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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW U.S. Department of Labor Bureau of Labor Statistics August 1982 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis In this issue: Employment and Unemployment in the first half, Imports and U.S. Employment. U.S. DEPARTMENT OF LABOR Raymond J. Donovan, Secretary BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS Janet L. Norwood, Commissioner The Monthly Labor Review is published by the Bureau of Labor Statistics of the U.S. Department of Labor. Communications on editorial matters should be addressed to the Editor-in-Chief, Monthly Labor Review, Bureau of Labor Statistics, Washington, D.C. 20212. Phone: (202) 523-1327. Subscription price per year $23 domestic; $28.75 foreign. Single copy $3.50 Subscription prices and distribution policies for the Monthly Labor Review (ISSN 0098-0818) and other Government publications are set by the Government Printing Office, an agency of the U.S. Congress. Send correspondence on circulation and subscription matters (including address changes) to: Superintendent of Documents, Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402 Make checks payable to Superintendent of Documents. The Secretary of Labor has determined that the publication of this periodical is necessary in the transaction of the public business required by law of this Department. Use of funds for printing this periodical has been approved by the Director of the Office of Management and Budget through October 31, 1982. Second-class postage paid Laurel, Md. Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 15-26485 o Regional Commissioners for Bureau of Labor Statistics Region I Boston: Anthony J. Ferrara 1603 JFK Federal Building, Government Center, Boston, Mass. 02203 Phone: (617) 223-6761 Connecticut Maine Massachusetts New Hampshire Rhode Island Vermont Region II New York: Samuel M. Ehrenhalt 1515 Broadway, Suite 3400, New York, N.Y. 10036 Phone: (212) 944 3121 New Jersey New York Puerto Rico Virgin Islands Region III Philadelphia: Alvin i Margulis 3535 Market Street P.O. Box 13309, Philadelphia, Pa. 19101 Phone: (215) 596-1154 Delaware District of Columbia Maryland Pennsylvania Virginia West Virginia Region IV Atlanta: Donald M. Cruse 1371 Peachtree Street, N.E., Atlanta, Ga. 30367 Phone: (404) 881-4418 Alabama Florida Georgia Kentucky Mississippi North Carolina South Carolina Tennessee Region V Chicago: William E Rice 9th Floor, Federal Office Building, 230 S. Dearborn Street, Chicago, III. 60604 Phone: (312) 353-1880 Illinois Indiana Michigan Minnesota Ohio Wisconsin Region VI Dallas: Bryan Richey Second Floor, 555 Griffin Square Building, Dallas, Tex. 75202 Phone: (214) 767-6971 Arkansas Louisiana New Mexico Oklahoma Texas Regions VII and VIII - Kansas City: Elliott A. Browar 911 Walnut Street, Kansas City, Mo. 64106 Phone: (816) 374-2481 VII Iowa Kansas Missouri Nebraska VIII Colorado Montana North Dakota South Dakota Utah Wyoming August cover: ‘The Machine Drill,” an oil painting by Frantisek Kupka (1871-1957), the Thyssen-Bornemisza Collection, on exhibit at the National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C., from May 30 through September 6, 1982. Cover design by Melvin B. Moxley, Division of Audio-Visual Communications Services, U.S. Department of Labor. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Regions IX and X San Francisco: D. Bruce Hanchett 450 Golden Gate Avenue, Box 36017, San Francisco, Calif. 94102 Phone: (415) 556^1678 IX American Samoa Arizona California Guam Hawaii Nevada Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands X Alaska Idaho Oregon Washington MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW " i f f * . J?\£ I* AUGUST 1982 VOLUME 105, NUMBER 8 Henry Lowenstern, Editor-in-Chief Robert W. Fisher, Executive Editor 1Ö R A R y AUG 2 4 198Ï The Nation’s employment situation worsens in the first half M. A. Hewson, M. A. Urquhart The continued economic slide pushed the unemployment rate to a postwar high in the second quarter; construction and durable goods industries were hardest hit Gregory K. Schoepfle 13 Imports and domestic employment: identifying affected industries For monitoring trade, the Bureau has developed measures of import penetration; data suggest a fourth of manufacturing groups may be sensitive to rising imports H. J. Hilaski, C. L. Wang 27 How valid are estimates of occupational illness? While the annual BLS survey measures few chronic, long-latent, or fatal illnesses, estimates derived from other studies can prove statistically flawed and inaccurate D. Bell, W. Wiatrowski 36 Disability benefits for employees in private pension plans Although benefits may vary, a private pension and social security would replace about one-half of the pre-disability earnings of many 20-year employees aged 55 R. Frumkin, W. Wiatrowski 41 BLS takes a new look at employee benefits Initiated in 1979, the annual survey provides a comprehensive study of benefit plan coverage and provisions in medium and large companies REPORTS Howard Hayghe Eugene H. Becker https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Weekly family earnings: a quarterly perspective Analysis of work stoppages in the Federal sector, 1962-81 DEPARTMENTS Labor month in review Research summaries Major agreements expiring next month Developments in industrial relations Book reviews Current labor statistics Labor M onth In Review WORK EXPERIENCE. The Bureau of Labor Statistics published results of the latest survey on work experience of the population. The data are based on responses to special questions in the March 1982 Current Population Sur vey, conducted for b l s by the Census Bureau. The data show: More extensive unemployment. The 23.4 million persons who encountered some unemployment in 1981 were 2 million more than in 1980, and represented 19.5 percent of all persons in the labor force for at least 1 week. This proportion was higher than the 18.1 percent in 1980, but below the 20.2-percent peak of 1975. For men and all blacks, however, the proportion with some unemployment during the year equaled or exceeded the previous highs. Among men, the proportion with some unemployment during 1981 was 20.0 percent, the same as in 1975. Among women, the proportion was 19.0 percent, still below its 1975 peak of 20.5 percent. Men were not only more likely to become unemployed; they generally remained unemployed longer than women. For blacks, the proportion experienc ing joblessness in 1981—30.5 per cent—was up from 28.0 percent in 1980 and even higher than the previous peak of 29.5 percent reached in 1975. By com parison, the proportion of whites with unemployment rose to 18.3 percent in 1981, up from 16.9 percent in 1980 but still down from 19.1 percent in 1975. For Hispanics, the rate remained largely un changed over the year at 24 percent. Blacks were also unemployed longer than either whites or Hispanics. The me dian number of weeks of unemployment was 15.3 for blacks, 13.0 weeks for whites, and 14.5 weeks for His panics. Of the 23.4 million persons who ex https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis perienced some unemployment in 1981, 2.9 million held no job at all during the year—many because they left the labor force. Of the 20.5 million who found some work, the median duration of joblessness increased from 13.0 weeks in 1980 to 13.3 weeks in 1981. The propor tion of unemployed workers with two or more periods of joblessness also increas ed in 1981 to 34 percent from 32 percent a year earlier. A modest rise in employment. Employ ment continued to grow slowly in 1981. A total of 116.8 million persons 16 years of age and over worked all or part of the year, 1 million more than in 1980. Be cause population growth outpaced job growth, the proportion of the popu lation working during the year edged downward for the third straight year to 68 percent. For men, the proportion who worked continued a 15-year decline and—at 79.7 percent—reached its lowest level since the beginning of this series in 1948. For women, the proportion with em ployment was essentially unchanged and remained near the high of 58.0 percent reached in 1979. And the proportion of women working full time, year-round, continued to increase. The proportion of blacks who worked during the year reached a new low of 60.7 percent. For black men, the propor tion dropped to 68.6 percent, 4 percen tage points lower than in 1978. The pro portions of whites and Hispanics work ing during the year remained largely un changed at 69 and 66 percent. Lower real annual earnings. The median annual earnings of wage and salary workers employed at full-time jobs yearround rose to $20,593 for men and to $12,345 for women. For both groups, the 1981 median was about 9 percent higher than the median for the previous year. Thus, there was no change in the ratio of the average annual earnings of women to those of men, which remained at 60 percent. After adjusting for inflation, the me dian annual earnings of men and women declined by about 1 percent relative to 1980, as the Consumer Price Index for Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers ( c p i - w ) rose by 10.2 percent in 1981. Annual earnings of black and Hispanic workers continued to be much lower than those of white workers. The median for white men employed at full time jobs all year was $21,087, compared to $14,988 for black men and $14,953 for Hispanic men. For white women who usually worked full time, year-round, the median was $12,476, compared to $11,166 for black women and $10,725 for Hispanic women. The work experience questions in the March survey refer, retroactively, to respondents’ work status and earnings for the entire previous year. Because many persons enter and leave the labor force during the course of a year, the total numbers with employment and unemployment as determined through the work experience questions are much greater than the annual averages based on the monthly survey conducted during the year. For example, the number who reported that they experienced some unemployment during 1981 was 2.8 times greater than the annual average of the 1981 monthly figures. Tables showing the survey results ap pear in the news release, u s d l 82-255, available from the Inquiries and Cor respondence Section, Bureau of Labor Statistics, Washington, D.C. 20212. Survey results will be discussed in greater detail in a forthcoming issue of the Review. □ The Nation’s employment situation worsens in the first half of 1982 The continued economic slide pushed the U.S. unemployment rate to a postwar high in the second quarter; construction and durable goods industries were hardest hit M a r il l y n A. H ew so n a n d M ic h a e l A. U rquhart The economy entered 1982 deeply mired in its eighth post-World War II recession, following an unusually brief and weak recovery. The employment situation of some worker groups, particularly blacks and teenagers, had simply not shown improvement from the 1980 re cession. Labor market conditions, which had been dete riorating rapidly since m id-1981, worsened substantially in the fourth quarter and continued to weaken through the first quarter of 1982. Employment dropped sharply and unemployment soared to the highest level recorded in the postwar era. However, there was evidence of moderation by the end of the second quarter. Persistently high interest rates, which aborted the re covery from the 1980 recession, were a major cause of the 1981-82 economic reversal. The interest-rate sensi tive construction and automobile manufacturing indus tries have experienced an economic slump spanning the two recessions. By late 1981, the weakness had clearly spread to much of the rest of the economy, including the services sector. The deterioration in the labor mar ket became more pervasive as slackening sales and growing inventories forced firms to sharply curtail new orders, cut back production, and lay off workers. Al though labor market conditions appeared to be improv- Marillyn A. Hewson is an economist in the Division of Monthly In dustry Employment Statistics, and Michael A. Urquhart is an economist in the Division of Employment and Unemployment Analy sis, Bureau of Labor Statistics. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis ing by late spring, recessionary forces clearly dominated the first half of 1982. This article continues the Monthly Labor Review prac tice of examining the Nation’s employment situation at mid-year. It traces developments in employment and unemployment during the current recession, concentrat ing particularly on the first 6 months of 1982. Job cutbacks The renewed deterioration in economic activity wors ened in the final quarter of 1981 and continued to accel erate during early 1982. However, signs that the rapid contraction in economic activity was losing momentum were evident by late spring, as the rate of decline in nonfarm employment slowed significantly in the second quarter. By midyear, nonfarm payroll jobs had declined by 1.4 million from the July 1981 high of 91.4 million. To put the current labor market situation into per spective, it is useful to assess and compare the severity and extent of recent job cutbacks with those of the past. Table 1 presents measures of the duration, depth, and diffusion of declines in nonfarm payroll employ ment (based on data from the BLS survey of establish ments) during each of the seven complete postwar recessions plus the current period.1April 1982 was used as the month that nonfarm payroll employment reached its trough for the 1981-82 recessionary period. Of course, data for subsequent months may prove other wise, but it is still useful analytically to compare the de3 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW August 1982 • Unemployment in the First H alf dine in nonfarm payroll employment as of this point in the recession with past downturns. As the table illustrates, the length of the contraction in nonfarm employment for the 1981-82 recession was longer than the declines for the three previous postwar recessions, spanning 9 months. Moreover, the pervasive ness of the 1981-82 decline, as measured by the 186-in dustries diffusion index which covers all employment on private nonagricultural payrolls,2 was greater than for the 1980 downturn. While the 1980 contraction had been largely confined to construction and automobile manufacturing, and their supplying industries, the 1981-82 downturn was visibly more widespread, with employment declines witnessed in virtually all of the goods-producing industries, as well as in a large number of the service-producing industries. Despite the longer and more pervasive nature of the recent nonfarm payroll job losses, the relative employ ment decline— 1.4 percent— matched that of the 1980 downturn. Thus, the job loss total for each of the last two recessions was less than those that occurred in the 1973-75 and earlier postwar recessions. It has been argued that the continuing shift in jobs from the goods to services sector has moderated the ef fects of business contractions on employment in the U.S. economy.3That is, as the service-producing sector’s share of nonfarm jobs increases, this, in turn, serves to cushion a slowdown in the economy as a whole, be cause employment in the service-producing sector has historically been less affected by economic contractions Table 1. Measures of duration, depth, and diffusion in peak-to-trough changes in nonfarm payroll employment, selected periods, 1948-82 Peak to trough1 Diffusion3 (in percent) Duration Depth2 (in months) (in percent) 30 industries4 186 industries Sept. 1948 to Oct. 1949 .. June 1953 to Aug. 1954 .. July 1957 to May 1958 . . . Apr. 1960 to Feb. 1961 . . . Mar. 1970 to Nov. 1970 .. Oct. 1974 to Apr. 1975 . . . Mar. 1980 to July 1980 . . . July 1981 to Apr. 19826 . . 13 14 10 10 8 6 4 9 -5.2 -3.5 -4.2 -2.2 -1.5 -2.9 -1.4 -1.4 90 87 88 82 77 88 76 93 ( 5) ( 5) ( 5) ( 5) ( 5) 88 77 78 1Peak-to-trough dates in nonfarm payroll employment near the following National Bureau of Economic Research designated postwar recessionary periods: November 1948 to Octo ber 1949, July 1953 to May 1954, August 1957 to April 1958, April 1960 to February 1961, December 1969 to November 1970, November 1973 to March 1975, January 1980 to July 1980, July 1981 to the 1982 trough has not yet been designated by the National Bureau of Economic Research. 2 Percent decline in employment level over the period. 3 Percent of industries in which employment declined over a 6-month span, centered on the fourth month of the span: February 1949, March 1954, September 1957, August 1960, June 1970, January 1975, April 1980, and January 1982. indexes of diffusion, 30 industries, 6-month span for April 1947 to May 1974 are published in John F. Early, "Introduction to Diffusion Indexes,” Employment and Earnings, December 1974, p. 11, table 8. Indexes of diffusion for subsequent periods under study are for 29 industries due to the 1972 SIC revision which divided the industry category for Ord nance and accessories among the remaining manufacturing industries. These indexes were calculated specifically for this report. 6 Data are not available. 6 As of this writing, April was the month in which nonfarm payroll employment appeared to have reached Its 1982 low. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis than in the goods sector. Business downturns typically reduce the services sector’s rate of growth but do not usually result in overall employment declines in ser vices. This phenomenon was observed once again in the 1981-82 recession. Employment continued to expand in the services sector during the downturn as it has for most of the postwar recessions, although at a much slower pace than the roughly 4-percent growth rate ex perienced in nonrecessionary periods. The data in table 1 clearly show the moderation in recessionary employment cutbacks during the postwar period. In contrast to the employment effects of earlier recessions, job cutbacks during recent downturns have been generally shorter in duration and considerably less severe in magnitude. In fact, during the 1973-75 reces sion, which is generally regarded as the most severe postwar business downturn, the percentage decline in employment was significantly less than during postwar recessions prior to 1960, as well as noticeably shorter. Although when examined as a separate entity the 1981-82 recession does not appear at this point to have resulted in employment declines any more severe than in previous downturns, it is worth noting two important factors which set it apart from other postwar recessions. The most significant atypical development was that this contraction was preceded by the shortest and weakest recovery in the postwar period, a recovery which halted before many industries had rebounded fully. As a re sult, some industries have experienced what may be re garded as a “double-dip” recession, a downturn more severe and spanning a much longer period than the cy clical decline for the economy in the aggregate. In fact, employment in some industries, such as primary metals and stone, clay, and glass, has fallen to levels below those experienced during the 1973-75 recession. The second dominant feature was the failure of inter est rates to recede as in previous postwar downturns. This caused a continued slump in the housing, automo tive, and other credit-sensitive industries, and inhibited growth in all industries by reducing orders for suppli ers, inflating inventory carrying costs, and dampening spending on consumer and capital goods. As indicated above, the bulk of the employment de clines in the first half of 1982 was centered in the goods-producing sector, notably in manufacturing and construction. (See table 2.) Continuing the losses begun in the second half of 1981, virtually every manufactur ing industry registered some decline. The job losses took place largely in the more cyclically sensitive dura ble goods industries, where the job count fell by more than 900,000 between the second quarters of 1981 and 1982, principally the result of the depressed housing and automobile markets. Housing demand both for new residential construc tion and for existing homes was kept low by high mort- Table 2. Selected employment indicators, seasonally adjusted quarterly averages, 1981-82 [In thousands] 1982 1981 Selected categories II I II III IV I Employed .............................................................. Both sexes, 16 to 19 years ............................... Men, 20 years and o ve r...................................... Women, 20 years and over ............................... 100,125 7,476 53,448 39,202 100,784 7,341 53,767 39,667 100,654 7,176 53,786 39,692 100,043 6,914 53,327 39,802 99,554 6,733 53,050 39,772 99,740 6,616 53,078 40,047 W h ite ................................................................... B a c k ................................................................... Hispanic origin ................................................... 88,381 9,387 5,277 89,039 9,419 5,336 89,006 9,308 5,349 88,414 9,304 5,431 87,967 9,259 5,296 82,204 9,167 5,163 White-collar w o rke rs.......................................... Blue-collar w o rkers............................................ Service workers ................................................. Farmworkers ..................................................... 52,754 31,211 13,358 2,748 52,943 31,673 13,384 2,761 52,985 31,486 13,400 2,741 53,123 30,660 13,611 2,744 52,813 30,309 13,616 2,771 53,489 29,855 13,695 2,671 Nonfarm payroll employment................................. Goods-producing industries ............................... Mining ............................................................ Construction ................................................... Manufacturing................................................. Durable goods............................................ Nondurable g o o d s ...................................... 90,945 25,559 1,113 4,274 20,172 12,120 8,052 91,172 25,577 1,033 4,230 20,314 12,228 8,086 91,360 25,646 1,179 4,148 20,319 12,226 8,093 90,954 25,159 1,201 4,066 19,892 11,895 7,997 90,408 24,588 1,200 3,958 19,430 11,562 7,868 90,081 24,201 1,155 3,961 19,085 11,322 7,763 Service-producing industries ............................. Transportation and public utilities .................. Wholesale and retail tra d e ............................. Wholesale trade ........................................ Retail tra d e ................................................. Finance, insurance, and real estate ............... Services.......................................................... Government ................................................... Federal....................................................... State and local .......................................... 65,386 5,146 20,413 5,327 15,087 5,262 18,383 16,183 2,789 13,394 65,595 5,161 20,547 5,359 15,188 5,294 18,518 16,075 2,776 13,300 65,714 5,172 20,643 5,382 15,262 5,319 18,659 15,921 2,769 13,151 65,795 5,147 20,600 5,371 15,230 5,327 18,807 15,914 2,754 13,160 65,819 5,113 20,652 5,342 15,310 5,329 18,867 15,858 2,738 13,120 65,880 5,090 20,628 5,317 15,311 5,341 18,950 15,870 2,729 13,141 gage rates which prevailed throughout the period. Employment declines in the construction industry accel erated sharply in the last half of 1981 and first two quarters of 1982. Job cutbacks totaled more than 100,000 in the first 6 months of 1982, following a loss of almost 165,000 in the second half of 1981. With re cord inventories of unsold homes, the housing industry remained in its longest and deepest slump in postwar history. The housing slump was also reflected in the dismal performance of industries producing household durables such as major appliances and household furniture. Like wise, lumber and wood products and stone, clay, and glass, which are also closely tied to the construction in dustry, were hard hit by the almost 3-year depression in the housing market. The general economic malaise, coupled with high in terest rates, prolonged the deep recessionary environ ment in the automotive industry. Reflecting the persistent weakness in the demand for autos, job cur tailments in the transportation equipment industry ap proached 185,000 between the second quarters of 1981 and 1982. However, by m id-1982, automobile invento ries appeared to have been worked down to minimal levels, and job cutbacks had slowed significantly. The primary metals industry was another source of weakness in the durable goods sector. The recession-in duced slowdown in demand and production prompted a widespread reduction in steel inventories by users con https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis cerned with the high cost of holding stocks. Moreover, a surge in steel imports also played havoc with the in dustry’s already deteriorating operating environment. As a result, employment in primary metals dropped al most 190,000 over the year ended second-quarter 1982 to a level more than 160,000 below its 1973-75 reces sion low. Sizable cutbacks were posted among the other dura ble metals industries— particularly fabricated metals, nonelectrical machinery, and electric and electronic equipment— affected by low capacity utilization, declin ing orders, and scaled-back capital spending plans. The pronounced slump in the automobile industry was a key contributor to the declines in nonelectrical machinery, particularly in the machine tools industry where sched uled major retooling programs were canceled or post poned when auto sales remained at depressed levels. High borrowing costs and the recession took their toll on nonelectrical farm and construction machinery, while softening crude oil prices dampened the demand for oil drilling equipment. The adverse effects of the prolonged slump in the housing and automotive industries also spilled over into the nondurable goods sector. Particularly sharp employ ment declines were registered in the housing- and autorelated textiles and rubber and plastics products indus tries. The apparel industry, hurt by weak consumer spending and strong international competition, wit nessed the largest curtailments, losing more than 90,000 5 M ONTHLY LABOR REVIEW August 1982 • Unemployment in the First H alf jobs between the second quarters of 1981 and 1982. Both the apparel and textile industries have fallen to more depressed employment levels than those experi enced during the 1973-75 recession. Even the mining industry, which has generally been less affected by economic downturns subsequent to the 1973-74 oil embargo, witnessed employment declines in the first half of the year. Job losses in the metal mining and nonmetallic minerals industries were not offset, as in past recessions, by gains in the usually robust oil and gas extraction industry. The drop in world crude-oil prices was reflected in the job losses in oil and gas ex ploration and drilling activity in early 1982, where a 20,000 drop in employment in oil and gas field services in the second quarter contrasted sharply to the prior 8 years of steady growth. As a result, mining experienced a decline of 45,000 jobs in the first half of 1982. Although the recessionary impact was primarily fo cused in the goods-producing sector of the economy, employment growth in the service-producing sector moderated significantly with the onset of the recession, and some of the industry divisions that were heretofore relatively recession-immune actually registered sizable job losses. In government, employment continued the declines that began in m id-1980. State and local government em ployment, which historically has shown growth during periods of economic downturn, posted declines during the two latest business contractions. Conversely, Feder al government employment has not been historically buoyant during recessions. For example, during the postwar recessions prior to 1980, Federal government employment declined, on average, by about 50,000, in contrast to an average increase of 300,000 jobs in State and local government. During the current downtrend, job losses in Federal government totaled 45,000 be tween July 1981 and April 1982, while State and local government employment fell 65,000. Employment declines were witnessed in wholesale and retail trade by the end of 1981, due primarily to the lackluster performance of retail sales. Despite the appre ciable abatement in inflation and consequent increased purchasing power, the general weakness in retail spend ing reflected consumer caution in light of the economic slump and uncertain job outlook. Thus, although trade employment turned up slightly in the first quarter of 1982, offsetting earlier declines, it registered little growth for the first half of 1982 as a whole. The number of jobs in transportation and public util ities also displayed a noticeable decline, beginning in the final quarter of 1981. Employment dropped more than 55,000 by m id-1982, with job losses centered in transportation, primarily in railroads and trucking and warehousing. Transportation is the most cyclically sen sitive of the service-producing industries, no doubt be Digitized for 6FRASER https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis cause of its strong dependence on activity in the goodsproducing sector. Countering the job losses in transportation, trade, and government, employment growth was sustained elsewhere in the service-producing sector, led by the ser vices division. This includes industries ranging from ho tels, amusement and recreation, and auto repair to legal, health, business, personal, and educational ser vices. While increasing more than 400,000 between the second quarters of 1981 and 1982, the rate of job growth had slowed markedly from that experienced pri or to the economic slowdown. Employment growth continued in the finance, insurance, and real estate in dustry but was also visibly affected by the recession, as it slowed to a trickle in the first half of 1982. Worker groups The impact of the recession is also clearly evident from recent movements in total employment as mea sured by the monthly Current Population Survey of households. (See table 2.) At 99.6 million in the first quarter of 1982, total employment was down 1.2 mil lion from its pre-recession peak in the second quarter of 1981. However, the pace of the decline, quite rapid in the fourth quarter of 1981, had slowed in 1982, with employment increasing 200,000 in the second quarter. The employment-population ratio, which measures the proportion of the population that is employed, is a useful statistic for placing these declines in perspective.4 This ratio is sensitive to changes in both the number of jobholders and the number of persons in the workingage population. As such, it is an indicator of the econo my’s ability to provide jobs for its growing population. The following tabulation provides seasonally adjusted quarterly average employment-population ratios for the major age-sex groups for 1981 and 1982: _________ 1981_____________1982 I T o t a l .................. Both sexes, 16 to 19 years ..................... Men, 20 years and over ........................ Women, 20 years and o v e r ........................ II III IV I II 58.4 58.6 58.3 57.8 57.3 57.3 44.8 44.3 43.6 42.3 41.5 41.1 72.6 72.7 72.4 71.5 70.8 70.6 48.3 48.7 48.5 48.4 48.2 48.3 After reaching a high of 59.3 percent in the fourth quarter of 1979, two recessions in consecutive years re duced the overall ratio 2 points to 57.3 percent by the second quarter of 1982, a 5-year low. Although all three major age-sex groups registered employment-pop ulation ratio declines in the current recession, each drop depicts a slightly different predicament. For example, while employment among adult men fell by almost 700,000 to 53 million between the second quarters of 1981 and 1982, their population rose. Both of these fac tors would act to depress their employment-population ratio, which, in fact, fell to an alltime low of 70.6 per cent in second-quarter 1982. The situation for teenagers was also severe, as em ployment declines of 700,000 in the past year dropped their ratio 3 percentage points to 41.1 percent. This happened even though their population also decreased over the same period. That is, employment declines exceeded population declines. Unlike the case for men and teenagers, employment among women actually in creased 370,000 over the year to 40 million in secondquarter 1982. However, because the number of women grew even faster, their employment-population ratio de clined from a high of 48.7 percent in the second quarter of 1981 to 48.3 percent a year later. The contrasting employment trends for men and women are attributable, in large part, to the nature of their occupational and industrial attachment. Cyclical downturns in employment are heavily concentrated in the goods-producing sector and thus among blue-collar workers, where the work force is predominantly male. Employment among blue-collar workers declined by 1.0 million in the last half of 1981, followed by an addition al 800,000 drop in the first two quarters of 1982. Bluecollar employment was down to 29.9 million in the sec ond quarter, the lowest in more than 5 years. While all major blue-collar occupations were affected, the opera tives group, excluding transport, was the hardest hit, losing more than a million jobs. White-collar employ ment, on the other hand, actually increased by 500,000 between the second quarters of 1981 and 1982, with most of the increase occurring in 1982. Increases among professional and technical workers and salesworkers more than offset declines among clerical workers. Em ployment of service workers also increased slightly, but this was limited to the last half of 1981. Divergent patterns of employment decline were ob served among the different race-ethnic groups. White employment, which averaged 88.2 million in the second quarter of 1982, was off almost 1 million over the year. However, this decline occurred entirely in the latter half of 1981. Since December, their employment has in creased slightly, although their employment-population ratio had slipped to 58.4 percent by the second quarter of 1982. In contrast, employment losses among blacks5 and Hispanics have been greater in 1982 than during 1981. At 9.1 million in second-quarter 1982, black em ployment was 250,000 below the year-earlier level, and their employment ratio was at a record low. As in pre vious recessions, blacks have suffered proportionately larger employment declines than whites. Representing only 10 percent of the labor force, blacks have account ed for 24 percent of the total employment cutbacks. Hispanic employment actually increased during the ear https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis ly part of the recession, before declining 270,000 in 1982 to 5.2 million in the second quarter. Record jobless rates reached The continued economic slide in 1982 pushed the Na tion’s unemployment rate to a record high for the postWorld War II period. Total unemployment reached 10.5 million, or 9.5 percent of the labor force, in May. This was an increase of 0.7 percentage point since De cember, and was 2.3 percentage points above the prerecession low of 7.2 percent recorded last July. Al though less than the postwar average for peak-to-trough changes in the jobless rate of 3.3 percentage points, the current rate reflects, in part, the relatively brief and weak recovery that separated downturns in 2 consecu tive years, an unprecedented economic occurrence. Un employment had risen by 3.8 percentage points over these two recessionary periods, close to the 4.4 rise of the 1973-75 recession. The unemployment rate was unchanged in June. After a surge in the last quarter of 1981 which added more than a million people to the jobless total, unem ployment increased by less than half as much in the first quarter of 1982. However, while employment in creased in the second quarter, the unemployment level jumped by another 850,000 persons, pushing virtually all major unemployment series to record rates. Follow ing are the most recent and previous high monthly job less rates, seasonally adjusted, for major demographic groups: 1975 Total 9.0 (May) Both sexes, 16-19 years .......... 20.9 (June) Men, 20 years and over .......... 7.3 (May) 8.5 (April) Women, 20 years and over . . . W h ite s .......................................... 8.4 (May) Blacks .......................................... 15.4 (Sept.) 1982 9.5 (May) 23.1 8.7 8.3 8.5 18.7 (May) (June) (May) (May) (May) Unemployment increased more rapidly for adult men than for women early in the recession; men’s jobless rate, which typically is lower than that for women, ac tually exceeded the women’s rate in the first and second quarters of 1982. (See table 3.) Overall, men have con tributed about 65 percent of the total increase in unem ployment since July 1981, and women, less than 30 percent. (Their respective shares of the labor force are 53 and 40 percent.) The situation for teenagers was also quite severe. Their jobless rate showed no recovery during 1981 or 1982, rising almost 4.4 points from July 1981 to an alltime high of 23.1 percent in May 1982. Although teen agers accounted for only 8 percent of the labor force, their share of total unemployment was more than 19 percent. Black teenage unemployment was 50.1 percent in the second quarter of 1982, up more than 10 percent7 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW August 1982 • Unemployment in the First H alf age points over the year. In contrast, white teenage un employment increased about 3 points over the same pe riod to 20.2 percent. Both rates surpassed those that occurred in the second quarter of 1975, the peak quar ter in overall unemployment during the 1973-75 reces sion. From a metropolitan-nonmetropolitan standpoint, it was apparent that black teenagers residing in the Na tion’s central cities and nonmetropolitan areas had been particularly hard hit in the current recession. This is il lustrated in the tabulation below, which presents sec ond-quarter 1975 and 1982 jobless rates (not seasonally adjusted) for metropolitan central cities and suburbs and for nonmetropolitan areas, by age and race: Central cities Suburbs Nonmetropolitan areas 1975 1982 II II White: 16 to 19 years . . . . 20 years and over . . 21.2 7.7 21.5 7.3 18.4 18.7 16.6 6.5 6.5 6.6 22.0 7.9 Black: 16 to 19 years . . . . 20 years and over . . 43.1 12.1 54.1 17.1 43.4 47.1 39.6 12.3 13.5 12.9 51.5 15.9 1975 1982 1975 1982 II II II II There was little change in the unemployment rate of black teenagers living in the suburbs over the same peri od. In contrast, all of the increase in unemployment among white teenagers occurred in nonmetropolitan areas. Table 3. Major unemployment indicators, seasonally adjusted quarterly averages, 1981-82 [Unemployment rates] 1981 Category 1982 I II III IV Total (all civilian workers) . . . . Both sexes, 16-19 years . . . Males, 20 years and over .. Females, 20 years and over 7.4 19.1 6.0 6.6 7.4 19.2 6.1 6.7 7.4 19.1 6.0 6.7 8.3 21.1 7.2 7.2 8.8 21.9 7.7 7.6 9.5 22.8 8.4 8.2 W h ite ................................... B la c k .................................... Hispanic............................... 6.5 14.6 11.0 6.5 15.1 9.8 6.4 15.8 9.8 7.3 17.0 11.1 7.7 17.4 12.4 8.4 18.4 12.5 3.9 2.7 4.0 2.9 4.0 2.7 4.3 2.9 4.5 3.1 4.9 3.3 2.5 4.2 5.6 10.1 7.1 2.6 4.4 5.6 9.8 7.1 2.7 4.9 5.7 9.7 7.2 2.9 4.9 6.1 11.8 8.7 2.9 5.0 6.6 12.6 8.8 3.5 5.6 6.9 13.7 9.7 12.0 11.5 11.3 14.1 15.6 16.7 8.9 14.7 8.4 5.0 8.1 14.1 9.0 5.1 8.0 14.0 8.6 4.7 9.6 16.2 9.5 6.3 10.3 17.6 9.7 5.8 11.8 18.5 10.8 7.1 1 II Characteristic Occupation White-collar w o rke rs........... Professional and technical Managers and admlnistrators, except fa r m ......... Salesworkers .................. Clerical workers ............. Blue-collar w o rkers............. Craft and kindred workers Operatives, except transport ............................. Transport equipment operatives.................... Nonfarm laborers ........... Service workers .................. Farmworkers ...................... 8 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Overall, unemployment among major race-ethnic groups increased substantially during the 1981-82 reces sion, with rates for whites and blacks at record levels in May 1982, while the rate for Hispanics was still slightly below its 1975 high. From July 1981 to May 1982, white unemployment was up 2.2 points to 8.5 percent. Blacks had a very limited recovery from the 1980 reces sion and began to experience record rates of unemploy ment almost from the beginning of the current down turn. Their rate was 18.7 percent in May 1982, up from 14.9 percent the previous July. Over the same period, Hispanic unemployment increased from 10.0 to 13.9 percent. As indicated earlier, blue-collar workers have been hardest hit during the current recession. Unlike the to tal jobless rate, the blue-collar unemployment rate rose in June to 13.9 percent, up more than 4 points since July 1981. Operatives, excluding transport, and non farm laborers were most affected, with rates of 16.7 and 17.9 percent in June. In contrast, white-collar workers showed only a mod erate increase in unemployment over the year ended June 1982. Their rate of 5.0 percent in June was still be low the highs of the 1975 recession. While unemploy ment increased for all major white-collar occupations, that for clerical workers showed the largest increase, ris ing 1.5 points to a high of 7.2 percent in April. Both ser vice workers and farmworkers reached record rates in May of 11.3 percent and 8.3 percent, respectively. Job losers, leavers, and entrants. During economic down turns, the number of persons who lose their jobs in creases as firms cut back production and reduce their work forces through layoffs or permanent separations. At 58.0 percent in the second quarter of 1982, the jobloser share of unemployment was up about 7.5 percent age points over the year and surpassed the highs reached in both the 1975 and 1980 recessions. At about 19 percent during the first two quarters of 1982, the layoff component of the job-loser total was down slightly from the fourth quarter of 1981 and still below rates reached in the previous two recessions. In contrast, the share of total unemployment that re sults from individuals voluntarily leaving their last jobs (to look for new jobs) tends to decline, as one would expect, during periods of high unemployment. The job leavers’ share has declined throughout the current reces sion, reaching an alltime low of 8.4 percent in the sec ond quarter of 1982. Both new entrants’ and reentrants’ shares of total unemployment were down slightly in the first 6 months of 1982. Duration o f unemployment. The substantial increase in unemployment during the fourth quarter of 1981 raised the short-term jobless share and reduced the two mea- sures of duration of unemployment — the mean and the median. Since then both measures have lengthened as the proportion unemployed 15 weeks or longer ex ceeded 30 percent at midyear. The median duration of unemployment rose from 6.8 weeks in the fourth quar ter of 1981 to a record 9.1 weeks in the second quarter of 1982. Over the same period, the mean duration in creased from 13.2 to 15.1 weeks, surpassing the high reached during the 1980 recession but are still consider ably below that reached in 1975. Because measures of duration typically lag cyclical changes in economic ac tivity, both measures can be expected to continue rising for the balance of the year, even if an improvement in the labor market begins soon. Other recessionary impacts Shortened workweeks and discouraged workers. The poor performance of the economy over the past year has in creased both the number of persons involuntarily work ing part time, either as a result of slack work or the inability to find full-time work, and the number report ing they want a job but are not looking for work be cause they believe no work is available— so-called “discouraged workers.” Neither group is reflected in the official unemployment counts, although information on them is published on a regular basis. Measurement of both groups is vital to a fuller understanding of the na ture and magnitude of the overall underutilization of our human resources. The following tabulation provides seasonally adjusted quarterly averages (in thousands) for nonagricultural workers involuntarily on shortened workweeks and for discouraged workers during 1981 and 1982: The number of discouraged workers has risen nearly continuously for more than 3 years. The discouraged to tal reached a high of 1.5 million in the second quarter of 1982, up 375,000 since the end of 1981; about 70 percent of the discouraged cited job-market, rather than personal, factors as reasons for their discouragement. Women and black and other minorities continued to be overrepresented among the discouraged in 1982. Women accounted for about 60 percent in the second quarter, whereas they comprised only 43 percent of the civilian labor force. While women’s share of dis couragement was the same as last year, the black and other minorities share has become even more dispropor tionate. Some 500,000 discouraged workers were blacks or members of other racial minority groups, 33 percent of the second quarter total and up from 31 percent a year earlier. (Their share of the civilian labor force was 13 percent.) Alternative measures. While persons involuntarily work ing part time or discouraged are not included in the of ficial measures of unemployment, the Bureau of Labor Statistics does provide a measure which includes these categories along with the unemployed. Designated as U-7, it is one of six alternative measures of unemploy ment regularly published by the Bureau; this has been done in recognition of the fact that no single measure of unemployment can satisfy the diverse needs of data users. The definitions for all seven measures are provid ed below, and their trends during the past decade are presented in chart 1. U-l ________ 1981____________ 1982 1 II III IV I II Involuntary p art-tim ers............. 4,323 4,166 4,460 5,108 5,450 5,680 As a percent of total at work . . . 4.7 4.6 4.9 5.6 6.0 6.2 Discouraged ........... 1,093 1,043 1,094 1,119 1,339 1,597 U-2 U-3 U-4 After declining in the second quarter of 1981, the number of nonagricultural workers involuntarily on part-time schedules increased steadily, reaching 5.7 mil lion, or 6.2 percent of those “at work” in nonagri cultural industries, in the second quarter of 1982; both figures are record highs since collection of the data be gan in 1955. While employers often reduce hours before laying off employees in economic downturns, the cur rent high number of workers on shortened workweeks may also reflect a growing tendency among employers to keep workers on short workweeks for longer periods,6 and the growing number of would-be full-time workers who obtain part-time jobs rather than remain unem ployed. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis U-5 U-6 U-7 Persons unemployed 15 weeks or longer as a percent of the civilian labor force. Job losers as a percent of the civilian labor force. Unemployed persons 25 years and over as a percent of the civilian labor force 25 years and over. Unemployed full-time jobseekers as a per cent of the full-time labor force. Total unemployed as a percent of the civilian labor force (official measure). Total full-time jobseekers plus half part-time jobseekers plus half total on part time for economic reasons, as a percent of the civilian labor force less half of the part-time labor force. Total full-time jobseekers plus half part-time jobseekers plus half total on part time for economic reasons plus discouraged workers, as a percent of the civilian labor force plus discouraged workers less half of the parttime labor force. 9 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW August 1982 • Unemployment in the First H alf Each measure is representative of a different body of opinion about the meaning and measurement of unem ployment. The rationale for U-7 is that involuntary part-time workers should be counted as at least “par tially” unemployed and that the situation of discour aged workers is essentially the same as that of the unemployed. In this measure, those seeking only parttime work or voluntarily employed part time are given weight of one-half because the latter only work about half a full-time schedule. As can be seen from chart 1, U-7 has consistently been several points higher than U-5, the official measure. From a high of 12.0 percent in the second quarter of 1975, U-7 declined to 8.0 per cent in the second quarter of 1979 before rising under the impact of the last two recessions to a new high of 13.4 percent in the second quarter of 1982. In contrast, several measures are much more restric tive than the official measure. For instance, U-l in cludes only those unemployed 15 weeks or longer, while U-2 counts only job losers. The rationale behind U -l is that joblessness is a problem only when it has con tinued long enough to cause substantial hardship, while proponents of U-2 argue that only persons who lose their jobs merit concern because this is what leads to significantly lower income. In second-quarter 1982, U-l was 3.0 percent, almost matching its high reached in 1975, while U-2 was at an alltime high of 5.5 percent. Chart 1 shows how consistent the trend in unemploy ment has been, regardless of the measure one might choose. For example, all measures, with the single ex ception of U-l which tends to lag the others by one or more quarters, reached cyclical highs in the second quarter of 1975 and lows in the second quarter of 1979. The magnitude of the impact of back-to-back recessions in 1980 and 1981-82 is evidenced by the fact that every measure reached a record high by the second quarter of 1982, with the exception of U -l. Joblessness among States. There is considerable variation in unemployment rates at the State level as well as at other subnational levels. The reasons for such differ- Chart 1. Unemployment indicators, seasonally adjusted quarterly averages, 1970-82 Percent i 4 . o m U1 Unem ployed 15 w eeks or longer U2 U3 U4 U5 U6 12.0 Job losers Persons 25 years and over Full-timers Offictal measure Full-timers plus half of voluntary and involuntary part-timers U7 U6 plus discouraged workers 10.0 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 NOTE: Second-quarter 1982 data are April-May averages. 10 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 ences are numerous; those often cited include area dif ferences in the composition of industry and the local work forces and a given area’s competitive strength and growth rate.7 The purpose here is not to examine why the incidence of unemployment varies across areas, but to present an overview of the States most or least affect ed by the recent downturn in economic activity. The uneven impact of the recent recession is reflected in the following list of States with the largest and smallest changes in jobless rates between the first quarters of 1981 and 1982; during that period, the Nation’s unem ployment rate increased 1.4 percentage points. (Data on the 10 most populous States come directly from the household survey, while data for the remaining States are based upon estimation procedures provided by the BLS to the States, taking into account data from the household survey, unemployment insurance records, and other sources.8) Increased substantially Percentage point change State A la b a m a ............. Idaho .................. Washington . . . . South Carolina Iowa .................. In d ia n a ................ Michigan .......... Pennsylvania . . . 3.5 3.2 3.1 3.0 3.0 2.7 2.6 2.6 Little changed State Percentage point change North Dakota . . . South Dakota .. New Mexico . . . . Wyoming . . . . Alaska ............. New York . . . . West Virginia M a in e ................ N e v a d a ............. -0.9 -0.4 -0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.4 In general, States with a heavy reliance on durable goods manufacturing such as auto, steel, and logging suffered the largest increases in unemployment, while mineral-rich States were less affected. The following list of States with extremely high or low jobless rates (not seasonally adjusted) during the first quarter of 1982, when the overall rate was 9.5 per cent, provides a slightly different picture: Above 12 percent State U nemployment rate Michigan . . . Alabama . . . . In d ia n a ............ Washington . . O re g o n ............ West Virginia Ohio ............. Tennessee . . . 16.4 14.3 13.3 12.7 12.5 12.2 12.1 12.1 Below 6 percent State U nemployment rate Oklahoma . . . Wyoming . . . K a n s a s ........... H a w a ii........... South Dakota North Dakota T e x a s .................... 4.9 4.9 5.4 5.7 5.8 5.8 5.8 A comparison of the two tabulations shows that the four States with the highest jobless rates also posted substantial over-the-year unemployment gains. (The 12-percent cutoff point was chosen only to highlight the https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis situation and is not meant to imply that any State does not necessarily have an unemployment problem.) Over all, the unemployment situation appears to be most se vere in the industrial North and South Central States and in the Pacific Northwest, and least severe in the Plains and Mountain States. Labor force growth Growth in the civilian labor force has slowed consid erably in recent years, in part because of the smaller number of persons reaching labor force age, but also because of the poor performance of the economy. At 110.2 million in the second quarter of 1982, the labor force had grown only 1.3 million over the year, far be low the 2.1-million increase of the previous year. (Labor force movements within the second quarter were unusu ally large on a seasonally adjusted basis, as the total in creased by a million in May and then declined by a similar amount in June.) The following tabulation pro vides seasonally adjusted labor force levels (in thou sands) and participation rates (percent of a group’s population that is either employed or unemployed) for the second quarters of 1981 and 1982 for major age-sex groups: Second quarter 1981 Second quarter 1982 Labor force Participation rate Labor force Participation rate 64.1 110,168 64.0 9,084 55.8 8,569 54.1 57,243 79.2 57,920 78.9 42,507 52.3 43,629 52.8 T o t a l ............. 108,835 Both sexes, 16 to 19 years . Men, 20 years and over . . . Women, 20 years and o v e r ............. Adult women continued to experience the strongest labor force growth— 1.1 million over the year. In con trast, adult men posted an increase of only 500,000, while the teenage labor force declined by 500,000. Most of the teenage decline reflected the drop in their total population. The overall labor force participation rate was 64.0 percent in the second quarter of 1982, about the same as the record 64.1 percent reached in the second quarter of 1981. The percentage of the population active in the labor force has been rising throughout the last two de cades, as increases among adult women and, until re cently, teenagers have more than offset declines among adult men. In spite of the recession, the participation rate for adult women continued to increase, rising one-half of a point over the year to 52.8 percent. However, this was far below increases registered in previous years. At 78.9 percent in the second quarter of 1982, the participation 11 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW August 1982 • Unemployment in the First H alf rate for adult men continued its secular decline, while the rate for teenagers fell 1.7 points over the past year to 54.1 percent, its lowest level in more than 8 years. By M i d y e a r , there were some signs that the labor market was improving. Industry job cutbacks had slowed and unemployment appeared to be leveling. Whether the economy was actually on the road to re covery or merely pausing before further deterioration was still unclear, as economic signals overall were mixed. The behavior of interest rates, the factor that deepened and prolonged the current recession, will un doubtedly play the key role in the timing and degree of a subsequent recovery. □ FOOTNOTES ' Statistics on nonagricultural payroll employment from the Current Employment Statistics (CES) program are collected by State agencies from employer reports of payroll records and are tabulated by the Bu reau of Labor Statistics. Data on labor force, total employment, and unemployment are derived from the Current Population Survey (CPS), a sample survey of households conducted and tabulated by the Bureau of Census for the Bureau of Labor Statistics. A description of the two surveys appears in the Bureau of Labor Statistics monthly publication, E m p lo ym en t a n d Earnings. With the release of benchmarked employment data for the payroll series in May 1982, the BLS converted coverage of the Indexes of Dif fusion from 172 to 186 industries, incorporating industry series added with the 1972 SIC revision. For comparability, the 172-industries dif fusion indexes for the recessionary periods in table 1 are available be ginning with the 1960-61 period. The indexes showing the percent of industries in which employment declined over a 6-month span are as follows: August 1960, 76; June 1970, 76; January 1975, 88; April 1980, 78; and January 1982, 79. The 186-industries indexes were not much different from the 172-industries indexes for the same time peri ods. For a detailed discussion of indexes of diffusion of changes in the number of employees on private nonagricultural payrolls, see John F. Early, “Introduction of Diffusion Indexes,” E m p lo ym en t a n d Earnings, December 1974, pp. 7-11. See, for example, Geoffrey H. Moore, “Lessons of the 1973-1976 Recession and Recovery” in William Felner, ed., C ontem porary E co nom ic Problem s 1 977 (Washington, D.C., American Enterprise Insti tute for Public Policy Research, 1977), pp. 117-58; Norman Bowers, “Have employment patterns in recessions changed,” M o n th ly L abor R eview, February 1981, pp. 15-28; and Michael A. Urquhart, “The services industry: is it recession-proof?” M o n th ly L a b o r R eview , Octo ber 1981, pp. 12-18. 4 For a discussion of the employment-population ratio as a cyclical indicator, see Carol Boyd Leon, “The employment-population ratio: its value in labor force analysis,” M o n th ly L a b o r R eview , February https://fraser.stlouisfed.org 12 Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1981, pp. 36-45; and Julius Shiskin, “Employment and unemploy ment: the doughnut or the hole?” M on th ly L abor R eview, February 1976, pp. 3-10. The proportion of blacks in the “black and other" group has been declining; it was 83 percent in 1980. This has resulted from a gradual influx of Asians, particularly Vietnamese, into the U.S. labor force in the 1970's. For this reason, and because of the availability and in creased reliability of data for blacks, it is not as necessary as in the past to use data for "black and other” when discussing black work ers. Thus, unless otherwise stated, the term black in this article refers exclusively to the “black only” population and not to the “black and other" category, which, in addition to blacks, includes American Indians, Alaskan Natives, and Asian and Pacific Islanders. "See Robert W. Bednarzik, "Work-sharing in the U.S.: its preva lence and duration," M on th ly L abor R eview , July 1980, pp. 3-12. See, for example, Lynn E. Browne, “Regional Industry Mix and the Business Cycle,” N ew E nglan d E conom ic R eview , November/ December, 1978, pp. 35-53; Lynn E. Browne, “Regional Unemploy ment Rates — Why Are They So Different?” N ew E n glan d Econom ic R eview , July/August 1978, pp. 5-26; and Thomas Hyclak and David Lynch, “An Empirical Analysis of State Unemployment Rates in the 1970’s,” Journal o f R egional Science, Vol. 20, No. 3, 1980, pp. 37786. s Labor force and unemployment estimates for States are part of a cooperative program between the Bureau and State employment secu rity agencies where estimates are prepared under concepts, definitions, and technical procedures established by the Bureau. A fuller explana tion of the technical procedures used to develop these estimates ap pears monthly in the Explanatory Note on State and Area Un employment Data in the BLS periodical, E m ploym en t a n d Earnings. The 10 most populous States (as of the 1970 census) for which esti mates come directly from the Current Population Survey are: New York, California, Illinois, Ohio, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Michigan, Texas, Massachusetts, and Florida. Imports and domestic employment: identifying affected industries For its trade monitoring program, the Bureau has developed measures of import penetration; initial data suggest about one-fourth of manufacturing groups might be sensitive to rising imports G regory K . Sc h o e p fl e Concern about the performance of U.S. industries in domestic and international markets has led to increas ing interest in the development of indicators of the do mestic market share accounted for by imports. Accordingly, the Bureau of Labor Statistics has begun constructing measures which, when applied in conjunc tion with other information, could be used to identify domestic industries that might be experiencing adverse employment effects or other adjustment problems be cause of changing international trade patterns. Analysis of the geographic concentration of domestic production and employment for these sectors could help Federal agencies target assistance programs for workers, com munities, and industries. This article considers the problems of constructing in dicators of import market share at the 4-digit Standard Industrial Classification (sic) level,1 and discusses some of the main features and trends of the BLS trade moni toring statistics. Data examined so far show that, beGregory K. Schoepfle is a supervisory economist in the Division of Foreign Labor Statistics and Trade, Bureau of Labor Statistics. This article is based on a paper the author presented at the Annual Meet ing of the Western Economic Association in San Francisco, July 5, 1981. Mary Kay Rieg of the R e v ie w staff provided special editorial assistance. