Full text of Monthly Labor Review : August 1983, Volume 106, Number 8

The full text on this page is automatically extracted from the file linked above and may contain errors and inconsistencies.

https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF LABOR
Raymond J. Donovan, Secretary
BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS
Janet L. Norwood, Commissioner

T h e M o n th ly L a b o r R e v ie w is p u b lis h e d b y th e
B u re a u o f L a b o r S ta tis tic s o f th e U .S . D e p a rtm e n t
o f L a b o r. C o m m u n ic a tio n s on e d ito ria l m a tte rs
s h o u ld be a d d re s s e d to th e E d ito r-in -C h le f,
M o n th ly L a b o r R e v ie w , B u re a u o f L a b o r S ta tis tic s ,
W a s h in g to n , D .C . 2 0 2 1 2 .
P h o n e : (2 0 2 ) 5 2 3 - 1 3 2 7 .
S u b s c rip tio n p ric e p e r y e a r— $ 2 6 d o m e s tic ; $ 3 2 .5 0 fo re ig n .
S in g le c o p y $ 5 . d o m e s tic ; $ 6 .2 5 , fo re ig n .
S u b s c rip tio n p ric e s a n d d is trib u tio n p o lic ie s fo r th e
M o n th ly L a b o r R e v ie w (IS S N 0 0 9 8 -1 8 1 8 ) a n d o th e r G o v e rn m e n t
p u b lic a tio n s a re s e t b y th e G o v e rn m e n t P rin tin g O ffice,
a n a g e n c y o f th e U .S . C o n g re s s . S e n d c o rre s p o n d e n c e
o n c irc u la tio n a n d s u b s c rip tio n m a tte rs (in c lu d in g
a d d re s s c h a n g e s ) to:
S u p e rin te n d e n t o f D o c u m e n ts ,
G o v e rn m e n t P rin tin g O ffic e ,
W a s h in g to n , D .C . 2 0 4 0 2

M a k e c h e c k s p a y a b le to S u p e rin te n d e n t o f D o c u m e n ts .
T h e S e c re ta ry o f L a b o r h a s d e te rm in e d th a t th e
p u b lic a tio n o f th is p e rio d ic a l is n e c e s s a ry in th e
tra n s a c tio n o f th e p u b lic b u s in e s s re q u ire d b y
la w o f th is D e p a rtm e n t. U s e o f fu n d s fo r p rin tin g
th is p e rio d ic a l h a s b e e n a p p ro v e d b y th e D ire c to r
o f th e O ffic e o f M a n a g e m e n t a n d B u d g e t
th ro u g h A p ril 3 0 , 1987 . S e c o n d -c la s s
p o s ta g e p a id a t W a s h in g to n , D .C . a n d at a d d itio n a l m a ilin g a d d re s s e s .

/I\l/>

MCWTH.VLABORR6WEW

+

Regional Commissioners
for Bureau of Labor Statistics
R egion I— B o ston; A n th o n y J. F e rra ra
1 6 0 3 J F K F e d e ra l B u ild in g , G o v e rn m e n t C e n te r,
B o s to n , M a s s . 0 2 2 0 3
P h o n e : (6 1 7 ) 2 2 3 - 6 7 6 1
C o n n e c tic u t
M a in e
M a s s a c h u s e tts
N e w H a m p s h ire
R h o d e Is la n d
V e rm o n t
R egion II— New York: S a m u e l M . E h re n h a lt
1 5 1 5 B ro a d w a y , S u ite 3 4 0 0 , N e w Y o rk , N .Y . 10 0 3 6
P h o n e : (2 1 2 ) 9 4 4 - 3 1 2 1
N e w J e rs e y
N e w Y o rk
P u e rto R ic o
V irg in Is la n d s
R egion III— Philadelphia; A lv in I. M a rg u lls
3 5 3 5 M a rk e t S tre e t
P .O . B o x 1 3 3 0 9 , P h ila d e lp h ia , P a. 19101
P h o n e : (2 1 5 ) 5 9 6 - 1 1 5 4
D e la w a re
D is tric t o f C o lu m b ia
M a ry la n d
P e n n s y lv a n ia
V irg in ia
W e s t V irg in ia
R egion IV— A tlanta: D o n a ld M . C ru s e
1371 P e a c h tre e S tre e t, N .E ., A tla n ta , G a . 3 0 3 6 7
P h o n e : (4 0 4 ) 8 8 1 - 4 4 1 8
A la b a m a
F lo rid a
G e o rg ia
K e n tu c k y
M is s is s ip p i
N o rth C a ro lin a
S o u th C a ro lin a
Tennessee
Region V— C hicago: W illia m E. R ic e
9 th F lo o r, F e d e ra l O ffic e B u ild in g , 2 3 0 S. D e a rb o rn S tre e t,
C h ic a g o , III. 6 0 6 0 4
P h o n e : (3 1 2 ) 3 5 3 - 1 8 8 0
Illin o is
In d ia n a
M ic h ig a n
M in n e s o ta
O h io
W is c o n s in
R egion VI— Dallas: B ry a n R ic h e y
S e c o n d F lo o r, 5 5 5 G riffin S q u a re B u ild in g , D a lla s , T e x . 7 5 2 0 2
P h o n e : (2 1 4 ) 7 6 7 - 6 9 7 1
A rk a n s a s
L o u is ia n a
N e w M e x ic o
O k la h o m a
Texas
R egions VII and VIII— Kansas C ity: E llio tt A. B ro w a r
911 W a ln u t S tre e t, K a n s a s C ity , M o . 6 4 1 0 6
P h o n e : (8 1 6 ) 3 7 4 - 2 4 8 1

VII
Io w a
Kansas
M is s o u ri
N e b ra s k a

VIII
C o lo ra d o
M o n ta n a
N o rth D a k o ta
S o u th D a k o ta
U ta h
W y o m in g

August cover:

“ Home Front,” a lithograph
by Jolan Gross-Bettleheim,
courtesy Library of Congress,
“America in the War” exhibit.
Cover design by Melvin B. Moxley


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

R egions IX and X— San F rancisco: D. B ru c e H a n c h e tt
4 5 0 G o ld e n G a te A v e n u e , B o x 3 6 0 1 7 ,
S a n F ra n c is c o , C a lif. 9 4 1 0 2
P h o n e : (4 1 5 ) 5 5 6 - 4 6 7 8

IX
A m e ric a n S a m o a
A riz o n a
C a lifo rn ia
G uam
H a w a ii
N evada
T ru s t T e rrito ry o f th e P a c ific Is la n d s

X
A la s k a
Id a h o
O re g o n
W a s h in g to n

M O N TH LY LA BO R R EVIEW
A U G U S T 1983
V O LU M E 106, NUM BER 8

LIBRARY
SEP 1

Henry Low enstern, Editor-in-C hief
R obert W. Fisher, E xecutive Editor

1983

J a n e t L N o rw o o d

3

Labor m arket contrasts: United States and Europe
The e m ploym ent outlook is m ore favorable for the U.S. than for Europe;
d e m o g ra p h ic pressures are easing in the U.S. but intensifying abroad

N o rm an B o w e rs

8

Em ploym ent on the rise in the first half of 1983
E conom ic a c tiv ity in the U.S. picked up during the firs t half,
w ith e m ploym ent increasing and u nem ploym ent edging down

C orey Rosen and Katherine Klein

15

Job-creating perform ance of em ployee-ow ned firm s
A recent survey suggests that co m p a n ie s can use e m ployee ow nership
in a program to im prove e co n o m ic p e rform ance as well as e quity

M a ry Beth W S c a g g s

20

Em ploym ent trends in the lum ber and w ood products industry
B ecause of the high proportion of lum ber w hich is used in hom e b u ild in g,
rece ssio n -re d u ce d dem and for new housing has w eakened this industry

H orst B ran d

25

The evolution of fair labor standards: a study in class conflict
U sing a rigorous, quantitative app ro a ch , one scholar tra cks the grow th of legislation
d e sig n e d to guarantee that w orkers receive fair pay and hours of e m ploym ent

R EPO RTS
A n n e M c D o u g a ll Y o un g


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

29

Y outh la b o r fo rc e m a rke d tu rn in g p o in t in 1982

D E PA R TM EN TS
2
29
35
36
41
47

L a b o r m onth in re vie w
R e se arch su m m a rie s
M ajo r a g re e m e n ts e x p irin g n ext m on th
D e v e lo p m e n ts in in d u stria l re la tio n s
B o ok re vie w s
C u rre n t la b o r sta tis tic s

Labor M onth
In Review
ECONOMIC STATUS. The Bureau of

Labor Statistics published a new study
examining the employment problems of
workers in relation to their family and
household economic status. The study is
based largely on data for 1981 derived
from the March 1982 Current Popula­
tion Survey, and focuses on three basic
problems: low earnings, involuntary
part-time work, and unemployment.
Some highlights:
Among the 65.3 million persons em­
ployed 50 weeks or more who usually
worked full time, 5.2 million reported
earnings of less than $6,700, the mini­
mum wage equivalent for a full year’s
work. Although a large number of these
workers were self-employed, the majori­
ty were wage and salary workers.
Whites made up 4.4 million of these
5.2 million workers, with white women
slightly outnumbering white men. There
were 669,000 blacks and 328,000 Hispanics with earnings below $6,700,
despite year-round full-time work.
Low earnings were more prevalent
among youth and older workers. Almost
two-fifths of young men and women 16
to 19 years old and about one-quarter of
both men and women 65 and over had
earnings below $6,700. The incidence of
low earnings was almost twice as high
for women as for men—11.4 percent,
compared to 6.0 percent.
Almost 1 in 4 of the 5.2 million
workers with low earnings from yearround, full-time work lived in families
with total income below the poverty
line. Among the women who maintained
their families, nearly half of those with
full-year earnings of less than $6,700 fell
below the poverty line, as they were un­
likely to have other earners in the family.
Involuntary part-time work. Approx­
imately two-thirds of the 14.6 million
persons with some involuntary part-time

2

https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

employment cited slack work or material
shortages as the reason for their short
hours. The remainder “ could not find a
full-time job.”
Almost 50 percent of husbands but
only one-quarter of the wives working
part time did so involuntarily. Among
men and women who maintained fami­
lies alone, most of those working part
time would have preferred full-time
work.
One in 3 of the blacks and 1 in 4 of the
Hispanics who worked part time in­
voluntarily lived in a poor family com­
pared with relatively few whites (1 in 7).
Among black women who maintained
families alone and had some involuntary
part-time work, more than 50 percent
were in poverty.
Unemployment and poverty. Of the

119.7 million persons who were in the
labor force sometime during 1981, 23.4
million, or 19.5 percent, were reported
as being unemployed for a week or
more. Nearly two-thirds of these persons
were in the labor force for the full year,
and thus had a substantial period of
employment. Nearly 6 million (onefourth) were jobless only 1 to 4 weeks.
However, there was also a significant
number, three-fourths of a million, who
were jobless all year.
Persons most likely to encounter un­
employment were under 25 years of age,
with 30 percent reporting some job­
lessness in 1981. Those persons who
make up the bulk of the labor force—25
to 54—had an unemployment incidence
of about 17 percent, while those 55 and
over, who often retire from the labor
force, had the lowest incidence of
unemployment—about 10 percent.
Viewed in a family context, the
highest incidence of unemployment
(nearly one-third) and the longest spells
were experienced by those generally
young persons who are classified as

“ other” family members. For men and
women who maintained their families
alone, the likelihood of being un­
employed sometime during the year was
a little more than 20 percent.
Blacks faced the greatest probability
of being unemployed. Almost 34 percent
of black women who maintained fami­
lies had some unemployment, compared
with 25 percent for whites and 20 per­
cent for Hispanics.
For women who maintained families
alone, unemployment was usually ac­
companied by income below the poverty
level. Almost 56 percent did not have in­
comes greater than the poverty level for
their family size.
Family budgets squeezed. Even though a

family’s income may not fall below
established poverty levels as a result of
unemployment, changes in its living
standard could still be great. In 1981,
10.4 million of the 23.4 million workers
with some unemployment were members
of families with incomes exceeding
$20,000. While these income levels are
more than twice some poverty lines, they
may represent much lower levels com­
pared with previous years and may in­
volve curbs in family consumption,
debts, and other possible sacrifices.
Median family income of persons
undergoing some unemployment in 1981
was almost 33 percent lower than it was
for those without unemployment. The
difference—which may also reflect other
labor market problems, such as low
wages—was even greater for husbands,
men and women who maintained their
own families, and men and women who
lived alone or with nonrelatives.
Copies of the study, Linking Employ­
ment Problems to Economic Status, b l .s
Bulletin 2169, are for sale ($4) by the
Superintendent of Documents, Wash­
ington, D .C .20402.
□

Labor market contrasts:
United States and Europe
Employment outlook is more favorable
for the U.S. than for Europe;
demographic pressures are easing
in the U.S. but intensifying abroad;
Europe has a much larger group
of long-term unemployed
Janet

L.

N orw ood

Analysis of data on the U.S. labor market cannot be done
in isolation. The economic growth so necessary to sustain
a vigorous recovery in this country simply cannot be achieved
without simultaneous recovery abroad. Thus, if we are to
evaluate effectively the state of our own economy, we must
give attention as well to developments abroad.
As the world economies have become more closely tied
together, we find that some of Europe’s experiences presage
our own. More recently, however, it is becoming clear that
many of our experiences may well become a part of Europe’s
future. Nowhere is this more true than in labor market be­
havior. This article reviews some of the similarities— and
the differences— in labor market conditions between the
United States and Western Europe.

Beyond the jobless rate
Each month, the Bureau of Labor Statistics compiles the
latest data on the U.S. employment situation. In spite of
the comprehensive body of data that we publish, the most
sensitive number— and the one on which the headlines are
based— is the overall unemployment rate. That “ magic
Janet L. Norwood is Com m issioner of Labor Statistics. This article is
drawn from her com m encem ent address at the Fletcher School of Law and
D iplom acy, Tufts University, M edford, M ass.. May 29. 1983. Constance
Sorrentino and Philip Rones assisted in preparing the analysis.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

number” is, of course, important; but we must look far
beyond it to understand what is happening. Indeed, the focus
on a single number— the unemployment rate— may distort
our view both of the U.S. economy and of the economies
of the Western European countries.
It is not easy to compare conditions across national bound­
aries. In addition to the differences in such factors as de­
mographic composition, political policy, and economic
institutions, we need to take account of the differing back­
grounds of experience in labor market developments that
have occurred over the last decade on both sides of the
Atlantic. During the 1970’s, for example, the United States
saw unprecedented labor force growth as larger numbers of
women than ever before entered the labor force, and the
postwar baby-boom generation reached working age. The
U.S. economy created more than 20 million jobs, and the
movement of employment away from the goods-producing
sector into the service-producing sector accelerated. Some
of these same developments took place in Europe, but the
magnitude and the pace of the changes there were quite
different. Indeed, European labor force growth and job cre­
ation experience have been very different from our own.
These differences and their effects on attitudes toward
policy were discussed at a recent conference in England by
experts from Western Europe and North America. The ques3

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW August 1983 • Labor Market Contrasts: U.S. and Europe
far more pessimistically by the Europeans than by the Amer­
icans. The attitudes at the conference were shaped by the
historical framework and expectations of future develop­
ments. The Western European countries had very little job
growth during the decade of the 1970’s; and in most of the
European countries, there was little if any expansion of the
labor force.
Through the mid-1980’s, the working-age population un­
der 25 in the United States is expected to decline, whereas
it will increase in Europe. And productivity and cost per­
formance on both sides of the Atlantic have been quite poor.
The United States looks toward recovery from one of the
longest and steepest recessions in its history— a recovery
which starts with a jobless rate that is higher than in most
other countries (except for Great Britain and Canada) but
with a larger proportion of our population employed. (See
table 1.) We need to look, then, at both employment and
unemployment when we make comparisons. Let us examine
a few of these labor market developments.
Fewer women at work in Europe. The most dramatic change
in the U.S. labor force in the past two decades has been the
unprecedented entry of large numbers of women into the
work force and their sustained commitment to the world of
work. More than half of all American women of working
age are now in the labor force. In Europe, only Scandinavian
women exceed this level. Economic activity by women in
the rest of Europe is rising but, in general, remains well
below the U.S. level. Table 2 shows the civilian labor force
participation rates of women for selected years. A trans­
formation of major proportions in the role of women in
working life has been occurring here and is beginning to

accelerate in most of Europe. The differences are primarily
a matter of degree and of timing.
In the United States, single and divorced women have
long had relatively high labor force participation rates for
obvious economic reasons. Their rates are not far behind
those of men. However, the most striking feature of greater
female participation in the work force is the proportion of
married women who work. American wives have entered
the work force in significantly increasing numbers, espe­
cially since 1970, and European wives are increasing their
labor force participation.
Declining fertility rates have tended to reduce the home
responsibilities of women, facilitating their rising labor force
activity in many countries. Women are having fewer chil­
dren, but even young children do not seem to be the obstacle
to employment that they once were. Only 1 of 5 American
married women with children under the age of 6 was in the
labor force in 1960; now about half are. In Sweden, the
proportion is even higher. Both here and in much of Europe,
it is no longer true that women automatically quit work upon
marriage or after childbirth.
Women today are probably much better off than their
mothers, but they are not as well off as their brothers. In
most European countries— as in the United States— women
are working primarily in the low-paying occupations in the
low-paying industries.
Youth unemployment high. Young people also tend to be
concentrated in low-paying jobs— when they work. Youth
unemployment rates are at very high levels in both Europe
and in the United States. More than 1 of 5 teenagers in the
U.S. labor force is unemployed, as is 1 of 7 young adults

Table 1. C ivilian unem ploym ent rates (seasonally adjusted), 1 9 7 4 -8 3 , and em ploym ent-p opulation ratios, selected years, for
selected countries, approxim ating U.S. concepts
Year

United States

Canada

France1

Germany1

Great Britain1'2

Italy3

Netherlands

Sweden

Unemployment rates:

1974
1975
1976
1977
1978

......................................
......................................
......................................
......................................
......................................

5.6
8.5
7.7
7.1
6.1

5.3
6.9
7.1
8.1
8.4

2.9
4.2
4.6
5.0
5.4

1.6
3.4
3.4
3.5
3.4

3.1
4.6
6.0
6.3
6.2

2.8
3.2
3.6
3.6
3.7

3.8
5.2
5.3
5.0
45.2

2.0
1.6
1.6
18
2.2

1979
1980
1981
1982
1983:

......................................
......................................
......................................
.....................................
first quarter .............

5.8
7.1
7.6
9.7
10.3

7.5
7.5
7.6
11.0
12.5

6.1
6.5
47.7
48.5
8.5

3.0
2.9
4.1
45.8
7.0

5.6
7.0
10.6
12.3
13.7

3.9
3.9
4.3
4.8
5.2

45.3
46.2
49.1
(5)
(5)

21
20
25
31
3.3

57.4
59.2
59.0
57.8

54.5
59.2
59.8
56.9

56.2
53.1
452.5
452.1

56.6
51.6
51.1
450.3

59.4
58.6
56.0
(5)

47.4
46.1
45.9
45.2

(5)
445.8
444 9
(5)

63 1
65 6
465 3
465.0

Employment-population ratio:6

1970
1980
1981
1982

.....................................
.....................................
.....................................
......................................

'Quarterly figures for France, Germany, and Great Britain are calculated by applying annual
adjustment factors to current published data and, therefore, should be viewed as less precise
indicators of unemployment under U.S. concepts than the annual figures.
Preliminary revision based on new British unemployment series.
Quarterly rates are for the first month of the quarter. Major changes in the Italian labor
force survey, introduced in 1977, resulted in a large increase in persons enumerated as
unemployed. However, many persons reported that they had not actively sought
work in the past 30 days, and they have been provisionally excluded for comparability with

4

https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

U.S. concepts. Inclusion of such persons would more than double the Italian unemployment
rate shown.
Preliminary.
5Not available.
60ata relate to civilian employment approximating U.S. concepts as a percent of the civilian
noninstitutional working-age population, except for Germany, where the institutionalized pop­
ulation is included.

Youth are expected to exert upward pressure on European
unemployment rates for several years to come.

Table 2. C ivilian labor force participation rates for
w om en, selected countries, 1960, 1970, and 1981
C o u n tr y

United States ............................................................................
France1 ......................................................................................
G erm any......................................................................................
Great B rita in ...............................................................................
Italy ............................................................................................
Sweden ......................................................................................

1960

1970

1981

37.7
41.6
41.2
39.5
32.2
346.1

43.3
40.1
38.4
42.0
26.2
50.0

52.1
43.1
238.6
248.1
30.1
260.3

11960 data are for October; 1970 and 1981 data are for March.
Prelim inary.
31961.
NOTE: Data relate to the civilian labor force approximating U.S. concepts as a percent of the civilian
noninstltutionalized population of working age, except for Germany which includes the institutionalized
population. See Constance Sorrentino, “ International comparisons of labor force participation, 1960—
S '!,'' Monthly Labor Review, February 1983, pp. 23-36.

Italian, and Dutch youth now meet or surpass these high
U.S. levels, while West Germany manages to maintain much
lower rates, especially for teenagers. (See table 3.)
During the 1960*s and early 1970’s, much was made of
the fact that European countries in general had low levels
of youth unemployment. In Germany, youth rates were about
the same as adult rates. Elsewhere in Europe, youth un­
employment rates were higher than rates for adults, but the
disparity in Europe was not nearly so large as in the United
States.
During the same period, the United States was experi­
encing, simultaneously, a rapid expansion in both the youth
population and in their participation rates. Also causing
upward pressure on our jobless rates were the very high
rates of labor force participation among students, whose
movement into and out of the labor force gives them higher
unemployment rates than those for youths who are not in
school.
Since the late 1970’s, the traditional gap between the
U.S. and European youth unemployment rates has narrowed
or disappeared. The mid and later 1970’s were a time of
dramatic turnaround in demographic trends. During the early
to mid-1960’s, when the U.S. birth rate began to fall. Eu­
ropean birth rates began to rise. These young Europeans
started to enter the labor market in the latter half of the
1970’s. After many years of decline, youth participation
rates in Europe also began to stabilize or even increase.
Further, more European youth were beginning to adopt the
American pattern of seeking work while in school, and
increasing educational enrollments in post-compulsory
schooling brought a rising tide of youth into the school
vacation job market. The labor markets in Europe have not
been able to absorb the greater supply of student jobseekers
or the greater supply of new college graduates.
In the United States, the teenage population began to
decline in 1978, as the baby-boom generation moved into
older age groups. This development is expected to exert
downward pressure on the unemployment rate throughout
the present decade and into the 1990's. In Europe, the teen­
age population has only recently begun to decline; the 20to 24-year-old age group, however, continues to increase.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

Concerns o f the older population. Just as most industrial
countries are experiencing serious problems at the lowest
end of the age spectrum, there are also problems emerging
at the other end of the spectrum— the older population.
Unlike youth, older workers are not a high unemployment
group; the problems here relate more to retirement and to
income support systems.
Life expectancy has increased both here and in Europe.
During the last two decades, the U.S. and European pop­
ulation over the age of 65 has grown by one-half. Com­
pounding the normal increase in “ dependency” that would
accompany an aging population has been the decline in labor
market activity of older workers.
In Europe, the changes in older worker labor market status
preceded ours in timing and have been more serious. Not
only has the older population of Europe been consistently
a higher proportion of the total population, but their labor
force participation rates have been substantially lower, and
currently are less than half those in the United States.1
The role of the older worker, in most countries, has be­
come a policy paradox. Pressures on income-support sys­
tems point toward policies to induce older persons to work
longer. In fact, the opposite trend is dominant. In the face
of high unemployment rates, a new emphasis in many Eu­
ropean countries has been placed on encouraging persons
to retire early or to work part time while receiving a pension.
The rationale is to create more opportunities for younger
workers.
The costs of early retirement have been higher in Europe.
But we are playing a good game of catchup. As the huge
U.S. baby-boom generation grows older, there is probably
no other labor market issue that incites such forceful policy
debate and such intense political pressure.
Minorities. Europe preceded us in facing the issues raised
by the aging of the population; however, our experience
Table 3. Youth unem ploym ent rates for the United
States and for European countries, 1982
Country

United States ......................
France1 .................................
Germany2 ...........................
Great Britain3 ......................
I t a ly ......................................
Netherlands3 ......................
S w eden.................................

Under age 25

All
working
ages

Total

Teenagers

20- to 24year-olds

9.7
8.2
3.6
11.8
4.8
10.1
3.1

17.8
22.6
4.8
20.6
17.7
420.2
7.6

23.2
36.3
4.3
24.1
23.7
(5)
10.9

14.9
17.2
5.1
18.0
14.2
(5)
6.0

1Data are for October 1981.
2Data are for May 1981.
3Data are registered unemployed as percent of civilian labor force. Such data are
understated in relation to U.S. concepts.
4Preliminary.
5Not available.
N ote: Data relate to unemployment rates approximating U.S. concepts, except for
Great Britain and the Netherlands.

5

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW August 1983 • Labor Market Contrasts: U.S. and Europe
with the labor force problems of minority groups far predates
that in Europe.
Racial, ethnic, and other minority groups often have dis­
advantaged positions in the labor market. America’s large
black population as well as its increasing Hispanic popu­
lation continue to have higher jobless rates than most other
groups. Many of the European countries have experienced
an inflow of foreign “ guestworkers” who came to meet the
labor shortages of the 1960’s. Both the guestworker migra­
tions in Europe and the majority of recent U.S. migrant
flows from Mexico and other parts of Latin America derive
from a similar situation— the existence of wide differences
in standards of living across common or nearby borders.
Originally, the European guestworker flows were cycli­
cal; foreign nationals flowed into the Northern European
countries when demand was high and left when it was low,
with little effect on the unemployment rate in the host coun­
try. As work contracts were renewed, however, many
guestworkers began to put down roots in the host countries,
marrying locally or bringing their wives and children from
home. When the recession struck in 1974, increased job
competition caused bans to be placed on new immigration
by the host countries. While some guestworkers returned
home, most stayed, and many entered the unemployment
rolls. The children and wives of the guestworkers also en­
tered the labor market, more than offsetting the numbers
who had returned to their homelands. Further, there was a
growing influx of illegal migrants.
These new problems that Europe has had to confront
sound familiar to us. They include language as well as social
and cultural differences. Foreigners tend to live in the large
urban areas. The foreign youth of working age constitute a
substantial and growing part of the youth unemployment
problem in Europe—just as minority youth in the United
States have a much harder time than others in finding suc­
cessful job experiences.

Dynamics of the labor market
The comparative experience of women, of youth, of older
workers, and of minorities points, in many instances, to
relationships or trends previously considered unique to ei­
ther the United States or to Europe that are now becoming
shared experiences. There is one area in which we diverge
sharply— the dynamic nature of the U.S. labor market.
We tend to focus on the employment and unemployment
figures which are announced each month. These represent
a snapshot of that particular month. But the monthly figures
mask the very large flows of people who enter and leave
the labor force or who change their employment status dur­
ing the course of the month and from one month to the next.
Last year, the number of people unemployed in an average
month in the United States was about 10.7 million. But the
number of workers who experienced some spell of unem­
ployment at some time during the entire year was at least
2Vi times that number. Most people have relatively short
6


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

spells of unemployment, which are interspersed frequently
with periods of employment and of inactive labor force
status. In fact, if we compare the group of people who were
unemployed in a given month with the group unemployed
in the following month, we find that in normal times in the
United States only about half are still unemployed; a quarter
have found jobs, and the remaining quarter have left the
labor force entirely. European countries have much lower
levels of labor market flows than we do.
These differences in labor market dynamics show up best
when we examine comparative unemployment duration and
job creation. In the United States, even during the recent
period of recession, the mean duration of unemployment is
only about 4 months; in Europe, the average ranges from
7 to 10 months for most countries. On average, in 1982, 1
of 3 of the British and French unemployed were out of work
for 1 year or longer. In contrast, fewer than 1 of 10 of the
American unemployed had been jobless that long.
The point is that American workers tend to move into
and out of employment and unemployment, whereas Eu­
ropean joblessness tends to reflect a much larger group of
long-term unemployed.
In terms of job creation, the United States has had ex­
traordinarily large advances compared with Europe. Since
1970, as the U.S. labor force has increased, employment
has grown by more than 20 million. In the four largest
European countries, whose combined population closely ap­
proximates our own, employment has actually declined
slightly since 1970. The following tabulation shows the
civilian employment (in thousands) in the United States and
in European countries (approximating U.S. concepts), 1970
and 1982, and the change for the period:
U n ite d S ta te s

................................ ............

1970

1982

Change

7 8 .6 7 8

9 9 .5 2 6

+ 2 0 .8 4 8

F o u r la r g e s t E u r o p e a n
c o u n t r i e s , t o t a l .....................................

8 9 .2 9 0

* 8 8 .9 2 0

-3 7 0

..................................... ............

2 0 .3 2 0

* 2 0 .9 8 0

+ 660

G e r m a n y ................................ ............

2 6 .1 0 0

* 2 5 ,0 9 0

- 1 .0 1 0

G r e a t B r ita in

...................... ............

2 3 .7 8 0

* 2 2 .4 6 0

- 1 ,3 2 0

.......................................... ............

1 9 .0 9 0

2 0 ,3 9 0

+ 1 .3 0 0

F ra n c e

I ta ly

^Preliminary.

This disparity in employment change is greater than can
be explained by differences in economic growth or demo­
graphic factors. One reason for the difference is that almost
the entire increase in U.S. employment since 1970 has been
in the service sector. The proportion of employment in the
goods-producing sector has declined markedly. Today, only
about 1 in every 4 American workers is employed in man­
ufacturing, mining, or construction. Employment in these
industries has also been declining in Europe, but the growth
in the service sector has not been large enough to make up
for these reductions. (See table 4.)
Why does the United States have more labor mobility,
more labor market flows, more short-term unemployment,
and more job creation than Europe?

Table 4. Civilian em ploym ent in the United States and
European countries by econom ic sector, selected years,
1 9 7 0 -8 2
[In thousands)
Year

United
States

France

Germany

2.262
1,536
1.479
1.436
1.402
1.371

Agriculture:2
1970 ......................
1978 ......................
1979 ......................
1980 ......................
1981 ......................
1982 ......................

3.567
3,550
3,508
3,529
3,519
3,571

2.821
1,927
1.887
1,841
1,800

Goods-producing:4
1970 ......................
1978 ......................
1979 ......................
1980 ......................
1981 ......................
1982 ......................

26,080
28.810
29,797
29,136
28,995
27,070

7,917
7,611
7,489
7,412
7.208

Service-producing:
1970 ......................
1978 ......................
1979 ......................
1980 ......................
1981 ......................
1982 ......................

49,031
63,688
65,519
66.638
67,883
68,888

9.605
11,575
11.742
11.874
11,968

(3)

(3)

(3)

Great
Britain1

Italy

782
666
654
657
647

3,839
3,053
2,985
2,896
2,731
2,525

12,465
10,958
11,086
11.145
10,885
510,480

10,531
9,372
9.344
8,948
58,028

7,586
7,626
7,641
7,767
7,722
7,594

11,442
12,675
12,942
13,164
13,261
513.215

13,071
14,587
14,778
14,760
514 373

7,656
9,187
9,471
9.715
10,003
10,277

(3)

13!

Ì3I

11ncludes Northern Ireland,
includes forestry, hunting, and fishing.
3Not available.
4Manufacturing, mining, and construction.
Preliminary.
N o te : Some small adjustments made to the overall employment data in the tabulation
on p. 6 could not be made to the sectoral employment data for France. Germany,
and Great Britain.

Certainly, differences in history and cultural attitudes play
an important role in mobility patterns. European workers
seem much more reluctant to change jobs voluntarily than
their American counterparts. There is also less of a tendency
to change residence in search of jobs. In the United States,
mobility is considered desirable, even though the search for
a better job may entail some unemployment. Americans are
still experiencing sharp shifts in regional economic devel­
opment and opportunity. In addition, young Americans tend
to do more job changing before settling into more permanent
careers than European youth do.
However, it is much more than history, tradition, and
sectoral shifts that explain these labor market differences.
Institutional differences are also important, as are differences
in the social insurance systems of the United States and
Europe. There are also international differences in layoff
practices and job security procedures. In Europe, employers
often cut working hours during periods of reduced orders;
the lost hours are reimbursed by government-subsidized
benefits. When the 1974-75 recession came, these shorttime work mechanisms saved thousands of European work­
ers from becoming unemployed.
Most of the European-style job security and job continuity
practices are absent or are much weaker in the United States.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

American employers are quicker to respond to labor market
conditions by hiring or dismissing workers. In general,
American workers must be fully unemployed to collect un­
employment benefits.

A look ahead
At present, estimates place the number of unemployed
persons in the industrial countries of Europe at about 18
million. More than 11 million are jobless in the United
States. Recent forecasts by the Organization for Economic
Cooperation and Development ( o e c d ) and others starkly
illustrate the magnitude of the problems before us. The
recession has been long and steep, and the countries of
Western Europe and North America have before them the
formidable task of restoring labor market health.
Since December, the U.S. employment situation has im­
proved considerably. The jobless rate has declined, em­
ploym ent has increased, especially in the hard-hit
manufacturing sector, and factory hours have risen sharply.
But improvement has not yet begun in Europe. In fact, most
of the forecasts suggest continued increases in unemploy­
ment in most European countries through the first half of
1984.
The high unemployment levels in this country have come
at a time when demographic pressures are easing. In Europe,
however, demographic pressures are becoming more intense
and will continue at least until the mid-1980’s. Structural
declines are occurring in several major industries on both
sides of the Atlantic, and high joblessness among the mi­
nority population is a matter of great concern in both Europe
and the United States. But the fact that Europe has a much
larger group of long-term unemployed persons than the United
States suggests that the road back to labor market health
may be even rockier abroad.
The success of recovery in the United States rests partly
on Europe. No major country— the United States in­
cluded— has been able to expand successfully in a stagnant
world. The scope for a purely national recovery is limited,
because all developed countries have become inextricably
linked together by world trade, capital flows, exchange rates,
and the international monetary system. Foreign trade has
long been a crucial part of European prosperity, and it is
increasingly becoming a crucial part of our prosperity. More
than ever, the United States is an interdependent part of a
world economy.
□
---------- FOOTNOTE ---------1See Constance Sorrentino, “ International com parisons of labor force
participation, 1 9 6 0 -8 1 ,“ Monthly Labor Review, February 1983, p. 30,
table 4.

7

Employment on the rise
in the first half of 1983
Economic activity picked up
during the first half\ with employment
increasing and unemployment edging down;
analysts turned to the issue o f how strong
and durable the expansion would be
N o rm a n B ow er

After going through a long and deep recession, the U.S.
economy began to turn up in the first half of 1983, with
particularly strong growth registered in the second quarter.
The civilian unemployment rate, which had reached a postWorld War II high of 10.8 percent in December 1982,
gradually declined to 10.0 percent by June 1983. The num­
ber of nonfarm jobs increased by 1.1 million over the same
period, after having declined by 2.8 million in the prior
year and a half. These labor force developments coincided
with other indicators pointing to improvement in the econ­
omy. Housing starts were up considerably from the lack­
luster performance shown throughout most of 1981 and
1982. The index of industrial production increased steadily
from its November 1982 low of 134.9 to 144.3 in May.
And consumer spending, an essential element in any re­
covery, began to show signs of strength.
It is important to note, however, that not all economic
indicators could be interpreted in a positive manner. ComNorman Bowers is an economist in the Division of Employment and Un­
em ploym ent Analysis, Bureau of Labor Statistics.

8

https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

pared to current price inflation, short- and long-term interest
rates were still very high and, coupled with a 72-percent
rate of manufacturing capacity utilization, gave credence to
many analysts’ contentions and to survey results of business
intentions that nonfarm expenditures on plant and equip­
ment, essential to the enhancement of long-term growth
prospects, were likely to decline in real terms once again
in 1983.' In addition, the continuing strong showing of the
dollar relative to other currencies weakened U.S. export
competitiveness.
Measures of economic activity are most meaningful when
examined in an historical context. Accordingly, the first part
of this article presents an overview of how the recent sit­
uation compared with that of other recoveries. This is fol­
lowed by a more detailed discussion of the employment and
unemployment situation in early 1983.

Recoveries compared
Table 1 contains information comparing percentage changes
for a variety of economic indicators from the trough of the
seven complete postwar recessions (as designated by the

National Bureau of Economic Research— n b e r ) through the
first 6 months of recovery, with that of the current period.
(For purposes of this analysis, December 1982— the month
that dated the turning point in the labor force data— is used
as the trough. The n b e r subsequently designated a trough
date of November 1982.)
Before examining the data, it is important to understand
some of the limitations and hazards of the approach used
here.2 First, the n b e r reference trough dates do not nec­
essarily correspond to the specific trough of each data series
shown in table 1. Moreover, the difference with which each
series lags behind or leads the n b e r trough date is not always
the same. Thus, it will not necessarily be the case that
apparent dissimilarities in the behavior of any given eco­
nomic indicator across recoveries actually confirm the ex­
istence of differences. Second, the economy is always
changing, and the future is not simply a duplicate of the
past. One expects differences to emerge, some of which
may derive from structural changes which in turn may impair
our ability to evaluate the relative strength or weakness of
a cyclical recovery based on these data. Third, the speed
of a recovery is related, in part, to the depth and duration
of the prior recession. In this context, comparison of the
current recovery with the 1958 and 1975 recovery periods
might be most appropriate because their depth is most sim­
ilar. Keeping these limitations in mind, what do the data
shown in table 1 suggest?
The increases registered in the current recovery for each
employment indicator shown in table 1— civilian, total non­
farm payroll, and manufacturing payroll employment—
compare very favorably with the gains posted in prior pe­
riods.3 For example, the 2-percent increase in manufacturing
payroll jobs, coming off a very deep recession, compares
with gains of less than 1 percent in the first 6 recovery
months following the two other most severe postwar down­

turns— 1973-75 and 1957-58.
In terms of economic indicators, neither real gross na­
tional product ( g n p ) nor industrial production have bounced
back with quite the vigor shown in most prior recoveries,
particularly if one focuses on the 1958 and 1975 periods.
For example, the index of industrial production increased
6.7 percent between December 1982 and May 1983; this
compares with increases of 9.5 percent in the first 6 months
of the 1958 recovery and 9.3 percent in the first 6 months
of the 1975 recovery. However, private housing starts had
advanced more in percentage terms than had been registered
in any of the other postwar recovery periods, while nonresidential fixed investment showed a gain not much dif­
ferent from the past.
With that background, we turn our attention to changes
in employment and unemployment over the first 6 months
of 1983.

Job gains
Table 2 contains information on nonfarm employment
changes by industry between July 1981-December 1982,
and December 1982-June 1983. It should be emphasized
that this table should not be used to determine how much
employment in certain industries has recovered from cycli­
cal declines. This is essentially because structural changes
often occur at the same time. Such changes reflect inter­
national competition, changes in product demand, techno­
logical innovations, and other factors. For example, few
expect automobile employment to return to its early 1979
prerecession peak even with a full and robust cyclical re­
covery.
After declining by 2.8 million over the course of the last
recession to 88.7 million, the number of nonfarm payroll
jobs— as measured by the Bureau of Labor Statistics’ survey
of establishments— advanced by 1.1 million during the first

Table 1. P ercent changes in selected econom ic indicators from postw ar business cycle troughs through the first 6 m onths
of recovery, seasonally adjusted
6-month recovery periods1

Civilian
employment

Nonfarm
payroll
employment

Manufacturing
payroll
employment

Manufacturing
average
weekly
hours

Real gross
national
product2

Industrial
production
index

Nonresidentlal
fixed
investment2

Private
housing
starts3^

Retail
sales4

October 1949 to April 1950 ...................
May 1954 to November 1954 ................
April 1958 to October 1958 ...................
February 1961 to August 1961 ..............
November 1970 to May 1971 ................
March 1975 to September 1975 ..............
July 1980 to January 1981 ......................
December 1982 to June 19835 ..............

2.3
0.7
1.3
0.4
0.6
1.3
1.2
1.7

3.3
0.5
1.2
1.6
1.2
1.0
1.4
1.2

4.7
- 0 .4
0.3
2.2
1.0
0.7
2.1
2.0

1.8
1.5
2.3
2.0
1.0
2.6
3.1
2.8

7.2
3.3
4.9
3.0
3.0
3.5
3.0
2.3

13.9
3.3
9.5
7.9
4.1
9.3
7.9
6.7

10.1
1.5
0.9
2.0
1.6
- 1 .2
3.6
1.4

17.0
22.5
27.6
7.0
24.4
27.3
25.1
39.9

53
4 5
1.6
21
57
5.9
25
3.4

1Dates for business cycle troughs are designated by the National Bureau of Economic
Research (NBER). Subsequent to this analysis, the NBER designated November 1982 as
the trough of the most recent cycle; December 1982 was the low point for many labor
market indicators.
Measured in 1972 dollars at an annual rate. These series are estimated on a quarterly
basis so that the calculations are based on the quarter within which each recovery date
falls.
M easured as an annual rate of housing starts.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

Measured in 1972 dollars.
5The changes in the index of industrial production, private housing starts, and retail
sales refer to the December— May period since that was all that was available at the time
this article was written. The change in nonresidential fixed investment is based on the
last quarter of 1982 and the first quarter of 1983 since further data were not available.
The change in real gross national product uses the Commerce Department's “ flash”
estimate for the second quarter of 1983.

9

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW August 1983 • Employment in the First H alf

T able 2. C hanges in nonfarm payroll em ploym ent for
selected industry categories, seasonally adjusted
[Numbers in thousands]
July 1981 to
December 1982

December 1982 to
June 1983

Industries

Actual
change in
employ­
ment

Percent
change in
employ­
ment

Total ......................................
Total private .................................

-2 ,8 1 9
-2 ,5 7 0

-3 .1
- 3 .4

+ 1,095
+ 1,223

+ 1.2
+ 1.7

Goods-producing .........................
Mining ......................................
C onstruction..............................
M anufacturing...........................
Durable g o o d s ......................
Lumber and wood
products ......................
Furniture and fixtures . . .
Stone, clay, and glass
products ......................

-2 ,6 5 9
-1 2 2
-3 7 2
-2 ,1 6 5
-1 ,6 7 2

-1 0 .3
-1 0 .4
- 8 .9
-1 0 .6
-1 3 .7

+ 453
-4 5
+ 131
+ 367
+ 271

+ 2.0
- 4 .3
+ 3.4
+ 2.0
+ 2.6

-6 5
-4 4

- 9 .6
- 9 .3

+ 65
+ 19

+ 10.6
+ 4.4

-8 8

-1 3 .7

+ 21

+ 3.8

Primary metal products .
Fabricated metal
products ......................
Machinery, except
electrical ......................
Electric and electronic
equipment ...................
Transportation
equipment ...................

-3 1 8

-2 8 .0

+ 16

+ 2.0

-2 4 9

-1 5 .5

+ 26

+ 1.9

-4 5 0

-1 7 .9

-5

- 0 .2

-1 5 1

- 7 .2

+ 60

+ 3.1

-2 2 8

-1 1 .9

+ 65

+ 3.8

-3 8

- 5 .2

-6

- 0 .9

-4 2
-4 9 3

-1 0 .1
-6 .1

+ 10
+ 96

+ 2.7
+ 1.3

-4 6
-2
-1 0 8

- 2 .8
- 2 .8
-1 2 .9

+ 11
+4
+ 18

+ 0.7
- 5 .8
+ 2.5

-1 2 5

- 9 .9

+ 20

+ 1.8

-3 9
-7

- 5 .6
- 0 .6

+4
+ 13

+ 0.6
+ 1.0

-5 3

- 4 .8

-3

- 0 .3

-1 7

- 7 .9

-1

- 0 .5

-63

- 8 .4

+ 36

+ 5.3

-3 3
-1 6 0

-1 3 .4
- 0 .2

+2
+ 642

+ 0.9
+ 1.0

-1 7 4
-1 8 2
-1 8 8

- 3 .4
- 3 .4
- 1 .2

-1 1
+ 13
+ 188

- 0 .2
+ 0.3
+ 1.2

+ 57
+ 576
-2 4 9
-2 8
-2 2 1

+ 1.2
+ 3.1
- 1 .6
- 1 .0
-1 .7

+ 84
+ 496
-1 2 8
-2
-1 2 6

+ 1.6
+ 2.6
- 0 .8
-0 .1
- 1 .0

Instruments and related
products ......................
Miscellaneous
m anufacturing..............
Nondurable goods ..............
Food and kindred
products ......................
Tobacco manufacturers . .
Textile mill products . . .
Apparel and other textile
products ......................
Paper and allied
products ......................
Printing and publishing. . .
Chemicals and allied
products ......................
Petroleum and coal
products ......................
Rubber and misc.
plastics products . . . .
Leather and leather
products ......................
Service-producing.........................
Transportation and public
u tilitie s ....................................
Wholesale trade ......................
Retail trade ..............................
Finance, insurance, and real
estate ....................................
Services ....................................
G overn m e nt..............................
Federal government ...........
State and local government

Actual
change in
employ­
ment

Percent
change in
employ­
ment

half of 1983. Of equal interest is the fact that employment
gains were fairly widespread. For example, of the 186 in­
dustries which comprise the b l s diffusion index, fully 67
percent registered over-the-month job increases in June 1983,
compared with only 32 percent in November 1982. More­
over, three-quarters of the industries had registered increases
since December 1982.
Jobs in the service-producing sector, which had declined
by 160,000 during the recession, increased by 649,000 in
the first half of 1983. This overall figure masks some im­
10


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

portant differences among industry divisions within this sec­
tor. Not surprisingly, most of the job growth occurred in
the services industry (495,000), which had grown during
the recession as well. Two industries which had posted
recession declines in employment— transportation and pub­
lic utilities and wholesale trade— showed essentially no job
increases between December 1982 and June 1983. Perhaps
more important is the behavior of government employment,
particularly at the State and local level. In all prior 6-month
recovery periods, State and local government had posted
fairly strong employment gains. This is the precise opposite
of the current situation. Between December 1982 and June
1983, jobs in State and local governments actually declined.
While, in part, the lack of growth is certainly reflective of
the aging of the postwar baby-boom generation and the
consequent lessened demand for teachers and other school
personnel, it also reflects fiscal problems at the State and
local levels.4
The goods-producing sector, which accounted for almost
all of the July 1981-December 1982 recession cutbacks,
posted a December 1982-June 1983 increase of 450,000
jobs, or about 17 percent of the total lost during the reces­
sion. Most cyclically sensitive industries, particularly con­
struction and those in durable goods manufacturing, showed
improvement during the first half of 1983. Employment in
construction, which had been devastated by the prolonged
housing slump of 1981-82, increased by 130,000. Consis­
tent with this improvement, the unemployment rate among
construction workers declined from 22 percent to 18.1 per­
cent between December 1982 and June 1983. While hov­
ering around or just below the 1-million mark throughout
much of 1981 and 1982, new housing starts increased to
1.7 million (at an annual rate) in the second quarter of 1983,
well above the level of the previous year. A major uncer­
tainty for the future, however, remains the behavior of in­
terest rates, home mortgage rates in particular.
Jobs in manufacturing, which bore the brunt of the reces­
sion with declines totaling 2.2 million, increased by 365,000
in the first half of 1983. Most of the gains occurred in durable
goods manufacturing. Particularly noteworthy increases oc­
curred in lumber and wood products (showing its links to
the housing recovery), electrical equipment, and transpor­
tation equipment, especially automobiles. Automobile in­
dustry employment increased by about 115,000 (seasonally
adjusted) between its November 1982 low point and June
1983. This gain reflected a combination of factors.
First, car production was up from an annual rate of about
6 million units at the end of 1982 to around 7 million units
in the second quarter of 1983. Second, there had been a
slight increase in the production share (and sales share) of
the larger, more accessorized cars which have somewhat
higher employment requirements relative to the smaller au­
tomobiles. Third and last, domestic car sales, at an annual
rate of just over 7 million in June, were up from the latter
part of 1982, in part stemming from a variety of incentive

programs. The latter, however, produced some uncertainty
concerning the future, as such campaigns often result in
“ buying sales from the future.” This suggests that the em­
ployment level can only be maintained if real economic
growth is strong enough to take up the slack from the sales
decline that normally occurs when incentive campaigns are
discontinued.
Employment in stone, clay, and glass products, and pri­
mary and fabricated metals also showed improvement. The
machinery industry, however, showed virtually no job in­
crease in the first half of 1983 (after the effects of a strike
were factored out); a significant turnaround in business in­
vestment in equipment will be required before this industry
recovers much. Moreover, mining employment was down
45,000 from December 1982.
Concomitant with the overall improvement in the number
of jobs has been some reduction in unemployment. The
following tabulation shows the unemployment rates for se­
lected industry categories, seasonally adjusted.

M ining

....................................................

C o n stru c tio n
M an u fac tu rin g

T o ta l

w ork

U s u a lly w o r k

f u l l tim e

p a r t tim e

T o ta l

1981
III ............. . . .
I V ............. . . .

4 ,4 9 7

1,731

2 ,7 6 6

1 2 ,498

5,0 9 3

2,0 1 9

3 ,0 7 4

1 2 .394

1 2,313

1982
I

............... . . .
I I ............... . . .
Ill ............. . . .
I V ............. . . .

5 ,3 8 9

2 .0 5 0

3 ,339

5.681

2,1 7 3

3,5 0 8

12.579

5 ,9 6 4

2,2 2 2

3 ,7 4 2

1 2,612

6 ,413

2 ,254

4 .1 5 9

12.372

June

1983

1982

1983

I

............... . . .

6 ,5 1 0

2 ,0 7 5

4.5 3 5

12,208

I I ............... . . .

5 ,9 1 3

1,753

4 .1 6 0

1 2 ,154

.......................................

1 5 .2

2 2 .0

18.1

...................................

7 .4

14 .8

1 1 .5

D urable go o d s

..............................

7 .2

17.1

1 2 .2

P rim ary m etals

...........................

7 .9

2 8 .6

1 9 .4

......................

8.3

1 8 .9

1 3 .9

M a c h i n e r y ........................................

5 .3

14.1

1 3 .5

...............

6.1

1 2 .7

10.1

.................

1 2 .7

2 3 .0

1 3 .3

With the exception of mining, all industries showed some
degree of improvement from December 1982, although none
were down to prerecession levels (July 1981). (The auto
industry, in particular, has been struggling since early 1979,
so the limitation of comparisons to the present recession is
quite misleading; indeed, unemployment among auto work­
ers was last below 10 percent in July 1979.) The extent to
which these changes reflected employer recalls, rather than
the unemployed finding a job in another industry or dropping
out of the labor force, cannot be answered with these data.
However, the increase in manufacturing and construction
jobs does suggest that recalls were an important reason for
the better unemployment situation.

Other recovery indicators
The workweek. In recessions, employers not only lay off
workers and cut back on hiring, but they also reduce hours
worked, including overtime, among many of those who
remain on the job. Between July 1981 and December 1982,
the manufacturing workweek dropped from 39.9 to 39.0
hours. During the course of a recovery, conversely, em­
ployers tend to restore hours worked before recalling those
on layoff or hiring new workers.5 In fact, the factory work­
week, at 40.1 hours in June 1983, was just over 1 hour
above the December 1982 level. If job market prospects


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

U s u a lly

D ec.

1 8 .2

A u to m an u factu rin g

p a r t- tim e r s

J u ly

18.1

E le c tric a l e q u ip m e n t

V o lu n ta r y
I n v o lu n ta r y p a r t - t i m e r s

1981
5 .9

F ab ricated m etals

were brightening, then we should also expect that the num­
ber of workers on part-time schedules for economic reasons,
such as slack work, would be declining. The following
tabulation shows the number of nonagricultural workers at
work part time (seasonally adjusted quarterly averages in
thousands).

The number of persons involuntarily working part time
fell by 600,000 in the second quarter of 1983 after increasing
steadily from the middle of 1981 to a peak of 6.5 million
in the first quarter of 1983. About 55 percent of this decline
was accounted for by persons who normally work a full­
time schedule (35 hours per week or more).
Job losers, leavers, and entrants. Over the course of a
business cycle, the reason that people experience unem­
ployment tends to change. During a recession, the number
of job losers— those on layoff expecting recall and those
permanently separated from their jobs— increases mark­
edly, while the number of voluntary terminations to look
for new jobs tends to edge down. In periods of expansion
and recovery, the opposite trends are evident. Table 3 con­
tains information on the number of unemployed persons by
reason.
The number of persons on layoff increased steadily through
the end of 1982; layoffs, which were only 16.5 percent of
the unemployed in the third quarter of 1981, rose to 21
percent by the fourth quarter of 1982. Throughout the first
half of 1983, there was a continual decline in the number
of persons on layoff. However, other job losers, those per­
manently separated from their jobs, showed very little im­
provement from the last quarter of 1982, although their
numbers had ceased to increase.
Duration o f unemployment. Large increases in the number
of newly unemployed persons— those who at the time of
the survey report less than 5 weeks of unemployed job
search— always occur during a recession. The result is an
initial decrease in the average duration of unemployment.
11

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW August 1983 • Employment in the First Half
As the recession runs its course, the duration of unemploy­
ment begins to increase as individuals have a more difficult
time finding jobs. In a recovery period, the new flows into
unemployment begin to taper off, in part because employers
are laying off fewer workers. As a result, despite shrinking
in the aggregate, the pool of unemployed persons becomes
disproportionately composed of those who have been un­
employed for a long time, and thus the average duration
continues to rise for a period of time.
From table 3 it can be seen that the number of persons
entering unemployment (less than 5 weeks duration) in­
creased almost continuously throughout the recession to a
peak of almost 4 million in the fourth quarter of 1982. Since
then, short-term joblessness has declined by about 400,000,
though virtually all of it occurred in the first quarter. In
addition, the number of persons jobless for 5 to 14 weeks
also dipped over this time period.
Consistent with past recoveries, the two measures of du­
ration— the mean and the median— continued to increase
in 1983, despite the modest improvement in the labor mar­
ket. The mean duration rose from 14.0 weeks in the third
quarter of 1981 to 20.5 weeks in the second quarter of 1983,
while the median increased from 6.9 to 11.8 weeks over
the same period. Moreover, the number of persons unem­
ployed for 6 months or more continued to increase, reaching
2.8 million in the second quarter of 1983.
Discouraged workers. Another useful indicator of the state
of the labor market is the movement in the number of persons
who want jobs but are not looking because they believe no
work is available— so-called discouraged workers. Like un­
employment, this series registers increases in bad times and
decreases as economic expansion gets underway. The fol­
lowing tabulation shows the number of discouraged workers
for selected quarters (seasonally adjusted, in thousands) over
the most recent 2-year period.
W om en

W h ite

B la c k

T o ta l

M en

1.108
1,1 91

389

718

747

326

439

751

800

339

only 43 percent of the labor force. The black share of dis­
couraged workers was even more disproportionate— 24 per­
cent, versus only 11 percent of the labor force.

Worker groups
Because the primary purpose of this article has been to
examine certain key cyclical indicators, not much has been
said about the specific groups that make up the work force.
This section briefly presents such information.
Employment. Employment, as measured by the monthly
Current Population Survey of households, increased by
840,000 between the first and second quarters of 1983. After
bottoming out at 99.1 million in the first quarter, civilian
employment stood at 99.9 million by the second quarter.
This was still more than 800,000 below the prerecession
peak of the second quarter of 1981. The number of employed
adult men, which had dropped substantially during the reces­
sion, increased by 570,000 but was still about 700,000 below
prerecession levels. Employment among adult women was
up 325,000 between the first and second quarters of 1983.
Teenage employment, on the other hand, continued to de­
cline in 1983 (it has declined since early 1980) as both their
population and proportion in the labor force dropped. Among
other major worker groups, both white workers and workers
of Hispanic origin posted gains. Employment among black
workers, who continue to be the most severely affected
population in the labor market, was, however, little changed.
The employment-civilian population ratio, a measure of
the proportion of the population that is employed, is another
illuminating measure of labor market performance. This
ratio is sensitive to both employment and population changes
and is a useful barometer of the economy’s ability to provide
jobs for the (usually) growing population. Table 4 contains
information for various worker groups.
The overall employment ratio declined throughout the
recession and into the first quarter of 1983— from 59 to

1981
III

...............

IV

...............

Table 3. R eason for, and duration of unem ploym ent,
quarterly averages 1 9 8 1 -8 3 , seasonally adjusted
[Numbers in thousands]

1982
1 ....................

1,3 31

509
577

822

875

911

995

455
449

11 .................

1,487

I ll
IV

...............
...............

1,638

595

1,043

1.072

502

1,849

690

1 ,159

1,247

529

1983
1 ....................

1,764

707

1,057

1,193

543

II

1.709

693

1,016

1,2 61

409

.................

The number of discouraged workers increased throughout
1981 and 1982 before declining by 140,000 between the
end of 1982 and the second quarter of 1983. Women and
blacks continue to be overrepresented among the discour­
aged. Women were about 60 percent of the discouraged
total in the second quarter of 1983, whereas they comprise
12


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

1981

Reason and duration

Reason
Lost last j o b ......................
On layoff ......................
Other job lo s e rs ...........
Left last job ......................
Reentered labor force . . .
Seeking first job ..............
Duration
Less than 5 w e e k s ...........
5 to 14 w e e ks...................
15 weeks and over . . . .
15 to 26 weeks ...........
27 weeks and over . . .
Mean (average) duration,
in weeks ......................
Median duration,
in weeks ......................

1982

1983

III

IV

1

II

III

IV

I

II

4,171
1,330
2,841
920
2,047
944

4,859
1,770
3,089
937
2,255
1,015

5,372
1,829
3,543
890
2,222
1,071

6,003
2,007
3,996
864
2,371
1,115

6,583
2,323
4,260
806
2,452
1,279

7,330
2,506
4,824
808
2,499
1,276

6,779
2,033
4,745
863
2,513
1,163

6,676
1,904
4,772
799
2,426
1,312

3,391
2,469
2,205
1,093
1,112

3,852
2,851
2,352
1,204
1,149

3,823
3,082
2,705
1,431
1,274

3,802
3,311
3,288
1,633
1,655

3,965
3,381
3,687
1,806
1,881

3,971
3,507
4,474
2,089
2,385

3,569
3,191
4,622
1,911
2,712

3,574
3,016
4,488
1,677
2,810

14.0

13.2

13.8

15.2

16.1

17.5

19.2

20.5

6.9

6.8

7.5

8.9

8.7

9.9

10.5

11.8

Table 4. E m ploym ent-civilian population ratios and
unem ploym ent rates for selected w orker groups, quarterly
averages 1 9 8 1 -8 3 , seasonally adjusted
1983

1982

1981
Selected categories

III

IV

1

II

III

IV

I

II

Total, 16 years and o v e r ...........
Both sexes, 16 to 19 years . . .
Men, 20 years and o v e r ...........
Women, 20 years and over . . .
White workers ...........................
Black w o rk e rs ..............................

59.0
44.4
74.1
48.5
60.0
50.9

58.5
43.0
73.2
48.6
59.5
50.7

58.1
42.3
72.5
48.4
59.1
50.2

58.0
41.8
72.2
48.4
59.0
49.5

57.7
41.0
71.6
48.6
58.8
49.4

57.3
41.0
71.0
48.2
58.3
48.8

57.1
40.9
70.5
48.2
58.1
49.1

57.4
40.9
71.0
48.4
58.5
49.1

Hispanic workers ......................
Women who maintain families . .
Married women, spouse
present ...........................
Married men, spouse present. . .

57.0 56.8 56.6 55.6 53.7 53.6 53.7 54.9
53.2 53.9 53.9 53.1 53.9 52.6 52.0 51.1

Employment-civilian population
ratios:

47.4 47.3 47.2 47.5 47.5 47.2 47.5 47.8
76.9 76.2 75.7 75.2 74.5 73.9 73.6 73.9

Unemployment rates:
Total, 16 years and o v e r...........
Both sexes, 16 to 19 years . . .
Men, 20 years and o v e r ...........
Women, 20 years and over . . .
White workers ...........................
Black w o rke rs..............................

7.4 8.3 8.8 9.4 10.0 10.7 10.3 10.1
19.1 21.2 21.9 22.7 23.9 24.3 22.8 23.3
6.1 7.1 7.8 8.4 9.1 10.0 9.7 9.4
6.8 7.2 7.6 8.2 8.4 9.0 8.9 8.5
6.4 7.3 7.7 8.3 8.8 9 5 9.1 8.8
15.8 16.9 17.4 18.6 19.3 20.4 20.1 20.7

Hispanic workers ......................
Women who maintain families . .
Married women, spouse
present ...........................
Married men, spouse present. . .
Full-time workers ......................
Part-time workers ......................

9.8 11.1 12.4 13.3 14.4 15.2 15.9 14.1
10.7 10.6 10.6 11.8 12.0 12.3 13.2 13.0
5.8
4.1
7.1
9.5

6.4 6.7 7.3 7.4 8.1 7.6 7.5
5.1 5.4 6.2 6.9 7.6 7.1 6.9
8.0 8.6 9.3 9.8 10.6 10.3 9.9
9.6 10.0 10.4 10.7 10.9 10.4 11.3

5 7 .1 percent. By the second quarter of 1983, the ratio had
increased slightly to 57.4 percent.
The overall ratio, however, masks several significant dif­
ferences between groups of workers. Among teenagers, the
ratio fell from 44.4 percent in the third quarter of 1981 to
40.9 percent in the second quarter of 1983, as declines in
employment greatly exceeded those in the size of their pop­
ulation. The ratio for adult men declined more than 3 per­
centage points during the course of the recession to a low
of 70.5 percent in the first 3 months of 1983. By the second
quarter of 1983, their ratio had risen to 71.0 percent. In
contrast, the ratio for adult women was just slightly reduced
in the recession. The contrasting picture between men and
women is largely attributable to the nature of their industrial
and occupational attachment; the cyclically sensitive sectors
of the economy still employ men disproportionately.
Among white, black, and Hispanic workers, the ratio fell
substantially during the recession. Since bottoming out at
5 8 .1 percent in the first quarter of 1983, the ratio for white
workers had edged up to 58.5 percent by the middle of
1983. The employment ratio of black workers inched up
from 48.8 percent at the end of 1982 to 49.1 percent, with
the entire gain posted in the first quarter of 1983. In contrast
to these modest increases, the ratio for Hispanic workers
was up 1.3 percentage points from the low point reached
in the last quarter of 1982 to the second quarter of 1983.
The ratio for married men, as expected, showed a high
degree of cyclical sensitivity, whereas that for married women
changed little and, by the second quarter of 1983, was


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

actually slightly above the level posted for the middle of
1981. (This modest increase was, however, well below the
long-term trend, which means that, while employment growth
in the last recession almost matched population growth, in
nonrecession periods employment has increased faster than
the population of married women.) Among women who
maintain families, the employment-population ratio changed
little until the end of 1982. Since then, the ratio declined
from 52.6 to 51.1 percent, as the number of employed
women who maintain families declined in the first half of
1983 while their population was little changed.
Unemployment. The unemployment situation had improved
by mid-1983, though the rate remained very high by his­
torical standards. After reaching a postwar high of 10.8
percent in December 1982, the unemployment rate (civilian
basis) was down to 10 percent in June 1983. While most
worker groups experienced some improvement, there were
a few notable exceptions. In particular, the rate for black
workers, at 20.7 percent in the second quarter of 1983, had
increased almost continuously since early 1981. In addition,
the rate among women who maintain families, at 13 percent,
was slightly above the rate registered at the end of 1982.

Labor force growth
Growth in the labor force has slowed somewhat in recent
years, in part, because of the smaller number of persons
reaching labor force age, the performance of the economy,
and a slowdown in the rate of increase in labor force par­
ticipation among women. At 111.2 million in the second
quarter of 1983, the labor force had grown 1.1 million over
the year. This compares with increases of 1.3 and 2.1 mil­
lion over the previous 2 years. The following tabulation
provides information (not seasonally adjusted) on the labor
force levels (in thousands) and participation rates (the pro­
portion of the civilian population either employed or un­
employed) for the second quarters of 1982 and 1983 for
teenagers and adults.
S e c o n d q u a r te r 1 9 8 2

S e c o n d q u a r te r 1 9 8 3

Labor

P a r tic ip a tio n

Labor

P a r tic ip a tio n

fo r c e

r a te

fo r c e

r a te
6 3 .9
5 4 .4

6 4 .0

1 1 1 ,1 8 9

T eenagers . . . .
A d u lt w o m e n ..

8 ,7 0 9
4 3 ,4 0 7

5 5 .0
5 2 .5

8 ,3 4 3
4 4 ,1 8 4

5 2 .7

A d u l t m e n ___

5 7 ,9 8 3

7 8 .9

5 8 ,6 6 2

78.5

T o t a l ......................... 1 1 0 , 0 9 9

The number of adult women and men in the labor force
each rose over the year, although the increase for women—
780,000— was below those of previous years. The teenage
labor force decline was due to declines in both their partic­
ipation rate and population.
B y m i d y e a r , unemployment had inched down, and em­
ployment had shown considerable growth. How strong and
durable the recovery will be remains to be seen.
□

13

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW August 1983 • Employment in the First Half
■FOOTNOTES
1See Congressional Budget Office, The Outlook fo r Economic Recovery
(U .S. Governm ent Printing Office, 1983). According to the Commerce
D epartm ent’s latest survey, business capital outlays in 1983 will average
3.1 percent less than in 1982, after adjustment for inflation. However, as
the year progresses outlays are expected to pick up. See Eileen Alt Powell,
“ Plant and Equipment Outlays to Pick Up, U.S. Says, but 1983 Total
Will Fall 3 .1 % ,” The Wall Street Journal, June 10, 1983, p. 3.
2 For an excellent treatment of economic indicators, see Geoffrey Moore
and Julius Shiskin, Indicators o f Business Expansions and Contractions
(New York, National Bureau of Economic Research, 1967).
3 Statistics on payroll em ploym ent and hours are collected by State agen­

14

https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

cies from payroll records of employers and are tabulated by the Bureau of
Labor Statistics. Data on labor force, total em ploym ent, and unemployment
are derived from the sample survey of households conducted and tabulated
by the Bureau of the Census for the Bureau of Labor Statistics. A de­
scription of the two surveys appears in Employment and Earnings, Bureau
of Labor Statistics, monthly.
4 Data Resources, Inc., Review of the U.S. Economy, May 1983, pp.
1 .58-1.60.
5 Philip L. Rones, “ Response to recession: reduce hours or jobs?" Monthly

Labor Review, October 1981. pp. 3 -1 1 .

Labor force activity of women
During the past 20 years, women in ohcd countries have been making
the major occupational change from work in the home to work in the labor
market. An effect of the recession has been to slow down their labor force
growth. Nevertheless, in those sectors of the economy where the demand
for labor remained strong, employment of women actually expanded. The
aggregate data presented in this study demonstrated that the female rate
of participation is still rising and it is therefore expected that, as the
economies of the oecd countries begin to expand during the post-reces­
sionary period, there will be a renewed surge of women into the labor
market. This prediction of a continued increase in participation rates is
also justified by the changing structure of labor supply in some countries.
The prediction of a continued increase in women’s labor force partici­
pation is probably also supported by the changing structure of labor supply
in some countries. The tendency towards smaller families and the growing
acceptance of working wives are factors which will contribute to the con­
tinuing increase in the participation of married women. In some countries
there has been an increasing number of single-parent families headed by
women who have very high levels of labor force participation rates. If this
trend continues it will affect the structure of labor supply. In addition, in
many countries there are a great number of social and labor market gov­
ernmental policies which will influence women's participation in the labor
market. Government policy in the area of child care and early education,
access to educational and training opportunities and the implementation of
equal employment opportunity policy will in time change the labor market
behavior of women. The expected future upward trend in the supply of
female labor will therefore be a dominant influence on the structural labor
market situation in many countries in the years ahead.
— A lice H. A msden . ed.

The Economics of Women and Work
(New York, St. Martin's Press, 1980),
pp. 384-85.

Job-creating performance
of employee-owned firms
Data from a recent survey suggest that
companies can use employee ownership
to improve economic performance and equity;
employee-owned firms create jobs three times
faster than their conventional counterparts
Corey Rosen and Katherine Klein

Contrary to popular belief, employee buyouts of troubled
companies actually represent only a small percentage of all
employee-owned companies— most employee ownership
plans are set up in profitable ongoing companies. Further,
employee-owned firms have an impressive record of job
creation, with an average annual employment gain three
times that of comparable conventional firms. Most of the
plans provide for substantial employee control over com­
pany policy, giving employees full voting rights on their
shares. The average employee-owned firm has 630 em­
ployees; all industries are represented, although there is
some concentration in both durable and nondurable goods
manufacturing.
These are conclusions from a recent survey conducted by
the National Center for Employee Ownership. Although
they are preliminary and must be regarded cautiously, they
seem to support the contention that employee ownership can
be a mechanism to improve business performance and eco­
nomic equity.1

Survey techniques
Because the current interest in employee ownership only
dates back to the mid-1970’s, there have been few methCorey Rosen is executive director, and Katherine Klein is research director
of the National Center for Employee Ownership, 1611 S. W alter Reed
Drive, Arlington, Va. 22204.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

odologically sound evaluations of such plans. In particular,
there have been no studies focusing only on firms in which
a majority of the workers own a majority of the business
(majority employee-owned firms). Many advocates view
this type of firm as the most theoretically interesting and
desirable. If employee ownership is to work at all it should
be especially effective in these companies. Moreover, the
notion of an employee-owned company presents an intri­
guing alternative both to the traditional capitalist and so­
cialist models of economic organization.
As part of a 3-year project to evaluate the dynamics of
employee-owned companies, the National Center for Em­
ployee Ownership conducted a special survey of the struc­
tural characteristics and job-creation performance of majority
employee-owned companies.
The center surveyed 130 such firms with 10 or more
employees in 1977 and each subsequent year to 1982. We
chose the companies from newspaper, by word-of-mouth,
and from other research. As a result of this compiling tech­
nique, we ended up with a disproportionate number of em­
ployee buyouts of failing companies (as the drama of buyouts
attracts media attention). We do not believe, however, that
there are other major sampling biases.
The survey was performed between October 1982 and
January 1983. Of the 130 firms identified, eight were too
new for meaningful responses (other than certain structural
characteristics), eight had gone out of business, four had
15

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW August 1983 • Employee-Owned Firms
been sold to another firm, and two were no longer majority
employee owned, reducing the usable universe to 108 firms.
Sixty-three of these firms answered the survey, with 43
providing usable employment data. We also acquired in­
formation by telephone on the structural characteristics only
of 35 additional companies. The 43 firms supplying em­
ployment data were basically similar to the 98 (63 respon­
dents plus 35 from a telephone survey) for which we have
structural information, except that buyouts were overrepre­
sented among them (30.2 percent, compared with 18.5 per­
cent). However, we have controlled for this factor in our
analysis.
To analyze the employment data, we looked at the annual
average percentage change in full-time employment in the
43 firms providing such data from the time the plan was
established until the present (1982). If a company’s plan
pre-dated 1973, however, we used that date as a base. (This
decision contributed to a conservative bias, of course, be­
cause the hypothesis is that the establishment of the plan
will spur employment increases.) Eight of the 43 companies
providing written employment data fell into this category.
We then took the average annual employment percent change
and compared it to the annual average employment percent
change for the basic economic sector to which the company
belongs. (Eight broad sectors were used.) The difference
between the two figures was noted for each company. The
sums of these differences for the 43 firms and for various
sub-categories formed the basis for the evaluation.
Companies that started as employee-owned firms after
1973, or companies that closed were not used in the analysis.
Total employment gains and losses from startup and closings
were noted separately, however.

How the plans work
There have been periodic waves of interest in employee
ownership over the past 10 years, but only in the last decade
did the idea achieve the potential to become a significant
part of the way companies do business. In large part, this
new interest stems from a series of tax incentives created
for the most popular plan— e s o p (Employee Stock Own­
ership Plan). At the same time, growing interest in creating
a more participatory and productive workplace has spurred
many companies to consider extending ownership to em­
ployees. In some cases, employee ownership has been used
to save jobs in companies that might otherwise close; the
employees either buy out the company or trade wages for
stock. Also, a number of worker cooperatives were formed
out of the “ alternative lifestyle’’ movement of the late 1960’s
and 1970’s.
In an e s o p , a company sets up a trust and contributes
stock or cash to buy stock to it. The trust allocates the stock
to the accounts of individual employees, either on the basis
of relative compensation or some more egalitarian approach.
Employees acquire vested rights to these allocated amounts

ESOPs.

16


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

over time, but usually must become 100 percent vested
within 10 years. Generally, all full-time employees with 1
year of service are eligible to participate in the e s o p , al­
though members of collective bargaining units can be ex­
cluded, provided they have the right to bargain to be included.
Companies receive tax deductions (or in some cases, tax
credits) for their contributions. The most common e s o p is
simply one in which an ongoing firm contributes varying
amounts of stock to make employees at least partial owners.
ESOPs have a number of other uses as well:
• Unlike other employee benefit plans, ESOPs can be used
to borrow money. In this approach, the e s o p borrows
funds and purchases new issues of company stock,
which the company uses to acquire assets. The com­
pany then makes tax-deductible contributions to the
e s o p to enable it to repay the loan. In effect, this means
the company is deducting the principal and interest
portions of the loan, not just the interest, from its tax­
able income.
• Employees can set up a shell corporation, which in turn
sets up an e s o p , which then borrows funds to buy the
assets of a company which might otherwise close. In
some cases, employees may take wage reductions in
order to help assure that the new company can repay
the loans, but rarely do employees directly purchase
stock.
• ESOPs can be used to transfer stock in closely-held com­
panies. In this situation, the business’ owner has the
firm contribute cash to the e s o p trust, or has the trust
borrow the money. The trust uses these tax-deductible
contributions to purchase the owner’s shares at fair
market value. The owner need only pay capital gains
tax on the transaction, and the employees acquire the
firm without putting up their own money.2
There were at least 5,000 companies with ESOPs in 1982,
with the typical e s o p owning 15 to 35 percent of the com­
pany’s stock (this percentage is growing, as ESOPs acquire
more stock over time).3 At least 10 percent of these com­
panies had a majority of their stock owned by the em­
ployees.4
Cooperatives. In a cooperative, each member owns one
voting share, but may own any number of nonvoting shares.
Only workers can be members, although cooperatives may
hire nonmember workers. Cooperative members usually make
a financial contribution to join the firm, and share in the
company’s profits. Net earnings returned to members are
nontaxable to the corporation. Many cooperatives were formed
as “ alternative businesses,’’ but an increasing number are
now found in more conventional endeavors.5
Others. A diminishing number of companies provide for
ownership through direct purchase plans in which all em­
ployees participate (sometimes stock is offered at reduced

prices), or through some idiosyncratic mechanism (for in­
stance, the owner simply gives the stock to employees).
However, these approaches have lost popularity since the
development of the eso p .

Characteristics of respondent
The law regarding ESOPs requires that all publicly traded
companies provide full voting rights to participants on their
allocated shares. Only one of the 98 firms was publicly
traded (that is not surprising because majority employee
ownership restricts the market for shares). Privately held
firms must pass through voting rights only on limited issues.
In our sample, however, 16 of the 54 esops provided voting
rights on all issues involving allocated shares; another eight
provided voting rights either on vested shares or on a broader
range of issues than those legally required. This is interesting
in light of a common perception that esops are rarely dem­
ocratically structured (that is, provide full voting rights).
Although many of the esops in the sample were not dem­
ocratically structured, the significant number that were sug­
gest that the esop mechanism can be easily adapted to
democratic issues.
Companies were asked to indicate why they set up their
ownership plan. Of the 92 responses, 17(18.5 percent) were
buyouts of companies that would have otherwise closed, 27
(29.3 percent) were set up to transfer ownership from a
retiring owner in an ongoing business to the firm’s em­
ployees, 9 (9.8 percent) were divestitures of profitable sub­
sidiaries of conglomerates to their employees, 23 (25 percent)
were gradual transfers of ownership in ongoing companies,
and 16 (17.3 percent) started as employee owned. Because
it was easier to identify buyout cases, we believe the actual
percentage of buyouts is overstated.
These results clearly indicate that employee ownership is
not primarily a response to plant closings. They also suggest
that a number of companies become employee owned as a
business strategy. In fact, if “ startups” and “ gradual trans­
fers” are combined, almost half the firms are accounted
for. The use of esops to arrange for business continuity in
independently held companies is a major cause for almost
a third of the firms becoming employee owned.
These results suggest that esops are the most popular
vehicles for creating majority employee-owned companies,
although almost a third of the firms are worker cooperatives.
The cooperatives are smaller, however, employing only 10.1
percent of the total employees in the sample, while esop
companies employ 76 percent.

Job growth— democratic vs nondemocratic firms
Data for the 43 firms providing employment information
strongly indicate that employee-owned companies grow at
a much faster rate than all companies in their economic
sector. Overall, employee-owned companies averaged an
annual employment growth rate 2.78 percent higher than
that of comparable conventional firms. Over a 10-year pe­


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

riod, this would mean 31 percent more jobs. To derive this
figure, employment growth for individual companies whose
plans were started at different times was compared with
employment growth in their sector for the same time period;
therefore, it is not possible to compare employment growth
in employee-owned and conventional companies for a par­
ticular year. However, the average annual employment in­
crease for the sectors studied was 1.14 percent between 1977
and 1982. A comparable figure cannot be obtained for the
employee-owned companies because plans started at dif­
ferent times. But, the fact that employment growth was 2.78
percent higher per year in employee-owned companies sug­
gests that such firms were growing about three times as fast
as conventional firms (about 3.92 to 1.14 percent per year).
The reasons for this growth are, of course, speculative.
Previous studies of employee-owned companies have in­
dicated that such companies are more profitable and pro­
ductive than conventional firms. A 1978 study found that
companies with employee ownership plans were 1.5 times
as profitable as comparable conventional firms, and that the
ratio increased with the percentage of equity the employees
owned.6 A 1980 study reported that esop companies had
an average annual productivity growth rate 1.52 percent
higher than comparable non-ESOP firms.7 Both of these stud­
ies were exploratory, however, and there are no other meth­
odologically sound studies, other than a few case studies,
on which to base conclusions about profits and productivity.
Still, in the absence of a better explanation, these studies
suggest a very plausible explanation for the job-creation
success of employee-owned firms.

We also evaluated the employment consequence of
startups and shutdowns. Three new companies were created
after 1973, and another was started in 1969, but was so
small in 1973 that it practically amounted to a startup. Hence,
we did not include it in this analysis because its employment
growth was so spectacular that the results would have been
biased. These four new firms created approximately 4,000
new jobs (3,600 in the one. company). Eight companies
closed during the 1977-82 study period, eliminating ap­
proximately 1,000 jobs. (In some cases, we had to estimate
the number of jobs the companies had at their peak em­
ployment.) These numbers suggest that startups and closings
would not cause a downward revision of the employment
for the 43 firms.
The job-creation results are interesting in light of what
may be some conservative biases in the methodology. First,
the two smallest firms in the sample had 12 and 20 em­
ployees, respectively. Some studies have indicated that in­
dependent firms with fewer than 20 employees generate 51
percent of the net new jobs.8 While this conclusion has been
recently challenged, researchers agree that smaller firms are
somewhat more prolific at creating jobs. Of the 43 firms
providing employment data for this study, only 7 had fewer
than 50 employees; 13 had fewer than 100; and 33, fewer
than 500. The average number of employees per firm was
17

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW August 1983 • Employee-Owned Firms
630. This indicates that there was some bias in the sample
towards medium-sized companies— companies that proba­
bly are less likely to create jobs than smaller firms.
There are also some theoretical reasons to believe that
there will be pressure in employee-owned companies to
underconsume labor.9 Employee-owners benefit from not
slicing up the pie into more pieces and, thus, should prefer
to work longer or harder, or invest more in machinery, rather
than hire new workers. This should be especially true in
companies employees actually control. Again this would
push the employment numbers downward.
The relatively small number of responding companies
makes further elaboration of the data hazardous, but with
this caveat in mind we can look at the relative performance
of different categories of employee-owned companies. Keep
in mind that the numbers reported represent the difference
between employment growth in employee-owned compa­
nies and employment growth for all firms in the parent
sector. Table 1 provides a summary of the differences, by
selected characteristics.
Several things are striking about the data. First, demo­
cratic firms create relatively fewer jobs than do nondemocratic firms, although they are still growing considerably
faster than comparable conventional firms. This difference
probably also accounts for the difference between ESOPs and
cooperatives, as just over half of the ESOPs are nondemocratic, while all cooperatives are, by definition, democratic.
The difference between democratic and nondemocratic
firms can probably be explained by the argument made
earlier that workers in employee-owned companies will seek

Table 1. Difference in annual average em ploym ent grow th
rate of em ployee-ow ned firm s versus all firm s in the
parent sector, by selected characteristics
Characteristic

Number of
firms with
employee
ownership
plans

Growth rate difference,
employee-owned firms
versus all firms in parent
sector (in percent)

Sector
Durable goods ...........................
Nondurable g o o d s .....................
Other ...........................................

11
16
16

4.58
2.45
.19

Plan type:
ESOP ...........................................
Cooperative ................................
Other ........................................

27
11
5

3.75
.20
1.80

Reason for plan:1
Buyout5 ......................................
Philosophical or incentive . . . .

13
20

1.46
3.87

Voting provision:3
Democratic firms .....................
Democratic esops 4 ..................
Nondemocratic firms ................
Nondemocratic esops 4 . . .

20
13
14
14

1.05
-2 .0 0
4.10
4.10

These do not add to 43 because for the “ other” category, the reasons were too
diverse to make the category useful.
Employee purchases of companies that would otherwise close.
3Do not add to 43 because nine firms had partially democratic plans too diverse to
allow for meaningful analysis.
T h e “ n” here is too small to draw meaningful statistical conclusions.

18

https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

to keep new hiring down. When workers control the firm,
they are, obviously, in a better position to do this. It could
be argued that democratic firms are less successful than
nondemocratic firms, but there are reasons to believe this
is not the case. A 1978 study found a small, but positive,
correlation between the pass through of voting rights and
profitability,10 and, as will be discussed later, managers in
democratic firms are more likely than managers in nonde­
mocratic firms to report that ownership has contributed to
the company’s economic performance. Moreover, em­
ployee-owned democratic firms are doing much better than
conventional firms, which are almost all undemocratic. In
others words, democratic firms tend more than nondemo­
cratic firms to hold down employment initially, but their
financial success seems to “ overcompensate” for this and
subsequently drives employment up.
Table 1 shows that firms which cite a philosophical or
incentive reason for installing their plan (respondents were
given seven potential reasons) are particularly successful in
generating new employment. This suggests that when com­
panies use employee ownership as a basic part of their
business strategy, they are more likely to succeed than if
they use employee ownership primarily for financial or other
reasons. Preliminary data from our ongoing research project
generally seem to confirm this observation. Employee-owned
firms that are the result of employee buyouts do less well
than other firms, although still better than conventional firms,
no doubt because the firms being bought were in financial
difficulty when they became employee owned. The success
that these firms have had (they too generate significantly
more new jobs than conventional firms) suggests how ef­
fective ownership can be.
Finally, there is a large difference in the performance of
employee-owned companies between sectors, with the man­
ufacturing sectors doing especially well, and durable goods
leading the others by a wide margin. Unfortunately, an
explanation of this intriguing difference would be entirely
speculative. There is no theoretical or empirical evidence
to suggest why this difference emerges. The possibility that
this is simply a random artifact of the small number of cases
involved cannot be ignored— as, indeed, it cannot be ig­
nored in any of the data in the table.

Are managers satisfied with employee ownership?
Respondents were asked to indicate whether employee
ownership was responsible for “ changes in your company’s
performance,” and whether company performance had im­
proved since the change to employee ownership. Only 51
respondents answered these questions. The others indicated
that their plans were too new for meaningful assessment or
that they did not have reliable data on this point.
The responses were categorized as (1) positive change
(those responding yes to both questions and those who did
not respond yes to the second, but specifically indicated that
employee ownership had helped prevent things from getting

worse), (2) a small positive change (respondents who spe­
cifically made this statement), and (3) no effect. None of
the respondents indicated the plan had made things worse.
Management perceptions about employee ownership are
unreliable in measuring the effectiveness of a plan. It is to
be expected that respondents, almost all of whom had a
hand in creating the plans, and all of whom benefit from
them, would have generally positive perceptions. The pur­
pose here, however, was to determine if respondents in
certain kinds of plans were more likely to provide positive
responses. The following tabulation shows managers’ per­
ception of employee-ownership plans (in percent):
N um ber o f
resp o n ses

Som ew hat
No
S u c c e s s f u l s u c c e s s fu l im p a c

T o t a l p l a n s ......................

51

6 8 .6

23.5

7 .8

D e m o c r a t i c ..........

27

81.5

1 4 .8

3 .7

N o ndem ocratic .
O t h e r p l a n s ..........

19

5 8 .0

2 6 .3

15 .8

5

4 0 .0

6 0 .0

0

While the number of respondents is too small to draw

1For detailed arguments tor and against employee ownership, see Em­
ployee Ownership: A Handbook (Arlington, V a., National Center for Em ­
ployee Ownership. 1982).
2Corey Rosen, “ Selling a Small Business to its Employees Through an
Journal o f Small Business Management, April 1982, pp. 5 7 -6 2 .

E S O P ,"

"'See Employee Ownership, and Thomas Marsh and Dale McAllister,
Spring 1 9 8 2 .pp. 551-623.
4 Marsh and McAllister, “ E S O P s T ables.”

“ESOPs T ab les,” Journal o f Corporation Law,
5Employee Ownership: A Handbook.

h For a summary o f the study, see “ Employee-owned companies: is the
difference m easurable?” Monthly Labor Review, July 1978, pp. 2 3-28.
For the full study see Michael Conte and Arnold Tannenbaum, Employee
Ownership (Ann Arbor, University of M ichigan, Institute for Social Re­


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

definitive conclusions, the difference between democratic
and nondemocratic firms is striking. Almost all respondents
indicate at least some positive gains from employee own­
ership, but those from democratic firms were more enthu­
siastic. This, at least, suggests that the reason democratic
employee-owned firms tend to generate relatively fewer new
jobs than nondemocratic employee-owned firms (but still
more than conventional firms) is not that they are less eco­
nomically proficient, but that they are more likely to hold
down new hiring. It also is interesting in that our respondents
were all managers. Clearly, they believed that democratic
organizations can be very successful. In fact, it is apparent
that democratic organizations are more successful, at least
when employees are owners. Although only a speculation,
it seems reasonable to argue that in some nondemocratic
firms, there may be a tendency for employees who are
beneficial owners to become disgruntled with their lack of
input, and actually become demotivated. Our larger study
of employee-owned companies will address this point in
detail.
□

search, 1980).
7Marsh and M cAllister,

“ E SO P s

T ables.”

* See David Birch, The Job Generation Process (Cam bridge, m i t Press,
1979); and Catherine Armington and Marjorie Odle, Sources o f Employ­
ment Growth, 1978-80 (Washington, The Brookings Institution, May 1982).
l)Katrina Berman, “ W orker Owned Plywood C ooperatives," in Joyce
Rothschild-W hitt and Frank Lindenfield. eds.. Workplace Democracy and
Social Change (New York, Porter-Sargent Publishers. 1983), pp. 168-69;
and Roger McClain, “ Empirical Implications o f W orker Participation in
M anagem ent.” in Derek Jones and Jan Svenjar, eds.. Participatory and
Self-Managed Firms (New York. Lexington Books, 1982).
l(,Conte and Tannenbaum . Employee Ownership.

19

Recent employment trends in the
lumber and wood products industry
Because of the high proportion of lumber
which is used in homebuilding,
the lumber and wood products industry
has been weakened by decreased demand for
new housing during the 1980 and 1981-82 recessions
M ary B eth W. Scaggs

Persistently high interest rates throughout the 1980 and 1981 —
82 recessions, along with the relatively brief and weak re­
covery between the downturns, contributed to one of the
worst postwar declines in the construction industry. Much
attention, both public and private, has been focused on this
industry as the recessions worsened. Although receiving less
attention, the industries closely tied to the construction sec­
tor have also suffered. In particular, the lumber and wood
products industry was severely hurt because approximately
40 percent of the lumber consumed in the United States is
used in residential construction.
The National Bureau of Economic Research ( n b e r ) has
identified two distinct recessions for the U.S. economy dur­
ing the 1980’s. The first began in January 1980 and lasted
until July 1980; the second began in July 1981 and ended
in November 1982.' Some analysts have asserted the ex­
istence of only one prolonged economic downturn.2 The
data for the lumber and wood products industry appear to
indicate the existence of one prolonged recession lasting
from March 1979 until July 1982 as employment never fully
recovered to its pre-1980 recession level before plunging
deeper during the 1981-82 downturn.
Losing more than one-fifth of its total employment be­
tween March 1979 and July 1982 when the more than 3Mary Beth W. Scaggs is an economist with the Office of Employment and
Unem ploym ent Statistics, Bureau of Labor Statistics.

20

https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

year decline ended, the job loss for the lumber and wood
products industry was about the same as that suffered during
the 1973-75 recession.3 Since July 1982, the situation in
the industry has improved. Employment has increased by
more than 13 percent, with most of the gain occurring in
1983. Employment losses for the lumber industry were not
evenly distributed on a regional basis. The Pacific Coast
and the major lumber-employing States of the South each
account for about one-quarter of U.S. employment in the
industry. However, the Pacific Coast was clearly more hard
hit, losing more than two and a half times as many jobs as
the South between 1979 and 1982. This was mainly because
of a greater decline in housing starts in the West.
This article focuses on the relationship between the lum­
ber industry and the housing industry. After a brief overview
of the lumber industry, the two recessions are examined
with regard to changes in mortgage interest rates and housing
starts and their effect on employment and hours in the in­
dustry. Employment trends in the 10 largest lumber-em­
ploying States during the past two business contractions are
also discussed.

Industry profile
Slightly more than one-fifth of the land area in the United
States is classified as commercial timberland according to
the Forest Service.4 The types of lumber produced can be
divided into two categories— softwood and hardwood.

Softwood lumber, which accounts for about four-fifths
of total lumber production, is harvested from coniferous
trees, for example, pine. The residential construction sector,
consisting of new housing, remodeling, repair, and mobile
homes, consumes approximately half of total softwood pro­
duction. Therefore, demand for softwood lumber is closely
tied to conditions experienced in the housing sector of the
economy. Less than 10 percent of the softwood consumed
in the United States is used in the nonresidential construction
sector. The major producing regions for softwood lumber
are the South, with 44.5 percent of U.S. total softwood
production, and the Pacific Coast, producing 40.7 percent.
Hardwood lumber, such as oak and maple, is mainly used
for furniture, materials handling, and floors. Demand for
hardwood is also affected by activity in the housing market.
The South accounts for more than half of total hardwood
production in the United States.5

Secular trends
Long-term employment trends in the lumber industry show
an overall decline. Between 1950 and 1979, employment
dropped by nearly 8 percent or 70,000 jobs, and the in­
dustry’s share of manufacturing employment fell almost 2
percentage points to 3.6 percent of the total. On the other
hand, employment in construction rose considerably during
the same period. The effects of the 1980 and 1981-82 down­
turns can be readily seen by comparing the change in em­
ployment between 1950 and 1979 with that of the 1950-82
period. The declines in employment for the lumber industry
deepened while the gains slackened for construction. The
following tabulation presents employment levels (annual
averages in thousands) and changes for these industries in
selected periods during 1950-82:
P e r c e n ta g e
E m p l o y m e n t le v e l

In d u s tr y

change
1 9 5 0 to

1 9 5 0 to

1950

1979

1982

1979

1982

8 3 7 .0
2 ,3 6 4 .0

7 6 6 .9
4 ,4 6 3 .0

6 0 3 .4

-8
+ 89

-2 8

3 ,9 1 1 .0

A rise in the construction of prefabricated housing units has
resulted in more efficient use of lumber and wood products,
causing a decline in their usage. Also contributing to the
decline is the availability of substitute materials. For ex­
ample, aluminum and vinyl are replacing wood for use in
exterior siding; steel is being used for framing in apartment
buildings; concrete slab is replacing wood for use in foun­
dations; and carpeting is replacing the demand for hardwood
floors.6
Prime first-time home buyers, according to the U.S.
League of Savings Association, are between age 25 and 35.
During 1970-80, the noninstitutional population of people
aged 25 to 34 rose by almost half, to nearly 37 million. The
Census Bureau estimates that more than 41 million Amer­
icans will reach age 30 during the 1980’s, almost 10 million
more than in the 1970’s.7 This surge in the number of
potential first-time home buyers is expected to increase sub­
stantially the demand for housing. More and more single­
person households are being formed in addition to the tra­
ditional married couple two-person or family households,
increasing further the desire for new housing. According to
U.S. League’s 1981 Home Buyers Survey, nearly 30 percent
of the buyers in 1981 were single, compared with only 17
percent in 1977. But despite these demographic trends, the
high inflation and interest rates that persisted during the two
most recent recessions helped to cause serious decline in
the housing industry.

Recent trends
Housing costs. As the number of potential first-time home
buyers has increased, the cost of owning a home has also
risen. (For information on housing market indicators during
the past two business declines, see table 1.) Prices of new
single-family homes increased throughout the 1980 and 198182 recessions.8 Between 1979 and 1982, the price of a new
single-family home rose by almost one-quarter, to $87,600.
However, the annual increase in prices slowed with each
successive year during the period.

L u m b e r and w ood
p r o d u c t s ...............
C o n s t r u c t i o n ..........

+ 65

The long-term decline of employment in the lumber and
wood products industry can be partly explained by economic
and demographic factors, efficiency of construction, and
substitution of materials. The historical trend of ever-increasing house size appears to be undergoing a reversal
because of economic and demographic developments. Ris­
ing housing, land, and energy costs, along with record mort­
gage interest rates, have caused consumers to shift their
demand towards smaller homes. The average family size is
declining and more single people are buying houses, de­
creasing further the desire for large homes. Consequently,
less wood is required to build smaller houses.
Decreasing lumber and wood products employment can
also be attributed to increasing efficiency and substitution.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

T able 1.

Housing m arket indicators, 1 9 7 9 -8 2
Indicator

1979

1980

1981

1982

Price of a new single-family home .............. $70,900
Mortgage interest rate (in p e rc e n t).............. 10.78
Housing starts (million units) ......................
1.745
Lumber production (billion board fe e t). . . . 37.445
Softwood (billion board feet) ............. 30.151
Hardwood (billion board feet) ..............
7.294

$78,700
12.66
1.292
31.858
24.800
7.058

$85,300
14.70
1.084
29.592
22.757
6.835

$87,600
15.14
1.062
26.960
21.883
5.077

1 9 7 9 -8 0

1980-81

1 9 8 1 -82

197 9 -82

+ 11.0
+ 17.4
-2 6 .0
-1 4 .9
-1 7 .7
- 3 .2

* 8.4
+ 16.1
- 16.1
-7 .1
8.2
-3 .2

+ 2.7
+ 3.0
2.0
-8 .9
3.8
-2 5 .7

+ 23.6
+ 40.4
- 39.1
-2 8 .0
- 27.4
30.4

Percent change

Price of new single-family home ................
Mortgage interest rate ....................................
Housing starts .................................................
Lumber production .........................................
Softwood .................................................
H ardw ood.................................................

Sources : U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census: Federal Home Loan
Bank Board: and the National Forest Products Association.

