on a voluntary basis to the Bureau of Labor Statistics and its cooperating State agencies by more than 300,000 establishments representing all in dustries except agriculture. In most indus tries, the sampling probabilities are based on the size of the establishment; most large establishments are therefore in the sample. (An establishment is not necessarily a firm; it may be a branch plant, for example, or warehouse.) Self-employed persons and others not on a regular civilian payroll are outside the scope of the survey because they are excluded from establishment records. This largely accounts for the dif ference in employment figures between the household and establishment surveys. Definitions An establishment is an economic unit which produces goods or services (such as a factory or store) at a single location and is Monthly Labor Review August 1989 57 Current Labor Statistics engaged in one type of economic activity. Employed persons are all persons who received pay (including holiday and sick pay) for any part of the payroll period in cluding the 12th of the month. Persons holding more than one job (about 5 percent of all persons in the labor force) are counted in each establishment which re ports them. Production workers in manufacturing include working supervisors and nonsupervisory workers closely associated with production operations. Those workers mentioned in tables 12-17 include produc tion workers in manufacturing and mining; construction workers in construction; and nonsupervisory workers in the following industries: transportation and public utili ties; wholesale and retail trade; finance, in surance, and real estate; and services. These groups account for about four-fifths of the total employment on private nonagricultural payrolls. Earnings are the payments production or nonsupervisory workers receive during the survey period, including premium pay for overtime or late-shift work but exclud ing irregular bonuses and other special pay ments. Real earnings are earnings adjusted to reflect the effects of changes in con sumer prices. The deflator for this series is derived from the Consumer Price Index for Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers (C P I-W ). Hours represent the average weekly hours of production or nonsupervisory workers for which pay was received, and are different from standard or scheduled hours. Overtime hours represent the por tion of average weekly hours which was in excess of regular hours and for which over time premiums were paid. The Diffusion Index represents the per cent of industries in which employment was rising over the indicated period, plus one-half of the industries with unchanged employment; 50 percent indicates an equal balance between industries with increasing and decreasing employment. In line with Bureau practice, data for the 1-, 3-, and 6-m onth spans are seasonally adjusted, while those for the 12-month span are un adjusted. Data are centered within the span. The March 1989 Review introduced an ex panded index on private nonagricultural employment based on 349 industries, and a new manufacturing index based on 141 in dustries. These indexes are useful for mea suring the dispersion of economic gains or losses and are also economic indicators. ment (called “benchmarks”). The latest ad justm ent, which incorporated March 1988 benchmarks, was made with the release of May 1989 data, published in the July 1989 issue of the Review. Coincident with the benchm ark adjustm ents, seasonally ad justed data were revised to reflect the expe rience through M arch 1989. Unadjusted data have been revised back to April 1987; seasonally adjusted data back to January 1984. These revisions were published in the Supplement to Employment and Earn ings (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1989). Unadjusted data from April 1988 forward and seasonally adjusted data from January 1985 forward are subject to revision in fu ture benchmarks. The B LS also uses the X - l l ARIMA methodology to seasonally adjust establish ment survey data. Beginning in June 1989, projected seasonal adjustment factors are calculated only for the first 6 months after benchmarking, rather than for 12 months (A pril-M arch) as was previously done. A second set o f projected factors, which in corporate the experience though Septem ber, will be produced for the subsequent period and introduced with the publication of data for October. The change makes the procedure used for the establishment sur vey data more parallel to that used in ad justing the household survey data. Revi sions of historical data will continue to be m ade once a year co in cid en t w ith the benchmark revisions. In the establishment survey, estimates for the 2 most recent months are based on incomplete returns and are published as preliminary in the tables (13 to 18 in the Review). W hen all returns have been re ceived, the estimates are revised and pub lished as “final” (prior to any benchmark revisions) in the third month of their ap pearance. Thus, December data are pub lished as preliminary in January and Febru ary and as final in March. For the same reasons, quarterly establishment data (table 1) are preliminary for the first 2 months of publication and final in the third month. Thus, fourth-quarter data are published as preliminary in January and February and final in March. Additional sources of information Detailed national data from the establish ment survey are published monthly in the BLS periodical, Employment and Earnings. Earlier comparable unadjusted and season ally adjusted data are published in Employ Notes on the data ment, Hours, and Earnings, United States, 1909-84, Bulletin 1 312-12 (Bureau of Establishment survey data are annually ad justed to comprehensive counts of employ- Labor Statistics, 1985) and its annual sup plement. For a detailed discussion o f the methodology of the survey, see b l s Hand- 58 Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis August 1989 book o f Methods, Bulletin 2285 (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1988). A comprehensive discussion of the dif ferences between household and establish ment data on employment appears in Gloria P. Green, “Comparing employment esti mates from household and payroll sur veys,” Monthly Labor Review, December 1969, pp. 9 -2 0 . Unemployment data by State Description of the series Data presented in this section are obtained from two major sources— the Current Pop ulation Survey (CPS) and the Local Area Unemployment Statistics ( l a u s ) program, which is conducted in cooperation with State employment security agencies. M onthly estimates o f the labor force, employment, and unemployment for States and sub-State areas are a key indicator of local economic conditions and form the ba sis for determining the eligibility of an area for benefits under Federal economic assis tance programs such as the Job Training Partnership Act and the Public Works and Economic D evelopm ent Act. Insofar as possible, the concepts and definitions un derlying these data are those used in the national estimates obtained from the CPS. Notes on the data Data refer to State of residence. Monthly data for 11 States— California, Florida, Il lin o is, M assach u setts, M ichigan, New York, New Jersey, North Carolina, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and Texas— are obtained di rectly from the CPS, because the size of the sample is large enough to meet b l s stand ards of reliability. Data for the remaining 39 States and the District o f Columbia are derived using standardized procedures es tablished by b l s . Once a year, estimates for the 11 States are revised to new population controls. For the remaining States and the D istrict o f C olu m b ia, data are benchmarked to annual average c p s levels. Additional sources of information Information on the concepts, definitions, and technical procedures used to develop labor force data for States and sub-State areas as well as additional data on subStates are provided in the monthly Bureau of Labor Statistics periodical, Employment and Earnings, and the annual report, Geo graphic Profile o f Employment and Unem ployment (Bureau of Labor Statistics). See also b l s Handbook o f Methods, Bulletin 2285 (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1988). Com pensation and W age Data (Tables 1-3; 22-29) c o m p e n s a t i o n a n d w a g e d a t a are gath ered by the Bureau from business establish ments, State and local governments, labor unions, collective bargaining agreements on file with the Bureau, and secondary sources. ing status, region, and metropolitan/nonmetropolitan area series, however, employ ment data by industry and occupation are not available from the census. Instead, the 1980 employment weights are reallocated within these series each quarter based on the current sample. Therefore, these in dexes are not strictly comparable to those for the aggregate, industry, and occupation series. Employment Cost Index Definitions Description of the series Total compensation costs include wages, The Employment Cost Index ( e c i ) is a quarterly measure of the rate o f change in compensation per hour worked and in cludes wages, salaries, and employer costs of employee benefits. It uses a fixed market basket of labor— similar in concept to the Consumer Price Index’s fixed market bas ket of goods and services— to measure change over time in employer costs o f em ploying labor. The index is not seasonally adjusted. Statistical series on total compensation costs, on wages and salaries, and on benefit costs are available for private nonfarm workers excluding proprietors, the selfemployed, and household workers. The total compensation costs and wages and salaries series are also available for State and local government workers and for the civilian nonfarm economy, which consists of private industry and State and local gov ernment workers combined. Federal work ers are excluded. The Employment Cost Index probability sample consists of about 3,400 private non farm establishments providing about 18,000 occupational observations and 700 State and local government establishments providing 3,500 occupational observations selected to represent total employment in each sector. On average, each reporting unit provides wage and compensation in formation on five well-specified occupa tions. Data are collected each quarter for the pay period including the 12th day of M arch, June, September, and December. Beginning with June 1986 data, fixed employment weights from the 1980 Census of Population are used each quarter to cal culate the civilian and private indexes and the index for State and local governments. (Prior to June 1986, the employment weights are from the 1970 Census of Popu lation.) These fixed weights, also used to derive all of the industry and occupation series indexes, ensure that changes in these indexes reflect only changes in compensa tion, not employment shifts among indus tries or occupations with different levels of wages and compensation. For the bargain- https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis salaries, and the em ployer’s costs for em ployee benefits. Wages and salaries consist of earnings before payroll deductions, including pro duction bonuses, incentive earnings, com missions, and cost-of-living adjustments. Benefits include the cost to employers for paid leave, supplemental pay (including nonproduction bonuses), insurance, retire ment and savings plans, and legally required benefits (such as Social Secur ity, workers’ compensation, and unem ployment insurance). Excluded from wages and salaries and employee benefits are such items as pay ment-in-kind, free room and board, and tips. Notes on the data The Employment Cost Index for changes in wages and salaries in the private nonfarm economy was published beginning in 1975. Changes in total compensation cost— wages and salaries and benefits com bined— were published beginning in 1980. The series of changes in wages and salaries and for total compensation in the State and local government sector and in the civilian nonfarm economy (excluding Federal em ployees) were published beginning in 1981. Historical indexes (June 1981 = 100) o f the quarterly rates of change are pre sented in the March issue of the b l s period ical, Current Wage Developments. Additional sources of information For a more detailed discussion of the Em ployment Cost Index, see the Handbook o f Methods, Bulletin 2285 (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1988), and the following Monthly Labor Review articles: “Employ ment Cost Index: a measure o f change in the ‘price o f labor’,” July 1975; “How benefits will be incorporated into the Em ployment Cost Index,” January 1978; “Estima-tion procedures for the Employ ment Cost Index,” May 1982; and “Introducing new weights for the Employ ment Cost Index,” June 1985. Data on the ECI are also available in b l s quarterly press releases issued in the month following the reference months of March, June, September, and December; and from the Handbook o f Labor Statistics, Bulletin 2217 (Bureau o f Labor Statistics, 1985). Collective bargaining settlements Description of the series Collective bargaining settlements data provide statistical measures of negotiated adjustments (increases, decreases, and freezes) in compensation (wage and benefit costs) and wages alone, quarterly for pri vate industry and semiannually for State and local government. Compensation mea sures cover all collective bargaining situa tions involving 5,000 workers or more and wage measures cover all situations involv ing 1,000 workers or more. These data, covering private nonagricultural industries and State and local governments, are calcu lated using information obtained from bar gaining agreements on file with the Bureau, parties to the agreements, and secondary sources, such as newspaper accounts. The data are not seasonally adjusted. Settlement data are measured in terms of future specified adjustments: those that will occur within 12 months o f the contract ef fective date— first-year— and all adjust ments that will occur over the life of the contract expressed as an average annual rate. Adjustments are worker weighted. Both first-year and over-the-life measures exclude wage changes that may occur under cost-of-living clauses that are trig gered by future movements in the Con sumer Price Index. Effective wage adjustments measure all adjustments occurring in the reference pe riod, regardless of the settlement date. In cluded are changes from settlements reached during the period, changes de ferred from contracts negotiated in earlier periods, and changes under cost-of-living adjustment clauses. Each wage change is worker weighted. The changes are prorated over all workers under agreements during the reference period yielding the average adjustment. Definitions Wage rate changes are calculated by di viding newly negotiated wages by the aver age straight-time hourly wage rate plus shift premium at the time the agreement is reached. Compensation changes are calcu lated by dividing the change in the value of the newly negotiated wage and benefit package by existing average hourly com- Monthly Labor Review August 1989 59 Current Labor Statistics pensation, which includes the cost of previ ously negotiated benefits, legally required social insurance programs, and average hourly earnings. Compensation changes are calculated by placing a value on the benefit portion of the settlements at the time they are reached. The cost estimates are based on the as sumption that conditions existing at the time of settlement (for example, methods of financing pensions or composition of labor force) will remain constant. The data, therefore, are measures of negotiated changes and not of total changes of em ployer cost. Contract duration runs from the effec tive date of the agreement to the expiration date or first wage reopening date, if appli cable. Average annual percent changes over the contract term take account of the compounding of successive changes. Area Wage Surveys annually provide data for selected office, clerical, profes sional, technical, maintenance, toolroom, powerplant, material movement, and custodial occupations common to a wide variety of industries in the areas (labor mar kets) surveyed. Reports are issued through out the year as the surveys are completed. Summaries of the data and special analyses also appear in the Review. Definitions The National Survey o f Professional, Administrative, Technical, and Clerical Pay provides detailed information annually Number of stoppages: The number of strikes and lockouts involving 1,000 work ers or more and lasting a full shift or longer. Workers involved: The number of workers directly involved in the stoppage. Number of days idle: The aggregate number of workdays lost by workers in volved in the stoppages. Days of idleness as a percent of esti mated working time: Aggregate work Notes on the data Comparisons of major collective bargain ing settlements for State and local govern ment with those for private industry should note differences in occupational mix, bargaining practices, and settlement char acteristics. Professional and white-collar employees, for example, make up a much larger proportion of the workers covered by government than by private industry settle ments. Lump-sum payments and cost-ofliving adjustments (C O L A ) clauses, on the other hand, are rare in government but common in private industry settlements. Also, State and local government bar gaining frequently excludes items such as pension benefits and holidays, that are pre scribed by law, while these items are typi cal bargaining issues in private industry. Additional sources of information For a more detailed discussion on the se ries, see the b l s Handbook o f Methods, Bulletin 2285 (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1988). Comprehensive data are published in press releases issued quarterly (in Janu ary, April, July, and October) for private industry, and semiannually (in February and August) for State and local govern ment. Historical data and additional de tailed tabulations for the prior calendar year appear in the April issue of the BLS period ical, Current Wage Developments. Work stoppages Description of the series Data on work stoppages measure the num ber and duration of major strikes or lock outs (involving 1,000 workers or more) 60 Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis occurring during the month (or year), the number of workers involved, and the amount o f time lost because of stoppage. Data are largely from newspaper ac counts and cover only establishments di rectly involved in a stoppage. They do not measure the indirect or secondary effect of stoppages on other establishments whose employees are idle owing to material short ages or lack of service. August 1989 days lost as a percent of the aggregate number of standard workdays in the period multiplied by total employment in the period. Notes on the data This series is not comparable with the one terminated in 1981 that covered strikes in volving six workers or more. Additional sources of information Data for each calendar year are reported in a b l s press release issued in the first quarter of the following year. Monthly and histori cal data appear in the BLS periodical, Cur rent Wage Developments. Historical data appear in the Handbook o f Labor Statistics, Bulletin 2217 (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1985). Other compensation data Other b l s data on pay and benefits, not included in the Current Labor Statistics sec tion of the Monthly Labor Review, appear in and consist of the following: Industry Wage Surveys provide data for specific occupations selected to represent an industry’s wage structure and the types of activities performed by its workers. The Bureau collects information on weekly work schedules, shift operations and pay differentials, paid holiday and vacation practices, and information on incidence of health, insurance, and retirement plans. Reports are issued throughout the year as the surveys are completed. Summaries of the data and special analyses also appear in the Monthly Labor Review. on salary levels and distributions for the types of jobs mentioned in the survey’s title in private employment. Although the defi nitions of the jobs surveyed reflect the du ties and responsibilities in private industry, they are designed to match specific pay grades of Federal white-collar employees under the General Schedule pay system. Accordingly, this survey provides the le gally required information for comparing the pay o f salaried employees in the Federal civil service with pay in private industry. (See Federal Pay Comparability Act of 1970, 5 U .S.C . 5305.) Data are published in a b l s news release issued in the summer and in a bulletin each fall; summaries and analytical articles also appear in the Review. Employee Benefits Survey provides na tionwide information on the incidence and characteristics o f employee benefit plans in medium and large establishments in the United States, excluding Alaska and Hawaii. Data are published in an annual b l s news release and bulletin, as well as in special articles appearing in the Review. Price Data (Tables 2; 30-41) d a t a are gathered by the Bureau of Labor Statistics from retail and primary markets in the United States. Price indexes are given in relation to a base period (1982 = 100 for many Producer Price In dexes or 1982-84 = 100 for many Con sumer Price Indexes, unless otherwise noted). P r ic e Consumer Price Indexes Description of the series The Consumer Price Index (C P I) is a mea sure of the average change in the prices paid by urban consumers for a fixed market basket of goods and services. The CPI is calculated monthly for two population groups, one consisting only of urban households whose primary source of in come is derived from the employment of wage earners and clerical workers, and the other consisting of all urban households. The wage earner index (CPi-w) is a contin uation of the historic index that was intro duced well over a half-century ago for use in wage negotiations. As new uses were developed for the c p i in recent years, the need for a broader and more representative index became apparent. The all urban con sumer index ( c p i - U ) , introduced in 1978, is representative of the 1982-84 buying habits of about 80 percent of the noninstitutional population o f the United States at that time, compared with 32 percent repre sented in the CPi-w. In addition to wage earners and clerical workers, the c p i - U cov ers professional, managerial, and technical workers, the self-employed, short-term workers, the unemployed, retirees, and others not in the labor force. The CPI is based on prices o f food, cloth ing, shelter, fuel, drugs, transportation fares, doctors’ and dentists’ fees, and other goods and services that people buy for dayto-day living. The quantity and quality of these items are kept essentially unchanged between major revisions so that only price changes will be measured. All taxes di rectly associated with the purchase and use of items are included in the index. Data collected from more than 21,000 retail establishments and 60,000 housing units in 91 urban areas across the country are used to develop the “U .S. city aver age.” Separate estimates for 27 major urban centers are presented in table 31. The areas listed are as indicated in footnote 1 to the table. The area indexes measure only the average change in prices for each area since the base period, and do not indicate differ ences in the level o f prices among cities. Notes on the data In January 1983, the Bureau changed the way in which homeownership costs are measured for the C P I-U . A rental equiva lence method replaced the asset-price ap proach to homeownership costs for that series. In January 1985, the same change was made in the C P I-W . The central purpose of the change was to separate shelter costs from the investment component of homeownership so that the index would reflect only the cost of shelter services provided by owner-occupied homes. An updated CPI-U and C P i- w were introduced with release of the January 1987 data. Additional sources of information For a discussion of the general method for computing the CPI, see bls Handbook of https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Methods, Bulletin 2285 (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1988). The recent change in the measurement of homeownership costs is discussed in Robert Gillingham and W alter Lane, “Changing the treatment of shelter costs for homeowners in the c p i , ” Monthly Labor Review, July 1982, pp. 9 -1 4 . An overview of the recently introduced revised c p i , reflecting 1982-84 expenditure pat terns, is contained in The Consumer Price Index: 1987 Revision , Report 736 (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1987). Additional detailed c p i data and regular analyses o f consumer price changes are provided in the C P I Detailed Report, a monthly publication of the Bureau. Histori cal data for the overall c p i and for selected groupings may be found in the Handbook o f Labor Statistics, Bulletin 2217 (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1985). P ro d u cer P rice In dexes Description of the series Producer Price Indexes ( p p i ) measure av erage changes in prices received by domes tic producers of commodities in all stages o f processing. The sample used for calcu lating these indexes currently contains about 3,100 commodities and about 75,000 quotations per month selected to represent the movement of prices of all commodities produced in the manufacturing, agricul ture, forestry, fishing, mining, gas and electricity, and public utilities sectors. The stage o f processing structure of Producer Price Indexes organizes products by class of buyer and degree o f fabrication (that is, finished goods, intermediate goods, and crude materials). The traditional commod ity structure o f p p i organizes products by similarity of end use or material composi tion. To the extent possible, prices used in calculating Producer Price Indexes apply to the first significant commercial transaction in the United States from the production or central marketing point. Price data are gen erally collected monthly, primarily by mail questionnaire. Most prices are obtained di rectly from producing companies on a vol untary and confidential basis. Prices gener ally are reported for the Tuesday o f the week containing the 13th day of the month. Since January 1987, price changes for the various commodities have been aver aged together with implicit quantity weights representing their importance in the total net selling value of all com modities as of 1982. The detailed data are aggregated to obtain indexes for stage-ofprocessing groupings, commodity group ings, durability-of-product groupings, and a number of special composite groups. All Producer Price Index data are subject to revision 4 months after original publica tion. Notes on the data Beginning with the January 1986 issue, the Review is no longer presenting tables of Producer Price Indexes for commodity groupings, special composite groups, or Sic industries. However, these data will continue to be presented in the Bureau’s monthly publication Producer Price In dexes . The Bureau has completed the first major stage of its comprehensive overhaul of the theory, methods, and procedures used to construct the Producer Price Indexes. Changes include the replacement of judg ment sampling with probability sampling techniques; expansion to systematic cover age o f the net output of virtually all in dustries in the mining and manufacturing sectors; a shift from a commodity to an industry orientation; the exclusion of im ports from, and the inclusion of exports in, the survey universe; and the respecification of commodities priced to conform to Bu reau of the Census definitions. These and other changes have been phased in gradu ally since 1978. The result is a system of indexes that is easier to use in conjunction with data on wages, productivity, and em ployment and other series that are orga nized in terms of the Standard Industrial Classification and the Census product class designations. Additional sources of information For a discussion of the methodology for computing Producer Price Indexes, see b l s Handbook o f Methods, Bulletin 2285 (Bu reau of Labor Statistics, 1988). Additional detailed data and analyses of price changes are provided monthly in Pro ducer Price Indexes. Selected historical data may be found in the Handbook o f Labor Statistics, Bulletin 2217 (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1985). In tern ation al P rice In d exes Description of the series The bls International Price Program produces quarterly export and import price indexes for nonmilitary goods traded be tween the United States and the rest of the world. The export price index provides a measure o f price change for all products sold by U .S. residents to foreign buyers. (“Residents” is defined as in the national Monthly Labor Review August 1989 61 Current Labor Statistics income accounts: it includes corporations, businesses, and individuals but does not require the organizations to be U .S. owned nor the individuals to have U .S. citizen ship.) The import price index provides a measure of price change for goods pur chased from other countries by U .S. resi dents. With publication o f an all-import index in February 1983 and an all-export index in February 1984, all U .S. merchan dise imports and exports now are repre sented in these indexes. The reference period for the indexes is 1985 = 1 0 0 , un less otherwise indicated. The product universe for both the import and export indexes includes raw materials, agricultural products, semifinished manu factures, and finished manufactures, in cluding both capital and consumer goods. Price data for these items are collected quarterly by mail questionnaire. In nearly all cases, the data are collected directly from the exporter or importer, although in a few cases, prices are obtained from other sources. To the extent possible, the data gathered refer to prices at the U .S. border for exports and at either the foreign border or the U .S. border for imports. For nearly all products, the prices refer to transactions completed during the first 2 weeks of the third month of each calendar quarter— M arch, June, September, and December. Survey respon dents are asked to indicate all discounts, allowances, and rebates applicable to the reported prices, so that the price used in the calculation of the indexes is the actual price for which the product was bought or sold. In addition to general indexes o f prices for U .S. exports and imports, indexes are also published for detailed product cate gories of exports and imports. These cate gories are defined by the 4- and 5-digit level of detail of the Standard Industrial Trade Classification System (srrc). The calculation of indexes by srrc category fa cilitates the comparison of U .S. price trends and sector production with similar data for other countries. Detailed indexes are also computed and published on a Standard Industrial Classification (sicbased) basis, as well as by end-use class. Notes on the data The export and import price indexes are weighted indexes of the Laspeyres type. Price relatives are assigned equal impor tance within each weight category and are then aggregated to the SITC level. The val ues assigned to each weight category are based on trade value figures compiled by the Bureau of the Census. The trade weights currently used to compute both in dexes relate to 1985. 62 Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis August 1989 Because a price index depends on the same items being priced from period to pe riod, it is necessary to recognize when a product’s specifications or terms of trans action have been modified. For this reason, the Bureau’s quarterly questionnaire re quests detailed descriptions of the physical and functional characteristics o f the prod ucts being priced, as well as information on the number o f units bought or sold, dis counts, credit terms, packaging, class of buyer or seller, and so forth. W hen there are changes in either the specifications or terms o f transaction o f a product, the dollar value of each change is deleted from the total price change to obtain the “pure” change. Once this value is determined, a linking procedure is employed which al lows for the continued repricing of the item. For the export price indexes, the pre ferred pricing basis is f.a.s. (free alongside ship) U .S. port o f exportation. W hen firms report export prices f.o.b. (free on board), production point information is collected which enables the Bureau to calculate a shipment cost to the port of exportation. An attempt is made to collect two prices for imports. The first is the import price f.o.b. at the foreign port of exportation, which is consistent with the basis for valuation of imports in the national accounts. The sec ond is the import price c.i.f. (cost, in surance, and freight) at the U .S. port of importation, which also includes the other costs associated with bringing the product to the U .S. border. It does not, however, include duty charges. For a given product, only one price basis series is used in the construction of an index. Beginning in 1988, the Bureau has also been publishing a series o f indexes which represent the price of U .S. exports and im ports in foreign currency terms. Additional sources of information For a discussion of the general method of computing International Price Indexes, see B L S Handbook o f M ethods , Bulletin 2285 (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1988). Additional detailed data and analyses of international price developments are pre sented in the Bureau’s quarterly publication U.S. Import and Export Price Indexes and in occasional Monthly Labor Review arti cles prepared by bls analysts. Selected his torical data may be found in the Handbook o f Labor Statistics, Bulletin 2217 (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1985). For further in formation on the foreign currency indexes, see “ b l s publishes average exchange rate and foreign currency price indexes,” Monthly Labor Review, December 1987, pp. 4 7 -4 9 . Productivity Data (Tables 2; 42 -4 4 ) U. S. productivity and related data Description of the series The productivity measures relate real phys ical output to real input. As such, they en compass a family of measures which in clude single-factor productivity measures, such as output per unit of labor input (out put per hour) or output per unit of capital input, as well as measures of multifactor productivity (output per unit of combined labor and capital inputs). The Bureau in dexes show the change in output relative to changes in the various inputs. The measures cover the business, nonfarm busi ness, manufacturing, and nonfinancial cor porate sectors. Corresponding indexes of hourly com pensation, unit labor costs, unit nonlabor payments, and prices are also provided. Definitions Output per hour of all persons (labor pro ductivity) is the value of goods and services in constant prices produced per hour of labor input. Output per unit of capital services (capital productivity) is the value of goods and services in constant dollars produced per unit of capital services input. Multifactor productivity is output per unit of combined labor and capital inputs. Changes in this measure reflect changes in a number o f factors which affect the pro duction process, such as changes in tech nology, shifts in the composition of the labor force, changes in capacity utilization, research and development, skill and efforts of the work force, management, and so forth. Changes in the output per hour mea sures reflect the impact of these factors as well as the substitution of capital for labor. Compensation per hour is the wages and salaries of employees plus em ployers’ contributions for social insurance and pri vate benefit plans, and the wages, salaries, and supplementary payments for the selfemployed (except for nonfinancial cor porations in which there are no selfemployed)— the sum divided by hours paid for. Real compensation per hour is compensation per hour deflated by the Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers. Unit labor costs are the labor compensa tion costs expended in the production of a unit of output and are derived by dividing compensation by output. Unit nonlabor payments include profits, depreciation, in terest, and indirect taxes per unit of output. They are computed by subtracting compen sation of all persons from current-dollar value of output and dividing by output. Unit nonlabor costs contain all the compo nents of unit nonlabor payments except unit profits. Unit profits include corporate profits with inventory valuation and capital con sumption adjustments per unit of output. Hours of all persons are the total hours at work of payroll workers, self-employed persons, and unpaid family workers. Capital services is the flow o f services from the capital stock used in production. It is developed from measures of the net stock of physical assets— equipment, structures, land, and inventories— weighted by rental prices for each type of asset. Labor and capital inputs combined are derived by combining changes in labor and capital inputs with weights which represent each com ponent’s share of total output. The indexes for capital services and com bined units of labor and capital are based on changing weights which are averages of the shares in the current and preceding year (the Tom quist index-number formula). Notes on the data Constant-dollar output for the business sector is equal to constant-dollar gross na tional product but excludes the rental value of owner-occupied dwellings, the rest-ofworld sector, the output of nonprofit insti tutions, the output of paid employees of private households, general government, and the statistical discrepancy. Output of the nonfarm business sector is equal to business sector output less farming. The measures are derived from data supplied by the Bureau of Economic Analysis, U.S. Department of Commerce, and the Federal Reserve Board. Quarterly manufacturing output indexes are adjusted by the Bureau of Labor Statistics to annual measures of manufacturing output (gross product orig inating) from the Bureau of Economic Analysis. Compensation and hours data are developed from data of the Bureau o f Labor Statistics and the Bureau o f Economic Analysis. The productivity and associated cost measures in tables 4 2 -4 4 describe the rela tionship between output in real terms and the labor time and capital services involved in its production. They show the changes from period to period in the amount of goods and services produced per unit of input. Although these measures relate out put to hours and capital services, they do https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis not measure the contributions o f labor, cap ital, or any other specific factor o f produc tion. Rather, they reflect the joint effect of many influences, including changes in technology; capital investment; level of output; utilization o f capacity, energy, and materials; the organization of production; managerial skill; and the characteristics and efforts of the work force. Additional sources of information Descriptions o f methodology underlying the measurement of output per hour and multifactor productivity are found in the b l s Handbook o f Methods, Bulletin 2285 (Bureau o f Labor Statistics, 1988). Histori cal data for selected industries are provided in the Handbook o f Labor Statistics, Bul letin 2217 (Bureau o f Labor Statistics, 1985). International Com parisons (Tables 4 5 -47) Labor force and unemployment Description of the series Tables 45 and 46 present comparative mea sures of the labor force, employment, and unemployment— approximating U .S. con cepts— for the United States, Canada, Aus tralia, Japan, and several European coun tries. The unemployment statistics (and, to a lesser extent, employment statistics) pub lished by other industrial countries are not, in most cases, comparable to U .S. unem ployment statistics. Therefore, the Bureau adjusts the figures for selected countries, where necessary, for all known major defi nitional differences. Although precise com parability may not be achieved, these ad justed figures provide a better basis for international comparisons than the figures regularly published by each country. Definitions For the principal U .S. definitions o f the labor force, employment, and unemploy ment, see the Notes section on EM PLOY MENT AND UNEMPLOYMENT DATA: Household Survey Data. Notes on the data The adjusted statistics have been adapted to the age at which compulsory schooling ends in each country, rather than to the U .S. standard of 16 years of age and over. Therefore, the adjusted statistics relate to the population age 16 and over in France, Sweden, and from 1973 onward, the United Kingdom; 15 and over in Canada, Australia, Japan, Germany, the Nether lands, and prior to 1973, the United King dom; and 14 and over in Italy. The institu tional population is included in the denominator of the labor force participation rates and employment-population ratios for Japan and Germany; it is excluded for the United States and the other countries. In the U .S. labor force survey, persons on layoff who are awaiting recall to their job are classified as unemployed. European and Japanese layoff practices are quite dif ferent in nature from those in the United States; therefore, strict application of the U .S. definition has not been made on this point. For further information, see Monthly Labor Review, December 1981, pp. 8 -1 1 . The figures for one or more recent years for France, Germany, Italy, the Nether lands, and the United Kingdom are calcu lated using adjustment factors based on labor force surveys for earlier years and are considered preliminary. The recent-year measures for these countries are, therefore, subject to revision whenever data from more current labor force surveys become available. There are breaks in the data series for Germany (1983), Italy (1986), the Nether lands (1983), and Sweden (1987). For both Germany and the Netherlands, the breaks reflect the replacement of labor force sur vey results tabulated by the national statisti cal offices with those tabulated by the European Community Statistical Office ( e u r o s t a t ) . The Dutch figures for 1983 onward also reflect the replacement of man-year employment data with data from the Dutch Survey of Employed Persons. The impact of the changes was to lower the adjusted unemployment rate by 0.3 per centage point for Germany and by about 2 percentage points for the Netherlands. For Italy, the break in series reflects more accurate enumeration o f time of last job search. This resulted in a significant increase in the number of people reported as seeking work in the last 30 days. The impact was to increase the Italian unem ployment rates approximating U .S. con cepts by about 1 percentage point. Sweden introduced a new questionnaire. Questions regarding current availability were added and the period o f active work seeking was reduced from 60 days to 4 weeks. These changes result in lowering Sweden’s unemployment rate by 0.5 per cent point. Additional sources of information For further information, see International Comparisons o f Unemployment, Bulletin Monthly Labor Review August 1989 63 Current Labor Statistics 1979 (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1978), Appendix B, and Supplements to Appendix B . The statistics are also analyzed periodi cally in the Monthly Labor Review. Addi tional historical data, generally beginning with 1959, are published in the Handbook o f Labor Statistics and are available in statistical supplements to Bulletin 1979. Manufacturing productivity and labor costs Description of the series Table 47 presents comparative measures o f m anufacturing lab o r pro d u ctiv ity , hourly compensation costs, and unit labor costs for the United States, Canada, Japan, and nine European countries. These mea sures are limited to trend comparisons— that is, intercountry series o f changes over time— rather than level comparisons be cause reliable international comparisons of the levels of manufacturing output are unavailable. added), generally taken from the national accounts of each country. W hile the na tional accounting methods for measuring real output differ considerably among the 12 countries, the use of different proce dures does not, in itself, connote lack of comparability— rather, it reflects differ ences among countries in the availability and reliability of underlying data series. Hours refer to all employed persons in cluding the self-employed in the United States and Canada; to all wage and salary employees in the other countries. The U .S. hours measure is hours paid; the hours mea sures for the other countries are hours worked. Compensation (labor cost) includes all payments in cash or kind made directly to employees plus employer expenditures for legally required insurance programs and contractual and private benefit plans. In ad dition, for some countries, compensation is adjusted for other significant taxes on pay rolls or employment (or reduced to reflect subsidies), even if they are not for the di rect benefit of workers, because such taxes are regarded as labor costs. However, com pensation does not include all items of labor cost. The costs of recruitment, em ployee training, and plant facilities and ser vices— such as cafeterias and medical clinics— are not covered because data are not available for most countries. Selfemployed workers are included in the U .S. and Canadian compensation figures by as- https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis For most of the countries, the measures refer to total manufacturing as defined by the International Standard Industrial Classi fication. However, the measures for France (beginning 1959), Italy (beginning 1970), and the United Kingdom (beginning 1971), refer to manufacturing and mining less en ergy-related products and the figures for the Netherlands exclude petroleum refining from 1969 to 1976. For all countries, man ufacturing includes the activities of govern ment enterprises. The figures for one or more recent years are generally based on current indicators of manufacturing output, employment, hours, and hourly compensation and are consid ered preliminary until the national accounts and other statistics used for the long-term measures become available. Definitions Output is constant value output (value Monthly Labor Review Notes on the data Because the survey is a Federal-State co operative program and the data must meet the needs of participating State agencies, an independent sample is selected for each State. The sample is selected to represent all private industries in the States and terri tories. The sample size for the survey is dependent upon (1) the characteristics for which estimates are needed; (2) the indus tries for which estimates are desired; (3) the characteristics o f the population being sam pled; (4) the target reliability of the esti mates; and (5) the survey design employed. W hile there are many characteristics upon which the sample design could be based, the total recorded case incidence rate is used because it is one of the most important characteristics and the least vari able; therefore, it requires the smallest sam ple size. The survey is based on stratified random sampling with a Neyman allocation and a ratio estimator. The characteristics used to stratify the establishments are the Standard Industrial Classification (sic) code and size of employment. Additional sources of information Definitions 64 suming that their hourly compensation is equal to the average for wage and salary employees. August 1989 For additional information, see the b l s Handbook o f M ethods , Bulletin 2285 (Bu reau of Labor Statistics, 1988), and peri odic Monthly Labor Review articles. H is torical data are provided in the Handbook o f Labor Statistics , Bulletin 2217 (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1985). The statistics are issued twice per year— in a news release (generally in June) and in a Monthly Labor Review article. Occupational Injury and Illness Data (Table 48) Description of the series The Annual Survey o f Occupational In juries and Illnesses is designed to collect data on injuries and illnesses based on records which employers in the following industries maintain under the Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970: agriculture, forestry, and fishing; oil and gas extraction; construction; manufacturing; transportation and public utilities; wholesale and retail trade; finance, insurance, and real estate; and services. Excluded from the survey are self-employed individuals, farmers with fewer than 11 employees, employers regu lated by other Federal safety and health laws, and Federal, State, and local govern ment agencies. Recordable occupational injuries and ill nesses are: (1) occupational deaths, regard less of the time between injury and death, or the length of the illness; or (2) nonfatal occupational illnesses; or (3) nonfatal occu pational injuries which involve one or more of the following: loss of consciousness, re striction of work or motion, transfer to an other job, or medical treatment (other than first aid). Occupational injury is any injury such as a cut, fracture, sprain, amputation, and so forth, which results from a work acci dent or from exposure involving a single incident in the work environment. Occupational illness is an abnormal condition or disorder, other than one result ing from an occupational injury, caused by exposure to environmental factors associ ated with employment. It includes acute and chronic illnesses or disease which may be caused by inhalation, absorption, inges tion, or direct contact. Lost workday cases are cases which in volve days away from work, or days of restricted work activity, or both. Lost workday cases involving re stricted work activity are those cases which result in restricted work activity only. Lost workdays away from work are the number of workdays (consecutive or not) on which the employee would have worked but could not because o f occupational in jury or illness. Lost workdays— restricted work ac tivity are the number of workdays (consec utive or not) on which, because o f injury or illness: (1) the employee was assigned to another job on a temporary basis; or (2) the employee worked at a permanent job less than full time; or (3) the employee worked at a permanently assigned job but could not perform all duties normally connected with it. The number of days away from work or days of restricted work activity does not include the day of injury or onset of illness or any days on which the employee would not have worked even though able to work. Incidence rates represent the number of injuries and/or illnesses or lost workdays per 100 full-time workers. Notes on the data Estimates are made for industries and employment-size classes and for severity classification: fatalities, lost workday cases, and nonfatal cases without lost workdays. Lost workday cases are sepa rated into those where the employee would have worked but could not and those in https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis which work activity was restricted. Esti mates of the number of cases and the number of days lost are made for both categories. Most of the estimates are in the form of incidence rates, defined as the number of injuries and illnesses, or lost workdays, per 100 full-time employees. For this purpose, 200,000 employee hours represent 100 em ployee years (2,000 hours per employee). Only a few o f the available measures are included in the Handbook o f Labor Statis tics . Full detail is presented in the annual bulletin, Occupational Injuries and Ill nesses in the United States, by Industry. Comparable data for individual States are available from the b l s Office of Safety, Health, and Working Conditions. Mining and railroad data are furnished to b l s by the Mine Safety and Health Admin istration and the Federal Railroad Adminis tration, respectively. Data from these organizations are included in b l s and State publications. Federal employee experience is compiled and published by the Occupa tional Safety and Health Administration. Data on State and local government em ployees are collected by about half of the States and territories; these data are not compiled nationally. Additional sources of information The Supplementary Data System pro vides detailed information describing vari ous factors associated with work-related injuries and illnesses. These data are ob tained from information reported by employers to State w orkers’ compensation agencies. The Work Injury Report program examines selected types of accidents through an employee survey which focuses on the circumstances surrounding the in jury. These data are not included in the Handbook o f Labor Statistics but are avail able from the BLS Office of Safety, Health, and Working Conditions. The definitions of occupational injuries and illnesses and lost workdays are from Recordkeeping Requirements under the Oc cupational Safety and Health Act o f 1970. For additional data, see Occupational In juries and Illnesses in the United States, by Industry , annual Bureau of Labor Statistics bulletin; BLS Handbook o f M ethods , Bul letin 2285 (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1988); Handbook o f Labor Statistics, Bul letin 2217 (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1985), pp. 411-14; annual reports in the Monthly Labor Review, and annual U .S. Department o f Labor press releases. Monthly Labor Review August 1989 65 Current Labor Statistics: 1. Comparative Indicators Labor market indicators 19 8 7 19 8 7 S e le c t e d in d ic a to r s 19 8 8 19 8 9 19 8 8 II III IV I III II IV I E m p lo y m e n t d a ta E m p l o y m e n t s t a t u s o f t h e c iv ilia n n o n i n s t it u t i o n a l i z e d p o p u l a t i o n ( h o u s e h o ld s u r v e y ) :1 L a b o r f o r c e p a r t i c i p a t i o n r a t e ..................................................................................................................................... 