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis tween 1972 and 1979, the import share of the domestic market for manufactured goods rose moderately. How ever, among the 318 manufacturing groups studied sep arately, 72 were found to be “import-sensitive” — that is, having experienced either a sustained high level or a substantial increase in import share of U.S. sales during 1972-79. Employment declines over this period were re ported in 38 of the 79 domestic industries which pro duce products similar to those in “import-sensitive” groups; more than half of these 38 industries were in volved in the manufacture of textile, apparel, and leath er goods products. The limitations of these measures are examined in the appendix. Background Under section 282 of the Trade Act of 1974 (19 USC 2393), the Bureau of Labor Statistics and the Bureau of the Census were given the responsibility of monitoring changes in U.S. imports and related domestic produc tion and employment. The context for this monitoring program was the expanded trade adjustment assistance program established under Title II of the act. The trade monitoring system was intended to inform the Congress and administrators of adjustment assistance programs of those industries and localities in which adjustment 13 M ONTHLY LABOR REVIEW August 1982 • Imports and Employment problems were likely to occur as a result of the expan sion of international trade. The Bureau of the Census and the Bureau of Labor Statistics ( bls) jointly carry out the monitoring. The Census Bureau develops and publishes trade and domes tic production data, while BLS has chief responsibility for the development and publication of related employ ment data, the development of the trade monitoring sys tem, and the establishment of a reporting program on the results. In connection with its broad responsibility, BLS plans, subject to availability of resources,2 to: • Establish a reliable base of detailed merchandise im port, product-based output, and industry employment data on a consistent classification system. • Set up a timely system for reporting and summarizing the data. • Provide objective interpretations of the findings. Currently, the Bureau produces quarterly and annual tabulations on SIC-based merchandise imports and in dustry employment. Import penetration ratios, that is, the ratio of imports to the sum of domestic product shipments and imports, are computed annually for man ufacturing commodity groups. nomic activity accounted for by the exports; unfortu nately, data on export sales by U.S. manufacturing establishments are limited.4 Import penetration and export proportion measures presented in this article show the market shares of a fi nal commodity which are accounted for by imports and exports, respectively. They do not, however, account for intermediate products used in domestic production. For example, they exclude imported or domestically pro duced components of end-products which are consumed here or abroad. An analysis of intermediate goods would have to be based on an econometric model or an input-output table. Taking into account the data limitations which are discussed in greater detail in the appendix and the de sire to develop measures for broad industrial trade monitoring, currently available series on U.S. imports and exports, reclassified to the equivalent producer in dustry, are related to industrial product-based ship ments. Four ratios which relate domestic shipments to international merchandise trade may be considered:5 (a) M / (M + S - X) (b) M / (M + S) (c) X / S Concepts A variety of measures can be developed to assess the United States’ relative trade performance, both on an aggregate basis and by industrial sector. Depending upon the ultimate application, certain definitions of these measures may be preferred over others. Of special interest for the examination of potential employment adjustment problems are indicators of the share of the domestic market accounted for by foreign imports and the share of total sales which is accounted for by U.S. exports. Ideally, a measure of import penetration should com pare domestic consumption of a product with imports of the product at a specified market point of distribu tion; however, no product-specific measure of consump tion exists. The best available substitute is domestic demand, often termed “apparent consumption,’’ which is usually defined as U.S. sales (shipments) less net ex ports (exports minus imports).3 Furthermore, while final sales (retail for consumers) of imports over final U.S. sales from all sources would be the most appropriate measure of the proportion of the domestic market served by imports (that is, import penetration), such data are not reported separately in Federal statistics. Similar problems arise in the development of mea sures of export performance. Final sales of U.S. exports (excluding transportation and insurance costs to the point of exportation) over U.S. total final sales would be the best measure of the proportion of domestic eco 14 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis (d) X / (M + S) where M X s S - X M + S —X M + S _ = = = = = U.S. imports U.S. exports U.S. product shipments consumption of domestically produced goods apparent consumption new supply Measure (a), the ratio of imports to apparent con sumption, is commonly used to assess the import pene tration of a domestic market, showing the share of a market which is served by imports. One shortcoming of this market share-based measure from an employment point of view is that it fails to capture the offsetting na ture of the domestic industry’s involvement in export markets. Measure (b) makes allowances for this factor, representing the ratio of imports to new supply. New supply is defined as imports plus U.S. product ship ments. The latter include domestically produced goods which are exported for foreign consumption as well as those which are consumed here. Such a supply-based measure takes into account (and is influenced by) not only domestic demand but also foreign demand for U.S. goods. Increased output in response to increases in ei ther domestic or foreign demand for the product will usually result in increased domestic employment levels. Therefore, from an employment point of view, measure (b) might be preferred to (a), because it takes into ac count the foreign demand for U.S. goods. If exports do not play a significant role in the consumption of an in dustry’s output, then ratios (a) and (b) will be nearly the same. However, if exports are important, ratio (b) will be smaller than (a). Measure (c), the ratio of exports to U.S. shipments, is a commonly used export performance measure. It re flects the proportion of total domestic output which is exported, but fails to capture the influence of imports in U.S. markets. Measure (d), the ratio of exports to new supply, accounts for the influence of imports and possi ble displacement effects which they might have. From an employment standpoint, any domestic employment displacement due to imports would be conjectural — that is, it is not clear that the same goods could or would be produced domestically if imports were not available.6 Therefore, measure (c) might be preferred to (d), because it would directly reflect the actual impor tance of exports in domestic activities. Ratio (d) will be smaller than (c) if imports are significant; correspond ingly, the less significant imports are in new supply, the closer the two measures will be. Ratio (d) does have a feature which might commend its use in conjunction with measure (b), namely a com mon denominator. Hence, the difference between mea sures (d) and (b) could be viewed as a trade gap or balance measure for a sector relative to the size of the sector. All of the above ratios could be based on either d o l lar value or a unit of quantity, if a consistent measure of the latter is available. (Perhaps the best evaluation of these ratios from an employment standpoint would be with weighted aggregates of U.S. unit labor require ments.) Measures based on quantity assume that there is a homogeneous and meaningful unit as well as prod uct specification for the classification. For certain welldefined products, such as new automobiles and textile goods, quantity-based measures might be constructed, but the appropriate level of commodity aggregation is often difficult to determine. Furthermore, quantitybased measures often fail to capture quality differences within a product group. In constructing product-based measures at the aggre gate industrial level, value-based measures, while they have some limitations,7 are generally more useful, be cause homogeneous units of quantity either are not available or are not very meaningful for purposes of comparison. About two-thirds of the manufacturing 4-digit SIC-based import commodity groups do not have a homogeneous unit of quantity. Quality differentials are frequently reflected in value data through prices, which may serve as implicit https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis weights when aggregating commodity groups. Ideally, the value of imports should be adjusted for price chang es, as well as for importer markups, customs duties, subsidies, and costs of transportation and insurance to the market point of distribution. A transaction-based price index would account for any changes in product specification, quality, and conditions of sale. Unfortu nately, at the present time, there are no adequate and consistent deflators for SIC-based imports or exports. In general, domestic prices of imported goods include, in addition to the import price, the domestic value added (unloading, inland transit, further manufacture, han dling, markups, and so forth) and applicable duties. Be cause all these costs can vary independently of import prices, domestic price trends are considered to be poor proxies for import price trends.8 In addition, the use of calculated import unit-value measures as price indexes for import commodity groups can be misleading, be cause of variations in product specification and quality within the product category. In general, value-based measures will differ from those calculated on a quantity basis. For example, val ue-based import penetration ratios will be smaller than those which are quantity based in those cases where im ports consist predominantly of items with lower unit values than similar domestic products (for example, nonrubber footwear and brassieres). The effect of using current-dollar trade and shipment values in place of real (deflated) values in the calculation of the market share measures depends upon the stability of the ratio of im port or export prices to domestic prices. In many cases, we would expect domestic and world commodity prices to exhibit similar trends in the absence of domestic price controls or government subsidies. Therefore, it would be expected that import penetration ratios based on current-dollar values would show more stability with regard to inflation than either of their component valuebased series on imports or shipments. Table 1. Two-digit SIC-based share of manufacturing total imports, shipments, and employment, by import penetration level, 1972 and 1979 [In percent] Share of manufacturing total import penetration level in 1972 or 1979 Two-digit SIC groups Import value Shipments value Industry employment 1972 1979 1972 1979 1972 1979 1972 1979 All SIC groups . . 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Under 1 percent........... 1 and under 2 percent . 2 and under 5 percent . 5 and under 10 percent. 10 and under 20 percent 20 and under 50 percent 50 percent and over . . . 10.0 — 30.0 45.0 15.0 — 5.0 5.0 30.0 20.0 30.0 10.0 0.6 — 20.9 49.7 28.9 — (’ ) 0.4 18.4 23.4 52.1 5.6 4.3 — 38.0 42.0 15.6 — 0.5 3.4 35.7 24.7 34.0 1.7 6.1 — 31.8 48.9 13.2 — 0.3 5.9 31.6 19.9 39.0 3.3 1Less than 0.05 percent. Due to rounding, sums of individual items may not equal 100. N ote : 15 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW August 1982 • Imports and Employment Data The shipments data for the market-share measures ai 3 from the Census Bureau’s Annual Survey o f M anu factures. The value of product shipments is a sampling estimate of the current-dollar value of all products sold, transferred to other plants of the same company, or shipped on consignment, whether for domestic con sumption or for export. It represents net sales value (f.o.b. plant), and excludes discounts and allowances, freight charges, and excise taxes. In a few cases, domes tic production values, rather than shipment values, are used. Products bought and resold without further man ufacture are excluded. The value of shipments for a 4-digit class of products used in the measures is on a wherever-made basis— that is, total shipments of the primary products of the industry, which include sales of the same products made by firms classified in other in dustries. (See the appendix for further discussion.) The import and export data are from the Census Bu reau’s foreign trade statistics.9 The import value is current U.S. dollar customs value (usually foreign port value) of imports for consumption and excludes any customs duty, freight, or handling charges. The export value is current U.S. dollar free alongside ship (f.a.s.) value (U.S. port value) of exports of domestic merchan dise and includes any markups and freight or handling charges incurred to the port of exportation. Trends in penetration measures As part of the current trade monitoring program, BLS tracks 347 4-digit SIC-based manufacturing import groups (as well as 63 agricultural and mineral groups) each quarter for significant increases in the current-dol lar value of imports for consumption. In addition, in dustry employment is analyzed quarterly for significant declines. While these procedures are useful in highlighting short-term movements in those commodity groups and industries which are experiencing a sudden increase in imports and a decline in current industry employment, it is instructive to consider the structure and composi tion of import penetration, as well as the long-term trends in industry employment, for those commodity groups for which either import penetration has in creased substantially in the recent past or the level of penetration has remained relatively high. Structure and composition. Chart 1 presents an overview of the structure of import penetration and export pro portion in 2-digit SIC-based U.S. manufacturing major groups for the years 1972 and 1979 (latest available). In both years, the all-manufacturing levels of both import penetration and export proportion were in the 5.0- to 9.9-percent range; between those years, import penetra https://fraser.stlouisfed.org 16 Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis tion rose more moderately than export proportion. Dur ing the period 1972-79, the leather, miscellaneous manufactures, and apparel major groups experienced the largest increases in import penetration, while the textiles group registered a slight decline. During the same period, the tobacco, instruments, electrical and nonelectrical machinery, and miscellaneous manufac tures major groups showed the largest increases in ex port proportion, while the petroleum refining group experienced a modest decrease. At the aggregate level, imports appear to contribute significantly (above 10 percent in 1979) to the available new supply of apparel, lumber, leather, primary metals, electrical machinery, transportation equipment, instru ments, and miscellaneous manufactures, but have a neg ligible role in tobacco and printing and publishing. In four of the major groups in which imports contribute significantly to new supply (transportation equipment, electrical machinery, instruments, and miscellaneous manufactures), U.S. exports also play an important role. Other major groups in which a significant proportion of output is exported include tobacco, chemicals, and nonelectrical machinery. Table 1 presents the percentage distribution of total manufactures import value, product-based shipments, and industry employment by import penetration level in 1972 and 1979, on a 2-digit SIC basis. In both years, 12 of the 20 major manufacturing groups had a level of import penetration of 5 percent or more. In 1972, the corresponding imports accounted for 79 percent of the value of all manufactured imports; by 1979, their im ports accounted for about 83 percent of the total. In 1972, approximately 29 percent of the import val ue was accounted for by product groups with pene tration levels of 10 percent or more, but by 1979, this share had grown to nearly 58 percent. During this peri od, both the industry employment and product ship ments share-of-manufacturing total for the groups with Table 2. Four-digit SIC-based share of manufacturing total imports and shipments, by import penetration level, 1972 and 1979 [In percent] Import penetration level In 1972 or 1979 Import penetration level for all SIC groups in range Share of manufacturing total Four-digit SIC groups Import value Shipments value 1972 1979 1972 1979 1972 1979 1972 1979 All SIC groups . . 6.1 7.9 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Under 1 percent........... 1 and under 2 percent . 2 and under 5 percent . 5 and under 10 percent 10 and under 20 percent 20 and under 50 percent 50 percent and over . . . 0.3 1.2 3.4 7.7 13.9 28.4 57.1 0.4 1.3 3.6 7.1 14.7 28.0 61.9 21.7 12.0 26.4 18.2 11.3 8.5 1.9 18.2 8.8 198 22.3 16.0 12.3 2.5 1.1 1.8 16.6 28.2 30.2 15.3 6.8 0.9 1.2 8.2 28.3 37.2 17.3 6.9 22.9 9.3 30.8 22.2 12.2 2.5 0.3 18.3 7.9 19.1 31.8 18.7 4.8 0.4 N ote : Due to rounding, sums of individual items may not equal 100. Chart 1. Imports as a percent of new supply and exports as a percent of product shipments by major manufacturing group, 1972 and 1979 Export Proportion Percent Import Penetration Percent 25 20 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 15 10 5 0 0 5 10 15 20 25 Food Tobacco 3 1979 1972 Textiles Apparel Lumber Furniture Paper Printing and publishing Chemicals Petroleum refining Rubber Leather Stone, clay, and glass Primary metals Fabricated metals Machinery, except electrical Electrical machinery Transportation equipment Instruments Miscellaneous manufactures All manufacturing 17 M ONTHLY LABOR REVIEW August 1982 • Imports and Employment Table 3. Distribution of 4-digit SIC-based manufacturing import commodity groups and value of imports, by import penetration level, 1972 and 1979 [Cumulative frequency in percent] ______________________________________________________________________ Four-digit SIC-based import manufacturing commodity groups Import penetration level in 1972 or 1979 Number All SIC groups ................................................... 318 - Under 1 percent ............................................................ 1 and under 2 percent ................................................... 2 and under 5 percent ................................................... 5 and under 10 percent ................................................. 10 and under 20 percent .............................................. 20 and under 50 percent ............................................... 50 percent and o v e r....................................................... 69 38 84 58 36 27 6 Number Cumulative frequency Millions of dollars Cumulative frequency Millions of dollars Cumulative frequency 318 - $45,219.3 - $136,598.4 - 18.2 27.0 46.9 69.2 85.2 97.5 100.0 58 28 63 71 51 39 8 21.7 33.7 60.1 78.3 89.6 98.1 100.0 1979 1972 1979 1972 Cumulative frequency N ote : Value of imports for consumption 478.2 809.9 7,527.5 12,751.2 13,655.0 6,936.8 3,060.7 0.9 2.1 10.3 38.6 75.8 93.1 100.0 1,184.0 1,622.7 11,238.9 38,651.2 50,872.2 23,564.6 9,464.8 1.1 2.9 19.5 47.7 77.9 93.2 100.0 Due to rounding, sum of individual items may not equal total. penetration levels of 5 percent or more remained rela tively unchanged, in the 58- to 66-percent range. De spite the probability of extensive duplication in the value of product shipments at the 2-digit SIC level, the shipments value share-of-manufacturing total for groups with 1979 penetration levels of 5 percent or more was about 60 percent, whether measured on a final product, industry, or value-added basis. Table 2 shows the percentage distribution of total manufactures import value and product-based ship ments by import penetration level in 1972 and 1979 on a more detailed 4-digit SIC basis. Tables 3 and 4 present some additional information on the 1972 and 1979 dis tribution of 4-digit SIC-based manufacturing commodity groups by import value and import penetration level. In 1972, 40 percent of the 318 4-digit product groups had levels of import penetration of 5 percent or more; these product groups accounted for 81 percent of the value of manufactures imports and 37 percent of the value of manufactures product shipments. By 1979, 53 percent of the groups had a penetration level of 5 per cent or more and accounted for 90 percent of the value of manufactures imports and 56 percent of manufac tures product shipments. While the number of groups, import value, and shipments value share-of-manufactur ing totals for 4-digit groups with import penetration Table 4. 1979 levels between 2.0 and 19.9 percent remained fairly sta ble between 1972 and 1979, the share distribution with in this penetration range reflected a general upward trend because of the growing importance of imports in new supply. For example, during this period, the shareof-manufacturing total of those 4-digit groups with im port penetration levels between 10.0 and 19.9 percent increased 4.7 percentage points to 16.0 percent, while the share of groups with import penetration levels be tween 2.0 and 4.9 percent decreased 6.6 points to 19.8 percent. In 1972, slightly more than one-fourth (86 out of 318) of the 4-digit manufacturing commodity groups had levels of import penetration less than 10 percent and import values under $10 million. (See table 4.) By 1979, the number was only one-ninth of the total num ber of groups. Between 1972 and 1979, the number of 4-digit commodity groups with import values of $500 million or more increased about 350 percent, from 13 to 58. To permit examination of the composition of changes within the major manufacturing groups over time, table 5 summarizes the distribution of 4-digit manufacturing commodity groups within each 2-digit major manufac turing group, by 1972 and 1979 import penetration lev el. Perusal of this table reveals that the 2-digit major Four-digit SIC-based manufacturing commodity groups, by value of imports and import penetration level, 1972 and [Number of 4-digit SIC groups] 1972 Value of imports for consumption in 1972 or 1979 Total, all commodity groups............................... Under $10 million............................................................ $10 million and under $50 million ................................. $50 million and under $500 million ............................... $500 million and o v e r..................................................... https://fraser.stlouisfed.org 18 Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1979 Import penetration level Number of SIC groups 318 86 91 128 13 Under 10 percent 249 86 77 82 4 10 and under 20 percent Import penetration level 20 percent and over 36 33 — — 8 24 4 6 22 5 Number of SIC groups 318 35 79 146 58 Under 10 percent 220 35 74 88 23 10 and under 20 percent 20 percent and over 51 47 — _ 4 32 15 1 26 20 Table 5. Distribution of 4-digit SIC-based manufacturing commodity groups, by import penetration level and 2-digit parent SIC, 1972 and 1979 [Number of 4-digit SIC-based groups] Imports as a percent of new supply SIC Code Commodity group Number of SIC groups Under 1 percent 1 and under 2 percent 50 percent and over 5 and under 10 percent 10 and under 20 percent 20 and under 50 percent 84 158 36 27 6 19 1 5 8 2 11 1 1 '9 — '2 2 ’3 3 13 16 11 1 3 3 1 1 14 14 11 — 1_ 4 — 3 2 2 — 1 — 1 1 3 11 2 — 6 13 7 111 16 4 11 2 1 — 1 4 1 — 1 _ 1 — — ’6 1 3 1 2 3 ’1 3 17 1 — 1 3 3 1 — 2 1 — 1 2 2 and under 5 percent 1972 Total, manufactured commodities......... 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 Food and kindred products............................... Tobacco manufactures...................................... Textile mill products.......................................... Apparel and related products .......................... Lumber and wood products ............................. Furniture and fixtures ........................................ Paper and allied products................................. Printing and publishing ...................................... Chemicals and allied products.......................... Petroleum refining ............................................ Rubber and miscellaneous plastic products . . . Leather and leather products ........................... Stone, clay, and glass products........................ Primary metal products ................................... Fabricated metal products ............................... Machinery, except electrical ............................. Electrical machinery.......................................... Transportation equipm ent................................. Instruments, optical goods, c lo c k s .................... Miscellaneous manufactured commodities . . . . 318 39 3 20 21 10 1 9 8 26 3 6 11 23 15 20 38 27 11 10 17 69 18 M 4 2 3 — 4 16 7 2 — — 5 3 7 2 2 2 — 1 38 6 — 2 1 1 — 2 — 5 1 — 4 1 2 5 3 2 2 1 — _ — — 1 1 — — 1 1 1 1979 Total, manufactured commodities......... 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 Food and kindred products............................... Tobacco manufactures...................................... Textile mill products.......................................... Apparel and related products ........................... Lumber and wood products ............................. Furniture and fixtures ........................................ Paper and allied products................................. Printing and publishing ...................................... Chemicals and allied products........................... Petroleum refining ............................................ Rubber and miscellaneous plastics products .. Leather and leather products ........................... Stone, clay, and glass products........................ Primary metal products .................................... Fabricated metal products ............................... Machinery, except electrical ............................. Electrical machinery.......................................... Transportation equipm ent................................. Instruments, optical goods, c lo c k s .................... Miscellaneous manufactured commodities . . . . 318 39 3 20 21 10 1 9 8 26 3 6 11 23 15 20 38 27 11 10 17 58 17 11 4 1 3 — 3 5 6 — — — 4 1 6 2 2 2 — 1 28 63 171 51 39 8 7 — 2 1 — — 2 M 6 1 — — 2 1 1 3 1 — — ’6 1 '4 2 1 11 2 2 '7 1 2 1 15 4 M 7 5 2 4 2 4 1 4 5 3 — 1 — 1 17 11 — 1 — 4 — 1 3 2 11 5 10 13 11 13 7 4 — 4 4 2 — 1 - — 2 ’1 12 — 6 5 4 ’ 14 12 5 1 2 _ 1 — — ’6 3 2 _ 2 4 — 2 ’4 — 1 1 — — — — 1 1 1 1 — 1 1 1Level of import penetration for the 2-digit SIC-based group in 1972 or 1979. group import penetration level, while representative for the group as a whole, does not reflect the level of pene tration for each 4-digit group within the major group. In addition, the 4-digit industry size, importance (based on shipments value or employment), and propensity to import or export varies greatly within some 2-digit ma jor groups. For example, in 1979, 53 percent of all 4-digit manu facturing commodity groups had a level of import penetration of 5 percent or more. Sixty percent— 12 of 20— of the 2-digit major groups had overall levels of import penetration of 5 percent or more. Two of these 12 major groups (paper and petroleum refining) had fewer than 50 percent of their constituent 4-digit groups with penetration at or above the 5-percent level. Con versely, in one 2-digit major group (stone, clay, and glass) with a penetration level less than 5 percent, more https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis than 50 percent of component 4-digit groups experi enced penetration levels of 5 percent or more. Long-term trends. The following tabulation compares the 1972-79 average annual increases in import penetra tion with the average levels of penetration for all 4-digit SIC-based manufacturing groups: Average annual change Total groups .......... Average level: Under 15 percent . 15 percent or more .................. Total groups Under 1 percentage point 1 percentage point or more 318 274 44 266 246 20 52 28 24 19 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW August 1982 • Imports and Employment As indicated, 44 of the 318 4-digit manufacturing com modity groups had a 1972-79 average annual increase in import penetration of 1 percentage point or more. (See table 6.) Twenty of the 44 groups had a 1972-79 average level of import penetration of less than 15 per cent. During this same period, 5 of the 44 groups expe rienced a rate of growth in export proportion which equaled or exceeded that of import penetration. Fiftytwo of the 318 manufacturing commodity groups had a 1972-79 average level of import penetration of 15 per cent or more. (See table 7.) In 28 of these 52 groups, import penetration either declined or had a 1972-79 av erage annual increase of less than 1 percentage point. Of the 52 groups, 15 exported at least 10 percent of their shipments, on average, during this period, indicat ing a high degree of trade activity in both imports and exports. If we consider those groups for which either (1) the 1972-79 average annual increase was 1 percentage point or more, or (2) the 1972-79 average level of import penetration was 15 percent or more, we obtain a total of 72 import groups which have recently experienced ei ther a sustained high level of import penetration or sub stantial increase in import penetration. For brevity, we shall refer to these 72 import groups as “import-sensi tive” groups.10 Industry employment related to the “import-sensi tive” groups is presented in table 8. In many cases, the Table 6. Four-digit SIC-based manufacturing commodity groups with average annual increases in import penetration of 1 percentage point or more, 1972-79 Imports as a percent of new supply SIC-based code Commodity group High 1979 level Average, 1972-79 Average annual percentage point change, 1972 79 Range, 1972 79 1972 level Low 3021 2279 2385 3149(part) 3263 3873 2066(part); 2099(part) 3171 2386 3911; 3915(part) Footwear, rubber or plastic .............................................................................. Floor coverings, nes, of textile or vegetable materials .................................... Rainwear ........................................................................................................... Leather ski boots and other leather athletic footw ear...................................... Earthenware tableware .................................................................................... Watches, clocks, clockwork operated devices, and parts ............................... Chocolate and cocoa products......................................................................... Women’s handbags and p u rs e s ....................................................................... Leather wearing apparel, n e s ............................................................................ Jewelry and cigarette lighters of precious m etals............................................ 33.9 30.9 20.2 31.6 51.2 21.1 11.0 20.6 34.6 4.2 33.9 30.9 20.2 31.6 49.2 21.1 11.0 20.6 33.9 4.2 71.7 57.2 44.9 62.2 70.0 39.9 31.6 38.5 57.7 20.5 69.2 57.2 40.6 51.2 70.0 39.9 29.2 38.5 50.4 20.5 52.5 42.1 33.4 46.7 56.7 30.0 19.1 29.1 43.7 9.9 5.0 3.8 2.9 2.8 2.7 2.7 2.6 2.6 2.3 2.3 3144; 3149(part) 2271 2342 3339; 3341 (part) 3541 3553 3674; 3629(part) 2371 3313 3944 Women's footwear, except athle tic................................................................... Floor coverings, textile materials, pile inserted................................................. Corsets and allied garments ............................................................................ Smelter and refined nonferrous metals, nes ................................................... Metal-cutting machine tools, and parts, n e s ..................................................... Woodworking machinery, and parts, n e s .......................................................... Semiconductors, rectifiers, and rectifying apparatus........................................ Fur wearing apparel, and fur articles, nes ........................................................ Electrometallurgical products............................................................................ Games, toys, and children’s vehicles, except d o lls .......................................... 18.9 11.3 5.3 50.0 7.7 7.9 11.5 3.7 19.7 11.2 18.9 11.3 5.3 42.7 7.7 7.9 11.5 3.7 19.7 11.1 33.5 28.0 18.8 62.6 19.5 19.7 23.2 15.1 36.3 22.2 33.5 24.3 18.8 62.6 19.5 19.7 23.2 15.1 31.1 22.2 24.9 19.3 12.1 51.2 12.5 12.9 19.1 8.9 29.7 14.6 2.1 1.9 1.9 11.8 1.7 1.7 1.7 '1.6 1.6 1.6 2381; 2259 3131 2321; 2322; 2331 (part); 2361 (part); 2253(part); 2254(part) 3676 3161 3253 3333; 3341 (part) 3151 3851 3942 Gloves, except sports, leather, or fur gloves ................................................... Leather cut to shapes for footwear; leather shoelaces.................................... 13.8 2.2 12.7 2.2 24.1 12.9 24.1 12.9 17.4 6.8 1.5 1.5 Male shirts, nightwear, and underwear; and female and infants’ knit shirts . . . Resistors for electronic applications ................................................................ Luggage of leather, textile materials, plastics................................................... Ceramic floor and wall t i l e ................................................................................ Smelter and refined zinc .................................................................................. Gloves, le ath er.................................................................................................. Ophthalmic goods and parts, n e s ..................................................................... Dolls and stuffed toy anim als............................................................................ 10.7 6.2 15.4 22.9 28.5 22.3 12.4 21.8 10.7 6.2 12.6 16.7 28.5 18.3 12.4 17.5 20.6 16.3 25.0 32.2 43.2 31.0 20.5 30.1 20.6 16.3 24.4 32.2 37.4 31.0 20.5 30.1 14.6 10.8 18.5 25.2 37.4 23.0 16.6 22.7 1.4 11.4 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.2 1.2 1.2 2121 2331 (part); 2335; 2361 (part) 2387(part) 2429 2492 3547 3675; 3629(part) 2311; 2329(part) 2337; 2363 3269 Cigars and cheroots ......................................................................................... 2.3 2.3 9.7 9.7 5.8 1.1 Women’s, girls’, and infants’ dresses, blouses, and shirts, except knit shirts . . . Leather apparel belts, with or without buckles................................................. Wood shingles, cooperage stock, and excelsior............................................... Wood particleboard, whether or not face finished............................................ Metal rolling mills, and parts, n e s ..................................................................... Electrical capacitors, fixed or variable.............................................................. Men’s or boys’ suits and coats, except raincoats............................................ Women’s, girls’, and infants’ coats, suits, and s k irts ........................................ Ceramic articles, r e s ......................................................................................... 4.2 4.8 26.6 0.6 4.0 9.6 6.1 6.6 33.7 4.1 4.8 19.3 0.3 3.4 9.6 6.1 6.1 33.7 12.0 12.3 34.2 8.5 11.4 17.2 13.1 13.7 45.7 12.0 12.3 34.1 8.5 11.4 17.2 13.1 13.7 40.6 6.9 7.9 28.2 3.4 5.5 14.0 9.8 9.0 38.9 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 M.1 1.0 1.0 1.0 3554 3651 3961 3964 Pulp and paper machinery, and parts, nes ..................................................... Radio and television receiving sets, phonographs, and audio equipment, nes .. Costume jewelry and novelties, except precious m eta l................................... Needles, pins, zippers, and similar notions........................................................ 12.6 34.9 10.4 9.1 10.1 33.3 10.4 9.1 19.7 44.3 17.8 16.3 19.7 42.1 17.8 16.3 14.2 38.7 13.6 12.5 1.0 ’ 1.0 1.0 1.0 'The 1972-79 average annual percentage point change in export proportion tor this group is equal to or exceeds the 1972-79 average annual percentage point change in import Digitized for 20FRASER https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis penetration, nes = not elsewhere specified. industry employment series are not that well matched to the import groups. The industry coverage may be broader or narrower than that implied by the import product group; some industry employment series are re lated to more than one import group. Given these and other limitations which are discussed in the appendix, the employment coverage of the “import-sensitive” groups presented in table 8 should be considered only as approximate. Fifty-one industry employment series in table 8 relate Table 7. Four-digit SIC-based manufacturing commodity groups with average levels of import penetration of 15 percent or more, 1972-79 Imports as a percent of new supply SIC-based code 3915(part) 3263 3751 2299 3021 3339; 3341 (part) 3636 3149(part) 3962 2386 2279 3262 3574(part) 3269 3651 3333; 3341 (part) 2385 2611 3552 2435 3873 3313 2292 3171 2429 2298 2085 3253 3144; 3149(part) 2084 3151 3942 2091 2833 2061-3 2271 2066(part); 2099(part) 3674; 3629(part) 3914 3161 3699(part); 3629(part) 2381; 2259 2369; 2339; 2329(part); 2387(part); 2253(part) 3143; 3149(part) 3572 3832 3851 3949 3711,3,6; 3799(part) 3811 (part) 3172 2421 Commodity group Range, 1972 79 Average, 1972-79 Average annual percentage point change, 1972-79 1972 level Low High 1979 level Jewelers' findings and materials, and lapidary w o rk ........................................ Earthenware tablew are.................................................................................... Motorcycles, bicycles, and parts, nes .............................................................. Textile mill products, n e s .................................................................................. Footwear, rubber or plastic .............................................................................. 68.9 51.2 65.1 59.0 33.9 68.9 49.2 49.8 39.6 33.9 75.6 70.0 65.1 63.7 71.7 72.3 70.0 52.4 46.2 69.2 172.4 56.7 55.6 154.0 52.5 0.5 2.7 -1.8 -1.8 5.0 Smelter and refined nonferrous metals, nes ................................................... Sewing machines, and parts, n e s ..................................................................... Leather ski boots and other leather athletic footw ear...................................... Artificial trees, flowers, dried plants, and grasses............................................ Leather wearing apparel, n e s ........................................................................... Floor coverings, nes, of textile or vegetable materials ................................... China tableware ............................................................................................... Calculating and accounting machines, excluding parts ................................... Ceramic articles, n e s ......................................................................................... Radio and television receiving sets, phonographs, and audio equipment, nes .. 50.0 50.9 31.6 41.9 34.6 30.9 41.0 40.1 33.7 34.9 42.7 41.3 31.6 37.2 33.9 30.9 368 33.6 33.7 33.3 62.6 50.9 62.2 54.2 57.7 57.2 44.5 46.1 45.7 44.3 62.6 41.3 51.2 45.8 50.4 57.2 41.0 40.6 40.6 42.1 151.2 146.9 46.7 45.9 43.7 42.1 40.6 '40.4 38.9 ’ 38.7 1.8 -1.4 2.8 0.6 2.3 3.8 0.0 0.1 1.0 1.0 Smelter and refined zinc .................................................................................. Rainw ear........................................................................................................... Pulp mill products............................................................................................. Textile machinery, and parts, n e s ..................................................................... Hardwood plywood and veneer ....................................................................... Watches, clocks, clockwork operated devices, and p a r ts ............................... Electrometallurgical products........................................................................... Lace goods, nes ................................................................................................ Women's handbags and purs e s ....................................................................... Wood shingles, cooperage stock, and excelsior............................................... Cordage............................................................................................................. Distilled, rectified, and blended liquors, except brandy .................................... Ceramic floor and wall t ile ................................................................................ 28.5 20.2 30.4 36.6 31.3 21.1 19.7 21.7 20.6 26.6 21.5 24.9 22.9 28.5 20.2 30.3 26.1 27.9 21.1 19.7 21.7 20.6 19.3 20.4 24.3 16.7 43.2 44.9 32.3 37.3 33.1 39.9 36.3 35.1 38.5 34.2 40.3 26.4 32.2 37.4 40.6 32.3 33.2 33.1 39.9 31.1 27.7 38.5 34.1 23.4 24.3 32.2 37.4 33.4 ’ 31.4 131.3 31.0 30.0 29.7 '29.6 29.1 28.2 25.5 25.3 25.2 1.3 2.9 0.3 -0.5 0.3 2.7 1.6 0.9 2.6 1.1 0.3 -0.1 1.3 Women’s footwear, except athletic................................................................... Wines, brandy, and brandy spirits..................................................................... G'Oves. le ath er.................................................................................................. Dolls and stuffed toy anim als........................................................................... Canned and cured fish and seafoods .............................................................. Medicináis and botan cals ................................................................................ Cane or beet sugar, syrup, and molasses; beet pulp ...................................... Floor coverings, textile materials, pile inserted................................................. 18.9 21.3 22.3 21.8 24.8 22.0 22.5 11.3 18.9 18.5 18.3 17.5 20.7 20.2 16.1 11.3 33.5 28.9 31.0 30.1 25.4 24.6 24.3 28.0 33.5 26.2 31.0 30.1 21.0 21.7 18.5 24.3 24.9 23.2 23.0 22.7 '22.3 ’ 21.7 21.5 19.3 2.1 0.7 1.2 1.2 -0.5 0.0 -0.6 1.9 Chocolate and cocoa products......................................................................... 11.0 11.0 31.6 29.2 19.1 2.6 Semiconductors, rectifiers, and rectifying apparatus........................................ Silverware, plated ware, and stainless steel ware .......................................... Luggage of leather, textile materials, plastics ................................................. 11.5 14.9 15.4 11.5 14.9 12.6 23.2 21.6 25.0 23.2 17.4 24.4 ' 19.1 18.7 18.5 1.7 0.4 1.3 Electrical articles and electrical parts of articles ............................................ Gloves, except sports, leather, or fur gloves ................................................... 17.5 13.8 14.9 12.7 20.3 24.1 20.3 24.1 ’ 18.3 17.4 0.4 1.5 Outerwear, nes, of textile materials ................................................................ 16.3 14.0 20.8 20.0 17.3 0.5 Men’s footwear, except athletic ....................................................................... Typewriters and parts, nes .............................................................................. Optical instruments and lenses, and parts, nes .............................................. Ophthalmic goods and parts, n e s ..................................................................... Sporting and athletic goods and parts, nes ..................................................... 14.7 16.3 17.1 12.4 13.0 14.7 14.8 14.3 12.4 12.8 20.4 19.5 19.5 20.5 19.1 20.4 18.5 15.9 20.5 18.6 17.2 17.1 ' 17.1 16.6 16.2 0.8 0.3 -0.2 1.2 0.8 Motor vehicles and passenger car, truck, and bus bodies............................... Surveying and drafting instruments; balances, nes; measuring equipment, nes ............................................................................................. Flat goods of leather and other materials ....................................................... Lumber and other sawmill and planing mill products, except dimension hardwood .................................................................................... 13.6 13.4 18.3 18.3 16.0 0.7 12.5 14.0 12.5 10.7 22.0 20.1 19.0 20.1 1 15.5 15.4 0.9 0.9 16.3 11.2 17.5 16.9 15.1 0.1 'The 1972-79 average level of export proportionfor this group exceeds 10 percent. percent: SIC 2321-2, 2253(part), 2254 (part), 2331 (part), 2361 (part) — Male shirts, nightwear, nes = not elsewhere specified and underwear, and female and infants’knit shirts (20.6 percent); SIC 3911, 3915(part) — JewNote: This table includes all 4-digit SIC-basedmanufacturing commodity groups with imelry. of precious metal or stones (20.5 percent); and SIC 3944-G am es, toys, and children's ports accounting for 20 percent or more of new supply in 1979, with the exception ofthefolvehicles (22.2 percent), lowing groups, which all had a 1972-79 average level of import penetration less than 15 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 21 M ONTHLY LABOR REVIEW August 1982 • Imports and Employment Table 8. Employment in domestic industries which produce products similar to those in import-sensitive1 product qroups, 1972, 1979, and 1981 SIC code Industry Annual average employment (in thousands) Annual average growth rate (in percent) 1972 1979 1981 2084 2085 2091 Cane and beet s u g a r.......................... Chocolate and cocoa products; chewing gum2 ...................................... Wines, brandy, and brandy spirits2 . . . . Distilled liquors, except brandy2 ........... Canned and cured seafoods2 ............... 37.1 30.7 31.7 -2.7 -1.7 20.7 10.5 22.8 19.9 20.5 13.2 19.0 20.1 19.7 14.4 17.4 18.4 -0.1 3.3 -2 .6 0.1 -0.5 3.6 -3 .0 -0.9 Cigars2 ................................................. 1972 31493 3161 3171 3172 3151,3199 Footwear, except rubber, nec2 ........... Luggage .............................................. Women's handbags and purses2 ......... Personal leather goods, nec2 ............. Other leather products, nec2 ............. 3253,9 3262,33 Knit outerwear m ills ............................... Knit underwear mills ............................. Knit fabric and knitting mills, nec2 ......... Floor covering mills ............................... Other textile goods2 ............................... Cordage and twine2 ............................... 14.7 8.0 7.0 -8 .3 -7.9 3269 77.6 34.4 28.6 62.2 36.3 10.9 70.5 32.0 25.7 60.5 36.8 10.3 71.5 30.2 21.5 52.6 35.6 9.1 -1.4 -1 .0 -1.5 -0.4 0.2 -0.8 -0 .9 -1.4 -3.1 -1.8 -0.2 -2 .0 3313 3332,3 3339 3341 3 Electrometallurgical products2 ........... Primary lead and zinc2 ...................... Primary nonferrous metals, nec2 . . . . Secondary nonferrous metals2 ........... 2335 2337 2339 2342 23613 2363 2369 2371 2381 2385 2386,7,93 Men s and boys’ suits and c o a ts........... Men’s and boys’ shirts and nightwear .. Men’s and boys’ underwear2 ............... Men's and boys' clothing, nec2 ............. Women’s and misses’ blouses and w a ists ............................................ Women’s and misses' d re sse s............. Women’s and misses' suits and coats .. Women’s and misses’ outerwear, nec .. Brassieres and allied garments............. Children’s dresses and blouses ........... Children's coats and suits2 .................... Children’s outerwear2 ........................... Fur goods4 ................................... Fabric dress and work gloves2 ............. Waterproof outergarments2 .................. Apparel and accessories, nec2 ............. 1981 1972-79 1972— 81 32.3 17.3 19.9 13.0 14.0 23.5 17.7 18.5 14.3 14.5 23.0 15.0 17.5 12.6 13.6 -4.4 0.3 -1 .0 1.4 0.5 -3.7 -1 .6 -1.4 -0.3 -0.3 18.8 15.6 13.2 -2 .6 -3.9 10.4 12.0 9.7 14.6 9.4 12.5 -1.0 2.8 -1.1 0.5 15.1 9.1 8.2 17.7 15.0 9.5 10.7 24.8 13.1 7.7 11.8 23.7 -0.1 0.6 3.9 4.9 -1.6 -1.8 4.1 3.3 58.4 11.8 35.5 10.8 14.8 77.4 11.6 26.9 13.6 18.9 79.5 10.1 26.2 11.7 19.6 4.1 -0.2 -3.9 3.3 3.6 3.5 -1.7 -3.3 0.9 3.2 45.2 36.2 38.3 -3.1 -1.8 11.4 14.5 35.1 36.9 114.5 87.5 115.2 201.1 19.2 26.8 10.5 22.1 12.2 31.8 82.2 224.6 27.0 19.3 3.5 0.7 -3.8 8.3 4.9 11.2 0.8 -1.1 -3.6 7.7 3.9 7.0 14.0 0.7 0.0 415.2 463.0 352.4 46 1 46 1 37 1 18.2 19.5 16.8 1.6 00 1.0 -1.8 24 -0.9 Primary metal industries Apparel and other textile products 2311 2321 2322 23293 23313 1979 Annual average growth rate (in percent) Stone, clay, and glass products Textile mill products 22533 2254 2258,9 2271,2,93 2291-4,7,93 2298 Industry Other structural clay products2 ........... Vitreous china and earthenware food utensils2 .......................................... Pottery products, nec2 ........................ Tobacco manufactures 2121 Annual average employment (in thousands) 1972 79 1972— 81 Food and kindred products 2061-3 2066,7 SIC code 112.8 81.2 118.0 102.8 20.2 16.2 57.3 59.5 76.5 97.4 14.4 58.4 -4.6 -2 .0 -3.1 0.5 -4.2 -2.1 -3.7 0.2 46.0 64.0 62.4 197.4 156.5 137.1 73.4 64.8 61.4 105.5 149.4 147.1 31.3 18.7 18.3 34.0 27.5 27.2 9.7 7.4 6.4 29.8 30.8 30.2 5.7 4.4 4.0 14.0 14.5 11.1 17.8 12.2 11.8 21.5 20.1 24.3 4.8 -3.3 -1.8 5.1 -7.1 -3 .0 -3.8 0.5 -3 .6 0.5 -5.3 -1 .0 3.4 -4 .0 -2 .0 3.8 -5.8 -2.4 -4.5 0.1 -3.9 -2.5 -4.5 1.4 Machinery, except electrical 3541 3547 3552 3553 3554 3572 3574 Machine tools, metal cutting types . . . Rolling mill machinery2 ........................ Textile machinery ............................... Woodworking machinery2 .................... Paper industries machinery2 ............... Typewriters5 ........................................ Calculating and accounting machines5 . 1 Electric and electronic equipment 36293 3635,6,9 3651 3674 3675 3676,8 3699 Electrical industrial apparatus, nec2 . . . Other household appliances2 ............. Radio and tv receiving sets ............... Semiconductors and related devices .. Electronic capacitors2 ........................ Electronic resistors and connectors2 .. Other miscellaneous electrical equipment2 ...................................... 14.0 14.7 Transportation equipment Lumber and wood products 2421 2429 2435 2492,9 Sawmills and planing mills, general .. 182.0 196.4 171.5 Special product sawmills, nec2 ............. 6.1 6.5 4.9 Flardwood veneer and plywood ........... 30.9 27.9 24.8 Particleboard and wood products, nec2 . 65.0 70.8 67.7 1.1 0.9 -1.4 1.2 -0.7 -2.4 -2.4 0.5 Paper and allied products 2611 Pulp mills2 ........................................ 13.7 16.1 17.2 2.3 2.6 14.8 17.2 18.6 2.2 2.6 3711 3713 3751 Motor vehicles and car bodies ........... Truck and bus bodies ........................ Motorcycles, bicycles, and parts2 . . . . Instruments and related products 3811 3832 3851 3873 Engineering and scientific instruments . Optical instruments and le nses........... Ophthalmic g o o d s ............................... Watches, clocks, and watchcases . . . . Chemicals and allied products 2833 Medicináis and botanicals2 .................... Rubber and miscellaneous plastics products 3021 Rubber and plastic footwear.................. 28.7 22.7 22.2 -3.3 -2.8 Leather and leather products 3131 3143 3144 Boot and shoe cut stock and findings2 .. Men's footwear, except athletic ........... Women’s footwear, except athletic . . . . 13.4 63.8 86.6 11.7 57.9 59.3 11.2 57.2 52.9 -1 .9 -1.4 -5.3 -2.0 -1 .2 -5.3 11mport commodity groups for which either (1) the 1972-79 average annual increase in im port penetration was 1 percentage point or more, or (2) the 1972-79 average level of import penetration was 15 percent or more. 2 Unpublished establishment survey data. Employment data are of good quality, but have not been published due to an inadequate sample for publication of non-employment data types. 3 Industry employment series is related to more than one import-sensitive product group. 4 Unpublished establishment survey data. Employment data are of low quality and have not been published due to an inadequate sample for publication of any data types. 5 Unpublished establishment survey data. Employment data represent a combination of unpublished confidential series to avoid disclosure of any individual Industry estimates. 22 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 64.5 17.6 37.1 29.6 72.4 31.6 45.1 27.7 78.5 33.4 40.7 20.1 1.7 8.7 2.8 0.9 2.2 7.4 1.0 4.2 33.9 11.2 7.2 40.0 11.9 8.9 37.3 11.7 7.8 2.4 0.9 3.1 1.1 0.5 0.9 69.7 56.7 27.3 11.0 21.7 59.7 61.5 31.1 8.6 18.6 59.7 57.7 24.0 8.5 13.9 -2.2 1.2 1.9 -3.5 -2.2 -1.7 0.2 -1.4 -2.8 -4.8 Miscellaneous manufacturing industries 3911 3914 39153 3942,43 3949 3961 3962,3 3964 Jewelry, precious m e ta l...................... Silverware and plated ware2 ............... Jewelers’ materials and lapidary work2 Dolls, games, toys; and children's vehicles...................................... Sporting and athletic goods ............... Costume je w e lry ................................. Artificial flowers and buttons2 ............. Needles, pins, and fasteners2 ............. nec = not elsewhere classified. N ote : There are a few Industry employment series which have not been included because either data are not available for 1972 or industry coverage of the employment series is too broad to be matched with the import-sensitive product group. S ource : Bureau of Labor Statistics, Payroll Employment Program, Establishment Survey, March 1981 benchmark. to the 44 import commodity groups in table 6 with 1972-79 average annual increases in import penetration of 1 percentage point or more; 28 industry employment series relate to the 28 import groups in table 7 that had 1972-79 average annual increases in import penetration of less than 1 percentage point, but an average level of import penetration of 15 percent or more. Of the 79 employment series in table 8, 38 show a de clining 1972-79 average annual rate of change; 51 show a declining rate for the period 1972-81. (The larger number of declines for the 1972-81 period may be due to the downturn in the business cycle during 1980.) Twenty-two of the 38 industries with 1972-79 employ ment declines and 27 of the 51 with 1972-81 employ ment declines are in the textile, apparel, and leather goods groups. During the period 1972-79, total manu facturing employment grew at an average annual rate of 1.4 percent; for the period 1972-81, the growth rate was 0.6 percent. Further analysis would be required to determine whether imports were the major factor in the long-term employment decline in these 38 (or 51) indus tries. However, the foregoing does illustrate how analy sis of import penetration and change in industry employment might be used as a screening tool to focus on potential import problems which an industry might be facing. Usefulness of the measures A review of some of the major methodological and measurement problems in relating trade data to domes tic output and industry employment is presented in the appendix. Given these problems, the absolute values of the measures of import penetration and export propor tion are of limited use, for example, in inter-industry comparisons. However, they are valid for the study of direction and magnitude of change over time, if all oth er relevant factors remain unaltered (for example, no structural or reporting changes). Changes in import penetration are usually more im portant than levels when examining for possible em ployment displacement in a particular industry. How ever, it should be noted that a rapid rise in import penetration is not necessarily undesirable, because it might reflect a greater product specialization within an industry. This might involve higher levels of both im ports and exports, reflecting greater net competitiveness. For this reason, measures of import penetration should be examined in conjunction with measures of export proportion as well as other indicators. The BLS measures of import penetration have been de veloped on a 4-digit SIC basis because domestic employ ment measures are available only on that basis. However, by confining import penetration measures to the 4-digit S ic level, which often represents combinations of broad product groups, we may overlook some poten tial adjustment problems if these groups contain a mix ture of very competitive and less competitive products. As MORE COMPLETE DATA become available, it may be possible to further refine and improve the quality of the measures which BLS has developed for use in its trade monitoring program. However, the interpretation of im port penetration measures may be affected by factors in addition to the data limitations indicated above. For ex ample, the stage of the business cycle, as reflected in U.S. and world demand, will help determine the level and composition of both imports and exports. Shifts in consumer demand due to changing tastes or product substitution, strikes, the weather, and new government regulations are other exogenous factors. Long-term secu lar changes in capital investment, technology, and labor force characteristics also are influential. Q FOOTNOTES ' Commodity classification is based upon the Standard Industrial Classification Manual: 1972 (Washington, U.S. Government Printing 1976 Annual Survey of Manufactures, M76-AS-8 (Bureau of the Cen Office), and its 1977 Supplement. See the appendix for a more detailed description of the methods used to classify imports, exports, and do mestic output. ‘ While BLS has received no appropriation for its role, it has devot ed some resources from other programs to trade monitoring. The Census Bureau has received some limited funding for its role which has resulted in improved comparability between reported domestic production, import, and export commodity data, as well as more timely and detailed reporting of domestic production data. ' An alternative measure might be based upon a production or out put basis, that is, imports relative to shipments less net inventories and net exports. In most cases, inventory change data are not general ly available for adjusting product shipments data. If this measure were based over several years, the year-to-year fluctuations in invento ries over the business cycle probably would not create severe distor tions and would likely parallel analysis based on a domestic demand or apparent consumption basis. sus, 1978). ' A fifth measure, the ratio of imports to U.S. product shipments, M /S, is not discussed here. This ratio is equivalent to the ratio of the relative shares of new supply of imports-to-shipments, that is, [M/(M + S)]/[S/(M + S)]. Algebraically, it can be derived from ratio (b) as follows: let M /(M + S) = B, then M /S = B / ( l- B ) . Note that B may take on any value between 0 and 1; (M /S) is nonnegative but not necessarily bounded from above. 