21

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW August 1983 •

E m p l o y m e n t in L u m b e r a n d W o o d P r o d u c t s

Home mortgage interest rates contributed to the inflation
that persisted during the downturns. The effective interest
rate on a newly built family home rose from more than 10
percent in 1979 to more than 15 percent in 1982.9 However,
rates had declined to a level between 12.4 and 13.5 percent
in the first half of 1983.
The rise in the cost
of homeownership has very likely outpaced the ability of
many potential buyers to afford a new home. Therefore,
even though demographic trends point toward an increase
in demand for new housing, the residential construction
sector along with its supplier industries— including lumber
and wood products— have been hurt by the two most recent
business declines. An examination of recent housing starts
and lumber production activity illustrates the problems ex­
perienced in these sectors.
Between 1979 and 1982, housing starts fell by almost 40
percent to only slightly more than 1 million units in 1982.10
The decreases continued through the 4-year period but the
yearly rate of decline slowed considerably. Because of the
drop in housing starts, the demand for lumber and wood
products decreased dramatically during the period, causing
annual lumber production to fall almost 30 percent."
Softwood lumber production losses have been greater in
these construction-related downturns than those for hard­
wood lumber production because of its larger share of total
lumber production. Softwood lumber production was hard­
est hit in 1980, whereas 1982 was the most difficult year
for hardwood lumber.

H o u s in g a n d lu m b e r p r o d u c tio n a c tiv ity .

The lumber industry historically has led the
economy at the start of cyclical declines in business activity.
Employment trends followed this pattern in the 1980 reces­
sion. After reaching a peak level of 775,000 jobs in March
1979, employment began to decline 10 months before the
official start of the 1980 recession. Employment decreased
significantly during the next 15 months, dropping 120,000.
Although jobs in the lumber industry increased from July
1980 until December 1980, the gain yielded an employment
level of 692,000, nearly 11 percent below the March 1979
prerecession peak, illustrating the incompleteness of the
recovery. Following December 1980, employment resumed
its decline which continued until July 1982. The following
tabulation shows the seasonally adjusted employment de­
clines in the lumber and wood products industry during
1979-82 explained above:

E m p lo y m e n t.

P eak
M ar. 1979
D ec. 1980

T ro u g h

P eak

T ro u g h

le v e l

le v e l

Ju n e 1980 7 7 5 ,0 0 0
Ju ly 1982 6 9 2 ,0 0 0

6 5 5 ,0 0 0
6 0 0 ,0 0 0

---------- ----------------------N et
-1 2 0 ,0 0 0
- 9 2 ,0 0 0

22

Standard industrial
classification

Percent of
total industry
employment
(1979 annual
average)

Employment1
(in thousands)
March 1979

July 1982

Change

Number

Percent

Logging camps and
logging contrac­
tors, sic 241 . . .

11.5

89.0

76.0

-1 3 .0

-1 4 .6

Sawmills and
planing mills, sic
242 ......................

30.9

238.0

179.0

-5 9 .0

-2 4 .8

Millwork, plywood
and structural
members, sic 243
29.5

229.0

177.0

- 52.0

-2 2 .7

Wood containers,
sic 244 ................

6.1

48.0

38.0

-1 0 .0

- 20.8

Wood buildings and
mobile homes, sic
245 ......................

10.9

85.0

61.0

-2 4 .0

-2 8 .2

Miscellaneous wood
products, sic 249

11.0

85.0

71.0

-1 4 .0

-1 6 .5

1Peak-to-trough dates specific to the lumber and wood products industry as a whole,
as opposed to official National Bureau of Economic Research peak-to-trough dates.

recessions shows that the wood buildings and mobile homes
industry experienced the largest percent decline. The highest
job loss occurred in the sawmills and planing mills industry.
Table 2 presents seasonally adjusted employment changes
for the components of the industry during the two recent
business downturns.
All told, the industry lost more than one-fifth of its total
employment between March 1979 and July 1982. The job
loss was about the same as that of the 1973-75 recession.
The magnitude of the decline conveys how a supplier in­
dustry to the housing sector can be impacted by a construc­
tion-related recession. Although the absolute decline in
employment in the construction sector was greater than that
for the lumber industry over the past two recessions, the
22.6-percent decline for the latter industry was greater than
the loss of the former, 18.4 percent.
At this time, construction industry employment appears
to have ended its decline but has not shown any signs of a
robust recovery. The drop in employment for the lumber
and wood products industry ended in July 1982. Since then,
the number of jobs in the industry has increased by more
than 13 percent or 79,000 to a level of 679,000 in June
1983. However, employment in the lumber industry is still
more than 12 percent or 96,000 below March 1979’s pre­
recession peak level.

P ercen t
-1 5 .5
-1 3 .3

Examination of changes in employment for the compo­
nents of the lumber industry over the 1980 and 1981-82

https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

Tab le 2. E m ploym ent levels and declines in lum ber and
w ood produ cts industry, by three-d igit S tandard Industrial
C lassifications, seasonally adjusted

In general, employers tend to cut back on their
employees’ hours before instituting layoffs, with hours con­
sequently starting to decrease before employment at the
beginning of a business contraction.12 This condition only
held true for the lumber industry during the 1980 downturn.

H o u rs.

Furthermore, the amount and duration of the decline in
average weekly hours was greater for the 1980 than for the
1981-82 downturn.
Average weekly hours for production workers in the lum­
ber industry reached a peak level of 40.3 in April 1978.
Employment in the industry did not begin to decline until
a year later. Although the level of hours fluctuated somewhat
during 1978 and 1979, the trough was not reached until
April 1980. Average weekly hours fell by more than 7
percent, or 3 hours, for the 2-year period.
Average weekly hours peaked again in January 1981,
lagging employment declines by 1 month. The lead period
between hours and employment decreases with the onset of
the 1981-82 recession was considerably less than that of
1980. The lack of a lead could be because of the industry’s
failure to completely recover from the effects of the 1980
decline. Hours troughed in April 1982, resulting in a total
drop of almost 6 percent, or 2.3 hours.13
Aggregate hours provide a better composite indicator of
business cycle activity than employment or average weekly
hours alone. Using aggregate hours provides information
which reflects adjustments made by firms in both the length
of the workweek and the size of the work force.
Aggregate hour activity in the lumber industry reached a
peak in March 1979, 10 months before the official start of
the 1980 recession for the general economy. Unlike average
weekly hours, there was not a lead between the peak turning
point for aggregate hours and the peak for employment.
The index of aggregate hours fell 23.5 points from 107.4
between March 1979 and June 1980.14 A weak recovery
period followed which lasted only until January 1981 and
the level of aggregate hours, like employment, did not re­
cover to its peak level. Another downturn followed which
continued until March 1982, resulting in an additional loss
of nearly 20 points. The overall decline between 1979 and
1982 amounted to 32.8 points, a loss about equal to the
32.6-point decline suffered during 1973-75.

egon has the largest number of lumber workers in the United
States and lumber employment accounted for almost 8 per­
cent of total employment in the State in 1979. Consequently,
the 1980 and 1981-82 recessions had a significant impact
on Oregon’s economy. Oregon lost nearly one-third of its
lumber industry’s employment between 1979 and 1982, a
loss of more than 25,000 jobs. This is the largest drop in
lumber employment experienced by any of the States during
these two most recent recessions. California’s lumber in­
dustry experienced a greater percentage decline in employ­
ment, more than 35 percent, although the number of lost
jobs, 24,200, was slightly less than for Oregon. Washington
lost close to 28 percent of its lumber industry’s jobs between
1979 and 1982. Jobs in Wisconsin's lumber industry de­
creased by almost one-fifth over the same period.
Lumber employment in the six largest employing States
in the South for the industry fell almost 14 percent between
1979 and 1982, with the largest yearly drop occurring in
1982. Mississippi and Virginia lost nearly one-quarter of
their jobs in the lumber industry during the last two reces­
sions, while Alabama lost about 18 percent, North Carolina
lost about 14 percent, and Georgia lost about 10 percent.
Texas was the least affected by the recessions, with em­
ployment remaining relatively stable over the period. The
following text tabulation lists the lumber and wood products
industry’s 10 largest employing States, plus shows their
employment levels (annual averages in thousands) in 1979
and 1982 and the percent change between the 2 years:
P ercen t
S ta te

1979

1982

change

O r e g o n ................................
C a l i f o r n i a ............................
W a s h i n g t o n ......................

8 1 .2
68 .7

5 5 .5
4 4 .5

-3 1 .7
-3 5 .2

5 3 .9

3 9 .0

-2 7 .6

Texas

3 6 .9

3 7 .0

+

...............

3 6 .3

3 1 .2

- 1 4 .0

A l a b a m a ..............................

3 0 .8

25.3

- 1 7 .9

G e o r g i a ................................

30.5
2 5 .4

27.5

-

-2 4 .0

2 4 .6

19.3
1 8 .8

-2 3 .6

23.3

1 8 .8

- 19 .3

...................................

N o rth C a ro lin a

M i s s i s s i p p i .........................

Employment by State. The 10 largest lumber-employing States
account for one-half of total U.S. employment in the in­
dustry. The Pacific Coast States of Oregon, California, and
Washington are the three largest employers for the lumber
and wood products industry in the United States, where
about one-quarter of national employment in the industry is
concentrated. With the exception of Wisconsin, the 10thranking State, the remaining States are located in the South.
These Southern States include, in order of declining em­
ployment, Texas, North Carolina, Alabama, Georgia, Mis­
sissippi, and Virginia. These six States account for almost
one-quarter of nationwide employment in the industry.
The Pacific Coast States lost almost one-third of their
total employment in the lumber industry between 1979 and
1982 because of the declines in the construction sector. The
largest yearly decrease in jobs was registered in 1982. Or­


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

V i r g i n i a ..............................
W i s c o n s i n .........................

0 .3

9 .8

The impact of the past two recessions was not evenly
distributed between the South and the Pacific Coast. The
experience of the housing industry in the South and West
during the past two recessions helps to explain the disparity
in lumber employment trends. The South has been char­
acterized as a growth area with regard to population and
business activity. The housing industry in the South was
hurt by the two recent recessions, but not as much as the
Western region of the United States, which includes the
Pacific Coastal States. Housing starts in the West decreased
by more than half between 1979 and 1982, whereas the
South’s housing starts fell by only one-quarter between 1979
and 1981 and increased slightly more than 5 percent in 1982.
There were nearly three times as many houses started in the
23

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW August 1983 • Employment in Lumber and Wood Products
South as in the West in 1982, growing from just over one
and a half times as many as in 1979.
Other reasons that have been cited to explain the weak­
ened position of the lumber industry in the West include
transportation costs and high labor costs. Additionally, the

decline in the value of the Canadian dollar has made Ca­
nadian timber relatively less expensive.13 Therefore, it is
not surprising that the lumber industry lost more than two
and a half times as many jobs in the Pacific Coast as in the
South.
□

FOOTNOTES
1Subsequent to this analysis, the National Bureau of Economic Research
designated Novem ber 1982 as the trough of the 1 9 8 1 -8 2 recession.

is estim ated as an average sales price, makes comparison of housing costs
more meaningful over time.

2 See Stephen H. W ildstrom , “ One Recession or T w o?” Data Resources

9 Interest rates presented are calculated by the Federal Home Loan Bank
Board, which conducts a nationwide survey of all major types o f lenders
to determ ine the effective interest rate for the conventional first mortgage
loan for a newly built family home. According to the board, the effective
interest rate is the contract interest rate plus initial fees and charges am ­
ortized over 10 years, on the basis of an assumed prepayment at the end
of that time. The annual effective m ortgage interest rates are weighted
averages.

U.S. Review, O ctober 1982, pp. 1 .12-1.14.
3 Statistics on em ploym ent and hours are from the Current Employment
Statistics Program of the Bureau of Labor Statistics which are collected
by cooperating State agencies from em ployer reports of payroll records.
A description o f the program can be found in the Bureau of Labor Statistics
publication, Employment and Earnings. M onthly employm ent and hours
statistics are seasonally adjusted.
4A ccording to the U .S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service’s
publication, An Analysis o f the Timber Situation in the United States, 19522030, com m ercial tim berland is land that is capable of producing at least
20 cubic feet of wood per acre per year.

5An Analysis o f the Timber Situation, p. 142.
6An Analysis o f the Timber Situation, pp. 2 3 -2 5 .
7 Statistics on population are from the U.S. Department of Com m erce,
Bureau o f the Census.
s The Bureau o f the Census computes a quarterly price index of new
one-fam ily homes sold with like characteristics of homes built in 1977 in
its report Price Index o f New One-Family Houses Sold. These character­
istics include floor area, number of stories, number of bathroom s, air
conditioning, parking, foundation type, geographic division within region,
m etropolitan area location, fireplace, and lot size. Use of the index which

24

https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

''’Housing starts statistics are calculated by the U.S. Department of
Com m erce, Bureau of the Census. Housing starts presented are annual
rates of private housing units started.
11 Lum ber production statistics are calculated by the National Forest
Products Association.
12 For a further discussion of em ployers’ responses to recessions, see
Phillip L. Rones, “ Response to recession: reduce hours or jo b s? " Monthly
Labor Review, October 1981. pp. 3 -1 0 .
13 Because of unusually severe winter weather conditions, average weekly
hours fell to an extrem ely low level in January 1982.
14The index of aggregate hours is prepared by dividing the current
m onth’s aggregate by the average o f the monthly aggregates in 1977.
15 “ The Battered Fortunes of the Forest Products Industry,” Business

Week, Sept. 13, 1982, pp. 7 0 -7 6 .

A Review Essay

The evolution of fair labor standards:
a study in class conflict
Using a rigorous, quantitative approach,
one scholar tracks the growth
of legislation designed to guarantee
U.S. workers fair pay and hours of work,
finding in these laws a history of attempts
to balance the social power of labor and capital
H o rst B rand

In a provocative new book entitled Wages and Hours: Labor
Reform in the Twentieth Century,' economist Ronnie Stein­
berg reviews the uneven development of minimum wage
and maximum hours legislation in the United States. On the
basis of quantitative evidence at both the Federal and State
levels, Steinberg concludes that such protective laws have
arisen from an ongoing class struggle in which the social
rights of workers are pitted against employers’ legal claims
of equality of bargaining power under freedom of contract.
Thus, passage of the Fair Labor Standards Act in 1938 was
an outgrowth of the political ascendancy of the worker dur­
ing troubled economic times, as evident in the elections of
1936.
Horst Brand is an econom ist in the Office of Productivity and Technology,
Bureau of Labor Statistics.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

A new theory and method
In perusing Steinberg’s study, one cannot help contrasting
it with the magisterial work by John R. Commons and John
B. Andrews, Principles o f Labor Legislation, which was
last published in the thirties.2 As its title suggests, Stein­
berg’s book is more narrowly focused than the CommonsAndrews volume, which took the range of laws affecting
labor conditions as its purview. Steinberg is concerned with
the political forces that compelled the adoption of wage and
hours legislation, while Commons and Andrews were pri­
marily interested in the juridicial evolution of labor law and
the social conditions that gave rise to it. Commons and
Andrews presented their subject in terms of the historical
record, while Steinberg develops a social-indicator, rigor­
ously quantitative method to trace the course of protective

25

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW August 1983 • Fair Labor Standards
labor legislation and its link to broader political, economic,
and demographic factors. She claims much merit for this
method, arguing that it makes for more systematic treatment
of the subject than the evolutionary approach of other au­
thors, and she devotes much space to detailing it. In this,
she has undoubtedly made an original contribution, if at the
expense of researching the less quantifiable records of hear­
ings, testimony, and reports, which permit intensive anal­
ysis of the forces underlying the adoption of legislation.
(Such records and reports are, in fact, not listed in the
otherwise extensive bibliograhy, except for certain U.S.
Department of Labor and Bureau of the Census materials.)
In Steinberg’s view (as well as in the view of Commons
and Andrews and other authors), labor legislation is an
attempt to remedy the unequal bargaining power of workers.
Throughout the latter part of the 19th century and the early
20th century, the relation between employer and worker
was seen as based upon a contract freely entered upon by
both parties. During this period, wage and hour laws were
repeatedly struck down by the courts “ because judges be­
lieved that labor and capital bargained as equals and, there­
fore, that labor did not need state protection.” This juridical
position in effect favored the liberty of the employer over
the protection of the worker.
Like Steinberg, Commons and Andrews rejected this po­
sition. Detailing the pressures that impinged upon workers’
self-defense, they wrote, “ Unemployment . . ., immigra­
tion, child labor, education, prison labor . . . are conditions
which determine the bargaining power of the laborer.”
And . . . “ |Labor| legislation goes beyond the legal face of
things, and looks at the bargaining power which precedes
the contract.”
Steinberg’s notion of what the remedy for unequal bar­
gaining power has meant for the social balance of power
between labor and capital is far more radical than that of
the earlier authors. For Commons and Andrews, adoption
of protective labor legislation was continuous in its legal
philosophy with the freedom-of-contract doctrine; they
broadened the precept of property rights to include the wage
earner’s “ right to seek an employer and to acquire property
in the form of wages.” They thus sought to preserve the
integrity of constitutional law. Steinberg rejects any such
continuity. Protective labor laws, she writes, “ require ex­
plicit government intervention, they run directly counter to
the dominant freedom-of-contract norm guiding legal re­
lations.” Furthermore, “ the division of interest groups dur­
ing the almost continuous controversies surrounding the
enactment and emendation of these laws facilitates . . . the
use of a class-orientated conflict model to explain changes
in the law.” The worker is dependent for his livelihood
upon the employer, but he also is a free citizen, able with
proper organization to invoke the state’s authority in ad­
vancing a new set of rights. Protective labor legislation thus
becomes an arena of class struggle, the demand for social
rights by workers being pitted against employer resistance
26


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

fortified by juridical precepts of equality of bargaining power
under freedom of contract.
The antithesis postulated by Steinberg has great explan­
atory potential. It remains true, nonetheless, that conser­
vative elements have also at times favored protective labor
laws and other social legislation as a means to safeguarding
social peace and to repress the ascendancy of liberal or
radical forces.

Today and yesterday
Steinberg confines her study to the social rights incor­
porated in the wage and hour standards of 28 States, and
in Federal legislation. The laws examined govern wage pay­
ment and wage collection; minimum wages; equal pay; max­
imum hours; overtime; and nightwork. She focuses upon
the adoption and coverage of these laws, and leaves aside
evaluation of their enforcement and impact because of lack
of data suitable to the social indicator method. Her findings
are generally quite interesting and worth closer study, al­
though only a few general observations can be offered here.
First, the passage of the Fair Labor Standards Act ( flsa )
in 1938 spelled a historical breakthrough in employee cov­
erage under all six types of wage-hour laws enumerated
above. For example, the Federal minimum wage covered
39 percent of all employed male adults and 57 percent of
all female adults in 1940, while in 1930 and earlier decennial
census years, State laws had covered no men, and 12 percent
of women, or fewer. (By 1970, 90 percent of all employed
adults and minors were covered.) Overtime regulations, which
extended to but 14 percent and 6 percent of employed men
and women in 1930, covered 40 percent and 30 percent by
1940 (and 70 percent by 1970). Equfd pay laws, which arose
under the pressure from women workers who often substi­
tuted for men during World War II, had covered only 2
percent of employed women between 1920 and 1940, but
swept 23 percent of all employees under their provisions by
1950, and 78 percent by 1970.
The comparatively high proportion of workers covered
by flsa soon after its passage contrasts with the large dis­
crepancy between adoption of wage-hour legislation by the
States, and coverage provided by these laws, especially prior
to 1940. For example, by 1920, 76 percent of the States in
Steinberg’s sample regulated maximum hours and 92 per­
cent regulated wage payments and collection. The laws,
however, covered only 12 percent and 45 percent of em­
ployed workers. The data thus reveal both disparities be­
tween adoption and coverage of protective legislation, and
differences in coverage among various kinds of such leg­
islation.
Discrepancies between adoption and coverage may be
explained by attempts to accommodate the conflicting in­
terests and legal conceptions of capital and labor; Legislation
is adopted, but restricted to a minority of employees. Var­
iation in coverage among types of protection, which also
came to pervade Federal wage-hour regulation, although in

a less pronounced manner than it did State regulation, was
related to the degree to which a given law would be expected
to interfere with work arrangements. Wage payment and
collection laws do this least, if at all, while maximum hour
and overtime provisions may compel unwelcome reordering
of such arrangements. Even under flsa , overtime coverage
today remains significantly less than minimum wage and
equal pay coverage.
Still another kind of discrepancy among worker protection
laws exists, this one between Federal and State coverage of
workers by wage-hour legislation. In 1970, only 21 percent
of employed men had minimum wage protection under State
laws, according to Steinberg, but 68 percent had it under
flsa . Overtime legislation covered 23 percent of employed
men under the former, 50 percent under the latter.
There is no obvious explanation for this discrepancy.
Historically, the State pioneered maximum hour legislation.
In its early period, such legislation was meant to protect
women and minors, and excluded men from its coverage.
Because it was meant to protect health and the family, it
was much less likely to be thrown out by the courts than
State minimum wage laws. In fact, few minimum wage
laws survived court challenge until flsa supervened; some
were repealed, and in 1930, only 3 percent of all employed
persons were covered by them. “ Minimum wage legislation
marks a new stage in the long line of attempts to equalize
the power of employer and employee in making the wage
bargain,” wrote Commons and Andrews. But the difficulty
in obtaining broadly applicable minimum wage legislation
did not arise merely from a resistant legal philosophy. It
was surely rooted in economic conditions. Commons and
Andrews cite a number of authoritative surveys conducted
between 1915 and 1935, which showed that a large pro­
portion of workers received wages falling well below stan­
dards of “ simple decency and working efficiency,” or a
“ living wage,” as defined by such authorities as the Federal
Women’s Bureau, the N.Y. Industrial Commission, and the
Texas Bureau of Labor Standards.
Perhaps the States could not readily overcome a legal
philosophy that distinguished among the bargaining posi­
tions of different age and sex groups. But, as Steinberg
notes, the Great Depression transformed notions of power
relations in the labor market. “ . . . [The] sex and age of
the employee came to be seen as secondary to the more
fundamental fact that all employees selling their labor in
the free market bargained from a position subordinate to
that of employers.” As a result, while variations in the
coverage of wage and hour legislation persist by industry,
region, and demographic characteristics, they have consis­
tently declined.

The

fl sa

revolution

In discussing the forces that underlay the passage of flsa ,
Steinberg applies the previously mentioned model of class
conflict, flsa was, of course, an outcome of the great po­


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

litical upheavals brought on by the crisis of the thirties. Its
passage was unquestionably facilitated by the results of the
1936 election. “ . . . [The] transformation of the basis upon
which each employee was accorded the right of government
protection under the flsa rested on nothing less than a
national class conflict, as expressed in the 1936 elections.”
In a broad sense, I agree with this interpretation, but a
difficulty must be confronted: Organized labor was anything
but in the forefront of the struggle for flsa . According to
another analyst, Elizabeth Brandeis, “ . . . [It] was not pri­
marily responsible for the revolutionary gains in protective
labor legislation achieved in the years of the New Deal,”
and “ . . . [its] objections to one form after another of the
[Roosevelt] administration proposal (added to the opposition
of other groups) nearly caused final defeat of the measure. ” 3
Considering that labor represents one of the antagonists
in Steinberg’s class conflict model, it is relevant to look
briefly at the reasons why the unions appeared ambivalent
at best about the Fair Labor Standards ( fls) bill. Labor
probably feared that government regulation of wages and
hours would remove these two core components of working
conditions from collective bargaining. It was also concerned
that minimum wages might become maximum wages in
many industries, that skilled groups of workers could lose
by comparison with unskilled workers, and that contracts
currently calling for more than 40 or 44 hours per week
might be invalidated, and thus reduce the earnings of cov­
ered workers. John L. Lewis, then the leading force in the
newly founded cio, objected to the fls bill on grounds that
it would interfere with collective bargaining, and would
eventually compel a court decision “ to determine whether
after all American workmen are freemen or indentured ser­
vants.” 4 These fears proved unfounded, of course. Still,
the view that organized labor took of the fls bill as having
the potential to shackle organizing drives and collective
bargaining efforts, qualifies the notion that flsa resulted
from class’conflict. Also fresh in the labor leaders’ minds
may have been the fact that, but a few years before, Hitler
had destroyed the trade unions in Germany, while leaving
protective and other social legislation untouched. This ex­
perience could have reinforced their belief that the inde­
pendence of trade union organization and action from the
state must take precedence over the social rights conferred
by the state.
Notwithstanding the reservations of the trade union lead­
ership about the fls bill, Steinberg finds a “ strong positive
relationship between the extent of unionization in [given]
industry categories and the extent of coverage of employees
under labor standards . . . .” Furthermore, she writes,
“ Coverage under labor legislation seemed to grow concom­
itantly with unionization.” Unquestionably, the unions played
an important role in advancing protective legislation, es­
pecially after the mid-thirties. But, as Elizabeth Brandeis
wrote earlier, “ . . . [Both] afl and cio State organizations
have been apathetic toward raising State minimum wage

27

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW August 1983 • Fair Labor Standards
standards.” 5 And Steinberg’s own evidence on the lag of
State protective legislation indicates that her statistics for
the period after the mid-thirties are valid mainly for the
relation between unionization and Federal legislation.
L imiting herself methodologically to a quantitative
approach has not prevented Steinberg from developing a

R on n ie S teinberg, Wages and Hours: Labor and R eform in
Century America (New B runsw ich, N .J ., R utgers
U niversity P ress, 1982).
3 Jo h n R. C o m m o ns an d Jo h n B. A ndrew s, Principles o f Labor
Legislation (New Y ork, H arp er and B rothers, 1936).
4 E lizab eth B randeis, “ O rganized L a b o r and P ro tectiv e L ab o r

Twentieth

28

https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

challenging intellectual framework for understanding the
evolution of workers’ social rights in the United States. She
also writes very well and with verve; few books in the field
of labor economics and sociology are as readable and in­
formative. This book is a worthy addition to the tradition
of research in defense of the disadvantaged.

L eg islatio n ,” in M ilton D erber an d E dw in Y oung, ed s., Labor and
the New Deal (M adison, T he U niversity o f W isconsin P ress, 1957),
p p . 195-237.
4 B randeis, “ O rganized L a b o r ,” p. 223.
5 Ibid.

Time for leisure
Throughout history the amount of time spent at work has never consis­
tently been much greater than that spent at other activities. Even a work­
week of 14 hours a day for 6 days still leaves half the total time for
sleeping, eating, and other activities. Economic development has led to a
large secular decline in the workweek, so that whatever may have been
true of the past, today it is below 50 hours in most countries, less than a
third of the total time available. Consequently, the allocation and efficiency
of nonworking time may now be more important to economic welfare than
that of working time; yet the attention paid by economists to the latter
dwarfs any paid to the former.
— G

ary

B ecker

“ A Theory of the Allocation of Time,”
l i c e H. A m s d e n , ed., The Economics
o f Women and Work
(New York, St. Martin’s Press, 1980), p. 52.
in

A

Research
Summaries

a

Youth labor force marked
turning point in 1982
A nne Mc D ougall Young

A turning point in the composition of the youth labor force
was reached in 1982, as the last of the post-World War II
baby-boom generation completed high school. Since reach­
ing a peak in October 1979, the 16-to-24-year-old labor

force has dropped by 850,000, with 60 percent of the de­
crease occurring between October 1981 and October 1982.'
(See table 1.) The number of young people completing high
school will probably decline through the 1980’s, as smaller
cohorts of youth pass through the conventional school age
groups.2
Labor force participation rates for most student and non­
student groups either drifted down or were not significantly
changed between October of 1981 and 1982. (See table 2.)
An apparent rise in labor force activity among black students

Tab le 1. E m ploym ent status of persons 16 to 24 years old, by school e nrollm ent status, years of school com pleted, and sex,
O ctober 1 9 8 1 -8 2
[Numbers in thousands]

Characteristic

Total, 16 to 24 y e a rs .................................................................

Civilian
noninstitutional
population

Civilian
labor force

Participation
rate

Unemployed

Unemployment
rate

1981

1982

1981

1982

1981

1982

1981

1982

1981

1982

36,946

36,452

24,583

24,076

66.5

66.0

3,642

4,331

14.8

18.0

15,909
11,208
4,701
8,108
7,800
6,503
1,297
8,150
4,224
3,925
3,324
601
7,759
3,884
3,875
3,179
696

15,624
10,725
4,897
7,701
7,923
6,546
1,377
7,991
4,045
3,945
3,336
609
7,633
3,656
3,978
3,210
768

7,352
4,706
2,646
3,276
4,076
2,901
1,175
3,803
1,805
1,998
1,438
560
3,549
1,471
2,078
1,463
615

7,194
4,398
2,796
2,970
4,222
2,992
1,230
3,628
1,589
2,038
1,481
557
3,566
1,381
2,184
1,511
673

46.2
42.0
56.3
40.4
52.3
44.6
90.6
46.7
42.7
50.9
43.3
93.2
45.7
37.9
53.6
46.0
88.4

46.0
41.0
57.1
38.6
53.3
45.7
89.3
45.4
39.3
51.7
44.9
91.5
46.7
37.8
54.9
47.1
87.6

1,062
855
207
655
406
346
60
543
348
194
167
27
519
307
212
179
33

1,202
916
286
707
496
381
115
674
417
258
186
72
528
290
238
195
43

14.4
18.2
7.8
20.0
10.0
11.9
5.1
14.3
19.3
10.2
11.6
4.8
14.6
20.9
10.5
12.2
5.4

16.7
20.8
10.2
23.8
11.7
12.7
9.3
18.6
26.2
12.7
12.6
12.9
14.8
21.0
10.9
12.9
6.4

21,037
4,887
16,150
10,018
2,746
1,028
1,718
5,360
1,280
632
11,019
2,396
893
1,504
6,091
1,646
885

20,828
4,901
15,926
9,947
2,600
981
1,620
5,313
1,333
701
10,881
2,455
910
1,545
5,903
1,691
833

17,231
3,776
13,455
9,185
2,346
824
1,523
5,002
1,229
608
8,046
1,155
434
723
4,671
1,384
835

16,882
3,709
13,173
9,056
2,193
765
1,428
4,915
1,262
687
7,826
1,159
442
719
4,464
1,428
775

81.9
77.3
83.3
91.7
85.4
80.2
88.6
93.3
96.0
96.2
73.0
48.2
48.6
48.1
76.7
84.1
94.4

81.1
75.7
82.7
91.0
84.3
78.0
88.1
92.5
94.7
98.0
71.9
47.2
48.6
46.5
75.6
84.4
93.0

2,580
850
1,729
1,397
582
236
346
673
100
42
1,183
361
178
183
663
125
34

3,129
1,009
2,120
1,742
684
297
387
851
148
58
1,387
382
172
212
769
160
76

15.0
22,5
12.9
15.2
24.8
28.6
22.7
13.5
8.1
6.9
14.7
31.2
41.0
25.3
14.2
9.0
4.1

18.5
27.2
16.1
19.2
31.2
38.8
27.1
17.3
11.7
8.4
17.7
33.0
38.9
29.5
17.2
11.2
9.8

ENROLLED

Total, 16 to 24 y e a rs ...............................................................................
16 to 19 years .....................................................................................
20 to 24 years .....................................................................................
High school ..........................................................................................
College ..................................................................................................
Full-time stud ents............................................................................
Part-time students ..........................................................................
Men, 16 to 24 years ..........................................................................
High school .....................................................................................
College .............................................................................................
Full-time s tu d e n ts .......................................................................
Part-time stu d e n ts.......................................................................
Women, 16 to 24 years ....................................................................
High school .....................................................................................
College .............................................................................................
Full-time s tu d e n ts .......................................................................
Part-time stu d e n ts.......................................................................
NOT ENROLLED

Total, 16 to 24 y e a rs ...............................................................................
16 to 19 years .....................................................................................
20 to 24 years .....................................................................................
Men, 16 to 24 years ..........................................................................
Less than 4 years of high s c h o o l.................................................
16 to 19 y e a r s ............................................................................
20 to 24 years ............................................................................
4 years of high school .................................................................
1 to 3 years of college .................................................................
4 years of college or m o r e ............................................................
Women, 16 to 24 years ....................................................................
Less than 4 years of high s c h o o l.................................................
16 to 19 years ............................................................................
20 to 24 years ............................................................................
4 years of high school .................................................................
1 to 3 years of college .................................................................
4 years of college or m o r e ............................................................

N ote: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals.

Anne McDougall Young is an economist in the Division of Employment and Unemployment Analysis, Bureau of Labor Statistics.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

29

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW August 1983 • Research Summaries
was not statistically significant, reflecting the relatively large
variance in small sample estimates. Most of the slippage in
the participation rate for students, which began in 1978,

occurred among teenagers, especially those 16 and 17 years
old. Reasons for this decline include discouragement with
the prospects of getting a job in a slack labor market and

Table 2. E m ploym ent status of persons 16 to 24 years old, by school enrollm ent status, years of school com pleted, race,
H ispanic origin, and sex, O ctober 1 9 8 1 -8 2
[Numbers in thousands)

Characteristic

Civilian
noninstitutional
population

Civilian
labor force

Participation
rate

1981

1982

1981

1982

1981

1982

Enrolled, total, 16 to 24 y e a rs ...............................................................
16 to 19 years .....................................................................................
20 to 24 years .....................................................................................
Men ........................................................................................................
W o m e n ...................................................................................................
High school ..........................................................................................
College ..................................................................................................

13,312
9,285
4,027
6,853
6,459
6,572
6.740

13,010
8,873
4,317
6,662
6.348
6,206
6,804

6,577
4,242
2,335
3,432
3,145
2,946
3,632

6,400
3,967
2,431
3,221
3,179
2,668
3,730

49.4
45.7
58.0
50.1
48.7
44.8
53.9

49.2
44.7
58.8
48.3
50.1
43.0
54.8

Not enrolled, total, 16 to 24 years .......................................................
Men ........................................................................................................
Women ..................................................................................................

17,797
8,562
9,236

17,481
8,399
9,082

14,898
7,996
6,902

14,457
7,774
6,683

83.7
93.4
74.7

School completed:
High school:
Less than 4 years ............................................................................
4 years .............................................................................................

4,107
9,778

4,001
9,524

2,889
8,417

2,727
8,111

College:
1 to 3 years .....................................................................................
4 years .............................................................................................

2,511
1,402

2,533
1,423

2,253
1,339

Enrolled, total, 16 to 24 y e a rs ...............................................................
16 to 19 years .....................................................................................
20 to 24 years .....................................................................................
Men ........................................................................................................
Women ...................................................................................................
High school ..........................................................................................
College ...................................................................................................

2,083
1,598
485
1,010
1,072
1,303
780

2,062
1,519
544
996
1,066
1.274
788

Not enrolled, total, 16 to 24 years .......................................................
Men ........................................................................................................
Women ..................................................................................................

2,850
1,292
1,558

School completed:
High school:
Less than 4 years ............................................................................
4 years .............................................................................................
College:
1 to 3 years .....................................................................................
4 years or m o re ............................................................................

Unemployment
rate

Unemployed
1981

1982

1981

1982

820
663
160
453
368
501
320

942
744
198
523
419
565
380

12.5
15.6
6.8
13.2
11.7
17.0
8.8

14.7
18,7
8.2
16.2
13.2
21.2
10.2

82.7
92.6
73.6

1,854
1,045
809

2,264
1,289
975

12.4
13.1
11.7

15.7
16.6
14.6

70.4
86.1

68.2
85.2

657
980

758
1,188

22.7
11.6

27.8
14.6

2,261
1,357

89.7
95.5

89.3
95.4

149
68

201
117

6.6
5.1

8.9
8.6

598
368
229
278
320
280
317

591
319
271
293
298
237
350

28.7
23.0
47.3
27.5
29.9
21.5
40.6

28.7
21.0
49.8
29.4
28.0
18.6
44.4

207
167
42
72
135
138
71

217
149
68
122
95
125
93

34.6
45.3
18.1
25.9
42.2
49.3
22.4

36.7
46.7
25.3
41.6
31.9
52.7
26.6

2,923
1,341
1,581

2,085
1,065
1,019

2,109
1,105
1,005

73.2
82.4
65.4

72.2
82.4
63.6

680
332
349

814
419
395

32.6
31.2
34.2

38.6
37.9
39.3

913
1,501

917
1,523

551
1,144

544
1,137

60.4
76.2

59.3
74.7

266
338

288
406

48.3
29.6

52.9
35.7

348
88

407
74

306
84

359
71

87.9
95.5

88.2
(1)

69
7

102
17

22.5
8.3

28.4
(1)

Enrolled, total, 16 to 24 y e a rs ...............................................................
16 to 19 years .....................................................................................
20 to 24 years .....................................................................................
Men ........................................................................................................
Women ..........................................................................................
High school ..........................................................................................
College ..................................................................................................

984
752
232
517
467
627
357

955
746
209
499
456
605
351

374
227
148
207
167
180
194

330
203
124
163
164
142
189

38.1
30.2
63.8
40.0
35.8
28.7
54.4

34.6
27.2
59.3
32.7
36.0
23.5
53.8

60
44
15
37
22
36
23

74
60
15
38
37
52
24

16.0
19.4
10.1
17.9
13.2
20.0
11.9

22.4
29.6
12.1
23.3
22.6
36.6
12.7

Not enrolled, total, 16 to 24 years .......................................................
Men ........................................................................................................
Women ..................................................................................................

1,701
816
885

1,643
764
879

1,278
736
542

1,171
668
506

75.1
90.2
61.3

71.3
87.4
57.6

197
115
82

251
145
106

15.4
15.6
15.2

21.4
21.7
20.9

School completed:
High school:
Less than 4 years ............................................................................
4 years .............................................................................................

891
634

822
616

620
501

534
468

69.6
79.0

65.0
76.0

111
75

132
93

18.0
15.0

24.7
19,9

College:
1 to 3 years .....................................................................................
4 years or m o re ...............................................................................

141
36

157
46

123
33

125
45

87.2
(1)

79.6
(1)

10
1

19
6

8.1
(1)

15.2
(1)

WHITE

BLACK

HISPANIC ORIGIN

’ Data not shown where base is less than 75,000.
Note : Detail for the above race and Hispanic-origin groups will not add to totals because
data for the “ other races" group are not presented and Hispanics are included in both

30

https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

the white and black population groups. Because of rounding, sums of individual items
may n°t e0ual totals,

greater competition, mostly with adult women, for part-time
work. Among youth not in school, the trend generally has
paralleled that of adults 25 years and over, with the rates
for men moving slowly down, while those for women have
been rising. Between October of 1981 and 1982, even these
women were feeling the effects of the labor market pinch
and their participation rate edged down.
In October 1982, white youth had the highest labor force
participation rates, followed by Hispanics and blacks. These
patterns have persisted historically among both high school
and college students, as well as among youth no longer in
school. Among young men out of school, the participation
rate for Hispanics was midway between those of whites and
blacks. Hispanic women out of school continued to have
the lowest participation rate among all youth 16 to 24.

Unemployment rates
Unemployment rates for students and youth not in school
rose sharply over the year ending in October 1982, reaching
16.7 and 18.5 percent, respectively. In past decades, stu­
dents, most of whom seek part-time jobs, had higher un­
employment rates than out-of-school youth. Beginning in
1980, this situation was reversed, partly because of the
“ aging” of the student group. Fewer students are now 16
and 17, ages at which unemployment rates are highest. Also,
youth not in school, most of whom prefer full-time work,
were experiencing difficulties in a slow job market.

Table 3. O ccupation of em ployed persons 16 to 24 years
old by school enrollm ent status and age, O ctober 1982
[Numbers in thousands]
Enrolled
Employment status and occupation

Not enrolled

16 to
19
years

20 to
24
years

16 to
19
years

20 to
24
years

Total em ployed.......................................................
Percent .........................................................
Full time ............................................................
Part t im e ............................................................

3,485
100.0
8.4
91.6

2,510
100.0
35.2
64.8

2,703
100.0
64.2
35.8

11,053
100.0
82.6
17.4

Employed full time, percent distribution . . .
Professional and technical workers . . . .
Managers and administrators, except farm
S alesw orkers.................................................
Clerical w o rk e rs ............................................
Craft and kindred workers .........................
Operatives, except tra n s p o rt......................
Transport equipment operatives................
Nonfarm la b o re rs .........................................
Private household w o rk e rs ........................
Other service w o rk e rs .................................
Farm workers ..............................................

100.0
5.5
6.1
9.9
24.6
2.0
6.8
2.0
5.5
2.0
25.6
9.9

100.0
20.5
8.4
6.6
27.0
7.8
6.4
1.1
4.2
.2
16.3
1.5

100.0
1.4
3.6
5.0
19.4
11.9
14.6
3.4
12.6
1.7
19.4
6.8

100.0
11.6
7.5
5.4
22.3
13.2
12.5
3.5
7.8
.5
12.6
3.6

Employed part time, percent distribution . .
Professional and technical workers . . . .
Managers and administrators, except farm
Salesw orkers.................................................
Clerical w o rk e rs ............................................
Craft and kindred workers .........................
Operatives, except tra n s p o rt......................
Transport equipment operatives................
Nonfarm la b o re rs .........................................
Private household w o rk e rs ........................
Other service w o rk e rs .................................
Farm workers ..............................................

100.0
3.5
.6
12.3
21.4
1.3
3.3
1.8
14.3
4.7
33.5
3.4

100.0
17.2
2.2
12.1
26.1
3.0
3.0
1.6
7.4
1.7
25.2
.6

100.0
1.3
.6
8.5
18.9
6.8
8.8
1.3
12.6
2.5
33.5
5.2

100.0
6.6
1.8
7.0
19.9
8.4
9.9
2.3
10.3
2.8
29.4
1.6


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

T able 4. S chool enrollm ent and labor force status of 1982
high school graduates and 1 9 8 1 -8 2 school dropouts 16 to
24 years old by sex, race, and H ispanic origin, O ctober
1982
[Numbers in thousands]

Characteristic

Civilian labor force
Civilian
noninstiUnemployed
tutional
Participation
Employed
population Number
rate
Number Percent

Total, 1982 high
school graduates

3.100

1,952

63.0

1.512

440

22.5

Men ................
Women ...........
W h ite ................
B la c k ................
Hispanic origin.

1,508
1,592
2.644
384
174

976
976
1,708
211
99

64.7
61.3
64.5
54.9
57.0

769
743
1.383
99
65

207
233
325
112
34

21.2
23.9
19.0
53.0
34.3

Enrolled in college
Men ................
Women ...........
Full-time
students . . .
Part-time
students . . .
W h ite ................
B la c k ................
Hispanic origin.

1.568
739
829

695
316
379

44.3
42.8
45.7

586
270
316

109
46
63

15.7
14.6
16.6

1.419

577

40.6

483

94

16.3

149
1.376
140
75

118
635
42
25

79.2
46.1
30.0
33.3

103
540
28
22

15
95
14
3

12.7
15.0
(2)
(2)

1.532
769
763
1,268
244
99

1.257
660
597
1.073
169
74

82.0
85.8
78.2
84.6
69.3
74.7

926
499
427
843
71
43

331
161
170
230
98
31

26.3
24.4
28.5
21.4
58.0
<2)

Not enrolled in
college ...........
Men ................
Women ...........
W h ite ................
B la c k ................
Hispanic origin.
Total, 1981-82
school dropouts1
Men ................
Women ...........
S in g le ...........
Other marital
status . . .
W h ite ................
B la c k ................
Hispanic origin

668

421

63.0

246

175

41.6

355
313
216

272
149
109

76.6
47.6
50.5

154
92
67

118
57
42

43.4
38.3
38.5

96
513
135
73

40
344
70
45

41.7
67.1
51.9
(2)

25
220
20
26

15
124
50
19

(2)
36.0
(2)
(2)

1Data refer to persons who dropped out of school between October 1981 and October
1982. In addition. 59,000 persons 14 and 15 years old dropped out of school during
this period.
2Data not shown where base is less than 75,000.
N ote: Detail for white, black, and Hispanlc-origln groups will not add to totals because
data for the “ other races” group are not presented and Hispanics are Included in both
the white and black population groups. Because of rounding, sums of individual items
may not equal totals.

Unemployment rates increased sharply for white students
and nonstudents over the year. Rates for black students in
both high school and college showed no significant overthe-year change, but out-of-school black youth experienced
substantial increases. Jobless rates for black youth were
more than twice those of white youth across every educa­
tional attainment category. Among Hispanics, both students
and those not in school experienced increased unemploy­
ment between October 1981 and 1982. Their unemployment
rates remained between those of whites and blacks.

Occupations
The school enrollment status of youth is, of course, a
major controlling factor in the occupational distribution of
these workers. With worktime limited by class schedules,
most students are employed only part time in jobs which
31

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW August 1983 • Research Summaries
---------- FOOTNOTES ----------

T able 5. Percent of recent high school graduates 16 to 24
years old enrolled in college by year of graduation, and
race
Year of graduation

1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982

....................................................................
....................................................................
....................................................................
....................................................................
....................................................................
....................................................................
....................................................................
....................................................................
....................................................................
....................................................................
....................................................................
....................................................................
....................................................................

Total

White

Black1

52
53
49
47
48
51
49
51
50
49
49
54
51

52
54
49
48
47
51
49
51
50
50
50
55
52

48
47
48
35
51
46
48
50
46
46
43
43
36

1This report is based primarily on supplementary questions in the Oc­
tober 1982 Current Population Survey ( C P S ) , conducted and tabulated for
the Bureau of Labor Statistics by the Bureau of the Census. Most data
relate to persons 16 to 24 years of age in the civilian noninstitutional
population in the week ending Oct. 16, 1982.
Sampling variability may be relatively large in cases where the numbers
are small. Small estim ates, or small differences between estim ates, should
be interpreted with caution. Standard errors for school age youth data were
published in Special Labor Force Report 241, Bureau of Labor Statistics.
For the most recent report in this series, see Anne McDougall Young,
“ Labor force patterns of students, graduates, and dropouts, 1981,” Monthly
Labor Review, Septem ber 1982, pp. 3 9 -4 2 .
2 See Preliminary Estimates o f the Population o f the United States InAge, Sex and Race: 1970 to 1981, Current Population Reports, Series P 25, No. 917 (U .S. Bureau of the Census, 1982), table 3.

1Black and other races, 1970-76; black only, 1977-82.

can accommodate varying working hours. In October 1982,
6 of 10 teenage students employed part time were clerical,
private household, or service workers. (See table 3.) Teen­
agers not enrolled in school usually held full-time jobs.
While the largest proportions were also in clerical and ser­
vice jobs, 4 of 10 were operatives, nonfarm laborers, or
craft workers.
Two-thirds of the 20- to 24-year-old students worked part
time, with the largest proportions in clerical and service
occupations. While 17 percent held professional or technical
jobs, perhaps related to their college studies, only 3 percent
of the teenage students held such jobs. The out-of-school
youth 20 to 24 who worked full time were far more likely
than their teenage counterparts to be in professional-tech­
nical and managerial jobs; relatively few were nonfarm la­
borers or service workers.

High school graduates and dropouts in 1982
About half (51 percent) of the 3.1 million youth who had
graduated from high school in 1982 were enrolled in college
by October. (See table 4.) This proportion was 3 percentage
points lower than the 1981 peak, with little difference be­
tween men and women. However, after having been rea­
sonably close for most years during the 1970’s, the differences
between college enrollment rates of whites and blacks wid­
ened in the early 1980’s, with a particularly big drop be­
tween October of 1981 and 1982. A sharp decline in black
enrollment was the principal cause of this widening gap.
(See table 5.)
Eighty-two percent of the new high school graduates not
enrolled in college were in the labor force by October 1982.
Poor economic conditions led to a sharply higher unem­
ployment rate— 26.3 versus 21.4 percent— for the yearearlier graduates.
The number of youth who dropped out of school over the
year— 670,000— was lower than in recent years, reflecting
primarily a decline in the population of 16-year-olds. At
41.6 percent, the unemployment rate for recent dropouts
was more than 1.8 times the rate of the year’s new high
school graduates.
□
32

https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

Registered nurses total 1.7 million;
77 percent employed in profession
As of November 1980, an estimated 1.7 million individuals
in the United States were licensed to practice as registered
nurses, according to the Department of Health and Human
Services.1The great majority were white women. Only 2.7
percent of the nurses were men, while 7.2 percent were
from racial or ethnic minority backgrounds. More than half
were under age 40; the median age was 38.4 years.
Most of the registered nurses were married, 70.6 percent.
In fact, almost half of all the 1.7 million nurses were married
with children in the home. Almost 15 percent were never
married and about 14 percent were widowed, divorced, or
separated.
Among all the registered nurses in November 1980, al­
most two-thirds had obtained their basic nursing education
in a diploma program; 19 percent, in an associate degree
program; and 17 percent, in a baccalaureate program. When
all the formal education related to nursing was taken into
account, both basic and that which was received after the
nurses had obtained their registered nurse licenses, it was
estimated that about 18 percent of the nurses had associate
degrees; 54 percent, diplomas; and 22 percent, baccalau­
reates. Another 5 percent had master’s or doctoral degrees.
About a third of those whose highest advanced degree was
either a master’s or doctorate had majored in education.
Eighteen percent had focused on supervision or administra­
tion and 43 percent, on clinical practice.

Employment status
There were 1,272,851 registered nurses who were em­
ployed in nursing, 76.6 percent of the 1.7 million with
current licenses to practice. The men had higher activity
rates than the women, 86 percent compared to 76 percent.
Registered nurses from minority groups were more likely
to be employed than were the nonminority nurses, 89 percent
compared with 76 percent. Thus, among the registered nurses

employed in nursing, an estimated 8.3 percent were from
minority racial or ethnic backgrounds.
Registered nurses who were employed in nursing tended
to be younger than those who were not. The median age of
the employed nurses was 36.3 years. For those who were
not employed in nursing, the median was 47.0 years. A
larger proportion of those who were not employed in nursing
were married than of those who were employed, 80 percent
compared with 68 percent.
Almost a third of the registered nurses employed in nurs­
ing, 32 percent, were employed on a part-time basis. The
404,943 part-timers represented almost a quarter of the 1.7
million registered nurses in the country. Part-timers were
far more prevalent among the married nurses than among
those who were never married or were formerly married.
They were particularly numerous among the married nurses
with young children (less than 6 years old). Almost half of
all married registered nurses with young children (42 per­
cent) were employed in nursing on a part-time basis.

The employed registered nurses
Because registered nurses are employed in many different
areas of the health delivery system, a review of employed
nurses should consider the settings in which they are em­
ployed, the types of positions and the functions performed.
The overwhelming majority of them work in hospitals and
in staff-level positions. Almost two-thirds, or 835,647, of
the 1,272,851 employed registered nurses were working in
hospitals. An estimated 824,844 nurses, or 65 percent of
the 1.3 million employed had position titles in their primary
positions which could be considered staff nurse positions.
In addition to these, there were about 58,000 nurses who
were in specialized positions predominantly geared toward
patient care. These included an estimated 19,070 clinical
nursing specialists, 16,758 nurse midwives or practitioners,
14,580 nurse anesthetists, and 8,006 nurse clinicians. Given
this distribution, it is not surprising that 64 percent of the
1.3 million employed nurses were estimated to spend at
least half their time during a regular workweek in direct
patient care. An estimated 45 percent of the 1.3 million
spent at least three-quarters of their time in direct patient
care.
About 11 percent, or 143,693, of those employed in nurs­
ing were estimated to hold more than one position in nurs­
ing. The type of work performed in what they considered
their secondary position(s) was varied. However, a number
of these nurses were estimated to be working through tem­
porary employment services. Taking these secondary po­
sitions into account along with the employers identified for
the nurses’ principal positions, it was estimated that 39,138
registered nurses, or 3 percent of the 1.3 million employed
nurses, were working through temporary employment ser­
vices in November 1980. For about half of these nurses,
49 percent, the work received through the temporary service
was their principal nursing position.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

While almost a third of all employed nurses worked on
a part-time basis, the ratio of full- to part-timers varied
according to the field of employment. Thus, it was estimated
that about 46 percent of the nurses employed in nursing
homes and 42 percent in physician or dentist offices were
part-timers. Among those employed in hospitals, 30.6 per­
cent were part time. On the other hand, only 15 percent of
the occupational health nurses and 20 percent of those in
public or community health settings were part-timers. Con­
sidering all employed nurses working full time, the average
annual hours worked (including paid vacation, and so forth)
was 2,031. For the part-timers, it was 1,037— 51 percent
of the average full-time hours.
Differences among employed nurses are noted according
to educational background, as well. Thus, nurses in higherlevel and teaching positions were more likely to have ad­
vanced education. About 20 percent of the nurses in ad­
ministrative positions and 40 percent of those in instructor
type positions had master’s degrees or doctorates. Among
the clinical nursing specialists, it was estimated that 27.5
percent had at least a master’s degree, and for nurse cli­
nicians, 15 percent had at least a master’s degree.
Among the nurse midwives or practitioners, 80 percent
had no more than a baccalaureate degree. However, 78
percent had received formal nurse practitioner training, most
of them in programs leading to a certificate. Among those
who had formal nurse practitioner training, about 28 percent
studied in family nurse practitioner programs, 20 percent in
pediatric nurse practitioner programs, and 16 percent in
adult nurse practitioner programs.
The average annual earnings of the registered nurses em­
ployed on a full-time basis in November 1980 were $17,398.
The earnings varied according to the field of employment
and type of position. The lowest average earnings were
found for the staff nurses in physician or dentist offices,
$12,048. General duty or staff nurses in hospitals averaged
$16,521, while those in hospital administrative positions
averaged $24,486.

Registered nurses not employed in nursing
Of the 388,537 individuals who had current licenses to
practice in November 1980 but were not employed in nurs­
ing, 32,784, or 8 percent, were actively seeking nursing
employment. These 32,784 nurses represented 2 percent of
the 1.7 million registered nurses. More than two-thirds of
those looking for nursing employment were seeking parttime jobs. The majority of those actively seeking nursing
jobs had been looking for no more than 4 weeks.
An estimated 75,664 registered nurses were employed in
non-nursing occupations. Of these, 6,480 were also in­
cluded in the group seeking nursing employment. Approx­
imately 32 percent of those in non-nursing occupations were
in health-related occupations. Almost 40 percent of the non­
nursing workers were employed part time, most of these in
non-health related occupations.
33

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW August 1983 • Research Summaries
Apart from those who were seeking nursing employment
or were employed in a non-nursing capacity, there were an
estimated 286,568 inactive registered nurses. Most of these,
80.7 percent, were married, and most of the married inactive
nurses had children at home. In total, of the 286,568 inactive
nurses, about half (142,000) were married with children in
the home. Of the remaining inactive nurses, who were either
not married or did not have children, about 117,500 were
at least 50 years old. Thus, at most, about 27,000 of these
inactive nurses were under age 50 and were not married
with children at home.

34

https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

The preceding excerpt is adapted from the full report.
The Registered Nurse Population: An Overview, n t i s
Accession No. hrp-090-455 1, which is available from the
National Technical Information Service, 5285 Port Royal,
Springfield, Virginia 22151. The cost is $10 per copy. □

---------- FOOTNOTE ---------'T h ere were 1,670,817 individuals with current licenses to practice as
of N ovem ber 1980, 8,435 of whom were abroad. The data in the report
relate only to those located in the United States.

Vaccara wins Shiskin award
The fourth annual Julius Shiskin Award for Economic Statistics was pre­
sented in memory of Beatrice N. Vaccara. She was honored “ for her major
contributions to economic statistics including the development and application
of input-output modeling and improvements to the system of business cycle
indicators; and for her leadership and direction of practical, policy-oriented
economic analysis while Deputy Assistant Secretary for Domestic Economic
Policy at Treasury and Director of the Bureau of Industrial Economics at
Commerce.”
The Shiskin award, honoring the late Commissioner of Labor Statistics,
was presented at the annual dinner of the Washington Statistical Society,
along with an honorarium of $250, to the Beatrice Vaccara Memorial Fund.

M ajor Agreements
Expiring Next M onth
This list of selected collective bargaining agreements expiring in September is based on contracts on
file in the Bureau’s Office of Wages and Industrial Relations. The list includes agreements covering
1,000 workers or more.

Employer and location

Industry

A. E. Staley Manufacturing Co. (Illinois) . . . .
American Motors Corp. (Wisconsin) ..........
Anchor Hocking Corp. (Lancaster. Ohio) . . . .
Associated Hotels of Atlantic City (New Jersey)

Food products ...................
Transportation equipment . . . .
Stone, clay, and glass products
Hotels..............................

Atlantic Steel Co. (Atlanta. Ga.) ................

Labor organization

Number of
workers

1.500
8.300
3.000
5.000

Primary metals...................

Allied Industrial Workers.......
Auto Workers.....................
Glass Workers ...................
Hotel Employees and Restaurant
Employees
Steelworkers.......................

Bay Shipbuilding Corp. (Sturgeon Bay, Wis.)

Transportation equipment

Boilermakers

1.050

Champion International Corp.. Champion Papers Division (Hamilton. Ohio)
Cleveland Food Industry Committee. 2 Agreements (Interstate) ............
Consumers Power Co. (Michigan) .................................................
Continental Telephone Co. of California (Bakersfield. Calif.)................
Copperweld Steel Co. (Warren. Ohio) ............................................
Cyclops Corp., Universal-Cyclops Specialty Steel Division (Pennsylvania)

Paper .........
Retail trade . .
Utilities.......
Communication
Primary metals
Primary metals

Paperworkers ...................
Food and Commercial Workers
Utility Workers..................
Electrical Workers ( i b e w ) . . .
Steelworkers.....................
Steelworkers.....................

Daitch Crystal Dairies. Inc. (New York, N.Y.)............
Dravo Corp., Engineering Works Division (Pennsylvania)
Dresser Industries. Inc. (Orleans. N.Y.) .....................
Duval Corp.. Sierrita/Esperanza/Clear Properties (Arizona)

Retail trade ..............
Transportation equipment
Machinery................
Mining ...................

Retail. Wholesale and Department Store
Marine and Shipbuilding Workers
Steelworkers.................................
Steelworkers: Operating Engineers;
Teamsters (Ind.); and Laborers

Federal Paper Board Co., Inc. (Riegelwood, N.C.)
Fluid Milk-Ice Cream Agreement (California)2 . .
Food Fair Stores, Inc. (Interstate)...................

Paper .......
Food products
Retail trade .

Paperworkers ...................
Teamsters (Ind.) ................
Food and Commercial Workers

1.350
1.700

General American Transportation Corp. (Interstate) .............................. Transportation equipment
Greater Metropolitan Area Hospitality Association (Minneapolis. Minn.) . . . Restaurants .......... .

Steelworkers.......................
Hotel Employees and Restaurant
Employees

3.500
2.500

Hercules, Inc. (Radford, Va.)

Chemicals

Oil, Chemical and Atomic Workers

3,000

Intalco Aluminum Corp. (Ferndale. Wash.)
Interlake, Inc. (Illinois).......................

Primary metals
Primary metals

Bellingham Metal Trades Council
Steelworkers.........................

1.250
1.600

Kohler Co. (Kohler. Wis.)

Fabricated metal products

Auto Workers

3,500

Milk Dealers. Philadelphia and vicinity (Interstate)2
Motion Picture Laboratory Technicians (New York)

Food products
Amusements

Firemen and Oilers; and Teamsters (Ind.)
Theatrical Stage Employees..................

1,700
1,000

NL Industries, Inc.. Doehler-Jarvis Division (Interstate) .
Northeastern Ohio Food Industry Employers (Ohio) . . . .
Northeastern States Boilermakers Employers (Interstate)2

Primary metals
Retail trade . .
Construction

Auto Workers...................
Food and Commercial Workers
Boilermakers ...................

4.800
1.050

Ohio Valley Field Agreement (Interstate)2
Ownes-IIlinois, Inc. (Wisconsin) .........

Construction .....................
Stone, clay, and glass products

Boilermakers
Glass Workers

2,650

Raytheon Co.. Refrigeration Division (Amana. Iowa) ................
Reed Rock Bit Co. and Reed Tubular Products Co. (Houston. Tex.)
Rheem Manufacturing Co. (Arkansas) ...................................
Rockwell International Corp.. Automotive Operations (Interstate) . .

Electrical orouucts . . . .
Machinery................
Machinery................
Transportation equipment

Machinists .
Steelworkers
Steelworkers
Steelworkers

1,900

Schnadig Corp. (Interstate) ..............................
South Carolina Electric and Gas Co. (South Carolina)
Star-Kist Foods. Inc. (California).......................

Furniture . . .
Utilities . . . .
Food products

Upholsterers..............
Electrical Workers ( i be w )
Seafarers ..................

1.000
1.000

3.500

Waldbaum. Inc. (New York. N.Y.) ...............................................
Washington, D.C. Food Employers Labor Relations Association (Maryland.
D.C.. and Virginia)
Whirlpool Corp.. Fort Smith Division (Arkansas) ..............................
Zenith Radio Corp. (Springfield. Mo.) ............................................

Retail trade . . . .
Retail trade . . . .

Retail. Wholesale, and Department Store
Food and Commercial Workers ............

4,000
3,800

Electrical products
Electrical products

Allied Industrial Workers
Electrical Workers ( i b ew )

2.550
1.500

1.300

1.400
12.400
5.000
1.300
2,150
1.600
1,000

1.300
1.300
1.850
1.200

2.000

1.000

1.200
1.200

1.050

'Affiliated with AFL-CIO except whi_re noted as independent (Ind.).
•industry area (group of companies signing same contract).


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

35

Developments in
Industrial Relations

Aluminum companies-Steelworkers accords
The Steelworkers union concluded bargaining with major
aluminum producers on 3-year contracts that provided for
no specified wage increases, continuation of the automatic
cost-of-living pay adjustments (modified to make it less
liberal), and reductions in some benefits and improvements
in others. The companies involved were Aluminum Com­
pany of America (Alcoa), Reynolds Metals Co., and Kaiser
Aluminum & Chemical Corp.
The 25,000 employees covered by the settlement will
receive cost-of-living pay adjustments in each contract year
only to the extent that the b l s Consumer Price Index for
Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers rises more than
1.5 percent. During the first 2 years, the possible quarterly
adjustments will be at the rate of 1 cent an hour for each
0 . 3-point movement in the index (1967= 100). In the third
year, adjustments will be calculated at 1 cent for each 0.26point movement in the index. Previously, the entire move­
ment of the index was used in calculating adjustments, which
were at the rate of 1 cent for each 0.26-point movement.
In the area of paid time off, the union agreed that em­
ployees will receive an extended vacation every seventh
year, instead of every fifth year. The extended vacation
remained at 10 weeks of time off with 13 weeks of pay,
including the regular annual paid vacation for the year in
which the extended vacation is taken. As before, employees
will receive up to 5 weeks of vacation in all other years,
but the vacation bonus provision was suspended for 1984
and 1985. Under this provision, workers had received
$112.50, $75, or $30 a week (in addition to usual vacation
pay) depending upon when the vacation was taken.
The workers gave up the paid personal leave plan estab­
lished in the 1980 settlement, under which they received 6
days off over the 3-year contract term. The employees also
agreed to Sunday pay of time and one-quarter until January
1, 1986, when the premium will return to time and onehalf.
Other terms of the settlement required the companies to
give a 90-day notice of plant shutdowns, and established
committees to study how to control health care costs.
“ Developments in Industrial Relations” is prepared by George Ruben of
the Division o f Developments in Labor-M anagement Relations, Bureau of
Labor Statistics, and is largely based on information from secondary sources.

36

https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

A similar settlement was negotiated by the Aluminum,
Brick, and Glass Workers for the 10,000 workers it rep­
resents at Alcoa and 7,500 at Reynolds.
Steelworkers official A. Robert Moffett described the
agreement with the aluminum companies as a “ major
achievement” despite the concessionary aspects because all
three companies lost money in the first quarter of 1983.
The settlement apparently was a “ major achievement”
for the union when compared with its February accord with
major steel producers. The steel agreement called for an
immediate pay cut of $1.31 an hour ($1.25 of which was
to be restored in stages over the contract term) and reduc­
tions in some benefits. The major reason for the difference
in settlements between the two industries is that steel has
suffered larger losses in recent years, attributable in part to
a larger loss of sales to foreign producers. (See Monthly
Labor Review, May 1983, pp. 47-48, for provisions of the
steel settlement.)
The two other industries the Steelworkers settled with
earlier in 1983 were cans (containers) and copper mining
and processing (where some bargaining was continuing).
The settlements in both of these industries were more com­
parable to the aluminum than to the steel accord.

Auto Workers settle with Deere and Co.
Deere and Co. followed the lead of Caterpillar Tractor
Co. in negotiating a 3-year contract with the Auto Workers.
The new contract did not provide for specified wage in­
creases, but retained the provision for automatic quarterly
cost-of-living pay adjustments, improved supplemental un­
employment benefits, and established a profit-sharing plan.
(See Monthly Labor Review, July 1983, p. 42, for the terms
of the Caterpillar agreement.)
A special immediate cost-of-living pay adjustment of 3.9
percent will, reportedly, average 39 cents an hour. Workers
actively employed at some time between the October 1,
1982, termination date of the prior contract and June 3,
1983, also are scheduled to receive a one-time “ settlement
bonus” of 40 hours of pay on July 1, 1983. (Although the
prior contract was scheduled to expire on October 1, 1982,
its terms were extended and workers remained on the job,
except for a one-shift strike just prior to the settlement.)
The automatic cost-of-living pay adjustment formula was

revised to provide that the quarterly adjustments (0.1 percent
for each 0.26 percent movement in the b l s Consumer Price
Index for Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers) will
now be calculated on base pay only, rather than the previous
base pay plus shift differential pay. The result of this will
be somewhat smaller cents-per-hour adjustments.
Under the new profit-sharing plan, employees will be
guaranteed a payment in February 1985 of 32 cents for each
hour worked in 1984. In other years, the payments will be
determined by a formula that divides stockholders’ equity
and profits by sales.
The major change in supplemental unemployment ben­
efits was a guarantee of 52 weeks coverage for laid-off
workers with 10 years of service. Those with less service
will continue to be covered for up to 26 weeks. Company
financing of supplemental employment benefits also was
increased.
The Deere settlement affected 29,000 agricultural and
industrial equipment workers (including 11,500 on layoff)
at 11 plants in Iowa and Illinois and parts depots in five
States.

Newspaper Guild changes layoff provisions
The Newspaper Guild negotiated a 2-year contract with
the a f l -CIO for more than 60 economists, reporters, and
lobbyists employed by the labor federation. The accord was
retroactive to the April 1 termination date of the prior con­
tract. It called for a 4-percent pay increase on April 1, 1984.
In response to changes in layoff provisions sought by the
Newspaper Guild, the a f l -c i o agreed to notify the union
at least 2 weeks before serving any layoff notice on the
workers. During the 2-week period, senior employees would
be able to “ bump” junior employees if they are qualified
for the job. Previously, the federation had the final decision
on who was laid off. Employees losing their jobs through
bumping are to receive 2 weeks of pay if they are not given
a 2-week notice of their termination date. Other benefits for
all laid-off workers include 1.5 weeks of severance pay for
each of the first 10 years of service, plus 1 week of pay for
each additional year; and continuation of health and welfare
benefits for 6 months. The employees also retain job recall
rights for 1 year.

Communications contract focuses on displacements
The Communications Workers of America negotiated a
contract with General Telephone Co. of the Southwest that
included several provisions designed to aid employees who
lose their jobs because of technological change. Earlier, the
union negotiated similar provisions for employees of Gen­
eral Telephone Co. of California. (See Monthly Labor Re­
view, June 1983, p. 46.) These settlements could be indicative
of the union’s goals in current negotiations with the Bell
companies, particularly in the area of technological change.

https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

Under a new Employee Adjustment Income Plan, dis­
placed workers will receive monthly benefits of $250 to
$400 (depending on length of service) for 48 months or until
age 62, whichever comes first. In addition, they may choose
one of three options— $3,000 in retraining assistance, a
moving allowance, or continuation of medical insurance
coverage for 2 years.
Wage terms for the 9,500 workers in Texas, Oklahoma,
Arkansas, and New Mexico included average increases of
6.19 percent on May 16, 1983; 1.95 percent in November
1983; 5.25 percent in May 1984; 1.95 percent in November
1984; 4.82 percent in May 1985; and 1.45 percent in No­
vember 1985. Average pay was reportedly $8.53 an hour
under the prior agreement. A provision for automatic costof-living pay adjustments was terminated.
Other terms included optional retirement at unreduced
pension rates after 30 years of service; $500,000 major
medical coverage (formerly $100,000); a cap on the amount
the company adds to workers’ compensation benefits during
periods when workers are idled by on-the-job injuries (pre­
viously, the company made up the full amount for the entire
period of disability); an additional paid holiday; and estab­
lishment of an “ Employee Participation Process” giving
workers more voice in company decisions.

Crowell retires as head of Laundry Workers
The major business at the Laundry Workers convention
was the retirement of Russell R. Crowell after 21 years as
head of the union, and the election of Frank Ervolino as his
successor. Crowell started in Local 3 in San Francisco and
had served as the union’s vice president for 4 years before
becoming president.
Frank Ervolino, a vice president for 23 years, will head
the union for a 5-year term. Ervolino started with the union’s
Buffalo local in 1948 as its business agent and had served
as vice president of the local since 1950. His other posts
included membership in the executive board of the Buffalo
a f l - c i o and secretary-treasurer of the Buffalo and Western
New York Hospital and Nursing Home Council.
The 100 delegates elected Sam Begler to an eighth term
as secretary-treasurer, and elected three new vice presidents.

Insurance-food unions merger proposed
Delegates to the biennial convention of the Insurance
Workers International Union approved a merger with the
United Food and Commercial Workers International Union,
subject to a vote by the Insurance Workers' membership.
If approved, the proposal would then be submitted to the
Food and Commercial Workers’ international executive board
for final approval.
Under the proposal, the Insurance Workers would become
the Professional, Insurance, and Finance Division of the
1.3-million-member Food and Commercial Workers. Jo­
seph Pollack, president of the Insurance Workers, would be
37

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW August 1983 • Developments in Industrial Relations
an associate director of the division; other officers would
also hold posts. When positions in the division become
vacant, they would be filled by experienced workers from
the insurance industry.

International graphic unions merge
The Graphic Arts International Union and the Interna­
tional Printing and Graphic Communications Union merged
to form the Graphic Communications International Union.
Graphic Arts President Kenneth J. Brown heads the new
organization, and International Printing President Sol Fishko
is president emeritus. The new organization has about 200,000
members.

Lumber settlement averts scheduled strike
A scheduled strike against seven major Northwest lumber
companies was averted when leaders of the Woodworkers
and the Lumber Production and Industrial Workers unions
accepted a 3-year compromise settlement for 21,000 work­
ers. The employers, who had been hard-hit by the slowdown
in the housing industry over the last 2 years, had offered a
contract with no wage and benefit increase during the first
18 months, followed by a 2-percent pay increase in the
second year and a 3-percent increase in the third. Under the
compromise, average hourly pay of about $11 an hour will
not change during the first contract year, but wages will
increase by 4 percent at the beginning of the second year,
and 4.5 percent at the beginning of the final year.
Other terms included annual hourly increases of 25, 10,
and 10 cents in employer payments into health and welfare
funds, and adoption of a provision calling for union-man­
agement negotiations when the employer wants to contract
out work.
The Woodworkers represent 12,000 of the workers; the
balance are represented by the Lumber Production and In­
dustrial Workers, an affiliate of the Carpenters union. The
companies involved in the settlement are Weyerhaeuser C o.,
Crown Zellerbach Corp., Georgia-Pacific Corp., Boise Cas­
cade Corp., Champion International Corp., Publishers Paper
Co., and Simpson Timber Co.

Home appliance contract
In the home appliance industry, a settlement between
White-Westinghouse Corp. and the International Union of
Electrical Workers provided annual hourly pay increases of
15, 17, and 18 cents, raising average pay to about $9.60
an hour. The 3-year contract also calls for automatic semi­
annual cost-of-living adjustments of 1 cent for each 0.2percent rise in the b l s Consumer Price Index for Urban
Wage Earners and Clerical Workers, up to 7 percent and
above 9 percent in the first year and up to 10 percent and
above 12 percent in the third year. In the second year, the
size of possible adjustments will not be limited by a 238


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

percentage point “ corridor” .
Other provisions included a $35 a week rise (to $185) in
sickness and accident benefits; a $2 increase (to $14) in the
monthly pension rate for each year of credited service; and
a $7 a month supplement to the pension rate for early retirees
until they become eligible for social security benefits.

Chicago carpenters accept 1-year pay freeze
In the Chicago area, 27,000 carpenters followed the lead
of other local construction unions and agreed to a 1-year
pay freeze on homebuilding and new commercial work. The
contract negotiated by the Carpenters and Joiners union did
provide for a 40-cent-an-hour increase in employer pay­
ments for health care benefits. The unions that settled earlier
also accepted only increased financing of benefits as part of
a broad effort to obtain more jobs for their members in the
face of adverse economic conditions and increasing inroads
by nonunion firms.
The various unions bargain with the Mid-America Re­
gional Bargaining Association, representing 600 companies
in eight contractors’ groups. The association was still bar­
gaining with the Teamsters and Cement Masons unions.

Electricians in Los Angeles settle
Elsewhere in the construction industry, a settlement for
6,000 electricians in the Los Angeles area contained several
provisions intended to help contractors using union workers
to compete with companies using nonunion workers. Steve
Harrington, president of Local 11 of the International Broth­
erhood of Electrical Workers, said he hoped that the accord
would save jobs, noting that about 10 percent of the local’s
members were unemployed.
The 3-year contract with the National Electrical Con­
tractors Association did not provide for a guaranteed in­
crease in the $22.97 hourly pay rate for experienced workers.
There was a provision for possible limited cost-of-living pay
adjustments in the second and third years.
Other changes included elimination of two annual paid
holidays; time and one-half pay for overtime work, instead
of the previous double time pay; and establishment of a new
category of employees called “ pre apprentices” who will
be paid $8.05 an hour plus $ 1.55 in supplementary benefits.
All other workers receive $5.58 in benefits.
According to Harrington, the most beneficial change was
the incorporation into the contract of existing “ letters of
agreement” requiring the contractors to subcontract work
only to firms using union workers. He expects such a re­
quirement to be a major issue in coming negotiations for
other trades in the area.

Exxon again offers early retirement
In a move to reduce the size of its work force, Exxon
USA again offered early retirement to nonunion managerial,

professional, and technical employees in all operations ex­
cept its research and development laboratories. The petro­
leum firm did not reveal details of the offer but did say that
it was similar to the mid-1982 offer that resulted in an
undisclosed number of early retirements. The 1982 offer,
available to employees over age 50 with 14 years of service,
consisted of a lump-sum severance payment plus a lifetime
pension. According to a local union president, a 55-yearold worker with 30 years of service and earning $3,000 a
month retiring under the 1982 offer received severance pay
of $47,000 plus a $900-a-month pension.
Mike Barras, president of the Baton Rouge Oil and Chem­
ical Workers Union, which represents hourly workers at
some of the company’s Louisiana facilities, said the offer
also should apply to members of his union, because, “ [o]ur
people view this as a benefit.” Exxon explained that the
current offer, like that of 1982, was not made to unionrepresented workers because it did not foresee a surplus of
hourly workers.

First-year wage freeze for food workers
In St. Paul, Minn., 2,600 food clerks and 450 meat de­
partment workers were covered by 3-year accords that in­
cluded a freeze on general wage increases during the first
year, a cut in Sunday premium pay, and elimination of a
night work premium.
Ken Kokaisel, president of Local 789 of the Food and
Commercial Workers, said that the separate but similar
agreements with five food store chains for the two units of
workers were tailored to conform with the union’s March
settlements for workers in adjacent Minneapolis.
During the first contract year, employees would be eli­
gible for progression pay increases according to the schedule
of steps specified in the old contracts, which expired March
6. 1983. In the second and third years, all steps will be
increased by 5 percent. At the time of the settlements, pay
rates ranged from $9.32 to $11.95 an hour for full-time
cashiers and stockers, and from $5.23 to $8.50 for parttime workers. Fully experienced meatcutters earned $12.93
an hour.
Other provisions included time and one-half pay (for­
merly double time) for full-time employees working on Sun­
day; a 25-cent immediate reduction in the 50-cent-an-hour
premium for hours worked after 9 p.m. and elimination of
the payment in the second year; a 6-cent-an-hour increase
in the employer’s financing of pensions for the clerks, and
5 cents for the meatcutters; and a merger of health and
welfare funds for the two groups, and an equalization of
benefits.

Brewery offers retirement supplements
Nearly 1,000 employees of Pabst Brewing Co. in Mil­
waukee, Wis., were covered by a settlement that permits
the company to eliminate 110 jobs by ending deliveries to


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

retail establishments in the city and transferring the function
to local distributors. Affected workers will be permitted to
bump workers in the brewery. In a move to alleviate the
effect on workers, Pabst offered special retirement supple­
ments to induce 130 long-time employees to leave. The
$165- to $400-a-month payments will continue for a spec­
ified period, and are in addition to social security benefits
and regular lifetime pensions.
The 1-year contract also permits Pabst to reduce costs by
reorganizing departments and reassigning employees. The
only other change was the 60-cent-an-hour pay increase,
which brought average pay to $13.47, and a $500-increase
in life insurance coverage. George Hilbert, president of
Brewery Workers Local 9, said the wage provisions “ aren’t
that spectacular because . . . the financial condition of the
company is not all that great.”

Whirlpool workers end 15-week strike
A 15-week strike against the Whirlpool Corp. in Evans­
ville, Ind., ended when members of the International Union
of Electrical Workers accepted a 4-year contract. The con­
tract’s provisions raised the average straight time hourly pay
of $9.92 by 16 cents in each of the first 3 years, and 20
cents in the final year. The automatic cost-of-living pay
adjustment formula remained at 1 cent an hour for each 0.4point movement in the Consumer Price Index for Urban
Wage Earners and Clerical Workers (1967= 100), but ad­
justments will be semiannual rather than quarterly. Also,
each adjustment will be limited to 12 cents through 1985
and 16 cents in 1986, and the first 3 cents of any September
1983 adjustment will be diverted toward the cost of pen­
sions.
The pension rate was increased to $12 (from $10) for
each year of service effective immediately, and to $13, $14,
and $15 in February of 1984, 1985, and 1986. In another
change for retirees, the hospitalization deductible was raised
to $250 a year, from $100, and maximum lifetime coverage
was increased to $50,000, from $30,000.
In a change in paid vacations, Whirlpool is permitted to
end the traditional annual plant shutdown and schedule in­
dividual vacations.
The contract covered 4,200 active and 1,200 laid-off em­
ployees of the appliance plant.

Armco employees accept further concessions
In Middletown, Ohio, members of the Armco Employees
Independent Federation approved a concessionary contract
with Armco, Inc., similar to the contract the United Steel­
workers had negotiated with other Armco facilities and with
other major steel producers. (See Monthly Labor Review,
May 1983, pp. 47-48.). Terms at Middletown included an
82-cent-an-hour cut in base pay, elimination of some hol­
idays, and elimination of automatic cost-of-living pay ad­
justments through August 1984. The contract, scheduled to
39

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW August 1983 • Developments in Industrial Relations
run through July 1986, covered 4,500 hourly workers; 500
others were on layoff.
A company official said that despite the concessions, the
company and union still had to “ overcome other problems
that have kept us from being profitable.” The plant, which
produces flat-rolled carbon steel, had a $14.7 million loss
in the first quarter of 1983.
In 1982, the plant initiated a “ survival plan” that included
a 12-percent cut in hourly and salaried employment and
reductions in energy, transportation, and other costs.

Armco employees accept further concessions
In Middletown, Ohio, members of the Armco Employees
Independent Federation approved a concessionary contract
with Armco, Inc., similar to the contract the United Steel­
workers had negotiated with other Armco facilities and with
other major steel producers. (See Monthly Labor Review,
May 1983, pp. 47-48.) Terms at Middletown included an
82-cent-an-hour cut in base pay, elimination of some hol­
idays, and elimination of automatic cost-of-living pay ad­
justments through August 1984. The contract, scheduled to
run through July 1986, covered 4,500 hourly workers; 500
others were on layoff.
A company official said that despite the concessions, the
company and union still had to “ overcome other problems
that have kept us from being profitable.” The plant, which
produces flat-rolled carbon steel, had a $14.7 million loss
in the first quarter of 1983.
In 1982, the plant initiated a “ survival plan” that included
a 12-percent cut in hourly and salaried employment and
reductions in energy, transportation, and other costs.

Equal insurance coverage for spouses, says Court
The Supreme Court ruled that employers must treat male
and female employees equally in providing health insurance
for their spouses. In the case, Newport News Shipbuilding
and Dry Dock Co. v. eeoc, the court found that the company
had discriminated against a male employee by providing
limited health insurance coverage of his wife’s pregnancy
costs, while providing full coverage of health costs for the
spouses of female employees.

40

https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

The case arose in 1979, when an employee, John McNulty,
filed a complaint with the Equal Employment Opportunity
Commission asserting that Newport News had discriminated
against him by covering only $500 ofiiis wife’s hospital
costs for delivery of a baby. As a result, the eeoc issued
guidelines stating that “ if an employer’s insurance program
covers the medical expenses of spouses of female employ­
ees, then it must equally cover the medical expenses of
spouses of male employees, including those arising from
pregnancy related conditions.” The company then chal­
lenged the guidelines in a Federal district court, and the
eeoc in turn filed an action alleging that the company dis­
criminated on the basis of sex against male employees. The
district court ruled in favor of Newport News, but a court
of appeals reversed the decision, leading to the company’s
petition to the Supreme Court.
Writing for the majority. Justice Stevens said that the
Newport News insurance plan “ unlawfully gives married
male employees a benefit package for their dependents that
is less inclusive than the dependency coverage provided to
married female employees.” He explained that in enacting
the Pregnancy Discrimination Act of 1978, the Congress
“ unambiguously expressed its disapproval” of the Supreme
Court’s 1976 ruling in General Electric Co. v. Gilberto. In
that case, the Supreme Court held that exclusion of disa­
bilities caused by pregnancy from an employer's disability
plan did not constitute discrimination based on sex. Justice
Stevens said that the Pregnancy Discrimination Act indi­
cated the Congress’ rejection of the reasoning in that case—
that differential treatment of pregnancy was not sex dis­
crimination because only women can become pregnant.
Justices Rehnquist and Powell dissented, saying that the
court had misread the 1978 law. . . . “ Nothing in the Preg­
nancy Discrimination Act even arguably reaches beyond
female employees affected by pregnancy.”
The eeoc had about 50 complaints against companies
that were contingent on the outcome of the Newport News
case. An eeoc lawyer said the ruling may have broader
implications when it is applied to disputes involving other
employer-financed benefits, such as legal insurance or home
insurance.
□

Book Reviews

Prospects for participation
The Active Trade Unionist: A Study o f Motivation and Par­
ticipation at Branch Level. By Patricia Fosh. New York,
Cambridge University Press, 1981. 155 pp., bibliog­
raphy. $29.50.
Union leaders are engaged in a never-ending search for
techniques to motivate their members to become active in
their locals, that is, attend meetings and cooperate in such
union-sponsored activities as voter registration drives and
organization of political action campaigns. Attention is nor­
mally directed to the question— Why are most members
apathetic? Patricia Fosh, in The Active Trade Unionist,
tackles the corollary question, that is, Why are some mem­
bers more active than others?
Although her empirical data come from a British steel
mill, the authors draws on the extensive literature dealing
with local union activism in the United States and relates
her own findings to theories which evolved from the Amer­
ican experience. Therefore, the study should prove of in­
terest to practitioners and scholars on both sides of the
Atlantic. Because the book is based on a doctoral disser­
tation, some sections may be too technical to hold the at­
tention of laymen. Nonetheless, it is worth reading for its
excellent review and analysis of earlier research dealing with
participation in unions (chapter I) and for its conclusions.
In the 1950’s, scholars debated whether there was a linkage
between political radicalism and union activity. Major stud­
ies of that period countered the “ political causation” theory
with an alternative explanation, the “ stake in job” expla­
nation. Research involving unionists in the United States
demonstrated that those who were active had above-average
skill and seniority and a feeling of satisfaction about their
work. Activists, according to this theory, are moderates with
“ dual loyalty” to both the company and the union, who
are motivated to union participation by individual materi­
alistic or utilitarian considerations.
Fosh tests these earlier theories through an intensive study
of British steelworkers, utilizing a questionnaire to sort out
“ actives” and “ inactives” and interviewing workers to ex­
plore the reasons for their union activity. Responses were
analyzed in relation to personal characteristics of respon­
dents, including age, sex, and family and marital status, as
well as experiences at work and in the union. Based on


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

these data, the author rejects both the radical political and
“ stake in job” theories and advances an explanatory model
which stresses the role of deeply held but essentially mod­
erate beliefs which activists hold about trade unionism. Her
findings indicate that belief in the union and in collective
action stems from personal experiences and is passed on
from one generation to the next. This model which the
author terms “ improvement-conscious” unionism is con­
trasted with “ business unionism” because the activists view
the union as a social movement and with “ radical unionism”
because they do not expect fundamental changes in the
structure of society.
Whether the model applies in other cultural settings, for
example, coal mining communities in Great Britain or urban
centers in the United States, remains to be tested. Fosh has
made an important contribution to the literature on trade
unionism which should stimulate discussion among prac­
titioners and encourage further research.
— L o is S . G

ray

A s s o c ia te D e a n a n d P r o f e s s o r
N e w Y o rk S ta te S c h o o l o f
I n d u s tr ia l a n d L a b o r R e la tio n s
C o r n e ll U n iv e r s ity

Efforts toward unionism
Union Organizing: Management and Labor Conflict. By
William E. Fulmer. New York, Praeger Publishers,
1982. 229 pp. $22.95.
Union organizing is a highly complex, multidimensional
subject which embraces motives, themes, strategies, tactics,
timing, and a veritable thicket of legal intricacies and nu­
ances. Very few people can claim a comfortable grasp of
its many facets. This book accomplishes the challenge. It
is an excellent primer and should prove to be a valuable
tool to practitioners and students of labor relations, regard­
less of their persuasion. William E. Fulmer explores the
subject in a straightforward manner, understandable to the
inexperienced yet with sufficient detail to provide added
insight to veterans of organizing campaigns.
The book utilizes three case studies as chapters. These
cases appear to be required reading if the book is to be fully
41

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW August 1983 • Book Reviews
comprehended. In fact, they could be omitted except that a
valuable summary of common legal “ can” and “ cannot”
rules for managers and union officials appears toward the
end of the last two case studies.
The studies bring to life what would otherwise be a te­
dious, litigious subject. The first study describes the diffi­
culties of one employer that made unionism an attractive
option to its employees. The second study illustrates an
effective management campaign and the third provides bal­
ance by showing an effective union effort. Thus, the reader
is able to get inside organizing campaigns and view them
through the eyes of employees, employers, and union or­
ganizers.
If the reader is only interested in technical information,
these case histories would be best placed in the appendix
or added as postscripts to existing chapters. As they are,
the reader may feel compelled to read them as an integral
part of the text. If the book is used as part of a course, it
is unlikely that the instructor would require students to ana­
lyze the cases because a thorough analysis is provided by
the author. However, this book would be an excellent sup­
plement to any labor relations course dealing directly or
tangentially with union organizing.
The chapters that are not case studies cover the legal
framework for organizing, the process of organizing, the
use of consultants or outsiders during a campaign, unfair
labor practices arising out of organizing efforts (over 90
percent of all unfair labor practice charges concern union
organizing campaigns and certification procedures), and the
decertification process. Finally, answers to 50 questions
regarding organizing efforts are found in the appendix. An
abundance of statistical data is also provided regarding the
significance of union organizing.
Although the book is a worthy addition to the field of
labor relations, it could be improved. In the early chapters,
it would have been helpful to have a discussion on the effect
of the changing industrial environment surrounding organ­
izing attempts today. For example, the service industry sec­
tor of the economy has grown faster than the manufacturing
sector, and service-oriented firms have been historically more
difficult to organize. The reader could have benefited from
the author’s insight into the causes of this phenomenon.
The reader could also have benefited from some analysis
of the effect of significant changes in the legislative envi­
ronment in the last 15 years. The author should have con­
sidered the effect that equal opportunity, safety and health,
and pension laws may have had on the individual worker’s
desire to join a union. Rightly or wrongly, the individual
worker may believe that the union is not as necessary to
protect his interests as he would have prior to the passage
of legislation addressed to these interests.
The book also contains statements suggesting a kind of
naivete on behalf of its author or the prospective reader, or
both. Two examples appear on page 76. We are told that
management should not deliberately use unfair labor prac­
42

https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

tices to stall legitimate efforts by a union to have an election
because, among other supporting arguments, the “ longrange effect may be to enhance the chances of much more
restrictive legislation.” While there may be some validity
to this argument, it is not likely to be persuasive. It would
stretch the credulity of most to believe that the potential for
immediate gain by a single employer would be deterred by
some fear of future legislation which might restrict such
practices in general.
A second such example occurs when the author alleges
that “ occasionally managers want to stall the election until
a particular time of the year so that if the union wins, the
contract will expire at a time that is to management’s ad­
vantage.” Anyone who has been around a bargaining table
where an initial contract is being negotiated knows that this
process can take months and sometimes years if either side
is the least bit recalcitrant. Furthermore, such an agreement
can have an expiration which is not a yearly anniversary of
its commencement.
Also troubling is the attempt to oversimplify many com­
plex issues of labor law. For example, the author sacrifices
much instructive discussion in the terse statement that “ an
employer cannot lock out his union employees.” As the
Supreme Court pointed out in American Shipbuilding Co.
v. N L R B , the legality of a lockout is not determined only by
a narrow look at its effect, but rather the employer’s mo­
tivation must be examined. A lockout violates the law when
an employer intends by his actions to discourage union
membership or otherwise discriminate against the union.
It is an unavoidable problem that case law may change
between the time the manuscript is written and the time the
text is published. The author, probably writing before the
National Labor Relations Board decided Midland National
Life Insurance Co., quotes the now obsolete Hollywood
Ceramics, Inc. standard when he discusses campaign mis­
representation. In its 1982 decision, Midland National Life
Insurance Co., the n l r b announced it would no longer
probe into the truth or falsity of campaign statements by
parties to a representation election and no longer will set
aside elections on the basis of misleading campaign state­
ments. This represents an abandonment of the “ substantial
departure from the truth . . . reasonably . . . expected to
have a significant impact on the election” standard found
in the Hollywood Ceramics, Inc. /General Knit of California
line of cases.
It is not so easy, however, to dismiss misrepresentation
of statutory law, particularly when it is several years old.
The appendix states that employees in hospitals which are
operated on a nonprofit basis are not covered by the National
Labor Relations Act for the purpose of collective bargaining.
The exclusion of nonprofit hospitals occurred in 1947, with
the passage of the Labor-Management Relations Act (TaftHartley). Over the years, the National Labor Relations Board
assumed jurisdiction for proprietary hospitals and, later,
nursing homes, but the nonprofit hospitals were exempt from

Federal Law until August 25, 1974, when Congress enacted
Public Law 93-360. This law provided that all nonprofit
hospital workers be granted the same rights and privileges
under the National Labor Relations Act as had been legis­
lated for most other workers 39 years earlier. In addition,
it provided that special procedures for resolving bargaining
impasses would be applied to all workers of health care
institutions.
Despite a few missed opportunities and structural prob­
lems, this is a good book. To decry that a little additional
effort would have made it much better is to ignore the fact
that it makes a much needed contribution to the literature
on this subject.
— John R. Stepp
D ir e c to r , O ffic e o f L a b o r - M a n a g e m e n t
R e la tio n s S e r v ic e s
U .S . D e p a r tm e n t o f L a b o r

Ph. D .’s on the decline? yes and no
Implications o f the Changing U.S. Labor Market for Higher
Education. By Richard B. Freeman. Cambridge,
Mass., National Bureau of Economic Research, 1981.
49 pp. $1.50.
Underemployed Ph. D ’s. By Lewis C. Solmon and others.
Lexington, Mass., D.C. Heath and Co., Lexington
Books, 1981. 350 pp. $33.95.
As the labor market for highly educated persons deteri­
orates, more and more economists are writing about it. Allan
Cartter’s Ph. D .’s and the Academic Labor Market (1976)
and Richard B. Freeman’s The Overeducated American have
already become standard works.
Freeman has updated his 1976 book covering the decade
of the 1970’s. He reveals that despite some field variations,
starting salaries of college graduates and those with ad­
vanced degrees have markedly declined. Moreover, increas­
ing numbers of college graduates are in nonprofessional
jobs, or in jobs outside their areas of study.
Contrary to the widespread belief that the declining birth
rate has been the dominant factor in the decline in college
enrollments, Freeman conclusively demonstrates that these
declines are responses to the poor labor market. There is,
of course, considerable variation by field, with higher per­
centages of students studying business administration and
engineering and smaller percentages studying liberal arts.
The various trend forecasts have proved wrong, but the
supply-response model has been more accurate. Freeman
cites the example of the number of physicists predicted under
both models, with the latter model coming very close to the
actual number of Ph. D’s granted in physics. It would have
been beneficial to apply the supply-response model to such
fields as history and English, where for a decade the number


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

of Ph. D’s awarded has declined but is still far higher than
needed for the academic labor market. This is an area in
need of further work. All in all, this is a well-documented
study, as well as the most up-to-date.
The tight labor market has, of course, resulted in large
numbers of potential academics moving into nontraditional
employment sectors. This is the focus of the study by Lewis
C. Solmon and others. This study is based on a 1977 survey
of engineering and science, including social science, Ph.
D’s in nonacadmic occupations, and another survey of hu­
manities Ph. D .’s in the public sector, mainly those working
for the Federal Government.
Only 47 percent of the male and 50 percent of the female
humanities Ph. D .’s regard their current josbs as closely
related to their graduate education. Only 36 percent of men
and 31 percent of women are generally very satisfied with
their jobs. Twenty-seven and 20 percent, respectively, clearly
state that they are underemployed. Forty-five percent of men
and 39 percent of women believe that people with less
education are performing well in jobs identical to theirs.
These are important indicators of underemployment, al­
though somewhat of a subjective nature. The fact that the
Solmon study did not provide a specific definition of this
concept, or even a thorough discussion of it, is the most
significant shortcoming of this work. Average salary data
are helpful, but even more helpful would have been specific
occupational title and general schedule data from which one
could ascertain the necessary educational qualifications.
For the engineers and scientists, slightly more than half
believe they are working in jobs closely related to their
graduate education. It is highly revealing that to most en­
gineering and science Ph. D .’s, teaching is less satisfying
than research, administration, and other activities, whether
they are in the public or the private sector. Furthermore,
they are generally more satisfied in these activities than are
those with doctorates in the humanities. Only half as many
in the humanities believe they are underemployed. Clearly,
humanists emerge as the most dissatisfied group outside
academia.
Finally, the Solmon study considers some possible so­
lutions to the labor market problems facing these highly
educated persons, especially the humanities Ph. D .’s. All
of the usual alternatives are considered, although govern­
ment planning is too lightly dismissed. While there is no
quick and simple solution, Solmon appears too optimistic
about the ability of the public and private sectors to absorb
so many nontraditional employees in accordance with their
qualifications and expectations. This work, however, is the
first of its kind and is valuable for the data that it provides.
Both works are of special interest to college students, fac­
ulty, and administrators.
— John D reijmanis
H u m a n itie s a n d S o c ia l S c ie n c e D e p a r tm e n t
W e n tw o r th I n s titu te o f T e c h n o lo g y .