6 5 .6 6 5 .9 6 5 .6 6 5 .6 6 5 .7 6 5 .8 6 5 .8 6 5 .9 6 6 .1 6 6 .4 E m p l o y m e n t - p o p u l a t i o n r a t i o ........................................................................................................................................ 6 1 .5 6 2 .3 6 1 .5 6 1 .7 6 1 .9 6 2 .1 6 2 .2 6 2 .3 6 2 .5 6 2 .9 ......................................................................................................................................................................... 6 .2 5 .5 6 .3 6 .0 5 .9 5 .7 5 .5 5 .5 5 .3 5 .2 M e n ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 6 .2 5 .5 6 .4 6 .0 5 .8 5 .6 5 .4 5 .4 5 .4 5 .2 ............................................................................................................................................................................... 1 2 .6 1 1 .4 1 3 .1 1 2 .2 1 1 .9 1 1 .8 1 1 .2 1 1 .4 1 1 .3 1 1 .2 2 5 y e a r s a n d o v e r .................................................................................................................................................................. 4 .8 4 .2 4 .9 4 .6 4 .4 4 .3 4 .2 4 .1 4 .1 6 .0 5 .8 5 .6 5 .6 5 .3 5 .2 U n e m p l o y m e n t r a te 1 6 to 2 4 y e a r s 4 .0 6 .2 5 .6 6 .2 6 .0 ............................................................................................................................................................................... 1 1 .7 1 0 .6 1 1 .7 1 1 .4 1 1 .2 1 1 .0 1 0 .7 1 0 .5 1 0 .3 1 0 .2 2 5 y e a r s a n d o v e r .................................................................................................................................................................. 4 .8 4 .3 4 .7 4 .7 4 .6 4 .5 4 .3 4 .4 4 .2 4 .0 U n e m p l o y m e n t r a t e , 1 5 w e e k s a n d o v e r ..................................................................................... 1 .7 1 .3 1 .7 1 .6 1 .5 1 .4 1 .3 1 .3 1 .2 1 .1 1 0 2 ,2 0 0 1 0 5 ,5 8 4 1 0 1 ,7 7 2 1 0 2 ,5 0 0 1 0 6 ,7 9 9 1 0 7 ,6 8 0 W om en ................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 1 6 to 2 4 y e a rs E m p l o y m e n t , n o n a g r i c u l t u r a l ( p a y r o l l d a t a ) , in t h o u s a n d s : 1 1 0 3 ,4 9 1 1 0 4 ,3 5 5 1 0 5 ,1 8 4 1 0 5 ,9 7 6 .............................................................................................................................................................................................. 8 5 ,1 9 0 8 8 ,2 1 2 8 4 ,7 9 8 8 5 ,4 8 1 8 6 ,3 3 6 8 7 ,1 1 1 8 7 ,8 5 1 8 8 ,5 7 7 8 9 ,2 8 8 9 0 ,1 0 4 G o o d s - p r o d u c i n g .................................................................................................................................................................................... 2 4 ,7 0 8 2 5 ,2 4 9 2 4 ,6 0 2 2 4 ,7 5 1 2 4 ,9 6 1 2 5 ,0 2 2 2 5 ,2 0 2 2 5 ,3 1 3 2 5 ,4 5 2 2 5 ,6 3 4 M a n u f a c t u r i n g ........................................................................................................................................................................................ 1 9 ,0 2 4 1 9 ,4 0 3 1 8 ,9 4 1 1 9 ,0 6 1 1 9 ,1 9 9 1 9 ,2 7 1 1 9 ,3 6 0 1 9 ,4 3 5 1 9 ,5 5 0 1 9 ,6 5 9 7 7 ,4 9 2 8 0 ,3 3 5 7 7 ,1 7 0 7 7 ,7 4 9 7 8 ,5 3 0 7 9 ,3 3 3 7 9 ,9 8 3 8 0 ,6 6 3 8 1 ,3 4 6 8 2 ,0 4 7 T o ta l ...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... P riv a te s e c to r S e rv ic e -p r o d u c in g ............................................................................................................................................................................... A v e ra g e h o u rs : 3 4 .8 3 4 .7 3 4 .8 3 4 .8 3 4 .8 3 4 .7 3 4 .7 3 4 .7 3 4 .7 3 4 .7 .................................................................................................................................................................................. 4 1 .0 4 1 .1 4 0 .9 4 0 .9 4 1 .2 4 1 .0 4 1 .1 4 1 .1 4 1 .1 4 1 .1 O v e r t i m e ................................................................................................................................................................................................... 3 .7 3 .9 3 .7 3 .8 3 .9 3 .8 3 .9 3 .9 3 .9 3 .9 1 .2 P r i v a t e s e c t o r ............................................................................................................................................................................................... M a n u fa c tu rin g E m p lo y m e n t C o s t In d e x P e r c e n t c h a n g e in t h e E C I , c o m p e n s a t i o n : .............. 3 .6 5 .0 .7 1 .2 .8 1 .4 1 .1 1 .3 1 .0 ..................................................................................................................................................... 3 .3 4 .9 .7 1 .0 .7 1 .5 1 .2 1 .0 1 .0 1 .3 G o o d s - p r o d u c i n g 2 .................................................................................................................................................................... 3 .1 4 .4 .7 .8 1 .0 1 .8 1 .1 .6 .8 1 .0 A ll w o r k e r s (e x c lu d in g fa r m , h o u s e h o ld , a n d F e d e r a l w o r k e r s ) P r iv a te in d u s tr y w o r k e r s S e r v i c e - p r o d u c i n g 2 ................................................................................................................................................................ 3 .7 5 .1 .7 1 .0 .5 1 .3 1 .4 1 .2 1 .2 1 .5 S t a t e a n d l o c a l g o v e r n m e n t w o r k e r s ...................................................................................................... 4 .4 5 .6 .3 2 .3 .9 1 .3 .3 2 .7 1 .1 1 .2 W o r k e r s b y b a r g a in in g s t a t u s (p r iv a t e in d u s tr y ): U n i o n ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 2 .8 3 .9 .5 .6 1 .1 1 .6 1 .0 .7 .5 .8 N o n u n io n 3 .6 5 .1 .7 1 .1 .6 1 .5 1 .3 1 .1 1 .2 1 .5 ............................................................................................................................................................................................................ 1 Q u a r te r ly d a t a s e a s o n a lly a d ju s te d . 2 G o o d s -p ro d u c in g in d u s tr ie s in c lu d e m in in g , c o n s tr u c t io n , a n d 66 Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis August 1989 p r o d u c i n g i n d u s t r i e s I n c lu d e a ll o t h e r p r i v a t e s e c t o r i n d u s t r i e s . m a n u fa c tu rin g . S e r v ic e - 2. Annual and quarterly percent changes in compensation, prices, and productivity 19 8 9 19 8 8 19 8 7 19 8 8 19 8 7 S e le c te d m e a s u r e s I IV III II I IV III II Compensation data 1, 2 E m p lo y m e n t C o s t I n d e x - c o m p e n s a t i o n (w a g e s , s a la r ie s , b e n e fits ): 3 .6 5 .0 0 .7 1 .2 0 .8 1 .4 1 .1 1 .3 1 .0 1 .2 3 .3 4 .9 .7 1 .0 .7 1 .5 1 .2 1 .0 1 .0 1 .3 3 .5 4 .3 .5 1 .3 .7 1 .0 .9 1 .3 1 .0 1 .1 3 .3 4 .1 .7 1 .0 .6 1 .0 1 .1 1 .0 1 .0 1 .1 E m p lo y m e n t C o s t I n d e x - w a g e s a n d s a la r ie s Price data1 C o n s u m e r P r i c e I n d e x ( A l l u r b a n c o n s u m e r s ) : A l l i t e m s .............. 4 .4 4 .4 1 .2 1 .3 .3 1 .0 1 .3 1 .5 .6 1 .5 P r o d u c e r P ric e In d e x : 2 .2 4 .0 1 .2 .2 .1 .5 1 .3 .8 1 .3 2 .0 2 .6 4 .0 1 .6 .3 - .2 .4 1 .4 1 .0 1 .1 2 .3 .9 1 .3 3 .6 .3 - .2 1 .1 .7 .6 .4 1 .8 5 .4 5 .6 1 .9 1 .2 .9 1 .1 2 .6 1 .2 .6 2 .0 8 .9 3 .1 5 .3 .6 - 1 .4 - .3 4 .0 - 1 .2 .6 6 .0 Productivity data3 O u t p u t p e r h o u r o f a ll p e r s o n s : 1 .1 2 .7 .8 1 .5 3 .2 3 .7 3 .1 4 .7 1 .3 1 .5 1 .6 3 .5 - 3 .4 1 .7 - 1 .0 1 .7 .9 3 .4 - 2 .4 2 .0 1 .0 - 1 .1 4 .3 - 1 .6 - .8 .2 - 1 .3 - .1 A n n u a l c h a n g e s a re D e c e m b e r -to -D e c e m b e r c h a n g e . Q u a rte rly c h a n g e s Q u a rte rly a r e c a lc u la te d u s in g t h e la s t m o n t h o f e a c h q u a r t e r . C o m p e n s a t i o n a n d p r ic e p e rc e n t changes re fle c t annual ra te s of change in q u a rte rly in d e x e s . T h e d a t a a r e s e a s o n a lly a d ju s te d . d a t a a r e n o t s e a s o n a ll y a d ju s te d a n d t h e p r ic e d a t a a r e n o t c o m p o u n d e d . 2 3 .9 .8 4 E x c lu d e s F e d e r a l a n d p riv a te h o u s e h o ld w o rk e rs . O u t p u t p e r h o u r o f a ll e m p l o y e e s . 3. Alternative measures of wage and compensation changes F o u r q u a rte rs e n d e d - Q u a rte rly a v e ra g e 19 8 8 19 8 7 C o m p o n e n ts IV III II I IV 19 8 9 19 8 7 I IV I IV III II I A v e r a g e h o u r l y c o m p e n s a t i o n :' 6 .2 3 .7 4 .8 6 .2 4 .3 5 .4 4 .2 4 .5 4 .8 5 .2 4 .7 6 .4 3 .5 4 .2 5 .7 5 .2 5 .4 4 .1 4 .4 4 .6 5 .0 4 .7 5 .1 .8 1 .4 1 .1 1 .3 1 .0 1 .2 3 .6 4 .1 4 .6 4 .7 5 .0 4 .8 E m p lo y m e n t C o s t In d e x -c o m p e n s a tio n : S t a t e a n d l o c a l g o v e r n m e n t s ................................................................................................................................................... 19 8 9 19 8 8 5 .2 .7 1 .5 1 .2 1 .0 1 .0 1 .3 3 .3 4 .5 4 .5 4 .9 4 .6 1 .1 1 .6 1 .0 .7 .5 .8 2 .8 3 .9 4 .3 4 .5 3 .9 3 .0 4 .0 4 .5 4 .5 5 .1 5 .1 4 .9 5 .0 5 .4 5 .6 b .t> .6 1 .5 1 .3 1 .1 1 .2 1 .5 3 .6 .9 1 .3 .3 2 .7 1 .1 1 .2 4 .4 3 .9 E m p lo y m e n t C o s t I n d e x - w a g e s a n d s a la r ie s : .7 1 .0 .9 1 .3 1 .0 1 .1 3 .5 3 .5 3 .9 3 .9 4 .3 4 .4 .6 1 .0 1 .1 1 .0 1 .0 1 .1 3 .3 3 .3 3 .7 3 .7 4 .1 4 .2 ................................................................................................................................................................................................... 1 .1 .4 .8 .7 .4 .7 2 .6 2 .6 2 .9 2 .9 2 .2 2 .5 U n i o n ..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .5 1 .0 1 .2 1 .0 1 .1 1 .3 3 .6 3 .5 4 .0 3 .9 4 .5 4 .8 N o n u n i o n ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 4 .7 4 .8 4 .8 2 .7 P riv a te n o n fa rm .9 .9 .3 2 .6 1 .0 .8 4 .2 4 .4 4 .4 .8 .4 .9 .8 .5 .5 3 .1 3 .2 3 .0 2 .9 2 .6 .3 .1 .3 .2 .1 .1 .7 .8 1 .0 1 .0 .7 .7 .3 .3 .5 .4 .2 .3 1 .8 1 .8 1 .6 1 .4 1 .3 1 .3 .5 .5 .5 .5 .6 .6 .1 .2 .1 2 .7 2 .6 3 .2 2 .2 2 .4 2 .4 2 .5 2 .5 2 .7 2 .8 2 .2 3 .1 2 .1 2 .2 2 .0 2 .2 2 .4 2 .5 3 .4 3 .5 3 .3 3 .0 3 .1 3 .0 3 .1 3 .1 3 .3 3 .2 2 .1 3 .5 2 .6 2 .5 2 .3 2 .5 2 .5 2 .6 .2 .2 .1 2 .4 2 .1 2 .6 1 .8 2 .3 2 .2 3 .4 1 .8 3 .1 2 .4 1 .8 2 .4 L im ite d to N e g o t i a t e d w a g e a d j u s t m e n t s f r o m s e t t l e m e n t s :3 N e g o t ia te d w a g e a n d b e n e fit a d ju s tm e n ts fr o m 1 S e a s o n a lly a d ju s te d . 2 E x c lu d e s F e d e r a l a n d h o u s e h o ld w o r k e r s . 3 L im ite d to m a jo r c o lle c tiv e b a rg a in in g https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis s e t t l e m e n t s :4 u n it s o f 1 ,0 0 0 4 w o rk e rs or m o re . T h e m a jo r c o lle c t iv e b a rg a in in g u n i t s o f 5 ,0 0 0 w o rk e rs or m o re . T h e m o s t r e c e n t d a t a a r e p r e lim in a r y . Monthly Labor Review August 1989 67 Current Labor Statistics: 4. Employment Data Employment status of the total population, by sex, monthly data seasonally adjusted ( N u m b e r s in t h o u s a n d s ) A n n u a l a v e ra g e 19 8 8 19 8 9 E m p lo y m e n t s ta tu s 19 8 7 19 8 8 Ju n e J u ly Aug. S e p t. O c t. N ov. Dec. Ja n . Fe b . M a r. A pr. M ay Ju n e TOTAL N o n i n s t i t u t i o n a l p o p u l a t i o n ' , 2 ................ 1 8 4 ,4 9 0 1 8 6 ,3 2 2 1 8 6 ,2 4 7 1 8 6 ,4 0 2 1 8 6 ,5 2 2 1 8 6 ,6 6 6 1 8 6 ,8 0 1 1 8 6 ,9 4 9 1 8 7 ,0 9 8 1 8 7 ,3 4 0 1 8 7 ,4 6 1 1 8 7 ,5 8 1 1 8 7 ,7 0 8 1 8 7 ,8 5 4 1 8 7 ,9 9 5 L a b o r f o r c e 2 ................................................................................ 1 2 1 ,6 0 2 1 2 3 ,3 7 8 1 2 3 ,2 0 9 1 2 3 ,3 3 1 1 2 3 ,6 9 2 1 2 3 ,6 8 8 1 2 3 ,7 7 8 1 2 4 ,2 1 5 1 2 4 ,2 5 9 1 2 5 ,1 2 4 1 2 4 ,8 6 5 1 2 4 ,9 4 8 1 2 5 ,3 4 3 1 2 5 ,2 8 3 1 2 5 ,7 6 8 P a r t i c i p a t i o n r a t e 3 ...................................... 6 5 .9 6 6 .2 6 6 .2 6 6 .2 6 6 .3 6 6 .3 6 6 .3 6 6 .4 6 6 .4 6 6 .8 6 6 .6 6 6 .6 6 6 .8 6 6 .7 6 6 .9 T o t a l e m p l o y e d 2 ........................................................ 1 1 4 ,1 7 7 1 1 6 ,6 7 7 1 1 6 ,6 8 6 1 1 6 ,7 0 7 1 1 6 ,8 9 5 1 1 7 ,0 7 4 1 1 7 ,2 6 0 1 1 7 ,6 5 2 1 1 7 ,7 0 5 1 1 8 ,4 0 7 1 1 8 ,5 3 7 1 1 8 ,8 2 0 1 1 8 ,7 9 7 1 1 8 ,8 8 8 1 1 9 ,2 0 7 E m p lo y m e n t-p o p u la tio n r a t i o 4 ................................................................................... R e s id e n t A r m e d A g r ic u ltu re 1 6 1 .9 6 2 .6 6 2 .7 6 2 .6 6 2 .7 6 2 .7 6 2 .8 6 2 .9 6 2 .9 6 3 .2 6 3 .2 6 3 .3 6 3 .3 6 3 .3 6 3 .4 ................ 1 ,7 3 7 1 ,7 0 9 1 ,6 8 5 1 ,6 7 3 1 ,6 9 2 1 ,7 0 4 1 ,6 8 7 1 ,7 0 5 1 ,6 9 6 1 ,6 9 6 1 ,6 8 4 1 ,6 8 4 1 ,6 8 4 1 ,6 7 3 1 ,6 6 6 ............................................... 1 1 2 ,4 4 0 1 1 4 ,9 6 8 1 1 5 ,0 0 1 1 1 5 ,0 3 4 1 1 5 ,2 0 3 1 1 5 ,3 7 0 1 1 5 ,5 7 3 1 1 5 ,9 4 7 1 1 6 ,0 0 9 1 1 6 ,7 1 1 1 1 6 ,8 5 3 1 1 7 ,1 3 6 1 1 7 ,1 1 3 1 1 7 ,2 1 5 1 1 7 ,5 4 1 Fo rc e s C iv ilia n e m p lo y e d ................................................................... 3 ,2 0 8 3 ,1 6 9 3 ,1 2 1 3 ,0 6 0 3 ,1 4 2 3 ,1 7 6 3 ,2 3 8 3 ,2 3 8 3 ,1 9 3 3 ,3 0 0 3 ,2 2 3 3 ,2 0 6 3 ,1 0 4 3 ,1 1 2 3 ,0 9 6 N o n a g r i c u l t u r a l i n d u s t r i e s ............ 1 0 9 ,2 3 2 1 1 1 ,8 0 0 1 1 1 ,8 8 0 1 1 1 ,9 7 4 1 1 2 ,0 6 1 1 1 2 ,1 9 4 1 1 2 ,3 3 5 1 1 2 ,7 0 9 1 1 2 ,8 1 6 1 1 3 ,4 1 1 1 1 3 ,6 3 0 1 1 3 ,9 3 0 1 1 4 ,0 0 9 1 1 4 ,1 0 2 1 1 4 ,4 4 5 U n e m p l o y e d .......................................................................... U n e m p l o y m e n t r a t e 5 ........................... N o t in l a b o r f o r c e .......................................................... 7 ,4 2 5 6 ,7 0 1 6 ,5 2 3 6 ,6 2 4 6 ,7 9 7 6 ,6 1 4 6 ,5 1 8 6 ,5 6 3 6 ,5 5 4 6 ,7 1 6 6 ,3 2 8 6 ,1 2 8 6 ,5 4 6 6 ,3 9 5 6 ,5 6 1 6 .1 5 .4 5 .3 5 .4 5 .5 5 .3 5 .3 5 .3 5 .3 5 .4 5 .1 4 .9 5 .2 5 .1 5 .2 6 2 ,8 8 8 6 2 ,9 4 4 6 3 ,0 3 8 6 3 ,0 7 1 6 2 ,8 3 0 6 2 ,9 7 8 6 3 ,0 2 3 6 2 ,7 3 4 6 2 ,8 3 9 6 2 ,2 1 6 6 2 ,5 9 6 6 2 ,6 3 3 6 2 ,3 6 5 6 2 ,5 7 1 6 2 ,2 2 8 Men, 16 years and over 2 ................ 8 8 ,4 7 6 8 9 ,4 0 4 8 9 ,3 6 7 8 9 ,4 4 5 8 9 ,5 0 4 8 9 ,5 7 7 8 9 ,6 3 7 8 9 ,7 1 6 8 9 ,7 9 2 8 9 ,9 1 4 8 9 ,9 7 3 9 0 ,0 3 2 9 0 ,0 9 4 9 0 ,1 6 7 9 0 ,2 3 7 L a b o r f o r c e 2 ................................................................................ 6 7 ,7 8 4 6 8 ,4 7 4 6 8 ,4 3 6 6 8 ,4 6 1 6 8 ,6 8 5 6 8 ,6 0 4 6 8 ,5 6 9 6 8 ,6 8 6 6 8 ,6 3 8 6 9 ,0 3 2 6 9 ,1 1 3 6 9 ,1 9 0 6 9 ,3 6 0 6 9 ,1 1 4 6 9 ,5 0 7 N o n in s titu t io n a l p o p u la t io n \ P a r t i c i p a t i o n r a t e 3 ...................................... 7 6 .6 7 6 .6 7 6 .6 7 6 .5 7 6 .7 7 6 .6 7 6 .5 7 6 .6 7 6 .4 7 6 .8 7 6 .8 7 6 .9 7 7 .0 7 6 .7 7 7 .0 T o t a l e m p l o y e d 2 ........................................................ 6 3 ,6 8 4 6 4 ,8 2 0 6 4 ,8 9 4 6 4 ,9 4 1 6 4 ,9 3 1 6 5 ,0 1 5 6 4 ,9 7 6 6 5 ,0 7 4 6 5 ,0 5 5 6 5 ,3 2 2 6 5 ,5 7 2 6 5 ,9 2 0 6 5 ,7 6 7 6 5 ,7 1 3 6 6 ,1 1 0 E m p lo y m e n t-p o p u la tio n r a t i o 4 .................................................................................. 7 2 .0 7 2 .5 7 2 .6 7 2 .6 7 2 .5 7 2 .6 7 2 .5 7 2 .5 7 2 .5 7 2 .6 7 2 .9 7 3 .2 7 3 .0 7 2 .9 7 3 .3 R e s i d e n t A r m e d F o r c e s 1 ................ 1 ,5 7 7 1 ,5 4 7 1 ,5 2 3 1 ,5 1 2 1 ,5 2 9 1 ,5 4 0 1 ,5 2 6 1 ,5 4 2 1 ,5 3 4 1 ,5 3 2 1 ,5 2 1 1 ,5 2 1 1 ,5 2 1 1 ,5 1 1 1 ,5 0 1 C i v i l i a n e m p l o y e d ............................................... 6 2 ,1 0 7 6 3 ,2 7 3 6 3 ,3 7 1 6 3 ,4 2 9 6 3 ,4 0 2 6 3 ,4 7 5 6 3 ,4 5 0 6 3 ,5 3 2 6 3 ,5 2 1 6 3 ,7 9 0 6 4 ,0 5 1 6 4 ,3 9 9 6 4 ,2 4 6 6 4 ,2 0 2 6 4 ,6 0 9 U n e m p l o y e d ......................................................................... 4 ,1 0 1 3 ,6 5 5 3 ,5 4 2 3 ,5 2 0 3 ,7 5 4 3 ,5 8 9 3 ,5 9 3 3 ,6 1 2 3 ,5 8 3 3 ,7 1 0 3 ,5 4 0 3 ,2 7 0 3 ,5 9 3 3 ,4 0 1 3 ,3 9 7 U n e m p l o y m e n t r a t e 5 ........................... 6 .1 5 .3 5 .2 5 .1 5 .5 5 .2 5 .2 5 .3 5 .2 5 .4 5 .1 4 .7 5 .2 4 .9 4 .9 Women, 16 years and over N o n i n s t i t u t i o n a l p o p u l a t i o n 1 , 2 ................ 9 6 ,0 1 3 9 6 ,9 1 8 9 6 ,8 8 0 9 6 ,9 5 7 9 7 ,0 1 8 9 7 ,0 8 9 9 7 ,1 6 4 9 7 ,2 3 4 9 7 ,3 0 6 9 7 ,4 2 7 9 7 ,4 8 8 9 7 ,5 5 0 9 7 ,6 1 4 9 7 ,6 8 7 9 7 ,7 5 8 L a b o r f o r c e 2 ................................................................................ 5 3 ,8 1 8 5 4 ,9 0 4 5 4 ,7 7 3 5 4 ,8 7 0 5 5 ,0 0 7 5 5 ,0 8 4 5 5 ,2 0 9 5 5 ,5 2 9 5 5 ,6 2 1 5 6 ,0 9 1 5 5 ,7 5 2 5 5 ,7 5 8 5 5 ,9 8 3 5 6 ,1 6 9 5 6 ,2 6 1 P a r t i c i p a t i o n r a t e 3 ...................................... 5 6 .1 5 6 .6 5 6 .5 5 6 .6 5 6 .7 5 6 .7 5 6 .8 5 7 .1 5 7 .2 5 7 .6 5 7 .2 5 7 .2 5 7 .4 5 7 .5 5 7 .6 T o t a l e m p l o y e d 2 .......................................................... 5 0 ,4 9 4 5 1 ,8 5 8 5 1 ,7 9 2 5 1 ,7 6 6 5 1 ,9 6 4 5 2 ,0 5 9 5 2 ,2 8 4 5 2 ,5 7 8 5 2 ,6 5 0 5 3 ,0 8 5 5 2 ,9 6 5 5 2 ,9 0 0 5 3 ,0 2 9 5 3 ,1 7 5 5 3 ,0 9 7 5 4 .3 E m p lo y m e n t-p o p u la tio n r a t i o 4 .................................................................................. 5 2 .6 5 3 .5 5 3 .5 5 3 .4 5 3 .6 5 3 .6 5 3 .8 5 4 .1 5 4 .1 5 4 .5 5 4 .3 5 4 .2 5 4 .3 5 4 .4 F o r c e s 1 ................ 16 0 16 2 16 2 16 1 16 3 16 4 16 1 16 3 16 2 16 4 16 3 16 3 16 3 16 2 16 5 ............................................... 5 0 ,3 3 4 5 1 ,6 9 6 5 1 ,6 3 0 5 1 ,6 0 5 5 1 ,8 0 1 5 1 ,8 9 5 5 2 ,1 2 3 5 2 ,4 1 5 5 2 ,4 8 8 5 2 ,9 2 1 5 2 ,8 0 2 5 2 ,7 3 7 5 2 ,8 6 6 5 3 ,0 1 3 5 2 ,9 3 2 U n e m p l o y e d .......................................................................... 3 ,3 2 4 3 ,0 4 6 2 ,9 8 1 3 ,1 0 4 3 ,0 4 3 3 ,0 2 5 2 ,9 2 5 2 ,9 5 1 2 ,9 7 1 3 ,0 0 6 2 ,7 8 7 2 ,8 5 8 2 ,9 5 3 2 ,9 9 4 3 ,1 6 4 U n e m p l o y m e n t r a t e 5 ........................... 6 .2 5 .5 5 .4 5 .7 5 .5 5 .5 5 .3 5 .3 5 .3 5 .4 5 .0 5 .1 5 .3 5 .3 5 .6 R e s id e n t A r m e d C iv ilia n e m p lo y e d 68 1 T h e p o p u la tio n a n d A r m e d F o r c e s fig u r e s a r e n o t a d ju s te d fo r s e a s o n a l v a ria tio n . 4 T o t a l e m p lo y e d a s a p e r c e n t o f t h e n o n in s titu tio n a l p o p u la t io n . 2 In c lu d e s m e m b e r s o f t h e A r m e d 5 U n e m p lo y m e n t a s a p e r c e n t o f t h e la b o r fo r c e (in c lu d in g th e re s id e n t A r m e d 3 L a b o r fo r c e a s a p e r c e n t o f t h e n o n in s titu tio n a l p o p u la t io n . Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis F o r c e s s t a t i o n e d in t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s . August 1989 F o rc e s ). 5. Employment status of the civilian population, by sex, age, race and Hispanic origin, monthly data seasonally adjusted ( N u m b e r s in t h o u s a n d s ) A n n u a l a ve ra g e E m p lo y m e n t s ta tu s Ju ly 19 8 8 Ju n e M ay A pr. Dec. O c t. S e p t. Aug. TOTAL C iv ilia n n o n in s titu tio n a l p o p u l a t i o n 1 ............................................................... 1 8 2 ,7 5 3 1 8 4 ,6 1 3 1 8 4 ,5 6 2 1 8 4 ,7 2 9 1 8 4 ,8 3 0 1 8 4 ,9 6 2 1 8 5 ,1 1 4 1 8 5 ,2 4 4 1 8 5 ,4 0 2 1 8 5 ,6 4 4 1 8 5 ,7 7 7 1 8 5 ,8 9 7 1 8 6 ,0 2 4 1 8 6 ,1 8 1 1 8 6 ,3 2 9 C i v i l i a n l a b o r f o r c e .................................. 1 1 9 ,8 6 5 1 2 1 ,6 6 9 1 2 1 ,5 2 4 1 2 1 ,6 5 8 122,000 1 2 1 ,9 8 4 1 2 2 ,0 9 1 1 2 2 ,5 1 0 1 2 2 ,5 6 3 1 2 3 ,4 2 8 1 2 3 ,1 8 1 1 2 3 ,2 6 4 1 2 3 ,6 5 9 1 2 3 ,6 1 0 1 2 4 ,1 0 2 66.1 66.1 6 6 .5 6 6 .3 6 6 .3 6 6 .5 6 6 .4 1 1 5 ,9 4 7 1 1 6 ,0 0 9 1 1 6 ,7 1 1 1 1 6 ,8 5 3 1 1 7 ,1 3 6 1 1 7 ,1 1 3 1 1 7 ,2 1 5 P a rtic ip a tio n ra te E m p lo y e d .................... .................................................. . . . . 6 5 .6 1 1 2 ,4 4 0 6 5 .9 1 1 4 ,9 6 8 6 5 .8 1 1 5 ,0 0 1 6 5 .9 1 1 5 ,0 3 4 66.0 1 1 5 ,2 0 3 66.0 1 1 5 ,3 7 0 66.0 1 1 5 ,5 7 3 66.6 1 1 7 ,5 4 1 E m p lo y m e n t-p o p u la tio n 6 1 .5 6 2 .3 6 2 .3 6 2 .3 6 2 .3 6 2 .4 6 2 .4 6 2 .6 6 2 .6 6 2 .9 6 2 .9 6 3 .0 6 3 .0 6 3 .0 6 3 .1 r a t i o 2 .............................................................. U n e m p l o y e d ................................................... 7 ,4 2 5 6 ,7 0 1 6 ,5 2 3 6 ,6 2 4 6 ,7 9 7 6 ,6 1 4 6 ,5 1 8 6 ,5 6 3 6 ,5 5 4 6 ,7 1 6 6 ,3 2 8 6 ,1 2 8 6 ,5 4 6 6 ,3 9 5 6 ,5 6 1 5 .3 5 .4 5 .1 5 .0 5 .3 5 .2 5 .3 6.2 5 .5 5 .4 5 .4 5 .6 5 .4 5 .3 5 .4 6 2 ,8 8 8 6 2 ,9 4 4 6 3 ,0 3 8 6 3 ,0 7 1 6 2 ,8 3 0 6 2 ,9 7 8 6 3 ,0 2 3 6 2 ,7 3 4 6 2 ,8 3 9 6 2 ,2 1 6 6 2 ,5 9 6 6 2 ,6 3 3 6 2 ,3 6 5 6 2 ,5 7 1 6 2 ,2 2 8 p o p u l a t i o n 1 ................................................................ 7 9 ,5 6 5 8 0 ,5 5 3 8 0 ,5 2 6 8 0 ,6 0 8 8 0 ,6 6 9 8 0 ,7 5 1 8 0 ,8 5 1 8 0 ,9 2 4 8 1 ,0 0 1 8 1 ,1 6 2 8 1 ,2 5 6 8 1 ,3 3 3 8 1 ,4 1 3 8 1 ,5 2 4 8 1 ,5 9 2 C i v i l i a n l a b o r f o r c e .................................... 6 2 ,0 9 5 6 2 ,7 6 8 6 2 ,6 6 9 6 2 ,7 2 9 6 2 ,9 1 6 6 2 ,8 8 4 6 2 ,9 1 5 6 2 ,9 9 5 6 3 ,0 0 2 6 3 ,3 5 8 6 3 ,4 9 0 6 3 ,5 5 7 6 3 ,7 0 9 6 3 ,5 0 3 6 3 ,8 3 1 7 7 .8 7 8 .1 7 8 .1 7 8 .1 7 8 .3 7 7 .9 7 8 .2 6 0 ,0 4 9 6 0 ,4 2 0 6 0 ,6 3 6 6 0 ,8 6 9 6 0 ,7 5 7 6 0 ,7 9 8 6 1 ,0 9 3 U n e m p l o y m e n t r a t e ............ N o t in l a b o r f o r c e .................................... Men, 20 years and over C iv ilia n n o n in s titu tio n a l ...................... 7 8 .0 7 7 .9 7 7 .8 7 7 .8 7 8 .0 7 7 .9 7 7 .8 7 7 .8 E m p l o y e d ............................................................. 5 8 ,7 2 6 5 9 ,7 8 1 5 9 ,7 8 0 5 9 ,8 9 7 5 9 ,8 3 9 5 9 ,9 7 9 6 0 ,0 0 4 5 9 ,9 9 9 P a r tic ip a tio n ra te E m p lo y m e n t-p o p u la tio n 7 3 .8 7 4 .2 7 4 .2 7 4 .3 7 4 .2 7 4 .3 7 4 .2 7 4 .1 7 4 .1 7 4 .4 7 4 .6 7 4 .8 7 4 .6 7 4 .6 7 4 .9 r a t i o 2 ............................................................... A g r i c u l t u r e .................................................... 2 ,3 2 9 2 ,2 7 1 2 ,2 3 1 2 ,2 5 2 2 ,2 7 3 2 ,2 4 9 2 ,3 1 5 2 ,3 1 3 2 ,2 9 2 2 ,2 7 7 2 ,3 2 0 2 ,3 1 7 2 ,2 5 2 2 ,2 8 4 2 ,2 5 6 5 8 ,5 5 2 5 8 ,5 0 5 5 8 ,5 1 4 5 8 ,8 3 7 2 ,9 5 2 2 ,7 0 5 2 ,7 3 7 N o n a g r ic u ltu r a l in d u s tr ie s 5 6 ,3 9 7 5 7 ,5 1 0 5 7 ,5 4 9 5 7 ,6 4 5 5 7 ,5 6 6 5 7 ,7 3 0 5 7 ,6 8 9 5 7 ,6 8 6 5 7 ,7 5 7 5 8 ,1 4 3 5 8 ,3 1 6 U n e m p l o y e d .................................................... 3 ,3 6 9 2 ,9 8 7 2 ,8 8 9 2 ,8 3 2 3 ,0 7 7 2 ,9 0 5 2 ,9 1 1 2 ,9 9 6 2 ,9 5 3 2 ,9 3 8 2 ,8 5 3 U n e m p l o y m e n t r a t e ............ 5 .4 4 .8 4 .6 4 .5 4 .9 4 .6 4 .6 4 .8 4 .7 4 .6 4 .5 4 .2 4 .6 4 .3 4 .3 p o p u l a t i o n 1 ................................................................. 8 8 ,5 8 3 8 9 ,5 3 2 8 9 ,5 0 2 8 9 ,5 8 8 8 9 ,6 7 0 8 9 ,7 3 5 8 9 ,8 0 7 8 9 ,8 8 7 8 9 ,9 5 4 9 0 ,0 7 2 9 0 ,1 5 3 9 0 ,2 4 2 9 0 ,3 1 8 9 0 ,4 3 2 9 0 ,5 2 6 C i v i l i a n l a b o r f o r c e .................................... 4 9 ,7 8 3 5 0 ,8 7 0 5 0 ,6 9 0 5 0 ,8 0 7 5 0 ,9 5 9 5 0 ,9 9 1 5 1 ,2 0 1 5 1 ,5 5 8 5 1 ,5 8 7 5 1 ,9 9 8 5 1 ,8 2 1 5 1 ,8 5 1 5 1 ,9 9 2 5 2 ,1 7 1 5 2 ,2 3 1 ...................... 5 6 .2 5 6 .8 5 6 .6 5 6 .7 5 6 .8 5 6 .8 5 7 .0 5 7 .4 5 7 .3 5 7 .7 5 7 .5 5 7 .5 5 7 .6 5 7 .7 5 7 .7 E m p l o y e d ............................................................. 4 7 ,0 7 4 4 8 ,3 8 3 4 8 ,2 0 5 4 8 ,2 4 2 4 8 ,4 9 2 4 8 ,5 3 5 4 8 ,7 8 8 4 9 ,1 1 3 4 9 ,1 6 5 4 9 ,5 4 3 4 9 ,5 1 4 4 9 ,4 8 4 4 9 ,5 4 4 4 9 ,6 9 0 4 9 ,6 6 1 5 4 .9 2,688 Women, 20 years ond over C iv ilia n n o n in s titu tio n a l P a rtic ip a tio n ra te E m p lo y m e n t-p o p u la tio n r a t i o 2 ............................................................... 5 3 .1 5 4 .0 5 3 .9 5 3 .8 5 4 .1 5 4 .1 5 4 .3 5 4 .6 5 4 .7 5 5 .0 5 4 .9 5 4 .8 5 4 .9 5 4 .9 A g r i c u l t u r e .................................................... 622 625 626 549 609 638 640 640 646 715 666 664 6 15 628 6 10 N o n a g r ic u ltu r a l in d u s tr ie s 4 6 ,4 5 3 4 7 ,7 5 7 4 7 ,5 7 9 4 7 ,6 9 3 4 7 ,8 8 3 4 7 ,8 9 7 4 8 ,1 4 8 4 8 ,4 7 3 4 8 ,5 1 9 4 8 ,8 2 7 4 8 ,8 4 9 4 8 ,8 1 9 4 8 ,9 2 9 4 9 ,0 6 2 4 9 ,0 5 1 2 ,5 7 0 U n e m p l o y e d ................................................... 2 ,7 0 9 2 ,4 8 7 2 ,4 8 5 2 ,5 6 5 2 ,4 6 7 2 ,4 5 6 2 ,4 1 3 2 ,4 4 5 2 ,4 2 2 2 ,4 5 5 2 ,3 0 6 2 ,3 6 7 2 ,4 4 8 2 ,4 8 0 U n e m p l o y m e n t r a t e ............ 5 .4 4 .9 4 .9 5 .0 4 .8 4 .8 4 .7 4 .7 4 .7 4 .7 4 .5 4 .6 4 .7 4 .8 4 .9 p o p u l a t i o n 1 ................................................................... 1 4 ,6 0 6 1 4 ,5 2 7 1 4 ,5 3 4 1 4 ,5 3 3 1 4 ,4 9 1 14,477 14,456 14,433 1 4 ,4 4 7 1 4 ,4 1 0 14,367 14,323 14,293 14,224 1 4 ,2 1 1 C i v i l i a n l a b o r f o r c e ...................................... 7 ,9 8 8 8 ,0 3 1 8 ,1 6 5 8 ,1 2 5 8 ,1 0 9 7 ,9 7 5 7 ,9 5 7 7 ,9 7 4 8 ,0 7 1 7 ,8 7 1 7 ,8 5 6 7 ,9 5 8 7 ,9 3 6 8 ,0 4 0 5 4 .9 5 5 .7 5 5 .8 5 6 .6 6 ,7 8 3 6 ,8 1 2 6 ,7 2 6 6 ,7 8 6 Both sexes, 16 to 19 years C iv ilia n n o n in s titu tio n a l P a r tic ip a tio n r a te ......................... 5 4 .7 5 5 .3 5 6 .2 8,122 5 5 .9 5 6 .1 5 6 .0 5 5 .2 5 5 .1 5 5 .2 5 6 .0 5 4 .8 6 ,7 8 1 6 ,8 3 5 6 ,7 9 5 6 ,7 4 8 6 ,7 0 3 6 ,6 4 0 6 ,8 0 5 7 ,0 1 6 6 ,8 9 5 6 ,8 7 2 6 ,8 5 6 r a t i o 2 ................................................................... 4 5 .5 4 6 .8 4 8 .3 4 7 .4 4 7 .4 4 7 .4 4 6 .9 A g r i c u l t u r e ........................................................ 258 2 73 264 259 260 289 283 285 255 307 237 224 237 6 ,5 4 0 6 ,4 4 1 6 ,4 6 6 6 ,5 5 9 6 ,5 7 5 6 ,5 2 6 6 ,5 5 6 1,210 1 ,2 5 4 E m p l o y e d ................................................................. E m p lo y m e n t-p o p u la tio n 4 7 .4 4 7 .0 4 6 .8 4 6 .7 4 7 .4 4 7 .7 4 7 .3 200 4 7 .8 230 N o n a g ric u ltu r a l in d u s trie s . 6 ,3 8 2 6 ,5 3 2 6 ,7 5 2 6 ,6 3 6 6 ,6 1 2 6 ,5 6 7 6 ,4 9 8 6 ,5 5 0 U n e m p l o y e d ........................................................ 1 ,3 4 7 1 ,2 2 6 1 ,1 4 9 1 ,2 2 7 1 ,2 5 3 1 ,2 5 3 1 ,1 9 4 1,122 1 ,1 7 9 1 ,3 2 3 1 ,1 6 8 1 ,0 7 3 1 ,1 4 6 U n e m p l o y m e n t r a t e ................ 1 6 .9 1 5 .3 1 4 .1 1 5 .1 1 5 .4 1 5 .5 1 5 .0 1 4 .1 1 4 .8 1 6 .4 1 4 .8 1 3 .7 1 4 .4 1 5 .2 1 5 .6 p o p u l a t i o n 1 ................................................................. 1 5 6 ,9 5 8 1 5 8 ,1 9 4 1 5 8 ,1 6 6 1 5 8 ,2 7 9 1 5 8 ,3 4 0 1 5 8 ,4 2 2 1 5 8 ,5 2 4 1 5 8 ,6 0 3 1 5 8 ,7 0 5 1 5 8 ,8 6 5 1 5 8 ,9 4 7 1 5 9 ,0 2 0 1 5 9 ,0 9 8 1 5 9 ,2 0 0 1 5 9 ,2 9 7 C i v i l i a n l a b o r f o r c e .................................... 1 0 3 ,2 9 0 1 0 4 ,7 5 6 1 0 4 ,7 1 6 1 0 4 ,6 5 1 1 0 5 ,0 1 3 1 0 5 ,0 3 6 1 0 5 ,0 5 1 1 0 5 ,3 9 5 1 0 5 ,4 1 1 1 0 6 ,1 0 6 1 0 5 ,7 9 8 1 0 5 ,9 8 8 1 0 6 ,3 1 2 1 0 6 ,1 6 4 1 0 6 ,4 5 5 White C iv ilia n n o n in s titu tio n a l ....................... 6 5 .8 66.2 66.2 66.1 6 6 .3 6 6 .3 6 6 .3 6 6 .5 6 6 .4 E m p l o y e d ............................................................... 9 7 ,7 8 9 9 9 ,8 1 2 9 9 ,9 0 2 9 9 ,7 6 1 9 9 ,9 0 7 1 0 0 ,0 5 8 1 0 0 ,1 9 9 1 0 0 ,5 4 3 1 0 0 ,5 6 7 P a rtic ip a tio n ra te 66.8 1 0 1 ,1 8 3 66.6 1 0 1 ,2 7 8 6 6 .7 1 0 1 ,5 5 4 66.8 1 0 1 ,4 5 8 6 6 .7 1 0 1 ,4 6 5 66.8 1 0 1 ,6 9 3 E m p lo y m e n t-p o p u la tio n r a t i o 2 ................................................................. 6 2 .3 6 3 .1 6 3 .2 6 3 .0 6 3 .1 6 3 .2 6 3 .2 6 3 .4 6 3 .4 6 3 .7 6 3 .7 6 3 .9 6 3 .8 6 3 .7 6 3 .8 U n e m p l o y e d ...................................................... 5 ,5 0 1 4 ,9 4 4 4 ,8 1 4 4 ,8 9 0 5 ,1 0 6 4 ,9 7 8 4 ,8 5 2 4 ,8 5 2 4 ,8 4 4 4 ,9 2 3 4 ,5 2 1 4 ,4 3 4 4 ,8 5 4 4 ,6 9 9 4 ,7 6 2 U n e m p l o y m e n t r a t e .............. 5 .3 4 .7 4 .6 4 .7 4 .9 4 .7 4 .6 4 .6 4 .6 4 .6 4 .3 4 .2 4 .6 4 .4 4 .5 p o p u l a t i o n 1 ................................................................. 2 0 ,3 5 2 2 0 ,6 9 2 2 0 ,6 8 3 2 0 ,7 1 5 2 0 ,7 3 6 2 0 ,7 6 2 2 0 ,7 8 6 2 0 ,8 1 1 2 0 ,8 4 2 2 0 ,8 7 7 2 0 ,9 0 5 2 0 ,9 3 0 2 0 ,9 5 6 2 0 ,9 8 6 21,012 C i v i l i a n l a b o r f o r c e .................................... 1 2 ,9 9 3 1 3 ,2 0 5 1 3 ,0 6 6 1 3 ,2 8 3 1 3 ,2 3 6 1 3 ,2 0 1 1 3 ,2 9 0 1 3 ,3 3 0 1 3 ,4 0 5 1 3 ,4 7 7 1 3 ,4 7 6 1 3 ,4 2 5 1 3 ,2 8 7 1 3 ,4 4 4 1 3 ,6 0 0 6 3 .8 6 3 .8 6 3 .2 6 4 .1 6 3 .8 6 3 .6 6 3 .9 6 4 .1 6 4 .3 6 4 .6 6 4 .5 6 4 .1 6 3 .4 6 4 .1 6 4 .7 1 1 ,9 6 1 1 1 ,8 4 6 1 1 ,9 6 8 1 1 ,9 8 2 Black C iv ilia n n o n in s titu tio n a l P a rtic ip a tio n ra te ........................ E m p l o y e d ..................................................„ . . . . 1 1 ,3 0 9 1 1 ,6 5 8 1 1 ,5 4 3 1 1 ,7 6 1 1 1 ,7 3 3 1 1 ,7 5 8 1 1 ,8 0 7 1 1 ,8 3 1 1 1 ,8 5 6 1 1 ,8 6 0 1 1 ,8 7 3 E m p lo y m e n t-p o p u la tio n r a t i o 2 ................................................................. 5 5 .6 5 6 .3 5 5 .8 5 6 .8 5 6 .6 5 6 .6 5 6 .8 5 6 .8 5 6 .9 5 6 .8 5 6 .8 5 7 .1 5 6 .5 5 7 .0 5 7 .0 U n e m p l o y e d ...................................................... 1 ,6 8 4 1 ,5 4 7 1 ,5 2 3 1 ,5 2 2 1 ,5 0 3 1 ,4 4 3 1 ,4 8 3 1 ,4 9 9 1 ,5 4 9 1 ,6 1 7 1 ,6 0 3 1 ,4 6 4 1 ,4 4 2 1 ,4 7 6 1 ,6 1 8 U n e m p l o y m e n t r a t e .............. 1 3 .0 1 1 .7 1 1 .7 1 1 .5 1 1 .4 1 0 .9 1 1 .9 1 0 .9 11.2 11.2 11.6 12.0 10.8 11.0 1 1 .9 S e e f o o tn o te s a t e n d o f ta b le . https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Monthly Labor Review August 1989 69 Current Labor Statistics: Employment Data 5. Continued— Employment status of the civilian population, by sex, age, race and Hispanic origin, monthly data seasonally adjusted ( N u m b e r s in t h o u s a n d s ) A n n u a l a ve ra g e 19 8 8 19 8 9 E m p lo y m e n t s ta tu s 19 8 7 19 8 8 Ju n e J u ly Aug. S e p t. O c t. Nov. Dec. Ja n . Feb . M a r. A pr. M ay p o p u l a t i o n 1 ..................................................................................... 1 2 ,8 6 7 1 3 ,3 2 5 1 3 ,3 0 6 1 3 ,3 4 4 1 3 ,3 8 1 1 3 ,4 1 9 1 3 ,4 5 8 1 3 ,4 9 5 1 3 ,5 3 3 1 3 ,5 6 4 1 3 ,6 0 6 1 3 ,6 4 9 1 3 ,6 9 0 1 3 ,7 3 1 C i v i l i a n l a b o r f o r c e ........................................................ 8 ,5 4 1 8 ,9 8 2 9 ,0 0 9 8 ,9 9 7 8 ,9 6 3 9 ,0 6 1 9 ,0 7 5 9 ,1 4 8 9 ,1 3 3 9 ,2 0 5 9 ,2 1 9 9 ,2 1 0 9 ,2 6 2 9 ,4 2 8 .......................................... 6 6 .4 6 7 .4 6 7 .7 6 7 .4 6 7 .0 6 7 .5 6 7 .4 6 7 .8 6 7 .5 6 7 .9 6 7 .8 6 7 .5 6 7 .7 6 8 .7 6 7 .3 E m p l o y e d .................................................................................. 7 ,7 9 0 8 ,2 5 0 8 ,2 2 2 8 ,2 6 5 8 ,2 1 4 8 ,3 7 8 8 ,3 6 8 8 ,4 1 9 8 ,4 4 1 8 ,4 3 4 8 ,5 9 6 8 ,6 0 7 8 ,4 9 5 8 ,6 8 6 8 ,5 2 4 Ju n e H is p a n ic o r ig in C iv ilia n n o n in s t it u tio n a l P a rtic ip a tio n ra te 1 3 ,7 7 2 9 ,2 7 2 E m p lo y m e n t-p o p u la tio n r a t i o 2 ..................................................................................... 6 0 .5 6 1 .9 6 1 .8 6 1 .9 6 1 .4 6 2 .4 6 2 .2 6 2 .4 6 2 .4 6 2 .2 6 3 .2 6 3 .1 6 2 .1 6 3 .3 6 1 .9 U n e m p l o y e d ......................................................................... 75 1 73 2 78 7 73 2 74 9 683 70 7 729 692 771 624 603 76 7 74 2 74 8 U n e m p l o y m e n t r a t e .................................. 8 .8 8 .2 8 .7 8 .1 8 .4 7 .5 7 .8 8 .0 7 .6 8 .4 6 .8 6 .5 8 .3 7 .9 8 .1 T h e p o p u la tio n fig u r e s a r e n o t s e a s o n a lly a d ju s te d . 2 6. b e c a u s e d a t a fo r th e “ o th e r r a c e s ” g r o u p s a r e n o t p r e s e n t e d a n d H is p a n ic s a r e in c lu d e d C iv il i a n e m p l o y m e n t a s a p e r c e n t o f t h e c iv ilia n n o n i n s t it u t i o n a l p o p u l a t i o n . N O T E : D e ta il fo r th e above ra c e and H is p a n ic -o rig in g ro u p s w ill not in b o t h t h e w h i t e a n d b l a c k p o p u l a t i o n g r o u p s . sum to to ta ls Selected employment indicators, monthly data seasonally adjusted (In th o u s a n d s ) A n n u a l a ve ra g e 19 8 8 19 8 9 S e le c te d c a te g o rie s 19 8 7 19 8 8 Ju n e 1 1 2 ,4 4 0 1 1 4 ,9 6 8 1 1 5 ,0 0 1 Ju ly Aug. S e p t. O c t. N ov. Dec. Ja n . Fe b . M a r. A p r. M ay Ju n e 1 1 7 ,5 4 1 CHARACTERISTIC C iv ilia n e m p lo y e d , 1 6 y e a r s a n d o v e r ........................................................................................................... 1 1 5 ,0 3 4 1 1 5 ,2 0 3 1 1 5 ,3 7 0 1 1 5 ,5 7 3 1 1 5 ,9 4 7 1 1 6 ,0 0 9 1 1 6 ,7 1 1 1 1 6 ,8 5 3 1 1 7 ,1 3 6 1 1 7 ,1 1 3 1 1 7 ,2 1 5 M e n .................................................................................................... 6 2 ,1 0 7 6 3 ,2 7 3 6 3 ,3 7 1 6 3 ,4 2 9 6 3 ,4 0 2 6 3 ,4 7 5 6 3 ,4 5 0 6 3 ,5 3 2 6 3 ,5 2 1 6 3 ,7 9 0 6 4 ,0 5 1 6 4 ,3 9 9 6 4 ,2 4 6 6 4 ,2 0 2 6 4 ,6 0 9 W om en ....................................................................................... 5 0 ,3 3 4 5 1 ,6 9 6 5 1 ,6 3 0 5 1 ,6 0 5 5 1 ,8 0 1 5 1 ,8 9 5 5 2 ,1 2 3 5 2 ,4 1 5 5 2 ,4 8 8 5 2 ,9 2 1 5 2 ,8 0 2 5 2 ,7 3 7 5 2 ,8 6 6 5 3 ,0 1 3 5 2 ,9 3 2 M a r r i e d m e n , s p o u s e p r e s e n t .. 4 0 ,2 6 5 4 0 ,4 7 2 4 0 ,4 9 3 4 0 ,5 1 8 4 0 ,5 1 1 4 0 ,5 1 3 4 0 ,5 0 4 4 0 ,4 0 7 4 0 ,4 8 3 4 0 ,9 2 5 4 0 ,9 2 8 4 1 ,0 8 3 4 0 ,8 9 0 4 0 ,9 0 2 4 1 ,1 0 2 2 8 ,1 0 7 2 8 ,7 5 6 2 8 ,6 7 8 2 8 ,6 6 9 2 8 ,8 0 9 2 8 ,8 3 6 2 8 ,8 9 0 2 8 ,9 9 5 2 9 ,0 5 3 2 9 ,5 8 9 2 9 ,4 1 2 2 9 ,5 6 9 2 9 ,6 5 6 2 9 ,7 3 9 2 9 ,4 8 1 6 ,0 6 0 6 ,2 1 1 6 ,1 3 0 6 ,1 7 0 6 ,2 8 0 6 ,2 5 3 6 ,3 4 4 6 ,3 7 5 6 ,3 9 9 6 ,4 1 6 6 ,3 8 5 6 ,2 5 6 6 ,2 4 3 6 ,3 3 1 6 ,4 0 3 M a rrie d w o m e n , s p o u s e p r e s e n t .................................................................................... W o m e n w h o m a in ta in fa m ilie s . MAJOR INDUSTRY AND CLASS OF WORKER A g r ic u lt u r e : W a g e a n d s a la r y w o r k e r s .................. 1 ,6 3 2 1 ,6 2 1 1 ,5 8 3 1 ,5 7 2 1 ,6 0 7 1 ,6 1 2 1 ,6 6 1 1 ,6 7 2 1 ,6 9 8 1 ,6 8 4 1 ,6 4 5 1 ,6 5 6 1 ,5 5 4 1 ,6 1 0 1 ,5 5 0 S e l f - e m p l o y e d w o r k e r s ............................. 1 ,4 2 3 1 ,3 9 8 1 ,3 7 5 1 ,3 6 2 1 ,4 1 1 1 ,4 2 1 1 ,4 0 5 1 ,4 5 0 1 ,3 4 9 1 ,3 8 7 1 ,4 1 9 1 ,4 0 3 1 ,4 1 9 1 ,3 5 8 1 ,4 1 2 U n p a i d f a m i l y w o r k e r s ............................... 15 3 15 0 16 1 14 9 15 8 13 7 177 12 5 14 9 18 9 15 0 13 8 124 12 7 12 6 1 0 0 ,7 7 1 1 0 3 ,0 2 1 1 0 2 ,9 5 3 1 0 3 ,1 8 9 1 0 3 ,2 0 7 1 0 3 ,5 0 1 1 0 3 ,7 3 3 1 0 3 ,7 7 0 1 0 3 ,9 0 4 1 0 4 ,5 1 0 1 0 4 ,7 9 7 1 0 4 ,9 8 2 1 0 4 ,9 8 5 1 0 5 ,2 4 5 1 0 5 ,5 1 9 N o n a g r ic u ltu r a l in d u s tr ie s : W a g e a n d s a l a r y w o r k e r s .................. G o v e r n m e n t .............................................................. 1 6 ,8 0 0 1 7 ,1 1 4 1 7 ,0 4 9 1 7 ,0 3 1 1 7 ,1 1 1 1 7 ,1 4 5 1 7 ,2 4 0 1 7 ,3 8 7 1 7 ,4 2 3 1 7 ,3 9 3 1 7 ,3 1 1 1 7 ,3 8 2 1 7 ,1 8 0 1 7 ,2 3 0 1 7 ,2 6 1 P r i v a t e i n d u s t r i e s ............................................. 8 3 ,9 7 0 8 5 ,9 0 7 8 5 ,9 0 4 8 6 ,1 5 8 8 6 ,0 9 6 8 6 ,3 5 6 8 6 ,4 9 3 8 6 ,3 8 3 8 6 ,4 8 1 8 7 ,1 1 7 8 7 ,4 8 6 8 7 ,6 0 0 8 7 ,8 0 6 8 8 ,0 1 5 8 8 ,2 5 9 P r i v a t e h o u s e h o l d s ............................... 1 ,2 0 8 1 ,1 5 3 1 ,1 4 6 1 ,1 3 2 1 ,1 2 8 1 ,1 1 9 1 ,1 5 2 1 ,2 0 9 1 ,2 1 0 1 ,1 9 6 1 ,1 3 5 1 ,1 6 3 1 ,1 1 7 1 ,1 2 8 1 ,1 4 0 O t h e r .................................................................................. 8 2 ,7 6 2 8 4 ,7 5 4 8 4 ,7 5 8 8 5 ,0 2 6 8 4 ,9 6 8 8 5 ,2 3 7 8 5 ,3 4 1 8 5 ,1 7 4 8 5 ,2 7 1 8 5 ,9 2 1 8 6 ,3 5 0 8 6 ,4 3 7 8 6 ,6 8 9 8 6 ,8 8 7 8 7 ,1 1 8 S e l f - e m p l o y e d w o r k e r s ............................. 8 ,2 0 1 8 ,5 1 9 8 ,5 3 6 8 ,5 3 1 8 ,5 0 8 8 ,5 7 0 8 ,4 7 9 8 ,6 1 9 8 ,6 0 2 8 ,7 1 8 8 ,5 1 7 8 ,6 4 5 8 ,6 7 1 8 ,5 1 6 8 ,5 7 0 U n p a i d f a m i l y w o r k e r s ............................... 260 260 297 251 241 230 232 300 266 298 285 332 281 322 241 PERSONS AT WORK PART TIME1 A ll in d u s trie s : P a r t tim e fo r e c o n o m ic r e a s o n s S la c k w o rk . 5 ,4 0 1 5 ,2 0 6 5 ,3 0 2 5 ,3 4 1 5 ,1 9 2 5 ,0 9 7 4 ,9 6 3 5 ,0 6 1 ......................................................................... 2 ,3 8 5 2 ,3 5 0 2 ,3 4 6 2 ,4 7 1 2 ,3 1 5 2 ,2 6 6 2 ,2 2 0 2 ,2 7 9 2 ,5 4 9 2 ,3 0 2 2 ,3 0 3 2 ,2 3 2 2 ,3 7 3 2 ,2 9 6 2 ,3 1 8 2 ,6 7 2 2 ,4 8 7 2 ,5 8 6 2 ,5 3 8 2 ,4 7 3 2 ,3 8 9 2 ,3 9 9 2 ,3 7 5 2 ,4 1 0 2 ,3 5 2 2 ,3 3 3 2 ,3 9 3 2 ,4 2 5 2 ,3 4 3 2 ,2 8 9 1 4 ,3 9 5 1 4 ,9 6 3 1 4 ,6 1 2 1 5 ,0 2 6 1 4 ,9 9 9 1 5 ,2 7 0 1 5 ,1 6 1 1 5 ,4 4 6 1 5 ,3 6 3 1 5 ,4 0 1 1 5 ,1 2 6 1 5 ,5 6 1 1 5 ,4 9 8 1 5 ,3 1 6 1 5 ,4 1 6 5 ,1 2 2 4 ,9 6 5 5 ,0 7 3 5 ,1 0 2 4 ,9 7 2 4 ,8 6 2 4 ,7 2 7 4 ,8 1 9 5 ,0 3 3 4 ,8 3 7 4 ,6 9 7 4 ,7 0 9 4 ,9 3 0 4 ,6 0 9 C o u l d o n ly fin d p a r t -t im e w o r k V o lu n ta r y p a rt tim e ................................................. 5 ,3 2 1 5 ,0 9 7 4 ,9 8 1 4 ,9 6 8 5 ,1 4 3 4 ,8 3 7 4 ,9 5 7 N o n a g r ic u ltu r a l in d u s trie s : P a r t tim e fo r e c o n o m ic r e a s o n s S la c k w o rk . ......................................................................... C o u l d o n ly fin d p a r t -t im e w o r k V o lu n ta r y p a r t tim e ................................................. 2 ,1 9 9 2 ,1 8 3 2 ,3 3 4 2 ,1 7 1 2 ,1 0 2 2 ,0 9 5 2 ,1 1 6 2 ,3 7 7 2 ,1 4 4 2 ,1 0 5 2 ,0 4 8 2 ,2 4 3 2 ,1 0 2 2 ,1 9 0 2 ,4 0 8 2 ,5 0 4 2 ,4 9 3 2 ,4 0 8 2 ,3 1 7 2 ,3 1 9 2 ,2 8 8 2 ,3 0 7 2 ,2 8 3 2 ,2 7 2 2 ,3 1 7 2 ,3 6 9 2 ,3 0 1 2 ,2 3 6 1 3 ,9 2 8 1 4 ,5 0 9 1 4 ,1 8 0 1 4 ,6 0 6 1 4 ,5 6 4 1 4 ,8 1 9 1 4 ,6 7 9 1 4 ,9 8 6 1 4 ,9 2 8 1 4 ,9 7 0 1 4 ,6 8 8 1 5 ,1 2 7 1 5 ,0 6 0 1 4 ,9 7 6 1 4 ,9 7 7 _____ 1 70 E x c l u d e s p e r s o n s “ w ith a jo b b u t n o t a t w o r k ” d u r in g t h e s u r v e y p e r io d f o r s u c h r e a s o n s a s v a c a t io n , illn e s s , o r in d u s tria l d is p u te s . Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 4 ,8 0 1 2 ,2 0 1 2 ,5 8 7 August 1989 7. Selected unemployment indicators, monthly data seasonally adjusted ( U n e m p lo y m e n t ra te s ) 19 8 9 19 8 8 A n n u a l a v e ra g e S e le c te d c a te g o rie s 19 8 7 19 8 8 Ju n e J u ly Aug. S e p t. O c t. N ov. Dec. Ja n . Feb . M a r. A pr. M ay Ju n e CHARACTERISTIC T o t a l , a l l c i v i l i a n w o r k e r s .................................................................................................. 6 .2 5 .5 5 .4 5 .4 5 .6 5 .4 5 .3 5 .4 5 .3 5 .4 5 .1 5 .0 5 .3 5 .2 5 .3 B o t h s e x e s , 1 6 t o 1 9 y e a r s ............................................................................ 1 6 .9 1 5 .3 1 4 .1 1 5 .1 1 5 .4 1 5 .5 1 5 .0 1 4 .1 1 4 .8 1 6 .4 1 4 .8 1 3 .7 1 4 .4 1 5 .2 1 5 .6 M e n , 2 0 y e a r s a n d o v e r ....................................................................................... 5 .4 4 .8 4 .6 4 .5 4 .9 4 .6 4 .6 4 .8 4 .7 4 .6 4 .5 4 .2 4 .6 4 .3 4 .3 W o m e n , 2 0 y e a r s a n d o v e r ............................................................................ 5 .4 4 .9 4 .9 5 .0 4 .8 4 .8 4 .7 4 .7 4 .7 4 .7 4 .5 4 .6 4 .7 4 .8 4 .9 B o th s e x e s , 1 6 to M e n , 1 6 to 4 .3 4 .2 4 .6 4 .4 4 .5 4 .6 1 3 .1 1 2 .3 1 2 .9 1 3 .7 1 3 .4 1 2 .9 1 1 .9 1 2 .6 1 4 .1 1 2 .1 1 1 .3 1 2 .3 1 3 .1 1 3 .0 .................................................................................. 1 3 .9 1 3 .2 1 4 .3 1 3 .9 1 4 .5 1 4 .4 1 2 .6 1 3 .4 1 6 .4 1 4 .0 1 2 .3 1 3 .1 1 4 .8 1 3 .4 1 9 y e a r s ....................................................................... 1 3 .4 1 2 .3 1 1 .4 1 1 .4 1 3 .5 1 2 .3 1 1 .3 1 1 .3 1 1 .8 1 1 .7 1 0 .2 1 0 .2 1 1 .5 1 1 .2 1 2 .6 4 .8 4 .1 4 .0 3 .9 4 .3 4 .1 4 .1 4 .2 4 .1 4 .0 3 .8 3 .6 4 .0 3 .6 3 .7 4 .0 4 .0 3 .9 3 .9 3 .6 3 .8 4 .1 4 .1 4 .1 1 9 y e a r s ..................................................................... 19 ye a rs W o m e n , 1 6 to 4 .6 4 .6 1 4 .4 1 5 .5 W h i t e , t o t a l ........................................................................................................................................ M e n , 2 0 y e a rs a n d o v e r ................................................................................ W o m e n , 2 0 y e a r s a n d o v e r ..................................................................... 5 .3 4 .6 4 .7 4 .1 4 .6 4 .1 4 .7 4 .3 4 .9 4 .1 4 .7 4 .1 4 .6 1 3 .0 1 1 .7 1 0 .8 1 1 .0 B o t h s e x e s , 1 6 t o 1 9 y e a r s ..................................................................... 3 4 .7 3 2 .4 3 0 .6 3 1 .7 3 2 .1 3 1 .9 3 0 .9 3 1 .1 2 9 .6 3 4 .5 3 2 .4 3 1 .6 3 0 .8 3 2 .4 3 6 .5 M e n , 1 6 t o 1 9 y e a r s ................................................................................... 3 4 .4 3 2 .7 3 1 .5 3 1 .2 3 2 .1 3 1 .9 3 2 .8 3 2 .1 2 9 .8 3 6 .7 3 3 .1 2 8 .6 3 5 .5 3 6 .9 3 3 .5 W o m e n , 1 6 t o 1 9 y e a r s ....................................................................... 3 4 .9 3 2 .0 2 9 .6 3 2 .4 3 2 .0 3 1 .9 2 8 .6 2 9 .9 2 9 .3 3 2 .0 3 1 .6 3 4 .8 2 6 .2 2 8 .4 4 0 .2 1 1 .1 1 0 .1 9 .9 9 .6 9 .7 9 .1 9 .6 9 .8 1 0 .0 1 0 .4 1 0 .5 9 .8 1 0 .0 9 .4 9 .4 1 0 .3 9 .1 8 .8 9 .5 1 0 .5 6 .8 6 .5 8 .3 7 .9 8 .1 B la c k , to t a l ........................................................................................................................................ M e n , 2 0 ye a rs a n d o ve r ................................................................................ 1 1 .7 1 1 .5 1 1 .4 1 0 .9 1 1 .2 1 1 .2 1 1 .6 1 2 .0 W o m e n , 2 0 y e a r s a n d o v e r ..................................................................... 1 1 .6 1 0 .4 1 0 .6 1 0 .3 1 0 .0 9 .7 9 .8 9 .8 1 0 .5 1 0 .4 H i s p a n i c o r i g i n , t o t a l ...................................................................................................... 8 .8 8 .2 8 .7 8 .1 8 .4 7 .5 7 .8 8 .0 7 .6 8 .4 1 1 .9 1 0 .9 3 .2 2 .9 1 1 .9 2 .8 M a r r i e d m e n , s p o u s e p r e s e n t ................................................................... 3 .9 3 .3 3 .2 3 .1 3 .4 3 .1 3 .1 3 .3 3 .1 3 .1 3 .1 2 .9 M a r r i e d w o m e n , s p o u s e p r e s e n t ........................................................ 4 .3 3 .9 3 .9 4 .0 4 .0 3 .8 3 .7 3 .8 3 .7 3 .6 3 .4 3 .5 4 .0 3 .8 3 .8 7 .6 8 .3 7 .9 8 .1 7 .9 8 .2 8 .0 8 .0 7 .9 F u ll-tim e w o r k e r s ................................................................................................................. 5 .8 5 .2 5 .0 5 .0 5 .3 5 .1 5 .0 5 .0 5 .1 5 .0 4 .8 4 .8 5 .0 4 .8 4 .8 P a rt-tim e w o rk e rs ............................................................................................................... 8 .4 7 .6 7 .7 8 .0 7 .4 7 .4 7 .4 7 .1 7 .0 7 .9 7 .3 6 .2 7 .2 6 .9 7 .7 W o m e n w h o m a i n t a i n f a m i l i e s ................................................................. 9 .2 8 .1 7 .9 8 .5 7 .5 7 .7 1 5 w e e k s a n d o v e r ........................................................ 1 .7 1 .3 1 .3 1 .3 1 .3 1 .3 1 .3 1 .2 1 .2 1 .2 1 .1 1 .1 1 .2 1 .1 1 .0 L a b o r f o r c e t i m e l o s t ' ................................................................................................ 7 .1 6 .3 6 .3 6 .4 6 .4 6 .3 6 .1 6 .2 6 .3 6 .2 5 .9 5 .8 6 .0 5 .9 6 .1 U n e m p lo y e d INDUSTRY N o n a g ric u ltu r a l p riv a te w a g e a n d s a la r y w o r k e r s .... 6 .2 5 .5 5 .4 5 .4 5 .6 5 .4 5 .4 5 .5 5 .4 5 .6 5 .1 5 .0 5 .4 5 .2 5 .3 M i n i n g ........................................................................................................................................................... 1 0 .0 7 .9 6 .8 5 .4 7 .0 8 .6 8 .8 8 .9 7 .7 6 .1 8 .0 7 .0 5 .6 4 .5 3 .7 C o n s t r u c t i o n ................................................................................................................................... 1 1 .6 1 0 .6 1 0 .3 1 0 .4 1 0 .7 9 .6 1 0 .0 1 0 .6 1 0 .4 1 0 .4 1 0 .0 9 .4 9 .7 9 .3 1 0 .0 6 .0 5 .3 4 .9 5 .2 5 .5 5 .4 5 .3 5 .1 5 .2 5 .3 4 .9 4 .8 4 .9 4 .9 5 .2 5 .0 4 .9 5 .0 5 .0 4 .4 4 .7 4 .7 4 .5 4 .6 5 .8 5 .7 5 .3 5 .5 5 .7 5 .5 4 .9 5 .2 5 .5 6 .1 M a n u fa c tu rin g ............................................................................................................................ D u r a b l e g o o d s ...................................................................................................................... 5 .8 5 .0 4 .5 4 .9 5 .0 N o n d u r a b l e g o o d s ...................................................................................................... 6 .3 5 .7 5 .5 5 .6 6 .3 5 .2 ................................................... 4 .5 3 .9 4 .1 3 .6 3 .8 3 .8 3 .5 4 .0 3 .8 3 .8 3 .9 3 .9 4 .0 4 .0 4 .4 W h o l e s a l e a n d r e t a i l t r a d e .............................................................................. 6 .9 6 .2 6 .0 6 .2 6 .4 6 .2 6 .0 6 .2 6 .3 6 .3 5 .6 5 .6 5 .9 5 .5 6 .0 4 .7 4 .3 4 .1 4 .8 4 .7 4 .3 T r a n s p o r t a t i o n a n d p u b l i c u tilit ie s 4 .5 4 .6 4 .1 G o v e r n m e n t w o r k e r s ............................................................................................................... 3 .5 2 .8 2 .9 3 .0 2 .9 2 .7 2 .6 2 .5 2 .7 2 .7 2 .7 2 .6 2 .7 2 .9 3 .0 ................................................. 1 0 .5 1 0 .6 1 0 .0 1 1 .0 1 1 .0 1 0 .8 1 0 .2 9 .3 8 .8 9 .5 8 .9 8 .9 1 0 .5 1 0 .3 1 1 .0 F i n a n c e a n d s e r v i c e i n d u s t r i e s ............................................................... A g r ic u ltu r a l w a g e a n d s a la r y w o r k e r s 1 4 .9 4 .5 4 .6 4 .5 4 .4 4 .4 A g g r e g a t e h o u r s lo s t b y t h e u n e m p l o y e d a n d p e r s o n s o n p a r t tim e fo r e c o n o m ic r e a s o n s a s a p e r c e n t o f p o te n t ia lly a v a ila b le la b o r fo r c e h o u r s . https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Monthly Labor Review August 1989 71 Current Labor Statistics: 8. Employment Data Unemployment rates by sex and age, monthly data seasonally adjusted (C iv ilia n w o r k e r s ) Annual 19 8 8 a v e ra g e 19 8 9 S e x and age 19 8 7 19 8 8 Ju n e J u ly Aug. S e p t. O c t. Nov. Dec. Ja n . Feb . M a r. A pr. M ay Ju n e T o t a l , 1 6 y e a r s a n d o v e r ........................................................................................................................................................... 6 .2 5 .5 5 .2 5 .3 1 6 t o 2 4 y e a r s ............................................................................................................................................................................................ 1 2 .2 1 1 .0 1 0 .5 1 0 .9 1 1 .0 1 0 .9 1 0 .9 1 0 .6 1 0 .9 1 1 .9 1 0 .5 9 .8 1 0 .5 1 0 .4 1 1 .3 1 6 t o 1 9 y e a r s ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 1 6 .9 1 5 .3 1 4 .1 1 5 .1 1 5 .4 1 5 .5 1 5 .0 1 4 .1 1 4 .8 1 6 .4 1 4 .8 1 3 .7 1 4 .4 1 5 .2 1 5 .6 5 .4 5 .4 5 .6 5 .4 5 .4 5 .3 5 .3 5 .4 5 .1 5 .0 5 .3 1 6 to 1 7 y e a r s ............................................................................................................................................................................... 1 9 .1 1 7 .4 1 5 .9 1 7 .5 1 8 .5 1 9 .6 1 7 .2 1 5 .8 1 6 .6 1 8 .3 1 8 .2 1 5 .3 1 4 .9 1 6 .2 1 7 .5 1 8 to ............................................................................................................................................................................... 1 5 .2 1 3 .8 1 3 .3 1 3 .1 1 3 .7 1 2 .8 1 3 .3 1 2 .9 1 3 .3 1 5 .4 1 2 .7 1 2 .5 1 3 .8 1 4 .5 1 4 .9 19 ye a rs 2 0 t o 2 4 y e a r s ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 9 .7 8 .7 8 .4 8 .6 2 5 y e a r s a n d o v e r ............................................................................................................................................................................... 4 .8 4 .3 4 .2 4 .2 4 .4 4 .2 4 .1 4 .2 4 .1 4 .1 4 .0 3 .9 4 .1 4 .0 4 .0 5 .0 4 .5 4 .4 4 .4 4 .5 4 .4 4 .3 4 .4 4 .3 4 .2 4 .2 4 .1 4 .4 4 .2 4 .1 5 5 y e a r s a n d o v e r .................................................................................................................................................................. 3 .3 3 .1 3 .0 3 .1 3 .2 2 .9 2 .8 2 .8 3 .0 3 .1 3 .1 2 .6 2 .9 2 .9 3 .3 M e n , 1 6 y e a r s a n d o v e r .................................................................................................................................................. 6 .2 5 .5 5 .3 5 .3 5 .6 5 .4 5 .4 5 .4 5 .3 5 .5 5 .2 4 .8 5 .3 5 .0 5 .0 ............................................................................................................................................................................... 1 2 .6 1 1 .4 1 1 .0 1 1 .3 1 1 .4 1 1 .3 1 1 .8 1 0 .9 1 1 .1 1 2 .8 1 1 .1 9 .7 1 0 .7 1 1 .0 1 1 .5 1 6 t o 1 9 y e a r s ........................................................................................................................................................................... 1 7 .8 1 6 .0 1 5 .4 1 6 .3 1 6 .0 1 6 .4 1 6 .5 1 4 .8 1 5 .4 1 8 .6 1 6 .7 1 4 .2 1 5 .5 1 7 .0 1 5 .8 2 5 to 5 4 y e a r s ............................................................................................................................................................................... 1 6 to 2 4 y e a r s 1 6 to 8 .5 8 .5 8 .4 8 .7 8 .7 9 .3 8 .1 7 .7 8 .4 7 .7 8 .9 1 7 y e a r s .................................................................................................................................................................... 2 0 .2 1 8 .2 1 7 .5 1 8 .1 1 7 .7 2 0 .8 1 8 .5 1 7 .3 1 7 .3 2 0 .6 1 9 .6 1 5 .8 1 7 .0 1 8 .8 2 0 .0 1 8 t o 1 9 y e a r s .................................................................................................................................................................... 1 6 .0 1 4 .6 1 4 .3 1 4 .4 1 4 .5 1 3 .5 1 5 .0 1 3 .0 1 3 .5 1 7 .9 1 5 .1 1 3 .2 1 4 .6 1 5 .7 1 3 .6 2 0 t o 2 4 y e a r s ........................................................................................................................................................................... 9 .9 8 .9 8 .5 8 .5 8 .9 8 .5 9 .2 8 .8 8 .7 9 .6 8 .1 7 .2 8 .0 7 .7 9 .2 2 5 y e a r s a n d o v e r .................................................................................................................................................................. 4 .8 4 .2 4 .1 4 .0 4 .4 4 .1 4 .0 4 .2 4 .1 4 .0 4 .0 3 .8 4 .2 3 .7 3 .7 2 5 t o 5 4 y e a r s .................................................................................................................................................................... 5 .0 4 .4 4 .2 4 .2 4 .5 4 .3 4 .2 4 .4 4 .3 4 .2 4 .1 4 .0 4 .4 3 .9 3 .7 5 5 y e a r s a n d o v e r ...................................................................................................................................................... 3 .5 3 .3 3 .2 3 .2 3 .4 2 .9 3 .0 3 .2 3 .3 3 .0 3 .4 2 .8 3 .2 2 .9 3 .0 W o m e n , 1 6 y e a r s a n d o v e r ................................................................................................................................... 6 .2 1 6 t o 2 4 y e a r s ............................................................................................................................................................................. 1 6 to 19 ye a rs ...................................................................................................................................................................... 5 .6 5 .5 5 .7 5 .5 5 .5 5 .3 5 .3 5 .4 5 .4 5 .0 5 .1 5 .3 5 .3 5 .6 1 1 .7 1 0 .6 1 0 .0 1 0 .5 1 0 .4 1 0 .5 9 .9 1 0 .3 1 0 .7 1 0 .9 9 .7 1 0 .0 1 0 .4 9 .8 1 1 .0 1 5 .9 1 4 .4 1 2 .6 1 3 .8 1 4 .8 1 4 .5 1 3 .3 1 4 .2 1 4 .0 1 2 .8 1 3 .4 1 5 .4 1 6 to 1 7 ye a rs ................................................................................................................................................................ 1 8 .0 1 6 .6 1 4 .1 1 6 .8 1 9 .2 1 8 .2 1 5 .8 1 4 .1 1 5 .8 1 5 .9 1 6 .8 1 4 .8 1 2 .7 1 3 .4 1 4 .7 1 8 to 19 y e a rs ................................................................................................................................................................ 1 4 .3 1 2 .9 1 2 .1 1 1 .6 1 2 .8 1 2 .0 1 1 .6 1 2 .8 1 3 .1 1 2 .7 1 0 .0 1 1 .7 1 2 .8 1 3 .3 1 6 .2 2 0 to 2 4 y e a rs 1 3 .3 1 3 .1 1 3 .2 ...................................................................................................................................................................... 9 .4 8 .5 8 .6 8 .6 8 .0 8 .2 7 .9 8 .6 8 .7 9 .1 8 .0 8 .3 8 .9 7 .7 2 5 y e a r s a n d o v e r ................................................................................................................................................................ 4 .8 4 .3 4 .3 4 .4 4 .3 4 .3 4 .2 4 .2 4 .1 4 .1 3 .9 4 .0 4 .1 4 .4 4 .4 ................................................................................................................................................................ 5 .1 4 .6 4 .6 4 .7 4 .6 4 .5 4 .5 4 .4 4 .4 4 .3 4 .2 4 .3 4 .4 4 .6 4 .5 5 5 y e a r s a n d o v e r .................................................................................................................................................. 3 .0 2 .8 2 .8 2 .9 2 .8 2 .9 2 .4 2 .4 2 .6 3 .1 2 .5 2 .3 2 .6 3 .0 3 .8 2 5 to 5 4 y e a r s 9. 8 .6 Unemployed persons by reason for unemployment, monthly data seasonally adjusted ( N u m b e r s in t h o u s a n d s ) A n n u a l a v e ra g e 19 8 8 19 8 9 R e a s o n fo r u n e m p lo y m e n t 19 8 7 Jo b lo s e rs O n ....................................................................................................................................................... 19 8 8 3 ,5 6 6 Ju n e 3 ,0 9 2 J u ly 3 ,0 7 0 Aug. 3 ,0 8 5 S e p t. 3 ,1 1 2 O c t. 3 ,0 7 9 Nov. 2 ,9 5 1 Dec. 3 ,0 3 1 Ja n . 3 ,0 6 6 M a r. Fe b . 3 ,1 2 1 2 ,8 7 6 A pr. 2 ,8 3 1 M ay 2 ,9 8 4 Ju n e 2 ,7 2 4 2 ,7 6 5 l a y o f f ....................................................................................................................................................... 943 851 861 853 880 833 844 8 14 8 19 827 774 808 847 79 0 806 O t h e r j o b l o s e r s ............................................................................................................................ 2 ,6 2 3 2 ,2 4 1 2 ,2 0 9 2 ,2 3 2 2 ,2 3 2 2 ,2 4 6 2 ,1 0 7 2 ,2 1 7 2 ,2 4 7 2 ,2 9 4 2 ,1 0 2 2 ,0 2 3 2 ,1 3 7 1 ,9 3 4 1 ,9 5 8 Jo b le a v e r s .................................................................................................................................................. 