6 A solution to this problem would involve distinguishing “directly competitive” imports (primarily finished manufactures) from “sup porting” imports such as raw materials (for example, petroleum, lum ber, certain mineral and agricultural products, and semi-finished manufactures), and analyzing the supply and product availability of domestically produced substitutes. Substitution of domestic goods for foreign goods and resources will depend on both consumer tastes and industry technology. On the consumer side, income and price (cross) elasticities of demand, and on the producer side, capacity utilization, https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 4 See, “Origin of Exports of Manufacturing Establishments,” in 23 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW August 1982 • Imports and Employment productivity, and the possibility of resource bottlenecks, will influence the adjustment (both in the short run and the long run) to replace ment of imported commodities with domestically produced goods. The value-based measures presented in this article should be con sidered as approximations intended for broad industrial monitoring. Further adjustments would need to be made for a detailed analysis of a specific sector. These might include adjustments in import value to make it more equivalent to a domestic valuation, and attempting to account for different cost and wage structures among countries, the changing composition of the product basket, point of sale, and timing of sale. * BLS produces U.S. import and export price indexes which are based on the nomenclature of the Standard International Trade Clas sification (SITC) System of the United Nations, 1974 Revision. Monthly net transaction price data are collected by BLS for approxi mately 14,500 products from more than 6,000 companies (importers and exporters). The product areas surveyed for the import price in dexes account for about 96 percent of the value of U.S. imports and cover all imported commodities, excluding chemicals. The product areas surveyed for the export price indexes account for approximately 64 percent of the value of all U.S. exports and include machinery and transportation equipment, and selected categories of chemicals, inter mediate products, crude materials, and food. " Import data are BLS SIC-based aggregations of Census Bureau IM-145 monthly import tapes. Export data are from the Census Bu reau’s EA-675, U.S. Exports of Domestic and Foreign Merchandise, SIC Division by SIC-Based 2-Digit, 3-Digit, and 4-Digit Product Code. It should not be concluded that the remaining 246 groups are in sensitive to import changes. The choice of average annual increase of 1 percentage point and average level of 15 percent for the period is completely arbitrary and made only for the purpose of reducing the number of groups considered for analysis. The selection criteria could be adjusted according to any desired level of discrimination. APPENDIX: Data limitations There are several conceptual and measurement difficulties in comparing domestic output and employment data to com modity trade data. These problems vary with the product or industry considered, the definition of the industrial market, and the scope of the measure. Because each of the factors enu merated below affects comparability among trade and domes tic data to some degree, the BLS measures of import penetration and any related employment coverage for import groups should be viewed only as approximations. M arket mismatches. For the analysis of trade-related employ ment effects, it would seem reasonable to consider the output at the industrial level (4-digit SIC), because workers usually are mobile between establishments which produce similar products. However, for any meaningful analysis, there must be a defined market with distinct products, the definition depending, in part, upon the degree of vertical integration within the industry. In the above article, markets were defined at the industry level (4-digit SIC), but the pertinent market could be broader in some cases (for example, steel — SIC 331) or narrower (as for canned mushrooms, SIC 20333, within canned vegetables, SIC 2033). This is an important caveat, be cause the degree of import penetration calculated will vary with the definition of the ‘industry’ (2- , 3- , or 4-digit) or product category (5- or 7-digit) used. Com m odity versus industry base. Data on U.S. manufacturers’ shipments are available on two bases: 1) industry shipments— total shipments of firms classified in a given industry, which include other secondary products, and 2) product-class ship m ents— total shipments of the primary products of the indus try, which include sales of the same products made by firms classified in other industries. Because international trade classi fications are commodity-based, it was decided to match imports and exports to domestic sales of a commodity on a product-class basis. A product class is a group of individual products of an in dustry. It is designated by a 5-digit code, the first four digits indicating the SIC (industry), and the fifth, the specific group of products. In some cases, a 5-digit product class is, by defi nition, limited to products of a particular manufacturing pro cess (for example, ferrous wire made in wiredrawing plants, SIC 33151, as distinguished from ferrous wire not produced by wiredrawers, SIC 34961). Accordingly, the output of all 5-digit classes with similar end products must be combined before comparisons are made with import levels, because the import 24 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis classifications do not make these differentiations. Because employment data are available only on an industry basis, we must consider the commodity-to-industry mismatch when relating product-based measures of import penetration or export proportion to industry employment. Two available measures are useful in evaluating this problem. The first is the specialization ratio, defined as primary product output within the industry divided by total industry output (primary and secondary). The second measure, the coverage ratio, is the pri mary product output produced within an industry divided by total output of the primary product by all industries. If these two measures are fairly constant over time, then the industryto-commodity mismatch should not present a major problem when changes in commodity-based import penetration or ex port proportion are compared with changes in industry-based measures, such as employment. Data duplication. In computing measures of import penetra tion at the 4-digit SIC level, domestic product-based output must be aggregated and matched to imports. Aggregation of 5-digit product-class shipments to a 4-digit level will result in duplication to the extent that these commodities are used as materials in other commodities produced within the industry considered. (There are no similar problems of duplication in the import data, because only final products are recorded.) Most domestic output classes covering contract and commis sion work have been excluded to minimize duplication in the valuation of output. However, in lieu of an appropriate gener al measure of duplication, such as the percentage of output currently accounted for by intraindustry sales, it can only be noted that, if there is substantial duplication in the measure ment of domestic output, the corresponding measure of im port penetration will be understated. Comparability o f com m odity classes. The available trade data are not ideal for the calculation of import penetration ratios or export proportions. Limitations include problems of valua tion, timing, coverage, and comparability with classifications for domestic output. Perhaps the most critical problem is the incongruity among classifications used for reporting domestic production, U.S. imports, and U.S. exports. Reported domestic production (as well as employment) is based on the classification of domestic economic activity of establishments according to the Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) M anual, 1972 edition. U.S. im ports are reported on the basis of more than 10,000 legal tariff commodity classifications, designed for the collection of duties, in the T a r if f S c h e d u le s o f th e U n ite d S ta te s A n n o ta te d (TSUSA). Finally, U.S. exports are reported on the basis of the Commerce Departm ent’s more than 4,000 Statistical Classi fications of U.S. Exports (Schedule B). The three classification structures (SIC, TSUSA, Schedule B) were designed for different uses. The SIC nomenclature is or ganized by stage of processing (for example, raw materials, manufactured products, services, and so forth). The origin of production is the establishment primarily responsible for out put. In some cases, the method of manufacture or process, or market use, is important for industry classification. On the other hand, the trade classifications are commodity based; that is, they define objective commodity characteristics, mate rial content, operating characteristics, and so forth, which may cross industry lines. In the case of imports, these com modity characteristics are important for the determination of any applicable duty. For the purpose of relating imports (exports) to output, in dividual TSUSA (Schedule B) commodity numbers are assigned to a 5-digit SIC-based product class. In cases where the TSUSA (Schedule B) numbers include items which should be classified under two or more SIC-based output codes, an assignment is made to that code under which the principal content of the TSUSA (Schedule B) number appears to belong, if such an assignment will not significantly overcount the SIC classification to which the TSUSA (Schedule B) number is assigned or undercount the other SIC classifications to which it partially belongs. Where it appears that distortions will re sult from the assignment of an entire TSUSA (Schedule B) number to a single SIC-based output code, the principal SICbased output classes are combined to form a more compre hensive SIC-based import (export) code, and the pertinent TSUSA (Schedule B) data are assigned to the combination. For the 1972 edition of the SIC, and its 1977 Supplement, there are 452 4-digit SIC-based manufacturing output codes and 347 (409) 4-digit SIC-based manufacturing import (export) codes. As one can see, the concordance between domestic output and either SIC-based imports or exports (and for that matter, even between SIC-based imports and exports) is not perfect. Under Section 608 of the Trade Act of 1974, the D epart ments of Commerce and Treasury, along with the Internation al Trade Commission, are working to improve the different classifications used for reporting domestic production, im ports, and exports. Since the signing of the Act, significant improvements have been made. A completely new Schedule B classification for exports, structured after the TSUSA number ing scheme for imports, was introduced in 1978. In addition, new and more detailed TSUSA classifications are introduced each year, which in many cases permit better associations with domestic output classifications. But while these improvements in comparability are critical for relating trade to domestic eco nomic activity, they present substantial problems for time-se ries analysis, because the improvements are often achieved at the cost of breaks in individual classification series. For exam ple, only 318 of the 347 4-digit SIC-based import classificat ions currently available can be matched to output on a consistent basis for the years 1972-79. In some cases, it is inappropriate (or impossible) to calcu late a measure of import penetration, because comparable im port data are not available for certain domestic output classifi cations (for example, morticians’ goods, screw machine prod ucts, and so forth). In most cases this is not because these items are not imported, but because the different classification structures used for imports (TSUSA) and output (SIC) do not distinguish product characteristics on the same basis. In some https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis cases, the tariff classifications are not defined precisely enough to permit association of import data with 5-digit detailed do mestic output classifications. However, where it is likely that the domestic product class is subsumed in imports at the 4-digit level, it is included in the calculation of the import penetration measure. (For example, products like canned baby foods, SIC 20321, are assumed to be included in the broader import grouping for canned and preserved fruits and vegeta bles.) The value of manufactures shipments at the 4-digit com modity level often includes a small amount which is not distributed among the individual 5-digit product classes. When SIC-based import groupings represent combinations of product classes from different 4-digit groups, a share of the undistributed output for the 4-digit output class is allocated to each output product class according to the 5-digit productclass share of the 4-digit total. Because this allocation is an approximation, the value of shipments for the 4-digit import commodity group might be slightly misstated. V aluation . Differences in the method and point of valuation of imports and exports present major problems in comparisons with domestic output. Output shipments values are sample es timates, subject to error, and usually relate to the point of production. They include interplant transfers and are gross output measures (value added plus cost of materials). In the above analysis, exports were valued at the point of exportation— seaport, borderpoint, or airport. The export val ue represents the selling price, or cost if not sold, and includes expenditures for freight, insurance, and other charges to the export point. In addition, the exporter’s trade margin above cost boosts the export value in relation to producers’ values. Information on the magnitude of this incremental margin is not available on a commodity-by-commodity basis. And, be cause export values pertain only to direct exports, and not to commodities which are incorporated into other, more finished products and exported in finished form, the relation of exports to shipments for intermediate products (such as steel shapes) is considerably understated. Beginning in 1974, the Census Bureau began reporting im ports on an f.a.s. basis (transaction value, f.o.b. port of expor tation) and on a c.i.f. basis (value of the import at the first port of entry), in addition to the previously reported customs value. The customs value, which is used in this article, has been the basic valuation for duty-collection purposes since the inception of the tariff schedules. It usually represents the value in the foreign country and excludes duties, insurance, and oth er charges. Until recently, customs values did not necessarily represent transaction values. Certain products were valued for customs purposes on the basis of their American Selling Price (ASP), which in most cases was above the actual transaction value. However, under the Customs Valuation Code of the Trade Agreements Act of 1979, the ASP valuation practice is to be phased out and replaced with a transaction-based valua tion. As a result, beginning with the compilation of 1982 trade statistics, the Census Bureau is substituting the transac tion-based customs value for the f.a.s. value, and discontin uing the compilation of f.a.s. import values. Of the three alternative import valuations, customs value, f.a.s., and c.i.f., the last would be preferred, because it would reflect the purchase price, freight, insurance, and other charges (except overland charges from Mexico or Canada). To obtain a landed value, customs duties assessed should also be added. This landed value would be the most appropriate measure to use in comparisons with domestic output. Because customs value was used in the above analysis, the import values under- 25 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW August 1982 • Imports and Employment state the landed U.S. market value. However, the Census Bu reau has tabulated SIC-based import penetration measures for 1974 using all three valuation bases, finding that in most cases there are no major differences, while in some there might be differences of as much as 2 percentage points. Both imports and exports exclude low-valued shipments and mail entry items. To the extent these items are impor tant in a product category, the valuation will be understated. With few exceptions (for example, used tractors, cars, and tires), used or rebuilt commodities are classified in the same import or export group as new merchandise. Import penetra tion measures will be overstated to the extent that used or re built products are significant in trade, because domestic shipments data usually do not include such commodities. Differences in labor requirements for imported commodities present a major problem in value comparisons with domestic output when inferences are made about the employment asso ciated with a particular commodity group. A commodity 26 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis group should be defined with sufficient product detail to en sure homogeneity with regard to labor requirements. But in the foregoing analysis, imports are not differentiated by sup plying country, a primary determinate of labor input and costs. Products are assumed to be homogeneous within world industrial sectors, and are distinguished only between those which are imported and those which are produced domestical ly. Imports are compared with like or similar domestically produced commodities on a dollar-for-dollar basis. While this method is probably more valid for the analysis of the balance of payments, it has severe limitations if such a one-to-one cor respondence between output and imports is inferred. Different wage and cost structures in each country will affect current dollar value comparability between domestically produced and imported goods. Furthermore, any estimate of the U.S. labor requirements necessary to produce output equivalent to the imported amount would be affected by differences in the valu ation of imports and output. Productivity and people A number of economic factors have created a new awareness of the human factor in the productivity equation: inflation, the high cost of money, slow economic growth, high energy costs, and increased for eign competition have all served to broaden our perspective. Although in the past top management has tended to downgrade or minimize the importance of the human factor, there is a new awareness of its signif icance today. A national opinion survey of leadership in the United States in 1979 revealed that government leaders considered improved employee relations to be one of the principal avenues of productivity improvement. Increasing awareness by the chief executive officers in American industry of this source of productivity will also focus cor porate attention on more innovative programs within the workplace. — J e r o m e M. R o s o w , e d . Productivity: Prospects for Growth (New York, Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., 1981), p. 256. How valid are estimates of occupational illness? While the annual BLS survey measures few chronic, long-latent, or fatal illnesses, estimates derived from other studies can prove statistically flawed and inaccurate H a r v e y J. H i l a s k i a n d C h a o L i n g W a n g Incidence rates of occupational disease, published each year by the Bureau of Labor Statistics, understate the total impact of the work environment on workers’ health.1This is so because the statistics virtually exclude chronic types of illnesses, as well as illnesses having a long latent period whose relationship to the job often surfaces only after retirement or death. Alternative methods of measurement confirm that an undercount exists, but differ concerning its magnitude. This article examines some of the alternative methods of estimating occupational diseases and suggests that a consensus on the adequacy and reliability of the esti mates is not likely. One of the first studies to highlight the scope of occu pational disease in this country was a pilot study sponsored by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health ( n i o s h ). Confined to cross-sectional samples of workers in designated small industries in O r egon and Washington, the study was designed to deter mine the usefulness of a set of medical procedures for diagnosing occupational disease, and to ascertain how much new data on occupational illnesses would be gen erated by this method. The results of the study, published in 1975, underscored the issue of a large undercount in current occupational illness statistics, pri marily those of BLS.2 Harvey J. Hilaski is an economist in the Office of Occupational Health and Safety Statistics, Bureau of Labor Statistics. Chao Ling Wang is a biostatistician in the same office. Mary Kay Rieg of the R e v ie w staff provided special editorial assistance. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis When analysts compared counts of cases of “proba ble occupational disease” from the pilot study with those from employer logs maintained under regulations of the Occupational Safety and Health Administration ( o s h a ), and with employer workers’ compensation re cords, they found that nearly 90 percent of the cases (approximately 400) uncovered in the pilot study were not listed in employers’ files.3In effect, the findings indi cated that the procedures normally followed by employ ers in recording and reporting occupational illnesses in fulfillment of legal requirements result in a gross under estimate of occupational disease in the United States. It should not be surprising that most of the “proba ble occupational disease” cases found in the pilot study were not included in employer records. Consider, for example, that of the 346 cases discovered in the study, hearing loss was most prominent, amounting to about 28 percent. This condition usually has a gradual onset, with the result that the worker may be unaware of any defect in hearing unless he or she undergoes a hearing test such as that administered in the study. Moreover, hearing loss is often part of the aging process; without baseline data and subsequent periodic testing of the work environment and resulting effects on the worker, the occupational relationship can be seriously chal lenged.4 The NIOSH study results may be questioned in several aspects, including possible bias inherent in the special procedures used to assess the health status of surveyed workers. However, the design is a feasible method for 27 M ONTHLY LABOR REVIEW August 1982 • O c c u p a tio n a l Illn e ss E stim a te s dealing with the detection of occupational diseases which are not readily apparent. Unlike the BLS annual survey, which measures the incidence of occupational disease, or the number of new cases recognized by em ployers as occupational in keeping with regulatory crite ria, the NIOSH study measured the prevalence of occupational illness, or the level of occupational illnesses existing at a given time. For some purposes, prevalence is the more meaningful measure, in that it reflects the universe of persons with disease whose medical and eco nomic needs may warrant special attention. However, high prevalence does not necessarily indicate high risk; instead, it may reflect an increase in survival, perhaps due to improved medical care. Conversely, low preva lence may reflect either a rapidly fatal process or cure of disease. The incidence measure is better adapted to keep a “running tab” on the health effects of workplace ha zards, except for that component of occupational disease which is chronic in nature or of long latency. Indirect estimates Other studies and reports on occupational health problems have also pointed to an undercount in current illness estimates, but they are largely based on indirect evidence. The lack of reliable measures of occupational illnesses nationally has necessitated use and manipula tion of surrogate data from epidemiologic or other stud ies to produce rather specific estimates of occupational diseases. On the basis of such data, a 1979 Labor De partment report to Congress claimed that a conservative estimate of the prevalence of byssinosis among nearly 560.000 workers exposed to cotton dust at current lev els was 83,610.5 In 1980, another congressional report by the Department (hereinafter referred to as the Inter im Report) provided several estimates of respiratory disease prevalence or deaths from worker exposure to asbestos, silica, beryllium, cadmium, chromium, arsenic, nickel, coal tar products, and diisocyanates.6 Among other things, the Interim Report stated that, of 1 mil lion workers currently exposed to silica, an estimated 59.000 will develop “some level” of silicosis; it also pre dicted 43,230 lung impairments as a result of exposure to diisocyanates, chemicals used to produce plastic products. Much like the NIOSH study results, these estimates suggest a substantial undercount in the regularly published national statistics, which for 1980 showed 2,200 cases of all “dust diseases of the lungs.”7(The BLS survey does not ask employers to specify recognized oc cupational illnesses such as asbestosis, byssinosis, and silicosis and thus provides no direct estimates of the in cidence of these diseases.) It seems worthwhile, there fore, to examine more closely the major methodologies and techniques commonly used in deriving indirect esti mates of occupational disease.8 28 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis P revalence o f disease. Prevalence rates were used to de rive the estimate for silicosis cited above. These rates express the proportion of the population having a dis ease at a given time, regardless of time of onset. But be cause epidemiological studies, the major source of prevalence estimates of occupational disease, are con fined to a particular population with a specific exposure, extrapolation of the findings to other, larger populations requires caution. Table 1, excerpted from the Interim Report, will be used to illustrate some of the limitations in the use of prevalence rates for this purpose. The exposed population figures, obtained from a vari ety of sources, including the Mine Safety and Health Administration and NIOSH, are not representative exclu sively of the exposed work force. The more important figures in this table are the prevalence rates, which were obtained from various special studies. Estimates of the numbers of disease cases were calculated by multiplying the exposed populations by the prevalence rates. The crucial problem in applying prevalence rates de rived from special studies to an entire production work force is the lack of assurance that the composition and levels of exposure of the larger population are the same as those of the worker group studied. The group of workers selected for epidemiological study is usually not a statistical sample of all production workers in the in dustry; therefore, the prevalence rates from such a study cannot be generalized to the larger population. Use of the specialized prevalence rates in deriving the silicosis estimates probably led to biased results. For ex ample, the 10-percent prevalence rate for the granite in dustry, which was adapted from an article published in the A rc h iv e s o f E n v ir o n m e n ta l H e a lth in 1974,9 was not a prevalence measure of silicosis or other respiratory disease, as would be expected. The source data related only to current dust exposures in the Vermont granite Table 1. Estimated number of cases of silicosis among currently exposed workers Industry T o ta l........... Mining: M e ta l.................. Coal .................. Nonmetal........... Quarry: Granite........... Sand or gravel Population exposed Prevalence per 100 persons Estimated number of disease cases 59,102 1,057,000 24,000 126,000 7,000 3.4 .5 .8 816 630 56 4,000 40,000 10.0 10.0 400 4,000 Stone, clay, and glass products • • 511,000 2 .0 -2 0 .0 31,500 Foundries: Iron and steel . . . Nonferrous......... 192,000 75,000 4.0 — 9.0 16,700 Abrasive blasting .. 78,000 6.5 5,000 S ource : U.S. Department of Labor, An Interim Report to Congress on Occupational Dis eases, June 1980, table A-2, pp. 130-31. sheds. But for estimating purposes, it was assumed that sand and gravel workers have the same “prevalence rate” as the granite workers, under further assumption of a similar degree and duration of exposure. In the case of the stone, clay, and glass products industry, a specific prevalence rate was selected for estimating pur poses, although special studies showed a range of rates. While the chosen rate— 6.16 percent— appears conser vative, there is no reason to assume that it is a better estimate than any other within the wide 2- to 20-per cent range of individual study results. If prevalence rates had been calculated from sample data, the preci sion of the estimates could be measured by standard er rors. But for the data in table 1, the standard error of estimated prevalence is not available, and the precision of the estimates is therefore not known. Dose-response. Dose-response studies generally attempt to establish a statistical relationship between dose (ex posure) and response (onset of disease or death). For simplicity, this will be illustrated by example. Eight of 22 North Carolina textile manufacturing plants were se lected for a 1970-71 study of cotton textile workers.10A dose-response curve was fitted to the resulting data on the prevalence of byssinosis among a group of 1,259 workers in the cotton preparation and yarn area. (See table 2.) From the fitted curve, the byssinosis preva lence rates and their 95-percent confidence limits for workers in the cotton preparation and yarn area were predicted at various cotton dust levels of exposure: Dust level (m g/m 3) . . . . Predicted prevalence per 100 workers .......... 95-percent confidence in te r v a l.......................... 0.1 0.2 0.5 6.5 12.7 25.8 5.0-8.5 10.8-14.9 22.5-29.3 The referenced study suggested that a reasonably safe level of lint-free cotton dust is 0.1 m g/m 3 in the cotton preparation and yarn area, because nearly 94 percent of the workers exposed at this level had no symptoms of byssinosis. As indicated in table 3, the authors of the Interim Report used the results of the North Carolina study to calculate the total number of expected byssinosis cases by multiplying 1977 BLS data for production workers in six yarn manufacturing industries by the prevalence rate of 25.8 per 100 workers— the prevalence predicted by the textile worker study for dust level exposure of 0.5 m g /m 3. But it is unrealistic to assume that all workers in yarn industries generally are exposed to such high levels of cotton dust. This assumption might not even be true of cotton preparation and yarn workers nation wide, the types of workers among whom the prevalence study was done. Even if it were, however, the results of this special study should not be construed as necessarily https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Table 2. level Data on byssinosis prevalence by median dust Median dust level (mg/m3 rounded) Item Sample size (n) .................. Cases of byssinosis (r) . . . . Prevalence (r/n x 100) . . . .05 .07 .10 .15 145 5 3.4 71 2 2.8 193 14 7.3 279 78 208 147 65 31 27 10 39 37 30 14 9.7 12.8 18.8 25.2 46.2 45.2 .23 .34 .51 .77 1.2 1.7 42 17 40.5 representative of production workers in all yarn manu facturing industries, because the occupational composi tion of other industry segments would probably not be similar to that of the cotton preparation and yarn area. Closer scrutiny of the dose-response relationship in the cotton preparation and yarn area makes the selec tion of the 25.8 prevalence rate even more puzzling, as only about 285, or 23 percent, of the 1,259 workers fell in the categories exposed to median dust levels 0.5 m g/m 3 or above. According to the data in table 2, the average overall byssinosis prevalence for the entire study was 15.5 per 100 workers, or 195 persons. For the study of illnesses such as byssinosis, informa tion on duration or years of exposure to the hazard is also crucial. This factor should be taken into account because a worker with 10 or 20 years of work exposure would seem to be more susceptible to byssinosis than a worker with a few years of exposure. Moreover, a work er’s exposure level may change over the years, due to changes (not always for the worse) in working condi tions, including ventilation, industrial hygiene practices, and so forth. In short, a worker normally experiences different amounts of exposure, of varied duration, over the course of his or her employment. If the dose-re sponse relationship curve is not adjusted for the extent of exposure, its accuracy is diminished. Unfortunately, comprehensive data on the intensity, duration, and fluctation of exposure are rarely available, particularly in retrospective studies of the type used in making the above estimates. In general, dose-response relationship curves are nonlinear, monotonic (increasing or decreasing), and have lower and upper asymptotes (usually, but not al ways, 0 and 100 percent). The models tend to operate well in a restricted range of exposure or dosage levels, but not over the entire range; that is, they may be use ful in determining the “safe” level of exposure, but they are not suitable for developing national or industry wide statistics on occupational illnesses. Standardized mortality ratio. The standardized mortality ratio has been widely used as a summary index of mor tality in occupational epidemiologic studies. The ratio is a method commonly used to accomplish indirect age adjustment by applying age-specific death rates of a standard population to a study population to yield a 29 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW August 1982 • Occupational Illness Estimates Table 3. Expected numbers of byssinosis cases, selected yarn manufacturing industries Yarn manufacturing Broad woven fabric mills, cotton ........................... Circular knit fabric mills . . . Yarn spinning mills ........... Texturizing, throwing, twisting, and winding mills .. Thread m ills ...................... Tire cord and fabric ......... Standard Industrial Classification Code Exposed workers Assumed prevalence (in percent) Expected cases 2211 2257 2281 86,600 1,000 34,400 25.8 25.8 25.8 22,340 300 8,880 2282 2284 2296 13,900 3,600 1,600 25.8 25.8 25.8 3,590 930 410 S ource : U.S. Department of Labor, An Interim Report to Congress on Occupational Dis eases, June 1980, table A-1, p. 126. number of “expected” deaths. It is defined as: SMR _ total observed deaths in a study population total expected deaths in the population A ratio greater than 1 means that more deaths have been observed in the study group than would be expected on the basis of rates for the standard popula tion; conversely, fewer deaths than expected are indicat ed by a ratio less than 1. A test, such as chi-square, is generally used for determining the level of significance of the results. If the focus is on mortality from hazards in the workplace, an ideal standard population would include all workers in the Nation. But because mortality data are not available in this detail, the total U.S. popula tion, or the male population, is generally selected as the standard. Consequently, misunderstanding sometimes arises in applying standardized mortality ratios to esti mate the total number of deaths caused by certain dis eases in industry. In the Interim Report, the ratio was used to derive estimates of work-related lung cancers.11 Data from three sources were used in the computations: (1) The number of workers exposed to beryllium com pounds and oxides in end-user processes, estimat ed at 50,000, was obtained from the n i o s h 1972 National Occupational Hazard Survey. (2) The mortality ratio of 1.6 for lung cancer among beryllium workers was taken from epidemiologic studies. (3) The 1976 U.S. age-adjusted incidence for lung cancer of 116 per 100,000 males over age 20 was used. The number of expected deaths from lung cancer among workers in end-user industry processes was then calculated as: 50,000 X 1.6 X (116/100,000), or about 93 lung cancer deaths. Is this a valid estimate of all lung cancer deaths in this industrial population which were due to exposure to beryllium compounds? First, it is important to understand that a stan 30 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis dardized mortality ratio of 1.6 does not mean that the mortality rate of the study population is 1.6 times that of the standard population and can thus be used as a multiplying factor to obtain the number of deaths in a broader population. Even when exposed to the same health hazards and having the same age-specific death rates for all age groups, different study populations will yield different values of the standardized mortality ratio if their age distributions differ. Obviously, then, the ra tios should not be used in estimating the number of deaths due to disease in populations which differ in composition from a study population. Second, a high ratio does not imply that all deaths from lung cancers, for example, are caused by occupa tional exposure; it tells us only that the study population has an unusually high mortality risk. We do not know what percentage of deaths actually resulted from expo sure, in this case to beryllium. Even if the standardized mortality ratio were interpreted to mean that the num ber of deaths of the study population is 1.6 times that of the standard population, 58 (that is, 93/1.6) deaths per year from lung cancer would have occurred in the study population irrespective of any exposure to beryllium. That leaves 35 deaths per year (or about 38 percent of total estimated deaths) which might be attributed to, or aggravated by, exposure to beryllium compounds. At most, the estimate of 93 deaths depicts the total cancer toll among the occupational group, not the excess cancer resulting from beryllium exposure. Relative risk. Because incidence or other direct measures of occupational disease are generally lacking, epidemio logic study of occupational morbidity often relies on a measure of excess risk of a disease among workers in specified working environments to determine the associ ation between certain occupational factors and the inci dence of disease. One such measure is relative risk. As we will see, relative risk also is subject to misuse in making estimates of occupational disease in industry, perhaps because of confusion about its definition. This can be illustrated again by an example from the Interim Report. From the National Occupational Hazard Sur vey, 98,090 workers were estimated to be exposed to chromates in chromate pigment production and, as not ed, the 1976 U.S. male age-adjusted incidence rate of lung cancer for those over age 20 was 116 per 100,000. Based on these two figures and a chosen relative risk of 5, the estimated number of lung cancers per year among the 98,090 workers was 570 cases: (exposed population) X (incidence rate of male population) X (relative risk) = (98,090) X (116/100,000) X 5 = 570 cases. The report stated: “ Based on three studies reporting relative risks from 2.3 to 38, a relative risk of 5 will be used for workers exposed to chromate compounds. . . . ” 12 Seemingly, this is a conservative choice, but in reality there is no way to tell whether the relative risk of 5 is ap propriate or not, because we have no information on its precision. More basic issues are whether relative risk should even be used to estimate the incidence of lung can cer cases, and what is involved if one does so. Relative risk is a measure of the strength of the asso ciation of the disease with a certain factor, such as exposure to a specific chemical, and thus is an impor tant statistical tool in retrospective epidemiological studies. It is defined as the ratio of the incidence rate of those exposed to a factor to that of those not exposed. Conversely, relative risk can be used to compare groups of subjects diagnosed as having a disease to de termine if the groups differ in the proportion of persons who had been exposed to the specific factor or factors. However, because retrospective study entails looking at the historical frequency of the suspected cause in a dis eased group and a control group, the incidence rates of the diseased among the exposed and unexposed cannot be estimated directly but only approximated by relative risk, an odds ratio (or risk ratio). Consider the following tabulation, in which the total r of the /th group of workers in a study population T K (T = 2 TJ, where K equals the total number of groups, is divided as: Exposed to factor . . . . Not exposed to factor . T o ta l................... With disease W ithout disease A1 B1 C D A.1 + C1 , B1 + D 1 Total A 1 + B1 C, + D, T1 Data classified in the table may be obtained from prospective, cross-sectional, or retrospective studies. Ac cording to the tabulation above, the proportion of workers exposed to a factor and having the disease is Aj /(A j + B,), while the corresponding proportion of unexposed workers with the disease is C /(C + Dj). Thus, the relative risk of disease for exposed workers is: Aj (C + D ^ /C (Ai + Bj). But because the incidence of a specific disease in a population tends to be low, the calculation ( A j D ^ / ^ C ) — that is, (A j/B ^/C C /D ,)— provides a close approximation of the relative risk (but not of the incidence of disease) for the /th group of in dividuals. For an overall relative risk, a commonly used formula is:13 R = I (AjDj/Tj) / I (BjCj/Tj) i = 1 i = 1 Because age is an important factor affecting incidence of disease, it should be accounted for in measurements of overall relative risk. In such an age-adjusted risk ra tio, Tj is the total of the /th age group. The chi-square https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis test is commonly used to determine whether the relative risk is significantly different from 1. Using a risk ratio from a particular study and an incidence rate for the general male population to estimate the extent of occu pational disease in a larger population exposed to a specific factor assumes similarity among the age and sex distributions of all groups. However, in the Interim Re port’s estimate of disease from exposure to chromate compounds, the composition of the general male popu lation and the exposed population may not be similar to that of any special study population. Therefore, use of the relative risk of 5, selected from a range, may pro duce biased results. In brief, relative risk is a measure only of the strength of the association between the disease and the exposure factor. If significantly different from 1, it indicates only that the disease is strongly associated with the exposure factor, not that the factor necessarily causes the disease. Any firmer conclusion would require further study. Rel ative risk is surely a critical measure for assessing the etiologic role of a factor in disease, but it is not suitable for estimating the incidence of disease. Cancer related to occupational factors What fraction of cancer incidence in this country is attributed to occupational exposure to carcinogens in the workplace? An unpublished 1978 report prepared jointly by several research institutes indicated that about 20 percent of all cancers are occupationally relat ed and stated: “If recent evidence is considered and if the full consequences of occupational exposures in the present and recent past are taken into account, esti mates of at least 20 percent . . . may even be conserva tive.” 14 The report concluded that earlier estimates that only 1 to 5 percent of all cancers in the United States were attributable to occupational factors had not been scientifically documented and that Dr. Philip Cole’s 1977 estimates of less than 15 percent for men, and less than 5 percent for women, contained a large element of uncertainty.15 The results from the joint report have been cited in numerous publications, and questions have been raised concerning their validity. The 20-percent overall estimate resulted from a twostep merger of the results of several separate studies. The first step developed estimates of the fraction of can cers due to asbestos exposure, while the second com pared the risks from asbestos exposure with those from five other high-exposure substances, with the final result based on that comparison. Details of the estimation procedure follow. According to the report, about 8 to 10 million work ers have been exposed to asbestos since the beginning of World War II, and approximately 4 million have had heavy exposure. On the basis of a longitudinal study of a cohort of insulation and shipyard workers, the report 31 M ONTHLY LABOR REVIEW August 1982 • Occupational Illness Estimates indicated that, of deaths of heavily exposed workers, 20 to 25 percent were from lung cancer, 7 to 10 percent from pleural or peritoneal mesothelioma, and 8 to 9 percent from gastrointestinal cancer. Summed up, this suggests that 35 to 44 percent of cohort deaths were at tributable to cancer diseases. Accordingly, the joint study group concluded that, over the next 30 years, at least 1.6 million (about 40 percent of the 4 million) heavily exposed workers would die from the asbestos-re lated cancers listed above. Based on an assumption suggested by data from a second source, the excess risk to the remaining less heavily exposed workers (4 to 7 million) was estimated to be one-fourth of that for the heavily exposed (a 10-percent risk, obtained as lA X 40 percent), yielding a cancer estimate for this group of 0.4 to 0.7 million. This raises the total to between 2.0 and 2.3 million cancer deaths over the next three decades, with expected averages of 58,000 to 75,000 cancer deaths per year associated with asbestos alone. The joint study indicated that this excess number of cancer deaths would account for roughly 13 to 18 percent of all expected cancer deaths. In the second step, the study presented data on carci nogenic risks to workers found to be exposed to five substances in addition to asbestos during a 1972-74 National Occupational Hazard Survey.16 Table 4, adapt ed from the study, shows selected results. The risk ra tios were either standard mortality ratios or risk ratios selected from a range of values obtained from other epi demiological studies. The report indicated that the figures were not precise estimates, but reasonable ones for comparison purposes, because they were all derived by the same method. Other conclusions pertaining to the second step of the joint study: • Excess cases for the other five substances combined are about 33,000 cancers per year, versus 13,900 for asbestos alone (table 4). The data show that these five agents together pose hazards similar to or greater than those posed by asbestos. • The projected numbers of excess cancers are only for the 1972-74 groups of N-size workers. But because of workplace turnover, the actual number of workers ex posed over time will be several times larger than N. • Consequently, the excess number of cases from asbes tos (13,900) among the 1972-74 group underesti mates the annual expected number of cancer deaths related to asbestos— 58,000 to 75,000, as derived in step 1— by a factor of 4 to 5. • Because the data for the five other substances listed in table 4 were derived in the same way as those for asbestos, the estimates may likewise underestimate the number of cancers attributable to these sub stances. Digitized for 32FRASER https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Table 4. Risks of disease associated with exposure to selected substances Chemical substance Estimated number of workers exposed, 1972-74 (N) (in millions) Asbestos . . 1.6 Arsenic . . . 1.5 Benzene . . . 2.0 Chromium . 1.5 Nickel 1.4 .... Petroleum products . 3.9 Diseases of risk Lung cancer Mesothelioma Respiratory cancer Leukemia Respiratory cancer Respiratory cancer Lung cancer Age-adjusted Projected incidence number of of excess (R) disease (1) cases (assumed) (per 100,000) (R-1)NI Risk ratio 6.6 116 (one third of lung cancer) 4.7 131 5 17.9 10,400 3,500 7,300 1,400 5 131 7,900 5 131 7,300 3 116 9,100 S ource : National Cancer Institute, National Institute of Environmental Health Services, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Estimates o f the Fraction o f Cancer in the United States Related to Occupational Factors, September 1978, (unpublished) table 2 p. 33-38. • According to results from the first study step, asbes tos alone will account for between 13 and 18 percent of all cancer deaths over the next 30 years. The data for the five other substances suggest at least 10 to 20 percent additional cancer deaths. Hence the study conclusion that occupationally related cancers may make up 20 percent or more of cancer deaths in forthcoming decades. Closer examination of the joint study findings indi cates that they may not be fully supported by data from the various studies used in their development, a conclu sion corroborated in a report prepared for the Office of Technology Assessment, U.S. Congress.17 First, a study of causes of nearly 2,300 deaths among a cohort of 17,800 asbestos insulation workers contrib uted the finding that 35 to 44 percent of workers heavi ly exposed to asbestos died of cancer. The joint study group selected 40 percent as an approximation of the cohort’s fatal cancer risk, and applied this percentage to a national population of 4 million workers considered to be heavily exposed to asbestos. This extrapolation was based on the unstated and probably unjustified as sumption that the cohort of asbestos insulation workers was representative of the worker population of mixed industries. The mixed industry population might well dif fer from the cohort group not only in levels and length of asbestos exposure, but also in terms of population factors, such as age, sex, race, and percentage of smok ers, which play significant roles in risk assessment. From the statistical point of view, application of the re sults from a study population to other populations of dif ferent composition and exposure experience usually pro duces biased estimates. The assumption that the risk of cancers for the less heavily exposed group of 4 to 7 mil lion workers is one-fourth that of the heavily exposed group is similarly questionable. Consequently, the re- suiting total estimate of 58,000 to 75,000 asbestos-relat ed cancer deaths per year is highly suspect. Second, the analytic results by “causes” of death in the cohort group of asbestos insulation workers showed only the percentage distribution by disease, irrespective of cause; they did not indicate what fraction of cancer was induced or aggravated by asbestos alone or by any other specific exposure. Although it may be highly ab normal to find 20 to 25 percent of lung cancers and 8 to 9 percent of gastrointestinal cancers as causes of death among a group of workers, the actual percentage of cohort-group deaths specifically associated with expo sure to asbestos remains uncertain. Third, the method of estimating excess cancer cases or deaths for each exposure substance shown in table 4 may result in either overestimates or underestimates. Risk ratios do not in themselves provide the magnitude of risk, because they are greatly affected by the compo sition of the study population. In that the risk ratio is a ratio of observed to expected disease cases or deaths, any small increase in observed cases will greatly in crease the risk ratio if the expected number of cases is small. This is especially true when the study population is small. Assume, for example, that study results indi cate that 1,400 deaths were observed when only 1,000 were expected, yielding a risk ratio of 1.4. The chisquare value for the level of significance will be: X2 = (observed-expected)2/ expected = 160. To achieve the same level of significance for an expected number of 10, the observed number would have to be 50, and the re sulting risk ratio would be 5. Thus, a small study popu lation has a better chance to yield a large risk ratio than a large study population, if both experience the same hazards and have the same population composi tion. It is not surprising, therefore, to find that risk ra tios vary widely among epidemiologic studies of workers exposed to the same chemical substance. It is more im portant to know whether the value of the risk ratio is significantly different from 1, which indicates that the risks for the exposed and nonexposed groups are not identical, than to determine the absolute magni tude of the ratio itself. Fourth, the joint report considered 13,900 excess cases per year due to asbestos exposure to be under estimated by a factor of 4 to 5 under the assumption of high turnover of the work force. Because the report had already estimated 58,000 to 75,000 asbestos-related deaths per year in an exposed population estimated at 8 to 11 million, further inflation by this factor results in an incredible number of occupational cancers. Based on the age-adjusted incidence shown in table 4, the number of expected lung cancer deaths, excluding mesothelioma, among a 1.6 million male population over age 20 would be 11.6 million X (116/100,000) or 1,856, in the ab sence of any exposure to asbestos. It follows, then, that https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis excess lung cancer deaths due to asbestos exposure alone (10,400) amount to 85 percent of all lung cancer deaths in this 1.6 million exposed population— that is, 10,400/(1,856 + 10,400). Add to this calculation the mesothelioma cases, and the figure becomes 88 percent, a rather astounding share considering all other cancer causes. Estimates of the excess number of predominantly re spiratory type cancer cases due to the five other sub stances for the given groups of exposed workers also are indicated in table 4. For these groups, the expected numbers of cancer cases in the absence of exposure would be: 1,970 (arsenic), 360 (benzene), 1,970 (chromi um), 1,830 (nickel), and 4,520 (petroleum products), by direct application of the corresponding incidence rate. This means that the proportion of total cancer cases as sociated with each of these five chemicals would amount to 79 percent, 80 percent, 90 percent, 80 percent, and 67 percent, respectively. These proportions appear un reasonably high. Finally, the joint study group considered the excess number of cancers attributed to the five other sub stances to be underestimated also, based on the twostep findings for asbestos and applying the same logic. However, this inference is not justifiable, because esti mates for the other substances were obtained indepen dently, and the magnitudes of the estimates were greatly affected by the value of the risk ratio chosen for each. Disability-impairment data Three types of disability data are available to the oc cupational health analyst: Social Security Administration data from the various surveys of disabled adults; the So cial Security Administration’s disability applicant files; and the National Center for Health Statistics’ Health In terview Survey data. These data sets also suggest that there are greater numbers of health problems with some occupational connection than published data from em ployer-based surveys would indicate, but they do not necessarily establish a causal connection between work and disease. Therefore, it may be beneficial to discuss briefly the conceptual framework of these data bases. The disability study. This study was an analysis of dis ability data obtained from an interview survey of 18,000 persons age 20 to 64, who had been selected from the 1970 5-percent census sample.18 The survey was con ducted by the Bureau of the Census for the Social Secu rity Administration. Of the 18,000-member sample, 11,700 had been selected from among those persons who had a disability prior to October 1969 as indicated on the 1970 census questionnaire. A mail screening in 1971 resulted in selection of another 1,200 recent onset cases and 5,100 nondisabled persons. Disability in the study was defined “severe,” if it precluded work alto33 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW August 1982 • Occupational Illness Estimates gether, or “partial,” if it limited the kind or amount of work performed. Based on survey results, it was estimated that about 15 million persons age 20 to 64 nationwide were dis abled from all causes. To determine the job-relatedness of a disability, the survey respondent was asked: “Was your (main condition or illness) caused by your job?” Of the resulting estimated 2.4 million job-caused disabilities, 1.7 million were attributed by the author of the study to occupational disease. (For purposes of the study, occupational diseases were defined as all cases of disability which were not caused by an accident on the job.) The study further stated: “Because of limited un derstanding of what diseases are occupational in nature, it is likely that the actual number of occupational dis ease cases is much higher” (page IV). The study indicated that, of the 1.7 million persons disabled by occupational disease, 1.1 million or twothirds were partially disabled. Among the 0.6 million severely disabled, musculoskeletal and cardiovascular conditions accounted for almost 60 percent of all condi tions reported. About 25 percent had mental and diges tive ailments and 9 percent, respiratory conditions. Cancer caused by occupation was estimated among the severely disabled at little more than 1 percent, slightly over 6,000 cases. Can we say that these are good estimates? As the au thor of the study points out, the survey provided a snapshot of the population at a given time.19 Thus, the resulting estimates measured the prevalence of occupa tional disease, counting as they did all existing disabilities without regard to time of onset or diagnosis. The occupational relationship was subjectively perceived by respondents and may or may not have been corrobo rated by objective medical evidence. Except perhaps for the musculoskeletal impairments, the other conditions were of a type for which objective evidence of occupa tional causality might have been difficult to obtain. Finally, while national estimates based on survey data of self-perceived work-related disabilities suggest that an undercount in employer-based occupational ill ness estimates does exist and in some identifiable pa rameter, it appears that those diseases which have long latent periods and have yet to be diagnosed are missed in this approach as well. Many long-latent diseases or aggravating disease symptoms of possible occupational origin are recognized beyond the cutoff age of most di rect surveys. When disease appears after a worker has lived at least a normal life span, other factors, related to the aging process, enter which may lessen the urgency to determine precise causes. Disability applicant files. The Social Security disability program provides benefits to disabled adults with work experience in employments covered by the Social Securi Digitized for 34FRASER https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis ty Act, and to adults disabled since childhood who are dependents of disabled or retired work beneficiaries or of deceased insured workers. To qualify, claimants for Social Security Disability Insurance must prove that they are both disabled and unable to engage in any sub stantially gainful work due to their medical condition. Two sample data files from disability applicant records are maintained by the Social Security Administration ( s s a ), the Continuous Disability History Sample ( c d h s ) and the Longitudinal Sample of Disability Insurance Applicants ( l s d i a ). CDHS contains about 25 percent of allowed claims and 10 percent of denied claims, while LSDIA is a 5-percent longitudinal sample of disability applicants. Disability applicant records contain demographic in formation, such as sex, race, date of birth, education, occupation, and industry of employment, as well as im portant medical information, such as diagnosis (prima ry, secondary, and tertiary), listings of impairments, principal body system involved, and severity and dura tion of impairment. It is important to note, however, that in the recording and coding of disability cases, work-related illnesses are not distinguished from nonwork-related ones. That is, for adjudicative pur poses, an occupational relation to the disease or disabil ity does not have to be established. (Although occupations are associated with worker claimants, no causal relationship is required or intended.) According to a 1974 report by the U.S. Department of Health, Ed ucation, and Welfare, the leading causes of disability by diagnosis were listed as chronic ischemic heart, schizo phrenia, osteoarthritis, emphysema, displacement of in tervertebral disc, diabetes mellitus, rheumatoid arthritis, acute cerebrovascular disease, malignant neoplasm of trachea and lung, neuroses, pulmonary tuberculosis, and mental disorders.20 This listing also contains types of diseases for which, obviously, objective evidence of oc cupational causation would be hard to come by. To qualify for disability insurance, a claimant must have a health condition sufficiently incapacitating to be unable to engage in any substantial, gainful work. Thus, a worker may have an occupational disease, but be disallowed disability benefits because pursuit of gainful employment is still possible. Therefore, disability esti mates based on SSA records are not precise and compre hensive indicators of occupational impact. In addition, the occupational history of an applicant is limited to his or her longest full-time occupation in the 10-year period preceding the alleged date of onset. Because a jobcaused disability, especially one of a chronic nature, may have been due to an earlier exposure, and perhaps, to a different job, there is a potential bias in the use of these statistics for epidemiological study. While the SSA disability files are an important source of data for devel opment of morbidity ratios which identify disease and occupational relationships worthy of further study, they are not suitable for deriving estimates of occupational disease.21 data can serve important epidemiological research ob jectives, but should not be used to derive precise esti mates of occupational disease incidence.22 Health Interview Survey data. The Health Interview Sur vey of the National Center for Health Statistics is a na tionwide survey of approximately 40,000 households, conducted on a continuous basis. It is designed to gath er information on personal and demographic character istics, illnesses, injuries, impairments, chronic condi tions, and other health topics. Respondents are asked whether they worked in the 2 weeks prior to the inter view week, and in what occupation and industry. Each year’s sample includes about 120,000 persons, of whom roughly 50 percent are employed. As data are processed and tabulated, the center publishes analytical reports on various topics. While very few reports have been published on the work force population as the primary study target, data files are available for research purposes. Like the Social Security Administration disability applicant data the center’s D e s p i t e t h e i r s h o r t c o m i n g s , the results of the studies and applied methodologies discussed above do, in com bination, point to a larger impact of the workplace on the health of workers than is borne out in regularly published statistics, although the magnitude of the un derstatement remains uncertain. Continued efforts to wards improved or new methods are needed to produce national estimates of greater credibility for the chronic and long latent disease component of job origin. Such efforts might include improved techniques for diagnos ing occupational diseases; more sophisticated and effi cient means of monitoring workers’ health; education and training of doctors and workers regarding health hazards on the job; conduct of epidemiological studies representative of national experience; and establishing methodology for determining the contribution of job ex posure to the origin and course of disease. □ sp on se Studies in C otton T extile W orkers,” Journal of Occupational ' Harvey J. Hilaski, “Understanding statistics on occupational Medicine, V ol. 15, N o . 3, 1973, pp. 2 2 2 -3 0 . illnesses,” Monthly Labor Review, March 1981, pp. 25-29. 2 David P. Discher, Goldy D. Kleinman, and F. James Foster, Pilot " An Interim Report, pp. 2 1 -2 3 . Study for Development of an Occupational Disease Surveillance Method (Washington, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Na tional Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 1975). ' In the survey, the examining physician determined a condition to be one of five types: probable occupational disease; doubtful occupa tional disease; suggestive history; cannot be evaluated; probably nonoccupational. Probable occupational disease was considered to be present when “manifestations of disease are consistent with those known to result from excessive exposure to a given injurious agent; this injurious agent is present in the patient’s working environment and significant contact in course of usual duties is likely.” Discher and other, Pilot Study, p. 25. 4 Although OSH A had a noise standard as early as 1971, environ mental and audiometric testing was not formalized at the time of the pilot survey. Under the Hearing Conservation Amendment, which be came effective Aug. 22, 1981, the permissible exposure level (PEL) re mains at the 90 decibel (dB) level as an 8-hour time weighted average but an 85 decibel time weighted average was established as an action level which triggers the initiation of hearing conservation programs, including exposure monitoring, audiometric testing of employees, training, and some recordkeeping. 5U.S. Department of Labor, Cotton Dust: Review of Alternative Technical Standards and Control Technologies, Report to the Congress, May 1979. 6 U.S. Department of Labor, An Interim Report to Congress on Oc cupational Diseases, June 1980. Also see “Labor Month in Review,” Monthly Labor Review, August 1980, p. 2. 