43

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW August 1983 • Book Reviews

Publications received

A t l e s o n , J a m e s B . , V a lu e s a n d A s s u m p ti o n s in A m e r i c a n L a b o r
L a w . A m h e r s t, T h e U n iv e r s ity o f M a s s a c h u s e tts P r e s s . 1 9 8 3 ,
2 4 0 p p . $ 2 5 , c lo th ; $ 1 2 , p a p e r ( S p r in g 1 9 8 4 ).

Agriculture and natural resources

B e d n a r , D a v id A . a n d W illia m P . C u r in g to n , “ I n te r a c tio n A n a l­
B a r n e t t , R ic h a r d C . , D a v id A . B e s s le r , R o b e r t L . T h o m p s o n ,
“ The

M oney

S u p p ly

and

N o m in a l

A g r ic u ltu r a l

P r ic e s ,“

y s is : A T o o l f o r U n d e r s ta n d in g N e g o tia tio n s . I n d u s tr ia l a n d
L a b o r R e l a ti o n s R e v i e w , A p r il 1 9 8 3 , p p . 3 8 9 - 4 0 1 .

A m e r i c a n J o u r n a l o f A g r i c u l t u r a l E c o n o m ic s , M a y 1 9 8 3 , p p .
3 0 3 -0 7 .

C o o k e , W illia m N . , “ D e te r m in a n ts o f th e O u tc o m e s o f U n io n

D r a b e n s t o t t , M a r k , “ T h e 1 9 8 0 s: A T u r n in g P o in t f o r U .S . A g ­

C e r tif ic a tio n E l e c t i o n s , ” I n d u s t r i a l a n d L a b o r R e la tio n s R e ­
v ie w , A p r il 1 9 8 3 , p p . 4 0 2 - 1 4 .

r ic u ltu r a l E x p o r t s ? ” E c o n o m i c R e v i e w , F e d e r a l R e s e r v e B a n k
D e l a n e y , J o h n T h o m a s , “ S tr ik e s , A r b itr a tio n , a n d T e a c h e r S a ­

o f K a n s a s C i t y , A p r il 1 9 8 3 , p p . 3 - 1 5 .

la r ie s : A B e h a v io r a l A n a l y s i s , ” I n d u s t r i a l a n d L a b o r R e l a ­
P a tr ic k , G e o r g e F . , B r ia n F . B la k e , S u z a n n e H . W h ita k e r , “ F a r m ­

tio n s R e v i e w , A p r il 1 9 8 3 , p p . 4 3 1 - 4 6 .

e r s ’ G o a ls : U n i- o r M u l t i - D i m e n s i o n a l ? ” A m e r i c a n J o u r n a l
E llw o o d , D a v id T . a n d G le n n A . F in e , " T h e I m p a c t o f R ig h t- to -

o f A g r i c u l t u r a l E c o n o m ic s , M a y 1 9 8 3 , p p . 3 1 5 - 2 0 .

W o r k L a w s o n U n io n O r g a n iz in g . C a m b r id g e , M a s s ., N a ­
S a r r i s , A l e x a n d e r H . , “ E u r o p e a n C o m m u n ity E n la r g e m e n t a n d
W o r ld T r a d e in F r u its a n d V e g e t a b l e s , ” A m e r ic a n J o u r n a l

tio n a l B u r e a u o f E c o n o m ic R e s e a r c h , I n c . .

1983, 38 pp.

( N B E R W o r k in g P a p e r S e r ie s , 1 1 1 6 .) $ 1 .5 0 .

o f A g r i c u l t u r a l E c o n o m ic s , M a y 1 9 8 3 , p p . 2 3 5 - 4 6 .
G r o s s m a n , G e n e M . , “ U n io n W a g e s , T e m p o r a r y L a y o f f s , a n d
U .S . D e p a r tm e n t o f E n e r g y , E n e r g y - R e la t e d M a n p o w e r ,

1982

( D O E - E R - 0 1 5 4 , 1 1 0 p p . , D e c e m b e r 1 9 8 2 ); F o r e c a s ts o f O n -

S e n i o r i t y , ” T h e A m e r i c a n E c o n o m ic R e v i e w , J u n e 1 9 8 3 , p p .
2 7 7 -9 0 .

S i t e a n d O ff- S ite O c c u p a tio n a l R e q u i r e m e n t s f o r E n e r g y C o n ­
s tr u c tio n D e v e lo p m e n ts in th e U n ite d S ta te s , 1 9 8 2 - 2 0 0 0 ( D O E E R - 0 1 5 5 , 141 p p . , N o v e m b e r 1 9 8 2 ). A v a ila b le f r o m th e N a ­
tio n a l T e c h n ic a l I n fo rm a tio n S e r v ic e , S p rin g f ie ld , V A . 2 2 1 6 1 .

H e n d r ic k s , W a lla c e E . a n d L a w r e n c e M . K a h n , “ C o s t- o f - L iv in g
C la u s e s in U n io n C o n tr a c ts : D e te r m in a n ts a n d E f f e c t s , ” I n ­
d u s t r i a l a n d L a b o r R e l a ti o n s R e v ie w . A p r il 1 9 8 3 , p p . 4 4 7 60.
L e w i n , D a v id a n d P e te r F e u ille , “ B e h a v io r a l R e s e a r c h in I n d u s ­

Economic growth and development
D a y , R ic h a r d H . , “ T h e E m e r g e n c y o f C h a o s f r o m C la s s ic a l E c o ­

tria l R e la tio n s ,” I n d u s tr ia l a n d L a b o r R e la tio n s R e v ie w , A p ril
1983, pp. 3 4 1 -6 0 .

n o m ic G r o w t h , ” T h e Q u a r te r ly J o u r n a l o f E c o n o m ic s , M a y
M a g e n a u , J o h n M . , “ T h e I m p a c t o f A lte r n a tiv e I m p a s s e P r o c e ­

1983, pp. 2 0 1 -1 3 .
I

I n te r n a tio n a l L a b o r O r g a n iz a tio n , E c o n o m ic s : A W o r k e r s ’ E d u ­

d u r e s o n B a r g a in in g : A L a b o r a to r y E x p e r i m e n t , ” I n d u s t r i a l
a n d L a b o r R e l a ti o n s R e v i e w , A p r il 1 9 8 3 , p p . 3 6 1 - 7 7 .

c a tio n M a n u a l. G e n e v a , I n te r n a tio n a l L a b o r O r g a n iz a tio n ,
1 9 8 3 , 1 6 0 p p . $ 1 0 . A v a ila b le in th e U n ite d S ta te s f r o m th e
W a s h in g to n B r a n c h o f il o .

M a y e r , J e a n , “ W o r k e r s ' W e ll- B e in g a n d P r o d u c tiv ity : T h e R o le
o f B a r g a in in g ,” I n te r n a tio n a l L a b o u r R e v ie w , M a y - J u n e 1 983,
pp. 3 4 3 -5 3 .

J a c k s o n , G r e g o r y A . a n d G e o r g e S . M a s n ic k , “ T a k e A n o th e r L o o k
a t R e g io n a l U .S . G r o w t h ,” H a r v a r d B u s in e s s R e v ie w , M a r c h A p r il 1 9 8 3 , p p . 7 6 - 8 7 .
M u r r a y , T h o m a s J . , “ R e c o v e r y : T h e R e g io n a l O u t l o o k , ” D u n ’s
B u s i n e s s M o n th , J u n e 1 9 8 3 , p p . 4 4 - 4 6 .
O l s o n , M a n c u r , “ T h e S o u th W ill F a ll A g a in : T h e S o u th a s L e a d e r
and

L a g g a rd

in E c o n o m ic

G r o w th ,”

S o u th e r n

N o r th , D a v id S . , T h e V ir g in I s l a n d s A li e n L e g a liz a tio n P r o g r a m :
L e s s o n s f o r th e M a in la n d . W a s h in g to n , N e w T r a n s C e n tu r y
F o u n d a t i o n , 1 9 8 3 , 4 C/ p p .
R o th , A lv in E . a n d F r a n c o is e S c h o u m a k e r , “ E x p e c ta tio n s a n d
R e p u ta tio n s in B a r g a in in g : A n E x p e r im e n ta l S t u d y , ” T h e
A m e r ic a n E c o n o m ic R e v ie w , Ju n e 1983, pp . 3 6 2 - 7 2 .

E c o n o m ic

J o u r n a l , A p r il 1 9 8 3 , p p . 9 1 7 - 3 2 .
S m ith , P a u l E . a n d T h o m a s O . W is le y , “ O n a M o d e l o f E c o n o m ic

S c h u s te r , M ic h a e l, “ T h e I m p a c t o f U n io n - M a n a g e m e n t C o o p e r ­
a tio n o n P r o d u c tiv ity a n d E m p l o y m e n t , ” I n d u s t r i a l a n d L a ­
b o r R e l a ti o n s R e v ie w , A p r il 1 9 8 3 , p p . 4 1 5 - 3 0 .

G r o w th U s in g F a c to r s o f P r o d u c tio n to E x tr a c t a n E x h a u s tib le
R e s o u r c e ,” S o u th e r n E c o n o m ic J o u r n a l, A p ril 1 9 8 3 , p p . 9 6 6 74.

Economic and social statistics

S t i e b e r , J a c k a n d J o h n B la c k b u r n , e d s . . a s s is te d b y S a lly B . P r a tt.
P ro te c tin g

U n o r g a n iz e d E m p lo y e e s A g a in s t U n ju s t D is ­

c h a r g e : P r o c e e d i n g s o f a C o n fe r e n c e H e l d a t M ic h ig a n S ta te
U n iv e r s ity . E a s t L a n s in g . M ic h ig a n S ta te U n iv e r s ity . S c h o o l
o f L a b o r a n d I n d u s tr ia l R e la tio n s . 1 9 8 3 . 177 p p . $ 8 .

J a p a n , P rim e M i n i s t e r 's O f f ic e , ’8 2 J a p a n . T o k y o , P rim e M in ­
i s t e r ’s O f f ic e , S ta tis tic s B u r e a u , 1 9 8 2 , 7 4 p p .
U .S . B u r e a u o f th e C e n s u s , L if e t i m e E a r n in g s E s tim a te s f o r M e n

International economics

a n d W o m e n in th e U n ite d S ta te s : 1 9 7 9 . B y D a n B u r k h e a d .

B h a n d a r i, J a g d e e p S . , “ A n A lte r n a tiv e T h e o r y o f E x c h a n g e R a te

W a s h i n g t o n , U .S . D e p a r tm e n t o f C o m m e r c e , B u r e a u o f th e

D y n a m i c s , ” T h e Q u a r te r ly J o u r n a l o f E c o n o m ic s , M a y 1 9 8 3 ,
pp. 3 3 7 -4 8 .

C e n s u s , 1 9 8 3 , 3 7 p p . ( C u r r e n t P o p u la tio n R e p o r ts , C o n s u m e r
I n c o m e , S e r ie s P - 6 0 , N o .

1 3 9 .) $ 4 .5 0 , S u p e r in te n d e n t o f

D o c u m e n t s , W a s h in g to n 2 0 4 0 2 .

Industrial relations

C a lm f o r s , L a r s , “ O u tp u t, I n fla tio n a n d th e T e r m s o f T r a d e In a
S m a ll O p e n E c o n o m y , ” K v k lo s , V o l. 3 6 , 1 9 8 3 , F a s c . 1, p p .
4 0 -6 5 .
D e l l a p o r t a s , G e o r g e , “ C la s s if ic a tio n o f N a tio n s a s D e v e lo p e d a n d

A n to s , J o s e p h R . , “ U n io n E f f e c ts o n W h i te - C o lla r C o m p e n s a ­

L e s s D e v e lo p e d : A n A r r a n g e m e n t b y D is c r im in a te A n a ly s is

t i o n , ” I n d u s t r i a l a n d L a b o r R e la tio n s R e v ie w , A p r il 1 9 8 3 ,

o f S o c i o e c o n o m ic D a t a , ” T h e A m e r i c a n J o u r n a l o f E c o n o m ­
ic s a n d S o c io lo g y , A p r il 1 9 8 3 , p p . 1 5 3 - 6 6 .

pp. 4 6 1 -7 9 .

44

https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

D o n n e n f e l d . S h a b ta i, “ D o m e s tic R e g u la tio n a n d th e P r e s e r v a tio n

M o o r e , W illia m J . , R o b e r t J . N e w m a n , J o h n R a is ia n , R . W illia m

o f M o n o p o ly P o w e r in F o r e ig n M a r k e t s , “ S o u th e r n E c o n o m ic

T h o m a s , “ A Q u a li t y - A d j u s t m e n t M o d e l o n th e A c a d e m ic

J o u r n a l , A p r il 1 9 8 3 , p p . 9 5 4 - 6 5 .
F a i r la m b , D a v id w ith H e n r ie tte S e n d e r , “ H a v e F lo a tin g R a te s
F a i l e d ? ” D u n s B u s i n e s s M o n th , J u n e 1 9 8 3 , p p . 6 6 - 6 9 .

L a b o r M a r k e t: T h e C a s e o f E c o n o m i s t s , ” E c o n o m ic I n q u ir y ,
A p r il 1 9 8 3 , p p . 2 4 1 - 5 4 .
P o te r b a , J a m e s M . a n d L a w r e n c e H . S u m m e r s , S u r v e y R e s p o n s e

K le itz , A n th o n y , “ T a r i f f P r e f e r e n c e s f o r th e D e v e lo p in g C o u n ­

V a ria tio n in th e C u r r e n t P o p u la tio n S u r v e y . C a m b r id g e , M a s s .,

trie s: A D o z e n Y e a rs o f P r o g r e s s ,” T h e O E C D O b s e r v e r , M a rc h

N a tio n a l B u r e a u o f E c o n o m ic R e s e a r c h , I n c . , 1 9 8 3 , 2 4 p p .

1983, pp. 3 8 -4 1 .

( N B E R W o r k in g P a p e r S e r ie s , 1 1 0 9 .) $ 1 .5 0 .

M a r s d e n , K e ith a n d A la n R o e , “ T h e P o litic a l E c o n o m y o f F o r e ig n

S a b o lo , Y v e s , “ D is a r m a m e n t a n d E m p lo y m e n t: B a c k g r o u n d f o r

A id : A W o r ld B a n k P e r s p e c t i v e , ” L a b o u r a n d S o c ie ty ’, J a n -

a R e s e a r c h P r o g r a m , ” I n t e r n a t i o n a l L a b o u r R e v ie w , M a y -

u a ry -M a rc h 1983, p p . 3 - 1 2 .

Ju n e 1983, 1983, pp. 2 6 3 -7 7 .

N u n n e n k a m p , P e te r , “ T h e I m p a c t o f R is in g O il P r ic e s o n E c o ­

S e g u r e t , M a r i e - C l a i r e , “ W o m e n a n d W o r k in g C o n d itio n s : P r o s ­

n o m ic G r o w th in D e v e lo p in g C o u n tr ie s in th e S e v e n t i e s , ”

p e c ts f o r I m p r o v e m e n t ? ” I n t e r n a t i o n a l L a b o u r R e v ie w , M a y -

K y k lo s , V o l. 3 5 , 1 9 8 2 , F a s c . 4 , p p . 6 3 3 - 4 7 .
S a l v a t o r e , D o m in ic k , “ A S i m u lta n e o u s E q u a tio n s M o d e l o f T r a d e
a n d D e v e lo p m e n t w ith D y n a m ic P o lic y S i m u l a t i o n s , ” K v k lo s , V o l. 3 6 , 1 9 8 3 . F a s c . 4 , p p . 6 6 - 9 0 .
W e c d e , E r ic h , “ T h e I m p a c t o f D e m o c r a c y o n E c o n o m ic G r o w th :

Ju n e 1983, p p. 2 9 5 -3 1 1 .
U n iv e r s ity o f S u s s e x , I n s titu te o f M a n p o w e r S t u d ie s , E n g in e e r in g
L a b o u r S h o r t a g e s in th e N o r th W e s t: A C a s e A p p r o a c h . F a i­
n te r , B r ig h to n , E n g la n d , U n iv e r s ity o f S u s s e x , I n s titu te o f
M a n p o w e r S t u d ie s , a n d th e M a n p o w e r S e r v ic e s C o m m is s io n ,
M a n p o w e r I n te llig e n c e a n d P l a n n in g , 1 9 8 3 , 7 3 p p .

S o m e E v id e n c e f r o m C r o s s - N a tio n a l A n a l y s i s , ” K y k lo s , V o l.
3 6 , 1 9 8 3 , F a s c ., 1, p p . 2 1 - 3 9 .

W a r r e n , R o n a ld S . , J r . , “ L a b o u r M a r k e t D if f e r e n tia ls a n d th e
E x p e c te d G a in f r o m

S e a r c h , ” J o u r n a l o f E c o n o m ic s a n d

B u s in e s s , V o l. 3 5 , N o . 1, 1 9 8 3 , p p . 5 5 - 5 9 .

Labor and economic history

“ W o m e n at W o rk : M o re J o b s — M o re J o b le s s ,” T h e O E C D O b ­
se rv e r , M a rc h 1 9 8 3 , p p . 2 7 - 2 9 .

C r o n i n , J a m e s E . , a n d C a r m e n S ir ia n n i, e d s . . W o r k , C o m m u n ity ,
a n d P o w e r : T h e E x p e r i e n c e o f L a b o r in E u r o p e a n d A m e r ic a ,

Management and organization theory

1 9 0 0 - / 9 2 5 . P h ila d e lp h ia , P a ., T e m p le U n iv e rs ity P re s s , 1 9 8 3 ,
3 1 8 p p . $ 2 7 .9 5 , c lo th ; $ 1 2 .9 5 , p a p e r .

R o z e n , M a r v in E . , T h e E c o n o m ic s o f W o r k R e o r g a n iz a tio n . N e w
Y o r k , P r a e g e r P u b lis h e r s , 1 9 8 3 , 2 4 0 p p ., b ib lio g ra p h y . $ 2 9 .9 5 .

G r e e n , J a m e s , e d . . W o r k e r s ’ S tr u g g le s , P a s t a n d P r e s e n t: A " R a d ­
ic a l A m e r i c a " R e a d e r . P h ila d e lp h ia , P a . , T e m p le U n iv e r s ity
P r e s s , 1 9 8 3 , 4 1 0 p p . $ 2 7 . 9 5 , c lo th ; $ 9 . 9 5 , p a p e r .

W h y te , W illia m F o o te a n d o t h e r s . W o r k e r P a r tic ip a tio n a n d O w n ­
e r s h ip : C o o p e r a tiv e S tr a t e g i e s f o r S tr e n g th e n in g L o c a l E c o n ­
o m ie s . I th a c a , N . Y . , C o r n e ll U n iv e r s ity , N e w

H o e r d e r , D ir k , e d . , A m e r i c a n L a b o r a n d I m m ig r a tio n H is to r y ,
! 8 7 7 - / 9 2 0 s : R e c e n t E u r o p e a n R e s e a r c h . C h a m p a ig n , U n i­

Y o rk S ta te

S c h o o l o f I n d u s tr ia l a n d L a b o r R e la tio n s , IL R P r e s s , 1 9 8 3 ,
152 p p . ( IL R P a p e r b a c k , 1 8 .) $ 1 0 .

v e r s ity o f I llin o is P r e s s , 1 9 8 3 , 2 8 6 p p . $ 2 8 .9 5 .
M y r c s , S a n d r a L . , W e s te r in g W o m e n a n d th e F r o n t i e r E x p e r ie n c e ,
1 8 0 0 - 1 9 1 5 . A lb u q u e r q u e , U n iv e r s ity o f N e w M e x ic o P r e s s ,
1 9 8 2 , 3 6 5 p p . $ 1 9 . 9 5 , c lo th ; $ 9 .9 5 , p a p e r .
S e a l a n d e r , J u d i t h , A.v M i n o r ity B e c o m e s M a jo r ity : F e d e r a l R e ­
a c tio n to th e P h e n o m e n o n o f W o m e n in th e W o r k F o r c e ,
1 9 2 0 - 1 9 6 3 . W e s tp o r t, C o n n . , G r e e n w o o d P r e s s , 1 9 8 3 , 201
p p . ( C o n tr ib u tio n s in W o m e n 's S tu d ie s , N o . 4 0 .) $ 2 7 .9 5 .
“ S o u th e a s t A s i a , ” C u r r e n t H is to r y , A p r il 1 9 8 3 , p p . 1 4 5 - 7 6 .

Monetary and fiscal policy
A k h ta r , M . A . , “ E f f e c ts o f I n te r e s t R a te s a n d In fla tio n o n A g ­
g r e g a te I n v e n to r y I n v e s tm e n t in th e U n ite d S t a t e s , ” T h e
A m e r ic a n E c o n o m ic R e v ie w , Ju n e 1983, p p . 3 1 9 - 2 8 .
B e m a n k e , B e n S . , “ N o n m o n e ta r y E f f e c ts o f th e F in a n c ia l C r is is
in th e P r o p a g a tio n o f th e G r e a t D e p r e s s i o n ,” T h e A m e r ic a n
E c o n o m i c R e v ie w , J u n e 1 9 8 3 , p p . 2 5 7 - 7 6 .
B r y a n t, R a lp h C . , C o n tr o llin g M o n e y : T h e F e d e r a l R e s e r v e a n d
I t s C r itic s . W a s h in g to n , T h e B r o o k in g s I n s titu tio n , 1 9 8 3 , 155
p p . $ 1 8 . 9 5 , c lo th ; $ 7 .9 5 , p a p e r .

Labor force
A l b e d a , W il, “ R e f le c tio n s o n th e F u tu r e o f F u ll E m p lo y m e n t, P a rt
I I , ” L a b o u r a n d S o c ie ty , J a n u a r y - M a r c h 1 9 8 3 , p p . 5 7 - 7 1 .

M e l v in , M i c h a e l , “ T h e V a n is h in g L iq u id ity E f f e c t o f M o n e y o n
I n te re s t: A n a ly s is a n d I m p lic a tio n s f o r P o l i c y , ” E c o n o m ic
I n q u ir y , A p r il 1 9 8 3 , p p . 1 8 8 - 2 0 2 .

A n d e r s o n , K a th r y n H . a n d M . A n n e H ill, “ M a r r ia g e a n d L a b o r

P e c h m a n , J o s e p h A . , e d . . S e ttin g N a t i o n a l P r io r itie s : T h e 1 9 8 4

M a r k e t D is c r im in a tio n in J a p a n , ” S o u th e r n E c o n o m ic J o u r ­

B u d g e t. W a s h in g to n , T h e B r o o k in g s I n s titu tio n , 1 9 8 3 , 2 4 8

n a l, A p r il 1 9 8 3 , p p . 9 4 1 - 5 3 .
G o l d f a r b , R o n a ld L . , M i g r a n t F a r m W o r k e r s : A C a s te o f D e s p a ir .
A m e s , T h e I o w a S ta te U n iv e r s ity P r e s s , 1 9 8 1 , 2 3 7 p p .
L a c y , W illia m B . , J a n e t L . B o k e m e ie r , J o n M . S h e p a r d , “ J o b
A ttr ib u te P r e f e r e n c e s a n d W o r k C o m m itm e n t o f M e n a n d

p p . $ 2 6 . 9 5 , c lo th ; $ 9 . 9 5 , p a p e r .
S ta r tz , R ic h a r d , “ C o m p e titio n a n d I n te r e s t R a te C e ilin g s in C o m ­
m e r c ia l B a n k i n g , ” T h e Q u a r te r ly J o u r n a l o f E c o n o m ic s , M a y
1983, pp. 2 5 5 -6 5 .
W e b s t e r , C h a r le s E . , J r . , “ T h e E ff e c ts o f D e fic its O n I n te re s t

W o m e n in th e U n ite d S t a t e s , ” P e r s o n n e l P s y c h o lo g y , A p r il

R a t e s , ” E c o n o m i c R e v ie w , F e d e r a l R e s e r v e B a n k o f K a n s a s

1983, pp. 3 1 5 -2 9 .

C ity , M a y 1 983, p p . 1 9 -2 8 .

M c G r e g o r , A la n , “ N e ig h b o r h o o d In flu e n c e o n J o b S e a r c h a n d J o b

W e in e r , S tu a r t E . , “ W h y A r e S o F e w F in a n c ia l A s s e ts I n d e x e d

F in d in g M e t h o d s , ” B r itis h J o u r n a l o f I n d u s t r i a l R e la tio n s ,

to I n f l a t i o n ? ” E c o n o m ic R e v ie w , F e d e r a l R e s e r v e B a n k o f

M a rc h 1 9 83, p p . 9 1 - 9 9 .

K a n s a s C ity , M a y 1983, p p . 3 - 1 8 .


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

45

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW August 1983 • Book Reviews
Prices and living conditions
E v a n s , P a u l, “ P r ic e - L e v e l I n s ta b ility a n d O u tp u t in th e U . S . , “
E c o n o m i c I n q u ir y , A p r il 1 9 8 3 , p p . 1 7 2 - 8 7 .
K u r a n , T im u r , “ A s y m m e tr ic P ric e R ig id ity a n d I n fla tio n a ry B i a s .”
T h e A m e r i c a n E c o n o m ic R e v ie w , J u n e 1 9 8 3 , p p . 3 7 3 - 8 2 .
N o r m a n , G e o r g e , “ S p a tia l P r ic in g w ith D if f e r e n tia te d P r o d u c t s , ”

a t M a n o a , I n d u s tr ia l R e la tio n s C e n te r . 1 9 8 3 . 8 4 p p . ( O c c a ­
s io n a l P u b lic a tio n , 1 4 5 .) $ 4 .
H a r t, R . A . , “ U n e m p lo y m e n t I n s u r a n c e a n d th e F i r m 's E m p lo y ­
m e n t S tr a te g y : A E u r o p e a n a n d U n ite d S ta te s C o m p a r i s o n . "
K y k lo s , V o l. 3 5 , 1 9 8 2 , F a s e . 4 . p p . 6 4 8 - 7 2 .
H a r tm a n , R o b e r t W . , P a y a n d P e n s i o n s f o r F e d e r a l W o r k e r s .

pp.

W a s h in g to n , T h e B r o o k in g s In s titu tio n . 1 9 8 3 , 118 p p . $ 1 8 .9 5 .
c lo th ; $ 7 . 9 5 , p a p e r .

S h i l l in g , A . G a r y a n d K iril S o k o lo f f , I s I n fla tio n E n d in g ? A r e Y o u

K a h n . G e o r g e A . , “ W a g e B e h a v io r in th e U n ite d S ta te s : 1 9 0 7 -

R e a d v ? N e w Y o r k , M c G r a w - H ill B o o k C o . , I n c ., 1 9 8 3 , 2 7 8
p p . $ 1 7 .9 5 .

8 0 ,” E c o n o m ic R e v ie w , F e d e ra l R e se rv e B ank o f K an sas
C i t y , A p r il 1 9 8 3 , p p . 1 6 - 2 9 .

The

Q u a r te r lv

Journal

o f E c o n o m ic s ,

M ay

1983,

2 9 1 -3 1 0 .

R o s o w , J e r o m e a n d R o b e r t Z a g e r , “ P u n c h O u t th e T im e C lo c k s :
S p e c ia l R e p o r t , ” H a r v a r d B u s in e s s R e v ie w ,
1 9 8 3 , b e g in n in g o n p. 12.

Productivity and technological change

M a rc h -A p ril

H e ie n , D a le M . , “ P r o d u c tiv ity in U .S . F o o d P r o c e s s in g a n d D is ­

U .S . C h a m b e r o f C o m m e r c e , A n a ly s i s o f W o r k e r s ’ C o m p e n s a tio n

t r ib u t i o n ,” A m e r ic a n J o u r n a l o f A g r ic u ltu r a l E c o n o m ic s , M a y
1983, pp. 2 9 7 -3 0 2 .

L a w s , 1 9 8 3 . W a s h in g to n , U .S . C h a m b e r o f C o m m e r c e , 1 9 83.
45 pp. $12.

H u n t, H . A lla n a n d T im o th y L . H u n t, H u m a n R e s o u r c e I m p l i ­
c a tio n s o f R o b o tic s . K a la m a z o o , M i c h ., T h e W .E . U p jo h n
I n s titu te f o r E m p lo y m e n t R e s e a r c h , 1 9 8 3 , 2 0 7 p p . . b ib l i o g ­

Welfare programs and social insurance
L a z e a r . E d w a r d P . , I n c e n tiv e E ffe c ts o f P e n s io n s . C a m b r id g e ,
M a s s . , N a tio n a l B u r e a u o f E c o n o m ic R e s e a r c h . I n c .. 1 9 8 3 .

r a p h y . $ 2 1 . 9 5 . c lo th ; $ 1 4 .9 5 , p a p e r .

41 p p . ( N B E R W o r k in g P a p e r S e r ie s . 1 1 2 6 .) $ 1 .5 0 .
M c D o n a ld ,

Wages and compensation
A lle n , R o b e r t E . a n d T im o th y J . K e a v e n y , “ C o s tin g O u t a W a g e
a n d B e n e fit P a c k a g e , ” C o m p e n s a tio n R e v ie w , V o l. 15, N o .
2 , S e c o n d Q u a rte r 1983, pp. 2 7 - 3 9 .
B e r g m a n n , T h o m a s J . , F r e d e r ic k S . H ills . L a u re l P r ie f e r t, “ P a y
C o m p r e s s io n :

C au ses,

R e s u lts ,

and

P o s s ib le

S o lu tio n s ,”

C o m p e n s a tio n R e v ie w , V o l. 15, N o . 2 . S e c o n d Q u a r te r 1 9 8 3 ,
pp. 1 7 -2 6 .
B r e a u g h , J a m e s A . , “ T h e 1 2 - H o u r W o r k D a y : D if f e r in g E m p lo y e e

Jo h n

W .,

“ The

W o r ld

A s s e m b ly

on

A g in g — A n

A m e r ic a n O v e r v i e w . ” I n te r n a t i o n a l S o c i a l S e c u r ity R e v ie w .
4 th Q u a r t e r 1 9 8 2 , p p . 5 2 8 - 4 0 .
M i t c h e ll , O liv ia S . a n d G a r y S . F ie ld s . E c o n o m ic I n c e n tiv e s to
R e tir e : A Q u a lita tiv e C h o ic e A p p r o a c h . C a m b r id g e . M a s s ..
N a tio n a l B u r e a u o f E c o n o m ic R e s e a r c h . I n c .. 1 9 8 3 . 2 0 p p .
( N B E R W o r k in g P a p e r S e r ie s . 1 0 9 6 .) $ 1 .5 0 .
------------ T h e E c o n o m ic s o f R e tir e m e n t B e h a v io r . C a m b r id g e . M a s s ..
N a tio n a l B u r e a u o f E c o n o m ic R e s e a r c h . I n c .. 1 9 8 3 . 2 9 p p .
( N B E R W o r k in g P a p e r S e r ie s , 1 1 2 8 .) $ 1 .5 0 .

R e a c t i o n s , ” P e r s o n n e l P s y c h o lo g y , S u m m e r 1 9 8 3 , p p . 2 7 7 -

88 .

“ S o c ia l S e c u r ity a n d th e E ld e rly : B a c k g r o u n d D o c u m e n t P r e p a r e d
f o r th e W o r ld A s s e m b ly o n A g in g b y th e I n te r n a tio n a l S o c ia l

C o o k , A lic e H ., C o m p a r a b le W o r th : T h e P r o b le m a n d S ta te s '
A p p r o a c h e s to W a g e E q u ity . H o n o lu lu . U n iv e r s ity o f H a w a ii

46


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

S e c u r ity A s s o c i a t i o n . " I n t e r n a t i o n a l S o c i a l S e c u r ity R e v ie w ,
4 th Q u a r t e r 1 9 8 2 , p p . 4 8 9 - 5 2 7 .

Current
Labor Statistics
Notes on Current Labor Statistics
Schedule of release dates for major BLS statistical series ....................................................................................................

48

Employment data from household survey. Definitions and notes ................................................................................

49

1. E m p lo y m en t statu s o f the n o n in stitu tio n al p opulation, selected years, 1 9 5 0 -8 2

...........................................................................

49

2. E m p lo y m en t status o f the p o p u latio n , in cluding A rm ed F orces in the U nited S tates, by sex, seaso n ally ad ju ste d . . . .

50

3. E m p lo y m en t status o f the civ ilian p o p u latio n by sex, age, race, and H ispanic o rig in , seaso n ally a d j u s te d .........................
4. Selected em p lo y m en t in d icato rs, seaso n ally a d j u s t e d .................................................................................................................................

51
52

5. S elected u n em p lo y m en t in d icato rs, seaso n ally a d j u s te d ............................................................................................................................

53

6. U n em p lo y m en t rates, by sex and ag e, seaso nally adjusted

54

.....................................................................................................................

7. U n em p lo y ed p erso n s, by reaso n fo r u n em p lo y m en t, seasonally a d j u s t e d ..........................................................................................

54

8. D u ratio n o f u n em p lo y m en t, seaso n ally a d j u s te d ...........................................................................................................................................

54

Employment, hours, and earnings data from establishment surveys. Definitions and notes ...

55

9.

E m p lo y m en t by in d u stry , selected y ears, 1 9 5 0 -8 2

.................................................................................................................................

10. E m p lo y m en t by State ...............................................................................................................................................................................................

56

11. E m p lo y m en t by in d u stry d iv isio n and m ajo r m anufacturing g ro u p , se asonally a d j u s t e d ............................................................

56
57

12. H ours and e arn in g s, by in d u stry d iv isio n , selected years, 1 9 5 0 -8 2 ....................................................................................................

58

13. W eek ly h o u rs, by industry div isio n and m ajor m anufacturing gro u p , se asonally ad justed
14. H o u rly e arn in g s, by in dustry d iv isio n and m ajor m anufacturing group
15. H o u rly E arn in g s In d ex , by industry d iv isio n

.......................................................

............................................................................................

................................................................................................................................................

16. W eek ly earn in g s, by industry div isio n and m ajo r m anufacturing g r o u p ............................................................................................
17. Ind ex es o f diffusion: industries in w hich em ploym ent i n c r e a s e d ...........................................................................................................

Unemployment insurance data. Definitions...............
18.

59
60
60
61
61

62

U n em p lo y m en t insu ran ce and em p lo y m en t service operations

62

Price data. Definitions and notes ......................................................
19. C o n su m er P rice In d ex , 1 9 6 7 -8 2 ...........................................................................................

63
64

20. C o n su m er P rice In d ex , U .S . city av erag e, g eneral sum m ary and selected item s

64

21. C o n su m er P rice In d ex , cro ss-classificatio n o f region and p opulation size class .
22. C o n su m er P rice In d ex , selected areas .................................................................................
23. P ro d u c er P rice In d ex es, by stage o f p ro cessing

70
71

..............................................................

72

24. P ro d u c er P rice In d ex es, by co m m o d ity gro u pings .........................................................

73
75
75
76

25. P ro d u c er P rice In d ex es, fo r special co m m o d ity g r o u p in g s ..........................................
26. P ro d u c er P rice In d ex es, by d u rab ility o f p ro duct ...........................................................
27. P ro d u c er P rice Ind ex es fo r the o u tp u t o f selected SIC industries

...........................

Productivity data. Definitions and notes ..........................................................................................

77

28. A n n u al in d ex es o f p ro d u ctiv ity , h o u rly co m p en satio n , unit c o sts, and p ric e s, selected y e a rs, 1 9 5 0 -8 2 ............................
29. A n n u al ch an g es in p ro d u ctiv ity , h o u rly co m p en satio n , unit c o sts, and p rices, 1 9 7 2 -8 2 ..........................................................

77
78

30. Q u arterly indexes o f p ro d u ctiv ity , h o u rly co m p en satio n , un it co sts, and p rices, seaso n ally ad ju ste d

.................................

79

31. P ercent ch ange from p receding q u arter and y ear in p ro d u ctiv ity , hourly co m p en satio n , un it co sts, an d p r i c e s ...............

80

Wage and compensation data. Definitions and notes ....................................................
32. E m p lo y m en t C o st In d ex , total co m p en satio n , by occu p atio n and industry gro u p

.............................................

33. E m p lo y m en t C o st In d ex , w ag es and salaries, by o ccupation and industry gro u p

.............................................

34. E m p lo y m en t C o st Ind ex , p riv ate n o n farm w o rk ers, by b argaining status, re g io n , and area size
35. W ag e and co m p en satio n ch an g e, m ajo r co llective b argaining se ttlem ents, 1978 to d a t e .................................
36. E ffective w ag e ad ju stm en ts in co llectiv e b argaining units covering 1,000 w orkers o r m o re , 1978 to date

Work stoppage data. Definition ....................................
37.

W o rk sto p p ag es in v olving 1,000 w orkers o r m o re, 1947 to date


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

87
87

NOTES ON CURRENT LABOR STATISTICS

This section of the Review presents the principal statistical series
collected and calculated by the Bureau of Labor Statistics. A brief
introduction to each group of tables provides definitions, notes on
the data, sources, and other material usually found in footnotes.
Readers who need additional information are invited to consult
the BLS regional offices listed on the inside front cover of this
issue of the Review. Some general notes applicable to several series
are given below.

Price Index series. However, seasonally adjusted indexes are not published
for the U .S. average All Items CPI. Only seasonally adjusted percent
changes are available for this series.

Adjustments for price changes.

Some data are adjusted to elim inate the

effect o f changes in price. These adjustm ents are m ade by dividing current
dollar values by the Consum er Price Index or the appropriate component
of the index, then multiplying by 100. For exam ple, given a current hourly
wage rate of $3 and a current price index number of 150, where 1967 = 100,

Seasonal adjustment.

Certain monthly and quarterly data are adjusted to

the hourly rate expressed in 1967 dollars is $2 ($3/150 x 100 = $2). The

elim inate the effect o f such factors as climatic conditions, industry pro­

resulting values are described as “ real,” “ constant,” or “ 1967” dollars.

duction schedules, opening and closing of schools, holiday buying periods,
and vacation practices, which might otherwise mask short-term movements

Availability of information. Data that supplement the tables in this section

o f the statistical series. Tables containing these data are identified as “ sea­

are published by the Bureau of Labor Statistics in a variety of sources.

sonally adjusted.’’ Seasonal effects are estimated on the basis of past

Press releases provide the latest statistical information published by the

experience. When new seasonal factors are computed each year, revisions

Bureau; the m ajor recurring releases are published according to the schedule

may affect seasonally adjusted data for several preceding years.

given below. More information from household and establishm ent surveys

Seasonally adjusted labor force data in tables 3 - 8 were revised in the
February 1983 issue o f the Review, to reflect experience through 1982.

is provided in Employment and Earnings, a monthly publication o f the
Bureau. Com parable household information is published in a two-volume

ARIM A, which was developed at Statistics Canada as an extension of the

data book-Labor Force Statistics Derived From the Current Population
Survey, Bulletin 2096. Com parable establishm ent information appears in
two data books -Employment and Earnings, United States, and Employ­
ment and Earnings, States and Areas, and their annual supplements. More

standard X -11 method. A detailed description of the procedure appears in

detailed information on wages and other aspects o f collective bargaining

Beginning in January 1980, the BLS introduced two major modifications
in the seasonal adjustment methodology for labor force data. First, the
data are being seasonally adjusted with a new procedure called X -11/

The X - ll ARIMA Seasonal Adjustment Method by Estela Bee Dagum

appears in the monthly periodical, Current Wage Developments. More

(Statistics Canada Catalogue No. 12-564E, February 1980). The second

detailed price information is published each month in the periodicals, the

change is that seasonal factors are now being calculated for use during the

CPI Detailed Report and Producer Prices and Price Indexes.

first 6 months o f the year, rather than for the entire year, and then are
calculated at m id-year for the July-December period. Revisions of historical

Symbols

data continue to be made only at the end of each calendar year.
Annual revision o f the seasonally adjusted payroll data shown in tables

p = prelim inary. To improve the tim eliness of some series, pre­

11, 13, and 15 were made in August 1981 using the X -l 1 ARIM A seasonal

liminary figures are issued based on representative but in­

adjustm ent methodology. New seasonal factors for productivity data in

com plete returns.

tables 29 and 30 are usually introduced in the Septem ber issue. Seasonally

r = revised. Generally, this revision reflects the availability o f
later data but m ay also reflect other adjustments,

adjusted indexes and percent changes from month to month and from
quarter to quarter are published for numerous Consum er and Producer

n.e.c. = not elsewhere classified.

S ch edule of release dates for m ajor BLS statistical series
S e r ie s

E m p lo y m e n t C o s t In d e x

A ugust

P e r io d

S e p te m b e r

P e r io d

O c to b e r

P e r io d

M L R t a b le

r e le a s e s

c o v e re d

r e le a s e s

c o v e re d

r e le a s e s

c o v e re d

num ber

S e p te m b e r 2

August

O c to b e r 7

.......................................

August 4

E m p lo y m e n t s i t u a t i o n ................................................

August 5

J u ly

P r o d u c e r P r ic e I n d e x ................................................

August 12

J u ly

S e p te m b e r 9

August

O c to b e r 1 4

S e p te m b e r

2 3 -2 7

C o n s u m e r P ric e In d e x

............................................

August 23

J u ly

S e p te m b e r 2 3

A ugust

O c to b e r 2 5

S e p te m b e r

1 9 -2 2

R e a l e a r n i n g s ..................................................................

August 23

J u ly

S e p te m b e r 2 3

August

O c to b e r 2 5

S e p te m b e r

1 2 -1 6

O c to b e r 2 8

1 s t 9 m o n th s

3 5 -3 6

3 2 -3 4

S e p te m b e r

m

i

P r o d u c t iv ity a n d c o s ts :

N o n fin a n c ia l c o r p o r a tio n s

...............................

August 26

N o n f a r m b u s in e s s a n d m a n u fa c t u r in g . .
M a jo r c o lle c tiv e b a r g a in in g s e t tle m e n ts

48

https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

. .

EMPLOYMENT DATA FROM THE HOUSEHOLD SURVEY

E m p l o y m e n t d a t a in this section are obtained from the Current
Population Survey, a program of personal interviews conducted
monthly by the Bureau of the Census for the Bureau of Labor
Statistics. The sample consists of about 60,000 households selected
to represent the U.S population 16 years of age and older. House­
holds are interviewed on a rotating basis, so that three-fourths of
the sample is the same for any 2 consecutive months.

rate for all civilian workers represents the number unemployed as a percent
o f the civilian labor force.
The labor force consists of all employed or unemployed civilians plus
members of the Armed Forces stationed in the United States. Persons not
in the labor force'are those not classified as employed or unemployed;
this group includes persons retired, those engaged in their own housework,
those not working while attending school, those unable to work because
of long-term illness, those discouraged from seeking work because of
personal or job market factors, and those who are voluntarily idle. The
noninstitutional population comprises all persons 16 years o f age and
older who are not inmates of penal or mental institutions, sanitarium s, or
homes for the aged, infirm, or needy, and members of the Armed Forces
stationed in the United States. The labor force participation rate is the
proportion of the noninstitutional population that is in the labor force. The
employment-population ratio is total em ploym ent (including the resident
Armed Forces) as a percent of the noninstitutional population.

Definitions
Employed persons include (1) all civilians who worked for pay any
time during the week which includes the 12th day of the month or who
worked unpaid for 15 hours or more in a family-operated enterprise and
(2) those who were temporarily absent from their regular jobs because of
illness, vacation, industrial dispute, or similar reasons. Members of the
Armed Forces stationed in the United States are also included in the em ­
ployed total. A person working at more than one job is counted only in
the job at which he or she worked the greatest number of hours.

Notes on the data
From time to tim e, and especially after a decennial census, adjustments
are made in the Current Population Survey figures to correct for estimating
errors during the preceding years. These adjustments affect the com para­
bility of historical data presented in table 1. A description of these ad­
justments and their effect on the various data series appear in the Explanatory
Notes of Employment and Earnings.
Data in tables 2 - 8 are seasonally adjusted, based on the seasonal ex­
perience through December 1982.

Unemployed persons

are those who did not work during the survey
week, but were available for work except for temporary illness and had
looked for jobs within the preceding 4 weeks. Persons who did not look
for work because they were on layoff or waiting to start new jobs within
the next 30 days are also counted among the unemployed. The overall
unemployment rate represents the number unemployed as a percent of
the labor force, including the resident Armed Forces. The unemployment

1.

Employ m ent s ta ti is of the noninstitutional population, 16 years and over, selected years, 1 9 5 0 -8 2

[ N u m b e r s in t h o u s a n d s ]
L a b o r fo rc e
E m p lo y e d

N o n in s t iYear

t u tio n a l
p o p u la tio n

p o p u la tio n

U n e m p lo y e d
C iv ilia n

P e rc e n t of
T o ta l

P e r c e n t ot
p o p u la tio n

N o t in

R e s id e n t

P erc e n t ot
N o n a g r i-

A rm e d
F o rc e s

T o ta l

A g r ic u lt u r e

N um ber

c u ltu r a i

la b o r to rc e

la b o r
t o rc e

i n d u s tr ie s
1950

......................

1 0 6 ,1 6 4

6 3 ,3 7 7

1955

......................

1 1 1 ,7 4 7

1960

......................

1 1 9 ,1 0 6

5 9 .7

6 0 ,0 8 7

6 7 ,0 8 7

6 0 .0

7 1 ,4 8 9

6 0 .0

5 6 .6

1 ,1 6 9

5 8 ,9 1 8

7 ,1 6 0

5 1 ,7 5 8

3 ,2 8 8

5 .2

6 4 ,2 3 4

4 2 ,7 8 7

5 7 .5

2 ,0 6 4

6 2 ,1 7 0

6 ,4 5 0

5 5 ,7 2 2

2 .8 5 2

4 .3

6 7 ,6 3 9

4 4 ,6 6 0

5 6 .8

1 ,8 6 1

6 5 ,7 7 8

5 ,4 5 8

6 0 ,3 1 8

3 .8 5 2

5 .4

4 6 ,6 1 7

1965

......................

1 2 8 .4 5 9

5 9 .5

7 3 ,0 3 4

5 6 .9

1 ,9 4 6

7 1 ,0 8 8

1966

......................

4 ,3 6 1

6 6 ,7 2 6

1 3 0 ,1 8 0

7 7 ,8 9 2

3 ,3 6 6

4 .4

5 9 .8

7 5 ,0 1 7

5 7 .6

2 ,1 2 2

7 2 ,8 9 5

1967

......................

3 ,9 7 9

1 3 2 ,0 9 2

6 8 ,9 1 5

7 9 ,5 6 5

2 ,8 7 5

6 0 .2

3 .7

7 6 ,5 9 0

5 8 .0

5 2 ,2 8 8

2 ,2 1 8

7 4 ,3 7 2

3 ,8 4 4

7 0 ,5 2 7

2 ,9 7 5

3 .7

7 8 ,1 7 3

5 8 .2

5 2 ,5 2 7

2 ,2 5 3

7 5 ,9 2 0

3 ,8 1 7

7 2 ,1 0 3

2 ,8 1 7

3 .5

5 3 ,2 9 1
5 3 ,6 0 2

1968

......................

1 3 4 ,2 8 1

7 6 ,4 0 1

8 0 ,9 9 0

6 0 .3

5 2 ,0 5 8

1969

......................

1 3 6 ,5 7 3

8 2 ,9 7 2

6 0 .8

8 0 ,1 4 0

5 8 .7

2 ,2 3 8

7 7 ,9 0 2

3 ,6 0 6

7 4 ,2 9 6

2 ,8 3 2

3 .4

1970

......................

1 3 9 ,2 0 3

8 4 ,8 8 9

6 1 .0

8 0 ,7 9 6

5 8 .0

2 ,1 1 8

7 8 ,6 7 8

1971

......................

3 ,4 6 3

1 4 2 ,1 ;8 9

7 5 ,2 1 5

8 6 ,3 5 5

6 0 .7

4 ,0 9 3

4 .8

8 1 ,3 4 0

5 7 .2

5 4 ,3 1 5

1 ,9 7 3

7 9 ,3 6 7

1972

......................

3 ,3 9 4

1 4 5 .9 3 9

7 5 ,9 7 2

8 8 ,8 4 7

5 ,0 1 6

6 0 .9

8 3 ,9 6 6

5 .8

5 7 .5

5 5 ,8 3 4

1 ,8 1 3

8 2 ,1 5 3

3 ,4 8 4

7 8 ,6 6 9

1973

......................

1 4 8 ,8 7 0

9 1 ,2 0 3

4 ,8 8 2

6 1 .3

5 .5

8 6 ,8 3 8

5 8 .3

5 7 ,0 9 1

1 ,7 7 4

8 5 ,0 6 4

1974

......................

3 ,4 7 0

1 5 1 ,8 4 1

8 1 ,5 9 4

9 3 ,6 7 0

6 1 .7

4 ,3 5 5

88,S >15

4 .8

5 8 .3

5 7 ,6 6 7

1 ,7 2 1

8 6 ,7 9 4

3 ,5 1 5

8 3 ,2 7 9

5 ,1 5 6

5 .5

5 8 ,1 7 1

9 5 ,4 5 3

6 1 .6

8 7 ,5 2 4

5 6 .5

1 ,6 7 8

8 5 ,8 4 5

3 ,4 0 8

8 2 ,4 3 8

6 2 .0

7 ,9 2 9

9 0 ,4 2 0

8 .3

5 9 ,3 7 7

1975

......................

1 5 4 ,8 3 1

1976

......................

1 5 7 ,8 1 8

9 7 ,8 2 6

5 7 .3

1 ,6 6 8

1977

......................

8 8 ,7 5 2

3 ,3 3 1

1 6 0 ,6 8 9

8 5 ,4 2 1

1 0 0 ,6 6 5

6 2 .6

7 ,4 0 6

7 .6

9 3 ,6 7 3

5 8 .3

5 9 ,9 9 1

1 ,6 5 6

9 2 ,0 1 7

1978

......................

3 ,2 8 3

1 5 3 ,5 4 1

8 8 ,7 3 4

1 0 3 ,8 8 2

6 ,9 9 1

6 3 .5

9 7 ,6 7 9

6 .9

5 9 .7

6 0 ,0 2 5

1 ,6 3 1

9 6 ,0 4 8

3 ,3 8 7

1 6 6 .4 6 0

9 2 ,6 6 1

1 0 6 ,5 5 9

6 4 .0

6 ,2 0 2

1 0 0 ,4 2 1

6 .0

6 0 .3

5 9 ,6 5 9

1 ,5 9 7

9 8 ,8 2 4

3 ,3 4 7

9 5 ,4 7 7

6 ,1 3 7

5 .8

5 9 ,9 0 0

1979

......................

1980

......................

1 6 9 ,3 4 9

1 0 8 ,5 4 4

6 4 .1

1 0 0 ,9 0 7

5 9 .6

1 ,6 0 4

1981

......................

9 9 ,3 0 3

3 ,3 6 4

1 7 1 ,7 7 5

9 5 ,9 3 8

1 1 0 ,3 1 5

6 5 .2

1 0 2 ,0 4 2

7 .0

5 9 .4

6 0 ,8 0 6

1 ,6 4 5

1 0 0 ,3 9 7

1982

......................

3 ,3 6 8

1 7 3 .9 3 9

9 7 ,0 3 0

1 1 1 ,8 7 2

6 4 .3

8 ,2 7 3

1 0 1 ,1 9 4

7 .5

5 8 .2

6 1 ,4 6 0

1 ,6 6 8

9 9 ,5 2 6

3 ,4 0 1

9 6 ,1 2 5

1 0 ,5 7 8

9 .5

6 2 ,0 6 7


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

7 ,6 3 7

49

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW August 1983 • C u rre n t L a b o r S ta tistic s: H o u se h o ld D a ta

2.

E m ploym ent status of the population, including A rm ed Forces in th e U nited S tates, by sex, seaso n ally adjusted

[ N u m b e r s in t h o u s a n d s ]
1983

1982

A n n u al av e ra g e
E m p lo y m e n t s ta tu s a n d s e x
1981

1982

June

J u ly

Aug.

S e p t.

O c t.

Nov.

Dec.

Jan.

Feb.

M a r.

A p r.

May

June

T o ta l

...................................

1 7 1 ,7 7 5

1 7 3 ,9 3 9

1 7 3 ,8 5 4

1 7 4 ,0 3 8

1 7 4 ,2 0 0

1 7 4 ,3 6 0

1 7 4 ,5 4 9

1 7 4 ,7 1 8

1 7 4 ,8 6 4

1 7 5 ,0 2 1

1 7 5 ,1 6 9

1 7 5 ,3 2 0

1 7 5 ,4 6 5

1 7 5 ,6 2 2

1 7 5 ,7 9 3

......................................................................

1 1 0 ,3 1 5

1 1 1 ,8 7 2

1 1 1 ,8 1 1

1 1 2 ,0 9 0

1 1 2 ,3 0 3

1 1 2 ,5 2 8

1 1 2 ,4 2 0

1 1 2 ,7 0 2

1 1 2 ,7 9 4

1 1 2 ,2 1 5

1 1 2 ,2 1 7

1 1 2 ,1 4 8

1 1 2 ,4 5 7

1 1 2 ,4 1 8

1 1 3 ,6 0 0

6 4 .2

6 4 .3

6 4 .3

6 4 .4

6 4 .5

6 4 .5

6 4 .4

6 4 .5

6 4 .5

6 4 .1

6 4 .1

6 4 .0

6 4 .1

6 4 .0

6 4 .6

1 0 2 ,0 4 2

1 0 1 ,1 9 4

1 0 1 ,3 4 5

1 0 1 ,2 6 2

1 0 1 ,3 7 2

1 0 1 ,2 1 3

1 0 0 ,8 4 4

1 0 0 ,7 9 6

1 0 0 ,7 5 8

1 0 0 ,7 7 0

1 0 0 ,7 2 7

1 0 0 ,7 6 7

1 0 1 ,1 2 9

1 0 1 ,2 2 6

1 0 2 ,4 5 4

N o n in s t it u tio n a l p o p u la tio n 1 - 2

Labor fo rc e 2

P a r tic ip a tio n r a t e 3

........................................

T o ta l e m p lo y e d 2
E m p lo y m e n t -p o p u la t io n 4

......................

5 9 .4

5 8 .2

5 8 .3

5 8 .2

5 8 .2

5 8 .0

5 7 .8

5 7 .7

5 7 .6

5 7 .6

5 7 .5

5 7 .5

5 7 .6

5 7 .6

5 8 .3

R e s id e n t A r m e d F o r c e s ' ...............................

1 ,6 4 5

1 ,6 6 8

1 ,6 6 4

1 ,6 7 4

1 ,6 8 9

1 ,6 7 0

1 ,6 6 8

1 ,6 6 0

1 ,6 6 5

1 ,6 6 7

1 ,6 6 4

1 ,6 6 4

1 ,6 7 1

1 ,6 6 9

1 ,6 6 8

C iv ilia n e m p l o y e d ................................................

1 0 0 ,3 9 7

9 9 ,5 2 6

9 9 ,6 8 1

9 9 ,5 8 8

9 9 ,6 8 3

9 9 .5 4 3

9 9 ,1 7 6

9 9 ,1 3 6

9 9 ,0 9 3

9 9 ,1 0 3

9 9 ,0 6 3

9 9 ,1 0 3

9 9 ,4 5 8

9 9 ,5 5 7

1 0 0 ,7 8 6

.........................................................

3 ,3 6 8

3 ,4 0 1

3 ,3 7 1

3 ,4 4 5

3 ,4 2 9

3 ,3 6 3

3 ,4 1 3

3 ,4 6 6

3 ,4 1 1

3 ,4 1 2

3 ,3 9 3

3 ,3 7 5

3 ,3 7 1

3 ,3 6 7

3 ,5 2 2

N o n a g ric u lt u r a l i n d u s t r i e s ......................

9 7 ,0 3 0

9 6 ,1 2 5

9 6 ,3 1 0

9 6 ,1 4 3

9 6 ,2 5 4

9 6 ,1 8 0

9 5 ,7 6 3

9 5 ,6 7 0

9 5 ,6 8 2

9 5 ,6 9 1

9 5 ,6 7 0

9 5 ,7 2 9

9 6 ,0 8 8

9 6 ,1 9 0

9 7 ,2 6 4

1 1 ,5 7 6

1 1 ,9 0 6

A g r ic u lt u r e

U n e m p l o y e d ..................................................................

8 ,2 7 3

1 0 ,6 7 8

1 0 ,4 6 6

1 0 ,8 2 8

1 0 ,9 3 1

1 1 ,3 1 5

1 2 ,0 3 6

1 1 ,4 4 6

1 1 ,4 9 0

1 1 ,3 8 1

1 1 ,3 2 8

1 1 ,1 9 2

1 1 ,1 4 6

7 .5

9 .5

9 .4

9 .7

9 .7

1 0 .1

1 0 .3

1 0 .6

1 0 .7

1 0 .2

1 0 .2

1 0 .1

1 0 .1

1 0 .0

9 .8

6 1 ,4 6 0

6 2 ,0 6 7

6 2 ,0 4 3

6 1 ,9 4 8

6 1 ,8 9 7

6 1 ,8 3 2

6 2 ,1 2 9

6 2 ,0 1 6

6 2 ,0 7 0

6 2 ,8 0 6

6 2 ,9 5 2

6 3 ,1 7 2

6 3 ,0 0 8

6 3 ,2 0 4

6 2 ,1 9 3

...................................

8 2 ,0 2 3

8 3 ,0 5 2

8 3 ,0 0 6

8 3 ,0 9 7

8 3 ,1 7 3

8 3 ,2 3 1

8 3 ,3 2 3

8 3 ,4 0 2

8 3 ,5 8 1

8 3 ,6 5 2

8 3 ,7 2 0

8 3 ,7 8 9

8 3 ,8 5 6

8 3 ,9 3 1

8 4 ,0 1 4

......................................................................

6 3 ,4 8 6

6 3 ,9 7 9

6 3 ,8 9 5 1

6 3 ,9 8 9

6 4 ,0 5 5

6 4 ,3 0 1

6 4 ,3 0 0

6 4 ,4 1 4

6 4 ,3 8 4

6 3 ,9 1 6

6 3 ,9 9 6

6 3 ,9 5 7

6 4 ,2 0 7

6 4 ,2 7 6

6 4 ,8 1 6

U n e m p lo y m e n t r a te 5 ...................................
N o t in la b o r f o r c e

.........................................................

M e n , 1 6 y e a rs and o ver

N o n in s t it u tio n a l p o p u l a t i o n '- 2
L ab o r fo rc e 2

.......................................

7 7 .4

7 7 .0

7 6 .9

7 6 .9

7 7 .0

7 7 .3

7 7 .2

7 7 .2

7 7 .0

7 6 .4

7 6 .4

7 6 .3

7 6 .6

7 6 .6

7 7 .1

T o ta l e m p lo y e d 2 .........................................................

5 8 ,9 0 9

5 7 ,8 0 0

5 7 ,7 7 5

5 7 ,6 6 4

5 7 ,7 1 0

5 7 ,5 9 8

5 7 ,4 5 6

5 7 ,4 0 8

5 7 ,3 3 8

5 7 ,2 8 3

5 7 ,2 3 4

5 7 ,3 0 0

5 7 ,4 7 6

5 7 ,6 5 6

5 8 ,4 6 4

7 1 .8

6 9 .6

6 9 .5

6 9 .4

6 9 .4

6 9 .2

6 9 .0

5 8 .8

6 8 .6

6 8 .5

6 8 .4

6 8 .4

6 8 .5

6 8 .7

69 6

R e s id e n t A r m e d F o r c e s ' ...............................

1 ,5 1 2

1 ,5 2 7

1 ,5 2 6

1 ,5 3 7

1 ,5 5 1

1 ,5 2 6

1 ,5 2 4

1 ,5 1 6

1 ,5 2 9

1 ,5 3 1

1 ,5 2 8

1 ,5 2 8

1 ,5 3 0

1 ,5 2 8

1 ,5 2 5

P a r tic ip a tio n r a te 3

E m p lo y m e n t -p o p u la t io n r a te 4

. . . .

C iv ilia n e m p l o y e d ................................................

5 7 ,3 9 7

5 6 ,2 7 1

5 6 ,2 4 9

5 6 ,1 2 7

5 6 ,1 5 9

5 6 ,0 7 2

5 5 ,9 3 2

5 5 ,8 9 2

5 5 ,8 0 9

5 5 ,7 5 2

5 5 ,7 0 6

5 5 ,7 7 2

5 5 ,9 4 6

5 6 ,1 2 8

5 6 ,9 3 9

U n e m p l o y e d ..................................................................

4 ,5 7 7

6 ,1 7 9

6 ,0 7 6

6 ,2 3 4

6 ,3 4 5

6 ,7 0 3

6 ,8 4 4

7 ,0 0 6

7 ,0 4 6

6 ,6 3 3

6 ,7 6 2

6 ,6 5 7

6 ,7 3 1

6 ,6 2 0

6 ,3 5 1

U n e m p lo y m e n t r a te 5 ...................................

7 .2

9 .7

9 .5

9 .8

9 .9

1 0 .4

1 0 .6

1 0 .9

1 0 .9

1 0 .4

1 0 .6

1 0 .4

1 0 .5

1 0 .3

9 .8

9 1 ,7 7 9

W o m e n , 1 6 yea rs and o ver

...................................

8 9 ,7 5 1

9 0 ,8 8 7

9 0 ,8 4 8

9 0 ,9 4 1

9 1 ,0 2 7

9 1 ,1 2 9

9 1 ,2 2 6

9 1 ,3 1 6

9 1 ,2 8 3

9 1 ,3 6 9

9 1 ,4 4 9

9 1 ,5 3 2

9 1 ,6 0 9

9 1 ,6 9 1

......................................................................

4 6 ,8 2 9

4 7 ,8 9 4

4 7 ,9 6 0

4 8 ,1 9 2

4 8 ,2 4 8

4 8 ,2 2 7

4 8 ,1 2 0

4 8 ,2 8 8

4 8 ,4 1 0

4 8 ,2 9 9

4 8 ,2 2 0

4 8 ,1 9 1

4 8 ,2 5 1

4 8 ,1 4 2

5 2 .2

5 2 .7

5 2 .8

5 3 .0

4 3 .0

5 2 .9

5 2 .7

4 2 .9

4 3 .0

5 2 .9

5 2 .7

5 2 .6

5 2 .7

5 2 .5

5 3 .2

4 3 ,1 3 3

4 3 ,3 9 5

4 3 ,5 7 0

4 3 ,5 9 8

4 3 ,6 6 2

4 3 ,6 1 5

4 3 ,3 8 8

4 3 ,3 8 8

4 3 ,4 2 0

4 3 ,4 8 6

4 3 ,4 9 3

3 ,4 6 7

4 3 ,6 5 3

4 3 ,5 6 9

4 3 ,9 9 0

N o n in s t it u tio n a l p o p u l a t i o n '- 2
L ab o r fo rc e 2

P a r tic ip a tio n r a te 3

.......................................

T o ta l e m p lo y e d 2 .........................................................
E m p lo y m e n t -p o p u la t io n r a te 4

. . . .

4 8 .1

4 7 .7

4 8 .0

4 7 .9

4 8 .0

4 7 .9

4 7 .6

4 7 .5

4 7 .6

4 7 .6

4 7 .6

4 7 .5

4 7 .7

4 7 .5

4 8 ,7 8 4

4 7 .9

R e s id e n t A r m e d F o r c e s ' ...............................

133

139

138

137

138

144

144

144

136

136

136

136

141

141

143

C iv ilia n e m p l o y e d ................................................

4 3 ,0 0 0

4 3 ,2 5 6

4 3 ,4 3 2

4 3 ,4 6 1

4 3 ,5 2 4

4 3 ,4 7 1

4 3 ,2 4 4

4 3 ,2 4 4

4 3 ,2 8 4

4 3 ,3 5 0

4 3 ,3 5 7

4 3 ,3 3 1

4 3 ,5 1 2

4 3 ,4 2 8

4 3 ,8 4 7

U n e m p l o y e d ..................................................................

3 ,6 9 6

4 ,4 9 9

4 ,3 9 0

4 ,5 9 4

4 ,5 8 6

4 ,6 1 2

4 ,7 3 2

4 ,9 0 0

4 ,9 9 0

4 ,8 1 3

4 ,7 2 7

4 ,7 2 4

4 ,5 9 7

4 ,5 7 2

4 ,9 9 5

U n e m p lo y m e n t r a te 5 ...................................

7 .9

9 .4

9 .2

9 .5

9 .5

9 .6

9 .8

1 0 .1

1 0 .3

1 0 .0

9 .8

9 .8

9 .5

9 .5

9 .8

' T h e p o p u la tio n a n d A r m e d F o rc e s fig u r e s a r e n o t a d ju s te d f o r s e a s o n a l v a r ia t io n .

‘'T o t a l e m p lo y e d a s a p e r c e n t o f t h e n o n in s tit u tlo n a l p o p u la tio n .

i n c l u d e s m e m b e r s o f th e A r m e d F o rc e s s ta tio n e d in t h e U n ite d S t a te s .

U n e m p l o y m e n t a s a p e r c e n t o f t h e la b o r f o r c e ( in c lu d in g t h e re s id e n t A r m e d F o r c e s ).

3 L a b o r f o r c e a s a p e r c e n t o f t h e n o n in s titu tio n a l p o p u la tio n .

50

https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

3.

E m ploym ent status of the civilian population by sex, age, race, and H ispanic origin, seaso n ally adjusted

[ N u m b e r s in t h o u s a n d s ]
A n n u al a verag e
1981

1982

1982
June

J u ly

Aug.

S e p t.

1983
O c t.

Nov.

Dec.

Jan.

Feb.

M a r.

A p r.

M ay

June

TO TAL

C iv ilia n n o n in s titu tio n a l p o p u la tio n 1

......................

1 7 0 ,1 3 0

1 7 2 ,2 7 1

1 7 2 ,1 9 0

1 7 2 ,3 6 4

1 7 2 ,5 1 1

1 7 2 ,6 9 0

1 7 2 ,8 8 1

1 7 3 ,0 5 8

1 7 3 ,1 9 9

1 7 3 ,3 5 4

1 7 3 ,3 0 5

1 7 3 ,6 5 6

1 7 3 ,7 9 4

1 7 3 ,9 5 3

1 7 4 ,1 2 5

C iv ilia n la b o r f o r c e .........................................................

1 0 8 ,6 7 0

1 1 0 ,2 0 4

1 1 0 ,1 4 7

1 1 0 ,4 1 6

1 1 0 ,6 1 4

1 1 0 ,8 5 8

1 1 0 ,7 5 2

1 1 1 ,0 4 2

1 1 1 ,1 2 9

1 1 0 ,5 4 8

1 1 0 ,5 5 3

1 1 0 ,4 8 4

1 1 0 ,7 8 6

1 1 0 ,7 4 9

1 1 1 ,9 3 2

P a r tic ip a tio n r a t e ............................................

6 3 .9

6 4 .0

6 4 .0

6 4 .1

6 4 .1

6 4 .2

6 4 .1

6 4 .2

6 4 .2

6 3 .8

6 3 .7

6 3 .6

6 3 .7

6 3 .7

6 4 .3

1 0 0 ,3 9 7

9 9 ,5 2 6

9 9 ,6 8 1

9 9 ,5 8 8

9 9 ,6 8 3

9 9 ,5 4 3

9 9 ,1 7 6

9 9 ,1 3 6

9 9 ,0 9 3

9 9 ,1 0 3

9 9 ,0 6 3

9 9 ,1 0 3

9 9 ,4 5 8

9 9 ,5 5 7

1 0 0 ,7 8 6

5 9 .0

5 7 .8

5 7 .9

5 7 .8

5 7 .8

5 7 .6

5 7 .4

5 7 .3

5 7 .2

E m p lo y e d

......................................................................

E m p lo y m e n t -p o p u la t io n r a t io 2 . . . .
A g r i c u lt u r e ..................................................................
N o n a g ric u lt u r a l in d u s tr ie s

...........................

U n e m p lo y m e n t ra te

5 7 .1

5 7 .1

5 7 .2

5 7 .2

5 7 .9

3 ,4 0 1

3 ,3 7 1

3 ,4 4 5

3 ,4 2 9

3 ,3 6 3

3 ,4 1 3

3 ,4 6 6

3 ,4 1 1

3 ,4 1 2

3 ,3 9 3

3 ,3 7 5

3 ,3 7 1

3 ,3 6 7

3 ,5 2 2

9 6 ,1 2 5

9 6 ,3 1 0

9 6 ,1 4 3

9 6 ,2 5 4

9 6 ,1 8 0

9 5 ,7 6 3

9 5 ,6 7 0

9 5 ,6 8 2

9 5 ,6 9 1

9 5 ,6 7 0

9 5 ,7 2 9

9 6 ,0 8 8

9 6 ,1 9 0

9 7 ,2 6 4

U n e m p l o y e d ..................................................................

N o t in la b o r f o rc e

5 7 .2

3 3 ,6 8
9 7 ,0 3 0
8 ,2 7 3

1 0 ,6 7 8

1 0 ,4 6 6

1 0 ,8 2 8

1 0 ,9 3 1

1 1 ,3 1 5

1 1 ,5 7 6

1 1 ,9 0 6

1 2 ,0 3 6

1 1 ,4 4 6

1 1 ,4 9 0

1 1 ,3 8 1

1 1 ,3 2 8

1 1 ,1 9 2

1 1 ,1 4 6

...................................

7 .6

9 .7

9 .5

9 .8

9 .9

1 0 .2

1 0 .5

1 0 .7

1 0 .8

1 0 .4

1 0 .4

1 0 .3

1 0 .2

1 0 .1

1 0 .0

.........................................................

6 1 ,4 6 0

6 2 ,0 6 7

6 2 ,0 4 3

6 1 ,9 4 8

6 1 ,8 9 7

6 1 ,8 3 2

6 2 ,1 2 9

6 2 ,0 1 6

6 2 ,0 7 0

6 2 ,8 0 6

6 2 ,9 5 2

6 3 ,1 7 2

6 3 ,0 0 8

6 3 ,2 0 4

6 2 ,1 9 3

M e n , 2 0 y ears and o ver

C iv ilia n n o n in s tit u tio n a l p o p u la tio n 1

......................

7 2 ,4 1 9

7 3 ,6 4 4

7 3 ,5 8 5

7 3 ,6 8 5

7 3 ,7 7 4

7 3 ,8 6 7

7 3 ,9 8 4

7 4 ,0 9 4

7 4 ,2 3 6

7 4 ,3 3 9

7 4 ,4 3 4

7 4 ,5 2 8

7 4 ,6 1 1

7 4 ,7 1 2

7 4 ,8 1 4

C iv ilia n la b o r f o r c e .........................................................

5 7 ,1 9 7

5 7 ,9 8 0

5 7 ,9 5 9

5 8 ,0 5 5

5 8 ,0 6 4

5 8 ,3 5 4

5 8 ,3 6 3

5 8 ,4 5 4

5 8 ,4 4 3

5 8 ,0 4 8

5 8 ,1 7 7

5 8 ,1 7 0

5 8 ,4 5 4

5 8 ,5 0 6

5 8 ,8 0 4

P a r t ic ip a tio n r a t e ............................................
E m p lo y e d

..................................................................

7 9 ,0

7 8 .7

7 8 .8

7 8 .8

7 8 .7

7 9 .0

7 8 .9

7 8 .9

7 8 .7

7 8 .1

7 8 .2

7 8 .1

7 8 .3

7 8 .3

7 8 .6

5 3 ,5 8 2

5 2 ,8 9 1

5 2 ,9 4 3

5 2 ,9 0 5

5 2 ,8 3 2

5 2 ,7 7 6

5 2 ,6 4 9

5 2 ,5 8 9

5 2 ,5 3 4

5 2 ,4 5 2

5 2 ,4 2 8

5 2 ,5 8 9

5 2 ,7 5 2

5 2 ,9 0 1

5 3 ,5 1 6

7 4 .0

7 1 .8

7 1 .9

7 1 .8

7 1 .6

7 1 .4

7 1 .2

7 1 .0

7 0 .8

7 0 .6

7 0 .4

7 0 .6

7 0 .7

7 0 .8

7 1 .5

E m p lo y m e n t -p o p u la t io n r a tio 2 . . . .
A g r i c u lt u r e ..................................................................

2 ,3 8 4

2 ,4 2 2

2 ,4 2 4

2 ,4 6 2

2 ,4 3 3

2 ,4 3 6

2 ,4 4 4

2 ,4 3 4

2 ,3 8 9

2 ,4 2 6

2 ,3 7 4

2 ,4 2 0

2 ,4 0 4

2 ,4 4 3

2 ,5 2 9

..........................

5 1 ,1 9 9

5 0 ,4 6 9

5 0 ,5 1 9

5 0 ,4 4 3

5 0 ,3 9 9

5 0 ,3 4 0

5 0 ,2 0 5

5 0 ,1 5 5

5 0 ,1 4 5

5 0 ,0 2 5

5 0 ,0 5 4

5 0 ,1 6 9

5 0 ,3 4 8

5 0 ,4 5 8

5 0 .9 8 7

U n e m p l o y e d ..................................................................

3 ,6 1 5

5 ,0 8 9

5 ,0 1 6

5 ,1 5 0

5 ,2 3 2

5 ,5 7 8

5 ,7 1 4

5 ,8 6 5

5 ,9 0 9

5 ,5 9 7

5 ,7 4 9

5 ,5 8 1

5 ,7 0 2

5 ,6 0 5

5 ,2 8 8

6 .3

8 .8

8 .7

8 .9

9 .0

9 .6

9 .8

1 0 .0

1 0 .1

9 .6

9 .9

9 .6

9 .8

9 .6

9 .0

N o n a g ric u lt u r a l in d u s tr ie s

U n e m p lo y m e n t ra te

...................................

W o m e n , 20 yea rs and o ver

C iv ilia n n o n in s tit u tio n a l p o p u la tio n 1

......................

8 1 ,4 9 7

8 2 ,8 6 4

8 2 ,8 1 1

8 2 ,9 2 6

8 3 ,0 3 5

8 3 ,1 5 2

8 3 ,2 7 1

8 3 ,3 8 5

8 3 ,3 8 3

8 3 ,4 9 0

8 3 ,5 9 3

8 3 ,6 9 9

8 3 ,7 9 4

8 3 ,8 9 9

8 4 ,0 0 8

C iv ilia n la b o r f o r c e .........................................................

4 2 ,4 8 5

4 3 ,6 9 9

4 3 ,8 1 9

4 3 ,9 8 3

4 4 ,0 3 9

4 3 ,9 9 6

4 3 ,9 3 6

4 4 ,1 1 2

4 4 ,2 8 6

4 4 ,2 0 1

4 4 ,2 1 6

4 4 ,1 6 6

4 4 ,2 3 8

4 4 ,2 2 8

4 4 ,6 4 8

P a r tic ip a tio n r a t e ............................................

5 2 .1

5 2 .7

5 2 .9

5 3 .0

5 3 .0

5 2 .9

5 2 .8

5 2 .9

5 3 .1

52 9

52 9

5 2 .8

5 2 .8

5 2 .7

5 3 .1

3 9 ,5 9 0

4 0 ,0 8 6

4 0 ,2 5 4

4 0 ,3 1 1

4 0 ,3 6 8

4 0 ,2 8 6

4 0 ,1 1 2

4 0 ,1 2 3

4 0 ,2 1 5

4 0 ,2 3 8

4 0 ,2 9 1

4 0 ,2 7 7

4 0 ,5 0 9

4 0 ,4 8 4

4 0 ,7 8 9

4 8 .6

4 8 .4

4 8 .6

4 8 .6

4 8 .6

4 8 .4

4 8 .2

4 8 .1

4 8 .2

4 8 .2

4 8 .2

4 8 .1

4 8 .3

4 8 .3

4 8 .6

E m p lo y e d

..................................................................

E m p lo y m e n t -p o p u la t io n r a tio 2 . . . .
A g r i c u lt u r e ..................................................................

604

601

586

598

590

588

578

590

628

625

c657

647

622

597

636

...........................

3 8 ,9 8 6

3 9 ,4 8 5

3 9 ,6 6 8

3 9 ,7 1 3

3 9 ,7 7 8

3 9 ,6 9 8

3 9 ,5 3 4

3 9 ,5 3 3

3 9 ,5 8 7

3 9 ,6 1 3

3 9 ,6 3 4

3 9 ,6 3 0

3 9 ,8 8 6

3 9 ,8 8 7

4 0 ,1 5 3

U n e m p l o y e d ..................................................................

2 ,8 9 5

3 ,6 1 3

3 ,5 6 5

3 ,6 7 2

3 ,6 7 1

3 ,7 1 0

3 ,8 2 4

3 ,9 8 9

4 ,0 7 1

3 ,9 6 3

3 ,9 2 5

3 ,8 8 9

3 ,7 2 9

3 ,7 4 4

3 ,8 5 9

6 .8

8 .3

8 .1

8 .3

8 .3

8 .4

8 .7

9 .0

9 .2

9 .0

8 .9

8 .8

8 .4

8 .5

8 .6

N o n a g ric u lt u r a l In d u s tr ie s

U n e m p lo y m e n t ra te

...................................

B o th s e x e s , 1 6 to 1 9 y e a r s

C iv ilia n n o n in s tit u tio n a l p o p u la tio n 1

......................

1 6 ,2 1 4

1 5 ,7 6 3

1 5 ,7 9 4

1 5 ,7 5 3

1 5 ,7 0 2

1 5 ,6 7 1

1 5 ,6 2 5

1 5 ,5 7 9

1 5 ,5 8 0

1 5 ,5 2 5

1 5 ,4 7 8

1 5 ,4 2 9

1 5 ,3 8 9

1 5 ,3 4 2

1 5 ,3 0 3

C iv ilia n la b o r f o r c e .........................................................

8 ,9 8 8

8 ,5 2 6

8 ,3 6 9

8 ,3 7 8

8 ,5 1 1

8 ,5 0 8

8 ,4 5 3

8 ,4 7 6

8 ,4 0 0

8 ,2 9 9

8 ,1 6 0

8 ,1 4 8

8 ,0 9 4

8 ,0 1 5

8 ,4 8 0

P a r t ic ip a tio n r a t e ............................................

5 5 .4

5 4 .1

5 3 .0

5 3 .2

5 4 .2

5 4 .3

5 4 ,1

5 4 .4

5 3 .9

5 3 .5

5 2 .7

5 2 .8

5 2 .6

5 2 .2

55 4

7 ,2 2 5

6 ,5 4 9

6 ,4 8 4

6 ,3 7 2

6 ,4 8 3

6 ,4 8 1

6 ,4 1 5

6 ,4 2 4

6 ,3 4 4

6 ,4 1 3

6 ,3 4 5

6 ,2 3 7

6 ,1 9 7

6 ,1 7 2

6 ,4 8 1

4 4 .6

4 1 .5

4 1 .1

4 0 .4

4 1 .3

4 1 .4

4 1 .1

4 1 .2

4 0 .7

4 1 .3

4 1 .0

4 0 .4

4 0 .3

4 0 .2

4 2 .4

442

394

361

362

308

344

327

357

E m p lo y e d

..................................................................

E m p lo y m e n t -p o p u la t io n r a tio 2 . . . .
A g r i c u lt u r e ..................................................................

380

378

361

385

406

339

391

...........................

6 ,8 4 5

6 ,1 7 1

6 ,1 2 3

5 ,9 8 7

6 ,0 7 7

6 ,1 4 2

6 ,0 2 4

5 ,9 8 2

5 ,9 5 0

6 ,0 5 2

5 ,9 8 3

5 ,9 2 9

5 ,8 5 3

5 ,8 4 5

6 ,1 2 4

U n e m p l o y e d ..................................................................

1 ,7 6 3

1 ,9 7 7

1 ,8 8 5

2 ,0 0 6

2 ,0 2 8

2 ,0 2 7

2 ,0 3 8

2 ,0 5 2

2 ,0 5 6

1 ,8 8 6

1 ,8 1 5

1 ,9 1 1

1 ,8 9 7

1 ,8 4 3

1 ,9 9 9

...................................

19 6

23 2

2 2 .5

2 3 .9

23 8

23.8

2 4 .1

24.2

24.5

22.7

22.2

23.5

23.4

2 3 .0

2 3 .6

N o n a g ric u lt u r a l In d u s tr ie s

U n e m p lo y m e n t ra te
W h it e

C iv ilia n n o n in s tit u tio n a l p o p u la tio n 1

......................

1 4 7 ,9 0 8

1 4 9 ,4 4 1

1 4 9 ,4 2 9

1 4 9 ,5 6 9

1 4 9 ,5 3 6

1 4 9 ,6 5 2

1 4 9 ,8 3 8

1 4 9 ,8 8 7

1 5 0 ,0 5 6

1 5 0 ,1 2 9

1 5 0 ,1 8 7

1 5 0 ,3 8 2

1 5 0 ,5 1 8

1 5 0 ,6 7 1

C iv ilia n la b o r f o r c e .........................................................

1 5 0 ,8 1 0

9 5 ,0 5 2

9 6 ,1 4 3

9 6 ,1 6 5

9 6 ,3 8 5

9 6 ,3 7 5

9 6 ,6 4 0

9 6 ,4 5 3

9 6 ,7 1 9

9 6 ,8 6 4

9 6 ,1 7 6

9 5 ,9 8 7

9 5 ,9 9 6

9 6 ,2 8 7

9 6 ,3 6 2

9 7 ,2 5 0

P a r tic ip a tio n r a t e ............................................

6 4 .3

6 4 .3

6 4 .4

6 4 .4

6 4 .4

6 4 .6

6 4 ,4

6 4 .5

6 4 .6

6 4 .1

63 9

6 3 .8

6 4 .0

6 4 .0

6 4 .5

8 8 ,7 0 9

8 7 ,9 0 3

8 8 ,0 8 9

8 8 ,0 2 1

8 7 ,9 7 9

8 7 ,8 7 2

9 8 ,4 7 7

8 7 ,4 3 5

8 7 ,4 4 3

8 7 ,4 6 6

8 7 ,1 9 4

8 7 ,3 2 4

8 7 ,7 0 9

8 7 ,7 7 7

88 880

6 0 .0

5 8 .8

5 9 .0

5 8 .8

5 8 .8

5 8 .7

5 8 .4

5 8 .3

5 8 .3

5 8 .3

5 8 .1

5 8 .1

5 8 .3

5 8 .3

5 8 .9

6 ,3 4 3

8 ,2 4 1

8 ,0 7 6

8 ,3 6 4

8 ,3 9 6

8 ,7 6 8

8 ,9 7 6

9 ,2 8 4

9 ,4 2 1

8 ,7 1 1

8 ,7 9 3

8 ,6 7 2

8 ,5 7 7

8 ,5 8 5

8 ,3 7 8

6 .7

8 .6

8 .4

8 .7

8 .7

9 .1

9 .3

9 .6

9 .7

9 .1

9 .2

9 .0

8 .9

8 .9

8 .6

E m p lo y e d

......................................................................

E m p lo y m e n t -p o p u la t io n r a tio 2 . . . .
U n e m p l o y e d ..................................................................
U n e m p lo y m e n t ra te

...................................

B la c k

C iv ilia n n o n in s tit u tio n a l p o p u la tio n 1

..................

1 8 ,2 1 9

1 8 ,5 8 4

1 8 ,5 7 0

1 8 ,6 0 0

1 8 ,6 2 6

1 8 ,6 5 9

1 8 ,6 9 2

1 8 ,7 2 3

1 8 ,7 4 0

1 8 ,7 6 8

1 8 ,7 9 6

1 8 ,8 2 3

1 8 ,8 5 1

C iv ilia n la b o r f o r c e ................................................

1 8 ,8 8 0

1 8 ,9 1 1

1 1 ,0 8 6

1 1 ,3 3 1

1 1 ,2 6 7

1 1 ,3 4 1

1 1 ,4 0 0

1 1 ,4 4 3

1 1 ,3 9 8

1 1 ,4 7 5

1 1 ,5 2 2

1 1 ,5 4 2

1 1 ,5 4 8

1 1 ,5 5 4

1 1 ,6 3 1

P a r tic ip a tio n r a t e ...................................

1 1 ,6 7 2

11 7 8 3

60 8

6 1 .0

6 0 .7

6 1 .0

6 1 .2

6 1 .3

6 1 .0

6 1 .3

6 1 .5

6 1 .5

6 1 .4

6 1 .4

6 1 .7

6 1 .8

62 3

E m p lo y e d

........................................

9 ,3 5 5

9 ,1 7 1

9 ,2 1 1

9 ,2 2 0

9 ,1 7 2

9 ,1 0 2

9 ,1 5 9

9 ,1 2 7

9 ,1 4 2

9 ,2 7 6

9 ,2 5 3

9 ,2 0 9

9 ,2 7 0

9 352

5 1 .3

4 9 .4

4 9 .4

4 9 .5

4 9 .5

4 9 .2

4 8 .7

4 8 .9

4 8 .7

4 8 .7

4 9 .4

4 9 .2

4 8 .8

49 1

49 5

1 ,7 3 1

2 ,1 4 2

2 ,0 9 6

2 ,1 3 0

2 ,1 8 0

2 ,2 7 1

2 ,2 9 6

2 ,3 1 6

2 ,3 9 5

2 ,4 0 0

2 ,2 7 1

2 ,3 0 2

2 ,4 2 3

2 ,4 0 2

2 432

15 6

1 8 .9

1 8 .6

1 8 .8

1 9 .1

1 9 .8

2 0 .1

202

2 0 .8

20 8

1 9 .7

1 9 .9

20 8

2 0 .6

2 0 .6

9 ,3 1 0

9 ,4 0 0

9 ,4 2 8

9 ,5 2 1

9 ,6 8 9

9 ,4 6 4

9 ,4 7 4

9 ,3 5 5

9 ,3 0 1

9 ,3 2 8

9 ,3 6 8

9 ,5 5 1

9 ,6 6 5

9 ,7 4 7

9 738

5 ,9 7 2

5 ,9 8 3

5 ,9 6 5

5 ,9 7 2

6 ,0 4 5

5 ,9 6 1

5 ,9 7 3

5 ,9 2 3

5 ,8 9 8

5 ,9 8 1

5 ,9 9 2

6 ,0 7 4

6 ,2 0 6

6 ,1 6 7

6 4 .1

6 3 .6

6 3 .3

6 2 .7

6 2 .4

6 3 .0

63 0

63 3

6 3 .4

6 4 .1

6 4 .0

6 3 .6

6 4 .2

63 3

64 2

5 ,3 4 8

5 ,1 5 8

5 ,1 5 5

5 ,1 3 6

5 ,1 6 2

5 ,0 9 7

5 ,0 7 5

5 ,0 1 2

4 ,9 9 8

5 ,0 5 3

5 ,0 4 2

5 ,0 8 8

5 ,3 0 4

5 318

5 379

5 7 .4

5 4 .9

5 4 .7

5 3 .9

5 3 .3

53 9

5 3 .6

53 6

5 3 .7

5 4 .2

5 3 .8

5 3 .3

5 4 .9

54 6

55 2

E m p lo y m e n t -p o p u la t io n r a tio 2 . . . .
U n e m p l o y e d ............................................
U n e m p lo y m e n t ra te

...................................

9 ,1 8 9 ,

H is p a n ic o r ig in

C iv ilia n n o n in s tit u tio n a l p o p u la tio n 1

......................

C iv ilia n la b o r f o r c e ...............................
P a r tic ip a tio n r a t e .......................................
E m p lo y e d

...................................

E m p lo y m e n t -p o p u la t io n r a tio 2 . . . .
U n e m p l o y e d ........................................
U n e m p lo y m e n t ra te

...................................

624

825

810

836

883

864

898

911

900

929

950

986

902

849

874

1 0 .4

1 3 .8

1 3 .6

1 4 .0

1 4 .6

1 4 .5

1 5 .0

1 5 .4

1 5 .3

1 5 .5

1 5 .8

1 6 .2

1 4 .5

1 3 .8

1 4 .0

1 T h e p o p u la tio n f ig u r e s a r e n o t s e a s o n a lly a d ju s te d .
C i v i l i a n e m p lo y m e n t a s a p e r c e n t o f th e c iv ilia n n o n in s tit u tio n a l p o p u la tio n .


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

6 253

N O TE :

D e ta il f o r t h e a b o v e ra c e a n d H is p a n ic -o r ig in g r o u p s w ill n o t s u m t o t o ta ls b e c a u s e d a ta

f o r th e " o t h e r r a c e s " g r o u p s a r e n o t p r e s e n te d a n d H is p a n ic s a r e in c lu d e d in b o th t h e w h it e a n d
b la c k p o p u la tio n g r o u p s .

51

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW August 1983 • C u rre n t L a b o r S ta tistic s: H o u se h o ld D a ta
4.

S elected em ploym ent indicators, seasonally adjusted

[ N u m b e r s in t h o u s a n d s ]
A n n u al a verag e

1982

1983

S e le c t e d c a t e g o r ie s
1981

1982

June

J u ly

1 0 0 ,3 9 7

9 9 ,5 2 6

9 9 ,5 8 1

9 9 ,5 8 8

Aug.

S e p t.

O c t.

Nov.

Dec.

9 9 ,5 4 3

9 9 ,1 7 6

9 9 ,1 3 6

9 9 ,0 9 3

Jan.

Feb.

M a r.

A p r.

May

June

9 9 ,0 6 3

9 9 ,1 0 3

9 9 ,4 5 8

9 9 ,5 5 7

1 0 0 ,7 8 6

C H A R A C T E R IS T IC

C iv ilia n e m p lo y e d , 1 6 y e a r s a n d o v e r

...............................

M e n .....................................................................................................

5 7 ,3 9 7

9 9 ,6 8 3

9 9 ,1 0 3

5 6 ,2 7 1

5 6 ,2 4 9

5 8 ,1 2 7

5 5 ,8 9 2

5 5 ,8 0 9

W o m e n ............................................................................................

4 3 ,0 0 0

4 3 ,2 5 6

4 3 ,4 3 2

4 3 ,4 6 1

4 3 ,5 2 4

4 3 ,4 7 1

4 3 ,2 4 4

4 3 ,2 4 4

4 3 ,2 8 4

4 3 ,3 5 0

4 3 ,3 5 7

4 3 ,3 3 1

4 3 ,5 1 2

4 3 ,4 2 8

4 3 ,8 4 7

M a r r ie d m e n , s p o u s e p r e s e n t ........................................

3 8 ,8 8 2

3 8 ,0 7 4

3 8 ,2 5 4

3 8 ,1 7 7

3 8 ,1 2 1

3 7 ,9 9 8

3 7 ,8 5 2

3 7 ,6 4 1

3 7 ,5 0 7

3 7 ,4 5 0

3 7 ,4 2 8

3 4 ,4 5 2

3 7 ,5 2 3

3 7 ,5 6 0

3 7 ,9 2 5

M a r r ie d w o m e n , s p o u s e p r e s e n t ...............................

2 3 ,9 1 5

2 4 ,0 5 3

2 4 ,3 3 1

2 4 ,1 7 3

2 4 ,2 3 5

2 4 ,1 5 9

2 4 ,0 8 1

2 3 ,9 8 5

2 4 ,1 5 5

2 4 ,2 0 5

2 4 ,0 7 0

2 4 ,1 7 1

2 4 ,3 7 1

2 4 ,2 2 9

2 4 ,3 3 5

...................................

4 ,9 9 8

5 ,0 9 9

5 ,1 2 0

5 ,2 0 0

5 ,2 0 8

5 ,1 1 8

5 ,1 0 7

5 ,0 2 5

4 ,9 8 5

5 ,0 3 8

5 ,0 5 0

5 ,0 9 7

4 ,9 4 4

4 ,9 4 2

5 ,0 1 6

W o m e n w h o m a in t a in fa m ilie s

5 6 ,1 5 9

5 6 ,0 7 3

5 5 ,9 3 2

5 5 ,7 5 2

5 5 ,7 0 6

5 5 ,7 7 2

5 5 ,9 4 6

5 6 ,1 2 8

5 6 ,9 3 9

M A J O R IN D U S T R Y A N D C LA SS
OF W ORKER

A g r ic u ltu r e :
W a g e a n d s a la ry w o r k e r s ................................................

1 ,4 6 4

1 ,5 0 5

1 ,4 5 7

1 ,5 2 3

1 ,5 4 8

1 ,5 3 7

1 ,5 7 6

1 ,5 8 4

1 ,5 4 7

1 ,6 3 7

1 ,6 2 4

1 ,5 1 5

1 ,5 6 0

1 ,5 9 5

1 ,6 3 6

S e lf- e m p lo y e d w o rk e r s

.....................................................

1 ,6 3 8

1 ,6 3 6

1 ,6 8 1

1 ,6 5 5

1 ,6 2 0

1 ,5 6 9

1 ,6 2 1

1 ,6 2 8

1 ,6 2 7

1 ,5 8 7

1 ,5 4 1

1 ,5 8 5

1 ,6 0 7

1 ,5 5 8

1 ,6 0 8

U n p a id f a m ily w o r k e r s .........................................................

266

261

254

254

255

254

229

241

224

231

223

260

28

229

263

8 8 ,5 4 8

5 5 ,4 9 1

8 9 ,3 5 4

N o n a g ric u lt u r a l in d u s trie s :
W a g e a n d s a la ry w o r k e r s ................................................

8 9 ,5 4 3

8 8 ,4 6 2

8 8 ,5 7 6

8 8 ,5 6 2

8 8 ,0 6 4

8 7 ,9 3 6

8 7 ,9 7 6

8 7 ,8 1 3

8 7 ,7 9 4

8 7 ,9 1 2

8 8 ,1 8 7

8 8 ,3 9 5

G o v e r n m e n t ......................................................................

1 5 ,6 8

1 5 ,5 1 6

1 5 ,5 1 4

1 5 ,4 7 1

1 5 ,5 6 2

1 5 ,6 8 1

1 5 ,4 3 6

1 5 ,5 1 4

1 5 ,4 7 7

1 5 ,3 8 6

1 5 ,5 0 1

1 5 ,4 5 2

1 5 ,5 1 8

1 5 ,5 2 3

1 5 ,4 9 8

P r iv a te i n d u s t r i e s .........................................................

7 3 ,8 5 3

7 2 ,9 4 5

7 2 ,9 3 4

7 3 ,0 2 0

7 3 ,0 1 4

7 2 ,8 8 1

7 2 ,6 2 8

7 2 ,4 2 2

7 2 ,4 9 9

7 2 ,4 2 7

7 2 ,2 9 3

7 2 ,4 5 9

7 2 ,6 6 8

7 2 ,8 7 2

7 3 ,8 5 6

........................................

1 ,2 0 8

1 ,2 0 7

1 ,2 0 5

1 ,2 0 0

1 ,2 2 7

1 ,2 2 0

1 ,2 1 6

1 ,2 2 1

1 ,1 6 3

1 ,1 6 2

1 ,2 3 2

1 ,2 3 5

1 ,2 0 5

1 ,2 2 8

1 ,3 1 7

O th e r ...........................................................................

7 2 ,6 4 5

7 1 ,7 3 8

7 1 ,7 2 9

7 1 ,8 2 0

7 1 ,7 8 7

7 1 ,6 6 1

7 1 ,4 1 2

7 1 ,2 0 1

7 1 ,3 3 6

7 1 ,2 6 5

7 1 ,0 6 1

7 1 ,2 2 5

7 1 ,4 6 3

7 1 ,6 4 4

7 2 ,5 3 9

.....................................................