965 983 953 923 986 985 984 963 998 985 985 885 9 78 1 ,1 1 4 1 ,0 2 3 ..................................................................................................................................................... 1 ,9 7 4 1 ,8 0 9 1 ,7 4 7 1 ,8 8 3 1 ,8 4 3 1 ,7 6 7 1 ,7 4 7 1 ,7 6 6 1 ,7 2 5 1 ,8 3 5 1 ,7 4 0 1 ,7 3 0 1 ,8 9 4 1 ,8 5 2 2 ,0 5 1 920 8 16 800 79 9 800 76 1 74 7 79 9 79 9 78 0 76 5 713 6 71 683 742 l o s e r s ................................................................................................................................................... 4 8 .0 4 6 .1 4 6 .7 4 6 .1 4 6 .2 4 6 .7 4 5 .9 4 6 .2 4 6 .5 4 6 .4 4 5 .2 4 6 .0 4 5 .7 4 2 .7 4 2 .0 l a y o f f ................................................................................................................................................ 1 2 .7 1 2 .7 1 3 .1 1 2 .8 1 3 .1 1 2 .6 1 3 .1 1 2 .4 1 2 .4 1 2 .3 1 2 .2 1 3 .1 1 3 .0 1 2 .4 1 2 .3 O t h e r j o b l o s e r s ...................................................................................................................... 3 3 .0 3 2 .8 3 2 .7 3 0 .3 2 9 .8 R e e n tra n ts New e n tr a n ts ............................................................................................................................................ PERCENT OF UNEMPLOYED Jo b O n 3 5 .3 3 3 .4 3 3 .6 3 3 .4 3 3 .1 3 4 .1 3 2 .8 3 3 .8 3 4 .1 3 4 .1 l e a v e r s .............................................................................................................................................. 1 3 .0 1 4 .7 1 4 .5 1 3 .8 1 4 .6 1 4 .9 1 5 .3 1 4 .7 1 5 .1 1 4 .7 1 5 .5 1 4 .4 1 5 .0 1 7 .5 1 5 .5 R e e n t r a n t s ................................................................................................................................................ 2 6 .6 2 7 .0 2 6 .6 2 8 .1 2 7 .3 2 6 .8 2 7 .2 2 6 .9 2 6 .2 2 7 .3 2 7 .3 2 8 .1 2 9 .0 2 9 .1 3 1 .2 New 1 2 .4 1 2 .2 1 2 .2 1 1 .9 1 1 .9 1 1 .5 1 1 .6 1 2 .2 1 2 .1 1 1 .6 1 2 .0 1 1 .6 1 0 .3 1 0 .7 1 1 .3 3 .0 2 .5 2 .5 2 .5 2 .6 2 .5 2 .4 2 .5 2 .5 2 .5 2 .3 2 .3 2 .4 2 .2 2 .2 Jo b e n tr a n ts ..................................................................................................................................... PERCENT OF CIVILIAN LABOR FORCE Jo b lo s e rs Jo b le a v e r s R e e n tra n ts New ....................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................. .8 .8 .8 .8 .8 .8 .8 .8 .8 .8 .8 .7 .8 .9 .8 .................................................................................................................................................... 1 .6 1 .5 1 .4 1 .5 1 .5 1 .4 1 .4 1 .4 1 .4 1 .5 1 .4 1 .4 1 .5 1 .5 1 .7 .8 .7 .7 .7 .7 .6 .6 .7 .7 .6 .6 .6 .5 .6 .6 e n tr a n ts 10. ........................................................................................................................................... Duration of unemployment, monthly data seasonally adjusted ( N u m b e r s in t h o u s a n d s ) A n n u a l a ve ra g e 19 8 8 19 8 9 W e e k s o f u n e m p lo y m e n t 19 8 7 L e s s th a n 5 w e e k s Ju n e J u ly Aug. S e p t. O c t. N ov. Dec. Ja n . Feb . M a r. A pr. M ay Ju n e 3 ,3 0 9 ...................................................................................................... 3 ,2 4 6 3 ,0 8 4 3 ,0 9 3 2 ,9 8 5 3 ,1 1 7 3 ,0 2 9 3 ,1 8 1 3 ,2 4 7 3 ,0 5 5 3 ,0 9 0 3 ,0 4 1 ........................................................................................................................ 2 ,1 9 6 2 ,0 0 7 1 ,9 1 0 2 ,0 4 1 1 ,9 5 6 1 ,8 9 6 1 ,8 3 5 1 ,9 3 5 2 ,0 3 9 2 ,0 8 1 1 ,8 6 5 1 ,8 2 1 2 ,0 3 4 2 ,0 1 7 1 ,9 9 9 1 5 w e e k s a n d o v e r ...................................................................................................... 1 ,9 8 3 1 ,6 1 0 1 ,5 4 3 1 ,6 1 9 1 ,6 3 6 1 ,5 6 8 1 ,5 5 4 1 ,5 0 2 1 ,4 9 5 1 ,5 1 2 1 ,3 0 4 1 ,3 1 0 1 ,4 2 6 1 ,3 1 3 1 ,2 5 8 ............................................................................................................. 943 801 74 9 826 831 775 78 8 78 7 75 8 75 7 665 648 689 70 2 659 2 7 w e e k s a n d o v e r ............................................................................................... 1 ,0 4 0 809 79 4 79 3 805 79 3 76 6 715 73 7 75 5 639 663 73 7 6 11 M e a n d u r a t i o n in w e e k s ..................................................................................... 1 4 .5 1 3 .5 1 3 .2 1 3 .5 1 3 .5 1 3 .5 1 3 .4 1 2 .6 1 2 .8 1 2 .7 1 2 .1 1 2 .4 1 2 .7 1 1 .8 1 1 .1 M e d i a n d u r a t i o n i n w e e k s .............................................................................. 6 .5 5 .9 5 .9 6 .2 5 .9 5 .7 5 .7 5 .6 5 .8 5 .7 5 .3 5 .4 5 .4 5 .3 5 .5 5 to 1 4 w e e k s 1 5 to 2 6 w e e k s 72 19 8 8 Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis August 1989 3 ,1 5 8 3 ,1 1 6 3 ,0 5 9 599 11. Unemployment rates of civilian workers by State, data not seasonally adjusted S ta te M ay M ay 19 8 8 19 8 9 M ay M ay 19 8 8 19 8 9 6 .5 6 .3 M o n ta n a ............................................................................................................................... 7 .2 5 .5 1 0 .0 7 .7 N e b r a s k a ............................................................................................................................ 3 .3 2 .5 S ta te ................................................................................................................................... 5 .3 5 .0 H a m p s h i r e .................................................................................................... 2 .3 2 .9 A r i z o n a ....................................................................................................................................... 6 .6 4 .6 N evada A r k a n s a s ................................................................................................................................. 8 .3 8 .0 New C a l i f o r n i a ................................................................................................................................. 5 .8 5 .2 3 .8 3 .0 6 .2 6 .1 8 .3 6 .5 2 .4 2 .9 4 .1 5 .2 2 8 3 .0 3 .3 3 .4 N o r t h D a k o t a ............................................................................................................. 4 .6 3 .7 O h io 5 .1 5 .9 N e w J e r s e y .................................................................................................................... D i s t r i c t o f C o l u m b i a ......................................................................................... 4 .8 5 .5 F l o r i d a ......................................................................................................................................... 4 .7 6 .2 .............................................................................................................................................. 5 .8 6 .1 5 .2 O k l a h o m a .......................................................................................................................... 7 .0 H a w a i i ............................................................................................................................................ 3 .4 3 .2 O r e g o n ..................................................................................................................................... 6 .0 I d a h o .............................................................................................................................................. 5 .9 5 .0 P e n n s y l v a n i a ............................................................................................................... 5 .0 4 .4 4 .2 I s l a n d ............................................................................................................... 3 .2 S o u t h C a r o l i n a ......................................................................................................... 4 .8 3 .7 3 .6 S o u t h D a k o t a ............................................................................................................. 3 .7 3 .7 5 .5 I l l i n o i s ............................................................................................................................................ 6 .9 5 .9 In d ia n a 4 .8 4 .0 ....................................................................................................................................... 4 .4 lo w s Kansas ....................................................................................................................................... K e n t u c k y ................................................................................................................................. M a i n e .............................................................................................................................................. M i s s i s s i p p i ............................................................................................................................ N O T E : p u b lis h e d Som e d a ta e ls e w h e r e in th is because ta b le o f th e m ay Rhode ...................................................................................................................... 5 .3 .......................................................................................................................................... 7 .3 5 .9 .............................................................................................................................................. 5 .0 5 .1 V e r m o n t ................................................................................................................................. 2 .6 3 .6 3 .5 3 .4 W a s h i n g t o n .................................................................................................................... 6 .0 4 .6 4 .1 Tennessee 8 .4 6 .6 Texas 10 9 9 .4 U ta h 3 .6 3 .8 4 .7 3 .8 2 .7 3 .4 6 .5 6 .4 3 .7 4 .3 6 .5 8 .1 5 .8 5 .0 d iffe r c o n tin u a l fro m u p d a tin g d a ta of 5 .2 5 .4 1 0 .2 8 .1 4 .0 4 .4 5 .6 6 .0 d a ta b a s e , th e 12. Employment of workers on nonagricultural payrolls by State, data not seasonally adjusted (In th o u s a n d s ) A p r. 19 8 9 M a y 19 8 8 S ta te 1 ,5 6 6 .9 1 ,5 7 2 .8 2 1 2 .8 2 1 3 .3 2 2 0 .9 1 ,4 1 9 .6 A r k a n s a s ................................................................................................................................. 1 ,4 4 3 .1 1 ,4 4 2 . 5 8 6 1 .5 8 8 3 .0 8 8 7 .6 1 2 ,0 4 8 .0 1 2 ,3 4 4 .1 1 2 ,3 8 5 .8 1 4 1 9 .5 1 ,4 3 8 .7 1 ,4 4 1 .9 1 '6 7 4 .9 1 ,6 8 9 .5 1 ,6 9 9 .0 Nevada I l l i n o i s ........................................................................................................................................... 3 2 9 .6 3 4 0 .7 3 4 2 .2 6 7 1 .4 6 8 4 .5 6 8 5 .5 ................................................................................................................................... Kansas ....................................................................................................................................... 5 2 3 .8 5 2 7 .1 5 3 3 .5 3 ,6 4 9 .4 3 ,6 6 9 . 1 3 ,6 8 3 . 8 M e x ic o 5 3 9 .5 5 5 0 .7 5 5 3 .3 8 ,1 7 8 .0 8 ,2 3 3 .1 8 ,2 7 9 .5 ......................................................................................................... 2 ,9 6 5 . 8 3 ,0 1 2 .6 3 ,0 1 9 .6 ............................................................................................................. 2 5 9 .3 2 5 7 .3 2 6 0 .8 4 ,8 1 6 .2 1 ,1 4 7 .7 ................................................................................................................. N o rth C a ro lin a N o rth D a k o ta 4 ,6 9 2 .3 1 ,1 3 6 .1 1 ,1 3 9 .9 1 ,1 4 6 .6 1 ,1 7 9 .9 1 ,1 9 2 .5 4 9 2 .7 5 ,0 4 8 . 6 5 ,0 9 5 . 3 5 ,1 0 9 .8 4 5 7 .6 4 5 8 .6 4 6 1 .4 5 ,2 6 7 .5 2 ,9 3 0 . 7 4 7 7 .3 4 9 0 .4 3 4 7 .8 3 5 5 .3 3 5 9 .7 5 ,0 7 3 .6 5 ,1 3 6 .1 5 ,1 5 4 .1 2 ,4 0 5 .2 2 ,4 5 5 .7 2 ,4 8 2 .5 O h io .............................................................................................................................................. S o u t h C a r o l i n a ........................................................................................................ 2 6 8 .6 ...................................................................................................................... 2 ,0 8 6 .2 .......................................................................................................................................... 6 ,6 4 9 .5 6 ,7 5 4 .7 6 ,7 7 1 .7 6 8 3 .3 1 ,1 9 1 .4 1 ,2 0 1 .2 Tennessee 1 ,0 6 0 .9 Texas 1 ,3 9 6 .7 1 ,5 1 9 .4 5 1 8 .7 5 1 7 .8 5 2 4 .5 _ 2 0 9 2 .9 2 ,1 1 3 .1 2 ,1 2 6 .0 3 ,1 2 8 .6 3 ,1 4 0 .2 3 J 6 0 .8 3 3 0 6 .6 3 3 5 2 .7 3 ,8 8 3 . 1 2 3 2 8 .1 2 ,0 5 8 .7 2 ,0 8 9 .1 8 9 7 .0 9 1 2 .3 9 1 5 .1 2 2 4 9 .6 2 ,2 7 2 .3 2 ,2 8 0 . 6 2 7 9 .3 2 7 9 .0 2 8 3 .5 p r e lim in a r y Som e 1 ,5 1 1 .9 2 6 3 .8 2 ,0 7 8 .8 1 3 5 7 .8 1 ,3 8 9 .7 1 ,4 9 9 .9 2 6 7 .6 1 ,1 6 5 .0 1 ,5 1 3 .6 1 ,4 5 7 .7 2 ,0 7 4 .2 1 ^ 0 3 7 .7 1 ,3 7 5 .1 N O T E : 5 7 0 .6 O r e g o n ..................................................................................................................................... 5 ,2 7 4 .5 2 ,9 2 5 .9 1 ,5 0 2 .5 p 5 6 3 .4 O k l a h o m a .......................................................................................................................... 5 ,0 6 1 .2 2 ,8 6 5 . 8 K e n t u c k y ................................................................................................................................. M i n n e s o t a ............................................................................................................................ 7 1 5 .4 5 3 4 .3 4 ,7 6 1 .0 L o u i s i a n a ................................................................................................................................. M fjin fi— M ay 19 8 9 p 7 1 0 .8 H a m p s h i r e .................................................................................................... New S o u t h D a k o t a ............................................................................................................. Io w a A p r. 19 8 9 6 9 3 .2 N e w J e r s e y ................................................................................................................... New D i s t r i c t o f C o l u m b i a ......................................................................................... M a y 19 8 8 S ta te M a y 19 8 9 p 1 ,5 4 9 .7 .............................................................................................................................................. 6 5 7 .7 6 7 8 .0 V e r m o n t ................................................................................................................................. 2 5 0 .9 2 5 3 .4 2 5 4 .1 V i r g i n i a ..................................................................................................................................... 2 ,7 7 3 .5 2 ,8 6 2 .3 2 ,8 8 5 .0 1 ,9 3 4 .1 2 ,0 1 1 .3 2 ,0 3 3 . 3 6 2 1 .3 6 1 0 .6 6 1 8 .0 W i s c o n s i n .......................................................................................................................... 2 ,1 4 7 .9 2 ,1 7 8 .5 2 ,2 0 6 .9 U ta h P u e rto R ic o .................................................................................................................... V ir g in Is la n d s 1 8 5 .6 1 8 5 .8 1 8 9 .8 8 0 7 .0 8 2 1 .8 8 2 4 .8 4 1 .4 4 1 .7 4 1 .5 ............................................................................................................. b e c a u s e o f th e c o n tin u a l u p d a tin g o f th e d a t a b a s e . d a ta https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis in th is ta b le m ay d iffe r fro m d a ta p u b lis h e d e ls e w h e r e Monthly Labor Review August 1989 73 Current Labor Statistics: Employment Data 13. Employment of workers on nonagricultural payrolls by industry, monthly data seasonally adjusted (In t h o u s a n d s ) A n n u a l a ve ra g e 19 8 8 19 8 9 In d u s try 19 8 7 19 8 8 Ju n e J u ly Aug. S e p t. 1 0 5 ,9 5 4 1 0 6 ,2 0 7 O c t. Nov. Dec. Ja n . M ayp Ju n e p 1 0 8 ,4 8 8 9 0 ,1 2 4 9 0 ,2 9 1 9 0 ,4 7 5 9 0 ,6 2 5 9 0 ,7 7 3 2 5 ,6 2 9 2 5 ,6 4 6 2 5 ,6 7 1 2 5 ,6 6 1 2 5 ,6 1 0 711 714 72 0 722 710 393 394 397 400 400 397 5 ,2 1 3 5 ,2 6 7 5 ,2 7 0 5 ,2 5 2 5 ,2 7 9 5 ,2 7 8 5 ,2 7 0 1 ,3 8 0 1 ,4 0 4 1 ,3 9 8 1 ,3 8 0 1 ,3 7 7 1 ,3 8 6 1 ,3 8 6 1 9 ,6 4 8 1 9 ,6 8 0 1 9 ,6 7 2 1 9 ,6 6 1 1 9 ,6 3 0 1 3 ,4 2 6 1 3 ,4 4 2 1 3 ,4 3 0 1 3 ,4 2 9 1 3 ,4 0 1 8 5 ,1 9 0 8 8 ,2 1 2 8 8 ,1 9 9 8 8 ,4 1 8 8 8 ,5 7 8 8 8 ,7 3 6 8 8 ,9 9 1 8 9 ,2 9 9 8 9 ,5 7 4 8 9 ,8 9 7 2 4 ,7 0 8 2 5 ,2 4 9 2 5 ,2 6 5 2 5 ,3 2 3 2 5 ,3 0 3 2 5 ,3 1 3 2 5 ,3 8 4 2 5 ,4 6 0 2 5 ,5 1 3 2 5 ,6 2 6 717 721 726 72 5 72 5 719 71 7 712 711 711 ...................................... 402 406 4 11 4 10 408 404 400 396 394 Construction ............................ 4 ,9 6 7 5 ,1 2 5 5 ,1 3 9 5 ,1 5 0 5 ,1 5 3 5 ,1 6 3 5 ,1 6 2 5 ,1 9 1 G e n e r a l b u i l d i n g c o n t r a c t o r s ................ 1 ,3 2 0 1 ,3 6 8 1 ,3 7 8 1 ,3 7 2 1 ,3 7 2 1 ,3 7 4 1 ,3 6 3 1 ,3 7 5 Manufacturing.......................... 1 9 ,0 2 4 1 9 ,4 0 3 1 9 ,4 0 0 1 9 ,4 4 8 1 9 ,4 2 5 1 9 ,4 3 1 1 9 ,5 0 5 1 9 ,5 5 7 1 9 ,5 8 9 1 9 ,6 4 8 P r o d u c t i o n w o r k e r s ................................................. 1 2 ,9 7 0 1 3 ,2 5 4 1 3 ,2 5 0 1 3 ,2 9 5 1 3 ,2 7 0 1 3 ,2 6 3 1 3 ,3 2 4 1 3 ,3 6 5 1 3 ,3 8 5 1 3 ,4 2 3 Durable goods........................ O il a n d g a s e x tr a c tio n 1 0 5 ,7 6 8 1 0 6 ,4 7 5 1 0 6 ,8 2 4 A pr. 1 0 8 ,3 0 8 GOODS-PRODUCING ................. Mining ..................................... 1 0 5 ,5 6 1 M a r. 1 0 8 ,1 0 1 1 0 2 ,2 0 0 1 0 5 ,5 8 4 Feb . 1 0 7 ,8 8 8 TOTAL ................................. PRIVATE SECTOR ................... 1 0 7 ,0 9 7 1 0 7 ,4 4 2 1 0 7 ,7 1 1 1 1 ,1 9 4 1 1 ,4 3 7 1 1 ,4 3 1 1 1 ,4 7 5 1 1 ,4 6 2 1 1 ,4 6 4 1 1 ,5 0 9 1 1 ,5 4 5 1 1 ,5 6 5 1 1 ,6 0 5 1 1 ,5 9 4 1 1 ,6 0 4 1 1 ,6 0 0 1 1 ,5 9 1 1 1 ,5 6 1 ................................................. 7 ,4 3 9 7 ,6 3 5 7 ,6 3 0 7 ,6 7 2 7 ,6 5 8 7 ,6 5 3 7 ,6 9 0 7 ,7 1 7 7 ,7 3 0 7 ,7 5 8 7 ,7 4 9 7 ,7 4 9 7 ,7 4 4 7 ,7 3 8 7 ,7 1 6 L u m b e r a n d w o o d p r o d u c t s .................... 741 76 5 76 2 76 2 76 1 76 3 770 775 78 0 78 4 778 777 772 770 76 6 F u r n i t u r e a n d f i x t u r e s ............................................. 516 530 529 531 529 530 531 532 532 532 534 535 537 534 532 P ro d u c tio n w o rk e rs S t o n e , c la y , a n d g la s s p r o d u c t s ... 586 600 600 602 600 600 603 605 607 607 608 607 606 604 607 P r im a r y m e ta l in d u s tr ie s 74 7 774 773 78 0 776 779 78 3 78 4 78 5 78 6 78 6 78 8 78 8 78 7 78 8 .................................. B la s t fu r n a c e s a n d b a s ic s te e l p r o d u c t s ........................................................................................... 268 2 77 2 78 278 2 77 2 77 2 77 2 77 276 276 276 276 2 75 276 275 F a b r i c a t e d m e t a l p r o d u c t s ........................... 1 ,4 0 1 1 ,4 3 1 1 ,4 3 2 1 ,4 3 8 1 ,4 3 5 1 ,4 3 6 1 ,4 4 2 1 ,4 4 5 1 ,4 4 9 1 ,4 5 8 1 ,4 5 8 1 ,4 5 7 1 ,4 5 4 1 ,4 5 2 1 ,4 4 7 M a c h i n e r y , e x c e p t e l e c t r i c a l .................... 2 ,0 0 8 2 ,0 8 2 2 ,0 7 7 2 ,0 9 2 2 ,0 9 4 2 ,0 9 8 2 ,1 1 0 2 ,1 2 0 2 ,1 2 6 2 ,1 3 4 2 ,1 3 8 2 ,1 4 3 2 ,1 4 4 2 ,1 4 8 2 ,1 5 1 E le c tr ic a l a n d e le c tro n ic e q u i p m e n t .................................................................................... 2 ,0 6 9 2 ,0 7 0 2 ,0 7 2 2 ,0 7 2 2 ,0 7 3 2 ,0 7 2 2 ,0 7 3 2 ,0 7 5 2 ,0 6 7 2 ,0 6 5 2 ,0 6 2 2 ,0 6 0 2 ,0 5 8 2 ,0 5 1 2 ,0 4 3 T r a n s p o r t a t i o n e q u i p m e n t ............................. 2 ,0 5 1 2 ,0 5 1 2 ,0 5 3 2 ,0 5 8 2 ,0 5 2 2 ,0 4 4 2 ,0 5 5 2 ,0 6 0 2 ,0 6 3 2 ,0 7 9 2 ,0 6 7 2 ,0 7 1 2 ,0 7 3 2 ,0 7 4 2 ,0 5 8 M o t o r v e h ic le s a n d e q u ip m e n t .... 867 857 855 862 859 859 865 867 867 882 8 71 869 8 75 8 76 861 70 6 749 74 8 75 1 75 5 75 6 75 8 76 2 76 7 770 772 776 77 7 779 778 3 71 386 385 389 387 386 384 387 389 390 391 390 391 392 391 Nondurable goods................... 7 ,8 3 0 7 ,9 6 7 7 ,9 6 9 7 ,9 7 3 7 ,9 6 3 7 ,9 6 7 7 ,9 9 6 8 ,0 1 2 8 ,0 2 4 8 ,0 4 3 8 ,0 5 4 8 ,0 7 6 8 ,0 7 2 8 ,0 7 0 8 ,0 6 9 P r o d u c t i o n w o r k e r s ..................................................... 5 ,5 3 1 5 ,6 1 9 5 ,6 2 0 5 ,6 2 3 5 ,6 1 2 5 ,6 1 0 5 ,6 3 4 5 ,6 4 8 5 ,6 5 5 5 ,6 6 5 5 ,6 7 7 5 ,6 9 3 5 ,6 8 6 5 ,6 9 1 5 ,6 8 5 F o o d a n d k i n d r e d p r o d u c t s ...................... 1 ,6 2 0 1 ,6 3 6 1 ,6 3 3 1 ,6 2 8 1 ,6 2 9 1 ,6 2 7 1 ,6 4 4 1 ,6 4 8 1 ,6 4 6 1 ,6 5 0 1 ,6 5 0 1 ,6 5 5 1 ,6 5 7 1 ,6 5 5 1 ,6 5 5 T o b a c c o m a n u f a c t u r e s ...................................... 55 56 56 55 55 55 55 56 56 56 56 56 54 53 53 T e x t i l e m ill p r o d u c t s ................................................. 72 6 729 73 1 73 0 72 3 72 6 72 6 72 5 72 4 72 8 72 8 729 72 8 72 7 72 8 1 ,0 9 2 In s tru m e n ts a n d re la te d p r o d u c ts M is c e lla n e o u s m a n u fa c tu rin g i n d u s t r i e s ....................................................................................... A p p a r e l a n d o th e r te x tile 1 ,0 9 9 1 ,0 9 2 1 ,0 9 3 1 ,0 9 1 1 ,0 8 5 1 ,0 8 5 1 ,0 8 3 1 ,0 8 8 1 ,0 9 0 1 ,0 9 2 1 ,0 9 6 1 ,1 0 1 1 ,0 9 8 1 ,0 9 4 ........................... 680 693 694 695 694 693 695 695 696 696 696 697 696 697 696 P r i n t i n g a n d p u b l i s h i n g ........................................ 1 ,5 0 6 1 ,5 6 1 1 ,5 6 0 1 ,5 6 4 1 ,5 6 8 1 ,5 7 3 1 ,5 7 7 1 ,5 8 1 1 ,5 8 8 1 ,5 9 5 1 ,5 9 5 1 ,6 0 0 1 ,6 0 1 1 ,6 0 3 1 ,6 0 8 C h e m i c a l s a n d a l l i e d p r o d u c t s ............ 1 ,0 2 6 1 ,0 6 5 1 ,0 6 6 1 ,0 6 8 1 ,0 7 1 1 ,0 7 2 1 ,0 7 4 1 ,0 7 5 1 ,0 7 9 1 ,0 8 4 1 ,0 8 5 1 ,0 8 8 1 ,0 9 0 1 ,0 9 4 1 ,0 9 3 16 4 16 2 16 2 16 2 16 2 16 2 16 2 16 2 16 2 16 0 16 1 16 1 16 2 16 2 16 3 8 11 829 830 836 832 830 836 839 840 839 843 845 843 843 839 14 4 14 4 14 4 14 4 14 3 14 3 14 3 14 4 14 4 14 3 14 2 14 2 8 2 ,8 7 8 p r o d u c t s ........................................................................................... P a p e r a n d a llie d p r o d u c t s P e t r o le u m a n d c o a l p r o d u c t s ................ R u b b e r a n d m is c . p la s tic s p r o d u c t s ........................................................................................... .............. 14 3 144 144 SERVICE-PRODUCING ............... Transportation and public utilities.................................... L e a th e r a n d le a th e r p ro d u c ts 7 7 ,4 9 2 8 0 ,3 3 5 8 0 ,2 9 6 8 0 ,4 4 5 8 0 ,6 5 1 8 0 ,8 9 4 8 1 ,0 9 1 8 1 ,3 6 4 8 1 ,5 8 4 8 1 ,8 1 6 8 2 ,0 8 2 8 2 ,2 4 2 8 2 ,4 3 0 8 2 ,6 4 7 5 ,3 7 2 5 ,5 4 8 5 ,5 4 2 5 ,5 5 7 5 ,5 7 2 5 ,5 8 1 5 ,5 9 6 5 ,6 1 6 5 ,6 3 4 5 ,6 5 4 5 ,6 6 7 5 ,6 6 6 5 ,6 8 2 5 ,7 0 0 5 ,7 2 1 T r a n s p o r t a t i o n ....................................................................... 3 ,1 6 4 3 ,3 3 4 3 ,3 2 6 3 ,3 4 0 3 ,3 5 3 3 ,3 6 5 3 ,3 8 1 3 ,4 0 2 3 ,4 2 1 3 ,4 3 9 3 ,4 5 3 3 ,4 5 2 3 ,4 6 7 3 ,4 8 5 3 ,5 0 5 2 ,2 0 8 2 ,2 1 4 2 ,2 1 6 2 ,2 1 7 2 ,2 1 9 2 ,2 1 6 2 ,2 1 5 2 ,2 1 4 2 ,2 1 3 2 ,2 1 5 2 ,2 1 4 2 ,2 1 4 2 ,2 1 5 2 ,2 1 5 2 ,2 1 6 6 ,0 2 9 6 ,0 2 7 6 ,0 8 6 6 ,1 0 4 C o m m u n ic a t io n a n d p u b lic u t i l i t i e s ................................................................................................. Wholesale trade....................... 5 ,8 4 4 6 ,0 3 8 6 ,0 5 1 6 ,0 7 1 6 ,1 2 5 6 ,1 4 6 6 ,1 7 1 6 ,1 9 7 6 ,2 0 6 6 ,2 2 2 6 ,2 2 9 D u r a b l e g o o d s ....................................................................... 3 ,4 2 7 3 ,5 6 1 3 ,5 6 1 3 ,5 6 9 3 ,5 7 8 3 ,5 9 0 3 ,5 9 9 3 ,6 1 2 3 ,6 2 6 3 ,6 3 8 3 ,6 5 7 3 ,6 7 6 3 ,6 7 6 3 ,6 8 5 3 ,6 8 8 N o n d u r a b l e g o o d s ........................................................ 2 ,4 1 7 2 ,4 6 7 2 ,4 6 6 2 ,4 6 9 2 ,4 7 3 2 ,4 8 1 2 ,4 8 7 2 ,4 9 2 2 ,4 9 9 2 ,5 0 8 2 ,5 1 4 2 ,5 2 1 2 ,5 3 0 2 ,5 3 7 2 ,5 4 1 Retail trade.............................. 1 8 ,4 8 3 1 9 ,1 1 0 1 9 ,0 9 6 1 9 ,1 8 8 1 9 ,2 2 9 1 9 ,2 8 2 1 9 ,3 2 8 1 9 ,4 0 7 1 9 ,4 6 0 1 9 ,4 8 8 1 9 ,5 2 5 1 9 ,1 3 9 1 9 ,1 8 2 1 9 ,4 8 9 1 9 ,5 2 4 G e n e r a l m e r c h a n d i s e s t o r e s .................. 2 ,4 1 2 2 ,4 6 1 2 ,4 5 9 2 ,4 5 7 2 ,4 5 4 2 ,4 5 2 2 ,4 4 7 2 ,4 5 2 2 ,4 6 0 2 ,4 7 2 2 ,4 8 1 2 ,4 9 0 2 ,4 9 2 2 ,4 9 2 2 ,4 7 9 F o o d s t o r e s ................................................................................ 2 ,9 6 2 3 ,0 9 8 3 ,0 9 0 3 ,1 0 5 3 ,1 1 7 3 ,1 2 2 3 ,1 4 9 3 ,1 6 5 3 ,1 8 2 3 ,2 0 0 3 ,2 1 2 3 ,2 2 3 3 ,2 3 3 3 ,2 4 2 3 ,2 5 0 A u to m o tiv e d e a le r s a n d s e r v ic e s t a t i o n s ............................................................................................. 2 ,0 0 4 2 ,0 9 0 2 ,0 8 2 2 ,0 9 6 2 ,1 0 7 2 ,1 1 5 2 ,1 2 4 2 ,1 3 1 2 ,1 3 6 2 ,1 4 3 2 ,1 5 0 2 ,1 5 5 2 ,1 5 9 2 ,1 5 7 2 ,1 5 2 E a t i n g a n d d r i n k i n g p l a c e s ......................... 6 ,1 0 6 6 ,2 8 2 6 ,2 8 3 6 ,2 8 4 6 ,3 0 2 6 ,2 9 6 6 ,3 1 4 6 ,3 2 2 6 ,3 2 8 6 ,3 2 3 6 ,3 3 2 6 ,3 2 2 6 ,3 3 5 6 ,3 4 5 6 ,3 6 7 Finance, Insurance, and real estate ..................................... 6 ,5 4 7 6 ,6 7 6 6 ,6 7 2 6 ,6 7 8 ............................................................................................... 3 ,2 7 0 3 ,2 9 0 3 ,2 8 6 3 ,2 8 4 3 ,2 8 5 3 ,2 8 8 3 ,2 9 3 3 ,2 9 9 3 ,3 0 7 3 ,3 0 8 3 ,3 1 1 3 ,3 1 6 3 ,3 1 2 3 ,3 1 8 3 ,3 1 6 I n s u r a n c e ......................................................................................... 2 ,0 2 4 2 ,0 8 2 2 ,0 8 1 2 ,0 8 4 2 ,0 8 7 2 ,0 9 2 2 ,0 9 8 2 ,1 0 2 2 ,1 1 0 2 ,1 0 9 2 ,1 1 6 2 ,1 1 7 2 ,1 1 9 2 ,1 2 3 2 ,1 2 8 R e a l e s t a t e .................................................................................. 1 ,2 5 3 1 ,3 0 4 1 ,3 0 5 1 ,3 1 0 1 ,3 1 4 1 ,3 1 5 1 ,3 1 9 1 ,3 2 5 1 ,3 2 7 1 ,3 2 9 1 ,3 3 6 1 ,3 4 1 1 ,3 4 5 1 ,3 4 9 1 ,3 5 7 Services................................... 2 4 ,2 3 6 2 5 ,6 0 0 2 5 ,8 8 8 2 5 ,9 8 6 2 6 ,3 1 8 2 6 ,4 3 4 2 6 ,5 2 0 2 6 ,6 5 1 2 6 ,7 2 8 2 6 ,8 8 7 F in a n c e 6 ,6 8 6 6 ,6 9 5 6 ,7 1 0 6 ,7 2 6 6 ,7 4 4 6 ,7 4 6 6 ,7 6 3 6 ,7 7 4 6 ,7 7 6 6 ,7 9 0 6 ,8 0 1 2 5 ,5 9 7 2 5 ,6 8 3 2 5 ,7 8 4 2 6 ,1 1 1 2 6 ,2 3 0 B u s i n e s s s e r v i c e s .......................................................... 5 ,1 9 5 5 ,5 7 1 5 ,5 6 7 5 ,5 9 5 5 ,6 1 7 5 ,6 5 1 5 ,6 6 7 5 ,6 8 2 5 ,7 1 5 5 ,7 0 7 5 ,7 2 9 5 ,7 3 6 5 ,7 6 0 5 ,7 7 8 5 ,8 0 1 H e a l t h s e r v i c e s ................................................................... 6 ,8 0 5 7 ,1 4 4 7 ,1 2 3 7 ,1 5 3 7 ,1 8 7 7 ,2 2 8 7 ,2 6 7 7 ,3 1 3 7 ,3 5 9 7 ,3 9 6 7 ,4 4 2 7 ,4 8 8 7 ,5 2 8 7 ,5 6 8 7 ,6 0 9 Government ............................ 1 7 ,0 1 0 1 7 ,3 7 2 1 7 ,3 6 2 1 7 ,3 5 0 1 7 ,3 7 6 1 7 ,4 7 1 1 7 ,4 8 4 1 7 ,5 2 5 1 7 ,5 2 3 1 7 ,5 4 5 1 7 ,5 8 7 1 7 ,5 9 7 1 7 ,6 2 6 1 7 ,6 8 3 1 7 ,7 1 5 F e d e r a l .................................................................................................. 2 ,9 4 3 2 ,9 7 1 2 ,9 5 6 2 ,9 5 8 2 ,9 6 7 2 ,9 8 5 2 ,9 8 6 2 ,9 8 3 2 ,9 8 1 2 ,9 7 8 2 ,9 8 2 2 ,9 8 2 2 ,9 8 2 2 ,9 9 8 2 ,9 9 8 S t a t e .......................................................................................................... 3 ,9 6 7 4 ,0 6 3 4 ,0 6 2 4 ,0 7 1 4 ,0 7 9 4 ,0 8 8 4 ,0 8 1 4 ,0 8 5 4 ,0 8 5 4 ,0 8 4 4 ,0 9 5 4 ,1 0 2 4 ,1 1 1 4 ,1 1 7 4 ,1 3 4 L o c a l .......................................................................................................... 1 0 ,1 0 0 1 0 ,3 3 9 1 0 ,3 4 4 1 0 ,3 2 1 1 0 ,3 3 0 1 0 ,3 9 8 1 0 ,4 1 7 1 0 ,4 5 7 1 0 ,4 5 7 1 0 ,4 8 3 1 0 ,5 1 0 1 0 ,5 1 3 1 0 ,5 3 3 1 0 ,5 6 8 1 0 ,5 8 3 p = p r e lim in a r y N O T E : S e e n o te s o n th e d a t a fo r a d e s c r ip t io n o f th e m o s t r e c e n t b e n c h m a r k r e v is io n . 74 Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis August 1989 14. Average weekly hours of production or nonsupervisory workers on private nonagriculturai payrolls by industry, monthly data seasonally adjusted Annual 19 8 9 19 8 8 a ve ra g e In d u s try 19 8 7 19 8 8 Ju n e J u ly S e p t. Aug. O c t. N ov. Dec. Ja n . Feb . M a r. A pr. M ayp Ju n e p PRIVATE SECTOR .................................... 3 4 .8 3 4 .7 3 4 .7 3 4 .8 3 4 .6 3 4 .7 3 4 .8 3 4 .7 3 4 .7 3 4 .8 3 4 .6 3 4 .7 3 4 .9 3 4 .6 3 4 .6 MANUFACTURING......................................... 4 1 .0 4 1 .1 4 1 .1 4 1 .1 4 1 .0 4 1 .1 4 1 .2 4 1 .2 4 1 .0 4 1 .1 4 1 .1 4 1 .0 4 1 .3 4 1 .0 4 0 .9 3 .7 3 .9 3 .9 3 .9 3 .9 3 .9 4 .0 3 .9 3 .9 3 .9 3 .9 4 .0 3 .9 3 .8 3 .8 4 1 .8 4 1 .8 4 1 .8 4 1 .7 4 1 .9 4 1 .9 4 1 .9 4 1 .7 4 1 .8 4 1 .8 4 1 .7 4 1 .9 4 1 .5 4 1 .5 O v e r t i m e h o u r s ............................................................................................................... Durable goods............................................. 4 1 .5 3 .9 O v e r t i m e h o u r s ............................................................................................................... 3 .8 4 .1 4 .1 4 .1 4 .1 4 .1 4 .2 4 .2 4 .1 4 .1 4 .1 4 .1 4 .1 3 .9 L u m b e r a n d w o o d p r o d u c t s ............................................................................ 4 0 .6 4 0 .3 4 0 .2 4 0 .4 4 0 .1 4 0 .1 4 0 .7 4 0 .3 4 0 .3 4 0 .3 3 9 .6 4 0 .0 4 0 .5 3 9 .7 3 9 .9 3 9 .7 3 9 .8 3 9 .9 3 9 .4 3 9 .4 4 1 .9 3 9 .4 3 9 .8 S t o n e , c l a y , a n d g l a s s p r o d u c t s ............................................................ 4 2 .3 4 2 .3 4 2 .4 4 2 .2 4 2 .2 4 2 .3 4 2 .5 4 2 .6 4 2 .4 4 2 .5 4 2 .2 4 2 .2 4 2 .5 4 1 .9 P r i m a r y m e t a l i n d u s t r i e s ......................................................................................... 4 3 .1 4 3 .6 4 3 .6 4 3 .5 4 3 .5 4 3 .9 4 3 .7 4 3 .7 4 3 .5 4 3 .6 4 3 .4 4 3 .5 4 3 .3 4 3 .2 4 3 .1 B l a s t f u r n a c e s a n d b a s i c s t e e l p r o d u c t s ....................... 4 3 .4 4 4 .0 4 4 .2 4 4 .0 4 4 .1 4 4 .5 4 4 .2 4 4 .0 4 3 .8 4 4 .0 4 3 .8 4 4 .1 4 3 .5 4 3 .6 4 3 .4 ................................................................................ 4 1 .6 4 1 .9 4 2 .0 4 1 .9 4 1 .8 4 2 .0 4 1 .9 4 2 .1 4 1 .8 4 1 .9 4 1 .9 4 1 .8 4 1 .9 4 1 .7 4 1 .4 4 2 .4 F u r n i t u r e a n d f i x t u r e s .................................................................................................... F a b ric a te d m e ta l p ro d u c ts 3 9 .4 4 0 .0 3 9 .4 3 9 .6 3 9 .2 3 9 .6 3 9 .4 3 9 .5 ............................................................................ 4 2 .2 4 2 .6 4 2 .6 4 2 .8 4 2 .5 4 2 .7 4 2 .7 4 2 .5 4 2 .5 4 2 .5 4 2 .6 4 2 .5 4 2 .7 4 2 .5 E l e c t r i c a l a n d e l e c t r o n i c e q u i p m e n t ............................................... 4 0 .9 4 1 .0 4 1 .0 4 1 .0 4 0 .9 4 0 .9 4 1 .0 4 1 .0 4 0 .8 4 0 .9 4 0 .9 4 0 .6 4 1 .0 4 0 .7 4 0 .6 T r a n s p o r t a t i o n e q u i p m e n t ..................................................................................... 4 2 .0 4 2 .7 4 2 .9 4 2 .7 4 2 .7 4 3 .0 4 3 .1 4 3 .1 4 2 .8 4 2 .8 4 3 .1 4 3 .1 4 2 .8 4 2 .5 4 2 .5 4 3 .7 4 3 .6 4 3 .9 4 3 .9 4 3 .3 4 2 .8 4 2 .9 4 1 .1 M a c h in e r y e x c e p t e le c t r ic a l M o t o r v e h i c l e s a n d e q u i p m e n t ............................................................ 4 2 .2 4 3 .5 4 3 .9 4 2 .9 4 3 .6 4 4 .1 4 3 .9 4 4 .1 I n s t r u m e n t s a n d r e l a t e d p r o d u c t s ...................................................... 4 1 .4 4 1 .5 4 1 .4 4 1 .7 4 1 .5 4 1 .6 4 1 .8 4 1 .6 4 1 .1 4 1 .5 4 1 .5 4 1 .1 4 1 .5 4 1 .2 M i s c e l l a n e o u s m a n u f a c t u r i n g ....................................................................... 3 9 .4 3 9 .2 3 9 .4 3 9 .3 3 9 .3 3 9 .2 3 9 .1 3 9 .3 3 9 .0 3 9 .4 3 9 .5 3 9 .5 3 9 .8 3 9 .5 3 9 .1 4 0 .2 4 0 .0 4 0 .1 4 0 .2 4 0 .1 4 0 .4 4 0 .2 4 0 .2 Nondurable goods........................................ 4 0 .1 4 0 .2 4 0 .1 4 0 .2 4 0 .1 4 0 .2 4 0 .2 O v e r t i m e h o u r s ............................................................................................................... 3 .6 3 .7 3 .6 3 .7 3 .6 3 .7 3 .7 3 .6 3 .6 3 .6 3 .7 3 .8 3 .8 3 .7 3 .7 F o o d a n d k i n d r e d p r o d u c t s .............................................................................. 4 0 .2 4 0 .3 4 0 .3 4 0 .4 4 0 .3 4 0 .3 4 0 .4 4 0 .6 4 0 .2 4 0 .1 4 0 .3 4 0 .4 4 0 .7 4 0 .6 4 0 .7 4 1 .8 4 1 .1 4 0 .8 4 1 .0 4 1 .0 4 0 .5 4 0 .9 4 1 .4 4 1 .4 A p p a r e l a n d o t h e r t e x t i l e p r o d u c t s .................................................... 3 7 .0 3 7 .0 3 7 .0 3 7 .0 3 6 .9 3 7 .1 3 6 .9 3 7 .0 3 6 .8 3 7 .0 3 7 .1 3 6 .9 3 7 .6 3 7 .1 3 7 .0 P a p e r a n d a l l i e d p r o d u c t s .................................................................................. 4 3 .4 4 3 .2 4 3 .2 4 3 .2 4 3 .2 4 3 .2 4 3 .2 4 3 .1 4 3 .2 4 3 .1 4 3 .2 4 3 .3 4 3 .4 4 3 .3 4 3 .2 T e x t i l e m ill p r o d u c t s ........................................................................................................ 4 1 .0 4 1 .0 4 1 .0 4 0 .8 4 1 .1 4 1 .7 3 8 .0 3 8 .1 3 8 .0 3 7 .9 3 8 .0 3 8 .0 3 7 .9 3 7 .9 4 2 .3 4 2 .3 4 2 .4 4 2 .3 4 2 .2 4 2 .3 4 2 .5 4 2 .3 4 2 .3 4 2 .3 4 2 .3 4 2 .3 4 2 .6 4 2 .2 4 2 .3 R u b b e r a n d m i s c e l l a n e o u s p l a s t i c s p r o d u c t s ............ 4 1 .6 4 1 .7 4 1 .7 4 1 .7 4 1 .6 4 1 .7 4 1 .6 4 1 .7 4 1 .4 4 1 .7 4 1 .7 4 1 .6 4 1 .6 4 1 .5 4 1 .5 L e a th e r a n d le a th e r p ro d u c ts 3 8 .2 3 7 .5 3 7 .1 3 7 .2 3 7 .5 3 7 .5 3 7 .8 3 7 .3 3 7 .7 3 8 .0 3 8 .6 3 8 .0 3 8 .3 3 7 .4 3 7 .9 3 9 .6 3 9 .4 3 9 .4 4 0 .1 3 9 .6 3 9 .6 3 8 .1 3 8 .1 3 8 .1 3 8 .3 3 7 .9 3 8 .0 2 9 .1 2 8 .9 2 8 .9 3 2 .8 3 2 .5 3 2 .4 ..................................................................... 3 8 .0 3 8 .0 3 8 .0 3 7 .8 TRANSPORTATION AND PUBLIC UTILITIES... 3 9 .2 3 9 .3 3 9 .4 3 9 .4 3 9 .3 3 9 .4 3 9 .4 3 9 .3 3 9 .4 WHOLESALE TRADE..................................... 3 7 .5 3 7 .4 3 8 .0 3 8 .1 3 7 .9 3 8 .1 3 8 .1 3 8 .0 3 8 .1 RETAIL TRADE ............................................. 2 9 .2 2 9 .1 2 9 .1 2 9 .3 2 9 .0 2 9 .1 2 9 .2 2 9 .0 2 9 .1 2 9 .1 2 8 .9 2 8 .9 SERVICES ..................................................... 3 2 .5 3 2 .6 3 2 .5 3 2 .7 3 2 .5 3 2 .6 3 2 .7 3 2 .5 3 2 .7 3 2 .7 3 2 .5 3 2 .6 p = p r e lim in a r y N O T E : See “ N o te s https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 3 7 .7 3 7 .9 3 8 .0 C h e m i c a l s a n d a l l i e d p r o d u c t s ................................................................... P r i n t i n g a n d p u b l i s h i n g ............................................................................................... b e n c h m a r k a d ju s tm e n t. on th e d a ta ” fo r a d e s c r ip tio n of th e m ost re c e n t Monthly Labor Review August 1989 75 Current Labor Statistics: Employment Data 15. Average hourly earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers on private nonagricuitural payrolls by industry, seasonally adjusted Annual 19 8 8 a ve ra g e 19 8 9 In d u s tr y PRIVATE SECTOR (in current dollars)1 ........... C o n s tru c tio n M a n u fa c tu rin g ....................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................. 19 8 7 19 8 8 Ju n e J u ly Aug. S e p t. O c t. N ov. Dec. Ja n . Feb . M a r. A pr. M ayp Ju n e p $ 8 .9 8 $ 9 .2 9 $ 9 .2 7 $ 9 .3 1 $ 9 .3 2 $ 9 .3 7 $ 9 .4 3 $ 9 .4 2 $ 9 .4 5 $ 9 .4 9 $ 9 .5 2 $ 9 .5 4 $ 9 .6 1 $ 9 .6 1 $ 9 .6 2 1 2 .7 1 1 3 .0 1 1 2 .9 7 1 3 .0 5 1 3 .0 3 1 3 .0 7 1 3 .0 8 1 3 .1 0 1 3 .1 5 1 3 .1 8 1 3 .2 2 1 3 .2 6 1 3 .3 3 1 3 .3 3 1 3 .3 5 1 0 .4 0 1 0 .4 2 1 0 .4 5 9 .9 1 1 0 .1 8 1 0 .1 8 1 0 .1 8 1 0 .2 1 1 0 .2 5 1 0 .2 9 1 0 .3 0 1 0 .3 1 1 0 .3 3 1 0 .3 7 1 0 .4 0 9 .4 8 9 .7 2 9 .7 1 9 .7 2 9 .7 5 9 .7 8 9 .8 0 9 .8 3 9 .8 5 9 .8 7 9 .8 9 9 .9 2 ........................................................ 1 2 .0 3 1 2 .3 2 1 2 .3 2 1 2 .3 5 1 2 .3 7 1 2 .3 7 1 2 .4 1 1 2 .3 9 1 2 .3 6 1 2 .4 5 1 2 .4 8 1 2 .5 0 1 2 .5 2 1 2 .5 5 1 2 .5 4 W h o l e s a l e t r a d e .......................................................................................................................... 9 .6 0 9 .9 4 9 .9 0 9 .9 8 9 .9 5 1 0 .0 3 1 0 .1 4 1 0 .0 6 1 0 .1 1 1 0 .1 9 1 0 .1 8 1 0 .2 1 1 0 .3 6 1 0 .2 7 1 0 .3 0 E x c lu d in g o v e r tim e ........................................................................................................ T r a n s p o r t a t i o n a n d p u b lic u tilit ie s R e t a i l t r a d e ............................................................................................................................................ F in a n c e , in s u ra n c e , a n d re a l e s ta te 6 .1 2 6 .3 1 6 .3 0 6 .3 2 6 .3 3 6 .3 6 6 .3 8 6 .4 0 6 .4 3 6 .4 4 6 .4 5 9 .9 2 6 .4 7 6 .5 1 9 .9 7 6 .4 9 9 .9 9 6 .5 2 ............................................... 8 .7 3 9 .0 9 9 .0 1 9 .1 1 9 .0 9 9 .1 8 9 .3 5 9 .2 6 9 .3 5 9 .4 0 9 .3 5 9 .3 6 9 .5 4 9 .4 4 9 .4 9 S e r v i c e s ...................................................................................................................................................... 8 .4 9 8 .9 1 8 .8 7 8 .9 3 8 .9 5 9 .0 0 9 .0 7 9 .0 5 9 .1 0 9 .1 5 9 .1 9 9 .2 4 9 .3 2 9 .3 4 9 .3 3 PRIVATE SECTOR (In constant (1977) dollars)1 4 .8 6 4 .8 4 4 .8 4 4 .8 4 4 .8 2 4 .8 3 4 .8 4 4 .8 2 4 .8 2 4 .8 1 4 .8 1 4 .8 0 4 .8 0 4 .7 7 - 1 In c lu d e s m in in g , n o t s h o w n s e p a r a te ly . p = - D a t a n o t a v a ila b le . N O T E : p r e lim in a r y . See “ N o t e s o n th e d a t a ’ ’ fo r a d e s c r ip tio n o f th e m o s t re c e n t b e n c h m a r k r e v is io n . 16. Average hourly earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers on private nonagricuitural payrolls by industry Annual 19 8 8 a ve ra g e 19 8 9 In d u s try 19 8 7 19 8 8 Ju n e J u ly Aug. S e p t. O c t. Nov. Dec. Ja n . Feb . M a r. A pr. M ayp Ju n e p PRIVATE SECTOR......................................... $ 8 .9 8 $ 9 .2 9 $ 9 .2 3 $ 9 .2 4 $ 9 .2 4 $ 9 .4 0 $ 9 .4 5 $ 9 .4 6 $ 9 .4 6 $ 9 .5 4 $ 9 .5 5 $ 9 .5 6 $ 9 .6 2 $ 9 .5 9 $ 9 .5 8 MINING.......................................................... 1 2 .5 4 1 2 .7 5 1 2 .6 1 1 2 .7 2 1 2 .6 9 1 2 .8 2 1 2 .7 9 1 2 .8 9 1 3 .0 3 1 3 .2 0 1 3 .2 2 1 3 .1 5 1 3 .1 9 1 3 .1 4 1 3 .1 0 CONSTRUCTION............................................ 1 2 .7 1 1 3 .0 1 1 2 .8 9 1 2 .9 6 1 2 .9 9 1 3 .1 6 1 3 .1 7 1 3 .0 8 1 3 .1 9 1 3 .2 6 1 3 .2 1 1 3 .2 6 1 3 .3 0 1 3 .2 9 1 3 .2 7 MANUFACTURING......................................... 9 .9 1 1 0 .1 8 1 0 .1 6 1 0 .1 7 1 0 .1 3 1 0 .2 5 1 0 .2 5 1 0 .3 1 1 0 .3 7 1 0 .3 7 1 0 .3 8 1 0 .4 1 1 0 .4 1 1 0 .4 2 1 0 .4 4 Durable goods .............................................. 1 0 .4 4 1 0 .7 1 1 0 .7 0 1 0 .6 7 1 0 .6 5 1 0 .7 8 1 0 .7 9 1 0 .8 5 1 0 .9 0 1 0 .9 0 1 0 .9 1 1 0 .9 3 1 0 .9 3 1 0 .9 4 1 0 .9 7 8 .7 6 8 .7 8 L u m b e r a n d w o o d p r o d u c t s ............................................................................ 8 .4 0 8 .6 1 8 .6 0 8 .6 6 8 .5 8 8 .6 9 8 .7 7 8 .6 9 8 .7 6 8 .7 1 8 .6 9 8 .6 8 F u r n i t u r e a n d f i x t u r e s .................................................................................................... 7 .6 7 7 .9 4 7 .9 3 7 .9 9 8 .0 2 8 .0 9 8 .0 6 8 .0 2 8 .0 6 8 .1 0 8 .0 8 8 .1 3 8 .1 2 8 .1 5 8 .2 1 S t o n e , c l a y , a n d g l a s s p r o d u c t s ............................................................ 1 0 .2 5 1 0 .4 7 1 0 .4 7 1 0 .5 3 1 0 .4 5 1 0 .5 5 1 0 .5 7 1 0 .6 0 1 0 .5 7 1 0 .5 9 1 0 .6 2 1 0 .6 2 1 0 .7 1 1 0 .7 0 1 0 .7 3 P r i m a r y m e t a l i n d u s t r i e s ......................................................................................... 1 1 .9 4 1 2 .1 5 1 2 .1 4 1 2 .2 2 1 2 .1 0 1 2 .2 4 1 2 .1 9 1 2 .2 2 1 2 .2 6 1 2 .2 7 1 2 .2 7 1 2 .2 7 1 2 .2 6 1 2 .2 5 1 2 .2 7 1 3 .9 8 B l a s t f u r n a c e s a n d b a s i c s t e e l p r o d u c t s ....................... F a b ric a te d m e ta l p ro d u c ts ................................................................................ M a c h in e r y , e x c e p t e le c t r ic a l .......................................................................... 8 .8 7 1 3 .7 7 1 3 .9 7 1 3 .9 5 1 4 .0 9 1 3 .9 6 1 4 .0 7 1 4 .0 3 1 4 .0 1 1 4 .0 7 1 4 .0 4 1 4 .1 3 1 4 .1 3 1 4 .0 6 1 4 .0 5 1 0 .0 0 1 0 .2 6 1 0 .2 9 1 0 .2 0 1 0 .2 1 1 0 .3 4 1 0 .3 4 1 0 .3 6 1 0 .4 4 1 0 .4 5 1 0 .4 6 1 0 .4 7 1 0 .4 8 1 0 .5 0 1 0 .4 9 1 0 .7 2 1 1 .0 1 1 0 .9 7 1 0 .9 8 1 0 .9 7 1 1 .0 9 1 1 .1 1 1 1 .2 2 1 1 .2 4 1 1 .2 1 1 1 .2 3 1 1 .2 5 1 1 .2 6 1 1 .2 8 1 1 .3 4 E l e c t r i c a l a n d e l e c t r o n i c e q u i p m e n t ............................................... 9 .8 8 1 0 .2 4 1 0 .2 9 1 0 .2 7 1 0 .2 6 1 0 .3 1 1 0 .3 3 T r a n s p o r t a t i o n e q u i p m e n t .................................................................................... 1 2 .9 4 1 3 .3 1 1 3 .3 0 1 3 .1 9 1 3 .2 1 1 3 .4 4 1 3 .4 5 1 3 .5 6 1 3 .5 9 1 3 .5 8 1 3 .5 9 1 3 .6 5 1 3 .6 0 1 3 .5 7 1 3 .6 7 M o t o r v e h i c l e s a n d e q u i p m e n t ............................................................ 1 3 .5 3 1 4 .0 0 1 4 .0 9 1 3 .7 9 1 3 .8 3 1 4 .1 0 1 4 .0 9 1 4 .1 8 1 4 .2 3 1 4 .2 0 1 4 .1 9 1 4 .2 8 1 4 .2 0 1 4 .1 5 1 4 .2 5 9 .7 2 9 .9 8 9 .9 0 9 .9 6 9 .9 4 9 .9 9 1 0 .0 8 1 0 .0 7 1 0 .1 3 1 0 .1 2 1 0 .1 4 1 0 .1 7 1 0 .1 7 1 0 .1 7 1 0 .2 0 In s tr u m e n ts a n d re la te d p r o d u c ts ...................................................... 1 0 .1 3 1 0 .1 5 1 0 .1 3 1 0 .1 5 1 0 .1 9 1 0 .1 6 1 0 .3 0 1 0 .3 5 M i s c e l l a n e o u s m a n u f a c t u r i n g ....................................................................... 7 .7 6 8 .0 1 7 .9 6 7 .9 8 7 .9 5 8 .0 1 8 .1 0 8 .1 2 8 .2 0 8 .2 2 8 .2 3 8 .2 3 8 .2 1 8 .2 6 8 .2 7 Nondurable goods......................................... 9 .1 8 9 .4 3 9 .4 0 9 .4 6 9 .4 1 9 .5 0 9 .4 9 9 .5 4 9 .6 1 9 .6 2 9 .6 2 9 .6 6 9 .6 5 9 .6 8 9 .7 0 F o o d a n d k i n d r e d p r o d u c t s .............................................................................. 8 .9 3 9 .1 0 9 .1 1 9 .1 2 9 .0 2 9 .1 1 9 .0 3 9 .1 5 9 .2 5 9 .2 7 9 .2 6 9 .3 3 9 .3 2 9 .3 4 9 .3 8 T o b a c c o m a n u f a c t u r e s ............................................................................................. 1 4 .0 7 1 4 .6 8 1 5 .9 2 1 5 .7 8 1 4 .9 7 1 4 .0 9 1 4 .0 1 1 4 .5 6 1 4 .3 1 1 4 .3 9 1 4 .7 5 1 5 .3 4 1 5 .8 7 1 6 .1 3 1 6 .6 3 T e x t i l e m ill p r o d u c t s ......................................................................................................... A p p a r e l a n d o t h e r t e x t i l e p r o d u c t s ................................................... P a p e r a n d a llie d p r o d u c t s 7 .1 7 7 .3 7 7 .3 3 7 .3 1 7 .3 7 7 .4 3 7 .4 7 7 .4 5 7 .5 2 7 .6 0 7 .5 9 7 .5 9 7 .6 0 7 .6 2 7 .6 4 5 .9 4 6 .1 2 6 .1 0 6 .0 3 6 .0 9 6 .2 1 6 .2 2 6 .2 5 6 .2 9 6 .3 2 6 .3 2 6 .3 4 6 .3 2 6 .3 2 6 .3 5 .................................................................................. 1 1 .4 3 1 1 .6 5 1 1 .6 6 1 1 .7 2 1 1 .6 5 1 1 .7 2 1 1 .6 8 1 1 .7 4 1 1 .8 1 1 1 .7 8 1 1 .8 0 1 1 .8 4 1 1 .8 3 1 1 .8 9 1 1 .9 3 P r i n t i n g a n d p u b l i s h i n g ................................................................................................ 1 0 .2 8 1 0 .5 2 1 0 .4 3 1 0 .4 8 1 0 .5 4 1 0 .7 0 1 0 .6 8 1 0 .6 7 1 0 .7 0 1 0 .7 3 1 0 .7 4 1 0 .7 9 1 0 .7 3 1 0 .7 6 1 0 .7 2 C h e m i c a l s a n d a l l i e d p r o d u c t s ................................................................... 1 2 .3 7 1 2 .6 7 1 2 .6 0 1 2 .7 0 1 2 .6 2 1 2 .7 5 1 2 .7 8 1 2 .8 6 1 2 .9 0 1 2 .8 5 1 2 .8 8 1 2 .9 1 1 2 .9 2 1 2 .9 9 1 3 .0 6 P e t r o le u m a n d c o a l p r o d u c t s ....................................................................... 1 4 .5 8 1 4 .9 8 1 4 .9 6 1 4 .9 3 1 4 .8 4 1 5 .0 1 1 5 .1 4 1 5 .1 8 1 5 .2 1 1 5 .2 4 1 5 .4 5 1 5 .4 6 1 5 .5 0 1 5 .3 6 1 5 .1 9 R u b b e r a n d m i s c e l l a n e o u s p l a s t i c s p r o d u c t s ............ 8 .9 2 9 .1 4 9 .1 0 9 .1 5 9 .1 7 9 .2 2 9 .2 3 9 .2 6 9 .3 1 9 .3 2 9 .3 1 9 .3 3 9 .3 5 9 .4 0 9 .4 1 L e a t h e r a n d l e a t h e r p r o d u c t s ..................................................................... 6 .0 8 6 .2 7 6 .2 6 6 .1 9 6 .2 2 6 .3 0 6 .3 3 6 .4 1 6 .4 4 6 .4 8 6 .4 9 6 .5 4 6 .5 5 6 .5 7 6 .5 3 TRANSPORTATION AND PUBLIC UTILITIES... 1 2 .0 3 1 2 .3 2 1 2 .2 7 1 2 .3 2 1 2 .3 5 1 2 .4 0 1 2 .4 2 1 2 .4 6 1 2 .4 2 1 2 .4 7 1 2 .5 0 1 2 .4 6 1 2 .5 1 1 2 .5 0 1 2 .4 8 WHOLESALE TRADE..................................... 9 .6 0 9 .9 4 9 .8 8 9 .9 5 9 .9 1 1 0 .0 4 1 0 .1 0 1 0 .0 7 1 0 .1 4 1 0 .2 3 1 0 .2 3 1 0 .2 1 1 0 .3 6 1 0 .2 7 1 0 .2 8 RETAIL TRADE ............................................. 6 .1 2 6 .3 1 6 .2 7 6 .2 8 6 .2 6 6 .3 8 6 .3 9 6 .4 3 6 .4 3 6 .4 8 6 .4 7 6 .4 8 6 .5 2 6 .4 9 6 .4 9 FINANCE, INSURANCE, AND REAL ESTATE... 8 .7 3 9 .0 9 8 .9 7 9 .0 3 9 .0 3 9 .1 4 9 .2 9 9 .2 7 9 .3 2 9 .4 6 9 .4 7 9 .4 3 9 .5 9 9 .4 7 9 .4 4 SERVICES ..................................................... 8 .4 9 8 .9 1 8 .7 9 8 .8 0 8 .8 1 9 .0 0 9 .0 9 9 .1 1 9 .1 6 9 .2 5 9 .2 8 9 .2 9 9 .3 4 9 .3 1 9 .2 5 p — preliminary N O T E : See “ N o te s benchmark revision. on 76 Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis th e d a ta ” fo r a d e s c r ip t io n August 1989 of th e m ost re c e n t 17. Average weekly earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers on private nonagricultural payrolls by industry 19 8 9 19 8 8 A n n u a l a v e ra g e In d u s tr y Fe b . M a r. A pr. M ayp Ju n e p 19 8 8 Ju n e J u ly Aug. S e p t. O c t. Nov. Dec. Ja n . C u r r e n t d o l l a r s ........................................................................................................................ $ 3 1 2 . 5 0 S e a s o n a l l y a d j u s t e d ............................................................................................. $ 3 2 2 .3 6 $ 3 2 2 .1 3 $ 3 2 4 .3 2 $ 3 2 3 .4 0 $ 3 2 7 .1 2 $ 3 2 9 .8 1 $ 3 2 8 .2 6 $ 3 3 0 .1 5 $ 3 2 9 .1 3 $ 3 2 7 .5 7 $ 3 2 8 .8 6 $ 3 3 4 .7 8 $ 3 3 0 .8 6 $ 3 3 2 .4 3 3 2 1 .6 7 3 2 3 .9 9 3 2 2 .4 7 3 2 5 .1 4 3 2 8 .1 6 3 2 6 .8 7 3 2 7 .9 2 3 3 0 .2 5 3 2 9 .3 9 3 3 1 .0 4 3 3 5 .3 9 3 3 2 .5 1 3 3 2 .8 5 1 6 9 .2 8 1 6 7 .8 1 1 6 8 .1 3 1 6 8 .5 7 1 6 7 .3 0 1 6 8 .1 0 1 6 8 .9 6 1 6 7 .9 9 1 6 8 .7 0 1 6 7 .4 1 1 6 5 .9 4 1 6 5 .7 6 1 6 7 .3 9 1 6 4 .5 3 19 8 7 PRIVATE SECTOR C o n s t a n t ( 1 9 7 7 ) d o lla r s .................................................................................... - MINING.......................................................... 5 3 1 .7 0 5 3 9 .3 3 5 3 5 .9 3 5 3 9 .3 3 5 3 2 .9 8 5 4 1 .0 0 5 4 4 .8 5 5 4 0 .0 9 5 5 7 .6 8 5 5 7 .0 4 5 5 1 .2 7 5 5 2 .3 0 5 6 4 .5 3 5 5 3 .1 9 5 5 4 .1 3 CONSTRUCTION............................................ 4 8 0 .4 4 4 9 3 .0 8 4 9 8 .8 4 5 0 0 .2 6 5 0 1 .4 1 5 0 5 .3 4 5 1 4 .9 5 4 9 4 .4 2 4 9 1 .9 9 4 8 3 .9 9 4 7 8 .2 0 4 9 5 .9 2 5 0 4 .0 7 5 0 1 .0 3 5 0 2 .9 3 C u r r e n t d o l l a r s .......................................................................................................................... 4 0 6 .3 1 4 1 8 .4 0 4 1 8 .5 9 4 1 3 .9 2 4 1 4 .3 2 4 2 3 .3 3 4 2 3 .3 3 4 2 7 .8 7 4 3 2 .4 3 4 2 5 .1 7 4 2 3 .5 0 4 2 6 .8 1 4 2 6 .8 1 4 2 6 .1 8 4 2 8 .0 4 C o n s t a n t ( 1 9 7 7 ) d o l l a r s ......................................................................................... 2 2 0 .1 0 2 1 7 .8 0 2 1 8 .4 7 2 1 5 .1 4 2 1 4 .3 4 2 1 7 .5 4 2 1 6 .8 7 2 1 8 .9 7 2 2 0 .9 7 2 1 6 .2 6 2 1 4 .5 4 2 1 5 .1 3 2 1 3 .4 1 2 1 1 .9 2 Durable goods .............................................. 4 3 3 .2 6 4 4 7 .6 8 4 4 9 .4 0 4 3 9 .6 0 4 3 9 .8 5 4 5 2 .7 6 4 5 3 .1 8 4 5 7 .8 7 4 6 3 .2 5 4 5 5 .6 2 4 5 2 .7 7 4 5 5 .7 8 4 5 5 .7 8 4 5 4 .0 1 L u m b e r a n d w o o d p r o d u c t s ............................................................................ 3 4 1 .0 4 3 4 6 .9 8 3 5 1 .7 4 3 4 9 .0 0 3 4 5 .7 7 3 5 0 .2 1 3 5 9 .5 7 3 4 7 .6 0 3 5 3 .9 0 3 4 5 .7 9 3 3 8 .9 1 3 4 5 .4 6 3 5 4 .7 8 3 5 2 .0 8 3 2 6 .4 3 3 1 9 .1 4 3 1 5 .9 3 3 2 1 .9 5 3 1 9 .1 2 3 1 7 .8 5 3 2 3 .4 7 4 4 6 .0 5 4 3 9 .4 9 4 3 6 .4 8 4 4 4 .9 8 4 5 6 .2 5 4 5 3 .6 8 4 5 3 .8 8 MANUFACTURING 4 5 6 .3 5 3 5 9 .2 4 F u r n i t u r e a n d f i x t u r e s .................................................................................................... 3 0 6 .8 0 3 1 2 .8 4 3 1 2 .4 4 3 1 0 .8 1 3 1 5 .1 9 3 2 4 .4 1 3 2 3 .2 1 3 2 0 .0 0 S t o n e , c l a y , a n d g l a s s p r o d u c t s ............................................................ 4 3 3 .5 8 4 4 2 .8 8 4 4 8 .1 2 4 4 6 .4 7 4 4 4 .1 3 4 5 1 .5 4 4 5 4 .5 1 4 5 2 .6 2 P r i m a r y m e t a l i n d u s t r i e s ......................................................................................... 5 1 4 .6 1 5 2 9 .7 4 5 3 0 .5 2 5 2 6 .6 8 5 2 1 .5 1 5 3 8 .5 6 5 3 1 .4 8 5 3 6 .4 6 5 4 0 .6 7 5 3 6 .2 0 5 3 3 .7 5 5 2 9 .6 3 5 2 7 .9 8 5 2 8 .8 4 B l a s t f u r n a c e s a n d b a s i c s t e e l p r o d u c t s ....................... 5 9 7 .6 2 6 1 4 .6 8 6 2 0 .7 8 6 1 9 .9 6 6 0 8 .6 6 6 2 8 .9 3 6 1 5 .9 2 6 1 6 .4 4 6 2 1 .8 9 6 1 7 .7 6 6 1 7 .4 8 6 2 1 .7 2 6 1 3 .0 2 6 1 2 .5 8 6 0 9 .5 3 4 4 1 .3 4 4 4 5 .7 9 4 3 8 .9 0 4 3 5 .1 4 4 3 6 .6 0 4 3 7 .0 2 4 3 5 .7 5 4 3 6 .3 8 5 3 2 .5 2 ................................................................................ 4 1 6 .0 0 4 2 9 .8 9 4 3 4 .2 4 4 1 9 .2 2 4 2 3 .7 2 4 3 5 .3 1 4 3 4 .2 8 M a c h i n e r y , e x c e p t e l e c t r i c a l .......................................................................... 4 5 2 .3 8 4 6 9 .0 3 4 6 8 .4 2 4 6 4 .4 5 4 6 0 .7 4 4 7 3 .5 4 4 7 3 .2 9 4 8 0 .2 2 4 8 8 .9 4 4 7 7 .2 8 4 7 9 .2 5 4 7 8 .5 5 4 7 7 .1 4 E l e c t r i c a l a n d e l e c t r o n i c e q u i p m e n t ............................................... 4 0 4 .0 9 4 1 5 .3 3 4 1 7 .1 7 4 0 9 .2 5 4 1 2 .0 9 4 1 7 .7 9 4 1 6 .5 6 4 2 3 .9 4 4 3 0 .1 2 4 2 2 .1 0 4 1 6 .5 6 4 1 7 .1 5 4 1 9 .6 2 4 1 7 .3 3 4 2 1 .2 5 5 7 9 .7 0 5 9 1 .2 2 5 9 1 .1 7 5 8 2 .5 8 5 8 4 .3 7 5 9 1 .0 5 5 8 4 .8 0 5 7 9 .4 4 5 8 2 .3 4 6 1 5 .6 0 F a b ric a te d m e ta l p ro d u c ts 4 7 7 .5 5 4 8 1 .9 5 5 6 8 .3 4 5 7 1 .9 0 5 5 2 .1 8 5 7 7 .9 2 M o t o r v e h i c l e s a n d e q u i p m e n t ............................................................ 5 7 0 .9 7 6 0 9 .0 0 6 2 2 .7 8 5 7 5 .0 4 5 8 3 .6 3 6 2 1 .8 1 6 1 9 .9 6 6 3 2 .4 3 6 3 3 .2 4 6 1 9 .1 2 6 2 1 .5 2 6 3 1 .1 8 6 2 0 .5 4 6 1 2 .7 0 I n s t r u m e n t s a n d r e l a t e d p r o d u c t s ...................................................... 4 0 2 .4 1 4 1 4 .1 7 4 0 9 .8 6 4 0 9 .3 6 4 0 9 .5 3 4 1 5 .5 8 4 2 0 .3 4 4 2 2 .9 4 4 2 5 .4 6 4 2 0 .9 9 4 2 0 .8 1 4 1 9 .0 0 4 2 0 .0 2 4 1 5 .9 5 4 1 9 .2 2 M i s c e l l a n e o u s m a n u f a c t u r i n g ........................................................................ 3 0 5 .7 4 3 1 3 .9 9 3 1 3 .6 2 3 0 8 .0 3 3 1 0 .0 5 3 1 4 .7 9 3 2 0 .7 6 3 2 3 .1 8 3 2 5 .5 4 3 2 3 .0 5 3 2 2 .6 2 3 2 4 .2 6 3 2 5 .1 2 3 2 4 .6 2 3 2 3 .3 6 3 8 9 .9 4 T r a n s p o r t a t i o n e q u i p m e n t ..................................................................................... Nondurable goods......................................... 5 4 3 .4 8 5 5 0 .0 2 3 6 9 .0 4 3 7 8 .1 4 3 7 6 .9 4 3 7 7 .4 5 3 7 8 .2 8 3 8 4 .7 5 3 8 2 .4 5 3 8 6 .3 7 3 8 9 .2 1 3 8 3 .8 4 3 8 2 .8 8 3 8 5 .4 3 3 8 6 .9 7 3 8 8 .1 7 a n d k i n d r e d p r o d u c t s .............................................................................. 3 5 8 .9 9 3 6 6 .7 3 3 6 7 .1 3 3 6 7 .5 4 3 6 8 .0 2 3 7 1 .6 9 3 6 7 .5 2 3 7 4 .2 4 3 7 7 .4 0 3 6 9 .8 7 3 6 6 .7 0 3 7 2 .2 7 3 7 2 .8 0 3 7 8 .2 7 T o b a c c o m a n u f a c t u r e s .............................................................................................. 5 4 8 .7 3 5 8 4 .2 6 6 3 3 .6 2 6 2 0 .1 5 6 0 0 .3 0 5 8 0 .5 1 5 7 8 .6 1 5 8 6 .7 7 5 7 0 .9 7 5 4 6 .8 2 5 5 7 .5 5 5 5 6 .8 4 6 0 4 .6 5 6 3 7 .1 4 6 4 3 .5 8 3 0 9 .2 6 3 0 8 .3 2 3 0 9 .3 2 3 0 7 .4 0 3 1 1 .1 9 3 1 3 .1 2 3 1 3 .9 4 3 1 7 .8 2 Food 3 8 1 .7 7 2 9 9 .7 1 3 0 2 .9 1 3 0 0 .5 3 3 0 4 .3 8 3 0 7 .6 0 3 0 6 .9 4 A p p a r e l a n d o t h e r t e x t i l e p r o d u c t s .................................................... 2 1 9 .7 8 2 2 6 .4 4 2 2 7 .5 3 2 2 1 .3 0 2 2 5 .3 3 2 3 0 .3 9 2 3 0 .7 6 2 3 3 .1 3 2 3 3 .9 9 2 3 2 .5 8 2 3 3 .2 1 2 3 3 .9 5 2 3 4 .4 7 2 3 3 .8 4 2 3 6 .8 6 P a p e r a n d a l l i e d p r o d u c t s .................................................................................. 4 9 6 .0 6 5 0 3 .2 8 5 0 2 .5 5 5 0 2 .7 9 4 9 9 .7 9 5 1 2 .1 6 5 0 5 .7 4 5 0 9 .5 2 5 1 9 .6 4 5 0 8 .9 0 5 0 6 .2 2 5 0 9 .1 2 5 0 9 .8 7 5 1 2 .4 6 5 1 4 .1 8 4 0 4 .9 0 4 0 8 .9 4 4 0 5 .5 9 T e x t i l e m i l l p r o d u c t s ........................................................................................................ 2 9 5 .3 2 P r i n t i n g a n d p u b l i s h i n g ................................................................................................ 3 9 0 .6 4 3 9 9 .7 6 3 9 2 .1 7 3 9 6 .1 4 4 0 1 .5 7 4 1 1 .9 5 4 0 6 .9 1 4 0 6 .5 3 4 1 0 .8 8 4 0 4 .5 2 4 0 2 .4 2 4 0 2 .0 0 C h e m i c a l s a n d a l l i e d p r o d u c t s ................................................................... 5 2 3 .2 5 5 3 5 .9 4 5 3 4 .2 4 5 3 3 .4 0 5 2 8 .7 8 5 3 9 .3 3 5 4 0 .5 9 5 4 7 .8 4 5 5 3 .4 1 5 4 4 .8 4 5 4 4 .8 2 5 4 6 .0 9 5 4 9 .1 0 5 4 8 .1 8 5 5 2 .4 4 P e t r o le u m 6 4 1 .5 2 6 6 5 .1 1 6 7 4 .7 0 6 7 6 .3 3 6 6 1 .8 6 6 7 2 .4 5 6 7 6 .7 6 6 7 0 .9 6 6 7 3 .8 0 6 6 2 .9 4 6 7 9 .8 0 6 6 7 .8 7 6 8 6 .6 5 6 7 1 .2 3 6 5 7 .7 3 3 9 1 .4 6 a n d c o a l p r o d u c t s ....................................................................... R u b b e r a n d m is c e lla n e o u s 3 7 1 .0 7 3 8 1 .1 4 3 8 0 .3 8 3 7 6 .0 7 3 7 8 .7 2 3 8 4 .4 7 3 8 4 .8 9 3 8 8 .9 2 3 9 1 .9 5 3 9 0 .5 1 3 8 7 .3 0 3 8 7 .2 0 3 8 8 .0 3 3 9 0 .1 0 ..................................................................... 2 3 2 .2 6 2 3 5 .1 3 2 3 7 .2 5 2 3 0 .8 9 2 3 4 .4 9 2 3 6 .2 5 2 3 9 .9 1 2 3 9 .7 3 2 4 6 .6 5 2 4 4 .9 4 2 4 5 .3 2 2 4 4 .6 0 2 4 7 .5 9 2 4 7 .0 3 2 5 2 .7 1 TRANSPORTATION AND PUBLIC UTILITIES..................................................... 