7See Occupational Injuries and Illnesses in the United States by In dustry, 1980, Bulletin 2130 (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1982), p. 32, table 7. "This study was undertaken in the spring of 1980 as part of the Bureau’s continuing evaluation of occupational safety and health sta tistics. qGilles P. Theriault, William A. Burgess, Lou J. DiBerardinis, and John M. Peters, “Dust Exposure in the Vermont Granite Sheds,” Ar chives of Environmental Health, Vol. 28, 1974, pp. 12-17. 10 James A. Merchant, John C. Lumsden, and others, “Dose Re https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 12 Ibid., p. 26. 13 See N ath an M antel and W illiam H aenszel, “ Statistical A sp ects of the A n alysis of D a ta from R etrospective Studies of D isea se ,” Journal of the National Cancer Institute, V ol. 22, N o . 4, 1979, pp. 719—48, for a full discussion of the various relative risk form ulas. 14 N ation al Cancer Institute, N ation al Institute of E nvironm ental H ealth Services, N ation al Institute for O ccupational Safety and H ealth , Estimates of the Fraction of Cancer in the United States Relat ed to Occupational Factors, Septem ber 1978 (unpub lished), p. 1. 15 Ibid., pp. 5 -8 . 16 E xposure inform ation for all substances, except arsenic, w as d e rived from the N ation al O ccupational H azard Survey con d u cted by N IO S H during 19 7 2 -7 4 . E xposure inform ation for arsenic was c o n tained in criteria for a 1975 recom m ended standard developed by N IO S H . 17 R ichard D o ll and R ichard Peto, “T he C auses of Cancer: Q uan tita tive E stim ates of A void ab le R isks of C ancer in the U n ited States T o d a y ,” Journal of the National Cancer Institute, June 1981, pp. 1238— 45. 18 G len M . Shor, Occupational Disease and Compensation: An Analysis of the 1972 SSA Survey of Disabled Adults, prepared under contract for the Office of the A ssistan t Secretary for P olicy, E valua tion and R esearch, U .S . D epartm ent of Labor, O ctober 1979. 19 Shor, Occupational Disease, p. 2. 20 Social Security Disability Applicant Statistics 1970 (W ashin gton, U .S. D epartm ent of H ealth, E ducation , and W elfare, 1974). 21 F or a recent study of Social Security disability data, see NIOSH Research Report, Occupational Characteristics of Disabled Workers (W ashin gton, U .S. D epartm ent of H ealth and H um an Services, N a tional Institute for O ccupational Safety and H ealth, 1980). 22 For an alysis of H ealth Interview Survey data, see NIOSH Re search Report, Industrial Characteristics of Persons Reporting Morbidity During the Health Interview Surveys Conducted in 1969-1974 (W ash in gton , U .S . D epartm ent of H ealth and H um an Services, N ation al In stitu te for O ccupational Safety and H ealth, 1980). 35 Disability benefits for employees in private pension plans Although benefits vary, for many 20-year employees aged 55, a private pension and social security would replace about one-half of the worker's pre-disability earnings D onald B ell and W il l ia m W ia t r o w s k i Although private pension plans are thought of primarily as a source of cash income for the elderly, they typically serve other functions as well. For example, they usually contain early retirement features and often provide pen sions to workers who lose their jobs because of disability. The high proportion of pension plans with disability retirement features is dramatized in data from the Bu reau of Labor Statistics’ annual survey of the incidence and characteristics of employee benefit plans in medium and large establishments.1 Of the 1,002 private pension plans found in the 1980 survey, 86 percent had disabili ty retirement features.2 This article analyzes the various eligibility requirements for disability retirement and typ ical benefit levels, as found in these plans. Disabled workers may have other protection as well. They often are eligible for social security benefits and also may be covered by private long-term disability in surance plans. This study includes retirement benefits and related long-term disability and social security bene fits. However, excluded from the study are separate long-term disability plans which would be the only source of private disability income, and general early re tirement provisions without specific disability features. Two-thirds of the 861 pension plans with disability provisions offered immediate disability benefits. The re maining third deferred benefits until the employee reached the early or normal retirement age stipulated by the plan. However, immediate long-term disability inDonald Bell and William Wiatrowski are economists in the Division of Occupational Pay and Employee Benefit Levels, Bureau of Labor Statistics. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org 36 Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis surance benefits were typically available to employees under deferred disability retirement plans. (Long-term disability benefits were less common when immediate disability pensions were paid.) Such private benefits are provided in addition to payments under the social secu rity system when a worker is incapacitated. Under retirement plans providing immediate disabili ty pensions, benefits were available to workers meeting plan definitions of disability; commonly, service or age requirements, or both, were specified as well. Employees covered by deferred-benefit plans also had to reach the stipulated early or normal retirement age to receive benefits. Illustrative benefit levels from all potential sources— disability retirement, long-term disability insurance, and social security — were calculated as a percent of pre-re tirement earnings for a hypothetical worker disabled at age 55, with 20 years of service. Under these conditions, combined private pension and social security benefits tended to replace about half of pre-disability earnings in instances when private pension plans provided immedi ate retirement benefits. Replacement rates in many cases were more liberal where retirement packages furnished deferred pensions integrated with long-term disability benefits. As a rule, social security, rather than private plans, was the larger income source for the disabled worker. Immediate and deferred benefits Sixty-eight percent of the 861 disability retirement plans examined offered immediate pensions. The balance (32 percent) deferred benefit payments until the normal retirement age or in some instances, at the employee’s option, until the early retirement age. A key element in any pension plan is the formula in cluded for calculating benefits. (Common formulas in volve percentages of an employee’s career or terminal earnings and dollar amounts per year for which an indi vidual is covered by the plan.3 ) Most of the pension plans studied used the same basic formula to calculate disability and normal retirement benefits. Immediate disability retirement. Of the 583 plans with immediate disability retirement provisions, nearly threefourths used an unreduced normal benefit formula for disabled workers. (See table 1.) That is, beneficiaries re ceived pensions calculated as if disability occurred at the normal retirement age;4 no reduction in benefits was made solely because of the early retirement age. Never theless, these disability pensions tended to be lower than those for normal retirement because benefits typi cally were based on shorter service. An additional 15 percent of plans with immediate disability benefits reduced pensions because of the rela tively young age of those who retire on disability. Near ly half of these plans provided for actuarial reductions; pensions for retirement at age 55 usually were about 61 percent below those for normal retirement at age 65 with the same service. The remainder of these plans provided for less than actuarial reductions, the average benefit for disability at age 55 being approximately 43 percent less than that for normal retirement at age 65. The remaining 14 percent of the plans with immedi ate disability pensions based benefits on formulas designed to temper reductions caused by shortness of service or to yield higher returns than under the normal retirement formula. Generally, plans do not provide for later modification of the benefits determined at the time of disability re tirement. However, 7 percent of the immediate disabili ty retirement plans specified a recalculation of benefits at age 65, mainly either to increase compensation for persons whose benefits were reduced because their dis ability occurred before normal retirement age or to raise benefits for those with short service at the time of dis ability retirement. Four percent recalculated benefits at age 65 based on the normal retirement formula and ser vice at the date of disability; 3 percent recalculated on the basis of credited service at the time of disability plus the period of disability. Deferred disability retirement. In sharp contrast to the typical practice under plans providing immediate bene fits, only 16 percent of the deferred disability retirement plans based benefits solely on service at the time of dis ability. (See table 2.) Benefit calculations under most of the deferred plans granted service credit for all or part https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Table 1. Pension plans with immediate disability retirement provisions by type of benefit formula, medium and large establishments, 1980 Benefit formula Plans with immediate disability retirement Percent oh. Plans with immediate disability retirement All disability retirement plans .......................................... 583 100 68 Unreduced normal benefits.................... 418 72 49 Reduced normal benefits ...................... 85 15 10 Actuarially reduced form ulas............. Same as early retirement .................. Percent per year reduction between retirement and specified age ......... 39 29 7 5 5 3 17 3 2 Other than normal benefits.................... 80 14 9 Flat amount formulas ........................ Dollars times years of s e rv ic e ........... Percent of unreduced benefit minus social security...................... Percent of earnings minus social security .......................................... Percent of earnings in highest of last years w o rk e d ........................... 19 24 3 4 2 3 20 3 2 12 2 1 5 1 1 Tota N ote : Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals. of the period between disability and the initiation of pension payments. Thus, 77 percent of these plans allowed service credit to accrue during all of the defer ral period, while 7 percent allowed partial credit, usual ly for 1 or 2 years. Coordination o f pensions and social security. Benefits under private pension plans may be coordinated with those under the social security system. This occurs through either offset or integration provisions in the pri vate plans. Under the former approach, private benefits are reduced by all or part of the social security pay ment. Integration provisions apply separate benefit for mulas to earnings above and below the social security taxable wage base; for example, 1 percent of earnings up to the social security tax base and 1.5 percent of earnings above that tax base for each year of service. Thirty percent of all pension plan participants in the 1980 study were covered by offset provisions; 16 per cent were in plans with integrated formulas for normal retirement benefits.5 Such coordination typically was ap plicable to disability retirement, too. Long-term disability insurance A review of disability benefits must also consider long-term disability insurance, which often supplements or serves as an alternative to disability pensions. Gener ally, these payments begin after sick leave and accident and sickness insurance are exhausted and continue as long as a disabled employee remains incapacitated, or until retirement age is reached. Forty percent of persons covered by the Bureau’s 1980 survey of employee bene37 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW August 1982 • Disability Benefits fit plans participated in long-term disability plans. Spec ified benefits, including payments from social security and other government programs such as workers’ com pensation, were usually a fixed percent of monthly earn ings. Almost two-thirds of the participants were in plans designed to provide 50 to 60 percent of pre-dis ability earnings; however, resulting dollar benefits were often limited by maximum coverage restrictions so that persons with high earnings may receive a lower percent of earnings for disability benefits.6 As expected, long-term disability insurance plans were more prevalent where retirement pension plans provided deferred disability benefits. Table 2 shows that 89 percent of deferred plans were in establishments with long-term disability plans financed either solely by the employer or jointly by the employer and employees. Nine percent of the deferred disability retirement plans were in establishments providing an optional long-term disability plan paid for entirely by the employees. Thus, only 2 percent have workers who cannot receive imme diately available disability benefits from private sources related to their employment. Long-term disability insurance plans were less preva lent when pension plans provided immediate disability retirement benefits. Twenty-seven percent of these pen sion programs were tied in with the insurance plans. Coordination of long-term disability benefits with dis ability pensions and social security was almost universal. The most common method of coordination was by offset; long-term disability benefits were reduced by the amount of private pension and social security a disabled worker received. The total benefit received by an employee covered by such a program was the amount specified by the long-term disability plan, gen Table 2. Pension plans with deferred disability retirement provisions by service credited and integration with long term disability insurance, medium and large establishments, 1980 Characteristic Plans with deferred disability retirement Percent of: Plans with deferred disability retirement All disability retirement plans Service credited: T o ta l............................................ Service when disabled ........................... Service plus credit to normal or early retirement ................................. Service plus partial credits .................... 278 44 100 16 32 5 215 19 77 7 25 2 278 100 32 248 89 29 25 5 9 2 3 1 Integration with long- term disability insurance: T o ta l............................................ Insurance paid by employer or jointly by employer and employee ............... Insurance paid entirely by em ployee............................................ No insurance .......................................... N ote : Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org 38 Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis erally 50 to 60 percent of pre-retirement earnings. Offset provisions were in four-fifths of the long-term disability plans in establishments with either immediate or de ferred disability retirement benefits. Substantially all of the remainder specified an overall maximum benefit from all sources, most often 70 or 75 percent of pre retirement earnings. Eligibility requirements To qualify for a disability pension, a worker must meet the plan’s definition of total and permanent dis ability and, frequently, a service requirement. A mini mum age may also be specified. These requirements often differ from those applicable to social security dis ability benefits. Definitions o f disability. As a rule, definitions of disabili ty are designed to make benefits available only to workers whose incapacities require them to withdraw from the labor force. About three-fourths of the disabil ity retirement plans defined disability either in the same way as social security (25 percent) or more restrictively (48 percent). The Social Security Act defines disability as incapacity for substantial gainful work at any job that exists to a considerable extent in the U.S. economy; such incapacity is expected to result in death or to last for a year or more.7 Many private plans have a more re strictive definition, stating that persons must be dis abled for “any type of occupation or employment.” Consequently, workers meeting the eligibility require ment of nearly three-fourths of the private plans also met the social security test. However, one-fourth of the disability retirement plans defined disability as occurring when an employee was unable to continue in his or her job with the company. Individuals meeting this criterion would not necessarily qualify for social security disability benefits.8 But, half of the plans containing this relatively liberal definition offered a supplemental benefit which continued until eli gibility for social security disability or retirement bene fits or a specified age, such as 65, for persons not covered by social security. In this manner, they provid ed benefits more comparable to those obtained by em ployees eligible for social security disability payments. Age and service requirements. Comparison of findings of this study with those of a 1966 Bureau analysis9 indi cates a growing emphasis on service rather than on age in defining eligibility for disability pensions. This brings private plans closer to the social security approach, which now includes only a service requirement. (A min imum age requirement for social security disability ben efits was removed in 1960.) The following tabulation summarizes the various age and service requirements made by the plans. R e q u ire m e n ts Total .................................. No age or service ........................ Service o n l y .................................. Age o n l y ........................................ Age and service .......................... Meets qualification for long-term disability b en e fits..................... N um ber o f p la n s P ercen t o f p la n s 861 138 499 9 112 100 16 58 1 13 103 12 Almost three-fifths of the disability retirement plans in the 1980 study included a service requirement, but did not specify a minimum age for benefits. The average length of service required by these plans was 11 years. This was more restrictive than the social security stipu lation which stated that an individual must be fully in sured10 and work in covered service 20 of the last 40 quarters (5 of the last 10 years). Only 14 percent of the plans specified a minimum age; most combined age and service requirements, com monly age 45 with 10 years of service or age 50 with 15 years of service. The average age requirement in these plans was 46 years. Just 1 percent of the plans had only an age requirement, averaging 54 years. The remainder of the plans (241) did not specify ei ther an age or a service requirement per se. However, more than 40 percent of this group required that the el igibility for associated long-term disability plans be met, which most often had a minimal service requirement. ing immediate disability benefits were not coordinated with long-term disability plans and provided pensions unreduced solely for early disability retirement age. These plans, under the hypothetical conditions, would provide a pension estimated to average 21 percent of pre-retirement earnings. Adding social security pay m ents— 32 percent— total benefits would be just over half of earnings before disability.12 Replacement rates would vary under alternative bene fit formulas. For example, a small portion of immediate disability retirement plans actuarially reduce benefits for early retirement age. These plans would commonly re place only 8 percent of the earnings of the hypothetical worker,13 resulting in combined private pension and so cial security benefits of two-fifths of pre-retirement earn ings. (In practice, replacement rates would deviate from those calculated here, depending on the actual age-ser vice status of individual disabled workers.) Replacement rates in the immediate disability benefit plans studied would generally continue unchanged after normal retirement age, except for the 50 percent in crease in social security benefits provided for married employees with one wage earner in the family.14 Table 3. Full-time participants in private pension plans by provisions for disability retirement, medium and large establishments, 1980 [In percent] Participants Waiting periods. Immediate disability retirement and long-term disability benefits typically were payable after an initial waiting period, usually 5 or 6 months. The waiting period, similar to the 5 months imposed by so cial security, is designed to ensure the validity of a claim before initiating payment of long-term benefits. However, most of the employees in the study were cov ered during all or part of the waiting period by sick leave or short-term accident and sickness insurance.11 Illustrative benefits The following replacement rates illustrate typical dis ability retirement benefits among various types of plans and relate benefit levels to pre-disability earnings. Re placement rates— ratios of disability benefits to pre-dis ability earnings— were calculated for a hypothetical employee, age 55, retiring on a disability pension after 20 years of service under his or her current private pen sion plan. This is in contrast to assumed normal retire ment at age 65 after 30 years. The hypothetical employee also had been covered for 30 years under so cial security, and met the social security definition of disability. Earnings equaled the average in the broad in dustry group in which employed, and followed a typical growth pattern over the years. As noted, the majority of private pension plans giv https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Characteristic Total with disability retirement benefits .................... All Professional Technical and and administrative clerical Production 87 85 81 91 Total .......................................... 100 100 100 100 No age or service ........................ Age only ........................................ Service o n ly ................................... Age and service............................. No age or service — meets qualification for long-term disability benefits ...................... 16 1 61 11 18 1 51 9 21 1 48 11 13 1 70 12 11 21 18 5 Total ...................................... 100 100 100 100 Immediate disability retirement ................................. Unreduced normal formula . . . . Reduced normal form ula........... Other than normal formula1 . . . . 70 55 7 8 52 41 6 6 51 39 7 5 84 67 8 10 30 47 49 16 5 6 7 4 24 2 39 3 38 4 12 1 Minimum requirements for disability retirement Benefit provisions Deferred disability retirement ................................. With benefits based on: Service when disabled........... Service plus credit to normal retirement date . . . . Service with some credit . . . . ' Includes flat amount benefits, dollar amount formulas, percent of unreduced normal ben efits less social security, and percent of earnings formulas both with and without social secu rity offsets. N ote : Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals. 39 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW August 1982 • Disability Benefits The discussion of replacement rates under immediate disability retirement plans has ignored long-term dis ability benefits which are available to only a small frac tion of the workers affected. However, these benefits are the primary private source of pre-retirement age earn ings when deferred disability pensions are provided. In these instances, long-term disability payments— com bined with social security— commonly yield either 50 or 60 percent of pre-disability earnings. Under deferred disability pension plans, replacement rates change at the normal retirement age, both because of the addition of spouse’s benefits under social security and the switch from long-term disability to private pen sion benefits. As observed above, pension benefits nor mally reflect service credit for the period of long-term disability benefits. For a worker retiring at age 55, an additional 10 years of credit would, on the average, raise the pension at age 65 from 21 to 30 percent of pre-retirement earnings; total yield— including social se curity— would then be 62 percent for a single employee and 78 percent if married.15 Deferred and long-term dis ability benefit packages were more prevalent among non-negotiated plans for salaried personnel than among collectively bargained plans for hourly rated employees; ' The survey is conducted in a sample designed to represent all pri vate sector establishments in the United States, excluding Alaska and Hawaii, employing at least 50, 100, or 250 workers, depending on the industry. Industrial coverage includes: mining; construction; manufac turing; transportation, communications, electric, gas, and sanitary ser vices; wholesale and retail trade; finance, insurance, and real estate; and selected services. For additional details on the survey, see Em ployee Benefits in Industry, 1980, Bulletin 2107 (Bureau of Labor Sta tistics, 1981). See also Robert Frumkin and William Wiatrowski, “ Bureau of Labor Statistics takes a new look at employee benefits” in this issue of the Review. While the bulletin contains information for a universe of employees, data tabulations in this article are simple counts of the number of pension plans containing the characteristics under analysis. The data relate solely to the specific plans included in the study. No attempt has been made to project findings to the entire universe of pension plans. 2For an independent source of data on the incidence of disability retirement plans, see Jonathan Sunshine, Disability, Office of Manage ment and Budget Staff Technical Paper, 1979, p. 113. An earlier BLS study of disability benefits, which excluded both related long-term disability insurance and deferred disability benefits, is reported in Stanley S. Sacks, “Disability Benefits Under Private Pension Plans,” Monthly Labor Review, April 1966, pp. 389-95. 3Employee Benefits, pp. 6, 25. 4 Normal retirement is the point at which a worker can retire and immediately receive all accrued benefits by virtue of service and earn ings, without reduction because of age. 5Employee Benefits, pp. 6, 25. ‘ Ibid., p. 3. 7For a more complete definition see Social Security Programs in the United States, (Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Social Security Administration, January 1973), p. 31. *There may be differences among private plans and the social secu rity system with respect to coverage of disabilities associated with ner 40 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis therefore, white-collar workers tended to enjoy higher replacement rates than blue-collar employees when re tiring on disability. Participants in pension plans Estimates of the extent of worker participation in pension plans of medium and large establishments are found in Employee Benefits in Industry, 1980, Bureau of Labor Statistics, Bulletin 2107. Table 3 contains perti nent findings of that study. The findings, it should be stressed, are based on review of the same data source as was analyzed for the current article. As shown in the table, 70 percent of all participants in pension plans with disability retirement provisions could receive im mediate retirement benefits. The present analysis found immediate benefits specified in 68 percent of the plans. The closeness of the two calculations is striking, even after recognizing that both percentages were derived from the same survey data. A breakdown of findings by occupational group is available for plan participant data only. Among the findings is that deferred disability benefit plans are markedly more common for white-collar than for bluecollar employees. □ vous conditions, alcoholism, drugs, self-inflicted injuries, and criminal activity. 9 Sacks, “Disability Benefits.” 10Generally, to be fully insured a worker must have one quarter of coverage for each year from age 21 to date of disability. 11Employee Benefits, pp. 2-3. 12 Coordination of private disability and social security benefits is accounted for in the calculation of the replacement rate for private benefits. "The 8-percent replacement rate was derived by multiplying the unreduced normal retirement formula replacement rate of 21 percent by 39 percent. (As described above, plans actuarially reducing pen sions for early retirement usually lowered benefits about 61 percent for quitting work 10 years before the normal retirement age.) 14 Social security benefits are increased after each year in which the Consumer Price Index rises 3 percent or more. Such escalation is ig nored in this analysis, because price changes cannot be accurately forecast. 15 Both the 21-percent replacement rate for employees retiring under private pension plans with 20 years of service and the 30-percent rate for retirement after 30 years were derived by BLS from data in a study by James H. Schulz, Thomas D. Leavitt, Leslie Kelly, and John Strate, Private Pension Benefits in the 1970's (Bryn Mawr, Pa., McCahan Foundation, 1982). Schulz and his associates calculated re placement rates for retirements after varying lengths of service, for men and for women. Their calculations were based on an analysis of all pension plans in the 1979 BLS survey of employee benefit plans. The study calculated replacement rates for normal rather than disabil ity retirement. However, because normal and disability retirement benefits are commonly based on the same formula, separate computa tions for disability retirement would not, in general, be appreciably different. For an earlier Schulz study, see James H. Schulz, Thomas D. Leavitt, and Leslie Kelly, “Private pensions fall far short of preretirement income levels,” Monthly Labor Review, February 1979, pp. 28-32. Bureau of Labor Statistics takes a new look at employee benefits Initiated in 1979, annual survey provides a comprehensive study o f benefit plan coverage and provisions in medium and large firms R o b e r t F r u m k in a n d W il l ia m W ia t r o w s k i In 1981, employees in medium and large size establish ments received, on average, about 10 paid holidays each year and nearly 16 days of paid vacation annually after 10 years of service. For 3 of 5 participants in a life in surance plan, coverage was based on earnings, with the prevalence of earnings-related plans much higher among white-collar employees. Seventy-one percent of the workers covered by the survey participated in health in surance plans that were fully paid for by their employ ers, and just under one-half also received employer-paid coverage for their dependents. Eighty-four percent of the employees were covered by private retirement pen sion plans (in addition to social security); 79 percent were in plans fully paid for by the employer. As these statistics indicate, benefit plans are impor tant elements in the typical employee compensation package. Employer outlays for legally required and pri vate benefits, including paid leave, constituted about one-fourth of all expenditures for employee compensa tion in 1977, when this subject was last studied by the Bureau of Labor Statistics.1 Moreover, the rate of growth in outlays for these benefits has substantially outpaced that for wages and salaries over the 40-year period since benefits began to gain prominence. For many years, BLS tracked growth of benefit plans by studying both their provisions and their cost to em ployers.2 Recently, BLS initiated an annual survey on the incidence and characteristics of employee benefit plans. Robert Frumkin and William Wiatrowski are economists in the Divi sion of Occupational Pay and Employee Benefit Levels, Bureau of La bor Statistics. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis This article describes the design, coverage, output, and availability of results from this new survey, which was first conducted in 1979. The survey reports detailed characteristics of paid leave, insurance, and pension plans, yielding extensive data on employee benefit plan provisions. In addition, it produces estimates of the percent of employees covered by these plans or eligible for other benefits, such as profit sharing and educational assistance. Data are published for all full-time workers in three occupational groups: professional-administrative, technical-clerical, and production. The program originally was designed to provide the Office of Personnel Management ( o p m ) with data on specific provisions of private sector employee benefits for a new approach to evaluating pay and benefits of Federal employees. This approach compares the Federal wage-benefit package with that in private industry.3 (Current legislation requires that pay rates for Federal civilian workers, but not their benefits, be set on a com parability basis.) To meet OPM’s needs, BLS developed a survey to provide extensive data on employee benefits, covering the same industry and size scope as the Bu reau’s annual Professional, Administrative, Technical, and Clerical Pay Survey that is currently used to evalu ate Federal white-collar salary rates.4 Survey coverage The employee benefits survey covers medium and large size private sector establishments in the contigu ous United States, employing at least 50, 100, or 250 workers, depending on the industry. A subsample of 41 M ONTHLY LABOR REVIEW August 1982 • Annual Survey o f Employee Benefits 1,500 establishments from the Professional, Administra tive, Technical, and Clerical Pay Survey, covering a wide range of manufacturing and nonmanufacturing indus tries, is selected to yield national estimates.5 Data are collected by personal visits of Bureau field representa tives to the sampled establishments. Respondents are requested to provide data on the coverage and details of selected types of plans for paid time off— lunch time, rest periods, holidays, personal leave, vacations, and sick leave. Rather than ask company officials for exten sive information, brochures are collected which contain descriptions of insurance and pension plan characteris tics. Data are also obtained from the Department of La bor’s Employee Retirement Income Security Act files.6 Information on approximately 7,400 paid leave plans and 6,800 insurance and pension benefit plans were col lected for analysis in the 1981 survey. The use of bro chures for plan analysis eliminates some of the burden put on the respondent’s time. Insurance plans included in the survey cover health, life, accident and sickness, and long-term disability benefits. Retirement pension plans are also studied in detail. Besides plan provisions, the number of persons participating in each plan is re ported. Information also is collected on the percent of employees eligible for other benefits, such as profit-shar ing and stock plans, employee discounts, educational assistance, and parking. Because of their complexity, insurance and pension plans require the recording of considerable detail on benefit provisions. For each benefit, several common provisions are examined: eligibility requirements, in the form of age or service attainment, or both, which are necessary to join the plan; the waiting period before certain benefits begin; and cost of the plan to the em ployee. Plans for which an employee pays 100 percent of the cost are not included in the study. Health insurance plan analysis includes provisions for hospital room and board, surgical care, doctor visits, di agnostic x-ray, prescription drugs, private duty nursing, and mental health care. In each of these areas, analysis covers such limitations on benefits as deductible and coinsurance provisions, maximum dollar amount payable, and maximum numbers of days covered. In addition, each plan is carefully studied for details of dental cover age, maternity care, and scheduled dollar amounts pay able for certain surgical procedures. In the examination of pension plans, age and service requirements are studied for normal, early, and disabili ty retirement and for pension vesting (the point at which an employee has the legal right to some pension benefit regardless of any further service under the plan). The most significant feature of pension analysis is the review of the benefit formulas. A variety of formulas is used to determine retirement payments; for example, percentage of the employee’s career or terminal earn 42 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis ings, or a dollar amount for each year an employee is covered under the plan. Other pension provisions ana lyzed are survivor benefits, reductions in pensions for early retirement, supplemental payments provided in addition to normal retirement benefits, and cost-of-liv ing adjustments. Life insurance plans are reviewed for the amount of in surance, effects of disability on the insurance contract, and payment for accidental death. Accident and sickness insurance analysis includes the weekly benefit formula and duration of benefits, while for long-term disability insurance, the analysis includes benefit amounts and the integration of long-term disability insurance payments with other sources of income, such as social security, workers’ compensation, and railroad retirement. As for paid time off, the amount of lunch and rest time is recorded, together with the number of holidays and personal leave days granted each year. Analysis of vacation plans includes development of a schedule showing the variations in vacation time and payments by length of service. A similar schedule reports sick leave benefits, showing the number of days paid at full pay, partial pay, or both, as well as any waiting period before benefits may begin. For both vacation and sick leave, the incidence of cash-in or carry-over provisions, or both, for unused benefits is noted. Limited data are collected on a number of other bene fit plans which may add significantly to employee com- Table 1. Full-time employees participating in selected benefit plans, medium and large establishments, 1981 [In percent] Plan Paid time off: Holidays.................... Vacations .................. Personal leave ......... Lunch period............. Rest time .................. Sick leave.................. Accident and sickness insurance ............................. Fully paid by employer Long-term disability insurance ............................. Fully paid by employer Health insurance for employee...................... Fully paid by employer Health insurance for depend e n ts ............................. Fully paid by employer Life insurance.................... Fully paid by employer Retirement pension........... Fully paid by employer All employees Professional and administrative employees Technical and clerical employees Production employees 99 99 23 10 75 65 100 100 31 4 60 92 100 100 32 4 76 92 99 99 14 15 82 41 50 41 30 22 35 26 66 55 41 32 61 47 52 40 28 23 97 71 98 67 96 58 97 79 94 48 96 81 84 79 96 45 98 81 88 81 91 36 95 78 85 80 94 55 96 82 82 77 N ote : Participation is defined as coverage by a paid leave, insurance, or pension plan. Employees subject to a minimum service requirement before they are eligible for a benefit are counted as participants even if they have not met the requirement at the time of the sur vey. If employees are required to pay part of the cost of a benefit, only those who elect the coverage and pay their share are counted as participants. Benefits for which the employee must pay the full premium are outside the scope of the survey. pensation, such as profit-sharing, savings, and stock plans. The incidence of these benefits is examined sepa rately for each employee group in each establishment. In addition, data are collected on the full or partial defrayment of cost for relocation allowance, recreation facilities, subsidized meals, parking, educational assis tance, and employer-provided automobiles. Availability of results Major survey findings are reported annually in a bul letin published by BLS. The data and analysis center on the extent of employee participation in specified benefit plans and the provisions of these plans. The results of the pilot survey (in 1979) were published in 1980 in a report entitled Employee Benefits in Industry: A Pilot Survey.1 This report contained 20 tables on worker cov erage under various types of provisions for paid leave, insurance, and pension plans. Data collected in 1980 are contained in a more comprehensive bulletin, Employee Benefits in Industry, 1980, and reflect improvements in survey procedures and techniques, as well as changes in benefit practices in private industry. A bulletin with estimates from the 1981 survey, enti tled Employee Benefits in Medium and Large Firms, 1981, will be available in early September.8 The bulletin contains details on three employee groupings demon strated in accompanying tables: all employees covered by the survey (table 1); employees who participated in a particular type of benefit plan (table 2); and employees covered by a particular type of provision within a bene fit area to provide a closeup look at an important fea ture (table 3). In addition, articles on the results of ad ditional research on various benefit plan provisions, such as the article on disability retirement in this issue, are occasionally published in the Monthly Labor Review. Other articles in preparation include the growth of ma jor medical insurance coverage and spouse benefits in pension plans. Employee benefit data collected during the annual survey, including detailed plan provisions and partici pant figures, are available on magnetic data tapes.4 In accordance with a pledge of confidentiality to survey re spondents, all information that could identify a specific reporting establishment is removed. The tapes may be used to derive national estimates, similar to those pres ented in the bulletin, for those provisions on the data base that are not regularly tabulated by BLS. Future direction This research program on incidence and characteris tics of employee benefits evolved from a pilot study to an annual survey and is continuing to expand. More in tensive methods of analysis, as well as an increased number of data items, will lead to the publication of more comprehensive findings. Currently, such subjects https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Table 2. Participants in a pension plan by age and associated service requirements for normal retirement, medium and large establishments, 1981 [In percent] Age and service requirements’ Professional Technical and and Production All clerical participants participants administrative participants participants 14 6 7 22 ( 2) 14 ( 2) 5 7 ( 2) 21 ( 2) ( 2) ( 2) ( 2) 4 2 ( 2) 2 7 6 ( 2) 1 4 3 ( 2) 1 3 ( 2) ( 2) 3 Age 56 to 59 ........................ 15 or 20 years of service 30 or more years of service 2 1 1 1 <2) 1 1 ( 2) 1 2 1 1 Age 6 0 ................................... No service requirement . 10 years of service . . . . 15 years of service . . . . 20 or 25 years of service 30 years of service . . . . More than 30 years of service ...................... 310 2 2 1 ( 2) 3 313 4 2 2 <2) 3 313 3 3 2 1 3 ( 2) 1 1 ( 2) Age 6 2 .................................... No service requirement . 5 years of service ......... 10 years of service . . . . 15 years of service . . . . 20 or 25 years of service 30 years of service . . . . 418 4 1 8 2 2 2 419 4 1 7 2 2 2 418 5 1 6 2 1 2 419 3 1 10 1 2 1 Age 63 to 64 ........................ No service requirement . 30 years of service . . . . 1 1 ( 2) 1 1 ( 2) 3 3 ( 2) ( 2) ( 2) Age 6 5 ................................... No service requirement . 5 years of service ......... 10 years of service . . . . 15 years of service . . . . 544 39 1 3 ( 2) 544 42 1 1 ( 2) 547 45 ( 2) 2 ( 2) 5 42 35 1 5 ( 2) 7 2 ( 2) 3 1 9 2 1 6 1 7 2 ( 2) 3 2 6 2 ( 2) 3 1 No age requirement ............. Fewer than 30 years of service ...................... 30 years of service . . . . More than 30 years of service ...................... Age 5 5 ................................... 20 years of service . . . . 25 years of service . . . . 30 years of service . . . . Sum of age Equals Equals Equals Equals plus service . . . . less than 80 . . . . 80 ...................... 85 ...................... 90 or m o re ......... 36 1 2 1 <2) 2 1 ' If a plan had more than one age and service requirement, the earliest age and associat ed service requirement was tabulated, 2 Less than 0.5 percent. 3 Includes 0.5 percent or fewer participants who were in plans with service requirements other than specified. 4 Includes 0.7 percent or fewer participants who were in plans with service requirements other than specified. includes 0.1 percent or fewer participants who were in plans with service requirements other than specified. N ote : Normal retirement is the point at which the participant could retire and immediate ly receive all accrued benefits by virtue of service and earnings, without reduction due to age. Because of rounding sums of individual items may not equal totals. Dashes indicate no employees in this category. Data are for full-time workers only. as Health Maintenance Organization coverage, social se curity offset and integration with pension benefits, and differences in benefits for production and white-collar workers are being researched on the basis of data col lected in the 1981 survey. Collection of benefit data for 1982 includes, for the first time, information on post-retirement pension in creases. In addition, more detailed information is being secured on health and life insurance coverage for retir43 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW August 1982 • Annual Survey o f Employee Benefits Table 3. Participants in health insurance plans with dental benefits, by type of procedure and extent of coverage, medium and large establishments, 1981 [In percent] Type of dental procedure Scheduled cash allowance Incentive schedule’ Total 50 60 61-74 75 80 85 90 91 99 100 Not covered 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 17 18 29 27 26 28 29 14 3 3 3 3 3 1 1 — 80 79 68 69 68 68 68 53 1 1 3 3 5 31 32 44 1 1 1 2 2 4 4 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ( 2) 4 4 5 5 4 1 1 ( 2) 25 27 33 33 31 14 13 2 ( 2) 7 8 7 8 6 6 2 10 10 10 10 7 7 — — — — — ( 2) ( 2) ( 2) 47 28 7 9 7 3 3 3 ( 2) ( 2) ( 2) 3 3 2 34 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 19 20 31 29 28 30 30 16 4 4 4 3 3 1 1 — 77 76 65 68 67 66 66 54 1 1 4 4 6 35 35 46 1 1 2 2 3 5 6 4 1 1 1 1 ( 2) 1 1 27 29 38 37 35 13 13 1 ( 2) 4 6 6 7 4 4 ( 2) 1 6 6 6 6 3 3 <2) _ — — — — — — ( 2) 3 3 3 3 3 1 1 — 43 31 5 9 7 3 3 3 ( 2) ( 2) ( 2) 2 3 2 29 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 19 20 34 33 30 32 33 16 4 4 4 4 4 1 1 — 77 76 62 63 63 63 63 47 ( 2) ( 2> 3 3 5 32 32 37 1 1 2 2 3 5 6 3 1 1 1 1 ( 2) 2 2 ( 2) 4 4 4 4 4 1 1 2 27 30 35 35 33 13 13 2 ( 2) 3 4 4 4 3 3 ( 2) 2 5 5 5 5 3 3 ( 2) 42 31 6 8 8 3 2 2 ( 2) ( 2) ( 2) 2 3 3 37 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 15 15 26 24 23 25 26 12 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 — 83 82 72 73 71 72 72 54 1 1 2 2 4 29 29 47 1 1 1 1 1 3 3 2 ( 2) ( 2) 1 1 1 1 1 ( 2) 5 5 6 6 6 1 1 ( 2) 23 25 30 30 29 14 14 2 ( 2) 10 11 9 11 9 9 ( 2) 2 15 14 14 14 11 11 — ( 2) — Total Percent of reasonable and customary charge All participants Examinations ........................................ Dental x -ra y s ........................................ Fillings................................................... Dental surgery ...................................... Periodontal c a re .................................... inlays ................................................... Crowns ................................................. Orthodontia .......................................... _ Professional and administrative Examinations ........................................ Dental x -ra y s ........................................ F ilin g s ................................................... Dental su rg e ry...................................... Periodontal c a re .................................... Inlays ................................................... Crowns ................................................. Orthodontia .......................................... ( 2) _ Technical and clerical Examinations ........................................ Dental x -ra y s ........................................ Fillings................................................... Dental surgery ...................................... Periodontal c a re ................................... Inlays ................................................... Crowns ................................................. Orthodontia .......................................... _ — — — — — — ( 2) _ Production Examinations ........................................ Dental x -ra y s ........................................ Fallings................................................... Dental su rg e ry...................................... Periodontal c a re ................................... Inlays ................................................... Crowns ................................................. Orthodontia .......................................... 1 Reimbursement arrangement in which the percentage of dental expenses paid by the plan increases if regular dental appointments are scheduled. 2 Less than 0.5 percent. ees. Unscheduled post-retirement pension increases are being analyzed along with pension formula provisions. Retiree health and life insurance coverage is now stud ied as well as the cost of this insurance to the retiree. Information from this survey is helpful to a range of users, including personnel managers, employee benefit administrators, and industrial relations managers in pri vate industry; unions; government agencies; academic _ — — — — — 51 26 7 10 7 3 3 3 — — ( 2) ( 2) 3 3 2 34 N ote : Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals. Dashes indicate no employees in this category. Data are for full-time workers only. researchers; and consultants, to name a few. To provide more comprehensive information to these users, BLS is investigating the possibility of expanding the scope of the survey to include small establishments and to cover some of the currently excluded industries. The survey’s content and procedures will be evaluated continuously and additional analysis on private sector employee bene fits will be developed as appropriate. □ FOOTNOTES ' Employee Compensation in the Private Nonfarm Economy, 1977, Summary 80-5 (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1980), p. 3, table 1. ‘ For example, major provisions of benefit plans were summarized periodically and published in the Bureau of Labor Statistics’ Digest of Selected Health and Insurance Plans and Digest of Selected Pension Plans. The series ran from 1955 to 1979. In addition, surveys of ex penditures for employee compensation were conducted in the 1959-77 period. These programs have been discontinued because of budget constraints. The Bureau’s Employment Cost Index, a quarterly mea 44 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis sure of change in the rate of compensation, includes benefits as well as wages and salaries. The Office of Personnel Management processed the Bureau’s 1979 and 1980 employee benefits data base through their total compensa tion comparability computer system. See Office of Personnel Manage ment, Total Compensation Comparability: Background, Method, and Preliminary Results, July 1981, for a description of the total compen sation comparability program. 4Technical specifications for the salary survey are in National Sur- vey of Professional, Administrative, Technical, and Clerical Pay, March 1981, Bulletin 2108 (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1981). The survey col lects pay data for occupations defined to reflect duties and responsi bilities of employees in private industry and that correspond to speci fic General Schedule grades in the Federal sector. Hence, the establishments selected for the survey are limited to those likely to have positions similar to those in the Federal service. For this reason, small establishments (fewer than 50, 100, or 250 employees, depending on the industry) and some industries (primarily in the services sector) are excluded from the scope of the PATC survey. Industrial coverage includes: manufacturing; mining; construction; transportation, commu nications, electric, gas, and sanitary services; wholesale trade; retail trade; finance, insurance, and real estate; and selected services. The se lected services are limited to business services such as advertising, credit reporting and collection agencies, computer and data processing services, research and development laboratories, commercial testing laboratories, and management and public relations services; engineer ing and architectural services; noncommercial research organizations; and accounting, auditing, and bookkeeping services. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis ?For an account of the sampling techniques, see the Technical Note in Employee Benefits in Industry, 1980, Bulletin 2107 (Bureau of La bor Statistics, 1981). "The Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974 requires benefit plan administrators to file summary plan descriptions with the Department of Labor. A summary plan description gives information on what the plan provides and how it operates and must be updated within 210 days after the end of the plan year (calendar or fiscal) in which the change is adopted. Employee Benefits in Industry: A Pilot Survey, Report 615 (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1980). ’ Employee Benefits in Medium and Large Firms, 1981, Bulletin 2140 (Bureau of Labor Statistics, forthcoming), for sale by the Superinten dent of Documents, Washington 20402, or by BLS regional offices listed on cover. "The tapes may be purchased from the Office of Wages and Indus trial Relations, Bureau of Labor Statistics, Washington, D.C. 20212. A note on communications The Monthly Labor Review welcomes communications that supple ment, challenge, or expand on research published in its pages. To be considered for publication, communications should be factual and an alytical, not polemical in tone. Communications should be addressed to the Editor-in-Chief, Monthly Labor Review, Bureau of Labor Statis tics, U.S. Department of Labor, Washington, D.C. 20212. 45 Research Summaries Weekly family earnings: a quarterly perspective How ard H ayghe Most American families depend on wages and salaries for their livelihood. About 74 percent receive wage or salary earnings while another 7 percent obtain earnings solely from self employment. The rest— 18.4 percent — report no earnings whatsoever, living instead on income from public or private pensions, social security, invest ments, personal savings, public assistance, or other sources. A statistical series, introduced by the Bureau of La bor Statistics in 1980, provides information on the com bined usual weekly wage and salary earnings of families on a quarterly basis.1 Separate earnings statistics are also published for families with at least one unemployed member. Such information can be of value to policy makers and analysts concerned with how changes in employment, unemployment, and wages affect the eco nomic well-being of American families. Prior to 1980, the BLS had published statistics on usual weekly earnings by demographic characteristics, but only on an annual basis.2 Such once-a-year observa tions were limited in their capacity to record the impact of economic changes. While an older monthly series on average weekly and hourly earnings from payroll re cords is more timely and provides detail by industry and geographic area, it does not include demographic or family information.3 This article discusses the newer, family-oriented earn ings series, and focuses on the earnings situations of various categories of families at the end of 1981. Also discussed are developments in unemployment and infla tion as they relate to family earnings. Earnings by family type There were about 60.1 million families in the United States in the fourth quarter of 1981. Of these, a little Howard Hayghe is a labor economist in the Division of Labor Force Studies, Bureau of Labor Statistics. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis a over 11 million had no employed members, more than 4.3 million had only self-employed workers, and anoth er 4.2 million had both self-employed and wage and sal ary workers. The remaining 40.5 million families had only wage and salary workers (table 1). Because infor mation is not collected on the earnings of the selfemployed in the Current Population Survey, the follow ing discussion focuses on those families with only wage and salary employment. More than half of the 40.5 million wage-earning fami lies contained at least two workers (table 2). At $585, the median weekly earnings of these families were near ly twice the earnings of families with one worker ($299). The fact that so many families now have two workers or more is directly attributable to the dramatic changes in women’s labor force behavior over the past decade or so. During the 1970’s— despite two recession periods— the number of working women grew by an average of about a million a year, and more than half of these women were wives. Also accelerating the trend toward two-worker couples was the tendency of couples to ei ther postpone having children or to have fewer of them, and the willingness of mothers to enter or reenter the labor force sooner after childbirth than in the past. In March 1970, for instance, 24 percent of the wives with children under age 2 were in the labor force. Ten years later, the proportion was 39 percent. Among married-couple families, about 19 million, or 58 percent of those with wage and salary earnings, had at least two workers in the fourth quarter of 1981. The median weekly earnings of such families were $601, compared with $336 for the 13.9 million one-worker families. Whether for one-earner or multiple-earner fam ilies, earnings were highest when the husband worked. For example, in one-earner families, median earnings were $383 when the husband worked, but were between $179 and $198 when the wife or some other family member was the only person employed. For those with at least two wage and salary workers, where the hus band worked, usual median family earnings ranged from $574 to $780, depending on which other family members were also employed. In contrast, when the husband was not working, median family earnings were $380 and a little over $400. As has long been the case, families maintained by women are characterized by very low earnings.4 More over, the number of such families has grown considera bly over the last decade; in March 1970, they numbered 5.6 million and by the end of 1981, they totaled 9.3 million. In the latter year, median weekly earnings of the 5.9 million families maintained by women with wage and salary workers were only about half those of married couples. The low earnings reflect both the small proportion of such families having two workers or more, as well as the generally low earnings of women who maintain their own families. Fewer than 3 out of 10 families maintained by women contained more than one worker. To a certain extent, the low earnings levels of women maintaining families are a result of fewer years of schooling. A relatively high proportion who were in the labor force— over one-fourth— had not completed high school. And, as is well known, a high school diploma is frequently either the key to higher-paying jobs or to the additional training needed to compete for these occupa tions. Women maintaining families are also more likely than wives to have preschool children whose presence may restrict not only the mother’s job-seeking efforts but her choice of jobs as well. Race and Hispanic origin. Weekly earnings for black married couples ($412) were 84 percent of those of whites ($492), and Hispanic family earnings averaged 80 percent of white family earnings: W h ite B la ck H isp a n ic Married-couple fam ilies................ . . $492 Families maintained by women . . . 252 Families maintained by men . . . . . 413 $412 226 353 $394 225 263 The earnings of black and Hispanic families that were maintained by women were 90 percent of those of their white counterparts. The primary factor underlying the racial or ethnic differentials in earnings among married-couple families Table 1. Distribution of families by weekly earnings status, fourth quarter 1981 [Not seasonally adjusted] Weekly earnings status Total fam ilies................................................. No earnings.............................................................. With earnings............................................................ With self-employed workers only ........................ With wage or salary w o rke rs............................... Husbands, wives, or householders selfemployed ................................................. All other families with wage or salary workers1 ................................................... Number (in thousands) 60,077 11,074 49,002 4,324 44,678 Percent 100.0 18.4 81.6 7.2 74.4 4,166 6.9 40,513 67.4 1May include some members (other than husband, wife, or householder) who were selfemployed. N ote : Due to rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Table 2. Median weekly earnings by type of family, and number and relationship of workers, fourth quarter 1981 [Not seasonally adjusted] Number (in thousands) Percent Median earnings Total families with wage or salary workers1 ................................................. 40,513 100.0 $442 One worker .......................................... Two workers or more ........................... 19,304 21,209 47.6 52.4 299 585 Married-couple families ........................ One w o rk e r................................... Husband ................................... Wife .......................................... Other family member ............... Two workers or m o re .................... Husband and wife only ............. Husband, wife, and other(s) . . . . Husband and other family member(s) ............................. Wife and other family member(s) Other family members only . . . . 32,920 13,949 11,077 2,227 644 18,972 13,204 2,895 100.0 42.4 33.6 6.8 2.0 57.6 40.1 8.8 486 336 383 179 198 601 574 780 2,318 408 146 7.0 1.2 .4 603 380 405 Families maintained by women2 ........... One w o rker........................................ Householder ................................. Other family member .................... Two workers or m o re ........................ 