7 ,0 9 7

7 ,2 6 2

7 ,3 0 1

7 ,2 8 6

7 ,3 3 8

7 ,4 2 2

7 ,3 3 2

7 ,3 4 9

7 ,3 3 5

7 ,4 6 5

7 ,3 8 5

7 ,4 5 3

7 ,5 2 8

7 ,4 0 8

7 ,4 9 3

U n p a id f a m ily w o r k e r s .........................................................

390

401

398

393

408

378

403

382

383

380

353

342

353

335

345

P r iv a te h o u s e h o ld s

S e lf- e m p lo y e d w o r k e r s

PERSONS AT W O R K 1
N o n a g ric u lt u r a l i n d u s t r i e s .............................................................

9 1 ,3 7 7

9 0 ,5 5 2

9 0 ,9 1 7

9 0 ,4 1 4

9 0 ,4 8 6

9 0 ,8 8 4

9 0 ,2 3 2

9 0 ,2 3 8

9 0 ,2 1 9

9 0 ,9 0 3

9 0 ,2 0 7

9 0 ,2 7 1

9 2 ,2 6 7

9 0 ,9 4 1

9 0 ,5 3 9

.............................................................

7 4 ,3 3 9

7 2 ,2 4 5

7 2 ,5 4 5

7 2 ,2 8 8

7 2 ,0 4 5

7 1 ,7 2 3

7 1 ,3 9 4

7 1 ,4 4 2

7 1 ,4 9 9

7 1 ,7 8 6

7 1 ,5 6 4

7 1 ,8 7 8

7 3 ,5 9 4

7 2 ,9 7 5

7 2 ,9 7 8

P a r t t im e f o r e c o n o m ic r e a s o n s ...................................

4 ,4 9 9

5 ,8 5 2

5 ,5 6 1

5 ,5 7 7

5 ,8 2 0

6 ,4 9 5

6 ,9 0 3

6 ,4 1 1

6 ,4 2 5

6 ,8 4 5

6 ,4 8 1

6 ,2 0 2

6 ,0 8 2

5 ,9 2 8

5 ,7 2 9

............................................

1 ,7 3 8

2 ,1 6 9

2 ,1 2 6

2 ,0 4 7

2 ,1 0 0

2 ,5 1 9

2 ,3 8 1

2 ,2 2 8

2 ,1 5 3

2 ,2 0 0

2 ,0 9 7

1 ,9 2 7

1 ,8 7 1

1 ,6 8 5

U s u a lly w o r k p a r t t i m e ............................................

2 ,7 6 1

3 ,6 8 3

3 ,4 3 5

3 ,5 3 0

3 ,7 2 0

3 ,9 7 6

4 ,0 2 2

4 ,1 8 3

4 ,2 7 2

4 ,6 4 5

4 ,3 8 4

4 ,2 7 5

4 ,2 1

4 ,2 4 3

4 ,0 2 7

P a r t t im e f o r n o n e c o n o m ic r e a s o n s ..........................

1 2 ,5 3 9

1 2 ,4 5 5

1 2 ,8 1 1

1 2 ,5 4 9

1 2 ,6 2 1

1 2 ,6 6 6

1 2 ,4 3 5

1 2 ,3 8 5

1 2 ,2 9 5

1 2 ,2 7 1

1 2 ,1 6 2

1 2 ,1 9 1

1 2 ,5 9 2

1 2 ,0 3 8

1 1 ,8 3 3

F u ll- tim e s c h e d u le s

U s u a lly w o r k fu ll t im e

1 E x c lu d e s p e r s o n s “ w ith a jo b b u t n o t a t w o r k " d u r in g th e s u r v e y p e r io d fo r s u c h r e a s o n s a s v a c a t io n , illn e s s , o r
in d u s tr ia l d is p u te s .

52


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

1 ,7 0 2

5.

S elected unem ploym ent indicators, seasonally adjusted

[U n e m p lo y m e n t ra te s ]
1982

A nnu al a verag e

1983

S e le c t e d c a t e g o r ie s
1981

1982

June

J u ly

Aug.

S e p t.

O c t.

Nov.

D ec.

Jan.

Feb.

M a r.

A p r.

T o t a l, all c iv ilia n w o r k e r s .............................................................

7 .6

9 .7

9 .5

9 .8

9 .9

1 0 .2

1 0 .4

1 0 .7

1 0 .8

1 0 .4

1 0 .4

1 0 .3

1 0 .2

1 0 .1

1 0 .0

B o th s e x e s , 1 6 t o 1 9 y e a r s ............................................

19 6

2 3 .2

2 2 .5

2 3 .9

2 3 .8

2 3 .8

2 2 .7

2 2 .2

2 3 .5

2 3 .4

2 3 .0

2 3 .6

M ay

June

C H A R A C T E R IS T IC

2 4 .1

2 4 .2

2 4 .5

M e n , 2 0 y e a r s a n d o v e r .....................................................

6 .3

8 .8

8 .7

8 .9

9 .0

9 .6

9 .8

1 0 .0

1 0 .1

9 .6

9 .9

9 .6

9 .8

9 .6

9 .0

W o m e n , 2 0 y e a r s a n d o v e r ............................................

6 .8

8 .3

8 .1

8 .3

8 .3

8 .4

8 .7

9 .0

9 .2

9 .0

8 .9

8 .8

8 .4

8 .5

8 .6

8 .6

8 .7

9 .1

9 .3

9 .6

9 .7

9 .2

9 .0

8 .9

8 .9

8 .6

1 7 .3

2 0 .4

1 9 .7

2 0 .9

2 0 .8

2 0 .7

2 1 .5

2 1 .2

2 1 .6

2 0 .0

1 9 .7

2 1 .4

2 0 .4

1 9 .8

2 0 .0

1 7 .9

2 1 .7

2 1 .2

2 2 .5

2 2 .5

2 2 .2

2 3 .0

2 2 .6

22 8

2 1 .2

2 1 .1

2 2 .9

2 1 .7

2 0 .2

1 9 .8

B o th s e x e s , 1 6 to 1 9 y e a r s
M e n , 1 6 to 1 9 y e a r s

8 .4

6 .7

...............................
...................................

W h it e , t o t a l ...................................................................................

8 .7

9 .1

..........................

1 6 .6

1 9 .0

1 8 .0

1 9 .1

1 8 .9

1 9 .1

1 9 .9

1 9 .8

2 0 .4

1 8 .7

1 8 .2

1 9 .7

1 9 .0

1 9 .4

2 0 .2

M e n , 2 0 y e a r s a n d o v e r ........................................

5 .6

7 .8

7 .7

7 .9

8 .0

8 .6

8 .8

9 .1

9 .2

8 .4

8 .7

8 .5

8 .6

8 .6

7 .8

W o m e n , 2 0 y e a rs an d o v e r

5 .9

7 .3

7 .1

7 .3

7 .2

7 .5

7 .6

8 .0

8 .1

7 .8

7 .7

7 .4

7 .2

7 .3

7 .4

W o m e n , 1 6 to 1 9 y e a r s

...............................

B la c k , t o t a l ...................................................................................

1 5 .6

1 8 .9

1 8 .6

1 8 .8

1 9 .1

1 9 .8

2 .1

2 0 .2

2 0 .8

2 0 .8

1 9 .7

1 9 .9

2 0 .8

2 0 .6

...............................

4 1 .4

4 8 .0

5 1 .2

4 9 .3

5 1 .2

4 8 .6

4 7 .7

4 9 .8

4 9 .5

4 5 .7

4 5 .4

4 3 .5

4 9 .0

4 8 .2

5 0 .6

...................................

4 0 .7

4 8 .9

5 5 .7

4 8 .9

5 0 .5

5 1 .0

4 9 .2

5 3 .0

5 2 .5

4 5 .9

4 5 .3

4 4 .5

4 8 .0

5 3 .1

5 1 .1

4 2 .2

4 7 .1

4 6 .0

4 9 .7 .

5 2 .1

4 5 .9

4 5 .9

4 6 .2

4 6 .2

4 5 .5

4 5 .4

4 2 .3

5 0 .0

4 2 .3

5 0 .0

1 7 .3

1 7 4 .1

7 6 .1

9 .2

1 9 .6

1 9 .2

2 0 .5

1 9 .7

1 8 .7

1 8 .8

2 0 .3

1 9 .8

1 9 .2

1 5 .7

1 6 .2

1 6 .5

1 6 .5

1 8 .2

1 7 .0

1 7 .7

1 7 .0

1 7 .1

1 7 .0

1 5 .5

1 5 .8

1 6 .2

1 4 .5

1 3 .8

1 4 .0

B o th s e x e s , 1 6 to 1 9 y e a r s
M e n , 1 6 to 1 9 y e a r s

W o m e n , 1 6 to 1 9 y e a r s

..........................

2 0 .6

M e n , 2 0 y e a r s a n d o v e r ........................................

1 3 .5

1 7 .8

W o m e n , 2 0 y e a rs an d o v e r

...............................

1 3 .4

1 5 .4

1 5 .1

1 5 .5

1 5 .4

H is p a n ic o r ig in , t o t a l ..............................................................

1 0 .4

1 3 .8

1 3 .6

1 4 .0

1 4 .6

1 4 .5

1 5 .0

1 5 .4

1 5 .3

M a r r ie d m e n , s p o u s e p r e s e n t ........................................

4 .3

6 .5

6 .4

6 .6

6 .8

7 .2

7 .5

7 .6

7 .8

M a r r ie d w o m e n , s p o u s e p r e s e n t ...............................

6 .0

7 .4

7 .1

7 .4

7 .3

7 .6

7 .9

8 .2

8 .2

7 .8

7 .6

7 .5

7 .3

7 .5

7 .8

1 0 .4

1 1 .7

1 2 .1

1 2 .0

1 1 .7

1 2 .4

1 1 .3

1 2 .5

1 3 .2

1 3 .2

1 3 .0

1 3 .5

1 3 .2

1 2 .9

1 2 .8

W o m e n w h o m a in t a in f a m ilie s

...................................

7 .1

7 .2

7 .1

7 .1

7 .0

6 .6

F u ll- tim e w o r k e r s ......................................................................

7 .3

9 .6

9 .4

9 .6

9 .7

1 0 .2

1 0 .5

1 0 .6

1 0 .8

1 0 .3

1 0 .4

1 0 .3

1 0 .2

9 .9

9 .7

P a r t -t im e w o rk e r s

9 .4

1 0 .5

1 0 .0

1 1 .2

1 0 .4

1 0 .6

1 0 .3

1 1 .3

1 1 .1

1 0 .6

1 0 .1

1 0 .5

1 0 .6

1 1 .0

1 2 .1

...............................

2 .1

3 .2

3 .2

3 .2

3 .3

3 .5

3 .8

4 .1

4 .3

4 .2

4 .2

4 .2

3 .9

4 .1

4 .1

L a b o r f o r c e t im e lo s t 1 .........................................................

8 .5

1 1 .0

1 0 .4

1 0 .7

1 0 .9

1 1 .7

1 2 .0

1 2 .4

1 2 .7

1 1 .7

1 2 .0

1 1 .8

1 1 .4

1 1 .5

1 0 .8

..................................................................

U n e m p lo y e d 1 5 w e e k s a n d o v e r

IN D U S T R Y

N o n a g ric u lt u r a l p r iv a te w a g e a n d s a la ry w o rk e r s
M in in g

. .

............................................................................................

C o n s t r u c tio n

...............................................................................

M a n u fa c t u r in g

...........................................................................

7 .7

1 0 .1

1 0 .0

1 0 .2

1 0 .2

1 1 .0

1 1 .0

1 1 .4

1 1 .6

1 0 .8

1 0 .8

1 0 .8

1 0 .5

1 0 .5

6 .0

1 3 .4

1 4 .0

1 5 .8

1 6 .0

1 8 .5

1 7 .9

1 8 .1

1 8 .1

1 7 .1

1 8 .4

1 8 .6

2 0 .3

2 2 .7

1 8 .2

1 5 .6

2 0 .0

1 9 .5

2 0 .3

2 0 .4

2 2 .3

2 2 .3

2 1 .8

2 2 .0

2 0 .0

1 9 .7

2 0 .3

2 0 .3

2 0 .4

1 8 .1

8 .3

1 2 .3

1 1 .5

12 2

1 2 .1

1 2 .4

1 4 .1

1 4 .1

1 4 .8

1 0 .0

1 4 .8

1 3 .0

1 3 .3

1 2 .8

1 2 .4

1 2 .3

8 .2

1 3 .3

1 3 .1

1 2 .8

1 3 .3

1 6 .0

1 6 .0

1 7 .0

1 7 .1

1 4 .7

1 4 .7

1 4 .1

1 3 .5

1 3 .5

1 2 .2

.....................................................

8 .4

1 0 .8

1 1 .1

1 1 .0

1 1 .0

1 1 .2

1 1 .2

1 1 ,4

1 1 .4

1 0 .5

1 1 .4

1 1 .1

1 0 .8

1 0 .5

10 4

T r a n s p o r ta t io n a n d p u b lic u t i l i t i e s ...............................

5 .2

6 .8

6 .8

6 .6

7 .1

7 .9

7 .9

8 .3

8 .0

7 .8

8 .0

7 .8

7 .7

7 .0

7 .8

W h o le s a le a n d re ta il t r a d e ................................................

8 .1

1 0 .0

9 .7

1 0 .3

1 0 .0

1 0 .4

1 0 .4

1 0 .6

1 1 .0

1 0 .8

1 0 .9

1 1 .2

1 0 .4

1 0 .1

1 0 .2

D u r a b le g o o d s

.............................................................

N o n d u ra b le g o o d s

F in a n c e a n d s e r v ic e in d u s tr ie s
G o v e rn m e n t w o rk e rs

...................................

......................................................................

A g r ic u lt u r a l w a g e a n d s a la ry w o r k e r s

...............................

5 .9

6 .9

6 .9

7 .0

7 .0

7 .1

7 .1

7 .7

7 .9

7 .6

7 .3

7 .2

7 .3

7 .5

7 .2

4 .7

4 .9

4 .7

4 .7

4 .7

4 .9

4 .9

5 .1

5 .1

5 .7

6 .0

5 .9

6 .1

5 .8

5 .1

1 2 .1

1 4 .7

1 5 .0

1 4 .1

1 4 .2

1 3 .3

1 3 .3

1 5 .6

1 6 .5

1 6 .0

1 6 .4

1 6 .3

1 7 .2

1 7 .0

1 7 .0

1Aggregate hours lost by the unemployed and persons on part time for economic reasons as a percent of potentially
available labor force hours.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

53

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW August 1983 • C u rre n t L a b o r S ta tistic s: H o u s e h o ld D a ta
6.

U nem ploym ent rates by sex and age, seasonally adjusted

[ C iv ilia n w o r k e r s ]
1982

A n n u al a verag e

1983

Sex and age
1981

J u ly

Aug.

S e p t.

O c t.

Nov.

D ec.

Jan.

Feb.

M a r.

A p r.

M ay

June

.............................................................

7 .6

9 .7

9 .5

9 .8

9 .9

1 0 .2

1 0 .5

1 0 .7

1 0 .8

1 0 .4

1 0 .4

1 0 .3

1 0 .2

1 0 .1

1 0 .0

1 4 .9

1 7 .8

1 7 .3

1 7 .9

1 8 .2

1 8 .3

1 8 .7

1 9 .0

1 8 .9

1 8 .3

1 8 .3

1 8 .1

1 8 .1

1 8 .1

1 7 .6

2 3 .8

2 4 .2

2 4 .5

2 2 .7

2 3 .2

2 2 .5

2 3 .9

2 3 .4

2 3 .0

2 3 .6

2 1 .4

2 4 .9

2 3 .6

2 5 .8

2 5 .8

2 6 .5

2 6 .1

2 6 .3

2 7 .4

2 4 .1

2 3 .4

2 5 .1

2 6 .3

2 6 .2

2 5 .8

1 8 .4

2 2 .1

2 2 .0

2 2 .6

2 2 .5

2 2 .0

2 2 .9

2 2 .8

2 2 .7

2 1 .7

2 1 .5

2 2 .7

2 1 .8

2 1 .1

2 2 .4

2 0 to 2 4 y e a r s ...........................................................................

1 2 .3

1 4 .9

1 4 .5

1 4 .7

1 5 .3

1 5 .3

1 5 .8

1 6 .3

1 6 .0

1 6 .1

1 6 .3

1 5 .4

1 5 .4

1 5 .6

1 4 .4

5 .4

7 .4

7 .3

7 .5

7 .5

7 .9

8 .1

8 .3

8 .6

8 .1

8 .2

8 .1

8 .0

7 .9

7 .9

2 5 to 5 4 y e a r s ......................................................................

5 .8

7 .9

7 .7

8 .0

8 .0

8 .6

8 .7

8 .9

9 .1

8 .7

8 .7

8 .7

8 .5

8 .5

8 .3

5 5 y e a r s a n d o v e r .............................................................

3 .6

5 .0

5 .1

5 .3

5 .2

5 .2

5 .5

5 .7

5 .8

5 .4

5 .4

5 .4

5 .6

5 .3

5 .6

......................................................................

2 3 .8

2 4 .1

1 9 .6

1 6 to 1 7 y e a r s ......................................................................
1 8 to 1 9 y e a r s ......................................................................

1 6 to 1 9 y e a r s ..........................................................................

2 5 y e a rs an d o v e r

2 2 .2

2 3 .5

1 0 .2

1 0 .7

1 0 .9

1 1 .1

1 1 .2

1 5 .7

1 9 .1

1 8 .7

1 9 .2

1 9 .5

2 0 .0

2 0 .2

2 0 .6

2 0 .5

1 9 .7

1 9 .8

1 9 .5

1 9 .4

1 9 .7

1 8 .4

.............................................................

2 0 .1

2 4 .4

2 4 .3

2 5 .2

2 5 .1

2 5 .4

2 5 .6

2 5 .7

2 5 .8

2 3 .9

2 3 .6

2 5 .3

2 4 .4

2 3 .9

2 3 .7

1 6 to 1 7 y e a r s .........................................................

2 2 .0

2 6 .4

2 5 .4

2 7 .7

2 7 .4

2 9 .0

2 8 .8

2 8 .2

2 9 .0

2 4 .4

2 3 .6

2 6 .0

2 7 .0

2 7 .4

2 5 .4

1 8 t o 1 9 y e a r s .........................................................

1 8 .8

2 3 .1

2 3 .7

23 4

2 3 .4

23 0

2 3 .4

2 4 .1

2 4 .0

2 3 .5

2 3 .4

2 4 .8

2 2 .8

2 2 .0

2 2 .9

1 5 .9

1 6 .2

1 6 .6

1 7 .3

1 7 .4

1 8 .0

1 7 .8

1 5 .7

M e n , 1 6 y e a r s a n d o v e r .....................................................
1 6 t o 2 4 y e a r s ......................................................................
1 6 to 1 9 y e a r s

7 .4

9 .9

9 .7

1 0 .0

1 0 .6

1 0 .8

1 0 .7

1 0 .7

1 0 .6

1 0 .0

.............................................................

1 3 .2

1 6 ,4

1 7 .6

1 7 .8

1 6 .6

1 7 .0

1 7 .6

2 5 y e a r s a n d o v e r .............................................................

5 .1

7 .5

7 .4

7 .5

7 .7

8 .2

8 .5

8 .6

8 .8

8 .2

8 .5

8 .4

8 .5

8 .2

7 .8

2 5 t o 5 4 y e a r s .........................................................

5 .5

8 .0

7 .9

8 .1

8 .2

9 .0

9 .1

9 .2

9 .4

8 .7

9 .1

9 .0

8 .9

8 .8

8 .4

5 5 y e a rs an d o v e r

5 .4

2 0 to 2 4 y e a rs

................................................

3 .5

5 .1

4 .9

4 .9

5 .5

5 .5

6 .0

6 .2

6 .3

5 .8

5 .7

5 .8

6 .3

5 .8

W o m e n , 1 6 y e a r s a n d o v e r ............................................

7 .9

9 .4

9 .2

9 .6

9 .5

9 .6

9 .9

1 0 .2

1 0 .3

1 0 .0

9 .8

9 .8

9 .6

9 .5

9 .9

1 6 to 2 4 y e a r s ......................................................................

1 4 .0

1 6 .2

1 5 .6

1 6 .4

1 6 .8

1 6 .3

1 7 .0

1 7 .2

1 7 .1

1 6 .7

1 6 .6

1 6 .6

1 6 .5

1 6 .2

1 6 .6

.............................................................

1 9 .0

2 2 .6

2 2 .5

2 2 .1

2 2 .5

2 2 .6

2 3 .0

2 1 .5

2 0 .7

2 1 .5

2 2 .4

2 1 .9

1 6 t o 1 7 y e a r s .........................................................

2 0 .7

2 3 .2

2 1 .6

2 3 .8

2 3 .9

2 3 .8

2 2 .9

2 4 .2

2 5 .6

23 7

2 3 .2

2 4 .2

2 5 .5

2 4 .7

2 6 .2

1 8 to 1 9 y e a r s .........................................................

1 7 .9

2 1 .0

2 0 .2

2 1 .9

2 1 .5

2 0 .9

2 2 .3

2 1 .4

2 1 .3

1 9 .8

1 9 .3

2 0 .5

2 0 .7

2 0 .2

2 1 .9

1 3 .1

1 3 .7

1 3 .1

1 4 .0

1 4 ,4

1 4 .0

1 4 .2

1 4 .5

1 4 .1

1 3 .5

1 3 .3

1 2 .9

1 6 to 1 9 y e a r s

2 1 .9

2 0 .6

2 3 .4

.............................................................

1 1 .2

1 3 .2

1 3 .0

2 5 y e a r s a n d o v e r .............................................................

5 .9

7 .3

7 .2

7 .4

7 .1

7 .5

7 .6

7 .9

8 .2

7 .9

7 ,7

7 .7

7 .4

7 .6

7 .9

2 5 to 5 4 y e a r s .........................................................

6 .3

7 .7

7 .5

7 .7

7 .7

8 .0

8 .2

8 .5

8 .8

8 .7

8 .2

8 .3

7 .9

8 .2

8 .2

5 5 y ears an d o v e r

3 .8

4 .8

5 .4

5 .8

4 .8

4 .8

4 .8

4 .9

5 .1

4 .8

4 .9

4 .7

4 .5

4 .6

5 .8

Nov.

D ec.

Jan.

Feb.

M a r.

A p r.

M ay

June

6 ,7 5 0

6 ,7 6 6

6 ,5 1 3

2 0 to 2 4 y e a r s

7.

June

...............................................................................

T o t a l, 1 6 y e a r s a n d o v e r
1 6 to 2 4 y e a r s

1982

................................................

U nem ployed persons by reason for unem ploym ent, seasonally adjusted

[ N u m b e r s in t h o u s a n d s ]
A n n u al a verag e

1982

1983

R e a s o n fo r u n e m p lo y m e n t
1981

J o b lo s e rs

.................................................................................................

June

J u ly

Aug.

S e p t.

O c t.

6 ,2 5 8

6 ,1 8 1

6 ,3 2 3

6 ,4 4 6

6 ,9 7 9

7 ,3 2 5

1 ,4 3 0

2 ,1 2 7

2 ,0 9 7

2 ,1 2 6

2 ,2 1 8

2 ,6 2 5

2 ,5 1 9

2 ,5 3 1

2 ,4 6 8

2 ,1 3 1

2 ,0 2 4

1 ,9 4 5

1 ,9 4 8

1 ,9 4 3

1 ,8 2 2

......................................................................

2 ,8 3 7

4 ,1 4 1

4 ,0 8 4

4 ,1 9 7

4 ,2 2 8

4 ,3 5 4

4 ,8 0 6

4 ,8 3 8

4 ,8 2 7

4 ,5 7 3

4 ,7 8 4

4 ,8 7 8

4 ,8 0 3

4 ,8 2 3

4 ,6 9 1

J o b l e a v e r s ................................................................................................

923

840

826

819

814

786

803

794

826

839

848

901

815

801

782

R e e n t r a n t s ................................................................................................

2 ,1 0 2

2 ,3 8 4

2 ,3 7 8

2 ,4 7 8

2 ,4 4 0

2 ,4 3 7

2 ,3 2 2

2 ,5 4 6

2 ,5 2 9

2 ,6 2 3

2 ,4 9 1

2 ,4 2 6

2 ,4 8 8

2 ,3 6 5

2 ,4 2 5

N e w e n t r a n t s ............................................................................................

981

1 ,1 8 5

1 ,0 9 1

1 ,2 3 0

1 ,3 0 4

1 ,3 0 3

1 ,2 9 6

1 ,2 4 4

1 ,2 8 8

1 ,1 7 4

1 ,1 6 1

1 ,1 5 5

1 ,2 4 5

1 ,2 5 1

1 ,4 4 0

1 0 0 .0

1 0 0 .0

1 0 0 .0

1 0 0 .0

100 0

100 0

1 0 0 .0

1 0 0 .0

1 0 0 .0

1 0 0 .0

1 0 0 .0

1 0 0 .0

1 0 0 .0

1 0 0 .0

100 0

5 1 .6

5 8 .7

5 9 .0

5 8 .3

5 8 .6

6 0 .7

6 2 .4

6 1 .5

6 0 .6

5 9 .1

6 0 .2

6 0 .4

5 9 .7

6 0 .5

5 8 .4

1 7 .3

1 9 .9

2 0 .0

1 9 .6

2 0 .2

2 2 .8

2 1 .4

2 1 .2

2 0 .5

1 8 .8

1 7 .9

1 7 .2

1 7 .2

1 7 .4

1 6 .3

......................................................................

3 4 .3

3 8 .8

3 9 .0

3 8 .7

3 8 .4

37 8

4 0 .9

4 0 .5

4 0 .1

4 0 .3

4 2 .3

4 3 .1

4 2 .5

4 3 .1

4 2 .0

J o b l e a v e r s .................................................................................................

1 1 .2

7 .9

7 .9

7 .5

7 .4

6 .8

6 .8

6 .6

6 .9

7 .4

7 .5

8 .0

7 .2

7 .2

7 .0

R e e n t r a n t s .................................................................................................

2 5 .4

2 2 .3

2 2 .7

2 2 .8

2 2 .2

2 1 .2

1 9 .8

2 1 .3

2 1 .8

2 3 .1

2 2 .0

2 1 .5

2 2 .0

2 1 .1

2 1 .7

N e w e n t r a n t s ............................................................................................

1 1 .9

1 1 .1

1 0 .4

1 1 .3

1 1 .9

1 1 .3

1 1 .0

1 0 .4

1 0 .7

1 0 .4

1 0 .3

1 0 .2

1 1 .0

1 1 .2

1 2 .9

6 .6

O n la y o ff

........................................................................................

O t h e r jo b lo s e rs

4 ,2 5 7

1982

7 ,3 6 9

7 ,2 9 5

6 ,7 0 4

6 ,8 0 9

6 ,8 2 3

P E R C E N T D IS T R IB U T IO N
T o ta l u n e m p l o y e d ...............................................................................
J o b lo s e rs

.................................................................................................

O n la y o ff

........................................................................................

O th e r jo b lo s e rs

PER C EN T OF
C IV IL IA N L A B O R F O R C E
J o b l o s e r s .................................................................................................

3 .9

5 .7

5 .6

5 .7

5 .8

6 .3

6 .6

6 .6

J o b l e a v e r s ................................................................................................

.8

.8

.7

.7

.7

.7

.7

.7

.7

.8

.8

.8

.7

.7

.7

R e e n t r a n t s ................................................................................................

1 .9

2 .2

2 .2

2 .2

2 .2

2 .2

2 .1

2 .3

2 .4

2 .4

2 .3

2 .2

2 .2

2 .1

2 .2

N e w e n t r a n t s ............................................................................................

9

1 .1

1 .0

Ì.1

1 .2

1 .2

1 .2

1 .1

1 .2

1 .1

1 .1

1 .0

1 .1

1 .1

1 .3

8.

6 .1

6 .2

6 .2

6 .1

6 .1

5 .8

Duration of unem ploym ent, seasonally adjusted

[ N u m b e r s in t h o u s a n d s ]
A n n u al a verag e

1982

1983

W e e k s o f u n e m p lo y m e n t
1981

1982

June

J u ly

Aug.

S e p t.

O c t.

Nov.

D ec.

Jan.

Feb.

M a r.

A p r.

M ay

June

L e s s t h a n 5 w e e k s ...............................................................................

3 ,4 4 9

3 ,8 8 3

3 ,6 0 6

3 ,9 5 9

3 ,9 3 3

4 ,0 0 4

3 ,9 3 0

3 ,9 6 3

4 ,0 1 9

3 ,5 3 6

3 ,7 3 1

3 ,4 4 0

3 ,5 4 7

3 ,5 1 9

3 ,6 5 5

5 t o 1 4 w e e k s ...........................................................................

2 ,5 3 9

3 ,3 1 1

3 ,3 9 8

3 ,2 4 9

3 ,3 4 6

3 ,5 4 9

3 ,5 1 1

3 ,5 4 9

3 ,4 6 0

3 ,3 2 8

3 ,1 0 6

3 ,1 4 0

3 ,1 5 4

2 ,9 7 9

2 ,9 1 5

15 w eeks and over

2 ,2 8 5

3 ,4 8 5

3 ,5 1 7

3 ,5 6 9

3 ,6 3 7

3 ,8 5 6

4 ,1 6 7

4 ,5 2 4

4 ,7 3 2

4 ,6 3 4

4 ,6 1 8

4 ,6 1 5

4 ,3 5 6

4 ,5 1 7

4 ,5 8 9

1 5 to 2 6 w e e k s ..................................................................

1 ,1 2 2

1 ,7 0 8

1 ,6 8 3

1 ,7 8 0

1 ,8 0 8

1 ,8 3 0

1 ,9 5 1

2 ,1 9 1

2 ,1 2 5

1 ,9 2 8

1 ,9 2 8

1 ,8 7 5

1 ,6 6 2

1 ,7 3 1

1 ,6 3 8

2 7 w e e k s a n d o v e r ..................................................................

1 ,1 6 2

1 ,7 7 6

1 ,8 3 4

1 ,7 8 9

1 ,8 2 9

2 ,0 2 6

2 ,2 1 6

2 ,3 3 3

2 ,6 0 7

2 ,7 0 6

2 ,6 8 9

2 ,7 4 0

2 ,6 9 4

2 ,7 8 6

2 ,9 5 1

1 3 .7

1 5 .6

1 6 .3

1 5 .6

1 6 .1

1 6 .6

1 7 .1

1 7 .3

1 8 .0

1 9 .4

1 9 .0

1 9 .1

1 9 .0

2 0 .4

2 2 .0

6 .9

8 .7

9 .8

8 .3

8 .3

9 .4

9 .6

1 0 .0

1 0 .1

1 1 .5

9 .6

1 0 .3

1 1 .3

1 2 .3

1 1 .8

..........................................................................

M e a n d u r a tio n in w e e k s .............................................................
M e d ia n d u r a tio n in w e e k s .............................................................

54

https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

EMPLOYMENT, HOURS, AND EARNINGS DATA FROM ESTABLISHMENT SURVEYS

E m p l o y m e n t , h o u r s , a n d e a r n in g s d a t a in this section are com­
piled from payroll records reported monthly on a voluntary basis
to the Bureau of Labor Statistics and its cooperating State agencies
by 189,000 establishments representing all industries except ag­
riculture. In most industries, the sampling probabilities are based
on the size of the establishment; most large establishments are
therefore in the sample. (An establishment is not necessarily a
firm; it may be a branch plant, for example, or warehouse.) Selfemployed persons and others not on a regular civilian payroll are
outside the scope of the survey because they are excluded from
establishment records. This largely accounts for the difference in
employment figures between the household and establishment sur­
veys.

Definitions
Employed persons are all persons who received pay (including holiday
and sick pay) for any part of the payroll period including the 12th of the
month. Persons holding more than one job (about 5 percent of all persons
in the labor force) are counted in each establishment which reports them.
Produçtion workers

in manufacturing include blue-collar worker su­
pervisors and all nonsupervisory workers closely associated with produc­
tion operations. Those workers mentioned in tables 12-17 include production
workers in m anufacturing and mining; construction workers in construc­
tion; and nonsupervisory workers in transportation and public utilities; in
wholesale and retail trade; in finance, insurance, and real estate; and in
services industries. These groups account for about four-fifths of the total
employment on private nonagricultural payrolls.

Earnings are the payments production or nonsupervisory workers re­
ceive during the survey period, including premium pay for overtime or
late-shift work but excluding irregular bonuses and other special payments.
Real earnings are earnings adjusted to reflect the effects of changes in
consum er prices. The deflator for this series is derived from the Consumer
Price Index for Urban W age Earners and Clerical Workers (CPI-W). The
Hourly Earnings Index is calculated from average hourly earnings data
adjusted to exclude the effects of two types of changes that are unrelated


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

to underlying wage-rate developments: fluctuations in overtime premiums
in manufacturing (the only sector for which overtime data are available)
and the effects of changes and seasonal factors in the proportion of workers
in high-wage and low-wage industries.

Hours represent the average weekly hours of production or nonsuper­
visory workers for which pay was received and are different from standard
or scheduled hours. Overtime hours represent the portion of gross average
weekly hours which were in excess of regular hours and for which overtime
prem iums were paid.
The Diffusion Index, introduced in table 17 of the May issue, represents
the percent of 186 nonagricultural industries in which employm ent was
rising over the indicated period. O ne-half of the industries with unchanged
em ploym ent are counted as rising. In line with Bureau practice, data for
the 3-, 6-, and 9-month spans are seasonally adjusted, while that for the
12-month span is unadjusted. The diffusion index is useful for measuring
the dispersion of econom ic gains or losses and is also an economic indi­
cator.

Notes on the data
Establishm ent data collected by the Bureau of Labor Statistics are pe­
rio d ic ally ad ju sted to co m p reh en siv e counts o f em ploym en t (called
“ benchm arks” ). The latest complete adjustment was made with the release
of May 1983 data, published in the July 1983 issue of the Review. Con­
sequently, data published in the Review prior to that issue are not necessarily
com parable to current data. Earlier comparable unadjusted and seasonally
adjusted data are published in a Supplement to Employment and Earnings
(unadjusted data from April 1977 through February 1983 and seasonally
adjusted data from January 1974 through February 1983) and in Employ­
ment and Earnings, United States, 1909-78, BLS Bulletin 1312-11 (for
prior periods).
A com prehensive discussion of the differences between household and
establishm ent data on employm ent appears in Gloria P. Green, “ Com ­
paring employment estimates from household and payroll surveys,” Monthly
Labor Review, December 1969, pp. 9 -2 0 . See also BLS Handbook of
Methods fo r Surveys and Studies, Bulletin 1910 (Bureau of Labor Statistics,
1976).

55

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW August 1983 • Current Labor Statistics: Establishment Data
9.

E m ploym ent by industry, selected years, 1 9 5 0 -8 2

[Nonagricultural payroll data, In thousands]
S e r v ic e - p r o d u c in g

G o o d s -p r o d u c ln g
T ra n s p o rYear

T o ta l

P r iv a te
s e c to r

T o ta l

M in in g

C o n s tru c ­

M a n u fa c ­

t io n

t u r in g

W h o le s a l e a n d r e t a i l t r a d e

T o ta l

G o v e rn m e n t

F in a n c e ,

t a tio n

in s u r a n c e ,

W h o le ­

and
T o ta l

p u b lic

s a le
tra d e

u t il it ie s

R e t a il

an d real

tra d e

e s t a te

S e r v ic e s
T o ta l

F e d e ra l

S ta te a n d
lo c a l

1950

................................................

4 5 ,1 9 7

3 9 ,1 7 0

1 8 ,5 0 6

901

2 ,3 6 4

1 5 ,2 4 1

2 6 ,6 9 1

4 ,0 3 4

9 ,3 8 6

2 ,6 3 5

6 ,7 5 1

1 ,8 8 8

5 ,3 5 7

6 ,0 2 6

1 ,9 2 8

4 ,0 9 8

1955

................................................

5 0 ,6 4 1

4 3 ,7 2 7

2 0 ,5 1 3

792

2 ,8 3 9

1 6 ,8 8 2

3 0 ,1 2 8

4 ,1 4 1

1 0 ,5 3 5

2 ,9 2 6

7 ,6 1 0

2 ,2 9 8

6 ,2 4 0

6 ,9 1 4

2 ,1 8 7

4 ,7 2 7

............................................

5 4 ,1 8 9

4 5 ,8 3 6

2 0 ,4 3 4

712

2 ,9 2 6

1 6 ,7 9 6

3 3 ,7 5 5

4 ,0 0 4

1 1 ,3 9 1

3 ,1 4 3

8 ,2 4 8

2 ,6 2 9

7 ,3 7 8

8 ,3 5 3

2 ,2 7 0

6 ,0 8 3

2 ,3 4 8

7 ,2 4 8

I9 6 0 1
1964

................................................

5 8 ,2 8 3

4 8 ,6 8 6

2 1 ,0 0 5

634

3 ,0 9 7

1 7 ,2 7 4

3 7 ,2 7 8

3 ,9 5 1

1 2 ,1 6 0

3 ,3 3 7

8 ,8 2 3

2 ,9 1 1

8 ,6 6 0

9 ,5 9 6

1965

................................................

6 0 ,7 6 5

5 0 ,5 8 9

2 1 ,9 2 6

632

3 ,2 3 2

1 8 ,0 6 2

3 8 ,8 3 9

4 ,0 3 6

1 2 ,7 1 6

3 ,4 6 6

9 ,2 5 0

2 ,9 7 7

9 ,0 3 6

1 0 ,0 7 4

2 ,3 7 8

7 ,6 9 6

1966

................................................

6 3 ,9 0 1

5 3 ,1 1 6

2 3 ,1 5 8

627

3 ,3 1 7

1 9 ,2 1 4

4 0 ,7 4 3

4 ,1 5 8

1 3 ,2 4 5

3 ,5 9 7

9 ,6 4 8

3 ,0 5 8

9 ,4 9 8

1 0 ,7 8 4

2 ,5 6 4

8 ,2 2 0

613

3 ,2 4 8

1 0 ,0 4 5

1 1 ,3 9 1

2 ,7 1 9

8 ,6 7 2

1967

.................................................

6 5 ,8 0 3

5 4 ,4 1 3

2 3 ,3 0 8

1 9 ,4 4 7

4 2 ,4 9 5

4 ,2 6 8

1 3 ,6 0 6

3 ,6 8 9

9 ,9 1 7

3 ,1 8 5

1968

................................................

6 7 ,8 9 7

5 6 ,0 5 8

2 3 ,7 3 7

606

3 ,3 5 0

1 9 ,7 8 1

4 4 ,1 6 0

4 ,3 1 8

1 4 ,0 9 9

3 ,7 7 9

1 0 ,3 2 0

3 ,3 3 7

1 0 ,5 6 7

1 1 ,8 3 9

2 ,7 3 7

9 ,1 0 2

1969

................................................

7 0 ,3 8 4

5 8 ,1 8 9

2 4 ,3 6 1

619

3 ,5 7 5

2 0 ,1 6 7

4 6 ,0 2 3

4 ,4 4 2

1 4 ,7 0 6

3 ,9 0 7

1 0 ,7 9 8

3 ,5 1 2

1 1 ,1 6 9

1 2 ,1 9 5

2 ,7 5 8

9 ,4 3 7

1970

.................................................

7 0 ,8 8 0

5 8 ,3 2 5

2 3 ,5 7 8

623

3 ,5 8 8

1 9 ,3 6 7

4 7 ,3 0 2

4 ,5 1 5

1 5 ,0 4 0

3 ,9 9 3

1 1 ,0 4 7

3 ,6 4 5

1 1 ,5 4 8

1 2 ,5 5 4

2 ,7 3 1

9 ,8 2 3

1 9 7 1 .................................................

7 1 ,2 1 4

5 8 ,3 3 1

2 2 ,9 3 5

609

3 ,7 0 4

1 8 ,6 2 3

4 8 ,2 7 8

4 ,4 7 6

1 5 ,3 5 2

4 ,0 0 1

1 1 ,3 5 1

3 ,7 7 2

1 1 ,7 9 7

1 2 ,8 8 1

2 ,6 9 6

1 0 ,1 8 5

1972

.................................................

7 3 ,6 7 5

6 0 ,3 4 1

2 3 ,6 6 8

628

3 ,8 8 9

1 9 ,1 5 1

5 0 ,0 0 7

4 ,5 4 1

1 5 ,9 4 9

4 ,1 1 3

1 1 ,8 3 6

3 ,9 0 8

1 2 ,2 7 6

1 3 ,3 3 4

2 ,6 8 4

1 0 ,6 4 9

1973

.................................................

7 6 ,7 9 0

6 3 ,0 5 8

2 4 ,8 9 3

642

4 ,0 9 7

2 0 ,1 5 4

5 1 ,8 9 7

4 ,6 5 6

1 6 ,6 0 7

4 ,2 7 7

1 2 ,3 2 9

4 ,0 4 5

1 2 ,8 5 7

1 3 ,7 3 2

2 ,6 6 3

1 1 ,0 6 8

1974

.................................................

7 8 ,2 6 5

6 4 ,0 9 5

2 4 ,7 9 4

697

4 ,0 2 0

2 0 ,0 7 7

5 3 ,4 7 1

4 ,7 2 5

1 6 ,9 8 7

4 ,4 3 3

1 2 ,5 5 4

4 ,1 4 8

1 3 ,4 4 1

1 4 ,1 7 0

2 ,7 2 4

1 1 ,4 4 6

1975

.................................................

7 6 ,9 4 5

6 2 ,2 5 9

2 2 ,6 0 0

752

3 ,5 2 5

1 8 ,3 2 3

5 4 ,3 4 5

4 ,5 4 2

1 7 ,0 6 0

4 ,4 1 5

1 2 ,6 4 5

4 ,1 6 5

1 3 ,8 9 2

1 4 ,6 8 6

2 ,7 4 8

1 1 ,9 3 7

1976

.................................................

1 7 ,7 5 5

4 ,5 4 6

1 4 ,5 5 1

1 4 ,8 7 1

2 ,7 3 3

1 2 ,1 3 8

.................................................

8 2 ,4 7 1

6 7 ,3 4 4

2 4 ,3 4 6

813

3 ,8 5 1

1 9 ,5 8 2

5 8 ,1 2 5

4 ,7 1 3

1 8 ,5 1 6

4 ,7 0 8

1 3 ,8 0 8

4 ,4 6 7

1 5 ,3 0 3

1 5 ,1 2 7

2 ,7 2 7

1 2 ,3 9 9

.................................................

8 6 ,6 9 7

7 1 ,0 2 6

2 5 ,5 8 5

851

4 ,2 2 9

2 0 ,5 0 5

6 1 ,1 1 3

4 ,9 2 3

1 9 ,5 4 2

4 ,9 6 9

1 4 ,5 7 3

4 ,7 2 4

1 6 ,2 5 2

1 5 ,6 7 2

2 ,7 5 3

1 2 ,9 1 9

1979

.................................................

8 9 ,8 2 3

7 3 ,8 7 6

2 6 ,4 6 1

958

4 ,4 6 3

2 1 ,0 4 0

6 3 ,3 6 3

5 ,1 3 6

2 0 ,1 9 2

5 ,2 0 4

1 4 ,9 8 9

4 ,9 7 5

1 7 ,1 1 2

1 5 ,9 4 7

2 ,7 7 3

1 3 ,1 4 7

1980

................................................

9 0 ,4 0 6

7 4 ,1 6 6

2 5 ,6 5 8

1 ,0 2 7

4 ,3 4 6

2 0 ,2 8 5

6 4 ,7 4 8

5 ,1 4 6

2 0 ,3 1 0

5 ,2 7 5

1 5 ,0 3 5

5 ,1 8 0

1 7 ,8 9 0

1 6 ,2 4 1

2 ,8 6 6

1 3 ,3 7 5

1 9 8 1 .................................................

9 1 ,1 5 6

7 5 ,1 2 6

2 5 ,4 9 7

1 ,1 3 9

4 ,1 8 8

2 0 ,1 7 0

6 5 ,6 5 9

5 ,1 6 5

2 0 ,5 4 7

5 ,3 5 8

1 5 ,1 8 9

5 ,2 9 8

1 8 ,6 1 9

1 6 ,0 3 1

2 ,7 7 2

1 3 ,2 5 9

1982

8 9 ,5 9 6

7 3 ,7 9 3

2 3 ,9 0 7

1 ,1 4 3

3 ,9 1 1

1 8 ,8 5 3

6 5 ,6 8 9

5 ,0 8 1

2 0 ,4 0 1

5 ,2 8 0

1 5 ,1 2 2

5 ,3 4 0

1 9 ,0 6 4

1 5 ,8 0 3

2 ,7 3 9

1 3 ,0 6 4

.................................................

7 9 ,3 8 2

6 4 ,5 1 1

2 3 ,3 5 2

779

3 ,5 7 6

1 8 ,9 9 7

1977
1978

5 6 ,0 3 0

4 ,5 8 2

1 3 ,2 0 9

4 ,2 7 1

1 D a ta in c lu d e A la s k a a n d H a w a ii b e g in n in g in 1 9 5 9 .

10.

E m ploym ent by State

[Nonagricultural payroll data, in thousands]
S t a te

A l a b a m a ......................
A la s k a

M ay 1982

1 ,3 2 4 .2

A p r il 1 9 8 3

1 ,3 0 9 .6

M ay 19839

1 ,3 1 2 .4

...........................

1 9 2 .1

2 0 4 .6

2 1 1 .2

......................

1 ,0 3 7 .6

1 ,0 4 4 .0

1 ,0 4 2 .5

A r iz o n a

S t a te

M ay 1982

A p r il 1 9 8 3

M a y 19831*

M o n t a n a ....................................................................................

2 7 5 .5

2 6 7 .4

2 6 8 .2

N e b ra s k a

6 1 0 .6

5 8 7 .1

5 9 6 .7

Nevada

................................................................................
....................................................................................

4 0 6 .1

4 0 9 .8

4 1 2 .6

A rkan sas

..................

7 2 5 .2

7 2 8 .7

7 3 3 .0

N e w H a m p s h i r e ..................................................................

3 9 1 .8

3 8 7 .5

3 9 3 .3

C a lif o r n ia

..................

9 ,8 5 6 .8

9 ,7 8 8 .6

9 ,8 4 2 .8

N e w J e r s e y ...........................................................................

3 , 0 9 0 .8

3 ,0 5 9 .0

3 , 0 8 2 .9

C o lo r a d o

..................

1 , 3 1 2 .1

1 ,3 1 4 .0

1 ,3 2 3 .3

N e w M e x i c o ...........................................................................

. . . .

1 ,4 3 3 .8

1 ,4 1 9 .7

1 ,4 3 2 .8

N e w Y o r k ................................................................................

7 , 2 7 5 .8

7 , 1 7 2 .2

7 , 2 2 0 .6

2 6 0 .6

2 5 8 .6

2 6 1 .7

N o r th C a r o lin a

2 , 3 4 8 .8

2 , 3 3 8 .1

2 ,3 4 6 .1

C o n n e c tic u t
D e la w a r e

..................

...................................................................

4 7 5 .5

4 7 4 .6

4 8 0 .0

D is tr ic t o f C o lu m b ia

5 9 3 .3

5 9 4 .1

5 9 4 .5

N o r th D a k o t a .......................................................................

2 5 2 .2

2 5 0 .1

2 5 6 .3

F l o r i d a ...........................

3 ,7 6 9 .6

3 ,8 6 0 .5

3 , 8 5 1 .3

O h i o .............................................................................................

4 ,1 8 0 .9

4 ,0 7 6 .0

4 , 1 1 4 .7

G e o r g i a ......................

2 ,2 0 6 .9

2 ,2 2 7 .5

2 ,2 3 8 .0

O k l a h o m a ................................................................................

1 , 2 5 0 .2

1 ,1 9 6 .6

1 ,2 0 1 .2

H a w a i i ...........................

4 0 1 .4

4 0 0 .2

3 9 9 .3

O reg o n

Id a h o

..........................

3 1 1 .8

3 1 2 .8

3 1 5 .7

P e n n s y lv a n ia

.......................................................................

I l l i n o i s ...........................

4 ,6 2 1 .3

4 ,4 7 6 .6

4 ,5 2 5 .5

R h o d e Is la n d

..................................................................

In d ia n a

......................

2 ,0 3 9 .9

1 ,9 7 4 .3

1 ,9 9 0 .2

S o u t h C a r o lin a

I o w a ...............................

....................................................................................

...................................................................

9 6 5 .8

9 4 3 .9

9 4 9 .2

4 , 6 3 6 .4

4 , 4 3 8 .7

4 ,4 7 9 .5

3 9 2 .8

3 8 9 .3

3 9 2 .3

1 ,1 7 3 .5

1 ,1 6 8 .5

1 ,1 7 3 .8

1 ,0 4 7 .2

1 ,0 1 2 .5

.1 ,0 2 1 . 1

S o u t h D a k o t a .......................................................................

......................

9 3 2 .8

9 0 7 .6

9 1 1 .8

T e n n e s s e e ................................................................................

1 ,7 0 5 .4

1 ,6 6 4 .5

K e n tu c k y

..................

1 ,6 7 1 .5

1 ,1 8 5 .3

1 ,1 6 2 .0

1 ,1 6 8 .8

Texas

6 , 3 1 9 .8

6 ,1 6 3 .8

L o u is ia n a

..................

6 ,1 5 8 .1

1 ,6 2 2 .8

1 ,5 8 9 .6

1 ,5 8 7 .9

U t a h .............................................................................................

5 6 1 .1

5 5 7 .8

5 5 9 .2

M a i n e ..........................

4 1 0 .9

3 9 9 .9

4 0 8 .7

V e r m o n t ..................................................................

2 0 1 .7

2 0 0 .6

2 0 2 .6

1 , 6 8 2 .1

1 ,6 6 2 .4

1 ,6 7 7 .3

V irg in ia

................................................................................

2 , 1 3 3 .9

2 ,1 3 1 .3

2 , 1 4 9 .5

W a s h i n g t o n .......................................................................

1 , 5 7 7 .0

1 , 5 7 5 .3

1 ,5 8 0 .2

K ansas

M a r y la n d

..................

M a s s a c h u s e t ts

...............................................................................

. .

2 ,6 5 4 .5

2 ,6 1 1 .7

2 , 6 3 4 .3

..................

3 ,2 2 9 .6

3 , 1 4 9 .7

3 , 1 8 3 .9

W e s t V i r g i n i a ..............................................................

M i n n e s o t a ..................

1 , 7 3 3 .1

1 ,6 7 8 .6

1 ,7 0 6 .4

W i s c o n s i n ..................................................................

8 0 1 .1

7 8 7 .5

7 9 0 .2

1 ,9 3 6 .9

1 ,9 0 3 .7

1 ,9 1 9 .8

M ic h ig a n

M is s is s ip p i

. . . .

M i s s o u r i ......................

p = p r e lim in a r y .

56

https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

2 3 3 .3

2 2 8 .6

2 3 3 .7

6 1 6 .4

5 8 2 .8

5 8 7 .1

1 , 8 7 5 .1

1 , 8 2 2 .6

1 ,8 4 7 .9

.......................................................................

2 2 1 .8

2 0 6 .7

2 1 0 .8

V irg in I s l a n d s ..............................................................

3 5 .8

3 6 .0

3 5 .7

W y o m in g

11.

E m ploym ent by industry division and m ajor m anufacturing group, seasonally adjusted

[ N o n a g r ic u l t u r a l p a y r o ll d a t a , In t h o u s a n d s ]
1982

A n n u al a verag e

1983

In d u s tr y d iv is io n a n d g ro u p
1981

TO TAL

P R IV A T E S E C T O R

.....................................................

G O O D S -P R O D U C IN G
M in in g

C o n s t r u c t i o n ............................................................................................
M a n u f a c t u r in g

1982

June

J u ly

Aug.

S e p t.

O c t.

Nov.

D ec.

Jan.

Feb.

M a r.

A p r.

M ayP

JuneP

9 1 ,1 5 6

8 9 ,5 9 6

8 9 ,7 7 5

8 9 ,4 5 0

8 9 ,2 6 4

8 9 ,2 3 5

8 8 ,9 3 8

8 8 ,7 8 5

8 8 ,6 6 5

8 8 ,8 8 5

8 8 ,7 4 6

8 8 ,8 1 4

8 9 ,1 0 1

8 9 ,4 1 6

8 9 ,7 6 0

7 5 ,1 2 6

7 3 ,7 9 3

7 3 ,9 3 9

7 3 ,7 8 1

7 3 ,5 7 9

7 3 ,4 5 1

7 3 ,1 5 8

7 3 ,0 1 3

7 2 ,9 0 7

7 3 ,1 3 2

7 3 ,0 0 4

7 3 ,0 9 0

7 3 ,3 7 7

7 3 ,6 8 8

7 4 ,1 3 0

2 5 ,4 9 7

2 3 ,9 0 7

2 4 ,0 0 1

2 3 ,8 4 3

2 3 ,6 7 2

2 3 ,5 3 0

2 3 ,2 8 7

2 3 ,1 3 1

2 3 ,0 6 1

2 3 ,1 8 6

2 3 ,0 4 9

2 3 ,0 3 0

2 3 ,1 5 9

2 3 ,3 4 7

2 3 ,5 1 4

1 ,1 3 9

1 ,1 4 3

1 ,1 5 0

1 ,1 2 5

1 ,1 1 3

1 ,1 0 0

1 ,0 8 2

1 ,0 6 6

1 ,0 5 3

1 ,0 3 7

1 ,0 1 4

1 ,0 0 6

997

998

1 ,0 0 8

3 ,8 4 3

3 ,8 1 5

3 ,9 0 5

3 ,7 9 0

3 ,7 5 7

3 ,7 8 6

3 ,8 6 3

3 ,9 4 6

1 8 ,1 9 3

1 8 ,2 4 4

1 8 ,2 4 5

1 8 ,2 6 7

1 8 ,3 7 6

1 8 ,4 8 6

1 8 ,5 6 0

4 ,1 8 8

3 ,9 1 1

3 ,9 3 3

3 ,9 1 6

3 ,8 9 3

3 ,8 7 5

3 ,8 4 7

2 0 .1 7 0

1 8 ,8 5 3

1 8 ,9 1 8

1 8 ,8 0 2

1 8 ,6 6 6

1 8 ,5 5 5

1 8 ,3 5 8

1 8 ,2 2 2

1 4 ,0 2 0

1 2 ,7 9 0

1 2 ,8 4 3

1 2 ,7 5 1

1 2 ,6 3 4

1 2 ,5 4 2

1 2 ,3 6 8

1 2 ,2 5 2

1 2 ,2 4 1

1 2 ,2 9 1

1 2 ,3 0 3

1 2 ,3 2 3

1 2 ,4 3 5

1 2 ,5 3 4

1 2 ,6 2 9

1 2 ,1 0 9

1 1 ,1 0 0

1 1 ,1 6 9

1 1 ,0 9 5

1 0 ,9 6 1

1 0 ,8 6 2

1 0 ,6 8 5

1 0 ,5 7 7

1 0 ,5 5 9

1 0 ,5 9 4

1 0 ,6 0 8

1 0 ,6 1 7

1 0 ,6 8 9

1 0 ,7 8 3

1 0 ,8 3 0

P r o d u c t io n w o r k e r s .....................................................

8 ,2 9 4

7 ,3 5 0

7 ,4 0 8

7 ,3 5 0

7 ,2 3 4

7 ,1 5 0

6 ,9 9 2

6 ,9 0 0

6 ,8 9 2

6 ,9 3 1

6 ,9 4 9

6 ,9 6 1

7 ,0 3 5

7 ,1 1 7

7 ,1 7 7

L u m b e r a n d w o o d p r o d u c t s ............................................

666

603

601

600

601

603

605

608

614

625

631

638

P r o d u c tio n w o r k e r s .....................................................

D u r a b le g o o d s

651

661

464

433

433

430

433

428

426

427

429

430

427

433

440

444

448

...............................

638

578

580

578

573

570

565

559

554

557

557

559

565

569

575

P r im a r y m e ta l i n d u s t r i e s .....................................................

1 ,1 2 2

922

929

909

890

869

840

823

816

817

810

816

820

827

832

F a b r ic a te d m e ta l p r o d u c t s ................................................

1 ,5 9 0

1 ,4 3 5

1 ,4 4 2

1 ,4 3 2

1 ,4 1 6

1 ,4 0 2

1 ,3 7 8

1 ,3 6 2

1 ,3 5 9

1 ,3 6 4

1 ,3 6 4

1 ,3 6 2

1 ,3 6 9

1 ,3 7 9

1 ,3 8 5

F u r n itu r e a n d fix t u re s

.........................................................

S t o n e , c la y , a n d g la s s p r o d u c ts

679

M a c h in e r y , e x c e p t e l e c t r i c a l ............................................

2 ,4 9 8

2 ,2 6 7

2 ,2 9 8

2 ,2 5 6

2 ,2 1 3

2 ,1 8 4

2 ,1 2 2

2 ,0 8 8

2 ,0 6 6

2 ,0 4 8

2 ,0 4 2

2 ,0 3 0

2 ,0 3 1

2 ,0 6 4

2 ,0 6 1

E le c tric a n d e le c tr o n ic e q u i p m e n t ...............................

2 ,0 9 4

2 ,0 1 6

2 ,0 2 5

2 ,0 1 6

2 ,0 0 8

1 ,9 9 2

1 ,9 7 6

1 ,9 7 5

1 ,9 5 7

1 ,9 7 4

1 ,9 8 1

1 ,9 8 8

1 ,9 9 9

2 ,0 1 0

2 ,0 1 7

T r a n s p o r ta t io n e q u i p m e n t ................................................

1 ,8 9 8

1 ,7 4 4

1 ,7 5 6

1 ,7 7 0

1 ,7 7 3

1 ,7 2 4

1 ,6 9 1

1 ,6 6 1

1 ,6 9 6

1 ,7 1 0

1 ,7 2 9

1 ,7 2 3

1 ,7 4 3

1 ,7 5 8

1 ,7 6 1

In s tr u m e n ts a n d re la te d p r o d u c t s ...............................

730

716

720

717

712

710

705

700

695

695

693

691

690

689

689

M is c e lla n e o u s m a n u f a c t u r i n g ........................................

408

386

385

387

382

380

377

374

373

374

374

377

381

382

383

8 ,0 6 1

7 ,7 5 3

7 ,7 4 9

7 ,7 0 7

7 ,7 0 5

7 ,6 9 3

7 ,6 7 3

7 ,6 4 5

7 ,6 3 4

7 ,6 5 0

7 ,6 3 7

7 ,6 5 0

7 ,6 8 7

7 ,7 0 3

7 ,7 3 0

5 ,7 2 7

5 ,4 4 0

5 ,4 3 5

5 ,4 0 1

5 ,4 0 0

5 ,3 9 2

5 ,3 7 6

5 ,3 5 2

5 ,3 4 9

5 ,3 6 0

5 ,3 5 4

5 ,3 6 2

5 ,4 0 0

5 ,4 1 7

5 ,4 5 2

1 ,6 7 1

1 ,6 3 8

1 ,6 3 5

1 ,6 3 9

1 ,6 3 6

1 ,6 3 3

1 ,6 3 6

1 ,6 3 2

1 ,6 2 6

1 ,6 2 6

1 ,6 2 0

1 ,6 1 9

1 ,6 3 3

1 ,6 3 0

1 ,6 3 7

N o n d u r a b le g o o d s
P r o d u c tio n w o r k e r s .....................................................

F o o d a n d k in d re d p r o d u c ts

............................................

T o b a c c o m a n u f a c t u r e s .........................................................

70

68

68

67

67

66

66

63

69

69

67

67

66

66

65

T e x t ile m ill p r o d u c t s ..............................................................

823

750

744

741

736

734

733

727

727

726

726

730

733

736

745

...........................

1 ,2 4 4

1 ,1 6 4

1 ,1 6 7

1 ,1 4 1

1 ,1 5 1

1 ,1 4 9

1 ,1 4 8

1 ,1 4 1

1 ,1 4 0

1 ,1 5 0

1 ,1 4 8

1 ,1 4 3

1 ,1 4 9

1 ,1 5 3

1 ,1 6 0

P a p e r a n d a llie d p r o d u c t s ................................................

689

662

661

660

657

659

653

654

653

653

652

652

654

656

657

.....................................................

1 ,2 6 6

1 ,2 6 9

1 ,2 6 8

1 ,2 6 6

1 ,2 6 7

1 ,2 6 6

1 ,2 6 5

1 ,2 6 3

1 ,2 6 3

1 ,2 6 6

1 ,2 6 5

1 ,2 6 9

1 ,2 7 4

1 ,2 7 6

1 ,2 7 6

C h e m ic a ls a n d a llie d p r o d u c t s .......................................

1 ,1 0 9

1 ,0 7 3

1 ,0 7 4

1 ,0 7 0

1 ,0 6 6

1 ,0 6 4

1 ,0 5 9

1 ,0 5 7

1 ,0 5 6

1 ,0 5 6

1 ,0 5 8

1 ,0 5 8

1 ,0 5 6

A p p a r e l a n d o t h e r te x tile p r o d u c t s

P r in tin g a n d p u b lis h in g

1 ,0 7 9

1 ,0 7 9

P e t r o le u m a n d c o a l p r o d u c t s ........................................

214

201

200

200

200

202

201

200

199

200

199

199

199

198

R u b b e r a n d m is c e lla n e o u s p la s tic s p r o d u c ts

737

701

705

700

698

696

689

685

685

688

691

699

707

716

721

L e a t h e r a n d le a th e r p r o d u c t s

238

221

222

220

219

218

216

216

213

215

214

216

214

214

215

6 5 ,6 5 9

6 5 ,6 8 9

6 5 ,7 7 4

6 5 ,6 0 7

6 5 ,5 9 2

6 5 ,7 0 5

6 5 ,6 5 1

6 5 ,6 5 4

6 5 ,6 0 4

6 5 ,6 9 9

6 5 ,6 9 7

6 5 ,7 8 4

6 5 ,9 4 2

6 6 ,0 6 9

6 6 ,2 4 6

T r a n s p o r t a t io n a n d p u b lic u t i l i t i e s .......................................

5 ,1 6 5

5 ,0 8 1

5 ,0 9 9

5 ,0 7 5

5 ,0 5 6

5 ,0 5 4

5 ,0 3 3

5 ,0 1 9

5 ,0 0 8

4 ,9 7 9

4 ,9 6 6

4 ,9 6 3

4 ,9 8 8

4 ,9 9 1

4 ,9 9 7

W h o le s a l e a n d r e t a il t r a d e .........................................................

2 0 ,5 4 7

2 0 ,4 0 1

2 0 .4 5 4

2 0 ,4 3 8

2 0 ,4 1 0

2 0 ,3 8 0

2 0 ,3 4 4

2 0 ,3 2 0

2 0 ,2 5 6

2 0 ,3 5 5

2 0 ,3 4 3

2 0 ,3 5 0

2 0 ,3 2 9

2 0 ,3 5 4

2 0 ,4 5 7

5 ,3 5 8

5 ,2 8 0

5 ,2 9 3

5 ,2 7 9

5 ,2 6 5

5 ,2 5 2

5 ,2 3 7

5 ,2 1 2

5 ,1 9 2

5 ,1 8 5

5 ,1 8 1

5 ,1 7 6

5 ,1 8 0

5 ,1 9 6

5 ,2 0 5

1 5 ,1 8 9

1 5 ,1 2 2

1 5 ,1 6 1

1 5 ,1 5 9

1 5 ,1 4 5

1 5 ,1 2 8

1 5 ,1 0 7

1 5 ,1 0 8

1 5 ,0 6 4

1 5 ,1 7 0

1 5 ,1 6 2

1 5 ,1 7 4

1 5 ,1 4 9

1 5 ,1 5 8

1 5 ,2 5 2

........................................

S E R V IC E -P R O D U C IN G

W h o le s a l e t r a d e
R e t a il t r a d e

F in a n c e , i n s u r a n c e , a n d r e a l e s t a t e
S e r v ic e s

G o v e r n m e n t ............................................................................................

198

5 ,2 9 8

5 ,3 4 0

5 ,3 3 9

5 ,3 4 2

5 ,3 4 4

5 ,3 5 1

5 ,3 5 0

5 ,3 5 6

5 ,3 6 7

5 ,3 7 4

5 ,3 8 4

5 ,3 9 1

5 ,4 2 3

5 ,4 3 1

5 ,4 5 1

1 8 ,6 1 9

1 9 ,0 6 4

1 9 ,0 4 6

1 9 ,0 8 3

1 9 ,0 9 7

1 9 ,1 3 6

1 9 ,1 4 4

1 9 ,1 8 7

1 9 ,2 1 5

1 9 ,2 3 8

1 9 ,2 6 2

1 9 ,3 5 6

1 9 ,4 7 8

1 9 ,5 6 5

1 9 ,7 1 1

1 5 ,7 8 4

1 5 ,7 8 0

1 5 ,7 7 2

1 5 ,7 5 8

1 5 ,7 2 4

1 5 ,7 2 8

1 6 ,0 3 1

1 5 ,8 0 3

1 5 ,8 3 6

1 5 ,6 6 9

1 5 ,6 8 5

............................................................................................

2 ,7 7 2

2 ,7 3 9

2 ,7 3 8

2 ,7 3 7

2 ,7 3 9

2 ,7 3 5

2 ,7 4 2

2 ,7 4 6

2 ,7 4 7

2 ,7 4 8

2 ,7 4 2

2 ,7 4 2

2 ,7 4 9

2 ,7 4 9

2 ,7 4 5

S t a te a n d l o c a l ...........................................................................

1 3 ,2 5 9

1 3 ,0 6 4

1 3 ,0 9 8

1 2 ,9 3 2

1 2 ,9 4 6

1 3 ,0 4 9

1 3 ,0 3 8

1 3 ,0 2 6

1 3 ,0 1 1

1 3 ,0 0 5

1 3 ,0 0 0

1 2 ,9 8 2

1 2 ,9 7 5

1 2 ,9 7 9

1 2 ,8 8 5

F e d e ra l

1 5 ,7 5 3

1 5 ,7 4 2

1 5 ,7 2 4

1 5 ,6 3 0

p = p r e lim in a r y .


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

57

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW August 1983

12.

•

C u r r e n t L a b o r S ta tis tic s : E s ta b lis h m e n t D a ta

Hours and earnings, by industry division, selected years, 1 9 5 0 -8 2

[ G r o s s a v e r a g e s , p r o d u c t io n o r n o n s u p e r v i s o r y w o r k e r s o n n o n a g r i c u lt u r a l p a y r o ll s ]

Year

A v e ra g e

A v e ra g e

A v e ra g e

A v e ra g e

A v e ra g e

A v e ra g e

A v e ra g e

A v e ra g e

A v e ra g e

A v e ra g e

A v e ra g e

A v e ra g e

w e e k ly

w e e k ly

h o u r ly

w e e k ly

w e e k ly

h o u r ly

w e e k ly

w e e k ly

h o u r ly

w e e k ly

w e e k ly

h o u r ly

e a r n in g s

h o u rs

e a r n in g s

e a r n in g s

h o u rs

e a r n in g s

e a r n in g s

h o u rs

e a r n in g s

e a r n in g s

h o u rs

e a r n in g s

C o n s t r u c tio n

M in in g

P r iv a te s e c t o r

3 7 .4

...............................

$ 6 7 .1 6

3 7 .9

$ 1 ,8 6 3

$ 5 8 .3 2

...............................

6 7 .7 2

3 9 .6

1 .7 1

8 9 .5 4

4 0 .7

2 .2 0

9 0 .9 0

3 7 .1

2 .4 5

7 5 .3 0

4 0 .7

1 .8 5

...........................

8 0 .6 7

3 8 .6

2 .0 9

1 0 5 .0 4

4 0 .4

2 .6 0

1 1 2 .5 7

3 6 .7

3 .0 7

8 9 .7 2

3 9 .7

2 .2 6
2 .5 3

$ 5 3 .1 3

3 9 .8

$ 1 ,3 3 5

$ 1 ,7 7 2

4 0 .5

$ 1 ,4 4 0

1950
1955
I9 6 0 1

$ 6 9 .6 8

M a n u f a c t u r in g

1964

...............................

9 1 .3 3

3 8 .7

2 36

1 1 7 .7 4

4 1 .9

2 .8 1

1 3 2 .0 6

3 7 .2

3 .5 5

1 0 2 .9 7

4 0 .7

1965

...............................

9 5 .4 5

3 8 .8

2 .4 6

1 2 3 .5 2

4 2 .3

2 .9 2

1 3 8 .3 8

3 7 .4

3 .7 0

1 0 7 .5 3

4 1 .2

2 .6 1

1966

...............................

9 8 .8 2

3 8 .6

2 .5 6

1 3 0 .2 4

4 2 .7

3 .0 5

1 4 6 .2 6

3 7 .6

3 .8 9

1 1 2 .1 9

4 1 .4

2 .7 1

1967

...............................

1 0 1 .8 4

3 8 .0

2 .6 8

1 3 5 .8 9

4 2 .6

3 .1 9

1 5 4 .9 5

4 .1 1

1 1 4 .4 9

1968

...............................

1 0 7 .7 3

3 7 .8

2 .8 5

1 4 2 .7 1

4 2 .6

3 .3 5

1 6 4 .4 9

3 7 .3

4 .4 1

1 2 2 .5 1

4 0 .7

3 .0 1

1969

...............................

1 1 4 .6 1

3 7 .7

3 .0 4

1 5 4 .8 0

4 3 .0

3 .6 0

1 8 1 .5 4

3 7 .9

4 .7 9

1 2 9 .5 1

4 0 .6

3 .1 9

1970

...............................

1 1 9 .8 3

3 7 .1

3 .2 3

1 6 4 .4 0

4 2 .7

3 .8 5

1 9 5 .4 5

3 7 .3

5 .2 4

1 3 3 .3 3

3 9 .8

3 .3 5

4 .0 6

2 1 1 .6 7

3 7 .2

5 .6 9

1 4 2 .4 4

3 7 .7

4 0 .6

2 .8 2

1 9 7 1 ...............................

1 2 7 .3 1

3 6 .9

3 .4 5

1 7 2 .1 4

4 2 .4

3 9 .9

3 .5 7

1972

...............................

1 3 6 .9 0

3 7 .0

3 .7 0

1 8 9 .1 4

4 2 .6

4 .4 4

2 2 1 .1 9

3 6 .5

6 .0 6

1 5 4 .7 1

4 0 .5

3 .8 2

1973

...............................

1 4 5 .3 9

3 6 .9

3 .9 4

2 0 1 .4 0

4 2 .4

4 .7 5

2 3 5 .8 9

3 6 .8

6 .4 1

1 6 6 .4 6

4 0 .7

4 .0 9

1974

...............................

1 5 4 .7 6

3 6 .5

4 .2 4

2 1 9 .1 4

4 1 .9

5 .2 3

2 4 9 .2 5

3 6 .6

6 .8 1

1 7 6 .8 0

4 0 .0

4 .4 2

2 6 6 .0 8

3 6 .4

7 .3 1

1 9 0 .7 9

3 9 .5

4 .8 3

5 .2 2

1975

...............................

1 6 3 .5 3

3 6 .1

4 .5 3

2 4 9 .3 1

4 1 .9

5 .9 5

1976

...............................

1 7 5 .4 5

3 6 .1

4 .8 6

2 7 3 .9 0

4 2 .4

6 .4 6

2 8 3 .7 3

36 8

7 .7 1

2 0 9 .3 2

4 0 .1

1977

...............................

1 8 9 .0 0

3 6 .0

5 .2 5

3 0 1 .2 0

4 3 .4

6 .9 4

2 9 5 .6 5

3 6 .5

8 .1 0

2 2 8 .9 0

4 0 .3

5 .6 8

7 .6 7

3 1 8 .6 9

3 6 .8

8 .6 6

2 4 9 .2 7

4 0 .4

6 .1 7

8 .4 9

3 4 2 .9 9

3 7 .0

9 .2 7

2 6 9 .3 4

4 0 .2

6 .7 0
7 .2 7

1978

...............................

2 0 3 .7 0

3 5 .8

5 .6 9

3 3 2 .8 8

4 3 .4

1979

...............................

2 1 9 .9 1

3 5 .7

6 .1 6

3 6 5 .0 7

4 3 .0

1980

...............................

2 3 5 .1 0

3 5 .3

6 .6 6

3 9 7 .0 6

4 3 .3

9 .1 7

3 6 7 .7 8

3 7 .0

9 .9 4

2 8 8 .6 2

3 9 .7

1 9 8 1 ...............................

2 5 5 .2 0

3 5 .2

7 25

4 3 9 .7 5

4 3 .7

1 0 .0 4

29 9 26

3 6 .9

10 82

3 1 8 .0 0

3 9 .8

7 .9 9

1982

2 6 6 .9 2

3 4 .8

7 .6 7

4 5 9 .2 3

4 2 .6

1 0 .7 8

4 2 6 .4 5

3 6 .7

1 1 .6 2

3 3 0 .6 5

3 8 .9

8 .5 0

...............................

T r a n s p o r ta t io n a n d p u b lic

F in a n c e , i n s u r a n c e , a n d

W h o le s a le a n d r e t a il t r a d e

S e r v ic e s

r e a l e s ta te

u t il it ie s

1950

$ 4 4 .5 5

4 0 .5

$ 1 ,1 0 0

$ 5 0 .5 2

3 7 .7

1955

5 5 .1 6

3 9 .4

1 .4 0

6 3 .9 2

3 7 .6

1 .7 0

I9 6 0 1

6 6 .0 1

3 8 .6

1 .7 1

7 5 .1 4

3 7 .2

2 .0 2

$ 1 ,3 4 0

1964

...............................

$ 1 1 8 .7 8

4 1 .1

$ 2 .8 9

7 4 .6 6

3 7 .9

1 .9 7

8 5 .7 9

3 7 .3

2 .3 0

$ 7 0 .0 3

3 6 .1

$ 1 .9 4

1965

...............................

1 2 5 .1 4

4 1 .3

3 .0 3

7 6 .9 1

3 7 .7

2 .0 4

8 8 .9 1

3 7 .2

2 .3 9

7 3 .6 0

3 5 .9

2 .0 5

9 2 .1 3

3 7 .3

2 .1 7

1966

...............................

1 2 8 .1 3

4 1 .2

3 .1 1

7 9 .3 9

3 7 .1

2 .1 4

2 .4 7

7 7 .0 4

3 5 .5

1967

...............................

1 3 0 .8 2

4 0 .5

3 .2 3

8 2 .3 5

36 6

2 .2 5

9 5 .7 2

3 7 .1

2 .5 8

8 0 .3 8

3 5 .1

1968

...............................

1 3 8 .8 5

4 0 .6

3 .4 2

8 7 .0 0

3 6 .1

2 .4 1

1 0 1 .7 5

3 7 .0

2 .7 5

8 3 .9 7

3 4 .7

2 .4 2

1969

...............................

1 4 7 .7 4

4 0 .7

3 .6 3

91 3 9

3 5 .7

2 .5 6

1 0 8 .7 0

3 7 .1

2 .9 3

9 0 .5 7

3 4 .7

2 .6 1

1970

...............................

1 5 5 .9 3

4 0 .5

3 .8 5

9 6 .0 2

3 5 .3

2 .7 2

1 1 2 .6 7

3 6 .7

3 .0 7

9 6 .6 6

3 4 .4

2 .8 1

1 9 7 1 ...............................

1 6 8 .8 2

4 0 .1

4 .2 1

1 0 1 .0 9

3 5 .1

2 .8 8

1 1 7 .8 5

3 6 .6

3 .2 2

1 0 3 .0 6

3 3 .9

3 .0 4

3 6 .6

...............................

1 8 7 .8 6

4 0 .4

4 .6 5

1 0 6 .4 5

3 .0 5

1 2 2 .9 8

3 .3 6

1 1 0 .8 5

3 3 .9

3 27

1973

...............................

2 0 3 .3 1

4 0 .5

5 .0 2

1 1 1 .7 6

3 4 .6

3 .2 3

1 2 9 .2 0

3 6 .6

3 .5 3

1 1 7 .2 9

3 3 .8

3 .4 7

1974

...............................

2 1 7 .4 8

4 0 .2

5 .4 1

1 1 9 .0 2

3 4 .2

3 .4 8

1 3 7 .6 1

3 6 .5

3 .7 7

1 2 6 .0 0

3 3 .6

3 .7 5

1975

...............................

2 3 3 .4 4

3 9 .7

5 .8 8

1 2 6 .4 5

3 3 .9

3 .7 3

1 4 8 .1 9

3 6 .5

4 .0 6

1 3 4 .6 7

33 5

4 .0 2

1976

...............................

1972

2 5 6 .7 1

3 4 .9

2 .2 9

3 9 .8

6 .4 5

1 3 3 .7 9

3 3 .7

3 .9 7

1 5 5 .4 3

3 6 .4

4 .2 7

1 4 3 .5 2

3 3 .3

4 .3 1

1977

...............................

2 7 8 .9 0

39 9

6 99

1 4 2 .5 2

3 3 .3

4 .2 8

1 6 5 .2 6

3 6 .4

4 .5 4

1 5 3 .4 5

3 3 .0

4 .6 5

1978

...............................

3 0 2 .8 0

4 0 .0

7 .5 7

1 5 3 .6 4

3 2 .9

4 .6 7

1 7 8 .0 0

3 6 .4

4 .8 9

1 6 3 .6 7

3 2 .8

4 .9 9

1979

...............................

3 2 5 .5 8

3 9 .9

8 .1 6

1 6 4 .9 6

3 2 .6

5 .0 6

1 9 0 .7 7

3 6 .2

5 .2 7

1 7 5 .2 7

3 2 .7

5 .3 6

1980

...............................

3 5 1 .2 5

3 9 .6

8 .8 7

1 7 6 ,4 6

3 2 .2

5 .4 8

209 60

3 6 .2

5 .7 9

1 9 0 .7 1

3 2 .6

5 .8 5

1 9 8 1 ...............................

3 8 2 .1 8

3 9 .4

9 .7 0

1 9 0 .6 2

3 2 .2

5 .9 2

2 2 9 .0 5

3 6 .3

6 .3 1

2 0 8 .9 7

3 2 .6

6 .4 1

1982

4 0 1 .7 0

3 9 .0

1 0 .3 0

1 9 8 .1 0

3 1 .9

6 .2 1

2 4 5 .4 4

3 6 .2

6 .7 8

2 2 4 .9 4

32 6

6 .9 0

...............................

1 D a ta in c lu d e A la s k a a n d H a w a ii b e g in n in g in 1 9 5 9 .

58

https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

13.

W eekly hours, by industry division and m ajor m anufacturing group, seasonally adjusted

[Gross averages, production or nonsupervisory workers on private nonagricultural payrolls]
A n n u al a v e ra g e

1982

1983

In d u s tr y d iv is io n a n d g ro u p
1981

P R IV A T E S E C T O R

M A N U F A C T U R IN G
O v e rt im e h o u r s .............................................................

D u r a b le g o o d s

1982

June

J u ly

Aug.

S e p t.

O c t.

Nov.

D ec.

Jan.

Feb.

M a r.

A p r.

M ayP

JuneP

3 5 .2

3 4 .8

3 4 .9

. 3 4 .9

3 4 .8

3 4 .8

3 4 .7

3 4 .7

3 4 .8

3 5 .1

3 4 .5

3 4 .8

3 4 .9

3 5 .1

3 5 .1

3 9 .8

3 8 .9

3 9 .1

3 9 .1

3 9 .0

3 8 .8

3 8 .9

3 9 .0

3 9 .0

3 9 .7

3 9 .2

3 9 .5

4 0 .1

3 9 .9

4 0 .1

2 .8

2 .3

2 .3

2 .3

2 .3

2 .3

2 .3

2 .3

2 .3

2 .4

2 .4

2 .6

2 .9

2 .7

2 .9

4 0 .2

3 9 .3

3 9 .6

3 9 .6

3 9 .4

3 9 .1

3 9 .2

3 9 .3

3 9 .3

4 0 .1

3 9 .7

3 9 .9

4 0 .5

4 0 .4

4 0 .5

O v e rt im e h o u r s .............................................................

2 .8

2 .2

2 .2

2 .2

2 .2

2 .1

2 .1

2 .1

2 .2

2 .2

2 .3

2 .5

2 .8

2 .6

2 .8

L u m b e r a n d w o o d p r o d u c t s ............................................

3 8 .7

3 8 .0

3 8 .4

3 8 .5

3 8 .2

3 8 .4

3 8 .1

3 8 .7

3 8 .8

4 0 .5

3 9 .5

3 9 .5

4 0 .0

3 9 .8

3 9 .9

3 7 .6

3 8 .6

3 7 .9

3 8 .3

3 9 .5

F u r n itu r e a n d f ix tu re s

3 8 .4

3 7 .2

3 7 .6

3 7 .4

3 7 .8

3 7 .5

3 7 .5

3 9 .3

3 9 .2

...............................

4 0 .6

4 0 .0

4 0 .3

4 0 .5

4 0 .2

4 0 .2

4 0 .2

4 0 .2

4 0 .1

4 1 .4

4 0 .5

4 0 .6

4 1 .0

4 1 .2

4 1 .5

P r im a r y m e ta l i n d u s t r i e s .....................................................

.........................................................

4 0 .5

3 8 .6

3 8 .8

3 8 .8

3 8 .6

3 7 .8

3 8 .2

3 8 .3

3 8 .8

3 8 .9

3 9 .1

3 9 .4

3 9 .9

4 0 .2

40 2

F a b r ic a te d m e ta l p r o d u c t s ................................................

4 0 .3

3 9 .2

3 9 .4

3 9 .4

3 9 .2

3 8 .9

3 9 .0

3 9 .2

3 9 .2

3 9 .9

3 9 .6

3 9 .7

4 0 .5

4 0 .4

4 0 .4

S t o n e , c la y , a n d g la s s p r o d u c ts

3 7 .8

M a c h in e r y , e x c e p t e l e c t r i c a l ............................................

4 0 .9

3 9 .7

3 9 .7

3 9 .8

3 9 .4

3 9 .2

3 9 .3

39 3

3 9 .3

3 9 .6

3 9 .4

3 9 .7

4 0 .2

4 0 .0

4 0 .2

E le c tr ic a n d e le c tr o n ic e q u i p m e n t ...............................

4 0 .0

3 9 .3

3 9 .4

3 9 .6

3 9 .3

3 9 .0

3 9 .2

3 9 .3

3 9 .4

3 9 .9

3 9 .5

3 9 .8

4 0 .4

4 0 .3

4 0 .5

T r a n s p o r ta t io n e q u i p m e n t ................................................

4 0 .9

4 0 .5

4 1 .3

4 0 .9

4 0 .6

4 0 .1

4 0 .4

4 0 .9

4 0 .1

4 1 .6

4 1 .2

4 1 .7

4 2 .3

4 1 .6

4 2 .0

In s tr u m e n ts a n d r e la te d p r o d u c t s ...............................

4 0 .4

3 9 .8

4 0 .1

4 0 .1

4 0 .0

3 9 .9

3 9 .6

3 9 .4

3 9 .7

4 0 ,4

3 9 .7

4 0 .0

4 0 .5

4 0 .3

4 0 .1

3 9 .1

3 8 .4

3 8 .5

3 8 .5

3 8 .5

3 8 .6

3 8 .5

3 8 .6

38 6

3 9 .1

3 8 .5

3 9 .0

3 9 .5

3 9 .4

3 9 .4

2 .6

2 .7

3 .0

2 .9

2 .9

N o n d u r a b le g o o d s
O v e rt im e h o u r s .............................................................

F o o d a n d k in d re d p r o d u c t s

............................................

2 .8

2 .5

2 .5

2 .5

2 .5

2 .6

2 .6

2 .5

2 .5

2 .6

3 9 .7

3 9 .4

3 9 .4

3 9 .4

3 9 .2

3 9 .4

3 9 .5

3 9 .4

3 9 .1

3 9 .3

3 9 .0

3 9 .2

3 9 .6

3 9 .4

3 9 .5

T e x tile m ill p r o d u c t s .............................................................

3 9 .6

3 7 .5

3 7 .7

3 7 .7

3 8 .1

3 8 .1

3 8 .3

3 8 .8

3 8 .9

3 9 .7

3 9 .0

3 9 .6

4 0 .6

4 0 .4

4 0 .6

A p p a r e l a n d o t h e r te x tile p r o d u c ts

...........................

3 5 .7

3 4 .7

3 5 .1

3 5 .1

3 5 .0

3 5 .1

3 5 .1

3 5 .0

3 5 .1

3 6 .6

3 5 .2

3 5 .6

3 6 .2

3 6 .1

3 6 .2

P a p e r a n d a llie d p r o d u c t s ................................................

4 2 .5

4 1 .8

4 1 .9

4 1 .9

4 1 .7

4 1 .6

4 1 .7

4 1 .7

4 1 .7

4 1 .8

4 1 .4

4 2 .1

4 2 .4

4 2 .7

4 2 .7

P r in tin g a n d p u b lis h in g

3 7 .3

3 7 .1

3 7 .0

3 7 .0

3 6 .9

3 7 .0

3 7 .1

3 7 .1

3 7 .1

3 7 .5

3 7 .1

3 7 .4

3 7 .7

3 7 .4

3 7 .3

....................................................

C h e m ic a ls a n d a llie d p r o d u c t s ........................................

4 1 .6

4 0 .9

4 0 .9

4 0 .8

4 0 .9

4 1 .0

4 0 .8

4 0 .7

4 0 .9

4 1 .0

4 1 .0

4 1 .2

4 1 .5

4 1 .5

4 1 .7

P e t r o le u m a n d c o a l p r o d u c ts

........................................

4 3 .2

4 3 .9

4 4 .0

4 3 .4

4 4 .0

4 4 .2

4 3 .8

4 4 .1

4 4 .4

4 4 .5

4 4 .4

4 4 .9

4 3 .5

4 3 .7

4 3 .6

L e a th e r a n d le a th e r p r o d u c ts

........................................

3 6 .7

3 5 .6

3 5 .8

3 6 .0

3 6 .0

3 5 .7

3 5 .4

3 5 .8

3 5 .8

3 6 .3

3 4 .9

3 6 .0

3 7 .0

3 6 .8

3 6 .8

T R A N S P O R T A T IO N A N D P U B L IC U T IL IT E S

3 9 .4

3 9 .0

3 9 .1

3 8 .9

3 9 .2

3 8 .8

3 8 .8

3 8 .9

3 8 .9

3 8 .6

3 8 .6

3 8 .8

3 8 .8

3 8 .9

3 9 .0

W H O L E S A L E A N D R E T A IL T R A D E

3 2 .2

3 1 .9

3 1 .9

3 2 .0

3 2 .0

3 1 .9

3 1 .9

3 1 .8

3 2 .1

3 1 .9

3 1 .4

3 1 .7

3 1 .7

3 1 .9

3 2 .0

W H O LESA LE TRADE

3 8 .5

3 8 .4

3 8 .4

3 8 .5

3 8 .5

3 8 .4

3 8 .4

3 8 .4

3 8 .4

3 8 .5

3 8 .2

3 8 .4

38 5

3 8 .6

3 8 .7

R E T A IL T R A D E

3 0 .1

2 9 .9

2 9 .9

2 9 .9

29 9

2 9 .9

2 9 .9

2 9 .8

3 0 .1

2 9 .9

2 9 .3

2 9 .7

2 9 .6

2 9 .9

2 9 .9

S E R V IC E S

3 2 .6

3 2 .6

3 2 .6

3 2 .6

3 2 .6

3 2 .8

3 2 .6

3 2 .6

3 2 .6

3 2 .9

3 2 .5

3 2 .7

3 2 .7

3 2 .9

3 2 .8

M

M

y'

m is c e lla n e o u s p la s tic s p r o d u c t s ( a m a jo r m a n u fa c t u r in g g r o u p , n o n d u r a b le g o o d s ) a r e n o lo n g e r s h o w n .

c = c o r r e c te d .

T h is ¡s b e c a u s e th e s e a s o n a l c o m p o n e n t in th e s e is s m a ll r e la tiv e to t h e t r e n d - c y c le , o r irr e g u la r c o m -

N O T E . M is c e lla n e o u s m a n u fa c t u r in g (a m a jo r m a n u fa c t u r in g g r o u p , d u r a b le g o o d s ) a n d r u b b e r a n d

p o n e n t s , o r b o t h , a n d c o n s e q u e n tly c a n n o t b e p r e c is e ly s e p a r a t e d .


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

59

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW August 1983 • Current Labor Statistics: Producer Prices
14.

H ourly earnings, by industry division and m ajor m anufacturing group

[Gross averages, production or nonsupervisory workers on private nonagricultural payrolls]
A n n u al ave ra g e

1982

1983

In d u s tr y d iv is io n a n d g ro u p
1981

1982

June

J u ly

A ug.

S e p t.

O c t.

Nov.

D ec.

Jan.

Feb.

M a r.

A p r .P

M ayP

JuneP

$ 7 .2 5

$ 7 .6 7

$ 7 .6 4

$ 7 .6 8

$ 7 .7 0

$ 7 .7 6

$ 7 .7 9

$ 7 .8 1

$ 7 .8 2

$ 7 .9 0

$ 7 .9 2

$ 7 .9 0

$ 7 .9 4

$ 7 .9 7

$ 7 .9 7

S e a s o n a lly a d j u s t e d .....................................................

(1)

(1 )

7 .6 7

7 .7 0

7 .7 3

7 .7 3

7 .7 6

7 .7 8

7 .8 2

7 .8 8

7 .9 1

7 .9 1

7 .9 5

7 .9 8

8 .0 0

......................................................................................................

1 0 .0 4

1 0 .7 8

1 0 .7 8

1 0 .8 6

1 0 .8 8

1 0 .9 9

1 0 .9 6

1 1 .0 1

1 1 .0 3

1 1 .2 1

1 1 .2 5

1 1 .1 9

1 1 .2 8

1 1 .2 1

1 1 .3 3

1 0 .8 2

1 1 .6 2

1 1 .4 7

1 1 .5 9

1 1 .6 6

1 1 .7 4

1 1 .8 8

1 1 .7 2

1 1 .9 6

1 1 .9 5

1 2 .0 0

1 1 .9 5

1 1 .9 0

1 1 .8 0

1 1 .7 2

7 .9 9

8 .5 0

8 .5 0

8 .5 5

8 .5 1

8 .5 9

8 .5 6

8 .6 1

8 .6 8

8 .7 1

8 .7 5

8 .7 4

8 .7 7

8 .7 8

8 .8 1

8 .5 4

9 .0 6

9 .0 7

9 .1 2

9 .0 9

9 .1 7

9 .1 3

9 .1 7

9 .2 4

9 .2 6

9 .3 1

9 .2 9

9 .3 1

9 .3 3

9 .3 7

P R IV A T E S E C T O R

M IN IN G

C O N S T R U C T IO N

M A N U F A C T U R I N G ................................................................................

D u r a b le g o o d s
L u m b e r a n d w o o d p r o d u c t s ...............................

6 .9 9

7 .4 6

7 .5 4

7 .5 9

7 .5 6

7 .6 5

7 .5 7

7 .5 9

7 .5 5

7 .6 8

7 .7 2

7 .6 8

7 .7 4

7 .7 5

7 .8 3

F u r n itu r e a n d f i x t u r e s .................................................

5 .9 1

6 .3 1

6 .2 9

6 .3 3

6 .3 7

6 .4 0

6 .4 0

6 .4 3

6 .4 6

6 .4 9

6 .5 0

6 .5 1

6 .5 1

6 .5 1

6 .5 7

S t o n e , c la y , a n d g la s s p r o d u c t s ......................

8 .2 7

8 .8 6

8 .8 5

8 .9 3

8 .9 2

9 .0 3

9 .0 3

9 .0 4

9 .0 8

9 .1 0

9 .1 0

9 .1 3

9 .1 6

9 .2 1

9 .2 9

P r im a r y m e ta l I n d u s t r i e s ........................................

1 0 .8 1

1 1 .3 3

1 1 .3 0

1 1 .3 6

1 1 .4 8

1 1 .5 4

1 1 .4 1

1 1 .4 9

1 1 .4 9

1 1 .5 6

1 1 .5 3

1 1 .2 4

1 1 .2 5

1 1 .2 8

1 1 .2 9

F a b r ic a te d m e ta l p r o d u c t s ...................................

8 .1 9

8 .7 8

8 .8 2

8 .8 5

8 .8 5

8 .9 0

8 .8 5

8 .9 0

8 .9 6

8 .9 8

9 .0 4

9 .0 5

9 .0 7

9 .0 9

9 .1 1

M a c h in e r y , e x c e p t e l e c t r i c a l ...............................

8 .8 1

E le c tr ic a n d e le c tr o n ic e q u i p m e n t ..................

7 .6 2

8 .2 1

8 .1 4

8 .2 3

8 .3 0

8 .3 7

8 .4 1

8 .4 5

8 .5 1

8 .5 3

8 .5 6

8 .6 0

8 .6 0

8 .5 9

8 .6 7

1 0 .3 9

1 1 .1 2

1 1 .2 1

1 1 .2 5

1 1 .1 7

1 1 .2 4

1 1 .2 9

1 1 .3 4

1 1 .4 3

1 1 .4 0

1 1 .4 9

1 1 .4 9

1 1 .5 3

1 1 .5 1

1 1 .5 8

T r a n s p o r ta t io n e q u ip m e n t

....................................

9 .2 9

9 .2 9

9 .3 2

9 .3 4

9 .4 1

9 .3 6

9 .3 8

9 .4 3

9 .4 0

9 .4 4

9 .4 6

9 .4 8

9 .5 8

9 .6 3

In s tr u m e n ts a n d re la te d p r o d u c t s ..................

7 .4 2

8 .1 0

8 .0 8

8 .1 3

8 .1 7

8 .2 4

8 .2 6

8 .3 1

8 .3 8

8 .4 2

8 .4 8

8 .4 7

8 .4 6

8 .4 7

8 .4 6

M is c e lla n e o u s m a n u fa c t u r in g

...........................

5 .9 7

6 .4 3

6 .4 2

6 .4 1

6 .4 0

6 .5 0

6 .5 0

6 .5 6

6 .6 7

6 .7 2

6 .7 3

6 .7 5

6 .7 6

6 .8 1

6 .7 9

N o n d u r a b le g o o d s ..................................................................

7 .1 8

...............................

7 .7 3

7 .7 0

7 .7 7

7 .7 4

7 .8 4

7 .8 0

7 .8 8

7 .9 5

7 .9 7

7 99

8 .0 0

8 .0 3

8 .0 3

8 .0 4

7 .4 4

7 .8 9

7 .9 1

7 .8 8

7 .8 6

7 .9 1

7 .8 8

8 .0 0

8 .0 6

8 .0 9

8 .1 1

8 .1 6

8 .2 0

8 .1 8

8 .2 1

T o b a c c o m a n u f a c t u r e s ............................................

8 .8 8

9 .7 8

1 0 .3 6

T e x t ile m ill p r o d u c ts

F o o d a n d k in d re d p r o d u c t s

1 0 .4 2

9 .5 1

9 .5 5

9 .5 0

1 0 .1 6

9 .6 3

9 .8 7

9 .9 6

1 0 .4 3

1 0 .6 1

1 0 .7 4

1 0 .6 7

.................................................

5 .5 2

5 .8 3

5 .8 0

5 .8 1

5 .8 3

5 .8 6

5 .8 8

5 .9 2

6 .0 4

6 .0 8

6 .1 0

6 .1 1

6 .1 4

6 .1 4

Apparel and other textile p ro d u c ts ..............