4 7 1 .5 8 4 8 4 .1 8 4 8 4 .6 7 4 9 0 .3 4 4 9 0 .3 0 4 8 9 .8 0 4 9 0 .5 9 4 8 9 .6 8 4 9 0 .5 9 4 9 0 .0 7 4 8 8 .7 5 4 8 8 .4 3 4 9 7 .9 0 4 9 2 .5 0 4 9 6 .7 0 WHOLESALE TRADE..................................... 3 6 5 .7 6 3 7 8 .7 1 3 7 6 .4 3 3 8 1 .0 9 3 7 6 .5 8 3 8 2 .5 2 3 8 5 .8 2 3 8 2 .6 6 3 8 7 .3 5 3 8 7 .7 2 3 8 6 .6 9 3 8 6 .9 6 3 9 5 .7 5 3 8 9 .2 3 3 9 1 .6 7 1 8 4 .6 8 1 8 8 .4 3 1 8 6 .9 1 1 8 9 .5 1 p l a s t i c s p r o d u c t s ............................................................................................................... L e a th e r a n d le a th e r p r o d u c ts RETAIL TRADE ............................................. 1 7 8 .7 0 1 8 3 .6 2 1 8 4 .3 4 1 8 8 .4 0 1 8 6 .5 5 1 8 5 .6 6 1 8 5 .9 5 1 8 5 .1 8 1 9 0 .3 3 1 8 4 .0 3 1 8 3 .1 0 FINANCE, INSURANCE, AND REAL ESTATE ....................................................... 3 1 6 .9 0 3 2 6 .3 3 3 2 1 .1 3 3 2 5 .9 8 3 2 2 .3 7 3 2 7 .2 1 3 3 4 .4 4 3 3 0 .9 4 3 3 3 .6 6 3 4 1 .5 1 3 3 9 .0 3 3 3 7 .5 9 3 4 8 .1 2 3 3 7 .1 3 3 3 7 .9 5 SERVICES ..................................................... 2 7 5 .9 3 2 9 0 .4 7 2 8 7 .4 3 2 9 0 .4 0 2 8 8 .9 7 2 9 2 .5 0 2 9 7 .2 4 2 9 6 .0 8 2 9 8 .6 2 3 0 1 .5 5 3 0 0 .6 7 3 0 1 .0 0 3 0 6 .3 5 3 0 1 .6 4 3 0 1 .5 5 fo r a d e s c r ip t io n o f th e - D a t a n o t a v a ila b le . p = p r e lim in a r y https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis N O T E : See “ N o te s on th e d a ta ” m o s t re c e n t b e n c h m a rk r e v is io n . Monthly Labor Review August 1989 77 Current Labor Statistics: 18. Employment Data Diffusion indexes of employment change, seasonally adjusted (In p e r c e n t) Ja n . T im e s p a n Fe b . M a r. A pr. M ay Ju n e J u ly Aug. S e p t. O c t. Nov. Dec. and year P riv a te n o n a g r ic u ltu r a l p a y r o lls , 3 4 9 in d u s tr ie s O v e r 1 -m o n th s p a n : 19 8 7 .................................................................................................................................................................... 5 5 .6 5 9 .3 6 1 .0 6 5 .3 6 0 .6 6 3 .0 6 7 .8 6 4 .5 6 0 .7 19 8 8 .................................................................................................................................................................... 6 0 .7 6 3 .5 6 3 .0 6 2 .8 6 1 .3 6 7 .2 6 3 .6 5 8 .0 5 5 .4 6 3 .9 6 8 .2 6 4 .6 19 8 9 ................................................................................................................................................................ 6 8 .3 6 0 .5 6 1 .0 5 8 .2 5 6 .3 5 4 .3 - - - - 6 1 .9 5 8 .6 5 9 .7 O v e r 3 -m o n th s p a n : .................................................................................................................................................................... 6 0 .7 6 2 .0 6 6 .6 6 5 .2 6 5 .8 6 5 .9 6 7 .8 7 1 .1 7 1 .2 7 2 .3 7 0 .9 6 5 .9 19 8 8 .................................................................................................................................................................. 6 4 .8 6 5 .6 6 9 .5 7 0 .2 7 1 .1 7 1 .9 7 1 .2 6 4 .2 6 5 .3 7 0 .1 7 3 .4 7 4 .6 19 8 9 19 8 7 .................................................................................................................................................................... 7 1 .6 7 0 .1 6 4 .5 6 1 .9 5 9 .0 - - - - - - O v e r 6 -m o n th s p a n : 19 8 7 .................................................................................................................................................................... 6 7 .3 6 6 .8 6 7 .6 6 9 .5 7 1 .3 7 3 .5 7 3 .2 7 1 .5 7 1 .8 7 2 .2 19 8 6 ............................................................................................................................................................. 6 9 .9 7 0 .2 7 1 .5 7 3 .9 7 3 .9 6 9 .1 7 0 .2 7 4 .6 7 3 .5 7 3 .9 7 4 .5 7 5 .8 19 8 9 .................................................................................................................................................................... 7 5 .1 6 9 .9 6 6 .2 “ - - - - - - 6 5 .8 6 4 .8 O v e r 12 -m o n th s p a n : .................................................................................................................................................................... 6 6 .6 6 8 .2 6 8 .2 7 1 .8 7 1 .9 7 2 .5 7 2 .2 7 4 .1 7 5 .4 7 2 .5 7 3 .8 7 6 .9 19 8 8 .................................................................................................................................................................... 7 6 .2 7 6 .1 7 4 .8 7 4 .6 7 5 .8 7 4 .9 7 8 .1 7 5 .5 7 5 .5 7 4 .8 7 5 .2 7 3 .1 19 8 9 19 8 7 .................................................................................................................................................................... ” “ “ - - - - - M a n u fa c tu rin g p a y r o lls , 1 4 1 in d u s tr ie s O v e r 1 -m o n th s p a n : 19 8 7 .................................................................................................................................................................... 5 5 .3 5 4 .3 6 2 .8 5 9 .9 6 3 .8 5 9 .9 6 5 .6 5 6 .4 19 8 8 .................................................................................................................................................................... 5 8 .5 5 6 .0 5 5 .0 5 9 .9 5 8 .5 6 1 .7 5 9 .6 5 1 .1 4 9 .3 6 2 .8 6 4 .9 5 8 .5 19 8 9 .................................................................................................................................................................... 6 2 .4 5 3 .5 5 3 .2 4 9 .6 4 6 .8 4 8 .6 - - - - - 4 4 .3 5 3 .9 5 4 .3 5 5 .7 O v e r 3 -m o n th s p a n : .................................................................................................................................................................... 5 2 .1 5 1 .4 5 9 .6 6 1 .3 5 8 .5 6 2 .8 6 7 .0 7 1 .6 6 8 .4 7 0 .6 6 7 .7 6 4 .5 19 8 8 .................................................................................................................................................................... 6 3 .1 6 1 .0 6 2 .4 6 4 .9 6 7 .4 6 7 .0 6 4 .5 5 8 .2 6 2 .1 6 6 .7 7 1 .3 7 0 .9 19 8 9 19 8 7 .................................................................................................................................................................... 6 7 .4 6 3 .8 5 5 .7 5 1 .4 4 7 .5 - - - - - - O v e r 6 -m o n th s p a n : 19 8 7 .................................................................................................................................................................... 5 7 .4 5 6 .7 5 5 .3 6 2 .4 6 4 .9 6 7 .0 6 7 .4 7 0 .6 7 1 .3 6 9 .5 6 9 .5 6 8 .1 19 8 8 .................................................................................................................................................................... 6 6 .3 6 6 .3 6 7 .7 6 9 .5 6 6 .7 6 4 .2 6 6 .0 7 0 .9 6 8 .8 6 9 .9 7 1 .6 7 4 .1 19 8 9 .................................................................................................................................................................... 6 9 .5 5 8 .2 5 4 .3 - - - - - - - O v e r 12 -m o n th s p a n : .................................................................................................................................................................... 5 5 .3 5 8 .5 5 8 .5 6 3 .5 6 6 .3 6 7 .4 7 1 .6 7 2 .7 7 1 .6 6 9 .1 6 8 .4 7 2 .3 19 8 8 .................................................................................................................................................................... 7 3 .8 7 0 .2 7 0 .9 7 1 .6 7 2 .0 6 9 .9 7 0 .9 6 9 .1 7 1 .6 7 0 .2 6 9 .9 6 5 .6 19 8 9 19 8 7 .................................................................................................................................................................... “ “ - - D a t a n o t a v a ila b le . N O T E : F ig u r e s a r e th e o n e -h a lf of th e in d ic a te s an equal e m p lo y m e n t. p e r c e n t o f in d u s tr ie s w ith in d u s tr ie s b a la n c e 78 Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis w ith unchanged b e tw e e n in d u s trie s August 1989 e m p lo y m e n t in c r e a s in g e m p lo y m e n t, w ith w h e re in c re a s in g and 50 p lu s p e rc e n t d e c re a s in g p r e lim in a r y . - D a ta - fo r th e - 2 m ost - re c e n t m o n th s show n in each span S e e t h e “ D e f i n i t i o n s ” in t h is s e c t i o n . S e e “ N o t e s o n t h e d a t a ” f o r a d e s c r ip t io n o f th e m o s t r e c e n t b e n c h m a r k r e v is io n . are 19. Annual data: Employment status of the noninstitutional population ( N u m b e r s in t h o u s a n d s ) 19 8 0 E m p lo y m e n t s ta tu s 19 8 1 19 8 2 19 8 3 19 8 4 19 8 5 19 8 6 19 8 7 19 8 8 1 7 9 ,9 1 2 1 8 2 ,2 9 3 1 8 4 ,4 9 0 1 8 6 ,3 2 2 1 6 9 ,3 4 9 1 7 1 ,7 7 5 1 7 3 ,9 3 9 1 7 5 ,8 9 1 1 7 8 ,0 8 0 T o t a l ( n u m b e r ) ........................................................................................................................ 1 0 8 ,5 4 4 1 1 0 ,3 1 5 1 1 1 ,8 7 2 1 1 3 ,2 2 6 1 1 5 ,2 4 1 1 1 7 ,1 6 7 1 1 9 ,5 4 0 1 2 1 ,6 0 2 1 2 3 ,3 7 8 P e r c e n t o f p o p u l a t i o n ............................................................................................. 6 4 .1 6 4 .2 6 4 .3 6 4 .4 6 4 .7 6 5 .1 6 5 .6 6 5 .9 6 6 .2 1 0 0 ,9 0 7 1 0 2 ,0 4 2 1 0 1 ,1 9 4 1 0 2 ,5 1 0 1 0 6 ,7 0 2 1 0 8 ,8 5 6 1 1 1 ,3 0 3 1 1 4 ,1 7 7 1 1 6 ,6 7 7 N o n i n s t i t u t i o n a l p o p u l a t i o n ...................................................................................... L a b o r fo rc e : E m p lo y e d : T o t a l ( n u m b e r ) .......................................................................................................... ................................................................................ 5 9 .6 5 9 .4 5 8 .2 5 8 .3 5 9 .9 6 0 .5 6 1 .1 6 1 .9 6 2 .6 R e s i d e n t A r m e d F o r c e s ................................................................... 1 ,6 0 4 1 ,6 4 5 1 ,6 6 8 1 ,6 7 6 1 ,6 9 7 1 ,7 0 6 1 ,7 0 6 1 ,7 3 7 1 ,7 0 9 9 9 ,3 0 3 1 0 0 ,3 9 7 9 9 ,5 2 6 1 0 0 ,8 3 4 P e r c e n t o f p o p u la tio n C iv ilia n T o t a l ................................................................................................................................... 1 0 5 ,0 0 5 1 0 9 ,5 9 7 1 0 7 ,1 5 0 1 1 2 ,4 4 0 1 1 4 ,9 6 8 A g r i c u l t u r e ........................................................................................................ 3 ,3 6 4 3 ,3 6 8 3 ,4 0 1 3 ,3 8 3 3 ,3 2 1 3 ,1 7 9 3 ,1 6 3 3 ,2 0 8 3 ,1 6 9 N o n a g r i c u l t u r a l i n d u s t r i e s ................................................. 9 5 ,9 3 8 9 7 ,0 3 0 9 6 ,1 2 5 9 7 ,4 5 0 1 0 1 ,6 8 5 1 0 3 ,9 7 1 1 0 6 ,4 3 4 1 0 9 ,2 3 2 1 1 1 ,8 0 0 T o t a l ( n u m b e r ) ........................................................................................................ 7 ,6 3 7 8 ,2 7 3 1 0 ,6 7 8 1 0 ,7 1 7 8 ,5 3 9 8 ,3 1 2 8 ,2 3 7 7 ,4 2 5 6 ,7 0 1 P e r c e n t o f l a b o r f o r c e ........................................................................... 7 .0 7 .5 9 .5 9 .5 7 .4 7 .1 6 .9 6 .1 5 .4 6 0 ,8 0 6 6 1 ,4 6 0 6 2 ,0 6 7 6 2 ,6 6 5 6 2 ,8 3 9 6 2 ,7 4 4 6 2 ,7 5 2 6 2 ,8 8 8 6 2 ,9 4 4 U n e m p lo y e d : N o t in l a b o r f o r c e ( n u m b e r ) 20. ........................................................................... Annual data: Employment levels by industry ( N u m b e r s in t h o u s a n d s ) In d u s tr y 19 8 0 19 8 1 19 8 2 19 8 3 19 8 4 19 8 5 19 8 6 T o t a l e m p l o y m e n t ................................................................................................................................................................. 9 0 ,4 0 6 9 1 ,1 5 6 8 9 ,5 6 6 9 0 ,2 0 0 9 4 ,4 9 6 9 7 ,5 1 9 9 9 ,5 2 5 P r i v a t e s e c t o r ............................................................................................................................................................................ 7 4 ,1 6 6 7 5 ,1 2 6 7 3 ,7 2 9 7 4 ,3 3 0 7 8 ,4 7 2 8 1 ,1 2 5 G o o d s - p r o d u c i n g ......................................................................................................................................................... 2 5 ,6 5 8 2 5 ,4 9 7 2 3 ,8 1 3 2 3 ,3 3 4 2 4 ,7 2 7 2 4 ,8 5 9 M i n i n g ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 1 ,0 2 7 1 ,1 3 9 1 ,1 2 8 C o n s tru c tio n ............................................................................................................................................................. 4,346 4,188 3,905 M a n u f a c t u r i n g ......................................................................................................................................................... 2 0 ,2 8 5 2 0 ,1 7 0 S e r v i c e - p r o d u c i n g ...................................................................................................................................................... 6 4 ,7 4 8 T r a n s p o r t a t i o n a n d p u b l i c u t i l i t i e s .................................................................................. 5 ,1 4 6 W h o le s a le tra d e .................................................................................................................................................. ................................................................................................................................................................... R e ta il tra d e 19 8 7 19 8 8 1 0 2 ,2 0 0 1 0 5 ,5 8 4 8 2 ,8 3 2 8 5 ,1 9 0 8 8 ,2 1 2 2 4 ,5 5 8 2 4 ,7 0 8 2 5 ,2 4 9 952 966 927 7 77 71 7 3,948 4,383 4,673 4,816 4,967 5 ,1 2 5 1 8 ,7 8 1 1 8 ,4 3 4 1 9 ,3 7 8 1 9 ,2 6 0 1 8 ,9 6 5 1 9 ,0 2 4 1 9 ,4 0 3 6 5 ,6 5 9 6 5 ,7 5 3 6 6 ,8 6 6 6 9 ,7 6 9 7 2 ,6 6 0 7 4 ,9 6 7 7 7 ,4 9 2 8 0 ,3 3 5 5 ,1 6 5 5 ,0 8 2 4 ,9 5 4 5 ,1 5 9 5 ,2 3 8 5 ,2 5 5 5 ,3 7 2 5 ,5 4 8 5 ,2 7 5 5 ,3 5 8 5 ,2 7 8 5 ,2 6 8 5 ,5 5 5 5 ,7 1 7 5 ,7 5 3 5 ,8 4 4 6 ,0 2 9 1 5 ,0 3 5 1 5 ,1 8 9 1 5 ,1 7 9 1 5 ,6 1 3 1 6 ,5 4 5 1 7 ,3 5 6 1 7 ,9 3 0 1 8 ,4 8 3 721 1 9 ,1 1 0 ......................................................................... 5 ,1 6 0 5 ,2 9 8 5 ,3 4 1 5 ,4 6 8 5 ,6 8 9 5 ,9 5 5 6 ,2 8 3 6 ,5 4 7 6 ,6 7 6 S e r v i c e s ................................................................................................................................................................................ 1 7 ,8 9 0 1 8 ,6 1 9 1 9 ,0 3 6 1 9 ,6 9 4 2 0 ,7 9 7 2 2 ,0 0 0 2 3 ,0 5 3 2 4 ,2 3 6 2 5 ,6 0 0 G o v e r n m e n t ............................................................................................................................................................... 1 6 ,2 4 1 1 6 ,0 3 1 1 5 ,8 3 7 1 5 ,8 6 9 1 6 ,0 2 4 1 6 ,3 9 4 1 7 ,3 7 2 F in a n c e , in s u r a n c e , a n d re a l e s ta te 1 6 ,6 9 3 1 7 ,0 1 0 F e d e r a l ...................................................................................................................................................................... 2 ,8 6 6 2 ,7 7 2 2 ,7 3 9 2 ,7 7 4 2 ,8 0 7 2 ,8 7 5 2 ,8 9 9 2 ,9 4 3 2 ,9 7 1 S t a t e .............................................................................................................................................................................. 3 ,6 1 0 3 ,6 4 0 3 ,6 4 0 3 ,6 6 2 3 ,7 3 4 3 ,8 3 2 3 ,8 9 3 3 ,9 6 7 4 ,0 6 3 L o c a l ............................................................................................................................................................................ 9 ,7 6 5 9 ,6 1 9 9 ,4 5 8 9 ,4 3 4 9 ,4 8 2 9 ,6 8 7 9 ,9 0 1 1 0 ,1 0 0 1 0 ,3 3 9 N O T E : https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis S e e “ N o t e s o n th e d a t a ” to r a d e s c r ip tio n o f th e m o s t re c e n t b e n c h m a r k re v is io n . Monthly Labor Review August 1989 79 Current Labor Statistics: Employment Data 21. Annual data: Average hours and earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers on nonagricultural payrolls, by industry In d u s try 19 8 0 19 8 1 19 8 2 19 8 3 19 8 4 19 8 5 19 8 6 19 8 7 19 8 8 Private sector A v e r a g e w e e k l y h o u r s ..................................................................................................................................... 3 5 .3 3 5 .2 3 4 .8 3 5 .0 3 5 .2 3 4 .9 3 4 .8 3 4 .8 A v e r a g e h o u r l y e a r n i n g s ( i n d o l l a r s ) ......................................................................................... 6 .6 6 7 .2 5 7 .6 8 8 .0 2 8 .3 2 8 .5 7 8 .7 6 8 .9 8 9 .2 9 A v e r a g e w e e k l y e a r n i n g s ( i n d o l l a r s ) ..................................................................................... 2 3 5 .1 0 2 5 5 .2 0 2 6 7 .2 6 2 8 0 .7 0 2 9 2 .8 6 2 9 9 .0 9 3 0 4 .8 5 3 1 2 .5 0 3 2 2 .3 6 3 4 .7 Mining A v e r a g e w e e k ly h o u rs ............................................................................................................................... 4 3 .3 4 3 .7 4 2 .7 4 2 .5 4 3 .3 4 3 .4 4 2 .2 4 2 .4 4 2 .3 A v e r a g e h o u r l y e a r n i n g s (i n d o l l a r s ) ............................................................................ 9 .1 7 1 0 .0 4 1 0 .7 7 1 1 .2 8 1 1 .6 3 1 1 .9 8 1 2 .4 6 1 2 .5 4 1 2 .7 5 A v e r a g e w e e k l y e a r n i n g s ( i n d o l l a r s ) .......................................................................... 3 9 7 .0 6 4 3 8 .7 5 4 5 9 .8 8 4 7 9 .4 0 5 0 3 .5 8 5 1 9 .9 3 5 2 5 .8 1 5 3 1 .7 0 5 3 9 .3 3 Construction ............................................................................................................................... 3 7 .0 A v e r a g e h o u r l y e a r n i n g s (i n d o l l a r s ) ............................................................................ A v e r a g e w e e k ly h o u rs 9 .9 4 1 0 .8 2 1 1 .6 3 1 1 .9 4 1 2 .1 3 1 2 .3 2 1 2 .4 8 1 2 .7 1 1 3 .0 1 A v e r a g e w e e k l y e a r n i n g s ( i n d o l l a r s ) ......................................................................... 3 6 7 .7 8 3 9 9 .2 6 4 2 6 .8 2 4 4 2 .9 7 4 5 8 .5 1 4 6 4 .4 6 4 6 6 .7 5 4 8 0 .4 4 4 9 3 .0 8 3 6 .9 3 6 .7 3 7 .1 3 7 .8 3 7 .7 3 7 .4 3 7 .8 3 7 .9 Manufacturing A v e r a g e w e e k ly h o u rs ........................................................................................................... 3 9 .7 3 9 .8 3 8 .9 4 0 .1 4 0 .7 A v e r a g e h o u r l y e a r n i n g s ( i n d o l l a r s ) ............................................................................ 7 .2 7 7 .9 9 8 .4 9 8 .8 3 9 .1 9 9 .5 4 9 .7 3 9 .9 1 1 0 .1 8 A v e r a g e w e e k l y e a r n i n g s (i n d o l l a r s ) .......................................................................... 2 8 8 .6 2 3 1 8 .0 0 3 3 0 .2 6 3 5 4 .0 8 3 7 4 .0 3 3 8 6 .3 7 3 9 6 .0 1 4 0 6 .3 1 4 1 8 .4 0 4 0 .5 4 0 .7 4 1 .0 4 1 .1 Transportation and public utilities A v e r a g e w e e k ly h o u rs ...................................................................................................................... 3 9 .6 3 9 .4 3 9 .0 3 9 .0 3 9 .4 3 9 .5 3 9 .2 3 9 .2 A v e r a g e h o u r l y e a r n i n g s (i n d o l l a r s ) ............................................................................ 8 .8 7 9 .7 0 1 0 .3 2 1 0 .7 9 1 1 .1 2 1 1 .4 0 1 1 .7 0 1 2 .0 3 1 2 .3 2 A v e r a g e w e e k l y e a r n i n g s ( i n d o l l a r s ) .......................................................................... 3 5 1 .2 5 3 8 2 .1 8 4 0 2 .4 8 4 2 0 .8 1 4 3 8 .1 3 4 5 0 .3 0 4 5 8 .6 4 4 7 1 .5 8 4 8 4 .1 8 3 9 .3 Wholesale trade A v e r a g e w e e k ly h o u rs ............................................................................................................................... 3 8 .5 3 8 .5 3 8 .3 3 8 .5 3 8 .5 3 8 .4 3 8 .3 3 8 .1 3 8 .1 A v e r a g e h o u r l y e a r n i n g s ( i n d o l l a r s ) ............................................................................ 6 .9 6 7 .5 6 8 .0 9 8 .5 5 8 .8 9 9 .1 6 9 .3 5 9 .6 0 9 .9 4 A v e r a g e w e e k l y e a r n i n g s (i n d o l l a r s ) .......................................................................... 2 6 7 .9 6 2 9 1 .0 6 3 0 9 .8 5 3 2 9 .1 8 3 4 2 .2 7 3 5 1 .7 4 3 5 8 .1 1 3 6 5 .7 6 3 7 8 .7 1 Retail trade ............................................................................................................................... 3 0 .2 A v e r a g e h o u r l y e a r n i n g s (i n d o l l a r s ) ............................................................................ A v e r a g e w e e k ly h o u rs 4 .8 8 5 .2 5 5 .4 8 5 .7 4 5 .8 5 5 .9 4 6 .0 3 6 .1 2 6 .3 1 A v e r a g e w e e k l y e a r n i n g s (i n d o l l a r s ) .......................................................................... 1 4 7 .3 8 1 5 8 .0 3 1 6 3 .8 5 1 7 1 .0 5 1 7 4 .3 3 1 7 4 .6 4 1 7 6 .0 8 1 7 8 .7 0 1 8 3 .6 2 3 6 .3 3 0 .1 2 9 .9 2 9 .8 2 9 .8 2 9 .4 2 9 .2 2 9 .2 2 9 .1 Finance, insurance, and real estate A v e r a g e w e e k ly h o u rs ............................................................................................................................... 3 6 .2 3 6 .3 3 6 .2 3 6 .2 3 6 .5 3 6 .4 3 6 .4 A v e r a g e h o u r l y e a r n i n g s (i n d o l l a r s ) ............................................................................ 5 .7 9 6 .3 1 6 .7 8 7 .2 9 7 .6 3 7 .9 4 8 .3 6 8 .7 3 9 .0 9 A v e r a g e w e e k l y e a r n i n g s (i n d o l l a r s ) .......................................................................... 2 0 9 .6 0 2 2 9 .0 5 2 4 5 .4 4 2 6 3 .9 0 2 7 8 .5 0 2 8 9 .0 2 3 0 4 .3 0 3 1 6 .9 0 3 2 6 .3 3 3 5 .9 Services A v e r a g e w e e k ly h o u rs ............................................................................................................................... 3 2 .6 3 2 .6 3 2 .6 3 2 .7 3 2 .6 3 2 .5 3 2 .5 3 2 .5 3 2 .6 A v e r a g e h o u r l y e a r n i n g s (i n d o l l a r s ) ............................................................................ 5 .8 5 6 .4 1 6 .9 2 7 .3 1 7 .5 9 7 .9 0 8 .1 8 8 .4 9 8 .9 1 A v e r a g e w e e k l y e a r n i n g s (i n d o l l a r s ) .......................................................................... 1 9 0 .7 1 2 0 8 .9 7 2 2 5 .5 9 2 3 9 .0 4 2 4 7 .4 3 2 5 6 .7 5 2 6 5 .8 5 2 7 5 .9 3 2 9 0 .4 7 80 Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis August 1989 22. Employment Cost Index, compensation,1 by occupation and industry group (Ju n e 19 8 1= 10 0 ) P e rc e n t c h a n g e 19 8 9 19 8 8 19 8 7 S e r ie s M a r. Ju n e Dec. S e p t. Ju n e M a r. Dec. S e p t. M a r. 3 12 m o n th s m o n th s ended ended M a r. 19 8 9 Civilian workers 2........................................................... 1 3 5 .9 1 3 5 .0 1 3 8 .6 1 3 7 .5 4 .8 1 4 0 .6 1 4 2 .1 1 4 4 .0 1 4 5 .5 1 4 7 .3 1 .2 1 4 7 .9 1 4 9 .7 1 5 1 .9 1.5 5 .3 1 3 7 .2 1 3 8 .2 1 3 9 .6 1 .0 3 .6 W o r k e r s , b y o c c u p a tio n a l g ro u p : ............................................................................................................................................ 1 3 8 .5 1 3 9 .3 1 4 1 .2 1 4 2 .2 1 4 4 .2 1 4 5 .7 B l u e - c o l l a r w o r k e r s .................................................................................................................................................. 1 2 9 .1 1 3 0 .1 1 3 1 .3 1 3 2 .5 1 3 4 .7 1 3 6 .2 S e r v i c e o c c u p a t i o n s .............................................................................................................................................. 1 3 8 .0 1 3 8 .5 1 3 9 .9 1 4 0 .8 1 4 2 .9 1 4 4 .3 1 4 7 .2 1 4 8 .5 1 5 0 .0 1 .0 5 .0 1 3 3 .5 1 3 5 .8 1 3 7 .3 1 3 8 .2 1 3 9 .3 1 4 0 .7 1 .0 3 .6 W h ite -c o lla r w o r k e r s W o r k e r s , b y in d u s tr y d iv is io n : 1 3 2 .2 1 3 0 .2 1 3 1 .1 1 3 0 .7 1 3 1 .5 1 3 2 .7 1 3 4 .1 1 3 6 .8 1 3 8 .1 1 3 9 .0 1 4 0 .1 1 4 1 .9 1 .3 3 .7 S e r v i c e - p r o d u c i n g ......................................................................................................................................................... 1 3 8 .1 1 3 8 .9 1 4 0 .8 1 4 1 .7 1 4 3 .6 1 4 5 .1 1 4 7 .6 1 4 9 .2 1 5 1 .4 1 .5 5 .4 S e r v i c e s ........................................................................................................................................................................................ 1 4 5 .2 1 4 5 .8 1 4 9 .2 1 5 0 .6 1 5 2 .8 1 5 3 .8 1 5 7 .7 1 5 9 .7 1 6 1 .8 1 .3 5 .9 - - - - - - - - ” 1 .9 6 .4 G o o d s - p r o d u c i n g ............................................................................................................................................................. H e a l t h s e r v i c e s ....................................................................................................................................................... H o s p i t a l s ............................................................................................................................................................................... P u b l i c a d m i n i s t r a t i o n 3 ................................................................................................................................... 1 4 4 .1 1 4 4 .7 1 4 6 .4 1 4 8 .1 1 5 0 .3 1 5 1 .2 1 5 4 .0 1 5 4 .4 1 5 6 .7 1 .5 4 .3 N o n m a n u f a c t u r i n g ......................................................................................................................................................... 1 3 6 .9 1 3 7 .8 1 3 9 .6 1 4 0 .5 1 4 2 .3 1 4 3 .9 1 4 6 .1 1 4 7 .7 1 4 9 .7 1 .4 5 .2 Private industry workers............................................................................................................................ 1 3 2 .9 1 3 3 .8 1 3 5 .1 1 3 6 .0 1 3 8 .1 1 3 9 .8 1 4 1 .2 1 4 2 .6 1 4 4 .4 1 .3 4 .6 1 4 1 .2 1 4 3 .0 1 4 4 .6 1 4 6 .3 1 4 8 .6 1 .6 5 .2 “ “ “ 1 .6 5 .0 “ ” W o r k e r s , b y o c c u p a tio n a l g r o u p : 1 3 6 .1 1 3 7 .0 1 3 8 .5 1 3 9 .3 P r o f e s s i o n a l s p e c i a l t y a n d t e c h n i c a l o c c u p a t i o n s ....................... - - - - - - E x e c u t i v e , a d m in is tra tiv e , a n d m a n a g e ria l o c c u p a tio n s - - - - ” - S a l e s o c c u p a t i o n s ............................................................................................................................................ - - “ - “ ” ” " - - - - - “ “ B l u e - c o l l a r w o r k e r s ............................................................................................................................................ 1 2 8 .4 1 2 9 .5 1 3 0 .6 1 3 1 .8 1 3 4 .1 1 3 5 .6 1 3 6 .5 ” 1 3 7 .6 “ 1 3 8 .9 .9 3 .6 P r e c i s i o n p r o d u c t i o n , c r a f t , a n d r e p a i r o c c u p a t i o n .................... - - - - - - “ “ “ .7 3 .1 “ ” “ - " - “ 1 4 3 .9 1 4 5 .4 1 .0 4 .9 W h i t e - c o l l a r w o r k e r s ....................................................................................................................................... A d m i n is t r a t i v e s u p p o r t o c c u p a t i o n s , in c lu d in g c l e r i c a l .................................................................................................................................................................................... M a c h i n e o p e r a t o r s , a s s e m b l e r s , a n d i n s p e c t o r s ........................... - - - - “ T r a n s p o r t a t i o n a n d m a t e r i a l m o v i n g o c c u p a t i o n s ......................... - - - - “ H a n d le r s , e q u ip m e n t c le a n e r s , h e lp e r s , a n d la b o re rs - - - - - 1 3 4 .7 1 3 5 .2 1 3 5 .9 1 3 6 .7 1 3 8 .6 1 4 0 .1 “ 1 4 2 .2 G o o d s - p r o d u c i n g ...................................................................................................................................................... 1 2 9 .9 1 3 0 .8 1 3 1 .9 1 3 3 .2 1 3 5 .6 1 3 7 .1 1 3 7 .9 1 3 9 .0 1 4 0 .4 1 .0 3 .5 C o n s t r u c t i o n .................................................................................................................................................................... - - - “ “ M a n u f a c t u r i n g ............................................................................................................................................................... 1 3 0 .7 1 3 1 .5 1 3 2 .7 1 3 4 .1 1 3 6 .8 ” 1 3 8 .1 “ 1 3 9 .0 “ 1 4 0 .1 1 4 1 .9 1 .3 3 .7 “ - “ - “ “ - - - 1 .3 1 4 2 .1 1 4 3 .8 1 4 5 .5 “ 1 4 7 .7 1 .5 5 .3 " “ 1 .3 3 .0 5 .2 .... S e r v i c e o c c u p a t i o n s ....................................................................................................................................... W o r k e r s , b y in d u s tr y d iv is io n : ............................................................................................................................................................................... “ N o n d u r a b l e s .................................................................................................................................................................. - - “ - 1 3 5 .3 1 3 6 .3 1 3 7 .7 1 3 8 .4 1 4 0 .2 - - - - - “ “ D u ra b le s S e rv ic e -p r o d u c in g ................................................................................................................................................... T r a n s p o r t a t i o n a n d p u b l i c u t i l i t i e s ....................................................................................... “ _ - - P u b l i c u t i l i t i e s ............................................................................................................................................................. - - - “ “ ” ” “ “ W h o l e s a l e a n d r e t a i l t r a d e ............................................................................................................... - - - - - “ “ “ " 1 .3 - - - - - - “ “ - 2 .6 T r a n s p o r t a t i o n ........................................................................................................................................................... W h o le s a le tr a d e .................................................................................................................................................. “ 3 .5 .................................................................................................................................................................... - - - * - “ - " ” .7 F i n a n c e , i n s u r a n c e , a n d r e a l e s t a t e .............................................................................. - - - - - - - “ - ” - “ - - S e r v i c e ........................................................................................................................................................................................ R e ta il tr a d e H e a l t h s e r v i c e s ....................................................................................................................................................... - - H o s p i t a l s ........................................................................................................................................................................... - - - - “ “ “ ” - ~ 2 .2 7 .5 - 1 .6 5 .8 - - 2 .0 6 .8 2 .3 " 1 .4 1 4 5 .9 5 .0 .............................................................................................................................................. 1 3 4 .1 1 3 5 .1 1 3 6 .4 1 3 7 .1 1 3 8 .9 1 4 0 .8 1 4 2 .4 1 4 3 .9 State and local government workers ........................... 1 4 5 .9 1 4 6 .3 1 4 9 .7 1 5 1 .1 1 5 3 .1 1 5 3 .6 1 5 7 .8 1 5 9 .6 1 6 1 .5 1 .2 5 .5 1 .2 5 .7 N o n m a n u fa c tu rin g W o r k e r s , b y o c c u p a tio n a l g ro u p : W h i t e - c o l l a r w o r k e r s ....................................................................................................................................... 1 4 7 .2 1 4 7 .5 1 5 1 .2 1 5 2 .7 1 5 4 .8 1 5 5 .2 1 5 9 .6 1 6 1 .8 1 6 3 .7 B l u e - c o l l a r w o r k e r s ............................................................................................................................................ 1 4 0 .8 1 4 1 .3 1 4 3 .3 1 4 4 .3 1 4 5 .9 1 4 5 .9 1 4 8 .4 1 4 9 .1 1 5 1 .9 1 .9 4 .1 1 4 7 .3 1 4 7 .6 1 5 1 .8 1 5 3 .1 1 5 5 .2 1 5 5 .6 1 6 0 .5 1 6 3 .0 1 6 4 .6 1 .0 6 .1 1 4 2 .5 1 4 3 .3 1 4 5 .1 1 4 6 .3 1 5 0 .3 1 5 0 .4 1 5 3 .2 1 5 5 .2 1 5 7 .2 1 .3 4 .6 - - - - ” 1 5 7 .3 “ 1 6 3 .1 ” 1 6 5 .7 1 6 7 .2 W o r k e r s , b y in d u s tr y d iv is io n : H o s p i t a l s a n d o t h e r s e r v i c e s 4 ............................................................................................. H e a l t h s e r v i c e s ................................................................................................................................................ S c h o o l s ............................................................................................................................................................................. 1 4 8 .9 1 4 9 .1 1 5 4 .1 1 5 5 .5 1 5 6 .8 .9 6 .6 E l e m e n t a r y a n d s e c o n d a r y ................................................................................................ 1 5 0 .5 1 5 0 .7 1 5 6 .5 1 5 7 .8 1 5 8 .9 1 5 9 .4 1 6 5 .4 1 6 8 .3 1 6 9 .3 .6 6 .5 1 5 0 .3 1 5 1 .2 1 5 4 .0 1 5 4 .4 1 5 6 .7 1 .5 4 .3 P u b l i c a d m i n i s t r a t i o n 3 ................................................................................................................................. 1 Cost (c e n ts per hour w o rk e d ) m e a s u re d in th e 1 4 4 .7 1 4 4 .1 E m p lo y m e n t Cost In d e x c o n s is ts o f w a g e s , s a la r ie s , a n d e m p l o y e r c o s t o f e m p l o y e e b e n e fits . 2 C o n s is t o f p riv a te in d u s try w o r k e r s (e x c lu d in g fa rm and h o u s e h o ld w o r k e r s ) 1 4 8 .1 1 4 6 .4 3 C o n s is t 4 I n c lu d e s , f o r e x a m p l e , lib r a r y , s o c i a l , a n d h e a lt h s e r v i c e s . - D a t a n o t a v a ila b le . of le g is la t iv e , ju d ic ia l, a d m in is tr a tiv e , and re g u la to r y a c tiv itie s . a n d S t a t e a n d lo c a l g o v e r n m e n t (e x c lu d in g F e d e r a l G o v e r n m e n t ) w o r k e r s . https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Monthly Labor Review August 1989 81 Current Labor Statistics: Compensation & Industrial Relations 23. Employment Cost Index, wages and salaries, by occupation and industry group (Ju n e 19 8 1 = 10 0 ) 19 8 7 19 8 8 19 8 9 S e r ie s M a r. Ju n e S e p t. Dec. M a r. Ju n e S e p t. Dec. M a r. P e rc e n t c h a n g e 3 12 m o n th s m o n th s ended ended M a r. 19 8 9 Civilian workers 1.................... 1 3 2 .8 1 3 3 .5 1 3 5 .2 1 3 6 .1 1 3 7 .4 1 3 8 .7 1 4 0 .5 1 3 6 .6 1 3 7 .3 1 3 9 .4 1 4 0 .2 1 4 1 .5 1 4 3 .0 1 4 5 .2 1 4 1 .9 1 4 3 .4 W o r k e r s , b y o c c u p a tio n a l g ro u p : W h ite -c o lla r w o r k e r s .................................... 1 4 6 .8 1 4 8 .6 5 .0 B l u e - c o l l a r w o r k e r s ........................................... 1 2 6 .2 1 2 7 .1 1 2 8 .3 1 2 9 .4 1 3 0 .4 1 3 1 .6 1 3 2 .5 1 3 3 .4 1 3 4 .6 3 .2 S e r v i c e o c c u p a t i o n s ..................................... 1 3 4 .2 1 3 4 .7 1 3 6 .0 1 3 6 .6 1 3 8 .0 1 3 9 .3 1 4 1 .8 1 4 2 .9 1 4 3 .9 4 .3 W o r k e r s , b y i n d u s tr y d iv is io n G o o d s - p r o d u c i n g ...................................................... 1 2 7 .8 1 2 8 .5 1 2 9 .8 1 3 1 .0 1 3 2 .2 1 3 3 .4 1 3 4 .1 1 3 5 .1 1 3 6 .3 ............................................................ 3 .1 1 2 8 .7 1 2 9 .5 1 3 0 .8 1 3 2 .2 1 3 3 .3 1 3 4 .4 1 3 5 .1 1 3 6 .2 1 3 7 .4 3 .1 S e r v i c e - p r o d u c i n g ................................................. 1 3 5 .8 1 3 6 .5 1 3 8 .5 1 3 9 .2 1 4 0 .5 1 4 1 .9 1 4 4 .2 1 4 5 .8 1 4 7 .5 5 .0 S e r v i c e s ............................................................................. 1 4 2 .7 1 4 3 .4 1 4 6 .8 1 4 8 .2 1 4 9 .5 1 5 0 .4 1 5 4 .0 1 5 5 .7 1 5 7 .4 5 .3 P u b l i c a d m i n i s t r a t i o n 2 ........................ 1 4 0 .5 1 4 1 .0 1 4 2 .6 1 4 3 .8 1 4 5 .5 1 4 6 .4 1 4 8 .9 1 4 9 .4 1 5 0 .9 3 .7 N o n m a n u f a c t u r i n g .............................................. 1 3 4 .5 1 3 5 .2 1 3 7 .1 1 3 7 .8 1 3 9 .0 1 4 0 .5 1 4 2 .7 1 4 4 .1 1 4 5 .8 4 .9 Private industry workers..................................... 1 3 0 .8 1 3 1 .7 1 3 3 .0 1 3 3 .8 1 3 5 .1 1 3 6 .6 1 3 7 .9 1 3 9 .3 1 4 0 .8 W h i t e - c o l l a r w o r k e r s .................................................................................................................. 1 3 4 .6 1 3 5 .4 1 3 7 .0 1 3 7 .6 1 3 9 .0 1 4 0 .8 1 4 2 .4 1 4 4 .0 1 4 5 .9 5 .0 P r o fe s s io n a l s p e c ia lt y a n d te c h n ic a l o c c u p a t io n s . 1 3 8 .4 1 3 9 .1 1 4 1 .2 1 4 2 .6 1 4 4 .0 1 4 5 .8 1 4 8 .1 1 4 8 .9 1 5 1 .0 4 .9 M a n u fa c tu rin g H e a l t h s e r v i c e s ................................................ 6.6 H o s p i t a l s ......................................................................... 6 .4 W o r k e r s , b y o c c u p a tio n a l g r o u p : 1.1 E x e c u t i v e , a d m in is tra tiv e , a n d m a n a g e ria l o c c u p a t i o n s ......................................................................................................................................... 1 3 5 .6 1 3 6 .4 1 3 8 .6 1 3 9 .2 1 3 9 .9 1 4 1 .3 1 4 2 .5 1 4 4 .4 1 4 6 .2 4 .5 S a l e s o c c u p a t i o n s ..................................................................................................................... 1 2 6 .7 1 2 7 .1 1 2 7 .0 1 2 6 .1 1 2 7 .5 1 3 0 .8 1 3 1 .5 1 3 4 .4 1 3 6 .7 7 .2 c l e r i c a l .................................................................................................................................................. 1 3 4 .3 1 3 5 .5 1 3 7 .1 1 3 8 .1 1 4 0 .2 1 4 1 .2 1 4 3 .2 1 4 4 .1 1 4 6 .0 4 .1 B l u e - c o l l a r w o r k e r s ..................................................................................................................... 1 2 5 .6 1 2 6 .6 1 2 7 .7 1 2 8 .9 1 2 9 .9 1 3 1 .1 1 3 1 .9 1 3 2 .9 1 3 4 .0 3 .2 1 3 0 .2 1 3 1 .1 1 3 2 .1 1 3 3 .4 1 3 4 .0 1 3 4 .9 A d m i n is t r a t i v e s u p p o r t o c c u p a t io n s , i n c lu d in g P re c is io n p r o d u c t io n , c r a ft , a n d re p a ir o c c u p a t i o n s ..................................................................................................................................... 1 2 7 .9 1 2 8 .8 1 3 6 .1 3 .0 M a c h i n e o p e r a t o r s , a s s e m b l e r s , a n d i n s p e c t o r s .. 1 2 5 .5 1 2 6 .7 1 2 7 .5 1 2 9 .2 1 2 9 .9 1 3 1 .2 1 3 1 .9 1 3 3 .3 1 3 4 .5 3 .5 T r a n s p o r t a t io n a n d m a te ria l m o v in g o c c u p a t io n s . 1 2 0 .5 1 2 1 .5 1 2 2 .3 1 2 2 .9 1 2 3 .7 1 2 5 .4 1 2 6 .7 1 2 6 .9 1 2 7 .8 3 .3 l a b o r e r s ............................................................................................................................ ......................... 1 2 1 .9 1 2 2 .6 1 2 3 .7 1 2 5 .0 1 2 6 .7 1 2 7 .5 1 2 8 .4 1 2 9 .3 1 3 0 .4 2 .9 S e r v i c e o c c u p a t i o n s ................................................................................................................. 1 3 1 .4 1 3 1 .9 1 3 2 .6 1 3 3 .2 1 3 4 .5 1 3 5 .8 1 3 7 .6 1 3 9 .1 1 4 0 .0 4 .1 H a n d le r s , e q u ip m e n t c le a n e r s , h e lp e r s , a n d W o r k e r s , b y in d u s tr y d iv is io n : G o o d s - p r o d u c i n g ............................................................................ 1 2 7 .5 1 2 8 .3 1 2 9 .6 1 3 0 .8 1 3 2 .0 1 3 6 .1 .9 ......................................................................................... 1 2 1 .7 1 2 2 .7 1 2 3 .8 1 2 4 .7 1 2 5 .9 1 2 7 .6 1 2 8 .6 1 2 9 .4 1 3 0 .4 M a n u f a c t u r i n g .................................................................................... .8 1 2 8 .7 1 2 9 .5 1 3 0 .8 1 3 2 .2 1 3 3 .3 1 3 4 .4 1 3 5 .1 1 3 6 .2 1 3 7 .4 .9 3 .1 D u r a b l e s .................................................................................................. 1 2 7 .7 1 2 8 .7 1 2 9 .7 1 3 1 .1 1 3 2 .1 1 3 3 .1 1 3 3 .7 1 3 4 .6 1 3 5 .9 2 .9 N o n d u r a b l e s .................................................................................... 1.0 1 3 0 .5 1 3 1 .0 1 3 2 .8 1 3 4 .1 1 3 5 .6 1 3 6 .7 1 3 7 .6 S e r v i c e - p r o d u c i n g .......................................................................... 1 3 3 .4 1 3 4 .3 1 3 5 .7 1 3 6 .2 1 3 7 .5 1 3 9 .3 1 4 1 .0 1 4 2 .6 1 4 4 .5 1 .3 5 .1 T r a n s p o r t a t i o n a n d p u b l i c u t i l it ie s . . . 1 2 8 .1 1 2 9 .3 1 3 0 .0 1 3 0 .2 1 3 1 .3 1 3 2 .5 1 3 3 .5 1 3 3 .4 1 3 4 .6 .9 2 .5 .8 2 .4 C o n s tru c tio n 1 3 3 .2 1 3 3 .9 1 3 4 .9 1 3 9 .1 1 4 0 .2 T r a n s p o r t a t i o n .......................................................................... P u b l i c u t i l i t i e s .............................................................................. .8 .9 W h o l e s a l e a n d r e t a i l t r a d e ................................ 3 .1 3 .6 3 .4 2.6 1 2 7 .9 1 2 9 .9 1 3 0 .6 1 3 0 .7 1 3 1 .9 1 3 4 .6 1 3 6 .0 1 3 6 .9 1 3 8 .6 1.2 5 .1 ............................................................... 1 3 4 .8 1 3 7 .2 1 3 7 .8 1 3 8 .5 1 3 9 .0 1 4 1 .7 1 4 3 .2 1 4 3 .6 1 4 7 .5 2 .7 R e t a i l t r a d e .................................................................................. 6.1 1 2 5 .2 1 2 7 .1 1 2 7 .8 1 2 7 .7 1 2 9 .2 1 3 1 .7 1 3 3 .2 1 3 4 .3 1 3 5 .1 .6 W h o le s a le tr a d e 4 .6 F in a n c e , in s u ra n c e , a n d re a l e s ta te 1 3 3 .5 1 3 1 .5 1 3 1 .8 1 3 1 .6 1 3 2 .9 1 3 4 .9 1 3 4 .9 1 3 9 .9 1 4 2 .7 S e r v i c e s .................................................................................................... 2.0 1 4 1 .8 1 4 2 .8 1 4 5 .9 1 4 7 .1 1 4 8 .6 1 4 9 .8 1 5 2 .9 1 5 4 .4 1 5 6 .4 1 .3 5 .2 1.8 6 .9 2.0 6 .9 1 .3 4 .9 H e a l t h s e r v i c e s ..................................................................... H o s p i t a l s ........................................................................................... N o n m a n u f a c t u r i n g ..................................................................... 1 3 1 .9 1 3 2 .8 1 3 4 .2 1 3 4 .8 1 3 6 .0 1 3 7 .8 S ta t e a n d lo c a l g o v e r n m e n t w o r k e r s . 1 3 9 .4 1 4 0 .8 1 4 2 .6 7 .4 1 4 2 .5 1 4 2 .8 1 4 6 .1 1 4 7 .4 1 4 8 .7 1 4 9 .1 1 5 3 .0 1 5 4 .5 1 5 5 .8 W h i t e - c o l l a r w o r k e r s ............................................................ 1 4 3 .9 1 4 4 .1 1 4 7 .7 1 4 9 .3 1 5 0 .5 1 5 0 .8 1 5 4 .9 1 5 6 .8 1 5 8 .0 B l u e - c o l l a r w o r k e r s ................................................................. 5 .0 1 3 6 .3 1 3 6 .9 1 3 9 .0 1 3 9 .6 1 4 1 .1 1 4 1 .1 1 4 3 .5 1 4 4 .1 1 4 6 .1 3 .5 W o r k e r s , b y o c c u p a tio n a l g ro u p W o r k e r s , b y in d u s tr y d iv is io n S e r v i c e s ........................................................................................................ H o s p i t a l s a n d o t h e r s e r v i c e s 3 .................. 1 4 3 .9 1 4 4 .2 1 4 8 .2 1 4 9 .5 1 5 0 .7 1 5 1 .1 1 5 5 .6 1 5 7 .6 1 5 8 .6 5 .2 1 3 8 .6 1 3 9 .4 1 4 1 .2 1 4 2 .2 1 4 4 .5 1 4 4 .7 1 4 7 .4 1 4 8 .7 1 5 0 .2 3 .9 H e a l t h s e r v i c e s ..................................................................... 1 5 .5 S c h o o l s ...................................................................................................... 1 4 5 .5 1 4 5 .6 1 5 0 .3 1 5 1 .8 1 5 2 .6 1 5 3 .0 1 6 1 .2 E l e m e n t a r y a n d s e c o n d a r y ........................ 5 .6 1 4 6 .5 1 4 6 .6 1 5 2 .0 1 5 3 .4 1 5 4 .0 1 5 4 .3 1 5 9 .7 1 6 2 .1 1 6 2 .8 P u b l i c a d m i n i s t r a t i o n 2 ....................................................... 5 .7 1 4 0 .5 1 4 1 .0 1 4 2 .6 1 4 3 .8 1 4 5 .5 1 4 6 .4 1 4 8 .9 1 4 9 .4 1 5 0 .9 3 .7 C o n s is t s o f p r iv a t e in d u s tr y w o r k e r s ( e x c lu d in g fa r m and h o u s e h o ld w o r k e r s ) a n d S t a t e a n d lo c a l g o v e r n m e n t (e x c lu d in g F e d e r a l G o v e r n m e n t ) w o r k e r s . 2 82 C o n s is ts of le g is la tiv e , Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis ju d ic ia l, a d m in is t r a t iv e , August 1989 and re g u la to r y a c tiv itie s . 1 5 8 .0 1 6 0 .3 3 I n c lu d e s , f o r e x a m p l e , lib r a r y , s o c ia l a n d h e a lt h s e r v i c e s . - D a t a n o t a v a ila b le . 24. Employment Cost Index, private nonfarm workers, by bargaining status, region, and area size (Ju n e 1 9 8 1 = 1 0 0 ) P e rc e n t c h a n g e 19 8 9 19 8 8 19 8 7 S e r ie s M a r. M a r. Dec. S e p t. Ju n e S e p t. Ju n e Dec. M a r. 3 12 m o n th s m o n th s ended ended M a r. 19 8 9 COMPENSATION Workers, by bargaining status1 3 .0 1 3 0 .5 1 3 1 .2 1 3 2 .0 1 3 3 .4 1 3 5 .6 1 3 6 .9 1 3 7 .9 1 3 8 .6 1 3 9 .7 0 .8 1 2 8 .0 1 2 8 .7 1 2 9 .5 1 3 1 .3 1 3 4 .1 1 3 5 .3 1 3 6 .2 1 3 7 .2 1 3 7 .9 .5 1 3 4 .4 1 3 5 .2 1 3 5 .9 1 3 6 .7 1 3 8 .0 1 3 9 .4 1 4 0 .5 1 4 0 .9 1 4 2 .6 1 .2 3 .3 1 3 6 .2 1 3 7 .0 1 3 8 .2 1 3 9 .9 1 .2 3 .6 1 3 7 .5 1 3 8 .6 1 3 8 .9 1 3 9 .5 .4 2 .4 2 .8 1 2 8 .0 1 2 8 .7 1 2 9 .5 1 3 1 .5 1 3 5 .0 1 3 2 .6 1 3 3 .5 1 3 4 .3 1 3 5 .1 1 3 6 .2 1 3 3 .6 1 3 4 .6 1 3 6 .1 1 3 6 .9 1 3 8 .9 1 4 0 .7 1 4 2 .2 1 4 3 .9 1 4 6 .0 1 .5 5 .1 1 3 0 .8 1 3 1 .8 1 3 3 .1 1 3 4 .1 1 3 6 .2 1 3 7 .8 1 3 8 .7 1 3 9 .9 1 4 1 .6 1 .2 4 .0 5 .8 1 3 5 .3 1 3 6 .4 1 3 7 .9 1 3 8 .6 1 4 0 .5 1 4 2 .5 1 4 4 .4 1 4 6 .3 1 4 8 .6 1 .6 1 3 2 .2 1 3 3 .2 1 3 4 .6 1 3 5 .6 1 3 7 .8 1 3 9 .2 1 4 0 .1 1 4 1 .3 1 4 3 .1 1 .3 3 .8 1 4 7 .3 1 .6 5 .7 1 3 7 .5 1 3 9 .4 1 4 3 .2 1 4 1 .5 1 4 5 .0 1 3 5 .3 1 3 6 .8 1 3 7 .4 1 3 8 .6 1 4 0 .3 1 4 1 .9 1 4 3 .7 1 4 5 .9 1 5 3 .5 2 .1 6 .8 1 3 2 .1 1 3 3 .2 1 3 4 .2 1 3 5 .4 1 3 7 .1 1 3 9 .3 1 4 0 .4 1 4 1 .3 1 4 2 .7 1 .0 4 .1 1 3 4 .4 1 3 5 .5 1 3 6 .7 1 3 8 .0 1 3 9 .3 .9 3 .6 1 3 8 .3 1 3 9 .5 1 4 0 .6 1 4 1 .5 1 4 3 .2 1 .2 3 .5 1 3 4 .3 Workers, by region 1 1 2 9 .1 1 3 0 .2 1 3 1 .2 1 3 1 .7 1 3 4 .1 1 3 4 .2 1 3 5 .8 1 3 6 .3 1 4 7 .8 1 5 0 .4 Workers, by area size 1 1 3 3 .5 1 3 4 .4 1 3 5 .8 1 3 6 .7 1 3 8 .9 1 4 0 .5 1 4 2 .0 1 4 3 .6 1 4 5 .6 1 .4 4 .8 1 2 9 .0 1 3 0 .2 1 3 1 .3 1 3 2 .0 1 3 3 .6 1 3 5 .5 1 3 6 .2 1 3 6 .8 1 3 7 .5 .5 2 .9 1 2 7 .7 1 2 8 .3 .7 2 .5 WAGES AND SALARIES Workers, by bargaining status 1 1 2 9 .1 1 3 0 .5 1 3 1 .0 1 3 2 .0 1 3 2 .9 1 3 3 .4 1 3 4 .3 1 2 5 .0 1 2 5 .8 1 2 6 .5 1 2 8 .5 1 2 8 .7 1 2 9 .7 1 3 0 .4 1 3 1 .2 1 3 2 .0 .6 2 .6 1 3 1 .7 1 3 2 .2 1 3 2 .9 1 3 3 .6 1 3 4 .4 1 3 5 .4 1 3 6 .7 1 3 6 .8 1 3 7 .8 .7 2 .5 1 2 5 .6 1 2 6 .2 1 2 7 .0 1 2 9 .3 1 2 9 .6 1 3 0 .4 1 3 1 .0 1 3 2 .1 1 3 3 .0 .7 2 .6 1 2 9 .5 1 3 0 .1 1 3 0 .8 1 3 1 .5 1 3 2 .1 1 3 3 .3 1 3 4 .5 1 3 4 .6 1 3 5 .4 .6 2 .5 1 3 1 .8 1 3 2 .8 1 3 4 .3 1 3 5 .0 1 3 6 .4 1 3 8 .1 1 3 9 .5 1 4 1 .1 1 4 2 .9 1 .3 4 .8 1 2 8 .8 1 2 9 .6 1 3 1 .1 1 3 2 .1 1 3 3 .6 1 3 5 .0 1 3 5 .7 1 3 6 .8 1 3 8 .2 1 .0 1 3 3 .6 1 3 4 .6 1 3 6 .2 1 3 6 .7 1 3 8 .0 1 4 0 .0 1 4 1 .8 1 4 3 .6 1 4 5 .6 1 .4 5 .5 1 3 8 .6 1 3 9 .9 .9 3 .2 1 4 2 .2 1 4 4 .1 1 .3 5 .3 1 3 0 .6 1 3 1 .5 1 3 3 .0 1 3 3 .9 1 3 5 .5 1 3 6 .7 1 3 7 .4 1 3 2 .4 1 3 3 .4 1 3 4 .9 1 3 5 .4 1 3 6 .8 1 3 8 .8 1 4 0 .4 Workers, by region 1 1 3 5 .4 1 3 6 .6 1 3 8 .3 1 3 9 .7 1 4 0 .9 1 4 2 .9 1 4 4 .6 1 4 7 .3 1 5 0 .1 1 .9 6 .5 1 3 0 .1 1 3 1 .1 1 3 2 .1 1 3 3 .0 1 3 4 .0 1 3 6 .1 1 3 7 .1 1 3 7 .8 1 3 8 .9 .8 3 .7 1 2 7 .4 1 2 8 .5 1 2 9 .6 1 2 9 .9 1 3 1 .3 1 3 2 .1 1 3 3 .3 1 3 4 .5 1 3 5 .6 .8 3 .3 1 3 1 .2 1 3 1 .1 1 3 3 .1 1 3 3 .5 1 3 4 .9 1 3 6 .0 1 3 7 .4 1 3 8 .1 1 3 9 .4 .9 3 .3 1 3 1 .6 1 3 2 .4 1 3 3 .7 1 3 4 .6 1 3 5 .8 1 3 7 .3 1 3 8 .7 1 4 0 .2 1 4 1 .9 1 .2 4 .5 1 2 6 .6 1 2 7 .8 1 2 9 .1 1 2 9 .8 1 3 0 .9 1 3 3 .0 1 3 3 .5 1 3 3 .7 1 3 4 .6 .7 2 .8 Workers, by area size1 1 The in d u s try in d e x e s g ro u p s . are For https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis c a lc u la te d a d e ta ile d d iffe r e n tly d e s c r ip t io n fro m of th o s e th e fo r in d e x th e 3 .4 o c c u p a tio n c a lc u la tio n , see and th e M o n th ly R e v ie w T e c h n ic a l E m p l o y m e n t C o s t I n d e x ,” Labor M a y 19 8 2 . N o te , “ E s tim a tio n p ro c e d u re s Monthly Labor Review fo r th e August 1989 83 Current Labor Statistics: Compensation & Industrial Relations 25. Specified compensation and wage adjustments from contract settlements, and effective wage adjustments, private industry collective bargaining situations covering 1,000 workers or more (in percent) A n n u a l a ve ra g e Q u a rte rly a v e ra g e M e a s u re 19 8 7 19 8 7 19 8 8 19 8 9 19 8 8 II III IV I II H IP |p IV P Specified adjustments: T o t a l c o m p e n s a t io n 1 a d j u s t m e n t s ,2 s e t t l e m e n t s c o v e r i n g 5 ,0 0 0 w o r k e r s o r m o r e : F i r s t y e a r o f c o n t r a c t ...................................................................................................... 3 .0 3 .1 4 .1 2 .5 3 .4 1 .8 3 .1 3 .4 3 .5 3 .3 A n n u a l r a t e o v e r l if e o f c o n t r a c t ............................................................ 2 .6 2 .5 3 .9 2 .1 2 .4 1 .8 2 .4 3 .2 2 .1 3 .5 F i r s t y e a r o f c o n t r a c t ...................................................................................................... 2 .2 2 .5 2 .6 2 .1 2 .4 2 .1 2 .6 2 .7 2 .6 3 .2 A n n u a l r a t e o v e r l if e o f c o n t r a c t ............................................................ 2 .1 2 .4 2 .9 2 .0 1 .8 2 .3 2 .2 2 .8 2 .2 3 .1 3 .1 2 .6 1 .0 .9 .8 .4 .9 .8 .5 .5 .7 .7 .2 .2 .3 .1 .3 .2 .1 1 1 .8 1 .3 .7 .6 .3 .3 .5 .4 .2 .3 .5 .6 .2 .1 .2 .1 .1 .2 .2 .1 W a g e a d ju s tm e n ts , s e ttle m e n ts c o v e rin g 1 ,0 0 0 w o rk e rs o r m o re : Effective adjustments: T o t a l e f f e c t i v e w a g e a d j u s t m e n t 3 ............................................................ Fro m s e t t l e m e n t s r e a c h e d in p e r i o d D e fe r r e d fro m ............................................. s e t t l e m e n t s r e a c h e d in e a r l i e r p e r i o d s ......................................................................................................................................................... Fro m 1 c o s t - o f - l i v i n g - a d j u s t m e n t s c l a u s e s ............................... C o m p e n s a tio n in c lu d e s w ages, s a la r ie s , and e m p lo y e rs ’ cost of e m p lo y e e c o m p e n s a tio n o r w a g e s . b e n e f i t s w h e n c o n t r a c t is n e g o t i a t e d . 2 A d ju s tm e n ts are th e 3 n e t re s u lt o f in c r e a s e s , d e c r e a s e s , a n d no changes in B e c a u s e o f r o u n d in g , to ta l m a y n o t e q u a l s u m = p o f p a rts . p r e lim in a r y . 26. Average specified compensation and wage adjustments, major collective bargaining settlements in private industry situations covering 1,000 workers or more during 4-quarter periods (in percent) A v e r a g e fo r fo u r q u a rte rs e n d in g M e a s u re 19 8 7 II 19 8 8 III IV I II 19 8 9 H IP IV P IP S p e c i f i e d t o t a l c o m p e n s a t i o n a d j u s t m e n t s , s e t t l e m e n t s c o v e r i n g 5 ,0 0 0 w o r k e r s o r m o r e , a ll i n d u s t r i e s : F i r s t y e a r o f c o n t r a c t .................................................................................................................................................................................... 1 .8 2 .7 3 .0 3 .1 3 .0 3 .1 3 .1 3 .3 A n n u a l r a t e o v e r l if e o f c o n t r a c t .......................................................................................................................................... 2 .1 2 .6 2 .6 2 .5 2 .3 2 .5 2 .5 2 .6 S p e c ifie d w a g e a d ju s tm e n ts , s e ttle m e n ts c o v e r in g 1 ,0 0 0 w o r k e r s o r m ore: A ll in d u s trie s F i r s t y e a r o f c o n t r a c t ............................................................................................................................................................................. 1 .5 2 .0 2 .2 2 .4 2 .4 2 .5 2 .5 2 .7 1 .8 2 .1 2 .3 2 .2 2 .4 2 .4 2 .4 2 .4 .......................................................................................................................... 1 .3 2 .0 2 .1 2 .5 2 .4 2 .6 2 .7 2 .9 A n n u a l r a t e o v e r l if e o f c o n t r a c t ................................................................................................................................... 2 .0 2 .2 2 .1 2 .2 2 .0 2 .2 2 .4 2 .5 1 .7 1 .7 1 .5 1 .4 1 .5 1 .5 1 .8 1 .8 2 .1 2 .5 2 .5 2 .7 2 .5 2 .8 2 .8 2 .9 C o n tr a c t s w ith C O L A c l a u s e s ........................................................................................................................................ C o n tr a c ts w ith o u t C O L A C o n tr a c t s w ith C O L A c la u s e s c l a u s e s ........................................................................................................................................ C o n tr a c ts w ith o u t C O L A c la u s e s .......................................................................................................................... M a n u fa c tu rin g F i r s t y e a r o f c o n t r a c t ............................................................................................................................................................................. C o n tr a c t s w ith C O L A c l a u s e s ....................................................................................................................................... C o n tr a c t s w ith o u t C O L A c la u s e s ........................................................................................................ A n n u a l r a t e o v e r l if e o f c o n t r a c t ...................................................................................................................... C o n tr a c t s w ith C O L A c l a u s e s ........................................................................................................................................ C o n tr a c t s w ith o u t C O L A c la u s e s ................................................................................................................. - .8 1 .1 2 .1 2 .4 2 .5 2 .6 2 .2 2 .2 1 .3 2 .1 2 .4 2 .4 2 .5 2 .4 2 .1 2 .1 - 2 .7 - .1 1 .3 2 .4 2 .5 3 .0 2 .5 2 .5 .3 1 .0 1 .3 1 .5 1 .6 1 .9 2 .1 2 .1 .8 1 .0 1 .0 1 .0 1 .3 1 .4 1 .8 1 .8 - .2 1 .2 2 .1 2 .7 2 .5 3 .1 2 .6 2 .7 N o n m a n u fa c tu rin g F i r s t y e a r o f c o n t r a c t ........................................................................................................................................................... C o n tr a c t s w ith C O L A c l a u s e s ............................................................................................................................... C o n tr a c t s w ith o u t C O L A c la u s e s .......................................................................................................................... A n n u a l r a t e o v e r l if e o f c o n t r a c t ............................................................................................................................... C o n tr a c t s w ith C O L A c l a u s e s .................................................................................................................... C o n tr a c t s w ith o u t C O L A c la u s e s ....................................................................................... 