5,889 4,274 3,331 943 1,615 100.0 72.6 56.6 16.0 27.4 245 204 212 176 399 Families maintained by men2 ............... One w orker........................................ Householder ................................. 1,704 1,082 857 225 622 100.0 63.5 50.3 13.2 36.5 405 327 368 204 545 Type of family and relationship of worker(s) Two workers or m o re ........................ 1 Excludes families in which the husband, wife, or householder is self-employed. 2 No spouse present. N ote : Due to rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals. is the level of the husbands’ earnings. White husbands working full time had median usual weekly earnings of $402 in the fourth quarter, compared with around $300 for black or Hispanic husbands. These earnings differ ences can be largely attributed to the fact that black and Hispanic husbands tend to work in occupations that are relatively low-paying. In March 1981, for ex ample, about half of the black and Hispanic husbands working full time were operatives, laborers, or service workers, compared with one-fourth of the white hus bands. In contrast, 37 percent of the white husbands were in professional or managerial jobs, compared with 17 percent of black or Hispanic husbands. Inflation. For families with wage and salary earners, there was not as much loss in purchasing power in 1981 as during the year before (table 3). Between the fourth quarters of 1980 and 1981, median weekly earnings of families grew by 6.5 percent, while consumer prices (as measured by the C P l-w )5 advanced by 9.4 percent. Fami lies with two or more wage and salary workers nearly kept pace with rising prices but the earnings of oneworker families grew by only 4.5 percent in nominal terms and thus declined considerably in real terms. In the previous year, the increase in earnings (7.0 percent) offset only a little more than half the rise in prices (12.6 percent). 47 M ONTHLY LABOR REVIEW August 1982 • Research Summaries Earnings of married-couple families rose 9.0 percent from a median of $446 in the fourth quarter of 1980 to $486 in the fourth quarter of 1981. Weekly earnings of families where there was only one worker advanced by 5.0 percent while the earnings of two-worker families increased by 8.9 percent. In contrast, the usual weekly median earnings of families maintained by women ad vanced at a slower pace— 7.0 percent. Unemployment and family earnings Unemployment grew rapidly during the closing months of 1981. The national unemployment rate jumped from 7.3 percent in August (a level which had been maintained throughout most of the calendar year) to 8.8 percent in December 1981. As a result, the num ber of families with unemployed members rose by about 800,000, or 14 percent, over the year ending in the fourth quarter of 1981. However, this increase was not as steep as the rise during the year ended in the fourth quarter of 1980 when the number of families with un employed members grew by 27 percent. In the fourth quarter of 1981, nearly 6.6 million fami lies (over 10 percent of all families) contained at least one unemployed person; 1.8 million of these had no earners (table 4). In 7 out of 10 married-couple families with both wage and salary workers and unemployed members, the wife, son, or daughter (or some other member) was jobless, not the husband. Likewise, in nearly 90 percent of the families maintained by women and 75 percent of those maintained by men, the unem ployed member was someone other than the householder. Median usual weekly earnings for the 4.3 million families with both unemployed members and wage and salary workers in the fourth quarter were $312. M ar ried-couple families reported median earnings of $335 a Table 3. Total weekly wage and salary earnings of families by number of workers and family type, quarterly averages, 1979-81 [Not seasonally adjusted] Type of family and number of workers Total families with wage or salary workers' . . . . One worker ............. Two workers or more Median earnings Percent change 1979 IV to 1980 IV 1980 IV to 1981 IV 1979 IV 1980 IV 1981 IV $388 271 495 $415 286 539 $442 299 585 7.0 5.5 8.9 6.5 4.5 8.5 419 305 509 446 320 552 486 336 601 6.4 4.9 8.4 9.0 5.0 8.9 Married-couple families . . . One worker ............. Two workers or more Families maintained by women2 ........................ Families maintained by men2 ............................. 217 229 245 5.5 7.0 349 385 405 10.3 5.2 Consumer Price Index3 . . . - - - 12.6 9.4 ' Excludes families in which the husband, wife, or householder is self-employed. 2 No spouse present. 3 For Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers. Digitized for 48FRASER https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Table 4. Families with unemployment by presence and relationship of worker(s) to unemployed members, total weekly wage and salary earnings, and family type, fourth quarter 1981 [Not seasonally adjusted] Type of family and relationship of worker(s) to unemployed Number (in thousands) Percent Median earnings Total families ............................................ No one em ployed'................................. Some employed, no wage or salary workers.............................................. With wage or salary workers ............... Husband, wife, or householder selfemployed ...................................... All other families ............................... 6,588 1,843 100.0 28.0 290 4,455 54.4 67.6 191 4,265 2.9 64.7 Married-couple families .................... Husband unemployed.................... Wife only worker ...................... Wife and other worker(s)........... Other worker(s) o n ly .................. Wife unemployed........................... Husband only worker ............... Husband and other worker(s) .. Other worker(s) o n ly .................. Other member(s) unemployed . . . . Husband or wife worker ........... Husband and wife workers .. Other combinations of workers . 3,326 961 785 105 71 1,095 933 147 14 1,271 599 613 59 100.0 28.9 23.6 3.2 2.1 32.9 28.1 4.4 .4 38.2 18.0 18.4 1.8 ( 2) 493 408 619 ( 2) Families maintained by women3 . . . . Householder unemployed............. Other member(s) unemployed . . . . 731 88 643 100.0 12.0 88.0 231 ( 2) 236 Families maintained by men3 ........... Householder unemployed............. Other member(s) unemployed . . . . 208 51 157 100.0 24.5 75.5 282 ( 2) 330 — — $312 335 193 185 332 ( 2) 338 319 520 1May include small number of families in which the only worker is an unpaid family worker. 2 Median not shown where base is less than 100,000. 3 No spouse present. N ote : Due to rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals. week— about 45 percent higher than the earnings of families maintained by women ($231) and 19 percent more than those of families maintained by men ($282). For the most part, the earnings of families with un employment depend on which family member is jobless. In married-couple families with an unemployed hus band, earnings averaged $193 a week in the fourth quarter of 1981, compared with $338 for families with a jobless wife, and $493 when some member other than the husband or wife was unemployed. Furthermore, these medians varied considerably depending on which family members were working. For instance, in families with an unemployed husband and a working wife, earn ings totaled $185 a week; but, when the wife was joined by other family workers, earnings were $332.6 I n c r e a s i n g l y , p o l i c y -o r i e n t e d a n a l y s e s and inter pretations of the family earnings data will involve con sideration of long-term demographic trends. For instance, as the population ages, growing numbers of families will contain persons past retirement age. Also, divorce and separation may continue to raise the pro portion of families that are not married couples. More over, because of these trends as well as others related to family formation and dissolution, the number of mar- ried couples is projected to increase more slowly in coming years. Such changes will undoubtedly have some impact on the family earnings profile. Thus, to understand the significance of changes in family earn ings, analysts will need to examine the many demo graphic trends relating to families. □ ------ FOOTNOTES-----1The Bureau of Labor Statistics first released quarterly family earn ings data in a press release entitled “New Data Relate Workers’ Earnings to the Families in Which They Live,” USDL 80-188, Mar. 27, 1980. The data continue to be published on a quarterly basis. Earnings information is obtained from the Current Population Sur vey (CPS) only for families with wage or salary workers. The CPS is a sample survey of some 60,000 households (65,000 prior to May 1981) conducted monthly for the Bureau of Labor Statistics by the Bureau of the Census, with coverage in all 50 States and the District of Co lumbia. The survey provides basic information on the labor force, em ployment, and unemployment. The earnings information is collected each month from only a quarter of the sample and cumulated to pro vide quarterly and annual estimates. For a description of the proce dures used to develop the weekly earnings data, see Technical Description of the Quarterly Data on Weekly Earnings from the Current Population Survey, Bulletin 2113 (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1982). 2For an extensive discussion of these data, see Weekly and Hourly Earnings Data from the Current Population Survey, Special Labor Force Report 195 (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1977). ' For a description of these data, see “Explanatory Note” in Em ployment and Earnings, January 1981, pp. 228-35. 4 See Beverly L. Johnson, Women Who Head Families, Special La bor Force Report 213 (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1978). 5The CPI-W refers to the Consumer Price Index for Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers. For a discussion of the general method of computing the Consumer Price Index, see The Consumer Price In dex: Concepts and Contents over the Years, Report 517 (Bureau of La bor Statistics, 1978). 6 It should also be noted that in 1981, on average, about 2.9 million people a week received unemployment insurance benefits which aver aged a little over $100. Data on unemployment insurance recipients and amounts can be obtained from the U.S. Department of Labor, Employment and Training Administration, Unemployment Insurance Service, Division of Actuarial Services. 7For a discussion of demographic trends and how they will affect families by the end of the century, see George Masnick and Mary Jo Bane, The Nation’s Families: 1960-1990 (Joint Center for Urban Stud ies of MIT and Harvard University, 1980). Analysis of work stoppages in the Federal sector, 1962-81 Eug ene H. Becker Since 1962, 39 work stoppages by Federal Government workers have been recorded by the Bureau of Labor Sta tistics and the Office of Personnel Management.1 These Eugene H. Becker is an economist with the Office of Employment Structure and Trends, formerly with the Office of Wages and Industri al Relations, Bureau of Labor Statistics. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis stoppages occurred despite legislation explicitly prohib iting any type of strike activity by Federal workers. The statutory prohibition began with the LloydLaFollette Act of 1912. This act gave postal workers the right to organize, as long as they did not join unions asserting the right to strike.2 Later, the strike ban was extended to cover other Federal workers and was codified in section 305 of the Labor-Management Relations Act of 1947, which read, in part:3 It shall be unlawful for any individual employee of the United States or any agency thereof including wholly owned government corporations to participate in any strike. Any individual employed by the United States or any such agency who strikes shall be discharged immedi ately from his employment, and shall forfeit his civil-ser vice status, if any, and shall not be eligible for reemployment for three years by the United States or any such agency. Criminal penalties were added to the body of antistrike legislation in 1955.4 In 1966, strike activity by Federal workers was further proscribed in the U.S. Code relating to Federal employment. The statutes pro hibited the holding of a Federal job by persons who (1) participate in a strike, (2) assert the right to strike, or (3) belong to an organization that asserts the right to strike against the U.S. Government. The penalties for noncompliance were a fine of not more than $1,000, or a jail sentence of up to a year and a day. More recently, the ban on Federal strike activity has been codified in Title VII of the Civil Service Reform Act of 1978, which states that, for a Federal employee, “ . . . it shall be an unfair labor practice . . . to call, or participate in, a strike, work stoppage or slowdown, or picketing of an agency in a labor-management dispute if such picketing interferes with an agency’s operations, or . . . to con done any activity described in this paragraph by failing to take action to prevent or stop such activity . . . .”5 In 1971, the United Federation of Postal Clerks chal lenged the constitutionality of the laws proscribing strike activity by U.S. Government employees.6 Among other complaints, the union contended that terms such as “strike” and “participates in a strike,” language com mon to all the laws in question, are so vague as to be unconstitutional. However, the court held that there was no vagueness in the two terms, and that, indeed, they “occupy central positions in our labor statutes and accompanying case laws . . . .” Subsequently, the U.S. Supreme Court affirmed the ruling of the lower court that the laws under attack were constitutional.7 Work stoppages by Federal employees occurred as far back as 1835, when civilian blue-collar yard workers of the Navy Department in Washington, D.C., struck over working hours and for a “general redress of griev ances.”8 After appealing to the Secretary of the Navy, but gaining little satisfaction, the workers returned to 49 M ONTHLY LABOR REVIEW August 1982 • Research Summaries Table 1. Beginning date l% 2 : Jan. 16 Work stoppages by Federal employees, 1962-81 Duration (calendar days) Establishment and location 2 Tennessee Valley Authority, Par adise Power Plant; Drakesboro, Ky. Tennessee Valley Authority, Par adise Power Plant; Drakesboro, Ky. Union involved International Brotherhood of Elec trical Workers (A FU -C IO ) International Brotherhood of Teamsters, Chauffeurs, Warehousemen and Helpers of America (Ind.) International Brotherhood of Boiler makers, Iron Shipbuilders, Black smiths, Forgers and Helpers (AFU -CIO ); International Associ ation of Bridge, Structural and Ornamental Iron Workers (A F L C IO ) Sheet Metal Workers International Association (A FU -C IO ) Workers involved 190 Dispute over alleged unsafe working conditions Employees returned to work without penalty after labor-management inter views. Employees returned to work following labor-management interviews; three employees were suspended for 28 days. Employees returned to work without penalty after labor-management inter views. Assignment .of truck driving duties to driver temporarily idle 350 Jurisdictional dispute over erecting slag tanks by employees repre sented by Iron Workers 6 June 20 10 Tennessee Valley Authority, Par adise Power Plant; Drakesboro, Ky. July 30 24 Tennessee Valley Authority, Par adise Power Plant; Drakesboro, Ky. 1968: Nov. 30 3 St. Elizabeth Hospital; Washing ton, D.C. American Federation of State, County and Municipal Employees (A FU -C IO ) Dec. 11 8 International Brotherhood of Elec trical Workers (A FU -C IO ) Oct. 9 2 Tennessee Valley Authority, Brown's Ferry Nuclear Plant; Athens, Ga. Hunter's Point Naval Shipyard; San Francisco, Calif. Uaundry and Dry Cleaning Interna tional Union (A FU -C IO ) 1969: June 18 2 Federal Aviation Administration; interstate Professional A ir Traffic Controllers Organization (A F L -C IO ) July l 2 U.S. Post Office Department; New York City National Association of Fetter Car riers (AFU -C IO ); National Postal Union (Ind.) 72 1970: Mar. 18 9 U.S. Post Office Department; na tionwide National Association of Fetter Car riers (AFU -C IO ); National Postal Union (Ind.); United Federation of Postal Clerks (AFU -C IO ); The National Association of Special Delivery Messengers (A FU -C IO ) Mar. 25 22 Federal Aviation Administration; nationwide M ay 25 I U.S. Government Printing Of fice; Washington, D.C. June 8' 7 U.S. Department of Agriculture; Alabama April 5 10 Tennessee Valley Authority, N u clear Project; Daisy, Tenn. M ay 4' 3 June 17' 1 Department of Housing and U r ban Development; Washington, D.C. Naval Publication and Forms Center; Philadelphia, Pa. June 23 5 Library of Congress; Washing ton, D.C. 1 May 11 July 31' Sept. 24 Penalties 85 Mar. 16 1973: Jan.1 Issues Work assignment procedures and pay scales Employees returned to work following labor-management interviews; the 85 sheet metal workers who began the stoppage were fired. Alleged violation of position classi fication standards, work relation ships, and laundering of uni forms of male nursing assistants Suspension of entire electrical crew for violating published job rules Grievance procedures, working conditions, and disciplinary ac tions Issues settled through labor-manage ment meetings. N o penalties were im posed. Alleged remarks made by head of F A A downgrading the role of controllers in policing air traffic Size of second year wage in crease About 100 workers were temporarily suspended and P A T C O lost its dues check-off privileges. Employees called in sick; those found not to have been sick were placed on leave without pay for 2 weeks. 152.100 Retroactive pay increase, postal re form, and compression of pay schedule Professional A ir Traffic Controllers Organization (A FU -C IO ) 2,319 Columbia Typographical Union (AFL-CIO)/International Typo graphical Union American Federation of Govern ment Employees (A F L -C IO ) 1,400 Employee reassignment, mediation of grievances, and union recogni tion Manner in which the pay-setting formula was applied All issues were settled by special leg islation (PL 91-23), which provided for a 6-percent retroactive pay in crease and the enactment of the Postal Reorganization and Salary Adjustment Act. N o penalties were imposed. 66 controllers were fired; about 1,800 were suspended 1 day for each day they stayed off the job. Formula was revised. N o penalties were imposed. Federal poultry inspectors refused to cross a National Farmer's O r ganization picket line for fear of physical harm Inspectors who had not reported for work were considered absent without leave and were not paid for the time of their absence. 2,500 103 1,496 80 485 Not known Employees returned to work without penalty following labor-management interviews. Employees returned to work without penalties when shipyard agreed to immediate negotiations on a con tract. International Association of Bridge, Structural and Ornamental Iron Workers (A F L -C IO ) None 990 Work assignment N o information available. 175 Alleged bias in employment prac tices Laborer's International Union of North America (A F L -C IO ) was official representative but judged not to be involved None 19 Dissatisfaction over workload and low pay 35 Wages and working conditions Some employees were charged with be ing absent without leave; others were warned about their actions. Involved workers were listed as absent without leave and given formal letters of reprimand; two supervisors were given 1-day suspensions. All employees suspended and ordered to report back to work; 13 who did not were fired. St. Elizabeth Hospital; Washing ton, D.C. None 14 Position classification 5 Army Air Force Exchange; Charleston, Ohio American Federation of Govern ment Employees (A F L -C IO ) 61 Job classification 1 A ir Force base post exchange, Ft. Dix: McGuire, N.J. Tennessee Valley Authority, Brown's Ferry Nuclear Con struction Site: Athens, Ala. 60 Reduction in workweek from 40 to 35 hours Hiring of nonunion welders because union allegedly did not furnish T V A with union welders 12 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis None United Association of Journeymen and Apprentices of the Plumbing and Pipe Fitting Industry of the United States (A F L -C IO ) 460 Letter given to each employee spelling out the illegality and consequences of concerted actions against the Federal Government. Three employees were discharged; the others were not paid for the time they were out. N o penalties were imposed. Following labor-management interviews, 165 steamfitters were fired; others re turned to their jobs. Table 1. Beginning date Continued— Work stoppages by Federal employees, 1962-81 Duration (calendar days) Establishment and location Union involved Workers involved Issues Penalties 1974: Jan. 21 4 U.S. Postal Service: Jersey City. N.J. American Postal Workers Union (A F L -C IO ) M ay 1' 2 Mare Island Naval Shipyard; California Arm y and A ir Force Exchange Service: Charlestown. Ind. Metal Trades Council American Federation of Govern ment Employees (A F L -C IO ) Puget Sound Naval Shipyard: Washington Washington National Airport Police: Virginia Metal Trades Council 60 Change in pay structure International Brotherhood of Police Officers ( N A G E ) 33 New work rules prohibiting airport police officers from carrying home their service revolvers 16 Job classification N o penalties were imposed. Dissatisfaction over terms of tenta tive agreement reached by union and Postal Service (main issue was size of wage in crease) About 125 workers were fired, 120 tem porarily suspended, and 2,500 re ceived letters of warning. Change in working hours U.S. District Court ordered workers to return to work and submit grievances to arbitration. 80 Change in pay structure 64 Protest over Department of Defense wage and salary survey Employees were not paid for the days they were out. Employees returned to work without penalty following labor-management talks. Employees were not paid for the days they were out. N o penalties were imposed. 475 M ay 9 3 M ay 16' 3 M ay 16 1 1977: June 301 I Federal Aviation Administration: Los Angeles/Oakland. Calif. None 1978: July 21 8 U.S. Postal Service Bulk Mailing Center: New Jersey and Cali fornia American Postal Workers Union (A F L -C IO ) 1979: Nov. I P 1 Norfolk Naval Shipyard; Virginia None 23 Pay rules in effect for trial run of new aircraft carrier N o penalties were imposed. 1980: April 211 1 Department of Energy (Phoenix Western Area Power Adminis tration): Arizona Department of the Interior (Grand Coulee Dam): Arizo- None 60 Retroactive pay Involved workers charged with being absent without leave. June 201 1 June 251 1 July 28 10 4.750 International Brotherhood of Elec trical Workers (A F L -C IO ) 183 Protest over size of Federal wage increase N o penalties were imposed. U.S. Arm y Corps of Engineers (hydoelectric dams in Oregon, Idaho, Washington, and M o n tana) Tennessee Valley Authority, Phipps Bend Nuclear Plant; Surgoinsville, Tenn. Immigration and Naturalization Service; New York City Veterans Administration: Den ver, Colo. None 250 Protest over size of Federal wage increase 59 workers were reprimanded. 15 construction unions 900 Discharge of ironworker who alleg edly struck supervisor. 42 workers were fired and 210 were sus pended for 1 year. American Federation of Govern ment Employees (A F L -C IO ) None 50 Immigration and Naturalization Service policy towards Iranians Disapproval of proposed pay raises N o penalties were imposed. Aug. 51 1 Aug. I9 1 1 Sepl. 171 1 Federal Aviation Administration; Anchorage, Alaska None 15 Recruitment policies Dee. 151 1 Veterans Administration Hospi tal: Los Angeles, Calif. None 13 Disapproval of proposed special pay rates Involved workers charged with being absent without leave and reprimand- Dec. 20' 1 Veterans Administration Hospi tal: San Francisco, Calif. None 18 Pay comparability Involved workers charged with being absent without leave and reprimand ed. Federal Aviation Administration; nationwide Professional A ir Traffic Controllers Organization (A F L -C IO ) Size of wage increase, length of workweek, and early retirement About 11,500 workers who did not re turn to work during a presidentially mandated grace period were fired. 1981: Aug. 3 81 12 12,500 Involved workers absent without ed. Involved workers absent without charged with being leave and reprimand charged with being leave and reprimand- ' Information provided by the Office of Labor-Management Relations of the Office of Personnel Management (formerly the U.S. Civil Service Commission). their jobs. Between 1835 and 1937, there were at least 25 other stoppages by Federal employees, mostly civil ian blue-collar workers of the Army and Navy Depart ments. These stoppages were “primarily strikes of mechanics for wage and hour improvements just as were strikes of such workers in the private sector.”9 There were some exceptions to the general rule of Federal strikes by only blue-collar workers. For exam ple, in 1907, 26 postal employees in Butte, Mont., struck over wage and reclassification issues. Eight of them were replaced when they failed to return to their jobs. In 1937, a strike by Federal public health workers https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis ended when the national union, the American Federa tion of Government Employees, expelled the local for violating the no-strike clause in its constitution. Between 1937 and 1957, the Bureau of Labor Statis tics did not keep separate statistics on Federal strikes. Rather, it distributed such data among the industries in which the strike occurred. There were no Federal strikes during 1958-61. However, between 1962 and 1981, there were 39 stoppages involving Federal workers.10 (See table 1.) No stoppages occurred in 8 of the years, and almost a quarter of them occurred in 1980. All types of workers— blue-collar, white-collar, ser51 M ONTHLY LABOR REVIEW August 1982 • Research Summaries vice, professional and technical, and laborers— have participated in strikes against the Federal Government. Eight of the 39 strikes involved construction workers at Tennessee Valley Authority installations, most of which were under construction at the time of the strike; four involved postal carriers and mail clerks, and the 1970 postal strike involving 150,000 workers was the largest Federal stoppage; air traffic controllers participated in five strikes, including an 81-day dispute in 1981, the longest Federal strike on record, which resulted in the firing of approximately 11,500 controllers; U.S. Naval shipyards had four stoppages; Army and Air Force post exchanges and the Veterans Administration each had three; and other Federal stoppages involved police, hos pital workers (nurses’ aides), custodial workers, typo graphers, and clerical workers. (See table 1.) The issues surrounding Federal work stoppages were as broad as those found in private sector strikes. Stop pages occurred over safety issues, work assignments, ju risdictional questions, pay scales, job classification, working conditions, job rules, wages, union recognition, union security, working hours, and general grievances." However, wages or wage-related issues were either pri mary or secondary causes of more than half the strikes, suggesting that Federal employees, like their counter parts in private industry, most often strike to improve their economic standing. Penalties for Federal employees who engage in strikes include dismissal, suspension for various periods of time, written warnings and reprimands, and loss of pay. The following tabulation summarizes the penalties im posed in the 39 Federal work stoppages (multiple penal ties were imposed in some stoppages): Penalty R eprim and........................................................... Loss of p a y ........................................................... Temporary suspension ........................................ Discharge............................................................. No p en a lty ........................................................... Information notavailable ..................................... Incidence 9 11 8 8 14 1 For most Federal employees, the settlement of disputes is governed by the Civil Service Reform Act of 1978. This act gives the Federal Labor Relations Au thority the responsibility of deciding unfair labor prac tices cases which, among other things, include engag ing in or failing to prevent or stop a strike or work stoppage. For the Tennessee Valley Authority, however, the penalties are determined by a labor-management board, the Committee of the Tennessee Valley Trades and Labor Council. The council members interview all participants of a strike to determine: (1) the cause of the dispute; (2) the person(s) primarily responsible for the strike; (3) if the participant(s) may return to work; (4) what statement, if any, to include in the employee(s) re cords, and (5) the appropriate penalty against individu 52 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis als found to have instigated the strike or who failed in their responsibility to attempt to prevent the action. Since 1962, the council has determined that dismissals were the appropriate remedy in 3 of the 8 tva strikes, and suspensions for varying lengths of time in at least two strikes; in three others, the workers returned to work without penalty. In 2 of the 4 postal strikes, workers were discharged or suspended for varying lengths of time and received letters of reprimand. No penalties were imposed in the other two stoppages, including the 9-day strike in 1970 which involved more than 150,000 postal employees. Air traffic controllers were penalized in 4 of their 5 stoppages, having multiple penalties imposed in at least one stoppage. In addition, the Professional Air Traffic Controllers Organization temporarily lost its dues checkoff privileges as a result of their 1969 walkout and was decertified as the controllers’ bargaining agent fol lowing their nationwide stoppage in 1981. This is the only incidence of decertification in any Federal dispute since 1962. The most prevalent disciplinary action was being charged absent without leave and, in most cases, losing a day of pay for each day off the job. Written repri mands were the second most frequent penalty, followed by temporary suspensions and discharge. □ ------ FOOTNOTES-----1Information on 18 of the 39 stoppages was obtained from unpublished records of the Office of Personnel Management. 2 37 Stat. 555 (1912), 5 U.S.C. 652. The act states, in part, that membership in unions “imposing an obligation or duty . . . to engage in any strike or proposing to assist . . . in any strike against the Unit ed States” would result in grade reduction or loss of the employee’s job. See David Ziskind, One Thousand Strikes of Government Employ ees (New York, Columbia University Press, 1940). ' Section 305 of the Labor Management Relations Act was repealed in 1955. However, at the same time, 5 U.S.C., Secs. 118p and 118r were enacted, retaining the prohibitions against strikes by Federal em ployees. These two sections were subsequently replaced in 1966 by 5 U.S.C., Secs. 3333 and 7311, and by 18 U.S.C., Sec. 1918. 4Title 5, Sec. 118r of the Unites States Code. ’ Title VII had its antecedent in Executive Order 10988, which de clared that an orderly and constructive relationship between unions and management was government policy. The number of Federal workers represented by unions increased substantially after this Exec utive Order was issued in 1962. See Wage Chronology: Federal Em ployees Under the General Schedule Pay System, July 1924-October 1974, Bulletin 1870 (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1975), p. vii. 6The challenged laws were 5 U.S.C., Sec. 7311 (3) which forbids anyone from accepting or holding a Federal job who “participates in a strike;” 18 U.S.C., Sec. 1918 which makes strikes against the Feder al government a criminal offense and provides penalties for violations; 5 U.S.C., Sec. 333 (par. C) which requires no-strike affidavits from Federal workers; and Executive Order 11491. See United Federation of Postal Clerks v. Blount, D.C.D.C. 1971, 325 F Supp. 879. 7 92 S.Ct. 80, 404 U.S. 802, 30 L.Ed.2d38. 8Ziskind, p. 24. ’ Ziskind, p. 32; the last Federal strike noted by Ziskind occurred in 1937. In addition, during 1917-20, when the United States vested control of the Nation’s railroads and harbors in the Federal Railroad Admin istration, there were 46 stoppages involving railroad, marine, and wa terfront employees. However, because of the temporary and emergency nature of Federal involvement in these industries, these stoppages are not considered bona fide Federal stoppages, nor are the large number of stoppages by participants in Depression-era Federal public works projects. 10These disputes include all Federal work stoppages lasting a shift, full day, or longer, and involving at least six workers. The Office of Personnel Management, in addition, takes account of all Federal job actions including informational picketing, walkouts (however short), sickouts and sitins, and other actions that may interrupt or have the potential to interrupt work routine. However, unless the job action met the Bureau’s definition of a full shift and at least six workers, it was not included in the 39 stoppages noted. Stoppages culled from the Office of Personnel Management records are noted in the table. 11 Federal law limits collective bargaining by Federal employees to nonwage issues. Exceptions to this rule, however, are air traffic con trollers and employees of the Postal Service, Government Printing Of fice, and Tennessee Valley Authority. Seven of the twenty wagerelated stoppages involved employees of these four agencies. An overview of the population below the poverty level The number of persons below the poverty level rose from 24.5 million in 1978, to 25.3 million (11.6 percent of the total population) in 1979. Statistically significant is the fact that the percentage of the population below the poverty level was unchanged. Although the poverty rate for all persons was 11.6 percent, many groups had poverty rates well above or below the national average. For example, persons in families maintained by women with no husband present, had a poverty rate of 30 percent, compared with per sons in families maintained by mean which had a pover ty rate of only 6 percent. Despite the increase in the total number of persons below the poverty level during 1978-79, only a few of the major subgroups within the population experienced significant increases in the num ber of poor or the poverty rate. There were 16.8 million whites and 7.8 million blacks below the poverty level in 1979— not significantly dif ferent from the previous year. As in earlier years, the poverty rate for whites (9 percent) was much lower than the rate for blacks (31 percent). Blacks accounted for 12 percent of the total U.S. population, but they https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis made up 31 percent of the poverty population. About 2.9 million persons of Spanish origin were below the poverty level (11 percent of the poverty population) in 1979. Their poverty rate, 22 percent, was the same as in 1978. The number of poor persons 65 years old and over increased from 3.2 million in 1978 to 3.6 million (a 15-percent poverty rate) in 1979. This increase probably occurred because their income (other than Social Securi ty) did not keep up with inflation (which rose to 11.3 percent in 1979). There were 15.7 million persons below the poverty level living in metropolitan areas. Of these, 9.5 million lived in central cities and 6.2 million lived in suburban areas. Poverty rates were the highest in 1979 for central city residents (16 percent) and lowest for suburban area residents (7 percent). Of the 25.3 million persons below the poverty level in 1979, 42 percent lived in the South. The poverty rate for persons living in the South was 15 percent, com pared with 10 percent for those in the North and West Region (combined regions). The poverty level for families with a female house holder, no husband present (30 percent) was much higher than the rates of married-couple families (5 per cent) and families with a male householder, no wife present (10 percent). In 1979, the majority of white families below the poverty level were married-couple families (59 percent). By contrast, most poor black fam ilies were maintained by women with no husband pres ent (72 percent). Nevertheless, for both races, the porportion of poor families maintained by women has increased substantially since 1970. Finally, 5.6 million unrelated individuals (15 years old and over, living alone or with nonrelatives) were be low the poverty level in 1979; 1.9 million men and 3.7 million women. This group increased by 400,000 be tween 1977 and 1979, and accounted for 12 percent of all persons and 22 percent of persons below the poverty level. The full report, Characteristics o f the Population Be low the Poverty Level: 1979, U.S. Bureau of the Census, Current Population Reports, Series P-60, No. 130, is for sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Govern ment Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. □ 53 M ajor Agreements Expiring Next M onth This list of collective bargaining agreements expiring in September is based on contracts on file in the Bureau’s Office of Wages and Industrial Relations. The list includes agreements covering 1,000 workers or more. L ab or o r g a n iz a tio n 1 In d u stry E m p lo y er and lo ca tio n A c m e -C le v e la n d C orp ., N a tio n a l A c m e C o. D iv isio n (C lev ela n d , O h io ) . . A m erican P r o tec tiv e Services, In c., U p to w n A g reem en t (San F ra n cisco , C alif.) M a ch in ery .......................................... Services ................................................ M e ch a n ic s E d u c a tio n a l S o ciety ............. In tern a tio n a l U n io n o f S ecurity O fficers N u m b e r of w o rk ers 1,200 2 ,2 0 0 (In d .) B ronx R e a lty A d v iso r y B oard, Inc. ( N e w Y o rk , N . Y . ) .......................................... B run o F o o d S tores, Inc. and F o o d W o rld , Inc. ( A l a b a m a ) ................................ R eal e s t a t e .......................................... R eta il trad e ...................................... Service E m p lo y e es .......................................... F o o d a n d C o m m ercia l W o r k e r s ............. 1 1 ,000 2 ,7 0 0 C aterpillar T ractor C o., T o w m o to r C o rp ., C entral A g reem en t (In tersta te) M a ch in ery A u to W o r k e r s ................................................... C h rysler C orp ., 4 agreem en ts ( I n t e r s t a t e ) ...................................................................... T ra n sp o rta tio n eq u ip m en t . . . . A u to W o r k e r s ................................................... 2 5 ,0 0 0 1,500 7 5 ,3 0 0 D eere an d C o. (Io w a and I l l i n o i s ) ...................................................................................... M a ch in ery A u to W o r k e r s ................................................... F o o d E m p lo y e rs C o u n cil, In c., 3 a g reem en ts ( C a l i f o r n i a ) ................................... W h o le sa le t r a d e ................................ T ea m sters (In d .) F M C C orp ., B earing and C h ain D iv isio n s (In d ia n a p o lis, In d .) M a ch in ery Steelw o rk ers ....................... .......................................... .......................................... .......................................... ............................................. 7 ,0 0 0 ...................................................... 2 ,0 0 0 ................................................... 1,050 3 ,0 0 0 G reater N e w Y ork F o ld in g B o x and D isp la y M a n u fa ctu rers A s so c ia tio n ( N e w Y ork ) G T E Sylvan ia (O tta w a , O h io ) ............................................................................................. P a p e r ...................................................... P ap erw ork ers E lectrical p r o d u c t s .......................... E lectrical W orkers (IB E W ) Jew el C o m p a n ie s, In c., Jew el F o o d S to res D iv isio n (In d ia n a a n d Illin o is) . R eta il trad e U n ite d R eta il W orkers ...................................... 3 2 ,0 0 0 1,200 ...................... 1,850 ................................ 1 4,000 1,150 1,150 1,700 1,900 2 ,0 0 0 K elly-S p rin gfield Tire C o. (T yler, T e x . ) .......................................................................... K ern C o u n ty F lo o r C overin g A s s o c ia tio n (C a lifo rn ia ) .......................................... R u b b er ................................................ C o n s t r u c t io n ...................................... B u ild in g a n d C o n str u c tio n T rades C o u n cil R ubber W orkers ............................................. P ain ters ................................................................ S an yo M an u factu rin g C orp ., F orrest C ity , A rk a n sa s P la n ts (A r k a n sa s) . . S ecurity A g e n c ie s, U p to w n A g reem en t (San F ra n cisco , C a lif.)2 ....................... E lectrical p r o d u c t s .......................... Services ................................................ E lectrical W orkers (IU E ) .......................... In tern a tio n a l U n io n o f S ecurity O fficers (In d .) 3 ,000 W estern S tates F ield C o n stru ctio n A g reem en t (In te r sta te )2 ................................ C o n s t r u c t io n ...................................... G o v ern m en t a c tiv ity B o ile r m a k e r s ...................................................... L ab or o r g a n iz a tio n 1 Florida: D a d e C o u n ty Fire D e p a r t m e n t .......................................................................... D a d e C o u n ty P olic e D ep a rtm en t ................................................................... Fire p ro tectio n ................................ P ub lic s a f e t y ...................................... Fire F i g h t e r s ...................................................... D a d e C o u n ty P o lic e B en evolen t A sso c ia tio n O hio: C olu m b u s M unicipal E m p lo y e es M u ltid ep a rtm en ts A m erica n F ed era tio n o f S ta te, C o u n ty and M u n icip a l E m p lo y e es .......................................................................... 'A ffilia te d w ith A F L -C I O excep t w h ere n o ted as in d ep en d en t (In d .). https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis .......................... 3 ,5 0 0 2 I n d u stry area (g ro u p o f c o m p a n ie s sig n in g sa m e c o n tra c t). 1,000 2 ,2 0 0 6 0 ,0 0 0 4 ,0 0 0 Developments in Industrial Relations Pattern-setting agreement in garment industry About 150,000 workers in the dress, coat and suit, and sportswear industries were covered by a settlement between the Ladies Garment Workers and various em ployer groups. The 3-year agreements are expected to set a pattern for 50,000 other workers and were effective on the June 1 termination date of the prior agreements. The initial 35-cent-an-hour wage increase was deferred to December 1, 1982, and will be followed by a 35-cent increase on June 1, 1983, and a 40-cent increase on July 1, 1984. Under the prior contracts, hourly pay rates ranged from $5.50 to $5.75. A cost-of-living clause was established. Under the formula, the workers will receive a February 1984 pay adjustment of 10 cents an hour if the Consumer Price Index rises 8.5 percent between June 1, 1982, and De cember 1, 1983, plus 5 cents for each additional 0.5-per centage point rise in the index, subject to a 25-cent cap. Prior contracts did not have a cost-of-living clause but were subject to reopening if the CPI rose by specified amounts. Other terms included an additional paid holiday and, for sportswear employees, a 1.5-percent (of payroll) in crease in employer financing of benefits. Employer groups involved in the settlement included the Affiliated Dress Manufacturers Association, Apparel Manufacturers Association, New York Coat and Suit Association, and New York Skirt and Sportswear Asso ciation. mining if the company was justified in firing 22 of the strikers for alleged picket line violence. Other major is sues were company demands for increased productivity and installation of a computer system to aid in keeping inventories and managing the flow of work. In regard to the productivity issue, American Stan dard said the settlement provides that, “in general, in centive employees will have to meet or exceed output standards before prior earnings are guaranteed; howev er, they will now have the opportunity to increase their earnings significantly depending on their output.” The union said that it had agreed to installation of the computer system after the company promised not to use it for pinpointing high incentive earnings or for any time study purposes. The 3-year accord also limited workers at the Wes tinghouse Air Brake Co. plant in Wilmerding to two job transfers a year. Previously, they could bid on jobs at will, which disrupted production, according to man agement officials. American Standard agreed to conduct programs to train senior employees for job openings at its w a b c o and the Union Switch and Signal plants. The settlement, which covered 3,800 workers at the two plants, provided for a total of 85 cents an hour in specified wage increases; for retention of the provision for automatic cost-of-living pay adjustments, subject to a limit of $2.32 an hour over the 3-year term; for estab lishment of a dental care plan; and for improvements in pensions and other benefits. Airline strike ends Strike against American Standard ends A 207-day strike against plants of American Stand ard, Inc., subsidiaries in Wilmerding and Swissvale, Pa., ended when the company and Local 610 of the United Electrical Workers resolved the last major issue by agreeing on grievance-arbitration procedures for deter- “Developments in Industrial Relations” is prepared by George Ruben of the Division of Developments in Labor-Management Relations, Bureau of Labor Statistics, and is largely based on information from secondary sources. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis A 3 Vi-week strike against Northwest Airlines ended when 3,600 mechanics, baggage handlers, food-service workers, and security personnel ratified a 38-month contract. The agreement, negotiated by the Internation al Association of Machinists, called for wage increases of 9 percent retroactive to November 1, 1981, 9 percent on January 1, 1983, and 5.5 percent on January 1, 1984. The parties compromised on the productivity conces sion Northwest had sought. In exchange for greater flexibility in job assignments, the company dropped its 55 M ONTHLY LABOR REVIEW August 1982 • Developments in Industrial Relations demand for an increase in the number of part-time em ployees. The union said it viewed the changes in work rules as a lesser danger to job security than an increase in the number of part-time employees. Other provisions included increased shift differentials and pay premiums for employees holding Federal air craft repair and maintenance licenses, and a new com bined regular medical and major medical lifetime cover age of $1 million, instead of the previous total of $500,000. Paper mill institutes ‘gainsharing’ plan More than 2,000 employees of Crown Zellerbach pulp and paper mills in Camas and Port Townsend, Wash., were covered by a new “gainsharing” plan de veloped under provisions of a 5-year labor contract ne gotiated in m id-1981. Crown Zellerbach said that the plan will pay the workers extra money for productivity improvements achieved by “working smarter, not harder.” The employees, who are represented by the Associa tion of Western Pulp and Paper Workers union, re ceived an initial payment of $500 because they accepted the plan before the June 1 deadline. In the future, the size of the annual lump-sum payments will be based on the hours worked and the cost savings resulting from a productivity formula. The formula will include such fac tors as the output of paper machines, reduction of waste, and reduction of purchased energy. Regardless of the results, the workers will receive at least 10 cents for each hour worked during the 12-month period. Early negotiations possible in steel industry The way was cleared for a possible early settlement in the steel industry when presidents of Steelworkers’ local unions voted 263 to 79 to begin “discussions [with the major producers] for the purpose of exploring possible solutions” to economic conditions and resulting layoffs plaguing the industry. Union president Lloyd McBride said that he was not “ruling in or ruling out anything” regarding possible wage-and-benefit concessions or new contract talks. The union’s current 3-year agreements with the eight Coor dinating Committee Steel Companies are scheduled to expire in August 1983. In a related development, U.S. Steel Corp. reduced salaries of its 20,000 management level employees by at least 5 percent, effective July 1. In addition, the compa ny froze the cost-of-living allowances of 7,000 nonmanagement employees; previously, the company had granted quarterly pay adjustments to these employ ees similar to those resulting from the provision in the Steelworkers’ contract. The company also said that some benefits would be 56 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis reduced for all of the white-collar workers. The changes included elimination of the fifth week of paid vacation for long-service employees, two paid holidays a year, and a dental care plan, as well as modifications of other health benefits. Earlier in the year, other major steel companies had imposed similar changes for nonunion white-collar workers. Wage-and-benefit concessions The results of adverse economic conditions were not confined to the steel industry. Various companies moved to alleviate problems, either through bargaining with unions or by instituting wage-and-benefit reduc tions or deferrals for nonunion workers. • In Billings, Mont., 350 employees of Pierce Packing Co. agreed to a 1-year wage reduction of $1.90 an hour, with the lost money to be repaid over a 4-year period. The workers, who are represented by two lo cals of the United Food and Commercial Workers and a local of the Operating Engineers, also agreed to a 1-year moratorium on pay increases, including costof-living adjustments; to take three holidays without pay; and to changes in work rules intended to in crease productivity. Similar changes were instituted for salaried employees, who are not union-represent ed. The company said the changes were needed to counter a slowdown in its sales of pork products. • In the nonferrous mining industry, Hecla Mining Co. of Wallace, Idaho, announced a pay reduction rang ing from 5 percent for employees earning less than $17,000 a year to 15 percent for top management. The reduction was 10 percent ($2,080 a year) for miners earning the starting rate of $10 an hour. Among the workers affected were 100 gold miners and 30 lead and silver miners. The cut did not apply to 250 lead and silver miners represented by the United Steel Workers. It also did not apply to 220 nonunion lead, zinc, and silver miners whose pay had already been cut 10 percent. Hecla President William A. Griffith said the pay cuts were required because of severe declines in mineral prices. • Barber-Greene Co. cut salaries by 3 to 9 percent for its 900 office and management employees in the Unit ed States and Canada. The company said that salaries will be frozen at the reduced level “for the indefinite future” and that some of its white-collar workers would be laid off over the next 2 months. The com pany, which had already cut its hourly work force by 30 percent within the last year, said the white-collar actions were necessitated by slumping demand for its road construction, mining, and industrial machinery. • The Hesston Co., a Kansas manufacturer of farm and oil field equipment, froze the pay of 200 clerical workers and cut the pay of 350 other white-collar • • • • • workers by 5 percent. Hesston said the moves were needed “to reduce costs that cannot be recovered in today’s economic conditions.” The changes did not af fect 950 employees represented by an independent union. In Columbus, Ind., Cummins Engine Co. cut the pay of all its salaried employees in the United States by 6 percent and said it was considering further measures to reduce costs. This was in addition to a cut 3 months earlier for officers of the company. The com pany said that it was discussing wage concessions with an independent union representing office work ers in the Columbus area, but was not discussing cuts with the Diesel Workers Union, another independent union, because “we’ve already had lots of layoffs among the production workers it represents.” In the rubber industry, B.F. Goodrich Co. announced that it was cutting the pay of 10,000 higher-salaried employees and freezing the pay of several thousand others. John D. Ong, chairman and chief executive of ficer of the company, said “the actions are precau tionary in nature and represent our commitment to managing our way through this difficult period.” The cut, limited to employees earning at least $20,000 a year, was 15 percent for members of Goodrich’s man agement committee, 10 percent for other executives, and 5 percent for other employees. The company also said that it would not grant pay increases to salaried workers and was eliminating a week of paid vacation for those eligible for 3 weeks in 1983. Exxon Corp. announced that it planned to reduce ex penses 15 percent and that 60 percent of this would be achieved through personnel cutbacks. The oil com pany said that the staff reduction would be achieved through voluntary retirements. In Grand Haven, Mich., employees of the Bastian Blessing Co. agreed to a $l-an-hour reduction in fu ture wage-and-benefit improvements that had been scheduled under a 3-year contract negotiated in Feb ruary. Under the concession plan, average pay will go from $9.30 an hour to $9.32 by the end of 1983, and to $10.12 by the end of the 3-year contract term. The 300 employees represented by Sheet Metal Workers Local 430 accepted the agreement after being told that the cost reduction was necessary to assure pur chase of the plant by local investors, including some officials of the plant, which makes restaurant equip ment. The purchase negotiations were being conduct ed with the plant’s parent firm, Bastian Industries, Inc. The Grand Haven plant had been experiencing financial problems and layoffs because of the loss of a major account. The purchase group assured the em ployees that completion of the sale would result in re call of the workers. The Aluminum Company of America froze the https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis • • • • • salaries of its top 1,800 managers and cut in half the rate at which 9,500 other salaried employees accrue points toward salary increases based on the cost-ofliving, performance, and other factors. Company spokesman Robert Larson described the move as “a short-term tactic to conserve cash and a long-term strategy to bring all our salaries into a more competi tive relationship with other manufacturing compa nies.” The Kirsch Co., a maker of home furnishings hardware, and Local 797 of the Automobile Workers revised their existing contract to provide for a wage freeze extending to June 1985. The accord, which was ratified by a 410 to 41 margin, also called for reduc tions in some benefits. Despite these cost-saving changes, the Sturges, Mich., firm gave no assurance that more layoffs or a plant closing could be averted. Kirsch already had 300 production workers on layoff. In Lockport, N.Y., 430 employees of Guterl Special Steel Corp. agreed to a package of wage-and-benefit reductions expected to save the company $1.5 mil lion. Workers will return to “normal” wage-and-bene fit levels in October 1983, a week before the expira tion of Guterl’s current contract with Local 2857 of the United Steelworkers. In exchange for the aid, the company agreed to return to employees the dollar value of the concessions, plus 7 percent interest, be ginning October 1, 1984, if financial conditions per mit. Guterl president Douglas K. Pinner said the union aid was necessitated by “a severely depressed economy, coupled with unconscionable levels of im ports approaching 50 percent in some steel prod ucts.” In the construction industry, 200 plumbers in Connecticut agreed to work on housebuilding proj ects at 65 percent of their usual pay rate. The agree ment between the Naugatuck Valley Mechanical Contractors Association and Local 22 of the Plumb ers and Pipefitters specified that the special rate would apply to work on single family homes, garden apartments, and condominiums. The rate also applies to small warehouses and commercial facilities. Caterpillar Tractor Co. froze the salaries of its man agement and weekly salaried employees, and suspend ed their quarterly cost-of-living increases, merit raises, and payments in lieu of unused vacation time. The move affected 13,800 management employees and 9,600 others, such as secretaries and technicians. The heavy equipment manufacturer also was offering cash retirement inducements to management employees at least 58 years old. Massey Ferguson announced that it was deferring payment of part of the salaries of its 3,000 North American white-collar employees until October. The deferred amount, expected to total $6 million, 57 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW August 1982 • Developments in Industrial Relations amounted to 25 percent of pay for senior employees and 20 percent for others. The Canadian company in dicated that 2,000 of the affected workers are located in the United States, primarily in the Des Moines, Iowa, and Detroit, Mich., areas. Earlier in 1982, Massey-Ferguson’s production workers in the United States agreed to wage concessions totaling $10 mil lion over a 30-month period. These workers are rep resented by the United Automobile Workers. • Clark Equipment Co. announced plans to cut 700 employees from its white-collar staff of 5,200 by No vember 1. Some of the reduction would be accom plished by offering special retirement incentives to employees who are age 55 with at least 10 years of service. About 500 employees were eligible for the program. The construction equipment maker also dis closed that it was undertaking a study to determine if some of its 11 North American plants should be closed. Supreme Court rules on subcontracting clauses In the area of collective bargaining, the Supreme Court ruled that a construction union can negotiate provisions requiring contractors to do business only with subcontractors that recognize the union. The case resulted from 1959 amendments to a Federal law that prohibited such subcontracting clauses in all industries except construction. Despite this language, doubts about the exemption had continued because, in 1975, the court had taken a narrow interpretation of the ex emption. In the recent unanimous ruling, written by Justice Thurgood Marshall, the court said that construction unions can seek subcontracting clauses in the normal course of collective bargaining. In its arguments in the case, which involved labor disputes in Southern California and in Oregon, the in dustry representatives involved contended that such clauses should apply only when needed on specific pro jects to preclude union and nonunion workers from working side by side. Court bans ‘nonunion’ contributors to campaigns A union can prohibit outsiders from contributing to union leadership campaigns, according to the Supreme Court. The case resulted from the 1977 race for leader ship of the Steelworkers union between Lloyd McBride, who was endorsed by most of the incumbent officers Digitized for 58FRASER https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis and won the contest, and Edward Sadlowski, who drew substantial financial contributions from “outsiders.” Later, in 1979, the union’s convention adopted a rule prohibiting outside contributions. Sadlowski then challenged the rule in court, contend ing that it violated provisions of the Labor-Manage ment Reporting and Disclosure Act guaranteeing free speech to union members. Writing for the majority, Justice Thurgood Marshall said that the act’s free speech guarantee was not as broad as the guarantee of the First Amendment to the Constitution and that the union need only show— as it had— that its rule was “rationally related” to its desire to reduce outside interference. Justice Byron R. White, writing for the minority, said that the outsider rule was unreasonable because Con gress was concerned about corrupt and entrenched union leadership when it passed the 1959 law. Continu ing, he said that restrictions such as the outsiders rule “are a far cry from the free and open elections that Congress anticipated and are wholly inconsistent with the way elections have been run in this country.” 3M Company settles sex discrimination suits Ending years of litigation, Minnesota Mining & Man ufacturing (3M) Co. settled several sex bias suits by agreeing to pay $2.3 million to 2,350 women. The Equal Employment Opportunity Commission said that the suits had charged the company with discrimination in job assignments, wages, promotions, transfers, and other employment policies. Under the settlement, the company agreed to give 1,350 female employees about $1.5 million in back pay, plus interest. The company also agreed to help the women attain higher-paying jobs by offering them job counseling, posting job vacancies, and paying for jobrelated courses. Locals of the Oil, Chemical and Atomic Workers and the Grain Millers unions, which were codefendants in the suits, will set up committees to handle discrimina tion issues at the five plants. The settlement also required 3M to pay $525,000 plus interest to some 1,000 women it had forced to take maternity leave 4 months before they were scheduled to give birth. This policy was essentially ended in 1973. 3M said that it settled because the suits were con suming a great deal of management time, and that now it could concentrate on its affirmative action programs for hiring, training, and promoting women. Book Reviews Portrait of a leader George Meany and His Times: A Biography. By Archie Robinson. New York, Simon and Schuster, 1981. 