6 .1 6

4 .9 7

5.20

5.20

5 .1 9

5.20

5 .2 3

5.21

5.24

5.28

5 .3 3

5 .3 3

5 .3 3

5 .3 5

5 .3 3

5 .3 6

...................................

8 .6 0

9 .3 2

9 .2 7

9 .4 1

9 .4 5

9 .6 3

9 .5 3

9 .6 0

9 .6 5

9 .6 5

9 .6 5

9 .6 7

9 .7 2

9 .8 0

9 .9 1

P r in tin g a n d p u b l i s h i n g ............................................

8 .1 9

8 .7 5

8 .6 8

8 .7 5

8 .8 1

8 .9 1

8 .8 9

8 .9 2

9 .0 0

8 .9 7

8 .9 9

P a p e r a n d a llie d p r o d u c t s

C h e m ic a ls a n d a llie d p r o d u c t s ...........................
P e t r o le u m a n d c o a l p r o d u c t s

..........................

9 .0 3

9 .0 3

9 .0 7

9 .1 2

9 .9 6

9 .9 4

1 0 .0 0

1 0 .0 1

1 0 .1 9

1 0 .2 2

1 0 .2 6

1 0 .3 2

1 0 .3 4

1 0 .4 1

1 0 .3 9

1 0 .4 3

1 0 .5 0

1 0 .5 3

1 1 .3 8

1 2 .4 6

1 2 .5 3

1 2 .4 2

1 2 .4 2

1 2 .6 1

1 2 .5 7

1 2 .6 8

1 2 .7 1

1 3 .1 6

1 3 .2 5

1 3 .2 8

1 3 .2 7

1 3 .2 1

1 3 .2 3

9 .0 8

R u b b e r a n d m is c e lla n e o u s
p la s tic s p r o d u c t s .....................................................

7 .1 7

7 .6 5

7 .6 6

7 .6 7

7 .6 6

7 .7 8

7 .7 4

7 .8 1

7 .9 1

7 .9 1

7 .9 1

7 .9 2

7 .9 5

7 .9 6

7 .9 6

4 .9 9

5 .3 2

5 .3 5

5 .2 9

5 .3 3

5 .4 1

5 .3 9

5 .4 1

5 .4 4

5 .5 0

5 .5 0

5 .5 2

5 .5 2

5 .5 1

5 .5 0

9 .7 0

1 0 .3 0

1 0 .2 0

1 0 .2 9

1 0 .4 2

1 0 .4 6

1 0 .4 8

1 0 .5 9

1 0 .6 2

1 0 .6 9

1 0 .7 2

1 0 .6 8

1 0 .7 2

1 0 .7 3

1 0 .7 2

W H O L E S A L E A N D R E T A IL T R A D E

5 92

6 .2 1

6 .1 8

6 .2 0

6 .2 0

6 .2 4 5

6 .2 7

6 .3 0

6 .2 7

6 .4 2

6 .4 5

6 .4 3

6 .4 5

6 .4 7

6 .4 5

W H O LE S A LE TR A D E

7 .5 6

8 .0 2

7 .9 6

8 .0 3

8 .0 7

8 .1 0

8 .1 3

8 .1 4

8 .2 0

8 .3 1

8 .2 8

8 .2 7

8 .3 4

8 .3 6

8 .3 5

R E T A IL T R A D E

5 .2 5

5 .4 7

5 .4 6

5 .4 7

5 .4 6

5 .5 0

5 .5 3

5 .5 6

5 .5 4

5 .6 5

5 .6 9

5 .6 8

5 .6 9

5 .7 1

5 .7 1

F IN A N C E , IN S U R A N C E , A N D R E A L E S T A T E

6 .3 1

6 .7 8

6 .7 1

6 .7 7

6 .8 6

6 .9 0

6 .9 7

7 .0 0

7 .0 1

7 .1 9

7 .2 2

7 .1 9

7 .2 3

7 .3 1

7 .2 5

S E R V IC E S

6 .4 1

6 .9 0

6 .8 4

6 .8 7

6 .9 8 0

6 .9 9

7 .0 4

7 .0 8

7 .1 2

7 .1 8

7 .1 9

7 .1 7

7 .2 0

7 .2 2

7 .1 9

L e a t h e r a n d le a th e r p r o d u c t s

..........................

T R A N S P O R T A T IO N A N D P U B L IC U T IL IT IE S

.

1 N o t a v a ila b le .

15.

p = p r e lim in a r y .

H ourly E arnings Index, fo r production w orkers on private nonag ricultu ral payrolls, by industry

[1977 = 100]___________________________________________________
N o t s e a s o n a lly a d ju s te d

S e a s o n a ll y a d ju s te d
P e rc e n t

P e rc e n t

change
In d u s tr y

P R IV A T E S E C T O R ( in c u r r e n t d o l la r s )

A p r.

M ay

June

f ro m :

June

Feb.

M a r.

A p r.

M ay

June

f ro m :

1982

1983

1983P

1983P

June 1 982

1982

1983

1983

1983

1983P

1983P

M ay 1983

to

to

June 1 983

June 1983

..................

1 4 7 .5

r1 5 4 .0

1 5 4 .4

1 5 4 .3

4 .6

1 4 8 .0

1 5 3 .4

1 5 3 .4

1 5 4 .0

M i n i n g ....................................................................................

159 2

1 6 5 .7

1 6 5 .1

1 6 7 .0

4 .8

C o n s t r u c t i o n .......................................................................

1 3 9 .7

1 4 4 .3

1 4 3 .9

r1 4 3 . 4

2 .6

(1)
1 4 0 .5

( 1)
'1 4 5 . 7

( 1)
1 4 5 .5

M a n u f a c t u r i n g ..................................................................

1 5 2 .4

r 1 5 7 .1

1 5 7 .4

1 5 7 .7

3 .5

1 5 2 .5

1 5 7 .3

1 5 7 .1

T r a n s p o r ta t io n a n d p u b lic u tilitie s

1 5 4 .6

1 5 4 .8

0 .1

( 1)
1 4 5 .9

(1 )
1 4 4 .5

( 1)
1 4 4 .2

(1)
- .2

1 5 7 .0

'1 5 7 . 7

1 5 7 .8

.1

..................

1 4 7 .0

1 5 5 .5

1 5 5 .6

1 5 5 .2

5 .6

1 4 8 .5

1 5 5 .2

1 5 5 .9

1 5 5 .9

1 5 6 .4

1 5 6 .6

.1

....................................

1 4 4 .5

1 5 0 .9

1 5 1 .6

1 5 1 .5

4 .8

1 4 4 .6

1 4 9 .3

1 4 9 .6

1 5 0 .5

1 5 1 .3

1 5 1 .5

.2

F in a n c e , in s u ra n c e , a n d real e s t a t e ..................

1 4 6 .8

1 5 7 .4

1 5 9 .0

1 5 8 .1

7 .7

1 4 6 .5

1 5 4 .2

1 5 4 .9

1 5 4 .5

5 .5

( 1)
'1 5 2 .4

(1)

S e rv c e s

(1)
1 4 7 .4

1 5 2 .6

( 1)
1 5 4 .0

(1 )
1 5 4 .9

(1)
1 5 5 .4

( 1)
.3

9 2 .3

9 4 .7

9 4 .6

(2)

(2 )

9 2 .8

9 5 .3

9 5 .0

9 4 .8

9 4 .7

(2 )

<2 )

W h o le s a le a n d re ta il t r a d e

................................................................................

P R IV A T E S E C T O R ( in c o n s t a n t d o lla r s )

1T h is s e r ie s is n o t s e a s o n a lly a d ju s te d b e c a u s e th e s e a s o n a l c o m p o n e n t is s m a ll re la t iv e t o th e t r e n d c y c le , ir r e g u la r c o m p o n e n t s , o r b o t h , a n d c o n s e q u e n tly c a n n o t b e s e p a r a te d w it h s u ffic ie n t p r e c is io n .
2 N o t a v a ila b le .

60

change

June


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

p =

p r e lim in a r y ,

r = r e v is e d .

16.

W eekly earnings, by industry division and m ajor m anufacturing group

[Gross averages, production or nonsupervisory w orkers on private nonagricultural payrolls]
1983

1982

A n n u al a verag e
In d u s tr y d iv is io n a n d g ro u p
1981

1982

June

J u ly

Aug.

S e p t.

O c t.

Nov.

D ec.

Jan.

Feb.

M a r.

C u r r e n t d o l l a r s ...........................................................................

$ 2 5 5 .2 0

$ 2 6 6 .9 2

$ 2 6 7 .4 0

$ 2 7 0 .3 4

$ 2 7 1 .0 4

$ 2 7 0 .0 5

$ 2 7 0 .3 1

$ 2 7 1 .0 1

$ 2 7 3 .7 0

$ 2 7 3 .3 4

$ 2 7 0 .8 6

$ 2 7 4 .1 3

S e a s o n a lly a d j u s t e d .........................................................

<1 )

2 6 7 .6 8

2 6 8 .7 3

2 6 9 .0 0

269 00

2 6 9 .2 7

2 6 9 .9 7

2 7 2 .1 4

2 7 6 .5 9

2 7 2 .9 0

2 7 5 .2 7

.0 0

( 1)
1 6 7 .8 7

1 6 7 .3 3

1 6 8 .1 2

1 6 8 .2 4

1 6 7 .4 2

1 6 7 .0 6

1 6 7 .8 1

1 7 0 .1 1

1 6 9 .8 8

1 6 8 .2 4

M IN IN G

4 3 8 .7 5

4 5 9 .2 3

4 6 1 .3 8

4 6 1 .5 5

4 6 1 .3 1

4 6 1 .5 8

4 5 9 .2 2

4 5 8 .0 2

4 6 5 .4 7

4 7 6 .4 3

C O N S T R U C T IO N

3 9 9 .2 6

4 2 6 .4 5

4 3 0 .1 3

4 4 0 .4 2

4 3 8 .4 2

4 3 3 .2 1

4 4 0 .7 5

4 2 3 .0 9

4 4 0 .1 3

4 4 0 .9 6

C u r r e n t d o l l a r s ...........................................................................

3 1 8 .0 0

3 3 0 .6 5

3 3 4 .0 5

3 3 2 .6 0

3 3 1 .8 9

3 3 4 .1 5

3 3 3 .8 4

3 3 8 .3 7

3 4 4 .6 0

3 4 1 .4 3

C o n s t a n t ( 1 9 7 7 ) d o l l a r s .....................................................

.0 0

2 0 7 .9 6

2 0 9 .0 4

2 0 6 .8 4

2 0 6 .0 1

2 0 7 16

2 0 6 .3 3

2 0 9 .5 2

2 1 4 .1 7

2 1 2 .2 0

3 4 3 .3 1

3 5 6 .0 6

3 6 0 .9 9

3 5 7 .5 0

356 33

3 5 7 .6 3

3 5 7 .9 0

3 6 3 .1 3

3 7 1 .4 5

3 6 7 .6 2

2 7 0 .5 1

2 8 3 .4 8

2 9 6 .0 6

2 8 9 .9 3

2 9 2 .9 7

A p r.

M ayF

JuneF

$ 2 7 5 .5 2

$ 2 7 8 .9 5

$ 2 8 1 .3 4

2 7 7 .4 6

2 8 0 .1 0

2 8 0 .8 0

1 6 9 .8 5

1 6 9 .5 5

1 7 0 .8 2

(1)

4 6 4 .6 3

4 6 7 .7 4

4 6 9 .2 5

4 7 0 .8 2

4 8 6 .0 6

4 2 4 .8 0

4 3 4 .9 8

4 3 6 .7 3

4 4 2 .5 0

4 4 5 .3 6

3 3 9 .5 0

3 4 6 .1 0

3 4 9 .0 5

3 5 0 .3 2

3 5 5 .0 4

2 1 0 .8 7

2 1 4 .4 4

2 1 4 .8 0

2 1 4 .5 3

3 6 6 .8 1

3 7 2 .5 3

3 7 5 .1 9

3 7 6 .9 3

P R IV A T E S E C T O R

C o n s t a n t ( 1 9 7 7 ) d o l l a r s .....................................................

M A N U F A C T U R IN G

D u r a b le g o o d s

( 1)
3 8 1 .3 6

2 9 5 .5 7

2 9 2 .9 7

2 9 3 .7 0

3 0 0 .2 9

2 9 9 .5 4

3 0 2 .5 9

3 0 8 .0 5

3 1 1 .5 5

3 1 8 .6 8

2 2 6 .9 4

2 3 4 .7 3

2 3 7 .7 6

2 3 2 1 .3 1

2 4 2 .7 0

2 4 1 .2 8

2 4 3 .2 0

2 4 4 .3 4

2 5 0 .0 0

2 4 3 .3 8

2 4 3 .1 0

2 5 1 .2 9

2 5 3 .8 9

2 5 3 .8 9

2 6 1 .4 9

...............................

3 3 5 .7 6

3 5 4 .4 0

3 6 1 .0 8

3 6 2 .5 6

3 6 2 .1 5

3 6 5 .7 2

3 6 6 .6 2

3 6 6 .1 2

3 6 6 .8 3

3 6 4 .9 1

3 5 8 .5 4

3 6 8 .8 5

3 7 4 .6 4

3 8 1 .2 9

3 9 0 .1 8

P r im a r y m e ta l i n d u s t r i e s .....................................................

4 3 7 .8 1

4 3 7 .3 4

4 3 9 .5 7

4 3 7 .3 6

4 3 9 .6 8

4 3 8 .5 2

4 3 1 .3 0

4 4 0 .0 7

4 5 0 .4 1

4 5 0 .8 4

4 5 0 .8 2

4 4 5 6 .2 3

4 5 1 .1 3

4 5 1 .2 0

4 5 6 .1 2

L u m b e r a n d w o o d p r o d u c t s ............................................
F u r n itu r e a n d fix t u re s

.........................................................

S t o n e , c la y , a n d g la s s p r o d u c ts

2 9 3 .3 3

F a b r ic a te d m e ta l p r o d u c t s ................................................

3 3 0 .0 6

3 4 4 .1 8

3 4 9 .2 7

3 4 4 .2 7

3 4 6 .0 4

3 4 5 .3 2

3 4 6 .0 4

3 5 0 .6 6

3 5 9 .3 0

3 5 4 .7 1

3 5 4 .3 7

3 6 1 .1 0

3 6 4 .6 1

3 6 7 .2 4

3 7 0 .7 8

M a c h in e r y e x c e p t e le c tr ic a l

............................................

3 6 0 .3 3

3 6 8 .8 1

3 6 7 .8 8

3 6 5 .3 4

3 6 4 .2 6

3 6 7 .9 3

3 6 5 .9 8

3 7 1 .4 5

3 8 0 .9 7

3 7 2 .2 4

3 7 1 .9 4

3 7 .4 0

3 7 9 .2 0

3 8 2 .2 4

3 8 6 .1 6

E le c tric a n d e le c tr o n ic e q u i p m e n t ...............................

3 0 4 .8 0

3 2 2 .6 5

3 2 1 .5 3

3 2 1 .7 9

3 2 4 .5 3

3 2 5 .5 9

3 2 9 .6 7

3 3 4 .6 2

3 4 2 .9 5

3 3 8 .6 4

3 3 6 .4 1

3 4 4 .0 0

3 4 4 .8 6

3 4 5 .3 2

3 5 2 .0 0

T r a n s p o r ta t io n e q u i p m e n t ................................................

4 2 4 .9 5

4 5 0 .3 6

4 6 6 .3 4

4 5 6 .7 5

4 4 6 .8 0

4 4 3 .9 8

4 5 7 .2 5

4 6 7 .2 1

4 7 4 .3 5

4 6 8 .5 4

4 6 9 .9 4

4 8 0 .2 8

4 8 4 .2 6

4 8 2 .2 7

4 9 0 .9 9

In s tr u m e n ts a n d re la te d p r o d u c t s ...............................

2 9 9 .7 7

3 2 2 .3 8

3 2 4 .8 2

3 2 1 .9 5

3 2 5 .9 8

3 2 8 .7 8

3 2 7 .1 0

3 3 1 .5 7

3 3 8 .5 5

3 3 7 .6 4

3 3 5 .8 1

3 4 0 .4 9

3 3 9 .2 5

3 4 0 .4 9

3 4 0 .0 9

M is c e lla n e o u s m a n u f a c t u r i n g ........................................

2 3 1 .6 4

2 4 7 .5 6

2 4 7 .8 1

2 4 4 .8 6

2 4 7 .0 4

2 5 0 .9 0

2 5 3 .5 0

2 5 6 .5 0

2 6 0 .1 3

2 6 0 .0 6

2 5 3 .7 2

2 6 3 .2 5

2 6 3 .6 4

2 6 4 .2 3

2 6 4 .1 3

2 9 9 .1 5

2 9 9 .5 4

3 0 4 .1 9

3 0 1 .0 8

3 0 5 .7 4

3 1 0 .8 5

3 0 7 .6 4

3 1 8 .3 8

3 0 5 .2 2

3 1 1 .2 0

3 1 3 .9 7

3 1 5 .5 8

............................................

2 9 5 .3 7

3 1 0 .8 7

3 1 1 .6 5

3 1 1 .2 6

3 1 1 .2 6

3 1 5 .6 1

3 1 2 .0 5

3 1 7 .6 0

3 1 9 .1 8

3 1 5 .5 1

3 1 2 .2 4

3 1 6 .6 1

318 98

3 2 1 .4 7

3 2 4 .3 0

T o b a c c o m a n u f a c t u r e s .........................................................

2 8 0 .7 4

3 4 4 .5 4

3 6 9 .6 8

3 9 7 .8 2

3 8 3 .4 6

3 6 2 .3 3

3 7 9 .1 4

3 7 0 .5 0

3 8 6 .0 8

3 6 4 .9 8

3 6 0 .2 6

3 3 9 .6 4

3 7 8 .6 1

3 9 5 .7 5

4 0 1 .6 8

3 9 7 .9 9

T e x t ile m ill p r o d u c t s ..............................................................

2 1 8 .5 9

2 1 8 .6 3

2 2 0 .4 0

2 1 6 .1 3

2 2 3 .2 9

2 2 3 .8 5

2 2 7 .5 6

2 3 1 .4 7

2 3 6 .7 7

2 3 7 .1 2

2 3 6 .0 7

2 4 2 .5 7

2 4 6 .8 3

2 4 8 .6 7

2 5 2 .5 6

A p p a r e l a n d o t h e r te x tile p r o d u c t s

1 7 7 .4 3

1 8 0 .4 4

1 8 4 .6 0

1 8 3 .7 3

1 8 3 .5 6

1 8 3 .5 7

1 8 3 .9 1

1 8 4 .9 7

1 8 6 .3 8

1 8 8 .6 8

1 8 5 .4 8

1 9 0 .2 8

1 9 2 .0 7

1 9 2 .4 1

1 9 6 .7 1

3 8 9 .5 8

3 8 9 .3 4

3 9 2 .4 0

3 9 3 .1 2

4 0 2 .5 3

3 9 7 .4 0

4 0 2 .2 4

4 1 0 .1 3

4 0 2 .4 1

3 9 6 .6 2

4 0 6 .1 4

4 1 0 .1 8

4 1 5 .5 2

4 2 4 .1 5

N o n d u r a b le g o o d s
F o o d a n d k in d re d p r o d u c t s

...........................

3 6 5 .5 0

P a p e r a n d a llie d p r o d u c t s ................................................

2 9 6 .8 3

2 9 7 .9 9

3 0 5 .4 9

3 2 4 .6 3

329 82

3 3 2 .7 2

3 4 1 .1 0

3 3 2 .7 9

3 3 0 .8 3

3 3 8 .6 3

3 3 7 .7 2

3 3 8 .3 1

3 3 7 .7 8

C h e m ic a ls a n d a llie d p r o d u c t s ........................................

3 7 9 .3 9

4 0 7 .3 6

4 0 6 .5 5

4 0 6 .0 0

4 0 7 .4 1

4 1 9 .8 3

4 1 6 .9 8

4 2 0 .6 6

4 2 7 .2 5

4 2 1 .8 7

4 2 5 .7 7

4 2 8 .0 7

4 3 2 .8 5

4 3 4 .7 0

4 3 9 .1 0

P e t r o le u m a n d c o a l p r o d u c ts

........................................

4 9 1 .6 2

5 4 6 .9 9

5 5 3 .8 3

5 4 6 .4 8

5 4 6 .4 8

5 7 2 .4 9

5 5 5 .5 9

5 6 4 .2 6

5 6 3 .0 5

5 7 2 .4 6

5 7 3 .7 3

5 8 4 .3 2

5 8 1 .2 3

5 7 8 .6 0

5 7 9 .4 7

..............................................................

2 8 8 .9 5

3 0 2 .9 4

3 0 7 .1 7

3 0 3 .7 3

3 0 4 .1 0

3 0 8 .0 9

3 0 4 .1 8

3 0 9 .2 8

3 1 9 .5 6

3 1 7 .1 9

3 1 4 .0 3

3 2 1 .5 5

3 2 6 .7 5

3 2 7 .9 5

3 2 7 .9 5

P r in tin g a n d p u b lis h in g

.....................................................

3 2 0 .2 9

3 2 2 .8 8

3 2 6 .8 5

3 3 1 .4 5

R u b b e r a n d m is c e lla n e o u s
p la s tic s p r o d u c t s

L e a th e r a n d le a th e r p r o d u c ts

.......................................

T R A N S P O R T A T IO N A N D P U B L IC U T IL IT IE S

1 8 3 .1 3

1 8 9 .3 9

1 9 6 .3 5

1 9 0 .9 7

1 9 2 .9 5

1 9 2 .0 6

1 8 9 .7 3

1 9 4 .2 2

1 9 6 .3 8

1 9 6 .9 0

1 9 0 .3 0

1 9 7 .0 6

2 0 1 .4 8

2 0 4 .4 2

2 0 7 .9 0

3 8 2 .1 8

4 0 1 .7 0

4 0 0 .8 6

4 0 3 .3 7

4 1 0 .5 5

4 0 5 .8 5

4 0 6 .6 2

4 1 3 .0 1

4 1 6 .3 0

4 0 9 .4 3

4 1 1 .6 5

4 1 3 .3 2

4 1 3 .7 9

4 1 5 .2 5

4 2 0 .2 2

W H O L E S A L E A N D R E T A IL T R A D E

1 9 0 .6 2

1 9 8 .1 0

1 9 8 .3 8

2 0 2 .1 2

2 0 1 .5 0

2 0 0 .3 0

1 9 9 .3 9

1 9 9 .7 1

2 0 3 .1 5

2 0 1 .5 9

1 9 9 .3 1

2 0 1 .9 0

2 0 3 .1 8

2 0 5 .7 5

2 0 7 .0 5

W H O LE SA LE TRA DE

2 9 1 .0 6

3 0 7 .9 7

3 0 6 .4 6

3 1 0 .7 6

3 1 1 .5 0

3 1 1 .0 4

3 1 3 .0 1

3 1 3 .3 9

3 1 7 .3 4

3 1 8 .2 7

3 1 3 .8 1

3 1 6 .7 4

3 1 9 .4 2

3 2 1 .8 6

3 2 3 .1 5

R E T A IL T R A D E

1 5 8 .0 3

1 6 3 .5 5

1 6 4 .3 5

1 6 7 .9 3

1 6 7 .6 2

1 6 5 .5 5

1 6 4 .7 9

1 6 4 .5 8

1 6 8 .9 7

1 6 4 .9 8

1 6 3 .3 0

1 6 6 .4 2

1 6 7 .2 9

1 6 9 .5 9

1 7 1 .8 7

F IN A N C E , IN S U R A N C E , A N D R E A L E S T A T E

2 2 9 .0 5

2 4 5 .4 4

2 4 2 .2 3

2 4 5 .0 7

2 4 9 .0 2

2 4 9 .0 9

2 5 2 .3 1

2 5 3 .4 0

2 5 4 .4 6

2 6 2 .4 4

2 6 0 .6 4

2 5 8 .8 4

2 6 1 .0 0

2 6 5 .3 5

2 6 1 .0 0

S E R V IC E S

2 0 8 .9 7

2 2 4 .9 4

2 2 4 .3 5

2 2 7 .4 0

2 2 7 .7 0

2 2 8 .5 7

2 2 8 .8 0

2 3 0 .1 0

2 3 2 .1 1

2 3 4 .7 9

232 96

2 3 3 .7 4

2 3 4 .7 2

2 3 6 .0 9

2 3 7 .2 7

1 N o t a v a ila b le ,
p = p r e lim in a r y .

17.

Indexes of diffusion: industries in w hich em ploym ent increased

[In percent]
T im e

Year

span

O ver

Jan.

Feb.

M a r.

A p r.

M ay

June

J u ly

Aug.

S e p t.

O c t.

Nov.

D ec.

1981

. . . .

5 7 .8

5 2 .4

5 2 .2

6 5 .6

5 8 .9

6 2 .6

4 9 .5

4 2 .2

3 3 .3

2 9 .3

30 9

1 -m o n t h

1982

. . . .

2 8 .5

4 5 .4

3 6 .0

3 9 .0

4 7 .6

3 2 .8

3 8 .4

3 7 .1

3 4 .1

2 9 .3

3 2 .0

4 2 .2

span

1983

. . . .

5 6 .5

4 5 .7

6 2 .4

6 9 .1

P 7 0 .4

P 6 6 .9

—

-

-

O ver

1981

. . . .

5 8 .3

5 4 .6

5 9 .1

6 5 .9

6 7 .5

6 6 .7

6 0 .5

5 0 .5

3 3 .3

3 0 .1

2 4 .5

2 3 .4

2 7 .2

2 6 .1

2 5 .5

2 4 .7

40 6

6 0 .2

3 -m o n th

1982

. . . .

2 5 .3

2 8 .8

3 2 .0

3 4 .1

3 2 .5

3 3 .6

2 7 .2

span

1983

. . . .

4 5 .4

5 5 .1

6 5 .6

P 7 5 .5

P 7 7 .2

—

—

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

O ver

1981

. . . .

6 8 .5

6 5 .3

6 3 .7

6 9 .4

6 4 .2

5 8 .6

4 5 .7

3 4 .4

2 9 .6

2 4 .2

2 5 .0

2 2 .0

6 -m o n th

1982

. . . .

2 0 .2

2 3 .7

2 5 .3

2 9 .8

2 6 .1

2 6 .1

2 3 .4

1 9 .1

2 1 .2

2 6 .1

2 6 .6

3 5 .8

span

1983

. . . .

5 0 .5

P 6 4 .0

P 7 4 .7

—

—

—

—

-

-

-

-

O ver

1981

. . . .

7 4 .5

7 1 .2

7 0 .4

5 8 .1

4 7 .6

4 1 .4

3 4 .9

2 9 .8

2 7 .4

2 3 .7

2 5 .3

2 3 .1

1 2 -m o n th

1982

. . . .

2 2 .0

2 0 .7

1 8 .0

1 9 .4

1 8 .3

2 0 .7

2 0 .7

2 2 .8

2 4 .2

3 1 .5

P 3 7 .4

P 4 2 .7

span

1983

. . . .

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

p = p r e lim in a r y .
N O TE:

F ig u re s a re th e p e r c e n t o f in d u s tr ie s w ith e m p lo y m e n t ris in g . ( H a lf o f th e u n c h a n g e d c o m p o n e n t s

a re c o u n t e d a s r is in g .) D a ta a r e c e n te re d w it h in th e s p a n s . S e e th e “ D e f in it io n s ” in th is s e c tio n .


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

61

UNEMPLOYMENT INSURANCE DATA

are compiled monthly
by the Employment and Training Administration of the U.S. De­
partment of Labor from monthly reports of unemployment insur­
ance activity prepared by State agencies. Railroad unemployment
insurance data are prepared by the U.S. Railroad Retirement Board.
N

a

t io

n

a l

u

n e m

p l o

y m

e n t

in s u r a n c e

persons in unem ploym ent insurance programs to indicate they are out of
work and wish to begin receiving compensation. A claim ant who continued
to be unemployed a full week is then counted in the insured unemployment
figure. The rate of insured unemployment expresses the num ber o f in­
sured unemployed as a percent of the average insured em ployment in a
12-month period.

d a t a

Definitions
Average weekly seasonally adjusted insured unemployment data are
com puted by B L S’ W eekly Seasonal Adjustm ent program. This procedure
incorporated the X -11 Variant of the Census Method II Seasonal Adjust­
ment progrdm.

Data for all programs represent an unduplicated count of insured un­
employm ent under State programs, Unemployment Compensation for ExServicem en, and Unemployment Compensation for Federal Employees,
and the Railroad Insurance Act.

An application for benefits is filed by a railroad worker at the beginning
of his first period of unemployment in a benefit year; no application is
required for subsequent periods in the same year. Number of payments
are payments made in 14-day registration periods. The average amount
of benefit payment is an average for all compensable periods, not adjusted
for recovery of overpaym ents or settlement of underpaym ents. However,
total benefits paid have been adjusted.

Under both State and Federal unemployment insurance programs for
civilian employees, insured workers must report the completion of at least
1 week of unemployment before they are defined as unemployed. Persons
not covered by unemployment insurance (about 10 percent of the labor
force) and those who have exhausted or not yet earned benefit rights are
excluded from the scope of the survey. Initial claims are notices filed by

18.

U nem ploym ent insurance and em ploym ent service operations

[A ll i t e m s e x c e p t a v e r a g e b e n e f it s a m o u n t s a r e in t h o u s a n d s ]
1982

1983

Ite m
M ay

J u ly

June

S e p t.

Aug.

Nov.

O c t.

D ec.

Jan.

Feb.

M a r.

A p r.

M ayP

A ll p r o g r a m s :
In s u re d u n e m p l o y m e n t .......................................

4 ,3 8 8

4 ,3 2 7

4 ,4 9 5

4 ,3 9 8

4 ,2 8 3

4 ,3 9 1

4 ,6 3 5

5 ,0 7 4

5 ,4 5 9

5 ,4 3 7

5 ,1 3 4

4 ,6 4 2

3 ,9 4 7

1 ,9 8 9

2 ,3 9 9

2 ,6 5 5

2 ,3 5 8

2 ,3 4 2

2 ,4 4 3

2 ,6 6 1

3 ,0 8 0

3 ,1 4 3

2 ,0 6 5

2 ,0 7 5

1 ,8 7 4

1 ,6 9 5

S ta te u n e m p lo y m e n t in s u ra n c e p r o g r a m : 1
In itia l c la im s 2

.............................................................

In s u re d u n e m p lo y m e n t ( a v e ra g e
3 ,7 2 9

w e e k ly v o l u m e ) ....................................................

3 ,7 0 7

3 ,9 1 2

3 ,8 3 1

3 ,8 2 8

3 ,7 1 2

4 ,1 5 6

4 ,5 8 1

4 ,9 2 3

4 ,7 5 9

c4 ,4 0 1

3 ,9 0 6

3 ,3 6 1

R a te o f in s u re d u n e m p lo y m e n t ......................

4 .3

4 .3

4 .6

4 .4

4 .2

4 .4

4 .7

5 .2

5 .6

5 .5

5 .0

4 .5

3 .9

W e e k s o f u n e m p lo y m e n t c o m p e n s a t e d ...

1 3 ,6 7 9

1 4 ,6 4 8

1 4 ,6 5 5

1 5 ,0 1 5

1 4 ,5 4 7

1 3 ,7 8 6

1 5 ,1 7 0

1 7 ,8 7 3

r 18 ,3 0 7

1 6 ,8 9 5

1 9 ,5 2 9

1 4 ,9 8 6

1 3 ,3 4 2

$ 1 2 3 .4 2

r$ 1 2 4 . 2 9

$ 1 2 4 .4 7

$ 1 2 5 .4 7

$119 95

$ 1 2 4 .7 2

$ 2 , 1 3 5 , 3 0 2 r$ 2 , 2 0 5 , 5 5 1

$ 2 ,0 5 2 ,4 1 5

$ 2 ,3 6 7 ,7 5 2

$ 1 ,8 1 7 ,5 3 9

$ 1 ,6 1 6 ,6 1 1

A v e r a g e w e e k ly b e n e fit a m o u n t
..............................

$ 1 1 8 .0 8

$ 1 1 8 .6 4

$ 1 1 7 .2 8

$ 1 1 8 .9 7

$ 1 2 0 .7 8

$ 1 2 2 .8 1

$ 1 2 3 .4 3

................................................

$ 1 ,5 7 3 ,4 4 4

$ 1 ,6 9 2 ,1 5 0

$ 1 ,6 7 9 ,3 7 8

$ 1 ,7 4 6 ,1 9 5

$ 1 ,7 1 0 ,5 7 3

$ 1 ,6 4 7 ,3 4 3

$ 1 ,8 2 0 ,0 1 9

2 ,3 7 9

2 ,5 2 8

2 ,3 1 7

2 ,8 1 4

2 ,9 0 2

2 ,6 8 8

2 ,6 8 0

2 ,5 8 6

2 ,1 8 7

2 ,1 3 8

2 ,1 4 8

1 ,9 5 2

2 ,0 2 8

w e e k ly v o l u m e ) .....................................................

3 ,9 2 5

3 ,9 9 5

3 ,9 5 9

4 ,1 3 7

4 ,4 4 6

4 ,6 8 0

4 ,6 1 8

4 ,3 5 5

3 ,9 8 0

3 ,9 7 9

3 ,8 8 4

3 ,7 7 4

3 ,5 3 8

R a te o f In s u re d u n e m p lo y m e n t ......................

4 .5

4 .6

4 .5

4 .7

5 .1

5 .3

5 .3

5 .0

4 .6

4 .6

4 .5

4 .3

4 .1

8

10

10

11

11

10

17

24

21

16

18

15

14

f o r t o ta l u n e m p lo y m e n t
T o ta l b e n e fits p a id

S ta te u n e m p lo y m e n t in s u ra n c e p r o g r a m : 1
(S e a s o n a lly a d ju s te d d a ta )
In itia l c la im s 2

.............................................................

In s u re d u n e m p lo y m e n t (a v e ra g e

U n e m p lo y m e n t c o m p e n s a t io n fo r e x s e r v ic e m e n : 3
In itia l c la im s 1

..............................................................

In s u re d u n e m p lo y m e n t (a v e ra g e
w e e k ly v o l u m e ) ....................................................
W e e k s o f u n e m p lo y m e n t c o m p e n s a t e d ...
T o ta l b e n e fits p a id

................................................

9

8

7

7

8

14

9

26

37

37

34

30

26

31

29

25

24

25

28

33

90

132

143

156

117

104

$ 3 ,3 9 5

$ 3 ,3 1 4

$ 2 ,8 2 1

$ 2 ,7 9 3

$ 2 ,9 0 0

$ 3 ,3 6 6

$ 4 ,0 0 6

$ 1 1 ,1 9 1

r$ 1 6 ,8 0 7

$ 1 8 ,0 3 2

$ 1 9 ,5 8 8

$ 1 4 ,7 7 6

$ 1 3 ,1 6 0

11

14

13

12

13

16

14

15

16

10

11

10

9

U n e m p lo y m e n t c o m p e n s a t io n fo r
F e d e ra l c iv ilia n e m p lo y e e s : 4
In itia l c l a i m s ..................................................................
In s u re d u n e m p lo y m e n t ( a v e ra g e
w e e k ly v o l u m e ) .....................................................
W e e k s o f u n e m p lo y m e n t c o m p e n s a te d . .
T o ta l b e n e fits p a id

................................................

29

28

29

27

26

28

31

33

35

33

31

26

22

120

123

120

118

111

110

126

146

142

131

146

109

93

$ 1 3 ,5 2 6

$ 1 3 ,9 2 2

$ 1 3 ,4 4 5

$ 1 3 ,1 4 0

$ 1 2 ,3 0 3

$ 1 2 ,1 4 4

$ 1 4 ,0 2 3

$ 1 6 ,1 1 4

r$ 1 6 , 0 4 5

$ 1 5 ,0 8 3

$ 1 6 ,8 7 1

$ 1 2 ,4 2 2

$ 1 0 ,6 7 2

5

36

68

68

14

20

17

17

20

7

7 ,6 2 8

94

4

44

44

55

55

61

82

81

83

102

72

65

79

90

R a ilr o a d u n e m p lo y m e n t in s u ra n c e :
A p p l i c a t i o n s ..................................................................
In s u re d u n e m p lo y m e n t (a v e ra g e
w e e k ly v o l u m e ) .....................................................
N u m b e r o f p a y m e n t s ............................................

95

93

100

100

137

159

162

219

158

169

172

183

. . .

$ 2 0 0 .7 5

$ 1 9 9 .1 5

$ 2 0 2 .5 4

$ 2 0 2 .5 4

$ 2 1 6 .1 4

$ 2 1 2 .3 5

$ 2 1 6 .5 5

$ 2 1 7 .0 0

$ 2 2 0 .3 2

$ 2 1 4 .5 4

$ 2 1 3 .4 4

$ 2 0 3 .8 7

$ 2 1 5 .1 5

................................................

$ 1 9 ,1 1 0

$ 1 8 ,5 7 4

$ 1 7 ,9 9 8

$ 1 7 ,9 9 8

$ 3 1 ,1 2 3

$ 3 1 ,6 3 8

$ 3 5 ,0 6 1

$ 3 9 ,5 0 0

$ 4 4 ,5 1 4

$ 3 3 ,1 0 0

$ 3 6 ,2 4 3

$ 2 7 ,7 8 3

$ 2 9 ,4 1 1

A v e r a g e a m o u n t o f b e n e fit p a y m e n t
T o ta l b e n e fits p a id

172

E m p lo y m e n t s e r v ic e : 5
N e w a p p lic a tio n s a n d r e n e w a l s ..................
N o n f a r m p la c e m e n ts

............................................

1 0 ,9 6 5

1 4 ,3 2 0

4 ,5 2 7

8 ,3 7 7

1 ,9 0 2

2 ,8 0 4

642

1 ,1 8 4

1 1nitial c la im s a n d S t a te in s u re d u n e m p lo y m e n t in c lu d e d a ta u n d e r t h e p r o g r a m fo r P u e rto R ic a n
l ueuuauc wunvci a.

C u m u l a t i v e to ta l f o r fis c a l y e a r ( O c t o b e r 1 - S e p t e m b e r 3 0 ) . D a ta c o m p u te d q u a r te rly .
. . _

.

E x c l u d e s t ra n s it io n c la im s u n d e r S ta te p r o g r a m s .

N0TE:

3 E x c lu d e s d a ta o n c la im s a n d p a y m e n ts m a d e jo in tly w it h o t h e r p r o g r a m s .

P_

4 E x c lu d e s d a ta o r c la im s a n d p a y m e n ts m a d e jo in tly w ith S ta te p r o g r a m s .

’ ~ re v lS e '

62

https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

,

p re IIT™ a r y '

_

.

P u e r1 ° R lc o a n d t h e V lr 9 m ls la n d s i n c lu d e d - D a s h e s m d ic a ,e d a t a " o t a v a ila b le -

PRICE DATA

P r ic e d a t a are gathered by the Bureau of Labor Statistics from
retail and primary markets in the United States. Price indexes are
given in relation to a base period (1967 = 100, unless otherwise
noted).

Definitions
The Consum er Price Index is a monthly statistical measure of the average
change in prices in a fixed market basket of goods and services. Elfective
with the January 1978 index, the Bureau of Labor Statistics began pub­
lishing C P I’s for two groups of the population. It introduced a CPI for All
Urban Consum ers, covering 80 percent of the total noninstitutional pop­
ulation, and revised the CPI for Urban Wage Earners and Clerical W orkers,
covering about half the new index population. The All Urban Consumers
index covers in addition to wage earners and clerical workers, professional,
managerial, and technical workers, the self-employed, short-term workers,
the unemployed, retirees, and others not in the labor force.
The CPI is based on prices of food, clothing, shelter, fuel, drugs,
transportation fares, doctors’ and dentists’ fees, and other goods and ser­
vices that people buy for day-to-day living. The quantity and quality of
these items is kept essentially unchanged between major revisions so that
only price changes will be measured. Data are collected from more than
24,000 retail establishments and 24,000 tenants in 85 urban areas across
the country. All taxes directly associated with the purchase and use of
items are included in the index. Because the C P I’s are based on the ex­
penditures o f two population groups in 1972-73, they may not accurately
reflect the experience of individual families and single persons with dif­
ferent buying habits.
Though the CPI is often called the “ Cost-of-Living Index,” it measures
only price change, which is just one of several important factors affecting
living costs. Area indexes do not measure differences in the level of prices
among cities. They only measure the average change in prices for each
area since the base period.

Producer Price Indexes measure average changes in prices received in
primary markets o f the United States by products of commodities in all
stages o f processing. The sample used for calculating these indexes contains
about 2,800 commodities and about 10,000 quotations per month selected
to represent the movement of prices of all commodities produced in the
manufacturing, agriculture, forestry, fishing, mining, gas and electricity,
and public utilities sectors. The universe includes all commodities produced
or imported for sale in commercial transactions in primary markets in the
United States.
Producer Price Indexes can be organized by stage of processing or by
commodity. The stage of processing structure organizes products by degree
o f fabrication (that is, finished goods, intermediate or semifinished goods,
and crude materials). The commodity structure organizes products by sim­
ilarity o f end-use or material composition.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

To the extent possible, prices used in calculating Producer Price Indexes
apply to the first significant commercial transaction in the United States,
from the production or central marketing point. Price data are generally
collected m onthly, primarily by mail questionnaire. Most prices are ob­
tained directly from producing companies on a voluntary and confidential
basis. Prices generally are reported for the Tuesday of the week containing
the 13th day of the month.
In calculating Producer Price Indexes, price changes for the various
comm odities are averaged together with implicit quantity weights repre­
senting their importance in the total net selling value of all commodities
as of 1972. The detailed data are aggregated to obtain indexes for stage
o f processing groupings, commodity groupings, durability o f product
groupings, and a number of special composite groupings.

Price indexes for the output of selected SIC industries measure av­
erage price changes in commodities produced by particular industries, as
defined in the Standard Industrial Classification Manual 1972 (W ashing­
ton, U.S. Office of M anagement and Budget, 1972). These indexes are
derived from several price series, combined to match the economic activity
of the specified industry and weighted by the value of shipments in the
industry. They use data from comprehensive industrial censuses conducted
by the U.S. Bureau of the Census and the U.S. Department of Agriculture.

Notes on the data
Regional CPI s cross classified by population size were introduced in the
May 1978 Review. These indexes enable users in local areas for which an
index is not published to get a better approximation of the CPI for their
area by using the appropriate population size class measure for their region.
The cross-classified indexes are published bimonthly. (See table 20.)
For details concerning the 1978 revision of the CPI, see The Consumer
Price Index: Concepts and Content Over the Years. Report 517, revised
edition (Bureau of Labor Statistics, May 1978).
As of January 1976, the Producer Price Index incorporated a revised
weighting structure reflecting 1972 values of shipments.
Additional data and analyses of price changes are provided in the CPI
Detailed Report and Producer Prices and Price Indexes, both monthly
publications of the Bureau.
For a discussion of the general method of computing producer, and
industry price indexes, see BLS Handbook o f Methods. Bulletin 2134-1
(Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1982), chapter 7. For consum er prices, see
BLS Handbook o f Methods fo r Surveys and Studies (1976), chapter 13.
See also John F. Early, “ Improving the m easurement of producer price
change,” Monthly Labor Review, April 1978. For industry prices, see also
Bennett R. M oss, “ Industry and Sector Price Indexes,” Monthly Labor
Review, August 1965.

63

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW August 1983 • Current Labor Statistics: Consumer Prices

19.

C onsum er Price index for Urban W age Earners and C lerical W orkers, annual averages and changes, 1 9 6 7 -8 2

[1967 = 100]
Food and

A ll i te m s

A p p a re l a n d

H o u s in g

T r a n s p o r ta t io n

upkeep

b e v e ra g e s

M e d ic a l c a r e

O th e r g o o d s

E n t e r t a in m e n t

a n d s e r v ic e s

Year
In d e x

P e rc e n t
change

In d e x

P e rc e n t

In d e x

change

P e rc e n t

In d e x

change

P e rc e n t
change

In d e x

P e rc e n t

P e rc e n t

In d e x

change

change

In d e x

P e rc e n t
change

In d e x

P e rc e n t
change

1967
1968
1969
1970

...................
...................
...................
...................

100.0
104.2
109.8
116.3

4.2
5.4
5.9

100.0
103.6
108.8
114.7

3.6
5.0
5.4

100.0
104.0
110.4
118.2

4.0
6.2
7.1

100.0
105.4
111.5
116.1

5.4
5.8
4.1

100.0
103.2
107.2
112.7

3.2
3.9
5.1

100.0
106.1
113.4
120.6

6.1
6.9
6.3

100.0
105.7
111.0
116.7

5.7
5.0
5.1

100.0
105.2
110.4
115.8

5.2
4.9
5.8

1971
1972
1973
1974
1975

...................
...................
...................
...................
...................

121.3
125.3
133.1
147.7
161.2

4.3
3.3
6.2
11.0
9.1

118.3
123.2
139.5
158.7
172.1

3.1
4.1
13.2
13.8
8.4

123.4
128.1
133.7
148.8
164.5

4.4
3.8
4.4
11.3
10.6

119.8
122.3
126.8
136.2
142.3

3.3
2.1
3.7
7.4
4.5

118.6
119.9
123.8
137.7
150.6

5.2
1.1
3.3
11.2
9.4

128.4
132.5
137.7
150.5
168.6

6.5
3.2
3.9
9.3
12.0

122.9
126.5
130.0
139.8
152.2

5.3
2.9
2.8
7.5
8.9

122.4
127.5
132.5
142.0
153.9

4.8
4.2
3.9
7.2
8.4

1976
1977
1978
1979
1980

...................
...................
...................
...................
...................

170.5
181.5
195.3
217.7
247.0

5.8
6.5
7.6
11.5
13.5

177.4
188.0
206.2
228.7
248.7

3.1
8.0
9.7
10.9
8.7

174.6
186.5
202.6
227.5
263.2

6.1
6.8
8.6
12.3
15.7

147.6
154.2
159.5
166.4
177.4

3.7
4.5
3.4
4.3
6.6

165.5
177.2
185.8
212.8
250.5

9.9
7.1
4.9
14.5
17.7

184.7
202.4
219.4
240.1
287.2

9.5
9.6
8.4
9.4
11.3

159 8
167.7
176.2
187.6
203.7

5.0
4.9
5.1
6.5
8.5

162.7
172.2
183.2
196.3
213.6

5.7
5.8
6.4
7.2
8.8

1981
1982

...................
...................

272.3
288.6

10.2
6.0

267.8
278.5

7.7
4.0

293.2
314.7

11.4
7.3

186 6
190.9

5.2
2.3

281.3
293.1

12.3
4.2

295.1
326.9

10.4
10.8

219.0
232.4

7.5
6.1

233.3
257.0

9.2
10.2

20. C onsum er Price Index for All Urban C onsum ers and revised CPI fo r Urban W age E arners and C lerical W orkers,
U.S. city average— general sum m ary and groups, subgroups, and selected item s
[1967 = 100 unless otherwise specified]
A ll U r b a n C o n s u m e r s
1982

G e n e ra l s u m m a ry
M ay

U r b a n W a g e E a r n e r s a n d C l e r ic a l W o r k e r s

1983
D ec.

Jan.

Feb.

M a r.

1982
A p r.

M ay

M ay

1983
D ec.

Jan.

Feb.

M a r.

A p r.

May

A ll I t e m s ..............................................................................................................................................................

287.1

292.4

293.1

293.2

293.4

295.5

297.1

286.5

292.0

292.1

292.3

293.0

294.9

296.3

Food and beverages ..............................................................................................
Housing ..................................................................................................................
Apparel and u p k e e p ..............................................................................................
Transportation........................................................................................................
Medical c a r e ...........................................................................................................
Entertainment ........................................................................................................
Other goods and se rvic e s.....................................................................................

278.1
313.8
191.5
285.6
323.8
234.4
255.0

279.1
316.3
193.6
294.8
344.3
240.1
276.6

280.7
317.9
191.0
293.0
347.8
241.5
279.9

281.6
318.5
192.0
289.9
351.3
243.1
281.6

283.2
318.6
194.5
287.4
352.3
244.6
281.9

284.6
320.3
195.5
292.3
353.5
244.6
283.2

285.0
321.8
196.1
296.2
354.3
244.8
283.6

278.4
313.7
190.6
287.1
322.3
231.1
252.4

279.6
316.8
192.8
296.3
341.8
236.5
274.0

281.1
317.0
190.0
294.3
345.3
237.7
277.8

282.1
317.6
191.0
291.1
348.9
239.5
279.6

283.5
319.2
194.0
288.6
350.0
240.8
280.0

284.9
320.3
194.8
293.5
351.2
241.1
281.4

285.4
321.3
195.3
297.5
352.1
241.3
281.8

C om m odit-es...........................................................................................................
Commodities less food and b eve rages......................................................
Nondurables less food and beve rages ..................................................
D u ra b le s .....................................................................................................

261.5
249.8
261.0
239.8

267.7
258.0
270.0
247.3

267.2
256.5
267.4
247.3

266.7
255.2
265.2
247.1

266.7
254.3
263.4
247.4

269.2
257.3
267.8
248.7

270.9
259.7
271.3
249.5

261.7
250.1
262.6
238.9

268.2
258.8
271.9
247.0

268.0
257.8
269.3
247.3

267.8
257.1
266.9
247.8

268.4
257.4
265.0
249.7

270.9
260.3
269.7
251.2

272.7
262.7
273.3
252.8

Services ..................................................................................................................
Rent, resid ential........................................................................................
Household services less rent of shelter (12/82 = 1 0 0 ) ......................
Transportation s e rv ic e s ............................................................................
Medical care s e rv ic e s ...............................................................................
Other services .....................................................................................

331.8
221.8

335.6
230.8
100.0
299.4
373.4
270.0

337.9
232.2
100.9
300.1
377.4
271.5

338.9
c233.1
101.0
299.9
381.5
272.6

339.4
233.6
101.6
299.8
382.2
272.9

341.2
234.5
102.0
300.8
382.8
274.2

342.6
235.1
103.2
301.2
383.5
274.7

332.4
221.3

336.2
230.2

336.9
231.7

337.8
232.5

338.5
233.1

339.5
234.0

340.1
234.6

290.0
348.0
254.4

296.7
370.1
267.5

297.1
374.0
269.1

296.9
378.2
270.2

296.7
379.0
270.6

297.2
379.7
272.0

297.6
380.5
272.6

292.1
100.0

292.6
100.2

292.6
100.2

292.4
100.3

294.7
101.0

296.5
101.6

285.6

292.1

291.9

291.9

292.4

294.4

296.1

270.3
248.1
257.8
294.4
271.5

278.3
256.6
266.6
306.5
276.8

278.9
255.7
264.2
304.4
276.2

279.0
255.0
262.2
301.1
275.6

279.7
255.4
260.6
297.4
275.3

281.7
258.2
265.0
303.5
278.4

283.5
260.6
268.4
308.2
280.4

291.3
350.2
255.9

S p e c ia l in d e x e s :

All items less fo o d ..................................................................................
All items less homeowners’ costs ..................................................
All items less mortgage interest c o s ts ............................................
Commodities less f o o d ............................................................
Nondurables less food ...........................................................................
Nondurables less food and a ppa rel............................................
N ond urables..................................................................
Services less rent of shelter (12/82 = 100) .........................................
Services less medical care ............................................
Domestically produced farm fo o d s .........................................................
Selected beef c u t s ............................................................................
Energy' .....................................................................
Energy commodities1 .....................................................................
All items less energy ........................................................
All items less food and e n e rg y ............................................
Commodities less food and e n e r g y ..................................................
Services less e n e r g y .........................................
Purchasing power of the consumer dollar, 1967 = $1
See footnotes at end of table.

64

https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

...................

286.0

247.8
256.2
293.4
270.7
327.5
267.1
281.6
402.1
410.2
278.3
274.9
229.9
327.2

255.8
264.7
305.2
275.8
100.0
329.3
264.8
270.0
419.9
425.4
282.5
279.9
237.1
329.6

254.4
262.4
303.1
275.2
100.7
331.4
264.7
271.2
414.5
414.9
283.8
281.1
237.1
331.8

253.2
260.5
299.9
274.6
101.0
332.2
266.6
272.0
406.7
401.6
284.7
282.0
237.9
332.9

252.4
258.9
296.5
274.4
101.3
332.7
268.4
272.6
399.9
388.3
285.6
282.6
239.1
333.1

255.4
263.0
302.1
277.3
101.6
334.5
269.9
279.4
410.0
403.2
287.0
284.0
240.2
334.8

257.6
266.3
306.7
279.3
102.2
336.0
270.6
281.5
421.3
416.3
287.6
284.7
240.8
335.6

328.3
266.0
283.1
403.1
410.5
277.0
273.6
229.1
327.9

330.4
264.0
271.2
420.8
425.6
282.2
279.0
236.8
330.1

330.7
265.0
272.5
415.1
415.2
282.2
279.3
237.1
330.5

331.2
266.0
273.5
406.9
401.9
283.0
280.2
237.9
331.4

332.0
267.6
274.0
399.8
388.7
284.4
281.6
240.0
331.9

333.0
269.0
280.7
410.8
404 3
285.6
282.6
241.2
332.7

333.5
269.6
283.0
422.1
417.3
286.1
283.2
242.3
332.6

$0.348

$0.342

$0.341

$0.341

$0.341

$0.338

$0.337

$0.349

$0.342

$0.342

$0.342

$0.341

$0.339

$0.337

20.

C o n tinued— C onsum er Price In dex— U.S. city average

[1967 = 100 unless otherwise specified]
U r b a n W a g e E a r n e r s a n d C l e r ic a l W o r k e r s

A ll U r b a n C o n s u m e r s

M ay

FO OD A N D BEVERAGES

Food at h o m e

Jan.

Feb.

M a r.

A p r.

M ay

M ay

D ec.

Jan.

Feb.

M a r.

A p r.

M ay

2 7 8 .1

2 7 9 .1

2 8 0 .7

2 8 1 .6

2 8 3 .2

2 8 4 .6

2 8 5 .0

2 7 8 .4

2 7 9 .6

2 8 1 .1

2 8 2 .1

2 8 3 .5

2 8 4 .9

2 8 5 .4

2 8 5 .5

2 8 6 .5

2 8 8 .1

2 8 9 .0

2 9 0 .5

2 9 1 .9

292 4

2 8 5 .7

2 8 6 .7

2 8 8 .4

2 8 9 .3

2 9 0 .7

2 9 2 .1

2 9 2 .6

2 7 9 .8

2 7 7 .8

2 7 9 .3

2 8 0 .3

2 8 1 .9

2 8 3 .4

2 8 3 .8

2 7 8 .8

2 7 7 .1

2 7 8 .6

2 7 9 .7

2 8 1 .2

2 8 2 .5

2 8 2 .9

2 8 3 .3

2 8 6 .3

2 8 7 .8

2 8 8 .7

2 8 9 .8

2 9 1 .1

2 9 1 .7

2 8 2 .0

2 8 4 .9

2 8 6 .4

2 8 7 .4

2 8 8 .5

2 8 9 .6

290 2

................................................

1 5 4 .5

1 5 3 .4

1 5 4 .0

1 5 4 .0

1 5 5 .0

1 5 6 .1

1 5 7 .0

1 5 5 .4

1 5 4 .2

1 5 4 .8

1 5 4 .7

1 5 5 .8

1 5 6 .9

1 5 7 .7

1 0 0 ) ...............................

1 4 1 .8

1 3 9 .5

1 4 0 .3

139 8

1 3 9 .4

1 4 0 .2

1 4 1 .3

1 4 2 .1

1 3 9 .8

1 4 0 .6

1 4 0 .1

1 3 9 .9

1 4 0 .4

1 4 1 .7

.......................................................................................

1 6 5 .7

1 7 3 .8

1 7 5 .7

1 7 1 .4

1 7 3 .5

.................................................................................................................................................

C e r e a ls a n d b a k e r y p r o d u c t s

Dec.

1983

1982

1983

1982

G e n e ra l s u m m a ry

................................................................................................

C e r e a ls a n d c e re a l p r o d u c ts ( 1 2 / 7 7 -

100)

F lo u r a n d p r e p a r e d f lo u r m ix e s ( 1 2 /7 7 =

1 6 8 .0

1 6 8 .1

1 6 9 .2

1 7 1 .3

1 6 7 .8

1 7 0 .1

1 7 0 .3

1 7 5 .9

1 7 7 .8

.......................................

1 5 0 .2

1 4 5 .3

1 5 6 .5

1 4 5 .3

1 4 6 .0

1 4 5 .8

1 4 4 .8

1 5 1 .5

1 4 6 .5

1 4 7 .6

1 4 6 .3

1 4 7 .0

1 4 6 .8

1 4 5 .8

1 0 0 ) ...............................................................................

1 4 8 .3

1 5 0 .9

1 5 1 .7

1 5 2 .4

1 5 2 .8

1 5 3 .3

1 5 3 .5

1 4 7 .2

1 4 9 .6

1 5 0 .5

1 5 1 .2

1 5 1 .6

1 5 2 .0

1 5 2 .2

W h it e b r e a d ..................................................................................................................

2 4 3 .8

2 4 8 .1

2 4 8 .9

2 4 9 .8

2 5 2 .0

2 5 2 .1

2 5 2 .6

2 4 0 .0

2 4 3 .9

2 4 4 .6

2 4 5 .7

2 4 7 .8

2 4 7 .6

2 4 8 .2

O th e r b r e a d s ( 1 2 / 7 7 -

1 4 6 .3

1 4 7 .6

1 4 9 .0

1 5 1 .8

C e re a l ( 1 2 /7 7 -

100)

R ic e , p a s ta , a n d c o r n m e a l ( 1 2 / 7 7 =
B a k e ry p r o d u c ts ( 1 2 / 7 7 -

100)

1 4 7 .7

1 4 8 .7

1 4 8 .8

1 4 9 .7

1 4 8 .2

1 4 9 .6

1 4 9 .7

1 5 0 .6

1 5 1 .1

1 5 0 .7

......................

1 4 9 .7

1 5 1 .6

1 5 2 .6

1 5 3 .1

1 5 2 .0

1 5 2 .5

1 5 2 .0

1 4 6 .0

1 4 7 .6

1 4 8 .6

1 4 9 .1

1 4 8 .0

1 4 8 .4

.......................................

1 4 9 .0

1 5 1 .5

1 5 3 .1

1 5 4 .0

1 5 3 .8

1 5 4 .9

1 5 4 .7

1 4 7 .4

1 4 9 .7

1 5 1 .3

1 5 2 .2

1 5 2 .1

1 5 3 .3

1 5 3 .0

...................................................................................

1 5 0 .5

1 5 3 .7

1 5 3 .6

1 5 3 .7

1 5 5 .1

1 5 6 .8

1 5 6 .1

1 5 1 .4

1 5 4 .6

1 5 4 .6

1 5 4 .6

1 5 6 .0

1 5 7 .6

1 5 6 .8

1 0 0 ) ..........................................................................

F re s h b is c u its , r o lls , a n d m u ffin s ( 1 2 /7 7 =
F re s h c a k e s a n d c u p c a k e s ( 1 2 /7 7 =
C o o k ie s ( 1 2 / 7 7 =

100)

100)

100)

C r a c k e r s , b r e a d , a n d c r a c k e r p r o d u c ts ( 1 2 / 7 7 =

100)

F re s h s w e e tr o lls , c o ffe e c a k e , a n d d o n u t s ( 1 2 /7 7 =

1 4 7 .9

. . .

1 3 9 .6

1 4 4 .1

1 4 4 .9

1 4 6 .5

1 4 6 .0

1 4 7 .2

1 4 7 .9

1 4 1 .0

1 4 5 .5

1 4 6 .4

1 4 7 .9

1 4 7 .3

1 4 8 .7

1 4 9 .5

. .

1 4 7 .3

1 5 0 .4

1 5 2 .3

1 5 4 .2

1 5 4 .2

1 5 3 .7

1 5 4 .0

1 4 9 .9

1 5 2 .9

1 5 4 .9

1 5 6 .8

1 5 6 .9

1 5 6 .2

1 5 6 .7

.

1 5 3 .6

1 5 5 .2

1 5 6 .8

1 5 5 .7

1 5 6 .2

1 5 7 .1

1 5 7 .4

1 4 6 .7

1 4 8 .4

1 4 9 .8

1 4 9 .0

1 4 9 .4

1 5 0 .2

1 5 0 .5

2 6 4 .0

2 6 4 .2

2 6 4 .2

263 8

2 6 0 .7

2 6 1 .5

262 8

2 6 3 .9

2 6 4 .0

2 6 3 .9

2 6 3 .6

100)

F ro z e n a n d r e fr ig e ra te d b a k e r y p r o d u c ts
a n d f re s h p ie s , t a rt s , a n d tu r n o v e r s ( 1 2 /7 7 =

M e a ts , p o u ltr y , f is h , a n d e g g s

100) . . .

............................................................................................

2 6 1 .0

261 6

2 6 3 .0

2 6 8 .2

2 6 8 .8

2 7 0 .3

2 7 1 .7

2 7 1 .4

2 7 1 .4

2 7 0 .5

2 6 7 .7

268 6

2 7 0 .0

2 7 1 .4

2 7 1 .1

2 7 1 .0

2 7 0 .2

...............................................................................................................................

2 6 9 .7

2 7 1 .1

2 7 2 .2

2 7 3 .2

272 8

2 7 3 .3

2 7 2 .7

2 6 9 .0

2 7 0 .8

2 7 1 .8

2 7 2 .9

2 7 2 .4

2 7 2 .9

2 7 2 .1

B e e f a n d v e a l .........................................................................................................

2 8 1 .1

2 7 0 .2

2 7 1 .3

2 7 2 .2

2 7 2 .8

2 7 9 .4

2 8 1 .3

2 8 1 .9

2 7 0 .6

2 7 1 .8

2 7 2 .9

2 7 3 .5

M e a ts , p o u ltr y , a n d f i s h ................................................................................................
M e a ts

2 8 0 .0

2 8 2 .0

G r o u n d b e e f o t h e r th a n c a n n e d .........................................................

2 6 9 .4

2 6 1 .7

2 6 2 .7

2 6 1 .8

2 6 3 .6

2 6 7 .0

2 6 6 .9

2 7 0 .7

2 6 2 .7

2 6 3 .7

2 6 3 .0

2 6 4 .7

2 6 8 .0

2 6 8 .3

C h u c k ro ast

.....................................................................................................

2 8 7 .2

2 8 1 .0

2 8 1 .7

286 9

2 8 4 .8

2 9 1 .2

289 5

2 9 6 .2

2 8 9 .6

2 9 0 .4

2 9 5 .9

2 9 3 .0

3 0 0 .2

2 9 8 .8

R o u n d r o a s t .....................................................................................................

2 5 2 .4

2 4 3 .0

2 4 3 .3

242 6

2 3 9 .9

2 5 1 .1

2 4 9 .6

255 9

2 4 6 .4

2 4 6 .6

2 4 5 .3

2 4 2 .8

2 5 4 .0

2 5 2 .3

R o u n d s t e a k .....................................................................................................

2 6 9 .2

2 5 3 .5

2 5 5 .1

2 5 9 .8

2 5 7 .9

2 6 3 .9

2 6 8 .8

2 6 7 .8

2 5 1 .3

2 5 3 .0

2 5 8 .0

2 5 7 .1

2 6 2 .0

2 6 7 .7

S irlo in s t e a k .....................................................................................................

2 8 2 .3

2 5 3 .0

2 5 3 .1

2 6 0 .3

2 6 2 .8

2 7 4 .8

2 8 4 .3

2 8 3 .8

2 5 2 .7

2 5 4 .5

2 6 1 .7

2 6 4 .5

2 7 6 .0

285 9

O th e r b e e f a n d v e a l ( 1 2 /7 7 =

............................................

1 6 9 .0

1 6 2 .8

1 6 3 .7

1 6 3 .5

1 6 4 .4

1 6 8 .3

1 7 0 .2

1 6 7 .5

1 6 1 .2

1 6 2 .1

1 6 2 .1

1 6 3 .0

1 6 6 .8

1 6 8 .6

P o r k ...............................................................................................................................

2 4 9 .9

2 7 0 .1

2 7 2 .0

2 7 3 .6

2 7 1 .1

2 6 2 .1

2 5 7 .3

2 4 9 .2

2 6 9 .5

2 7 1 .4

2 7 2 .9

2 7 0 .4

2 6 1 .7

2 5 6 .8

100)

B acon

..................................................................................................................

2 6 7 .7

2 9 0 .8

2 9 0 .8

2 9 4 .5

2 8 8 .7

2 7 6 .6

2 7 2 .5

2 7 1 .9

2 9 6 .1

2 9 5 .5

2 9 9 .5

2 9 3 .1

2 8 1 .4

2 7 6 .8

Chops

..................................................................................................................

2 3 0 .0

2 4 2 .4

2 4 5 .6

2 5 2 .1

2 4 6 .4

2 4 1 .8

2 3 7 .7

2 2 8 .2

2 4 0 .8

2 4 3 .9

2 5 0 .3

2 4 4 .7

2 3 9 .7

2 3 5 .9

1 0 0 ) ...................................

1 1 1 .1

1 2 9 .6

129 2

1 2 5 .0

1 2 5 .6

1 1 6 .7

1 1 2 .0

1 0 8 .3

1 2 6 .4

1 2 6 .0

1 2 1 .7

1 2 2 .4

1 1 3 .9

109 3

.............................................................................................................

3 1 3 .3

3 3 2 .0

3 3 3 .6

3 3 3 .9

336 9

3 3 2 .5

3 3 0 .6

3 1 4 .2

3 3 2 .5

3 3 5 .0

3 3 4 .8

3 3 7 .0

3 3 3 .1

3 3 1 .1

2 7 5 .2

2 7 6 .2

2 7 7 .3

2 7 2 .0

2 6 6 .6

2 5 3 .2

2 7 6 .9

2 7 9 .7

2 8 0 .6

2 8 2 .2

2 7 7 .1

2 7 1 .6

H a m o t h e r th a n c a n n e d ( 1 2 /7 7 =
Sausage

Canned ham

.....................................................................................................

2 4 9 .9

2 7 2 .4

..................................................................

1 3 8 .9

1 4 5 .6

1 4 7 .9

1 5 0 .4

1 4 8 .1

1 4 3 .5

1 4 1 .4

1 3 8 .2

1 4 4 .9

1 4 7 .1

1 4 9 .5

1 4 7 .3

1 4 2 .8

1 4 0 .6

.........................................................................................................

2 6 4 .0

2 6 9 .7

2 6 9 .3

2 6 9 .2

2 6 9 .7

2 6 8 .6

2 6 7 .7

263 2

2 6 9 .8

2 6 8 .7

2 6 9 .0

2 6 9 .3

2 6 8 .3

2 6 7 .3

.....................................................................................................

2 6 2 .7

2 6 8 ,9

2 6 9 .7

269 4

2 7 0 .8

2 6 7 .4

2 6 6 .7

2 6 1 .8

2 6 8 .4

2 6 8 .5

2 6 8 .6

2 7 0 .1

2 6 6 .4

2 6 5 .2

1 5 0 .7

1 5 5 .3

1 5 4 .0

1 5 4 .5

1 5 5 .2

1 5 4 .4

1 5 4 .2

1 5 0 .7

1 5 5 .1

1 5 3 .9

1 5 4 .5

1 5 5 .1

1 5 4 .3

1 3 4 .3

1 4 1 .8

1 3 9 .9

1 3 9 .7

1 3 9 .0

1 3 9 .7

1 3 7 .7

1 3 2 .3

1 3 9 .8

1 3 7 .7

1 3 7 .8

1 3 7 .0

1 3 7 .7

1 3 5 .8

1 4 1 .2

1 3 4 .3

1 3 7 .4

1 3 7 .2

1 3 8 .2

1 3 7 .0

1 3 9 .1

1 4 4 .4

1 3 7 .5

1 4 0 .3

1 4 0 .1

1 4 0 .9

1 4 0 .0

1 4 2 .2

O th e r p o r k ( 1 2 / 7 7 =
O th e r m e a ts
F r a n k fu rte r s

100)

B o lo g n a , liv e r w u r s t , a n d s a la m i ( 1 2 /7 7 =
O th e r lu n c h m e a ts ( 1 2 / 7 7 =

100)

100)

. . . .

................................................

L a m b a n d o r g a n m e a ts ( 1 2 / 7 7 =

100)

...................................

1 5 4 .1

1 9 6 .0

1 9 0 .4

1 9 1 .3

1 9 4 .0

1 9 3 .7

1 9 1 .0

1 9 2 .0

1 9 4 .1

1 8 8 .4

1 8 9 .4

1 9 1 .9

1 9 1 .6

1 8 9 .0

1 9 0 .1

F re s h w h o le c h i c k e n ...................................................................................

1 9 6 .8

1 8 5 .4

1 8 6 .8

1 9 0 .6

190 7

1 8 4 .5

1 8 7 .7

1 9 4 .7

1 8 3 .5

1 8 5 .0

1 8 8 .4

1 8 8 .4

1 8 2 .3

1 8 5 .7

F re s h a n d fro z e n c h ic k e n p a r ts ( 1 2 /7 7 =

1 0 0 ) .................

1 2 8 .3

1 2 4 .8

1 2 5 .0

1 2 6 .2

1 2 6 .6

1 2 5 .7

1 2 6 .6

1 2 6 .5

1 2 3 .1

123 5

1 2 4 .6

1 2 5 .1

1 2 4 .2

1 2 4 .9

. . . •................................................

1 2 4 .3

1 2 6 .0

1 2 6 .3

1 2 7 .7

1 2 6 ,6

1 2 7 .2

1 2 5 .4

1 2 3 .9

1 2 5 .3

1 2 5 .7

1 2 7 .1

1 2 5 .6

1 2 6 .6

1 2 4 .9

.....................................................................................................

3 6 6 .3

3 6 9 .6

3 7 6 .7

379 2

3 8 0 .1

3 6 5 .0

3 7 8 .9

3 7 7 .5

3 7 1 .5

P o u l t r y ...............................................................................................................................

O th e r p o u ltr y ( 1 2 /7 7 =

100)

3 7 9 .4

3 7 2 .6

3 6 8 .2

3 7 5 .1

3 7 7 .5

1 3 9 .8

138 9

1 4 0 .2

1 3 9 .1

1 3 8 .3

1 3 7 .9

1 3 7 .2

1 3 9 .2

1 3 8 .2

1 3 9 .5

1 3 8 .5

1 3 7 .8

1 3 7 .4

1 3 9 .4

1 4 1 .9

1 4 5 .4

1 4 7 .6

1 4 8 .6

1 4 8 .4

1 4 4 .7

1 3 8 .9

1 4 1 .5

1 4 5 .0

1 4 7 .1

1 4 8 .3

1 4 7 .7

1 4 4 .4

E g g s ................................................................................................................................................

1 7 2 .3

1 7 2 .5

1 7 2 .9

1 6 9 .3

1 7 5 .0

1 7 4 .9

1 8 1 .8

1 7 3 .4

1 7 3 .3

1 7 3 .7

1 7 0 .0

1 7 5 .8

1 7 5 .8

1 8 2 .7

D a ir y p r o d u c t s

249 6

F is h a n d s e a fo o d

C a n n e d fis h a n d s e a fo o d

......................................................................

F re s h a n d fro z e n fis h a n d s e a fo o d ( 1 2 /7 7 =

100)

. . .

1 3 6 .8

2 4 7 .0

2 4 7 .8

249 5

2 4 9 .7

2 4 9 .6

2 5 0 .1

2 5 0 .3

2 4 6 .3

2 4 7 .1

2 4 8 .9

2 4 9 .1

2 4 8 .9

249 4

1 0 0 ) .....................................................

1 3 5 .7

1 3 5 .5

1 3 6 .7

1 3 6 .7

1 3 6 .8

1 3 6 .6

1 3 6 .5

1 3 5 .1

1 3 5 .0

1 3 6 .2

136 2

1 3 6 .3

1 3 6 .1

1 3 6 .0

F re s h w h o le m i l k ................................................................................................

2 2 2 .0

2 2 1 .9

2 2 3 .7

2 2 3 .4

2 2 3 .4

2 2 3 .5

2 2 3 .2

2 2 1 .1

2 2 1 .1

2 2 2 .9

222 6

2 2 2 .6

2 2 2 .7

2 2 2 .3

1 3 7 .7

1 3 6 .7

......................................................................................................................

F re s h m ilk a n d c r e a m ( 1 2 /7 7 =

1 3 5 .2

1 3 4 .7

P r o c e s s e d d a iry p r o d u c t s ...................................................................................

1 4 5 .2

16 6

1 4 7 .1

1 4 7 .4

1 4 7 .2

1 4 8 .1

1 4 8 .6

1 4 5 .5

1 4 6 .9

1 4 7 .4

1 4 7 .7

1 4 7 .4

1 4 8 .4

1 4 8 .8

B u t t e r ...........................................................................................................................

O th e r fre s h m ilk a n d c r e a m ( 1 2 / 7 7 =

2 5 1 .1

2 5 2 .1

2 5 3 .4

2 5 3 .6

2 5 3 .5

2 5 3 .9

2 5 4 .4

2 5 3 .7

2 5 4 .5

2 5 5 .9

2 5 6 .2

2 5 6 .1

2 5 6 .5

2 5 6 .9

C h e e s e ( 1 2 /7 7 =

1 4 4 .0

1 4 4 .6

1 4 5 .2

1 4 5 .5

1 4 5 .5

1 4 6 .5

1 4 6 .5

1 4 4 .3

1 4 4 .9

1 4 5 .8

100)

100)

...............................

...............................................................................

1 3 5 .7

1 3 5 .2

1 3 6 .9

1 3 7 .3

136 8

1 3 6 .3

1 3 6 .8

1 3 7 .1

1 3 6 .1

1 3 6 .3

1 4 5 .5

1 5 6 .8

1 4 6 .8

146 8

......................

1 4 8 .7

1 5 1 .8

1 5 2 .5

1 5 3 .1

1 5 0 .7

1 5 2 .0

1 5 3 .6

1 4 7 .9

1 5 0 .8

1 5 1 .6

1 5 2 .2

1 4 9 .8

1 5 1 .1

1 5 2 .7

1 0 0 ) ................................................

1 3 9 .7

1 4 1 .7

1 4 1 .6

1 4 1 .6

1 4 3 .9

1 4 4 .5

1 4 4 .6

1 4 0 .4

1 4 2 .4

1 4 2 .3

1 4 2 .3

1 4 4 .6

1 4 5 .3

1 4 5 .3

F ru its a n d v e g e t a b l e s .........................................................................................................

2 9 7 .9

2 7 7 .6

2 7 8 .1

2 8 6 .9

2 9 1 .1

2 9 4 .5

F re s h fru its a n d v e g e t a b l e s ...............................................................................

3 1 1 .7

2 7 2 .3

2 6 9 .2

2 7 2 .0

288 6

3 0 4 .3

3 1 1 .0

3 0 5 .1

266 6

2 6 4 .3

267 1

2 8 3 .0

2 9 8 .9

3 0 5 .5

F re s h f r u i t s .............................................................................................................

3 1 8 .8

2 7 3 .9

2 6 8 .3

2 7 0 .5

2 8 2 .8

2 9 1 .9

3 0 0 .6

3 0 6 .9

2 6 2 .5

2 5 8 .9

2 6 1 .0

2 7 2 .5

2 8 2 .2

2 9 0 .6

2 4 3 .7

Ic e c r e a m a n d re la te d p r o d u c ts ( 1 2 /7 7 =
O th e r d a iry p r o d u c t s ( 1 2 /7 7 =

A p p le s

100)

..................................................................................................................

2 7 6 .2

2 9 4 .9

2 9 8 .2

2 9 3 .6

2 7 3 .6

272 6

2 7 4 .5

2 8 2 .9

2 4 3 .7

2 4 4 .2

2 5 9 .9

2 6 6 .4

3 0 0 .1

2 4 3 .9

2 4 9 .6

260 5

2 6 6 .8

Bananas

..............................................................................................................

2 6 1 .6

242.>6

2 4 1 .3

2 5 4 .0

2 5 7 .1

2 9 5 .1

3 1 2 .5

2 5 9 .3

2 4 2 .0

2 3 9 .9

2 5 0 .9

2 5 4 .6

2 9 3 .0

3 1 1 .1

O ran g es

..............................................................................................................

3 6 2 .1

3 1 3 .0

2 9 2 .2

2 8 6 .3

2 9 9 .1

3 0 1 .3

2 9 7 .2

3 2 8 .3

2 8 3 .0

2 6 7 .5

2 6 3 .1

2 7 2 .7

2 7 4 .4

2 7 0 .2

1 6 8 .2

1 4 4 .8

1 4 3 .1

1 4 5 .1

1 5 4 .4

1 5 5 .8

1 6 2 .4

1 6 2 .4

1 3 8 .7

1 3 8 .0

1 3 9 .8

1 4 9 .0

1 5 0 .9

O th e r f r e s h f r u its ( 1 2 /7 7 =

1 0 0 ) .....................................................

F re s h v e g e t a b l e s ................................................................................................

2 9 9 .8

2 4 4 .0

2 4 9 .3

2 4 4 .8

1 5 6 .9

3 0 5 .1

2 7 0 .8

2 7 0 .0

2 7 3 .4

2 9 4 .0

3 1 6 .0

3 2 0 .8

3 0 3 .7

2 7 0 .4

2 6 9 .2

2 7 2 .7

292 5

3 1 4 .0

3 1 9 .2

3 2 0 .3

2 4 1 .3

2 3 6 .2

2 4 0 .6

2 4 1 .1

2 5 8 .7

2 8 2 .3

3 1 3 .6

2 3 7 .5

2 3 1 .5

2 3 6 .5

236 1

2 5 3 .3

2 7 7 .3

L e t t u c e ..................................................................................................................

2 9 1 .6

3 3 4 .6

3 0 1 .3

2 4 9 .0

2 4 7 .9

3 1 6 .0

3 4 0 .9

2 9 3 .5

3 3 6 .0

3 0 3 .4

2 5 0 .0

2 4 6 .6

3 1 1 .6

3 3 8 .0

T o m a to e s

2 2 6 .5

2 7 2 .8

2 3 6 .8

2 6 5 .0

3 5 2 .2

3 2 7 .5

3 0 7 .8

2 3 0 .6

2 7 8 .4

2 4 1 .5

2 6 9 .0

3 5 8 .1

332 1

3 1 3 .2

P o ta to e s

.............................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................

O th e r f r e s h v e g e ta b le s ( 1 2 /7 7 =

1 0 0 ) .......................................

1 7 9 .3

1 4 2 .2

1 5 6 .0

1 6 5 .6

1 7 5 .8

1 8 6 .9

1 8 4 .1

1 7 8 .6

1 4 1 .5

1 5 5 .3

1 6 5 .2

1 7 4 .9

1 8 6 .4

1 8 3 .4

P r o c e s s e d f r u its a n d v e g e t a b l e s ..................................................................

2 8 5 .4

2 8 6 .0

2 8 6 .6

2 8 7 .4

2 8 7 .6

2 8 7 .1

2 8 6 .7

2 8 3 .3

2 8 3 .8

2 8 4 .3

2 8 5 .1

2 8 5 .3

2 8 4 .8

2 8 4 .6

P r o c e s s e d f ru its ( 1 2 / 7 7 =

100)

.........................................................

1 4 8 .3

1 4 9 .5

1 5 0 .1

1 5 0 .8

1 5 1 .3

1 5 0 .6

1 5 0 .3

1 4 7 .9

1 4 9 .2

1 4 9 .8

1 5 0 .5

1 5 1 .0

1 5 0 .2

1 5 0 .0

1 4 5 .7

1 4 3 .6

1 4 4 .7

1 4 4 .6

1 4 5 .0

1 4 3 .9

1 4 2 .3

1 4 4 .6

1 4 2 .6

1 4 3 .8

1 4 3 .7

1 4 4 .1

1 4 3 .0

1 4 1 .4

1 5 2 .2

1 5 4 .0

1 5 4 .1

1 5 5 .3

1 5 6 .6

1 5 5 .7

1 5 5 .7

1 5 1 .0

1 5 3 .1

1 5 3 .1

1 5 4 .4

1 5 5 .6

1 5 4 .6

1 5 4 .7

1 0 0 ) ...................................

1 4 6 .4

1 4 9 .6

1 5 0 .4

1 5 1 .0

1 5 1 .0

1 5 0 .8

1 5 1 .3

1 4 7 .0

1 5 0 .2

1 5 1 .1

1 5 1 .7

1 5 1 .5

1 5 1 .4

1 5 1 .8

1 0 0 ) ................................................

1 3 8 .5

1 3 8 .0

1 3 7 .9

1 3 8 .1

1 3 7 .7

1 3 8 .0

1 3 7 .9

1 3 7 .4

1 3 6 .8

1 3 6 .7

1 3 6 .9

1 3 6 .6

1 3 6 .8

1 3 6 .8

1 4 3 .9

1 4 7 .5

1 4 9 .7

1 5 1 .2

1 4 9 .7

1 5 0 .9

1 5 1 .2

1 4 5 .2

1 4 8 .9

1 5 1 .2

1 5 2 .7

1 5 1 .3

1 5 2 .5

1 5 2 .8

F ro z e n f r u it a n d f r u it Juices ( 1 2 / 7 7 =
F ru it Juices o t h e r t h a n f ro z e n ( 1 2 /7 7 =
C a n n e d a n d d r ie d f r u its ( 1 2 /7 7 =
P r o c e s s e d v e g e ta b le s ( 1 2 / 7 7 =
F ro z e n v e g e ta b le s ( 1 2 /7 7 =


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

100)

1 0 0 ) ...........................
100)

......................

................................................

65

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW August 1983 • Current Labor Statistics: Consumer Prices
20.
[1 9 6 7

C ontinued— C onsum er Price Index— U.S. city average
= 1 0 0 u n le s s o t h e r w is e s p e c if ie d ]
A ll U r b a n C o n s u m e r s
1982

G e n e ra l s u m m a ry
M ay

U r b a n W a g e E a r n e r s a n d C l e r ic a l W o r k e r s

1983
D ec.

Jan.

Feb.

M a r.

1982
A p r.

M ay

M ay

1983
Dec.

Jan.

Feb.

M a r.

A p r.

M ay

1 3 6 .2

F O O D A N D B E V E R A G E S — C o n tin u e d

Food — C o n t in u e d
F o o d a t h o m e — C o n tin u e d

F r u its a n d v e g e t a b le s — C o n tin u e d
C u t c o rn a n d c a n n e d b e a n s e x c e p t lim a ( 1 2 / 7 7 =
O th e r c a n n e d a n d d r ie d v e g e ta b le s ( 1 2 /7 7 =

1 4 0 .7

100)

100)

. . . .

O t h e r f o o d s a t h o m e ......................................................................................................................
S u g a r a n d s w e e ts

..............................................................................................................

C a n d y a n d c h e w in g g u m ( 1 2 /7 7 =

1 0 0 ) ............................................

1 4 0 .3

1 3 9 .5

1 3 8 .5

1 3 8 .9

1 3 9 .6

1 3 8 .4

1 3 8 .5

1 3 7 .8

1 3 7 .0

1 3 6 .2

1 3 6 .4

1 3 7 .1

1 3 4 .6

1 3 2 .0

1 3 1 .Ù

1 3 1 .1

1 3 1 .1

1 3 0 .6

1 3 0 .8

1 3 3 .2

1 3 0 .5

1 2 9 .6

1 2 9 .8

1 2 9 .7

1 2 9 .2

3 3 2 .6

3 3 3 .7

3 3 7 .1

3 3 8 .2

3 3 9 .1

3 3 9 .2

3 3 9 .1

3 3 3 .5

3 3 4 .6

3 3 7 .9

3 3 9 .1

3 3 9 .9

3 4 0 .0

3 3 9 .8

3 6 5 .7

3 6 9 .2

3 7 1 .5

3 7 0 .7

3 7 2 .8

3 7 3 .2

3 7 3 .1

3 6 5 .6

3 6 9 .1

3 7 1 .4

370 6

3 7 2 .5

3 7 3 .0

3 7 2 .9

1 2 9 .5

1 5 0 .0

1 4 9 .5

1 4 9 .8

1 4 9 .6

1 5 0 .3

1 5 0 .8

1 5 1 .0

1 4 9 .9

149 6

1 4 9 .8

1 4 9 .6

1 5 0 .3

1 5 0 .8

1 5 1 .0

1 0 0 ) ...............................

1 6 0 .5

1 6 4 .3

1 6 7 .0

1 6 5 .9

1 6 6 .9

1 6 8 .3

1 6 7 .2

1 6 1 .8

1 6 5 .6

1 6 8 .5

1 6 7 .1

1 6 8 .3

1 6 9 .7

1 6 8 .7

1 0 0 ) ..........................................................................

1 4 8 .9

1 5 1 .7

1 5 2 .0

1 5 2 .3

1 5 3 .4

1 5 1 .4

1 5 2 .0

1 4 7 .0

1 4 9 .4

1 4 9 .8

1 5 0 .2

1 5 1 .0

1 4 9 .1

1 4 9 .6

...................................................................................

2 6 0 .6

2 5 8 .6

2 5 9 .3

2 5 8 .0

2 5 8 .4

2 5 8 .6

2 5 8 .3

2 6 0 .6

2 5 8 .7

2 5 9 .3

2 5 8 .1

2 5 8 .4

2 5 8 .4

258 2

M a r g a r i n e ......................................................................................................................

2 5 9 .7

2 5 6 .5

2 5 9 .4

2 5 5 .9

255 8

2 5 9 .6

2 5 7 .1

259 3

2 5 5 .4

2 5 8 .5

2 5 5 .3

2 5 4 .5

2 5 8 .1

2 5 5 .5

S u g a r a n d a r tific ia l s w e e te n e r s ( 1 2 /7 7 =
O th e r s w e e ts ( 1 2 /7 7 =
F a ts a n d o ils ( 1 2 / 7 7 =

100)

N o n d a ir y s u b s titu te s a n d p e a n u t b u t te r ( 1 2 / 7 7 =

100)

. . .

1 5 6 .0

1 5 1 .7

1 5 1 .6

1 5 1 .8

1 5 1 .4

1 5 1 .5

1 5 0 .7

1 5 4 .9

1 5 0 .2

1 5 0 .0

1 5 0 .1

1 4 9 .7

1 4 9 .9

1 4 9 .1

1 0 0 ) ..................

1 2 9 .6

1 3 0 .3

1 3 0 .2

1 2 9 .8

1 3 0 .4

1 2 9 .5

1 3 0 .2

1 3 0 .2

1 3 0 .8

1 3 0 .7

1 3 0 .3

1 3 1 .0

1 3 0 .1

1 3 0 .8

................................................................................................

4 2 5 .6

4 2 4 .3

4 3 1 .1

4 3 2 .2

4 3 2 .7

4 3 1 .8

4 3 1 .1

4 2 7 .3

4 2 6 .1

4 3 2 .8

4 3 3 .9

4 3 4 .5

4 3 3 .5

4 3 2 .4

3 0 6 .1

3 0 7 .2

3 1 2 .9

3 1 2 .5

3 1 4 .1

3 1 3 .1

3 1 1 .5

3 0 3 .6

3 0 4 .8

3 1 0 .3

3 1 0 .0

3 1 1 .5

3 1 0 .4

3 0 8 .5

O th e r fa ts , o ils , a n d s a la d d r e s s in g s ( 1 2 /7 7 =
N o n a lc o h o lic b e v e r a g e s

C o la d r in k s , e x c lu d in g d ie t c o la

..................................................................

C a r b o n a te d d r in k s , in c lu d in g d ie t c o la ( 1 2 /7 7 =

100)

. . .

.

1 4 4 .3

1 4 2 .4

1 4 5 .2

1 4 7 .4

1 4 6 .7

1 4 6 .8

1 4 7 .3

1 4 2 .3

1 4 0 .2

1 4 2 .8

1 4 4 .9

1 4 4 .5

1 4 4 .5

1 4 4 .9

R o a s te d c o f f e e ..............................................................................................................

3 6 9 .3

3 6 1 .4

3 6 5 .0

3 6 5 .9

3 6 3 .2

3 6 1 .4

3 6 0 .8

3 6 4 .3

3 5 6 .2

3 5 9 .9

3 6 0 .5

3 5 7 .9

3 5 6 .2

3 5 5 .6

F re e z e d r ie d a n d in s ta n t c o f f e e ......................................................................

3 4 4 .3

3 4 6 .1

3 4 8 .2

3 4 9 .3

3 4 9 .2

3 4 9 .5

3 5 1 .6

3 4 3 .9

3 4 5 .6

3 4 7 .8

3 4 9 .0

3 4 8 .8

3 4 9 .0

3 5 1 .0

...................................

1 3 8 .4

1 3 9 .0

1 4 1 .0

1 4 0 .6

1 4 1 .1

1 4 0 .6

1 4 0 .1

1 3 9 .1

1 3 9 .2

1 4 1 .3

1 4 0 .8

1 4 1 .3

1 4 0 .9

1 4 0 .4

O th e r p r e p a r e d f o o d s .........................................................................................................

2 6 7 .5

2 7 0 .7

2 7 2 .6

2 7 5 .1

2 7 6 .0

2 7 6 .9

2 7 7 .2

2 6 9 .3

2 7 2 .4

2 7 4 .2

2 7 6 .8

2 7 7 .5

2 7 8 .5

2 7 8 .8

C a n n e d a n d p a c k a g e d s o u p ( 1 2 / 7 7 = 1 0 0 ) ........................................

1 3 5 .7

1 3 6 .9

1 3 8 .1

1 3 9 .0

1 4 0 .0

1 4 0 .9

1 4 1 ,6

O t h e r n o n c a r b o n a t e d d r in k s ( 1 2 / 7 7 =

1 3 7 .7

1 3 8 .9

1 4 0 .1

1 4 1 .1

1 4 1 .9

1 4 2 .7

1 4 3 .6

................................................

1 4 7 .8

1 4 9 .0

1 5 0 .6

1 5 2 .0

1 5 3 .1

1 5 5 .0

1 5 4 .4

1 4 7 .3

1 4 8 .5

1 5 0 .0

1 5 1 .3

1 5 2 .2

1 5 4 .2

1 5 3 .7

1 0 0 ) ........................................................................................

1 5 3 .5

1 5 2 .7

1 5 4 .0

1 5 7 .6

1 5 7 .9

1 5 9 .2

1 6 0 .6

1 5 5 .6

1 5 4 .8

1 5 6 .0

1 5 9 .6

1 6 0 .1

1 6 1 .2

1 6 2 .7

. . .

1 5 2 .8

1 5 7 .4

1 5 9 .5

1 6 1 .1

1 6 1 .6

1 5 9 .3

1 5 9 .3

1 5 1 .9

1 5 6 .4

1 5 8 .5

1 6 0 .1

1 6 0 .4

1 5 8 .3

1 0 0 ) .............................................................

1 5 0 .2

1 5 2 .6

1 5 3 .8

1 5 4 .9

1 5 4 .9

1 5 5 .3

1 5 5 .6

1 5 1 .9

1 5 4 .4

1 5 5 .6

1 5 6 .8

1 5 6 .7

1 5 7 .1

1 5 7 .4

1 4 8 .5

1 5 1 .0

1 5 1 .1

1 5 1 .5

1 5 1 .7

1 5 1 .6

1 5 2 .0

1 4 8 .7

1 5 1 .2

1 5 1 .4

1 5 1 .7

1 5 1 .9

1 5 1 .8

1 5 2 .3

F ro z e n p r e p a r e d f o o d s ( 1 2 /7 7 =
S n a c k s ( 1 2 /7 7 =

100)

100)

S e a s o n in g s , o liv e s , p ic k le s , a n d re lis h ( 1 2 /7 7 =
O th e r c o n d im e n ts ( 1 2 /7 7 =

M is c e lla n e o u s p r e p a r e d f o o d s ( 1 2 / 7 7 =

100)

100)

...............................

O th e r c a n n e d a n d p a c k a g e d p r e p a r e d f o o d s ( 1 2 /7 7 =
Food a w a y fro m h o m e

100) .

1 4 3 .5

1 4 6 .1

1 4 6 .1

1 4 6 .4

1 4 6 .8

1 4 7 .4

1 4 6 .2

1 4 4 .9

1 4 7 .3

1 4 7 .3

1 4 7 .7

1 4 8 .0

1 4 8 .7

1 4 7 .5

...........................................................................................................................

3 0 4 .8

3 1 2 .6

3 1 4 .5

3 1 5 .2

3 1 6 .5

3 1 8 .0

3 1 8 .6

3 0 7 .8

3 1 5 .8

3 1 7 .7

3 1 8 .4

3 1 9 .7

3 2 1 .3

3 2 1 .9

1 4 9 .8

1 5 3 .8

L u n ch ( 1 2 /7 7 =

1 0 0 ) ..................................................................................................................

D in n e r ( 1 2 / 7 7 =

1 0 0 ) ..................................................................................................................

O th e r m e a ls a n d s n a c k s ( 1 2 / 7 7 =

1 0 0 ) ......................................................................

A lc o h o lic b e v e r a g e s

A lc o h o lic b e v e r a g e s a t h o m e ( 1 2 / 7 7 =
B e e r a n d a le

1 5 8 .4

100)

1 4 8 .2

1 5 2 .2

1 5 3 .1

1 5 3 .3

1 5 3 .7

1 5 4 .4

1 5 4 .6

1 5 4 .8

1 5 5 .0

1 5 5 .3

1 5 6 .1

1 5 6 .2

1 4 7 .1

1 5 0 .4

1 5 1 .3

1 5 1 .7

1 5 2 .0

1 5 2 .5

1 5 2 .7

1 4 8 .8

1 5 2 .1

1 5 3 .0

1 5 3 .4

1 5 3 .7

1 5 4 .2

1 5 4 .4

1 4 8 .5

1 5 3 .0

1 5 4 .0

1 5 4 .5

1 5 6 .0

1 5 7 .1

1 5 7 .9

1 4 9 .2

1 5 3 .7

1 5 4 .6

1 5 5 .1

1 5 6 .5

1 5 7 .7

1 5 8 .4

2 0 8 .0

2 1 0 .9

2 1 1 .6

2 1 3 .3

2 1 5 .1

2 1 6 .1

2 1 6 .6

2 1 0 .1

2 1 3 .0

2 1 3 .7

2 1 5 .6

2 1 7 .3

2 1 8 .5

2 1 9 .1

......................................................................

1 3 5 .0

1 3 6 .1

1 3 6 .5

1 3 7 .7

1 3 9 .1

1 3 9 .7

1 4 0 .0

1 3 6 .2

1 3 7 .4

1 3 7 .8

1 3 9 .2

1 4 0 .6

1 4 1 .3

1 4 1 .7

........................................................................................................................................

2 1 0 .3

2 1 2 .6

2 1 3 .3

2 1 7 .4

2 1 9 .8

2 2 2 .5

2 2 2 .7

2 0 9 .4

2 1 1 .7

2 1 2 .5

2 1 6 .4

2 1 8 .6

2 2 1 .2

2 2 1 .5

W h i s k e y .....................................................................................................................................................