2 .3 2 .4 2 .3 2 .3 2 .3 2 .8 3 .0 2 .1 2 .1 1 .9 1 .6 2 .2 2 .4 2 .9 2 .9 2 .3 2 .6 2 .4 2 .5 2 .4 2 .5 2 .7 3 .0 2 .4 2 .5 2 .7 2 .4 2 .6 2 .8 2 .7 2 .7 2 .4 2 .2 2 .4 2 .7 2 .4 1 .9 1 .8 1 .7 1 .7 2 .7 2 .9 2 .7 2 .7 2 .6 2 .7 2 .8 3 .0 C o n s tru c tio n F i r s t y e a r o f c o n t r a c t ............................................................................................................................................................................. C o n t r a c t s w ith C O L A c l a u s e s .............................................................................. C o n tr a c t s w ith o u t C O L A c la u s e s ................................................................................................ A n n u a l r a t e o v e r l if e o f c o n t r a c t ................................................................................................................................... C o n tr a c t s w ith C O L A c l a u s e s ............................................................................................... C o n tr a c t s w ith o u t C O L A 1 .......................................................................................................................... Data do not meet publication standards. 2 B e t w e e n - 0 .0 5 84 c la u s e s a n d 0 .0 5 p e r c e n t . Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis August 1989 2 .7 3 .0 2 .9 2 .9 3 .7 ( 1) ( 1) ( ') 2 .7 ( 1) O ( 1) 2 .9 3 .2 3 .8 ( 1) 2 .9 0 3 .1 ( 1) O p = preliminary. 2 .6 (2) 3 .1 ( 1) (1) 2 .1 ( 2) 2 .6 2 .7 ( 2) 2 .4 2 .6 2 .7 (2) ( 2) 2 .4 2 .4 ( 2) 2 .2 2 .4 (2) 2 .7 2 .2 ( 2) 2 .1 2 .6 2 .7 27. Average effective wage adjustments, private industry collective bargaining situations covering 1,000 workers or more during 4-quarter periods (in percent) __________________________ _______ A v e r a g e fo r fo u r q u a rte rs e n d in g - E ffe c tiv e w a g e a d ju s tm e n t IP III IV I II IMP 2 .6 3 .1 3 .2 3 .0 2 .9 .4 .7 .8 1 .0 1 .0 .7 .7 1 .4 1 .3 1 .3 .5 .6 .6 3 .3 For all workers:' 1 .7 1 .8 1 .8 1 .6 .4 .5 .5 .5 For workers receiving changes: 1 19 8 9 19 8 8 19 8 7 iv p 2 .7 2 .6 3 .5 3 .2 3 .6 3 .8 3 .7 3 .5 1 .8 2 .9 2 .9 2 .9 2 .9 3 .1 3 .2 3 .2 2 .9 3 .3 3 .3 3 .3 3 .3 3 .0 3 .0 2 .3 2 .6 2 .7 2 .3 2 .5 2 .7 B e c a u s e o f r o u n d in g , to ta l m a y n o t e q u a l s u m o f p a rts . p = p r e lim in a r y . 28. Specified compensation and wage adjustments from contract settlements, and effective wage adjustments, State and local government collective bargaining situations covering 1,000 workers or more (in percent)_________________________ A n n u a l a ve ra g e M e a s u re 19 8 8 19 8 7 19 8 6 S p e c ifie d a d ju s tm e n ts : T o t a l c o m p e n s a t i o n 1 a d j u s t m e n t s , 2 s e t t l e m e n t s c o v e r i n g 5 ,0 0 0 w o r k e r s o r m o r e : 6 .2 4 .9 5 .4 6 .0 4 .8 5 .3 5 .7 4 .9 5 .1 5 .7 5 .1 5 .3 5 .5 W a g e a d j u s t m e n t s , s e t t l e m e n t s c o v e r i n g 1 ,0 0 0 w o r k e r s o r m o r e : E ffe c tiv e a d ju s tm e n ts : 1 C o m p e n s a tio n in c lu d e s w ages, s a la r ie s , a r id e m p lo y e rs ’ cost of e m p lo y e e b e n e f i t s w h e n c o n t r a c t Is n e g o t i a t e d . 2 A d ju s tm e n ts are th e net r e s u lt of in c re a s e s , d e c re a s e s , and no changes 4 .9 4 .7 2 .4 2 .7 2 .3 3 .0 2 .2 2 .4 (4) (4) (4) 3 B e c a u s e o f r o u n d in g , to ta l m a y n o t e q u a l s u m 4 L e s s t h a n 0 .0 5 p e r c e n t . o f p a rts , In c o m p e n s a t io n o r w a g e s . 29. Work stoppages involving 1,000 workers or more 19 6 59p 19 8 8 A n n u a l to ta ls M e a s u re Ja n . Dec. Nov. O c t. S e p t. Aug. J u ly Ju n e 19 8 8 19 8 7 A p r. M a r. Fe b . N u m b e r o f s to p p a g e s : Ju n e M ay 46 40 7 4 7 2 3 1 0 3 0 2 4 7 0 51 43 15 14 18 14 9 5 1 4 2 4 8 13 5 1 7 4 .3 1 1 8 .3 1 3 .6 2 1 .0 1 1 .7 4 .0 8 .6 2 .3 .0 7 .4 .0 3 0 .3 6 .6 5 4 .7 .0 W o r k e r s in v o lv e d : B e g i n n i n g in p e r i o d ( i n In e f f e c t d u r i n g p e r i o d ( i n 2 1 4 .6 1 2 1 .9 3 4 .8 4 7 .4 4 6 .9 3 4 .0 2 5 .9 1 0 .6 2 .5 9 .9 7 .7 3 7 .0 4 3 .6 9 4 .3 4 4 .7 4 ,4 6 8 .8 4 ,3 6 4 .3 4 7 3 .7 7 2 5 .9 7 1 3 .2 5 1 0 .0 2 9 3 .2 7 7 .9 5 2 .5 1 5 2 .7 1 3 7 .8 9 4 9 .6 1 ,0 6 4 .2 1 ,2 2 7 .1 9 3 8 .2 .0 2 .0 2 .0 2 .0 3 .0 3 .0 2 .0 1 .0 4 .0 2 .0 1 .0 1 .0 4 .0 5 .0 5 .0 4 D a y s id le : P e r c e n t o f e s tim a te d w o rk in g 1 A g r ic u lt u r a l a n d g o v e r n m e n t e m p l o y e e s a r e I n c lu d e d in t h e t o t a l e m p l o y e d a n d to t a l w o r k in g tim e : p r iv a te h o u s e h o ld , fo r e s tr y , a n d fis h e r y e m p lo y e e s a r e e x c lu d e d . A n e x p la n a t io n o f t h e m e a s u r e m e n t o f i d l e n e s s a s a p e r c e n t a g e o f t h e t o t a l t i m e w o r k e d is f o u n d https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis p p . 5 4 -5 6 . p = p r e lim in a r y Monthly Labor Review August 1989 85 Current Labor Statistics: Price Data 30. Consumer Price Indexes for All Urban Consumers and for Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers: U.S. city average, by expenditure category and commodity or service group ( 1 9 8 2 - 8 4 = 1 0 0 , u n le s s o th e r w is e in d ic a te d ) Annual 19 8 8 19 8 9 a ve ra g e S e r ie s 19 8 7 19 8 8 Ju n e J u ly Aug. S e p t. O c t. N ov. Dec. Ja n . Feb . M a r. A pr. M ay Ju n e CONSUMER PRICE INDEX FOR ALL URBAN CONSUMERS: A l l i t e m s ................................................................................................................................. 1 1 3 .6 1 1 8 .3 1 1 8 .0 1 1 8 .5 1 1 9 .0 1 1 9 .8 1 2 0 .2 1 2 0 .3 1 2 0 .5 1 2 1 .1 1 2 1 .6 1 2 2 .3 1 2 3 .1 1 2 3 .8 1 2 4 .1 A ll ite m s ( 1 9 6 7 — 1 0 0 ) 3 4 0 .4 3 5 4 .3 3 5 3 .5 3 5 4 .9 3 5 6 .6 3 5 8 .9 3 6 0 .1 3 6 0 .5 3 6 0 .9 3 6 2 .7 3 6 4 .1 3 6 6 .2 3 6 8 .8 3 7 0 .8 3 7 1 .7 1 1 3 .5 1 1 8 .2 1 1 7 .6 1 1 8 .8 1 1 3 .5 1 1 8 .2 1 1 7 .6 1 1 8 .8 1 1 9 .4 1 2 0 .2 1 2 0 .3 1 2 0 .2 1 2 0 .7 1 2 2 .2 1 2 2 .9 1 2 3 .5 1 2 4 .2 1 2 4 .9 1 2 5 .0 1 1 1 .9 1 1 6 .6 1 1 5 .8 1 1 7 .3 1 1 8 .1 1 1 9 .0 1 1 9 .0 1 1 8 .7 1 1 9 .1 1 2 1 .2 1 2 2 .0 1 2 2 .7 1 2 3 .5 1 2 4 .4 1 2 4 .3 ...................................................................................................... F o o d a n d b e ve ra g e s ............................................................................................................................................ F o o d .................................................................................................................................................................... Fo o d at hom e ................................................................................................................................... C e r e a l s a n d b a k e r y p r o d u c t s ................................................................................................ 1 2 2 .1 1 2 0 .8 1 2 2 .1 1 2 0 .1 1 2 0 .3 1 2 0 .2 1 2 0 .6 1 2 2 .0 1 2 2 .7 1 2 3 .3 1 2 4 .0 1 2 4 .7 1 2 4 .9 1 2 4 .0 1 2 4 .7 1 2 5 .6 1 2 5 .9 1 2 6 .6 1 2 7 .9 1 2 8 .9 1 2 9 .7 1 3 0 .4 1 3 1 .5 1 3 2 .1 M e a t s , p o u l t r y , f i s h , a n d e g g s .................................................................................................. 1 1 0 .5 1 1 4 .3 1 1 4 .6 1 1 6 .5 1 1 7 .3 1 1 7 .4 1 1 6 .8 1 1 6 .4 1 1 6 .1 1 1 8 .5 1 1 8 .2 1 2 0 .5 1 2 0 .6 1 2 0 .7 1 2 1 .4 D a i r y p r o d u c t s ............................................................................................................................ 1 0 5 .9 1 0 8 .4 1 0 7 .2 1 0 7 .6 1 0 8 .2 1 0 8 .9 1 0 9 .9 1 1 0 .6 1 1 1 .4 1 1 2 .6 1 1 3 .4 1 1 3 .8 1 1 4 .1 1 1 3 .8 1 1 3 .6 F r u i t s a n d v e g e t a b l e s ................................................................................................................................................ 1 1 9 .1 1 2 8 .1 1 2 6 .1 1 2 9 .0 1 2 9 .9 1 3 3 .2 1 3 1 .7 1 2 9 .5 1 3 1 .0 1 3 4 .8 1 3 7 .1 1 3 5 .7 1 3 8 .0 1 4 2 .7 1 4 0 .2 O t h e r f o o d s a t h o m e .................................................................................................................................................. 1 1 0 .5 1 1 3 .1 1 1 2 .4 1 1 3 .1 1 1 3 .6 1 1 4 .0 1 1 4 .8 1 1 4 .9 1 1 5 .3 1 1 6 .6 1 1 7 .8 1 1 8 .1 1 1 9 .0 1 1 8 .9 1 1 9 .2 S u g a r a n d s w e e t s ....................................................................................................................................................... 1 1 1 .0 1 1 4 .0 1 1 3 .3 1 1 4 .0 1 1 4 .8 1 1 5 .6 1 1 5 .9 1 1 6 .7 1 1 7 .2 1 1 7 .8 1 1 8 .0 1 1 7 .9 1 1 8 .1 1 1 9 .2 F a t s a n d o i l s ................................................................................................................................ 1 0 8 .1 1 1 3 .1 1 1 1 .5 1 1 2 .6 1 1 4 .9 1 1 5 .9 1 1 7 .1 1 1 7 .1 1 1 8 .5 1 1 9 .6 1 2 0 .5 1 2 0 .4 1 2 1 .6 1 2 1 .6 1 2 1 .6 N o n a l c o h o l i c b e v e r a g e s ................................................................................................................................. 1 0 7 .5 1 0 7 .5 1 0 7 .1 1 0 7 .2 1 0 7 .0 1 0 7 .4 1 0 8 .1 1 0 8 .2 O t h e r p r e p a r e d f o o d s .......................................................................................................................................... F o o d a w a y fro m hom e ................................................................................................................................................ A l c o h o l i c b e v e r a g e s .................................................................................................................................................................. H o u s in g ....................................................................................................................................... S h e l t e r ......................................................................................................................................................... 1 1 6 .0 1 0 7 .8 1 0 9 .6 1 1 1 .3 1 1 1 .3 1 1 1 .8 1 1 1 .5 1 1 1 .6 1 1 3 .8 1 1 8 .0 1 1 7 .1 1 1 8 .3 1 1 8 .7 1 1 9 .1 1 1 9 .9 1 2 0 .1 1 2 0 .7 1 2 1 .9 1 2 3 .0 1 2 3 .7 1 2 5 .2 1 2 5 .2 1 2 5 .5 1 1 7 .0 1 2 1 .8 1 2 1 .5 1 2 2 .1 1 2 2 .5 1 2 3 .0 1 2 3 .4 1 2 3 .7 1 2 4 .1 1 2 4 .7 1 2 5 .2 1 2 5 .7 1 2 6 .2 1 2 6 .7 1 2 7 .1 1 2 1 .8 1 2 2 .3 1 2 3 .1 1 2 3 .5 1 1 4 .1 1 1 8 .6 1 1 8 .7 1 1 9 .2 1 1 9 .3 1 1 9 .6 1 1 9 .8 1 1 9 .9 1 1 9 .9 1 2 0 .3 1 2 1 .1 1 1 4 .2 1 1 8 .5 1 1 8 .6 1 1 9 .1 1 1 9 .5 1 1 9 .9 1 1 9 .9 1 1 9 .9 1 2 0 .2 1 2 0 .7 1 2 1 .1 1 2 1 .5 1 2 1 .6 1 2 2 .1 1 2 2 .9 1 2 1 .3 1 2 7 .1 1 2 6 .6 1 2 7 .4 1 2 8 .2 1 2 8 .4 1 2 8 .8 1 2 9 .1 1 2 9 .3 1 2 9 .8 1 3 0 .3 1 3 1 .2 1 3 1 .2 1 3 1 .8 1 3 2 .3 1 2 8 .1 1 3 3 .6 1 3 3 .7 1 3 4 .7 1 3 5 .6 1 3 4 .7 1 3 4 .8 1 3 4 .2 1 3 4 .1 1 3 5 .2 1 3 6 .3 1 3 8 .6 1 3 7 .9 1 3 7 .8 1 3 8 .7 R e n t , r e s i d e n t i a l .................................................................................................................................................. 1 2 3 .1 1 2 7 .8 1 2 7 .3 1 2 7 .8 1 2 8 .4 1 2 9 .1 1 2 9 .8 1 3 0 .1 1 3 0 .5 1 3 0 .9 1 3 1 .1 1 3 1 .4 1 3 1 .7 1 3 2 .3 O t h e r re n te rs ’ c o s ts 1 2 7 .4 1 3 4 .8 1 3 7 .0 1 3 9 .2 1 4 1 .3 1 3 5 .5 1 3 4 .8 1 3 1 .1 1 3 0 .0 1 3 2 .7 1 3 6 .2 1 4 4 .7 1 4 0 .7 1 3 9 .7 1 2 4 .8 1 3 1 .1 1 3 0 .4 1 3 1 .0 1 3 1 .8 1 3 2 .6 1 3 3 .1 1 3 3 .8 1 3 4 .0 1 3 4 .4 1 3 4 .7 1 3 5 .0 1 3 5 .4 1 3 6 .2 1 3 6 .5 1 2 4 .8 1 3 1 .1 1 3 0 .4 1 3 1 .1 1 3 1 .9 1 3 2 .7 1 3 3 .1 1 3 3 .9 1 3 4 .1 1 3 4 .5 1 3 4 .8 1 3 5 .1 1 3 5 .5 1 3 6 .3 1 3 6 .6 R e n te r s ’ c o s ts ( 1 2 / 8 2 = 1 0 0 ) ........................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................. H o m e o w n e r s ’ c o s t s ( 1 2 / 8 2 = 1 0 0 ) ...................................................................................................... O w n e r s ' e q u i v a l e n t r e n t ( 1 2 / 8 2 = 1 0 0 ) ................................................................... H o u s e h o l d i n s u r a n c e ( 1 2 / 8 2 = 1 0 0 ) ........................................................................................... M a i n t e n a n c e a n d r e p a i r s ................................................................................................................................... M a in te n a n c e a n d re p a ir s e r v ic e s .................................................................................................... M a i n t e n a n c e a n d r e p a i r c o m m o d i t i e s .................................................................................... F u e l a n d o t h e r u t i l i t i e s ................................................................................................................. F u e ls ............................................................................................................................................ F u e l o il, c o a l , a n d b o t t le d g a s 1 2 4 .0 1 2 9 .0 1 2 8 .9 1 2 9 .7 1 3 0 .1 1 2 9 .4 1 4 1 .5 1 3 0 .2 1 3 0 .4 1 3 1 .2 1 3 1 .3 1 3 1 .4 1 3 2 .1 1 3 2 .8 1 1 1 .8 1 1 4 .7 1 1 4 .7 1 1 4 .5 1 1 5 .0 1 1 5 .3 1 1 5 .0 1 1 5 .4 1 1 5 .8 1 1 6 .1 1 1 7 .1 1 1 7 .1 1 1 7 .3 1 1 7 .4 1 1 8 .3 1 1 4 .8 1 1 7 .9 1 1 8 .1 1 1 7 .9 1 1 8 .1 1 1 8 .1 1 1 7 .6 1 1 8 .2 1 1 8 .4 1 1 8 .7 1 1 9 .9 1 1 9 .6 1 2 0 .2 1 2 1 .0 1 3 0 .2 1 3 0 .6 1 3 0 .9 1 1 9 .8 1 0 7 .8 1 1 0 .4 1 1 0 .1 1 1 0 .1 1 1 0 .8 1 1 1 .7 1 1 1 .6 1 1 1 .7 1 1 2 .4 1 1 2 .8 1 1 3 .4 1 1 3 .8 1 1 4 .1 1 1 3 .8 1 1 4 .7 1 0 3 .0 1 0 4 .4 1 0 5 .9 1 0 6 .0 1 0 6 .1 1 0 6 .4 1 0 5 .4 1 0 4 .3 1 0 5 .0 1 0 6 .0 1 0 5 .9 1 0 5 .9 1 0 6 .2 1 0 7 .0 1 0 9 .2 9 7 .3 9 8 .0 9 9 .6 1 0 3 .2 1 0 0 .8 1 0 0 .8 1 0 0 .9 1 0 1 .0 9 8 .6 9 6 .8 9 7 .4 9 8 .7 9 8 .6 9 8 .5 9 8 .8 ............................................................................................................. 7 7 .9 7 8 .1 7 9 .1 7 6 .9 7 6 .3 7 5 .9 7 4 .6 7 5 .0 7 6 .8 8 0 .5 8 1 .4 8 1 .5 8 2 .5 8 1 .5 8 0 .2 G a s ( p i p e d ) a n d e l e c t r i c i t y ............................................................................................................................ 1 0 3 .8 1 0 4 .6 1 0 7 .8 1 0 8 .1 1 0 8 .3 1 0 8 .5 1 0 5 .8 1 0 3 .7 1 0 4 .1 1 0 5 .1 1 0 4 .9 1 0 4 .8 1 0 5 .0 1 0 6 .1 1 1 0 .5 O t h e r u t i l i t i e s a n d p u b l i c s e r v i c e s ........................................................................................................ 1 2 0 .1 1 2 2 .9 1 2 2 .3 1 2 2 .4 1 2 2 .6 1 2 3 .3 1 2 4 .5 1 2 4 .4 1 2 5 .5 1 2 5 .9 1 2 6 .0 1 2 5 .9 1 2 6 .2 1 2 7 .0 1 2 7 .1 H o u s e h o l d f u r n i s h i n g s a n d o p e r a t i o n s ............................................................................................. 1 0 7 .1 1 0 9 .4 1 0 9 .6 1 0 9 .8 1 0 9 .7 1 1 0 .1 1 1 0 .3 1 1 0 .6 1 1 0 .6 1 1 0 .9 1 1 0 .9 1 1 0 .5 1 1 0 .7 1 1 0 .8 1 1 1 .1 H o u s e f u r n i s h i n g s ..................................................................................................................................... 1 0 3 .6 1 0 5 .1 1 0 5 .3 1 0 5 .5 1 0 5 .3 1 0 5 .7 1 0 5 .9 1 0 6 .1 1 0 5 .9 1 0 6 .0 1 0 5 .9 1 0 5 .1 1 0 5 .0 1 0 4 .7 1 0 5 .1 H o u s e k e e p i n g s u p p l i e s .................................................................................................... 1 1 1 .5 1 1 4 .7 1 1 4 .7 1 1 5 .2 1 1 4 .8 1 1 5 .5 1 1 5 .6 1 1 6 .5 1 1 7 .0 1 1 7 .5 1 1 7 .7 1 1 8 .5 1 1 9 .6 1 2 0 .9 1 2 1 .2 H o u s e k e e p i n g s e r v i c e s ......................................................................................................................................... 1 1 0 .6 1 1 4 .3 1 1 4 .8 1 1 5 .0 1 1 5 .1 1 1 5 .5 1 1 5 .5 1 1 5 .7 1 1 5 .9 1 1 6 .6 1 1 6 .8 1 1 6 .9 1 1 7 .1 1 1 7 .3 1 1 7 .4 A pp a re l an d up ke e p ........................................................................................................................ A p p a r e l c o m m o d i t i e s .......................................................................................................................................... M e n ’ s a n d b o y s ’ a p p a r e l .......................................................................................................................................... W o m e n ’ s a n d g i r l s ’ a p p a r e l ............................................................................................................................... 1 1 0 .6 1 1 5 .4 1 1 4 .6 1 1 2 .7 1 0 8 .9 1 1 3 .7 1 1 2 .9 1 1 0 .8 1 1 0 .7 1 1 6 .2 1 1 9 .3 1 1 8 .4 1 1 6 .3 1 1 3 .3 1 1 3 .3 1 1 7 .5 1 1 9 .3 1 1 8 .6 1 1 5 .8 1 0 9 .1 1 1 3 .4 1 1 2 .5 1 1 1 .9 1 1 1 .6 1 1 5 .2 1 1 7 .6 1 1 8 .2 1 1 7 .3 1 1 5 .1 1 1 4 .2 1 1 5 .9 1 1 7 .2 1 1 7 .8 1 1 5 .9 1 1 0 .4 1 1 4 .9 1 1 4 .1 1 0 9 .8 1 1 2 .6 1 0 9 .9 1 1 7 .8 1 1 8 .1 1 2 0 .7 1 1 9 .9 1 1 8 .0 1 1 5 .3 1 1 5 .3 1 1 9 .3 1 2 0 .9 1 2 0 .4 1 1 7 .8 1 2 1 .9 1 2 0 .2 1 1 6 .5 1 1 1 .6 1 1 1 .4 1 1 9 .4 1 2 1 .5 1 1 9 .5 1 1 4 .8 I n f a n t s ’ a n d t o d d l e r s ’ a p p a r e l ........................................................................................................................ 1 1 2 .1 1 1 6 .4 1 1 6 .5 1 1 6 .2 1 1 8 .2 1 1 9 .0 1 1 8 .1 1 1 7 .2 1 1 7 .3 1 1 5 .6 1 1 8 .8 1 1 8 .5 1 2 3 .6 1 2 5 .4 1 2 3 .9 F o o t w e a r .......................................................................................................................................................................... 1 0 5 .1 1 0 9 .9 1 0 9 .2 1 0 8 .2 1 0 7 .4 1 1 2 .2 1 1 5 .9 1 1 3 .5 1 1 2 .2 1 1 2 .7 1 1 4 .1 1 1 5 .3 1 1 4 .9 1 1 4 .0 O t h e r a p p a r e l c o m m o d i t i e s ................................................................................................................................. 1 0 8 .0 1 1 6 .0 1 1 4 .6 1 1 6 .5 1 1 6 .2 1 1 7 .4 1 1 9 .4 1 1 9 .5 1 1 9 .1 1 1 9 .2 1 2 0 .4 1 2 0 .4 1 2 1 .5 1 2 1 .7 1 2 1 .6 1 1 9 .6 1 2 3 .7 1 2 3 .1 1 2 3 .4 1 2 4 .0 1 2 4 .4 1 2 5 .5 1 2 6 .3 1 2 6 .7 1 2 7 .3 1 2 7 .8 1 2 8 .5 1 2 8 .9 1 2 9 .9 1 3 0 .0 1 0 5 .4 1 0 8 .7 1 0 8 .5 1 0 8 .9 A p p a r e l s e r v i c e s ............................................................................................................. T r a n s p o r ta tio n ............................................................................................................................................................. P r i v a t e t r a n s p o r t a t i o n ............................................................................................................................................................. New v e h i c l e s ...................................................................................................................................................................................... New c a r s ........................................................................................................................................... U s e d c a r s ............................................................................................................................................................. M o t o r f u e l ..................................................................................................................... 1 0 9 .6 1 0 9 .7 1 1 0 .0 1 1 4 .5 1 1 0 .7 1 1 0 .8 1 1 1 .1 1 1 1 .6 1 1 1 .9 1 1 6 .0 1 1 5 .9 1 0 4 .2 1 0 7 .6 1 0 7 .4 1 0 7 .8 1 0 8 .6 1 0 8 .6 1 0 9 .0 1 0 9 .6 1 0 9 .6 1 0 9 .8 1 1 0 .3 1 1 0 .7 1 1 3 .6 1 1 5 .0 1 1 4 .9 1 1 4 .4 1 1 6 .5 1 1 6 .1 1 1 6 .1 1 1 5 .9 1 1 6 .2 1 1 7 .2 1 1 8 .4 1 1 9 .0 1 1 9 .4 1 1 9 .5 1 1 9 .4 1 1 9 .2 1 1 4 .6 1 1 9 .2 1 1 8 .9 1 1 4 .6 1 1 6 .9 1 1 6 .5 1 1 6 .5 1 1 6 .3 1 1 6 .8 1 1 7 .7 1 1 8 .7 1 1 9 .1 1 1 9 .5 1 1 9 .6 1 1 9 .6 1 1 9 .4 1 1 9 .5 1 1 9 .1 1 1 3 .1 1 1 8 .0 1 1 7 .6 1 1 7 .9 1 1 9 .2 1 1 9 .4 1 1 9 .9 1 1 9 .7 1 2 0 .2 1 2 0 .5 1 2 0 .5 1 2 0 .5 1 2 0 .7 1 2 1 .0 1 2 1 .3 8 0 .2 8 0 .9 8 1 .4 8 2 .3 8 4 .1 9 6 .6 9 6 .0 8 0 .1 8 0 .8 8 1 .3 8 2 .3 8 4 .2 8 3 .1 8 1 .6 8 1 .4 8 0 .3 7 9 .4 8 0 .1 8 1 .3 9 2 .1 9 6 .7 9 6 .2 M a i n t e n a n c e a n d r e p a i r .............................................................................................................................................. 1 1 4 .8 1 1 9 .7 1 1 9 .7 1 2 0 .0 1 2 0 .3 1 2 0 .9 1 2 1 .1 1 2 1 .5 1 2 1 .5 1 2 2 .4 1 2 3 .3 1 2 3 .5 1 2 3 .8 1 2 4 .3 O t h e r p r i v a t e t r a n s p o r t a t i o n .............................................................................................................................. 1 2 0 .8 1 2 7 .9 1 2 7 .2 1 2 7 .5 1 2 8 .7 1 2 9 .3 1 3 1 .0 1 3 2 .1 1 3 2 .5 1 3 3 .5 1 3 4 .3 1 3 4 .5 1 3 4 .7 1 3 5 .6 1 3 5 .9 O t h e r p r i v a t e t r a n s p o r t a t i o n c o m m o d i t i e s ..................................................................... 9 6 .9 9 8 .9 9 8 .8 9 8 .2 9 9 .2 9 9 .7 9 9 .3 9 9 .4 1 0 0 .3 1 0 1 .0 1 0 1 .2 1 0 0 .1 1 0 0 .8 1 0 1 .5 1 0 1 .9 G a s o l i n e ......................................................................................................................................... O t h e r p r i v a t e t r a n s p o r t a t i o n s e r v i c e s ....................................................................................... P u b l i c t r a n s p o r t a t i o n ............................................................................................................................................ M e d i c a l c a r e ....................................................................................................................................................... 8 3 .1 8 1 .6 8 1 .5 8 0 .3 7 9 .6 8 0 .3 8 1 .5 9 2 .1 1 2 4 .5 1 2 5 .6 1 3 3 .9 1 3 3 .1 1 3 3 .7 1 3 4 .8 1 3 5 .5 1 3 7 .7 1 3 9 .1 1 3 9 .3 1 4 0 .4 1 4 1 .4 1 4 1 .9 1 4 2 .0 1 4 2 .9 1 4 3 .2 1 2 1 .1 1 2 3 .3 1 2 3 .2 1 2 3 .7 1 2 3 .7 1 2 4 .0 1 2 4 .2 1 2 5 .3 1 2 6 .5 1 2 7 .5 1 2 8 .1 1 2 8 .2 1 2 8 .4 1 2 8 .9 1 2 9 .6 1 3 0 .1 1 3 8 .6 1 3 8 .2 1 3 9 .3 1 3 9 .9 1 4 0 .4 1 4 1 .2 1 4 1 .8 1 4 2 .3 1 4 3 .8 1 4 5 .2 1 4 6 .1 1 4 6 .8 1 4 7 .5 1 4 8 .5 M e d i c a l c a r e c o m m o d i t i e s ..................................................................................................................................... 1 3 1 .0 1 3 9 .9 1 3 9 .4 1 4 0 .5 1 4 1 .1 1 4 2 .0 1 4 3 .2 1 4 3 .3 1 4 4 .2 1 4 5 .0 1 4 5 .8 1 4 7 .2 1 4 8 .4 1 5 0 .0 1 5 1 .0 M e d i c a l c a r e s e r v i c e s ............................................................................................................................... 1 3 0 .0 1 3 8 .3 1 3 7 .9 1 3 9 .0 1 3 9 .6 1 4 0 .1 1 4 0 .8 1 4 1 .5 1 4 1 .9 1 4 3 .5 1 4 5 .1 1 4 6 .4 1 4 6 .9 1 4 5 .9 1 4 7 .9 P r o f e s s i o n a l s e r v i c e s .................................................................................................... 1 2 8 .8 1 3 7 .5 1 3 7 .5 1 3 8 .4 1 3 8 .7 1 3 9 .2 1 3 9 .8 1 4 0 .4 1 4 0 .8 1 4 2 .2 1 4 3 .5 1 4 4 .4 1 4 4 .9 1 4 5 .2 1 4 6 .1 H o s p i t a l a n d r e l a t e d s e r v i c e s ........................................................................................................................ 1 3 1 .6 1 4 3 .9 1 4 2 .1 1 4 4 .3 1 4 5 .9 1 4 6 .9 1 4 8 .5 1 4 9 .7 1 5 0 .8 1 5 2 .9 1 5 5 .1 1 5 5 .8 1 5 6 .6 1 5 7 .3 1 5 8 .5 E n t e r t a i n m e n t .............................................................................................................................................. 1 1 5 .3 1 2 0 .3 1 2 0 .1 1 2 0 .5 1 2 1 .3 1 2 1 .8 1 2 2 .8 1 2 3 .8 1 2 5 .5 1 2 6 .2 1 1 0 .5 1 1 5 .0 1 1 4 .8 1 1 5 .3 1 1 5 .4 1 1 6 .0 1 1 6 .3 1 1 7 .2 1 1 7 .5 1 1 8 .1 1 1 8 .4 1 1 8 .5 1 1 9 .0 1 1 9 .3 1 1 9 .5 1 2 2 .0 1 2 7 .7 1 2 7 .3 1 2 7 .7 1 2 8 .1 1 2 8 .6 1 2 9 .4 1 2 9 .3 1 3 0 .0 1 3 1 .6 1 3 2 .3 1 3 2 .9 1 3 4 .0 1 3 3 .9 1 3 5 .0 1 2 8 .5 1 3 7 .0 1 3 5 .5 1 3 6 .5 1 3 7 .5 1 4 0 .0 1 4 0 .6 1 4 1 .0 1 4 1 .3 1 4 3 .4 1 4 4 .1 1 4 4 .4 1 4 4 .7 1 4 5 .4 1 4 6 .3 T o b a c c o p r o d u c t s ....................................................................................................................................................... 1 3 3 .6 1 4 5 .8 1 4 3 .6 1 4 7 .5 1 4 8 .6 1 4 8 .9 P e r s o n a l c a r e ...................................................................................................................................................... 1 1 5 .1 1 1 9 .4 1 1 9 .0 1 1 9 .2 1 1 9 .0 1 2 0 .3 1 2 1 .0 1 2 1 .8 1 2 2 .4 1 2 2 .8 1 2 3 .2 1 2 3 .6 1 2 4 .1 1 2 4 .8 1 2 4 .5 1 1 3 .9 1 1 8 .1 1 1 7 .5 1 1 7 .8 1 1 7 .2 1 1 8 .7 1 1 9 .8 1 2 0 .7 1 2 1 .6 1 2 1 .7 1 2 1 .9 1 2 2 .4 1 2 2 .6 1 2 2 .7 1 2 2 .2 E n te r ta in m e n t c o m m o d itie s ........................................................................................................................ E n t e r t a i n m e n t s e r v i c e s ........................................................................................................... O t h e r g o o d s a n d s e r v i c e s .......................................................................................................................................... T o i l e t g o o d s a n d p e r s o n a l c a r e a p p l i a n c e s ..................................................................... P e r s o n a l c a r e s e r v i c e s ............................................................................................................................................ 1 1 6 .2 1 2 0 .7 1 2 0 .4 1 2 0 .6 1 2 0 .7 1 2 1 .0 1 2 1 .9 1 4 9 .3 1 2 2 .0 1 2 2 .2 1 4 9 .7 1 2 2 .7 1 4 9 .9 1 2 3 .1 1 5 7 .0 1 2 3 .8 1 2 4 .3 1 5 8 .5 1 2 4 .7 1 5 9 .2 1 2 5 .4 1 5 9 .5 1 6 1 .1 1 6 4 .2 1 2 4 .4 1 2 4 .8 1 2 5 .4 1 2 6 .8 1 2 7 .0 1 3 8 .5 1 4 7 .9 1 4 6 .0 1 4 6 .3 1 4 7 .8 1 5 1 .8 1 5 2 .4 1 5 2 .7 1 5 3 .0 1 5 4 .0 1 5 4 .4 1 5 4 .6 1 5 4 .9 1 5 5 .2 1 5 5 .8 S c h o o l b o o k s a n d s u p p l i e s ............................................................................................................................... 1 3 8 .1 1 4 8 .1 1 4 6 .5 1 4 6 .5 1 4 6 .9 1 5 1 .1 1 5 2 .0 1 5 2 .1 1 5 2 .2 1 5 3 .3 1 5 5 .0 1 5 5 .1 1 5 5 .2 1 5 5 .2 1 5 5 .6 P e r s o n a l a n d e d u c a t i o n a l s e r v i c e s .................................................................................................... 1 3 8 .7 1 4 8 .0 1 4 6 .2 1 4 6 .5 1 4 8 .1 1 5 2 .1 1 5 2 .7 1 5 2 .9 1 5 3 .2 1 5 4 .2 1 5 4 .6 1 5 4 .7 1 5 5 .1 1 5 5 .4 1 5 6 .0 P e r s o n a l a n d e d u c a t i o n a l e x p e n s e s .................................................................................................. 86 1 1 4 .8 1 1 9 .4 Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis August 1989 30. Continued— Consumer Price Indexes for All Urban Consumers and for Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers: U.S. city average, by expenditure category and commodity or service group ( 1 9 8 2 - 8 4 = 1 0 0 , u n le s s o th e r w is e in d ic a te d ) 19 8 9 19 8 8 Annual a v e ra g e S e r ie s 19 8 7 19 8 8 Ju n e J u ly Aug. S e p t. O c t. Nov. Dec. Ja n . Fe b . 1 2 0 .2 1 2 1 .1 M a r. A pr. M ay Ju n e 1 2 0 .3 1 2 0 .5 1 2 1 .6 1 2 2 .3 1 2 3 .1 1 2 3 .8 C o m m o d i t i e s ................................................................................................................................................................................................... 1 0 7 .7 1 1 1 .5 1 1 1 .1 1 1 1 .5 1 1 1 .9 1 1 3 .0 1 1 3 .5 1 1 3 .5 1 1 3 .5 1 1 3 .9 1 1 4 .3 1 1 5 .2 1 1 6 .7 1 1 7 .5 1 1 7 .2 F o o d a n d b e v e r a g e s ............................................................................................................................................................... 1 1 3 .5 1 1 8 .2 1 1 7 .6 1 1 8 .8 1 1 9 .4 1 2 0 .1 1 2 0 .3 1 2 0 .2 1 2 0 .6 1 2 2 .0 1 2 2 .7 1 2 3 .3 1 2 4 .0 1 2 4 .7 1 2 4 .9 1 1 2 .4 A l l i t e m s ......................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 1 1 3 .6 1 1 8 .3 1 1 8 .0 1 1 8 .5 1 1 9 .0 1 1 9 .8 1 2 4 .1 1 0 4 .0 1 0 7 .3 1 0 7 .1 1 0 7 .0 1 0 7 .3 1 0 8 .5 1 0 9 .2 1 0 9 .4 1 0 9 .0 1 0 8 .9 1 0 9 .1 1 1 0 .1 1 1 2 .2 1 1 2 .9 .................................................................................... 1 0 1 .1 1 0 5 .2 1 0 4 .9 1 0 4 .7 1 0 5 .2 1 0 7 .1 1 0 7 .8 1 0 7 .7 1 0 6 .9 1 0 6 .4 1 0 6 .9 1 0 8 .9 1 1 2 .5 1 1 3 .6 1 1 2 .7 A p p a r e l c o m m o d i t i e s .................................................................................................................................................. 1 0 8 .9 1 1 3 .7 1 1 2 .9 1 1 0 .8 1 1 0 .7 1 1 6 .2 1 1 9 .3 1 1 8 .4 1 1 6 .3 1 1 3 .3 1 1 3 .3 1 1 7 .5 1 1 9 .3 1 1 8 .6 1 1 5 .8 .......................................... 9 9 .5 1 0 3 .2 1 0 3 .2 1 0 4 .0 1 0 4 .8 1 0 4 .9 1 0 4 .5 1 0 4 .6 1 0 4 .5 1 0 5 .3 1 0 6 .1 1 0 6 .9 1 1 1 .5 1 1 3 .6 1 1 3 .7 D u r a b l e s ....................................................................................................................................................................................................... 1 0 8 .2 1 1 0 .4 1 1 0 .2 1 1 0 .3 1 1 0 .3 1 1 0 .6 1 1 1 .1 1 1 1 .8 1 1 2 .2 1 1 2 .5 1 1 2 .4 1 1 1 .9 1 1 1 .8 1 1 1 .9 1 1 2 .1 C o m m o d i t i e s l e s s f o o d a n d b e v e r a g e s ........................................................................................... N o n d u r a b l e s le s s f o o d a n d b e v e r a g e s N o n d u r a b le s le s s f o o d , b e v e r a g e s , a n d a p p a r e l S e r v i c e s .................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 1 2 0 .2 1 2 5 .7 1 2 5 .5 1 2 6 .1 1 2 6 .7 1 2 7 .3 1 2 7 .6 1 2 7 .8 1 2 8 .1 1 2 8 .9 1 2 9 .4 1 3 0 .0 1 3 0 .2 1 3 0 .8 1 3 1 .6 R e n t o f s h e l t e r ( 1 2 / 8 2 - 1 0 0 ) .............................................................................................................................. 1 2 5 .9 1 3 2 .0 1 3 1 .5 1 3 2 .3 1 3 3 .1 1 3 3 .4 1 3 3 .8 1 3 4 .1 1 3 4 .3 1 3 4 .8 1 3 5 .4 1 3 6 .3 1 3 6 .3 1 3 6 .9 1 3 7 .4 H o u s e h o l d s e r v i c e s l e s s r e n t o f ’ s h e l t e r ( 1 2 / 8 2 = 1 0 0 ) ............................... 1 1 3 .1 1 1 5 .3 1 1 6 .6 1 1 6 .9 1 1 7 .0 1 1 7 .4 1 1 6 .6 1 1 5 .6 1 1 6 .2 1 1 7 .0 1 1 6 .9 1 1 6 .9 1 1 7 .2 1 1 8 .0 1 2 0 .1 T r a n s p o r t a t i o n s e r v i c e s ..................................................................................................................................................... 1 2 1 .9 1 2 8 .0 1 2 7 .6 1 2 8 .1 1 2 8 .8 1 2 9 .3 1 3 0 .6 1 3 1 .6 1 3 2 .1 1 3 3 .0 1 3 3 .9 1 3 4 .3 1 3 4 .5 1 3 5 .2 1 3 5 .6 M e d i c a l c a r e s e r v i c e s ........................................................................................................................................................... 1 3 0 .0 1 3 8 .3 1 3 7 .9 1 3 9 .0 1 3 9 .6 1 4 0 .1 1 4 0 .8 1 4 1 .5 1 4 1 .9 1 4 3 .5 1 4 5 .1 1 4 5 .9 1 4 6 .4 1 4 6 .9 1 4 7 .9 O t h e r s e r v ic e s 1 2 5 .7 1 3 2 .6 1 3 1 .6 1 3 1 .9 1 3 2 .8 1 3 4 .9 1 3 5 .5 1 3 5 .7 1 3 6 .2 1 3 7 .3 1 3 7 .8 1 3 8 .2 1 3 8 .8 1 3 9 .2 1 3 9 .8 ...................................................................................................................................................................... 1 1 3 .6 1 1 8 .3 1 1 8 .1 1 1 8 .4 1 1 8 .9 1 1 9 .7 1 2 0 .2 1 2 0 .3 1 2 0 .4 1 2 0 .8 1 2 1 .3 1 2 2 .0 1 2 2 .9 1 2 3 .5 1 2 3 .9 A l l i t e m s l e s s s h e l t e r ............................................................................................................................................................. 1 1 1 .6 1 1 5 .9 1 1 5 .7 1 1 6 .1 1 1 6 .5 1 1 7 .5 1 1 7 .9 1 1 8 .0 1 1 8 .1 1 1 8 .7 1 1 9 .2 1 1 9 .9 1 2 1 .0 1 2 1 .7 1 2 2 .0 1 2 0 .3 1 2 1 .1 1 2 1 .5 ...................................................................................................................................................................................... S p e c ia l in d e x e s : A ll ite m s le s s fo o d 1 1 9 .3 1 1 9 .8 1 2 2 .9 1 2 3 .7 1 2 4 .7 1 2 5 .3 1 2 5 .6 A l l i t e m s l e s s m e d i c a l c a r e ....................................................................................................................................... 1 1 2 .6 1 1 7 .0 1 1 6 .8 1 1 7 .2 1 1 7 .8 1 1 8 .6 1 1 8 .9 1 1 9 .0 1 1 9 .1 1 1 9 .7 1 2 0 .1 1 2 0 .8 1 2 1 .7 1 2 2 .3 1 2 2 .6 C o m m o d i t i e s l e s s f o o d ....................................................................................................................................................... 1 0 4 .3 1 0 7 .7 1 0 7 .4 1 0 7 .4 1 0 7 .7 1 0 8 .9 1 0 9 .5 1 0 9 .7 1 0 9 .4 1 0 9 .2 1 0 9 .5 1 1 0 .5 1 1 2 .5 1 1 3 .2 1 1 2 .8 A l l i t e m s l e s s h o m e o w n e r s ’ c o s t s ( 1 2 / 8 2 — 1 0 0 ) ........................................................ N o n d u r a b le s le s s f o o d ....................................................................................................................................................... N o n d u r a b le s le s s fo o d a n d a p p a r e l ...................................................................................................... 1 1 5 .1 1 1 9 .5 1 2 1 .5 1 2 1 .6 1 2 2 .3 1 0 1 .8 1 0 5 .8 1 0 5 .5 1 0 5 .4 1 0 5 .9 1 0 7 .7 1 0 8 .2 1 0 7 .5 1 0 7 .1 1 0 7 .6 1 0 9 .4 1 0 0 .3 1 0 4 .0 1 0 4 .0 1 0 4 .8 1 0 5 .5 1 0 5 .6 1 0 5 .2 1 0 5 .4 1 0 5 .3 1 0 6 .0 1 0 6 .8 1 0 7 .6 1 1 1 .7 1 1 3 .6 1 1 3 .8 1 1 1 .9 1 1 2 .4 1 1 3 .7 1 1 4 .2 1 1 4 .1 1 1 3 .9 1 1 4 .3 1 1 4 .9 1 1 6 .2 1 1 8 .4 1 1 9 .3 1 1 9 .0 1 0 8 .3 1 1 2 .8 1 1 3 .9 1 1 3 .1 N o n d u r a b l e s ............................................................................................................................................................................................... 1 0 7 .5 1 1 1 .8 1 1 1 .4 S e r v i c e s l e s s r e n t o f ’ s h e l t e r ( 1 2 / 8 2 — 1 0 0 ) ......................................................................... 1 2 3 .1 1 2 8 .3 1 2 8 .4 1 2 8 .9 1 2 9 .4 1 3 0 .3 1 3 0 .5 1 3 0 .6 1 3 1 .1 1 3 2 .1 1 3 2 .7 1 3 3 .0 1 3 3 .4 1 3 4 .0 1 3 5 .2 S e r v i c e s l e s s m e d i c a l c a r e ....................................................................................................................................... 1 1 9 .1 1 2 4 .3 1 2 4 .1 1 2 4 .7 1 2 5 .3 1 2 5 .9 1 2 6 .2 1 2 6 .3 1 2 6 .6 1 2 7 .3 1 2 7 .8 1 2 8 .3 1 2 8 .5 1 2 9 .1 1 2 9 .9 8 9 .3 9 1 .0 9 1 .4 9 2 .3 9 1 .9 8 9 .9 8 8 .9 8 8 .7 9 4 .9 9 7 .4 9 9 .0 1 1 7 .2 1 2 2 .3 1 2 1 .8 1 2 2 .3 1 2 2 .8 1 2 3 .8 1 2 4 .4 1 2 4 .7 1 2 4 .8 1 2 5 .5 1 2 6 .0 1 2 6 .7 1 2 7 .1 1 2 7 .6 1 2 7 .7 ........................................................................................................................ 1 1 8 .2 1 2 3 .4 1 2 3 .0 1 2 3 .3 1 2 3 .8 1 2 4 .7 1 2 5 .5 1 2 5 .8 1 2 6 .0 1 2 6 .4 1 2 6 .9 1 2 7 .6 1 2 8 .0 1 2 8 .3 1 2 8 .5 C o m m o d i t i e s l e s s f o o d a n d e n e r g y ........................................................................................................ 1 1 9 .3 E n e r g y .................................................................................................................................................................................................................... A ll ite m s le s s e n e r g y ............................................................................................................................................................. A ll ite m s le s s fo o d a n d e n e r g y 8 8 .6 8 9 .0 8 9 .3 8 9 .8 1 1 1 .8 1 1 5 .8 1 1 5 .4 1 1 5 .2 1 1 5 .2 1 1 6 .9 1 1 8 .0 1 1 8 .2 1 1 8 .0 1 1 7 .9 1 1 8 .1 1 1 9 .0 1 1 9 .6 1 1 9 .7 ................................................................................................................................................................ 8 0 .2 8 0 .8 8 1 .4 8 1 .9 8 3 .4 8 2 .5 8 1 .0 8 0 .9 8 0 .1 7 9 .9 8 0 .6 8 1 .7 9 1 .2 9 5 .0 9 4 .4 S e r v i c e s l e s s e n e r g y ............................................................................................................................................................... 1 2 2 .0 1 2 7 .9 1 2 7 .4 1 2 8 .0 1 2 8 .8 1 2 9 .3 1 2 9 .9 1 3 0 .3 1 3 0 .6 1 3 1 .4 1 3 2 .0 1 3 2 .7 1 3 2 .9 1 3 3 .4 1 3 3 .9 E n e r g y c o m m o d itie s P u r c h a s in g p o w e r o f th e c o n s u m e r d o lla r : 1 9 8 2 - 8 4 - $ 1 . 0 0 ................................................................................................................................................................................. 8 8 .0 8 4 .6 8 4 .7 8 4 .4 8 4 .0 8 3 .5 8 3 .2 8 3 .1 8 3 .0 8 2 .6 8 2 .3 8 1 .8 8 1 .2 8 0 .8 8 0 .6 1 9 6 7 - $ 1 . 0 0 .............................................................................................................................................................................................. 2 9 .4 2 8 .2 2 8 .3 2 8 .2 2 8 .0 2 7 .9 2 7 .8 2 7 .7 2 7 .7 2 7 .6 2 7 .5 2 7 .3 2 7 .1 2 7 .0 2 6 .9 CONSUMER PRICE INDEX FOR URBAN WAGE EARNERS AND CLERICAL WORKERS: A ll ite m s .................................................................................................................................................................................................................. A ll ite m s ( 1 9 6 7 - 1 0 0 ) ...................................................................................................................................................................... 1 1 2 .5 1 1 7 .0 1 1 6 .7 1 1 7 .2 1 1 7 .7 1 1 8 .5 1 1 8 .9 1 1 9 .0 1 1 9 .2 1 1 9 .7 1 2 0 .2 1 2 0 .8 1 2 1 .8 1 2 2 .5 1 2 2 .8 3 3 5 .0 3 4 8 .4 3 4 7 .6 3 4 9 .1 3 5 0 .7 3 5 3 .0 3 5 4 .2 3 5 4 .6 3 5 5 .0 3 5 6 .7 3 5 8 .0 3 6 0 .0 3 6 2 .9 3 6 4 .9 3 6 5 .9 .................................................................................................................................................................... 1 1 3 .3 1 1 7 .9 1 1 7 .4 1 1 8 .5 1 1 9 .1 1 1 9 .8 1 2 0 .0 1 1 9 .9 1 2 0 .3 1 2 1 .7 1 2 2 .4 1 2 3 .1 1 2 3 .7 1 2 4 .4 1 2 4 .6 F o o d ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 1 1 3 .3 1 1 7 .9 1 1 7 .3 1 1 8 .5 1 1 9 .2 1 1 9 .9 1 2 0 .1 1 1 9 .9 1 2 0 .4 1 2 1 .9 1 2 2 .6 1 2 3 .3 1 2 3 .9 1 2 4 .6 1 2 4 .8 1 1 1 .7 1 1 6 .2 1 1 5 .5 1 1 6 .9 1 1 7 .8 1 1 8 .7 1 1 8 .7 1 1 8 .4 1 1 8 .8 1 2 0 .8 1 2 1 .7 1 2 2 .4 1 2 3 .2 1 2 4 .0 1 2 3 .9 C e r e a l s a n d b a k e r y p r o d u c t s ................................................................................................................... 1 1 4 .8 1 2 2 .2 1 2 0 .8 1 2 2 .1 1 2 4 .1 1 2 4 .8 1 2 5 .7 1 2 6 .0 1 2 6 .7 1 2 8 .0 1 2 9 .0 1 2 9 .7 1 3 0 .5 1 3 1 .5 1 3 2 .0 M e a t s , p o u l t r y , f i s h , a n d e g g s ................................................................................................................. 1 1 0 .4 1 1 4 .1 1 1 4 .5 1 1 6 .3 1 1 7 .1 1 1 7 .3 1 1 6 .6 1 1 6 .1 1 1 5 .8 1 1 8 .3 1 1 8 .0 1 2 0 .3 1 2 0 .4 1 2 0 .5 1 2 1 .2 1 0 9 .7 1 1 0 .4 1 1 3 .3 1 1 3 .6 F o o d an d b e ve ra g e s Food at hom e ................................................................................................................................................................................. D a i r y p r o d u c t s ........................................................................................................................................................................... 1 0 5 .7 1 1 1 .2 1 1 2 .4 F r u i t s a n d v e g e t a b l e s ................................................................................................................................................ 1 1 8 .8 1 2 7 .6 1 2 5 .5 1 2 8 .4 1 2 9 .6 1 3 2 .8 1 3 1 .4 1 2 9 .1 1 3 0 .8 1 3 4 .3 1 3 6 .8 1 3 5 .4 1 3 7 .7 1 4 2 .5 1 4 0 .0 O t h e r f o o d s a t h o m e .................................................................................................................................................. 1 1 0 .4 1 1 3 .0 1 1 2 .3 1 1 3 .0 1 1 3 .5 1 1 3 .9 1 1 4 .7 1 1 4 .8 1 1 5 .1 1 1 6 .5 1 1 7 .7 1 1 8 .0 1 1 8 .9 1 1 8 .8 1 1 9 .0 1 1 0 .9 1 1 8 .4 1 0 8 .1 1 0 7 .0 1 0 7 .3 1 0 7 .9 1 0 8 .6 1 1 5 .7 1 1 6 .7 1 1 3 .6 1 1 3 .3 1 1 3 .9 1 1 3 .1 1 1 3 .9 1 1 4 .8 1 1 5 .6 1 1 7 .3 1 1 7 .8 1 1 8 .0 1 1 8 .1 F a t s a n d o i l s ........................................................................................................................................................................... 1 0 7 .9 1 1 3 .0 1 1 1 .4 1 1 2 .5 1 1 4 .8 1 1 5 .8 1 1 7 .0 1 1 7 .0 1 1 8 .3 1 1 9 .5 1 2 0 .4 1 2 0 .3 1 2 1 .5 1 2 1 .5 1 2 1 .5 N o n a l c o h o l i c b e v e r a g e s ................................................................................................................................ 1 0 7 .5 1 0 7 .7 1 0 7 .3 1 0 7 .4 1 0 7 .2 1 0 7 .6 1 0 8 .3 1 0 8 .4 1 0 7 .8 1 0 9 .8 1 1 1 .4 1 1 1 .4 1 1 1 .9 1 1 1 .5 1 1 1 .6 1 2 5 .3 S u g a r a n d s w e e t s ....................................................................................................................................................... 1 1 5 .9 1 1 4 .0 1 1 9 .2 1 1 3 .6 1 1 7 .8 1 1 6 .9 1 1 8 .1 1 1 8 .5 1 1 8 .8 1 1 9 .7 1 1 9 .9 1 2 0 .5 1 2 1 .7 1 2 2 .8 1 2 3 .6 1 2 5 .0 1 2 5 .0 ................................................................................................................................................ 1 1 6 .9 1 2 1 .6 1 2 1 .4 1 2 2 .0 1 2 2 .3 1 2 2 .8 1 2 3 .2 1 2 3 .5 1 2 4 .0 1 2 4 .6 1 2 5 .1 1 2 5 .5 1 2 6 .1 1 2 6 .5 1 2 7 .0 A l c o h o l i c b e v e r a g e s .................................................................................................................................................................. 1 1 3 .9 1 1 8 .3 1 1 8 .4 1 1 8 .9 1 1 8 .9 1 1 9 .2 1 1 9 .5 1 1 9 .5 1 1 9 .5 1 1 9 .8 1 2 0 .8 1 2 1 .4 1 2 2 .0 1 2 2 .8 1 2 3 .2 1 2 1 .1 O t h e r p r e p a r e d f o o d s ......................................................................................................................................... F o o d a w a y fro m hom e .................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 1 1 2 .8 1 1 6 .8 1 1 6 .9 1 1 7 .4 1 1 7 .8 1 1 8 .2 1 1 8 .2 1 1 8 .3 1 1 8 .5 1 1 9 .0 1 1 9 .3 1 1 9 .6 1 1 9 .8 1 2 0 .3 S h e l t e r .................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 1 1 8 .8 1 2 4 .3 1 2 3 .9 1 2 4 .5 1 2 5 .3 1 2 5 .6 1 2 6 .0 1 2 6 .4 1 2 6 .5 1 2 6 .9 1 2 7 .4 1 2 8 .1 1 2 8 .3 1 2 8 .8 ( 1 2 / 8 4 = 1 0 0 ) ........................................................................................................................ 1 1 4 .6 1 1 9 .2 1 1 9 .3 1 2 0 .0 1 2 0 .7 1 2 0 .2 1 2 0 .4 1 2 0 .1 1 2 0 .0 1 2 0 .7 1 2 1 .5 1 2 3 .0 1 2 2 .7 1 2 2 .8 1 2 3 .6 R e n t , r e s i d e n t i a l .................................................................................................................................................................... 1 2 2 .9 1 2 7 .5 1 2 6 .9 1 2 7 .5 1 2 8 .0 1 2 8 .7 1 2 9 .0 1 2 9 .4 1 2 9 .7 1 3 0 .1 1 3 0 .4 1 3 0 .7 1 3 1 .0 1 3 1 .2 1 3 1 .8 O th e r re n te rs ’ c o s ts 1 2 8 .2 1 3 5 .2 1 3 8 .8 1 4 0 .8 1 4 3 .0 1 3 6 .1 1 3 5 .1 1 3 1 .4 1 2 9 .2 1 3 1 .8 1 3 5 .2 1 4 4 .2 1 4 0 .9 1 3 9 .9 1 4 2 .3 H o u s in g R e n te rs ’ c o s ts .................................................................................................................................................... 1 2 9 .3 1 1 9 .5 1 1 8 .8 1 1 9 .4 1 2 0 .2 1 2 0 .9 1 2 1 .3 1 2 2 .0 1 2 2 .2 1 2 2 .5 1 2 2 .8 1 2 3 .0 1 2 3 .4 1 2 4 .1 1 2 4 .4 O w n e r s ’ e q u i v a l e n t r e n t ( 1 2 / 8 4 = 1 0 0 ) ................................................................................ 1 1 3 .7 1 1 9 .5 1 1 8 .8 1 1 9 .5 1 2 0 .2 1 2 0 .9 1 2 1 .4 1 2 2 .1 1 2 2 .2 1 2 2 .5 1 2 2 .8 1 2 3 .1 1 2 3 .5 1 2 4 .2 1 2 4 .5 H o u s e h o l d i n s u r a n c e ( 1 2 / 8 4 = 1 0 0 ) ........................................................................................... 1 1 4 .1 1 1 8 .2 1 1 8 .0 1 1 8 .6 1 1 9 .0 1 1 9 .1 1 1 9 .3 1 1 9 .2 1 1 9 .6 1 1 9 .9 1 2 0 .0 1 2 0 .1 1 2 0 .2 1 2 0 .9 1 2 1 .5 M a i n t e n a n c e a n d r e p a i r s ......................................................................................................................................... 1 1 1 .3 1 1 4 .0 1 1 3 .9 1 1 3 .8 1 1 4 .2 1 1 4 .4 1 1 4 .1 1 1 4 .6 1 1 5 .2 1 1 5 .6 1 1 6 .7 1 1 6 .7 1 1 6 .7 1 1 6 .9 1 1 7 .9 .................................................................................................... 1 1 4 .7 1 1 7 .7 1 1 7 .9 1 1 7 .6 1 1 8 .0 1 1 7 .7 1 1 7 .0 1 1 7 .6 1 1 7 .8 1 1 8 .3 1 1 9 .5 1 1 9 .2 1 1 9 .3 1 1 9 .8 1 2 1 .0 M a i n t e n a n c e a n d r e p a i r c o m m o d i t i e s .................................................................................... 1 0 6 .0 1 0 8 .3 1 0 7 .9 1 0 8 .0 1 0 8 .3 1 0 9 .1 1 0 9 .2 1 0 9 .7 1 1 0 .6 1 1 0 .9 1 1 1 .8 1 1 2 .1 1 1 2 .1 1 1 2 .0 1 0 5 .8 1 0 6 .1 1 0 5 .1 1 0 4 .1 1 0 4 .8 1 0 5 .7 1 0 5 .7 1 0 5 .7 1 0 5 .9 1 0 6 .7 1 0 9 .0 1 0 0 .6 1 0 0 .8 9 8 .3 9 6 .6 9 7 .2 9 8 .4 9 8 .3 9 8 .2 9 8 .5 9 9 .2 1 0 3 .0 H o m e o w n e r s ’ c o s t s ( 1 2 / 8 4 = 1 0 0 ) ...................................................................................................... M a in t e n a n c e a n d r e p a ir s e r v ic e s F u e l a n d o t h e r u t i l i t i e s ......................................................................................................................................................... F u e ls .................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 1 1 3 .8 1 0 2 .7 1 0 4 .1 1 0 5 .5 1 0 5 .6 9 7 .1 9 7 .7 1 0 0 .5 1 0 0 .5 1 1 2 .7 ............................................................................................................... 7 7 .6 7 7 .9 7 8 .9 7 6 .7 7 6 .2 7 5 .9 7 4 .6 7 5 .0 7 6 .7 8 0 .3 8 1 .0 8 1 .2 8 2 .1 8 1 .2 8 0 .1 G a s ( p i p e d ) a n d e l e c t r i c i t y ............................................................................................................................ 1 0 3 .6 1 0 4 .4 1 0 7 .5 1 0 7 .8 1 0 8 .0 1 0 8 .2 1 0 5 .5 1 0 3 .5 1 0 3 .9 1 0 4 .8 1 0 4 .6 1 0 4 .6 1 0 4 .8 1 0 5 .8 1 1 0 .3 1 2 4 .7 1 2 4 .6 1 2 5 .6 F u e l o il, c o a l , a n d b o tt le d g a s O t h e r u t i l i t i e s a n d p u b l i c s e r v i c e s ........................................................................................................ 1 2 0 .1 1 2 2 .9 1 2 2 .2 1 2 2 .4 1 2 2 .5 1 2 3 .3 1 2 6 .2 1 2 6 .3 1 2 6 .2 1 2 6 .5 H o u s e h o l d f u r n i s h i n g s a n d o p e r a t i o n s ............................................................................................. 1 0 6 .7 1 0 8 .9 1 0 9 .1 1 0 9 .4 1 0 9 .1 1 0 9 .6 1 0 9 .9 1 1 0 .2 1 1 0 .2 1 1 0 .4 1 1 0 .4 1 1 0 .0 1 1 0 .1 1 1 0 .1 1 1 0 .4 H o u s e f u r n i s h i n g s ...................................................................................................................................................................... 1 0 3 .1 1 0 4 .5 1 0 4 .6 1 0 4 .9 1 0 4 .5 1 0 5 .1 1 0 5 .4 1 0 5 .6 1 0 5 .4 1 0 5 .5 1 0 5 .4 1 0 4 .5 1 0 4 .3 1 0 4 .0 1 2 7 .2 1 0 4 .4 1 2 7 .4 H o u s e k e e p i n g s u p p l i e s ................................................................................................................................................ 1 1 1 .8 1 1 5 .1 1 1 5 .1 1 1 5 .5 1 1 5 .1 1 1 5 .8 1 1 6 .1 1 1 6 .9 1 1 7 .4 1 1 7 .9 1 1 8 .1 1 1 8 .9 1 2 0 .0 1 2 1 .2 1 2 1 .6 H o u s e k e e p i n g s e r v i c e s ................................................................................................................................................ 1 1 0 .9 1 1 5 .0 1 1 5 .7 1 1 5 .9 1 1 6 .0 1 1 6 .3 1 1 6 .3 1 1 6 .4 1 1 6 .5 1 1 6 .9 1 1 7 .0 1 1 7 .1 1 1 7 .2 1 1 7 .4 1 1 7 .6 A p p a r e l a n d u p k e e p ...................................................................................................................................................................... 1 1 0 .4 1 1 4 .9 1 1 4 .1 1 1 2 .4 1 1 2 .2 1 1 7 .2 1 2 0 .1 1 1 9 .5 1 1 7 .6 1 1 4 .8 1 1 4 .7 1 1 8 .4 1 2 0 .0 1 1 9 .4 1 1 6 .9 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Monthly Labor Review August 1989 87 Current Labor Statistics: Price Data 30. Continued— Consumer Price Indexes for All Urban Consumers and for Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers: U.S. city average, by expenditure category and commodity or service group ( 1 9 8 2 - 8 4 = 1 0 0 , u n le s s o th e r w is e in d ic a te d ) Annual 19 8 8 19 8 9 a ve ra g e S e r ie s 19 8 7 A p p a r e l c o m m o d i t i e s .................................................................................... 1 0 8 .6 19 8 8 1 1 3 .4 Ju n e 1 1 2 .6 J u ly 1 1 0 .6 Aug. 1 1 0 .6 S e p t. O c t. N ov. Dec. Ja n . Feb . M a r. A pr. M ay Ju n e 1 1 5 .6 1 1 8 .9 1 1 8 .1 1 1 6 .C 1 1 3 .C M e n ’ s a n d b o y s ’ a p p a r e l ................................................................. 1 1 2 .5 1 1 6 .7 1 1 8 .4 1 1 7 .7 1 1 5 .0 1 0 8 .6 1 1 2 .6 1 1 2 .1 1 1 1 .6 1 1 1 .C 1 1 4 .4 1 1 6 .9 1 1 7 .5 1 1 6 .5 1 1 4 ./ W o m e n ’ s a n d g i r l s ’ a p p a r e l ...................................................... 1 1 3 .4 1 1 5 .1 1 1 6 .4 1 1 6 .£ 1 1 5 .0 1 1 0 .3 1 1 4 .5 1 1 3 .5 1 0 9 .6 1 0 9 .6 1 1 7 .6 1 2 1 .5 1 1 9 .9 1 1 6 .2 1 1 1 .C I n f a n t s ’ a n d t o d d l e r s ’ a p p a r e l ............................................... 1 1 0 .7 1 1 8 .3 1 2 0 .2 1 1 8 .1 1 1 3 .5 1 1 4 .C 1 1 8 .6 1 1 8 .8 1 1 8 .6 1 2 0 .4 1 2 1 .5 1 2 0 .6 1 2 0 .1 F o o t w e a r ............................................................................................................................ 1 2 0 .3 1 1 8 .5 1 2 1 .8 1 2 1 .7 1 2 6 .7 1 2 8 .C 1 0 5 .5 1 1 0 .4 1 0 9 .6 1 0 8 .7 1 0 8 .C 1 1 2 .7 1 1 6 .3 1 1 5 .0 1 1 4 .0 1 1 2 .5 1 1 3 .1 1 1 4 .1 1 1 5 .2 1 1 5 .C 1 1 4 .1 1 0 7 .4 1 1 4 .9 1 1 3 .5 1 1 5 .2 1 1 4 .9 1 1 6 .2 1 1 7 .9 1 1 8 .2 1 1 7 .8 1 1 7 .8 1 1 9 .0 1 1 8 .5 1 1 9 .6 1 1 9 .6 1 1 9 .8 1 1 9 .2 1 2 3 .0 1 2 2 .4 1 2 2 .7 1 2 3 .3 1 2 3 .7 1 2 4 .7 1 2 5 .4 1 2 5 .8 1 2 6 .4 1 2 6 .8 1 2 7 .7 1 2 8 .1 1 2 8 .E 1 2 9 .0 1 0 5 .1 1 0 8 .3 1 0 8 .2 1 0 8 .6 1 0 9 .4 1 0 9 .4 1 0 9 .8 1 1 0 .3 1 1 0 .4 1 1 0 .7 1 1 1 .2 1 1 1 .6 1 1 4 .5 1 1 6 .0 O t h e r a p p a r e l c o m m o d i t i e s ........................................................ A p p a r e l s e r v i c e s ...................................................................................................... T r a n s p o r ta tio n .................................................................................................................... P r i v a t e t r a n s p o r t a t i o n .................................................................................... 1 2 6 .7 1 1 6 .0 1 0 4 .1 1 0 7 .5 1 0 7 .3 1 0 7 .7 1 0 8 .6 1 0 8 .6 1 0 9 .0 1 0 9 .5 1 0 9 .5 1 0 9 .7 1 1 0 .3 1 1 0 .6 1 1 3 .7 1 1 5 .3 1 1 5 .2 1 1 4 .0 1 1 6 .2 1 1 5 .8 1 1 5 .8 1 1 5 .5 1 1 5 .8 1 1 6 .9 1 1 8 .1 1 1 8 .8 c a r s ...................................................................................................................... 1 1 9 .2 1 1 9 .3 1 1 9 .2 1 1 8 .9 1 1 9 .0 1 1 8 .7 1 1 4 .3 1 1 6 .6 1 1 6 .2 1 1 6 .2 1 1 6 .0 1 1 6 .4 1 1 7 .5 1 1 8 .5 1 1 8 .9 U s e d c a r s ........................................................................................................................ 1 1 9 .3 1 1 9 .5 1 1 9 .4 1 1 9 .2 1 1 9 .3 1 1 8 .9 1 1 3 .1 1 1 7 .9 1 1 7 .5 1 1 7 .8 1 1 9 .0 1 1 9 .2 1 1 9 .8 1 1 9 .5 1 2 0 .1 M o t o r f u e l ........................................................................................................................ 1 2 0 .3 1 2 0 .4 1 2 0 .3 1 2 0 .5 1 2 0 .9 1 2 1 .1 8 0 .3 8 0 .9 8 1 .4 8 2 .3 8 4 .3 8 3 .1 8 1 .6 8 1 .5 8 0 .4 7 9 .6 8 0 .3 8 1 .5 9 2 .3 9 6 .7 9 6 .1 7 9 .5 8 0 .2 8 1 .4 9 2 .3 9 6 .9 9 6 .3 1 2 4 .4 1 2 4 .6 New v e h i c l e s ............................................................................................................. New G a s o l i n e ........................................................................................................................ 8 0 .2 8 0 .8 8 1 .3 8 2 .3 8 4 .3 8 3 .2 8 1 .6 8 1 .5 8 0 .4 M a i n t e n a n c e a n d r e p a i r ..................................................................... 1 1 5 .1 1 1 9 .8 1 1 9 .8 1 2 0 .1 1 2 0 .5 1 2 1 .0 1 2 1 .3 1 2 1 .5 1 2 1 .5 1 2 2 .4 O t h e r p r i v a t e t r a n s p o r t a t i o n ...................................................... 1 2 3 .3 1 2 3 .5 1 2 3 .9 1 1 9 .0 1 2 5 .8 1 2 5 .2 1 2 5 .4 1 2 6 .5 1 2 7 .2 1 2 8 .9 1 3 0 .0 1 3 0 .4 1 3 1 .4 1 3 2 .2 1 3 2 .5 1 3 2 .7 1 3 3 .5 1 3 3 .9 9 6 .7 9 8 .6 9 8 .5 9 7 .9 9 8 .8 9 9 .3 9 8 .8 9 9 .0 9 9 .9 1 0 0 .5 1 0 0 .7 9 9 .8 1 0 0 .4 1 0 1 .1 1 2 3 .4 1 0 1 .5 1 3 1 .7 1 3 0 .8 1 3 1 .3 1 3 2 .5 1 3 3 .2 1 3 5 .5 1 3 6 .8 1 3 7 .1 P u b l i c t r a n s p o r t a t i o n ........................................................................................ 1 3 8 .2 1 3 9 .2 1 3 9 .8 1 3 9 .8 1 4 0 .7 1 2 0 .4 1 4 1 .2 1 2 2 .5 1 2 2 .3 1 2 3 .0 1 2 3 .0 1 2 3 .1 1 2 3 .5 1 2 4 .3 1 2 5 .4 1 2 6 .1 1 2 6 .8 1 2 6 .9 1 2 7 .1 1 2 7 .5 1 2 8 .2 M e d i c a l c a r e ............................................................................................................................ 