445 pp. $18.75. Single copy, $12.50 postpaid, AFLCIO Books, P.O. Box 37473, Washington 20013. George Meany, scowling through the thick smoke of a cigar, uttering defiant and sometimes ungrammatical challenges to leaders of government and industry, prob ably would have been a casting director’s ideal “labor boss.” But the George Meany of this book, passionately de voted to democratic institutions, arch foe of commu nism and corruption, champion of civil rights and social justice, is difficult to fit into the “labor boss” stereo type. George Meany not only authorized this biography, he collaborated actively in its preparation during 4 years of weekly taped interviews with the author. Not surpris ingly, then, the book is less a searching evaluation than the recollections of a celebrated leader at the end of his career. Archie Robinson got to know George Meany during 37 years as a labor reporter for the Detroit News and U.S. News & World Report. Because he relies heavily on speeches and taped recollections, his admiring portrait accurately reflects Meany’s direct— and often blunt — manner. But the virtue of telling Meany’s story in Mea ny’s own words is offset at times by Robinson’s practice of reporting events by stringing together Meany quota tions, with minimal or self-conscious, “as he recalled for this book,” transitions. This tends to limit the reader to Meany’s view of events, where the inclusion of other views might have provided fuller understanding. An example of this limitation is the account of Mea ny’s frustration with the World War II stabilization program which led to an attack on the Bureau of Labor Statistics. Robinson quotes at length from Meany’s statements accusing b l s of not doing an adequate job of measuring the cost of living, charging that BLS “has laid aside its function as an impartial research agency inter ested only in securing and presenting the facts and has identified itself with the objectives of a specific political https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis administration,” and denouncing Acting Commissioner Ford Hinrichs as “a bureaucratic monkey on a stick who moves up and down in conformity with the dic tates of the administrative wage policy.” Robinson’s readers don’t learn that other participants in that dis pute, including some of Meany’s trade union colleagues, found his attacks on BLS unwarranted. Robinson traces Meany’s rise from a high school dropout who failed in his first attempt to pass the jour neyman plumber examination, to popular business agent for his Bronx union local, chief lobbyist and pres ident of the New York State Federation of Labor, sec retary-treasurer of the American Federation of Labor, and finally, AFL-CIO president. The book is at its best when it describes Meany’s relationship with eight presi dents of the United States and with Walter Reuther. (After one of Reuther’s attacks on Meany as “a com placent custodian of the status quo,” Meany joked to reporters that “I’m now signing my letters ‘sincerely and complacently yours’.”) Robinson describes some events not often remem bered, including the fact that, while still in New York, Meany led a successful strike against the New Deal re lief agencies that wanted to pay less than prevailing rates on Works Progress Administration construction projects. The book also documents Meany opinions that will surprise some readers: On the split in the labor movement in the 1930’s: “There was no good trade union reason for the split . . . (Franklin D. Roosevelt) was going to seek more active political support (in the 1936 election) and he didn’t figure he would get it through the AFL Executive Coun cil, which was fairly conservative. . . . The industrial union idea was a bugaboo designed to cover up the po litical motives of the sponsors of the CIO.” On forming a labor party: “When you set up a labor party— I don’t care where it is— and you tie yourself to a labor party, you are saying, in effect, we not only want better conditions for the people we represent, we not only want to raise the standard of life, we want to run the country. (Samuel) Gompers took the position that it was not our job to run the country. . . . The Gompers’ philosophy was not to be nonpolitical, it was 59 M ONTHLY LABOR REVIEW August 1982 • Book Reviews to be nonpartisan. The Gompers’ philosophy basically was that labor should not tie itself to a political party in any way at all. That is still our policy . . . .” On lobbying: “You never beg and you never threaten. And always keep in the back of your mind that the oth er guy may be right.” On being an economist: “I look back when I was a high school dropout. I think now that if I had gone on, I might have wound up being an economist. And to me, that’s kind of a sad profession. Although it is the one profession in which you can gain great eminence with out ever being right.” In pursuing plumbing and union leadership careers instead of economics, George Meany was often right and gained great eminence as well. This book tells that story and tells it well. — H en r y Low enstern Editor-in-Chief M onthly Labor Review Excluding unions Preventive Labor Relations. By John G. Kilgour. New York, AMACOM, A division of American Manage ment Associations, 1981. 338 pp. $24.95. In recent years, a steady flow of books and articles have been published to assist employers in preventing unions from invading their businesses and activities. These publications, together with a series of seminars and intensified activity by consultants advising employ ers on how to avoid unions, have contributed to a cli mate of tension and distrust in labor-management relations. There is little doubt that some of these antiunion efforts have caused great concern in the orga nized labor movement. This book may irritate some labor union members and officers merely because it discusses ways of prevent ing labor unions from organizing the unorganized. It is not, however, a vitriolic attack on labor unions. It be gins with the assumption that the vast majority of nonunionized employers would prefer to remain free of unions. It then proceeds to cover a number of areas in which employers can take action to keep unions out. Throughout the book, however, the author stresses the need to adhere to the rules of collective bargaining and personnel administration. Basically, “preventive labor relations” encourages ear ly attention to organizing efforts, establishing effective communication links to detect early organizing moves, and establishing a basis for meeting and conferring with employees on a regular basis. Employers are cautioned not to overpublicize their efforts because employees 60 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis could become more aware of union activities than would otherwise be the case. Particular suggestions are made with respect to plant location (where unions have traditionally experienced difficulties in organizing workers); a mix of workers to include groups generally opposed to unions; and estab lishment of larger work units which the author believes will help oppose organizing efforts because, he says, unions are less successful in organizing larger units. This last point conflicts with recent releases by the Na tional Labor Relations Board indicating that unions have been most successful in organizing larger units. The author may be thinking of larger bargaining units with a diverse work force consisting of a sizable number of workers from groups not thought to be susceptible to union organizing drives. The author considers effective screening and hiring of workers to be one of the most essential aspects of pre ventive labor relations. He cautions, however, that care must be taken to avoid the legal pitfalls of such selec tive personnel practices. It would seem to this reviewer that the official use of such practices can be construed as a violation of existing law, especially since the book suggests that certain “protected” groups are more prone to join unions than are members of other groups. Among the groups mentioned by the author as being less likely to join unions are retired military personnel, older people, part-time and temporary workers, and cer tain ethnic-racial groups who believe that unions have not acted in their best interests. One must question this kind of selection policy and practice on another basis. Will the organization get the best possible work force? The point made by the author is that a carefully select ed mix of workers can help keep unions out. Kilgour emphasizes two important points. For exam ple, he says the best way to keep unions out is to practice fair and effective personnel administration. This means not only the personnel office but each manager, who, in effect, is a personnel manager. If workers be lieve that the organization’s personnel policies and prac tices are superior to what can be expected in a unionized environment, there will be little or no incentive to join a union. If, however, union organization drives get started, it is easier to defeat them if the organization has advance warning. Open door policies practiced by managers, exit interviews, attitude surveys, detection of increased ab senteeism or turnover, and so forth, can help serve as an early warning system. Again, it is important, says the author, not to show too much activity or concern because this might precipitate unions to take action ear lier than planned, or, it can help to stir up employees to seek outside assistance. If organizing drives do get started, employers are cautioned to operate within the rules. This is not to suggest a “cave-in,” but the author says that employers should manage to get this viewpoint across, and to do all that is legally possible to keep the union organizing effort from succeeding. This involves getting informa tion to employees, timing events to conform to the or ganization’s needs, and striving to gain the best strategic advantage possible. Finally, the author suggests that if a certification elec tion results in a union victory, management must be tough, effective negotiators. Thereafter, they should ad minister the contract fairly and consistently and contin ue to manage effectively. The fight is not necessarily over. Changes can and do occur. This book can be helpful to employers in planning strategy to prevent unions from organizing workers. It has a sensible tone and approach, with proper caution. It can also be helpful to union organizers in planning their strategy. On balance, this book would be useful to both management and labor. Ben Bu r d etsk y Professor Department of Business Administration George Washington University Publications received Economic growth and development Fuchs, Victor R., Economic Growth and the Rise o f Service Employment. Reprinted from Towards an Explanation o f Economic Growth, 1981, pp. 221-42. Cambridge, Mass., National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc., 1982. ( n b e r Reprint, 257.) $1.50. Palumbo, George, “An Economic Analysis: The Impact of Public Employment G row th,” Growth and Change, Janu ary 1982, pp. 37-45. Senese, Donald J., ed., Ideas Confront Reality: An Analysis o f Critical Issues in the Reagan Era. Washington, U.S. De partment of Agriculture, Graduate School Press, 1981, 150 pp., bibliography. $10, cloth; $7, paper. Novit, Mitchell S., “ Defamation: Management’s New Predica ment,” Business, A pril-June 1982, pp. 2-7. Nye, David L., “Fire at Will: New Rules for Managers,” Business, A pril-June 1982, pp. 8-11. Pencavel, John H., The T rade-O ff Between Wages and E m ploym ent in Trade Union Objectives. Cambridge, Mass., National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc., 1982, 29 pp. ( n b e r Working Paper Series, 870.) $1.50. Raskin, A. H., “Turnaround in Bargaining,” The JournallT he Institute for Socioeconomic Studies, Spring 1982, pp. 1222 . Riche, M artha Farnsworth, “The Future of Organized La bor,” The Best o f Business, Spring 1982, pp. 45-48. (Re printed from American Demographics, September 1981.) U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Analysis o f Work Stoppages, 1980. Prepared by Jane S. Gelman. Washington, 1982, 90 pp. (Bulletin 2120.) $5, Superintendent of Documents, Washington 20402. Industry and government organization Jordon, William A., Canadian Airline Performance Under Reg ulation. Ottawa, Ontario, Economic Council of Canada, 1982, 226 pp. (Working Paper, 29.) Levin, Carl, “Save the Auto Industry,” The JournallT he In stitute for Socioeconomic Studies, Spring 1982, pp. 1-11. Papillon, Beniot-Mario, The Taxi Industry and Its Regulation in Canada. Ottawa, Ontario, Economic Council of Cana da, 1982, 124 pp., bibliography. (Working Paper, 30.) “Survival in the Basic Industries: How Four Companies Hope to Avoid Disaster,” Business Week, Apr. 26, 1982, begin ning on p. 74. Waverman, Leonard, The Process o f Telecommunications R eg ulation in Canada. Ottawa, Ontario, Economic Council of Canada, 1982, 105 pp. (Working Paper, 28.) International economics Dow, Shelia C , “The Regional Composition of the Money Multiplier Process,” Scottish Journal o f Political Economy, February 1982, pp. 22-44. Jacquemin, Alexis, “Imperfect Market Structure and Interna tional Trade— Some Recent Research,” Kyklos, Vol. 35, Fase. 1, 1982, pp. 75-93. Labor and economic history Economic Growth M odel System Used fo r Projections to 1990. Prepared by Richard “Africa South of the Sahara, 1982,” Current History, March 1982, pp. 97-128. Oliver. Washington, 1982, 108 pp. (Bulletin 2112.) $5.50, Superintendent of Documents, Washington 20402. Hill, Herbert, “The a f l - C I O and the Black Worker: TwentyFive Years After the Merger,” The Journal o f Intergroup Relations, Spring 1982, pp. 1-78. U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, BLS Industrial relations Canada, Queen’s University, Labor Relations Law. 3d ed. (Compiled by the Labour Relations Law Casebook Group.) Kingston, Ontario, Canada, Queen’s University, Industrial Relations Center, 1981, 656 pp. $27.50, paper. “ Employee Relations Law Institute: A Symposium,” E m ploy ee Relations Journal, Spring 1982, pp. 551-618. Shergold, Peter R., Working-Class Life: “The American S tan d a rd ” in Comparative Perspective, 1899-1913. Pittsburgh, Pa., University of Pittsburgh Press, 1982, 306 pp. $21.95. Steinberg, Ronnie, Wages and Hours: Labor and Reform in Twentieth-Century America. New Brunswick, N.J., Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 1982, 274 pp., bibliography. $25, Rutgers University Press. Ingebretsen, Mark, “Organized Labor Faces the Robot Age,” The Best o f Business, Spring 1982, p. 49. Labor force Mamorsky, Jeffrey D. and Lisa Mezzetti, “ Emerging E R IS A Litigation,” Employee Relations Law Journal, pp. 682-90. Ashton, David N., Malcolm J. Maguire, Valerie Garland, Youth in the Labour M arket. London, England, Depart- https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 61 M ONTHLY LABOR REVIEW August 1982 • Book Reviews ment of Employment, Research Administration, 1982, 82 pp. (Research Paper, 34.) Galbraith, Jay R., “Designing the Innovating Organization,” Organizational Dynamics, Winter 1982, pp. 5-25. Ault, David E., Gilbert L. Rutman, Thomas Stevenson, “Some Factors Affecting Mobility in the Labor Market for Academic Economists,” Economic Inquiry, January 1982, pp. 104—32. Hayes, Robert H. and David A. Garvin, “Managing As If Tomorrow M attered,” Harvard Business Review, M ayJune 1982, pp. 70-79. Barth, Michael C., “Dislocated Workers,” The Journal/The Institute for Socioeconomic Studies, Spring 1982, pp. 2335. Herzberg, Frederick, The Managerial Choice: To Be Efficient and To Be Human. 2d ed. (Rev.) Salt Lake City, Utah, Olympus Publishing Co., 1982, 360 pp., bibliography. $19.95. Braunstein, Yale M. and Andrew Schotter, “Labor Market Search: An Experimental Study,” Economic Inquiry, Jan uary 1982, pp. 133-44. “Japanese Management and White Collar Government: An Interview with Joji Arai,” Management, Winter 1982, pp. 2- 8. Flinn, Christopher J. and James J. Heckman, New Methods Johnston, Robert W., “ Negotiation Strategies: Different Strokes for Different Folks,” Personnel, M arch-April 1982, pp. 36—44. for Analyzing Structural Models o f Labor Force Dynamics. Cambridge, Mass., National Bureau of Economic Re search, Inc., 1982, 8 6 pp. ( n b e r Working Paper Series, 856.) $1.50. Heckman, James J. and Thomas E. MaCurdy, New Methods for Estimating Labor Supply Functions: A Survey. Cam bridge, Mass., National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc., 1982, 64 pp. ( n b e r Working Paper Series, 858.) $1.50. McCrea, Joan M., “Illegal Labor Migration from Mexico to the United States,” Labour and Society, October-December 1981, pp. 355-73. Main, Brian G. M., “Three Summary Measures of the D ura tion of Unemployment,” Scottish Journal o f Political Economy, February 1982, pp. 99-101. U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Geographic Profile o f Employ ment and Unemployment, 1980. Prepared by Richard Rosen, Anderia Thomas, Paul Hadlock, and Joya Ashe. Washington, 1982, 148 pp. (Bulletin 2111.) $6, Superin tendent of Documents, Washington 20402. U.S. General Accounting Office, Labor Market Problems of Teenagers Result Largely from Doing Poorly in School. Washington, 1982, 106 pp. (pad-82-06.) Available from U.S. General Accounting Office, Document Handling and Information Services Facility, Gaithersburg, Md. 20760. Weintraub, Sidney and Stanley R. Ross, “ Temporary” Alien Workers in the United States: Designing Policy from Fact and Opinion. Boulder, Colo., Westview Press, 1982, 124 pp., bibliography. (A Westview Replica Edition.) $16, pa per. Management and organization theory Miles, Raymond E. and Howard R. Rosenberg, “The Human Resources Approach to Management: Second-Generation Issues,” Organizational Dynamics, Winter 1982, pp. 2641. Pfeffer, Jeffrey and Jerry Ross, “The Effects of Marriage and a Working Wife on Occupational and Wage Attainment,” Administrative Science Quarterly, March 1982, pp. 66-80. Prewitt, Lena B., “The Emerging Field of Human Resources Management,” Personnel Administrator, May 1982, pp. 81-87. “Quality of Work Life,” Personnel Administrator, May 1982, pp. 27-53. Redling, Edward T., “The 1981 Tax Act: Boon to Managerial Compensation,” Personnel, M arch-April 1982, pp. 26-35. Scarborough, Norman and Thomas W. Zimmerer, “Human Resources Forecasting: Why and Where to Begin,” Per sonnel Administrator, May 1982, pp. 55-61. Siegel, Efstathia A., “Merit Pay Attitudes Signal Need for Management Involvement,” Management, Winter 1982, pp. 13-15. Thackray, John, “The New Organization Man,” The Best of Business, Spring 1982, beginning on p. 7. (Reprinted from Management Today, September 1981.) Ukeles, Jacob B„ Doing More With Less. New York, A M A C O M , A division of American Management Associations, 1982, 310 pp. $19.95. Monetary and fiscal policy Alderfer, Clayton P. and Ken K. Smith, “Studying Intergroup Relations Embedded in Organizations,” Administrative Science Quarterly, March 1982, pp. 35-65. Roley, V. Vance, “Weekly Money Supply Announcements and the Volatility of Short-Term Interest Rates,” Eco nomic Review, Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City, April 1982, pp. 3-15. Ashkenas, Ronald N. and Robert H. Schaffer, “ Managers Can Avoid Wasting Time,” Harvard Business Week, M ayJune 1982, pp. 98-104. Sellon, Gordon H., Jr., “Monetary Targets and Inflation: The Canadian Experience,” Economic Review, Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City, April 1982, pp. 16-31. Brown, M. Craig, “Administrative Succession and Organiza tional Performance: The Succession Effect,” Administra tive Science Quarterly, March 1982, pp. 1-16. Prices and living conditions Byrd, Richard E., “Developmental Stages in Organizations: As the Twig Is Bent, So Grows the Tree,” Personnel, M arch-April 1982, pp. 12-15. Digitized for62 FRASER https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Kling, Arnold, “Imperfect Information and Price Rigidity,” Economic Inquiry, January 1982, pp. 145-54. Shea, Koon-Lam, “An Alternative Theory of Inflation,” Kyklos, Vol. 34, Fasc. 4, 1981, pp. 611-28. Current Labor Statistics Notes on Current Labor Statistics ....................................................................................................................................... Schedule of release dates for major BLS statistical series ............................................................................. Employment data from household survey. Definitions and notes 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. ............................................................. Employment status of noninstitutional population, selected years, 1950-81 .................................................................. Employment status by sex, age, and race, seasonally adjusted ........................................................................................ Selected employment indicators, seasonally adjusted .......................................................................................................... Selected unemployment indicators, seasonally adjusted ..................................................................................................... Unemployment rates, by sex and age, seasonally adjusted ................................................................................................ Unemployed persons, by reason for unemployment, seasonally adjusted ........................................................................ Duration of unemployment, seasonally adjusted .................................................................................................................. Employment, hours, and earnings data from establishment surveys. Definitions and notes 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. Employment by industry, selected years, 1950-81 ................................................................................................................ Employment by State .................................................................................................................................................................. Employment by industry division and major manufacturing group ................................................................................ Employment by industry division and major manufacturing group, seasonally adjusted ........................................... Hours and earnings, by industry division, selected years, 1950-81 .................................................................................. Weekly hours, by industry division and major manufacturing group ............................................................................. Weekly hours, by industry division and major manufacturing group, seasonally adjusted ........................................ Hourly earnings, by industry division and major manufacturing group ........................................................................ Hourly Earnings Index, by industry division, seasonally adjusted .................................................................................. Weekly earnings, by industry division and major manufacturing group ........................................................................ Unemployment insurance data. Definitions .................................................................................................................. 18. Unemployment insurance and employment service operations .......................................................................................... Price data. Definitions and notes 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 65 65 66 67 68 69 69 69 70 71 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 77 78 79 79 .................................................................................................. 80 81 81 87 88 89 90 92 92 92 ............................................................................................................................ Annual indexes of productivity, hourly compensation, unit costs, and prices,selected years, 1950-81 Annual changes in productivity, hourly compensation, unit costs, and prices, 1971-81 ................................................ Quarterly indexes of productivity, hourly compensation, unit costs, and prices, seasonally adjusted ..................... Percent change from preceding quarter and year in productivity, hourly compensation, unit costs, and prices . . Wage and compensation data. D efinitions ....................................................................................................................... 32. Employment Cost Index, total compensation ........................................................................................................................ 33. Employment Cost Index, wages and salaries, by occupation and industry grou p .......................................................... 34. Employment Cost Index, wages and salaries, private nonfarm workers, by bargaining status, region, and area s i z e ..................................................................................................................................................................................................... 35. Wage and compensation change, major collective bargaining settlements, 1977 to date .............................................. 36. Effective wage adjustments in collective bargaining units covering 1,000 workers or more, 1977 to d a te ................ Work stoppage data. Definition 37. 64 Consumer Price Index, 1967-81 Consumer Price Index, U.S. city average, general summary and selected items .......................................................... Consumer Price Index, cross-classification of region and population size class ............................................................. Consumer Price Index, selected areas ..................................................................................................................................... Producer Price Indexes, by stage of processing ..................................................................................................................... Producer Price Indexes, by commodity groupings ................................................................................................................ Producer Price Indexes, for special commodity groupings ................................................................................................ Producer Price Indexes, by durability of product ................................................................................................................ Producer Price Indexes for the output of selected SIC industries ................................................................................... Productivity data. Definitions andnotes 28. 29. 30. 31. 64 ................................................................................................................................................ Work stoppages involving 1,000 workers or more, 1947 to date ..................................................................................... https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 95 95 96 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 102 103 103 NOTES ON CURRENT LABOR STATISTICS This section of the Review presents the principal statistical se ries collected and calculated by the Bureau of Labor Statistics. A brief introduction to each group of tables provides defi nitions, notes on the data, sources, and other material usually found in footnotes. Readers who need additional information are invited to consult the BLS regional offices listed on the inside front cov er of this issue of the Review. Some general notes applicable to several series are given below. published for numerous Consumer and Producer Price Index series. However, seasonally adjusted indexes are not published for the U.S. average All Items CPI. Only seasonally adjusted percent changes are available for this series. Adjustments for price changes. Some data are adjusted to eliminate the effect of changes in price. These adjustments are made by dividing current dollar values by the Consumer Price Index or the appropriate component of the index, then multiplying by 100. For example, given a current hourly wage rate of $3 and a current price index number of 150, where 1967 = 100, the hourly rate expressed in 1967 dollars is $2 ($3/150 X 100 = $2). The resulting values are described as “real,” “constant,” or “ 1967” dollars. Seasonal adjustment. Certain monthly and quarterly data are adjusted to eliminate the effect of such factors as climatic conditions, industry production schedules, opening and closing of schools, holiday buying periods, and vacation practices, which might otherwise mask short term movements of the statistical series. Tables containing these data are identified as “seasonally adjusted.” Seasonal effects are estimated Availability of information. Data that supplement the tables in this section are published by the Bureau of Labor Statistics in a variety of sources. Press releases provide the latest statistical information published by the Bureau; the major recurring releases are published on the basis o f past experience. W hen new seasonal factors are c o m according to the sch ed ule given below . T he B L S H an dbook o f L abor puted each year, revisions may affect seasonally adjusted data for sev eral preceding years. Seasonally adjusted labor force data in tables 2-7 were revised in the March 1982 issue of the Review to reflect experience through 1981. The original estimates also were revised to 1970 to reflect 1980 census population controls. Beginning in January 1980, the BLS introduced two major modifi cations in the seasonal adjustment methodology for labor force data. First, the data are being seasonally adjusted with a new procedure called X -ll/A R IM A , which was developed at Statistics Canada as an extension of the standard X -ll method. A detailed description of the procedure appears in The X-ll ARIMA Seasonal Adjustment Method by Estela Bee Dagum (Statistics Canada Catalogue No. 12-564E, Feb ruary 1980). The second change is that seasonal factors are now being calculated for use during the first 6 months of the year, rather than for the entire year, and then are calculated at mid-year for the July-December period. Revisions of historical data continue to be made only at the end of each calendar year. Annual revision of the seasonally adjusted payroll data shown in tables 11, 14, and 16 were made in August 1981 using the X -ll ARIM A seasonal adjustment methodology. New seasonal factors for productivity data in tables 30 and 31 are usually introduced in the September issue. Seasonally adjusted indexes and percent changes from month to month and from quarter to quarter are Statistics, Bulletin 2070, provides more detailed data and greater his torical coverage for most of the statistical series presented in the Monthly Labor Review. More information from the household and es tablishment surveys is provided in Employment and Earnings, a monthly publication of the Bureau. Historically, comparable informa tion from the establishment survey is published in two comprehensive data books — Employment and Earnings, United States and Employ ment and Earnings, States and Areas, and their annual supplements. More detailed information on wages and other aspects of collective bargaining appears in the monthly periodical, Current Wage Develop ments. More detailed price information is published each month in the periodicals, the CPI Detailed Report and Producer Prices and Price In dexes. Symbols p = preliminary. To improve the timeliness of some series, preliminary figures are issued based on representative but incomplete returns. r = revised. Generally, this revision reflects the availability of later data but may also reflect other adjustments, n.e.c. = not elsewhere classified. Schedule of release dates for major BLS statistical series Employment situation.............................................. Producer Price Index .................................................... Employment Cost Index ........................................................ Consumer Price Index ................................................................ Real Earnings ................................................ Productivity and costs: Nonfinancial corporations ........................................................ 64 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis R e le a s e P e r io d R e le a s e P e rio d M L R ta b le d a te c o v e re d d a te c o v e re d num ber August 6 August 13 August 19 August 24 August 24 July July 2nd quarter July July September 3 September 10 August August September 23 September 23 August August 1-11 23-27 32 34 19-22 12-17 August 26 2nd quarter 28-31 EMPLOYMENT DATA FROM THE HOUSEHOLD SURVEY m p l o y m e n t d a t a in this section are obtained from the Current Population Survey, a program of personal interviews conducted monthly by the Bureau of the Census for the Bureau of Labor Statistics. The sample consists of about 60,000 households selected to represent the U.S. population 16 years of age and older. Households are interviewed on a rotating basis, so that three-fourths of the sample is the same for any 2 consecutive months. E Full-time workers are those employed at least 35 hours a week; part-time workers are those who work fewer hours. Workers on part- Definitions Employed persons are (1) those who worked for pay any time during the week which includes the 12th day of the month or who worked unpaid for 15 hours or more in a family-operated enterprise and (2) those who were temporarily absent from their regular jobs because of illness, vacation, industrial dispute, or similar reasons. A person working at more than one job is counted only in the job at which he or she worked the greatest number of hours. Unemployed persons are those who did not work during the survey week, but were available for work except for temporary illness and had looked for jobs within the preceding 4 weeks. Persons who did not look for work because they were on layoff or waiting to start new jobs within the next 30 days are also counted among the unemployed. The unemployment rate represents the number unemployed as a percent of the civilian labor force. The civilian labor force consists of all employed or unemployed persons in the civilian noninstitutional population; the total labor force includes military personnel. Persons not in the labor force are 1. those not classified as employed or unemployed; this group includes persons retired, those engaged in their own housework, those not working while attending school, those unable to work because of long-term illness, those discouraged from seeking work because of personal or job market factors, and those who are voluntarily idle. The noninstitutional population comprises all persons 16 years of age and older who are not inmates of penal or mental institutions, sanitariums, or homes for the aged, infirm, or needy. time schedules for economic reasons (such as slack work, terminating or starting a job during the week, material shortages, or inability to find full-time work) are among those counted as being on full-time status, under the assumption that they would be working full time if conditions permitted. The survey classifies unemployed persons in full-time or part-time status by their reported preferences for full-time or part-time work. Notes on the data From time to time, and especially after a decennial census, adjustments are made in the Current Population Survey figures to correct for estimating errors during the preceding years. These adjustments affect the comparability of historical data presented in table 1. A description of these adjustments and their effect on the various data series appear in the Explanatory Notes of E m ploym en t a n d Earnings. Data in tables 2-7 are seasonally adjusted, based on the seasonal experience through December 1981. Employment status of the noninstitutional population, 16 years and over, selected years, 1950-81 [Numbers in thousands] C iv ilia n la b o r fo r c e T o ta l la b o r fo r c e Year in s titu tio n a l p o p u la tio n U n e m p lo y e d E m p lo y e d T o ta l n o n N um ber P e rc e n t o f p o p u la tio n T o ta l A g ric u ltu re c u ltu ra l N o t in P e rc e n t o f N o n a g ri- T o ta l N um ber la b o r fo r c e la b o r fo r c e in d u s trie s 1950 ............................................................ 1955 ............................................................ 1960 ............................................................ 106,645 112,732 119,759 63,858 68,072 72,142 59.9 60.4 60.2 62,208 65,023 69,628 58,918 62,170 65,778 7,160 6,450 5.458 51,758 55,722 60,318 3,288 2,852 3,852 5.3 4.4 5.5 42,787 44,660 47,617 1965 ............................................................ 1966 ............................................................ 1967 ............................................................ 1968 ............................................................ 1969 ............................................................ 129,236 131,180 133,319 135,562 137,841 77,178 78,893 80,793 82,272 84,240 59.7 60.1 60.6 60.7 61.1 74,455 75,770 77,347 78,737 80,734 71,088 72,895 74,372 75,920 77,902 4,361 3,979 3,844 3,817 3,606 66,726 68,915 70,527 72,103 74,296 3,366 2,875 2,975 2,817 2,832 4.5 3.8 3.8 3.6 3.5 52,058 52,288 52,527 53,291 53,602 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 ............................................................ ............................................................ ............................................................ ............................................................ ............................................................ 140,272 143,033 146,574 149,423 152,349 85,959 87,198 89,484 91,756 94,179 61.3 61.0 61.1 61.4 61.8 82,771 84,382 87,034 89,429 91,949 78,678 79,367 82,153 85,064 86,794 3,463 3,394 3,484 3,470 3,515 75,215 75,972 78,669 81,594 83,279 4,093 5,016 4,882 4,365 5,156 4.9 5.9 5.6 4.9 5.6 54,315 55,834 57,091 57,667 58,171 1975 ............................................................ 1976 ............................................................ 1977 ............................................................ 1978 ............................................................ 1979 ............................................................ 155,333 158,294 161,166 164,027 166,951 95,955 98,302 101,142 104,368 107,050 61.8 62.1 62.8 63.6 64.1 93,775 96,158 99,009 102,251 104,962 85,846 88,752 92,017 96,048 98,824 3,408 3,331 3,283 3,387 3,347 82,438 85,421 88,734 92,661 95,477 7,929 7,406 6,991 6,202 6,137 8.5 7.7 7.1 6.1 5.8 59,377 59,991 60,025 59,659 59,900 1980 ............................................................ 1981 ............................................................ 169,848 172,272 109,042 110,812 64.2 64.3 106,940 108,670 99,303 100,397 3,364 3,368 95,938 97,030 7,637 8,273 7.1 7.6 60,806 61,460 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 65 M ONTHLY LABOR REVIEW August 1982 • Current Labor Statistics: Household Data 2. Employment status by sex, age, and race, seasonally adjusted [Numbers in thousands] A nnual a ve rag e 1981 198 2 E m p lo y m e n t s ta tu s 198 0 1981 June J u ly Aug. S e p t. O c t. Nov. Dec. J an . Feb. M a r. A p r. M ay 169,848 109,042 167,745 106,940 99,303 3,364 95,938 7,637 7,1 60,806 172,272 110,812 170,130 108,670 100,397 3,368 97,030 8,273 7.6 61,460 172,172 110,565 170,042 108,434 100,430 3,348 97,082 8,004 7.4 61,608 172,385 110,827 170,246 108,688 100,864 3,342 97,522 7,824 7.2 61,558 172,559 110,978 170,399 108,818 100,840 3,404 97,436 7,978 7.3 61,581 172,758 110,659 170,593 108,494 100,258 3,358 96,900 8,236 7.6 62,099 172,966 111,170 170,809 109,012 100,343 3,378 96,965 8,669 8.0 61,797 173,155 111,430 170,996 109,272 100,172 3,372 96,800 9,100 8.3 61,724 173,330 111,348 171,166 109,184 99,613 3,209 96,404 9,571 8.8 61,982 173,495 111,038 171,335 108,879 99,581 3,411 96,170 9,298 8.5 62,456 173,657 111,333 171,489 109,165 99,590 3,373 96,217 9,575 8.8 62,324 173,843 111,521 171,667 109,346 99,492 3,349 96,144 9,854 9.0 62,321 174,020 111,824 171,844 109,648 99,340 3,309 96,032 10,307 9.4 62,197 174,201 112,841 172,026 110,666 100,117 3,488 96,629 10,549 9.5 61,360 174,364 112,364 172,190 110,191 99,764 3,357 96,406 10,427 9.5 61,999 71,138 56,455 53,101 2,396 50,706 3,353 5.9 14,683 72,419 .57,197 53,582 2,384 51,199 3,615 6.3 15,222 72,359 57,094 53,597 2,379 51,218 3,497 6.1 15,265 72,472 57,172 53,874 2,383 51,491 3,298 5.8 15,300 72,559 57,250 53,791 2,422 51,369 3,459 6.0 15,309 72,670 57,262 53,693 2,383 51,310 3,569 6.2 15,408 72,795 57,355 53,504 2,413 51,091 3,851 6.7 15,440 72,921 57,459 53,354 2,382 50,972 4,105 7.1 15,462 73,020 57,665 53,122 2,311 50,811 4,543 7.9 15,355 73,120 57,368 53,047 2,390 50,657 4,322 7.5 15,752 73,209 57,448 53,097 2,386 50,711 4,351 7.6 15,761 73,287 57,554 53,006 2,377 50,629 4,548 7.9 15,733 73,392 57,730 52,988 2,382 50,606 4,742 8.2 15,662 73,499 58,164 53,260 2,464 50,796 4,904 8.4 15,335 73,585 58,016 52,985 2,424 50,561 5,031 8.7 15,569 80,065 41,106 38,492 584 37,907 2,615 6.4 38,959 81,497 42,485 39,590 604 38,986 2,895 6.8 39,012 81,434 42,581 39,757 585 39,172 2,824 6.6 38,853 81,561 42,682 39,810 590 39,220 2,872 6.7 38,879 81,671 42,666 39,841 609 39,232 2,825 6.6 39,005 81,792 42,344 39,426 608 38,818 2,918 6.9 39,448 8i,920 42,831 39,814 596 39,218 3,017 7.0 39,089 82,038 42,987 39,878 635 39,243 3,109 7.2 39,051 82,151 42,888 39,713 572 39,141 3,175 7.4 39,263 82,260 42,868 39,764 649 39,115 3,104 7.2 39,392 82,367 43,031 39,744 628 39,116 3,286 7.6 39,336 82,478 43,243 39,807 636 39,172 3,435 7.9 39,235 62,591 43,301 39,715 601 39,114 c 3,586 8.3 39,290 82,707 43,683 40,075 634 39,441 3,608 8.3 39,024 82,811 43,904 40,350 581 39,769 3,554 8.1 38,907 16,543 9,378 7,710 385 7,325 1,669 17.8 7,165 16,214 8,988 7,225 380 6,845 1,763 19.6 7,226 16,249 8,759 7,076 384 6,692 1,683 19.2 7,490 16,213 8,834 7,180 369 6,811 1,654 18.7 7,379 16,169 8,902 7,208 373 6,835 1,694 19.0 7,267 16,131 8,888 7,139 367 6,772 1,749 19.7 7,243 16,093 8,826 7,025 369 6,656 1,801 20.4 7,267 16,037 8,826 6,940 355 6,585 1,886 21.4 7,211 15,995 8,631 6,778 326 6,452 1,853 21.5 7,364 15,955 8,643 6,771 373 6,398 1,872 21.7 7,312 15,913 8,686 6,748 359 6,389 1,938 22.3 7,227 15,902 8,549 6,679 336 6,343 1,870 21.9 7,353 15,861 8,616 6,637 326 6,311 1,979 23.0 7,245 15,820 8,819 6,782 390 6,392 2,037 23.1 7,001 15,794 8,271 6,429 353 6,076 1,842 22.3 7,523 146,122 93,600 87,715 5,884 6.3 52,522 147,908 95,052 88,709 6,343 6.7 52,856 147,804 94,887 88,799 6,088 6.4 52,917 147,976 95,126 89,170 5,956 6.3 52,850 148,144 95,163 89,221 5,942 6.2 52,981 148,370 94,884 88,628 6,256 6.6 53,486 148,562 95,365 88,734 6,631 7.0 53,197 148,631 95,535 88,498 7,037 7.4 53,096 148,755 95,329 88,010 7,319 7.7 53,426 148,842 95,120 87,955 7,165 7.5 53,722 148,855 95,333 87,990 7,344 7.7 53,522 149,132 95,508 87,956 7,552 7.9 53,624 149,249 96,015 87,988 8,026 8.4 53,234 149,250 96,641 88,450 8,191 8.5 52,609 149,429 96,223 88,173 8,050 8.4 53,206 17,824 10,865 9,313 1,553 14.3 6,959 18,219 11,086 9,355 1,731 15.6 7,133 18,206 11,033 9,310 1,723 15.6 7,173 18,239 10,971 9,338 1,633 14.9 7,268 18,266 11,069 9,267 1,802 16.3 7,197 18,297 11,134 9,319 1,815 16.3 7,163 18,333 11,188 9,313 1,875 16.8 7,145 18,362 11,207 9,321 1,886 16.8 7,155 18,392 11,226 9,279 1,947 17.3 7,166 18,423 11,188 9,314 1,874 16.8 7,235 18,450 11,205 9,265 1,939 17.3 7,245 18,480 11,217 9,197 2,020 18.0 7,263 18,511 11,170 9,111 2,058 18.4 7,341 18,542 11,335 9,216 2,120 18.7 7,207 18,570 11,253 9,174 2,079 18.5 7,317 June TO TAL Total noninstitutional population1 .......................... Total labor force .................................... Civilian noninstitutional population1 ...................... Civilian labor force ................................ Employed ...................................... Agriculture .............................. Nonagricultural industries ........ Unemployed .................................. Unemployment rate ........................ Not in labor force .................................. M en , 20 y e a rs and o v e r Civilian noninstitutional population1 ...................... Civilian labor force ...................................... Employed ............................................ Agriculture .................................... Nonagricultural industries ................ Unemployed ........................................ Unemployment rate .............................. Not in labor force ........................................ W o m e n , 20 y ea rs and o v e r Civilian noninstitutional population1 ...................... Civilian labor force ...................................... Employed ............................................ Agriculture .................................... Nonagricultural Industries ................ Unemployed ........................................ Unemployment rate .............................. Not in labor force ........................................ B o th s e x e s , 16 to 1 9 y e a r s Civilian noninstitutional population1 ...................... Civilian labor force ...................................... Employed ............................................ Agriculture .................................... Nonagricultural Industries ................ Unemployed .............................. Unemployment rate .............................. Not in labor force ........................................ W h ite Civilian noninstitutional population1 ...................... Civilian labor force ...................................... Employed ............................................ Unemployed ........................................ Unemployment rate ............................ Not in labor force ........................................ B la c k Civilian noninstitutional population1 ...................... Civilian labor force ...................................... Employed ............................................ Unemployed ........................................ Unemployment rate .............................. Not in labor force ................................ 1As in table 1, population figures are not seasonally adjusted. Digitized for66 FRASER https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 3. Selected employment indicators, seasonally adjusted [ Numbers in thousands] A nnual a v e rag e 1981 1982 S e le c t e d c a t e g o r ie s 1980 1981 June J u ly Aug. S e p t. O c t. Nov. 100,343 57,266 43,077 38,746 23,874 M ay June Dec. J an . Feb. M a r. A p r. 100,172 57,051 43,121 38,553 23,820 99,613 56,725 42,888 38,342 23,691 99,581 56,629 42,952 38,234 23,744 99,590 56,658 42,932 38,255 23,727 99,492 56,472 43,020 38,181 23,900 99,340 56,401 42,940 38,142 23,831 100,117 56,820 43,297 38,312 24,213 99,764 56,223 43,541 38,354 24,401 C H A R A C T E R IS T IC Total employed, 16 years and over ...................... Men ............................................................ Women........................................................ Married men, spouse present ........................ Married women, spouse present .................... 99,303 57,186 42,117 39,004 23,532 100,397 57,397 43,000 38,882 23,915 100,430 57,279 43,151 38,930 24,106 100,864 57,640 43,224 38,961 24,159 51,882 15,968 11,138 6,303 18,473 31,452 12,787 10,565 3,531 4,567 13,228 2,741 52,949 16,420 11,540 6,425 18,564 31,261 12,662 10,540 3,476 4,583 13,438 2,749 52,957 16,410 11,411 6,513 18,623 31,538 12,749 10,703 3,493 4,593 13,214 2,710 52,907 16,364 11,578 6,373 18,592 31,580 12,787 10,719 3,526 4,548 13,526 2,727 53,141 16,621 11,460 6,490 18,570 31,611 12,724 10,658 3,530 4,699 13,282 2,753 52,908 16,598 11,533 6,441 18,336 31,266 12,514 10,524 3,506 4,722 13,391 2,743 53,199 16,681 11,616 6,400 18,502 30,953 12,446 10,410 3,580 4,517 13,525 2,770 53,086 16,657 11,461 6,418 18,550 30,683 12,411 10,220 3,438 4,614 13,670 2,802 53,084 16,774 11,424 6,450 18,436 30,344 12,446 10,169 3,368 4,361 13,639 2,660 52,836 16,803 11,091 6,520 18,423 30,203 12,370 9,966 3,415 4,451 13,709 2,817 52,841 16,612 11,253 6,544 18,432 30,309 12.454 9,955 3,503 4,397 13,612 2,787 52,763 16,659 11,311 6,637 18,155 30,416 12,511 9,860 3,397 4,648 13,526 2,710 53,177 16,844 11,501 6,603 18,229 29,924 12,492 9,688 3,400 4,343 13,555 2,623 53,705 16,818 11,541 6,587 18,759 29,926 12,316 9,585 3,419 4,607 13,738 2,731 53,586 17,053 11,504 6,547 18,482 29,716 12,207 9,655 3,414 4,441 13,791 2,660 1,425 1,642 297 1,464 1,638 266 1,437 1,664 263 1,495 1,593 244 1,501 1,638 256 1,461 1,643 256 1,502 1,631 261 1,436 1,641 321 1,352 1,602 228 1,377 1,674 380 1,426 1,596 359 1,416 1,644 277 1,423 1,664 270 1,541 1,698 236 1,431 1,676 251 88,525 15,912 72,612 1,192 71,420 7,000 413 89,543 15,689 73,853 1,208 72,645 7,097 390 89,508 15,707 73,801 1,177 72,624 7,128 376 89,971 15,637 74,334 1,216 73,118 7,071 389 89,995 15,526 74,469 1,259 73,210 7,103 387 89,376 15,475 73,901 1,102 72,799 7,217 399 89,460 15,491 73,969 1,162 72,807 7,152 451 89,238 15,397 73,841 1,204 72,637 7,141 425 88,991 15,585 73,406 1,291 72,115 7,057 410 88,759 15,578 73,181 1,248 71,932 6,971 410 88,586 15,527 73,059 1,161 71,898 7,055 408 88,526 15,492 73,034 1,225 71,809 7,126 434 88,322 15,453 72,869 1,192 71,677 7,264 413 89,051 15,422 73,629 1,202 72,427 7,269 382 88,606 15,635 72,970 1,201 71,770 7,319 397 90,209 73,590 4,064 1,714 2,350 12,555 91,377 74,339 4,499 1,738 2,761 12,539 91,500 74,693 4,033 1,465 2,568 12,774 92,532 75,620 4,374 1,680 2,694 12,538 91,569 74,467 4,350 1,729 2,621 12,752 90,878 73,794 4,656 1,759 2,897 12,428 91,384 73,886 5,009 2,006 3,003 12,489 91,323 73,915 5,026 1,945 3,081 12,382 90,922 73,360 5,288 2.121 3,167 12,274 90,125 72,803 5,071 1,783 3,287 12,251 90,892 73,028 5,563 2,193 3,370 12,300 90,548 72,649 5,717 2,237 3,480 12,183 90,596 72,335 5,834 2,223 3,611 12,427 91,282 73,036 5,763 2,211 3,552 12,483 91,020 72,662 5,444 2,064 3,380 12,914 100,840 100,258 57,551 57,471 43,289 42,787 38,961 38,855 24,043 23,626 O C C U P A T IO N White-collar workers............................................ Professional and technical ............................ Managers and administrators, except farm . . . . Salesworkers................................................ Clerical workers............................................ Blue-collar workers.............................................. Craft and kindred workers ............................ Operatives, except transport.......................... Transport equipment operatives .................... Nonfarm laborers.......................................... Service workers .................................................. Farmworkers ...................................................... M A J O R IN D U S T R Y A N D C L A S S OF W ORKER Agriculture: Wage and salary workers.............................. Self-employed workers.................................. Unpaid family workers .................................. Nonagricultural industries: Wage and salary workers.............................. Government .......................................... Private industries.................................... Private households .......................... Other industries .............................. Self-employed workers.................................. Unpaid family workers .................................. PERSONS AT W ORK ’ Nonagricultural industries .................................... Full-time schedules ...................................... Part time for economic reasons...................... Usually work full time.............................. Usually work part tim e............................ Part time for noneconomic reasons................ ’ Excludes persons "with a job but not at work” during the survey period for such reasons as vacation, illness, or industrial disputes. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 67 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW August 1982 • Current Labor Statistics: Household Data 4. Selected unemployment indicators, seasonally adjusted [Unemployment rates] A nnual a v e ra g e 1981 198 2 S e le c t e d c a t e g o r ie s 198 0 1981 June J u ly Aug. S e p t. O c t. Nov. Dec. J an . Feb. M a r. A p r. M ay June Total, 16 years and over...................................... Men, 20 years and o v e r................................ Women, 20 years and over............................ Both sexes, 16 to 19 years............................ 7.1 5.9 6.4 17.8 7.6 6.3 6.8 19.6 7.4 6.1 6.6 19.2 7.2 5.8 6,7 18.7 7.3 6.0 6.6 19.0 7.6 6.2 6,9 19.7 8.0 6.7 7.0 20.4 8.3 7.1 7.2 21.4 8.8 7.9 7.4 21.5 8.5 7.5 7.2 21.7 8.8 7.6 7,6 22.3 9.0 7.9 7.9 21.9 9.4 8.2 8.3 23.0 9.5 8.4 8.3 23.1 9.5 8.7 8.1 22.3 White, tota .................................................. Men, 20 years and over.......................... Women, 20 years and over .................... Both sexes, 16 to 19 years .................... 6.3 5.3 5.6 15.5 6.7 5.6 5.9 17.3 6.4 5.3 5.7 16.8 6.3 5.0 5.8 16.4 6.2 5.2 5.5 16.1 6.6 5.5 5.9 17.2 7.0 5.9 6.1 17.7 7.4 6.4 6.3 19.0 7.7 6.9 6.4 19.0 7.5 6.6 6.3 19.6 7.7 6.7 6.6 20.0 7.9 7.0 6.9 19.0 8.4 7.3 7.2 20.8 8.5 7.5 7.3 20.3 8.4 7.7 7.1 19.4 Black, tota .................................................. Men, 20 years and over.......................... Women, 20 years and over .................... Both sexes, 16 to 19 years .................... 14.3 12.4 11.9 38.5 15.6 13.5 13.4 41.4 15.6 13.7 13.3 40.9 14.9 12.7 13.1 40.0 16.3 13.6 13.8 49.0 16.3 14.5 14.0 40.8 16.8 14.7 13.9 45.6 16.8 15.5 13.6 44.1 17.3 16.5 14.1 42.2 16.8 16.3 13.3 41.2 17.3 16.0 14.5 42.3 18.0 16,0 15.4 46.0 18.4 16.9 15.6 48.1 18.7 17.0 15.3 49.8 18.5 17.1 15.0 52.6 Married men, spouse present ........................ Married women, spouse present.................... Women who maintain families........................ Full-time workers.......................................... Part-time workers.......................................... Unemployed 15 weeks and over.................... Labor force time lost’ .................................... 4.2 5.8 9.2 6.9 8.8 1.7 7.9 4.3 6.0 10.4 7.3 9.4 2.1 8.5 4.2 5.7 10.7 7.1 9.2 2.2 7.9 3.9 5.7 11.2 6.8 9.3 2.0 7.9 4.0 5.5 10.1 6.9 9.6 2.0 7.9 4.4 6,0 10.7 7.3 9.6 2.1 8.5 4.8 6.1 10.6 7.7 9.5 2.1 9.1 5.2 6.5 10.8 8.1 10.2 2.2 9.5 5.7 6.6 10.5 8.7 9.2 2.2 10.1 5.3 6.2 10.4 8.4 9.6 2.2 10.0 5.3 7.0 10.2 8.5 10.8 2.5 9.8 5.5 7.1 10.6 8.9 10.0 2.7 10.4 6.0 7.8 11.5 9.2 10.9 2.7 10.4 6.1 7.4 11.8 9.2 10.5 3.0 11.1 6.5 7.0 12.4 9.4 9.8 3.3 10.2 3.7 2.5 2.4 4.4 5.3 10.0 6.6 12.2 8.8 14.6 7.9 4.6 4.0 2.8 2.7 4.6 5.7 10.3 7.5 12.2 8.7 14.7 8.9 5.3 3.9 2.8 2.7 4.3 5.4 9.8 7.1 11.1 8.1 14.7 8.9 6.2 4.0 2.8 2.6 4.9 5.7 9.5 6.9 11.1 7.3 14.4 8.0 4.8 3.9 2.5 2.7 4.7 5.7 9.5 7.0 11.1 8.0 13.2 8.9 5.4 4.1 2.8 2.7 5.0 5.8 10.2 7.7 11.6 8.7 14.6 9.0 4.0 4.1 2.6 2.8 4.9 6.0 10.9 8,3 12.8 8.0 15.6 9.3 6.2 4.2 2.7 3.0 5.0 6.0 11.8 8.5 14.1 10.4 16.0 9.7 6.2 4.5 3.4 3.1 4.9 6.2 12.7 9.3 15.5 10.5 16.9 9.6 6.4 4.2 2.9 2.7 4.5 6,3 12.5 9.0 15.4 10.2 16.9 9.2 6.9 4.6 3.1 3.1 4.8 6.7 12.5 8.4 15.4 10.3 17.9 9.8 4.9 4.8 3.2 3.0 5.8 6.9 12.9 9.1 15.9 10.4 17.9 10.2 5.4 4.9 3.2 3.3 5.6 7.2 13.7 9.6 , 16.9 10.7 19.2 11.1 5.8 4.8 3.3 3.5 5.2 6.8 13.5 9.4 16.5 11.8 18.3 11.3 8.3 5.0 3.3 3.8 5.8 6.9 13.9 10.3 16.7 13.0 17.9 9.9 7.2 7.4 14.1 8.5 8.9 7.9 4.9 7.4 5.3 4.1 11.0 7.7 15.6 8.3 8.2 8.4 5.2 8.1 5.9 4.7 12.1 7.4 16.1 7.4 7.1 7.9 4.9 7.7 5.8 4.6 13.3 7.2 15.2 7.3 7.1 7.6 4.1 7.9 5.7 4.6 10.7 7.3 16.2 7.0 6.5 7.9 4.8 7.9 5.7 4.5 12.0 7.7 16.3 7.9 7.7 8.3 4.2 8.5 6.0 4.7 11.0 8.1 17.6 8.6 8.6 8.6 4.8 8.4 6.2 4.7 13.4 8.4 17.8 9.4 9.5 9.3 5.5 8.6 6.1 5.2 14.1 9.1 18,1 11.0 11.8 9.6 6.0 8.9 6.4 5.0 14.8 8.8 18.7 10.4 11.0 9.5 6.4 8.7 5.9 4.8 16.2 9.0 18.1 10.6 11.3 9.5 5.9 9.0 6.5 5.2 12.8 9.5 17.9 10.8 10.8 10.8 5.6 10.3 6.9 4.9 14,0 9.9 19.4 11.3 11.9 10.5 7.0 10.1 7.0 5.3 14.6 9.9 18.8 11.6 12.2 10.7 6.5 10.6 6.9 5.0 18.2 10.0 19,2 12.3 13.2 11.0 6.9 9.7 6.8 4.6 16.3 C H A R A C T E R IS T IC O C C U P A T IO N White-collar workers............................................ Professional and technical ............................ Managers and administrators, except farm . . . . Salesworkers................................................ Clerical workers............................................ Blue-collar workers.............................................. Craft and kindred workers ............................ Operatives, except transport.......................... Transport equipment operatives .................... Nonfarm laborers.......................................... Service workers.................................................. farmworkers ...................................................... IN D U S T R Y Nonagricultural private wage and salary workers2 . Construction ................................................ Manufacturing .............................................. Durable goods ...................................... Nondurable goods.................................. Transportation and public utilities.................... Wholesale and retail trade ............................ Finance and service industries........................ Government workers .......................................... Agricultural wage and salary workers.................... ' Aggregate hours lost by the unemployed and persons on part time for economic reasons as a percent of potentially available labor force hours. Digitized for 68FRASER https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 2 Includes mining, not shown separately, 5. Unemployment rates, by sex and age, seasonally adjusted 198 2 1981 A nnual a v e rag e S ex and age June O c t. Nov. Dec. J an . Feb. M a r. A p r. M ay 7.3 19.0 20.8 17.6 12.1 5.2 5.5 3.5 7.6 19.7 21.4 18.5 12.3 5.4 5.8 3.8 8.0 20.4 21.5 20.0 12.7 5.7 6.2 3.8 8.3 21.4 22.6 20.5 13.0 6.0 6.5 3.8 8.8 21.5 21,9 21.2 13.5 6.5 6.9 4.1 8.5 21.7 21.9 21.3 13.5 6.3 6.7 4.2 8.8 22.3 22.7 22.0 14.1 6,4 6.8 4.3 9.0 21.9 22.7 21.3 14.2 6.8 7.3 4.6 9.4 23.0 24.6 21.9 14.7 7.0 7.4 5.0 9.5 23.1 25.3 21.3 14.3 7.1 7.7 4.8 9.5 22.3 23.7 21.9 14.4 7.4 7.7 5.4 6.7 18.8 19.9 17.9 11.6 4.7 5.0 3.4 7.1 19.8 21.5 18.3 12.9 4.9 5.2 3.4 7.3 19.9 21.5 18.7 13.1 5.0 5.5 3.5 7.7 20.1 21.1 19.3 13.8 5.5 5.9 3.7 8.3 21.8 22.7 21.0 14.4 5.8 6.3 3.7 9.0 22.3 22.6 22.2 14.8 6.5 6.9 4.4 8.6 22.1 23.0 21.4 14.9 6.3 6.7 4.3 8.7 22.5 23.0 22.1 15.4 6.3 6.7 4.2 9.0 23.5 24.3 22.9 15.7 6.6 7.1 4.8 9.4 24.4 24.7 24.3 16.0 6.9 7.2 5.1 9.6 24.0 263 21.9 15.5 6.9 7.5 4.7 9.7 24.2 25.8 24.0 15.8 7.5 8.0 5.0 7.8 18.6 19.7 17.7 11.3 5.8 6.1 3.7 7.7 18.2 20.0 16.9 11.1 5.6 6,0 3.7 8.0 19.5 21.2 18.3 11.4 6.0 6.3 4.3 8.2 20.7 21.9 20.6 11.5 6.1 6.5 4.0 8.4 20.9 22.5 19.9 11.3 6.4 6.8 3.8 8.5 20.5 21.1 20.0 12.0 6.4 6.9 3.7 8.4 21.2 20.6 21.1 11.9 6.3 6.7 4.1 8.9 22.1 22.5 21.9 12.7 6.5 7.0 4.3 9.0 20.1 20.8 19.6 12.6 7.0 7.6 4.3 9.4 21.3 24.5 19.4 13.3 7.2 7.7 4.8 9.5 22.1 24.1 20.6 12.9 7.4 8.0 5.0 9.1 20.2 21.4 19.7 12.9 7.2 7.4 6.0 1981 Total, 16 years and o ve r...................................... 16 to 19 years.............................................. 16 to 17 years........................................ 18 to 19 years........................................ 20 to 24 years.............................................. 25 years and over ........................................ 25 to 54 years........................................ 55 years and o ve r.................................. 7.1 17.8 20.0 16.2 11.5 5.1 5.5 3.3 7.6 19.6 21.4 18.4 12.3 5.4 5.8 3.6 7.4 19.2 22.6 17.5 12.1 5.3 5.6 3.5 7.2 18.7 19.8 17.8 11.5 5.2 5.5 3.5 Men, 16 years and over ................................ 16 to 19 years........................................ 16 to 17 years ................................ 18 to 19 years ................................ 20 to 24 years........................................ 25 years and over.................................. 25 to 54 years ................................ 55 years and over ............................ 6.9 18,3 20.4 16.7 12.5 4.8 5.1 3.3 7.4 20.1 22.0 18.8 13.2 5.1 5.5 3.5 7.2 20.0 24.0 18.2 12.9 5.0 5.2 3.4 Women, 16 years and over............................ 16 to 19 years........................................ 16 to 17 years ................................ 18 to 19 years ................................ 20 to 24 years........................................ 25 years and o ve r.................................. 25 to 54 years ................................ 55 years and over............................ 7.4 17.2 19.6 15.6 10.4 5.5 6.0 3.2 7.9 19.0 20.7 17.9 11.2 5.9 6.3 3.8 7.7 18.4 21.1 16.8 11.2 5.7 6.1 3.5 6. June S e p t. 198 0 July Aug. Unemployed persons, by reason for unemployment, seasonally adjusted [Numbers in thousands] 198 2 1981 R e a s o n f o r u n e m p lo y m e n t M ay June 5,906 1,946 3,959 937 2,365 1,081 5,901 1,969 3,932 874 2,438 1,154 6,302 2,071 4,231 813 2,372 1,088 100.0 57.4 18.7 38.7 9.0 22.9 10.7 100.0 57.4 18.9 38.5 9.1 23.0 10.5 100.0 56.9 19.0 37.9 8.4 23.5 11.1 100.0 59.6 19.6 40.0 7.7 22.4 10.3 5.1 .8 2.1 1.0 5.4 .9 2.2 1.0 5.3 .8 2.2 1.0 5.7 .7 2.2 1.0 June J u ly Aug. S e p t. O c t. Nov. Dec. J an . Feb. M a r. A p r. 4,173 1,302 2,871 896 2,039 973 3,867 1,225 2,642 926 2,078 940 4,106 1,276 2,830 879 2,034 971 4,426 1,452 2,974 921 2,058 977 4,573 1,631 2,942 976 2,178 1,002 4,905 1,826 3,079 916 2,339 996 5,343 2,042 3,301 923 2,244 1,021 5,205 1,860 3,345 835 2,079 1,055 5,153 1,740 3,413 964 2,277 1,100 5,622 1,828 3,794 885 2,249 1,044 100.0 51.6 16.1 35.5 11.1 25.2 12.0 100.0 49.5 15.7 33.8 11.9 26.6 12.0 100.0 51.4 16.0 35.4 11.0 25.5 12.2 100.0 52.8 17.3 35.5 11,0 24.6 11.7 100.0 52.4 18.7 33.7 11.2 25.0 11.5 100.0 53.6 19.9 33.6 10.0 25.5 10.9 100.0 56.1 21.4 34.6 9.7 23.5 10.7 100.0 56.7 20.3 36.5 9.1 22.7 11.5 100.0 54.3 18,3 35.9 10.2 24.0 11.6 3.8 .8 1,9 .9 3.6 .9 1.9 .9 3.8 .8 1.9 .9 4.1 .8 1.9 .9 4.2 .9 2.0 .9 4.5 .8 2.1 .9 4.9 .8 2.1 .9 4.8 .8 1.9 1.0 4.7 .9 2.1 1.0 NUM BER OF UNEM PLOYED Lost ast jo b ........................................................................................ On layoff...................................................................................... Other job losers............................................................................ Left last job ........................................................................................ Reentered labor force.......................................................................... Seeking first job .................................................................................. P E R C E N T D IS T R IB U T IO N Total unemployed................................................................................ Job losers .......................................................................................... On layoff....................................................................................... Other job losers............................................................................ Job leavers ........................................................................................ Reentrants.......................................................................................... New entrants ...................................................................................... PERCENT OF C IV IL IA N L A B O R F O R C E Job losers .......................................................................................... Job leavers ........................................................................................ Reentrants........................................................................................... New entrants ...................................................................................... 7. Duration of unemployment, seasonally adjusted [Numbers in thousands] 198 2 1981 A nnual a v e ra g e W e e k s o f u n e m p lo y m e n t Less than 5 weeks .............................................. 5 to 14 weeks .................................................... 15 weeks and over.............................................. 15 to 26 weeks ............................................ 27 weeks and over........................................ Average (mean) duration, in weeks ...................... https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 198 0 1981 June J u ly Aug. S e p t. O c t. Nov. Dec. 3,295 2,470 1,871 1,052 820 11.9 3,449 2,539 2,285 1,122 1,162 13.7 3,303 2,423 2,363 1,227 1,136 14.3 3,323 2,312 2,170 1,096 1,074 14.1 3,326 2,469 2,217 1,078 1,139 14.3 3,529 2,585 2,248 1,146 1,102 13.7 3,707 2,686 2,292 1,166 1,126 13.6 3,852 2,882 2,364 1,229 1,135 13.1 4,037 3,016 2,372 1,189 1,183 12.8 J an . Feb. M a r. A p r. M ay June 3,852 3,068 2,399 1,210 1,190 13.5 3,789 3,052 2,724 1,445 1,278 14.1 3,825 3,078 2,954 1,605 1,349 13.9 3,958 3,304 3,015 1,508 1,507 14.2 3,874 3,320 3,286 1,634 1,652 14.6 3,543 3,458 3,673 1,826 1,847 16.5 69 EMPLOYMENT, HOURS, AND EARNINGS DATA FROM ESTABLISHMENT SURVEYS E m p l o y m e n t , h o u r s , a n d e a r n i n g s d a t a in this section are compiled from payroll records reported monthly on a volun tary basis to the Bureau of Labor Statistics and its cooperat ing State agencies by 177,000 establishments representing all industries except agriculture. In most industries, the sampling probabilities are based on the size of the establishment; most large establishments are therefore in the sample. (An estab lishment is not necessarily a firm; it may be a branch plant, for example, or warehouse.) Self-employed persons and others not on a regular civilian payroll are outside the scope of the survey because they are excluded from establishment records. This largely accounts for the difference in employment figures between the household and establishment surveys. payments. Real earnings are earnings adjusted to reflect the effects of changes in consumer prices. The deflator for this series is derived from the Consumer Price Index for Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers (CPI-W). The Hourly Earnings Index is calculated from av erage hourly earnings data adjusted to exclude the effects of two types of changes that are unrelated to underlying wage-rate developments: fluctuations in overtime premiums in manufacturing (the only sector for which overtime data are available) and the effects of changes and seasonal factors in the proportion of workers in high-wage and lowwage industries. Hours represent the average weekly hours of production or nonsupervisory workers for which pay was received and are different from standard or scheduled hours. Overtime hours represent the por tion of gross average weekly hours which were in excess of regular hours and for which overtime premiums were paid. Definitions Employed persons are all persons who received pay (including holi day and sick pay) 12th of the month. cent of all persons ment which reports for any part of the payroll period including the Persons holding more than one job (about 5 per in the labor force) are counted in each establish them. Production workers in manufacturing include blue-collar worker supervisors and all nonsupervisory workers closely associated with production operations. Those workers mentioned in tables 12-17 in clude production workers in manufacturing and mining; construction workers in construction; and nonsupervisory workers in transporta tion and public utilities; in wholesale and retail trade; in finance, in surance, and real estate; and in services industries. These groups account for about four-fifths of the total employment on private nonagricultural payrolls. Earnings are the payments production or nonsupervisory workers receive during the survey period, including premium pay for overtime or late-shift work but excluding irregular bonuses and other special 70 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Notes on the data Establishment data collected by the Bureau of Labor Statistics are periodically adjusted to comprehensive counts of employment (called “benchmarks”). The latest complete adjustment was made with the re lease of May 1982 data, published in the July 1982 issue of the Review. Consequently, data published in the Review prior to that issue are not necessarily comparable to current data. Complete comparable histori cal unadjusted and seasonally adjusted data are published in a Supple ment to Employment and Earnings (unadjusted data from April 1977 through February 1982 and seasonally adjusted data from January 1974 through February 1982) and in Employment and Earnings, Unit ed States, 1909-78, BLS Bulletin 1312-11 (for prior periods). A comprehensive discussion of the differences between household and establishment data on employment appears in Gloria P. Green, “Comparing employment estimates from household and payroll sur veys,” Monthly Labor Review, December 1969, pp. 9-20. See also BLS Handbook of Methods for Surveys and Studies, Bulletin 1910 (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1976). 8. Employment by industry, selected years, 1950-81 [Nonagricultural payroll data, In thousands] Year T o ta l M in in g C o n s tr u c M a n u fa c tio n T ra n s W h o le p o r ta tio n s a le and and tu rin g p u b lic re ta il u tilitie s tr a d e G o v e rn m e n t F in a n c e , W h o le s a le R e ta il tr a d e tr a d e in s u r ance, S e r v ic e s a n d rea l T o ta l F e d e ra l S ta te a n d lo c a l e s t a te 1950 .......................................................... 1955 .......................................................... I960' ........................................................ 1964 .......................................................... 1965 .......................................................... 45,197 50,641 54,189 58,283 60,765 901 792 712 634 632 2,364 2,839 2,926 3,097 3,232 15,241 16,882 16,796 17,274 18,062 4,034 4,141 4,004 3,951 4,036 9,386 10,535 11,391 12,160 12,716 2,635 2,926 3,143 3,337 3,466 6,751 7,610 8,248 8,823 9,250 1,888 2,298 2,629 2,911 2,977 5,357 6,240 7,378 8,660 9,036 6,026 6,914 8,353 9,596 10,074 1,928 2,187 2,270 2,348 2,378 4,098 4,727 6,083 7,248 7,696 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 .......................................................... .......................................................... .......................................................... .......................................................... .......................................................... 63,901 65,803 67,897 70,384 70,880 627 613 606 619 623 3,317 3,248 3,350 3,575 3,588 19,214 19,447 19,781 20,167 19,367 4,158 4,268 4,318 4,442 4,515 13,245 13,606 14,099 14,705 15,040 3,597 3,689 3,779 3,907 3,993 9,648 9,917 10,320 10,798 11,047 3,058 3,185 3,337 3,512 3,645 9,498 10,045 10,567 11,169 11,548 10,784 11,391 11,839 12,195 12,554 2,564 2,719 2,737 2,758 2,731 8,220 8,672 9,102 9,437 9,823 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 .......................................................... .......................................................... .......................................................... .......................................................... .......................................................... 71,214 73,675 76,790 78,265 76,945 609 628 642 697 752 3,704 3,889 4,097 4,020 3,525 18,623 19,151 20,154 20,077 18,323 4,476 4,541 4,656 4,725 4,542 15,352 15,949 16,607 16,987 17,060 4,001 4,113 4,277 4,433 4,415 11,351 11,836 12,329 12,554 12,645 3,772 3,908 4,046 4,148 4,165 11,797 12,276 12,857 13,441 13,892 12,881 13,334 13,732 14,170 14,686 2,696 2,684 2,663 2,724 2,748 10,185 10,649 11,068 11,446 11,937 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 .......................................................... .......................................................... .......................................................... .......................................................... .......................................................... 79,382 82,471 86,697 89,823 90,406 779 813 851 958 1,027 3,576 3,851 4,229 4,463 4,346 18,997 19,682 20,505 21,040 20,285 4,582 4,713 4,923 5,136 5,146 17,755 18,516 19,542 20,192 20,310 4,546 4,708 4,969 5,204 5,275 13,209 13,808 14,573 14,989 15,035 4,271 4,467 4,724 4,975 5,160 14,551 15,303 16,252 17,112 17,890 14,871 15,127 15,672 15,947 16,241 2,733 2,727 2,753 2,773 2,866 12,138 12,399 12,919 13,147 13,375 1981 .......................................................... 91,105 1,132 4,176 20,173 5,157 20,551 5,359 15,192 5,301 18,592 16,024 2,772 13,253 ’ Data include Alaska and Hawaii beginning In 1959. 9. Employment by State [Nonagricultural payroll data, in thousands] State May 1981 Apr. 1982 May 1982 p State May 1981 Apr. 1982 May 1982 p Alabama .............................................................................. Alaska ................................................................................... Arizona ................................................................................ Arkansas .............................................................................. C a lifo rr.a .............................................................................. 1,347.8 . 176.7 1,044.8 750.0 10,046.1 1,338.2 180.9 1,049.4 726.6 10,020.2 1,337.1 186.2 1,039.4 728.3 10,026.9 Montana.......................................................................... Nebraska....................................................................... Nevada .......................................................................... New Hampshire ............................................................ New Jersey ............................................... .................. 284.6 630.8 413.2 392.9 3,085.3 288.1 610.7 413.2 388.9 3,051.5 288.0 616.4 415.6 393.1 3,067.4 Colorado ...................................................................... Connecticut .................................................................. Delaware ...................................................................... District of Columbia ........................................................ Florida .......................................................................... 1,265.5 1,450.3 260.0 610.2 3,725.2 1,287.0 1,417.7 256.1 602.1 3,815.2 1,285.2 1,425.2 258.3 601.4 3,789.1 New M exico................................................................... New Y o rk ................................................................ North Carolina ........................................................ North Dakota ................................................................. Ohio .................................................................... 478.5 7,302.0 2,397.7 249.5 4,356.7 474.8 7,248.0 2,352.9 247.4 4,216.6 475.8 7,305.2 2,348.7 252.9 4,248.4 Georgia ................................................................................. Hawaii ................................................................................... Ida h o ..................................................................................... Illinois ................................................................................... 2,192.4 406.7 327.8 4,748.9 2,136.0 2,165.9 403.3 315.7 4,621.3 2,032.0 2,164.8 402.7 317.1 4,648.3 2 046 1 Oklahoma ..................................................................... Oregon .......................................................................... Pennsylvania ................................................................. Rhode Island ................................................................. 1,192.0 1,028.5 4,754.5 403.1 1 207 7 1,218.5 971.6 4,585.2 387.2 1 189 9 1,224.5 975.1 4,598.8 391.0 Iowa ..................................................................................... Kansas ................................................................................. Kentucky ...................................................................... Louisiana ...................................................................... Maine .......................................................................... 1,104.4 958.0 1,201.4 1,626.8 417.7 1,057.6 939.6 1,166.9 1,629.2 403.0 1,063.1 939.5 1,171.6 1,622.1 409.6 South D a kota ................................................................. Tennessee ..................................................................... Texas .................................................................... Utah .............................................................................. Vermont .................................................................. 239.5 1,760.0 6,112.9 552.1 201.2 231.7 1,720,8 6,297.0 560.7 197.0 235.7 ( 1) 6,291.0 560.8 200.2 Maryland ...................................................................... Massachusetts..................................................................... Michigan ...................................................................... Minnesota ............................................................................ Mississippi ............................................................................ Missouri................................................................................. 1,725.5 2,683.5 3,419.7 1,777.8 828.1 1,991.1 1,683.0 2,625.1 3,206.2 1,720.8 808.6 1,958.7 1,689.3 2,641.3 3,250.2 1,741.3 805.0 1,971.0 Virginia .................................................................... Washington ............................................................ West Virginia .......................................................... Wisconsin....................................................................... Wyoming ....................................................................... 2,154.3 1,617.6 585.6 1,923.7 215.4 2,157.1 1,556.5 606.2 1,857.3 213.3 2,163.6 1,565.1 609.1 1,874.0 218.1 Virgin Islands ................................................................. 37.8 35.9 (’ ) 1Not available. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 71 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW August 1982 • Current Labor Statistics: Establishment Data 10. Employment by industry division and major manufacturing group [Nonagricultural payroll data, in thousands] 1981 A nnual a v e ra g e 1982 In d u s tr y d iv is io n a n d g ro u p 1980 1981 June J u ly Aug. S e p t. O c t. Nov. Dec. J an . Feb. M ar. A p r. M ayp 90,406 91,105 92,056 91,107 91,087 91,620 91,884 91,765 91,437 89,269 89,413 89,679 89,984 90,440 90,741 M IN IN G 1,027 1,132 1,159 1,184 1,200 1,201 1,196 1,203 1,200 1,183 1,180 1,178 1,171 1,155 1,151 C O N S T R U C T IO N 4,346 4,176 4,350 4,415 4,431 4,366 4,340 4,221 4,009 3,576 3,559 3,631 3,796 4,002 4,102 20,285 14,214 20,173 14,021 20,445 14,267 20,246 14,043 20,370 14,153 20,499 14,304 20,271 14,079 20,025 13,834 19,705 13,515 19,353 13,200 19,299 13,168 19,207 13,093 19,073 12,971 19,043 12,964 19,074 13,016 Production workers.................................. 12,187 8,442 12,117 8,301 12,317 8,486 12,179 8,330 12,164 8,302 12,272 8,423 12,144 8,297 11,979 8,135 11,762 7,922 11,557 7,739 11,503 7,705 11,454 7,664 11,356 7,572 11,318 7,554 11,320 7,572 Lumber and wood products ........................ Furniture and fixtures...................................... Stone, clay, and glass products ...................... Primary metal industries.................................. Fabricated metal products .............................. Machinery, except electrical............................ Electric and electronic equipment .................... Transportation equipment................................ Instruments and related products .................... Miscellaneous manufacturing .......................... 690.5 465.8 662.1 1,142.2 1,613.1 2,494.0 2,090.6 1,899.7 711.3 418.0 668.7 467.3 638,2 1,121.1 1,592.4 2,507.0 2,092.2 1,892.6 726.8 410.7 699.4 470.9 658.2 1,148.1 1,616.6 2,524.9 2,109.5 1,942.6 732.3 414.9 696.9 462.3 654.2 1,128.4 1,593.6 2,512.2 2,096,0 1,897,0 731.2 407.5 691.2 470.6 656.3 1,132.6 1,599,9 2,507.1 2,102.5 1,850.8 735.8 417.0 680.9 474.9 652.0 1,131.7 1,615.8 2,536.2 2,120.0 1,904.5 732.6 423.8 654.5 473.9 639.8 1,102.2 1,591,8 2,525.1 2,113.3 1,888.9 729.6 425.0 629.1 467.4 628.5 1,081.0 1,570.4 2,510.0 2,086.8 1,857.0 727.6 421.5 606.4 461,9 606.9 1,051.5 1,539.3 2,494.7 2,061.4 1,806.3 726.5 406.8 587.1 454,2 576.0 1,034.9 1,508.7 2,464.8 2,056.6 1,766.0 719.0 389.8 592.9 450.8 571.5 1,018.4 1,500.3 2,458.5 2,045.2 1,758.5 715.3 391.3 592.0 446.3 574.2 1,004.4 1,491.3 2,428.8 2,034.2 1,776.2 713.8 392.3 603.0 443.8 580.1 977.3 1,476.4 2,396.4 2,027.9 1,749.9 711.1 390.0 616.5 439,6 588,3 949.2 1,465,8 2,373.3 2,024.4 1,761.2 711.7 388.0 635.6 441.9 593.7 943.8 1,467,6 2,346.0 2,034.6 1,752.5 714.6 389.5 Production workers.................................. 8,098 5,772 8,056 5,721 8,128 5,781 8,067 5,713 8,206 5,851 8,227 5,881 8,127 5,782 8,046 5,699 7,943 5,593 7,796 5,461 7,796 5,463 7,753 5,429 7,717 5,399 7,725 5,410 7,754.4 5,444 Food and kindred products.............................. Tobacco manufactures .................................. Textile mill products........................................ Apparel and other textile products .................. Paper and allied products .............................. Printing and publishing.................................... Chemicals and allied products ........................ Petroleum and coal products .......................... Rubber and miscellaneous plastics products .. Leather and leather products.......................... 1,708.0 68.9 847.7 1,263.5 692.8 1,252.1 1,107.4 197.9 726.8 232.9 1,674.3 69.8 822.5 1,244.0 687.8 1,265.8 1,107.3 215.6 736.1 233.0 1,663.9 65.5 834.1 1,271.8 696.5 1,264.0 1,121.6 220.0 750.9 240.1 1,703.0 65.3 819.6 1,218.2 691.8 1,264.0 1,116.7 221.1 738.8 228.4 1,759.6 73.8 829.7 1,260.3 695.5 1,265.9 1,112.0 220.7 749.2 239.1 1,763.2 75.7 831.9 1,270.5 697.1 1,270.0 1,110.1 218.0 752.9 237.4 1,719.4 75.0 816.4 1,257.9 686.4 1,274.5 1,104.4 216.8 740.0 235.8 1,680,8 73.1 809.1 1,243.5 681.1 1,279.4 1,100.1 215.9 730.5 232.4 1,649.1 71.7 798.2 1,210.5 676.0 1,286.3 1,096.9 212.5 718.3 223.5 1,605.0 70.5 777.6 1,175.8 669.3 1,273.8 1,089,0 204.7 710.8 219.0 1,604.7 67,5 776.6 1,194.4 665.8 1,276.9 1,087.5 203.2 706.5 212.5 1,597.9 64.2 760.0 1,184.5 665.1 1,279.1 1,087.1 203.7 6998 211.6 1,578.5 62.0 770.5 1,167.5 662.2 1,273.8 1,080.9 203.8 704.2 213.4 1,599.3 61.1 757.7 1,170.9 659.9 1,271.2 1,079.4 206.4 704.6 214.4 1,624.4 62.4 739.5 1,178.9 664.5 1,267.9 1,084.6 208.8 707.6 215.6 5,146 5,157 5,199 5,181 5,180 5,227 5,208 5,188 5,157 5,065 5,051 5,049 5,058 5,096 5,112 20,310 20,551 20,671 20,600 20,664 20,731 20,731 20,883 21,170 20,417 20,258 20,306 20,446 20,632 20,721 5,275 5,359 5,397 5,391 5,402 5,388 5,400 5,398 5,372 5,314 5,303 5,309 5,307 5,315 5,334 15,035 15,192 15,274 15,209 15,262 15,343 15,331 15,485 15,798 15,103 14,955 14,997 15,139 15,317 15,387 5,160 5,301 5,353 5,376 5,374 5,327 5,314 5,308 5,313 5,290 5,285 5,304 5,319 5,340 5,402 TOTAL M A N U F A C T U R IN G Production workers...................... D u r a b le g o o d s N o n d u ra b le g o o d s T R A N S P O R T A T IO N A N D P U B L IC U T IL IT IE S W H O L E S A L E A N D R E T A IL T R A D E W H O LE S A LE TR A D E R E T A IL T R A D E F IN A N C E , IN S U R A N C E , A N D R E A L E S T A T E Junep S E R V IC E S 17,890 18,592 18,711 18,771 18,771 18,740 18,824 18,800 18,775 18,523 18,696 18,828 18,967 19,024 19,124 G OVERNM ENT 16,241 2,866 13,375 16,024 2,772 13,253 16,168 2,825 13,343 15,334 2,833 12,501 15,097 2,803 12,294 15,529 2,735 12,794 16,000 2,737 13,263 16,137 2,729 13,408 16,108 2,729 13,379 15,862 2,717 13,145 16,085 2,723 13,362 16,176 2,725 13,451 16,154 2,730 13,424 16,148 2,739 13,409 16,055 2,770 13,285 Federal.......................................................... State and local .............................................. 72 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 11. Employment by industry division and major manufacturing group, seasonally adjusted [Nonagricultural payroll data, In thousands] 1981 1982 In d u s try d iv is io n a n d g ro u p T O T A L ...................................................................................................................... M IN IN G June J u ly Aug. S e p t. O c t. Nov. Dec. J an . Feb. M a r. A p r. M ayp Junep 91,286 91,396 91,322 91,363 91,224 90,996 90,642 90,460 90,459 90,304 90,083 90,151 90,010 1,137 1,164 1,180 1,192 1,195 1,202 1,206 1,201 1,203 1,197 1,182 1,154 1,130 4,185 4,175 4,146 4,124 4,101 4,071 4,026 3,966 3,974 3,934 3,938 3,994 3,952 20,334 14,177 20,379 14,212 20,311 14,136 20,267 14,087 20,097 13,915 19,903 13,717 19,676 13,488 19,517 13,341 19,454 13,290 19,319 13,179 19,169 13,042 19,114 13,014 18,971 12,934 Production workers.................................................................. 12,246 8,427 12,266 8,439 12,228 8,389 12,184 8,345 12,059 8,218 11,901 8,061 11,724 7,885 11,622 7,793 11,575 7,759 11,490 7,685 11,375 7,576 11,337 7,557 11,254 7,518 Lumber and wood products ............................................................ Furniture and fixtures...................................................................... Stone, clay, and glass products ...................................................... Primary metal industries.................................................................. Fabricated metal products .............................................................. Machinery, except electrical............................................................ Electric and electronic equipment.................................................... Transportation equipment................................................................ Instruments and related products .................................................... Miscellaneous manufacturing .......................................................... 685 474 644 1,137 1,611 2,516 2,104 1,938 726 411 683 476 644 1,132 1,617 2,527 2,112 1,925 731 419 671 475 643 1,134 1,610 2,532 2,116 1,901 734 412 661 473 638 1,125 1,604 2,539 2,113 1,884 734 413 643 469 629 1,104 1,577 2,532 2,101 1,861 731 412 628 462 620 1,082 1,553 2,511 2,077 1,830 727 411 615 457 610 1,053 1,529 2,486 2,049 1,791 725 409 607 452 596 1,038 1,515 2,459 2,055 1,777 720 403 611 449 596 1,024 1,505 2,446 2,048 1,778 718 400 607 446 590 1,007 1,496 2,419 2,038 1,774 716 397 615 443 584 976 1,481 2,389 2,034 1,748 713 392 618 443 587 946 1,473 2,378 2,033 1,756 714 389 623 445 581 934 1,462 2,339 2,029 1,747 708 386 Production workers.................................................................. 8,088 5,750 8,113 5,773 8,083 5,747 8,083 5,742 8,038 5,697 8,002 5,656 7,952 5,603 7,895 5,548 7,879 5,531 7,829 5,494 7,794 5,466 7,777 5,457 7,717 5,416 Food and kindred products.............................................................. Tobacco manufactures .................................................................. Textile mill products........................................................................ Apparel and other textile products .................................................. Paper and allied products .............................................................. Printing and publishing.................................................................... Chemicals and allied products ........................................................ Petroleum and coal products .......................................................... Rubber and miscellaneous plastics products .................................... Leather and leather products .......................................................... 1,673 71 830 1,251 690 1,263 1,111 217 747 235 1,678 70 835 1,255 691 1,268 1,110 217 750 239 1,659 70 829 1,253 691 1,271 1,107 216 752 235 1,658 69 827 1,253 695 1,274 1,110 216 . 746 235 1,662 69 814 1,243 685 1,276 1,107 215 734 233 1,664 69 804 1,235 681 1,276 1,103 215 725 230 1,661 68 794 1,222 677 1,276 1,100 214 716 224 1,657 69 780 1,201 674 1,275 1,095 210 712 222 1,663 68 777 1,201 670 1,276 1,093 208 708 215 1,658 68 760 1,186 668 1,278 1,088 207 703 213 1,643 67 773 1,165 664 1,274 1,082 206 706 214 1,649 67 758 1,164 661 1,274 1,078 206 708 212 1,634 67 736 1,159 659 1,267 1,074 206 704 211 5,162 5,168 5,168 5,181 5,162 5,150 5,128 5,125 5,115 5,100 5,094 5,101 5,076 20,590 20,620 20,650 20,660 20,654 20,623 20,524 20,630 20,670 20,655 20,584 20,658 20,643 C O N S T R U C T IO N M A N U F A C T U R IN G Production workers.................................................................. D u r a b le g o o d s N o n d u ra b le g o o d s T R A N S P O R T A T IO N A N D P U B L IC U T IL IT IE S W H O L E S A L E A N D R E T A IL T R A D E W HOLESALE TRADE R E T A IL T R A D E ............................................................................................................................... F IN A N C E , IN S U R A N C E , A N D R E A L E S T A T E ......................................................... 5,366 5,375 5,387 5,383 5,380 5,375 5,357 5,346 5,343 5,336 5,323 5,326 5,302 15,224 15,245 15,263 15,277 15,274 15,248 15,167 15,284 15,327 15,319 15,261 15,332 15,341 5,302 5,311 5,319 5,328 5,325 5,324 5,331 5,326 5,326 5,336 5,335 5,340 5,349 S E R V IC E S 18,556 18,615 18,654 18,707 18,773 18,815 18,834 18,831 18,867 18,904 18,929 18,948 18,972 GOVERNM ENT 16,020 2,777 13,243 15,964 2,775 13,189 15,894 2,769 13,125 15,904 2,764 13,140 15,917 2,757 13,160 15,908 2,749 13,159 15,917 2,756 13,161 15,864 2,741 13,123 15,850 2,737 13,113 15,859 2,736 13,123 15,852 2,730 13,122 15,842 2,734 13,108 15,917 2,724 13,193 Federal.......................................................................................... State anc local .............................................................................. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 73 M ONTHLY LABOR REVIEW August 1982 • 12. Current Labor Statistics: Establishment Data Hours and earnings, by industry division, selected years, 1950-81 [Gross averages, production or nonsupervisory workers on nonagricultural payrolls] Year A v e ra g e A v era g e A v e ra g e A v era g e A v e ra g e A v e ra g e A v e ra g e A v e ra g e A v e ra g e A v e ra g e A v era g e w e e k ly w e e k ly h o u rly w e e k ly w e e k ly h o u rly w e e k ly w e e k ly h o u rly w e e k ly w e e k ly h o u rly e a rn in g s h o u rs e a rn in g s e a rn in g s h o u rs e a r n in g s e a r n in g s h o u rs e a rn in g s e a rn in g s h o u rs e a rn in g s T o ta l p r iv a te M in in g C o n s tr u c tio n M a n u fa c tu rin g 1950 .................. 1955 .................. I9601 ................ 1964 .................. 1965 .................. $53.13 67.72 80.67 91.33 95.45 39.8 39.6 38.6 38.7 38.8 $1.335 1.71 2.09 2.36 2.46 $67.16 89.54 105.04 117.74 123.52 37.9 40.7 40.4 41.9 42.3 $1.772 2.20 2.60 2.81 2.92 $69.68 90.90 112.67 132.06 138.38 37.4 37.1 36.7 37.2 37.4 $1.863 2.45 3.07 3.55 3.70 $58,32 75.30 89.72 102.97 107.53 40.5 40.7 39.7 40.7 41.2 $1.440 1.85 2.26 2.53 2.61 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 .................. .................. .................. .................. .................. 98.82 101.84 107.73 114.61 119.83 38.6 38.0 37.8 37.7 37.1 2.56 2.68 2.85 3,04 3.23 130.24 135.89 142.71 154.80 164.40 42.7 42.6 42.6 43.0 42.7 3.05 3.19 3.35 3.60 3.85 146.26 154.95 164.49 181.54 195.45 37.6 37.7 37.3 37.9 37.3 3.89 4.11 4.41 4.79 5.24 112.19 114.49 122.51 129.51 133.33 41.4 40.6 40.7 40.6 39.8 2.71 2.82 3.01 3.19 3.35 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 .................. .................. .................. .................. .................. 127.31 136.90 145.39 154.76 163.53 36.9 37.0 36.9 36.5 36.1 3.45 3.70 3.94 4.24 4.53 172.14 189.14 201.40 219.14 249.31 42.4 42.6 42.4 41.9 41.9 4.06 4.44 4.75 5.23 5.95 211.67 221.19 235.89 249.25 266.08 37.2 36.5 36.8 36.6 36.4 5.69 6.06 6.41 6.81 7.31 142.44 154.71 166.46 176.80 190.79 39.9 40.5 40.7 40.0 39.5 3.57 3.82 4.09 4,42 4.83 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 .................. .................. .................. .................. .................. 175.45 189.00 203.70 219.91 235.10 36.1 36.0 35.8 35.7 35.3 4.86 5.25 5.69 6.16 6.66 273.90 301.20 332.88 365.07 397.06 42.4 43.4 43.4 43.0 43.3 6.46 6.94 7.67 8.49 9.17 283.73 295.65 318.69 342.99 367.78 36.8 36.5 36.8 37.0 37.0 7.71 8.10 8.66 9.27 9.94 209.32 228.90 249.27 269.34 288.62 40.1 40.3 40.4 40.2 39.7 5.22 5.68 6.17 6.70 7.27 1981 .................. 255.20 35.2 7.25 439.19 43.7 10.05 398.52 36.9 10.80 318.00 39.8 7.99 T r a n s p o r ta tio n a n d p u b lic 1950 .................. 1955 .................. I9601 ................ 1964 .................. 1965 .................. F in a n c e , in s u ra n c e , a n d W h o le s a le a n d re ta il tr a d e u tilitie s $118.78 125.14 41.1 41.3 $2.89 3.03 $44.55 55.16 66.01 74.66 76.91 S e r v ic e s re a l e s t a te 40 5 39.4 38.6 37.9 37.7 $1 100 1 40 1 71 1.97 2.04 $50 52 63 92 75 14 85.79 88.91 37 7 37 6 37 2 37.3 37.2 $1 340 1 70 2 0? 2.30 2.39 $70.03 73.60 36.1 35.9 $1.94 2.05 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 .................. .................. .................. .................. .................. 128.13 130.82 138.85 147.74 155.93 41.2 40.5 40.6 40.7 40.5 3.11 3.23 3.42 3.63 3.85 79.39 82.35 87.00 91.39 96.02 37.1 36.6 36.1 35.7 35.3 2.14 2.25 2.41 2.56 2.72 92.13 95.72 101.75 108.70 112.67 37.3 37.1 37.0 37.1 36.7 2.47 2.58 2.75 2.93 3.07 77.04 80.38 83.97 90.57 96.66 35.5 35.1 34.7 34.7 34.4 2.17 2.29 2.42 2.61 2.81 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 .................. .................. .................. .................. .................. 168.82 187.86 203.31 217.48 233.44 40.1 40.4 40.5 40.2 39.7 4.21 4.65 5.02 5.41 5.88 101.09 106.45 111.76 119.02 126.45 35.1 34.9 34.6 34.2 33.9 2.88 3.05 3.23 3.48 3.73 117.85 122.98 129.20 137.61 148.19 36.6 36.6 36.6 36.5 36.5 3.22 3.36 3.53 3.77 4.06 103.06 110.85 117.29 126.00 134.67 33.9 33.9 33.8 33.6 33.5 3.04 3.27 3.47 3.75 4.02 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 .................. .................. .................. .................. .................. 256.71 278.90 302.80 325.58 351.25 39.8 39.9 40.0 39.9 39.6 6.45 6.99 7.57 8.16 8.87 133.79 142.52 153.64 164.96 176.46 33.7 33.3 32.9 32.6 32.2 3.97 4.28 4.67 5.06 5.48 155.43 165.26 178.00 190.77 209.60 36.4 36.4 36.4 36.2 36.2 4.27 4.54 4.89 5.27 5.79 143.52 153.45 163.67 175.27 190.71 33.3 33.0 32.8 32.7 32.6 4.31 4.65 4.99 5.36 5.85 1981 .................. 382.18 39.4 9.70 190.95 32.2 5.93 229.05 36.3 6.31 208.97 32.6 6.41 1Data include Alaska and Hawaii beginning in 1959. 74 A v e ra g e https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 13. Weekly hours, by industry division and major manufacturing group [Gross averages, production or nonsupervisory workers on private nonagricultural payrolls] A nnual a v e rag e 198 2 1981 In d u s tr y d iv is io n a n d g r o u p T O T A L P R IV A T E 198 0 1981 June Ju ly Aug. S e p t. O c t. Nov. Dec. J an . Feb. M a r. A p r. M ayp Junep 35.3 35.2 35.4 35.6 35.6 35.1 35.2 35.1 35.2 339 34.8 34.7 34.6 34.8 35.0 M IN IN G 43.3 43.7 42.3 43.6 44.2 43.9 44.5 44.4 44.8 42.9 43.6 43.8 42.7 42.5 420 C O N S T R U C T IO N 37.0 36.9 37.2 37.8 37.4 35.8 37.6 37.1 37.1 333 35.9 37.0 36.7 37.5 37.4 M A N U F A C T U R IN G 39.7 2.8 39.8 2.8 40.2 3.0 396 2.8 39.9 3.0 39.5 2.9 39.7 2.8 39.7 2.6 39.9 2.6 37.1 2.2 39.2 2.3 39.1 2.3 38.7 2.1 39.0 2.2 392 2.3 Overtime hours ...................................... 40.1 2.8 40.2 2.8 40.6 3.0 40.0 2.8 40.2 2.9 39.8 2.8 40.1 2.7 40.1 2.5 40.4 2.6 37.7 2.1 39.7 2.2 39.6 2.2 392 2.0 39.4 2.1 39.6 2.3 Lumber and wood products .......................... Furniture and fixtures .................................... Stone, clay, and glass products...................... Primary metal industries................................ Fabricated metal products ............................ 38.5 38.1 40.8 40.1 40.4 38.7 38.4 40.6 40.5 40.3 39.5 38.9 41.2 40.9 40.8 38.7 37.8 40.8 40.3 39.9 39.0 38.6 41.0 40.3 40.3 37.9 37.7 40.6 40.8 39.7 38.2 38.6 40.5 39.7 40.2 37.7 38.1 40.5 39.7 40.1 38.1 38.9 40.1 39.6 40.5 33.7 32.5 37.4 38.4 37.8 37.5 37.4 392 39.6 39.4 37.6 37.6 39.8 39.0 39.6 37.3 37.1 39.9 38.7 39.0 38.4 37.2 40.4 38.3 39.4 38.2 37.6 40.7 39.1 39.6 Machinery except electrical............................ Electric and electronic equipment .................. Transportation equipment .............................. Instruments and related products .................. Miscellaneous manufacturing ........................ 41.0 39.8 40.6 40.5 38.7 40.9 39.9 40.9 40.4 38.8 41.1 40.2 41.4 40.4 39.0 40.5 39.7 40.8 39.9 38.5 40.7 40.0 40.6 40.4 38.9 40.4 39.7 39.9 40.4 38.7 40.7 39.9 41.0 40.4 39.3 41.0 398 40.8 40.8 39.5 41.6 40.4 41.4 40.7 39.1 39.2 38.1 38.4 38.6 36.6 40.7 398 40.4 40.0 38.4 40.4 39.5 40.4 40.1 38.7 39.8 39.0 40.5 39.5 38.2 39.6 39.2 41.0 40.0 38.5 39.6 39.4 41.5 39.8 38.6 Overtime hours...................................... 39.0 2.8 39.1 2.8 39.5 2.9 39.1 2.8 39.4 3.0 39.1 3.1 39.1 2.9 39.1 2.8 39.2 2.7 362 2.4 38.6 2.5 38.3 2.4 38.1 2.3 38.4 2.4 38.6 2.4 Food and kindred products............................ Tobacco manufactures.................................. Textile mill products...................................... Apparel and other textile products.................. Paper and allied products.............................. 39.7 38.1 40.1 354 42.2 39.7 38.8 39.6 35.7 42.5 39.7 38.5 40.4 36.3 42.7 39.6 38.6 39.6 36.0 42.4 39.9 40.7 39.9 36.3 42.4 39.8 40.2 389 35.2 43.2 39.5 39.4 39.4 35.8 42.4 398 38.8 39.2 35.8 42.3 40.4 38.1 38.6 35.5 42.7 38.7 36.1 31.2 30.0 41.3 39.7 38.3 38,1 35.2 42.0 39.0 37.3 37.7 35.1 41.7 38.8 36.6 37.2 34.4 41.8 39.3 36.9 37.9 34.9 41.5 39.6 37.6 38.1 35.2 41.7 Printing and publishing .................................. Chemicals and allied products........................ Petroleum and coal products ........................ Rubber and miscellaneous plastics products .. Leather and leather products ........................ 37.1 41.5 41.8 40.0 36.7 37.3 41.6 43.2 40.3 36.8 37.2 41.6 43.5 40.9 38.1 37.2 41.5 43.7 39.9 36.5 37.5 41.4 43.0 40.4 36.9 37.4 42.2 44.4 39.7 36.0 37.2 41.5 43.1 40.2 36.7 37.3 41.6 43.1 39.9 36.6 37.9 41.8 42.6 40.1 36.4 36.4 40.8 43.2 37.8 33.3 37.1 41.1 42.2 39.9 35.3 37.1 40.7 42.4 39.7 35.6 36.8 40.7 44.0 39.5 35.2 36.8 40.8 43.8 39.7 36.3 36.9 40.8 44.6 40.0 36.7 39.2 39.1 39.2 39.3 38.5 39.2 39.0 38.8 389 39.0 Overtime hours ...................................... D u r a b le g o o d s N o n d u ra b le g o o d s T R A N S P O R T A T IO N A N D P U B L IC U T IL IT IE S 39.6 394 39.7 39.7 39.5 W H O L E S A L E A N D R E T A IL T R A D E 32.2 32.2 32.4 32.8 32.8 32.2 32.0 31.9 32.3 31.1 31.6 31.6 31.7 31.9 32.2 W H OLESALE TRAD E 38.5 38.6 386 38.8 387 38.5 386 38.6 38.7 37.8 38.2 38.3 38.2 384 38.7 R E T A IL T R A D E 30.2 30.1 30.3 30.9 30.9 30.2 29.8 29.8 30.3 29,0 29.4 29.4 29.6 29.8 30.1 F IN A N C E , IN S U R A N C E , A N D R E A L E S T A T E 36.2 36.3 36.1 36.3 36.4 36.0 36.2 36.2 36.2 36.2 36.2 36.3 36.2 36.3 36.1 S E R V IC E S 32.6 32.6 32.7 33.1 32.9 32.4 32.5 32.5 32.6 32.3 32.5 32.5 32.5 32.4 32.7 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 75 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW August 1982 • Current Labor Statistics: Establishment Data 14. Weekly hours, by industry division and major manufacturing group, seasonally adjusted [Gross averages, production or nonsupervisory workers on private nonagricultural payrolls] 1981 1982 In d u s tr y d iv is io n a n d g ro u p June J u ly Aug. S e p t. O c t. Nov. Dec. J an . Feb. M ar. A p r, M ayp Junep 35.2 35.3 35.2 35.0 35.1 35.1 35.0 34.4 35.0 34.9 34.9 34.9 34.8 40.1 3.0 40.0 3.0 39.9 3.0 39.4 2.7 39,5 2.7 39.3 2.5 39.1 2.4 37.6 2.3 39.4 2.4 39.0 2.3 39.0 2.4 39.1 2.3 39,1 2.4 Overtime hours............................................ 40.5 3.0 40.5 3.0 40,4 3.0 39.7 2.7 40.0 2.6 39.7 2.4 39.5 2.3 38.2 2.2 39.8 2.2 39.5 2.2 39.5 2.2 39.5 2.2 39.6 2.3 Lumber and wood products ............................ Furniture and fixtures .......................................... Stone, clay, and glass products .................. Primary metal industries............................ Fabricated metal products .................................. 38.9 38.8 40.7 40.9 40.6 38.7 38.6 40.8 40,7 40.5 38.4 38.4 40.7 40.8 40.4 37.6 37.4 40.3 40.6 39.6 37.8 38.0 40.1 40.0 40.0 37.7 37.6 40.1 39.6 39.7 37.7 37.9 39.7 39.2 39.5 35.0 33.6 38.6 38.3 38,1 37.9 37.7 40.1 39.4 39.7 37.6 37.3 40.0 38.8 39.5 37.6 37.4 40.0 38.5 39,4 38.4 37.5 40.2 38.5 39.5 37.7 37.5 40.3 39.1 39.4 Machinery, except electrical ................................ Electric and electronic equipment ........................ Transportation equipment.................................... Instruments and related products ........................ Miscellaneous manufacturing .............................. 41.1 40.2 41.4 40.4 39.0 41.2 40.4 41.2 40.5 39.0 41.1 40.3 41.2 40.6 38.9 40.3 39.7 40.1 40.4 384 40.8 39.8 40.6 40.3 38.9 40.7 39.4 40.4 40.2 39.0 40.4 39.5 39.7 39.9 38.5 39.3 38.3 39.0 39.0 37.3 40.7 39.8 40.5 39.9 38.6 40.2 39.4 40.4 39.9 38.6 40.1 39.3 41.1 39.9 385 39.7 39.4 41.0 40.1 38.7 396 39.4 41.5 39.8 38,6 Overtime hours...................................... 39.4 2.9 39.2 2.9 39.2 2.9 38.9 2.8 38.9 2.8 38.7 2.7 38.6 2.6 36.8 2.5 38.9 2.6 38.5 2.5 38.4 2.6 38.5 2.5 38.5 2.4 Food and kindred products.................... Textile mill products............................................ Apparel and other textile products........................ Paper and allied products................................ 39.7 40.1 35.9 42.7 39.5 40.1 35.8 42.7 39.4 39.8 359 42.5 39.3 38.8 35.2 43.0 39.5 39.0 35.5 42.4 39.5 38.7 35.5 42.0 39.8 37.8 35.1 41.8 39.1 32.3 31.4 41.3 40.2 38.3 35.5 42.3 39.5 37.6 35.0 41.8 39.4 37.7 34.7 42.1 39.3 37.9 34.8 41.8 39.6 37.8 34.8 41.7 Printing and publishing ........................................ Chemicals and allied products.............................. Petroleum and coal products .............................. Rubber and miscellaneous plastics products ........ Leather and leather products .............................. 37.4 41.7 43.4 40.9 37.1 37.3 41.7 43,1 40.5 36.4 37.3 41.7 42.9 40.5 36.7 37.1 42.2 43.1 39.7 36.2 37.1 41.5 42.2 39.9 36.7 37.1 41.2 42.5 39.6 36.5 37.1 41.3 42.7 39.4 36.1 36.9 41.0 44.3 37.9 34.1 37.4 41.2 43.5 40,0 35.6 37.1 40.7 43.5 396 35.8 37.1 40.7 44.0 39.8 35.6 36.9 41.0 44.0 39.9 35.9 37.1 40.9 44.5 40.0 35.7 T O T A L P R IV A T E M A N U F A C T U R IN G Overtime hours...................................... D u r a b le g o o d s N o n d u ra b le g o o d s W H O L E S A L E A N D R E T A IL T R A D E 32.1 35.2 32.2 32.1 32.0 32.1 32.0 31.7 32.0 31.9 31.8 32.0 31.9 W H OLESALE TRADE 38.5 38.6 38.6 38.5 38.4 38.5 38.4 38.1 38.5 38.4 38.3 38.5 38.7 R E T A IL T R A D E 30.0 30.1 30.1 30.1 29.9 30.0 29.9 29.7 29.9 29.8 29.8 30.0 29.8 S E R V IC E S 32.5 32.6 32.5 32.5 32.6 32.6 32.6 32.5 32.6 32.6 32.7 32.6 326 N ote : The industry divisions of mining; construction; tobacco manufactures (a major manufacturing group, nondurable goods); transportation and public utilities; and finance, insurance, and real estate are no longer shown. This is because the seasonal component in these is small 76 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis relative to the trend-cycle, or irregular components, or both, and consequently cannot be precisely separated, 15. Hourly earnings, by industry division and major manufacturing group [Gross averages, production or nonsupervisory workers on private nonagricultural payrolls] 1981 A nnual a ve rag e 1982 In d u s tr y d iv is io n a n d g ro u p 1980 1981 June J u ly Aug. S e p t. O c t. Nov. Dec. J an . Feb. M a r. A p r. $6.66 $7.25 $7.20 $7.24 $7.30 $7.40 $7.42 $7.47 $7.45 $7.55 $7.54 $7.55 9.17 10.05 9.93 10.09 10.12 10.27 10.25 10.39 10.41 10.65 10.62 10.62 C O N S T R U C T IO N 9.94 10,80 10.64 10.79 10.92 11.07 11.65 11.18 11.26 11.59 11.32 M A N U F A C T U R IN G 7.27 7.99 7.97 8.02 8.03 8.16 8.16 8.20 8.27 8.42 8.34 Lumber and wood products .................... Furniture and fixtures.............................. Stone, clay, and glass products .............. Primary metal industries.......................... Fabricated metal products ...................... 7.75 6.55 5.49 7.50 977 7.45 8.53 7.00 5.91 8.27 10.81 820 8.54 7.09 5.90 8.31 1075 8.23 8.57 7.15 5.92 8.40 10.78 8.21 8.59 7.13 5.99 8.41 10.99 8.26 8.70 7.16 6.01 8.53 11.22 8.33 8.73 7.10 6.06 8.50 10.97 8.39 8.77 7.16 6.05 8.54 11.10 8.42 8.83 7.16 6.12 8.56 11.08 8.53 8.92 7.38 6.28 8.70 11.23 8.55 Machinery, except electrical.................... Electric and electronic equipment............ Transportation equipment........................ Instruments and related products ............ Miscellaneous manufacturing .................. 8.00 6.94 9.35 6.80 5.46 8.81 7.62 10.39 7.43 5.96 8.79 7.56 10.45 7.33 5.92 8.83 7.65 10.44 7.43 5.97 8.84 7.73 10.37 7.55 5.96 8.96 7.75 10.49 7.59 6.05 9.04 7.80 10.74 7.60 6.05 9.08 7.83 10.74 7.68 6.11 9.18 7.90 10.76 7.81 6.19 Food and kindred products...................... Tobacco manufactures............................ Textile mill products................................ Apparel and other textile products .......... Paper and allied products........................ 6.55 6.85 7.74 5.07 4.56 7.84 7.18 7.43 8.88 5.52 4.96 8.60 7.13 7.41 9.35 5.41 4.97 8.54 7.22 7.45 9.46 5.50 4.92 8.73 7.23 7.48 8.70 5.65 4.96 8.67 7.36 7.56 8.76 5.69 5.04 8.95 7.33 7.51 8.67 5.72 5.05 8.82 7.38 7.61 9.04 5.73 5.04 8.89 Printing and publishing ............................ Chemicals and allied products ................ Petroleum and coal products .................. Rubber and miscellaneous plastics products Leather and leather products .................. 7.53 8.30 10.10 6.52 4.58 8.18 9.12 11.38 7.16 4.99 8.11 9.07 11.31 7.14 4.98 8.20 9.16 11.43 7.18 4.97 825 9.19 11.32 7.23 4.97 8.37 9.38 11.55 7.29 5.09 8.40 9.37 11.47 7.30 5.09 T O T A L P R IV A T E M I N I N G .............................................................................................. D u ra b le g o o d s N o n d u ra b le g o o d s M ay p Junep $7.58 $7,63 $7.62 10.65 10.68 10.74 11.33 11.32 11.44 11.42 8.37 8.42 8.45 8.51 8.89 7.27 6.19 8.62 11.20 8.57 8.91 7.28 6.21 8.65 11.15 8.64 8.94 7.24 6.21 8.72 11.24 8.69 9.02 7,40 6.26 8.80 11.23 8.79 9.07 7.50 6.30 8.88 11.34 8.82 9.19 7.98 10.79 7.93 6.27 9.20 7.96 10 82 7.94 6.29 9.18 8.01 10.89 8.00 6.32 9.24 8.03 10.89 8.07 6.35 9.28 8.06 11.09 8.19 6.38 9.34 8.09 11.19 8.18 642 7.44 7.67 8.96 5.72 5.04 8.96 7.67 7.82 9.21 5.76 5.18 9.06 7.54 7.74 9.56 576 5.13 8.99 7.57 7.79 9.72 5.76 5.15 9.03 7.65 7.90 10.05 5.79 5.18 9.11 7.64 7.90 9.90 5.79 5.15 9.14 7.70 7.89 10.47 5.79 5.16 9.23 8.42 9.42 11.58 7.31 5.11 8.48 9.53 11.59 7.38 5.15 8.58 9.68 11.91 7.51 5.19 8.56 9.68 12 29 7.49 5.22 8.59 9.71 12.32 7.45 5.24 8.59 9.81 12.50 7.52 5.32 8.60 9.82 12.44 7.53 5.28 8.67 9.95 12.49 7.63 5.31 T R A N S P O R T A T IO N A N D P U B L IC U T IL IT IE S 8.87 9.70 9.61 9.67 9.87 9.95 9,94 10.05 10.06 10.10 10.13 10.07 10.14 10.18 10.21 W H O L E S A L E A N D R E T A IL T R A D E 5.48 5.93 5.88 5.91 5.94 6.04 6.01 6.04 6.02 6.17 6.16 6.16 6.18 6.20 6.19 W H OLESALE TRAD E 6.96 7.57 7.49 7.58 7.65 7.70 7.73 7.79 7.81 7.94 7.94 7.93 7.97 8.03 7.99 R E T A IL T R A D E 4 88 5.25 5.22 5.24 5.25 5.37 5.29 5.32 5.31 5.43 5.42 5.43 5.44 5.47 5.47 F IN A N C E , IN S U R A N C E , A N D R E A L E S T A T E . 5.79 6.31 6.25 6.28 6.38 6.39 6.43 6.52 6.47 6.56 6.62 6.59 6.64 6.76 6.68 S E R V IC E S 5.85 6.41 6.33 6.34 6.41 6.52 6.58 6.67 6.66 6.79 6.79 6.77 6.81 6.84 680 16. Hourly Earnings Index for production or nonsupervisory workers on private nonagricultural payrolls, by industry division [Seasonally adjusted data: 1977=100] 1981 1982 Industry TOTAL PRIVATE (in current dollars) Mining2 ............................................... Construction ...................................... Manufacturing .................................... Transportation and public utilities . . . . Wholesale and retail trade ............... Finance, insurance, and real estate .. Services ............................................ TOTAL PRIVATE (in constant dollars) June 1981 to June 1982' July Aug. Sept. 138.4 139.1 140.5 141.4 142.0 143.0 143.5 144.9 145.0 145.4 146.3 147.6 147.9 .2 6.9 147.4 130 9 141.5 139.6 137.6 137.1 136.7 149.0 132.2 142.4 139.0 138.4 137.8 137.4 149.5 132.8 143.5 141.6 139.7 140.1 139.2 151.7 133.5 144.7 141.5 141.0 140.4 139.7 151.4 134.7 145.4 142.3 140.5 141.4 140.9 153.4 135.7 146.4 143.5 141.3 142.6 142.2 153.4 136.6 146.9 144.3 141.7 142.0 142.6 156.2 139.9 148.9 145.5 142.1 143.1 143.4 156.0 137.9 149.1 146.0 142.5 143.3 143.7 156.0 138.1 149.9 146.3 142.8 143.8 143.9 156.5 138.7 150.8 146.9 143.7 144.9 145.1 157.0 139.7 151.8 148.1 145.2 147.9 146.4 158.2 139.9 152.5 149.1 145.2 146.6 146.5 .8 .1 .4 .7 ( 3) - .9 .1 7.3 6.9 7.8 6.8 5.5 6.9 7.2 92.9 92.2 92.5 92.1 92.1 92.3 92.3 92.9 92.8 93.3 93.7 93.7 ( 4) ( 4) ( 4) Oct. Nov. 1Over-the-year percent change before seasonal adjustment. 2This series Is not seasonally adjusted because the seasonal component is small relative to the trend-cycle, irregular components, or both, and consequently cannot be separated with sufficient precision. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis May 1982 to June 1982 June Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May p Junep 3 Less than 0.05 percent. 4 Not available, 77 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW August 1982 • Current Labor Statistics: Establishment Data 17. Weekly earnings, by industry division and major manufacturing group [Gross averages, production or nonsupervisory workers on private nonagricultural payrolls] A nnual a v e rag e 1981 198 2 In d u s tr y d iv is io n a n d g ro u p 198 0 1981 June J u ly Aug. S e p t. O c t. Nov. Dec. J an . Feb. M a r. A p r. $235.10 172.74 $255.20 170.13 $254.88 170.49 $257.74 170.35 $259.88 170.64 $259.74 168.88 $261.18 169.49 $262.20 169.71 $262.24 169.30 $255.95 164.70 $262.39 168.31 $261.99 168.37 $262.27 167,80 $265.52 168.16 $266.70 (’ ) M ay» Junep T O T A L P R IV A T E : Current dollars.......................................... Constant (1977) dollars.............................. M IN IN G 397.06 439.19 420.04 439.92 447.30 450.85 456.13 461.32 466.37 456.89 463.03 465.16 454.76 453 90 $451.08 C O N S T R U C T IO N 367.78 398.52 395.81 407.86 408.41 396.31 419.62 414.78 417.75 385.95 406.39 419.21 415.44 429.00 427.11 288.62 212.06 318.00 212.00 320.39 214.31 317.59 209.91 320.40 210.37 322.32 209.57 323.95 210.22 325.54 210.71 329.97 213.02 312.38 201.02 326.93 209.70 327.27 210.33 325.85 208.48 329.55 208.71 333.59 Lumber and wood products........................ Furniture and fixtures ................................ Stone, clay, and glass products.................. Primary metal industries ............................ Fabricated metal products.......................... 310.78 252.18 209.17 306.00 391.78 300.98 342.91 270.90 226.94 335.76 437.81 330.46 346.72 280.06 229.51 342.37 439.68 335.78 342.80 276.71 223.78 342.72 434.43 327.58 345.32 278.07 231.21 344.81 442.90 332.88 346.26 271.36 226.58 346.32 457.78 330.70 350.07 271.22 233.92 344.25 435.51 337.28 351.68 269.93 230.51 345.87 440.67 337.64 356.73 272.80 238.07 343.26 438.77 345.47 336.28 248.71 204.10 325.38 431.23 323.19 352.93 272.63 231.51 337.90 443.52 337.66 352.84 273.73 233.50 344.27 434.85 342.14 350.45 270.05 230.39 347.93 434.99 338.91 355.39 $359.17 284.16 286.50 232.87 236.88 355.52 361.42 430.11 443.39 346.33 349.27 Machinery except electrical........................ Electric and electronic equipment................ Transportation equipment .......................... Instruments and related products................ Miscellaneous manufacturing...................... 328.00 276.21 379.61 275.40 211.30 360.33 304.04 424.95 300,17 231.25 361.27 303.91 432.63 296.13 230.88 357.62 303.71 425.95 296.46 229.85 359.79 309.20 421.02 305.02 231.84 361.98 307.68 418.55 306.64 234.14 367.93 311.22 440.34 307.04 237.77 372.28 311.63 438.19 313.34 241.35 381.89 319.16 445.46 317.87 242.03 360.25 304.04 414.34 306.10 229.48 374.44 316.81 437.13 317.60 241.54 370.87 316.40 439.96 320.80 244.58 367.75 313.17 441.05 318.77 242.57 367.49 315.95 454.69 327.60 245.63 369.86 318.75 464.39 325.56 247.81 255.45 271.95 294.89 203.31 161.42 330.85 280.74 294.97 344.54 218.59 177.07 365.50 281.64 294.18 359.98 218.56 180.41 364.66 282.30 295.02 365.16 217.80 177.12 370.15 284.86 298.45 354.09 225.44 180.05 367.61 287.78 300.89 352.15 221.34 177.41 386.64 286.60 296.65 341.60 225.37 180.79 373.97 288.56 302.88 350.75 224.62 180.43 376.05 291.65 309.87 341.38 220.79 178.92 382.59 277.65 302.63 332.48 179.71 155.40 374.18 291.04 307.28 366.15 219.46 180.58 377.58 289.93 303.81 362.56 217.15 180.77 376.55 291.47 306.52 367.83 215.39 178.19 380.80 293.38 310.47 365.31 219.44 179.74 379.31 297.22 312.44 393.67 220.60 181.63 384.89 279.36 344.45 422.18 305.11 379.39 491.62 301.69 377.31 491.99 305.04 380 14 499,49 309.38 380.47 486.76 313.04 395.84 512.82 312.48 388.86 494.36 314.07 391.87 499.10 321.39 398.35 493.73 312.31 394.94 514.51 317.58 397.85 518.64 318.69 395.20 522.37 316.11 399.27 550.00 316.48 400.66 544.87 319.92 405.96 557.05 260.80 168.09 288.55 183.63 292.03 189.74 286.48 181.41 292.09 183.39 289.41 183.24 293.46 186.80 291.67 187.03 295.94 187.46 283.88 172.83 298.85 184.27 295.77 186.54 297.04 187.26 298.94 191.66 305.20 194 88 351.25 382 18 381,52 383.90 389.87 390.04 388.65 393.96 395.36 388.85 397.10 392.73 393.43 396.00 398.19 M A N U F A C T U R IN G Current dollars........................................ Constant (1977) dollars .......................... D u r a b le g o o d s N o n d u ra b le g o o d s Food and kindred products ........................ Tobacco manufactures .............................. Textile mill products .................................. Apparel and other textile products .............. Paper and allied products .......................... Printing and publishing................................ Chemicals and allied products.................... Petroleum and coal products...................... Rubber and miscellaneous plastics products.................................... Leather and leather products...................... T R A N S P O R T A T IO N A N D P U B L IC U T IL IT IE S (’ ) W H O L E S A L E A N D R E T A IL T R A D E 176.46 190.95 190.51 193.85 194.83 194.49 192.32 192.68 194.45 191.89 194.66 194.66 195.91 197.78 199.32 W H OLESALE TRAD E 267.96 292.20 289.11 294.10 296.06 296.45 298.38 300.69 302.25 300.13 303.31 303.72 304.45 308.35 309.21 ................................................ R E T A IL T R A D E ..................................................................... 147.38 158.03 158.17 161.92 162.23 162.17 157.64 158.54 160.89 157.47 159.35 159.64 161.02 163.01 164.65 F IN A N C E , IN S U R A N C E , A N D R E A L E S T A T E 209.60 229.05 225.63 227.96 232.23 230.04 232.77 236.02 234.21 237.47 239.64 239.22 240.37 245.39 241.15 S E R V I C E S ........................................................................ 190.71 208.97 206.99 209.85 210.89 211.25 213.85 216.78 217.12 219.32 220.68 220.03 221.33 221.62 222.36 ' Not available. 78 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis UNEMPLOYMENT INSURANCE DATA ployed. Persons not covered by unemployment insurance (about 10 percent of the labor force) and those who have exhausted or not yet earned benefit rights are excluded from the scope of the survey. Ini tial claims are notices filed by persons in unemployment insurance programs to indicate they are out of work and wish to begin receiv ing compensation. A claimant who continued to be unemployed a full week is then counted in the insured unemployment figure. The rate of insured unemployment expresses the number of insured unem ployed as a percent of the average insured employment in a 12-month period. N a t io n a l u n e m p l o y m e n t in s u r a n c e d a t a are compiled monthly by the Employment and Training Administration of the U.S. Department of Labor from monthly reports of unem ployment insurance activity prepared by State agencies. Rail road unemployment insurance data are prepared by the U.S. Railroad Retirement Board. Definitions An application for benefits is filed by a railroad worker at the be ginning of his first period of unemployment in a benefit year; no ap plication is required for subsequent periods in the same year. Num ber of payments are payments made in 14-day registration periods. The average amount of benefit payment is an average for all com pensable periods, not adjusted for recovery of overpayments or set tlement of underpayments. However, total benefits paid have been adjusted. Data for all programs represent an unduplicated count of insured unemployment under State programs, Unemployment Compensation for Ex-Servicemen, and Unemployment Compensation for Federal Employees, and the Railroad Insurance Act. Under both State and Federal unemployment insurance programs for civilian employees, insured workers must report the completion of at least 1 week of unemployment before they are defined as unem 18. Unemployment insurance and employment service operations [All items except average benefits amounts are in thousands] 198 2 1981 Ite m June M ay All programs: Insured unemployment ...................... State unemployment insurance program:1 Initial claims2 .................................... Insured unemployment (average weekly volume).............................. Rate of insured unemployment .......... Weeks of unemployment compensated ................................ Average weekly benefit amount for total unemployment .................. Total benefits paid ............................ Unemployment compensation for exservicemen: 3 Initial claims1 .................................... Insured unemployment (average weekly volume).............................. Weeks of unemployment compensated ................................ Total benefits paid ............................ Unemployment compensation for Federal civilian employees:4 Initial claims ...................................... Insured unemployment (average weekly volume).............................. Weeks of unemployment compensated ................................ Total benefits paid ............................ Railroad unemployment insurance: Applications ...................................... Insured unemployment (average weekly volume).............................. Number of payments ........................ Average amount of benefit payment........................................ Total benefits paid ............................ Employment service:5 New applications and renewals .......... Nonfarm placements.......................... S e p t. Aug. J u ly M a r. Feb. J an . Dec. A p r, 4,892 M ayp 4,760 4,388 3,111 2,949 3,012 2,874 2,680 2,753 3,228 3,935 4,681 4,723 1,417 1,741 2,114 1,610 1,681 1,996 2,286 3,272 3,328 2,272 2,418 2,347 1,995 4,067 4.6 3,729 4.3 16,156 13,680 2,691 3.1 2,596 3.0 2,743 3.1 2,656 3.0 2,488 2.9 9,790 9,928 10,486 9,594 2,592 3.0 9,565 9,424 $105.94 $107.39 $103.47 $105.49 $99 02 $1,006,341 $1,012,764 $1,061,899 $1,004,864 $1,001,020 $108.92 $997,757 15 11 15 22 19 19 3,061 3.5 3,778 4.3 4,470 5.1 4,376 5.0 4,282 4.9 10,052 14,592 15,962 15,631 18,144 $118.09 $117.10 $117.51 $116.95 $110.52 $112.83 $114.83 $1,080,810 $1,592,546 $1,764,206 $1,781,830 $2,072,642 $1,848,253 $1,573,771 9 11 8 8 10 9 8 13 11 10 9 43 42 44 44 34 26 22 19 16 183 $19,965 192 $21,145 203 $22,785 190 $21,425 153 $17,144 116 $12,952 91 $10,043 93 $10,155 65 $7,098 49 r $5,304 48 $5,141 37 $4,029 31 $3,431 11 13 15 17 18 20 16 17 17 12 13 13 11 27 25 25 25 29 32 36 39 40 40 38 33 29 172 $19,677 147 $16,820 121 $13,748 107 $11,023 105 $10,705 105 $10,805 102 $9,543 100 $10,495 112 $11,719 127 $13,491 174 $18,891 162 $18,040 154 $17,517 6 26 41 13 15 21 13 19 22 11 9 5 5 35 79 30 86 28 32 29 63 34 74 40 86 44 83 54 117 75 153 67 140 65 154 57 130 44 95 $199.43 $15,428 $201.06 $16,206 $199.63 $11,541 $202.53 $7,071 $207.98 15,046 $197.26 15,994 $207.08 $16,377 $212.33 $25,292 $213.39 $30,544 $214.07 $28,011 $215.71 $33,853 $209.48 $26,262 $200,75 $19,110 12,868 2,446 11nitial claims and State insured unemployment Include data under the program for Puerto Rican sugarcane workers. 2 Excludes transition claims under State programs. 3 Excludes data on claims and payments made jointly with other programs. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Nov, O c t. 16,502 3,509 4,081 731 7,439 1,232 4 Excludes data on claims and payments made jointly with State programs, 5 Cumulative total for fiscal year (October 1-September 30). Data computed quarterly. N ote : Data for Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands included. Dashes indicate data not available. r= revised. 79 PRICE DATA d a t a are gathered by the Bureau of Labor Statistics from retail and primary markets in the United States. Price indexes are given in relation to a base period (1967 = 100, unless otherwise noted). P r ic e Definitions The Consumer Price Index is a monthly statistical measure of the average change in prices in a fixed market basket of goods and ser vices. Effective with the January 1978 index, the Bureau of Labor Sta tistics began publishing CPI’s for two groups of the population. One index, a new CPI for All Urban Consumers, covers 80 percent of the total noninstitutional population; and the other index, a revised CPI for Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers, covers about half the new index population. The All Urban Consumers index includes, in addition to wage earners and clerical workers, professional, manageri al, and technical workers, the self-employed, short-term workers, the unemployed, retirees, and others not in the labor force. The CPI is based on prices of food, clothing, shelter, fuel, drugs, transportation fares, doctor’s and dentist’s fees, and other goods and services that people buy for day-to-day living. The quantity and quali ty of these items is kept essentially unchanged between major revi sions so that only price changes will be measured. Prices are collected from over 18,000 tenants, 24,000 retail establishments, and 18,000 housing units for property taxes in 85 urban areas across the country. All taxes directly associated with the purchase and use of items are included in the index. Because the CPI’s are based on the expendi tures of two population groups in 1972-73, they may not accurately reflect the experience of individual families and single persons with different buying habits. Though the CPI is often called the “Cost-of-Living Index,” it meas ures only price change, which is just one of several important factors affecting living costs. Area indexes do not measure differences in the level of prices among cities. They only measure the average change in prices for each area since the base period. Producer Price Indexes measure average changes in prices received in primary markets of the United States by producers of commodities in all stages of processing. The sample used for calculating these in dexes contains about 2,800 commodities and about 10,000 quotations per month selected to represent the movement of prices of all com modities produced in the manufacturing, agriculture, forestry, fishing, mining, gas and electricity, and public utilities sectors. The universe includes all commodities produced or imported for sale in commercial transactions in primary markets in the United States. Producer Price Indexes can be organized by stage of processing or by commodity. The stage of processing structure organizes products by degree of fabrication (that is, finished goods, intermediate or semifinished goods, and crude materials). The commodity structure organizes products by similarity of end-use or material composition. To the extent possible, prices used in calculating Producer Price In dexes apply to the first significant commercial transaction in the Unit ed States, from the production or central marketing point. Price data are generally collected monthly, primarily by mail questionnaire. 