1 4 8 .2

1 5 0 .2

1 5 0 .5

1 5 0 .9

1 5 1 .3

1 5 1 .4

1 5 1 .3

1 4 9 .0

1 5 0 .7

1 5 1 .2

1 5 1 .6

1 5 1 .9

1 5 1 .9

1 5 1 .9

W in e

2 3 6 .9

2 3 5 .6

2 3 5 .6

2 3 4 .7

2 3 9 .1

2 3 6 .3

2 3 9 .1

2 4 4 .9

2 4 3 .3

2 4 3 .0

2 4 1 .8

2 4 6 .8

2 4 3 .9

2 4 7 .0

1 1 9 .0

1 2 0 .2

1 2 0 .6

1 2 0 .7

1 2 1 .5

1 2 1 .5

1 2 1 .5

1 1 8 .9

1 2 0 .1

1 2 0 .6

1 2 0 .5

1 2 1 .2

1 2 1 .3

1 2 1 .4

.....................................................................................................................................................

O t h e r a lc o h o lic b e v e r a g e s ( 1 2 / 7 7 =

1 0 0 ) ..................................................................

A lc o h o lic b e v e r a g e s a w a y f r o m h o m e ( 1 2 / 7 7 =

100)

................................................

1 3 9 .1

1 4 4 .2

1 4 4 .8

1 4 5 .4

. 1 4 5 .7

1 4 6 .5

1 4 7 .0

1 4 0 .6

1 4 5 .3

1 4 6 .0

1 4 6 .6

1 4 6 .9

1 4 7 .7

1 4 8 .2

3 1 3 .8

3 1 6 .3

3 1 7 .9

3 1 8 .5

3 1 8 .6

3 2 0 .3

321 8

3 1 3 .7

3 1 6 .0

3 1 7 .0

3 1 7 .6

3 1 9 .2

3 2 0 .3

3 2 1 .3

3 3 6 .7

3 3 5 .9

3 3 8 .3

3 3 9 .2

3 3 9 .3

3 4 1 .7

3 4 2 .7

1 0 0 .0

1 0 0 .8

1 0 1 .2

1 0 1 .4

1 0 1 .8

1 0 2 .2

R e n t, r e s i d e n t i a l ......................................................................

2 2 1 .8

2 3 0 .8

2 3 2 .2

2 3 3 .1

2 3 3 .6

2 3 4 .5

2 3 5 .1

O th e r r e n te r s ' c o s ts

3 2 3 .6

3 3 3 .0

3 3 9 .2

3 4 0 .8

3 4 0 .6

3 4 3 .7

3 4 7 .5

H O U S IN G

S h e lte r (C P I-U )

.....................................................................................................

R e n t e r s ' c o s t s ...............................................................................................................................

F lo m e o w n e r s ’ c o s t s 2

..............................................................................................................

............................................................................................

1 0 0 .0

1 0 0 .7

1 0 0 .9

1 0 0 .9

1 0 1 .7

O w n e r s ’ e q u iv a le n t r e n t ...........................................................................

1 0 0 .0

1 0 0 .7

1 0 0 .9

1 0 0 .8

1 0 1 .7

1 0 1 .9

H o u s e h o ld i n s u r a n c e ......................................................................

1 0 0 .0

1 0 0 .9

1 0 0 .9

1 0 1 .5

1 0 2 .0

1 0 2 .4

M a in t e n a n c e a n d r e p a irs

..............................................................

M a in t e n a n c e a n d r e p a ir s e rv ic e s

..................................................................

M a in t e n a n c e a n d r e p a ir c o m m o d i t i e s ..........................................................................

1 0 2 .0

3 3 4 .5

3 3 7 .8

342 9

3 3 9 .4

3 3 9 .9

3 4 3 .6

3 4 4 .3

3 6 7 .0

3 7 1 .4

3 8 0 .6

3 7 3 .6

3 7 6 .7

3 8 2 .8

3 8 2 .7

2 5 7 .8

2 5 8 .5

2 5 9 .4

2 5 9 .3

2 5 7 .7

2 5 8 .7

2 6 0 .0

S h e l t e r ( C P I - W ) .....................................................

3 3 8 .2

3 3 8 .0

3 3 7 .9

3 3 8 .8

3 4 1 .1

3 4 2 .4

3 4 2 .9

R e n t , r e s i d e n t i a l ..................................................................

2 2 1 .3

2 3 0 .3

2 3 1 .7

2 3 2 .5

2 3 3 .1

2 3 4 .0

2 3 4 .6

O th e r r e n te r s ' c o s ts

3 2 2 .6

3 3 0 .7

3 3 7 .3

3 3 9 .0

3 3 9 .0

L o d g in g w h ile o u t o f t o w n ...............................................................................

3 4 2 .3

3 4 5 .5

3 4 4 .0

3 4 1 .4

3 5 0 .8

3 5 3 .6

3 5 3 .1

3 5 8 .2

3 6 3 .0

T e n a n t s ' in s u ra n c e ( 1 2 / 7 7 =

1 4 3 .8

1 4 9 .3

1 5 1 .5

1 5 1 .5

1 5 2 .6

1 5 3 .2

1 5 4 .0

3 8 0 .5

3 7 6 .8

3 7 5 .9

3 7 6 .9

3 7 9 .9

3 8 1 .2

3 8 1 .7

.....................................................

100)

. . . .

H o m e o w n e r s h i p ..................................................................
H o m e p u rc h a s e

...................................

F in a n c in g , ta x e s , a n d in s u r a n c e ............................................
P r o p e r ly i n s u r a n c e ...................................
P r o p e r ty ta x e s

................................................

C o n tr a c te d m o rt g a g e in te r e s t c o s ts

2 9 0 .9

2 9 1 .9

2 9 3 .7

2 9 8 .9

3 0 1 .0

3 0 3 .9

4 9 5 .7

4 9 0 .2

4 9 1 .3

4 9 1 .8

4 9 2 .2

4 8 9 .1

3 9 9 .2

4 1 2 .1

4 1 4 .5

4 1 7 .9

4 1 9 .2

4 2 2 .3

4 2 6 .3

2 2 0 .2

. . . .

M o r t g a g e in te r e s t r a t e s .....................................................
M a in t e n a n c e a n d r e p a i r s .......................................
. .

2 2 8 .8

2 3 0 .6

2 3 1 .4

2 3 1 .7

1 0 0 ) ...............................

L u m b e r , a w n in g s , g la s s , a n d m a s o n r y ( 1 2 /7 7 =

100)

233 8

6 3 3 .5

6 2 4 .0

6 2 5 .1

6 2 5 .7

6 2 5 .5

620 1

2 1 5 .9

2 1 2 .0

2 1 1 .1

2 0 7 .5

2 0 6 .0

202 4

3 3 3 .7

3 3 7 .8

3 3 6 .2

3 3 7 .5

3 3 9 .0

3 3 9 .9

3 6 8 .0

3 7 1 .7

3 7 7 .3

3 7 4 .5

3 7 6 .6

3 7 8 .9

379 5

2 5 1 .3

2 5 2 .3

2 5 3 .6

2 5 4 .5

2 5 4 .2

2 5 3 .9

255 6

1 4 7 .0

1 4 6 .5

1 4 8 .2

1 4 8 .0

1 4 6 .0

1 4 5 .7

148 1

1 2 1 .9

1 2 1 .3

1 2 0 .5

1 2 2 .2

1 2 4 .1

123 4

124 3

P a in t a n d w a llp a p e r , s u p p lie s , t o o ls , a n d
e q u ip m e n t ( 1 2 / 7 7 =

2 3 2 .9

6 8 1 .4
2 4 2 .1
3 3 0 .9

M a in t e n a n c e a n d r e p a ir s e r v i c e s ..............................
M a in t e n a n c e a n d r e p a ir c o m m o d it ie s

2 7 8 .1
5 2 3 .8

P lu m b in g , e le c tr ic a l, h e a t in g , a n d c o o lin g
s u p p lie s ( 1 2 / 7 7 =

100)

......................

M is c e lla n e o u s s u p p lie s a n d e q u ip m e n t ( 1 2 / 7 7 =

66

https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

100)

1 3 4 .9

1 3 6 .2

1 3 7 .3

1 3 6 .6

1 3 7 .5

137 4

138 0

1 3 8 .2

1 4 1 .2

1 4 1 .3

1 4 2 .2

1 4 2 .4

1 4 3 .1

1 4 1 .3

20.

C o n tinued— C onsum er Price Index— U.S. city average

[ 1 9 6 7 = 1 0 0 u n l e s s o t h e r w is e s p e c i f i e d ]
U r b a n W a g e E a r n e r s a n d C l e r ic a l W o r k e r s

A ll U r b a n C o n s u m e r s

May

1982

1983

1982

G e n e ra l s u m m a ry

D ec.

Jan.

Feb.

M a r.

A p r.

M ay

M ay

1983
D ec.

Jan.

Feb.

M a r.

A p r.

M ay

F u e l a n d o t h e r u t i l i t i e s ...........................................................................................................................

3 4 5 .4

3 6 4 .1

3 6 5 .4

3 6 4 .6

3 6 3 .8

3 6 3 .6

3 6 9 .3

3 4 6 .5

3 6 5 .5

3 6 6 .8

3 6 5 .9

3 6 5 .2

3 6 5 .1

3 7 0 .8

F u e l s .......................................................................................................................................................................

4 3 8 .0

4 6 4 .0

4 6 3 .5

4 6 1 .5

4 5 9 .7

4 5 9 .2

4 6 8 .3

4 3 7 .4

4 6 3 .9

4 6 3 .3

4 6 1 .2

4 5 9 .5

4 5 9 .3

4 6 8 .2

F u e l o il, c o a l, a n d b o ttle d g a s ................................................................................................
F u e l o il

........................................................................................................................................

6 4 4 .6

6 8 8 .5

6 7 1 .1

6 5 4 .0

6 2 5 .3

6 1 0 .6

6 2 1 .0

6 4 7 .7

6 9 0 .8

6 7 3 .4

6 5 6 .0

6 2 7 .3

612 8

6 2 3 .4

6 7 0 .6

7 0 8 .7

6 8 9 .3

669 7

6 3 6 .4

6 1 8 .4

6 2 9 .6

673 3

7 1 0 .6

6 9 1 .2

6 7 1 .3

6 3 7 .9

6 2 0 .4

6 3 1 .8

............................................................................................

1 6 5 .7

1 9 0 .4

1 8 8 .4

1 8 7 .1

1 8 5 .9

1 8 6 .7

1 8 8 .6

1 6 7 .1

1 9 1 .6

1 8 9 .5

1 8 8 .1

1 8 7 .0

1 8 7 .7

1 8 9 .7

G a s ( p ip e d ) a n d e l e c t r i c i t y .........................................................................................................

3 8 9 .0

4 1 0 .6

4 1 3 .5

4 1 4 .5

4 1 8 .0

4 2 0 .5

4 2 9 .1

3 8 7 .8

4 1 0 .0

4 1 2 .8

4 1 3 .8

4 1 7 .5

4 2 0 .1

4 2 8 .5

O t h e r f u e ls ( 6 /7 8 =

100)

E l e c t r i c i t y ...................................................................................................................................

3 1 4 .9

3 1 9 .6

3 1 9 .2

3 2 0 .1

3 2 1 .2

3 1 9 .9

3 2 4 .7

3 1 4 .4

3 1 8 .7

3 1 8 .3

3 1 9 .4

3 2 0 .7

3 1 9 .3

3 2 4 .2

U t ilit y ( p ip e d ) g a s

4 9 4 .6

5 4 9 .6

5 5 9 .1

5 6 0 .1

5 6 8 .3

5 7 8 .3

5 9 3 .9

4 9 0 .8

5 4 7 .6

5 5 6 .9

5 5 7 .6

5 6 5 .9

5 7 6 .5

5 9 1 .0

................................................................................................

1 9 8 .9

2 0 6 .6

2 1 0 .1

2 1 0 .9

2 1 1 .4

2 1 1 .7

2 1 2 .5

1 9 9 .5

2 0 7 .3

2 1 0 .9

2 1 1 .6

2 1 2 .2

2 1 2 .5

2 1 3 .4

T e le p h o n e s e r v i c e s ...........................................................................................................................

1 6 1 .6

1 6 8 .2

1 7 1 .4

1 7 1 .7

1 7 2 .1

1 7 1 .9

1 7 2 .8

1 6 1 .9

1 6 8 .6

1 7 1 .7

1 7 2 .1

1 7 2 .5

1 7 2 .4

1 7 3 .2

1 2 8 .9

1 3 7 .8

1 4 0 .6

1 3 9 .9

1 4 0 .3

1 3 9 .9

1 4 0 .9

1 2 9 .2

1 3 8 .1

1 4 0 .8

1 4 0 .2

1 4 0 .6

1 4 0 .3

1 4 1 .3

..............................................................................................................

H O U S IN G

F u e l a n d o t h e r u t il it ie s

O t h e r u tilit ie s a n d p u b lic s e r v ic e s

Local c h a rg e s ( 1 2 /7 7 =

1 0 0 ) ...................................................................................

In te r s t a te to ll c a lls ( 1 2 /7 7 =

100)

......................................................................

1 2 0 .0

1 1 9 .7

1 2 1 .0

1 2 1 .8

1 2 1 .8

1 2 1 .8

1 2 1 .8

1 2 0 .4

1 2 0 .2

1 2 1 .5

1 2 2 .2

1 2 2 .2

1 2 2 .3

In tr a s t a te to ll c a lls ( 1 2 /7 7 =

100)

......................................................................

1 0 9 .3

1 1 1 .5

1 1 4 .0

115 9

1 1 6 .3

1 1 6 .6

1 1 7 .1

1 0 9 .0

1 1 1 .3

1 1 3 .9

1 1 5 .8

1 1 6 .2

1 1 6 .6

1 1 7 .1

W a t e r a n d s e w e ra g e m a in t e n a n c e .......................................................................................

3 2 3 .5

3 3 5 .8

3 4 1 .6

3 4 3 .9

3 4 5 .6

3 4 7 .5

3 4 8 .2

3 2 6 .7

3 3 8 .9

3 4 4 .8

3 4 7 .2

3 4 9 .0

3 5 0 .8

3 5 1 .8

...................................................................................

2 3 3 .4

235 7

2 3 5 .8

2 3 6 .7

2 3 7 .6

239 9

2 3 8 .4

2 3 0 .0

2 3 2 .3

2 3 2 .6

2 3 3 .4

2 3 4 .6

2 3 6 .0

2 3 5 .4

........................................................................................................................................

1 9 4 .7

1 9 5 .3

1 9 4 .9

1 9 5 .9

1 9 7 .1

1 9 8 .7

1 9 7 .6

1 9 2 .5

1 9 3 .2

1 9 3 .0

1 9 3 .8

1 9 5 .3

1 9 6 .7

1 9 5 .8

T e x t ile h o u s e f u r n is h i n g s .............................................................................................................

2 2 0 .9

2 2 2 .0

2 2 1 .9

2 2 8 .2

2 3 0 .3

2 2 9 .4

2 2 8 .7

2 2 3 .9

2 2 4 .9

2 2 4 .5

2 3 2 .2

234 8

2 3 3 .6

2 3 2 .7

1 3 5 .4

1 3 2 .7

1 3 1 .5

1 3 9 .0

1 3 6 .7

1 3 4 .2

1 3 6 .2

1 3 6 .8

1 3 4 .0

1 3 2 .6

1 4 0 .7

1 3 7 .9

1 3 5 .3

1 3 7 .3

.......................................................................................

1 4 0 .1

1 4 4 .4

1 4 5 .6

1 4 5 .7

1 5 0 .9

1 5 2 .4

1 4 9 .4

1 4 2 .8

1 4 7 .6

1 4 8 .6

1 4 9 .5

1 5 6 .2

1 5 7 .8

1 5 4 .1

F u r n itu r e a n d b e d d i n g ...............................................................................................................................

2 1 5 .1

2 1 5 .4

2 1 3 .9

2 1 3 .8

2 1 5 .8

2 2 1 .6

2 2 0 .0

2 1 1 .3

2 1 1 .6

2 1 0 .4

2 1 0 .2

2 1 3 .2

2 1 8 .1

2 1 6 .7

......................................................................

1 4 4 .5

1 4 7 .4

1 4 6 .1

1 4 6 .6

1 4 8 .9

1 5 2 .9

1 5 1 .9

1 4 0 .7

1 4 3 .4

1 4 2 .6

1 4 2 .7

1 4 6 .0

1 4 9 .4

.....................................................................................................

1 1 9 .1

1 1 8 .2

1 1 7 .3

1 1 6 .5

1 1 8 .3

1 1 8 .9

1 1 8 .1

1 1 9 .4

1 1 8 .8

1 1 7 .9

1 1 7 .1

1 1 8 .9

1 1 9 .1

1 1 8 .6

1 2 2 .8

1 2 2 .2

1 2 1 .6

1 2 1 .0

1 2 2 .0

1 2 6 .2

1 2 3 .9

1 2 2 .9

1 2 2 .5

1 2 2 .0

1 2 1 .5

1 2 2 .6

1 2 6 .6

1 2 4 .5

H o u s e h o ld f u r n is h in g s a n d o p e r a t io n s

H o u s e fu r n is h in g s

H o u s e h o ld lin e n s ( 1 2 / 7 7 =

1 0 0 ) ..........................................................................

1 2 2 .3

C u r t a in s , d r a p e s , s lip c o v e r s , a n d s e w in g
m a te r ia ls ( 1 2 / 7 7 =

100)

B e d r o o m fu r n it u r e ( 1 2 / 7 7 =
S o fa s ( 1 2 / 7 7 =

100)

100)

L iv in g ro o m c h a irs a n d ta b le s ( 1 2 /7 7 =

1 0 0 ) ............................................

1 4 1 .6

1 4 0 .4

1 3 9 .4

1 3 9 .8

1 3 9 .7

1 4 4 .6

1 4 4 .5

1 3 7 .0

1 3 5 .6

1 3 4 .6

1 3 5 .1

1 3 6 .0

1 4 0 .2

139 8

.....................................................

1 5 1 .4

1 5 1 .5

1 5 1 .9

1 5 1 .5

1 5 1 .9

1 5 2 .3

1 5 1 .2

1 5 1 .1

1 5 1 .4

1 5 1 .8

1 5 1 .3

1 5 1 .7

1 5 2 .4

1 5 1 .7

..........................................................................

1 0 8 .8

1 0 7 .2

1 0 7 .0

1 0 7 .1

1 0 6 .9

1 0 7 .1

1 0 6 .1

1 0 7 .9

1 0 6 .3

1 0 6 .1

1 0 6 .1

1 0 5 .9

1 0 6 .2

1 0 5 .1

......................................................................................................................

1 0 4 .3

1 0 2 .6

1 0 2 .3

1 0 1 .9

1 0 1 .2

1 0 0 .9

1 0 0 .2

1 0 3 .0

1 0 1 .4

1 0 1 .1

1 0 0 .5

9 9 .9

9 9 .7

9 9 .0

1 1 3 .9

1 1 2 .4

1 1 2 .2

1 1 2 .8

1 1 3 .1

1 1 3 .6

1 1 2 .3

1 1 3 .0

1 1 1 .4

1 1 1 .3

1 1 1 .8

1 1 1 .9

1 1 2 .6

1 1 1 .3

O t h e r fu r n it u r e ( 1 2 / 7 7 =

100)

...............................................................................

A p p lia n c e s in c lu d in g T V a n d s o u n d e q u ip m e n t
T e le v is io n a n d s o u n d e q u ip m e n t
T e le v is io n

1 4 8 .8

S o u n d e q u ip m e n t ( 1 2 /7 7 =

1 0 0 ) .............................................................

1 8 8 .5

1 8 7 .8

1 8 6 .7

1 8 7 .9

1 8 6 .7

1 8 8 .0

1 8 8 .9

1 8 8 .9

R e fr ig e r a t o rs a n d h o m e f r e e z e r s ..................................................................

1 8 6 .2

1 9 3 .3

1 9 3 .2

1 9 2 .2

1 9 3 .3

1 9 3 .3

1 9 4 .1

1 9 1 .8

1 9 9 .1

1 9 9 .2

1 9 8 .1

1 9 8 .9

1 9 9 .2

2 0 0 .3

L a u n d r y e q u i p m e n t ................................................................................................

1 3 6 .6

1 4 1 .0

1 4 1 .5

1 4 1 ,8

1 4 2 .5

1 4 2 .7

1 4 3 .5

1 3 6 .8

1 4 1 .4

1 4 2 .1

1 4 2 .3

1 4 2 .9

1 4 3 .6

1 4 4 .6

O t h e r h o u s e h o ld a p p lia n c e s ( 1 2 / 7 7 =

...................................

1 2 4 .3

1 2 3 .2

1 2 4 .7

1 2 3 .6

1 2 4 .6

1 2 5 .4

1 2 4 .3

1 2 2 .3

1 2 1 .5

1 2 2 .8

1 2 1 .5

1 2 2 .7

1 2 3 .5

1 2 2 .6

1 0 0 ) ......................................................................

1 2 3 .7

1 2 1 .5

1 2 3 .7

1 2 2 .3

1 2 4 .2

1 2 5 .0

1 2 3 .2

1 2 1 .4

1 2 0 .1

1 2 1 .9

1 2 0 .2

1 2 2 .4

1 2 3 .3

1 2 1 .7

H o u s e h o ld a p p lia n c e s

.....................................................................................................

100)

183 6

1 8 6 .1

1 8 7 .6

1 8 6 .3

1 8 7 .7

1 8 3 .8

S t o v e s , d is h w a s h e r s , v a c u u m s , a n d s e w in g
m a c h in e s ( 1 2 / 7 7 =

O ffic e m a c h in e s , s m a ll e le c tr ic a p p lia n c e s ,
1 0 0 ) ............................................

1 2 4 .9

1 2 5 .1

1 2 5 .8

1 2 5 .1

1 2 5 .2

1 2 6 .1

1 2 5 .5

1 2 3 .3

1 2 3 .0

1 2 3 .8

122 9

1 2 2 .9

1 2 3 .8

1 2 3 .6

1 0 0 ) .............................................................

1 3 8 .3

1 3 9 .2

1 3 9 .1

1 4 0 .2

1 4 0 .7

1 4 0 .4

1 3 9 .9

1 3 6 .0

1 3 7 .1

1 3 7 .0

1 3 7 .9

1 3 8 .6

1 3 8 .4

1 3 8 .0

1 3 5 .5

a n d a ir c o n d itio n e r s ( 1 2 / 7 7 =
O t h e r h o u s e h o ld e q u ip m e n t ( 1 2 / 7 7 =

F lo o r a n d w in d o w c o v e r in g s , in fa n t s ', la u n d r y ,
c le a n in g , a n d o u t d o o r e q u ip m e n t ( 1 2 / 7 7 =

1 0 0 ) ...............................

1 4 1 .4

1 4 2 .7

1 4 1 .2

1 4 3 .3

1 4 3 .0

1 4 3 .2

1 4 3 .2

1 3 3 .9

1 3 4 .3

1 3 3 .2

1 3 4 .9

1 3 5 .0

1 3 5 .3

1 0 0 ) .......................................

1 3 1 .4

1 3 1 .0

1 3 0 .8

1 3 2 .4

1 3 3 .9

1 3 3 .3

1 3 2 .5

1 2 7 .4

1 2 6 .6

1 2 6 .1

1 2 7 .3

1 2 9 ,2

1 2 8 ,3

1 2 8 .3

1 0 0 ) ...................................................................................

1 4 4 .4

1 4 5 .1

1 4 5 .9

1 4 5 .7

1 4 6 .4

1 4 5 .5

1 4 5 .1

1 3 9 .8

1 4 1 .2

1 4 1 .9

1 4 1 .8

1 4 2 .6

1 4 2 .0

1 4 1 .6

........................................................................................

1 3 2 .1

1 3 4 .1

1 3 4 .1

1 3 5 .4

1 3 5 .5

1 3 5 .9

1 3 5 .1

1 3 7 .4

1 3 9 .2

1 3 9 .3

1 4 0 .6

1 4 0 .9

1 4 1 .4

1 4 0 .2

...........................................................................................................................

2 8 5 .5

2 9 2 .3

2 9 4 .0

2 9 4 .8

2 9 5 .4

2 9 6 .9

2 9 6 .6

2 8 1 .8

2 8 8 .8

2 9 0 .7

2 9 1 .6

292 2

2 9 3 .9

2 9 3 .6

2 7 8 .8

2 8 5 .3

2 8 8 .9

290 1

2 7 5 .2

2 8 1 .5

2 8 5 .0

2 8 6 .1

2 8 8 .1

2 9 0 .4

2 9 0 .6

C lo c k s , la m p s , a n d d e c o r ite m s ( 1 2 /7 7 =
T a b le w a r e , s e r v in g p ie c e s , a n d n o n e le c tr ic
k itc h e n w a r e ( 1 2 /7 7 =

L a w n e q u ip m e n t, p o w e r t o o ls , a n d o t h e r
h a rd w a re (1 2 /7 7 =
H o u s e k e e p in g s u p p lie s

S o a p s a n d d e t e rg e n ts

100)

..................................................................................................................

O t h e r la u n d r y a n d c le a n in g p r o d u c t s ( 1 2 /7 7 =

100)

........................................

C le a n s in g a n d t o ile t tis s u e , p a p e r to w e ls a n d n a p k in s ( 1 2 /7 7 =
S t a tio n e r y , s t a tio n e r y s u p p lie s , a n d g ift w r a p ( 1 2 /7 7 =

H o u s e k e e p in g s e r v ic e s

100)

..................

2 9 2 .3

2 9 4 .5

2 9 4 .5

1 4 3 .3

1 4 8 .0

1 4 9 .0

1 4 9 .1

1 4 9 .5

1 5 0 .6

1 5 0 .3

1 4 2 .3

1 4 6 .9

1 4 7 .7

1 4 7 .9

1 4 8 .3

1 4 9 .5

1 4 9 .2

1 4 6 .0

1 4 8 .6

1 5 0 .2

1 5 0 .4

1 4 9 .3

1 4 8 .8

1 4 8 .0

1 4 5 .6

1 4 8 .5

1 5 0 .3

1 5 0 .5

1 4 9 .1

1 4 8 .9

1 4 8 .0

1 3 2 .0

1 3 7 .9

1 3 8 .1

1 3 8 .6

1 3 9 .3

1 3 9 .6

1 3 9 .8

1 3 5 .3

1 4 1 .7

1 4 2 .3

1 4 2 .7

1 4 2 .9

1 4 9 .3

1 5 2 .3

1 5 3 .5

1 5 4 .3

1 5 4 .4

1 5 4 .5

1 5 4 .4

1 4 4 .1

1 4 6 .9

1 4 8 .3

1 4 9 .1

1 4 9 .2

1 4 9 .2

1 4 9 .1

1 4 4 .8

1 4 5 .7

1 4 4 .3

1 4 4 .4

1 4 5 .0

1 4 7 .2

1 4 7 .3

1 3 6 .6

1 3 8 .5

1 3 7 .0

1 3 7 .4

1 3 8 .5

1 4 1 .4

1 4 1 ,4

100)

1 4 1 .0

1 4 1 .1

............................................

1 0 0 ) ..................................................................

M is c e lla n e o u s h o u s e h o ld p r o d u c t s ( 1 2 /7 7 =
L a w n a n d g a r d e n s u p p lie s ( 1 2 / 7 7 =

100)

...........................................................................................................................

3 1 1 .3

3 1 5 .0

3 1 5 .4

3 1 5 .9

3 1 6 .4

3 1 7 .1

3 1 8 .0

3 1 0 .2

3 1 4 .5

3 1 5 .0

3 1 5 .6

3 1 6 .1

3 1 6 .5

3 1 7 .5

P o s t a g e .....................................................................................................................................................

3 3 7 .5

3 3 7 .5

3 3 7 .5

3 3 7 .5

3 3 7 .5

3 3 7 .5

3 3 7 .5

3 3 7 .5

3 3 7 .5

3 3 7 .5

3 3 7 .5

3 3 7 .5

3 3 7 .5

3 3 7 .5

1 5 3 .1

1 5 8 .6

1 5 9 .3

1 5 9 .8

1 6 0 .6

1 6 0 .8

1 6 1 .7

1 5 3 .3

1 5 8 .7

1 5 9 .5

1 6 0 .0

1 6 0 .7

1 6 0 .8

1 6 1 .7

1 3 6 .6

1 4 0 .2

1 4 0 .4

1 4 1 .2

1 4 1 .5

1 4 1 .7

1 4 2 .9

1 3 5 .1

1 3 8 .5

1 3 8 .7

1 3 9 .5

1 3 9 .8

1 4 0 .0

1 4 1 .2

1 9 4 .8

1 9 5 .3

M o v in g , s t o ra g e , f r e ig h t , h o u s e h o ld la u n d r y , a n d
d r y c le a n in g s e rv ic e s ( 1 2 /7 7 =

1 0 0 ) ...........................................................................

A p p lia n c e a n d fu r n it u r e re p a ir ( 1 2 /7 7 =

1 0 0 ) .........................................................

APPAREL AND UPKEEP

1 9 1 .5

193 6

1 9 1 .0

1 9 2 .0

1 9 4 .5

1 9 5 .5

1 9 6 .1

1 9 0 .6

1 9 2 .8

1 9 0 .0

1 9 1 .0

1 9 4 .0

A p p a r e l c o m m o d it ie s

1 8 0 .9

1 8 2 .3

1 7 9 .2

1 8 0 .2

1 8 2 .8

1 8 3 .7

1 8 4 .2

1 8 0 .5

1 8 1 .9

1 7 8 .7

1 7 9 .7

1 8 2 .9

1 8 3 .5

1 8 3 .9

1 7 6 .7

1 7 8 .4

1 7 5 .0

1 7 6 .0

1 7 8 .9

1 7 9 .4

1 8 0 .2

1 7 6 .0

1 7 7 .8

1 7 4 .3

1 7 5 .3

1 7 8 .9

1 7 9 .4

1 7 9 .8

A p p a r e l c o m m o d it ie s le s s f o o t w e a r ...................................................................................
M e n 's a n d b o y s ' ...........................................................................................................................
M e n 's ( 1 2 / 7 7 =

100)

.....................................................................................................

S u its , s p o r t c o a ts , a n d ja c k e ts ( 1 2 /7 7 =

1 0 0 ) ...............................

C o a ts a n d j a c k e t s .....................................................................................................
F u r n is h in g s a n d s p e c ia l c lo th in g ( 1 2 / 7 7 =
S h ir ts ( 1 2 / 7 7 =

D u n g a re e s , je a n s , a n d t ro u s e rs ( 1 2 /7 7 =
B o ys' ( 1 2 /7 7 =

1 0 0 ) ..........................

1 0 0 ) ...............................................................................

100)

100)

..........................

................................................................................................

C o a ts , ja c k e ts , s w e a te r s , a n d s h irts ( 1 2 /7 7 =
F u r n is h in g s ( 1 2 /7 7 =

100)

1 0 0 ) ..................

....................................................

S u its , t r o u s e r s , s p o r t c o a ts , a n d ja c k e ts ( 1 2 / 7 7 =
W o m e n 's a n d g ir ls '

100)

. .

........................................................................................

1 8 3 .8

1 8 7 .4

184 9

1 8 4 .4

1 8 7 .6

1 8 5 .2

1 8 4 .8

1 8 7 .0

1 1 5 .9

1 1 8 .3

1 1 6 .8

1 1 6 .2

1 1 7 .1

1 1 7 .9

1 1 9 .2

1 1 6 .2

1 1 8 .8

1 1 7 .4

1 1 6 .9

1 1 7 .6

1 1 8 .3

1 1 9 .9

1 0 8 .1

1 0 8 .7

1 0 6 .5

1 0 6 .7

1 0 9 .1

C1 1 0 .3

1 1 0 .9

1 0 1 .4

1 0 1 .7

9 9 .9

1 0 0 .2

1 0 2 .1

103 5

1 0 3 .9

9 8 .1

1 0 0 .0

1 0 0 .0

1 0 5 .5

1 0 2 .2

1 0 2 .4

1 0 4 .3

1 8 6 .7

1 8 7 .8

1 8 9 .5

1 8 3 .7

1 8 7 .9

1 8 9 .7

9 9 .9

1 0 3 .2

98 8

1 0 1 .1

1 0 1 .5

1 0 0 .5

9 9 .9

1 3 8 .7

1 4 1 .5

1 4 2 .2

1 4 2 .6

1 4 1 .4

1 4 2 .8

1 4 4 .5

1 3 5 .3

1 3 7 .9

1 3 8 .7

1 3 9 .1

1 3 7 .6

1 3 8 .6

1 2 1 .2

1 2 6 .5

1 2 4 .5

1 2 2 .0

1 2 1 .7

1 2 2 .0

1 2 4 .6

1 2 3 .1

1 2 9 .2

1 2 7 .5

1 2 5 .0

1 2 4 .4

1 2 5 .0

1 2 7 .5

1 1 0 .3

1 1 1 .9

1 1 1 .0

1 1 0 .5

1 1 1 .5

1 1 2 .0

1 1 3 .2

1 1 5 .6

1 1 7 .5

1 1 6 .5

1 1 6 .1

1 1 7 .4

1 1 7 .7

1 1 9 .1

1 4 0 .4

1 1 8 .8

1 2 0 .7

118 9

1 1 9 .3

1 2 3 .2

1 2 3 .5

1 2 3 .3

1 1 7 .1

1 1 9 .0

1 1 7 .2

1 1 7 .7

1 2 1 .4

1 2 1 .5

1 2 1 .4

1 1 1 .5

1 1 2 .2

1 0 8 .9

1 0 8 .1

1 1 5 .5

1 1 5 .2

1 1 5 .4

1 1 2 .0

1 1 3 .3

1 1 0 .4

1 0 9 .3

1 1 6 .4

1 1 5 .7

1 1 6 .1

1 3 1 .2

1 3 2 .4

1 3 2 .0

1 3 2 .5

1 3 4 .0

1 3 4 .9

1 3 6 .1

1 2 7 .2

1 2 8 .3

1 2 8 .0

1 2 8 .4

1 2 9 .6

1 3 0 .4

1 3 1 .6

1 1 9 .6

1 2 2 .8

1 2 1 .5

1 2 2 .9

1 2 4 .9

1 2 5 .5

1 2 4 .4

1 1 7 .3

1 2 0 .0

1 1 8 .6

1 2 0 .2

1 2 2 .3

1 2 2 .6

1 2 1 .7

1 5 9 .1

1 5 9 .6

1 5 3 .9

1 5 5 .7

1 6 1 .3

162 8

1 6 3 .1

1 6 2 .4

1 6 0 .0

1 6 0 .6

1 6 0 .1

1 6 0 .8

1 5 5 .4

1 5 7 .2

1 0 5 .7

1 0 5 .5

1 0 1 .8

1 0 3 .2

1 0 6 .2

1 0 6 .5

1 0 6 .1

1 0 7 .1

1 0 6 .8

1 0 2 .9

1 0 4 .4

1 0 8 .4

1 0 8 .3

C o a ts a n d j a c k e t s ....................................................................................................

1 5 8 .3

1 6 6 .3

1 5 8 .1

1 6 0 .9

1 7 0 .1

1 6 8 .1

1 6 4 .7

1 6 5 .7

1 7 1 .0

1 6 1 .4

1 6 5 .5

1 7 8 .4

1 7 7 .1

1 7 2 .7

D re s s e s

1 6 2 .0

1 5 9 .0

1 5 2 .9

1 5 4 .9

1 5 8 .5

1 6 1 .5

1 6 2 .7

1 4 7 .1

1 4 4 .9

1 3 9 .8

1 4 0 .6

144 4

1 4 5 .7

1 4 6 .7

W o m e n 's ( 1 2 / 7 7 =


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

100)

..........................................................................

....................................................................................................

1 0 7 .6

67

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW August 1983 • Current Labor Statistics: Consumer Prices
20.
[1 9 6 7

C ontinued— C onsum er Price In dex— U.S. city average
= 1 0 0 u n le s s o t h e r w is e s p e c i f i e d ]
A ll U r b a n C o n s u m e r s
G e n e ra l s u m m a ry

1982
M ay

U r b a n W a g e E a r n e r s a n d C l e r ic a l W o r k e r s

1983
D ec.

Jan.

Feb.

M a r.

1982
A p r.

M ay

M ay

1983
Dec.

Jan.

Feb.

M a r.

A p r.

M ay

A P P A R E L A N D U P K E E P — C o n t in u e d

A p p a r e l C o m m o d it ie s — C o n t in u e d

A p p a r e l c o m m o d it ie s le s s f o o tw e a r — C o n tin u e d
S e p a r a t e s a n d s p o r ts w e a r ( 1 2 /7 7 =

100)

.......................................

=

U n d e r w e a r , n ig h tw e a r , a n d h o s ie ry ( 1 2 /7 7
S u its ( 1 2 / 7 7 =
G ir ls ' ( 1 2 / 7 7 =

100)

.

. . .

1 0 0 ) ............................................................................................

1 0 0 ) .........................................................................................................

C o a ts , ja c k e ts , d r e s s e s , a n d s u its ( 1 2 /7 7 =
S e p a r a t e s a n d s p o r ts w e a r ( 1 2 /7 7 =

100)

1 0 1 .2

9 7 .1

9 3 .7

9 4 .6

9 8 .5

1 0 0 .1

9 8 .1

1 0 1 .9

9 7 .8

9 4 .4

9 5 .3

9 9 .2

1 0 1 .0

9 8 .9

1 2 8 .1

1 3 0 .8

1 2 8 .8

1 3 0 .0

1 3 1 .0

1 3 1 .1

1 3 3 .0

1 2 7 .9

1 0 3 .5

1 2 8 .4

1 2 9 .7

1 3 0 .7

1 3 0 .8

1 3 2 .7

8 3 .4

8 2 .8

7 6 .9

7 9 .7

8 3 .7

8 0 .5

7 7 .8

1 0 0 .6

9 9 .7

9 1 .8

9 5 .6

1 0 4 .7

9 9 .4

9 5 .9

1 0 5 .1

1 0 5 .1

1 0 7 .6

1 0 8 .2

1 0 9 .4

1 0 6 .3

1 0 9 .5

1 0 8 .4

1 0 6 .2

1 0 9 .2

1 0 5 .0

1 0 4 .9

1 0 8 .0

1 0 9 .2

1 0 0 ) ......................

9 6 .9

1 0 3 .7

9 5 .8

9 6 .5

9 8 .4

9 7 .1

9 6 .3

9 5 .0

1 0 2 .0

9 5 .2

9 5 .8

9 7 .6

9 8 .5

9 7 .3

.......................................

1 0 5 .9

1 0 4 .1

1 0 2 .1

1 0 1 .5

1 0 5 .6

1 0 7 .5

1 0 8 .1

1 0 8 .0

1 0 5 .1

1 0 2 .9

1 0 2 .0

1 0 7 .5

1 0 9 .1

1 1 0 .3

U n d e r w e a r , n ig h tw e a r , h o s ie ry , a n d
a c c e s s o r ie s ( 1 2 /7 7 =
In fa n t s ' a n d to d d le r s '

1 0 0 ) ......................................................................

..................................................................................................................

O th e r a p p a r e l c o m m o d it ie s

....................................................................................................

S e w in g m a te r ia ls a n d n o tio n s ( 1 2 /7 7 =

1 2 9 .1

1 2 5 .7

1 2 5 .8

1 2 6 .4

1 2 7 .8

1 2 8 .6

1 2 1 .5

1 2 8 .0

1 2 4 .9

1 2 4 .9

1 2 5 .6

1 2 6 .9

1 2 7 .4

2 7 3 .1

2 7 7 .1

2 7 8 .8

2 8 0 .1

2 8 0 .4

2 8 0 .7

2 7 9 .3

2 8 4 .2

2 8 7 .5

2 8 9 .5

2 9 1 .1

2 9 1 .0

2 9 0 .9

2 1 0 .1

2 1 1 .5

2 1 3 .4

2 1 3 .4

2 1 4 .4

2 1 5 .0

1 9 9 .2

2 0 0 .1

2 0 1 .7

2 0 1 .9

2 0 2 .5

2 0 3 .3

1 9 8 .8

............................................

1 1 9 .3

1 2 .8

1 2 0 .4

1 2 0 .5

1 2 0 .4

1 2 1 .8

1 2 2 .9

1 1 7 .7

1 1 8 .5

1 1 8 .5

1 1 8 .5

1 1 8 .4

1 1 9 .4

1 2 0 .6

..................................................................

1 4 2 .5

1 4 2 .2

1 4 3 .7

1 4 5 .4

1 4 5 .4

1 4 5 .8

1 4 5 .9

1 3 3 .5

1 3 3 .5

1 3 4 .4

1 3 5 .9

1 3 6 .1

1 3 6 .2

1 3 6 .5

F o o t w e a r ..............................................................................................................................................................

2 0 6 .5

2 0 5 .9

2 0 4 .8

2 0 5 .6

2 0 6 .6

2 0 7 .5

2 0 8 .0

2 0 6 .9

2 0 5 .8

2 0 4 .6

2 0 5 .2

2 0 6 .1

2 0 7 .2

2 0 7 .7

1 3 2 .4

1 3 2 .0

1 3 1 .4

1 3 2 .2

1 3 3 .2

1 3 3 .9

1 3 3 .7

1 3 4 .5

1 3 3 .7

1 3 3 .0

1 3 3 .9

1 3 4 .8

1 3 5 .6

1 3 5 .4

1 3 1 .5

1 2 9 .0

1 3 0 .4

1 3 1 .2

1 3 1 .1

1 3 0 .7

1 3 1 .7

1 3 4 .6

1 3 1 .5

1 3 2 .9

1 3 3 .4

1 3 3 .2

1 3 3 .4

1 3 4 .3

J e w e lr y a n d lu g g a g e ( 1 2 / 7 7 =

M e n 's ( 1 2 / 7 7 =

100)

100)

1 2 2 .4
2 6 9 .0
2 0 9 .7

1 0 0 ) ..................................................................................................................

B o y s ' a n d g irls ' ( 1 2 / 7 7 =

1 0 0 ) ............................................................................................

W o m e n ’s ( 1 2 / 7 7 =

.........................................................................................................

100)

1 2 5 .8

1 2 6 .8

1 2 4 .5

1 2 4 .6

1 2 5 .5

1 2 6 .5

1 2 6 .9

1 2 1 .6

1 2 2 .9

1 2 0 .4

1 2 0 .4

1 2 1 .1

1 2 2 .0

1 2 2 .5

2 7 4 .7

2 8 2 .8

2 8 3 .9

2 8 5 .4

2 8 6 .7

2 8 8 .7

2 9 0 .3

2 7 2 .3

2 8 1 .1

2 8 2 .2

283 6

2 8 4 .9

2 8 7 .1

2 8 8 .6

..................

1 6 4 .4

1 6 8 .9

1 6 9 .6

1 7 0 .3

1 7 0 .8

1 7 1 .7

1 7 2 .8

1 6 2 .8

1 6 7 .5

1 6 8 .1

1 6 8 .8

1 6 9 .3

1 7 0 .3

1 7 1 .3

Other apparel services (12/77 = 1 0 0 ) ........................................................................

1 4 2 .9

1 4 7 .7

1 4 8 .3

1 4 9 .1

1 5 0 .4

1 5 2 .0

1 5 2 .5

1 4 3 .1

1 4 8 .8

1 4 9 .4

1 5 0 .3

1 5 1 .4

1 5 3 .1

1 5 3 .7

A p p a r e l s e r v ic e s

L a u n d r y a n d d r y c le a n in g o th e r, th a n c o in o p e r a te d ( 1 2 / 7 7 =

100)

T R A N S P O R T A T IO N

2 8 5 .6

2 9 4 .8

2 9 3 .0

2 8 9 .9

2 8 7 .4

2 9 2 ,3

296 2

2 8 7 .1

2 9 6 .3

2 9 4 .3

2 9 1 .1

2 8 8 .6

2 9 3 .5

2 9 7 .5

P r iv a t e

2 8 1 .5

2 9 0 .4

2 8 8 .4

2 8 5 .2

2 8 2 .7

2 8 7 .5

2 9 1 .7

2 8 4 .0

2 9 3 .1

2 9 0 .9

2 8 7 .6

2 8 5 .0

2 8 9 .9

2 9 4 .1

N e w c a r s ..............................................................................................................................................................
U sed ca rs
G a s o lin e

1 9 7 .5

2 0 0 .1

2 0 1 .0

2 0 1 .3

201 2

2 0 1 .1

2 0 1 .6

1 9 7 .3

1 9 9 .9

2 0 0 .8

2 0 1 .0

200 9

2 0 0 .7

2 0 1 .3

.........................................................................................................................................................

2 9 1 .4

3 1 2 .6

3 1 1 .0

3 0 9 .1

3 0 9 .3

3 1 2 .7

3 1 7 .1

2 9 1 .4

3 1 2 .6

3 1 1 .1

3 0 9 .1

3 0 9 .3

3 1 2 .7

3 1 7 .1

..............................................................................................................................................................

3 7 0 .4

3 8 1 .3

3 7 1 .9

3 5 9 .4

3 4 8 .6

3 6 7 .6

3 8 0 .9

3 7 1 .7

3 8 3 .0

3 7 3 .6

3 6 1 .2

350 3

3 6 9 .3

3 8 2 .4

3 1 3 .6

3 2 3 .1

3 2 4 .4

3 2 5 .9

3 2 6 .6

3 2 7 .4

3 2 8 .7

3 1 4 .4

3 2 3 .8

3 2 5 .2

3 2 6 .6

3 2 7 .4

3 2 8 .1

3 2 9 .4

1 5 5 .7

1 6 1 .4

1 6 2 .2

1 6 2 .7

1 6 3 .6

1 6 4 .7

1 6 5 .5

1 5 4 .0

1 6 0 .2

1 6 1 .1

1 6 1 .5

1 6 2 .5

1 6 3 .4

1 6 4 .3

1 5 0 .8

1 5 4 .3

1 5 5 .4

1 5 6 .1

1 5 6 .3

1 5 7 .3

1 5 7 .7

1 5 4 .9

1 5 8 .3

1 5 9 .4

1 6 0 .1

1 6 0 .3

1 6 1 .2

1 6 1 .6

1 5 0 .4

1 5 1 .0

A u t o m o b ile m a in t e n a n c e a n d r e p a ir
B o d y w o r k ( 1 2 /7 7 =

100)

............................................................................................

...................................................................................

A u t o m o b ile d r iv e tr a in , b r a k e , a n d m is c e lla n e o u s
m e c h a n ic a l re p a ir ( 1 2 /7 7 =

100)

M a in t e n a n c e a n d s e r v ic in g ( 1 2 / 7 7 =
P o w e r p la n t r e p a ir ( 1 2 /7 7 =

...............................................................................
1 0 0 ) ........................................

1 4 5 .0

1 0 0 ) .........................................................

O t h e r p r iv a te tra n s p o rt a tio n c o m m o d it ie s

1 5 0 .9

1 5 1 .0

1 5 1 .7

1 4 4 .4

1 4 9 .2

1 4 9 .9

1 5 0 .5

1 5 0 .3

1 5 5 .4

1 5 6 .2

1 5 6 .2

1 5 6 .8

1 4 9 .6

1 5 3 .7

1 5 3 .9

1 5 4 .8

1 5 5 .6

1 5 5 .7

1 5 6 .3

2 5 9 .7

2 5 9 .2

2 5 8 .4

2 5 8 .7

2 5 8 .8

2 6 1 .6

2 6 1 .5

2 6 1 .1

260 5

2 5 9 .3

2 5 9 .6

2 1 6 .9

2 1 4 .3

2 1 5 .6

2 1 5 .0

2 1 3 .3

2 1 2 .2

2 1 0 .9

2 1 9 .4

2 1 6 .9

2 1 8 .0

2 1 7 .4

2 1 5 .8

2 1 4 .7

2 1 3 .3

......................

1 4 9 .9

1 5 3 .9

...................................

100)

1 5 3 .3

1 5 3 .9

1 5 4 .8

1 5 4 .8

1 5 6 .1

1 5 5 .1

1 4 8 .4

1 5 2 .3

1 5 3 .0

1 5 3 .8

1 5 3 .8

1 5 5 .0

1 3 8 .8

1 3 6 .5

1 3 7 .3

1 3 6 .7

1 3 5 .5

1 3 4 .5

1 3 3 .6

1 4 0 .9

1 3 8 .4

1 3 9 .1

1 3 8 .5

1 3 7 .4

1 3 6 .4

1 9 2 .3

1 9 0 .0

1 9 1 .3

1 9 0 .6

1 8 8 .1

1 8 6 .4

1 8 5 .1

1 9 6 .0

1 9 3 .7

1 9 4 .9

1 9 4 .1

1 9 1 .7

1 9 0 .1

1 8 8 .8

O th e r p a r ts a n d e q u ip m e n t ( 1 2 /7 7 =

1 3 8 .0

1 3 3 .8

1 3 4 .3

1 3 3 .7

1 3 3 .9

1 3 3 .4

1 3 2 .7

1 3 8 .4

1 3 3 .9

1 3 4 .3

1 3 3 .6

1 3 3 .8

1 3 3 .4

1 3 2 .4

2 6 8 .4

2 7 4 .2

2 7 4 .2

2 7 4 .1

2 7 3 .9

2 7 3 .1

2 7 3 .9

2 7 1 ,8

2 7 6 .0

2 7 5 .6

2 7 5 .2

2 7 4 .8

2 7 3 .7

2 7 4 .4

2 7 1 .6

2 8 8 .8

2 9 2 .0

2 9 5 .6

2 9 7 .0

2 9 9 .0

3 0 1 .2

2 7 1 .3

2 8 8 .2

2 9 1 .3

2 9 4 .9

2 9 6 .3

2 9 8 .2

3 0 0 .5

1 8 6 .3

1 7 3 .8

1 6 9 .6

1 6 5 .0

1 6 1 .9

1 5 7 .3

1 5 4 .5

1 8 5 .9

1 7 3 .0

1 6 8 .7

1 6 4 .0

1 6 1 .0

1 5 6 .6

1 5 3 .8

1 3 3 .3

1 3 9 .3

1 3 9 .8

1 4 0 .1

1 4 1 .1

1 4 1 .4

1 4 3 .8

1 3 3 .7

1 4 0 .1

1 4 0 .5

1 4 0 .8

1 4 1 .9

1 4 2 .2

1 4 4 .9

1 7 4 .2

1 8 3 .8

1 8 4 .6

1 8 4 .9

1 8 6 .6

1 8 6 .6

1 9 2 .3

1 7 3 .8

100)

1 0 0 ) ...............................

O th e r p r iv a te tra n s p o rt a tio n s e r v i c e s ...................................
A u t o m o b ile in s u ra n c e

...............................................................................

A u t o m o b ile fin a n c e c h a r g e s ( 1 2 / 7 7 =

100)

.

A u t o m o b ile re n ta l, r e g is t r a tio n , a n d o t h e r fe e s ( 1 2 / 7 7 =
S ta te re g is tr a tio n

100) . .

.........................................................

D r iv e r s ’ lic e n s e s ( 1 2 / 7 7 =

1 0 0 ) .....................................................

V e h ic le in s p e c tio n ( 1 2 / 7 7 =

1 0 0 ) ...............................

O th e r v e h ic le - r e la t e d fe e s ( 1 2 /7 7 =

100)

. . .

...........................................................................

A irlin e f a r e ..............................................................
In te r c it y b u s f a r e

..................................................................

In tr a c it y m a s s t r a n s i t ............................................
T axi fa re

1 5 1 .1

1 5 4 .4
2 5 9 .9

T i r e s ...........................................................................................................................

A u t o m o b ile p a rts a n d e q u ip m e n t ( 1 2 /7 7 =

P u b lic

1 5 0 .5

1 5 4 .2
2 5 9 .6

.........................................................

M o t o r o il, c o o la n t, a n d o t h e r p r o d u c ts ( 1 2 / 7 7 =

1 4 9 .9

1 5 0 .1
2 5 5 .7

O th e r p r iv a te t r a n s p o r t a t i o n ..............................................................................................................

...............................................................................

In te r c it y t ra in f a r e ............................................

1 8 3 .4

1 8 4 .0

1 3 5 .4

1 8 4 .3

1 8 6 .3

1 8 6 .3

192 1

1 2 7 .7

1 3 2 .8

1 3 2 .8

1 3 3 .5

1 3 3 .9

1 3 3 .9

1 3 3 .9

1 2 7 .9

1 3 3 .1

1 3 3 .1

1 3 3 .7

1 3 4 .1

1 3 4 .1

1 3 4 .1

1 2 6 .7

1 2 8 .5

1 2 8 .6

1 2 8 .6

1 2 9 .2

1 3 1 .1

1 3 1 .2

128 3

1 2 9 .8

1 2 9 .9

1 2 9 .9

1 3 0 .5

132 4

1 3 2 .5

1 4 9 .2

1 5 5 .2

1 5 5 .8

1 5 6 .2

1 5 7 .0

1 5 7 .6

1 5 8 .5

1 5 6 .2

1 6 3 .2

1 6 3 .9

1 6 4 ,1

1 6 5 .1

1 6 5 .4

1 6 6 .5

3 4 2 .1

3 5 5 .6

3 5 7 .7

355 2

3 5 4 .5

3 6 1 .1

3 5 9 .1

3 3 5 .1

3 4 8 .0

3 4 9 .8

3 4 7 .7

3 4 7 .3

3 5 3 .3

3 5 1 .2

3 8 8 .9

4 0 8 .8

4 1 2 .3

4 0 5 .5

4 0 2 .9

4 1 7 .2

4 1 1 .2

3 8 5 .2

4 0 5 .9

4 0 9 .8

4 0 1 .5

3 9 8 .9

4 1 5 .9

4 0 7 .4

3 6 6 .0

3 7 7 .7

3 8 1 .8

3 8 3 .8

3 8 9 .4

3 9 4 .6

4 0 1 .7

3 6 7 .5

3 7 9 .3

3 8 3 .3

3 8 5 .4

3 9 2 .0

3 9 6 ,9

4 0 3 .0

3 0 8 .3

3 1 7 .7

3 1 8 .5

3 1 9 .4

3 2 0 .1

3 2 0 .2

3 2 1 .7

3 0 7 .1

3 1 6 .7

3 1 7 .4

3 1 8 .3

3 1 9 .0

3 1 9 .1

3 2 0 .1

2 9 7 .6

3 0 0 .8

3 0 0 .9

3 0 1 .2

3 0 0 .8

3 0 2 .0

3 0 2 .1

3 0 7 .2

3 1 0 .5

3 1 0 .5

3 1 0 .8

3 1 0 .4

3 1 1 .4

3 1 1 .6

337 9

3 5 1 .3

3 5 1 .8

3 5 1 .8

3 5 1 .9

3 5 2 .0

3 5 2 .3

3 3 7 .9

3 5 1 .9

3 5 2 .3

3 5 2 .2

3 5 2 .3

3 5 2 .5

3 5 2 .7

3 4 1 .8

3 4 5 .3

3 4 8 .9

3 5 0 .0

3 5 1 .2

3 5 2 .1

M E D IC A L C A R E

3 2 3 .8

3 4 4 .3

3 4 7 .8

3 5 1 .3

3 5 2 .3

3 5 3 .5

3 5 4 .3

3 2 2 .3

M e d ic a l c a r e c o m m o d it ie s

2 0 4 .1

2 1 3 .7

2 1 5 .3

2 1 6 .7

2 1 8 .6

2 2 1 .2

2 2 2 .5

2 0 4 .8

2 1 4 .0

2 1 5 .9

2 1 7 .2

2 1 9 .0

2 2 1 .6

2 2 2 .8

P r e s c r ip tio n d r u g s ...............................

1 9 0 .4

2 0 2 .8

2 0 4 .1

2 0 5 .9

2 0 8 .7

2 1 1 .6

2 1 2 .9

1 9 1 .4

2 0 3 .9

2 0 5 .3

2 0 7 .1

2 0 9 .9

212 8

214 1

A n t i- in fe c t iv e d r u g s ( 1 2 / 7 7 =

1 0 0 ) ......................

T r a n q u iliz e rs a n d s e d a tiv e s ( 1 2 / 7 7 =
C irc u la t o r ie s a n d d iu re tic s ( 1 2 /7 7 =

100)

1 4 2 .5

. . .

100)

1 5 0 .9

1 5 1 ,4

1 5 3 .3

1 5 3 .8

1 5 5 .2

1 5 5 .8

1 4 4 .1

1 5 3 .1

1 5 3 .5

1 5 5 .5

155 8

157 2

157 8

1 5 3 .8

1 6 5 .8

1 6 6 .6

1 6 8 .2

1 7 1 .4

1 7 4 .7

1 7 6 .3

1 5 3 .8

1 6 5 .5

1 6 6 .4

1 6 7 .9

171 2

174 5

176 1

1 3 7 .0

1 4 4 .9

1 4 5 .9

1 4 7 .2

1 5 1 .2

1 5 3 .4

1 5 3 .5

136 2

1 4 4 .8

1 4 5 .8

1 4 7 .2

1 5 1 .0

1 5 3 .2

1 5 3 .4

1 7 5 .4

1 8 5 .5

1 8 6 .6

1 8 9 .0

1 9 2 .4

1 9 6 .1

1 9 7 .8

1 7 6 .9

1 8 7 .0

1 8 8 .0

190 8

194 2

198 1

199 7

1 5 3 .7

1 6 6 .2

1 6 7 .7

1 6 8 .6

1 7 0 .0

1 7 1 .7

1 7 2 .3

1 5 5 .2

1 6 8 .0

1 6 9 .5

1 7 0 .3

1 7 1 .7

1 7 3 .4

1 7 4 .1

1 4 5 .9

1 5 4 .2

1 5 5 .8

1 5 6 .4

1 5 7 .8

1 5 9 .4

1 6 0 .7

1 4 6 .0

1 5 4 .5

1 5 6 .2

1 5 6 .7

1 5 8 .1

1 5 9 .7

1 6 1 .0

1 4 5 .1

1 4 9 .7

1 5 1 .0

1 5 1 .6

1 5 2 .3

1 5 3 .8

1 5 4 .7

1 4 5 .9

1 5 0 .3

154 6

155 4

H o r m o n e s , d ia b e tic d r u g s , b io lo g ic a ls , a n d
p r e s c r ip t io n m e d ic a l s u p p lie s ( 1 2 /7 7 =
P a in a n d s y m p to m c o n tro l d r u g s ( 1 2 /7 7 =

100)

. .

100)

S u p p le m e n ts , c o u g h a n d c o ld p r e p a r a tio n s , a n d
r e s p ir a t o ry a g e n t s ( 1 2 /7 7 =

100)

. . .

N o n p re s c r ip tio n d r u g s a n d m e d ic a l s u p p lie s ( 1 2 / 7 7 =
E y e g la s s e s ( 1 2 / 7 7 =

100)

100)

..........................

In te r n a l a n d r e s p ir a to ry o v e r -t h e - c o u n t e r d ru g s
N o n p re s c r ip tio n m e d ic a l e q u ip m e n t a n d s u p p lie s ( 1 2 /7 7 =
M e d ic a l c a r e s e r v ic e s

P r o fe s s io n a l s e rv ic e s

68

...............................


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

100)

1 5 1 .8

1 5 2 .4

153 1

1 3 0 .9

1 3 3 .0

1 3 3 .9

1 3 4 .6

1 3 4 .9

1 3 5 .1

1 3 4 .8

1 2 9 .7

1 3 1 .8

1 3 2 .6

133 4

133 7

133 9

2 3 3 .4

2 4 1 .3

2 4 4 .3

2 4 5 .1

2 4 5 .5

2 4 8 .7

2 5 0 .9

2 3 5 .0

2 4 2 .2

2 4 5 .7

246 4

246 8

p sn

1 3 9 .5

1 4 5 .2

1 4 5 .3

1 4 6 .1

1 4 8 .0

1 4 9 .4

1 5 0 .0

1 4 0 .4

1 4 6 .3

1 4 6 .3

1 4 7 .4

1 4 9 .4

1 5 0 .6

1 5 1 .3

3 5 0 .2

3 7 3 .4

3 7 7 .4

3 8 1 .5

3 8 2 .2

3 8 2 .8

3 8 3 .5

3 4 8 .0

3 7 0 .1

374 0

3 7 8 .2

3 7 9 .0

3 7 9 .7

3 8 0 .5

2 9 9 .2

3 0 9 .4

3 1 2 .5

3 1 5 .4

3 1 6 .7

3 1 8 .0

3 1 9 .7

2 9 9 .3

3 0 9 .5

3 1 2 .7

3 1 5 .7

3 1 6 .9

3 1 8 .4

320 0

3 2 4 .0

3 3 6 .6

3 4 1 .3

3 4 4 .8

3 4 6 .4

3 4 8 .2

3 4 9 .4

3 2 7 .0

3 3 9 .9

3 4 4 .6

3 4 8 .2

3 4 9 .8

3 5 1 .8

3 5 3 .0

?

20.

C o n tinued— C onsum er Price Index— U.S. city average

[1967 = 100 unless otherwise specified]
U r b a n W a g e E a r n e r s a n d C l e r ic a l W o r k e r s

A ll U r b a n C o n s u m e r s
1982

1983

1982

G e n e ra l s u m m a ry

A p r.

M ay

M ay

D ec.

Jan.

Feb.

M a r.

A p r.

M ay

2 9 4 .0

2 9 4 .6

2 9 5 .7

2 9 8 .6

2 8 0 .3

2 8 8 .0

2 8 9 .3

2 9 1 .8

2 9 2 .3

2 9 3 .4

2 9 6 .1

1 5 0 .5

1 5 1 .6

1 5 1 .9

1 5 1 .8

1 4 0 .2

1 4 4 .4

1 4 5 .7

1 4 7 .2

1 4 8 .3

1 4 8 .5

1 4 8 .5

4 6 1 .3

4 6 1 .4

4 6 1 .1

4 6 0 .5

4 0 8 .5

4 4 6 .3

4 5 1 .3

4 5 7 .0

4 5 7 .1

4 5 6 .9

4 5 6 .4

Feb.

2 9 0 .1

2 9 1 .6

1 4 7 .6

1 4 9 .1

4 5 0 .8

4 5 5 .9

D ec.

D e n ta l s e r v i c e s ...................................................................................................................................

2 8 2 .1

O t h e r p r o fe s s io n a l s e r v ic e s ( 1 2 /7 7 =

1 4 3 .4

4 1 1 .9

1983

M a r.

Jan.

M ay

M E D IC A L C A R E — C o n t in u e d

M e d ic a l c a r e s e r v ic e — C o n t in u e d

P r o fe s s io n a l s e r v ic e s — C o n tin u e d

100)

.............................................................

O th e r m e d ic a l c a r e s e r v i c e s ..................................................................................................................
1 0 0 ) ................................................

1 7 0 .6

1 8 3 .2

1 8 5 .1

1 8 8 .6

1 8 9 .5

1 9 0 .2

1 9 0 .8

1 6 9 .1

1 8 1 .5

1 8 3 .4

1 8 7 .0

1 8 7 .8

1 8 8 .4

1 8 9 .0

...................................................................................................................................

5 4 3 .8

5 8 8 .5

5 9 4 .6

6 0 4 .1

6 0 6 .2

6 0 8 .0

6 0 9 .6

5 3 6 .7

c 5 8 1 .3

5 8 7 .1

5 9 6 .7

5 9 8 .8

6 0 0 .7

6 0 1 .8

H o s p ita l a n d o t h e r m e d ic a l s e rv ic e s ( 1 2 / 7 7 =
H o s o 'ta l r o o m

O t h e r h o s p ita l a n d m e d ic a l c a r e s e rv ic e s ( 1 2 / 7 7 =

1 0 0 ) ...............................

E N T E R T A IN M E N T

1 7 8 .7

1 8 0 .6

1 8 4 .5

1 8 5 .6

1 8 6 .3

1 8 7 .0

1 6 6 .6

1 7 7 .5

1 7 9 .4

1 8 3 .3

1 8 4 .3

1 8 4 .9

1 8 5 .6

2 4 0 .1

2 4 1 .5

2 4 3 .1

2 4 4 .6

2 4 4 .6

2 4 4 .8

2 3 1 .1

2 3 6 .5

2 3 7 .7

2 3 9 .5

2 4 0 .8

2 4 1 .1

2 4 1 .3

2 4 0 .7

2 3 8 .8

2 4 1 .8

2 4 2 .6

2 4 4 .5

2 4 6 .8

2 4 6 .0

2 4 6 .3

2 3 2 .8

2 3 6 .0

2 3 6 .7

2 3 8 .8

2 4 0 .8

2 4 0 .5

................................................................................................

1 4 8 .5

1 5 4 .3

1 5 6 .1

1 5 6 .1

1 5 9 .3

1 5 8 .4

1 5 9 .7

1 4 7 .7

1 5 3 .8

1 5 5 .5

1 5 5 .5

1 5 8 .7

1 5 7 .8

1 5 9 .1

.......................................................................................................................................

2 8 1 .6

2 9 4 .7

2 9 5 .7

2 9 6 .5

2 9 9 .6

3 0 0 .2

3 0 1 .6

2 8 1 .2

2 9 4 .8

2 9 5 .6

2 9 6 .4

2 9 9 .8

3 0 0 .4

3 0 1 .7

E n t e r t a in m e n t c o m m o d it ie s

R e a d in g m a te r ia ls ( 1 2 / 7 7 =
N e w s p a p e rs

1 6 7 .6

2 3 4 .4

.............................................................................................................

100)

1 0 0 ) ................................................

1 5 4 .4

1 5 9 .3

1 6 2 .6

1 6 2 .2

1 6 7 .1

1 6 4 .8

1 6 6 .8

1 5 4 .2

1 5 9 .2

1 6 2 .6

1 6 2 .1

1 6 7 .3

1 6 4 .8

1 6 7 .0

1 0 0 ) ..................................................................

1 3 2 .8

1 3 1 .6

1 3 1 .5

1 3 3 .4

1 3 4 .2

1 3 3 .6

1 3 3 .2

1 2 4 .9

1 2 4 .3

1 2 4 .4

1 2 7 .0

1 2 7 .2

1 2 7 .5

1 2 7 .3

M a g a z in e s , p e r io d ic a ls , a n d b o o k s ( 1 2 /7 7 =

S p o r t in g g o o d s a n d e q u ip m e n t ( 1 2 /7 7 =
S p o r t v e h ic le s ( 1 2 / 7 7 =

100)

............................................................................................

1 3 5 .4

1 3 3 .3

1 3 2 .9

1 3 6 .1

1 3 7 .3

1 3 6 .3

1 3 5 .7

1 2 2 .6

1 2 2 .0

1 2 2 .0

1 2 6 .0

1 2 6 .4

1 2 6 .7

1 2 6 .5

1 0 0 ) ..........................

1 2 1 .0

1 2 0 .0

1 2 0 .3

1 2 0 .5

1 2 0 .8

1 2 1 .3

1 2 0 .5

1 1 9 .2

1 1 7 .7

1 1 7 .0

1 1 7 .9

1 1 8 .4

1 1 8 .9

1 1 8 .0

B i c y c l e s .....................................................................................................................................................

1 9 9 .4

1 9 7 .1

1 9 7 .3

1 9 6 .7

1 9 7 .8

1 9 6 .1

1 9 6 .6

2 0 0 .7

1 9 8 .5

1 9 8 .4

1 9 7 .7

1 9 8 .0

1 9 7 .4

1 9 7 .9

O th e r s p o r tin g g o o d s a n d e q u ip m e n t ( 1 2 / 7 7 =

1 2 7 .6

1 3 0 .6

1 3 1 .4

1 3 2 .1

1 3 1 .6

1 3 2 .0

1 3 2 .2

1 2 7 .9

1 3 0 .0

1 3 0 .9

1 3 1 .9

1 3 1 .5

1 3 2 .0

1 3 2 .3

1 3 4 .4

In d o o r a n d w a r m w e a th e r s p o r t e q u ip m e n t ( 1 2 /7 7 =

1 0 0 ) .......................................

............................................

1 3 5 .5

1 3 6 .8

1 3 6 .8

1 3 8 .5

1 3 8 .4

1 3 5 .6

1 3 5 .6

1 3 6 .7

1 3 7 .3

1 3 7 .2

1 3 7 .1

T o y s , h o b b ie s , a n d m u s ic e q u ip m e n t ( 1 2 / 7 7 =

1 0 0 ) .......................................

1 3 4 .8

1 3 5 .5

1 3 5 .5

1 3 6 .9

1 3 7 .6

1 3 7 .3

1 3 7 .4

1 3 1 .4

1 3 2 .0

1 3 1 .9

1 3 3 .0

1 3 3 .7

1 3 3 .4

1 3 3 .5

P h o t o g r a p h ic s u p p lie s a n d e q u ip m e n t ( 1 2 /7 7 =

100)

...................................

1 3 0 .0

1 2 9 .7

1 2 9 .9

1 3 1 .2

1 3 1 .6

1 3 1 .6

1 3 1 .7

1 3 1 .2

1 3 0 .8

1 3 1 .0

1 3 2 .3

1 3 2 .8

1 3 2 .6

1 3 2 .6

1 0 0 ) .................................................................

1 4 1 .0

1 4 4 .2

1 4 4 .2

1 4 4 ,9

1 4 5 .6

1 4 5 .8

1 4 5 .1

1 4 1 .8

1 4 5 .1

1 4 5 .1

1 4 5 .9

1 4 6 .5

1 4 6 .9

1 4 6 .1

E n t e r t a in m e n t s e r v i c e s ..........................................................................................................................

2 2 8 .7

2 3 8 .2

2 4 0 .5

2 4 1 .6

2 4 1 .9

2 4 3 .1

2 4 3 .2

2 2 9 .2

2 3 8 .5

2 4 0 .8

2 4 1 .8

2 4 2 .1

2 4 3 .3

2 4 3 .5

1 4 1 .6

1 4 8 .9

1 5 0 .6

1 5 0 .9

1 5 2 .1

T o y s , h o b b ie s , a n d o t h e r e n t e r t a in m e n t ( 1 2 /7 7 =

P e t s u p p lie s a n d e x p e n s e s ( 1 2 /7 7 =

100)

1 3 8 .6

1 5 1 .3

1 5 0 .8

1 4 2 .9

1 5 0 .0

1 5 1 .7

1 5 2 .2

1 5 2 .4

1 3 3 .0

1 3 7 .3

1 3 9 .9

1 4 0 .9

1 4 0 .1

1 4 1 .7

1 4 2 .4

1 3 2 .1

1 3 6 .4

1 3 8 .8

1 3 9 .8

1 3 9 .1

1 4 0 .7

1 4 1 .4

1 2 5 .7

1 2 9 .6

1 2 9 .8

1 3 0 .3

1 3 1 .0

1 3 1 .6

1 3 1 .9

1 2 6 .4

1 3 0 .6

1 3 0 .6

1 3 1 .2

1 3 1 .8

1 3 2 .4

1 3 2 .6

O T H E R G O O D S A N D S E R V IC E S

2 5 5 .0

2 7 6 .6

2 7 9 .9

2 8 1 .6

2 8 1 .9

2 8 3 .2

2 8 3 .6

2 5 2 .4

2 7 4 .0

2 7 7 .8

2 7 9 .6

2 8 0 .0

2 8 1 .4

2 8 1 .8

T o b a c c o p r o d u c ts

2 3 7 .4

2 7 2 .3

2 8 0 .3

282 8

2 8 3 .3

2 8 4 .9

2 8 5 .3

2 3 6 .6

2 7 1 .9

2 7 9 .9

2 8 2 .2

282 7

2 8 4 .3

2 8 4 .8

2 9 1 .5

Fe e s f o r p a r tic ip a n t s p o r ts ( 1 2 / 7 7 =
A d m is s io n s ( 1 2 / 7 7 =

1 0 0 ) ...............................................................................

1 0 0 ) .................................................................................................................

O th e r e n t e r t a in m e n t s e rv ic e s ( 1 2 /7 7 =

100)

......................................................................

1 5 0 .0

1 3 8 .0

1 5 1 .2

2 4 0 .4

2 7 9 .0

2 8 7 .6

2 9 0 .0

2 9 0 .4

2 9 2 .0

2 9 2 .4

2 3 9 .6

2 7 8 .0

2 8 6 .5

2 8 8 .8

2 8 9 .3

2 9 0 .9

1 0 0 ) ......................

1 4 1 .0

1 4 3 .8

1 4 5 .8

1 4 7 .8

1 4 8 .6

1 4 9 .6

1 4 9 .6

1 4 1 .1

1 4 3 .9

1 4 5 .8

1 4 7 .7

1 4 8 .5

1 4 9 .5

1 4 9 .6

................................................................................................................................................

2 4 6 .5

2 5 4 .8

2 5 6 .1

2 5 7 .8

2 5 7 .8

2 5 9 .1

2 5 9 .4

2 4 4 .7

2 5 2 .5

2 5 3 .9

2 5 5 .5

2 5 5 .8

2 5 7 .1

2 5 7 .3

T o ile t g o o d s a n d p e r s o n a l c a r e a p p l ia n c e s ...............................................................................

2 5 9 .3

C ig a r e tte s

.........................................................................................................................................................

O t h e r to b a c c o p r o d u c t s a n d s m o k in g a c c e s s o r ie s ( 1 2 /7 7 =

P e rs o n a l c a re

2 4 4 .5

2 5 2 .2

2 5 3 .9

2 5 6 .0

2 5 7 .1

2 5 8 .5

2 5 8 .6

2 4 5 .4

2 5 3 .1

2 5 4 .8

2 5 6 .8

2 5 7 .8

259 3

......................

1 4 2 .1

1 4 6 .8

1 4 7 .1

1 4 8 .1

1 4 8 .5

1 5 0 .9

1 5 0 .8

1 4 1 .7

1 4 6 .2

1 4 6 .5

1 4 7 .4

1 4 7 .8

1 5 0 .3

1 5 0 .0

.........................................................

1 5 0 .1

1 5 6 .2

1 5 7 .6

1 5 9 .3

1 6 0 .4

1 6 0 .5

1 6 1 .2

1 4 8 .6

1 5 4 .6

1 5 5 .9

1 5 7 .8

1 5 8 .9

1 5 8 .9

1 5 9 .6

P r o d u c t s f o r t h e h a ir, h a irp ie c e s , a n d w ig s ( 1 2 /7 7 =
D e n ta l a n d s h a v in g p r o d u c ts ( 1 2 /7 7 =

100)

100)

C o s m e t ic s , b a th a n d n ail p r e p a r a tio n s , m a n ic u r e
a n d e y e m a k e u p im p le m e n ts ( 1 2 /7 7 =

1 0 0 ) .....................................................

O th er to ilet g o o d s a nd sm all personal care appliances ( 1 2 /7 7 =
P e r s o n a l c a r e s e rv ic e s

100)

. . .

..........................................................................................................................

B e a u ty p a r lo r s e r v ic e s f o r w o m e n

...................................................................................

H a ir c u ts a n d o t h e r b a r b e r s h o p s e rv ic e s f o r m e n ( 1 2 /7 7 =

100)

. . .

P e r s o n a l a n d e d u c a t io n a l e x p e n s e s
S c h o o lb o o k s a n d s u p p lie s

..................................................................................................................

1 3 7 .6

1 4 2 .2

1 4 4 .0

1 4 5 .6

1 4 6 .0

1 4 5 .6

1 4 5 .1

1 3 8 .5

1 4 3 .0

1 4 4 .8

1 4 6 .4

1 4 6 .7

1 4 6 .3

1 4 5 .7

1 4 0 .5

1 4 3 .2

1 4 3 .6

1 4 4 .1

1 4 4 .9

1 4 6 .0

1 4 6 .7

1 4 4 .0

1 4 7 .0

1 4 7 .3

1 4 7 .7

1 4 8 .5

1 4 9 .8

1 5 0 .3

2 4 9 .2

2 5 8 .0

2 5 9 .0

2 6 0 .4

2 5 9 .5

2 6 0 .7

2 6 1 .1

2 4 4 .4

252 4

2 5 3 .4

2 5 4 .7

2 5 4 .3

2 5 5 .4

2 5 5 .7

2 5 1 .3

2 6 2 .1

2 6 3 .3

2 6 4 .4

2 6 2 .4

2 6 4 .2

2 6 4 .5

2 4 5 .0

2 5 4 .7

2 5 5 .8

2 5 6 .8

2 5 5 .5

2 5 7 .2

2 5 7 .4

1 3 8 .9

1 4 1 .6

1 4 2 .0

1 4 3 .1

1 4 3 .7

1 4 3 .8

1 4 4 .1

1 3 7 .7

1 4 0 .4

1 4 0 .8

1 4 1 .9

1 4 2 .6

1 4 2 .7

1 4 3 .0

2 9 2 .8

3 2 0 .5

3 2 2 .1

3 2 3 .3

3 2 3 .9

324 9

3 2 5 .6

2 9 4 .6

3 2 1 .7

3 2 3 .6

3 2 5 .0

3 2 5 .7

3 2 6 .8

3 2 7 .7

2 6 4 .2

2 8 3 .3

2 8 8 .4

2 9 2 .0

2 9 2 .3

2 9 2 .5

2 9 2 .9

2 6 8 .4

2 8 7 .0

2 9 2 .4

2 9 6 .0

2 9 6 .3

2 9 6 .5

2 9 6 .8

................................................................................................

2 9 9 .8

3 2 9 .1

3 3 0 .2

3 3 1 .0

331 5

3 3 2 .7

3 3 3 .5

3 0 1 .4

3 3 0 .3

3 3 1 .5

3 3 2 .5

3 3 3 .2

3 3 4 .5

3 3 5 .5

T u itio n a n d o t h e r s c h o o l f e e s ................................................................................................

1 5 1 .4

1 6 7 .2

1 6 7 .3

1 6 7 .4

1 6 7 .4

1 6 7 .6

1 6 7 .7

1 5 2 .0

1 6 7 .7

1 6 7 .7

1 6 7 .9

1 6 7 .9

1 6 8 .2

1 6 8 .2

1 5 1 .0

1 6 6 .8

1 6 6 .9

1 6 7 .0

1 6 7 .0

1 6 7 .4

1 6 7 .4

1 5 1 .3

1 6 6 .9

1 6 7 .0

1 6 7 .1

1 6 7 .1

1 6 7 .5

1 6 7 .5

...............................

1 5 2 .2

1 6 8 .7

1 6 8 .7

1 6 8 .8

1 6 8 .8

1 6 8 .8

1 6 8 .9

1 5 2 .9

1 6 9 .7

1 6 9 .7

1 6 9 .8

1 6 9 .8

1 6 9 .8

1 6 9 .9

1 0 0 ) ...................................................................................

1 6 3 .6

1 7 5 .4

1 7 8 .8

1 7 9 .6

1 8 1 .2

1 8 3 .1

1 8 5 .1

1 6 3 .6

1 7 5 .2

1 7 7 .9

1 7 9 .5

1 8 1 .1

1 8 3 .1

1 8 5 .3

G a s o lin e , m o to r o il, c o o la n t, a n d o t h e r p r o d u c t s .............................................................

3 6 6 .1

3 7 7 .0

3 6 7 .9

3 5 5 .8

3 4 5 .2

3 6 3 .4

3 7 6 .2

3 6 7 .2

3 6 7 .2

3 6 9 .4

3 5 7 .3

3 4 6 .7

3 6 5 .0

3 7 7 .6

In s u ra n c e a n d f i n a n c e ...............................................................................................................................

4 3 1 .5

4 1 3 .4

4 3 0 .9

4 1 4 .7

4 1 1 .1

4 1 1 .6

4 1 1 .8

4 1 1 .6

4 1 0 .0

P e rs o n a l a n d e d u c a tio n a l s e r v ic e s
C o lle g e tu it io n ( 1 2 / 7 7 =

1 0 0 ) ...................................................................................

E le m e n ta r y a n d h ig h s c h o o l t u it io n ( 1 2 / 7 7 =
P e r s o n a l e x p e n s e s ( 1 2 /7 7 =

100)

S p e c ia l in d e x e s :

U tilitie s a n d p u b lic t r a n s p o r t a t i o n .....................................................................................................

3 1 1 .0

3 2 6 .0

3 2 9 .1

329 4

3 3 1 .1

333 4

3 3 7 .2

3 0 9 .8

3 2 5 .1

3 2 8 .1

3 2 8 .5

3 3 0 .4

3 3 2 .6

3 3 6 .5

H o u s e k e e p in g a n d h o m e m a in t e n a n c e s e r v i c e s ..................................................................

3 4 9 .8

3 5 4 .0

3 5 5 .3

3 5 5 .1

3 5 6 .0

3 5 7 .3

3 5 8 .2

3 5 0 .4

3 5 4 .4

3 5 7 .9

3 5 6 .5

357 9

3 5 9 .5

3 6 0 .3

E x c l u d e s m o to r o il, c o o la n t, a n d o t h e r p r o d u c ts a s o f J a n u a r y 1 9 8 3 .

c =

c o r r e c te d .

2 S e e b o x w ith “ P ric e D a t a ."


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

69

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW August 1983 • Current Labor Statistics: Consumer Prices

21. C onsum er Price Index for All Urban C onsum ers: C ross classification of region and popu lation size class by expenditure
category and com m o dity and service group
[D e c e m b e r 1 9 7 7 = 1 0 0 ]
S iz e c la s s A

S iz e c la s s B

S iz e c la s s C

S iz e c la s s 0

( 1 . 2 5 m il li o n o r m o r e )

( 3 8 5 , 0 0 0 - 1 , 2 5 0 m il li o n )

(7 5 ,0 0 0 - 3 8 5 ,0 0 0 )

( 7 5 , 0 0 0 o r le s s )

C a te g o ry a n d g ro u p

1982
D ec.

1983
Feb.

A p r.

1982
D ec.

1983
Feb.

1982

A p r.

D ec.

1983
Feb.

A p r.

1982
D ec.

1983
Feb.

A p r.

N o rth e a s t
E X P E N D IT U R E C A T E G O R Y
1 5 1 .0

1 5 1 .8

1 5 3 .1

1 5 7 .1

1 5 8 .2

1 5 9 .0

1 6 2 .3

1 6 2 .9

1 6 3 .5

1 5 6 .3

1 5 6 .1

1 5 8 .2

.........................................................................................................................................................

1 4 4 .4

1 4 6 .0

1 4 7 .0

1 4 2 .1

1 4 4 .2

1 4 6 .2

1 4 7 .4

1 4 9 .8

1 5 1 .1

1 4 2 .0

1 4 4 .0

1 4 5 .8

H o u s i n g ........................................................................................................................................................................................

1 5 5 .9

1 5 6 .7

1 5 8 .0

1 6 6 .5

1 6 8 .8

1 6 9 .1

1 7 5 .2

1 7 6 .2

A p p a re l an d up k e e p

A I ite m s

.................................................................................................................................................................................................

Food an d bev e ra g e s

T r a n s p o r ta t io n
M e d ic a l c a r e

1 7 6 .4

1 6 3 .2

1 6 3 .1

1 6 5 .1

.........................................................................................................................................................

1 1 9 .8

1 2 0 .3

1 2 2 .6

1 2 4 .9

1 2 1 .9

1 2 2 .4

1 2 9 .1

1 2 6 .6

1 2 8 .5

1 3 1 .1

1 2 4 .3

1 3 0 .2

......................................................................................................................................................................

1 6 1 .0

1 5 9 .1

1 6 0 .1

1 6 6 .7

1 6 4 .8

1 6 5 .4

1 6 6 .2

1 6 4 .2

1 6 4 .3

1 6 4 .5

1 6 2 .5

1 6 4 .3

..........................................................................................................................................................................

1 5 3 .6

1 5 8 .1

1 6 .6

1 6 1 .6

1 6 3 .0

1 6 3 .6

1 6 5 .5

1 6 6 .0

1 5 9 .8

1 6 4 .1

1 6 5 .8

1 5 9 .6

E n t e r t a i n m e n t ...........................................................................................................................................................................

1 4 0 .2

1 4 1 .6

1 4 3 .1

1 3 5 .9

1 3 9 .1

1 3 9 .1

1 3 9 .2

1 4 0 .0

1 3 9 .8

1 4 5 .0

1 4 7 .2

1 4 6 .5

O t h e r g o o d s a n d s e rv ic e s

1 5 2 .8

1 5 4 .4

1 5 6 .2

1 5 3 .9

1 5 7 .3

1 5 8 .6

1 5 7 .8

1 6 0 .4

1 6 2 .3

1 5 8 .7

1 5 9 .4

1 6 2 .1

1 5 3 .7

1 5 3 .3

1 5 3 .6

1 5 1 .7

1 5 0 .2

1 5 1 .3

............................................................................................................................................

C O M M O D IT Y A N D S E R V IC E G R O U P
1 4 7 .5

1 4 7 .6

1 4 8 .4

1 5 3 .5

1 5 3 .1

1 5 3 .0

.............................................................................................................

1 4 9 .4

1 4 8 .4

1 4 9 .0

1 5 9 .0

1 5 7 .1

1 5 5 .7

1 5 6 .6

1 5 4 .5

1 5 4 .3

1 5 6 .3

1 5 2 .7

1 5 3 .4

S e r v i c e s .....................................................................................................................................................................................................

1 5 5 .6

1 5 7 .1

1 5 9 .0

1 6 2 .9

1 6 6 .1

1 6 8 .2

1 7 6 .4

1 7 8 .3

1 7 9 .4

1 6 3 .4

1 6 5 .1

1 6 8 .5

C o m m o d i t i e s ........................................................................................................................................................................................
C o m m o d it ie s le s s f o o d a n d b e v e r a g e s

N o r t h C e n t r a l R e g io n
E X P E N D IT U R E C A T E G O R Y
A ll ite m s

.................................................................................................................................................................................................

Food an d be v e ra g e s

.........................................................................................................................................................

H o u s i n g ........................................................................................................................................................................................
A p p a re l an d u pkeep
T r a n s p o r ta t io n
M e d ic a l c a r e

.........................................................................................................................................................

1 6 2 .0

1 6 2 .4

1 6 3 .6

1 5 9 .3

1 5 9 .6

1 6 1 .1

1 5 6 .2

1 5 5 .8

1 5 6 .8

1 5 6 .6

1 5 8 .1

1 1 4 3 .3

1 4 4 .7

1 4 5 .4

1 4 1 .9

1 4 3 .4

1 4 4 .1

1 4 3 .4

1 4 3 .8

1 4 5 .6

1 4 9 .1

1 4 9 .1

1 5 0 .9

1 7 9 .1

1 8 0 .2

1 8 1 .9

1 6 9 .1

1 7 0 .2

1 7 1 .7

1 6 2 .8

1 6 3 .2

1 6 4 .1

1 6 1 .9

1 6 2 .2

1 6 3 .8

1 1 6 .4

1 1 5 .4

1 1 7 .9

1 2 9 .4

1 5 7 .3

1 2 4 .4

1 2 8 .8

1 2 6 .1

1 2 4 .1

1 2 8 .4

1 2 1 .4

1 2 2 .0

1 2 3 .5

......................................................................................................................................................................

1 6 3 .8

1 6 0 .7

1 6 1 .7

1 6 4 .5

1 6 2 .1

1 6 4 .0

1 6 5 .2

1 6 2 .0

1 6 3 .9

1 6 3 .8

1 6 0 .6

1 6 1 .2

...........................................................................................................................................................................

1 6 0 .3

1 6 4 .2

1 6 5 .3

1 6 4 .0

1 6 7 .7

1 6 8 .3

1 6 2 .9

1 6 4 .7

1 6 5 .8

1 6 6 .5

1 7 1 .0

1 7 2 .2

E n t e r t a i n m e n t ..........................................................................................................................................................................

1 4 0 .2

1 4 1 .3

1 4 1 .9

1 3 4 .1

1 3 5 .9

1 3 6 .7

1 4 3 .7

1 4 4 .3

1 4 5 .9

1 3 4 .5

1 3 5 .2

1 3 6 .5

O th e r g o o d s a n d s e r v ic e s

1 5 2 .8

1 5 5 .4

1 5 6 .2

1 6 3 .8

1 6 7 .5

1 6 7 .4

1 5 0 .6

1 5 2 .9

1 5 2 .6

1 6 0 .3

1 6 3 .3

1 6 5 .2

............................................................................................................................................

C O M M O D IT Y A N D S E R V IC E G R O U P
C o m m o d i t i e s ........................................................................................................................................................................................

1 5 1 .7

1 5 1 .2

1 5 2 .7

1 5 0 .8

1 4 9 .7

1 5 1 .7

1 4 8 .7

1 4 7 .2

1 4 9 .1

1 4 8 .4

1 4 7 .2

1 4 8 .5

.............................................................................................................

1 5 5 .7

1 5 3 .9

1 5 5 .9

1 5 4 .5

1 5 2 .0

1 5 4 .6

1 5 0 .9

1 4 8 .4

1 5 0 .3

1 4 8 .1

1 4 6 .2

1 4 7 .3

S e r v i c e s .....................................................................................................................................................................................................

1 7 7 .3

1 7 8 .8

1 7 9 .9

1 7 3 .1

1 7 5 .3

1 7 6 .1

1 6 8 .4

1 6 9 .6

1 7 0 .7

1 7 0 .1

1 7 1 .5

1 7 3 .0

C o m m o d it ie s le s s fo o d a n d b e v e r a g e s

S o u th
E X P E N D IT U R E C A T E G O R Y
A ll 'te r n s

.................................................................................................................................................................................................

Food a n d be v e ra g e s

.........................................................................................................................................................

H o u s i n g ........................................................................................................................................................................................

M e d ic a l c a r e

1 5 8 .0

1 5 9 .1

1 5 9 .3

1 5 9 .5

1 6 0 .9

1 5 8 .8

1 5 9 .0

1 6 0 .2

1 5 9 .1

1 5 9 .5

1 6 0 .8

1 4 8 .7

1 5 0 .5

1 4 6 .4

1 4 7 .3

1 4 9 .2

1 4 5 .4

1 4 6 .1

1 4 7 .4

1 4 7 .3

1 4 7 .7

1 4 9 .9

1 6 4 .3

1 6 4 .9

1 6 6 .0

1 6 7 .3

.........................................................................................................................................................

1 2 8 .0

1 2 7 .6

1 2 8 .7

1 2 4 .7

1 2 4 .0

1 2 6 .2

1 2 2 .6

1 2 0 .1

1 2 3 .1

1 1 1 .1

1 0 8 .3

1 1 2 .5

......................................................................................................................................................................

1 6 4 .6

1 6 2 .1

1 6 3 .8

1 6 8 .0

1 6 5 .0

1 6 7 .1

1 6 6 .8

1 6 3 .8

1 6 5 .9

1 6 3 .5

1 6 1 .3

1 6 2 .9

A p p a re l an d u pkeep
T r a n s p o r ta t io n

1 5 7 .5
1 4 7 .0

...........................................................................................................................................................................

1 6 4 .0

1 6 7 .1

1 6 3 .5

1 6 8 .7

1 6 6 .0

1 6 3 .5

1 6 6 .1

1 6 7 .2

1 6 6 ,9

1 6 7 .9

1 7 3 .5

1 7 6 .8

1 6 7 .8

1 6 9 .9

1 6 9 .9

1 7 9 .4

1 8 2 .5

1 8 3 .0

E n t e r t a i n m e n t ...........................................................................................................................................................................

1 3 5 .0

1 3 7 .5

1 3 8 .6

1 4 8 .5

1 5 1 .0

1 6 9 .0

1 4 4 .4

1 4 5 .9

1 4 6 .5

1 4 3 .8

1 4 5 .4

1 4 5 .6

O t h e r g o o d s a n d s e rv ic e s

1 5 5 .0

1 5 7 .5

1 5 8 .4

1 5 8 .1

1 6 3 .2

1 5 4 .5

1 5 4 .9

1 5 7 .8

1 5 3 .5

1 5 5 .8

1 6 0 .3

1 6 0 .4

............................................................................................................................................

1 7 7 .5

1 6 8 .2

C O M M O D IT Y A N D S E R V IC E G R O U P
C o m m o d i t i e s ...................................................................................................................................
C o m m o d it ie s le s s fo o d a n d b e v e r a g e s

.......................................................................................

S e r v c e s ...........................................................................................................................................................................

1 5 0 .9

1 5 0 .9

1 5 2 .3

1 5 2 .3

1 5 1 .7

1 5 3 .8

1 5 0 .2

1 5 2 .6

1 5 1 .5

1 5 2 .7

1 5 4 .8

1 5 3 .2

1 5 5 .5

1 5 2 .3

1 5 0 .2

1 5 2 .4

1 5 1 .9

1 4 9 .6

1 5 1 .4

1 6 6 .9

1 6 7 .9

1 6 8 .6

1 6 9 .9

1 7 1 .1

1 7 1 .6

1 7 2 .1

1 7 3 .9

1 7 4 .4

1 7 2 .1

1 7 4 .9

1 7 5 .3

1 4 9 .2

1 5 1 .0

1 5 0 .6

1 4 9 .2

1 5 1 .1

W est
E X P E N D IT U R E C A T E G O R Y
All ite m s

.................................................................................................

1 5 6 .9

1 5 7 .8

1 5 9 .2

1 5 7 .9

1 5 8 .3

1 5 9 .5

1 5 0 .1

1 5 1 .0

1 5 2 .2

1 4 7 .8

1 4 9 .3

1 5 1 .8

1 4 9 .2

1 5 0 .6

1 5 2 .8

1 4 4 .8

1 4 6 .0

1 4 8 .6

1 5 0 .7

1 5 0 .6

1 5 3 .1

H o u s i n g ................................................................................................

1 6 0 .7

1 6 3 .2

1 6 4 .0

1 6 1 .2

1 6 2 .2

1 6 3 .5

1 4 3 .8

1 5 0 .1

1 5 1 .8

1 5 8 .3

1 5 9 .3

1 5 4 .4

A p p a re l a n d u p k e e p

1 1 9 .9

1 2 0 .1

1 2 1 .0

1 2 5 .8

1 2 5 .1

1 2 3 .4

1 2 2 .4

1 2 2 .7

1 3 6 .9

1 3 9 .7

1 3 9 .8

1 6 6 .3

1 6 2 .8

1 6 5 .1

1 6 8 .1

1 6 5 .3

1 6 5 .8

1 6 5 .1

1 6 1 .0

1 6 2 .4

1 6 5 .2

1 6 2 .0

1 7 1 .1

1 7 4 .4

1 7 5 .3

1 6 8 .4

1 7 0 .5

¡ 1 7 1 .5

1 7 0 .7

1 7 4 .2

1 7 4 .8

1 7 1 .5

1 7 3 .3

1 7 5 .0

E n t e r t a i n m e n t .............................................................

1 3 7 .8

1 3 9 .2

1 3 9 .7

1 4 2 .5

1 4 4 .7

1 4 5 .6

1 3 7 .2

1 4 3 .3

1 3 9 .6

1 5 4 .3

1 5 5 .2

1 5 7 .0

O t h e r g o o d s a n d s e rv ic e s

1 5 9 .3

1 6 2 .9

1 6 3 .5

1 5 8 .9

1 6 1 .7

1 6 2 .8

1 5 3 .0

1 5 5 .9

1 5 8 .1

1 6 5 .2

1 6 8 .8

1 6 9 .3

1 4 8 .0

1 4 9 .9

149 0

Food and b e v e ra g e s

T r a n s p o r ta t io n
M e d ic a l c a r e

................................................................................................
.............................................................

....................................................
.......................................................................................

................................................

1 2 1 .7

1 5 7 .8

1 5 7 .9

1 5 7 .0

1 6 1 .1

C O M M O D IT Y A N D S E R V IC E G R O U P
C o m m o d i t i e s .........................................................
C o m m o d it ie s le s s fo o d a n d b e v e r a g e s
S e r v i c e s ......................................................................