1 3 0 .2 1 3 9 .0 1 3 8 .5 1 3 9 .6 1 4 0 .3 1 4 0 .8 1 4 1 .7 1 4 2 .2 1 4 2 .8 1 4 4 .2 1 4 5 .6 1 4 6 .5 1 4 7 .2 1 4 7 .9 1 4 8 .8 O t h e r p r iv a t e tr a n s p o r t a t io n c o m m o d itie s O t h e r p r i v a t e t r a n s p o r t a t i o n s e r v i c e s ................ M e d i c a l c a r e c o m m o d i t i e s ................................................................... 1 3 0 .2 1 3 9 .0 1 3 8 .3 1 3 9 .4 M e d i c a l c a r e s e r v i c e s .................................................................................... 1 4 7 .4 1 4 8 .9 1 4 9 .9 1 3 0 .3 1 3 9 .0 1 3 8 .5 1 3 9 .6 1 4 0 .3 1 4 0 .8 1 4 1 .6 1 4 2 .2 1 4 2 .7 1 4 4 .2 P r o f e s s i o n a l s e r v i c e s ................................................................................ 1 4 5 .8 1 4 6 .7 1 4 7 .2 1 4 7 .6 1 4 8 .6 1 2 9 .0 1 3 7 .7 1 3 7 .7 1 3 8 .5 1 3 8 .9 1 3 9 .3 1 3 9 .9 1 4 0 .6 1 4 1 .0 1 4 2 .4 1 4 3 .7 1 4 4 .7 1 4 5 .1 1 4 5 .5 1 4 6 .4 1 3 1 .1 1 4 3 .3 1 4 1 .5 1 4 3 .8 1 4 5 .4 1 4 6 .3 1 4 7 .8 1 4 8 .9 1 5 0 .0 1 5 1 .9 1 5 4 .2 1 5 4 .8 1 5 5 .6 1 5 6 .2 1 5 7 .3 1 1 4 .8 1 1 9 .7 1 1 9 .4 1 1 9 .8 1 2 0 .1 1 2 0 .6 1 2 1 .2 1 2 1 .7 1 2 2 .2 1 2 3 .1 1 2 3 .6 H o s p ita l a n d re la te d s e r v ic e s ................................................. E n t e r t a i n m e n t ........................................................................................................................ 1 4 0 .0 1 4 1 .0 1 4 2 .1 1 4 2 .2 1 4 3 .1 1 4 3 .9 1 4 4 .7 1 4 6 .0 1 2 4 .1 1 2 4 .8 E n t e r t a i n m e n t c o m m o d i t i e s ............................................................... 1 2 4 .9 1 2 5 .5 1 1 0 .6 1 1 5 .1 1 1 4 .9 1 1 5 .4 1 1 5 .5 1 1 6 .0 1 1 6 .5 1 1 7 .3 1 1 7 .6 1 1 8 .1 E n t e r t a i n m e n t s e r v i c e s ................................................................................ 1 1 8 .4 1 1 8 .7 1 1 9 .1 1 1 9 .5 1 1 9 .7 1 2 1 .8 1 2 7 .2 1 2 6 .8 1 2 7 .2 1 2 7 .6 1 2 8 .1 1 2 8 .9 1 2 9 .0 1 2 9 .7 1 3 1 .3 1 3 1 .9 1 3 2 .7 1 3 3 .8 1 3 3 .6 1 3 4 .6 O t h e r g o o d s a n d s e r v ic e s .......................................................................... 1 2 7 .8 1 3 6 .5 1 3 5 .0 1 3 6 .3 1 3 7 .2 1 3 9 .3 1 3 9 .9 1 4 0 .3 1 4 0 .6 1 4 3 .0 1 4 3 .7 .................................................................................................. 1 4 4 .4 1 4 5 .2 1 4 6 .3 1 3 3 .7 1 4 6 .0 1 4 3 .8 1 4 7 .9 1 4 8 .9 1 4 9 .2 1 4 9 .5 1 4 9 .9 1 5 0 .2 1 5 6 .9 P e r s o n a l c a r e ................................................................................................................... 1 5 8 .2 1 5 8 .9 1 5 9 .2 1 6 0 .7 1 6 3 .8 1 1 5 .0 1 1 9 .3 1 1 8 .8 1 1 9 .1 1 1 9 .0 1 2 0 .3 1 2 0 .9 1 2 1 .7 1 2 2 .3 1 2 2 .7 1 2 3 .0 T o ile t g o o d s a n d p e r s o n a l c a r e a p p lia n c e s 1 2 3 .5 1 2 3 .9 1 2 4 .7 1 2 4 .4 1 1 3 .9 1 1 8 .0 1 1 7 .4 1 1 7 .8 1 1 7 .4 1 1 8 .8 1 1 9 .9 1 2 0 .6 1 2 1 .5 1 2 1 .7 P e rs o n a l c a re s e r v ic e s .......................................................................... 1 2 1 .9 1 2 2 .3 1 2 2 .7 1 2 2 .9 1 2 2 .4 1 1 6 .1 1 2 0 .5 1 2 0 .2 1 2 0 .4 1 2 0 .7 1 2 1 .9 1 2 2 .0 1 2 2 .7 1 2 3 .0 1 2 3 .6 1 2 4 .2 P e r s o n a l a n d e d u c a t i o n a l e x p e n s e s ................................ 1 2 4 .6 1 2 5 .2 1 2 6 .7 1 2 6 .9 1 3 8 .2 1 4 7 .4 1 4 5 .8 1 4 6 .0 1 4 7 .4 1 5 1 .1 1 5 1 .7 1 5 2 .0 1 5 2 .3 1 5 3 .3 S c h o o l b o o k s a n d s u p p l i e s .......................................................... 1 5 3 .7 1 5 3 .9 1 5 4 .3 1 5 4 .6 1 5 5 .3 1 3 7 .9 1 4 7 .1 1 4 5 .6 1 4 5 .6 1 4 6 .0 1 5 0 .0 1 5 0 .8 1 5 0 .9 1 5 1 .1 1 5 2 .0 1 5 3 .9 1 5 4 .0 1 5 4 .1 1 5 4 .1 1 5 4 .5 1 3 8 .4 1 4 7 .7 1 4 6 .0 1 4 6 .3 1 4 7 .8 1 5 1 .5 1 5 2 .0 1 5 2 .3 1 5 2 .7 1 5 3 .7 1 5 4 .0 1 5 4 .1 1 5 4 .6 1 5 4 .9 1 5 5 .7 1 2 2 .8 T o b a c c o p ro d u c ts P e r s o n a l a n d e d u c a t i o n a l s e r v i c e s ............................... 1 4 4 .0 A l l i t e m s ................................................................................................................................................................................... 1 1 2 .5 1 1 7 .0 1 1 6 .7 1 1 7 .2 C o m m o d i t i e s ............................................................................................................................................................. 1 2 1 .8 1 2 2 .5 1 0 7 .3 1 1 1 .0 1 1 0 .7 1 1 1 .1 1 1 1 .6 1 1 2 .5 1 1 3 .0 1 1 3 .1 1 1 3 .0 1 1 3 .5 F o o d a n d b e v e r a g e s .......................................................................................................................... 1 1 3 .9 1 1 4 .7 1 1 6 .4 1 1 7 .1 1 1 3 .3 1 1 7 .9 1 1 7 .4 1 1 8 .5 1 1 9 .1 1 1 9 .8 1 2 0 .0 1 1 9 .9 1 2 0 .3 1 2 1 .7 1 2 2 .4 1 2 3 .1 1 2 3 .7 1 2 4 .4 1 2 4 .6 1 0 3 .6 1 0 6 .8 1 0 6 .5 1 0 6 .6 1 0 7 .0 1 0 8 .1 1 0 8 .7 1 0 8 .9 1 0 8 .6 1 0 8 .4 1 0 8 .7 1 0 9 .5 1 1 1 .8 1 1 2 .6 1 1 2 .2 1 0 0 .8 1 0 4 .6 1 0 4 .3 1 0 4 .3 1 0 4 .9 1 0 6 .6 1 0 7 .2 1 0 7 .1 1 0 6 .3 1 0 5 .9 1 0 6 .3 1 0 8 .1 1 1 2 .1 1 1 3 .4 1 1 2 .6 1 1 3 .0 C o m m o d i t i e s l e s s f o o d a n d b e v e r a g e s ...................................................... N o n d u r a b le s le s s f o o d a n d b e v e r a g e s ............................................... A p p a r e l c o m m o d i t i e s ............................................................................................................. 1 1 7 .7 1 1 8 .5 1 1 8 .9 1 1 9 .0 1 1 9 .2 1 1 9 .7 1 2 0 .2 1 2 0 .8 1 1 6 .9 1 0 8 .8 1 1 3 .4 1 1 2 .6 1 1 0 .6 1 1 0 .5 1 1 5 .8 1 1 8 .9 1 1 8 .1 1 1 6 .0 ... 1 1 8 .4 1 1 7 .7 1 1 5 .0 9 9 .2 1 0 2 .9 1 0 2 .8 1 0 3 .7 1 0 4 .7 1 0 4 .7 1 0 4 .1 1 0 4 .3 1 0 4 .1 D u r a b l e s .................................................................................................................................................................. 1 0 4 .9 1 0 5 .6 1 0 6 .5 1 1 1 .6 1 1 3 .9 1 1 4 .0 1 0 6 .6 1 0 8 .9 1 0 8 .7 1 0 8 .8 1 0 8 .8 1 0 9 .1 1 0 9 .7 1 1 0 .4 1 1 0 .7 1 1 1 .0 1 1 1 .0 1 1 0 .6 1 1 0 .5 1 1 0 .6 1 1 0 .7 S e r v i c e s ................................................................................................................................................................................ 1 1 9 .4 1 2 4 .7 1 2 4 .5 1 2 5 .1 1 2 5 .7 1 2 6 .3 1 2 6 .7 1 2 6 .9 1 2 7 .2 1 2 7 .9 R e n t o f s h e l t e r ( 1 2 / 8 4 = 1 0 0 ) ........................................................................................... 1 2 8 .4 1 2 9 .1 1 2 9 .7 1 1 4 .0 1 3 0 .6 1 1 9 .4 1 1 9 .0 1 1 9 .6 1 2 0 .3 1 2 0 .7 1 2 1 .1 1 2 1 .4 1 2 1 .5 1 2 1 .9 1 2 2 .4 H o u s e h o ld s e r v ic e s le s s r e n t o f s h e lt e r ( 1 2 / 8 4 = 1 0 0 ) 1 2 3 .1 1 2 3 .2 1 2 3 .7 1 0 4 .0 1 0 5 .9 1 0 7 .2 1 0 7 .4 1 0 7 .6 1 0 8 .0 1 0 7 .2 1 0 6 .2 1 0 6 .8 1 0 7 .5 1 0 7 .4 1 0 7 .4 1 0 7 .6 1 0 8 .3 1 1 0 .5 1 2 0 .8 1 2 7 .1 1 2 6 .6 1 2 7 .1 1 2 7 .8 1 2 8 .4 1 2 9 .9 1 3 0 .9 1 3 1 .2 1 3 2 .2 M e d i c a l c a r e s e r v i c e s ........................................................................................................................ 1 3 3 .1 1 3 3 .5 1 3 3 .7 1 3 4 .4 1 3 4 .8 1 3 0 .3 1 3 9 .0 1 3 8 .5 1 3 9 .6 1 4 0 .3 1 4 0 .8 1 4 1 .6 1 4 2 .2 1 4 2 .7 O t h e r s e r v ic e s 1 4 4 .2 1 4 5 .8 1 4 6 .7 1 4 7 .2 1 4 7 .6 1 2 4 .7 1 4 8 .6 1 3 1 .4 1 3 0 .5 1 3 0 .8 1 3 1 .6 1 3 3 .6 1 3 4 .2 1 3 4 .5 1 3 5 .0 1 3 6 .1 1 3 6 .5 1 3 7 .0 1 3 7 .6 1 3 7 .9 1 3 8 .6 N o n d u r a b le s le s s f o o d , b e v e r a g e s , a n d a p p a r e l T r a n s p o r t a t i o n s e r v i c e s ................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................................. 1 1 2 .8 1 1 6 .7 1 2 8 .9 1 2 4 .2 S p e c ia l in d e x e s : A l l I t e m s l e s s f o o d ................................................................................................................................... 1 1 2 .2 1 1 6 .7 1 1 6 .5 1 1 6 .8 1 1 7 .3 1 1 8 .1 1 1 8 .6 1 1 8 .8 1 1 8 .8 A l l i t e m s l e s s s h e l t e r .......................................................................................................................... 1 2 2 .0 1 1 1 .0 1 2 2 .3 1 1 5 .2 1 1 5 .0 1 1 5 .4 1 1 5 .9 1 1 6 .8 1 1 7 .2 1 1 7 .3 1 1 7 .4 1 1 8 .0 A l l i t e m s l e s s h o m e o w n e r s ’ c o s t s ( 1 2 / 8 4 = 1 0 0 ) .................... 1 1 8 .5 1 1 9 .1 1 2 0 .4 1 2 1 .1 1 0 6 .4 1 2 1 .3 1 1 0 .4 1 1 0 .2 1 1 0 .7 1 1 1 .1 1 1 1 .9 1 1 2 .2 1 1 2 .3 1 1 2 .4 1 1 3 .0 1 1 3 .4 1 1 4 .1 1 1 5 .2 1 1 5 .8 1 1 6 .1 1 1 1 .5 1 1 5 .8 1 1 5 .6 1 1 6 .0 1 1 6 .6 1 1 7 .3 1 1 7 .7 1 1 7 .8 1 1 7 .9 C o m m o d i t i e s l e s s f o o d ................................................................................................................... 1 1 8 .5 1 1 8 .9 1 1 9 .5 1 2 0 .5 1 2 1 .2 1 0 3 .9 1 2 1 .5 1 0 7 .2 1 0 6 .9 1 0 7 .0 1 0 7 .3 1 0 8 .4 1 0 9 .0 1 0 9 .2 1 0 8 .9 N o n d u r a b le s le s s f o o d 1 0 8 .8 1 0 9 .0 1 0 9 .9 1 1 2 .1 1 1 2 .9 1 0 1 .4 1 1 2 .5 1 0 5 .3 1 0 5 .0 1 0 5 .1 1 0 5 .6 1 0 7 .2 1 0 7 .8 1 0 7 .6 1 0 6 .9 1 0 6 .5 1 0 7 .0 1 0 8 .7 1 1 2 .4 1 1 3 .6 A l l i t e m s l e s s m e d i c a l c a r e .................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................... N o n d u r a b le s le s s f o o d a n d a p p a r e l 1 1 9 .2 1 1 9 .6 1 2 0 .2 1 2 1 .3 1 1 3 .0 ................................................................... 1 0 0 .0 1 0 3 .7 1 0 3 .6 1 0 4 .5 1 0 5 .3 1 0 5 .3 1 0 4 .9 1 0 5 .1 1 0 4 .9 1 0 5 .6 N o n d u r a b l e s ........................................................................................................................................................... 1 0 6 .4 1 0 7 .2 1 1 1 .7 1 1 3 .8 1 0 7 .2 1 1 4 .0 1 1 1 .5 1 1 1 .1 1 1 1 .6 1 1 2 .3 1 1 3 .4 1 1 3 .8 1 1 3 .7 1 1 3 .5 1 1 4 .0 S e r v i c e s l e s s r e n t o f s h e l t e r ( 1 2 / 8 4 = 1 0 0 ) ........................................ 1 1 4 .6 1 1 5 .8 1 1 8 .1 1 1 9 .1 1 1 8 .8 1 1 0 .8 1 1 5 .6 1 1 5 .7 1 1 6 .1 1 1 6 .6 1 1 7 .3 1 1 7 .6 1 1 7 .6 1 1 8 .1 1 1 9 .0 S e r v i c e s l e s s m e d i c a l c a r e .................................................................................................... 1 1 9 .5 1 1 9 .8 1 2 0 .1 1 2 0 .7 1 2 1 .9 1 1 8 .2 1 2 3 .3 1 2 3 .1 1 2 3 .6 1 2 4 .3 1 2 4 .9 1 2 5 .2 1 2 5 .3 1 2 5 .6 E n e r g y ................................................................................................................................................................................. 1 2 6 .3 1 2 6 .7 1 2 7 .2 1 2 7 .4 1 2 8 .0 1 2 8 .9 8 8 .0 8 8 .6 9 0 .3 9 0 .7 9 1 .8 9 1 .3 8 9 .3 8 8 .4 8 8 .1 8 8 .3 8 8 .6 8 9 .2 9 4 .8 9 7 .4 9 8 .9 1 2 3 .1 1 2 3 .4 1 2 3 .6 1 2 4 .2 1 2 4 .7 1 2 5 .3 1 2 5 .8 1 2 6 .2 1 2 6 .4 A l l i t e m s l e s s e n e r g y .......................................................................................................................... 1 1 6 .0 1 2 1 .0 1 2 0 .5 1 2 1 .0 1 2 1 .5 1 2 2 .4 A ll ite m s le s s f o o d a n d e n e r g y ..................................................................................... 1 1 6 .8 1 2 1 .9 1 2 1 .4 1 2 1 .7 1 2 2 .2 1 2 3 .1 1 2 4 .0 1 2 4 .3 1 2 4 .4 1 2 4 .8 C o m m o d i t i e s l e s s f o o d a n d e n e r g y ..................................................................... 1 2 5 .3 1 2 5 .9 1 2 6 .3 1 2 6 .6 1 2 6 .8 1 1 0 .8 1 1 4 .7 1 1 4 .3 1 1 4 .2 1 1 4 .3 1 1 5 .8 1 1 6 .9 1 1 7 .1 1 1 7 .0 1 1 6 .9 1 1 7 .1 1 1 7 .9 1 1 8 .4 1 1 8 .5 1 1 8 .2 8 0 .3 8 0 .9 8 1 .4 8 2 .1 8 3 .8 8 2 .7 8 1 .2 8 1 .2 8 0 .3 7 9 .9 8 0 .6 8 1 .7 9 1 .6 9 5 .6 9 4 .9 1 2 1 .2 1 2 7 .0 1 2 6 .5 1 2 7 .1 1 2 7 .8 1 2 8 .4 1 2 9 .1 1 2 9 .5 1 2 9 .8 1 3 0 .5 1 3 1 .1 1 3 1 .6 1 3 1 .9 1 3 2 .4 1 3 2 .9 E n e r g y c o m m o d itie s ............................................................................................................................ S e r v i c e s l e s s e n e r g y ............................................................................................................................ P u r c h a s in g p o w e r o f th e c o n s u m e r d o lla r : 88 1 9 8 2 - 8 4 = $ 1 . 0 0 .............................................................................................................................................. 8 9 .0 8 5 .5 8 5 .7 8 5 .3 8 4 .9 8 4 .4 8 4 .1 8 4 .0 8 3 .9 1 9 6 7 = $ 1 . 0 0 ........................................................................................................................................................... 8 3 .5 8 3 .2 8 2 .8 8 2 .1 8 1 .6 8 1 .4 2 9 .9 2 8 .7 2 8 .8 2 8 .6 2 8 .5 2 8 .3 2 8 .2 2 8 .2 2 8 .2 2 8 .0 2 7 .9 2 7 .8 2 7 .6 2 7 .4 2 7 .3 Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis August 1989 31. Consumer Price Index: U.S. city average and available local area data: all items ( 1 9 8 2 - 8 4 = 1 0 0 , u n le s s o th e r w is e in d ic a te d ) A ll U r b a n C o n s u m e r s U rb a n W a g e Ea rn e rs 19 8 9 19 8 9 P r ic in g 19 8 8 sche d u le 2 A pr. Feb . J u ly 1 1 8 .5 U . S . c ity a v e r a g e . Ju n e M ay 1 2 2 .3 1 2 3 .1 1 2 3 .8 1 2 4 .1 Ju n e 1 1 6 .7 S iz e A ..................................................................... 1 2 2 .5 1 2 1 .4 1 2 1 .8 1 2 5 .8 1 2 6 .7 1 2 7 .4 1 2 8 .3 1 2 8 .5 120.2 120.6 1 2 4 .5 1 2 5 .4 1 2 6 .2 1 2 7 .1 1 2 7 .4 M 1 2 2 .0 1 2 2 .6 1 2 6 .5 1 2 7 .4 1 2 8 .0 1 2 8 .7 1 2 9 .1 120.0 120.6 1 2 4 .3 1 2 5 .2 1 2 5 .9 1 2 6 .7 1 2 7 .1 1 2 6 .0 1 2 5 .9 S i z e B - 5 0 0 ,0 0 0 t o 1 ,2 0 0 ,0 0 0 S iz e C 1 2 0 .0 1 2 3 .9 M 1 1 9 .8 1 2 0 .0 1 2 4 .3 M 1 1 6 .0 1 1 6 .6 1 1 9 .3 1 2 6 .1 1 2 7 .2 1 2 7 .0 1 1 8 .7 1 1 8 .8 1 2 2 .7 1 2 3 .9 1 2 4 .9 1 2 5 .5 1 2 6 .2 1 2 7 .6 1 2 7 .6 122.2 1 2 2 .4 1 2 6 .7 1 2 7 .8 1 2 8 .6 1 3 0 .0 1 3 0 .3 1 1 9 .8 1 2 0 .8 1 2 1 .3 1 2 1 .8 1 1 4 .1 1 1 4 .7 1 1 7 .3 1 1 7 .9 1 1 8 .9 1 1 9 .4 1 1 9 .9 1 1 4 .4 1 1 5 .1 1 1 7 .7 1 1 8 .4 1 1 9 .2 1 1 9 .5 1 2 0 .3 1 2 5 .1 - 5 0 ,0 0 0 t o 5 0 0 ,0 0 0 ............................................................................ N o r th C e n tr a l u rb a n S iz e A 1 1 9 .9 M ..................................................................... .................................... - M o r e th a n 1 ,2 0 0 ,0 0 0 ..................................................................... M 1 1 7 .0 1 1 7 .7 1 2 0 .4 1 2 1 .1 1 2 1 .9 1 2 2 .2 1 2 3 .0 M 1 1 5 .6 1 1 5 .8 1 1 8 .6 1 1 9 .2 1 2 0 .6 1 2 0 .8 1 2 0 .9 1 1 3 .3 1 1 3 .5 1 1 6 .2 1 1 6 .8 1 1 8 .2 1 1 8 .5 1 1 8 .5 1 1 5 .5 1 1 8 .4 1 1 8 .7 120.1 121.1 121.0 S i z e B - 3 6 0 ,0 0 0 t o 1 ,2 0 0 ,0 0 0 S iz e C ..................................................................... - 5 0 ,0 0 0 t o 3 6 0 ,0 0 0 1 1 6 .6 1 1 6 .1 M ............................................................................ M ay M - M o re th a n 1 ,2 0 0 ,0 0 0 A pr. 120.2 R e g io n a n d a re a s iz e 3 N o r t h e a s t u r b a n ................................................... M a r. Feb . J u ly 1 1 9 .5 1 1 9 .9 1 2 1 .2 1 2 2 .2 1 2 2 .1 1 1 4 .9 S iz e D - N o n m e tro p o lita n (le s s M 1 1 2 .8 1 1 3 .5 1 1 5 .1 1 1 5 .5 1 1 6 .3 1 1 6 .8 1 1 7 .4 1 1 2 .4 1 1 3 .2 1 1 4 .8 1 1 5 .1 1 1 6 .1 1 1 6 .8 1 1 7 .2 ........................................................ M 1 1 6 .1 1 1 6 .6 1 1 9 .2 1 1 9 .8 1 2 0 .8 1 2 1 .3 1 2 1 .7 1 1 5 .5 1 1 6 .1 1 1 8 .7 1 1 9 .1 1 2 0 .3 1 2 0 .9 1 2 1 .3 S o u t h u r b a n ................................................................... M 1 1 7 .2 1 1 7 .7 1 2 0 .1 1 2 0 .5 1 2 1 .4 1 2 2 .0 1 2 2 .4 1 1 6 .4 1 1 6 .9 1 1 9 .3 1 1 9 .6 120.6 1 2 1 .3 1 2 1 .7 1 1 8 .2 1 1 8 .8 120.1 1 2 0 .5 121.0 t h a n 5 0 ,0 0 0 0 S iz e A - M o r e th a n 1 ,2 0 0 ,0 0 0 ..................................................................... S i z e B - 4 5 0 ,0 0 0 t o M 1 1 6 .7 1 1 7 .1 1 2 0 .3 1 2 1 .0 1 2 2 .2 1 2 2 .4 1 2 3 .0 1 1 4 .7 1 1 5 .2 M 1 1 4 .9 1 1 5 .6 1 1 8 .0 1 1 8 .5 1 1 9 .4 1 2 0 .0 1 2 0 .4 1 1 5 .3 1 1 6 .1 1 1 8 .6 1 1 9 .0 120.0 120.6 121.1 M 1 1 4 .5 1 1 5 .0 1 1 7 .4 1 1 8 .0 1 1 9 .4 1 2 0 .4 1 2 0 .4 1 1 5 .3 1 1 5 .8 1 1 8 .1 1 1 8 .7 1 2 1 .3 M 1 1 8 .7 1 1 9 .2 1 2 2 .3 1 2 3 .1 1 2 3 .8 1 2 4 .5 1 2 4 .6 1 1 7 .4 1 1 7 .8 1 2 0 .9 1 2 1 .7 120.2 122.6 1 2 1 .3 t h a n 5 0 ,0 0 0 ) .......................................................... W e s t u r b a n ..................................................................... 1 2 3 .3 1 2 3 .3 1 1 7 .8 121.0 1 2 1 .9 1 2 2 .7 1 2 3 .5 1 2 3 .6 1 ,2 0 0 ,0 0 0 S iz e C ..................................................................... - 5 0 ,0 0 0 t o 4 5 0 ,0 0 0 ............................................................................ S iz e D - N o n m e tro p o lita n (le s s S iz e A - M o re th a n 1 ,2 5 0 ,0 0 0 S iz e C ..................................................................... M 1 2 0 .2 1 2 0 .5 1 2 3 .7 1 2 4 .7 1 2 5 .3 1 2 6 .2 1 2 6 .3 1 1 7 .5 M 1 1 7 .2 1 1 7 .9 1 2 0 .5 1 2 0 .7 1 2 2 .1 1 2 2 .5 1 2 2 .4 1 1 6 .6 1 1 7 .3 1 1 9 .9 120.1 1 2 1 .5 1 2 1 .9 1 2 1 .7 1 1 1 .7 1 1 2 .3 1 1 2 .7 121.2 122.0 121.8 122.0 122.8 1 2 3 .0 120.8 - 5 0 ,0 0 0 t o 3 3 0 ,0 0 0 ............................................................................ S iz e c la s s e s : ( 1 2 / 8 6 - 1 0 0 ) ............................................... M 1 0 7 .2 1 0 7 .6 1 1 0 .5 1 1 1 .2 1 1 1 .8 1 1 2 .4 1 1 2 .7 1 0 7 .1 1 0 7 .6 1 1 0 .3 B ...................................................................................................... M 1 1 7 .2 1 1 7 .5 1 2 0 .8 1 2 1 .5 1 2 2 .6 1 2 3 .1 1 2 3 .3 1 1 5 .8 1 1 6 .1 1 1 9 .3 111.0 120.0 C .................................................................................................... M 1 1 6 .5 1 1 7 .1 1 2 0 .0 1 2 0 .5 1 2 1 .6 1 2 2 .4 1 2 2 .5 1 1 6 .8 1 1 7 .4 1 2 0 .4 120.8 D .................................................................................................... M 1 1 5 .0 1 1 5 .4 1 1 8 .0 1 1 8 .4 1 1 9 .6 1 2 0 .3 1 2 0 .5 1 1 5 .3 1 1 5 .7 1 1 8 .3 1 1 8 .7 1 1 9 .9 1 2 0 .7 . M 1 1 8 .9 1 1 9 .8 1 2 2 .2 1 2 3 .0 1 2 3 .6 1 2 3 .9 1 2 5 .7 1 1 5 .2 1 1 6 .2 1 1 8 .4 1 1 9 .1 1 1 9 .8 120.1 121.8 A n a h e i m , C A ......................................................... M 1 2 2 .0 1 2 2 .1 1 2 5 .5 1 2 6 .2 1 2 7 .2 1 2 8 .3 1 2 8 .7 1 1 8 .9 1 1 9 .0 1 2 2 .3 1 2 2 .9 1 2 4 .0 1 2 5 .0 1 2 5 .3 1 2 8 .2 1 2 8 .7 A S e le c te d lo c a l a r e a s C h ic a g o , IL -N o r th w e s te rn Lo s A n g e le s -L o n g New IN Beach, Y o rk , N Y J ........................................... M 1 2 3 .1 1 2 3 .6 1 2 7 .6 1 2 8 .9 1 2 9 .5 1 3 0 .2 1 3 0 .5 1 2 1 .7 1 2 5 .5 1 2 6 .8 P h i l a d e l p h i a , P A - N J ................................. M 1 2 1 .9 1 2 3 .2 1 2 5 .4 1 2 6 .0 1 2 6 .7 1 2 7 .9 1 2 8 .8 121.2 121.8 1 2 7 .5 1 2 3 .1 1 2 5 .4 1 2 5 .8 1 2 6 .7 1 2 7 .9 1 2 8 .9 M 1 2 0 .1 1 2 0 .9 1 2 4 .0 1 2 5 .9 1 2 5 .4 1 2 6 .3 1 2 6 .2 1 1 9 .0 1 1 9 .7 1 2 2 .9 1 2 4 .6 1 2 4 .8 1 2 5 .7 1 2 5 .6 1 1 9 .9 - 1 2 2 .8 - 1 2 4 .1 - 1 1 9 .7 1 2 2 .3 1 2 3 .7 - N o rth e a s te rn San N F ra n c is c o - O a k l a n d , C A ......................................................... _ B a l t i m o r e , M D ......................................................... 1 1 - 1 2 3 .8 - 1 2 9 .7 - 1 3 0 .5 1 2 3 .7 1 2 9 .7 1 3 0 .6 B o s t o n , M A .................................................................. 1 - 1 1 7 .6 - 1 2 1 .5 - 1 2 2 .8 112.6 1 1 6 .2 1 1 7 .7 C l e v e l a n d , O H ......................................................... 1 1 8 .7 1 1 9 .1 120.0 121.2 M ia m i, F L - 1 ....................................................................... 1 1 6 .8 - 1 1 9 .8 - 1 2 0 .9 1 1 6 .0 - 1 2 1 .5 1 1 5 .7 “ 1 2 7 .1 S t . L o u i s , M O - I L ............................................... 1 - 1 1 6 .0 - 1 1 9 .4 W a s h in g to n , D C - M D - V A 1 - 1 2 0 .7 “ 1 2 6 .1 . . . . ............................. 2 1 1 5 .6 1 1 7 .5 D e t r o i t , M l ....................................................................... 2 1 1 5 .4 1 2 0 .1 H o u s to n , T X 2 1 0 9 .4 1 1 2 .7 D a lia s -F t . W o r th , T X .............................................................. 1 A r e a is t h e C o n s o l i d a t e d c lu s iv e o f fa r m s a n d th e O ffic e of M e tr o p o lit a n S ta tis tic a l A r e a ( C M S A ) , e x m ilita r y . A r e a M anagem ent L a w re n c e -S a le m , M A - N H - 1 1 7 .9 - 1 1 4 .3 P i t t s b u r g h , P A ..................................................... and A re a k e e , W l A r e a (in c lu d e s o n ly th e d e fin itio n s a r e t h o s e Budget in 19 8 3 , (e x c lu d e s M o n r o e e s ta b lis h e d except fo r C o u n ty ); a n d by B o s to n M ilw a u M ilw a u k e e M S A ) . D e fin itio n s d o n o t in 2 Fo o d s, fu e ls , and s e v e ra l o th e r ite m s p ric e d e ve ry a r e a s ; m o s t o t h e r g o o d s a n d s e r v i c e s p r i c e d a s i n d i c a t e d ;. M - E v e r y m o n th . 1 - Ja n u a r y , M a rc h , M a y , J u ly , S e p te m b e r, a n d N o v e m b e r. m o n th in a ll 1 1 8 .6 120.0 1 2 0 .0 1 1 5 .4 1 2 1 .7 1 2 2 .1 1 1 2 .7 1 1 7 .3 1 1 9 .0 1 1 9 .3 1 1 3 .2 1 1 4 .1 1 0 9 .4 1 1 2 .9 1 1 3 .5 1 1 4 .5 1 1 9 .2 1 2 0 .4 110.0 1 1 3 .4 1 1 4 .7 1 1 5 .9 - 3 R e g io n s a r e d e fin e d a s th e fo u r C e n s u s re g io n s . - D a t a n o t a v a ila b le . N O T E ; Lo c a l are a CPI in d e x e s are b y p ro d u c ts o f th e n a tio n a l CPI p r o g r a m . B e c a u s e e a c h l o c a l i n d e x is a s m a l l s u b s e t o f t h e n a t i o n a l i n d e x , it h a s a s m a l l e r s a m p l e tia lly m o r e s a m p li n g a n d c lu d e r e v is io n s m a d e s in c e 1 9 8 3 . 1 2 6 .6 1 2 5 .6 1 1 9 .9 1 1 7 .2 1 1 8 .7 - “ dex. A s s iz e and is , th e r e f o r e , s u b je c t to o th e r m e a s u re m e n t e rro r th a n a r e s u lt, lo c a l a r e a in d e x e s s h o w tio n a l i n d e x , a lt h o u g h th e ir lo n g - t e r m s u b s ta n t h e n a t io n a l in g r e a t e r v o la t ility t h a n t h e n a L e n d s a r e q u ite s im ila r . T h e r e f o r e , th e B u r e a u o f L a b o r S ta tis tic s s tr o n g ly u r g e s u s e r s to c o n s id e r a d o p tin g t h e n a t io n a l a v e r a g e C P I f o r u s e in e s c a l a t o r c l a u s e s . 2 - F e b r u a r y , A p r il, J u n e , A u g u s t , O c t o b e r , a n d D e c e m b e r . https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Monthly Labor Review August 1989 89 Current Labor Statistics: 32. Price Data Annual data: Consumer Price Index, U.S. city average, all items and major groups (19 8 2 -8 4 = 10 0 ) S e r ie s 19 8 0 19 8 1 19 8 2 19 8 3 19 8 4 19 8 5 19 8 6 19 8 7 19 8 8 1 1 8 .3 C o n s u m e r P r ic e In d e x fo r A ll U r b a n C o n s u m e r s : A ll ite m s : I n d e x .............................................................................................................................. 8 2 .4 9 0 .9 9 6 .5 9 9 .6 1 0 3 .9 1 0 7 .6 1 0 9 .6 1 1 3 .6 P e r c e n t c h a n g e ................................................................................................................. 1 3 .5 1 0 .3 6 .2 3 .2 4 .3 3 .6 1 .9 3 .6 4 .1 8 6 .7 9 3 .5 9 7 .3 9 9 .5 1 0 3 .2 1 0 5 .6 1 0 9 .1 1 1 3 .5 1 1 8 .2 F o o d an d b e ve ra g e s : I n d e x ................................................................................................................................... P e r c e n t c h a n g e ........................................................................................................................ 8 .5 7 .8 4 .1 2 .3 3 .7 2 .3 3 .3 4 .0 4 .1 I n d e x ........................................................................................................................ 8 1 .1 9 0 .4 9 6 .9 9 9 .5 1 0 3 .6 1 0 7 .7 1 1 0 .9 1 1 4 .2 1 1 8 .5 P e r c e n t c h a n g e ...................................................................................................... 1 5 .7 1 1 .5 7 .2 2 .7 4 .1 4 .0 3 .0 3 .0 3 .8 9 0 .9 9 5 .3 9 7 .8 1 0 0 .2 1 0 2 .1 1 0 5 .0 1 0 5 .9 1 1 0 .6 1 1 5 .4 7 .1 4 .8 2 .6 2 .5 1 .9 2 .8 .9 4 .4 4 .3 8 3 .1 9 3 .2 9 7 .0 9 9 .3 1 0 3 .7 1 0 6 .4 1 0 2 .3 1 0 5 .4 1 0 8 .7 H o u s in g : A pp are l and upkeep: I n d e x .......................................................................................................... P e r c e n t c h a n g e .................................................................................................... T r a n s p o r ta tio n : I n d e x ............................................................................................................................................ P e r c e n t c h a n g e ............................................................................................................. 1 7 .9 1 2 .2 4 .1 2 .4 4 .4 2 .6 - 3 .9 3 .0 3 .1 I n d e x ................................................................................................................................. 7 4 .9 8 2 .9 9 2 .5 1 0 0 .6 1 0 6 .8 1 1 3 .5 1 2 2 .0 1 3 0 .1 1 3 8 .6 P e r c e n t c h a n g e ................................................................................................................. 1 1 .0 1 0 .7 1 1 .6 8 .8 6 .2 6 .3 7 .5 6 .6 6 .5 8 3 .6 9 0 .1 9 6 .0 1 0 0 .1 1 0 3 .8 1 0 7 .9 1 1 1 .6 1 1 5 .3 1 2 0 .3 9 .0 7 .8 6 .5 4 .3 3 .7 3 .9 3 .4 3 .3 4 .3 7 5 .2 8 2 .6 9 1 .1 1 0 1 .1 1 0 7 .9 1 1 4 .5 1 2 1 .4 1 2 8 .5 1 3 7 .0 9 .1 9 .8 1 0 .3 1 1 .0 6 .7 6 .1 6 .0 5 .8 6 .6 I n d e x ................................................................................................................. 8 2 .9 9 1 .4 9 6 .9 9 9 .8 1 0 3 .3 1 0 6 .9 1 0 8 .6 1 1 2 .5 1 1 7 .0 P e r c e n t c h a n g e ............................................................................................................................... 1 3 .4 1 0 .3 6 .0 3 .0 3 .5 3 .5 1 .6 3 .6 4 .0 M e d ic a l c a re : E n te rta in m e n t: I n d e x ................................................................................................................................... P e r c e n t c h a n g e .................................................................................................. O t h e r g o o d s a n d s e r v ic e s : I n d e x ....................................................................................................................................... P e r c e n t c h a n g e ........................................................................................................ C o n s u m e r P ric e In d e x fo r U r b a n W a g e E a r n e r s a n d C le r ic a l W o r k e r s : A ll ite m s : 90 Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis August 1989 33. Producer Price Indexes, by stage off processing (19 8 2 = 10 0 ) 19 8 9 19 8 8 A n n u a l a v e ra g e Grouping 19 8 7 Finished goods..................................... 19 8 8 J u ly Aug. O c t. N ov. Dec. Ja n . Feb . M a r. A p r. M ay 1 0 8 .6 1 0 9 .4 1 0 9 .8 1 1 0 .0 1 1 1 .1 1 1 1 .7 1 1 2 .2 1 1 3 .0 1 1 4 .2 S e p t. Ju n e 1 1 4 .1 1 0 5 .4 1 0 8 .0 1 0 8 .6 1 0 8 .7 .......................................................... 1 0 3 .6 1 0 6 .2 1 0 7 .0 1 0 7 .1 1 0 7 .0 1 0 7 .6 1 0 8 .0 1 0 8 .2 1 0 9 .4 1 1 0 .1 1 1 0 .7 1 1 1 .8 1 1 3 .3 1 1 3 .0 F i n i s h e d c o n s u m e r f o o d s ........................................................ 1 0 9 .5 1 1 2 .6 1 1 3 .6 1 1 3 .6 1 1 5 .1 1 1 4 .6 1 1 4 .9 1 1 5 .1 1 1 6 .7 1 1 7 .2 1 1 8 .4 1 1 7 .8 1 1 9 .1 1 1 8 .4 1 0 0 .7 1 0 3 .1 1 0 3 .8 1 0 3 .9 1 0 3 .0 1 0 4 .1 1 0 4 .6 1 0 4 .8 1 0 5 .8 1 0 6 .6 1 0 6 .9 1 0 8 .9 1 1 0 .4 1 1 0 .3 9 4 .9 9 7 .3 9 8 .3 9 8 .4 9 7 .6 9 7 .7 9 8 .4 9 8 .7 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .9 1 0 1 .3 1 0 4 .3 1 0 6 .1 1 0 5 .9 F in is h e d c o n s u m e r g o o d s F in is h e d c o n s u m e r g o o d s e x c lu d in g N o n d u r a b le g o o d s le s s fo o d .................................... 1 1 1 .5 1 1 3 .8 1 1 3 .6 1 1 3 .8 1 1 2 .8 1 1 6 .4 1 1 6 .1 1 1 6 .1 1 1 6 .6 1 1 7 .0 1 1 6 .8 1 1 6 .4 1 1 7 .1 1 1 7 .2 C a p i t a l e q u i p m e n t ......................................................................................... 1 1 1 .7 1 1 4 .3 1 1 4 .2 1 1 4 .5 1 1 4 .3 1 1 6 .0 1 1 6 .1 1 1 6 .4 1 1 7 .1 1 1 7 .5 1 1 7 .5 1 1 7 .6 1 1 7 .9 1 1 8 .6 Intermediate materials, supplies, and components......................................... 1 0 1 .5 1 0 7 .1 1 0 8 .2 1 0 8 .4 1 0 8 .7 1 0 8 .6 1 0 8 .9 1 0 9 .4 1 1 0 .6 1 1 1 .0 1 1 1 .6 1 1 2 .3 1 1 2 .7 1 1 2 .6 1 1 8 .4 M a te r ia ls a n d c o m p o n e n ts fo r 1 0 5 .3 1 1 3 .2 1 1 4 .0 1 1 4 .3 1 1 4 .9 1 1 5 .5 1 1 6 .2 1 1 6 .8 1 1 8 .0 1 1 8 .3 1 1 8 .9 1 1 8 .9 1 1 8 .9 M a t e r i a l s f o r f o o d m a n u f a c t u r i n g ........................... 1 0 0 .8 1 0 6 .0 1 0 9 .9 1 0 8 .9 1 0 9 .5 1 0 8 .3 1 0 7 .7 1 0 8 .6 1 1 0 .4 1 1 0 .1 1 1 1 .4 1 1 1 .5 1 1 2 .4 1 1 2 .1 M a te r ia ls fo r n o n d u r a b le m a n u fa c tu r in g 1 0 2 .2 1 1 2 .9 1 1 3 .8 1 1 4 .5 1 1 5 .2 1 1 6 .0 1 1 6 .8 1 1 7 .5 1 1 9 .2 1 1 9 .7 1 1 9 .9 1 2 0 .6 1 2 0 .5 1 1 9 .6 1 2 5 .3 1 2 6 .9 1 2 5 .7 1 2 4 .9 1 2 3 .6 1 1 5 .8 1 1 6 .1 1 1 6 .3 1 2 1 .0 1 2 1 .5 1 2 1 .4 . M a t e r i a l s f o r d u r a b l e m a n u f a c t u r i n g ................ 1 0 6 .2 1 1 8 .7 1 1 9 .3 1 1 9 .7 1 2 0 .3 1 2 1 .8 1 2 3 .2 1 2 4 .3 1 2 5 .5 C o m p o n e n t s f o r m a n u f a c t u r i n g .................................. 1 0 8 .8 1 1 2 .3 1 1 2 .4 1 1 2 .8 1 1 3 .2 1 1 3 .5 1 1 3 .8 1 1 4 .1 1 1 4 .9 1 1 5 .3 1 1 5 .6 1 0 9 .8 1 1 6 .1 1 1 6 .5 1 1 6 .7 1 1 7 .1 1 1 7 .5 1 1 8 .1 1 1 8 .7 1 1 9 .4 1 1 9 .9 1 2 0 .4 7 3 .3 7 1 .2 7 3 .6 7 3 .5 7 2 .6 6 9 .7 6 9 .0 6 9 .8 7 1 .6 7 2 .1 7 3 .2 7 6 .7 7 8 .1 7 9 .3 1 2 2 .4 1 2 2 .6 1 2 2 .7 1 2 3 .1 1 2 3 .9 1 2 4 .5 1 2 5 .0 1 2 5 .5 1 2 5 .8 1 1 6 .0 1 1 6 .2 1 1 6 .2 1 1 7 .2 1 1 7 .4 1 1 8 .0 1 1 7 .9 1 1 8 .0 1 1 8 .0 1 0 3 .1 1 0 4 .1 1 0 6 .3 1 0 3 .9 M a te r ia ls a n d c o m p o n e n t s fo r P r o c e s s e d f u e l s a n d l u b r i c a n t s ........................................ S u p p l i e s .............................................................................................................................. 1 1 4 .5 1 2 0 .1 1 2 0 .5 1 2 1 .3 1 2 2 .3 1 0 7 .7 1 1 3 .7 1 1 5 .2 1 1 5 .1 1 1 5 .6 9 3 .7 9 6 .0 9 7 .3 9 6 .9 9 6 .7 9 5 .9 9 4 .5 9 7 .3 1 0 1 .4 1 0 1 .2 ........................................................ 9 6 .2 1 0 6 .1 1 1 0 .1 1 1 0 .4 1 1 2 .0 1 1 1 .9 1 0 8 .0 1 0 9 .5 1 1 2 .5 1 1 1 .0 1 1 3 .7 1 1 1 .4 1 1 5 .0 1 1 1 .4 C r u d e n o n f o o d m a t e r i a l s ............................................................ 8 7 .9 8 5 .5 8 5 .1 8 4 .4 8 3 .0 8 1 .9 8 2 .0 8 5 .4 9 0 .0 9 0 .7 9 1 .9 9 4 .9 9 6 .2 9 4 .6 1 1 2 .7 Crude materials for further processing ... F o o d s tu ffs a n d fe e d s tu ffs Special groupings 1 0 4 .0 1 0 6 .5 1 0 6 .9 1 0 7 .1 1 0 6 .4 1 0 7 .7 1 0 8 .1 1 0 8 .3 1 0 9 .2 1 0 9 .9 1 1 0 .1 1 1 1 .4 1 1 2 .6 ............................................................................ 6 1 .8 5 9 .8 6 1 .3 6 1 .1 5 8 .8 5 8 .7 6 0 .0 5 9 .2 6 0 .8 6 1 .8 6 2 .1 6 8 .3 7 2 .0 7 0 .1 F i n i s h e d g o o d s l e s s e n e r g y .......................................................... 1 1 2 .3 1 1 5 .8 1 1 6 .2 1 1 6 .4 1 1 6 .7 1 1 7 .7 1 1 7 .8 1 1 8 .2 1 1 9 .2 1 1 9 .8 1 2 0 .2 1 2 0 .1 1 2 0 .8 1 2 1 .1 1 2 1 .0 1 2 1 .8 1 2 1 .9 F i n i s h e d g o o d s , e x c l u d i n g f o o d s ........................................ F in is h e d e n e r g y g o o d s F i n i s h e d c o n s u m e r g o o d s l e s s e n e r g y .................. 1 1 2 .5 1 1 6 .3 1 1 6 .9 1 1 7 .0 1 1 7 .5 1 1 8 .3 1 1 8 .5 1 1 8 .9 1 2 0 .0 1 2 0 .6 1 2 1 .2 F i n i s h e d g o o d s l e s s f o o d a n d e n e r g y ..................... 1 1 3 .3 1 1 7 .0 1 1 7 .1 1 1 7 .4 1 1 7 .2 1 1 8 .8 1 1 8 .9 1 1 9 .4 1 2 0 .1 1 2 0 .7 1 2 0 .9 1 2 0 .9 1 2 1 .3 1 2 2 .0 1 1 4 .2 1 1 8 .5 1 1 8 .8 1 1 9 .1 1 1 8 .9 1 2 0 .5 1 2 0 .6 1 2 1 .2 1 2 1 .9 1 2 2 .6 1 2 2 .8 1 2 2 .8 1 2 3 .3 1 2 4 .0 1 2 5 .0 1 2 5 .9 1 2 6 .8 1 2 7 .2 1 2 7 .5 1 2 7 .9 1 2 9 .0 F in is h e d c o n s u m e r g o o d s le s s fo o d a n d e n e r g y ........................................................................................................................................ C o n s u m e r n o n d u r a b le g o o d s le s s fo o d a n d e n e r g y ........................................................................................................................................ 1 1 6 .3 1 2 2 .0 1 2 2 .7 1 2 3 .0 1 2 3 .3 1 2 3 .6 1 2 3 .9 In te r m e d ia te m a te r ia ls le s s fo o d s a n d 1 0 1 .7 1 0 6 .9 1 0 7 .8 1 0 8 .1 1 0 8 .3 1 0 8 .3 1 0 8 .7 1 0 9 .2 1 1 0 .4 1 1 0 .8 1 1 1 .5 1 1 2 .3 1 1 2 .6 1 1 2 .6 I n t e r m e d i a t e f o o d s a n d f e e d s ................................................... 9 9 .2 1 0 9 .5 1 1 6 .6 1 1 4 .5 1 1 5 .5 1 1 4 .7 1 1 3 .4 1 1 3 .0 1 1 5 .6 1 1 4 .0 1 1 5 .2 1 1 4 .0 1 1 4 .2 1 1 2 .7 ............................................................ 7 3 .0 7 0 .9 7 3 .3 7 3 .1 7 2 .3 6 9 .4 6 8 .7 6 9 .5 7 1 .2 7 1 .8 7 2 .8 7 6 .3 7 7 .7 7 8 .9 I n t e r m e d i a t e g o o d s l e s s e n e r g y ........................................... 1 0 7 .3 1 1 4 .6 1 1 5 .5 1 1 5 .7 1 1 6 .3 1 1 6 .8 1 1 7 .3 1 1 7 .8 1 1 8 .9 1 1 9 .1 1 1 9 .8 1 1 9 .9 1 2 0 .0 1 1 9 .7 1 0 7 .8 1 1 5 .2 1 1 5 .7 1 1 6 .1 1 1 6 .7 1 1 7 .3 1 1 8 .0 1 1 8 .6 1 1 9 .6 1 1 9 .9 1 2 0 .5 1 2 0 .7 1 2 0 .8 1 2 0 .5 In te r m e d ia te e n e r g y g o o d s In te r m e d ia te m a te r ia ls le s s fo o d s a n d e n e r g y ........................................................................................................................................ 7 8 .7 7 7 .3 C r u d e e n e r g y m a t e r i a l s ........................................................................... 7 5 .0 6 7 .7 6 7 .3 6 6 .1 6 4 .7 6 3 .3 6 2 .9 7 2 .0 7 3 .2 7 7 .0 C r u d e m a t e r i a l s l e s s e n e r g y ........................................................ 1 0 0 .9 1 1 2 .6 1 1 5 .5 1 1 6 .0 1 1 7 .1 1 1 7 .0 1 1 4 .7 1 1 6 .1 1 1 9 .3 1 1 8 .1 1 2 0 .5 1 1 8 .5 1 2 1 .0 1 1 7 .8 1 3 5 .6 1 3 6 .9 1 4 0 .3 1 4 0 .3 1 4 1 .5 1 4 0 .3 1 3 9 .8 1 3 7 .7 C r u d e n o n f o o d m a t e r i a l s l e s s e n e r g y ....................... https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1 1 5 .7 1 3 3 .0 1 3 2 .9 1 3 3 .9 1 3 3 .4 1 3 3 .4 6 6 .6 7 1 .2 Monthly Labor Review August 1989 91 Current Labor Statistics: 34. Price Data Producer Price indexes, by durability of product (19 8 2 = 10 0 ) A n n u a l a ve ra g e 19 8 8 19 8 9 Grouping 19 8 7 19 8 8 Ju ly Aug. S e p t. O c t. N ov. Dec. Ja n . Feb . M a r. A pr. M ay 1 0 9 .9 1 1 4 .7 1 1 4 .8 1 1 5 .1 1 1 5 .2 1 1 6 .4 1 1 6 .8 1 1 7 .2 1 1 8 .1 1 1 8 .3 1 1 8 .7 1 1 8 .6 1 1 8 .8 1 1 8 .8 T o t a l n o n d u r a b l e g o o d s .......................................................................... 9 7 .5 1 0 1 .1 1 0 2 .6 1 0 2 .6 1 0 2 .7 1 0 2 .2 1 0 2 .0 1 0 2 .8 1 0 4 .8 1 0 5 .2 1 0 6 .1 1 0 7 .4 1 0 8 .7 1 0 8 .1 T o t a l m a n u f a c t u r e s ........................................................................................... 1 0 4 .4 1 0 9 .1 1 0 9 .8 1 1 0 .0 1 1 0 .1 1 1 0 .5 1 1 1 .0 1 1 1 .4 D u r a b l e ................................................................................................................................. 1 0 9 .6 1 1 4 .1 1 1 4 .1 1 1 4 .4 1 1 4 .5 1 1 5 .6 1 1 6 .0 1 1 6 .4 1 1 7 .1 1 1 7 .4 1 1 7 .8 1 1 7 .7 1 1 8 .0 1 1 8 .1 9 9 .2 1 0 4 .1 1 0 5 .4 1 0 5 .6 1 0 5 .6 1 0 5 .4 1 0 6 .1 1 0 6 .4 1 0 7 .8 1 0 8 .3 1 0 9 .2 1 1 0 .9 1 1 1 .6 1 1 1 .2 N o n d u ra b le ................................................................................................................. T o t a l r a w o r s lig h tly p r o c e s s e d g o o d s 1 1 2 .5 1 1 2 .9 1 1 3 .5 1 1 4 .4 1 1 4 .9 1 1 4 .8 .................. 9 4 .2 9 5 .9 9 7 .8 9 7 .2 9 7 .5 9 6 .5 9 4 .8 9 6 .7 9 9 .9 1 0 0 .1 1 0 1 .0 1 0 1 .3 D u r a b l e ................................................................................................................................ 1 2 2 .6 1 4 8 .0 1 4 9 .3 1 5 0 .6 1 4 9 .5 1 5 0 .1 1 5 4 .8 1 5 7 .5 1 6 2 .6 1 6 1 .9 1 6 1 .7 1 5 8 .3 1 5 6 .5 1 5 1 .3 9 2 .9 9 3 .4 9 5 .3 9 4 .7 9 5 .0 9 3 .9 9 2 .0 9 3 .9 9 7 .0 9 7 .2 9 8 .1 9 8 .6 1 0 1 .0 1 0 0 .1 N o n d u ra b le ................................................................................................................. 35. 1 0 3 .5 Annual data: Producer Price Indexes, by stage of processing (19 8 2 = 10 0 ) Index 19 8 0 19 8 1 19 8 2 19 8 3 19 8 4 19 8 5 19 8 6 19 8 7 19 8 8 Finished goods: T o t a l .................................................................................................................................................................. 8 8 .0 9 6 .1 1 0 0 .0 1 0 1 .6 1 0 3 .7 1 0 4 .7 1 0 3 .2 1 0 5 .4 1 0 8 .0 C o n s u m e r g o o d s ........................................................................................................... 8 8 .6 9 6 .6 1 0 0 .0 1 0 1 .3 1 0 3 .3 1 0 3 .8 1 0 1 .4 1 0 3 .6 1 0 6 .2 C a p i t a l e q u i p m e n t ...................................................................................................... 8 5 .8 9 4 .6 1 0 0 .0 1 0 2 .8 1 0 5 .2 1 0 7 .5 1 0 9 .7 1 1 1 .7 1 1 4 .3 9 0 .3 9 8 .6 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .6 1 0 3 .1 1 0 2 .7 9 9 .1 1 0 1 .5 1 0 7 .1 9 8 .7 1 1 3 .2 Intermediate materials, supplies, and components: T o t a l .................................................................................................................................................................. M a te r ia ls a n d c o m p o n e n t s fo r m a n u f a c t u r i n g ................................................................................................................... 9 1 .7 1 0 0 .0 1 0 1 .2 1 0 4 .1 1 0 3 .3 1 0 2 .2 1 0 5 .3 .... 9 1 .3 9 7 .9 1 0 0 .0 1 0 2 .8 1 0 5 .6 1 0 7 .3 1 0 8 .1 1 0 9 .8 P r o c e s s e d f u e l s a n d l u b r i c a n t s ...................................................... 8 5 .0 1 0 0 .6 1 0 0 .0 9 5 .4 9 5 .7 9 2 .8 7 2 .7 7 3 .3 7 1 .2 C o n t a i n e r s ................................................................................................................................... 8 9 .1 9 6 .7 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .4 1 0 5 .9 1 0 9 .0 1 1 0 .3 1 1 4 .5 1 2 0 .1 S u p p l i e s ........................................................................................................................................... 8 9 .9 9 6 .9 1 0 0 .0 1 0 1 .8 1 0 4 .1 1 0 4 .4 1 0 5 .6 1 0 7 .7 1 1 3 .7 M a te r ia ls a n d c o m p o n e n t s fo r c o n s tr u c t io n 1 1 6 .1 Crude materials for further processing: 92 Ju n e T o t a l d u r a b l e g o o d s ....................................................................................... T o t a l .................................................................................................................................................................. 9 5 .3 1 0 3 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 1 .3 9 3 .7 9 6 .0 F o o d s t u f f s a n d f e e d s t u f f s .......................................................................... 1 0 4 .6 1 0 3 .9 1 0 0 .0 1 0 1 .8 1 0 4 .7 9 4 .8 9 3 .2 9 6 .2 1 0 6 .1 N o n f o o d m a t e r i a l s e x c e p t f u e l ........................................................ 8 4 .6 1 0 1 .8 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .7 1 0 2 .2 9 6 .9 8 1 .6 8 7 .9 8 5 .5 F u e l ........................................................................................................................................................... 6 9 .4 8 4 .8 1 0 0 .0 1 0 5 .1 1 0 5 .1 1 0 2 .7 9 2 .2 8 4 .1 8 2 .1 Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis August 1989 1 0 3 .5 9 5 .8 8 7 .7 1 0 2 .4 36. U.S. export price indexes by Standard International Trade Classification ( 1 9 8 5 = 1 0 0 , u n le s s o th e r w is e in d ic a te d ) 19 8 9 19 8 8 19 8 7 19 8 6 Category 19 74 S IT O S e p t. ALL COMMODITIES ........................................................................ Dec. M a r. Ju n e S e p t. Dec. M a r. Ju n e S e p t. Dec. M a r. 9 7 .9 9 9 .0 9 9 .9 1 0 2 .2 1 0 2 .8 1 0 4 .9 1 0 6 .5 1 0 9 .5 1 1 1 .9 1 1 1 .6 1 1 3 .2 8 7 .3 8 9 .9 8 6 .7 9 4 .6 9 5 .2 1 0 3 .4 1 1 8 .7 1 1 4 .2 1 1 7 .1 8 6 .0 9 0 .1 M e a t a n d m e a t p r e p a r a t i o n s .................................................................................................................................................................... 01 1 1 1 .3 1 1 4 .5 1 1 5 .0 1 2 1 .2 1 1 8 .8 1 1 6 .8 1 2 2 .8 1 3 1 .0 F i s h a n d c r u s t a c e a n s ............................................................................................................................................................................................... 03 1 1 1 .9 1 1 5 .9 1 1 7 .1 1 2 5 .8 1 3 1 .1 1 3 8 .5 1 4 0 .9 1 4 5 .0 1 7 5 .9 1 7 4 .0 1 6 9 .1 8 7 .2 1 0 8 .5 1 0 2 .0 1 0 8 .0 0 7 7 .4 6 7 .8 7 9 .8 1 3 7 .0 1 3 0 .3 1 3 2 .9 04 6 6 .3 6 8 .3 7 1 .0 V e g e t a b l e s a n d f r u i t ................................................................................................................................................................................................... 05 1 1 4 .6 1 1 7 .5 1 1 5 .3 1 1 2 .4 1 0 1 .1 1 0 0 .5 9 7 .5 1 0 4 .3 1 0 9 .9 1 1 0 .3 1 0 8 .8 A n i m a l f e e d s , e x c l u d i n g u n m i l l e d c e r e a l s ................................................................................................................... 08 1 2 3 .9 1 1 9 .7 1 1 7 .0 1 2 3 .8 1 2 3 .1 1 4 5 .2 1 3 4 .6 1 5 8 .1 1 6 1 .0 1 5 7 .0 1 5 4 .1 M i s c e l l a n e o u s f o o d p r o d u c t s .................................................................................................................................................................. 09 9 8 .7 9 9 .9 1 0 0 .1 1 0 0 .6 1 0 0 .3 1 0 0 .3 1 0 2 .3 1 0 2 .8 1 0 5 .2 1 0 4 .9 1 0 6 .8 1 0 2 .6 1 0 5 .0 1 0 5 .5 1 0 7 .0 1 0 9 .6 1 1 0 .6 1 1 2 .0 1 1 1 .7 1 1 7 .2 1 0 2 .6 1 0 5 .0 1 0 5 .5 1 0 7 .0 1 0 9 .8 1 1 0 .7 1 1 2 .1 1 1 1 .8 1 1 7 .6 1 3 5 .8 1 4 2 .4 G r a i n a n d g r a i n p r e p a r a t i o n s .................................................................................................................................................................. 7 2 .5 Beverages and tobacco .................................................................. 1 9 7 .3 1 0 2 .6 T o b a c c o a n d t o b a c c o p r o d u c t s ......................................................................................................................................................... 12 9 7 .0 1 0 2 .6 Crude materials.............................................................................. Raw h i d e s a n d s k i n s ................................................................................................................................................................................................. 1 3 0 .0 1 3 9 .9 1 4 0 .8 9 9 .6 1 0 2 .4 1 0 5 .7 1 1 4 .5 1 1 8 .7 1 0 8 .3 1 1 5 .9 1 3 1 .9 1 4 9 .6 1 4 7 .7 1 5 7 .1 1 7 1 .4 1 6 6 .8 1 5 6 .7 1 3 6 .8 1 4 6 .5 9 7 .5 9 5 .2 9 0 .4 1 0 1 .6 9 5 .1 1 0 9 .6 1 1 5 .6 1 4 3 .0 1 5 4 .7 1 3 5 .7 1 3 9 .3 23 P u l p a n d w a s t e p a p e r ............................................................................................................................................................................................. 1 2 5 .2 2 21 22 9 9 .6 9 8 .9 9 9 .9 1 0 1 .0 1 0 5 .3 1 0 2 .8 1 0 4 .5 1 0 6 .1 1 0 9 .1 1 0 9 .9 1 1 0 .6 24 1 0 2 .9 1 0 7 .9 1 1 1 .2 1 1 6 .2 1 4 1 .7 1 4 6 .0 1 5 0 .2 1 4 9 .6 1 5 0 .0 1 4 8 .6 1 5 6 .8 25 1 2 9 .0 1 2 9 .4 1 4 4 .2 1 4 9 .9 1 5 3 .0 1 6 0 .4 1 7 1 .2 1 7 9 .5 1 8 1 .7 1 8 2 .1 1 9 2 .2 1 0 3 .6 1 0 7 .0 T e x t i l e f i b e r s ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 26 7 3 .0 9 0 .9 9 7 .8 1 1 2 .4 1 1 6 .5 1 1 1 .6 1 0 7 .5 1 0 9 .9 1 0 0 .8 C r u d e m i n e r a l s ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 27 9 8 .0 9 6 .8 9 4 .4 9 4 .0 9 1 .6 9 1 .6 9 2 .8 9 4 .2 9 4 .8 9 4 .8 9 8 .9 1 4 5 .0 1 5 0 .4 1 6 2 .8 M e t a l o r e s a n d m e t a l s c r a p ...................................................................................................................................................................... Fuels and related products............................................................. Coal and coke ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................... C r u d e p e tro le u m a n d p e tro le u m p r o d u c t s ................................................................................................................. 1 0 0 .4 9 6 .8 3 7 7 .4 7 7 .8 32 9 3 .5 9 2 .0 28 33 “ - 1 0 7 .0 1 1 7 .4 8 1 .3 8 2 .8 8 4 .6 9 2 .6 8 8 .2 9 1 .0 9 8 .8 ” “ 1 2 5 .9 1 4 6 .0 7 9 .3 8 2 .1 7 9 .4 8 1 .7 8 9 .8 9 0 .6 9 2 .0 9 2 .9 9 3 .4 9 3 .7 1 0 0 .0 9 0 .8 9 7 .2 8 9 .2 8 8 .4 9 4 .3 8 2 .5 ~ 1 3 1 .8 7 9 .5 Fats and oils................................................................................... 4 _ _ _ _ - _ A n i m a l o i l s a n d f a t s ................................................................................................................................................................................................... 41 6 2 .2 7 9 .9 8 1 .1 8 6 .7 8 6 .7 8 8 .7 1 0 1 .3 1 0 1 .6 1 0 4 .3 9 5 .7 9 2 .0 F i x e d v e g e t a b l e o i l s a n d f a t s .................................................................................................................................................................. 42 6 0 .2 6 4 .6 6 7 .3 7 1 .9 7 1 .2 7 5 .4 8 5 .7 9 3 .7 9 9 .1 8 7 .1 8 8 .2 _ _ _ 9 0 .4 9 1 .5 Chemicals and related products...................................................... 5 9 5 .7 9 5 .2 9 9 .6 1 0 6 .7 1 0 7 .7 1 1 2 .9 1 1 7 .9 1 2 1 .6 1 2 4 .9 1 2 5 .5 1 2 5 .5 O r g a n i c c h e m i c a l s .......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 51 9 1 .6 9 2 .4 1 0 1 .9 1 1 8 .4 1 1 6 .1 1 2 3 .5 1 3 5 .1 1 4 4 .6 1 5 3 .3 1 5 0 .8 1 4 9 .6 1 1 3 .0 1 1 5 .5 D y e i n g , t a n n i n g , a n d c o l o r i n g m a t e r i a l s .......................................................................................................................... 53 1 0 1 .1 1 0 1 .4 1 0 3 .6 1 0 4 .2 1 0 5 .5 1 0 8 .5 1 0 9 .1 1 1 0 .1 1 1 1 .5 M e d i c i n a l a n d p h a r m a c e u t i c a l p r o d u c t s ( 1 2 / 8 5 = 1 0 0 ) ................................................................... 54 1 0 1 .2 1 0 0 .8 1 0 1 .0 1 0 1 .4 1 0 2 .2 1 0 5 .4 1 0 9 .3 1 0 6 .3 1 0 5 .9 1 0 7 .5 1 0 8 .9 1 2 4 .9 1 1 9 .4 E s s e n t i a l o i l s , p o l i s h , a n d c l e a n i n g p r e p a r a t i o n s ......................................................................................... F e r t i l i z e r s , m a n u f a c t u r e d ................................................................................................................................................................................. 55 1 0 4 .5 1 0 4 .2 1 0 5 .5 1 0 5 .7 1 0 7 .3 1 0 8 .4 1 1 1 .2 1 1 3 .6 1 2 0 .2 1 2 2 .4 56 8 5 .1 7 7 .4 8 5 .6 9 1 .6 1 0 0 .9 1 0 6 .5 1 1 0 .6 1 0 9 .8 1 1 6 .4 1 1 9 .9 A r t i f i c i a l r e s i n s , p l a s t i c s a n d c e l l u l o s e ................................................................................................................................. 57 9 8 .2 9 9 .5 1 0 4 .8 1 1 1 .9 1 1 6 .4 1 2 4 .8 1 2 9 .4 1 3 7 .5 1 3 8 .2 1 3 2 .5 1 2 5 .8 C h e m i c a l m a t e r i a l s a n d p r o d u c t s , n . e . s .............................................................................................................................. 58 9 7 .6 9 7 .3 9 7 .5 9 7 .7 9 7 .1 9 8 .2 1 0 0 .3 1 0 1 .7 1 0 4 .1 1 0 5 .4 1 0 8 .4 Intermediate manufactured products.............................................. 6 1 0 3 .8 1 0 4 .2 1 0 6 .4 1 0 7 .9 1 1 0 .3 1 1 1 .2 1 1 4 .4 1 1 7 .7 1 1 9 .6 1 2 0 .6 1 2 2 .6 L e a t h e r a n d f u r s k i n s ................................................................................................................................................................................................. 61 1 0 4 .2 1 0 7 .8 1 2 3 .6 1 2 6 .9 1 2 8 .7 1 1 8 .0 1 2 5 .7 1 2 5 .1 1 2 8 .6 1 2 5 .0 1 1 8 .3 R u b b e r m a n u fa c tu re s 62 1 0 0 .5 1 0 0 .9 1 0 2 .0 1 0 2 .5 1 0 3 .9 1 0 4 .1 1 0 5 .2 1 0 8 .8 1 0 9 .4 1 1 0 .4 1 1 7 .0 1 2 0 .1 1 2 2 .4 1 2 6 .2 1 2 9 .0 1 3 0 .2 1 3 1 .1 1 3 2 .7 1 0 3 .7 1 0 4 .1 1 0 5 .2 1 0 6 .5 1 0 7 .9 1 0 8 .6 1 1 1 .6 1 1 3 .9 ............................................................................................................................................................................................. ..................................................................................................................................................... 64 1 0 9 .1 1 1 0 .8 1 1 4 .7 T e x t i l e s .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 65 1 0 1 .9 1 0 1 .8 1 0 3 .3 P a p e r a n d p a p e rb o a rd p ro d u c ts 1 1 2 .9 N o n - m e t a l l i c m i n e r a l m a n u f a c t u r e s ( 9 / 8 5 = 1 0 0 ) ......................................................................................... 66 1 0 4 .7 1 0 8 .0 1 0 6 .8 1 0 8 .7 1 1 0 .4 1 1 1 .3 1 1 3 .4 1 1 4 .1 1 1 5 .6 1 1 6 .8 1 2 0 .2 I r o n a n d s t e e l ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 67 1 0 2 .3 1 0 1 .9 1 0 2 .9 1 0 2 .9 1 0 0 .7 1 0 2 .9 1 0 6 .1 1 1 0 .8 1 1 1 .4 1 1 2 .1 1 1 6 .0 N o n f e r r o u s m e t a l s .......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 68 1 0 5 .3 1 0 2 .6 1 0 6 .6 1 1 3 .0 1 2 3 .0 1 2 4 .4 1 3 4 .0 1 4 3 .5 1 4 9 .1 1 5 0 .0 1 5 1 .4 M e t a l m a n u f a c t u r e s , n . e . s ................................................................................................................................................................................ 69 1 0 0 .8 1 0 0 .8 1 0 1 .5 1 0 1 .3 1 0 2 .3 1 0 3 .4 1 0 4 .5 1 0 7 .6 1 0 9 .9 1 1 0 .9 1 1 2 .6 Machinery and transport equipment, excluding military and commercial aircraft.................................................................... 7 1 0 1 .0 1 0 1 .6 1 0 1 .7 1 0 1 .8 1 0 2 .4 1 0 3 .2 1 0 4 .0 1 0 4 .8 1 0 5 .8 1 0 6 .6 P o w e r g e n e r a t i n g m a c h i n e r y a n d e q u i p m e n t ...................................................................................................... 71 1 0 2 .5 1 0 3 .7 1 0 4 .6 1 0 3 .7 1 0 4 .8 1 0 5 .2 1 0 7 .0 1 0 8 .4 1 0 8 .5 1 0 9 .3 1 0 0 .5 1 0 0 .9 1 0 2 .1 1 0 3 .6 1 0 4 .7 1 0 6 .0 1 0 7 .2 1 0 2 .1 1 1 1 .8 M a c h i n e r y s p e c i a l i z e d f o r p a r t i c u l a r i n d u s t r i e s .................................................................................................. 72 1 0 0 .4 1 0 0 .6 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .1 M e t a l w o r k i n g m a c h i n e r y .................................................................................................................................................................................... 73 1 0 3 .0 1 0 4 .2 1 0 5 .8 1 0 6 .7 1 0 7 .8 1 0 8 .2 1 0 9 .3 1 1 0 .8 1 1 1 .0 1 1 4 .4 1 1 5 .8 1 0 3 .3 1 0 4 .2 1 0 4 .5 1 0 4 .6 1 0 5 .4 1 0 6 .7 1 0 8 .1 1 0 9 .3 1 1 0 .3 1 1 2 .4 G e n e r a l i n d u s t r i a l m a c h i n e s a n d p a r t s , n . e . s .......................................................................................................... 74 1 0 2 .5 O f f i c e m a c h i n e s a n d a u t o m a t i c d a t a p r o c e s s i n g e q u i p m e n t ............................................. 75 9 8 .8 9 8 .2 9 6 .0 9 6 .1 9 5 .7 9 5 .5 9 5 .8 9 5 .7 9 6 .8 9 6 .4 T e l e c o m m u n i c a t i o n s , s o u n d r e c o r d i n g a n d r e p r o d u c i n g e q u i p m e n t .................. 76 9 9 .7 1 0 1 .3 1 0 1 .9 1 0 1 .4 1 0 1 .4 1 0 1 .9 1 0 2 .8 1 0 4 .6 1 0 4 .1 1 0 5 .1 1 0 7 .1 E l e c t r i c a l m a c h i n e r y a n d e q u i p m e n t ........................................................................................................................................ 77 9 9 .7 1 0 0 .3 1 0 1 .7 1 0 2 .1 1 0 2 .5 1 0 1 .8 1 0 3 .1 1 0 3 .4 1 0 5 .3 1 0 5 .7 1 0 6 .2 9 5 .5 78 1 0 1 .9 1 0 3 .3 1 0 3 .1 1 0 3 .5 1 0 3 .8 1 0 4 .6 1 0 4 .5 1 0 4 .9 1 0 5 .4 1 0 6 .8 1 0 7 .2 79 1 0 2 .8 1 0 3 .5 1 0 4 .5 1 0 5 .5 1 0 5 .8 1 0 6 .6 1 0 7 .4 1 0 9 .6 1 0 9 .7 1 1 1 .9 1 1 3 .5 Miscellaneous manufactured articles............................................... 8 1 0 3 .4 1 0 3 .8 1 0 4 .6 1 0 5 .2 1 0 5 .4 1 0 5 .6 1 0 6 .9 1 0 8 .1 1 0 8 .9 1 1 0 .5 1 1 1 .6 F u r n i t u r e a n d p a r t s ....................................................................................................................................................................................................... 82 - - - - - - - - - 1 1 4 .2 1 1 4 .9 R o a d v e h ic le s a n d p a rts ................................................................................................................................................................................. O t h e r t r a n s p o r t e q u ip m e n t , e x c lu d i n g m ilita r y a n d c o m m e r c i a l a v i a t i o n ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. P r o fe s s io n a l, s c ie n tific , a n d c o n tr o llin g i n s t r u m e n t s a n d 87 1 0 3 .0 1 0 3 .5 1 0 4 .4 1 0 5 .5 1 0 6 .3 1 0 7 .1 1 1 0 .0 1 1 1 .1 1 1 2 .5 1 1 3 .9 1 1 5 .5 c l o c k s .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 88 1 0 2 .4 1 0 2 .1 1 0 2 .7 1 0 2 .5 9 9 .0 9 7 .9 9 7 .6 1 0 0 .1 9 9 .4 9 9 .9 9 8 .6 M i s c e l l a n e o u s m a n u f a c t u r e d a r t i c l e s , n . e . s ................................................................................................................ 89 - - - 1 0 8 .7 1 1 0 .7 a p p a r a t u s .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... P h o t o g r a p h ic a p p a r a tu s a n d s u p p lie s , o p tic a l g o o d s , w a t c h e s , a n d - - D a t a n o t a v a ila b le . https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Monthly Labor Review August 1989 93 Current Labor Statistics: 37. Price Data U.S. import price indexes by Standard International Trade Classification ( 1 9 8 5 = 1 0 0 , u n le s s o th e r w is e in d ic a te d ) 19 8 7 S IT C A L L C O M M O D IT IE S A L L Fo o d ...................................................................................................................................................................................................... C O M M O D IT IE S , E X C L U D IN G 19 8 8 19 74 C a te g o ry F U E L S ........................................................................................................... a n d l i v e a n i m a l s ............................................................................................................................................................................................. Ju n e S e p t. Dec. M a r. Ju n e 19 8 9 S e p t. Dec. M a r. 1 0 6 .5 1 1 0 .0 1 1 0 .9 1 1 2 .5 1 1 3 .8 1 1 6 .8 1 1 5 .3 1 1 7 .6 1 1 9 .6 1 1 3 .7 1 1 6 .5 1 1 7 .5 1 2 0 .8 1 2 3 .7 1 2 6 .7 1 2 6 .1 1 2 9 .1 1 2 9 .7 1 1 4 .2 1 0 5 .2 1 0 8 .3 1 0 9 .1 1 1 2 .5 1 1 4 .1 1 1 4 .0 1 1 2 .7 1 1 4 .3 M e a t a n d m e a t p r e p a r a t i o n s .............................................................................................................................................................. 01 1 0 5 .0 1 0 8 .0 1 1 4 .4 1 1 3 .4 1 1 1 .5 1 0 7 .0 1 1 1 .2 1 0 8 .7 D a iry p ro d u c ts a n d e g g s ........................................................................................................................................................................... 02 1 1 9 .3 1 2 2 .3 1 2 1 .7 1 2 5 .1 1 2 5 .6 1 2 5 .0 1 2 2 .2 1 2 5 .8 1 2 4 .0 F i s h a n d c r u s t a c e a n s ........................................................................................................................................................................................ 03 1 2 1 .8 1 2 6 .0 1 3 0 .4 1 3 1 .0 1 3 2 .5 1 2 9 .3 1 2 5 .9 1 2 6 .7 1 2 6 .9 B a k e r y g o o d s , p a s t a p r o d u c t s , g r a i n , a n d g r a i n p r e p a r a t i o n s .................................... 0 M a r. 1 1 1 .2 04 1 2 2 .3 1 2 6 .2 1 2 4 .8 1 3 0 .7 1 3 5 .8 1 3 9 .8 1 3 6 .9 1 4 2 .2 1 3 9 .9 F r u i t s a n d v e g e t a b l e s ........................................................................................................................................................................................ 05 1 0 1 .9 1 1 0 .1 1 1 0 .0 1 1 6 .2 1 1 5 .4 1 2 0 .3 1 2 3 .7 1 2 7 .7 1 2 4 .0 S u g a r , s u g a r p r e p a r a t i o n s , a n d h o n e y .......................................................................................................................... 06 1 0 7 .4 1 0 9 .6 1 0 9 .0 1 0 7 .0 1 0 9 .6 1 1 0 .0 1 1 2 .1 1 1 0 .8 1 0 9 .8 C o f f e e , t e a , c o c o a ................................................................................................................................................................................................... 07 8 9 .9 8 7 .0 8 5 .1 9 0 .6 9 4 .3 9 3 .3 8 7 .4 9 0 .6 9 1 .2 B e v e r a g e s a n d t o b a c c o .................................................................................................................................................................................... 1 1 0 7 .8 1 1 2 .8 1 1 2 .2 1 1 3 .5 1 1 6 .0 1 1 6 .2 1 1 5 .3 1 1 6 .2 1 1 7 .0 B e v e r a g e s .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 11 1 1 2 .1 1 1 4 .2 1 1 4 .8 1 1 6 .2 1 1 8 .7 1 2 0 .0 1 1 8 .9 1 1 9 .9 1 2 0 .7 1 4 7 .2 C r u d e m a t e r i a l s ..................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 2 1 1 5 .1 1 1 6 .2 1 2 0 .3 1 2 2 .1 1 2 9 .2 1 3 7 .8 1 3 5 .4 1 4 3 .2 C r u d e r u b b e r ( i n c l u d i n g s y n t h e t i c a n d r e c l a i m e d ) ................................................................................ 23 9 8 .4 1 0 3 .7 1 1 0 .7 1 2 0 .1 1 2 1 .7 1 5 1 .1 1 3 3 .3 1 2 1 .5 C o rk an d w o o d .............................................................................................................................................................................................................. 24 1 1 3 .5 1 1 0 .2 1 1 7 .4 1 0 8 .8 1 1 2 .4 1 1 1 .4 1 0 9 .7 1 0 7 .8 1 1 2 .1 P u l p a n d w a s t e p a p e r ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 25 1 2 7 .0 1 3 2 .0 1 3 3 .4 1 4 1 .0 1 5 1 .0 1 6 0 .5 1 6 9 .6 1 7 4 .7 1 8 4 .5 T e x t i l e f i b e r s ......................................................................................................................................................................................................................... C r u d e f e r t i l i z e r s a n d c r u d e m i n e r a l s ................................................................................................................................. 1 2 3 .0 26 1 1 0 .9 1 1 8 .4 1 2 8 .1 1 3 5 .2 1 3 7 .8 1 4 5 .5 1 4 1 .9 1 4 5 .6 1 5 1 .5 27 9 8 .2 9 9 .6 9 9 .2 9 9 .9 1 0 0 .4 1 0 1 .0 9 7 .2 1 0 0 .2 1 0 3 .2 M e t a l l i f e r o u s o r e s a n d m e t a l s c r a p ..................................................................................................................................... 28 1 2 2 .8 1 2 4 .5 1 2 8 .7 1 3 7 .9 1 5 1 .2 1 6 7 .6 1 7 2 .2 2 0 5 .4 2 0 4 .3 C r u d e a n i m a l a n d v e g e t a b l e m a t e r i a l s , n . e . s ..................................................................................................... 29 1 1 3 .0 1 0 9 .0 1 0 7 .6 1 1 8 .3 1 3 5 .8 1 4 8 .2 1 2 2 .0 1 3 9 .5 1 5 0 .7 F u e l s a n d r e l a t e d p r o d u c t s .................................................................................................................................................................... 3 6 7 .4 7 4 .1 7 4 .3 6 7 .2 6 0 .6 6 3 .4 5 7 .7 5 6 .4 6 6 .7 33 6 7 .4 7 4 .4 7 5 .2 6 7 .8 6 0 .4 6 3 .6 5 7 .7 5 6 .1 6 7 .2 F a t s a n d o i l s .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 4 8 2 .9 8 7 .9 F i x e d v e g e t a b l e o i l s a n d f a t s ( 9 / 8 7 — 1 0 0 ) ......................................................................................................... 42 C r u d e p e tro le u m a n d p e tro le u m C h e m ic a ls a n d p r o d u c t s ............................................................................................................... 9 6 .4 1 0 2 .1 1 0 6 .4 1 1 1 .2 1 1 4 .0 1 1 2 .3 1 1 2 .5 - - 1 0 0 .0 1 0 5 .7 1 1 1 .1 1 1 6 .1 1 1 9 .2 1 1 7 .4 1 1 7 .3 r e l a t e d p r o d u c t s ................................................................................................................................................... 5 1 0 2 .6 1 0 4 .8 1 0 5 .6 1 1 0 .1 1 1 4 .2 1 1 6 .4 1 1 9 .2 1 2 2 .2 1 2 3 .6 O r g a n i c c h e m i c a l s .................................................................................................................................................................................................... 51 9 6 .1 9 9 .8 9 8 .2 1 0 3 .0 1 0 5 .8 1 0 7 .3 1 1 1 .3 1 1 5 .1 1 1 7 .7 I n o r g a n i c c h e m i c a l s ............................................................................................................................................................................................... 52 9 0 .5 8 9 .8 8 9 .8 9 0 .1 9 2 .0 9 2 .3 9 3 .0 M e d i c i n a l a n d p h a r m a c e u t i c a l p r o d u c t s .................................................................................................................... 54 1 2 0 .1 1 2 3 .4 1 2 4 .3 1 2 6 .3 1 3 5 .3 1 4 0 .3 1 4 5 .4 1 4 6 .4 1 5 5 .2 E s s e n t i a l o i l s a n d p e r f u m e s ................................................................................................................................................................ 55 1 1 7 .6 1 1 7 .8 1 1 9 .2 1 2 3 .0 1 2 5 .7 1 2 6 .2 1 2 7 .5 1 3 0 .5 1 3 0 .3 1 3 3 .6 1 4 3 .5 M a n u f a c t u r e d f e r t i l i z e r s .................................................................................................................................................................................. 9 6 .1 9 3 .1 56 9 2 .9 9 4 .6 1 0 9 .3 1 3 3 .7 1 3 6 .3 1 3 6 .5 1 3 9 .9 ........................................................................................................... 58 1 1 0 .0 1 1 4 .7 1 1 4 .4 1 1 7 .6 1 2 1 .6 1 2 4 .3 1 2 7 .6 1 2 9 .5 1 2 9 .6 C h e m i c a l m a t e r i a l s a n d p r o d u c t s , n . e . s ........................................................................................................................ 59 1 1 5 .1 1 1 7 .7 1 2 0 .6 1 2 4 .8 1 3 8 .7 1 4 8 .5 1 5 3 .4 1 5 6 .5 1 5 4 .3 1 3 7 .3 A rtific ia l r e s in s a n d p la s tic s a n d c e llu lo s e I n t e r m e d i a t e m a n u f a c t u r e d p r o d u c t s ............................................................................................................................... 6 1 0 8 .6 1 1 2 .5 1 1 9 .8 1 2 4 .4 1 3 2 .2 1 3 2 .3 1 3 5 .0 .......................................................................................................................................................................................... 61 1 1 0 .9 1 1 6 .6 1 1 7 .8 1 2 4 .4 1 3 1 .8 1 3 7 .0 1 3 6 .6 1 3 4 .9 1 3 4 .0 R u b b e r m a n u f a c t u r e s , n . e . s .................................................................................................................................................................... 62 1 0 4 .3 1 0 4 .6 1 0 3 .2 1 0 4 .6 1 0 6 .0 1 0 7 .7 1 0 9 .1 1 1 1 .1 1 1 1 .7 C o r k a n d w o o d m a n u f a c t u r e s .......................................................................................................................................................... 63 1 1 8 .0 1 2 4 .3 1 2 8 .3 1 2 8 .2 1 3 3 .8 1 3 8 .2 1 3 6 .1 1 3 4 .1 1 3 6 .7 L e a t h e r a n d fu r s k in s P a p e r a n d p a p e r b o a r d p r o d u c t s ................................................................................................................................................ 64 1 0 4 .8 1 0 4 .9 1 1 6 .3 1 1 0 .3 1 1 2 .3 1 1 7 .2 1 1 8 .3 1 1 9 .5 1 1 9 .9 1 2 0 .6 T e x t i l e s ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 65 1 1 0 .4 1 1 1 .8 1 1 4 .6 1 1 8 .6 1 2 0 .0 1 2 0 .6 1 1 9 .1 1 2 0 .5 1 2 0 .4 N o n m e t a l l i c m i n e r a l m a n u f a c t u r e s , n . e . s .................................................................................................................... 66 1 2 0 .5 1 2 6 .7 1 3 0 .4 1 3 3 .4 1 3 7 .4 1 4 2 .5 1 3 9 .7 1 4 1 .9 1 4 7 .5 I r o n a n d s t e e l ..................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 67 1 0 2 .7 1 0 6 .6 1 0 9 .4 1 1 4 .0 1 2 0 .0 1 2 7 .2 1 2 9 .9 1 3 0 .7 1 3 2 .7 N o n f e r r o u s m e t a l s ................................................................................................................................................................................................... 68 1 0 2 .5 1 1 2 .4 1 2 0 .9 1 2 5 .8 1 3 2 .7 1 5 9 .7 1 5 8 .9 1 6 9 .1 1 7 2 .7 M e t a l m a n u f a c t u r e s ............................................................................................................................................................................................... 69 1 1 2 .1 1 1 2 .7 1 1 4 .6 1 1 7 .8 1 2 1 .1 1 2 6 .9 1 2 7 .5 1 3 0 .7 1 3 2 .4 ............................................................................................................................... 7 1 1 7 .5 1 1 9 .9 1 1 9 .9 1 2 3 .1 1 2 7 .3 1 3 0 .1 7h yb - - - - - 1 2 6 .7 - 1 2 9 .9 .......................................................................................................................................... 1 2 5 .4 - 1 2 8 .7 1 2 9 .1 M a c h in e r y a n d tr a n s p o r t e q u ip m e n t M a c h in e r y (in c lu d in g S I T C 7 1 -7 7 ) M a c h i n e r y s p e c i a l i z e d f o r p a r t i c u l a r i n d u s t r i e s ........................................................................................... 72 1 3 0 .4 1 3 6 .1 1 3 4 .3 1 4 2 .1 1 4 6 .8 1 4 9 .8 1 4 3 .7 1 5 0 .8 1 4 9 .1 M e t a l w o r k i n g m a c h i n e r y ............................................................................................................................................................................. 73 1 2 6 .4 1 2 8 .1 1 3 0 .2 1 3 5 .5 1 3 9 .9 1 4 2 .4 1 3 9 .7 1 4 4 .1 1 4 2 .9 G e n e r a l i n d u s t r i a l m a c h i n e r y a n d p a r t s , n . e . s ................................................................................................. 74 1 2 7 .9 1 3 0 .8 1 3 0 .1 1 3 7 .0 1 4 0 .4 1 4 3 .7 1 3 9 .6 1 4 4 .2 1 4 4 .1 O f f i c e m a c h i n e s a n d a u t o m a t i c d a t a p r o c e s s i n g e q u i p m e n t ........................................ 75 1 1 0 .0 1 1 4 .0 1 1 4 .8 1 1 8 .3 1 1 8 .1 1 1 9 .5 1 1 8 .7 1 1 8 .7 1 1 9 .2 T e l e c o m m u n i c a t i o n s , s o u n d r e c o r d i n g a n d r e p r o d u c i n g a p p a r a t u s .............. 76 1 1 0 .5 1 1 0 .3 1 1 0 .2 1 1 2 .1 1 1 2 .8 1 1 3 .8 1 1 3 .9 1 1 5 .5 E l e c t r i c a l m a c h i n e r y a n d e q u i p m e n t ................................................................................................................................. 77 1 1 2 .4 1 1 5 .8 1 1 5 .1 1 1 8 .2 1 2 2 .2 1 2 4 .2 1 2 5 .9 1 2 9 .3 1 3 0 .7 R o a d v e h i c l e s a n d p a r t s ............................................................................................................................................................................. 78 1 1 8 .6 1 2 0 .5 1 2 0 .6 1 2 2 .6 1 2 5 .5 1 2 7 .6 1 2 7 .1 1 3 0 .8 1 3 0 .6 M i s c e l l a n e o u s m a n u f a c t u r e d a r t i c l e s ................................................................................................................................. 1 1 5 .5 8 1 1 4 .5 1 1 7 .8 1 2 1 .8 1 2 4 .2 1 2 5 .7 1 2 4 .2 P l u m b i n g , h e a t i n g , a n d l i g h t i n g f i x t u r e s ...................................................................................................................... 81 1 1 1 .6 1 1 7 .0 1 1 6 .2 1 2 1 .0 1 2 3 .4 1 2 6 .9 1 2 4 .5 1 2 7 .2 1 3 0 .1 F u r n i t u r e a n d p a r t s ................................................................................................................................................................................................. 82 1 1 4 .8 1 1 9 .8 1 1 9 .0 1 2 4 .3 1 2 5 .4 1 2 9 .6 1 2 8 .0 1 2 9 .1 1 2 7 .2 T r a v e l g o o d s , h a n d b a g s , a n d s im ila r g o o d s ( 6 / 8 5 = 1 0 0 ) 1 1 8 .5 1 2 6 .6 1 2 6 .2 ................................................. 83 9 6 .1 9 9 .8 9 8 .2 1 0 3 .0 1 0 5 .8 1 0 7 .3 1 1 1 .3 1 1 5 .1 1 1 7 .7 C l o t h i n g ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 84 1 0 6 .4 1 0 9 .2 1 1 1 .9 1 1 2 .3 1 1 5 .6 1 1 4 .9 1 1 6 .7 1 1 7 .2 1 1 7 .6 F o o t w e a r ...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 85 1 1 4 .8 1 1 9 .8 1 1 9 .0 1 2 4 .3 1 2 5 .4 1 2 9 .6 1 2 8 .0 1 2 9 .1 1 2 7 .2 87 1 3 1 .3 1 3 5 .9 1 3 2 .7 1 3 8 .7 1 4 0 .0 1 4 2 .5 1 3 5 .8 1 4 1 .9 1 4 1 .1 c l o c k s ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 88 1 2 3 .7 1 2 6 .0 1 2 2 .1 1 2 7 .3 1 2 9 .2 1 2 9 .3 1 2 5 .4 1 3 0 .6 1 3 0 .3 M i s c e l l a n e o u s m a n u f a c t u r e d a r t i c l e s , n . e . s .......................................................................................................... 89 _ “ - 1 3 1 .4 1 3 1 .6 P r o fe s s io n a l, s c ie n tific , a n d c o n tr o llin g i n s t r u m e n t s a n d a p p a r a t u s .............................................................................................................................................................................................................................. P h o t o g r a p h ic a p p a r a tu s a n d s u p p lie s , o p tic a l g o o d s , w a tc h e s , a n d - 94 D a t a n o t a v a ila b le . Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis August 1989 “ - 38. U.S. export price indexes by end-use category (19 8 5 = 1 0 0 u n le s s o th e r w is e in d ic a te d ) 19 8 9 19 8 8 19 8 7 Category M a r. 1 2 0 .6 1 1 7 .4 1 2 4 .5 8 7 .4 9 1 .5 8 8 .0 9 6 .6 9 8 .5 1 1 0 .1 1 0 0 .8 1 0 6 .1 1 0 9 .1 1 1 1 .8 1 1 4 .2 1 1 8 .3 1 1 8 .7 1 1 8 .6 1 2 0 .5 1 0 5 .7 1 0 6 .7 1 0 7 .7 1 0 8 .1 1 0 1 .4 1 0 1 .6 1 0 1 .8 1 0 2 .1 1 0 3 .4 1 0 4 .3 1 0 4 .9 1 0 3 .4 1 0 3 .6 1 0 4 .0 1 0 4 .5 1 0 4 .3 1 0 4 .8 1 0 6 .5 1 1 1 .3 1 1 5 .4 1 1 2 .9 1 0 5 .9 1 0 6 .3 1 0 6 .9 1 0 8 .0 1 1 0 .1 1 1 0 .6 1 0 5 .4 1 0 4 .3 1 0 4 .6 1 0 6 .3 1 0 7 .4 1 0 8 .7 1 0 9 .3 1 1 0 .0 1 1 1 .3 1 1 2 .6 1 1 5 .6 1 1 4 .0 1 1 7 .4 1 1 1 .6 1 1 2 .9 1 0 7 .3 1 0 6 .6 1 0 5 .5 9 2 .1 9 5 .0 8 9 .8 - M a r. Dec. S e p t. Ju n e M a r. Dec. S e p t. Ju n e _ 1 0 7 .9 1 1 0 .4 1 1 0 .4 1 1 0 .7 9 9 .3 1 0 1 .1 1 1 0 .9 1 2 0 .6 _ _ S e p t. Dec. _ _ - D a t a n o t a v a ila b le . 39. U.S. import price indexes by end-use category (19 8 5 = 10 0 ) 19 8 9 19 8 8 19 8 7 Category Ju n e M a r. M a r. M a r. Dec. S e p t. Ju n e ......................................................................................................... 1 1 3 .1 1 1 6 .1 1 1 7 .0 1 2 0 .3 1 2 3 .2 1 2 6 .2 1 2 5 .4 1 2 8 .3 1 2 8 .8 F o o d s , f e e d s , a n d b e v e r a g e s ................................................................................................................................................................ 1 0 5 .2 1 0 7 .8 1 0 9 .0 1 1 2 .1 1 1 3 .7 1 1 3 .7 1 1 2 .7 1 1 4 .2 1 1 3 .9 I n d u s t r i a l s u p p l i e s a n d m a t e r i a l s .................................................................................................................................................... 8 8 .4 9 3 .5 9 5 .3 9 3 .7 9 2 .7 9 7 .8 9 5 .2 9 6 .4 1 0 1 .9 6 7 .2 7 4 .1 7 4 .7 6 7 .6 6 0 .3 6 3 .5 5 7 .5 5 6 .2 - - 1 2 9 .6 1 3 0 .7 1 3 1 .0 1 2 9 .0 1 3 2 .3 1 3 2 .3 A ll im p o r ts , e x c lu d in g p e tr o le u m P e t r o le u m a n d p e tro le u m (6 /8 8 = 10 0 ) p r o d u c t s , e x c l u d i n g n a t u r a l g a s ............................................... - I n d u s t r i a l s u p p l i e s a n d m a t e r i a l s , e x c l u d i n g p e t r o l e u m ............................................................ - - - - 6 7 .1 1 2 6 .6 1 2 8 .6 ........................................................................................................................ 1 1 6 .5 1 1 8 .4 1 1 8 .4 1 2 0 .6 1 2 3 .7 1 2 5 .8 1 2 6 .0 1 2 9 .2 1 2 9 .1 C o n s u m e r g o o d s e x c e p t a u t o m o t i v e ..................................................................................................................................... 1 1 4 .2 1 1 6 .9 1 1 8 .2 1 2 1 .4 1 2 4 .2 1 2 6 .3 1 2 5 .0 1 2 7 .4 1 2 8 .5 ............................................................................................................................................................... - - - - - - - D u r a b l e s , m a n u f a c t u r e d ............................................................................................................................................................................... “ N o n d u r a b le s , m a n u fa c tu re d - 1 2 1 .9 1 2 2 .2 1 1 8 .7 C a p i t a l g o o d s , e x c e p t a u t o m o t i v e ................................................................................................................................................ A u to m o t iv e v e h ic le s , p a rts a n d e n g in e s 1 2 5 .4 1 2 6 .2 1 2 7 .4 1 2 7 .8 " D a t a n o t a v a ila b le . 40. U.S. export price indexes by Standard Industrial Classification1 (19 8 5 = 10 0 ) 19 8 9 19 8 8 19 8 7 Industry group M a r. Ju n e S e p t. Dec. M a r. Ju n e S e p t. M a r. Dec. M a n u fa c tu rin g : 1 2 3 .5 1 2 4 .5 F o o d a n d k i n d r e d p r o d u c t s ................................................................................................................. 1 0 2 .0 1 0 7 .4 1 0 7 .1 1 1 6 .3 1 2 0 .8 1 2 5 .1 1 2 8 .9 L u m b e r a n d w o o d p r o d u c t s , e x c e p t f u r n i t u r e ............................................... 1 1 2 .8 1 1 6 .2 1 3 8 .9 1 4 2 .5 1 4 6 .1 1 4 5 .4 1 4 6 .1 1 4 4 .0 1 5 1 .3 1 1 5 .9 1 0 8 .0 1 0 8 .6 1 0 8 .7 1 1 1 .2 1 1 2 .5 1 1 2 .9 1 1 2 .9 1 1 5 .3 P a p e r a n d a l l i e d p r o d u c t s ..................................................................................................................... 1 0 9 .3 1 1 2 .3 1 1 5 .5 1 1 9 .3 1 2 4 .6 1 2 9 .8 1 3 3 .1 1 3 5 .6 1 3 9 .8 C h e m i c a l s a n d a l l i e d p r o d u c t s ...................................................................................................... 1 0 0 .5 1 0 7 .6 1 0 8 .7 1 1 3 .8 1 1 8 .4 1 2 2 .3 1 2 5 .4 1 2 5 .5 1 2 5 .8 7 3 .5 8 0 .5 8 1 .4 7 8 .8 7 3 .0 7 7 .8 7 3 .7 7 5 .4 1 3 3 .6 1 3 0 .8 F u r n i t u r e a n d f i x t u r e s ....................................................................................................................................... P e t r o le u m a n d c o a l p r o d u c t s .......................................................................................................... P r i m a r y m e t a l p r o d u c t s ................................................................................................................................. 7 9 .6 1 1 0 .6 1 1 7 .2 1 2 2 .3 1 2 6 .6 1 2 6 .9 1 3 3 .8 1 3 3 .5 9 9 .4 9 9 .7 1 0 0 .6 1 0 1 .3 1 0 2 .2 1 0 2 .8 1 0 3 .2 ............................................................................................................. 9 9 .6 9 9 .4 E l e c t r i c a l m a c h i n e r y ............................................................................................................................................ 1 0 1 .9 1 0 2 .1 1 0 2 .5 1 0 2 .2 1 0 2 .9 1 0 3 .7 1 0 4 .9 1 0 5 .4 1 0 6 .4 T r a n s p o r t a t i o n e q u i p m e n t ........................................................................................................................ 1 0 6 .2 1 0 6 .7 1 0 6 .9 1 0 7 .8 1 0 8 .1 1 0 9 .1 1 0 9 .4 1 1 0 .9 1 1 1 .9 1 0 9 .2 1 1 0 .8 1 1 2 .0 1 1 3 .4 1 1 4 .5 M a c h i n e r y , e x c e p t e le c t r ic a l S c i e n t i f i c i n s t r u m e n t s : o p t i c a l g o o d s ; c l o c k s ................................................. ' S IC -b a s e d 1 0 5 .8 1 0 6 .8 1 0 6 .6 1 0 7 .1 c la s s ific a t io n . https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Monthly Labor Review August 1989 95 Current Labor Statistics: 41. Price & Productivity Data U.S. import price indexes by Standard Industrial Classification1 (19 8 5 = 10 0 ) 19 8 7 19 8 8 19 8 9 Industry group M a r. Ju n e S e p t. Dec. M a r. Ju n e S e p t. Dec. M a r. M a n u fa c tu rin g : F o o d a n d k i n d r e d p r o d u c t s ................................................................................................................................. 1 0 3 .8 1 0 6 .3 1 0 8 .4 1 1 4 .4 1 1 5 .0 1 1 5 .4 1 1 4 .1 1 1 6 .1 1 1 9 .4 1 2 4 .3 1 2 7 .4 1 2 8 .9 1 2 7 .0 1 2 7 .8 ........................................................................................................................ 1 0 7 .0 1 0 9 .4 1 1 2 .3 1 1 3 .4 1 1 6 .6 1 1 5 .8 1 1 7 .0 1 1 7 .5 1 1 8 .1 L u m b e r a n d w o o d p r o d u c t s , e x c e p t f u r n i t u r e ............................................................... 1 1 4 .8 1 1 5 .0 1 2 0 .3 1 1 5 .4 1 1 9 .5 1 2 0 .3 1 1 8 .6 1 1 7 .0 1 2 0 .4 F u r n i t u r e a n d f i x t u r e s ....................................................................................................................................................... 1 1 6 .1 1 1 7 .0 1 1 8 .3 1 1 8 .9 1 2 2 .2 1 2 4 .0 1 2 4 .8 1 2 8 .0 1 2 5 .6 T e x t i l e m ill p r o d u c t s ........................................................................................................................................................... A p p a r e l a n d re la te d p ro d u c t s P a p e r a n d a llie d p r o d u c t s ..................................................................................................................................... 1 0 5 .1 1 1 0 .6 1 1 4 .0 1 2 8 .1 1 0 5 .9 1 1 0 .9 1 2 1 .3 1 2 3 .8 C h e m i c a l s a n d a l l i e d p r o d u c t s ...................................................................................................................... 1 0 5 .7 1 0 6 .2 1 0 7 .2 1 1 2 .2 1 1 6 .8 1 2 1 .3 1 2 3 .5 1 3 0 .6 1 3 0 .7 P e t r o le u m 1 2 0 .2 1 3 6 .4 1 3 8 .4 1 2 7 .4 1 1 4 .5 1 1 9 .2 1 1 0 .8 1 1 1 .6 1 2 1 .2 r e f i n i n g a n d a l l i e d p r o d u c t s ....................................................................................... R u b b e r a n d m i s c e l l a n e o u s p l a s t i c s p r o d u c t s .............................................................. 1 1 3 .6 1 1 9 .1 1 2 5 .2 1 2 7 .4 1 1 0 .6 1 1 3 .6 1 1 2 .3 1 1 5 .7 1 1 9 .0 1 1 7 .7 1 2 2 .6 1 2 2 .3 ........................................................................................................................ 1 0 9 .3 1 1 3 .3 1 1 3 .3 1 1 8 .4 1 2 0 .8 1 2 4 .6 1 2 3 .7 1 2 4 .0 1 2 2 .7 S t o n e , c l a y , g l a s s , a n d c o n c r e t e p r o d u c t s .......................................................................... 1 2 1 .6 1 3 0 .0 1 2 9 .6 1 3 3 .9 1 3 8 .2 1 4 1 .5 1 4 0 .5 1 4 4 .3 1 4 5 .0 P r i m a r y m e t a l p r o d u c t s ................................................................................................................................................ 1 0 2 .7 1 1 0 .4 1 1 5 .2 1 2 0 .0 1 2 2 .6 1 3 7 .0 1 3 6 .2 1 4 0 .2 1 4 0 .7 F a b r i c a t e d m e t a l p r o d u c t s ..................................................................................................................................... 1 1 6 .7 1 1 7 .5 1 1 9 .8 1 2 3 .2 1 2 7 .3 1 3 3 .3 1 3 3 .0 1 3 6 .3 1 3 8 .5 M a c h i n e r y , e x c e p t e l e c t r i c a l ............................................................................................................................... 1 2 3 .4 1 2 7 .4 1 2 7 .8 1 3 3 .9 1 3 5 .9 1 3 8 .2 1 3 5 .0 1 3 8 .4 1 3 8 .4 E l e c t r i c a l m a c h i n e r y a n d s u p p l i e s ......................................................................................................... 1 0 9 .4 1 1 0 .7 1 1 0 .2 L e a t h e r a n d le a th e r p r o d u c ts 1 1 7 .2 1 1 2 .5 1 1 4 .7 1 1 6 .7 1 1 9 .0 T r a n s p o r t a t i o n e q u i p m e n t ....................................................................................................................................... 1 1 9 .9 1 2 2 .1 1 2 2 .5 1 2 4 .6 1 2 7 .3 1 2 9 .5 1 2 9 .3 1 3 2 .8 1 3 2 .7 S c i e n t i f i c i n s t r u m e n t s ; o p t i c a l g o o d s ; c l o c k s ................................................................. 1 2 8 .8 1 3 2 .5 1 2 8 .8 1 3 4 .0 1 3 5 .8 1 3 7 .0 1 3 2 .2 1 3 7 .7 1 3 6 .7 ....................................................................... 1 1 5 .1 1 1 8 .1 1 2 1 .4 1 2 3 .8 1 2 7 .7 1 3 3 .1 1 3 0 .6 1 3 2 .2 1 3 6 .6 M is c e lla n e o u s m a n u fa c tu r e d c o m m o d itie s 1 S IC -b a s e d 42. 1 1 6 .1 c la s s ific a t io n . Indexes of productivity, hourly compensation, and unit costs, quarterly data seasonally adjusted (1 9 7 7 = 10 0 ) Q u a rte rly In d e x e s Ite m 19 8 6 III 19 8 7 IV I II 19 8 8 III IV I II 19 8 9 III IV I Business: O u t p u t p e r h o u r o f a l l p e r s o n s ..................................................................... 1 1 0 .0 1 0 9 .8 1 0 9 .9 1 1 0 .6 1 1 1 .7 1 1 1 .8 1 1 2 .8 1 1 1 .8 1 1 2 .3 1 1 2 .0 1 1 2 .5 C o m p e n s a t i o n p e r h o u r ................................................................................................ 1 8 4 .0 1 8 6 .2 1 8 7 .3 1 8 9 .0 1 9 1 .1 1 9 4 .0 1 9 5 .8 1 9 8 .1 2 0 1 .1 2 0 3 .2 2 0 5 .9 R e a l c o m p e n s a t i o n p e r h o u r ............................................................................ 1 0 1 .6 1 0 2 .1 1 0 1 .4 1 0 1 .1 1 0 1 .3 1 0 1 .9 1 0 1 .9 1 0 2 .0 1 0 2 .4 1 0 2 .3 1 0 2 .3 U n it la b o r c o s ts ............................................................................................................................ 1 6 7 .3 1 6 9 .6 1 7 0 .5 1 7 0 .8 1 7 3 .5 1 7 3 .5 U n i t n o n l a b o r p a y m e n t s .............................................................................................. 1 6 6 .6 1 6 3 .7 1 6 5 .6 1 6 8 .7 1 7 1 .5 1 6 8 .9 1 7 0 .0 1 7 0 .4 1 7 2 .7 1 7 4 .6 1 7 6 .1 I m p l i c i t p r i c e d e f l a t o r ........................................................................................................ 1 6 7 .0 1 6 7 .5 1 6 8 .7 1 7 0 .1 1 7 1 .2 1 7 1 .1 1 7 1 .9 1 7 2 .3 1 7 4 .7 1 7 6 .8 1 7 9 .0 1 8 0 .5 O u t p u t p e r h o u r o f a ll p e r s o n s ..................................................................... 1 0 8 .0 1 0 7 .8 1 0 7 .8 1 0 8 .6 1 0 9 .6 1 0 9 .9 1 1 0 .8 1 1 0 .1 1 1 0 .7 1 1 0 .9 1 1 0 .6 C o m p e n s a t i o n p e r h o u r ................................................................................................ 1 8 3 .1 1 8 5 .4 1 8 6 .4 1 8 7 .9 1 9 0 .0 1 9 2 .9 1 9 4 .6 1 9 6 .6 1 9 9 .4 2 0 1 .9 2 0 4 .6 1 7 7 .1 1 7 9 .0 1 8 1 .4 1 8 3 .0 Nonfarm business: R e a l c o m p e n s a t i o n p e r h o u r ............................................................................ 1 0 1 .2 1 0 1 .7 1 0 0 .9 1 0 0 .5 1 0 0 .7 1 0 1 .4 1 0 1 .3 1 0 1 .5 1 0 1 .7 1 0 1 .7 U n i t l a b o r c o s t s ............................................................................................................................ 1 6 9 .5 1 7 2 .1 1 7 2 .9 1 7 3 .0 1 7 3 .3 1 7 5 .6 1 7 5 .7 1 7 8 .6 1 8 0 .2 1 8 2 .0 1 8 5 .0 U n i t n o n l a b o r p a y m e n t s .............................................................................................. 1 6 8 .1 1 6 4 .9 1 6 7 .2 1 6 9 .8 1 7 3 .0 1 7 0 .9 1 7 1 .6 1 7 1 .8 1 7 3 .9 1 7 7 .9 1 7 6 .6 I m p l i c i t p r i c e d e f l a t o r ........................................................................................................ 1 6 9 .0 1 6 9 .5 1 7 0 .9 1 7 1 .9 1 7 3 .2 1 7 4 .0 1 7 4 .2 1 7 6 .2 1 7 8 .0 1 8 0 .6 1 8 2 .0 1 0 1 .3 Nonfinancial corporations: O u t p u t p e r h o u r o f a ll e m p l o y e e s .......................................................... 1 0 9 .6 1 1 0 .3 1 1 0 .1 1 1 0 .9 1 1 2 .2 1 1 2 .2 1 1 3 .3 1 1 2 .9 1 1 2 .7 1 1 2 .7 1 1 2 .4 C o m p e n s a t i o n p e r h o u r ................................................................................................ 1 8 0 .2 1 8 2 .2 1 8 2 .9 1 8 4 .3 1 8 6 .1 1 8 8 .5 1 8 9 .9 1 9 1 .9 1 9 4 .5 1 9 6 .6 1 9 9 .1 R e a l c o m p e n s a t i o n p e r h o u r ............................................................................ 9 9 .5 1 0 0 .0 9 9 .0 9 8 .6 9 8 .7 9 9 .0 9 8 .9 9 8 .8 9 9 .0 9 9 .0 T o t a l u n i t c o s t s ............................................................................................................................... 1 6 8 .4 1 6 8 .8 1 6 9 .9 1 7 0 .3 1 7 0 .2 1 7 2 .0 1 7 1 .5 1 7 3 .8 1 7 6 .4 1 7 8 .3 1 8 1 .1 1 6 4 .3 1 6 5 .1 1 6 6 .2 1 6 6 .1 1 6 5 .9 1 6 8 .1 1 6 7 .5 1 7 0 .0 1 7 2 .6 1 7 4 .4 1 7 7 .2 U n it la b o r c o s ts ...................................................................................................................... U n i t n o n l a b o r c o s t s ......................................................................................................... 1 8 0 .3 1 7 9 .6 1 8 0 .8 9 9 .0 1 8 2 .6 1 8 3 .0 1 8 3 .6 1 8 3 .4 1 8 5 .1 1 8 7 .8 1 8 9 .6 1 9 2 .7 U n i t p r o f i t s ................................................................................................................................................ 1 3 3 .6 1 2 9 .7 1 2 8 .5 1 2 9 .8 1 3 6 .4 1 2 8 .3 1 3 2 .5 1 3 2 .6 1 2 9 .6 1 3 3 .9 1 2 3 .4 U n it n o n la b o r p a y m e n ts .............................................................................................. 1 6 4 .0 1 6 2 .1 1 6 2 .5 1 6 4 .1 1 6 6 .6 1 6 4 .2 1 6 5 .6 1 6 6 .7 1 6 7 .4 1 7 0 .1 1 6 8 .5 I m p l i c i t p r i c e d e f l a t o r ........................................................................................................ 1 6 4 .2 1 6 4 .1 1 6 4 .9 1 6 5 .4 1 6 6 .1 1 6 6 .7 1 6 6 .9 1 6 8 .8 1 7 0 .8 1 7 2 .9 1 7 4 .2 Manufacturing: 96 1 1 4 .8 O u t p u t p e r h o u r o f a ll p e r s o n s ..................................................................... 1 2 8 .0 1 2 8 .8 1 3 0 .0 1 3 1 .7 1 3 2 .8 1 3 3 .2 1 3 4 .3 1 3 5 .5 1 3 7 .2 1 3 7 .8 1 3 8 .5 C o m p e n s a t i o n p e r h o u r ................................................................................................ 1 8 3 .6 1 8 5 .3 1 8 5 .9 1 8 6 .3 1 8 7 .2 1 8 8 .2 1 9 0 .7 1 9 2 .1 1 9 4 .4 1 9 6 .8 1 9 8 .8 R e a l c o m p e n s a t i o n p e r h o u r ............................................................................ 1 0 1 .4 1 0 1 .7 1 0 0 .7 9 9 .7 9 9 .3 9 8 .9 9 9 .3 9 9 .0 9 9 .0 9 9 .1 9 8 .8 U n i t l a b o r c o s t s ............................................................................................................................ 1 4 3 .4 1 4 3 .8 1 4 3 .1 1 4 1 .4 1 4 1 .0 1 4 1 .3 1 4 2 .1 1 4 1 .8 1 4 1 .6 1 4 2 .9 1 4 3 .6 Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis August 1989 1 1 9 .7 43. Annual indexes of multifactor productivity and related measures, selected years (1 9 7 7 = 10 0 ) Ite m 19 6 0 19 70 19 73 19 77 19 79 19 8 1 19 8 2 19 8 3 19 8 4 19 8 5 19 8 6 19 8 7 P r iv a te b u s in e s s P ro d u c tiv ity : O u t p u t p e r h o u r o f a l l p e r s o n s ............................................................... 6 7 .3 8 8 .4 9 5 .9 1 0 0 .0 9 9 .5 1 0 0 .6 1 0 0 .3 1 0 3 .0 1 0 5 .6 1 0 7 .9 1 1 0 .3 O u t p u t p e r u n i t o f c a p i t a l s e r v i c e s ................................................. 1 0 3 .7 1 0 2 .7 1 0 5 .6 1 0 0 .0 9 9 .7 9 2 .3 8 6 .6 8 8 .3 9 2 .7 9 2 .9 9 3 .0 1 1 1 .2 9 3 .7 M u l t i f a c t o r p r o d u c t i v i t y ............................................................................................. 7 8 .5 9 3 .1 9 9 .2 1 0 0 .0 9 9 .6 9 7 .6 9 5 .2 9 7 .6 1 0 0 .9 1 0 2 .4 1 0 3 .9 1 0 4 .7 O u t p u t ................................................................................................................................................................ 5 5 .3 8 0 .2 9 3 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 7 .9 1 0 8 .9 1 0 5 .4 1 0 9 .9 1 1 9 .2 1 2 4 .3 1 2 8 .7 1 3 3 .4 In p u ts : H o u r s o f a ll p e r s o n s ...................................................................................................... 8 2 .2 9 0 .8 9 6 .9 1 0 0 .0 1 0 8 .4 1 0 8 .2 1 0 5 .2 1 0 6 .7 1 1 2 .9 1 1 5 .2 1 1 6 .7 1 2 0 .0 C a p ita l s e r v ic e s 5 3 .3 7 8 .1 8 8 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 8 .2 1 1 7 .9 1 2 1 .8 1 2 4 .4 1 2 8 .6 1 3 3 .8 1 3 8 .5 1 4 2 .4 1 2 1 .4 1 2 3 .9 1 2 7 .4 1 1 6 .1 1 1 8 .7 1 1 8 .6 ..................................................................................................................... C o m b i n e d u n i t s o f l a b o r a n d c a p i t a l i n p u t .................... 7 0 .5 8 6 .1 9 3 .7 1 0 0 .0 1 0 8 .3 1 1 1 .5 1 1 0 .7 1 1 2 .6 1 1 8 .1 C a p i t a l p e r h o u r o f a l l p e r s o n s ..................................................................... 6 4 .9 8 6 .1 9 0 .8 1 0 0 .0 9 9 .8 1 0 8 .9 1 1 5 .8 1 1 6 .6 1 1 3 .9 1 0 4 .7 P riv a te n o n fa rm b u s in e s s P ro d u c tiv ity : 1 0 6 .2 1 0 8 .3 1 0 9 .1 O u t p u t p e r h o u r o f a ll p e r s o n s .............................................................. 7 0 .7 8 9 .2 9 6 .4 1 0 0 .0 9 9 .2 9 9 .6 9 9 .1 1 0 2 .5 O u t p u t p e r u n i t o f c a p i t a l s e r v i c e s ................................................. 1 0 4 .9 1 0 3 .5 1 0 6 .3 1 0 0 .0 9 8 .9 9 1 .0 8 5 .1 8 7 .3 9 1 .3 9 1 .0 9 0 .8 9 1 .5 M u l t i f a c t o r p r o d u c t i v i t y ............................................................................................. 8 1 .2 9 3 .8 9 9 .7 1 0 0 .0 9 9 .1 9 6 .7 9 4 .1 9 7 .0 9 9 .9 1 0 0 .7 1 0 2 .0 1 0 2 .7 O u t p u t ............................................................................................................................................................... 5 4 .4 7 9 .9 9 2 .9 1 0 0 .0 1 0 7 .9 1 0 8 .4 1 0 4 .8 1 1 0 .1 1 1 9 .3 1 2 4 .0 1 2 8 .3 1 3 3 .2 8 9 .6 9 6 .3 In p u ts : 1 0 7 .4 1 1 4 .0 1 1 6 .8 1 1 8 .5 1 2 2 .0 ...................................................................................................................... 5 1 .9 7 7 .2 8 7 .3 1 0 0 .0 1 0 9 .1 1 1 9 .1 1 2 3 .3 1 2 6 .1 1 3 0 .6 1 3 6 .3 1 4 1 .3 1 4 5 .5 C o m b i n e d u n i t s o f l a b o r a n d c a p i t a l i n p u t ..................... 6 7 .1 8 5 .2 9 3 .2 1 0 0 .0 1 0 8 .9 1 1 2 .2 1 1 1 .4 1 1 3 .5 1 1 9 .4 1 2 3 .1 1 2 5 .8 1 2 9 .6 C a p i t a l p e r h o u r o f a ll p e r s o n s ..................................................................... 6 7 .4 8 6 .2 9 0 .7 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .3 1 0 9 .4 1 1 6 .6 1 1 7 .4 1 1 4 .6 1 1 6 .7 1 1 9 .3 1 1 9 .2 H o u r s o f a ll p e r s o n s ...................................................................................................... C a p ita l s e r v ic e s 7 7 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 8 .8 1 0 8 .8 1 0 5 .7 M a n u fa c tu rin g P ro d u c tiv ity : O u t p u t p e r h o u r o f a ll p e r s o n s .............................................................. 6 2 .2 8 0 .8 9 3 .4 1 0 0 .0 1 0 1 .4 1 0 3 .6 1 0 5 .9 1 1 2 .0 1 1 8 .1 1 2 3 .6 1 2 7 .7 1 3 1 .9 O u t p u t p e r u n i t o f c a p i t a l s e r v i c e s ................................................. 1 0 3 .0 9 9 .1 1 1 2 .0 1 0 0 .0 9 9 .5 8 9 .0 8 1 .6 8 6 .7 9 5 .5 9 7 .3 9 8 .4 1 0 2 .0 M u l t i f a c t o r p r o d u c t i v i t y ............................................................................................. 7 2 .0 8 5 .3 9 8 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .9 9 9 .7 9 9 .2 1 0 5 .0 1 1 2 .1 1 1 6 .4 1 1 9 .5 1 2 3 .6 O u t p u t ............................................................................................................................................................... 5 2 .5 7 8 .6 9 6 .3 1 0 0 .0 1 0 8 .1 1 0 4 .8 9 8 .4 1 0 4 .7 1 1 7 .5 1 2 2 .0 1 2 4 .7 1 3 0 .1 H o u r s o f a ll p e r s o n s ...................................................................................................... 8 4 .4 9 7 .3 1 0 3 .1 1 0 0 .0 1 0 6 .5 1 0 1 .1 9 2 .9 9 3 .5 9 9 .5 9 8 .7 9 7 .7 9 8 .6 C a p ita l s e r v ic e s 5 1 .0 7 9 .3 8 6 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 8 .6 1 1 7 .8 1 2 0 .5 1 2 0 .8 1 2 3 .0 1 2 5 .4 1 2 6 .8 1 2 7 .6 In p u ts : ...................................................................................................................... C o m b i n e d u n i t s o f l a b o r a n d c a p i t a l i n p u t s ................ 7 2 .9 9 2 .1 9 8 .3 1 0 0 .0 1 0 7 .1 1 0 5 .1 9 9 .2 9 9 .7 1 0 4 .8 1 0 4 .8 1 0 4 .4 1 0 5 .3 C a p i t a l p e r h o u r o f a ll p e r s o n s ..................................................................... 6 0 .4 8 1 .5 8 3 .4 1 0 0 .0 1 0 1 .9 1 1 6 .5 1 2 9 .8 1 2 9 .3 1 2 3 .7 1 2 7 .1 1 2 9 .8 1 2 9 .4 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Monthly Labor Review August 1989 97 Current Labor Statistics: 44. Productivity Data Annual indexes of productivity, hourly compensation, unit costs, and prices, selected years (1 9 7 7 = 10 0 ) Ite m 19 6 0 19 70 19 73 19 77 19 79 19 8 1 19 8 2 19 8 3 19 8 4 19 8 5 19 8 6 19 8 7 19 8 8 Business: O u t p u t p e r h o u r o f a l l p e r s o n s ..................................................................... 6 7 .6 8 8 .4 9 5 .9 1 0 0 .0 9 9 .6 1 0 0 .7 1 0 0 .3 1 0 3 .0 1 0 5 .5 1 0 7 .7 1 1 0 .1 1 1 1 .0 1 1 2 .2 C o m p e n s a t i o n p e r h o u r ................................................................................................ 3 3 .6 5 7 .8 7 0 .9 1 0 0 .0 1 1 9 .1 1 4 3 .7 1 5 4 .9 1 6 1 .4 1 6 7 .9 1 7 5 .5 1 8 3 .1 1 9 0 .4 1 9 9 .4 R e a l c o m p e n s a t i o n p e r h o u r ............................................................................ 9 8 .2 9 7 .9 1 0 1 .2 1 0 1 .5 1 0 2 .1 ............................................................................................................................ 4 9 .7 6 5 .4 7 3 .9 1 0 0 .0 1 1 9 .5 1 4 2 .7 1 5 4 .5 1 5 6 .7 1 5 9 .1 1 6 2 .9 1 6 6 .3 1 7 1 .5 1 7 7 .8 U n i t n o n l a b o r p a y m e n t s ............................................................................................. 4 6 .4 5 9 .4 7 2 .5 1 0 0 .0 1 1 2 .5 1 3 4 .6 1 3 6 .6 1 4 6 .4 1 5 6 .5 1 6 0 .9 1 6 5 .0 1 6 8 .7 1 7 2 .0 I m p l i c i t p r i c e d e f l a t o r ......................................................................................................... 4 8 .5 6 3 .2 7 3 .4 1 0 0 .0 1 1 7 .0 1 3 9 .8 1 4 8 .1 1 5 3 .0 1 5 8 .2 1 6 2 .2 1 6 5 .8 1 7 0 .5 1 7 5 .7 1 0 9 .0 1 1 0 .6 U n it la b o r c o s ts 6 8 .9 9 0 .3 9 6 .8 1 0 0 .0 9 9 .4 9 5 .8 9 7 .3 9 8 .8 Nonfarm business: O u t p u t p e r h o u r o f a l l p e r s o n s ..................................................................... 7 1 .0 8 9 .3 9 6 .4 1 0 0 .0 9 9 .3 9 9 .8 9 9 .2 1 0 2 .5 1 0 4 .6 1 0 6 .1 1 0 8 .2 C o m p e n s a t i o n p e r h o u r ............................................................................................... 3 5 .3 5 8 .2 7 1 .2 1 0 0 .0 1 1 8 .9 1 4 3 .6 1 5 4 .8 1 6 1 .5 1 6 7 .8 1 7 4 .9 1 8 2 .3 1 8 9 .4 R e a l c o m p e n s a t i o n p e r h o u r ............................................................................ 7 2 .3 9 0 .9 9 7 .2 1 0 0 .0 9 9 .2 9 5 .8 9 7 .2 9 8 .3 9 7 .9 9 8 .5 1 0 0 .8 1 0 1 .0 1 0 1 .4 U n it la b o r c o s ts 4 9 .7 6 5 .2 7 3 .9 1 0 0 .0 1 1 9 .7 1 4 4 .0 1 5 6 .0 1 5 7 .6 1 6 0 .4 1 6 4 .9 1 6 8 .6 1 7 3 .8 1 7 9 .1 .............................................................................................. 4 6 .3 6 0 .0 6 9 .3 1 0 0 .0 1 1 0 .5 1 3 3 .5 1 3 6 .5 1 4 8 .3 1 5 6 .3 1 6 1 .9 1 6 6 .4 1 7 0 .2 1 7 3 .9 ......................................................................................................... 4 8 .5 6 3 .4 7 2 .3 1 0 0 .0 1 1 6 .5 1 4 0 .3 1 4 9 .2 1 5 4 .3 1 5 9 .0 1 6 3 .8 1 6 7 .8 1 7 2 .5 1 7 7 .3 ............................................................................................................................ U n it n o n la b o r p a y m e n ts Im p lic it p r ic e d e f la t o r 1 9 8 .0 Nonfinanclal corporations: 1 0 0 .0 9 9 .8 9 9 .6 1 0 0 .4 1 0 3 .5 1 0 6 .0 1 0 7 .7 1 0 9 .7 1 1 1 .3 1 1 2 .8 C o m p e n s a t i o n p e r h o u r ................................................................................................ 3 6 .9 5 9 .2 7 1 .6 1 0 0 .0 1 1 8 .7 1 4 3 .3 1 5 4 .3 1 5 9 .9 1 6 5 .8 1 7 2 .5 1 7 9 .5 1 8 5 .5 1 9 3 .1 R e a l c o m p e n s a t i o n p e r h o u r ............................................................................ O u t p u t p e r h o u r o f a ll e m p l o y e e s .......................................................... 7 5 .5 9 2 .5 9 7 .7 1 0 0 .0 9 9 .1 9 5 .5 9 6 .9 9 7 .3 9 6 .7 9 7 .1 9 9 .2 9 8 .9 9 8 .9 T o t a l u n i t c o s t s .............................................................................................................................. 4 9 .4 6 4 .8 7 2 .7 1 0 0 .0 1 1 8 .2 1 4 7 .7 1 5 9 .5 1 5 9 .5 1 6 0 .8 1 6 4 .1 1 6 7 .3 1 7 0 .6 1 7 5 .0 U n it la b o r c o s ts 7 3 .4 9 1 .1 9 7 .5 ...................................................................................................................... 5 0 .2 6 5 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 1 9 .0 1 4 3 .8 1 5 3 .8 U n i t n o n l a b o r c o s t s ........................................................................................................ 4 7 .0 6 4 .2 7 0 .7 1 0 0 .0 1 1 5 .8 1 5 9 .1 1 7 6 .4 1 7 4 .3 1 7 3 .6 1 7 5 .8 1 7 8 .4 1 8 2 .5 1 8 6 .5 U n i t p r o f i t s ................................................................................................................................................ 5 9 .8 5 2 .3 6 5 .6 7 3 .4 1 0 0 .0 9 4 .5 9 8 .1 7 8 .5 1 1 0 .9 1 5 4 .5 1 3 6 .5 1 5 6 .5 1 3 3 .0 1 6 0 .2 1 3 2 .4 1 6 3 .6 1 3 0 .8 1 6 6 .6 1 3 2 .2 U n i t n o n l a b o r p a y m e n t s .............................................................................................. 5 1 .5 6 0 .1 6 8 .9 1 0 0 .0 1 0 8 .4 1 3 7 .8 1 4 2 .1 1 5 2 .1 1 6 0 .6 1 6 0 .8 1 6 2 .3 1 6 4 .4 1 6 7 .5 I m p l i c i t p r i c e d e f l a t o r ........................................................................................................ 5 0 .7 6 3 .3 7 1 .9 1 0 0 .0 1 1 5 .4 1 4 1 .7 1 4 9 .8 1 5 3 .7 1 5 7 .9 1 6 0 .4 1 6 3 .2 1 6 5 .8 1 6 9 .9 1 7 1 .1 Manufacturing: O u t p u t p e r h o u r o f a ll p e r s o n s ..................................................................... 6 2 .2 8 0 .8 9 3 .4 1 0 0 .0 1 0 1 .4 1 0 3 .6 1 0 5 .9 1 1 2 .0 1 1 8 .1 1 2 3 .6 1 2 7 .7 1 3 2 .0 1 3 6 .2 C o m p e n s a t i o n p e r h o u r ............................................................................................... 3 6 .5 5 7 .4 6 8 .8 1 0 0 .0 1 1 8 .6 1 4 5 .2 1 5 7 .5 1 6 2 .4 1 6 8 .0 1 7 6 .4 1 8 3 .0 1 8 6 .9 1 9 3 .5 R e a l c o m p e n s a t i o n p e r h o u r ............................................................................ 7 4 .8 8 9 .6 9 3 .9 1 0 0 .0 9 9 .0 9 6 .8 9 8 .9 9 8 .8 9 8 .0 9 9 .3 1 0 1 .2 9 9 .7 9 9 .1 U n i t l a b o r c o s t s ............................................................................................................................ 5 8 .7 7 1 .0 7 3 .7 1 0 0 .0 1 1 7 .0 1 4 0 .1 1 4 8 .7 1 4 5 .0 1 4 2 .2 1 4 2 .7 1 4 3 .3 1 4 1 .7 1 4 2 .1 U n it n o n la b o r p a y m e n ts ............................................................................................. 6 0 .0 6 4 .1 7 0 .7 1 0 0 .0 9 8 .9 1 1 1 .8 1 1 4 .0 1 2 8 .5 1 3 8 .6 1 3 0 .4 1 3 6 .3 1 3 9 .2 - ........................................................................................................ 5 9 .1 6 9 .0 7 2 .8 1 0 0 .0 1 1 1 .7 1 3 1 .8 1 3 8 .6 1 4 0 .2 1 4 1 .2 1 3 9 .1 1 4 1 .3 1 4 1 .0 Im p lic it p r ic e d e f la t o r - D a t a n o t a v a ila b le . 98 Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis August 1989 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 45. Unemployment rates, approximating U.S. concepts, in nine countries, quarterly data seasonally adjusted 19 8 9 19 8 8 A n n u a l a v e ra g e C o u n tr y I IV III II 19 8 8 19 8 7 Total labor force basis 6.1 8.8 5 .4 5 .9 5 .8 5 .6 5 .4 5 .4 5 .3 5 .1 7 .7 8.6 8.1 7 .8 7 .6 7 .8 7 .7 7 .5 C a n a d a ...................... 7 .2 7 .9 7 .9 7 .5 6 .9 6 .8 .................. 8.1 7 .4 A u s t r a lia 2 .9 2 .5 2.8 2 .7 2 .7 2 .5 2 .6 2 .4 J a p a n ............................. 1 0 .3 10.6 U n ite d S ta te s . 6 .6 - 1 0 .3 1 0 .3 1 0 .3 1 0 .4 1 0 .2 1 0 .2 7 .0 7 .0 7 .0 7 .0 7 .0 7 .0 6 .8 6 .4 7 .7 7 .8 7 .8 7 .9 7 .8 7 .8 7 .8 7 .8 7 .6 1 .9 1.6 1 .9 1 .7 1 .7 1 .6 1 .6 1 .4 1 .4 S w e d e n 3 ........................... 8 .3 10.0 9 .4 9 .0 8 .6 8 .0 7 .0 U n ite d K in g d o m . 10.2 7 .5 5 .9 5 .7 5 .5 5 .5 5 .3 5 .2 8.1 7 .8 7 .7 7 .8 7 .7 7 .6 8.0 7 .6 7 .5 7 .0 6 .8 2 .7 2 .7 2 .5 2 .6 2 .4 Fra n c e 10.6 6.8 .................................. G e r m a n y ........................... I ta ly \ 2 ................................ Civilian labor force basis U n ite d S ta te s . 6.2 5 .5 C a n a d a ...................... 8 .9 7 .8 A u s t r a lia .................. 8.1 7 .2 J a p a n ............................. 2 .9 2 .5 6.0 8.6 8.0 2.8 6 .6 - 10.8 1 0 .5 10.8 10.6 1 0 .6 1 0 .5 1 0 .6 1 0 .4 1 0 .4 .................................. 6 .9 7 .1 7 .1 7 .1 7 .1 7 .2 7 .1 7 .0 6 .5 G e r m a n y ........................... 7 .9 7 .9 8.0 8.1 7 .9 7 .9 8 .0 7 .9 1 .4 7 .0 Fra n c e I t a l y 1 , 2 .................................. S w e d e n 3 ........................... 1 .9 U n ite d K in g d o m . 1 0 .3 1 Q u a rte rly 2 M any seek w o rk c lu d e d such ra te s Ita lia n s in fo r th e are 19 8 5 firs t m o n t h past days, c o m p a r a b ilit y and th e as p e r s o n s w o u ld r a t e in fo r re p o rte d 30 w ith u n e m p lo y e d and U .S . o f th e 10.0 q u a rte r. n o t a c tiv e ly have been In c lu s io n ex of Ita lia n u n e m p l o y m e n t i n c r e a s e it t o 1 1 -1 2 p e r B r e a k in s e r ie s b e g i n n i n g in 1 9 8 7 . T h e 9 .5 1 .7 1 .6 1 .6 9 .0 8 .6 8 .0 7 .6 7 .7 o n th e n e w s e r ie s w a s 2 .2 p e r c e n t. - D a t a n o t a v a ila b le . N O T E : U n ite d Q u a rte rly K in g d o m a re fig u re s fo r c a lc u la te d Fra n c e , by G e rm a n y, a p p ly in g m e n t fa c to r s to c u rre n t p u b lis h e d d a ta a n d and th e annual a d ju s t th e re fo re s h o u ld b e v ie w e d a s le s s p re c is e in d ic a to r s o f u n e m p lo y m e n t u n d e r U .S . c o n c e p ts th a n th e a n n u a l fig u r e s . c e n t fo r 19 8 6 o n w a rd . 3 1 .7 1 .9 8 .3 d id c o n c e p ts . a b o u t d o u b le th e e a r lie r y e a r s a n d th e y 1.6 1 .4 1 9 8 6 ra te b a s e d Monthly Labor Review August 1989 99 Current Labor Statistics: International Comparisons Data 46. Annual data: Employment status of the civilian working-age population, approximating U.S. concepts, 10 countries ( N u m b e r s in t h o u s a n d s ) E m p lo y m e n t s ta tu s a n d c o u n try Labor 19 79 19 8 0 19 8 1 19 8 2 19 8 3 19 8 4 19 8 5 19 8 6 19 8 7 19 8 8 force U n i t e d S t a t e s ..................................................................................................................................... 1 0 4 ,9 6 2 1 0 6 ,9 4 0 1 0 8 ,6 7 0 1 1 0 ,2 0 4 1 1 1 ,5 5 0 1 1 3 ,5 4 4 1 1 5 ,4 6 1 1 1 7 ,8 3 4 1 1 9 ,8 6 5 1 2 1 ,6 6 9 ............................................................................................................................................................ 1 1 ,2 3 1 1 1 ,5 7 3 1 1 ,9 0 4 1 1 ,9 5 8 1 2 ,1 8 3 1 2 ,3 9 9 1 2 ,6 3 9 1 2 ,8 7 0 1 3 ,1 2 1 1 3 ,2 7 5 A u s t r a l i a ......................................................................................................................................................... 6 ,5 1 9 6 ,6 9 3 6 ,8 1 0 6 ,9 1 0 6 ,9 9 7 7 ,1 3 3 7 ,2 7 2 7 ,5 6 2 7 ,7 3 6 7 ,9 4 9 6 0 ,8 6 0 - Canada Ja p a n .................................................................................................................................................................. 5 5 ,2 1 0 5 5 ,7 4 0 5 6 ,3 2 0 5 6 ,9 8 0 5 8 ,1 1 0 5 8 ,4 8 0 5 8 ,8 2 0 5 9 ,4 1 0 6 0 ,0 5 0 F r a n c e ................................................................................................................................................................ 2 2 ,6 6 0 2 2 ,8 0 0 2 2 ,9 5 0 2 3 ,1 6 0 2 3 ,1 4 0 2 3 ,3 0 0 2 3 ,3 6 0 2 3 ,4 5 0 2 3 ,5 2 0 G e r m a n y ....................................................................................................................................................... 2 6 ,2 5 0 2 6 ,5 2 0 2 6 ,6 5 0 2 6 ,7 0 0 2 6 ,6 5 0 2 6 ,7 7 0 2 6 ,9 7 0 2 7 ,1 1 0 2 7 ,2 9 0 I t a l y ........................................................................................................................................................................... 2 0 ,8 5 0 2 1 ,1 2 0 2 1 ,3 2 0 2 1 ,4 1 0 2 1 ,5 9 0 2 1 ,6 7 0 2 1 ,8 0 0 2 2 ,2 8 0 2 2 ,3 4 0 2 7 ,4 4 0 - N e t h e r l a n d s ............................................................................................................................................ 5 ,1 0 0 5 ,3 1 0 5 ,5 2 0 5 ,5 7 0 5 ,6 0 0 5 ,6 2 0 5 ,7 1 0 5 ,7 6 0 5 ,8 1 0 S w e d e n ........................................................................................................................................................... 4 ,2 6 2 4 ,3 1 2 4 ,3 2 7 4 ,3 5 0 4 ,3 6 9 4 ,3 8 5 4 ,4 1 8 4 ,4 4 3 4 ,4 8 0 U n i t e d K i n g d o m ............................................................................................................................. 2 6 ,3 5 0 2 6 ,5 2 0 2 6 ,5 9 0 2 6 ,7 4 0 2 6 ,7 9 0 2 7 ,1 8 0 2 7 ,3 7 0 2 7 ,5 4 0 2 7 ,7 6 0 U n i t e d S t a t e s ...................................................................................................................................... 6 3 .7 6 3 .8 6 3 .9 6 4 .0 6 4 .0 6 4 .4 6 4 .8 6 5 .3 6 5 .6 6 5 .9 Canada 6 3 .4 6 4 .1 6 4 .8 6 4 .1 6 4 .4 6 4 .8 6 5 .2 6 5 .7 6 6 .2 6 6 .7 4 ,5 3 0 - Participation rate1 ............................................................................................................................................................ A u s t r a l i a ......................................................................................................................................................... 6 1 .6 6 2 .1 6 1 .9 6 1 .7 6 1 .4 6 1 .5 6 1 .8 6 3 .0 6 3 .0 6 3 .4 Ja p a n .................................................................................................................................................................. 6 2 .7 6 2 .6 6 2 .6 6 2 .7 6 3 .1 6 2 .7 6 2 .3 6 2 .1 6 1 .9 F r a n c e ................................................................................................................................................................ 5 7 .5 5 7 .2 5 7 .1 5 7 .1 5 6 .6 5 6 .6 5 6 .3 5 6 .1 5 5 .8 6 1 .9 - G e r m a n y ....................................................................................................................................................... 5 3 .3 5 3 .2 5 2 .9 5 2 .6 5 2 .3 5 2 .4 5 2 .6 5 2 .8 5 3 .1 I t a l y ........................................................................................................................................................................... 4 8 .0 4 8 .2 4 8 .3 4 7 .7 4 7 .5 4 7 .3 4 7 .2 4 8 .2 4 8 .2 - N e t h e r l a n d s ............................................................................................................................................ 4 9 .0 5 0 .2 5 1 .4 5 1 .2 5 0 .9 5 0 .5 5 0 .7 5 0 .5 5 0 .3 - S w e d e n ........................................................................................................................................................... 