70

https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

1 4 8 .1
. . .

1 5 0 .7

1 5 0 .5

1 5 1 .7

1 5 9 .0

1 4 8 .5

1 4 9 .8

1 4 8 .9

1 4 8 .0

1 4 8 .3

1 4 7 .0

1 4 8 .6

1 5 1 .3

1 5 0 .1

1 5 0 .7

1 5 0 .7

1 4 8 .6

1 4 9 .6

1 4 8 .1

1 4 6 .8

1 4 7 .0

168 5

1 7 0 .7

1 7 1 .6

1 6 7 .9

1 6 9 .0

1 7 0 .2

1 5 1 .7

1 5 4 .0

1 5 5 .3

1 7 1 .0

1 7 2 .5

1 6 8 .8

22.

C onsum er Price In dex— U.S. city average, and selected areas

[ 1 9 6 7 = 1 0 0 u n le s s o t h e r w is e s p e c if ie d ]
U r b a n W a g e E a r n e r s a n d C l e r ic a l W o r k e r s ( r e v i s e d )

A ll U r b a n C o n s u m e r s

M ay

U . S . c ity a v e r a g e 2

Dec.

Jan.

.........................................................................................................

A n c h o r a g e , A la s k a ( 1 0 /6 7 =

100)

..................................................................

Feb.

M a r.

A p r.

2 9 3 .2

2 9 3 .4

2 9 5 .5

2 6 1 .0

2 5 7 .6

2 6 3 .8

M ay

2 6 2 .5

M ay

B a ltim o r e , M d ........................................................................................................................

2 8 3 .6

2 9 1 .4

2 9 2 .4

2 9 6 .5

2 8 3 .7

2 7 2 .5

2 8 6 .2

2 8 5 .9

2 8 7 .3

2 7 2 .0

2 8 7 .7

C in c in n a ti, O h io - K y . - I n d ................................................................................................

2 8 8 .7

3 1 3 .4

2 8 5 .9

2 9 3 .7

2 9 2 .6

2 9 3 .7

2 9 5 .3

3 0 7 .6

3 0 6 .0

2 8 7 .0

3 1 1 .3

2 9 1 .2

3 3 4 .7

3 1 9 .5

3 2 9 .6

2 9 2 .6

292 4

2 9 4 .9

2 9 4 .9

2 8 2 .7

M a r.

A p r.

2 9 2 .3

2 9 3 .0

2 9 4 .9

2 9 1 .8

2 9 5 .0

2 8 3 .9

2 8 4 .3

2 9 1 .4

291 4

3 0 1 .7
3 3 1 .9

3 2 6 .8
2 8 7 .1

2 8 9 .8

2 9 5 .0

H o n o lu lu , H a w a i i ..............................................................................................................

2 6 9 .9

2 7 0 .4

2 7 2 .8

2 7 1 .0

2 7 4 .8

2 7 6 .9

H o u s t o n . T e x ..........................................................................................................................

3 1 8 .1

3 1 7 .3

3 1 6 .7

3 1 6 .1

3 1 7 .4

3 1 7 .6

K a n s a s C ity , M o .- K a n s a s

2 8 7 .1

...................................................................................

1 5 5 .7

M ilw a u k e e , W is .....................................................................................................................

2 9 2 .9

M ia m i, F la. ( 1 1 / 7 7 =

100)

2 8 5 .6

M in n e a p o lis -S t . P a u l, M i n n . - W is ...........................................................................
2 7 0 .9

N o r t h e a s t, P a . ( S c r a n to n )

........................................................................................

2 7 0 .2

P h ila d e lp h ia , P a . - N . J ........................................................................................................

2 7 5 .1

1 5 7 .9

2 8 1 .8

2 8 2 .6

2 8 2 .1

1 5 9 .0

2 8 3 .2

2 8 2 .9

2 8 8 .6
2 9 2 .0

2 9 0 .6

1 5 9 .4

1 5 7 .0

3 0 8 .8

2 9 6 .0

3 0 9 .4
2 8 3 .5

2 8 6 .5

2 7 8 .9

2 8 3 .0

2 8 3 .5

2 8 4 .7

2 8 8 .0

2 8 9 .0
2 8 8 .0

2 8 7 .4

2 6 9 .4

2 8 1 .7

2 7 2 .1

2 8 3 .5

2 7 4 .7

1 5 9 .2

2 8 0 .3

2 8 0 .8

2 8 1 .0

2 8 2 .5

2 7 9 .7

2 9 2 .2

2 7 9 .6

3 1 5 .4
3 1 2 .4

2 8 0 .3

2 8 2 .2

2 8 0 .6

283 3

2 8 5 .5

2 9 6 .6
2 8 1 .7

2 9 2 .1

1 6 1 .4

1 5 9 .7
3 1 1 .0

2 8 2 .6

2 9 8 .9

2 9 3 .5
2 8 9 .6

3 0 9 .0

3 0 1 .7
2 8 8 .5

2 9 0 .1

3 0 3 .5
3 0 6 .1

3 0 5 .2

3 0 4 .8
2 8 6 .6

2 8 2 .1

2 8 9 .5

3 0 5 .0

2 7 8 .9

2 8 1 .6

2 8 7 .1

3 0 5 .8

3 0 2 .1

P itt s b u r g h , P a ........................................................................................................................

2 8 6 .8

3 0 5 .0
3 0 6 .1

N e w Y o r k , N . Y .- N o r t h e a s t e r n N . J .........................................................................

P o r t la n d , O r e g . - W a s h ......................................................................................................

2 8 5 .3

2 9 5 .9

2 9 2 .3

2 9 0 .6

........................................................................................

L o s A n g e le s - L o n g B e a c h , A n a h e im , C a lif ........................................................

2 9 4 .8
3 0 9 .5

3 1 5 .4

2 9 8 .1
3 2 3 .9

2 8 8 .0

293 6

3 0 7 .6
3 1 3 .7

2 9 9 .4

2 9 6 .7
2 8 5 .1
2 7 8 .4

2 7 6 .5

3 0 5 .2

2 8 8 .7

3 0 0 .1

2 8 9 .7

2 9 2 .8

M ay

2 5 4 .7

2 5 3 .9
2 9 7 .0

3 1 5 .0

3 0 8 .6

3 2 7 .5

2 9 2 .3

2 9 6 .3

3 2 0 .6

3 1 9 .9
3 0 4 .5

3 0 3 .3

D a lla s -F t. W o r t h , T e x .......................................................................................................

D e t r o it , M i c h ...........................................................................................................................

2 9 4 .0

3 1 7 .6

C le v e la n d , O h i o ..................................................................................................................
D e n v e r - B o u ld e r , C o lo .......................................................................................................

2 9 3 .1

Feb.

2 5 0 .6

2 7 5 .0

2 8 2 .5

2 8 0 .3

2 7 7 .8

B u ffa lo , N . Y .............................................................................................................................

Jan.

2 9 7 .8

B o s to n , M a s s .........................................................................................................................

C h ic a g o , I I I . - N o r th w e s te r n I n d .................................................................................

1983
D ec.

2 5 8 .0

2 9 7 .6

2 9 5 .1

2 9 6 .1

A t la n t a , G a ................................................................................................................................

1982

1983

1982

A re a 1

2 8 3 .8
2 8 2 .9

2 8 6 .8

2 8 6 .5

300 7
2 8 3 .0

283 8

S t . L o u is , M o . - I l l .................................................................................................................

2 8 5 .7

2 9 1 .1

2 9 3 .2

2 9 5 .4

2 8 4 .5

2 8 5 .3

2 9 3 .2

2 9 4 .0

S a n D ie g o , C a lif ....................................................................................................................

3 2 9 .2

3 2 4 .9

3 2 7 .5

3 3 2 .0

3 2 3 .3

3 1 3 .6

3 1 5 .4

2 9 3 .9

S a n F r a n c is c o -O a k la n d , C a lif ......................................................................................

2 9 7 .3

2 9 9 .3

2 9 3 .6

2 9 3 .9

3 1 4 .8

2 9 4 .7

S e a t tle - E v e r e tt . W a s h .......................................................................................................

3 0 1 .2

2 9 7 .5

297 8

3 0 0 .9

2 9 7 .1

2 9 1 .4

2 9 0 .8

2 9 0 .4

W a s h in g to n , D . C . - M d . - V a ............................................................................................

2 7 8 .4

2 8 9 .0

289 0

2 9 2 .6

283 3

2 9 2 .9

2 9 4 .3

2 9 7 .5

1 T h e a re a s lis te d In c lu d e n o t o n ly t h e c e n tra l c ity b u t th e e n tir e p o r tio n o f th e S ta n d a r d M e tr o p o lit a n
S ta tis tic a l A r e a , a s d e fin e d f o r th e


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

1 9 7 0 C e n s u s o f P o p u la t io n , e x c e p t th a t t h e S ta n d a r d C o n s o lid a te d

A re a is u s e d f o r N e w Y o r k a n d C h ic a g o .
2 A v e r a g e o f 8 5 c itie s .

71

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW August 1983 • Current Labor Statistics: Producer Prices
23.

P roducer Price Indexes, by stage of processing

[ 1 9 6 7 = 1 0 0 ] _____________________________________________________________________________________________
1982

A nnual

1983

a verag e

C o m m o d it y g r o u p in g

1982

June

J u ly

Aug.

S e p t.

O c t.

2 8 0 .6

2 7 9 .9

2 8 1 .7

2 8 2 .3

2 8 1 .2

2 8 4 .1

2 8 1 .0

2 8 0 .1

2 8 2 .1

2 8 2 .8

2 8 1 .9

2 8 4 .3

Nov.

D ec.

Jan.

F e b .1

M a r.

A p r.

M ay

June

2 8 4 .9

2 8 5 .5

2 8 3 .9

r2 8 4 . 1

2 8 3 .4

2 8 3 .0

2 8 4 .3

2 8 5 .0

2 8 5 .3

2 8 5 .6

2 8 3 .5

r2 8 3 .7

F IN IS H E D G O O D S

F in is h e d g o o d s ..................................................................................................................

F in is h e d c o n s u m e r g o o d s

...........................................................................

2 8 2 .5

282 0

2 8 3 .5

2 8 4 .4

......................................................................

2 5 9 .3

2 6 3 .4

2 6 0 .6

2 5 9 .7

2 5 9 .9

2 5 7 .7

2 5 7 .4

2 5 8 .3

2 5 8 .4

r2 6 1 . 0

2 6 0 .8

2 6 2 .9

2 6 2 .6

2 6 1 .0

C r u d e ..................................................................................................................

2 5 2 .7

2 5 4 .7

2 4 1 .0

2 3 9 .2

2 2 8 .2

2 3 2 .4

2 3 6 .1

2 4 7 .6

2 3 2 .9

r2 4 0 . 8

2 4 7 .5

2 6 5 .4

2 6 6 .8

2 5 0 .9

2 6 0 .6

2 5 7 .9

2 5 9 .9

2 6 0 .5

2 6 0 .1

2 5 9 .8

F in is h e d c o n s u m e r f o o d s

.....................................................................................................

2 5 7 .7

2 6 2 .0

2 6 0 .2

2 5 9 .4

2 5 7 .2

2 5 7 .1

2 5 8 .5

r2 6 0 . 7

N o n d u ra b le g o o d s le s s f o o d s .............................................................

3 3 3 .6

3 2 8 .7

3 3 5 .3

3 3 7 .2

3 3 8 .3

3 4 0 .0

3 4 2 .5

3 4 2 .2

3 3 6 .6

r3 3 3 . 7

3 3 0 .6

3 2 8 .0

3 3 2 .0

D u r a b le g o o d s

2 2 6 .7

2 2 5 .9

2 2 6 .7

2 2 7 .5

2 2 3 .0

2 3 1 .0

2 3 1 .2

2 3 2 .0

2 3 1 .7

r2 3 2 . 9

2 3 3 .1

2 3 2 .2

2 3 2 .6

2 3 2 .8

. . .

2 2 3 .8

2 2 3 .5

2 2 3 .7

2 2 4 .3

2 2 5 .5

2 2 7 .8

2 2 8 .4

2 2 9 .2

2 2 8 .3

r2 2 8 . 9

2 2 8 .1

2 2 9 .8

2 3 0 .2

2 3 0 .4

............................................

2 7 9 .4

2 7 9 .2

2 8 0 .2

2 8 0 .7

2 7 8 .8

2 8 3 .2

2 8 3 .8

2 8 4 .9

2 8 5 .2

r2 8 5 . 6

2 8 6 .5

2 8 6 .5

2 8 6 .8

2 8 6 .9

P ro c e s s e d

................................................................................................

C o n s u m e r n o n d u r a b le g o o d s le s s fo o d a n d e n e r g y
C a p ita l e q u i p m e n t ............................................

3 3 5 .6

IN T E R M E D IA T E M A T E R IA L S

In te r m e d ia t e m a te r ia ls , s u p p lie s , a n d c o m p o n e n t s ...............................

3 1 0 .4

3 0 9 .9

3 1 1 .1

3 1 0 .8

3 1 0 .5

3 0 9 .9

3 0 9 .9

3 1 0 .1

3 0 9 .2

r3 0 9 . 9

3 0 9 .2

3 0 9 .1

3 1 0 .1

3 1 1 .7

M a te r ia ls a n d c o m p o n e n t s f o r m a n u f a c t u r in g ...............................

2 8 9 .8

2 8 9 .8

2 8 9 .2

2 8 8 .7

2 8 9 .9

2 8 9 .4

2 8 8 .7

2 8 8 .3

2 8 8 .6

r2 9 1 .1

2 9 0 .3

2 9 1 .1

2 9 2 .0

2 9 2 .4

M a te r ia ls f o r fo o d m a n u f a c t u r i n g .....................................................

2 5 5 .1

2 5 7 .3

2 5 4 .2

2 5 1 .0

2 4 9 .8

2 5 4 .1

2 5 2 .5

2 5 4 .8

2 5 6 .8

2 5 7 .1

M a te r ia ls f o r n o n d u r a b le m a n u fa c t u r in g

2 6 0 .7

2 5 9 .7

2 5 8 .0

2 5 0 .9

...................................

2 8 4 .4

2 8 5 .4

2 8 3 .1

2 8 2 .6

2 8 1 .7

2 8 0 .4

2 7 9 .2

2 7 8 .0

2 7 7 .0

r2 7 7 .0

2 7 7 .0

2 7 7 .5

2 7 7 .7

............................................

3 1 0 .1

3 0 7 .5

3 0 8 .0

3 0 6 .5

3 1 0 .5

3 0 9 .8

3 0 9 .3

3 0 9 .4

3 1 2 .0

r3 1 9 . 2

3 1 5 .0

3 1 6 .4

3 1 8 .4

3 1 8 .4

C o m p o n e n t s f o r m a n u f a c t u r i n g .........................................................

2 7 3 .9

2 7 3 .6

2 7 3 .9

2 7 4 .3

2 7 5 .8

2 7 6 .7

2 7 6 .9

2 7 7 .3

2 7 6 .8

r2 7 7 . 6

2 7 9 .0

2 7 9 .0

2 7 9 .6

2 8 0 .6

M a te r ia ls a n d c o m p o n e n t s f o r c o n s t r u c t i o n ...................................

2 9 3 .7

2 9 4 .5

2 9 4 .3

2 9 3 .5

2 9 4 .2

2 9 3 .7

2 9 3 .6

2 9 4 .7

2 9 6 .5

r2 9 8 . 8

2 9 9 .4

3 0 0 .1

3 0 0 .5

3 0 1 .5

P r o c e s s e d f u e ls a n d l u b r i c a n t s ..................................................................

5 9 1 .7

5 8 1 .1

6 0 0 .7

6 0 3 .8

5 9 2 .3

5 9 0 .0

5 9 3 .0

5 9 5 .0

5 7 7 .9

r5 6 5 . 4

5 5 7 .9

5 4 9 .0

5 5 2 .8

5 6 7 .4

M a te r ia ls f o r d u r a b le m a n u fa c t u r in g

2 7 8 .0

M a n u fa c t u r in g i n d u s t r i e s ...........................................................................

4 9 7 .8

4 9 1 .7

5 0 6 .9

5 1 0 .7

496 4

4 9 6 .6

5 0 0 .4

5 0 2 .2

4 8 5 .2

r4 7 5 . 5

4 7 1 .8

4 6 8 .5

4 7 0 .1

4 8 3 .6

N o n m a n u f a c tu r in g In d u s tr ie s

6 7 4 .3

6 5 9 .5

6 8 3 .0

6 8 5 .5

6 7 6 .9

6 7 2 .1

6 7 4 .2

6 7 6 .4

6 5 9 .4

r6 4 4 . 6

6 3 3 .4

6 1 9 .2

6 2 4 .9

6 4 0 .5

.............................................................

C o n t a i n e r s ..................................................................................................................

2 8 5 .6

2 8 6 .5

2 8 6 .3

2 8 5 .4

2 8 5 .3

2 8 5 .1

2 8 4 .9

2 8 5 .0

2 8 5 .0

r2 8 5 . 3

2 8 5 .3

2 8 5 .0

2 8 6 .1

2 8 5 .9

S u p p l i e s ......................................................................................................................

2 7 2 .1

2 7 3 .4

2 7 3 .1

2 7 2 .6

2 7 2 .2

2 7 2 .0

2 7 2 .8

2 7 3 .0

2 7 3 .1

r2 7 3 . 5

2 7 4 .5

2 7 5 .6

2 7 5 .9

2 7 5 .9

M a n u fa c t u r in g i n d u s t r i e s ..........................................................................

2 6 5 .8

2 6 6 .7

2 6 6 .8

2 6 6 .5

2 6 6 .7

2 6 6 .9

2 6 6 .9

2 6 7 .2

2 6 7 .4

r2 6 7 . 8

2 6 8 .9

2 6 8 .8

2 6 9 .2

2 7 0 .2

N o n m a n u f a c tu r in g in d u s tr ie s

.............................................................

2 7 5 .7

2 7 7 .1

2 7 6 .7

2 7 6 .0

2 7 5 .3

2 7 4 .9

2 7 6 .1

276 3

2 7 6 .4

r2 7 6 . 8

2 7 7 .6

2 7 9 .4

2 7 9 .6

2 7 9 .1

..................................................................................................................

2 0 7 .0

2 1 3 .1

2 1 0 .3

2 0 3 .1

1 9 8 .1

1 9 2 .9

1 9 9 .8

2 0 4 .7

2 0 6 .5

r2 0 7 .4

2 0 7 .8

2 1 9 .1

2 1 8 .0

2 1 3 .6

O t h e r s u p p l i e s ............................................................................................

289 8

2 9 0 .4

2 9 0 .5

2 9 1 .1

2 9 1 .3

2 9 1 .9

2 9 1 .9

2 9 1 .1

2 9 0 .9

r2 9 1 .2

2 9 2 .1

2 9 2 .1

2 9 2 .5

2 9 2 .8

3 1 3 .2

3 1 2 .7

3 1 3 .9

r3 2 0 . 2

3 2 2 .1

3 2 5 .7

3 2 5 .7

3 2 3 .2

Feeds

C R U D E M A T E R IA L S
C r u d e m a te r ia ls f o r f u r t h e r p r o c e s s in g

.........................................................

3 1 9 .5

3 2 5 .6

3 2 3 .4

3 1 9 ..8

3 1 6 .1

3 1 2 .0

F o o d s tu ffs a n d f e e d s t u f f s ...............................................................................

2 4 7 .8

2599

2 5 5 .5

249 6

2 4 2 .9

236 3

2 3 6 .3

2 3 7 .1

2 3 9 .6

2 4 9 .3

2 4 9 .1

2 5 6 .8

2 5 6 .5

2 5 2 .1

N o n fo o d m a t e r i a l s .................................................................................................

4 7 3 .9

4 6 7 .7

4 6 9 .8

4 7 1 .0

4 7 3 .7

4 7 4 .8

4 7 8 .6

4 7 5 .3

4 7 3 .6

r4 7 3 . 0

; 4 7 9 .4

4 7 4 .4

4 7 5 .1

4 7 6 .4

N o n fo o d m a te r ia ls e x c e p t f u e l .............................................................

3 7 6 .8

3 7 0 .0

3 6 9 .2

3 6 9 .5

3 6 9 .5

3 7 1 .9

3 6 9 .2

3 6 5 .8

3 6 8 .0

3 6 7 .1

3 6 6 .5

..................................................................

3 8 7 .2

3 7 8 .9

3 7 8 .4

3 7 8 .9

3 7 9 .1

3 8 2 .2

3 7 9 .2

3 7 5 .0

3 7 7 .6

r3 7 5 . 1

3 7 6 .2

3 7 6 .0

378 1

3 7 9 .6

C o n s t r u c t i o n .................................................................................................

2 7 0 .3

2 7 4 .2

2 7 1 .4

2 7 0 .3

268 8

2 6 6 .3

2 6 5 .6

2 6 8 .1

2 6 7 .5

r2 6 9 . 1

2 7 0 .2

2 6 7 .2

2 6 7 .6

268 1

M a n u fa c t u r in g in d u s tr ie s

C r u d e f u e l .............................................................................................................
M a n u fa c t u r in g in d u s tr ie s

.............................................................

N o n m a n u f a c tu r in g i n d u s t r i e s .........................................................

r3 6 6 . 0

368 5

3 6 9 .9

8 8 6 .1

8 8 3 .9

9 0 1 .3

9 0 6 .9

9 2 3 .5

9 1 7 .2

9 5 4 .7

9 5 2 .2

9 3 0 .7

r9 3 7 . 7

9 7 0 .0

9 4 3 .2

9 3 6 .8

9 3 7 .7

1 ,0 3 4 .8

1 ,0 3 2 .0

1 ,0 5 3 .9

1 ,0 6 1 .1

1 ,0 8 3 .6

1 ,0 7 5 .3

1 ,1 2 5 .5

1 ,1 2 1 .4

1 ,0 9 3 .8

r1 ,1 0 3 .9

1 ,1 4 4 .8

1 ,1 0 9 .4

1 ,1 0 2 .2

1 ,1 0 3 .6

7 8 2 .2

7 8 0 .5

7 9 4 .5

7 9 8 .9

8 1 0 .7

8 0 5 .9

8 3 4 .2

8 3 2 .2

8 1 5 .5

r8 2 0 .0

8 4 5 .7

8 2 5 .5

8 1 9 .7

8 2 0 .1

2 8 5 .8

2 8 3 .4

2 8 6 .7

2 8 7 .9

2 8 6 .3

2 9 0 .8

2 9 2 .0

2 9 2 .5

2 9 0 .3

r2 8 9 . 6

2 8 8 .8

2 8 7 .5

2 8 9 .3

2 9 0 .8

2 8 7 .8

2 8 4 .8

2 8 8 .8

2 9 0 .2

288 9

2 9 3 .3

2 9 4 .8

2 9 5 .0

2 9 1 .4

r2 9 0 . 3

2 8 9 .1

2 8 7 .2

2 8 9 .3

2 9 1 .4

2 4 4 .1

2 4 5 .1

2 4 4 .5

2 4 4 .7

2 4 3 .9

2 4 6 .5

2 4 6 .7

2 4 7 .6

2 4 7 .1

r2 4 8 . 7

2 4 8 .4

2 4 9 .5

2 4 9 .6

2 4 9 .2

S P E C IA L G R O U P IN G S
F in is h e d g o o d s e x c lu d in g f o o d s ......................................................................
F in is h e d c o n s u m e r g o o d s e x c lu d in g f o o d s

......................

F in is h e d c o n s u m e r g o o d s le s s e n e r g y ..........................

In te r m e d ia t e m a te r ia ls le s s f o o d s a n d f e e d s

...............................

In te r m e d ia t e m a te r ia ls le s s e n e r g y ...............................

In te r m e d ia t e f o o d s a n d f e e d s

.......................................

C r u d e m a te r ia ls le s s a g r ic u lt u ra l p r o d u c ts
C r u d e m a te r ia ls le s s e n e r g y

......................

...................................

3 1 5 .7

3 1 4 .7

3 1 6 .1

3 1 6 .0

3 1 5 .9

3 1 5 .5

3 1 5 .5

3 1 5 .7

3 1 4 .6

r3 1 5 . 2

3 1 4 .5

3 1 4 .0

3 1 5 .0

316 8

2 9 0 .4

2 9 0 .8

2 9 0 .4

2 8 9 .7

2 9 0 .5

2 9 0 .1

2 8 9 .8

2 9 0 .0

2 9 0 .5

r2 9 2 .4

2 9 2 .3

2 9 3 .1

2 9 3 .9

2 9 4 .3

2 3 9 .4

2 4 5 .1

2 4 3 .6

2 4 0 .2

2 3 8 .1

2 3 4 .4

2 3 4 .4

2 3 5 .1

2 3 6 .4

r2 3 8 .8

2 3 7 .9

2 4 3 .2

2 4 4 .2

2 4 2 .9

5 3 6 .3

5 2 9 .1

5 3 1 .5

5 3 2 .0

5 3 5 .5

5 3 7 .2

5 4 1 .9

5 3 7 .4

5 3 6 .0

r5 3 5 .1

5 4 1 .7

5 3 5 .9

5 3 6 .2

537 5

2 4 0 .4

2 4 8 .7

2 4 5 .1

2 4 0 .7

2 3 5 .6

2 3 0 .0

2 2 9 .2

2 2 9 .9

2 3 2 .5

r 2 4 1 .4

2 4 2 .8

2 4 8 .4

2 4 8 .8

2 4 6 .0

' D a t a f o r F e b r u a r y 1 9 8 3 h a v e b e e n re v is e d to re fle c t th e a v a ila b ility o f la te r e p o r ts a n d c o r r e c tio n s b y
r e s p o n d e n t s . A ll d a ta a r e s u b je c t t o r e v is io n 4 m o n th s a fte r o r ig in a l p u b lic a tio n .

72

https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

r =

re v is e d ,

24.

P roducer Price Indexes, by com m odity groupings

[ 1 9 6 7 = 1 0 0 u n le s s o t h e r w is e s p e c if ie d ]

1982

A ll c o m m o d it ie s
A ll c o m m o d it ie s ( 1 9 5 7 - 5 9 -

1983

1982

A nnual
a verag e

C o m m o d it y g r o u p a n d s u b g r o u p

Code

100)

June

J u ly

Aug.

S e p t.

O c t.

Nov.

D ec.

Jan.

F e b .1

M a r.

A p r.

M ay

June

2 9 9 .3

2 9 9 .3

3 0 0 .4

3 0 0 .2

2 9 9 .3

2 9 9 .8

3 0 0 .3

3 0 0 .7

2 9 9 .9

'3 0 0 .9

3 0 0 .5

3 0 0 .8

3 0 1 .7

3 0 2 .5

3 1 7 .6

3 1 7 .6

3 1 8 .7

3 1 8 .5

3 1 7 .6

3 1 8 .1

3 1 8 .6

3 1 9 .0

3 1 8 .2

r3 1 9 . 3

3 1 8 .8

3 1 9 .1

3 2 0 .1

3 2 1 .0

F a r m p r o d u c ts a n d p r o c e s s e d f o o d s a n d fe e d s

2 4 8 .9

2 5 5 .3

2 5 2 .4

2 4 9 .6

2 4 7 .4

2 4 3 .8

2 4 3 .9

2 4 4 .8

2 4 5 .8

r2 5 0 . 4

2 5 0 .4

2 5 4 .7

2 5 4 .7

3 5 2 .4

In d u s t r ia l c o m m o d it ie s

3 1 2 .3

3 1 0 .6

3 1 2 .8

3 1 3 .2

3 1 2 .7

3 1 4 .3

3 1 5 .0

3 1 5 .2

3 1 3 .9

r3 1 3 . 9

3 1 3 .4

3 1 2 .6

3 1 3 .8

3 1 5 .4

F a rm p r o d u c t s ...........................................................................................................................

2 4 2 .4

2 5 2 .7

2 4 6 .6

2 4 0 .8

2 3 4 .5

2 9 9 .2

2 3 0 .7

2 3 2 .6

2 3 3 .2

r2 4 0 7

2 4 1 .4

2 5 0 .5

2 5 0 .3

2 4 7 .3

F re s h a n d d r ie d f r u its a n d v e g e t a b l e s .............................................................

2 5 3 .7

2 6 4 .5

2 3 9 .1

2 3 8 .6

2 2 1 .0

2 2 3 .0

2 3 3 .4

2 4 8 .8

2 2 7 .6

'2 2 7 .8

2 3 4 .3

2 6 6 .0

2 5 9 .5

2 6 3 .9

2 6 2 .3

2 0 6 .3

2 2 2 .4

2 2 7 .4

2 4 3 .8

2 4 2 .2

2 4 1 .5

2 3 7 .2

2 4 2 .3

2 5 1 .1

2 5 1 .4

2 6 0 .6

2 5 8 .0

2 5 1 .7

FA R M PR O D U C TS A N D PRO CESSED FO ODS
A N D FEEDS

01
0 1 -1
0 1 -2

G r a i n s ........................................................................................................................................

2 1 0 .9

2 2 5 .7

2 1 2 .8

1 9 7 .2

1 8 7 .3

1 8 3 .2

1 9 8 .6

2 5 7 .8

2 7 7 .5

2 7 0 .3

2 6 8 .4

2 5 9 .0

2 4 8 .5

239 1

0 1 -3

L v e s t o c K ...............................................................................................................................

0 1 -4

L iv e p o u l t r y ...........................................................................................................................

1 9 1 .9

2 0 7 .2

2 1 2 .5

1 8 9 .3

2 0 0 .1

1 7 7 .8

0 1 -5

P la n t a n d a n im a l fib e r s

2 0 2 .9

2 0 3 .1

2 2 0 .8

2 0 7 .5

1 9 6 .8

1 9 8 .1

1 9 5 .3

200 6

2 0 1 .7

2 0 6 .4

2 1 7 .0

2 1 3 .6

2 2 3 .9

2 2 9 .7

2 7 9 .0

2 7 8 .8

2 8 1 .9

2 8 5 .0

2 8 5 .9

2 8 5 .5

2 8 4 .5

'2 8 4 .3

2 8 2 .9

2 8 0 .8

2 7 9 .8

2 7 8 .6

0 1 -6

............................................................................................

F lu id m i l k ...............................................................................................................................

2 8 2 .5

2 7 8 .9

1 9 6 .5

1 7 7 .1

1 8 1 .6

1 7 7 .8

1 7 7 .1

1 7 0 .8

1 8 6 .9

1 9 9 .3

0 1 -7

E g g s ............................................................................................................................................

1 7 8 .7

1 5 9 .3

1 7 1 .7

1 7 1 .7

1 7 3 .3

1 7 7 .9

1 7 2 .5

1 7 0 .0

1 7 0 .0

1 7 0 .0

1 7 0 .0

1 7 0 .0

1 8 5 .1

1 6 9 .3

0 1 -8

H a y , h a y s e e d s , a n d o ils e e d s

2 1 2 .8

2 1 9 .3

2 2 0 .0

2 0 4 .5

2 0 1 .8

1 9 4 .3

2 0 4 .8

2 0 9 .0

2 1 2 .4

2 1 7 .9

2 1 7 .8

2 2 6 .3

2 2 7 .3

2 1 3 .3

0 1 -9

02

...............................................................................

O th e r f a r m p r o d u c t s .....................................................................................................

2 7 4 .5

2 7 1 .8

2 6 5 .5

2 7 4 .4

2 7 6 .8

2 7 4 .0

2 7 6 .3

2 8 0 .1

2 7 9 .9

'2 8 1 .2

2 8 0 .3

2 7 9 .2

2 8 1 .0

2 8 4 .4

P r o c e s s e d f o o d s a n d f e e d s ............................................................................................

2 5 1 .5

2 5 5 .8

2 5 4 .6

2 5 3 .5

2 5 3 .5

2 5 0 .8

2 5 0 .2

2 5 0 .5

2 5 1 .7

'2 5 4 .7

2 5 4 .3

2 5 6 .0

2 5 6 .1

2 5 4 .2

2 5 7 .3

'2 5 6 .8

2 5 9 .1

2 5 9 .8

2 5 4 .2

2 5 6 .2

2 5 7 .4

2 6 0 .0

C e re a l a n d b a k e ry p r o d u c t s ...................................................................................

2 5 3 .8

2 5 2 .7

2 5 3 .0

2 5 2 .7

M e a ts , p o u ltr y , a n d f i s h ............................................................................................

2 5 7 .6

2 7 1 .2

2 6 6 .0

2 6 2 .2

2 6 5 .7

2 5 6 .9

2 5 1 .6

2 4 9 .9

252 3

'2 6 1 .0

2 6 0 .1

2 5 9 .3

2 5 7 .7

2 5 0 .3

2 4 8 .6

2 4 8 .8

2 4 9 .1

2 4 9 .8

2 5 0 .2

2 5 0 .8

2 5 0 .7

'2 5 0 .9

2 5 0 .7

2 5 1 .0

2 5 0 .9

2 5 0 .4

0 2 -3

D a ir y p r o d u c t s ..................................................................................................................

2 4 8 .9

2 4 8 .7

2 5 4 .0

2 5 3 .0

0 2 -1
0 2 -2

0 2 -4

P r o c e s s e d f ru its a n d v e g e t a b l e s ...........................................................................

2 7 4 .5

2 7 5 .8

2 7 4 .4

2 7 4 .1

2 7 2 .8

2 7 3 .4

2 7 2 .8

2 7 5 .7

2 7 4 .8

'2 7 4 .3

2 7 2 .9

2 7 3 .8

2 7 5 .0

2 7 6 .8

0 2 -5

S u g a r a n d c o n f e c t i o n e r y ............................................................................................

2 6 9 .7

2 6 9 .1

2 7 5 .7

2 8 5 .5

2 7 8 .5

2 7 6 .3

2 8 0 .4

2 8 0 .1

2 8 2 .1

2 8 6 .4

2 8 3 .7

2 8 6 .7

2 8 9 .5

2 9 6 .0

2 5 8 .4

0 2 -6

B e v e r a g e s a n d b e v e r a g e m a te r ia ls

..................................................................

2 5 6 .9

2 5 6 .7

2 5 8 .0

2 5 7 .1

2 5 7 .9

'2 6 1 .3

2 6 1 .8

2 6 3 .0

2 6 3 .3

2 6 2 .8

0 2 -7

F a ts a n d o ils

......................................................................................................................

2 1 5 .1

2 2 1 .8

2 2 1 .3

2 1 5 .6

2 1 1 .4

2 1 3 .8

2 0 7 .2

2 0 3 .0

2 0 1 .7

'2 0 5 .3

2 0 5 .0

2 1 3 .4

2 1 9 .4

2 1 9 .4

0 2 -8

M is c e lla n e o u s p ro c e s s e d f o o d s ...........................................................................

2 4 8 .6

2 4 8 .6

2 4 8 .1

2 4 5 .9

2 4 7 .0

2 4 7 .9

2 4 7 .8

2 4 8 .6

2 4 8 .8

'2 4 9 .3

2 4 8 .5

2 4 9 .9

2 4 9 .9

2 5 0 .4

0 2 -9

P r e p a r e d a n im a l f e e d s .................................................................................................

2 1 1 .3

2 1 6 .4

213 9

2 0 7 .5

2 0 4 .3

1 9 9 .8

2 0 6 .0

2 1 0 .1

2 1 1 .6

'2 1 2 .3

2 1 2 .5

2 2 2 .3

2 2 1 .2

2 1 7 .3

2 0 4 .6

2 0 4 .1

2 0 3 .9

2 0 2 .6

2 0 3 .2

2 5 6 .9

2 5 8 .8

2 6 0 .1

IN D U S T R IA L C O M M O D IT IE S
2 0 5 .0

2 0 4 .1

2 0 4 .2

2 0 4 .3

2 0 2 .7

'2 0 2 .6

2 0 3 .3

2 0 3 .9

2 0 4 .5

1 6 2 .1

1 6 2 .8

1 6 1 .5

1 6 2 .2

1 6 2 .5

1 6 1 .1

1 6 1 .2

1 5 9 .7

1 5 6 .7

' 1 5 3 .1

1 5 6 .3

1 5 5 .4

1 5 7 .2

1 5 6 .6

........................................

1 3 8 .3

1 3 9 .4

1 3 5 .9

1 3 5 .9

1 3 6 .6

1 3 6 .5

1 3 6 .7

1 3 6 .7

1 3 4 .7

'1 3 5 .0

1 3 5 .9

1 3 6 .0

1 3 7 .6

1 3 7 .6

1 0 0 ) ...................................................................................

1 4 5 .3

1 4 6 .0

1 4 4 .9

1 4 4 .6

1 4 3 .6

1 4 3 .7

1 4 3 .1

1 4 3 .3

1 4 4 .4

'1 4 4 .3

1 4 5 .0

1 4 6 .2

1 4 6 .0

1 4 5 .8

1 2 4 .6

1 2 4 .0

1 2 3 .8

1 2 4 .3

1 2 3 .7

123 2

1 2 3 .0

122 8

1 2 2 .2

'1 2 2 .3

1 2 2 .5

1 2 2 .8

1 2 2 .2

1 2 2 .5

1 9 5 .7

1 9 5 .4

1 9 3 .0

1 9 4 .4

'1 9 5 .0

1 9 4 .6

1 9 4 .7

1 9 5 .1

1 9 6 .6

2 3 6 .2

2 3 6 .2

2 3 6 .2

2 3 6 .5

'2 3 4 .3

2 3 8 .5

2 3 8 .5

2 4 1 .9

2 3 9 .5

T e x t ile p r o d u c ts a n d a p p a r e l ........................................................................................

03
0 3 -1

S y n t h e t ic f ib e r s ( 1 2 / 7 5 =

1 0 0 ) ...........................................................................

0 3 -2

P r o c e s s e d y a r n s a n d th re a d s ( 1 2 /7 5 =

0 3 -3

G r a y fa b ric s ( 1 2 / 7 5 =

0 3 -4

F in is h e d fa b ric s ( 1 2 / 7 5 =

100)

1 0 0 ) ...........................................................................

0 3 -4

A p a r e ........................................................................................................................................

1 9 4 .4

1 9 5 .0

1 9 4 .8

1 9 5 .1

1 9 5 .4

0 3 -8 1

T e x t ile h o u s e f u r n is h l n g s ............................................................................................

2 3 8 .5

2 3 9 .7

2 3 8 .2

2 3 6 .4

2 3 8 .2

0 3 -8 2

0 4 -4
05
0 5 -1

2 6 6 .7

3 0 7 .4

3 0 4 .9

3 0 9 .2

3 0 9 .5

3 1 2 .8

3 1 4 .4

3 1 4 .4

'3 1 2 .8

3 1 6 .0

3 1 7 .9

3 2 4 .5

3 3 4 .0

2 4 4 .2

2 4 7 .3

2 4 7 .7

2 4 8 .3

2 4 8 .0

2 4 9 .1

2 4 7 .7

2 5 1 .5

'2 4 7 .7

2 4 8 .0

2 4 8 .4

248 7

2 4 9 .0

..................................................................

2 4 7 .4

2 4 5 .6

2 4 6 .9

2 4 4 .9

2 4 7 .7

2 4 7 .2

2 4 7 .1

2 4 9 .1

250 8

'2 5 1 .0

2 5 4 .5

2 5 4 .4

2 5 5 .2

2 5 2 .1

F u e ls a n d re la te d p r o d u c ts a n d p o w e r ..................................................................

6 9 3 .2

6 7 7 .3

7 0 1 .1

7 0 5 .6

7 0 0 .4

6 9 8 .8

7 0 6 .1

7 0 3 .4

6 8 3 .6

'6 6 8 .6

6 6 2 .3

6 4 8 .1

6 5 4 .8

6 6 8 .7

O t h e r le a th e r a n d re la te d p r o d u c ts

C o a l ............................................................................................................................................

0 5 -2

C o k e ............................................................................................................................................

0 5 -3

G a s f u e ls 2

...........................................................................................................................

5 3 4 .7

5 3 3 .6

5 3 8 .0

5 3 9 .0

2 6 3 .5

2 6 4 .1

3 0 7 .7

2 4 5 .0

L e a th e r
F o o tw e a r

2 6 2 .0

263 2

2 6 1 .8

3 1 1 .4

...............................................................................................................................

0 4 -2

2 6 3 .1

2 6 3 .2

2 6 2 .6

....................................................................................................................................

H id e s , s k in s , le a th e r , a n d re la te d p r o d u c t s .....................................................

04

0 4 -3

5 3 8 .5

5 3 8 .1

5 3 9 .6

5 3 8 .7

5 3 5 .6

'2 6 4 .3

'5 3 3 .4

265 9

5 4 0 .0

2 6 7 .1

5 3 9 .3

2 7 0 .1

5 3 5 .0

270 6

5 3 4 .0

4 6 1 .7

4 6 2 .0

4 6 0 .3

4 5 9 .1

4 6 0 .0

4 5 2 .3

5 6 2 .3

4 5 2 .3

4 5 0 .9

4 5 0 .9

4 4 7 .3

4 4 7 ,3

4 3 8 .4

4 3 8 .4

1 .0 6 0 .8

1 ,0 2 7 .5

1 ,0 5 4 .3

1 ,0 7 4 .6

1 ,1 1 2 .2

1 , 1 3 0 .1

1 ,1 9 0 .0

1 ,1 8 1 .2

1 ,1 4 7 .3

'1 ,1 5 4 . 7

1 ,1 9 0 .5

1 ,1 5 8 .4

1 ,1 5 9 .0

1 ,1 5 7 .4

4 0 6 .5

4 0 5 .7

4 1 5 .0

4 0 8 .7

4 0 4 .9

4 0 9 .9

4 1 0 .8

'4 1 0 .8

4 1 1 .7

4 1 6 .0

4 1 4 .9

4 0 9 .5

4 1 2 .5

7 3 3 .4

7 1 8 .2

7 1 8 .4

7 1 8 .4

7 1 8 .3

7 3 5 .3

7 3 3 .6

720 0

7 1 9 .7

'6 9 2 .9

6 7 8 .5

6 7 8 .4

6 7 8 .4

6 7 8 .4

...............................................................................

7 6 1 .2

7 3 9 .4

7 7 6 .5

7 8 1 .7

7 6 1 .6

7 5 4 .6

7 5 8 .0

7 5 4 .2

7 2 0 .6

'6 9 2 .8

6 7 2 .7

6 5 1 .8

6 6 4 .5

6 9 0 .1

C h e m ic a ls a n d a llie d p r o d u c t s ...................................................................................

292 3

2 9 3 .3

2 9 1 .6

2 9 1 .6

2 9 0 .7

2 8 9 .9

2 9 0 .5

2 8 9 .6

2 8 9 .3

'2 9 0 .5

2 9 0 .1

2 9 1 .3

291 3

2 9 1 .3

0 6 -1

In d u s tr ia l c h e m ic a ls 5 .....................................................................................................

3 5 2 .6

3 5 1 .2

3 4 9 .1

3 4 9 .1

3 4 6 .5

3 4 5 .8

3 4 5 .2

3 4 2 .4

3 3 9 .3

' 3 4 0 .1

3 3 9 .4

3 3 9 .7

3 3 9 .8

3 3 9 .7

0 6 -2 1

P r e p a r e d p a in t

2 6 2 .8

2 6 4 .7

2 6 4 .7

2 6 4 .7

2 6 4 .7

2 6 4 .7

2 6 4 .7

2 6 4 .7

2 6 4 .7

'2 6 4 .7

2 6 5 .1

2 6 5 .1

2 6 5 .1

2 6 5 .1

0 6 -2 2

P a in t m a t e r i a l s ..................................................................................................................

3 0 4 .6

3 0 4 .9

3 0 4 .5

3 0 2 .5

3 0 3 .0

3 0 3 .0

3 0 2 .4

3 0 1 .7

3 0 1 .5

'2 9 9 .5

2 9 8 .1

2 9 9 .5

3 0 0 .0

2 9 9 .3

0 6 -3

D r u g s a n d p h a r m a c e u tic a ls

2 1 0 .1

2 0 9 .7

2 1 0 .0

2 1 1 .2

2 1 2 .4

2 1 4 .9

2 1 5 .5

2 1 6 .0

2 1 8 .6

'2 2 2 .2

2 2 2 .7

2 2 5 .1

2 2 5 .3

2 2 5 .7

2 4 2 .3

2 3 9 .6

2 4 0 .8

2 4 2 .0

0 5 -4

E le c tlr c p o w e r

0 5 -6 1

C r u d e p e t r o le u m 3

0 5 -7

P e t r o le u m p r o d u c t s , r e fin e d 4

06

..................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................

...................................................................................

4 1 9 .7

0 6 -4

F a ts a n d o ils , I n e d i b l e .................................................................................................

2 6 7 .1

2 5 4 .2

2 5 4 .1

2 5 3 .4

2 6 2 .0

2 7 8 .8

2 8 6 .2

2 7 7 .9

0 6 -5

A g r ic u ltu r a l c h e m n ic a ls a n d c h e m ic a l p r o d u c ts

...................................

2 9 2 .4

2 9 4 .1

2 9 1 .5

2 9 0 .8

2 8 9 .9

2 8 8 .8

2 8 6 .5

2 8 5 .2

283 2

'2 8 3 .3

2 8 4 .0

2 8 3 .7

2 8 2 .9

2 8 1 .7

0 6 -6

P la s tic re s in s a n d m a t e r i a l s ...................................................................................

2 8 3 .4

2 8 2 .1

2 8 0 .9

2 8 2 .2

2 8 1 .6

2 8 1 .3

2 8 2 .2

2 8 2 .5

2 8 3 .8

' 2 8 3 .1

2 8 2 .8

2 8 4 .7

2 8 5 .4

2 8 9 .1

0 6 -7

O t h e r c h e m ic a ls a n d a llie d p r o d u c ts

.............................................................

2 7 0 .1

2 7 3 .8

2 7 1 .1

2 7 2 .3

2 7 1 .2

2 6 8 .6

2 7 2 .3

2 7 2 .0

2 7 2 .8

'2 7 4 .4

2 7 2 .2

2 7 3 .4

2 7 2 .3

2 7 2 .0

................................................................................................

2 4 1 .4

2 4 2 .5

2 4 2 .0

2 4 2 .6

2 4 2 .5

2 4 2 .2

2 4 1 .7

2 4 2 .2

2 4 2 .9

'2 4 2 .3

2 4 3 .1

2 4 2 .2

2 4 2 .9

242 7

R u b b e r a n d r u b b e r p r o d u c t s ....................................................................................

2 6 7 .8

2 6 9 .3

2 6 8 .8

2 7 0 .1

2 6 9 .5

2 6 8 .9

2 6 7 .9

2 6 8 .2

2 6 9 .6

'2 6 8 .3

2 7 1 .1

2 6 9 .2

2 6 9 .2

2 6 7 .8

2 8 0 .6

2 8 0 .5

2 8 0 .1

07

R u b b e r p la s tic p r o d u c ts

0 7 -1

2 8 7 .5

2 7 8 .2

0 7 -1 1

C ru d e ru b b e r

......................................................................................................................

2 7 8 .9

2 8 2 .5

2 8 0 .3

2 7 8 .7

2 7 6 .6

2 7 2 .5

2709

2 7 1 .1

2 7 1 .1

'2 7 4 .3

2 8 1 .1

0 7 -1 2

T ire s a n d t u b e s ..................................................................................................................

2 5 5 .5

2 5 5 .3

2 5 5 .0

2 5 7 .8

2 5 5 .6

2 5 5 .7

2 5 4 .5

2 5 6 .0

2 5 9 .1

'2 5 0 .5

2 5 0 .1

2 4 6 .6

2 4 6 .5

2 4 4 .0

0 7 -1 3

M is c e lla n e o u s r u b b e r p r o d u c t s

...........................................................................

2 7 6 .9

2 7 9 .5

2 7 9 .4

2 7 9 .7

2 8 1 .6

2 8 1 .4

2 8 0 .7

2 7 9 .7

2 8 4 .5

'2 8 9 .6

2 9 1 .9

2 9 1 .6

2 9 1 .8

2 9 1 .5

0 7 -2

P la s tic p r o d u c t s ( 6 / 7 8 =

...........................................................................

1 3 2 .3

1 3 2 .8

1 3 2 .5

1 3 2 .5

1 3 2 .7

1 3 2 .7

1 3 2 .7

1 3 3 .0

1 3 3 .0

' 1 3 3 .1

1 3 2 .6

1 3 2 .5

1 3 3 .4

1 3 3 .9

2 8 4 .7

2 8 9 .0

2 8 8 .6

2 8 4 .2

2 8 3 .0

2 7 9 .4

2 7 9 .9

2 8 5 .6

293 3

'3 0 3 1

3 0 5 .0

3 0 5 .4

3 0 6 .2

3 1 2 .5

3 1 0 .3

3 7 1 .3

100)

08
0 8 -1

L u m b e r ...................................................................................................................................

3 1 0 .8

3 1 5 .8

3 1 9 .2

3 1 1 .6

3 0 5 .6

3 0 5 .1

3 1 2 .6

3 2 6 .8

'3 4 4 .7

3 4 8 .2

3 5 2 .8

3 5 7 .3

0 8 -2

M i l l w o r k ....................................................................................................................................

2 7 9 .4

2 8 0 .5

2 8 2 .3

2 8 0 .2

2 7 9 .5

2 7 8 .6

2 8 0 .3

2 8 6 .5

2 9 3 .7

3 0 0 .5

3 0 4 .0

302 7

2 9 8 .8

0 8 -3

P y w o o d ....................................................................................................................................

2 3 2 .1

2 3 9 .2

2 3 2 .4

229 0

228 5

224 0

2 2 7 .8

2 3 1 .2

2 3 5 .3

'2 3 9 .5

2 3 8 .8

2 3 9 .3

2 4 0 .9

2 5 3 .4

0 8 -4

O th e r w o o d p r o d u c t s .....................................................................................................

2 3 6 .2

2 3 6 .0

2 3 6 .0

2 3 5 .8

2 3 5 .6

2 3 5 .8

2 3 3 .0

2 3 1 .2

2 3 2 .0

2 3 3 .2

2 3 1 .6

2 3 0 .8

2 3 1 .1

2 2 9 .6

2 9 4 .7

S e e f o o tn o t e s a t e n d o f ta b le .


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

73

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW August 1983 • Current Labor Statistics: Producer Prices
24.

C ontinued— P roducer Price Indexes, by com m o dity groupings

[ 1 9 6 7 = 1 0 0 u n le s s o t h e r w is e s p e c if ie d ]
Annual
Code

1982

1983

a verag e

C o m m o d it y g ro u p a n d s u b g ro u p

1982

June

J u ly

Aug.

S e p t.

O c t.

Nov.

D ec.

Jan.

F e b .1

M a r.

A p r.

May

June

IN D U S T R IA L C O M M O D IT IE S — C o n t in u e d

P u lp , p a p e r , a n d a llie d p r o d u c t s ...............................................................................

2 8 8 .7

2 8 9 .5

2 8 9 .1

2 8 9 .3

2 8 9 .4

2 8 9 .8

2 8 9 .8

2 9 0 .5

2 9 3 .6

r2 9 4 2

2 9 3 .8

2 9 5 .1

2 9 5 .7

2 9 6 .7

0 9 -1

P u lp , p a p e r ,a n d p r o d u c t s ,e x c lu d in g b u ild in g p a p e r a n d b o a rd

2 7 3 .2

2 7 4 .1

2 7 2 .6

2 7 2 .2

2 7 1 .5

2 7 0 .3

2 6 9 .4

2 6 8 .8

2 6 9 .8

r2 6 8 . 7

2 6 9 .1

2 6 8 .8

2 6 9 .1

2 6 9 .4

0 9 -1 1

W o o d p u i p ...............................................................................................................................

3 7 9 .0

3 8 8 .0

3 6 8 .3

3 6 7 .0

3 6 5 .0

3 5 0 .4

3 4 7 .3

3 4 7 .2

3 4 6 .6

r3 4 5 . 7

3 4 6 .7

3 4 4 .5

3 4 5 .8

3 4 6 .5

0 9 -1 2

W a s t e p a p e r ...........................................................................................................................

1 2 1 .1

1 1 5 .2

1 1 5 .6

1 1 6 .0

1 1 6 .0

1 1 6 .0

1 1 6 .0

1 1 6 .0

1 1 6 .0

1 1 6 .0

1 1 6 .0

1 1 6 .0

1 1 6 .0

0 9 -1 3

Paper

286 3

2 8 7 .8

2 8 6 .3

2 8 5 .3

2 8 5 .3

2 8 5 .4

2 8 0 .6

279 2

2 7 9 .3

r2 7 8 . 8

2 7 8 .6

2 7 8 .7

2 7 9 .1

1 7 9 .6

0 9 -1 4

P a p e rb o a rd

..........................................................................................................................

2 5 4 .9

2 5 5 .9

2 5 5 .0

2 5 5 .4

2 5 0 .7

2 4 8 .0

2 4 7 .6

2 4 4 .1

2 4 3 .3

r2 4 4 . 1

2 4 6 .6

2 4 8 .4

2 4 8 .9

2 4 9 .6

0 9 -1 5

C o n v e rte d p a p e r a n d p a p e r b o a r d p r o d u c t s ................................................

2 6 4 .4

2 6 4 .5

2 6 4 .4

2 6 4 .3

2 6 4 .2

2 6 4 .0

2 6 4 .7

2 6 4 .8

2 6 5 .0

2 6 5 .1

2 6 5 .2

2 6 4 .5

2 6 4 .5

2 6 4 .7

0 9 -2

B u ild in g p a p e r a n d b o a r d

.......................................................................................

2 3 9 .5

2 4 0 .0

2 3 9 .8

2 4 4 .4

2 4 3 .4

2 4 2 .1

2 4 1 .0

2 4 2 .0

2 4 1 .1

r2 4 1 .4

2 4 3 .3

2 4 6 .1

2 4 9 .3

2 5 5 .7

M e ta ls a n d m e ta l p r o d u c t s ............................................................................................

3 0 1 .6

2 9 9 .3

2 9 9 .5

2 9 9 .2

3 0 1 .8

3 0 1 .6

3 0 0 .5

2 9 9 .9

3 0 0 .3

r3 0 4 . 7

3 0 5 .4

3 0 5 .3

3 0 6 .7

3 0 6 .4

09

10
1 0 -1

........................................................................................................................................

Iro n a n d s t e e ......................................................................................................................

3 3 9 .0

3 3 8 .3

3 3 7 .5

3 3 7 .1

3 3 6 .5

3 3 7 .6

1 1 6 .0

3 3 5 .9

3 3 2 .8

3 4 1 .8

3 4 1 .7

3 4 1 .1

1 0 -1 7

S te e l m ill p r o d u c t s .........................................................................................................

3 4 9 .5

3 4 9 .9

3 4 9 .0

3 4 8 .6

3 4 8 .2

3 4 9 .8

3 4 8 .6

3 4 4 .7

3 4 3 .7

r 3 5 1 .1

3 5 0 .1

3 5 0 .1

3 5 0 .0

3 4 9 .0

1 0 -2

N o n f e r ro u s m e ta ls

2 6 3 .6

2 5 3 .4

2 5 6 .4

2 5 5 .7

2 6 5 .1

2 6 2 .9

2 6 1 .7

2 6 3 .2

2 6 7 .0

r2 7 5 .8

2 6 8 .8

2 7 1 .7

2 7 7 .9

2 7 5 .5

1 0 -3

M e ta l c o n t a in e r s

.........................................................................................................

3 3 3 .3

r3 3 9 . 9

3 4 0 .4

.............................................................................................................

3 2 8 .5

3 2 9 .9

3 3 0 .0

3 2 8 .8

3 2 8 .8

3 2 9 .7

3 2 9 .0

3 2 8 .3

3 2 7 .9

r3 3 1 1

3 3 1 .6

3 3 2 .0

3 3 7 .4

3 3 6 .8

1 0 -4

H a r d w a r e ...............................................................................................................................

2 8 0 .3

2 8 0 .3

2 8 1 .2

3 8 2 .6

2 8 2 .7

2 8 3 .0

2 8 3 .1

2 8 5 .8

2 8 7 .2

r2 8 7 . 9

2 8 5 .9

2 8 6 .3

2 8 6 .2

2 8 9 .2

1 0 -5

P lu m b in g fix t u re s a n d b ra s s f it tin g s

2 7 8 .7

2 8 2 .6

2 8 3 .3

2 7 4 .6

2 7 7 .1

2 7 7 .8

2 7 8 .3

2 7 9 .2

2 8 0 .6

r2 8 3 . 5

.............................................................

2 8 5 .5

2 8 7 .5

2 8 8 .8

1 0 -6

H e a tin g e q u i p m e n t .........................................................................................................

2 3 7 .2

2 3 8 .5

2 3 8 .9

2 3 8 .4

2 3 9 .1

2 3 8 .4

2 3 8 .8

2 3 9 .3

2 4 0 .7

r2 4 0 . 7

2 4 1 .1

2 4 2 .3

2 4 2 .4

1 4 2 .6

1 0 -7

F a b ric a te d s t ru c t u r a l m e ta l p r o d u c ts

.............................................................

3 0 4 .8

3 0 5 .3

3 0 3 .9

3 0 4 .3

3 0 6 .4

305 9

3 0 5 .3

3 0 4 .7

3 0 3 .6

r3 0 2 . 8

303 7

302 6

302 1

3 0 1 .9

1 0 -8

M is c e lla n e o u s m e ta l p r o d u c t s ...............................................................................

2 8 2 .3

2 8 3 .9

2 8 3 .2

2 8 3 .3

2 8 3 .8

2 8 4 .1

2 8 3 .4

2 8 3 .2

279 1

r2 7 9 . 0

2 8 9 .8

2 8 5 .3

2 8 4 .9

2 8 7 .4

2 7 8 .8

2 7 8 .6

2 7 9 .6

2 7 9 .9

2 8 0 .2

2 8 1 .1

2 8 1 .8

2 8 2 .4

2 8 3 .3

r2 8 4 .3

2 8 4 .0

2 8 4 .9

2 8 5 .6

2 8 5 .8

3 1 1 .1

3 0 9 .7

3 1 1 .0

3 1 2 .2

3 1 4 .1

3 1 7 .5

3 1 8 .7

3 2 0 .7

3 2 2 .4

r3 2 3 . 3

3 2 2 .8

3 2 4 .8

3 2 6 .0

3 2 5 .5

11

M a c h in e r y a n d e q u ip m e n t

............................................................................................

2 9 0 .6

1 1 -1

A g r ic u ltu r a l m a c h in e r y a n d e q u ip m e n t

1 1 -2

C o n s tr u c tio n m a c h in e r y a n d e q u i p m e n t .........................................................

3 4 3 .9

3 4 3 .9

3 4 6 .1

3 4 7 .5

3 4 7 .6

3 4 7 .9

3 4 8 .1

3 4 8 .3

r3 4 9 . 3

3 4 9 .6

3 5 0 .8

3 5 2 .2

3 5 2 .5

1 1 -3

M e ta lw o r k in g m a c h in e r y a n d e q u ip m e n t

3 2 0 .9

3 2 1 .2

322 5

3 2 2 .8

3 2 3 .1

3 2 3 .1

3 2 3 .5

3 2 3 .6

3 2 4 .1

r3 2 5 . 2

3 2 4 .8

3 2 5 .6

3 2 6 .1

3 2 6 .6

11

G e n e ra l p u r p o s e m a c h in e r y a n d e q u ip m e n t

3 0 4 .0

3 0 3 .5

3 0 4 .8

3 0 4 .9

3 0 5 .0

3 0 5 .9

3 0 6 .4

3 0 7 .0

3 0 7 .4

r3 0 7 . 9

3 0 7 .3

3 0 7 .9

3 0 8 .4

3 0 8 .5

4

.........................................................

.....................................................
............................................

3 4 6 .5

1 1 -6

S p e c ia l in d u s tr y m a c h in e r y a n d e q u i p m e n t ................................................

3 2 5 .1

3 2 5 .0

3 2 7 .1

3 2 6 .7

3 2 6 .8

3 2 7 .8

3 2 9 .1

3 2 9 .9

3 3 1 .8

r3 3 2 . 6

3 3 3 .7

3 3 4 .4

3 3 5 .6

3 3 6 .3

1 1 -7

E le c tric a l m a c h in e r y a n d e q u i p m e n t ..................................................................

2 3 1 .6

2 3 1 .5

2 3 1 .6

2 3 1 .8

2 3 1 .7

2 3 2 .6

2 3 3 .7

2 3 4 .2

2 3 5 .2

r2 3 7 . 2

2 3 6 .1

2 3 7 .3

2 3 7 .7

2 3 8 .2

1 1 -9

M is c e lla n e o u s m a c h in e r y

........................................................................................

2 6 8 .4

2 6 8 .5

2 6 9 .5

2 7 0 .9

2 7 1 .5

2 7 1 .6

2 7 2 .0

2 7 2 .3

272 9

r2 7 2 . 7

273 5

2 7 4 .0

2 7 5 .2

2 7 4 .8

F u r n itu r e a n d h o u s e h o ld d u r a b l e s ..........................................................................

2 0 6 .9

12

2 0 7 .0

2 0 6 .8

2 0 8 .1

2 0 8 .3

2 0 8 .9

2 0 8 .9

2 0 9 .2

2 1 0 .7

r2 1 2 .5

2 1 2 .1

1 2 -1

H o u s e h o ld fu r n it u r e

.....................................................................................................

2 2 9 .8

2 3 0 .2

2 3 0 .0

2 3 0 .4

2 3 0 .7

2 3 1 .2

2 3 1 .4

2 3 2 .0

2 3 1 .9

r2 3 2 . 6

2 3 2 .9

2 3 3 .7

2 3 4 .3

2 3 4 .8

1 2 -2

C o m m e rc ia l f u r n i t u r e .....................................................................................................

2 7 5 .5

2 7 6 .0

2 7 7 .4

2 7 8 .1

2 7 8 .2

2 7 8 .3

2 7 8 .6

2 7 8 .5

2 8 1 .1

r2 8 2 2

2 8 5 .4

2 8 6 .7

2 8 6 .6

2 8 7 .0

1 2 -3

F lo o r c o v e r i n g s ..................................................................................................................

1 8 1 .2

1 8 1 .9

1 8 1 .2

1 8 1 .0

1 8 1 .5

1 8 1 .6

1 8 1 .3

1 8 1 .5

1 8 2 .2

r 1 8 2 .1

1 8 1 .0

1 8 1 .4

1 8 1 .3

1 8 0 .6
2 0 7 .0

2 1 3 .1

2 1 3 .3

2 1 3 .6

1 2 -4

H o u s e h o ld a p p lia n c e s

................................................................................................

1 9 9 .1

1 9 9 .6

2 0 0 .2

2 0 1 .0

2 0 1 .2

2 0 1 .3

2 0 1 .2

201 8

2 0 3 .9

r2 0 4 . 9

2 0 3 .4

2 0 5 .2

2 0 5 .7

1 2 -5

H o m e e le c tr o n ic e q u i p m e n t ...................................................................................

8 8 .1

8 8 .4

8 7 .2

8 8 .0

8 7 .4

8 7 .8

8 7 .0

8 7 .1

87 3

r8 7 . 0

8 7 .2

86 9

86 7

8 6 .4

1 2 -6

O th e r h o u s e h o ld d u r a b le g o o d s ...........................................................................

2 8 9 .3

2 8 6 .1

2 8 5 .1

2 9 1 .8

2 9 3 .4

2 9 6 .5

2 9 7 .2

2 9 8 .1

3 0 2 .8

r3 1 4 .8

3 1 1 .7

3 1 3 .3

3 1 3 .7

3 1 2 .9

r3 2 2 . 3

3 2 1 .9

...................................................................................

3 2 0 .2

3 2 0 .9

3 2 1 .1

3 2 0 .5

3 2 1 .2

3 2 1 .1

3 2 1 .2

3 2 0 .5

3 2 1 .5

1 3 -1 1

13

N o n m e t a llic m in e r a l p r o d u c ts

F la t g l a s s ...............................................................................................................................

2 2 1 .5

2 2 6 .4

2 2 6 .1

2 2 1 .1

2 2 1 .1

2 2 1 .1

2 2 5 .3

2 2 5 .3

2 2 9 .7

2 2 9 .7

2 2 9 .7

2 2 9 .7

2 2 9 .7

229 7

1 3 -2

C o n c r e te i n g r e d i e n t s .....................................................................................................

3 1 0 .0

3 1 2 .7

3 1 1 .8

3 1 1 .2

3 1 0 .8

3 0 9 .9

3 1 0 .0

3 0 6 .7

3 0 7 .2

r3 1 0 . 0

3 0 9 .0

3 1 0 .6

3 1 4 .8

3 1 5 .4

1 3 -3

C o n c r e te p r o d u c t s

2 9 7 .8

2 9 8 .5

2 9 8 .8

2 9 9 .0

2 9 8 .7

2 9 8 .6

2 9 8 .2

2 9 8 .5

2 9 9 .4

r3 0 0 . 1

3 0 0 .1

3 0 1 .4

1 3 -4

S t ru c tu r a l c la y p r o d u c t s , e x c lu d in g r e fr a c to rie s

1 3 -5
1 3 -6

.........................................................................................................

3 2 4 .2

3 2 4 .6

3 0 0 .3

3 0 1 .0

2 6 0 .8

2 5 8 .9

2 5 9 .3

2 6 3 .9

2 6 4 .0

2 6 4 .0

2 6 4 .8

2 6 4 .8

2 6 4 .9

r2 6 4 . 3

2 7 0 .9

2 7 5 .3

2 7 7 .0

R e f r a c t o r i e s ......................................................................................................................

3 3 7 .1

3 4 0 .4

3 4 0 .4

3 4 0 .7

3 4 0 .8

3 4 0 .8

3 3 7 .2

3 3 7 .2

3 3 7 .7

r3 3 7 . 7

338 2

3 3 8 .7

3 3 8 .7

3 3 7 .3

A s p h a lt r o o f i n g ..............................................................................................................

2 9 8 .4

3 9 6 .4

3 9 9 .8

4 0 0 .1

4 1 3 .4

4 0 6 .7

3 9 9 .0

3 9 7 .0

3 9 3 .7

r3 8 0 . 4

3 7 3 .2

3 8 9 .0

3 7 8 .6

3 7 8 .1

1 3 -7

G y p s u m p r o d u c ts

1 3 -8

G la s s c o n ta in e r s

1 3 -9

O th e r n o n m e ta llic m in e r a ls

14

3 2 3 .7

...................................

.........................................................................................................
............................................................................................
..........................................................................

T r a n s p o r ta t io n e q u ip m e n t ( 1 2 / 6 8 =

1 0 0 ) .........................................................

2 8 0 .8

2 5 6 .1

2 5 6 .4

2 5 5 .8

2 5 3 .9

2 5 3 .9

2 5 5 .1

2 5 5 .0

253 9

2 6 3 .1

r2 6 7 . 4

2 6 3 .4

2 7 1 .4

2 7 5 .3

2 7 3 .5

3 5 5 .5

3 5 8 .1

3 5 8 .1

3 5 8 .0

3 5 8 .6

3 5 8 .5

3 5 7 .8

3 5 7 .6

3 5 6 .6

3 5 5 .8

3 5 4 .1

3 5 3 .8

3 5 1 .8

3 5 1 .7

4 7 1 .8

4 6 5 .2

4 6 6 .6

4 6 6 .0

4 6 7 .7

4 7 0 .4

4 7 1 .3

4 7 1 .0

4 7 1 .5

4 7 6 .1

4 7 6 .3

4 7 8 .6

4 7 8 .1

4 7 9 .4

2 4 4 .5

2 4 9 .7

2 4 9 .1

2 4 9 .8

2 5 0 .6

1 4 -1

M o t o r v e h ic le s a n d e q u i p m e n t ....................................................

2 5 1 .3

2 5 1 .1

2 5 2 .0

2 5 2 .8

2 4 4 .6

2 5 7 .8

2 5 7 .8

2 5 8 .1

2 5 7 .0

r2 5 6 . 3

2 5 7 .7

2 5 5 .9

2 5 6 .2

2 5 6 .6

1 4 -2

R a ilr o a d e q u i p m e n t ...............................................................................

3 4 6 .5

3 4 2 .8

3 4 2 .6

3 4 7 .7

3 4 8 .0

3 5 0 .8

3 5 0 .8

3 5 0 .8

3 5 0 .8

r3 5 0 . 5

3 5 7 .4

3 5 7 .2

3 5 7 .1

3 5 6 .8

2 8 7 .6

2 8 7 .1

15

M is c e lla n e o u s p r o d u c t s ...................................

2 5 6 .0

2 5 6 .3

2 5 7 .5

2 5 6 .3

r2 5 5 . 8

2 5 7 .1

2 5 5 .6

2 5 6 .0

2 5 6 .3

2 7 6 .4

2 7 1 .5

2 7 3 .4

2 7 2 .0

2 7 9 .5

2 8 5 .4

285 2

2 9 0 .4

1 5 -1

T o y s , s p o r tin g g o o d s , s m a ll a r m s , a m m u n i t i o n ...................................

2 2 1 .5

2 2 1 .9

2 2 2 .0

2 2 3 .5

2 2 1 .8

2 2 1 .2

2 2 1 .3

2 2 3 .7

2 2 2 .7

r2 2 5 . 3

2 2 6 .2

2 2 6 .8

226 5

2 2 6 .4

1 5 -2

T o b a c c o p r o d u c ts

3 2 3 .1

3 0 7 .0

3 1 1 .5

3 1 1 .5

329 1

3 6 5 .4

3 6 4 .5

3 8 2 .9

3 5 6 .2

r3 5 6 . 4

3 3 5 .1

3 5 4 .7

3 5 3 .9

3 5 2 .2

............................................

2 8 5 .7

r2 8 8 . 8

2 8 4 .4

2 8 8 .0

1 5 -3

N o t i o n s .............................................................

2 7 7 .0

2 8 0 .1

2 8 0 .1

2 8 0 .1

2 8 0 .1

2 8 0 .1

2 7 9 .8

2 7 9 .8

2 8 0 .5

2 8 0 .6

2 8 0 .6

1 5 -4

3 8 0 .3

280 3

2 8 0 .3

P h o to g r a h ic e q u ip m e n t a n d s u p p l i e s ..........................

2 1 0 .4

2 1 0 .4

2 0 8 .9

2 0 8 .9

2 0 9 .9

2 0 9 .7

2 0 9 .7

2 1 0 .0

2 1 0 .0

r2 1 1 .8

2 1 6 .9

2 1 6 .9

1 5 -5

2 1 6 .9

216 8

M o b ile h o m e s ( 1 2 /7 4 =

1 6 1 .9

1 6 2 .4

1 6 2 .6

1 6 2 .8

1 6 2 .9

1 6 2 .6

1 6 1 .6

1 6 1 .7

1 6 1 .8

r 1 6 1 .7

1 6 3 .3

1 6 2 .5

1 5 -9

1 6 2 .3

1 6 3 .0

O th e r m is c e lla n e o u s p r o d u c t s ..........................

3 3 8 .3

3 2 8 .6

3 3 3 .7

3 2 7 .0

3 4 5 .2

3 4 5 .2

3 4 5 .1

3 5 1 .6

350 8

r3 5 9 . 8

3 4 9 .9

3 4 9 .8

348 6

3 5 2 .7

1 0 0 ) ...................................

' D a t a f o r F e b r u a r y 1 9 8 3 h a v e b e e n re v is e d to re fle c t th e a v a ila b ility o f la te r e p o r ts a n d c o r r e c tio n s b y
r e s p o n d e n t s . A ll d a ta a re s u b je c t t o re v is io n 4 m o n th s a f te r o r ig in a l p u b lic a tio n .
^ P r ic e s f o r n a tu ra l g a s a r e la g g e d 1 m o n th .
3 In c lu d e s o n ly d o m e s tic p r o d u c tio n .

74

https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

4 M o s t p r ic e s f o r re fin e d p e t r o le u m p r o d u c t s a r e la g g e d 1 m o n th ,
3 S c m e p r ic e s f o r in d u s tr ia l c h e m ic a ls a r e la g g e d 1 m o n th
r = re v is e d .

25.

P roducer Price Indexes, for special com m o dity groupings

[1967 = 100 unless otherwise specified]

Nov.

D ec.

3 0 3 .7

3 0 4 .7

3 0 5 .1

3 0 5 .4

3 0 4 .4

r3 0 4 . 9

2 5 5 .3

2 5 2 .8

2 5 1 .9

2 5 2 .7

2 5 2 .4

'2 5 5 .7

2 5 8 .7

2 5 9 .2

2 5 6 .2

2 5 4 .7

2 5 4 .7

2 5 5 .8

'2 5 9 .3

2 7 2 .5

2 7 2 .6

2 7 2 .5

2 7 4 .4

2 7 4 .4

2 7 4 .9

2 7 5 .4

1 3 7 .6

1 3 7 .8

1 3 7 .8

1 3 7 .4

1 3 7 .1

1 3 6 .8

1 3 6 .7

1 3 8 .5

1 3 8 .5

1 3 8 .5

1 3 8 .7

1 3 8 .7

1 3 9 .7

1 3 9 .7

1 4 1 .7

2 1 7 .6

2 1 7 .4

2 1 8 .8

2 1 8 .6

2 1 9 .6

2 2 0 .1

2 1 9 .7

2 1 9 .7

2 8 3 .8

2 8 4 .5

2 8 2 .9

2 8 3 .3

2 8 2 .5

2 8 1 .8

2 8 2 .3

2 8 1 .4

2 1 1 .7

2 1 2 .3

Aug.

S e p t.

3 0 2 .2

3 0 3 .9

3 0 4 .1

2 5 9 .0

2 5 6 .6

2 5 5 .8

2 5 6 .0

2 6 0 .8

2 5 9 .5

2 7 2 .8

2 7 2 .4

1 0 0 ) ...............................

1 3 8 .2

1 3 8 .2

.....................................................................................................................................

1 3 8 .3

A ll c o m m o d it ie s — l e s s f a r m p r o d u c ts

In d u s tr ia l c o m m o d it ie s le s s f u e l s .......................................................................

r lo s e r y

O c t.

Jan.

J u ly

S e le c te d t e x tile m ill p r o d u c t s ( D e c . 1 9 7 5 =

U n d e r w e a r a n d n ig h tw e a r

1983

1982

A nnual
ave ra g e

C o m m o d it y g r o u p in g

.........................................................................................

1982

June

3 0 3 .0
2 5 4 .4

F e b .1

M a r.

A p r.

M ay

June

3 0 4 .4

3 0 4 .0

3 0 5 .0

3 0 6 .1

2 5 5 .5

2 5 8 .1

2 5 8 .2

2 5 6 .5

2 5 8 .6

1 5 9 .5

2 5 9 .6

2 5 7 .8

2 7 7 .0

2 7 7 .0

2 7 7 .5

2 7 8 .1

2 7 8 .6

r1 3 6 .8

1 3 7 .1

1 3 7 .2

1 3 7 .2

1 3 7 .2

1 4 4 .5

1 4 4 .5

1 4 4 .5

1 4 4 .5

1 4 4 .5

2 2 3 .3

r2 2 2 .6

2 2 3 .8

2 2 3 .8

2 2 4 .0

2 2 3 .1

2 8 0 .8

r 2 8 1 .4

2 8 1 .1

2 8 1 .9

2 8 1 .9

2 8 2 .0

C h e m ic a ls a n d a llie d p r o d u c t s , in c lu d in g s y n t h e tic ru b b e r
a n d f ib e r s a n d y a r n s .................................................................................................

r2 1 9 . 4

2 2 0 .0

2 2 2 .9

2 2 3 .2

2 2 3 .9

2 0 6 .4
2 9 4 .5

2 9 4 .8

2 8 8 .3

2 8 7 .2

2 8 2 .5

2 8 3 .4

2 8 9 .6

3 0 0 .7

r3 1 4 . 3

3 1 6 .4

3 1 9 .8

3 2 3 .3

3 3 7 .0

3 4 8 .1

3 4 7 .8

3 4 9 .1

3 4 8 .5

3 4 4 .8

3 4 3 .1

r3 4 9 . 9

3 4 8 .8

3 4 8 .7

3 4 8 .7

3 4 7 .7

3 4 7 .3

3 4 6 .9

3 4 8 .6

3 4 8 .0

3 4 4 .0

3 4 2 .1

r3 4 9 . 8

3 4 8 .7

3 4 8 .8

3 4 8 .7

3 4 7 .7

3 4 6 .3

3 4 7 .8

3 4 7 .2

3 4 3 .3

3 4 1 .6

'3 4 8 .5

3 4 7 .4

3 4 7 .3

3 4 7 .3

3 4 6 .4

2 0 6 .9

..................

3 4 9 .4

3 4 9 .9

............................................................................................................................

3 4 8 .4

3 4 8 .8

3 4 7 .7

S te e l m ill p r o d u c t s , in c lu d in g fa b ric a t e d w ir e p r o d u c t s

2 0 9 .0

2 1 5 .8

2 0 6 .0
2 8 8 .8

3 4 8 .4

2 0 7 .4

2 1 2 .8

P h a r m a c e u tic a l p r e p a r a t i o n s ....................................................................................
L u m b e r a n d w o o d p r o d u c t s , e x c lu d in g m i l l w o r k ....................................

F in is h e d s te e l m ill p r o d u c t s , e x c lu d in g fa b ric a t e d w ir e
p ro d u c ts

F in is h e d s te e l m ill p r o d u c t s , in c lu d in g fa b ric a t e d w ir e
3 4 7 .0

3 4 6 .7

3 4 8 .1

3 4 8 .8

..................................................................

2 8 6 .6

2 8 5 .2

2 8 5 .7

2 8 6 .8

2 8 4 .0

2 8 9 .5

2 8 8 .9

2 8 8 .7

2 8 8 .6

r2 9 0 .9

2 9 1 .8

2 9 1 .0

2 9 2 .1

F a b r ic a te d m e ta l p r o d u c t s .........................................................................................

2 9 1 .6

2 9 2 .8

2 9 2 .0

2 9 1 .9

2 9 2 .9

2 9 3 .0

2 9 2 .5

2 9 2 .5

2 9 1 .1

r 2 9 1 .3

2 9 5 .3

2 9 3 .4

2 9 3 .9

2 9 5 .2

p ro d u c ts

............................................................................................................................

S p e c ia l m e ta ls a n d m e ta l p r o d u c t s

2 9 2 .1

C o p p e r a n d c o p p e r p r o d u c t s ....................................................................................

1 8 5 .5

1 7 9 .7

1 7 9 .2

1 7 9 .8

1 8 1 .0

1 7 8 .8

1 8 1 .2

1 8 1 .8

1 9 0 .7

r2 0 1 .5

1 9 9 .0

2 0 1 .0

2 0 6 .7

2 0 1 .5

M a c h in e r y a n d m o tiv e p r o d u c t s ...........................................................................

2 7 2 .1

2 7 1 .7

2 7 2 .8

2 7 3 .3

2 7 0 .7

2 7 6 .4

2 7 7 .0

2 7 7 .9

2 7 7 .8

r2 7 8 . 2

2 7 8 .6

2 7 8 .5

2 7 9 .0

2 7 9 .3

M a c h in e r y a n d e q u ip m e n t, e x c e p t e le c tr ic a l

3 0 6 .4

3 0 6 .2

3 0 7 .6

3 0 8 .1

3 0 8 .6

3 0 9 .4

3 1 0 .0

3 1 0 .6

3 1 1 .3

r3 1 1 .9

3 1 2 .1

3 1 2 .8

3 1 3 .6

3 1 3 .7

3 3 0 .6

3 3 2 .2

3 3 5 .1

3 3 7 .0

r3 3 7 .7

3 3 7 .4

3 4 0 .1

3 4 1 .1

3 4 0 .4

A g r ic u lt u r a l m a c h in e r y , in c lu d in g t r a c t o r s

............................................

............................................

3 2 3 .1

3 2 1 .3

3 2 1 .8

3 2 2 .8

3 2 5 .5

M e ta lw o r k in g m a c h i n e r y .............................................................................................

3 5 0 .4

3 5 0 .1

3 5 2 .8

3 5 3 .1

3 5 3 .5

3 5 4 .1

3 5 4 .2

3 5 4 .1

3 5 4 .6

r3 5 5 . 7

3 5 5 .7

3 5 6 .3

3 5 8 .0

3 5 7 .7

N u m e r ic a lly c o n t r o lle d m a c h in e t o o ls ( D e c . 1 9 7 1

2 3 9 .6

2 4 0 .0

2 3 9 .2

2 3 9 .2

2 3 9 .4

2 3 9 .4

2 3 9 .4

2 3 9 .4

2 3 7 .7

r2 3 8 . 2

2 3 6 .8

2 3 5 .0

2 3 8 .6

2 3 5 .5

=

100)

. . .

3 5 5 .0

3 5 4 .1

3 5 4 .8

3 5 5 .5

3 5 9 .6

3 6 1 .4

3 6 1 .4

3 6 4 .2

3 6 5 .6

3 6 5 .6

3 6 5 .7

3 7 0 .4

3 7 0 .5

3 7 0 .6

A g r ic u lt u r a l m a c h in e r y a n d e q u ip m e n t le s s p a r t s ...................................

3 1 3 .8

3 1 2 .2

3 1 2 .8

3 1 3 .8

3 1 5 .8

3 2 0 .1

3 2 1 .5

3 2 4 .3

3 2 5 .9

r3 2 6 . 6

3 2 6 .4

3 2 8 .7

3 2 9 .6

3 2 9 .0

F a rm a n d g a r d e n t r a c t o r s le s s p a r ts

3 2 7 .8

3 2 5 .8

3 2 5 .4

3 2 6 .0

3 3 3 .0

3 3 6 .1

3 3 6 .1

3 4 0 .3

3 4 2 .2

3 4 2 .2

3 4 2 .2

3 4 8 .7

3 4 8 .8

3 4 8 .8

3 1 9 .6

3 1 7 .8

3 1 9 .1

3 2 0 .4

3 1 9 .6

3 2 6 .4

3 2 9 .3

3 3 1 .1

3 3 3 .1

r3 3 4 . 4

3 3 3 .7

3 3 3 .4

3 3 5 .1

3 3 3 .8

2 8 8 .3

2 8 8 .4

2 8 8 .0

2 8 7 .8

2 8 7 .9

2 9 0 .3

r2 9 4 .6

2 9 4 .9

1 9 5 .5

2 9 6 .3

2 9 7 .7

Nov.

D ec.

Jan.

F e b .1

M a r.

A p r.

M ay

June

..............................................................

A g r ic u lt u r a l m a c h in e r y , e x c lu d in g t r a c t o r s le s s p a r ts

......................

C o n s t r u c tio n m a t e r i a l s .................................................................................................

2 8 8 .0

2 8 9 .5

2 8 9 .2

1 D a t a f o r F e b r u a r y 1 9 8 3 h a v e b e e n re v is e d to re fle c t t h e a v a ila b ility o f la te r e p o r ts a n d c o r r e c tio n s b y

r =

r e v is e d ,

r e s p o n d e n t s . A ll d a ta a r e s u b je c t to re v is io n 4 m o n th s a f te r o r ig in a l p u b lic a tio n .

26.

P roducer Price Indexes, by durability of product

[1967 = 100]
1982

Annual
C o m m o d it y g r o u p in g

1982

T o t a l d u r a b le g o o d s

......................................................................................................

T o t a l n o n d u r a b le g o o d s

.............................................................................................

T o t a l m a n u f a c t u r e s ..........................................................................................................
D u r a b le

.......................................................................................................................

N o n d u r a b le

...............................................................................................................

June

J u ly

A ug.

S e p t.

O c t.

2 7 9 .0

2 7 8 .3

2 7 8 .9

2 7 8 .8

2 7 8 .6

2 8 1 .2

2 8 1 .2

2 8 2 .0

2 8 2 .6

'2 8 4 .8

2 8 5 .1

2 8 5 .1

2 8 5 .9

2 8 6 .4

3 1 5 .3

3 1 6 .0

3 1 7 .6

3 1 7 .1

3 1 5 .7

3 1 4 .3

3 1 5 .3

3 1 5 .3

3 1 3 .3

'3 1 3 .4

3 1 2 .4

3 1 2 .8

3 1 3 .9

3 1 5 .0

2 9 5 .1

2 9 2 .7

2 9 2 .4

2 9 3 .7

2 9 3 .8

2 9 2 .9

2 9 3 .8

2 9 3 .9

2 9 4 .3

2 9 3 .5

'2 9 3 .9

2 9 3 .0

2 9 2 .9

293 9

2 7 9 .8

2 7 9 .3

2 7 9 .9

2 7 9 .8

2 7 9 .5

2 8 2 .3

2 8 2 .4

2 8 3 .2

2 8 3 .7

'2 8 5 .7

2 8 5 .8

2 8 5 .8

2 8 6 .6

2 8 7 .0

3 0 6 .4

3 0 6 .3

3 0 8 .5

3 0 8 .6

3 0 7 .1

3 0 6 .0

3 0 6 .1

3 0 5 .9

3 0 3 .8

'3 0 2 .5

3 0 0 .5

3 0 0 .2

3 0 1 .4

3 0 3 .6

..........................................................

3 3 1 .2

3 3 3 .4

3 3 3 .2

3 3 1 .1

3 2 9 .9

3 2 7 .9

3 3 0 .9

3 3 1 .6

3 3 0 .4

'3 3 5 .2

3 3 8 .1

3 4 0 .7

3 4 1 .2

3 3 9 .3

........................................................................................................................

2 3 3 .8

2 2 5 .4

2 2 5 .3

2 2 5 .0

2 2 6 .2

2 2 4 .2

2 1 9 .2

2 1 7 .4

2 2 4 .2

'2 3 5 .4

2 4 4 .3

2 4 4 .9

2 4 6 .9

2 5 0 .2

3 3 7 .3

3 4 0 .3

3 4 0 .1

3 3 7 .9

3 3 6 .5

3 3 4 .5

3 3 8 .1

3 3 9 .0

3 3 7 .2

'3 4 1 .5

3 4 3 .9

3 4 6 .7

3 4 7 .0

3 4 4 .8

T o t a l r a w o r s lig h t ly p r o c e s s e d g o o d s
D u r a b le

1983

a verag e

N o n d u r a b le

...............................................................................................................

1 D a ta f o r F e b r u a r y 1 9 8 3 h a v e b e e n re v is e d to re fle c t t h e a v a ila b ility o f la te r e p o r ts a n d c o r r e c tio n s b y

r = re v is e d ,

r e s p o n d e n t s . A ll d a ta a r e s u b je c t t o re v is io n 4 m o n th s a f te r o r ig in a l p u b lic a tio n .


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

75

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW August 1983 • Current Labor Statistics: Producer Prices

27.

P roducer Price Indexes for the output of selected SIC industries

[1967 = 100 unless otherwise specified]
1972

Annual

1982

1983

In d u s tr y d e s c r ip tio n
code

1982

June

J u ly

Aug.

S e p t.

O c t.

Nov.

Dec.

Jan.

F e b .1

M a r.

A p r.

M ay

June

M IN IN G
1011

Iro n o r e s ( 1 2 / 7 5 =

1 0 0 ) ..........................................................

1092

M e rc u ry o re s ( 1 2 /7 5 =

1311

C r u d e p e t ro le u m a n d n a tu ra l g a s

1455

K a o lin a n d b a ll c la y ( 6 / 7 6 =

100)

........................................
............................................

1 0 0 ) ........................................

1 7 5 .2

1 7 7 .1

1 7 7 .1

1 7 7 .1

1 7 7 .1

1 7 7 .1

1 7 7 .1

1 7 7 .1

1 7 7 .1

1 7 7 .1

1 7 7 .1

1 7 7 .1

1 7 7 .1

1 7 7 .1

3 1 2 .2

3 0 7 .5

3 0 6 .2

2 8 7 .5

2 8 9 .5

3 1 2 .5

3 0 8 .3

3 1 2 .5

3 0 6 .2

2 8 9 .5

2 8 5 .4

2 7 2 .9

2 6 8 ,7

2 5 4 .1

9 2 5 .8

9 1 4 .3

9 2 4 .3

9 2 6 .7

9 3 7 .6

9 4 5 .9

9 6 9 .0

9 5 8 .4

9 4 5 .2

r9 3 1 .2

9 3 9 .5

9 2 2 .9

9 2 2 .7

925 0

1 5 1 .2

1 5 1 .7

1 5 1 .7

1 5 1 .7

1 5 1 .7

1 5 1 .7

1 5 1 .7

1 5 1 .7

1 5 3 .6

1 5 6 .3

1 5 8 .4

1 6 4 .3

1 6 4 .3

1 6 4 .3

M A N U F A C T U R IN G
C r e a m e r y b u t t e r ........................................................................................

2 7 6 .0

2 7 4 .9

2 7 5 .0

2 7 6 .3

2 7 6 .8

2 7 6 .8

2 7 6 .5

2 7 7 .8

2 7 5 .5

2 7 5 .6

2 7 5 .6

2 7 5 .6

2 7 5 .6

2024

2 7 5 .6

Ic e c r e a m a n d f r o z e n d e s s e r t s ( 1 2 / 7 2 =

2 1 4 .4

2 1 4 .2

2 1 3 .6

2 1 3 .6

2 1 6 .5

2 1 6 .5

2 1 6 .5

2 1 6 .5

2 1 6 .5

2 1 7 .7

2 1 7 .7

2 1 8 .6

2 1 8 .6

2 1 7 .1

2041

2021

F lo u r m ills ( 1 2 /7 1

1 8 6 .2

1 8 9 .1

1 8 5 .5

1 8 0 .2

1 8 2 .2

1 7 9 .6

1 8 4 .8

1 8 5 .5

1 8 2 .6

1 8 1 .7

1 8 3 .8

1 9 1 .9

1 8 7 .0

2044

R ic e m illin g

1 8 9 .3

1 8 5 .1

1 8 0 .3

1 7 7 ,6

1 8 3 .0

1 8 3 .0

1 8 3 .0

1 7 5 .2

1 9 6 .1

1 9 1 .3

1 8 3 .0

1 8 3 .0

1 8 8 .9

1 9 1 .3

1 9 4 .5

2067

C h e w in g g u m .............................................................................................

3 0 4 .1

3 0 3 .4

3 0 3 .3

3 0 4 .7

3 0 4 .7

3 0 4 .8

3 0 6 .0

3 0 6 .1

3 2 6 .0

3 2 6 .0

3 2 6 .1

3 2 6 .1

3 2 6 .1

3 2 7 .2

2074

C o tto n s e e d oil m i l l s ................................................................................

1 6 8 .3

1 7 0 .2

1 7 4 .6

1 7 3 .1

1 6 4 .4

1 5 7 .6

r 1 6 4 .1

1 6 9 .4

1 5 7 .5

r1 7 3 .4

1 5 3 .8

1 7 2 .0

1 7 2 .2

1 7 9 .2

2083

M a lt

2 5 6 .9

2 5 9 .8

2 5 9 .8

2 5 9 .8

2 5 1 .2

2 5 1 .2

2 4 0 .6

2 4 0 .6

2 3 2 .6

2 3 2 .6

2 3 2 .6

2 3 2 .6

2 3 2 .6

2 3 2 .6

2085

D is tille d liq u o r , e x c e p t b r a n d y ( 1 2 /7 5 =

1 4 0 .1

1 3 9 .8

1 3 9 .8

1 4 0 .4

1 4 0 .4

1 4 0 .4

1 4 1 .3

1 4 1 .3

1 4 1 .3

100)

. . . .

= 1 0 0 ) ..............................................................

...................................................................

................................................................................
100)

. . . .

1 4 1 .3

1 4 1 .3

1 4 1 .3

1 4 1 .3

143 8

2091

C a n n e d a n d c u r e d s e a fo o d s ( 1 2 / 7 3 =

1 8 7 .0

1 8 8 .4

1 8 7 .8

1 8 4 .3

1 8 6 .2

1 8 6 .3

1 8 6 .4

1 8 6 .6

1 8 2 .8

1 7 9 .2

1 7 7 .9

1 7 7 .8

1 7 5 .7

1 7 3 .4

2098

M a c a r o n i a n d s p a g h e t t i .......................................................................

2 5 8 .5

2 5 9 .5

2 5 9 .5

2 5 9 .5

2 5 9 .5

2 5 5 .5

2 5 5 .5

2 5 5 .5

2 5 5 .5

2 5 5 .5

2 5 5 .5

2 5 5 .5

2 5 5 .5

2 5 5 .5

2251

W o m e n ’ s h o s ie ry , e x c e p t s o c k s ( 1 2 / 7 5 =

1 1 6 .8

1 1 6 .9

1 1 6 .8

1 1 6 .9

1 1 6 .9

1 1 6 .9

1 1 8 .5

1 1 8 .3

1 1 8 .5

r 1 2 2 .6

1 2 2 .8

1 2 2 .8

1 2 2 .8

1 2 2 .8

1 3 9 .5

1 4 1 .4

1 4 0 .3

1 3 9 .8

1 3 8 .5

1 3 6 .8

1 3 6 .2

1 3 6 .1

1 3 5 .3

1 3 6 .0

1 3 6 .1

1 3 5 .6

1 3 2 .8

1 3 2 .9

1 2 8 .2

1 2 7 .6

1 2 6 .8

1 2 9 .0

1 2 8 .2

1 2 7 .5

1 2 7 .8

1 2 7 .3

1 2 5 .7

r 1 2 6 .7

1 2 5 .0

1 2 5 .6

1 2 5 .3

1 2 5 .8

1 5 7 .2

1 5 6 .6

1 5 6 .5

1 5 8 .0

1 5 8 .0

1 5 7 .9

1 5 7 .9

1 5 7 .8

1 5 7 .9

1 6 1 .9

1 6 5 .6

1 6 5 .7

1 6 5 .7

1 6 5 .7

1 4 1 .5

1 4 1 .0

1 4 1 .0

1 4 1 .0

1 4 2 .6

1 4 2 .6

1 4 2 .6

1 4 2 ,6

1 4 2 ,6

1 4 2 .7

1 4 2 .8

1 3 7 .6

1 3 7 .6

1 3 7 .6

2 1 5 .1

2 1 7 .8

2 1 8 .1

2 1 8 .2

2 2 1 .5

2 2 1 .6

2 2 1 .6

2 2 1 .0

2 2 4 .2

r2 2 5 . 2

223 1

100)

2261

F in is h in g p la n ts , c o tto n ( 6 / 7 6 =

2262

F in is h in g p la n ts , s y n t h e tic s , s ilk ( 6 / 7 6 =

2284

T h r e a d m ills ( 6 / 7 6 =

2298

C o r d a g e a n d t w in e ( 1 2 / 7 7 =

100)

100)

. . .

......................
100) . . .

.

1 0 0 ) ...............................
100)

...........................

2321

M e n 's a n d b o y s ’ s h irt s a n d n i g h t w e a r ....................................

2323

M e n s a n d b o y s ’ n e c k w e a r ( 1 2 /7 5 =

2331

W o m e n ’s and m is s e s ' blouses and w a is ts ( 6 /7 8 =

2361

C h ild r e n ’s d r e s s e s a n d b lo u s e s ( 1 2 / 7 7 =

2381

F a b r ic d r e s s a n d w o r k g lo v e s

2394

C a n v a s a n d r e la te d p r o d u c t s ( 1 2 /7 7

2 2 2 .5

2 2 2 .8

2 2 3 .0

1 1 9 .5

1 2 1 .3

1 2 1 .3

1 2 1 .3

1 2 1 .3

1 2 1 .3

1 2 1 .3

1 2 1 .3

1 2 1 .3

1 2 1 .3

1 2 1 .3

1 2 1 .3

1 2 1 .3

100)

1 2 6 .8

1 2 6 .6

1 2 6 ,4

1 2 6 .7

1 2 6 .6

1 2 6 .7

1 2 8 .5

1 2 7 .6

1 2 7 .7

r1 2 7 .6

1 2 5 .3

1 2 5 .3

1 2 5 .3

1 2 6 .6

100) . . . .