6 6 .6 6 6 .9 6 6 .8 6 6 .8 6 6 .7 6 6 .6 6 6 .9 6 7 .1 6 7 .4 6 7 .7 U n i t e d K i n g d o m ............................................................................................................................. 6 2 .6 6 2 .5 6 2 .2 6 2 .3 6 2 .1 6 2 .6 6 2 .7 6 2 .7 6 3 .0 - U n i t e d S t a t e s ..................................................................................................................................... 9 8 ,8 2 4 9 9 ,3 0 3 1 0 0 ,3 9 7 9 9 ,5 2 6 1 0 0 ,8 3 4 1 0 5 ,0 0 5 1 0 7 ,1 5 0 1 0 9 ,5 9 7 1 1 2 ,4 4 0 1 1 4 ,9 6 8 Canada 1 0 ,3 9 5 1 0 ,7 0 8 1 1 ,0 0 6 1 0 ,6 4 4 1 0 ,7 3 4 1 1 ,0 0 0 1 1 ,3 1 1 1 1 ,6 3 4 1 1 ,9 5 5 1 2 ,2 4 4 E m p lo y e d ........................................................................................................................................................... A u s t r a l i a ......................................................................................................................................................... 6 ,1 1 1 6 ,2 8 4 6 ,4 1 6 6 ,4 1 5 6 ,3 0 0 6 ,4 9 0 6 ,6 7 0 6 ,9 5 2 7 ,1 0 7 7 ,3 7 3 .................................................................................................................................................................. 5 4 ,0 4 0 5 4 ,6 0 0 5 5 ,0 6 0 5 5 ,6 2 0 5 6 ,5 5 0 5 6 ,8 7 0 5 7 ,2 6 0 5 7 ,7 4 0 5 8 ,3 2 0 F r a n c e ................................................................................................................................................................ 2 1 ,3 0 0 2 1 ,3 3 0 2 1 ,2 0 0 2 1 ,2 4 0 2 1 ,1 7 0 2 0 ,9 8 0 2 0 ,9 2 0 2 0 ,9 6 0 2 0 ,9 7 0 5 9 ,3 1 0 - G e r m a n y ....................................................................................................................................................... Ja p a n 2 5 ,4 7 0 2 5 ,7 5 0 2 5 ,5 6 0 2 5 ,1 4 0 2 4 ,7 5 0 2 4 ,8 0 0 2 4 ,9 6 0 2 5 ,2 2 0 2 5 ,4 0 0 I t a l y ........................................................................................................................................................................... 1 9 ,9 3 0 2 0 ,2 0 0 2 0 ,2 8 0 2 0 ,2 5 0 2 0 ,3 2 0 2 0 ,3 9 0 2 0 ,4 9 0 2 0 ,6 1 0 2 0 ,5 9 0 N e t h e r l a n d s ............................................................................................................................................ 4 ,8 3 0 4 ,9 8 0 5 ,0 1 0 4 ,9 8 0 4 ,8 9 0 4 ,9 3 0 5 ,1 1 0 5 ,2 0 0 5 ,2 7 0 S w e d e n ........................................................................................................................................................... 4 ,1 7 4 4 ,2 2 6 4 ,2 1 9 4 ,2 1 3 4 ,2 1 8 4 ,2 4 9 4 ,2 9 3 4 ,3 2 6 4 ,3 9 6 U n i t e d K i n g d o m ............................................................................................................................. 2 4 ,9 4 0 2 4 ,6 7 0 2 3 ,8 0 0 2 3 ,7 1 0 2 3 ,6 0 0 2 4 ,0 0 0 2 4 ,3 1 0 2 4 ,4 5 0 2 4 ,9 1 0 2 5 ,4 9 0 4 ,4 5 8 - Employment-population ratio2 U n i t e d S t a t e s ..................................................................................................................................... 5 9 .9 5 9 .2 5 9 .0 5 7 .8 5 7 .9 5 9 .5 6 0 .1 6 0 .7 6 1 .5 6 2 .3 Canada 5 8 .7 5 9 .3 5 9 .9 5 7 .0 5 6 .7 5 7 .4 5 8 .4 5 9 .4 6 0 .3 6 1 .6 ........................................................................................................................................................... A u s t r a l i a ......................................................................................................................................................... 5 7 .8 5 8 .3 5 8 .4 5 7 .3 5 6 .6 5 7 .9 5 7 .9 5 8 .8 Ja p a n .................................................................................................................................................................. 6 1 .4 6 1 .3 6 1 .2 6 1 .2 6 1 .4 6 1 .0 6 0 .6 6 0 .4 6 0 .1 6 0 .4 F r a n c e ................................................................................................................................................................ 5 4 .0 5 3 .5 5 2 .8 5 2 .3 5 1 .8 5 1 .0 5 0 .4 5 0 .2 4 9 .7 - 4 9 .4 5 5 .3 5 6 .0 - G e r m a n y ....................................................................................................................................................... 5 1 .7 5 1 .7 5 0 .8 4 9 .6 4 8 .6 4 8 .5 4 8 .7 4 9 .2 I t a l y ........................................................................................................................................................................... 4 5 .9 4 6 .1 4 5 .9 4 5 .2 4 4 .7 4 4 .5 4 4 .4 4 4 .6 4 4 .4 - N e t h e r l a n d s ............................................................................................................................................ 4 6 .4 4 7 .0 4 6 .6 4 5 .8 4 4 .5 4 4 .3 4 5 .3 4 5 .6 4 5 .6 - S w e d e n ........................................................................................................................................................... 6 5 .3 6 5 .6 6 5 .1 6 4 .7 6 4 .4 6 4 .5 6 5 .0 6 5 .4 6 6 .2 6 6 .7 U n i t e d K i n g d o m ............................................................................................................................ 5 9 .2 5 8 .1 5 5 .7 5 5 .3 5 4 .7 5 5 .3 5 5 .7 5 5 .7 5 6 .6 - 6 ,1 3 7 7 ,6 3 7 8 ,2 7 3 1 0 ,6 7 8 1 0 ,7 1 7 8 ,5 3 9 8 ,3 1 2 8 ,2 3 7 7 ,4 2 5 836 865 898 1 ,3 1 4 1 ,4 4 8 1 ,3 9 9 1 ,3 2 8 1 ,2 3 6 1 ,1 6 7 Unemployed U n i t e d S t a t e s ..................................................................................................................................... Canada ........................................................................................................................................................... A u s t r a l i a ......................................................................................................................................................... 6 ,7 0 1 1 ,0 3 1 408 409 394 495 697 642 602 6 10 629 5 75 .................................................................................................................................................................. 1 ,1 7 0 1 ,1 4 0 1 ,2 6 0 1 ,3 6 0 1 ,5 6 0 1 ,6 1 0 1 ,5 6 0 1 ,6 7 0 1 ,7 3 0 F r a n c e ................................................................................................................................................................ 1 ,3 6 0 1 ,4 7 0 1 ,7 5 0 1 ,9 2 0 1 ,9 7 0 2 ,3 2 0 2 ,4 4 0 2 ,4 9 0 2 ,5 5 0 1 ,5 5 0 - Ja p a n G e r m a n y ....................................................................................................................................................... 770 1 ,0 9 0 1 ,5 6 0 1 ,9 0 0 1 ,9 7 0 2 ,0 1 0 1 ,8 9 0 1 ,8 9 0 I t a l y ........................................................................................................................................................................... 920 920 1 ,0 4 0 1 ,1 6 0 1 ,2 7 0 1 ,2 8 0 1 ,3 1 0 1 ,6 8 0 1 ,7 6 0 N e t h e r l a n d s ............................................................................................................................................ 2 70 78 0 330 5 10 590 710 690 600 560 540 S w e d e n ........................................................................................................................................................... 88 86 10 8 13 7 15 1 13 6 12 5 117 84 U n i t e d K i n g d o m ............................................................................................................................ 1 ,4 2 0 1 ,8 5 0 2 ,7 9 0 3 ,0 3 0 3 ,1 9 0 3 ,1 8 0 3 ,0 6 0 3 ,0 9 0 2 ,8 5 0 U n i t e d S t a t e s ..................................................................................................................................... 5 .8 7 .1 7 .6 9 .7 9 .6 7 .5 7 .2 7 .0 6 .2 Canada ........................................................................................................................................................... 7 .4 7 .5 7 .5 1 1 .0 1 1 .9 1 1 .3 1 0 .5 9 .6 8 .9 7 .8 A u s t r a l i a ......................................................................................................................................................... 6 .3 6 .1 5 .8 7 .2 1 0 .0 9 .0 8 .3 8 .1 8 .1 7 .2 Ja p a n .................................................................................................................................................................. 2 .1 2 .0 2 .2 2 .4 2 .7 1 ,9 5 0 72 - Unemployment rate 5 .5 2 .8 2 .6 2 .8 2 .9 2 .5 F r a n c e ................................................................................................................................................................ 6 .0 6 .4 7 .6 8 .3 8 .5 1 0 .0 1 0 .4 1 0 .6 1 0 .8 1 0 .5 G e r m a n y ....................................................................................................................................................... 3 .0 2 .9 4 .1 5 .8 7 .1 7 .4 7 .5 7 .0 6 .9 I t a l y ........................................................................................................................................................................... 4 .4 4 .4 4 .9 5 .4 5 .9 5 .9 6 .0 7 .5 7 .9 N e t h e r l a n d s ............................................................................................................................................ 5 .3 6 .2 9 .2 1 0 .6 1 2 .7 S w e d e n ........................................................................................................................................................... 2 .1 2 .0 2 .5 3 .1 U n i t e d K i n g d o m ............................................................................................................................ 5 .4 7 .0 1 0 .5 1 1 .3 1 L a b o r f o r c e a s a p e r c e n t o f t h e c iv ilia n w o r k i n g - a g e p o p u l a t i o n . 2 E m p l o y m e n t a s a p e r c e n t o f t h e c iv ilia n w o r k i n g - a g e p o p u l a t i o n . 100 Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis August 1989 - 1 1 .9 D a t a n o t a v a ila b le . 1 2 .3 1 0 .5 9 .7 9 .3 7 .1 7 .9 - 3 .1 2 .8 2 .6 1 .9 1 .6 1 1 .7 1 1 .2 1 1 .2 1 0 .3 8 .3 47. Annual indexes of manufacturing productivity and related measures, 12 countries (1 9 7 7 = 10 0 ) Ite m a n d c o u n tr y 19 6 0 19 70 19 73 19 76 19 77 19 78 19 8 0 19 8 1 19 8 2 19 8 3 19 8 4 19 8 5 19 8 6 19 8 7 19 8 8 Output per hour 8 0 .8 9 3 .4 9 7 .1 1 1 2 .0 1 1 8 .1 7 5 .6 9 0 .3 9 4 .8 1 0 0 .0 1 0 1 .1 9 8 .2 1 0 2 .9 9 8 .3 1 0 5 .4 1 1 4 .4 1 1 7 .3 1 1 7 .7 1 2 0 .5 1 2 4 .3 1 0 8 .0 1 2 2 .7 1 2 7 .2 1 3 5 .0 1 4 2 .3 1 5 2 .5 1 6 1 .1 1 6 3 .7 1 7 6 .5 1 9 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 1 .5 1 0 1 .4 1 0 3 .6 1 0 5 .9 1 2 7 .7 1 3 6 .2 6 2 .2 5 0 .7 ........................................................................................................................................................... 1 2 3 .6 1 3 2 .0 U n i t e d S t a t e s ..................................................................................................................................... Canada .................................................................................................................................................................. 2 3 .2 6 4 .8 8 3 .1 9 4 .3 1 0 0 .0 B e l g i u m ........................................................................................................................................................... 3 3 .0 6 0 .4 7 8 .8 9 5 .3 1 0 0 .0 1 0 6 .1 1 1 9 .2 1 2 7 .6 1 3 5 .2 1 4 8 .1 1 5 5 .0 1 5 8 .6 1 6 4 .5 1 7 0 .5 - D e n m a rk 3 7 .2 6 5 .6 8 3 .3 9 8 .2 1 0 0 .0 1 0 1 .5 1 1 2 .3 1 1 4 .2 1 1 4 .6 1 2 0 .2 1 1 9 .6 1 2 0 .3 1 1 6 .2 1 1 7 .2 1 1 7 .2 Ja p a n ....................................................................................................................................................... F r a n c e ................................................................................................................................................................ 3 7 .4 7 1 .4 8 3 .8 9 4 .4 1 0 0 .0 1 0 4 .6 1 1 0 .6 1 1 3 .9 1 2 2 .0 1 2 5 .1 1 2 7 .5 1 3 2 .7 1 3 5 .2 1 3 6 .8 1 4 4 .1 G e r m a n y ....................................................................................................................................................... 4 0 .3 7 1 .2 8 4 .0 9 6 .4 1 0 0 .0 1 0 3 .1 1 0 8 .6 1 1 1 .0 1 1 2 .6 1 1 9 .2 1 2 3 .7 1 2 8 .4 1 2 8 .3 1 2 9 .9 1 3 5 .9 I t a l y ........................................................................................................................................................................... 3 7 .2 6 9 .8 8 3 .4 9 7 .9 1 0 0 .0 1 0 6 .5 1 2 2 .1 1 2 5 .4 1 2 8 .5 1 3 5 .3 1 4 8 .8 1 5 6 .8 1 5 8 .3 1 6 2 .3 1 6 7 .1 N e t h e r l a n d s ............................................................................................................................................ 3 2 .4 6 4 .3 8 1 .5 9 5 .8 1 0 0 .0 1 0 6 .4 1 1 3 .9 1 1 6 .9 1 1 9 .4 1 2 7 .9 1 3 9 .2 1 4 5 .1 1 4 4 .8 1 4 5 .9 N o r w a y ............................................................................................................................................................. 5 4 .3 8 1 .3 9 4 .4 1 0 0 .4 1 0 0 .0 1 0 1 .2 1 0 7 .5 1 0 8 .0 1 0 9 .2 1 1 7 .2 1 2 4 .1 1 2 6 .8 1 2 5 .9 1 3 2 .2 1 1 3 .2 1 1 6 .5 1 2 5 .5 1 3 1 .0 1 3 6 .1 1 3 6 .0 1 4 1 .8 1 4 5 .0 1 0 7 .1 1 1 3 .5 1 2 3 .1 1 2 9 .9 1 3 4 .1 1 3 8 .6 1 4 7 .6 1 5 4 .9 S w e d e n ........................................................................................................................................................... 4 2 .3 8 0 .7 9 4 .8 1 0 1 .7 1 0 0 .0 1 0 2 .8 1 1 2 .7 U n i t e d K i n g d o m ............................................................................................................................ 5 5 .9 8 0 .3 9 5 .4 9 9 .1 1 0 0 .0 1 0 1 .4 1 0 1 .9 1 5 3 .2 - Output U n i t e d S t a t e s ..................................................................................................................................... 5 2 .5 7 8 .6 9 6 .3 9 3 .1 1 0 0 .0 1 0 6 .0 1 0 3 .2 1 0 4 .8 9 8 .4 1 0 4 .7 1 1 7 .5 1 2 2 .0 1 2 4 .7 1 3 0 .1 1 3 8 .1 Canada 4 1 .3 7 3 .5 9 3 .5 9 6 .5 1 0 0 .0 1 0 4 .6 1 0 3 .6 1 0 7 .4 9 3 .6 9 9 .6 1 1 2 .5 1 1 8 .8 1 2 1 .9 1 2 8 .5 1 3 6 .0 ................................................................................................................................................................. 1 9 .2 6 9 .9 9 1 .9 9 4 .8 1 0 0 .0 1 0 6 .7 1 2 4 .1 1 2 9 .8 1 3 7 .3 1 4 8 .2 1 6 5 .4 1 7 7 .0 1 7 7 .8 1 9 0 .8 2 1 2 .3 B e l g i u m ........................................................................................................................................................... 4 1 .9 7 8 .6 9 6 .4 9 9 .7 1 0 0 .0 1 0 1 .4 1 0 6 .8 1 0 5 .6 1 1 0 .1 1 1 4 .7 1 1 8 .0 1 1 9 .6 1 2 1 .4 1 2 3 .3 - 1 2 5 .9 1 2 1 .1 1 1 8 .4 Ja p a n ........................................................................................................................................................... D e n m a r k ....................................................................................................................................................... 4 9 .2 8 2 .0 9 5 .9 9 9 .6 1 0 0 .0 9 9 .7 1 1 0 .1 1 0 6 .6 1 0 8 .3 1 1 5 .6 1 2 1 .0 1 2 4 .9 F r a n c e ................................................................................................................................................................ 3 6 .5 7 5 .5 9 0 .5 9 5 .6 1 0 0 .0 1 0 2 .3 1 0 4 .6 1 0 2 .9 1 0 4 .0 1 0 3 .8 1 0 2 .6 1 0 3 .0 1 0 2 .8 1 0 1 .8 1 0 5 .7 G e r m a n y ....................................................................................................................................................... 5 0 .0 8 6 .6 9 6 .1 9 8 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 1 .8 1 0 6 .6 1 0 4 .9 1 0 2 .4 1 0 3 .6 1 0 6 .4 1 1 0 .0 1 1 0 .8 1 1 1 .6 1 1 6 .3 I t a l y ........................................................................................................................................................................... 3 3 .0 6 9 .0 8 3 .5 9 6 .5 1 0 0 .0 1 0 4 .9 1 2 1 .9 1 1 9 .9 1 1 8 .7 1 1 9 .7 1 2 5 .3 1 2 9 .0 1 3 1 .9 1 3 7 .3 1 4 5 .3 1 0 5 .0 1 0 7 .0 1 1 3 .3 1 1 6 .7 1 1 8 .1 1 1 8 .7 1 2 3 .8 N e t h e r l a n d s ............................................................................................................................................ 4 4 .8 8 4 .4 9 5 .8 9 9 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 2 .8 1 0 6 .6 1 0 6 .7 N o r w a y ............................................................................................................................................................. 5 4 .8 8 6 .5 9 9 .2 1 0 2 .1 1 0 0 .0 9 7 .7 9 9 .5 9 8 .6 9 6 .8 9 7 .2 1 0 2 .7 1 0 6 .5 1 0 6 .9 1 0 8 .3 - S w e d e n ........................................................................................................................................................... 5 2 .6 9 2 .5 1 0 0 .3 1 0 6 .1 1 0 0 .0 9 7 .3 1 0 4 .0 1 0 0 .6 1 0 0 .1 1 0 5 .2 1 1 1 .5 1 1 5 .3 1 1 4 .7 1 1 9 .2 1 2 4 .0 U n i t e d K i n g d o m ............................................................................................................................ 7 1 .2 9 4 .9 1 0 4 .7 9 8 .1 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .6 9 1 .8 8 6 .3 8 6 .4 8 8 .8 9 2 .5 9 4 .8 9 5 .6 1 0 1 .0 1 0 8 .2 Total hours 1 0 1 .4 8 4 .4 9 7 .3 1 0 3 .1 9 5 .9 1 0 0 .0 1 0 4 .4 1 0 1 .7 1 0 1 .1 9 2 .9 9 3 .5 9 8 .7 9 7 .7 8 1 .4 9 7 .2 1 0 3 .6 1 0 1 .8 1 0 0 .0 1 0 3 .4 1 0 5 .5 1 0 4 .3 9 5 .2 9 4 .5 9 8 .3 1 0 1 .2 1 0 3 .6 1 0 6 .6 1 0 9 .4 1 0 4 .2 1 0 8 .5 1 0 9 .8 1 0 8 .6 1 0 8 .1 1 1 1 .7 ........................................................................................................................................................... 9 9 .5 9 8 .6 U n i t e d S t a t e s ..................................................................................................................................... Canada 1 0 2 .0 1 0 1 .7 B e l g i u m ........................................................................................................................................................... 1 2 7 .1 1 3 0 .2 1 2 2 .3 1 0 4 .6 1 0 0 .0 9 5 .5 8 9 .6 8 2 .8 8 1 .4 7 7 .5 7 6 .1 7 5 .4 7 3 .8 7 2 .3 D e n m a r k ....................................................................................................................................................... 1 3 2 .4 1 2 5 .1 1 1 5 .2 1 0 1 .4 1 0 0 .0 9 8 .3 9 8 .0 9 3 .4 9 4 .5 9 6 .2 1 0 1 .2 1 0 3 .8 1 0 8 .4 1 0 3 .3 Ja p a n .................................................................................................................................................................. 8 2 .7 1 0 7 .9 1 1 0 .7 1 0 0 .6 1 0 0 .0 9 8 .8 1 0 1 .2 1 0 1 .0 F r a n c e ................................................................................................................................................................ 9 7 .6 1 0 5 .7 1 0 7 .9 1 0 1 .3 1 0 0 .0 9 7 .8 9 4 .6 9 0 .3 8 5 .2 8 3 .0 8 0 .4 7 7 .6 7 6 .1 7 4 .4 7 3 .4 G e r m a n y ....................................................................................................................................................... 1 2 3 .8 1 2 1 .7 1 1 4 .4 1 0 1 .6 1 0 0 .0 9 8 .7 9 8 .1 9 4 .6 9 1 .0 8 6 .9 8 6 .1 8 5 .7 8 6 .4 8 5 .9 8 5 .5 I t a l y ........................................................................................................................................................................... 8 8 .9 9 8 .9 1 0 0 .1 9 8 .6 1 0 0 .0 9 8 .5 9 9 .8 9 5 .6 9 2 .4 8 8 .5 8 4 .2 8 2 .3 8 3 .3 8 4 .6 8 7 .0 8 0 .8 N e t h e r l a n d s ............................................................................................................................................ 1 3 8 .4 1 3 1 .2 1 1 7 .6 1 0 3 .3 1 0 0 .0 9 6 .6 9 3 .6 9 1 .2 8 8 .0 8 3 .6 8 1 .4 8 0 .5 8 1 .5 8 1 .3 N o r w a y ............................................................................................................................................................. 1 0 1 .1 1 0 6 .4 1 0 5 .1 1 0 1 .7 1 0 0 .0 9 6 .5 9 2 .6 9 1 .3 8 8 .6 8 2 .9 8 2 .8 8 4 .0 8 4 .9 8 1 .9 - S w e d e n ........................................................................................................................................................... 1 2 4 .4 1 1 4 .6 1 0 5 .7 1 0 4 .3 1 0 0 .0 9 4 .6 9 2 .3 8 8 .9 8 5 .9 8 3 .9 8 5 .1 8 4 .7 8 4 .3 8 4 .0 8 5 .5 U n i t e d K i n g d o m ............................................................................................................................. 1 2 7 .3 1 1 8 .1 1 0 9 .8 9 9 .0 1 0 0 .0 9 9 .1 9 0 .1 8 0 .6 7 6 .2 7 2 .2 7 1 .2 7 0 .7 6 9 .0 6 8 .5 6 9 .8 U n i t e d S t a t e s ..................................................................................................................................... 3 6 .5 9 2 .1 1 3 2 .4 1 4 5 .2 Canada Compensation per hour 5 7 .4 6 8 .8 1 0 0 .0 1 0 8 .2 1 7 6 .4 1 8 3 .0 1 8 6 .9 1 9 3 .5 ........................................................................................................................................................... 2 7 .5 4 7 .9 6 0 .0 9 0 .3 1 0 0 .0 1 0 7 .6 1 3 1 .3 1 5 1 .1 1 6 7 .0 1 7 7 .2 1 8 5 .6 1 9 4 .4 2 0 3 .5 2 1 4 .0 2 2 7 .1 ................................................................................................................................................................. 8 .9 3 3 .9 5 5 .1 9 0 .7 1 0 0 .0 1 0 6 .6 1 2 0 .7 1 2 9 .8 1 3 6 .6 1 4 0 .7 1 4 4 .9 1 5 1 .4 1 5 8 .9 1 6 2 .5 1 7 1 .3 B e l g i u m ........................................................................................................................................................... 1 3 .8 3 4 .9 5 3 .5 8 9 .5 1 3 0 .2 1 4 4 .5 D e n m a r k ....................................................................................................................................................... 1 2 .6 3 6 .3 5 6 .1 9 0 .4 1 0 0 .0 1 1 0 .2 1 3 5 .9 1 4 9 .7 1 6 2 .9 1 7 4 .2 1 8 4 .1 1 9 6 .5 2 0 3 .5 2 2 5 .9 2 3 0 .1 5 1 .9 8 7 .8 1 0 0 .0 1 1 3 .0 1 4 8 .5 1 7 2 .0 2 0 4 .0 2 2 5 .2 2 4 4 .9 2 6 5 .4 2 7 8 .7 2 9 1 .4 3 0 1 .9 Ja p a n 3 6 .3 1 0 0 .0 1 0 7 .8 1 5 7 .5 1 5 0 .7 1 6 2 .4 1 5 9 .8 1 6 8 .0 1 7 3 .1 1 8 3 .6 1 9 0 .8 1 9 4 .7 - F r a n c e ................................................................................................................................................................ 1 5 .0 G e r m a n y ....................................................................................................................................................... 1 8 .8 4 8 .0 6 7 .5 9 1 .2 1 0 0 .0 1 0 7 .8 1 2 5 .6 1 3 4 .5 1 4 1 .0 1 4 8 .3 1 5 5 .5 1 6 4 .6 1 7 1 .5 1 7 8 .1 1 8 5 .5 I t a l y ........................................................................................................................................................................... 9 .2 2 7 .1 4 1 .2 8 4 .5 1 0 0 .0 1 1 5 .2 1 6 3 .7 1 9 7 .9 2 3 3 .3 2 7 3 .1 3 1 3 .3 3 5 2 .0 3 6 7 .4 3 9 1 .2 4 1 6 .3 1 7 2 .8 3 9 .0 6 0 .5 1 0 8 .4 1 2 3 .6 1 2 9 .1 1 3 7 .5 1 4 4 .5 1 5 6 .9 1 6 2 .2 1 5 .8 3 7 .9 5 4 .6 8 8 .9 1 0 0 .0 1 1 0 .0 1 2 8 .0 1 4 2 .8 1 5 6 .1 1 7 3 .5 1 8 8 .3 2 0 4 .3 2 2 4 .2 2 5 7 .4 - 1 4 .7 3 8 .5 5 4 .2 9 1 .5 1 0 0 .0 1 1 1 .4 1 3 3 .6 1 4 8 .1 1 5 8 .9 1 7 3 .3 1 8 9 .7 2 1 2 .4 2 2 8 .7 2 4 4 .8 2 6 1 .1 U n i t e d K i n g d o m ............................................................................................................................ 1 5 .2 3 1 .4 4 7 .9 8 8 .4 1 0 0 .0 1 1 6 .7 1 6 8 .6 1 9 3 .4 2 1 1 .7 2 2 6 .6 2 4 2 .3 2 5 8 .8 2 7 7 .8 2 9 5 .7 3 1 9 .3 N e t h e r l a n d s ........................................................................................................................................... Unit labor costs: 9 1 .9 1 0 0 .0 1 4 8 .6 1 6 7 .0 1 2 .5 N o r w a y ............................................................................................................................................................. S w e d e n ........................................................................................................................................................... N a t io n a l c u rre n c y b a s is U n i t e d S t a t e s ..................................................................................................................................... 5 8 .7 7 1 .0 7 3 .7 9 4 .9 1 0 0 .0 1 0 6 .6 1 3 0 .6 1 4 0 .1 1 4 8 .7 1 4 5 .0 1 4 2 .2 1 4 2 .7 1 4 3 .3 1 4 1 .7 1 4 2 .1 Canada ........................................................................................................................................................... 5 4 .2 6 3 .4 6 6 .5 9 5 .3 1 0 0 .0 1 0 6 .5 1 3 3 .7 1 4 6 .7 1 7 0 .0 1 6 8 .1 1 6 2 .3 1 6 5 .7 1 7 2 .8 1 7 7 .5 1 8 2 .7 .................................................................................................................................................................. 3 8 .4 5 2 .3 6 6 .4 9 6 .2 1 0 0 .0 9 8 .7 9 8 .4 1 0 2 .0 1 0 1 .2 9 8 .9 9 5 .0 9 4 .0 9 7 .1 9 2 .1 B e l g i u m ........................................................................................................................................................... 4 1 .7 5 7 .8 6 7 .9 9 3 .9 1 0 0 .0 1 0 1 .6 1 0 9 .2 1 1 3 .2 1 1 1 .5 1 0 7 .9 1 1 1 .7 1 1 5 .8 1 1 6 .0 1 1 4 .2 D e n m a r k ....................................................................................................................................................... 3 3 .8 5 5 .4 6 7 .4 9 2 .1 1 0 0 .0 1 0 8 .6 1 2 1 .0 1 3 1 .1 1 4 2 .2 1 4 4 .9 1 5 3 .9 1 6 3 .3 1 7 5 .1 1 9 2 .8 2 0 6 .2 2 1 3 .0 Ja p a n 1 6 7 .2 1 7 9 .9 1 9 2 .0 2 0 0 .0 2 0 9 .6 F r a n c e ................................................................................................................................................................ 4 0 .2 5 0 .8 1 0 0 .0 1 0 8 .0 4 6 .6 6 7 .4 8 0 .3 9 4 .6 1 0 0 .0 1 0 4 .5 1 1 5 .7 1 2 1 .2 1 2 5 .2 1 2 4 .4 1 2 5 .8 1 2 8 .3 1 3 3 .7 1 3 7 .1 1 3 6 .4 I t a l y ........................................................................................................................................................................... 2 4 .7 3 8 .8 4 9 .4 8 6 .3 1 0 0 .0 1 0 8 .1 1 3 4 .0 1 5 7 .8 1 8 1 .6 2 0 1 .9 2 1 0 .6 2 2 4 .5 2 3 2 .0 2 4 1 .0 2 4 9 .1 9 3 .0 1 5 1 .0 - G e r m a n y ....................................................................................................................................................... 6 2 .0 1 3 4 .3 9 0 .2 1 9 6 .3 1 1 3 .0 1 0 6 .8 1 0 8 .1 1 1 2 .0 1 1 4 .4 1 1 2 .8 N e t h e r l a n d s ............................................................................................................................................ 3 8 .5 6 0 .7 7 4 .3 9 6 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 1 .8 1 0 8 .5 1 1 0 .4 1 1 5 .2 N o r w a y ............................................................................................................................................................. 2 9 .2 4 6 .6 5 7 .8 8 8 .5 1 0 0 .0 1 0 8 .7 1 1 9 .1 1 3 2 .2 1 4 2 .9 1 4 8 .0 1 5 1 .8 1 6 1 .1 1 7 8 .1 1 9 4 .7 - 1 4 4 .8 1 5 6 .1 1 6 8 .2 1 7 2 .6 1 8 0 .0 2 0 0 .4 2 0 0 .4 2 0 6 .2 1 4 2 .1 S w e d e n ........................................................................................................................................................... 3 4 .8 4 7 .7 5 7 .2 9 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 8 .4 1 1 8 .6 1 3 0 .9 1 3 6 .3 1 3 8 .1 U n i t e d K i n g d o m ............................................................................................................................ 2 7 .2 3 9 .1 5 0 .2 8 9 .2 1 0 0 .0 1 1 5 .0 1 6 5 .5 1 8 0 .6 1 8 6 .5 1 8 4 .1 1 8 6 .5 1 9 3 .0 Unit labor costs: U . S . d o lla r b a s is U n i t e d S t a t e s ..................................................................................................................................... 5 8 .7 7 1 .0 7 3 .7 9 4 .9 1 0 0 .0 1 0 6 .6 1 3 0 .6 1 4 0 .1 1 4 8 .7 1 4 5 .0 1 4 2 .2 1 4 2 .7 1 4 3 .3 1 4 1 .7 Canada ........................................................................................................................................................... 5 9 .4 6 4 .5 7 0 .6 1 0 2 .7 1 0 0 .0 9 9 .3 1 2 1 .5 1 3 0 .0 1 4 6 .3 1 4 4 .9 1 3 3 .2 1 2 8 .9 1 3 2 .1 1 4 2 .3 1 5 7 .8 .................................................................................................................................................................. 2 8 .5 3 9 .1 6 5 .6 8 6 .9 1 0 0 .0 1 2 6 .8 1 1 6 .8 1 2 3 .8 1 0 8 .8 1 1 1 .5 1 0 7 .2 1 0 5 .6 1 5 4 .4 1 7 0 .5 1 8 8 .4 3 0 .0 4 1 .7 6 2 .7 8 7 .2 1 0 0 .0 1 1 5 .8 Ja p a n 1 3 4 .0 1 0 9 .6 8 7 .2 9 3 .1 1 0 9 .5 - D e n m a r k ....................................................................................................................................................... 2 9 .5 4 4 .4 6 7 .2 9 1 .5 1 0 0 .0 1 1 8 .4 1 2 9 .0 1 1 0 .3 1 0 2 .3 9 5 .1 8 9 .3 9 2 .5 1 2 9 .9 1 6 9 .0 1 7 4 .8 F r a n c e ................................................................................................................................................................ 4 0 .3 4 5 .2 6 8 .6 9 5 .8 1 0 0 .0 1 1 7 .9 1 5 6 .4 1 3 6 .4 1 2 4 .9 1 1 6 .1 1 0 8 .1 1 0 9 .5 1 4 6 .3 1 7 4 .2 1 7 2 .9 G e r m a n y ....................................................................................................................................................... 2 5 .9 4 2 .9 7 0 .4 8 7 .3 1 2 1 .0 1 4 7 .9 1 2 4 .9 1 1 9 .7 1 1 3 .1 1 0 2 .6 1 0 1 .2 I t a l y ........................................................................................................................................................................... 3 5 .1 5 4 .7 7 5 .0 9 1 .8 1 0 0 .0 1 1 2 .4 1 3 8 .4 1 2 2 .4 1 1 8 .4 1 1 7 .3 1 0 5 .9 1 0 3 .8 1 3 7 .4 1 6 4 .0 1 6 8 .8 1 0 0 .0 1 1 5 .7 1 3 4 .1 1 0 8 .9 1 0 5 .8 9 7 .1 8 1 .6 8 0 .0 1 1 2 .2 1 3 8 .6 1 3 9 .9 B e l g i u m ........................................................................................................................................................... 1 0 0 .0 7 5 .6 6 9 .3 6 9 .9 1 4 3 .0 1 7 7 .0 1 8 0 .3 N e t h e r l a n d s ............................................................................................................................................ 2 5 .1 4 1 .2 6 5 .6 8 9 .1 N o r w a y ............................................................................................................................................................. 2 1 .8 3 4 .7 5 3 .5 8 6 .4 1 0 0 .0 1 1 0 .4 1 2 8 .4 1 2 2 .5 1 1 7 .8 1 0 7 .9 9 9 .0 9 9 .8 1 2 4 .7 1 5 3 .7 - S w e d e n ........................................................................................................................................................... 3 0 .1 4 1 .1 5 8 .7 9 2 .3 1 0 0 .0 1 0 7 .2 1 2 5 .3 1 1 5 .4 9 6 .9 8 0 .4 7 8 .2 8 1 .1 1 0 5 .4 1 2 1 .5 1 3 1 .1 U n i t e d K i n g d o m ............................................................................................................................ 4 3 .7 5 3 .7 7 0 .5 9 2 .3 1 0 0 .0 1 2 6 .5 2 2 0 .6 2 0 9 .6 1 8 6 .8 1 6 0 .0 1 4 2 .9 1 4 3 .5 1 6 8 .6 1 8 8 .3 2 1 0 .5 - D a t a n o t a v a ila b le . https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Monthly Labor Review August 1989 101 Current Labor Statistics: 48. Injury and Illness Data Occupational injury and illness incidence rates by industry, United States In c id e n c e r a te s p e r 1 0 0 fu ll-tim e w o r k e r s 2 In d u s tr y a n d t y p e o f c a s e ' 19 79 19 8 0 19 8 1 19 8 2 19 8 3 19 8 4 19 8 5 19 8 6 19 8 7 PRIVATE SECTOR3 T o t a l c a s e s .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 9 .5 8 .7 8 .3 7 .7 7 .6 8 .0 7 .9 7 .9 8 .3 L o s t w o r k d a y c a s e s ................................................................................................................................................................................................... 4 .3 4 .0 3 .8 3 .5 3 .4 3 .7 3 .6 3 .6 3 .8 L o s t w o r k d a y s ......................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 6 7 .7 6 5 .2 6 1 .7 5 8 .7 5 8 .5 6 3 .4 6 4 .9 6 5 .8 6 9 .9 Agriculture, forestry, and fishing3 T o t a l c a s e s .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 1 1 .7 1 1 .9 1 2 .3 1 1 .8 1 1 .9 1 2 .0 1 1 .4 1 1 .2 1 1 .2 L o s t w o r k d a y c a s e s ................................................................................................................................................................................................... 5 .7 5 .8 5 .9 5 .9 6 .1 6 .1 5 .7 5 .6 5 .7 L o s t w o r k d a y s ......................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 8 3 .7 8 2 .7 8 2 .8 8 6 .0 9 0 .8 9 0 .7 9 1 .3 9 3 .6 9 4 .1 T o t a l c a s e s .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 1 1 .4 1 1 .2 1 1 .6 1 0 .5 8 .4 9 .7 8 .4 L o s t w o r k d a y c a s e s ................................................................................................................................................................................................... 6 .8 6 .5 6 .2 5 .4 4 .5 5 .3 4 .8 4 .1 4 .9 L o s t w o r k d a y s ......................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 1 5 0 .5 1 6 3 .6 1 4 6 .4 1 3 7 .3 1 2 5 .1 1 6 0 .2 1 4 5 .3 1 2 5 .9 1 4 4 .0 T o t a l c a s e s .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 1 6 .2 1 5 .7 1 5 .1 1 4 .6 1 4 .8 1 5 .5 1 5 .2 1 5 .2 1 4 .7 L o s t w o r k d a y c a s e s ................................................................................................................................................................................................... 6 .8 6 .5 6 .3 6 .0 6 .3 6 .9 6 .8 6 .9 6 .8 L o s t w o r k d a y s ......................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 1 2 0 .4 1 1 7 .0 1 1 3 .1 1 1 5 .7 1 1 8 .2 1 2 8 .1 1 2 8 .9 1 3 4 .5 1 3 5 .8 T o t a l c a s e s .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 1 6 .3 1 5 .5 1 5 .1 1 4 .1 1 4 .4 1 5 .4 L o s t w o r k d a y c a s e s ................................................................................................................................................................................................... 6 .8 6 .5 6 .1 5 .9 6 .2 6 .9 6 .8 6 .6 6 .5 L o s t w o r k d a y s ......................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 1 1 1 .2 1 1 3 .0 1 0 7 .1 1 1 2 .0 1 1 3 .0 1 2 1 .3 1 2 0 .4 1 2 2 .7 1 3 4 .0 Mining 7 .4 8 .5 Construction G e n e r a l b u ild in g c o n t r a c t o r s : 1 5 .2 1 4 .9 1 4 .2 H e a v y c o n s tr u c tio n c o n tr a c to r s : T o t a l c a s e s .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 1 6 .6 1 6 .3 1 4 .9 1 5 .1 1 5 .4 1 4 .9 1 4 .5 1 4 .7 1 4 .5 L o s t w o r k d a y c a s e s ................................................................................................................................................................................................... 6 .7 6 .3 6 .0 5 .8 6 .2 6 .4 6 .3 6 .3 6 .4 L o s t w o r k d a y s ......................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 1 2 3 .1 1 1 7 .6 1 0 6 .0 1 1 3 .1 1 2 2 .4 1 3 1 .7 1 2 7 .3 1 3 2 .9 1 3 9 .1 1 5 .6 1 5 .0 S p e c ia l tr a d e c o n tra c to rs : T o t a l c a s e s .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 1 6 .0 1 5 .5 1 5 .2 1 4 .7 1 4 .8 1 5 .8 1 5 .4 L o s t w o r k d a y c a s e s ................................................................................................................................................................................................... 6 .9 6 .7 6 .6 6 .2 6 .4 7 .1 7 .0 7 .2 7 .1 L o s t w o r k d a y s ......................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 1 2 4 .3 1 1 8 .9 1 1 9 .3 1 1 8 .6 1 1 9 .0 1 3 0 .1 1 3 3 .3 1 4 0 .4 1 3 5 .7 T o t a l c a s e s .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 1 3 .3 1 2 .2 1 1 .5 L o s t w o r k d a y c a s e s ................................................................................................................................................................................................... 5 .9 5 .4 5 .1 4 .4 4 .3 4 .7 4 .6 4 .7 5 .3 L o s t w o r k d a y s ......................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 9 0 .2 8 6 .7 8 2 .0 7 5 .0 7 3 .5 7 7 .9 8 0 .2 8 5 .2 9 5 .5 T o t a l c a s e s ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 2 0 .7 1 8 .6 1 7 .6 1 6 .9 1 8 .3 1 9 .6 1 8 .5 1 8 .9 1 8 .9 L o s t w o r k d a y c a s e s ................................................................................................................................................................................................... 1 0 .8 9 .5 9 .0 8 .3 9 .2 9 .9 9 .3 9 .7 9 .6 L o s t w o r k d a y s ......................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 1 7 5 .9 1 7 1 .8 1 5 8 .4 1 5 3 .3 1 6 3 .5 1 7 2 .0 1 7 1 .4 1 7 7 .2 1 7 6 .5 T o t a l c a s e s .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 1 7 .6 1 6 .0 1 5 .1 1 3 .9 1 4 .1 1 5 .3 1 5 .0 1 5 .2 1 5 .4 L o s t w o r k d a y c a s e s ................................................................................................................................................................................................... 7 .1 6 .6 6 .2 5 .5 5 .7 6 .4 6 .3 6 .3 6 .7 L o s t w o r k d a y s ......................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 9 9 .6 9 7 .6 9 1 .9 8 5 .6 8 3 .0 1 0 1 .5 1 0 0 .4 1 0 3 .0 1 0 3 .6 T o t a l c a s e s .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 1 6 .8 1 5 .0 1 4 .1 1 3 .0 L o s t w o r k d a y c a s e s ................................................................................................................................................................................................... 8 .0 7 .1 6 .9 6 .1 6 .0 6 .6 6 .7 6 .5 7 .1 L o s t w o r k d a y s ......................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 1 3 3 .7 1 2 8 .1 1 2 2 .2 1 1 2 .2 1 1 2 .0 1 2 0 .8 1 2 7 .8 1 2 6 .0 1 3 5 .8 Manufacturing 1 0 .2 1 0 .0 1 0 .6 1 0 .4 1 0 .6 1 1 .9 Durable goods L u m b e r a n d w o o d p ro d u c ts : F u r n itu r e a n d fix tu r e s : S t o n e , c la y , a n d g la s s p r o d u c ts : 1 3 .1 1 3 .6 1 3 .9 1 3 .6 1 4 .9 P r im a r y m e ta l in d u s trie s : T o t a l c a s e s .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 1 7 .3 1 5 .2 1 4 .4 1 2 .4 1 2 .4 1 3 .3 1 2 .6 1 3 .6 1 7 .0 L o s t w o r k d a y c a s e s ................................................................................................................................................................................................... 8 .1 7 .1 6 .7 5 .4 5 .4 6 .1 5 .7 6 .1 7 .4 L o s t w o r k d a y s ......................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 1 3 4 .7 1 2 8 .3 1 2 1 .3 1 0 1 .6 1 0 3 .4 1 1 5 .3 1 1 3 .8 1 2 5 .5 1 4 5 .8 1 7 .0 F a b ric a te d m e ta l p ro d u c ts : 1 7 .5 1 5 .3 1 5 .1 1 6 .1 1 6 .3 1 6 .0 ................................................................................................................................................................................................... 8 .7 8 .0 7 .5 6 .4 6 .1 6 .7 6 .9 6 .8 7 .2 L o s t w o r k d a y s ......................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 1 2 4 .2 1 1 8 .4 1 0 9 .9 1 0 2 .5 9 6 .5 1 0 4 .9 1 1 0 .1 1 1 5 .5 1 2 1 .9 1 1 .3 T o t a l c a s e s .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... Lo s t w o rk d a y c a se s 1 9 .9 1 8 .5 M a c h in e r y , e x c e p t e le c t r ic a l: 1 4 .7 1 3 .7 1 2 .9 1 0 .7 9 .8 1 0 .7 1 0 .8 1 0 .7 ................................................................................................................................................................................................... 5 .9 5 .5 5 .1 4 .2 3 .6 4 .1 4 .2 4 .2 4 .4 L o s t w o r k d a y s ......................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 8 3 .6 8 1 .3 7 4 .9 6 6 .0 5 8 .1 6 5 .8 6 9 .3 7 2 .0 7 2 .7 T o t a l c a s e s .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 8 .6 8 .0 7 .4 6 .5 6 .3 6 .8 6 .4 6 .4 L o s t w o r k d a y c a s e s ................................................................................................................................................................................................... 3 .4 3 .3 3 .1 2 .7 2 .6 2 .8 2 .7 2 .7 3 .1 L o s t w o r k d a y s ......................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 5 1 .9 5 1 .8 4 8 .4 4 2 .2 4 1 .4 4 5 .0 4 5 .7 4 9 .8 5 5 .9 T o t a l c a s e s .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... Lo s t w o rk d a y c a se s E le c tr ic a n d e le c tro n ic e q u ip m e n t: 7 .2 T r a n s p o r t a t io n e q u ip m e n t: T o t a l c a s e s .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 1 1 .6 1 0 .6 9 .8 9 .2 8 .4 9 .3 9 .0 9 .6 1 3 .5 L o s t w o r k d a y c a s e s ................................................................................................................................................................................................... 5 .5 4 .9 4 .6 4 .0 3 .6 4 .2 3 .9 4 .1 5 .7 L o s t w o r k d a y s ......................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 8 5 .9 8 2 .4 7 8 .1 7 2 .2 6 4 .5 6 8 .8 7 1 .6 7 9 .1 1 0 5 .7 In s tru m e n ts a n d re la te d p r o d u c ts : 7 .2 6 .8 6 .5 5 .6 5 .2 5 .4 5 .2 5 .3 5 .8 L o s t w o r k d a y c a s e s ................................................................................................................................................................................................... 2 .8 2 .7 2 .7 2 .3 2 .1 2 .2 2 .2 2 .3 2 .4 L o s t w o r k d a y s ......................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 4 0 .0 4 1 .8 3 9 .2 3 7 .0 3 5 .6 3 7 .5 3 7 .9 4 2 .2 4 3 .9 T o t a l c a s e s .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 1 1 .7 1 0 .9 1 0 .7 9 .9 9 .9 1 0 .5 9 .7 1 0 .2 1 0 .7 L o s t w o r k d a y c a s e s ................................................................................................................................................................................................... 4 .7 4 .4 4 .4 4 .1 4 .0 4 .3 4 .2 4 .3 4 .6 L o s t w o r k d a y s ......................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 6 7 .7 6 7 .9 6 8 .3 6 9 .9 6 6 .3 7 0 .2 7 3 .2 7 0 .9 8 1 .5 T o t a l c a s e s .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... M is c e lla n e o u s m a n u fa c tu r in g in d u s tr ie s : S e e f o o tn o te s a t e n d o f ta b le . 102 Monthly Labor Review https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis August 1989 48. Continued— Occupational injury and illness incidence rates by industry, United States In c id e n c e r a t e s p e r 1 0 0 fu ll-tim e w o r k e r s 2 In d u s tr y a n d ty p e o f c a s e 1 19 79 19 8 0 19 8 1 19 8 2 19 8 3 19 8 4 19 8 5 19 8 6 19 8 7 Nondurable goods Food a n d k in d r e d p r o d u c ts : T o t a l c a s e s .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 1 9 .9 1 8 .7 1 7 .8 1 6 .7 1 6 .5 1 6 .7 1 6 .7 1 6 .5 .................................................................................................................................................................................................. 9 .5 9 .0 8 .6 8 .0 7 .9 8 .1 8 .1 8 .0 8 .6 L o s t w o r k d a y s ......................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 1 4 1 .8 1 3 6 .8 1 3 0 .7 1 2 9 .3 1 3 1 .2 1 3 1 .6 1 3 8 .0 1 3 7 .8 1 5 3 .7 Lo s t w o rk d a y c a s e s 1 7 .7 T o b a c c o m a n u fa c tu rin g : T o t a l c a s e s .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 9 .3 8 .1 8 .2 7 .2 6 .5 7 .7 7 .3 6 .7 8 .6 L o s t w o r k d a y c a s e s ................................................................................................................................................................................................... 4 .2 3 .8 3 .9 3 .2 3 .0 3 .2 3 .0 2 .5 2 .5 L o s t w o r k d a y s ......................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 6 4 .8 4 5 .8 5 6 .8 4 4 .6 4 2 .8 5 1 .7 5 1 .7 4 5 .6 4 6 .4 9 .7 9 .1 8 .8 7 .6 7 .4 8 .0 7 .5 7 .8 9 .0 T e x t i l e m ill p r o d u c t s : T o t a l c a s e s .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... L o s t w o r k d a y c a s e s ................................................................................................................................................................................................... 3 .4 3 .3 3 .2 2 .8 2 .8 3 .0 3 .0 3 .1 3 .6 L o s t w o r k d a y s ......................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 6 1 .3 6 2 .8 5 9 .2 5 3 .8 5 1 .4 5 4 .0 5 7 .4 5 9 .3 6 5 .9 6 .5 6 .4 6 .3 6 .0 6 .4 6 .7 6 .7 6 .7 7 .4 A p p a r e l a n d o t h e r te x tile p r o d u c t s : T o t a l c a s e s .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... L o s t w o r k d a y c a s e s .................................................................................................................................................................................................. 2 .2 2 .2 2 .2 2 .1 2 .4 2 .5 2 .6 2 .7 3 .1 L o s t w o r k d a y s ......................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 3 4 .1 3 4 .9 3 5 .0 3 6 .4 4 0 .6 4 0 .9 4 4 .1 4 9 .4 5 9 .5 1 3 .5 1 2 .7 1 1 .6 1 0 .6 1 0 .0 1 0 .4 1 0 .2 1 0 .5 1 2 .8 P a p e r a n d a llie d p r o d u c t s : T o t a l c a s e s .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... L o s t w o r k d a y c a s e s ................................................................................................................................................................................................... 6 .0 5 .8 5 .4 4 .9 4 .5 4 .7 4 .7 4 .7 5 .8 L o s t w o r k d a y s ......................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 1 0 8 .4 1 1 2 .3 1 0 3 .6 9 9 .1 9 0 .3 9 3 .8 9 4 .6 9 9 .5 1 2 2 .3 P r in tin g a n d p u b lis h in g : T o t a l c a s e s .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 7 .1 6 .9 6 .7 6 .6 6 .6 6 .5 6 .3 6 .5 6 .7 L o s t w o r k d a y c a s e s .................................................................................................................................................................................................. 3 .1 3 .1 3 .0 2 .8 2 .9 2 .9 2 .9 2 .9 3 .1 L o s t w o r k d a y s ......................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 4 5 .1 4 6 .5 4 7 .4 4 5 .7 4 4 .6 4 6 .0 4 9 .2 5 0 .8 5 5 .1 7 .7 6 .8 6 .6 5 .7 5 .5 5 .3 5 .1 6 .3 7 .0 C h e m i c a l s a n d a llie d p r o d u c t s : T o t a l c a s e s .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... Lo s t w o rk d a y c a se s .................................................................................................................................................................................................. 3 .5 3 .1 3 .0 2 .5 2 .5 2 .4 2 .3 2 .7 3 .1 L o s t w o r k d a y s ......................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 5 4 .9 5 0 .3 4 8 .1 3 9 .4 4 2 .3 4 0 .8 3 8 .8 4 9 .4 5 8 .8 7 .7 7 .2 6 .7 5 .3 5 .5 5 .1 5 .1 7 .1 7 .3 P e t r o le u m a n d c o a l p ro d u c ts : T o t a l c a s e s .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... L o s t w o r k d a y c a s e s ................................................................................................................................................................................................... 3 .6 3 .5 2 .9 2 .5 2 .4 2 .4 2 .4 3 .2 3 .1 L o s t w o r k d a y s ......................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 6 2 .0 5 9 .1 5 1 .2 4 6 .4 4 6 .8 5 3 .5 4 9 .9 6 7 .5 6 5 .9 1 5 .9 R u b b e r a n d m is c e lla n e o u s p la s tic s p r o d u c t s : T o t a l c a s e s .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 1 7 .1 1 5 .5 1 4 .6 1 2 .7 1 3 .0 1 3 .6 1 3 .4 1 4 .0 L o s t w o r k d a y c a s e s .................................................................................................................................................................................................. 8 .2 7 .4 7 .2 6 .0 6 .2 6 .4 6 .3 6 .6 7 .6 L o s t w o r k d a y s ......................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 1 2 7 .1 1 1 8 .6 1 1 7 .4 1 0 0 .9 1 0 1 .4 1 0 4 .3 1 0 7 .4 1 1 8 .2 1 3 0 .8 1 2 .4 L e a th e r a n d le a th e r p ro d u c ts : T o t a l c a s e s .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 1 1 .5 1 1 .7 9 .9 1 0 .0 1 0 .5 1 0 .3 1 0 .5 L o s t w o r k d a y c a s e s .................................................................................................................................................................................................. 4 .9 5 .0 5 .1 4 .5 4 .4 4 .7 4 .6 4 .8 5 .8 L o s t w o r k d a y s ......................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 7 6 .2 8 2 .7 8 2 .6 1 1 .5 8 6 .5 8 7 .3 9 4 .4 8 8 .3 8 3 .4 1 1 4 .5 Transportation and public utilities T o t a l c a s e s .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 1 0 .0 9 .4 9 .0 L o s t w o r k d a y c a s e s ................................................................................................................................................................................................... 5 .9 5 .5 5 .3 4 .9 4 .7 5 .2 5 .0 4 .8 4 .9 1 0 7 .0 1 0 4 .5 1 0 0 .6 9 6 .7 9 4 .9 1 0 5 .1 1 0 7 .1 1 0 2 .1 1 0 8 .1 Lo st w o rk d a ys .................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 8 .5 8 .2 8 .8 8 .6 8 .2 8 .4 Wholesale and retail trade T o t a l c a s e s .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 8 .0 7 .4 7 .3 7 .2 7 .2 7 .4 7 .4 7 .7 7 .7 ................................................................................................................................................................................................... 3 .4 3 .2 3 .1 3 .1 3 .1 3 .3 3 .2 3 .3 3 .4 L o s t w o r k d a y s ......................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 4 9 .0 4 8 .7 4 5 .3 4 5 .5 4 7 .8 5 0 .5 5 0 .7 5 4 .0 5 6 .1 8 .8 8 .2 7 .7 7 .1 7 .0 7 .2 7 .2 7 .2 7 .4 Lo s t w o rk d a y c a se s W h o le s a le tr a d e : T o t a l c a s e s .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................. 4 .1 3 .9 3 .6 3 .4 3 .2 3 .5 3 .5 3 .6 3 .7 L o s t w o r k d a y s ......................................................................................................................................................................................................................... Lo s t w o rk d a y c a s e s 5 9 .1 5 8 .2 5 4 .7 5 2 .1 5 0 .6 5 5 .5 5 9 .8 6 2 .5 6 4 .0 7 .7 7 .1 7 .1 7 .2 7 .3 7 .5 7 .5 7 .8 R e ta il tra d e : T o t a l c a s e s .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 7 .8 L o s t w o r k d a y c a s e s ................................................................................................................................................................................................... 3 .1 2 .9 2 .9 2 .9 3 .0 3 .2 3 .1 3 .2 3 .3 L o s t w o r k d a y s ......................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 4 4 .7 4 4 .5 4 1 .1 4 2 .6 4 6 .7 4 8 .4 4 7 .0 5 0 .5 5 2 .9 2 .0 Finance, insurance, and real estate T o t a l c a s e s .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 2 .1 2 .0 1 .9 2 .0 2 .0 1 .9 2 .0 .................................................................................................................................................................................................. .9 .8 .8 .9 .9 .9 .9 .9 .9 L o s t w o r k d a y s ......................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 1 3 .3 1 2 .2 1 1 .6 1 3 .2 1 2 .8 1 3 .6 1 5 .4 1 7 .1 1 4 .3 Lo s t w o rk d a y c a se s 2 .0 Services T o t a l c a s e s .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... Lo s t w o rk d a y c a s e s 5 .5 5 .2 5 .0 4 .9 5 .1 5 .2 5 .4 5 .3 5 .5 .................................................................................................................................................................................................. 2 .5 2 .3 2 .3 2 .3 2 .4 2 .5 2 .6 2 .5 2 .7 L o s t w o r k d a y s ......................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 3 8 .1 3 5 .8 3 5 .9 3 5 .8 3 7 .0 4 1 .1 4 5 .4 4 3 .0 4 5 .8 1 T o t a l c a s e s in c lu d e fa ta litie s . 2 The in c id e n c e ra te re p re s e n t th e N n u m b e r o f In ju rie s a n d w o r k d a y s p e r 1 0 0 fu ll-tim e w o r k e r s a n d w e r e c a lc u la te d a s : = n u m b e r o f in ju r ie s a n d illn e s s e s o r lo s t w o r k d a y s ; EH = to ta l h o u r s w o r k e d 2 0 0 ,0 0 0 = b a s e fo r 1 0 0 fu ll-tim e e q u iv a le n t w o r k e r s ( w o r k in g 4 0 h o u r s p e r b y a ll e m p l o y e e s d u r i n g c a l e n d a r y e a r ; w e e k , 5 0 w e e k s p e r y e a r .) (N /E H ) X 2 0 0 ,0 0 0 w h e re : https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Illn e s s e s o r lo s t 3 E x c l u d e s fa r m s w ith fe w e r th a n 11 e m p lo y e e s s in c e 1 9 7 6 . \ ) Monthly Labor Review August 1989 103 The Board of Trustees of the Lawrence R. Klein Award announces A Special Competition to mark the 75th year of the Monthly Labor Review 1. A prize of $1,000—separate from the annual Lawrence R. Klein A w ardwill be awarded for the best article manuscript submitted to this competition before May 1, 1990. 2. Entries will be judged on the basis of quality of writing and adherence to criteria of professional research and analysis. 3. The manuscript should not exceed 3,500 words, must be written exclusively for the Monthly Labor Review and must not have been submitted to or appeared in any form in any manner of publication prior to its submission to this competition. 4. 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