1 2 0 .6

1 2 2 .2

1 1 9 .4

1 2 0 .3

1 1 8 .6

1 1 8 .6

1 1 7 .0

1 1 7 .0

1 1 7 .0

1 1 7 .0

1 1 5 .5

1 1 5 .5

1 1 5 .5

1 1 7 .0

2 9 2 .1

2 9 4 .5

2 9 4 .5

2 8 8 .2

2 8 8 .2

2 8 7 .4

2 8 7 .4

2 8 7 .4

2 8 8 .8

2 8 8 .8

2 8 8 .8

2 9 1 .0

2 9 1 .7

2 9 1 .7

1 4 5 .4

1 4 3 .1

1 4 3 .1

1 4 3 .1

1 4 4 .8

1 4 7 .3

1 4 7 .3

1 4 7 .3

1 4 8 .7

r 1 4 8 .7

1 4 6 .8

1 4 6 .8

1 4 6 .8

1 4 6 .8

100)

..................

.....................................................

=

1 0 0 ) ..................

2396

A u t o m o tiv e a n d a p p a r e l t r im m in g s ( 1 2 / 7 7 =

2448

W o o d p a lle ts a n d s k id s ( 1 2 /7 5 =

100)

121 3

1 3 1 .0

1 3 1 .0

1 3 1 .0

1 3 1 .0

1 3 1 .0

1 3 1 .0

1 3 1 .0

1 3 1 .0

1 3 1 .0

1 3 1 .0

1 3 1 .0

1 3 1 .0

1 3 1 .0

1 3 1 .0

1 0 0 ) ...............................

1 4 5 .6

1 4 4 .2

1 4 4 .1

1 4 3 .9

1 4 3 .8

1 4 4 .3

1 4 4 .2

1 4 4 .6

1 4 4 .6

M 4 5 .2

1 4 5 .6

1 4 6 .8

1 4 8 ,3

1 4 9 .3

2515

M a tt r e s s e s a n d b e d s p r i n g s ..............................................................

2 0 5 .7

2 0 5 .9

2 0 5 .7

2 0 5 .9

2 0 6 .0

2 0 6 .0

2 0 6 .0

2 0 6 .0

2 0 4 .4

r2 0 4 . 4

2 0 8 .7

2 0 8 .8

2 0 9 .7

2 0 9 .7

2521

W o o d o ffic e f u r n i t u r e ..................................................................

2 7 0 .3

2 7 0 .8

2 7 0 .9

2 7 1 .3

2 7 1 .3

2 7 1 .4

2 7 1 .4

2 7 1 .4

2 7 1 .4

r2 7 3 . 4

2 7 8 .7

2 8 1 .5

2 8 1 .5

2 8 3 .6

2647

S a n ita r y p a p e r p r o d u c t s

..................................................................

3 4 8 .7

3 4 6 .2

3 4 5 .9

3 5 1 .5

3 5 2 .3

3 5 1 .8

3 5 7 .8

3 5 5 .9

3 5 6 .2

r3 5 8 . 9

3 5 9 .6

3 5 7 .2

3 5 5 .8

3 5 2 .8

2654

S a n ita r y f o o d c o n t a in e r s

..................................................................

2 5 9 .7

2 5 9 .9

2 5 9 .9

2 5 9 .9

2 6 0 .8

2 6 1 .7

2 6 1 .7

2 6 1 .7

2 6 1 .7

r 2 6 1 .7

2 6 6 .7

2 6 6 .6

2 6 6 .7

2 6 6 .7

2655

Fiber c an s, d ru m s , a n d s im ila r p roducts ( 1 2 /7 5 =

1 7 7 .8

1 7 6 .7

1 7 6 .7

1 7 7 .5

1 7 7 .5

1 7 7 .9

1 8 0 .7

1 8 3 .8

1 8 3 .8

1 8 3 .8

1 8 3 .8

1 8 5 .5

1 8 5 .6

1 8 5 .9

2911

P e t r o le u m r e fin in g ( 6 / 7 6 =

2 7 8 .3

2 6 7 .9

2 8 1 .5

2 8 3 .7

2 7 9 .6

2 7 8 .3

2 8 0 .1

2 7 8 .3

2 6 7 .2

r2 5 7 .4

2 4 9 .7

2 4 1 .4

2 4 6 .7

2 5 4 .9

2952

A s p h a lt fe lt s a n d c o a tin g ( 1 2 / 7 5 =

..........................

1 7 3 .5

1 7 3 .1

1 7 4 .7

1 7 4 .4

1 8 0 .4

1 7 7 .2

1 7 3 .7

1 7 2 .9

1 7 1 .4

r 1 6 5 .8

1 6 2 .6

1 6 9 .1

1 6 4 .4

1 6 4 .2

3031

R e c la im e d r u b b e r ( 1 2 / 7 3 =

............................................

2 0 7 .9

2 1 0 .7

2 0 9 .9

2 0 9 .7

2 0 9 .8

2 0 9 .8

2 0 9 .3

2 0 8 .8

2 0 9 .4

r2 0 9 . 7

2 0 7 .0

2 0 6 .7

2 0 9 .4

212 8

3 1 4 .0

3 1 4 .0

3 1 5 .5

3 1 5 .5

3 2 9 .8

335 7

100)

100)

100)

............................................
100)

3251

B ric k a n d s t ru c t u r a l c la y t i l e ................................................

3 3 3 .7

3 3 4 .9

3253

C e r a m ic w a ll a n d f lo o r tile ( 1 2 / 7 5 =

1 4 0 .6

1 4 0 .6

1 4 0 .6

1 4 0 .7

1 4 0 .7

1 4 0 .7

1 4 0 .7

1 4 0 .7

1 4 0 .7

r1 4 0 .7

1 3 8 .1

1 3 8 .1

1 3 9 .7

3255

C la y r e f r a c t o r i e s ...............................................................................

3 5 2 .8

3 5 6 .2

3 5 6 .3

3 5 8 .8

3 5 6 .9

3 5 7 .0

3 5 0 .3

3 5 0 .3

3 5 1 .1

r3 5 1 . 1

3 5 2 .1

3 5 3 .1

3 5 3 .1

3 5 0 .4

3259

S t r u c tu r a l c la y p r o d u c t s , n . e . c ........................................................

2 1 9 .7

2 1 5 .9

2 1 5 .9

2 1 9 .0

2 1 9 .0

2 1 9 .0

2 1 8 .9

2 1 9 .0

2 1 9 .0

r2 1 5 . 7

2 1 9 .4

2 3 2 .8

2 3 4 .8

2 3 4 .8

100)

......................

3 0 7 .4

3 0 5 .0

3 0 5 .9

3 1 3 .8

3 1 5 .7

r3 1 5 . 6

1 4 6 .8

3261

V itr e o u s p lu m b in g f i x t u r e s ..............................................................

2 6 5 .0

2 6 5 .5

2 6 4 .2

2 6 3 .9

2 6 7 .2

2 6 9 .1

2 7 0 .3

2 6 9 .7

2 7 2 .1

2 7 3 .3

2 7 5 .1

1 7 5 .3

2 7 6 .0

2 7 6 .9

3262

V itr e o u s c h in a fo o d u te n s ils

3 5 7 .8

3 6 0 .2

3 6 0 .2

3 6 0 .2

3 6 0 .2

3 6 0 .8

3 7 0 .2

3 7 7 .7

3 8 0 .1

r3 8 0 . 1

3 6 9 .2

3 6 9 .2

3 6 9 .2

3 6 9 .2

3263

F in e e a r th e n w a r e fo o d u t e n s i l s .................................................

3 1 8 .2

3 1 6 .9

3 1 6 .9

3 1 6 .9

3 1 6 .9

3 2 3 .5

3 2 4 .8

3 2 6 .0

3 6 5 .7

r3 6 5 . 7

3 6 3 .5

1 3 6 .5

3 6 3 .6

3 6 4 .3

........................................

3269

P o t te r y p r o d u c t s , n . e .c . ( 1 2 / 7 5 =

3274

L im e ( 1 2 / 7 5 =

100)

...........................

1 6 7 .3

1 6 7 .4

1 6 7 .4

1 6 7 .4

1 6 7 .4

1 6 9 .6

1 7 1 .9

1 7 3 .7

1 8 6 .5

r1 8 6 .6

1 8 3 .8

1 8 3 .8

1 8 3 .8

1 8 3 .8

...........................................................................

100)

1 8 6 .3

1 8 8 .3

1 8 8 .0

1 8 8 .0

1 8 7 .8

1 8 7 .7

1 8 7 .5

1 8 5 .7

1 8 7 .3

r1 8 5 .5

1 8 5 .4

1 8 8 .1

1 8 5 .5

1 8 6 .5

2 0 3 .8

2 0 3 .8

2 0 3 .8

2 0 3 .8

3297

N o n c la y r e fr a c t o rie s ( 1 2 / 7 4 =

3313

E le c tr o m e ta llu rg ic a l p r o d u c t s ( 1 2 / 7 5 =

3425

H a n d s a w s a n d s a w b la d e s ( 1 2 / 7 2 =

3482

S m a ll a r m s a m m u n it io n ( 1 2 / 7 5

3623

W e ld in g a p p a r a t u s , e le c tr ic ( 1 2 /7 2 =

3636

S e w in g m a c h in e s ( 1 2 /7 5 =

3641

E le c tric l a m p s ....................................................................................

3648

L ig h tin g e q u ip m e n t, n . e .c . ( 1 2 / 7 5 =

1 0 0 ) ...............................

=

100)

1 0 0 ) ..................
100) . . .

1 0 0 ) ...............................
1 0 0 ) ......................

..................

1 0 0 ) ......................

3671

E le c tr o n t u b e s , r e c e iv in g t y p e

3942

D o lls ( 1 2 / 7 5 =

3944

G a m e s , t o y s , a n d c h ild r e n 's v e h i c l e s ......................

............................................

1 0 0 ) .................................................

3955

C a r b o n p a p e r a n d in k e d rib b o n s ( 1 2 / 7 5 =

3995

B u ria l c a s k e ts ( 6 / 7 6 =

3996

H a r d s u r fa c e f lo o r c o v e r in g s ( 1 2 / 7 5 =

100)

. . .

1 0 0 ) ............................................
100)

. . .

2 0 1 .8

2 0 3 .8

2 0 3 .7

2 0 3 .6

2 0 3 .7

2 0 3 .6

2 0 3 .6

2 0 3 .8

2 0 3 .7

203 7

1 2 1 .4

1 2 0 .4

1 2 0 .4

1 2 1 .4

1 2 1 .4

1 2 1 .3

1 2 1 .3

1 2 1 .2

1 2 1 .1

1 2 1 .2

1 2 1 .1

1 1 9 .0

116 9

115 1

2 1 9 .1

2 2 1 .4

2 2 1 .5

2 2 1 .6

2 2 1 .6

2 2 1 .6

2 2 1 .8

2 2 1 .6

2 2 1 .9

r2 2 6 . 4

2 2 5 .9

2 2 5 .9

2 2 5 .6

1 6 4 .2

1 7 0 .3

1 7 0 .3

1 7 0 .3

1 4 9 .0

1 5 0 .1

1 5 0 .6

1 7 4 .1

1 7 5 .1

r 1 7 5 .1

1 8 7 .7

1 8 7 .6

187 6

187 6

2 3 9 .6

2 3 7 .8

2 4 1 .6

2 4 2 .4

2 4 2 .8

2 4 3 .0

2 4 3 .3

2 4 3 .3

2 4 3 .6

r2 4 4 .0

2 3 8 .3

2 3 8 .1

2 3 7 .9

2 3 7 .3

1 5 4 .6

1 5 4 .3

1 5 4 .3

1 5 3 .6

1 5 3 .6

1 5 4 .2

1 5 4 .2

1 5 4 .2

1 5 4 .2

r 1 5 4 .4

1 5 4 .4

1 5 6 .1

1 5 6 .1

156 1

2 9 4 .0

2 9 3 .9

2 9 1 .8

2 9 3 .7

2 9 6 .3

3 0 2 .9

3 0 3 .0

3 0 3 .4

3 0 6 .0

r3 1 1 . 5

3 1 1 .4

3 1 6 .3

3 1 3 .8

3 1 6 .7

1 7 0 .0

1 7 1 .1

1 7 1 .1

1 7 1 .2

1 7 1 .2

1 7 1 .3

1 7 1 .3

1 7 1 .4

1 7 1 .4

r 17 1 ,5

1 7 1 .7

1 7 2 .6

1 7 2 .6

1 7 3 .1

3 8 2 .1

3 7 4 .5

3 7 5 .4

3 7 5 .4

3 8 0 .2

3 8 0 .3

4 1 4 .0

4 1 4 .1

4 3 1 .6

4 3 2 .0

4 3 1 .9

4 3 1 .9

4 3 1 .9

432 2

1 3 6 .7

1 3 6 .8

1 3 6 .8

1 3 6 .8

1 3 6 .8

1 3 6 .8

1 3 6 .8

1 3 6 .5

1 3 7 .1

r 1 3 6 .8

1 3 6 .5

1 3 7 .4

1 3 7 .4

1 3 7 .4

2 3 4 .0

2 3 4 .3

2 3 4 .4

2 3 4 .4

2 3 4 .8

2 3 5 .3

2 3 5 .3

2 3 5 .5

2 3 5 .3

r2 4 3 .4

2 3 7 .4

2 3 7 .9

2 3 7 .9

237 9

1 4 0 .0

1 4 0 .6

1 4 0 .4

1 4 0 .5

1 3 9 .3

1 3 9 .3

1 3 9 .2

1 3 9 .4

1 3 9 .2

1 3 9 .2

1 3 9 .2

1 3 9 .2

1 3 9 .2

1 3 9 .2

1 4 8 .4

1 4 9 ,3

1 5 0 .8

1 5 0 .8

1 5 0 .8

1 5 0 .8

1 5 0 .8

1 5 0 .8

1 4 7 .0

1 5 2 .1

1 5 2 .1

1 5 2 .1

1 5 2 .1

152 1

1 5 5 .9

1 5 4 .3

1 5 5 .0

1 5 5 .7

1 5 6 .9

1 5 8 .9

1 5 8 .9

1 5 6 .8

1 5 9 .2

1 5 9 .2

1 5 9 .2

1 5 9 .4

1 5 9 .4

1 5 9 .4

1 D a ta f o r F e b r u a r y 1 9 8 3 h a v e b e e n re v is e d to re fle c t th e a v a ila b ility o f la te r e p o r ts a n d c o r r e c tio n s b y
r e s p o n d e n t s . A ll d a ta a r e s u b je c t to re v is io n 4 m o n th s a f te r o r ig in a l p u b lic a t io n .

76

https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

225 7

N O TE: In d e x e s w h ic h w e r e d e le te d in t h e M a r c h is s u e m a y n o w b e fo u n d in T a b le 4 o f th e B L S m o n th ly
r e p o r t, P ro d u cer P rices an d P rice In d exes.
r = re v is e d .

PRODUCTIVITY DATA

P r o d u c t i v i t y d a t a are compiled by the Bureau of Labor Statistics
from establishment data and from estimates of compensation and
output supplied by the U.S. Department of Commerce and the
Federal Reserve Board.

deflator, in effect, a price index for gross product of the sector reported.
The use of the term “ man hours” to identify the labor com ponent of
productivity and costs, in tables 27 through 30, has been discontinued.

Hours of all persons

is now used to describe the labor input of payroll

workers, self-employed persons, and unpaid family workers.

Definitions

all employee hour

Output is the constant dollar gross domestic product produced in a given
output per hour of labor input, or labor productivity,

Output per

is now used to describe labor productivity in nonfi­

nancial corporations where there are no self-employed.

period. Indexes of

measure the value o f goods and services produced per hour of labor.

Compensation per hour

includes wages and salaries of employees plus

em ployers’ contributions for social insurance and private benefit plants.
The data also include an estimate of wages, salaries, and supplementary
payments for the self-em ployed, except for nonfinancial corporations, in
which there are no self-employed.

Real compensation per hour is

com ­

pensation per hour adjusted by the Consumer Price Index for All Urban
Consumers.

Unit labor cost measures

the labor compensation cost required to pro­

duce one unit of output and is derived by dividing compensation by output.

Unit nonlabor payments

include profits, depreciation, interest, and in­

direct taxes per unit of output. They are computed by subtracting com ­
pensation of all persons from the current dollar gross domestic product
and dividing by output. In these tables,

unit nonlabor costs contain all
Unit profits

the components of unit nonlabor payments except unit profits.

include corporate profits and inventory valuation adjustments per unit of
output.
The

implicit price deflator

is derived by dividing the current dollar

estimate o f gross product by the constant dollar estimate, making the

28.

Notes on the data
In the business sector and the nonfarm business sector, the basis for the
output measure employed in the computation of output per hour is Gross
Domestic Product rather than Gross National Product. Computation of
hours includes estimates of nonfarm and farm proprietor hours.
Output data are supplied by the Bureau of Economic Analysis, U.S.
Department of Com m erce, and the Federal Reserve Board. Quarterly m an­
ufacturing output indexes are adjusted by the Bureau of Labor Statistics
to annual estim ates of output (gross product originating) from the Bureau
of Economic Analysis. Compensation and hours data are from the Bureau
of Economic Analysis and the Bureau of Labor Statistics.
Beginning with the Septem ber 1982 issue of the Review, all of the
productivity and cost m easures contained in these tables are based on
revised output and compensation measures released by the Bureau o f Eco­
nomic Analysis in July as part of the regular revision cycle of the National
Income and Product Accounts. Measures of labor input have been revised
to reflect results of the 1980 census, and seasonal factors have been re­
computed for use in the preparation of quarterly measures. The word
“ private” is no longer being used as part of the series title of one of the
two business sector m easures prepared by BLS; no change has been made
in the definition or content of the m easures as a result of this change.

A nnual indexes of productivity, hourly com pensation, unit costs, and prices, selected years, 1 9 5 0 -8 2

[ 1 9 7 7 = 1 0 0 ] __________________________________________________________
Ite m

1950

1955

1960

1965

1970

1975

1976

9 7 .6

1977

1978

1979

1980

1981r

1982

B u s in e s s s e c to r:
O u tp u t p e r h o u r o f all p e r s o n s .......................................

5 0 .4

5 8 .3

6 5 .2

7 8 .3

8 6 .2

9 4 .5

9 8 .9

1 0 1 .3

C o m p e n s a t io n p e r h o u r .........................................................

2 0 .0

2 6 .4

3 3 .9

4 1 .7

5 8 .2

8 5 .5

9 2 .9

1 0 0 .0

1 0 8 .6

r1 1 8 .7

r 13 1 .2

1 4 3 .9

r 1 5 5 .1

R e a l c o m p e n s a t io n p e r h o u r

............................................

5 0 .5

5 9 .6

6 9 .5

8 0 .1

9 0 .8

9 6 .3

9 8 .9

1 0 0 .0

1 0 0 .9

r 9 9 .1

r 9 6 .5

9 5 .9

' 9 7 .4

U n it la b o r c o s t s ..........................................................................

r3 9 . 8

4 5 .2

r5 2 .1

5 3 .3

6 7 .5

1 0 0 .0

1 0 0 .6

r 9 9 .4

r1 0 1 .2

9 0 .5

9 5 .1

1 0 0 .0

1 0 8 .0

1 1 9 .5

r1 3 2 .7

1 4 2 .1

r 15 3 .3

U n it n o n la b o r p a y m e n t s .........................................................

4 3 .4

4 7 .6

5 0 .6

5 7 .6

6 3 .2

9 0 .4

9 4 .0

1 0 0 .0

1 0 6 .7

1 1 2 .8

r 1 1 9 .0

1 3 6 .2

r1 3 6 .9

Im p lic it p r ic e d e f l a t o r .............................................................

4 1 .0

4 6 .0

5 1 .6

5 4 .7

6 6 .0

r9 0 . 4

9 4 .7

1 0 0 .0

1 0 7 .5

1 1 7 .2

r 1 2 8 .1

1 4 0 .1

r1 4 7 .7

N o n f a r m b u s in e s s s e c to r:
O u tp u t p e r h o u r o f all p e r s o n s ........................................

5 6 .3

r6 2 .7

6 8 .3

8 0 .5

8 6 .8

9 4 .7

9 7 .8

1 0 0 .0

1 0 0 .6

r 9 9 .1

r 9 8 .4

1 0 0 .3

r 10 0 .2

C o m p e n s a t io n p e r h o u r .........................................................

2 1 .8

2 8 .3

3 5 .7

4 2 .8

r5 8 .7

8 6 .0

9 3 .0

1 0 0 .0

1 0 8 .6

r1 1 8 .4

r1 3 0 .7

1 4 3 .5

r 1 5 4 .7

R e a l c o m p e n s a t io n p e r h o u r

............................................

5 5 .0

6 4 .0

7 3 .0

8 2 .2

9 1 .5

9 6 .8

9 9 .0

1 0 0 .0

1 0 0 .9

r 9 8 .9

r 9 6 .1

9 5 .6

r 9 7 .1

U n it la b o r c o s t s ...........................................................................

r3 8 . 8

4 5 .0

r5 2 . 3

r5 3 . 2

6 7 .6

9 0 .8

9 5 .1

1 0 0 .0

1 0 8 .0

1 1 9 .6

r 13 2 .8

1 4 3 .0

r 1 5 4 .4

U n it n o n la b o r p a y m e n t s .........................................................

4 2 .7

4 7 .8

5 0 .4

5 8 .0

r6 3 . 8

8 8 .5

9 3 .5

1 0 0 .0

1 0 5 .3

r 1 1 0 .4

r 1 1 8 .5

1 3 5 .0

r 1 3 7 .0

Im p lic it p r ic e d e f l a t o r .............................................................

4 0 .1

4 6 .0

5 1 .6

5 4 .8

6 6 .3

9 0 .0

9 4 .6

1 0 0 .0

1 0 7 .1

1 1 6 .5

r 1 2 8 .1

1 4 0 .4

r 1 4 8 .6

N o n f in a n c e c o r p o r a tio n s :
O u tp u t p e r h o u r o f all p e r s o n s .......................................

6 8 .0

8 1 .9

8 7 ,4

9 5 .5

9 8 .2

1 0 0 .0

1 0 0 .9

1 0 0 .7

r9 9 . 8

1 0 2 .3

C o m p e n s a t io n p e r h o u r .........................................................

(1)

(1)

3 7 .0

4 3 .9

5 9 .4

8 6 .1

c9 2 .9

1 0 0 .0

1 0 8 .5

1 1 8 .7

1 3 0 .9

1 4 3 .6

r1 5 4 .8

R e a l c o m p e n s a t io n p e r h o u r

(1)

( 1)

7 5 .8

8 4 .3

9 2 .7

9 6 .9

9 8 .9

1 0 0 .0

r1 0 0 .7

9 9 .1

r 9 6 .3

9 5 .7

r 9 7 .2

............................................

(1)

(1>

r1 0 2 .8

U n it la b o r c o s t s ..........................................................................

(1)

(1)

5 4 .4

5 3 .5

6 8 .0

9 0 .2

9 4 .6

1 0 0 .0

1 0 7 .5

1 1 7 .8

r1 3 1 .2

1 4 0 .3

r1 5 0 .6

U n it n o n la b o r p a y m e n t s .........................................................

(1)

( 1)

5 4 .6

6 0 .8

6 3 .1

9 0 .8

9 5 .0

1 0 0 .0

1 0 4 .2

1 0 6 .9

r 1 1 7 .4

1 3 4 .4

r1 3 7 .6

Im p lic it p r ic e d e f l a t o r .............................................................

( 1)

( 1)

5 4 .5

5 6 .1

6 6 .3

9 0 .4

9 4 .7

1 0 0 .0

1 0 6 .4

1 1 4 .1

r1 2 6 .4

1 3 8 .3

r 1 4 6 .1

7 9 .1

9 3 .4

9 7 .5

1 0 0 .0

M a n u fa c t u r in g :
O u tp u t p e r h o u r o f all p e r s o n s .......................................

4 9 .4

5 6 .4

6 0 .0

7 4 .5

r 1 0 0 .8

1 0 1 .5

1 0 1 .7

1 0 5 .3

r 1 0 6 .5

C o m p e n s a tio n p e r h o u r .........................................................

2 1 .5

2 8 .8

3 6 .7

4 2 .8

5 7 .6

8 5 .4

9 2 .3

1 0 0 .0

1 0 8 .3

r1 1 8 .8

r1 3 2 .7

1 4 5 .8

r 1 5 8 .2

R e a l c o m p e n s a t io n p e r h o u r ............................................

5 4 .0

6 5 .1

7 5 .1

8 2 .3

8 9 .8

9 6 .2

9 8 .3

1 0 0 .0

1 0 0 .6

9 9 .2

' 9 7 .6

9 7 .2

r 9 9 .3

U n it la b o r c o s t s ...........................................................................

4 3 .4

5 1 .0

6 1 .1

5 7 .5

7 2 .7

9 1 .5

9 4 .6

1 0 0 .0

1 0 7 .4

r1 1 7 .0

r1 3 0 .5

1 3 8 .5

r1 4 8 .5

U n it n o n la b o r p a y m e n t s .........................................................

5 4 .3

5 8 .5

6 1 .1

6 9 .3

6 5 .0

8 7 .3

9 3 .7

1 0 0 .0

1 0 2 .5

99.9

r 9 7 .7

1 1 0 .2

P 1 0 9 .2

Im p lic it p r ic e d e f l a t o r .............................................................

4 6 .6

5 3 .2

6 1 .1

6 1 .0

7 0 .5

9 0 .3

9 4 .4

1 0 0 .0

1 0 6 .0

1 1 2 .0

r 1 2 0 .9

1 3 0 .2

P 1 3 7 .0

1 Not available.
c = corrected.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

r = revised.
P = preliminary.

77

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW August 1983 • Current Labor Statistics: Productivity
29.

A nnual changes in productivity, hourly com pensation, unit costs, and prices, 1 9 7 2 -8 2
A n n u a l r a te

Year
Ite m

of change
1972

Business sector:
Output per hour of all p e rs o n s ......................
Compensation per h o u r ...................................
Real compensation per h o u r .........................
Unit labor c o s t s ...............................................
Unit nonlabor paym ents...................................
Implicit price d e fla to r......................................
Nonfarm business sector:
Output per hour of all p e rs o n s ......................
Compensation per h o u r ...................................
Real compensation per h o u r .........................
Unit labor c o s t s ...............................................
Unit nonlabor paym ents..................................
Implicit price d e fla to r ......................................
Nonfinancial corporations:
Output per hour of all em ployees...................
Compensation per h o u r ...................................
Real compensation per h o u r .........................
Unit labor c o s t s ...................................
Unit nonlabor paym ents..................................
Im plicit price d e fla to r......................................
Manufacturing:
Output per hour of all p e rs o n s ......................
Compensation per h o u r ............................
Real compensation per hour ......................
Unit labor c o s t s ...................................
Unit nonlabor paym ents.........................
Implicit price d e fla to r ......................................
1 Not available.
r = revised.

78

https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

1973

1974

1975

1976

1977

1978

1979

1980

1981r

1982

1 9 5 0 -8 2

1 9 7 2 -8 2

3.5
6.5
3.1
2.9
4.5
3.4

2.6
8.0
1.6
5.3
5.9
5.5

- 2 .4
9.4
- 1 .4
12.1
4.4
9.5

2.2
9.6
0.5
7.3
15.1
9.8

3.3
8.6
2.6
5.1
4.0
4.7

2.4
7.7
1.2
5.1
6.4
5.6

0.6
8.6
0.9
8.0
6.7
7.5

r - 1.2
r9.4
r -1 .7
10.7
r5.8
9.0

r -0 .5
r10.5
r -2 .6
r11.1
r5.5
r9.2

2.4
9.7
-0 .6
7.1
14.4
9.4

r - 0 .1
'll
r1.5
r7.9
r0.5
r5.4

2.2
6.6
2.1
4.3
3.7
41

09
89
r0.2
7.9
r6 8
76

3.7
6.7
3.3
r2.8
3.2
3.0

2.4
7.6
1.3
5.0
1.3
3.8

- 2 .5
9.4
- 1 .4
12.2
5.9
10.2

2.0
9.6
0.4
7.5
16.7
10.3

3.2
8.1
2.2
r4.8
5.7
r5.1

2.2'
7.5
1.0
5.2
6.9
5.7

0.6
8.6
0.9
8.0
5.3
7.1

r -1 .5
r9.0
r -2 .0
10.7
r4.8
r 8.8

r -0 .7
r10.4
r -2 .8
r11.1
r7.4
r10.0

1.9
9.8
-0 .6
7.7
13.9
9.6

r - 0 .1
r7.8
r1.6
r7.9
r1.4
58

18
63
18
44
37
42

r0 8
8J
r0 1
80
68

2.9
5.7
2.4
2.8
2.7
2.8

2.4
7.5
1.2
4.9
1.5
3.8

-3 .7
9.4
- 1 .5
13.6
7.1
11.4

2.9
9.6
0.4
6.5
20.1
10.9

2.9
7.9
2.0
4.9
r4.6
4.8

1.8
7.6
1.1
5.7
5.3
5.6

0.9
8.5
r0.7
7.5
4.2
6.4

-0 .2
9.4
-1 .7
9.6
2.6
7.2

r -0 .9
10.3
r -2 .8
r11.3
r9.8
10.8

2.5
9.7
-0 .6
7.0
14.5
9.4

r0 5
r7 8
M.6
r7.3
r2 4
57

<1)
(1)

5.0
5.4
2.0
0.3
0.8
0.5

5.4
7.2
0.9
1.7
- 3 .3
0.3

- 2 .4
10.6
- 0 .3
13.3
- 1 .8
9.0

2.9
11.9
2.5
8.8
25.9
13.1

4.4
8.0
2.1
3.4
7.4
4.6

2.5
8.3
1.8
5.7
6.7
6.0

r0.8
8.3
0.6
7.4
2.5
6.0

0.7
9.7
- 1 .4
9.0
-2 .6
5.7

0.2
r11.7
r - 1 .6
r11.5
r -2 .2
r7.9

3.5
9.9

r-1 2
85
22
r7.2
P -0 9
P5.2

p _ preliminary,

'

-

0.4

6.1
12.8
7.7

(1)
(1)
(i»

QJ
r7 8
r7 1

(1)
r2 4
r6 4
19
r3 9
(1)

r0 6
74
(i)

(1)

<1)

30.

Q uarterly indexes of productivity, hourly com pensation, unit costs, and prices, seasonally adjusted

[1 9 7 7 = 1 0 0 ]
Q u a r t e r ly in d e x e s

Annual
Ite m

a verag e
1981r

Business sector:
Output per hour of all persons .........................
Compensation per hour ......................................
Real compensation per h o u r ................................
Unit labor c o s ts ......................................................
Unit nonlabor payments ......................................
Im plicit price d e fla to r............................................
Nonfarm business sector:
Output per hour of all persons .........................
Compensation per hour ......................................
Real compensation per h o u r ...............................
Unit labor c o s ts ......................................................
Unit nonlabor payments ......................................
Implicit price d e fla to r............................................
Nonfinancial corporations:
Output per hour of all e m p lo ye e s......................
Compensation per hour ......................................
Real compensation per h o u r ................................
Total unit c o s ts ......................................................
Unit labor c o s ts ............................................
Unit nonlabor c o s ts ......................................
Unit profits ............................................................
Implicit price d e fla to r............................................
Manufacturing:
Output per hour of all persons .........................
Compensation per hour ......................................
Real compensation per h o u r ................................
Unit labor c o s ts ......................................................
1 Not available.
r = revised.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

1982r

IV

1982

1981

1980
I

II

III

IV

1'

II

1982
III'

IV

IP

IIP

1 0 1 .3

1 0 1 .2

r9 9 .1

r 1 0 0 .5

r 1 0 1 .1

r1 0 2 .3

1 0 1 .2

1 0 1 .1

r 1 0 0 .7

1 0 1 .1

'1 0 1 .9

1 0 2 .5

1 0 3 .5

1 4 3 .9

1 5 5 .1

r 13 6 .0

r1 3 9 .7

r1 4 2 .2

r1 4 5 .5

1 4 8 .2

1 5 1 .6

r1 5 3 .9

1 5 6 .5

'1 5 8 .7

1 6 0 .7

1 6 2 .2

'9 5 .6

9 5 .6

9 7 .1

'9 7 .4

9 7 .1

9 9 .3

r9 6 .1

r9 6 . 3

r9 6 .1

1 5 3 .3

r 1 3 7 .2

1 3 9 .0

r1 4 0 .7

r1 4 2 .3

1 4 6 .6

1 4 9 .9

1 5 2 .9

1 5 4 .7

'1 5 5 .6

1 5 6 .9

1 5 6 .8

1 3 6 .9

'1 2 4 . 2

r 13 1 .2

1 3 3 .4

r1 3 9 .9

1 4 0 .2

1 3 7 .0

1 3 7 .0

1 3 6 .3

'1 3 7 .4

1 4 0 .8

1 4 5 .9

1 4 0 .1

1 4 7 .7

r1 3 2 .8

r1 3 6 .3

r 13 8 .2

r 1 4 1 .5

1 4 4 .3

1 4 5 .5

1 4 7 .5

1 4 8 .5

'1 4 9 .4

1 5 1 .5

1 5 3 .1

1 0 0 .3

1 0 0 .2

'9 8 .8

r 1 0 0 .1

r 1 0 0 .1

1 0 1 .1

'9 9 .9

1 0 0 .0

'9 9 9

1 0 0 .4

1 0 0 .8

1 0 1 .7

1 0 2 .8

1 4 3 .5

1 5 4 .7

r1 3 5 .5

r 1 3 9 .3

r1 4 1 .8

1 4 5 .1

1 4 7 .7

1 5 1 .3

r 15 3 .5

1 5 6 .1

'1 5 8 .3

1 6 1 .0

1 6 2 .8

9 5 .6

9 7 .1

r9 5 . 8

9 6 .0

r9 5 8

'9 5 .3

r9 5 . 4

9 6 .9

r9 7 .1

9 6 .9

'9 7 .8

9 9 .5

9 5 .9

'9 8 .0

9 9 .4

9 7 .4

1 4 2 .1
1 3 6 .2

9 9 .6

1 4 3 .0

1 5 4 .4

r137 2

r1 3 9 .3

r1 4 1 .6

1 4 3 .5

1 4 7 .8

1 5 1 .3

r 1 5 3 .6

1 5 5 .4

' 1 5 7 .1

1 5 8 .3

1 5 8 .4

1 3 5 .0

1 3 7 .0

r1 2 3 .2

r1 3 0 .3

'1 3 2 .2

1 3 8 .3

1 3 9 .5

1 3 6 .4

rl 3 7 .7

1 3 6 .5

'1 3 7 .2

1 4 0 .7

1 4 5 .7

1 4 0 .4

1 4 8 .6

r 13 2 .5

'1 3 6 .6

r1 3 8 .4

1 4 1 .8

1 4 5 .0

1 4 6 .4

r1 4 8 .3

1 4 9 .1

'1 5 0 .5

1 5 2 .4

1 5 4 .2

1 0 2 .3

1 0 2 .8

r 1 0 1 .4

'1 0 1 .8

r 1 0 2 .1

1 0 3 .0

1 0 2 .2

1 0 2 .4

r 1 0 2 .3

1 0 3 .2

'1 0 3 .4

1 0 4 .3

<1 )

1 4 3 .6

1 5 4 .8

'1 3 5 . 8

r1 3 9 .5

r 1 4 2 .0

1 4 5 .0

1 4 7 .8

1 5 1 .7

r 1 5 3 .7

1 5 6 .1

' 1 5 8 .1

1 6 0 .4

I 1)

9 5 .7

9 7 .2

'9 6 .0

r9 6 . 2

r9 5 . 9

r9 5 .2

r9 5 . 4

9 7 .2

'9 7 .2

9 6 .9

'9 7 .7

9 9 .2

(1)

1 4 2 .7

1 5 3 .5

r135 9

r1 3 8 .4

r 1 4 1 .1

1 4 3 .6

1 4 7 .7

1 5 0 .9

r 1 5 3 .1

1 5 3 .8

'1 5 6 .3

1 5 6 .7

( 1)

r1 3 7 .0

r1 3 9 .0

1 4 0 .3

1 5 0 .6

M 3 5 .3

1 4 0 .7

1 4 4 .6

1 4 8 .1

r1 5 0 .2

1 5 1 .1

'1 5 2 .9

1 5 3 .9

<1 )

1 4 9 .4

1 6 1 .8

1 3 7 .9

r1 4 2 .3

r1 4 7 .0

1 5 1 .9

1 5 6 .6

1 5 8 .9

r1 6 1 .2

1 6 1 .3

'1 6 5 .9

1 6 4 .7

( 1)

1 0 4 .1

8 8 .9

'9 0 .9

r1 0 3 .0

r1 0 0 .3

1 0 8 .6

1 0 4 .2

9 0 .8

'9 0 .3

9 1 .2

'8 3 .0

9 6 .1

( 1)

1 3 8 .3

1 4 6 .1

r1 3 0 .8

'1 3 4 .3

r1 3 6 .4

1 3 9 .6

1 4 2 .7

1 4 4 .0

r1 4 5 .9

1 4 6 .6

'1 4 7 .9

1 4 9 .7

(1)

1 0 5 .3

1 0 6 .5

1 0 3 .6

r 1 0 5 .1

'1 0 5 . 4

1 0 6 .1

1 0 4 .4

1 0 5 .1

r 10 5 .3

1 0 7 .8

' 1 0 8 .1

1 1 0 .2

1 1 2 .6

1 4 5 .8

1 5 8 .2

r1 3 8 .3

r 1 4 1 .6

r 1 4 4 .3

1 4 7 .0

1 5 0 .5

1 5 5 .1

r 1 5 7 .1

1 5 9 .6

'1 6 1 .4

1 6 5 .5

1 6 6 .3

9 7 .2

9 9 .3

9 7 .8

r9 7 . 6

r9 7 . 5

r9 6 . 5

r9 7 . 1

9 9 .4

r9 9 . 4

9 9 .1

'9 9 .7

1 0 2 .3

1 0 1 .8

r1 3 4 . 8

r 1 3 6 .9

1 4 7 .6

r 1 4 9 .1

1 4 8 .1

'1 4 9 .3

1 5 0 .2

1 4 7 .8

1 3 8 .5

1 4 8 .5

r 1 3 3 .5

1 3 8 .5

1 4 4 .1

P = preliminary,

79

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW August 1983 • Current Labor Statistics: Productivity
31. P ercent change from preceding quarter and year in productivity, hourly com pensation, unit costs, and prices,
seaso n ally adjusted at annual rate
[1977 = 100]___________
Q u a r t e r ly p e r c e n t c h a n g e a t a n n u a l r a te
Ite m

Business sector:
Output per hour of all p e rs o n s ...................
Compensation per h o u r ................................
Real compensation per h o u r ......................
Unit labor c o s ts .............................................
Unit nonlabor payments ............................
Implicit price d e fla to r...................................
Nonfarm business sector:
Output per hour of all p e rs o n s ...................
Compensation per h o u r ................................
Real compensation per h o u r ......................
Unit labor c o s ts ............................................
Unit nonlabor payments ............................
Implicit price d e fla to r...................................
Nonfinancial corporations:
Output per hour of all employees .............
Compensation per h o u r ................................
Real compensation per h o u r ......................
Total units costs .........................................
Unit labor costs ......................................
Unit nonlabor costs ................................
Unit profits ...................................................
Implicit price d e fla to r...................................
Manufacturing:
Output per hour of all p e rs o n s ...................
Output per hour of all p e rs o n s ...................
Compensation per h o u r ................................
Real compensation per h o u r ......................
Unit labor c o s ts ............................................
1 Not available.
c = corrected.

80

https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

IV 1 9 8 1

1 1982

II 1 9 8 2

I II 1 9 8 2

P e rc e n t c h a n g e fro m s a m e q u a rte r a y e a r a g o

IV 1 9 8 2

1 1983

11981

II 1 9 8 1

I II 1 9 8 1

IV 1 9 8 1

1 1982

to

to

to

to

to

to

to

to

to

to

to

to

I 1982

II 1 9 8 2

I II 1 9 8 2

IV 1 9 8 2

1 1983

II 1 9 8 3

I 1982

I1 1982

III 1 9 8 2

IV 1 9 8 2

1 1983

I1 1983

I1 1982

r - 0 .4

r1 .6

r 1 .7

r3 . 3

P 2 .0

r4 .1

r0 . 6

- 0 .4

r 1 .1

r0 . 7

P 1 .3

r9 . 4

r6 . 4

r6 . 7

r5 . 7

P 5 .4

P 3 .7

r8 .5

r8 . 2

7 .5

7 .1

P 6 .1

r6 . 3

r 1 .1

r - 1 .0

r3 . 7

P 5 .8

P -0 .4

r0 . 8

r1 .3

r 1 .6

r2 . 5

P 2 .4

P 2 .0

r9 . 8

r8 .1

r5 .0

r2 . 3

P 3 .3

P -0 .4

7 .9

r8 . 7

r8 . 7

r6 . 3

P 4 .7

P 2 .5

r - 8 .8

r -0 .1

P 6 .5

P 2 .8
P 5 .4

r2 . 0

r3 . 2

P 1 0 .5

P 1 5 .2

r4 . 4

2 .7

r2 . 6

r2 . 0

P 2 .8

r3 . 4

r5 . 5

r2 . 7

2 .6

P 5 .5

P 4 .4

r6 . 7

r6 . 7

r4 . 9

r3 . 5

P 4 .1

P 3 .8

r0 .1

r0 . 4

r2 . 3

1 .3

P 3 .7

P 4 .3

r - 0 .3

r0 . 6

r0 . 8

P 1 .7

P 2 .9

r 1 0 .0

r5 . 8

r7 . 2

r5 .8

P 6 .8

P 4 .6

r8 . 6

r8 . 2

7 .6

7 .2

P 6 .4

P 6 .1

r6 .8

r0 . 5

r - 0 .6

r3 . 7

P 7 .2

P O .4

r0 . 9

r1 .3

r 1 .7

r2 . 6

P 2 .7

r9 . 9

r6 . 2

r4 . 7

M .4

P 3 .0

P O .2

r8 . 7

r8 . 5

r8 . 3

r6 . 3

P 4 .6

P 3 .1

r8 .5

r3 . 7

r - 3 .4

r2 .0

P 1 0 .6

P 1 5 .1

r4 . 7

r4 . 2

r - 1 .3

r - 1 .6

P 3 .8

P 5 .8

r3 . 7

r5 . 4

r2 . 2

r3 . 7

P 5 .3

P 4 .7

7 .4

7 .1

r5 . 2

r3 . 7

P 4 .1

P 3 .9

r0 . 9

r0 . 5

r3 . 8

P 0 .6

P 3 .4

c 0 .6

r0 .1

r0 . 2

P 1 .2

P 1 .8

r1 0 .9

r5 .4

r6 . 4

P 5 .4

P 6 .0

r8 . 7

r8 . 2

7 .6

P 7 .0

P 5 .8

r7 . 7

r0 .1

r - 1 .3

P 3 .4

P 6 .4

r1 .0

r1 .3

r1 .7

P 2 .4

P 2 .1

r8 . 8

r6 . 0

r 1 .8

P 6 .7

P 1 .0

r9 . 9

r6 . 0

r2 . 4

P 4 .8

P 2 .5

r6 .1

r6 . 0

r0 .1

*> 1 1 .9

P -2 .8

( 1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
( 1)
( 1)
(1)
( 1)

r3 . 8

P - 3 1 .4

P 7 9 .9

r3 . 6

r5 . 4

r1 .9

P 3 .6

P 5 .1

( 1)
( 1)
(1)
( 1)
( 1)
(1)
(1)
( 1)

r - 2 .8

0 .8

r9 . 6

P 1 .2

P 8 .0

P 8 .9

r — 4 2 .2

r - 2 .1

r -0 .1

-

P 2 .6

r9 . 0

8 .5

7 .1

P 5 .8

P 3 .8

r8 .1

r8 .1

7 .4

P 5 .7

P 3 .9

r1 1 .7

r9 . 7

r6 . 2

P 6 .0

P 3 .7

r - 9 .9

r — 1 6 .1

P 2 0 .3

P 5 .8

7 .2

7 .0

r5 . 0

P 3 .6

P 4 .0

r0 .0

r -0 .1

r 1 .6

r3 . 5

P 4 .8

P 6 .9

1 1 .8

r3 .1

r5 .1

r6 . 5

P 4 .5

P 1 0 .7

P 1 .9

r9 . 6

8 .8

r8 . 6

7 .3

P 6 .7

P 5 .9

r9 . 8

r0 . 2

r - 1 .2

r9 .9

4.3

r -2 .8

P2.5
P3.3

P11.1
P2.5

P -2 2
P -6 .4

7 .8
r9 .5

r1.9
r8 .9

r2 .6
r6 .9

r2 .7
r3 .6

P3.0
P1.8

P2.4
P -0 .9

r = revised.
P = preliminary.

WAGE AND COMPENSATION DATA

D a t a f o r t h e e m p l o y m e n t c o s t in d e x are reported to the Bureau
of Labor Statistics by a sample of 2,000 private nonfarm estab­
lishments and 750 State and local government units selected to
represent total employment in those sectors. On average, each
reporting unit provides wage and compensation information on
five well-specified occupations.

Data on negotiated wage and benefit changes are obtained from
contracts on file at the Bureau, direct contact with the parties, and
secondary sources.
Definitions
The Employment Cost Index (ECI) is a quarterly measure o f the average
change in the cost of em ploying labor. The rate of total com pensation,
which com prises wages, salaries, and em ployer costs for em ployee ben­
efits, is collected for workers performing specified tasks. Employment in
each occupation is held constant over time for all series produced in the
ECI, except those by region, bargaining status, and area. As a consequence,
only changes in com pensation are m easured. Industry and occupational
em ploym ent data from the 1970 Census of Population are used in deriving
constant weights for the ECI. While holding total industry and occupational
em ploym ent fixed, in the estimation of indexes by region, bargaining
status, and area, the employm ent in those m easures is allowed to vary over
time in accord with changes in the sample. The rate of change (in percent)
is available for wages and salaries, as well as for total compensation. Data
are collected for the pay period including the 12th day of the survey months
o f M arch, June, Septem ber, and December. The statistics are neither an­
nualized nor adjusted for seasonal influence.

Wages and salaries consist of earnings before payroll deductions, ex­
cluding prem ium pay for overtime, work on weekends and holidays, and
shift differentials. Production bonuses, incentive earnings, commissions,
and cost-of-living adjustments are included; nonproduction bonuses are
included with other supplemental pay items in the benefits category; and
paym ents-in-kind, free room and board, and tips are excluded. Benefits
include supplemental pay, insurance, retirement and savings plans, and
hours-related and legally required benefits.
Data on negotiated wage changes apply to private nonfarm industry
collective bargaining agreem ents covering 1,000 workers or more. Data
on com pensation changes apply only to those agreements covering 5,000
workers or m ore. First-year wage or compensation changes refer to average
negotiated changes for workers covered by settlements reached in the period


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

and implemented within the first 12 months after the effective date o f the
agreem ent. Changes over the life o f the agreement refer to all adjustments
specified in the contract, expressed as an average annual rate. These m eas­
ures exclude wage changes that may occur under cost-of-living adjustment
clauses, that are triggered by m ovements in the Consum er Price Index.
Wage-rate changes are expressed as a percent of straight-time hourly earn­
ings; compensation changes are expressed as a percent of total wages and
benefits.

Effective wage adjustments reflect all negotiated changes implemented
in the reference period, regardless of the settlement date. They include
changes from settlem ents reached during the period, changes deferred from
contracts negotiated in an earlier period, and cost-of-living adjustments.
The data also reflect contracts providing for no wage adjustment in the
period. Effective adjustm ents and each of their components are prorated
over all workers in bargaining units with at least 1,000 workers.

Notes on the data
The Employm ent Cost Index data series began in the fourth quarter of
1975, with the quarterly percent change in wages and salaries in the private
nonfarm sector. Data on em ployer costs for employee benefits were in­
cluded in 1980, to produce a measure of the percent change in em ployers’
cost for em ployees’ total compensation. State and local government units
were added to the ECI coverage in 1981, providing a measure o f total
com pensation change in the civilian nonfarm economy.
Data for the broad white-collar, blue-collar, and service worker groups,
and the m anufacturing, nonm anufacturing, and service industry groups are
presented in the ECI. Additional occupation and industry detail are pro­
vided for the wages and salaries component of total compensation in the
private nonfarm sector. For State and local governm ent units, additional
industry detail is shown for both total compensation and its wages and
salaries com ponent.
Historical indexes (June 1981 = 100) of the quarterly rates of changes
presented in the ECI are also available.
For a more detailed discussion of the ECI, see chapter 11, “ The Em­
ploym ent Cost Index,” of the BLS Handbook o f Methods (Bulletin 2 1 3 4 1), and the Monthly Labor Review articles; “ Employment Cost Index: a
m easure of change in the ‘price of labor,” ’ July 1975; “ How benefits will
be incorporated into the Employm ent Cost Index,” January 1978; and
“ The Employm ent Cost Index: recent trends and expansion,” May 1982.
Additional data for the ECI and other measures of wage and com pen­
sation changes appear in Current Wage Developments, a monthly publi­
cation of the Bureau.

81

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW August 1983 • Current Labor Statistics: Wage and Compensation Data
32.

E m ploym ent C ost Index, by occupation and industry group

[June 1981 = 100]_____________________________
P erc e n t ch an g e
1981

S e r ie s

M a rc h

C i v il ia n w o r k e r s 1

................................................................................................................................

June

1982

S e p t.

D ec.

1983

M a rc h

June

S e p t.

D ec.

M a rc h

3 m o n th s

1 2 m o n th s

ended

ended

M a rc h 1 9 8 3

1 0 0 .0

1 0 2 .6

1 0 4 .5

1 0 6 .3

1 0 7 .5

1 1 0 .1

1 1 1 .4

1 1 3 .2

1 .6

—

1 0 0 .0

1 0 2 .7

1 0 4 .9

1 0 6 .5

1 0 7 .7

1 1 0 .7

1 1 1 .9

1 1 3 .7

1 .6

6 .8

...............................................................................................................

—

1 0 0 .0

1 0 2 .3

1 0 4 .1

1 0 5 .7

1 0 7 .1

1 0 9 .2

1 1 0 .5

1 1 2 .3

1 .6

6 .2

.......................................................................................................................

—

1 0 0 .0

1 0 2 .8

1 0 4 .2

1 0 7 .2

1 0 8 .3

1 1 0 .8

1 1 2 .4

1 1 4 .3

1 .7

6 .6

—

1 0 0 .0

1 0 2 .1

1 0 4 .0

1 0 6 .0

1 0 7 .2

1 0 9 .3

1 1 0 .4

1 2 .5

1 .9

6 .1

6 .5

W o r k e r s , b y o c c u p a t io n a l g r o u p
W h it e - c o lla r w o r k e r s ...............................................................................................................
B lu e -c o lla r w o r k e r s
S e r v ic e w o r k e r s

W o r k e r s , b y in d u s tr y d iv is io n
M a n u fa c t u r in g

............................................................................................................................

N o n m a n u f a c t u r i n g ...................................................................................................................

—

1 0 0 .0

1 0 2 .8

1 0 4 .8

1 0 6 .4

1 0 7 .7

1 1 0 .5

1 1 1 .8

1 1 .3 5

1 .5

6 .7

—

1 0 0 .0

1 0 4 .4

1 0 7 .1

1 0 8 .2

1 0 9 .2

1 1 3 .5

1 1 5 .0

1 1 6 .6

1 .4

7 .8

.................................................................................................

—

1 0 0 .0

1 0 4 .3

1 0 6 .0

1 0 8 .1

1 0 9 .1

1 1 2 .8

1 1 3 .6

1 1 6 .2

2 .3

7 .5

P r iv a t e in d u s tr y w o r k e r s ..........................................................................................................

9 8 .1

1 0 0 .0

1 0 2 .0

1 0 4 .0

1 0 5 .8

1 0 7 .2

1 0 9 .3

1 1 0 .7

1 1 2 .6

1 .7

6 .4

S e r v ic e s

.....................................................................................................................................

P u b lic a d m in is t r a t io n 2

W o r k e r s , b y o c c u p a t io n a l g r o u p
W h it e - c o lla r w o r k e r s

......................................................................................................

9 8 .3

1 0 0 .0

1 0 1 .8

1 0 4 .0

1 0 5 .8

1 0 7 .2

1 0 9 .5

1 1 0 .8

1 1 2 .8

1 .8

6 .6

B lu e -c o lla r w o r k e r s ..........................................................................................................

9 7 .8

1 0 0 .0

1 0 2 .2

1 0 4 .0

1 0 5 .6

1 0 7 .0

1 0 9 .0

1 1 0 .3

1 1 2 .1

1 .6

6 .2

S e r v ic e w o r k e r s ...................................................................................................................

9 9 .3

1 0 0 .0

1 0 1 .9

1 0 3 .1

1 0 6 .7

1 0 7 .9

1 0 9 .6

1 1 1 .8

1 1 3 .8

1 .8

6 .7

W o r k e r s , b y in d u s tr y d iv is io n
M a n u f a c t u r i n g .......................................................................................................................

9 8 .0

1 0 0 .0

1 0 2 .1

1 0 4 .0

1 0 6 .0

1 0 7 .2

1 0 9 .3

1 1 0 .4

1 1 2 .5

1 .9

6 .1

N o n m a n u f a c t u r i n g ..............................................................................................................

9 8 .2

1 0 0 .0

1 0 2 .0

1 0 3 .9

1 0 5 .7

1 0 7 .1

1 0 9 .3

1 1 0 .8

1 1 2 .6

1 .6

6 .5

_

1 0 0 .0

1 0 6 .3

1 0 7 .4

1 0 8 .8

1 0 9 .3

1 1 4 .3

1 1 5 .1

1 1 6 .5

1 .2

7 .1

.....................................................................................................

—

1 0 0 .0

1 0 6 .7

1 0 7 .8

1 0 9 .1

1 0 9 .5

1 1 4 .9

1 1 5 .8

1 1 7 .0

1 .0

7 .2

B lu e -c o lla r w o r k e r s ..........................................................................................................

—

1 0 0 .0

1 0 4 .2

1 0 5 .9

1 0 8 .2

1 0 8 .9

1 1 2 .7

1 1 3 .0

1 1 4 .9

1 .7

6 .2

S t a t e a n d lo c a l g o v e r n m e n t w o r k e r s ...........................................................................
W o r k e r s , b y o c c u p a t io n a l g r o u p
W h it e - c o lla r w o r k e r s

W o r k e r s , b y in d u s tr y d iv is io n
S e r v i c e s .....................................................................................................................................

—

1 0 0 .0

1 0 5 .8

1 0 7 .9

1 0 9 .0

1 0 9 .4

1 1 4 .9

1 1 6 .8

.8

S c h o o l s ................................................................................................................................

—

1 0 0 .0

1 0 6 .0

1 0 7 .9

1 0 8 .9

1 0 9 .1

1 1 4 .8

1 1 5 .8

1 1 6 .6

.7

7 .1

—

1 0 0 .0

1 0 6 .3

1 0 8 .3

1 0 9 .3

1 0 9 .5

1 1 5 .6

1 1 6 .6

1 1 7 .2

.5

7 .2

E le m e n ta r y a n d s e c o n d a r y

1 1 5 .9

...........................................................................

—

1 0 0 .0

1 0 5 .0

1 0 7 .8

1 0 9 .5

1 1 0 .3

1 1 5 .3

1 1 6 .0

1 1 7 .5

1 .3

7 .3

—

1 0 0 .0

1 0 4 .3

1 0 6 .0

1 0 8 .1

1 0 9 .1

1 1 2 .5

1 1 3 .6

1 1 6 .2

2 .3

7 .5

1 E x c lu d e s f a r m , h o u s e h o ld , a n d F e d e ra l w o r k e r s .

i n c l u d e s , f o r e x a m p le , lib r a r y , s o c ia l, a n d h e a lth s e r v ic e s .

C o n s i s t s o f le g is la tiv e , ju d ic ia l, a d m in is tr a t iv e , a n d r e g u la t o r y a c tiv itie s .

N O TE: D a s h e s in d ic a te d a ta n o t a v a ila b le .

82

https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

7 .2

.................................................................................................

H o s p it a ls a n d o t h e r s e r v ic e s 3
P u b lic a d m in is t r a t io n 2

...........................................................................

33.

E m ploym ent C ost Index, w ages and salaries, by occupation and industry group

[June 1981 = 100]________________________________________________________________________
P erc e n t ch an g e
1981

S e r ie s

C i v il ia n w o r k e r s 1

................................................................................................................................

1982

1983

M a rc h

June

S e p t.

D ec.

M a rc h

June

S e p t.

D ec.

M a rc h

-

1 0 0 .0

1 0 2 .5

1 0 4 .4

1 0 6 .3

1 0 7 .3

1 0 9 .7

1 1 0 .9

1 1 2 .2

3 m o n th s

1 2 m o n th s

ended

ended

M a rc h 1 9 8 3

1 .2

5 .6

W o r k e r s , b y o c c u p a t io n a l g r o u p
W h it e - c o lla r w o r k e r s ..............................................................................................................

—

1 0 4 .7

1 0 6 .7

1 .4

5 .9

B lu e -c o lla r w o r k e r s

..............................................................................................................

—

1 0 0 .0

1 0 2 .4

1 0 4 .0

1 0 6 .5

1 0 6 .7

1 0 8 .6

1 0 9 .8

1 1 0 .8

.9

5 .0

.......................................................................................................................

—

1 0 0 .0

1 0 2 .5

1 0 3 .6

1 0 6 .8

1 0 7 .9

1 1 0 .1

1 1 1 .8

1 1 3 .2

1 .3

6 .0

1 .1

4 .8

S e r v ic e w o r k e r s

1 0 0 .0

1 0 2 .6

1 0 7 .6

1 1 0 .4

1 1 1 .4

1 1 3 .0

W o r k e r s , b y in d u s tr y d iv is io n
............................................................................................................................

—

1 0 0 .0

1 0 2 .1

1 0 4 .0

1 0 5 .9

N o n m a n u f a c t u r i n g ...................................................................................................................

M a n u fa c t u r in g

—

1 0 0 .0

1 0 2 .7

1 0 4 .5

1 0 6 .5

1 0 7 .5

1 1 0 .1

1 1 1 .3

1 1 2 .7

1 .3

5 .8

—

1 0 0 .0

1 0 4 .4

1 0 6 .6

1 0 8 .6

1 0 9 .5

1 1 3 .2

1 1 4 .4

1 1 5 .8

1 .2

6 .6

S e r v ic e s

.....................................................................................................................................

P u b lic a d m in is t r a t io n 2

.................................................................................................

P r iv a t e in d u s tr y w o r k e r s ..........................................................................................................

1 0 7 .0

1 0 8 .8

1 0 9 .8

1 1 1 .0

—

1 0 0 .0

1 0 3 .8

1 0 6 .5

1 0 7 .5

1 0 8 .4

1 1 1 .9

1 1 2 .6

1 1 4 .6

1 .8

6 .6

9 8 .0

1 0 0 .0

1 0 2 .0

1 0 3 .8

1 0 5 .9

1 0 7 .1

1 0 9 .0

1 1 0 .3

1 1 1 .6

1 .2

5 .4

W o r k e r s , b y o c c u p a t io n a l g r o u p
W h it e - c o lla r w o r k e r s

......................................................................................................

9 8 .1

1 0 0 .0

1 0 1 .8

1 0 3 .9

1 0 6 .2

1 0 7 .3

1 0 9 .4

1 1 0 .6

1 1 2 .2

1 .4

5 .6

P r o fe s s io n a l a n d t e c h n ic a l w o r k e r s ..............................................................

9 8 .2

1 0 0 .0

1 0 3 .3

1 0 5 .5

1 0 8 .0

1 0 9 .4

1 1 1 .8

1 1 2 .9

1 1 4 .8

1 .7

6 .3

M a n a g e r s a n d a d m in is tr a t o r s

9 8 .6

1 0 0 .0

1 0 1 .6

1 0 2 .8

1 0 5 .8

1 0 7 .2

1 0 8 .5

1 0 9 .3

1 1 2 .0

2 .5

5 .9

S a le s w o r k e r s

...........................................................................

...................................................................................................................

9 6 .2

1 0 0 .0

9 8 .0

1 0 2 .2

1 0 1 .8

1 0 4 .5

1 0 6 .2

1 0 5 .7

C le r ic a l w o r k e r s ..............................................................................................................

9 8 .6

1 0 0 .0

1 0 2 .7

1 0 4 .2

1 0 7 .0

1 0 8 .3

1 1 0 .3

1 1 1 .6

1 1 3 .4

B lu e -c o lla r w o r k e r s ..........................................................................................................

9 7 .7

1 0 0 .0

1 0 2 .3

1 0 3 .9

1 0 1 .9

1 0 5 .4

1 0 6 .6

1 0 8 .5

1 0 9 .7

1 1 0 .7

- .5
1 .6
.9

3 .4
6 .0
5 .0

C r a f t a n d k in d re d w o r k e r s ....................................................................................

9 7 .8

1 0 0 .0

1 0 2 .9

1 0 4 .3

1 0 6 .2

1 0 7 .6

1 0 9 .6

1 1 1 .2

1 1 2 .2

.9

5 .6

O p e ra t iv e s , e x c e p t t r a n s p o r t ...............................................................................

9 7 .8

1 0 0 .0

1 0 2 .1

1 0 4 .1

1 0 5 .4

1 0 6 .6

1 0 8 .3

1 0 9 .3

1 1 0 .0

.6

4 .4

T r a n s p o r t e q u ip m e n t o p e r a t i v e s ......................................................................

1 0 0 .0

1 0 1 .0

1 0 4 .1

1 0 6 .0

N o n f a r m l a b o r e r s ..........................................................................................................

9 7 .5

1 0 0 .0

1 0 1 .5

1 0 3 .3

1 0 4 .1

1 0 5 .1

1 0 6 .5

1 0 7 .8

1 0 9 .0

1 .1

4 .7

S e r v ic e w o r k e r s ...................................................................................................................

9 9 .2

9 6 .8

1 0 0 .0

1 0 1 .8

1 0 2 .7

1 0 6 .7

1 0 7 .9

1 0 9 .3

1 1 1 .4

1 1 2 .9

1 .3

5 .8

1 0 2 .7

1 0 3 .2

1 0 6 .9

1 0 8 .0

1 .0

4 .7

W o r k e r s , b y in d u s tr y d iv is io n
M a n u f a c t u r i n g .......................................................................................................................

9 7 .9

1 0 0 .0

1 0 2 .1

1 0 4 .0

1 0 5 .9

1 0 7 .0

1 0 8 .8

D u r a b l e s ................................................................................................................................

9 7 .9

1 0 0 .0

1 0 2 .1

1 0 4 .5

1 0 6 .3

1 0 7 .4

1 0 9 .0

1 1 0 .3

1 1 1 .1

.7

4 .5

N o n d u r a b le s

9 7 .8

1 0 0 .0

1 0 2 .0

1 0 3 .1

1 0 5 .3

1 0 6 .3

1 0 8 .5

1 0 9 .1

1 1 0 .9

1 .6

5 .3

...................................................................................................................

N o n m a n u f a c t u r i n g ..............................................................................................................

9 8 .1

1 0 0 .0

1 0 2 .0

1 0 3 .8

1 0 5 .9

1 0 7 .1

1 0 9 .8

1 1 1 .0

1 .1

4 .8

1 0 9 .1

1 1 0 .5

1 1 2 .0

1 .4

5 .8

...................................................................................................................

9 7 .6

1 0 0 .0

1 0 3 .0

1 0 4 .3

1 0 5 .9

1 0 7 .3

1 0 9 .1

1 0 9 .7

1 1 0 .4

.6

4 .2

T r a n s p o r ta t io n a n d p u b lic u t i l i t i e s ..................................................................

9 7 .7

1 0 0 .0

1 0 2 .0

1 0 3 .6

1 0 5 .7

1 0 6 .9

1 0 9 .5

9 8 .2

1 0 0 .0

1 0 1 .3

1 0 2 .3

1 0 3 .9

1 0 5 .8

1 0 6 .5

1 0 7 .2

1 0 8 .5

1 .2

4 .4

9 8 .5

1 0 0 .0

1 0 2 .0

1 0 3 .4

1 0 6 .3

1 0 8 .9

1 0 9 .0

1 0 9 .8

1 1 1 .8

1 .8

5 .2

C o n s t r u c tio n

W h o le s a le a n d re ta il t r a d e ....................................................................................
W h o le s a le t r a d e

.....................................................................................................

R e ta i. t r a d e ...................................................................................................................

9 8 .1

1 0 0 .0

1 0 1 .0

1 0 1 .9

1 0 3 .0

1 0 4 .5

1 0 6 .5

1 1 1 .1

1 0 6 .1

1 1 2 .9

1 0 7 .2

1 .6

1 .0

6 .8

4 .1

F in a n c e , in s u r a n c e , a n d re a l e s t a t e ..............................................................

9 5 .7

1 0 0 .0

9 8 .3

1 0 2 .3

1 0 3 .7

1 0 2 .4

1 0 6 .1

1 0 9 .0

1 1 0 .6

1 .5

6 .7

S e r v i c e s ................................................................................................................................

9 9 .6

1 0 0 .0

1 0 3 .6

1 0 5 .8

1 0 8 .8

1 1 0 .0

1 1 2 .5

1 1 4 .3

1 1 6 .0

1 .5

6 .6

_

1 0 0 .0

1 0 5 .0

1 0 7 .0

1 0 8 .2

1 0 8 .7

1 1 3 .5

1 1 4 .0

1 1 5 .1

1 .0

6 .4

.....................................................................................................

—

1 0 0 .0

1 0 5 .4

1 0 7 .5

1 0 8 .5

1 0 8 .9

1 1 4 .2

1 1 4 .6

1 1 5 .6

.9

6 .5

..........................................................................................................

—

1 0 0 .0

1 0 3 .9

1 0 5 .5

1 0 7 .5

1 0 7 .9

1 1 1 .5

1 1 2 .0

1 1 3 .3

1 .2

5 .4

—

1 0 0 .0

1 0 5 .5

1 0 7 .6

1 0 8 .4

1 0 8 .8

S t a t e a n d lo c a l g o v e r n m e n t w o r k e r s
W o r k e r s , b y o c c u p a t io n a l g r o u p
W h it e - c o lla r w o r k e r s
B lu e -c o lla r w o r k e r s

W o r k e r s , b y in d u s tr y d iv is io n
S e r v ic e s

.....................................................................................................................................

1 1 4 .6

.8

6 .5

1 0 5 .7

1 0 7 .7

1 0 8 .3

1 0 8 .5

1 1 4 .2

1 1 4 .5

1 1 5 .2

.6

6 .4

1 0 0 .0

1 0 6 .0

1 0 7 .9

1 0 8 .7

1 0 8 .8

1 1 4 .9

1 1 5 .1

1 1 5 .6

.4

6 .3

...............................................................................

—

1 0 0 .0

1 0 4 .6

1 0 7 .3

1 0 8 .8

1 0 9 .5

1 1 4 .3

1 1 4 .9

1 1 6 .5

1 .4

7 .1

.................................................................................................

—

1 0 0 .0

1 0 3 .8

1 0 5 .5

1 0 7 .5

1 0 8 .4

1 1 1 .9

1 1 2 .6

1 1 4 .6

1 .8

6 .6

H o s p it a ls a n d o t h e r s e r v ic e s 3

' E x c lu d e s f a r m , h o u s e h o ld , a n d F e d e ra l w o r k e r s .

3 ln c lu d e s . f o r e x a m p le , lib r a r y , s o c ia l a n d h e a lth s e r v ic e s .

C o n s i s t s o f le g is la tiv e , ju d ic ia l, a d m in is tr a t iv e , a n d r e g u la t o r y a c tiv itie s .

NO TE: D a s h e s in d ic a te d a ta n o t a v a ila b le .


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

1 1 5 .5

1 0 0 .0

—

E le m e n ta r y a n d s e c o n d a r y
P u b lic a d m in is t r a t io n 2

1 1 4 .2

—

...........................................................................

S c h o o l s ................................................................................................................................

83

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW August 1983 • Current Labor Statistics: Wage and Compensation Data
34.

E m ploym ent Cost Index, private industry w orkers, by bargaining status, region, and area size

[June 1981 = 100]_________________________________________
P erc e n t ch an g e
1981

S e r ie s

1982

1983

3 m o n th s

1 2 m o n th s

ended

ended

M a rc h

June

S e p t.

D ec.

M a rc h

June

S e p t.

D ec.

M a rc h

97.6

100.0
100.0
100.0

102.5
102.3
102.7

104.8
104.6
105.0

106.5
106.3
106.8

108.4
108.0
108.7

110.6
110.3
111.0

112.3
111.8
112.8

114.5
114.0
114.9

2.0
2.0
1.9

7.5
7.2
7.6

—

100.0
100.0
100.0

101.7
101.8
101.7

103.5
103.5
103.5

105.3
105.7
106.2

106.5
106.6
106.4

108.5
106.4
108.6

109.7
109.2
109.9

111.5
111.2
111.6

1.6
1.8
1.5

5.9
5.2
6.1

98.1
98.1

100.0
100.0

102.1
101.8

104.1
103.2

105.7
106.2

107.2
107.0

109.4
108.6

110.9
109.1

112.9
110.8

1.8
1.6

6.8
4.3

Workers, by bargaining status1
Union ............................................................................................................
Manufacturing .........................................................................................
N onm anufacturing..................................................................................

97.4
97.7
97.1

100.0
100.0
100.0

102.7
102.6
102.8

105.0
104.7
105.2

106.5
105.9
107.0

108.1
107.3
108.8

110.3
109.5
111.1

111.8
110.8
112.7

112.9
111.4
114.3

1.0
.5
1.4

6.0
5.2
6.8

Nonunion .....................................................................................................
Manufacturing .........................................................................................
N onm anufacturing..................................................................................

98.2
97.9
98.3

100.0
100.0
100.0

101.6
101.7
101.6

103.2
103.3
103.2

105.6
105.9
105.5

106.5
106.7
106.4

108.3
108.2
108.3

109.5
109.1
109.6

110.9
110.7
111.0

1.3
1.5
1.3

5.0
4.5
5.2

Workers, by region1
Northeast ......................................................................................................
South ............................................................................................................
North Central ...............................................................................................
W e s t...............................................................................................................

98.3
98.0
98.1
97.9

100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0

101.7
101.9
101.6
103.2

104.4
102.8
103.3
105.1

106.1
105.7
104.7
107.9

106.7
107.4
106.1
108.6

109.7
108.8
107.6
110.7

111.5
109.8
108.6
112.0

112.0
111.4
110.1
114.1

.4
1.5
1.4
1.9

5.6
5.4
5.2
5.7

Workers by area size1
Metropolitan areas ......................................................................................
Other areas ..................................................................................................

97.9
98.3

100.0
100.0

102.1
101.8

104.0
103.1

105.9
106.0

107.1
106.8

109.1
108.3

110.5
108.8

111.9
110.1

1.3
1.2

5.7
3.9

M a rc h 1 9 8 3

C O M P E N S A T IO N

Workers, by bargaining status1
Union ............................................................................................................
Manufacturing .........................................................................................
N onm anufacturing..................................................................................
Nonunion ......................................................................................................
Manufacturing .........................................................................................
N onm anufacturing..................................................................................
Workers, by area size1
Metropolitan areas ......................................................................................
Other areas ..................................................................................................

—

—
98.4
—

W A G E S A N D S A L A R IE S

1The indexes are calculated differently from those for the occupation and industry groups. For a
detailed description of the index calculation, see BLS Handbook of Methods. Bulletin 1910.

84

https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

35.

W age and com pensation change, m ajor collective bargaining settlem ents, 1978 to date

[In percent]
Q u a r t e r ly a v e r a g e
A n n u al a verag e

M e a s u re

1981

1978

1979

1980

1981

1982

........................................

8 .3

9 .0

1 0 .4

1 0 .2

A n n u a l ra te o v e r life o f c o n t r a c t ..................

6 .3

6 .6

7 .1

8 .3

1982

III

IV

3 .2

1 0 .5

2 .8

8 .1

1983P

1

II

I II

IV

1 1 .0

1 .9

2 .6

6 .2

3 .3

- 1 .7

4 .7

5 .8

1 .2

0

4 .7

4 .8

1 .5

3 .9

lr

II

T o t a l c o m p e n s a t io n c h a n g e s , c o v e r in g
5 , 0 0 0 w o r k e r s o r m o r e , all
in d u s tr ie s :

F irs t y e a r o f c o n t r a c t

W a g e ra te c h a n g e s c o v e r in g a t le a s t
1 , 0 0 0 w o r k e r s , all in d u s tr ie s :

F irs t y e a r o f c o n t r a c t

........................................

7 .6

7 .4

9 .5

9 .8

3 .8

1 0 .8

9 .0

3 .0

3 .4

5 .4

3 .8

- 1 .2

2 .9

A n n u a l ra te o v e r life o f c o n t r a c t ..................

6 .4

6 .0

7 .1

7 .9

3 .6

8 .7

5 .7

2 .8

3 .2

4 .5

4 .8

2 .3

3 .1

- 3 .4

1 .3

M a n u fa c t u r in g :
........................................

8 .3

6 .9

7 .4

7 .2

2 .8

9 .0

6 .6

2 .5

1 .8

5 .1

4 .1

A n n u a l ra te o v e r life o f c o n t r a c t ..................

F irs t y e a r o f c o n t r a c t

6 .6

5 .4

5 .4

6 .1

2 .6

7 .5

5 .4

2 .7

1 .7

3 .9

4 .5

.9

1 .6

N o n m a n u f a c tu r in g ( e x c lu d in g
c o n s t r u c tio n ):
........................................

8 .0

7 .6

9 .5

9 .8

4 .3

8 .6

9 .6

2 .7

6 .6

5 .5

3 .6

3 .9

6 .8

A n n u a l ra te o v e r life o f c o n t r a c t ..................

6 .5

6 .2

6 .6

7 .3

4 .1

7 .2

5 .6

2 .1

6 .1

4 .8

5 .2

5 .9

6 .1

F irs t y e a r o f c o n t r a c t ........................................

6 .5

8 .8

1 3 .6

1 3 .5

6 .5

1 6 .4

1 1 .4

8 .6

6 .2

6 .3

3 .4

.3

1 .9

A n n u a l ra te o v e r life o f c o n t r a c t ..................

6 .2

8 .3

1 1 .5

1 1 .3

6 .3

1 2 .4

1 1 .7

8 .2

6 .3

5 .9

2 .9

2 .6

2 .5

F irs t y e a r o f c o n t r a c t

C o n s t r u c tio n :

p =

p r e lim in a r y .


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

r =

re v is e d .

85

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW August 1983 • Current Labor Statistics: Wage and Compensation Data
36.

Effective w age adjustm ents in co llective bargaining units covering 1,000 w orkers or m ore, 1978 to date
Year

M e a s u re

Y e a r a n d q u a rte r
1981

1978

1979

1980

1981

1982

1983P

1982
I II

IV

I

II

III

IV

lr

II

A v e r a g e p e r c e n t a d ju s tm e n t (in c lu d in g n o c h a n g e ):
A ll i n d u s t r i e s ............................................................................................................................

8 .2

9 .1

9 .9

9 .5

6 .8

3 .3

1 .5

M a n u f a c t u r i n g .......................................................................................................................

8 .6

9 .6

1 0 .2

9 .4

5 .2

3 .1

1 .9

.9

1 .0

1 .7

1 .5

N o n m a n u f a c t u r i n g ...............................................................................................................

7 .9

8 .8

9 .7

9 .5

7 .9

3 .4

1 .1

1 .1

2 .7

2 .9

1 .2

F ro m s e t tle m e n ts re a c h e d In p e r i o d ...........................................................................

2 .0

3 .0

3 .6

2 .5

1 .7

.5

.4

1 .0

2 .0

2 .4

1 .3

0 .4
- .4
.9

1 .3
1 .0
1 .4

.2

.4

.5

D e f e r re d f r o m s e t tle m e n ts re a c h e d In e a r lie r p e r i o d ....................................

3 .7

3 .0

3 .5

3 .8

3 .6

1 .5

.4

.6

1 .4

1 .3

.4

.4

1 .0

F r o m c o s t -o f - liv in g c la u s e s

2 .4

3 .1

2 .8

3 .2

1 .4

1 .2

.6

.3

.2

.6

.3

.1

.1

—

—

—

8 ,6 4 8

7 ,8 5 2

4 ,3 6 4

3 ,2 2 5

2 ,8 7 8

3 .4 2 3

3 ,7 6 0

3 ,4 4 1

3 ,0 3 0

3 ,1 0 8

—

—

—

2 ,2 7 0

1 ,9 0 7

540

604

204

511

620

825

434

454

—

—

—

6 ,2 6 7

4 ,8 4 6

3 .0 2 3

882

1 ,0 0 1

1 ,5 9 4

2 .4 0 0

860

840

1 ,4 4 6

.............................................................................................

.6

- .2

.2

T o ta l n u m b e r o f w o r k e r s re c e iv in g w a g e c h a n g e
(in t h o u s a n d s ) 1

...................................................................................................................

F ro m s e t tle m e n ts re a c h e d
in p e r i o d .....................................................................................................................................
D e f e r re d f r o m s e t tle m e n ts
re a c h e d in e a r lie r p e r io d

.............................................................................................

F ro m c o s t -o f - liv in g c la u s e s

.............................................................................................

—

—

—

4 ,5 9 3

3 ,8 3 0

2 ,9 3 4

2 ,1 7 9

1 ,9 2 0

1 .5 6 8

2 ,2 5 1

1 ,9 7 0

2 .0 7 5

1 ,3 9 5

—

—

—

145

483

4 ,4 2 8

5 ,5 6 8

5 ,4 5 7

4 ,9 1 2

4 .5 7 5

4 ,8 9 5

5 .0 8 5

5 ,0 0 7

N u m b e r o f w o r k e r s re c e iv in g no a d ju s tm e n t s
( in t h o u s a n d s ) .......................................................................................................................

1 T h e t o ta l n u m b e r o f w o rk e r s w h o re c e iv e d a d ju s tm e n t s d o e s n o t e q u a l th e s u m o f w o r k e r s th a t r e c e iv e d

p =

p r e lim in a r y ,

e a c h ty p e o f a d ju s tm e n t , b e c a u s e s o m e w o r k e r s r e c e iv e d m o r e t h a n o n e ty p e o f a d ju s tm e n t d u r in g th e

r =

re v is e d ,

p e r io d .

86


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

WORK STOPPAGE DATA

include all known strikes or lockouts involving
1,000 workers or more and lasting a full shift or longer. Data are
based largely on newspaper accounts and cover all workers idle
one shift or more in establishments directly involved in a stoppage.
They do not measure the indirect or secondary eifect on other
establishments whose employees are idle owing to material or
service shortages.
W

o

r k

Estimates of days idle as a percent of estimated working time
measures only the impact of larger strikes (1,000 workers or more).
Formerly, these estimates measured the impact of strikes involving
6 workers or more; that is, the impact of virtually all strikes. Due
to budget stringencies, collection of data on strikes involving 6
workers or more was discontinued with the December 1981 data.

s t o p p a g e s

37.

W ork stoppages involving 1,000 w orkers or m ore, 1947 to date
N u m b e r o f s to p p a g e s
M o n th a n d y e a r

W o r k e r s in v o lv e d

B e g in n in g in

In e ffe c t

m o n th o r y e a r

d u r in g m o n th

B e g in n in g in

D a y s id le
In e ffe c t

m o n th o r y e a r

d u r in g m o n th

( in t h o u s a n d s )

( in t h o u s a n d s )

Num ber
( in t h o u s a n d s )

P erc e n t of
e s t im a t e d
w o r k in g t im e

1 9 4 7 ...................................................................................................................................................

270

1 9 4 8 ..................................................................................................................................................

245

1 .4 3 5

26 127

1 9 4 9 ..................................................................................................................................................

262

2 ,5 3 7

43 420

38

1 9 5 0 ..................................................................................................................................................

424

1 ,6 9 8

30 390

26

1 ,6 2 9

25 720
22

1 9 5 1 ..................................................................................................................................................

415

1 ,4 6 2

15 070

12

1 9 5 2 ..................................................................................................................................................

470

2 ,7 4 6

48 820

38

1 9 5 3 ..................................................................................................................................................

437

18 130

14

1 9 5 4 ..................................................................................................................................................

265

1 ,0 7 5

16 630

13

1955

..............................................................................................................................................

363

2 ,0 5 5

21 1 8 0

16

1 9 5 6 ..................................................................................................................................................

287

1 ,3 7 0

26 840

20

1957

.

1 ,6 2 3

279

887

10 340

07

1958

332

1 .5 8 7

17 900

13

1 9 5 9 ..................................................................................................................................................

245

1 .3 8 1

60 850

43

1960

222

896

13 260

09

195

1 .0 3 1

10 140

1961

.................................................

......................

07

1962

211

793

11 7 6 0

08

1963

181

512

10 020

07

1964 . .

246

1 ,1 8 3

16 220

11

1965

268

999

15 140

10

321

1 ,3 0 0

1 9 6 7 ..................................................................................................................................................

381

2 ,1 9 2

31 3 2 0

18

1968

1 9 6 6 ..................................................................................................................................................

392

1 ,8 5 5

35 567

20

..............................................................................................................................................

16 000

10

1969

412

1 .5 7 6

29 397

16

1970 . .

381

2 ,4 6 8

5 2 761

29

1 9 7 1 ..................................................................................................................................................

298

2 ,5 1 6

35 538

19

1 9 7 2 ..................................................................................................................................................

250

975

16 764

09

317

1 ,4 0 0

16 260

................................................................................................................................

424

1 ,7 9 6

31 8 0 9

16

1 9 7 5 ..................................................................................................................................................

235

965

17 563

09

1 9 7 3 ..................................................................................................................................................
1974

1 ,5 1 9

23 962

..............................................................................................................................................

298

1 ,2 1 2

21 2 5 8

10

1 9 7 8 ..................................................................................................................................................

219

1 ,0 0 6

23 774

11

1 9 7 6 ..................................................................................................................................................
1977

231

08

12

1 9 7 9 ..................................................................................................................................................

235

1 .0 2 1

20 409

09

1 9 8 0 ..................................................................................................................................................

187

795

20 844

09

1 9 8 1 ..................................................................................................................................................

145

729

16 908

07

1 9 8 2 ..................................................................................................................................................

96

656

9 061

04

2 0 2 .8

.0 1

1982

J a n u a ry
F e b ru a ry

......................................................................................................

2
3

4

6 .1

7

1 1 .4

3 .9

1 5 .3

2 4 1 .1

.0 1

..........................................................................................................

4

9

1 3 .3

2 6 .1

3 5 7 .0

.0 2

A p ril

...............................................................................................................

14

21

5 9 .5

7 9 .1

5 3 3 .1

.0 3

M ay

..............................................................................................................

15

23

4 2 .7

6 6 .1

6 5 7 .6

.0 4

June

...............................................................................................................

18

27

4 2 .8

6 6 .9

9 0 7 .2

.0 5

M a rc h

1983P

......................................................................................................

J a n u a ry

......................................................................................................

1

3

1 .6

3 8 .0

7 9 4 .8

.0 4

F e b ru a ry

.....................................................................................................

5

7

1 4 .0

5 0 .4

8 4 4 .4

.0 5

r10

r1 0 .5

r5 4 . 9

r1 .1 3 1 .5

M a rc h

..........................................................................................................

r5

.0 5

A p ril

...............................................................................................................

2

9

2 .8

5 2 .4

7 8 9 .5

.0 4

M ay

..............................................................................................................

r10

r15

r2 1 .8

r3 1 .1

r4 9 0 . 4

r .0 3

June

..............................................................................................................

12

20

5 5 .7

7 1 .8

6 7 9 .2

.0 3

p = p r e lim in a r y .


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

r =

r e v is e d .

87

Published by BLS in June
S A LE S P U B L IC A T IO N S
BLS B ulletins

P eriodicals

A BLS R eader on P ro d u c tiv ity . Bulletin 2171, 238 p p ., $6.50
(G P O S tock N o. 029-001-02755-9). T his read er presents articles
fro m th e M o n thly L ab o r Review an d o th er p u b licatio n s, w hich
discuss concepts an d m easurem ent o f pro d u ctiv ity an d related
variab les. T hey analyze p ro d u ctiv ity in a nu m b er o f industries
an d th e facto rs underlying p ro d u ctiv ity change over tim e. T hey
exam ine p ro d u ctiv ity m easurem ent an d tren d s in th e Federal
G o v ern m en t; technological developm ents and their im pact on
em plo y m en t in a variety o f industries; a n d in te rn a tio n a l co m ­
p ariso n s o f p ro d u ctiv ity . In a d d itio n , th e read er co n tain s a
n u m b er o f illustrative statistical tables an d ch arts.

C P I D etailed R e p o rt. A pril issue provides a com prehensive rep o rt
on price m ovem ents fo r the m o n th , an ex p lan atio n o f changes in
the m easurem ent o f h om eow nership costs, statistical tab les,
ch arts, an d technical n o tes. 145 p p ., $5 ($28 per year).

G eo g rap h ic P ro file o f E m ploym ent an d U nem p lo y m en t, 1982.
Bulletin 2170, 157 p p ., $5.50 (G P O S tock N o. 029-001-02754-1).
L atest rep o rt in a series presenting geographic lab o r force d a ta
from th e C u rren t P o p u la tio n Survey. Includes 1982 an n u al
averages fo r th e em ployed an d unem ployed by d em ographic and
econom ic ch aracteristics based on p o p u latio n counts pro jected
fro m th e 1980 C ensus. A lso includes estim ates by detailed
dem o g rap h ic characteristics fo r the fo u r regions an d nine divi­
sions o f th e N atio n ; d a ta by in d u stry an d reaso n fo r part-tim e
w ork fo r States; and d a ta by in dustry fo r m etro p o litan areas
an d cen tral cities.
M a rital an d Fam ily P a tte rn s o f W orkers: A n U p d ate. Bulletin
2163, 34 p p ., $3.75 (G P O Stock N o. 029-001-02753-2). P a rt o f
th e Special L ab o r F orce R eports series, this bulletin discusses
over-the-year changes in lab o r force activity o f w om en an d m en
an d fam ily earnings during 1981. It consists o f an article first
published in th e M ay 1982 M onthly L ab o r Review , ad d itio n al
ta b u la r m aterial, an d ex p lan ato ry notes.
P ro d u c tiv ity an d th e E conom y: A C h a rtb o o k . B ulletin 2172, 80
p p ., $5 (G P O Stock N o . 029-001-02752-4). Show s w hat p ro d u c ­
tivity is an d how it interacts w ith o th e r aspects o f th e econom y.
It is divided in to tw o p arts. T he first p a rt show s how p ro d u ctiv i­
ty has changed over tim e. T he second p a rt p o rtray s changes in
costs an d prices as influenced by p ro d u ctiv ity . A lso includes
ch arts tracin g tren d s in capital fo rm a tio n , an d research and
d evelopm ent.

Area W ag e Survey B ulletins
T hese b u lletins cover office, p ro fessio n al, technical, m ain ten an ce,
cu sto d ial, an d m aterial m ovem ent o ccu p atio n s in m ajo r
m etro p o litan areas. T he an n u al series o f 70 is available by
su b scrip tio n fo r $115 per year. Individual area bulletins are also
available sep arately. T he follow ing were p u blished in June:
C h icag o , Illinois, M etro p o litan A rea, M arch 1983. Bulletin
3020-10, 58 p p ., $4.25 (G P O S tock N o . 029-001-90203-4).
D etro it, M ichigan, M etro p o litan A rea, A pril 1983. Bulletin
3020-8, 41 p p ., $3.75 (G P O Stock N o. 029-001-90201-8).

C u rre n t W age D evelopm ents. Ju n e issue includes selected
and benefit changes, m a jo r agreem ents expiring in
statistics on w ork stoppages and co m p en satio n changes,
special re p o rt on the E m ploym ent C ost Index fo r M arch
54 p p ., $4.50 ($23 per year).

wage
Ju ly ,
an d a
1983.

E m p lo y m en t an d E arn in g s. Ju n e issue covers em ploym en t and
u n em ploym ent developm ents in M ay, establishm ent d a ta a d ­
ju sted to new b en ch m ark s, plus regular statistical tables o n n a ­
tio n al, S tate, an d area em ploym ent, unem p lo y m en t, h o u rs, an d
earnings. 155 p p ., $6 ($39 per year).
P ro d u c e r P rices an d P rice Indexes. A pril issue includes a co m ­
prehensive re p o rt on price m ovem ents fo r the m o n th , an
analysis o f price tren d s in the first q u a rte r o f 1983, plus reg u lar
tables an d technical n o tes. 130 p p ., $5 ($34 per year). M ay issue
also now available.

FR EE P U B L IC A T IO N S
BLS R eports
M a jo r BLS P ro g ram s: B ureau o f L a b o r S tatistics. R e p o rt 693, 53
p p . P resents the scope o f the B u re a u ’s m a jo r statistical p r o ­
gram s, th e d a ta available, th e form o f p u b licatio n , a n d som e o f
the uses o f the d a ta . It also describes o th e r services the B ureau
o ffers to th e public.
Y outh U nem ploym ent: A L ook at the D ata. R e p o rt 695, 7 pp.
D raw n from C om m issioner o f L ab o r Statistics Ja n e t N o rw o o d ’s
testim ony o f A pril 18, 1983, b efo re the U .S . S enate C om m ittee
on E n v iro n m en t an d P ublic W o rk s, this rep o rt focuses o n the
n a tu re an d extent o f yo u th u n em ploym ent.

BLS S um m aries
E m ployee C o m p en satio n , C o lo rad o S prings, C o lo ra d o ,
S um m ary 83-2, 2 p p .

1981.

O ccu p a tio n al E arnings in Selected A reas, 1982. S um m ary 83-1
(N o. 3 o f 3), 6 pp.

To order:
Sales publications — O rd er from BLS regional offices (see inside
fro n t cover), or th e S u p erin ten d en t o f D ocum ents, U .S . G o v ern ­
m ent P rin tin g O ffice, W ash in g to n , D .C . 20212. O rd er by title an d
G P O stock n u m b er. S ubscriptions available only from th e
S u p erin te n d en t o f D ocum ents. O rders can be charged to a d eposit
account num ber or checks can be m ade payable to the S uperintend­
ent o f D ocum ents. V isa an d M a sterC ard are also accepted. Include
card nu m b er an d ex p iratio n d ate.

San F ran cisco -O ak lan d , C a lifo rn ia , M e tro p o litan A rea, M arch
1983. Bulletin 3020-11, 37 p p ., $3.75 (G P O S tock N o.
029-001-90204-2).

Free publications — A vailable from th e B ureau o f L ab o r S tatistics,

W ash in g to n , D .C .-M ary lan d -V irg in ia, M e tro p o litan A rea, M arch
1983. Bulletin 3020-7, 40 p p ., $4.50 (G P O Stock N o.
029-001-90200-0).

LLS. D ep artm en t o f L a b o r, W ash in g to n , D .C . 20212 o r from any
BLS regional office. Request regional office publications from the
issuing office. Free p u blications are available w hile supplies last.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

FIVE ESSENTIAL
TOSES FOB ■

Five monthly periodicals
about economic data,
published by the Federal
agencies responsible
for collecting and
interpreting the data.

MONTHLY LABOR
REVIEW

SURVEY OF CURRENT
BUSINESS

AGRICULTURAL
OUTLOOK

MONTHLY ENERGY
REVIEW

SOCIAL SECURITY
BULLETIN

C urrent da ta and
analysis on em ploy­
m ent, unem ploym ent,
prices, w ages,
productivity, industrial
relations, econom ic
growth, foreign labor
developm ents, and job
safety. Published by the
B ureau of Labor
Statistics, U.S.
D epartm ent of Labor.

Estim ates of national,
regional, and inter­
national econom ic
accounts; articles on the
business and econom ic
situation; and a
statistical section
covering all aspects of
the econom y. Published
by the B ureau of
Economic Analysis,
U .S . D epartm ent of
C om m erce.

C urrent analysis and
forecast d a ta on the
U .S . food and fiber
econom y, covering
com m odity supply and
dem and, farm incom e,
world agriculture and
trade, food prices and
m arketing, farm inputs,
transportation, storage,
and the general
econom y. Published by
the Econom ic R esearch
Service, U .S. D ep art­
m ent of Agriculture.

C urrent and historical
energy statistics for
production, consum p­
tion, imports, exports,
storage, and costs of
the m ajor energy
resources, including
petroleum , natural gas,
coal, and electric
pow er. Published by
the Energy Information
Administration.

A nalytical articles and
current statistics on
O ld-A ge, Survivors and
Disability Insurance,
Supplem ental Security
Incom e, and Aid to
Fam ilies with D ep e n d ­
ent Children program s.
Published by the Social
Security Adm inistration,
U.S. Department of
H ealth and H um an
Services.

$26 per year.

$30 per year.

$36 per year.

$29 per year.

$31 per year.

Order Form

Mail To: Dept 36AD, Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D C. 20402

Enclosed is $
□ check,
□ money order, or charge to my
Deposit Account No.

]-□

M asterC ard and
V IS A a c c e p te d .
VISA *

Order No.

P lease en ter my subscription(s) as follows: □ Monthly Labor R eview (M L R ) $2 6
□ Survey of C urrent Business (S C B ) $ 3 0 □ Agricultural Outlook (A O ) $31
□ Monthly Energy R eview (M E R ) $ 3 6 □ Social Security Bulletin (S S B ) $ 2 9

Credit Card Orders Only
Total charges $______ _ _ Fill in the boxes below.

SS no. i t i i i i i i i t t i m i n
Expiration Date
Month/Year

Fo r O ffice Use O n ly
Q u a n tity

C h a rg es

COM PANY OR PERSONAL NAME


PLEA SE P R IN T OR TYPE
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

............... P u b lic a tio n s
_ _ _ _ _
............
S u b s crip tio n
___________
S p e c ia l S h ip p in g C h a rg e s _ _ _ _ _
In te rn atio n al H a n d lin g ...............................
S p e c ia l C h a rg e s ..................... _ _ _ _ _
OPN R ..........................................._ _ _ _ _
UPN S
B ala n ce D ue
D isco u n t
R efund

U.S, D e p artm e n t o f L ab o r
B ureau of L ab o r S tatistics
W ashin gton D.C. 2 02 1 2

Postage and Fees Paid
U.S. D epartm ent of Labor
Lab-441

O fficia l B usiness

S E C O N D C L A S S M A IL

P e n a lty fo r p riv a te u se , $ 3 0 0
R ETU R N PO S TA G E G U A R A N T E E D


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

MLR
L IB R A 4 4 2 L ISSD UE0Q 8R
1
LIBRARY
FE D R E S E R V E BANK OF S T L O U I S
PO BOX 4 4 2
SA IN T L O U IS
MO
63166