80 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Most prices are obtained directly from producing companies on a vol untary and confidential basis. Prices generally are reported for the Tuesday of the week containing the 13th day of the month. In calculating Producer Price Indexes, price changes for the vari ous commodities are averaged together with implicit quantity weights representing their importance in the total net selling value of all com modities as of 1972. The detailed data are aggregated to obtain in dexes for stage of processing groupings, commodity groupings, dura bility of product groupings, and a number of special composite groupings. Price indexes for the output of selected SIC industries measure av erage price changes in commodities produced by particular industries, as defined in the Standard Industrial Classification Manual 1972 (Washington, U,S. Office of Management and Budget, 1972). These indexes are derived from several price series, combined to match the economic activity of the specified industry and weighted by the value of shipments in the industry. They use data from comprehensive in d u s t r ia l censuses c o n d u c t e d by the U.S. B u r e a u of the C e n s u s a n d the U.S. Department of Agriculture. Notes on the data Beginning with the May 1978 issue of the Review, regional CPI’s cross classified by population size, were introduced. These indexes will enable users in local areas for which an index is not published to get a better approximation of the CPI for their area by using the appropri ate population size class measure for their region. The cross-classified indexes will be published bimonthly. (See table 21.) For further details about the new and the revised indexes and a comparison of various aspects of these indexes with the old unrevised CPI, see Facts About the Revised Consumer Price Index, a pamphlet in the Consumer Price Index Revision 1978 series. See also The Consumer Price Index: Concepts and Content Over the Years, Report 517, revised edition (Bureau of Labor Statistics, May 1978). For interarea comparisons of living costs at three hypothetical stand ards of living, see the family budget data published in the Handbook of Labor Statistics, 1977, Bulletin 1966 (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1977), tables 122-133. Additional data and analysis on price changes are provided in the CPI Detailed Report and Producer Prices and Price Indexes, both monthly publications of the Bureau. As of January 1976, the Wholesale Price Index (as it was then called) incorporated a revised weighting structure reflecting 1972 val ues of shipments. From January 1967 through December 1975, 1963 values of shipments were used as weights. For a discussion of the general method of computing consumer, producer, and industry price indexes, see BLS Handbook of Methods for Surveys and Studies, Bulletin 1910 (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1976), chapters 13-15. See also John F. Early, “Improving the meas urement of producer price change,” Monthly Labor Review, April 1978, pp. 7-15. For industry prices, see also Bennett R. Moss, “In dustry and Sector Price Indexes,” Monthly Labor Review, August 1965, pp. 974-82. 19. Consumer Price Index for Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers, annual averages and changes, 1967-81 [1967 = 100] Foo d and A ll ite m s Year In d e x A p p a re l and H o u s in g P e rc e n t change In d e x P e rc e n t change P e rc e n t In d e x T r a n s p o r ta tio n O th e r g o o d s E n te r ta in m e n t M e d ic a l c a r e a n d s e r v ic e s upkeep b e ve rag es change P e rc e n t In d e x chang e In d e x P e rc e n t change P e rc e n t In d e x change In d e x P e rc e n t change P e rc e n t In d e x change 1967 1968 1969 1970 .................. .................. .................. .................. 100.0 104.2 109.8 116.3 4.2 5.4 5.9 100.0 103.6 108.8 114.7 3.6 5.0 5.4 100.0 104.0 110.4 118.2 4.0 6.2 7.1 100.0 105.4 111.5 116.1 5.4 5.8 4.1 100.0 103.2 107.2 112.7 3.2 3.9 5.1 100.0 106.1 113.4 120.6 6.1 6.9 6.3 100.0 105.7 111.0 116.7 5.7 5.0 5.1 100.0 105.2 110.4 116.8 5.2 4.9 5.8 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 .................. .................. .................. .................. .................. 121.3 125.3 133.1 147.7 161.2 4.3 3.3 6.2 11.0 9.1 118.3 123.2 139.5 158.7 172.1 3.1 4.1 13.2 13.8 8.4 123.4 128.1 133.7 148.8 164.5 4.4 3.8 4.4 11.3 10.6 119.8 122.3 126.8 136.2 142.3 3.2 2.1 3.7 7.4 4.5 118.6 119.9 123.8 137.7 150.6 5.2 1.1 3.3 11.2 9.4 128.4 132.5 137.7 150.5 168.6 6.5 3.2 3.9 9.3 12.0 122.9 126.5 130.0 139.8 152.2 5.3 2.9 2.8 7.5 8.9 122.4 127.5 132.5 142.0 153.9 4.8 4.2 3.9 7.2 8.4 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 .................. .................. .................. .................. .................. 170.5 181.5 195.3 217.7 247.0 5.8 6.5 7.6 11.5 13.5 177.4 188.0 206.2 228.7 248.7 3.1 6.0 9.7 10.9 8.7 174.6 186.5 202.6 227.5 263.2 6.1 6.8 8.6 12.3 15.7 147.6 154.2 159.5 166.4 177.4 3.7 4.5 3.4 4.3 6.6 165.5 177.2 185.8 212.8 250.5 9.9 7.1 4.9 14.5 17.7 184,7 202.4 219.4 240.1 267.2 9.5 9.6 8.4 9.4 11.3 159.8 167.7 176.2 187,6 203.7 5.0 4.9 5.1 6.5 8.5 162.7 172.2 183.2 196.3 213.6 5.7 5.8 6.4 7.2 8.8 1981 .................. 272.3 10.2 267.8 7.7 293.2 11.4 186.6 5.2 281.3 12.3 295.1 10.4 219.0 7.5 233.3 9.2 20. Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers and revised CPI for Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers, U.S. city average— general summary and groups, subgroups, and selected items [1967 = 100 unless otherwise specified] U rb a n W a g e E a rn e rs a n d C le ric a l W o r k e r s (r e v is e d ) A ll U rb a n C o n s u m e rs G e n e r a l s u m m a ry A ll i t e m s .................................................................................................................................. 1982 1981 1982 1981 M ay Dec. J an . Feb. M a r. A p r. M ay M ay Dec. J an . Feb. M a r. A p r. M ay 269.0 281.5 282.5 283.4 283.1 284.3 287.1 269.1 281.1 282.1 282.9 282.5 283.7 286.5 275.6 306.7 191.1 285.1 318.8 232.8 252.2 276.5 309.4 191.9 282.9 321.7 233.9 253.8 278.1 313.8 191.5 285.6 323.8 234.4 255.0 265.9 288.1 186.2 278.9 290.8 217.7 230.4 270.8 304.7 189.4 291.5 309.1 224.4 243.5 273.9 305.6 186.5 291.6 312.0 226.1 245.0 276.0 306.7 187.3 289.6 314.9 228.1 247.1 275.9 306.2 190.5 286.6 317.4 229.5 249.3 276.8 309.2 191.2 284.3 320.2 230.5 250.9 278.4 313.7 190.6 287.1 322.3 231.1 252.4 Food and beverages .................................................................... Housing........................................................................................ Apparel and upkeep...................................................................... Transportation .............................................................................. Medical care ................................................................................ Entertainment .............................................................................. Other goods and services.............................................................. 265.4 288.5 186.4 277.8 289.0 220.3 232.2 270.5 305.2 190.5 289.8 310.2 227.3 246.7 273.6 306.1 187.3 289.9 313.4 229.2 248.4 275.8 307.3 188.0 288.0 316.2 231.2 250.3 Commodities ................................................................................ Commodities less food and beverages .................................... Nondurables less food and beverages.................................. Durables............................................................................ 251.9 241.7 263.8 223.9 258.4 248.7 266.7 233.7 258.8 248.0 265.6 233.4 259.5 248.1 265.3 233.7 258.8 247.1 263.4 233.5 258.9 247.0 259.7 235.8 261.5 249.8 261.0 239.8 252.4 242.3 266.6 222.4 258.8 249.3 268.9 232.7 259.3 248.7 267.8 232.4 259.9 248.6 267.5 232.5 259.1 247.5 265.3 232.4 259.2 247.2 261.3 234.8 261.7 250.1 262.6 238.9 Services ...................................................................................... Rent, residential.................................................................. Household services less rent .............................................. Transportation services........................................................ Medical care services.......................................................... Other servces.................................................................... 299.6 205.9 360.4 266.6 311.7 235.3 321.8 216.5 390.4 284.2 335.7 249.5 323.9 217.8 392.4 286,6 339.4 251.7 325.3 218.6 393.7 287.6 342.4 253.0 325.5 219.6 392.5 288.8 345.1 254.0 328.4 220.1 397.3 290.3 348.0 255.3 331.8 221.8 403.0 291.3 350.2 255.9 300.0 205.5 363.5 265.5 313.6 234.5 322.4 216.0 394.8 283.6 334.0 248.0 324.3 217.4 396.5 285.9 337.5 250.0 325.5 218.1 397.7 286.7 340.6 251.3 325.8 219.1 396.6 287.9 343.0 252.4 329.1 219.6 402.3 289.2 345.8 253.8 332.4 221.3 408.2 290.0 348.0 254.4 All items ¡ess food ........................................................................ All items less mortgage interest costs ............................................ Commodities less food.................................................................. Nondurables less food .................................................................. Nondurables less food and apparel................................................ Nondurables ................................................................................ Services ¡ess rent ........................................................................ Services less medical ca re ............................................................ Domestically produced farm foods ................................................ Selected beef cuts........................................................................ Energy ........................................................................................ All items less energy .................................................................... All items less food and energy ............................................ Commodities less food and energy.................................... Energy commodities ........................................................ Services less energy........................................................ 267.0 255.2 239.6 258,2 298.0 265.8 317.4 296.2 254.7 270.9 411.3 257.9 253.0 215.7 455.4 296.5 280.8 264.9 246.5 261.1 300.7 269.8 342.0 318.1 259.1 270.7 414.6 271.1 267.9 224.2 448.0 318,9 281.4 266.1 245.9 260.2 301.0 270.8 344.2 320.0 262.4 269.6 416.4 272.1 268.5 223.7 4464 320.5 282.1 267.1 246.0 260.1 300.5 271.7 345.7 321.1 265.1 271.7 413.0 273.4 269.5 224.5 440.1 321.9 281.7 267.2 245.2 258.4 296.6 270.7 345.7 321.1 263.8 272.0 406.1 273.6 269.8 225.3 424.5 321.5 282.9 267.9 245.0 255.0 291.4 269.3 349.1 324.0 264.5 275.1 395.7 275.7 272.2 227.2 406.6 324.5 286.0 270.3 247,8 256.2 293.4 270.7 352.8 327.5 267.1 281.6 402.1 278.3 274.9 229.9 410.2 327.2 267.2 255.8 240.3 260.9 300.1 267,2 318.2 296.4 254.2 273.8 414.9 257.0 251.9 214.6 456.0 297.0 280.7 265.2 247.2 263.3 302.5 270.9 342.9 318.7 258 2 271.9 417.6 269.9 266.6 223.3 448.7 319.5 281.3 266.4 246.6 262.4 302.6 271.9 345.0 320.5 261.4 271.1 419.0 270.9 267.1 222.8 447.0 321.0 281.7 267.2 246.6 262.2 302.0 272.8 346.3 321.6 264.0 273.1 415.4 272.1 268.0 223.6 4407 322.2 281.3 267.3 245,6 260.2 297.8 271.6 346.4 321.6 262.7 273.3 407.9 272.3 268.3 224.5 425.0 321.8 282.5 267.9 245.3 256.6 292.3 270.1 350.2 324.9 263.5 276.4 396.9 274.5 270.9 226.4 406,9 325.2 285.6 270.3 248.1 257.8 294.4 271.5 353.8 328.3 266.0 283.1 403.1 277.0 273.6 229.1 410.5 327.9 Purchasing power of the consumer dollar, 1967 = $1 .................... $0,372 $0,355 $0,354 $0,353 $0,353 $0,352 $0,348 $0,372 $0,356 $0,354 $0,353 $0,354 $0,352 $0,349 S p e c ia l in d e x e s : https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 81 M ONTHLY LABOR REVIEW August 1982 • Current Labor Statistics: Consumer Prices 20. Continued— Consumer Price Index— U.S. city average [1967 = 100 unless otherwise specified] All U rb a n C o n s u m e rs G e n e r a l s u m m a ry FO O D A N D BEVERA GES 1981 U rb a n W a g e E a rn e rs a n d C le ric a l W o r k e rs (r e v is e d ) 198 2 1981 198 2 M ay Dec. J an . Feb. M a r. A p r. M ay M ay Dec. J an . Feb. M a r. A p r. M ay 265.4 270.5 273.6 275.8 275.6 276.5 278.1 265.9 270.8 273.9 276.0 275.9 276.8 278.4 Food 272.5 277.8 281.0 283.3 283.0 283.9 285.5 272.9 277.9 281.1 283.4 283.1 284.1 285.7 Food at home.............................................................. Cereals and bakery products ................................ Cereals and cereal products (12/77 = 100) .............................. Flour and prepared flour mixes (12/77 = 100).................... Cereal (12/77 = 100)........................................................ Rice, pasta, and cornmeal (12/77 = 100) .......................... Bakery products (12/77 = 100)................................................ White bread.............................................................. Other breads (12/77 = 100).............................................. Fresh biscuits, rolls, and muffins (12/77 = 100) .................. Fresh cakes and cupcakes (12/77 = 100).......................... Cookies (12/77 = 100)...................................................... Crackers, bread, and cracker products (12/77 = 100) ........ Fresh sweetrolls, coffeecake, and donuts (12/77 = 100) . . . Frozen and refrigerated bakery products and fresh pies, tarts, and turnovers (12/77 = 100) .......... 267.7 270.0 146.8 138.8 149.8 149.8 141.5 235.1 139.3 141.5 142.3 141.8 128.2 142.8 271.7 277.7 151.5 137.8 160.2 151.7 145.4 241.5 143.4 145.9 144.9 147.6 134.2 145.4 275.3 279.8 153.0 139.1 163.1 151.1 146.4 243.3 143.9 146.5 147.2 148.1 133.4 146.2 278.0 280.9 154.0 139.1 164.8 152.4 146.8 243.8 143.7 146.4 147.0 149.2 135.4 147.0 277.1 281.3 153.9 139.2 165.2 151.2 147.1 242.3 145.1 148.4 148.0 149.4 135.3 146.3 277.9 281.7 153.6 139.7 165.4 149.6 147.5 242.8 145.2 147,6 148.4 150.2 137.3 146.8 279.8 283,3 154.5 141,8 165.7 150.2 148.3 243.8 146.3 149.7 149.0 150.5 139.6 147.3 267,2 269.4 148.4 140.3 151.3 152.0 140.6 233.2 141.7 139.6 141.2 142.1 128.9 142.5 270.8 276.6 152.5 138.4 162.1 152.9 144.3 237.4 145.3 141.9 143.7 148.4 135.6 147.8 274.4 278.6 153.9 139.6 165.1 152,4 145.3 239.4 145.7 142.5 145.8 148.9 134.7 148.9 277.0 279.8 155.0 139.6 166.8 153.6 145.7 240.0 145,5 142.8 145.8 150.1 136.8 149.3 276.2 280.0 154.8 139.6 167.2 152.4 146.0 238.3 147.0 144.6 146.4 150.2 136.5 148.7 277.0 280.4 154.6 140.1 167.4 150.8 146.3 238.8 147.1 143.8 146.8 151.2 138.7 149.3 278.8 282.0 155.4 142.1 167.8 151.5 147.2 240.0 148.2 146.0 147.4 151.4 141.0 149.9 147,0 149.3 151.2 151.5 153.5 153.4 153.6 140.1 143.0 144.7 144.8 146.8 146.5 146.7 Meats, poultry, fish, and eggs.......................................................... Meats, poultry, and fish ............................................................ Meats ............................................................ Beef and veal ................................................................ Ground beef other than canned.................................... Chuck roast................................................................ Round roast................................................................ Round steak .............................................................. Sirloin steak............................................................ Other beef and veal (12/77 = 100) ............................ Pork............................................ Bacon ........................................................................ Chops .................................................................... Ham other than canned (12/77 = 100)........................ Sausage ...................................................... Canned ham .............................................................. Other pork (12/77 = 100) ................................ Other meats ................................................................ Frankfurters...................................... Bologna, liverwurst, and salami (12/77 = 100) ............ Other lunchmeats (12/77 = 100) ...................... Lamb and organ meats (12/77 = 100) .............. Poultry.................................................... Fresh whole chicken............................ Fresh and frozen chicken parts (12/77 = 100) ........ Other poultry (12/77 = 100) ................................ Fish and seafood ................................ Canned fish and seafood (12/77 = 100)............ Fresh and frozen fish and seafood (12/77 = 100) . Eggs ...................................................................................... 247.0 253.2 252.3 270.3 264.1 280,3 246.8 256.0 271.4 159.2 217.3 212.7 203.7 97.2 277.7 230,5 122.7 253.9 247.6 143.0 126.9 145.3 194.7 190.3 127.5 128.3 353.2 139.2 131.8 170.5 253.7 258.4 258.7 270.5 264.5 282.2 242.6 254.6 260.1 161.0 234.3 237.2 212.4 109.1 299.1 244.3 130.0 260.6 261.0 146.4 132.6 140.7 191.7 190.1 128.1 120.7 359.6 140.7 134.7 198.0 253.7 259.1 257.8 269.4 262.2 279.6 241.6 257.5 258.2 160.9 234.7 235.5 219.2 107.3 297.6 245.4 129.5 258.1 256.7 145.4 132.2 138.6 194.2 193.1 128.5 123.2 373.3 140.6 143.2 189.4 256.8 261.2 260.2 271.5 265.0 285.8 245.3 256.1 257.1 161.4 238.9 245.6 222.1 107.0 300.0 246.1 133.8 258.1 258.0 146.1 131.7 137.7 195,7 196.3 128.9 123.2 373.8 140.9 143.2 205.1 256.9 262.1 261.2 271.7 265.8 284.3 243.0 258.8 260.6 161.5 239.5 249.6 216.3 109.2 305.8 247.6 132.6 262.4 260.5 149.2 133.7 141.0 194.7 195.1 127.5 123.9 376.3 141.0 144.7 195.2 258.3 264.2 263.6 274.8 266.9 285.4 244.9 262.8 271.1 163,7 241.6 255.9 223.4 105.4 305.7 245.6 135.2 262.8 259.5 150.2 133.2 142.6 193.3 194.1 127.6 121.3 382.0 141.5 147.9 186,9 261.0 268.2 269.7 281.1 269,4 287.2 252.4 269.2 282.3 169.0 249.9 267.7 230.0 111.1 313.3 249,9 138.9 264.0 262.7 150.7 134.3 141.2 196.0 196.8 128.3 124.3 366.3 139.8 139.4 172.3 246.3 252.4 251.7 272.5 267.8 290.9 249.4 253.7 275.3 158.5 216.3 215.2 201.5 93.8 278.5 231.4 122.4 250.6 247.0 140.6 124.8 145.9 192.5 187.0 126.6 127.5 349.9 137.8 130.5 171,5 253.1 257.7 257.9 270.9 265.8 291.5 245.9 252.2 260.7 159.1 233.8 240.5 211.0 106.3 300.0 247.7 129.2 259.7 260.0 146.3 130.6 143.9 189.5 187.8 126.3 119.8 358.6 140.2 134.4 198.8 253.3 258.6 257.3 270.1 263.7 288.5 244.7 256.1 258,9 159.3 234.4 239.3 217.6 104.8 298.8 249.0 128.8 257.3 256.1 145.4 130.2 141.4 192.4 190.9 126.9 123.0 372.4 140.0 143.0 190.6 256.4 260.7 259.7 272.2 266.3 295.0 248.9 254.4 257.8 159.7 238.5 249.3 220.2 104.7 301.0 249.9 133.1 257.4 257.1 146.2 129.7 141.0 193.8 194,4 127.1 122.6 373.2 140.4 143.2 206.1 256.4 261.5 260.6 272.3 266.9 293.1 245.9 256.4 262.2 159.8 238.9 253.3 214.7 106.5 306.6 251,2 131.7 261.7 260.0 149.4 131.7 144.2 192.8 192,8 125.9 123.3 375.5 140.5 144.6 196.3 257.8 263,6 262.8 275.3 267.9 294.1 247.9 260.8 272.4 162.1 241.0 259.7 221.7 102.8 306.3 248.9 134.5 261.8 258.4 150.3 131.2 145.6 191.5 192.0 125.9 120.8 381.4 140.8 148.0 187.9 260.7 267.7 269.0 281.9 270.7 296.2 255.9 267.8 283.8 167.5 249.2 271.9 228.2 108.3 314.2 253.2 138.2 263.2 261.8 150,7 132.3 144.4 194.1 194.7 126.5 123.9 365.0 139.2 138.9 173.4 Dairy products............................................ Fresh milk and cream (12/77 = 100) .................. Fresh whole m ilk.................................. Other fresh milk and cream (12/77 = 100)............ Processed dairy products (12/77 = 100) . . . . Butter................................................ Cheese (12/77 = 100) ........................ Ice cream and related products (12/77 = 100)........ Other dairy products (12/77 = 100)............ 243,8 134.9 220.8 134.7 141.9 245.2 140.5 146.2 136.1 245.5 135.2 221.2 135.3 143.9 248.7 141.0 150.3 139.7 245.8 135.1 221.2 135.1 144.4 249.3 142.0 150.8 138.4 246.5 135.5 221.5 135.8 144.8 248.9 142.8 150.0 140.0 246.5 135.3 221.7 135.1 1449 250.1 143.3 149.5 139.5 247.5 135.9 222.2 136.2 145.6 250.1 143.7 150.9 139.9 247.0 135.7 222.0 135,7 145.2 251.1 144.0 148.7 139.7 243.9 134,7 220.4 134.8 142.6 247.6 140.6 147.8 136.4 244.9 134.6 220.2 134.9 144.2 251.3 141.3 149.4 140.5 245.2 134.6 220.2 134.7 144.7 252.0 142.3 149,9 139.1 245.8 134.9 220.5 135.5 145.1 251.4 143.1 149.1 140.8 245.9 134.8 220.8 134.6 145.3 252.7 143.6 148.9 140.3 246.8 135.3 221.3 135.7 145.9 252.7 144.0 150.2 140.8 246.3 135.1 221.1 135.2 145.5 253.7 144,3 147.9 140.4 Fruits and vegetables ...................................... Fresh fruits and vegetables ................................ Fresh fruits........................................ Apples........................................................ Bananas ...................................... Oranges .............................. Other fresh fruits (12/77 = 100).................. Fresh vegetables.................................... Potatoes .............................................. Lettuce .......................................................... Tomatoes .......................................... Other fresh vegetables (12/77 = 100) ............ 276.8 284.4 276.6 235.4 266.3 274 1 154.9 291.7 384.4 252.5 200.2 158.6 276.4 274.9 269.6 261.2 254.9 280.6 141.0 279.8 286.8 343.1 204,6 150.4 294.7 308.0 276.7 273.0 253.5 283.1 145.9 337.3 288.8 5144 245.6 174.8 301.5 319.6 291.2 279.5 251.0 313.1 154.5 346.2 297.4 408,9 288.5 199.1 293.1 302.1 297.8 288.7 263.0 316.3 157.2 306.1 301.0 270.9 258.1 185.0 294.0 304.1 306.7 287.5 268.5 330.8 163.4 301.8 306.1 355.2 220.5 166.3 297.9 311.7 318.8 299.8 261.6 362.1 168.2 305.1 320.3 291.6 226.5 179.3 274.3 281 8 271.5 232.7 264.2 261.1 153.3 291.1 378.1 255.6 193.8 160.1 272.6 269.4 260.5 261.2 252.8 252.8 136.7 277.6 280.0 342.7 207.8 149.1 291.3 303.1 267.0 272.6 251.1 255.1 141.0 335.8 282.7 515.8 248.8 173.9 297.4 313.4 280.1 279.9 247.9 281.1 149.0 343.5 291.5 408.0 293.2 197.2 289.1 296.1 287.3 288,5 261.1 285.9 151.8 304.2 294.8 271.3 261.8 184,0 290.3 298.9 295.5 287.8 266.1 300.2 157.6 302.0 300.8 358.6 224.9 166.7 293.6 305.1 306.9 300.1 259.3 328.3 162.4 303.7 313.6 293.5 230.6 178.6 270.9 142.1 144.2 145.3 136.7 130.2 129.8 280.6 145.0 142.3 149.5 142.6 136.9 139.1 282.7 146.4 143.5 151.4 143.6 137.6 140.7 284.2 147.9 147.8 151.5 144,3 137.7 141.7 285.8 149.0 149.2 152.4 145.3 138,2 142.0 285,5 148.2 147.1 151.5 145.6 138.6 144.0 285.4 148.3 145.7 152.2 146.4 138.5 143.9 268.4 141.6 142.0 145.1 137.4 128.9 129.6 278.4 144,5 141.2 148.3 143.0 135.7 140.2 280.6 146.0 142.8 150.1 144.0 136.5 141.8 282.0 147.4 146.6 150.3 144.8 136.6 143.1 283.7 148.6 148.2 151.4 145.9 137.2 1434 283.3 147,7 146.1 150.4 146.2 137.5 145.3 283.3 147.9 144.6 151.0 147.0 137.4 145.2 Processed fruits and vegetables .................................... Processed fruits (12/77 = 100) ............................ Frozen fruit and fruit juices (12/77 = 100).................... Fruit juices other than frozen (12/77 = 100) ................ Canned and dried fruits (12/77 = 100) ............ Processed vegetables (12/77 = 1 0 0 ) .......... Frozen vegetables (12/77 = 100).......................... Digitized for 82FRASER https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 20. Continued— Consumer Price Index— U.S. city average [1967 = 100 unless otherwise specified] U rb a n W a g e E a r n e r s a n d C le ric a l W o r k e r s (r e v is e d ) A ll U rb a n C o n s u m e rs 1982 1981 1982 1981 G e n e r a l s u m m a ry M ay Dec. J an . Feb. M a r. A p r. M ay M ay Dec. J an . Feb. M a r. A p r. M ay Fruits and vegetables Continued Cut corn and canned beans except lima (12/77=100) . . . . Other canned and dried vegetables (12/77-100).............. Other foods at hom e........................................................................ Sugar and sweets...................................................................... Candy and chewing gum (12/77 -100) ................................ Sugar and artificial sweeteners (12/77-100)........................ Other sweets (12/77 -100) ................................................ Fats and oils (12/77 -100) ........................................................ Margarine .......................................................................... Nondairy substitutes and peanut butter (12/77-100) ............ Other fats, oils, and salad dressings (12/77-100)................ Nonalcoholic beverages ............................................................ Cola drinks, excluding diet c o la ............................................ Carbonated drinks, including diet cola (12/77-100).............. Roasted coffee .................................................................. Freeze dried and instant coffee............................................ Other noncarbonated drinks (12/77-100)............................ Other prepared foods ................................................................ Canned and packaged soup (12/77-100)............................ Frozen prepared foods (12/77-100).................................... Snacks (12/77-100).......................................................... Seasonings, olives, pickles, and relish (12/77-100).............. Other condiments (12/77-100) .......................................... Miscellaneous prepared foods (12/77-100) ........................ Other canned and packaged prepared foods (12/77=100) . . . 131.5 129.8 323.7 367.1 145.1 178.4 141.4 270.7 256.1 182.7 130.4 412.3 295.7 140.6 354.4 339.1 134,0 252.9 131.5 141.6 145.9 140.0 141.1 138.6 136.6 138.9 134.8 325.6 359.3 149.9 153.4 146.1 261.1 255.7 160.1 129.7 412.5 298.1 139.3 344.4 332.0 137.0 262.8 133.7 145.9 152.2 148.8 144.6 145.8 142.5 139.9 135.0 328.7 361.6 150.1 155.6 147.1 261.6 257.8 157.7 130.5 418.7 302.4 141,9 353.3 336.9 138.0 264.6 134.3 147.8 152.6 149.7 146.4 146,9 142.5 140.7 134.1 330,7 364.2 150.0 160.0 146.9 260.5 256.7 157.8 129.8 423.4 304.6 143.8 364.4 342.8 138.4 265.3 135.9 146.2 153.4 151.3 146.9 147.0 143.0 141.2 134.8 331.7 365.5 150.3 161.0 147.4 259.6 256.7 156.1 129.5 424.8 306.6 143.4 366.6 343.6 138.9 266.5 135.6 147.0 153.4 153.2 148.2 147.7 143.2 140.5 135.0 331.6 365.3 150.9 159.9 147.2 260.4 259.6 157.3 129.0 424.1 304.9 143.4 369.6 343.4 138.7 266.6 135.7 147.2 152.9 153.6 148.7 147.6 143.3 140.7 134.6 332.6 365.7 150.0 160.5 148.9 260.6 259.7 156.0 129.6 425.6 306.1 144.3 369,3 344.3 138.9 267.5 135.7 147.8 153.5 152.8 150.2 148.5 143.5 130.1 128.0 324.8 368.1 145.8 179.2 139.7 270.9 256.7 181.6 130.4 414.6 293.7 139.4 350.5 340.2 133.9 254.7 132.1 139.6 149.1 139.3 143.6 139.6 137.2 136.5 133.2 326.4 359,3 149.9 154.6 144.2 261.0 254.9 158.5 130.1 414.2 295.7 137.2 340.1 331.6 137.1 264.4 135.7 145.3 154.2 147.7 146.2 145.8 143.9 137.5 133.5 329.6 361.6 150.0 157.0 145.2 261.5 257.2 156.0 131.0 420.5 300.0 139.7 348.8 336.5 138.2 266.3 136.4 147.4 154.6 148.6 148.0 147.0 143.9 138.3 132.6 331.5 364.1 149,8 161.3 145.1 260.6 256.1 156.3 130.2 425.0 302.0 141.7 359.9 342.5 138.6 266.9 137.9 145.6 155.2 150.3 148.4 147.1 144.5 138.8 133.3 332.6 365.4 150.1 162.4 145.5 259.7 256.1 154,4 130.0 426.6 303.8 141.4 362.2 343.4 139.1 268.1 137.8 146.5 155.4 152,2 149.9 147.9 144.5 137.9 133.5 332.6 365.2 150.8 161.1 145.3 260.4 259.1 155.6 129.5 426.0 302.4 141.5 365.0 343.0 138.9 268.3 137.8 146.7 155.0 152.7 150.4 147.7 144.6 138.5 133.2 333.5 365.6 149.9 161.8 147.0 260.6 259.3 154.2 130.2 427.3 303.6 142.3 364.3 343.9 1391 269.3 137.7 147.3 155.6 151.9 151.9 148.7 144.9 Food away from home............................................................................ Lunch (12/77-100) ........................................................................ Dinner (12/77-100) ........................................................................ Other meals and snacks (12/77 - 1 0 0 ) .............................................. 289.3 141.0 139.9 139.9 2977 144.6 144.0 144.7 299.8 146.1 144.8 145.4 301.2 146.6 145.2 146,9 302.4 147.0 145.7 147.9 303.6 147.5 146.3 148.6 304.8 148.2 147.1 148.5 291.9 141.8 141.7 141.1 300.7 146.3 145.6 145.4 302.8 147.7 146.4 146.2 304.2 148.2 146.8 147.6 305.4 148.6 147.3 148.7 306.7 149.1 147.9 149.3 307.8 149.8 148.8 149.2 A lc o h o lic b e v e r a g e s 199.1 202.7 204.0 205.6 206.6 207.4 208.0 201.2 204.9 206.0 207.6 208.8 209.5 210.1 Alcoholic beverages at home (12/77-100).............................................. Beer and a le .................................................................................... Whiskey .......................................................................................... Wine................................................................................................ Other alcoholic beverages (12/77-100)............................................ Alcoholic beverages away from home (12/77-100).................................. 129.3 201.4 142.5 223.9 115.5 132.6 131.4 204.1 145.0 230.0 117.3 135.8 132.2 205.0 145.9 232.2 117.5 137.0 133.3 207.4 146.8 234.2 117.8 137.6 134.0 209.2 147.0 235.3 118.1 138.2 134.6 210.5 147.2 236.4 118.2 138.4 135.0 210.3 148.2 236.9 119.0 139.1 131.1 201.8 143.2 234.3 114.6 132.0 132.8 203.5 145.9 238.0 117.4 137.3 133.4 204.3 146.8 239.8 117.5 138.6 134.6 206.5 147.7 241.6 117.8 139.1 135.4 208.3 147.8 243.3 118.0 139.7 136.0 209.6 148.0 244.4 118.0 139.9 136.2 209.4 149.0 244.9 118.9 140 6 H O U S IN G 288.5 305.2 306.1 307.3 306.7 309.4 313.8 288.1 304.7 305.6 306.7 306.2 309.2 313.7 330.3 328.5 332.8 338.3 218.1 219.1 219.6 221.3 322.6 344.0 143.8 FO O D A N D BEVERA G ES Food C o n tin u e d C o n tin u e d Food at home — Continued S h e l t e r ................................................................................................................................................. 308.4 328.0 328.3 329.5 327.6 331.4 336.7 309.4 329.3 329.4 Rent, residential...................................................................................... 205.9 216.5 217.8 218.6 219.6 220.1 221.8 205.5 216.0 217.4 Other rental costs .................................................................................. Lodging while out of town.................................................................. Tenants’ insurance (12/77-100) ...................................................... 286.4 307.2 131.9 306.3 319.9 140.7 313.6 331.1 141.8 316.9 335.9 143.5 320.1 340.9 144.1 323.7 346.6 144.9 323.6 346.6 144.4 286.1 305.5 132.3 305.3 318.0 140.6 312.3 328.4 142.0 315.6 333.0 143.6 318.9 337.9 144.3 322.8 343.9 144,7 Homeownership...................................................................................... Home purchase................................................................................ Financing, taxes, and insurance ........................................................ Property insurance .................................................................... Property taxes .......................................................................... Contracted mortgage interest c o s t.............................................. Mortgage interest rates........................................................ Maintenance and repairs .................................................................. Maintenance and repair services ................................................ Maintenance and repair commodities .......................................... Paint and wallpaper, supplies, tools, and equipment (12/77-100) .................................................. Lumber, awnings, glass, and masonry (12/77-100).............. Plumbing, electrical, heating, and cooling supplies (12/77-100)...................................................... Miscellaneous supplies and equipment (12/77=100) ............ 345.0 263.0 458.3 383.7 199.8 596.9 224.0 312.9 341.2 246.3 367.8 270.5 506.3 394.1 210.7 666.6 243.9 324.1 355.4 250.3 367.5 269.3 506.0 393.0 212.9 665.2 244.4 326.7 358.2 252.5 368.7 270.4 507.2 393.7 215.1 666.1 243.9 328.2 359.4 254.6 365.7 269.2 500.9 394.1 216.6 655.5 240.7 327.2 357.8 255.0 370.6 272.3 508.4 393.6 217.2 667.1 242,1 331.6 363.6 256.2 377,4 279.3 516.2 396.7 218.3 678.5 240.2 334.5 367.0 257.8 347.1 262.2 464.3 387.1 201.7 598.6 224.9 307.3 337.6 241.1 370.4 268.7 512.9 396.5 212.5 668.1 245.3 321.0 356.5 244.9 369.9 267.4 512.2 395.6 214.5 666.3 245.7 323.3 359.2 246.4 370.8 268.3 513.2 396.0 217.2 666.6 245.4 324.6 360.1 248.2 367.9 267.1 507.0 396.5 218.5 656.4 242.3 323.7 358.6 248.6 373.6 270.5 516.0 396.0 219.1 670.2 244.4 328.3 365.0 249,7 380.5 278.1 523.8 399.2 220.2 681.4 242.1 330.9 368.0 251.3 143.9 125.1 147.3 124.3 149.4 124.6 150.9 124.6 151.8 123.9 153.1 124.5 154.2 124.5 137.7 123.7 140.5 121.6 142.3 121.9 143.7 121.7 144,7 121.2 1458 121.9 147.0 121.9 130.7 127.6 131.5 132.5 131.9 133.6 133.8 134.8 133.4 135.1 133.4 135.6 135.1 136.3 128.1 130.8 131.6 134.7 131.8 135.7 133.4 136.9 133.1 137.1 133.1 137.4 134.9 138.2 F u e l a n d o th e r u tilitie s 314.9 331.8 336.2 337.1 339.3 339.2 345.4 315.7 332.7 337.0 337.9 340.2 340.3 346.5 Fuels .................................................................................................... Fuel oil, coal, and bottled gas............................................................ Fuel o il...................................................................................... Other fuels (6/78 - 100) .......................................................... Gas (piped) and electricity ................................................................ Electricity.................................................................................. Utility (piped) gas ...................................................................... 403.3 685.8 720.6 163.6 339.6 281.9 416.5 420.0 682.5 713.5 169.4 359.9 300.3 438.2 426.9 686.0 716.8 170.9 367.4 306.6 447.2 427.6 683.1 713.8 170.0 368.7 306.8 450.8 430.5 664.0 692.3 168.0 375.9 313.3 458.6 428.2 641.3 666.2 166.4 377.8 312.8 465.3 438.0 644.6 670.6 165.7 388.6 314.9 493.4 402.5 688.6 723.1 164.7 338.1 281.2 413.0 419.6 685.5 716.0 170.8 358.8 299.3 436,4 426.2 688.9 719.3 172.1 366.0 305.3 445.2 426.8 686.0 716.3 171.4 367.3 305.5 448.7 429.9 666.7 694.4 169,5 374.8 312.3 456.6 427.8 644.0 6684 167.9 376.8 311.8 463.6 437.4 647.7 673.3 167.1 387.4 314.4 489.7 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 83 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW August 1982 • Current Labor Statistics: Consumer Prices 20. Continued Consumer Price Index — U.S. city average [1967 = 100 unless otherwise specified] All U rb a n C o n s u m e rs G e n e r a l s u m m a ry 1981 U rb a n W a g e E a rn e rs a n d C le ric a l W o r k e rs (r e v is e d ) 1982 1981 1982 M ay Dec. J an . Feb. M a r. A p r. M ay M ay Dec. J an . F eb. M ar. A p r. M ay Other utilities and public services ............................................................ Telephone services .......................................................................... Local charges (12/77 = 100) .................................................... Interstate toll calls (12/77 = 100) .............................................. Intrastate toll calls (12/77 = 100) .............................................. Water and sewerage maintenance .................................................... 176.2 144.0 115.5 101.8 101 7 282.3 191,9 156.8 124.4 1167 107.1 307.4 192.7 157.2 124.0 116.8 109.2 309.8 193.9 157.9 125.3 116.6 109.1 313.3 195.0 158.5 125.6 117.7 109.0 316.9 197,7 160.8 127.9 119.9 108.9 320.7 198.9 161.6 128.9 120.0 109.3 323.5 176.6 144.1 115.7 101.9 101.5 284.7 <92.2 156.9 124.6 116.8 106 9 309.4 193.1 157.3 124.2 116.9 109.0 312.2 194,3 158.0 125.4 116.7 108.8 315.7 1954 158.6 125.7 117.8 108.7 319.7 198.2 161.0 128.1 120.2 108.7 323.6 199.5 161.9 129.2 120.4 109.0 326.7 H o u s e h o ld fu rn is h in g s a n d o p e r a tio n s 220.1 227.7 228.4 230.2 231.6 232.6 233.4 216.8 224.2 224.9 226.7 228.0 229.1 230.0 Housefurnishings .................................................................................... Textile housefurnishings.................................................................... Household linens (12/77 - 100) ................................................ Curtains, drapes, slipcovers, and sewing materials (12/77 = 100) . Furniture and bedding ...................................................................... Bedroom furniture (12/77 = 100) .............................................. Sofas (12/77 = 100) ................................................................ Living room chairs and tables (12/77 = 100) .............................. Other furniture (12/77 = 100).................................................... Appliances including TV and sound equipment.................................... Television and sound equipment (12/77 = 100) .......................... Television .......................................................................... Sound equipment (12/77 = 100) ........................................ Household appliances................................................................ Refrigerators and home freezers.......................................... Laundry equipment (12/77 = 100) ...................................... Other household appliances (12/77 = 100).......................... Stoves, dishwashers, vacuums, and sewing machines (12/77 = 100) .............................................. Office machines, small electric appliances, and air conditioners (12/77 = 100)................................ Other household equipment (12/77 - 100)........................................ Floor and window coverings, infants’, laundry, cleaning, and outdoor equipment (12/77 = 100) ...................... Clocks, lamps, and decor items (12/77 = 100) .......................... Tableware, serving pieces, and nonelectric kitchenware (12/77 = 100) .................................................... Lawn equipment, power tools, and other hardware (12/77 = 100) . 184.2 198.3 122.3 125.0 204.2 133.4 117.0 117.5 134.7 145.5 108.3 105.4 112.1 171.3 170.9 126.2 117.6 189.2 211.2 128.8 134.7 209.7 138.6 119.4 119.0 138.4 147.9 108.9 104.7 1137 175.9 179.9 130.5 118.7 189.8 210.1 127.3 134.8 209.5 139.7 117.3 118.9 138.5 148.8 108.8 104.4 113.8 178.0 180.8 132.2 120.6 191.4 216.0 131.0 138.5 209.4 140.5 116.4 118.6 138.1 149.9 109.2 104.5 114.5 179.7 182.6 133.5 121.6 192.7 217.7 134.7 136.7 212.1 140.8 118.0 121.6 140.5 150.1 109.1 104.7 114.0 180.3 183.7 133.3 122.2 193.8 218.7 135,8 136.9 214.7 142.3 119.3 123.2 142.3 150.6 108.7 104.2 113.7 182.1 184.8 136.4 122.9 194.7 220.9 135.4 140.1 215.1 144.5 119.1 122.8 141.6 151.4 108.8 104.3 113.9 183.6 186.2 136.6 124.3 182.1 202.3 124.7 127.7 200.6 129.2 115.8 119.1 131.2 1444 106.9 104.4 110.1 170.6 175.8 125.3 115.2 187.1 213.9 129.9 137.4 206.0 135.2 119.5 119.1 134.0 147.5 108.0 103.3 112.9 176.0 185.3 130.3 116.8 187.7 212.5 1286 137.0 205.9 136.5 117.6 119.0 133.9 148.5 107.9 103.1 113.0 178.1 1861 132.4 118.5 189.3 218.5 132.1 141.0 205.5 137.1 116.5 118.8 133.4 149.6 108.4 103.3 113.8 179.9 187.9 133.8 119.7 190 4 219.9 135.6 138.7 208.2 137.2 118.2 121.8 135.8 149.7 108.2 103.5 113.2 180.4 189.3 133.5 120.0 191.7 221.4 137.0 139.1 211.0 138.9 119.6 123.3 137.9 150.3 107.7 103.0 112.8 182.3 190.6 136.6 120.7 192.5 223.9 136.8 142.8 211.3 140.7 119.4 122.9 137.0 151.1 107.9 103.0 113.0 183.8 191.8 136.8 122.3 117.2 117.9 119.4 121.0 121.9 122.3 123.7 115.1 116.2 117.4 118.9 119.3 119.7 121.4 118.0 130,7 119.6 134.0 121.9 134.9 122.4 1367 122.5 137.3 123.5 137.8 124.9 138.3 115,3 129.0 117.3 131.9 119.7 132.9 120.5 134.7 120.7 135.3 121.8 135.6 123.3 136.0 132.2 124.4 135.9 128.4 136.3 128.6 139.1 129.8 140.9 129.0 140.3 130.2 141.4 131.4 125.1 120.9 128.3 124.7 128.6 124.8 131.0 126.0 133.3 125.4 132.9 126.5 133.9 127.4 138.8 122.5 141.0 126.3 142.3 127.8 143.3 130.3 143.1 132.1 145.0 130.8 144.4 132.1 136.0 127.0 137.1 131.5 138.2 133.2 139.5 135.5 139.0 137.3 140.6 136.0 139.8 137.4 Housekeeping supplies............................................................................ Soaps and detergents ...................................................................... Other laundry and cleaning products (12/77 = 100) .......................... Cleansing and toilet tissue, paper towels and napkins (12/77 = 100) ,, Stationery, stationery supplies, and gift wrap (12/77 = 100) .............. Miscellaneous household products (12/77 = 100).............................. Lawn and garden supplies (12/77 = 100).......................................... 269.0 262.6 132.8 137.8 125.1 138.4 140.6 277.4 271.6 138.8 144.5 128.8 145.4 136.7 279.1 275.5 139.6 145.1 128.8 146.2 137.1 282.4 278.0 141.0 1457 130.4 146.9 141.8 284.2 279,5 142.1 145.7 130.7 147.5 144.7 284.9 280.0 142.7 146.4 131.4 147.5 144.7 285.5 278.8 143.3 146.0 132.0 149.3 144.8 265.5 260.2 131.5 137.9 126.8 135.0 132,4 274.1 268.0 137.5 144.4 131.6 140.4 129.4 275.7 272.0 138.4 145.1 131.7 141,2 129.2 278.8 274,4 139.8 145.6 133.4 141.8 134.1 280.4 275.7 140.9 145.4 133.8 142.4 136.7 281.2 276.3 141.6 146.2 134.6 142.4 136.8 281.8 275.2 142.3 145.6 135.3 144.1 136.6 Housekeeping services............................................................................ Postage .......................................................................................... Moving, storage, freight, household laundry, and drycleaning services (12/77 -= 100) ............................................ Appliance and furniture repair (12/77 = 100) .................................... 291.6 308.0 306.9 337.5 307 4 337.5 308.1 337.5 309.9 337.5 310.4 337.5 311.3 337.5 289.9 308.1 305.4 337.5 305.9 337.5 306.8 337.5 308.2 337.5 309.2 337.5 310.2 337.5 141.6 125.9 147.8 133.0 148.4 133.6 149,4 134.2 150,8 135.0 152.1 135.6 1531 136.6 140.7 124.6 147.6 131.6 148.0 132.2 149.1 132.8 150.6 133.5 152.2 134,1 153.3 135.1 A PPAREL A N D UPKEEP 186.4 190.5 187.3 188.0 191.1 191.9 191.5 186.2 189.4 186.5 187.3 190.5 191.2 190.6 A p p a r e l c o m m o d i t i e s ................................................................................................................... 177.2 1807 177.0 177.6 180.8 181.4 180.9 177.6 180.1 176.7 177.4 180.8 181.3 180.5 Apparel commodities less footwear.................................................... Men's and boys ............................................................................ Men’s (12/77 = 100) ................................................................ Suits, sport coats, and jackets (12/77 = 100) ...................... Coats and jackets (12/77 = 100)........................................ Furnishings and special clothing (12/77 — 100) .................... Shirts (12/77 = 100) .......................................................... Dungarees, jeans, and trousers (12/77 = 100) .................... Boys'(12/77 = 100) ................................................................ Coats, jackets, sweaters, and shirts (12/77 = 100) .............. Furnishings (12/77 = 100) .................................................. Suits, trousers, sport coats, and jackets (12/77 = 100) ........ Women’s arc girls' .......................................................................... Women’s (12/77 = 100)........................................................ Coats and jackets .............................................................. Dresses .............................................................................. Separates and sportswear (12/77 = 100)............................ Underwear, nightwear, and hosiery (12/77 = 100)................ Suits (12/77 = 100)............................................................ Girls’ (12/77 - 100).................................................................. Coats, jackets, dresses, and suits (12/77 = 100).................. Separates and sportswear (12/77 - 100)............................ Underwear, nightwear, hosiery, and accessories (12/77 = 100).............................................. 173.3 176,8 111.2 104.7 97.9 129.2 118.3 105.5 115.1 108.8 121.4 117.5 157.2 103.9 152.8 164.8 99.0 119.7 90.7 107.9 104.1 106.9 176.6 181.6 114,5 106.4 101.4 134.2 122.7 108.5 117.2 109.9 127.5 118.8 159.6 105.8 161.8 164,0 100.7 124.8 87.7 1077 98.4 108.9 172.8 178.7 112.9 104.3 96.4 133.6 120.7 108.2 114.6 1047 127.3 117.2 154.3 102.3 158.4 153.1 96.7 124.0 84.2 104.4 93.4 106.3 173.4 179.3 113.0 104.8 95.8 134.7 119.3 108.6 116.0 105.9 128.2 119.1 154.7 102.9 156.4 152.8 96.3 126.2 87.0 102.7 92.6 103.4 176.8 181.7 114.5 107.2 98.1 136.8 119.9 108.6 117.8 109.4 128.7 120.1 160.3 106.8 162.0 163.1 100.3 127.1 92.7 105.6 98.2 104.6 177.4 183.1 115.5 107.6 99,1 138.2 121.3 109.7 118.3 111.2 130.3 119.0 160.9 107.1 163.4 166.6 100.1 127.4 89.4 c 106.7 98.8 105.4 176.7 183.8 115.9 108.1 99.9 138.7 121.2 110.3 118.8 111.5 131.2 119.6 159.1 105.7 158.3 162.0 101.2 128.1 83.4 106.3 96.9 105.9 173.8 177.3 111.8 99.3 100.5 123.9 120.3 112.2 114.2 111.8 117.4 114.8 160.0 106.2 155,8 159.7 101.5 119.5 106.9 107.1 98.8 109.6 175.6 181.7 115.0 99.5 104.1 130.6 125.3 114.1 115.4 110.9 123.5 115.9 160.7 107.1 167.3 149.5 101.3 124.5 106.0 106.0 96.1 107.5 172.2 178.6 113.3 97.8 97.6 129.8 123.3 113.6 112.9 105.3 123.3 114.7 156.4 103.9 161.6 140.7 97,3 123.7 104.0 104.2 91.2 108.2 173.0 179.4 113.5 98.2 97.2 131.1 121.8 114.1 114.3 106.3 124.2 116.7 157.1 104.8 163.1 140.9 96.8 126.0 105.6 103.1 91.5 106.0 176.6 181.6 114.7 100.4 99.7 133.1 122.3 114.2 116.1 109.7 124.7 117.8 163.0 109.0 173.1 148.1 101.2 126.9 114.1 106,0 97.2 106.9 177.1 182.9 115.7 101.1 100.7 134.5 123.4 115.1 116.5 111.5 126.0 116.8 163.4 109.1 172.9 151.1 101.0 127.3 111.0 106.9 97.6 107.6 176.0 183.7 116.2 101.4 101.5 135.3 123.1 115.6 117.1 112.0 127.2 117.3 160.8 107.1 165.7 147.1 101.9 127.9 100.6 106.2 95.0 108.0 116.1 120.7 119.2 118.0 119.6 122.0 122.4 115,9 119.5 118.2 117.0 118.7 121.0 121.5 H O U S IN G C o n tin u e d F u e l a n d o th e r u tilitie s C o n tin u e d https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 20. Continued— Consumer Price Index— U.S. city average [1967 = 100 unless otherwise specified] U rb a n W a g e E a rn e rs a n d C le ric a l W o r k e rs (r e v is e d ) A ll U rb a n C o n s u m e rs G e n e r a l s u m m a ry APPAREL AND UPKEEP A p p a r e l c o m m o d itie s 198 2 1981 198 2 1981 M ay Dec. J an . Feb. M a r. A p r. M ay M ay Dec. J an . Feb. M a r. A p r. M ay 256.9 212.1 114.3 146.8 259.4 214.5 118.3 147.4 259.6 212.9 116.2 146.7 262.2 214.3 117.6 147.4 264.7 212.7 118.1 145.7 267.0 210.8 118.5 143.8 269.0 209.7 119.3 142.5 269.9 204.1 113.4 140.5 270.6 203.2 116.2 138.4 270.1 201.4 114.3 137.5 271.4 202.8 115.9 138.1 275.4 201.6 116.5 136.7 278.2 199.5 116.9 134.5 279.3 198.8 205.9 132.5 134.8 121.6 203.1 132.2 132.5 118.9 203.3 132.6 132.3 119.0 205.2 134.5 132.1 120.8 206.1 134.4 133.6 121.1 206.9 134.5 134.6 C o n tin u e d C o n tin u e d Apparel commodities less footwear — Continued Infants' and toddlers’ ...................................................................... Other apparel commodities ............................................................ Sewing materials and notions (12/77 - 100) ............................ Jewelry and luggage (12/77 - 100) ........................................ 1 1 7 .7 133.5 Footwear .............................................................................................. Men's (12/77 - 100) .................................................................... Boys' and girls' (12/77 - 100) ...................................................... Women’s (12/77 - 100)................................................................ 201.0 127.8 129.3 122.4 205.7 130.7 132.1 125.4 202.8 130.3 130.1 122.6 202.8 130.7 129.5 122.7 204.9 132.5 129.2 124.7 205.6 132.3 130.4 125.1 206.5 132.4 131.5 125.8 200.0 128.7 127.7 120.5 A p p a r e l s e r v ic e s Laundry and drycleaning other than coin operated (12/77 - 100)............ Other apparel services (12/77 - 100) .................................................. 256.4 152.2 135.6 266.4 159.2 139.1 267.6 160.0 139.4 269.4 161.4 139.8 271.3 162.4 141.1 273.4 163.5 142.5 274.7 164.4 142.9 254.2 151.5 134.5 264.4 157.8 139.6 265.5 158.5 139.9 267.2 159.9 140.3 269.0 160.9 141.5 271.0 162.0 142.7 272.3 162.8 143.1 T R A N S P O R T A T IO N 277.8 289.8 289.9 288.0 285.1 2829 285.6 278.9 291.5 291.6 289.6 286.6 284.3 287.1 ......................................................................................................................... 1 2 1 .6 P r i v a t e ................................................................................................................................................. 276.0 286.5 286.6 284.5 281.3 278.8 281.5 277.7 289.0 289.0 286.9 283.7 281.2 284.0 New cars ............................................................................................ Used cars ............................................................................................ Gasoline .............................................................................................. Automobile maintenance and repair........................................................ Body work (12/77 - 100) .............................................................. Automobile drive train, brake, and miscellaneous mechanical repair (12/77 - 100) ................................................ Maintenance and servicing (12/77 - 100) ...................................... Power plant repair (12/77 - 100) .................................................. Other private transportation .................................................................. Other private transportation commodities ........................................ Motor oil, coolant, and other products (12/77 - 100) ................ Automobile parts and equipment (12/77 - 100)........................ Tires ................................................................................ Other parts and equipment (12/77 - 100) ........................ Other private transportation services................................................ Automobile insurance .............................................................. Automobile finance charges (12/77 = 100) .............................. Automobile rental, registration, and other fees (12/77 = 100) . . . State registration .............................................................. Drivers'licenses (12/77 - 100) ........................................ Vehicle inspection (12/77 - 100) ...................................... Other vehicle-related fees (12/77 - 100) .......................... 190.9 245.2 416.5 290.8 141.5 197.0 281.9 408.4 304.1 150.6 197.4 280.5 406,0 305.5 151.5 195.5 279.7 399.1 307.7 153.7 194.4 280.9 383.9 310.2 154.5 196.0 285.1 366.7 311.9 155.0 197.5 291.4 370.4 313.6 155.7 191.2 245.2 417.7 291.3 141.3 196.9 281.9 409.8 304.8 148.9 197.3 280.5 407.5 306.2 149.8 195.3 279.7 400.6 308.4 152.1 194.2 195.9 285.2 280.9 385.4 c 367.9 311.1 312.8 152.7 153.3 197.3 291.4 371.7 314.4 154.0 138.7 136.5 138.6 238.9 208.6 143.1 133.6 186.4 130.4 249.2 256.8 172.9 117.7 147.5 105.5 125.8 136.3 144.7 141.5 145.6 250.6 214.5 148.7 137.2 191.5 133.9 262.6 266.0 190.5 120.8 149.0 111.9 128.3 141.6 145.7 142.0 146.2 253.3 215.5 148.2 138.1 192.8 134.3 265.8 266.8 190.9 127.6 166.9 117.3 129.2 142.5 146.5 142.7 147.3 253.4 214.8 149.3 137.4 191.3 134.6 266.1 268.1 188.9 128.9 167.1 121.7 129.3 144.8 148.7 143.9 148.0 254.5 215.6 150.2 137.9 191.7 135.7 267.2 269.8 188.9 129.7 168.5 122.9 129.3 145.3 149.5 144.5 149.1 255.1 214.9 150.7 137.2 190.1 136.2 268.2 270.4 187.2 133.3 174.2 123.0 129.0 149.5 150.8 145.0 150.1 255.7 216.9 149.9 138.8 192.3 138.0 268.4 271.6 186.3 133.3 174.2 127.7 126.7 149.2 141.2 136.4 137.7 241.9 211.7 141.4 136.1 191.1 130.7 252.4 256.3 172.5 118.1 147.7 105.2 126.5 142.8 148.5 141.0 145.1 254.2 216.9 147.2 139.2 195.2 133.9 266.6 265.6 189.9 121.4 149.0 111.9 129.0 149.2 149.5 141.5 145.7 256.9 218.0 146.9 140.0 196.5 134.5 269.7 266.6 190.3 128.4 166.2 117.1 130.5 150.4 150.2 142.3 146.8 256.8 217.3 147.8 139.4 195.1 134.9 269.8 268.0 188.3 129.5 166.5 121.7 130.6 152.4 152.8 153.7 143.4 144.0 147.5 148.6 258.2 257.8 218.2 c 217.3 149.2 148.7 139.2 139.9 193.7 195.5 136.6 135.9 271.6 270.8 270.2 269.6 186.7 188.2 133.7 130.1 173.8 167.8 123.0 123.0 130.4 130.6 156.4 152.5 154.9 144.4 149.6 258.8 219.4 148.4 140.9 196.0 138.4 271.8 271.3 185.9 133.7 173.8 127.9 128.3 156.2 P u b l i c .................................................................................................................................................... 297.7 333,8 334.9 336.8 336.7 339.3 342.1 288.2 328.6 329.4 331.0 331.0 333.3 335.1 Airline fare............................................................................................ Intercity bus fare .................................................................................. Intracity mass transit ............................................................................ Taxi fare .............................................................................................. Intercity train fa re .................................................................................. 348,8 333.4 251.9 280.4 296.7 374.7 365.2 304.6 294.7 319.2 375.5 367.3 305.9 296.3 318.1 379.3 365.7 306.7 296.7 314.0 379.0 365.6 306.6 297.2 314.1 382.7 367.0 308.1 297.6 332.1 388.9 366.0 308.3 297.6 337.9 346.7 333.0 249.9 287.9 298.5 372.8 366.1 303.9 304.1 318.9 372.7 368.9 305.1 305.6 317.9 376.3 367.4 305.8 306.1 314.5 376.3 367.0 305.7 306.6 314.5 379.8 368.7 307.2 307.3 332.1 385.2 367.5 307.1 307.2 337.9 M E D IC A L C A R E ............................................................................................................................ 289.0 310.2 313.4 316.2 318.8 321.7 323.8 290.8 309.1 312.0 314.9 317.4 320.2 322.3 M e d ic a l c a r e c o m m o d itie s 184.7 194.9 195.9 197.7 200.0 202.4 204.1 185.9 195.4 196,4 198.3 200.6 203.0 204.8 Prescription drugs ................................................................................ Anti-infective drugs (12/77 - 100).................................................. Tranquilizers and sedatives (12/77 - 100) ...................................... Circulatories and diuretics (12/77 - 100)........................................ Hormones, diabetic drugs, biologicals, and prescription medical supplies (12/77 - 100) ................................ Pain and symptom control drugs (12/77 - 100) .............................. Supplements, cough and cold preparations, and respiratory agents (12/77 - 100)................................................ 170.4 130.3 136.0 124.9 181.0 137.8 144.8 131.9 181.9 138.2 145.4 132.2 183.7 138.4 146.8 134.0 186.1 139.3 148.6 135.7 188.8 140.9 152.0 136.7 190.4 142.5 153.8 137.0 171,6 132.7 135.2 126.1 181.9 139.7 144.4 131.8 182.8 140.1 144.9 132.1 184.7 140.4 146.5 134.0 187.0 141.1 148.3 135.6 189.7 142.5 151.8 136.6 191.4 144.1 153.8 136.8 154.6 136.5 164.6 145.9 165.6 147.3 168.4 148.8 170.8 150.8 173.3 153.1 175.4 153.7 154.5 138.2 165.9 147.3 166.9 148.7 169.7 150.3 172.0 152.3 174.6 154.6 176.9 155.2 130.2 138.1 138.8 139.9 142.7 144.7 145.9 131.2 138.0 138.8 139.9 142.7 144.8 146.0 Nonprescription drugs and medical supplies (12/77 = 100) .................... Eyeglasses (12/77 - 100) ............................................................ Internal and respiratory over-the-counter drugs ................................ Nonprescription medical equipment and supplies (12/77 - 100)........ 132.6 125.3 209.1 128.6 139.2 128.4 221.6 134.6 139.9 128.3 222.8 135.9 141.1 128.9 225.1 137.1 142.5 129.5 228.1 138.1 143.9 130.1 231.1 138.9 145.1 130.9 233.4 139.5 133.6 124.1 211.0 130.5 139.7 127.1 222.8 135.2 140.4 127.1 223.9 136.6 141.6 127.6 226.4 137.7 143.2 128.1 229.6 138.8 144.6 128.7 232.5 139.7 145.9 129.7 235.0 140.4 M e d ic a l c a r e s e r v ic e s 311.7 335.7 339.4 342.4 345.1 348.0 350.2 313.6 334.0 337.5 340.6 343.0 345.8 348.0 292.2 318.6 274.1 137.2 294.3 321.7 274.9 138.5 295.9 c 297.9 323.2 325.2 276.6 279.2 139.4 139.4 299.3 327.0 280.3 140.2 393.8 164.0 522.0 161.2 398.0 165.7 527.0 163.0 401.6 166.9 531.0 164.2 405.4 168.3 535.2 165.5 408.5 169.1 536.7 166.6 Professional services ............................................................................ Physicians’ services........................................................................ Dental services.............................................................................. Other professional services (12/77 - 100)...................................... 273.8 295.5 257.7 133.7 290.0 313.0 273.9 140.3 292.0 315.5 275.8 140.3 294.2 318.8 276.8 141.5 295.8 320.3 278.6 142.4 297.8 322.2 281.1 142.5 299.2 324.0 282.1 143.4 278.0 300.3 263.3 132.1 290.3 316.0 272.3 137.2 Other medical care services.................................................................. Hospital and other medical services (12/77 - 100).......................... Hospital room.......................................................................... Other hospital and medical care services (12/77 = 100)............ 357.6 148.3 465.1 147.6 390.9 162.7 519.3 159.6 396.8 1656 529.4 162.2 400.8 167.1 533.8 163.8 404.7 168.5 538.5 165.2 408.7 169.8 542.2 166 4 411.9 170.6 543.8 167.6 357.1 147.3 461.3 146.8 388.1 161.1 512.6 158.4 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 85 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW August 1982 • Current Labor Statistics: Consumer Prices 20. Continued— Consumer Price Index— U.S. city average [1967=100 unless otherwise specified] A ll U rb a n C o n s u m e rs 1981 G e n e r a l s u m m a ry M ay U rb a n W a g e E a rn e rs a n d C le ric a l W o r k e rs (r e v is e d ) 1982 Dec. J an . Feb. M a r. 1981 A p r. May. M ay 1982 Dec. J an . Feb. M a r. A p r. M ay E N T E R T A IN M E N T 220.3 227.3 229.2 231.2 232.8 233.9 234.4 217.7 224.4 226.1 228.1 229.5 230.5 231.1 E n te r ta in m e n t c o m m o d itie s 225.0 230.6 232.0 234.3 236.6 238.0 238.8 220.4 225.4 226.7 228.9 230.8 232.0 232.8 Reading materials (12/77 = 100)............................................................ Newspapers .................................................................................... Magazines, periodicals, and books (12/77 = 100).............................. 135.6 264.1 137.1 139.6 267.7 143.5 142.9 270.5 149.0 144.1 273.1 149.9 146.1 276.4 152.4 146.8 280.1 151.6 148.5 281.6 154.4 135.6 264.0 137.3 139.1 267.6 143.4 142.1 270.1 148.8 143.3 272.8 149.7 145.3 276.0 152.2 146.1 279.7 151.4 147.7 281.2 154.2 Sporting goods and equipment (12/77 = 100).......................................... Sport vehicles (12/77 - 100) .......................................................... Indoor and warm weather sport equipment (12/77 - 100).................. Bicycles .......................................................................................... Other sporting goods and equipment (12/77 = 100 ).......................... 127.2 129.5 117.4 190.4 122.4 130.0 132.1 119.9 193.9 126.2 129.5 0(1, 120.1 194.8 125.3 131.5 133.9 119.6 197.3 127.0 132.3 135.4 119.9 197.6 125.6 132.9 136.1 120.4 198.9 126.3 132.8 135.4 121.0 199.4 127.6 120.8 119.3 116.4 191.6 121.5 122.4 120.2 117.9 195.2 126.3 122.4 (’ ) 118.2 196.2 125.2 123.9 121.9 117.7 198.9 127.4 124.3 122.5 118.1 198.9 126.0 124.7 122.8 118.6 200.2 126.5 124.9 122.6 119.2 200.7 127.9 Toys, hobbies, and other entertainment (12/77 = 100).............................. Toys, hobbies, and music equipment (12/77 = 100) .......................... Photographic supplies and equipment (12/77 = 100).......................... Pet supplies and expenses (12/77 = 100) ........................................ 128.8 127.6 125.8 133.3 132.0 130.1 125.2 140.2 132.2 130.8 125.2 139.7 133.2 131.7 126.9 140.6 134.5 133.4 128.3 140.8 135.4 134.1 129.8 141.9 135.5 134.8 130.0 141.0 127.7 125.0 126.1 133.6 130.9 126.9 126.3 140.9 131.2 127.7 126.3 140.5 132.3 128.6 127.9 141.6 133.5 130.2 129.5 141.7 134.3 130.7 131.0 142.7 134.4 131.4 131.2 141.8 E n te r ta in m e n t s e r v ic e s 214.0 223.0 225.5 227.1 227.8 228.5 228.7 214.2 223.9 226.1 227.8 228.4 229.2 229.2 Fees for participant sports (12/77 = 100)................................................ Admissions (12/77 = 100)...................................................................... Other entertainment services (12/77 = 100)............................................ 130.7 125.1 121.7 137.6 129.7 123.7 139.6 131.2 124.2 140.9 131.6 125.0 141.9 131.2 125.1 142.0 132.2 125.2 141.6 133.0 125.7 130.5 125,0 122.5 139.3 128.7 124.3 141.2 130.1 124.7 142.5 130.6 125.9 143.5 130.3 125.9 143.7 131.2 125.9 142.9 132.1 126.4 O T H E R G O O D S A N D S E R V IC E S 232.2 246.7 248.4 250.3 252.2 253.8 255.0 230.4 243.5 245.0 247.1 249.3 250.9 252.4 T o b a c c o p r o d u c ts 218.2 226.8 227.1 230.7 234.1 235.1 237.4 217.8 225.9 226.2 229.8 233.2 234.0 236.6 Cigarettes .............................................................................................. Other tobacco products and smoking accessories (12/77 - 100).............. 220.8 130.4 229.7 134.4 230.0 134.7 233.6 136.8 237.3 138.1 238.0 139.9 240.4 141.0 220.3 131.3 228.7 134.7 229.1 135.0 232.7 136.9 236.3 138.2 236.9 140.1 239.6 141.1 P e rs o n a l c a re 230.5 239.1 240.9 242.3 243.7 245.9 246.5 228.4 237.1 238.8 240.4 241.8 244.1 244.7 238.5 138.4 145.6 240.6 140.8 148.0 243.8 142.9 149.0 244.5 142.1 150.1 225.5 130.1 136.1 235.4 135.8 139.8 236.9 136.4 142.6 239.2 137.8 144.2 241.5 140.0 146.6 244.7 142.3 147.6 245.4 141.7 148.6 Toilet goods and personal care appliances................................................ Products for the hair, hairpieces, and wigs (12/77 = 100) .................. Dental and shaving products (12/77 = 100)...................................... Cosmetics, bath and nail preparations, manicure and eye makeup implements (12/77 = 100) .................................. Other toilet goods and small personal care appliances (12/77 = 100) 226.6 132.4 138.6 234.7 136.5 141.2 236.4 137.2 144.0 127.8 129.8 ' 133.2 136.0 134.1 135.9 135.0 137.0 135.1 137.4 136.5 140.3 137.6 140.5 126.2 134.0 133.7 139.1 134.5 138.9 135.8 140.2 136.1 140.7 137.5 143.5 138.5 144.0 Personal care services............................................................................ Beauty parlor services for women...................................................... Haircuts and other barber shop services for men (12/77 = 100) ........ 234.7 236.4 131.1 243.9 245.2 136.8 245.7 246.9 138.0 246.5 247.7 138.4 247.3 248.9 138.4 248.7 250.7 138.8 249.2 251.3 138.9 231.5 232.0 130.5 239.2 238.8 135.7 241.0 240.5 136.8 241.8 241.3 137.2 242.6 242.5 137.2 244.0 244.3 137.6 244.4 245.0 137.7 P e r s o n a l a n d e d u c a tio n a l e x p e n s e s 256.8 285.1 288.1 289.2 290.4 291.9 292.8 257.7 285.9 288.9 290.2 291.7 293.5 294.6 Schoolbooks and supplies ...................................................................... Personal and educational services............................................................ Tuition and other school fees ............................................................ College tuition (12/77 = 100) .................................................... Elementary and high school tuition (12/77 = 100) ...................... Personal expenses (12/77 = 100).................................................... 230.8 263.0 1328 132.3 134,4 143.6 254.5 292.3 149.1 148.3 152.0 153.4 260.7 294.8 150.5 149.9 152.1 154.3 262.9 295.8 150.6 150.1 152.2 156,1 263.3 297.1 151.1 150.7 152.2 157.4 263.8 298.7 151.4 151.0 152.2 160.9 264.2 299.8 151.4 151.0 152.2 163.6 234.7 263.6 133.0 132.3 134.4 142.8 258.5 292.8 149.4 148.1 152.7 152.7 264.8 295.2 150.7 149,6 152.8 153.7 267.1 296.3 150.9 149.8 152.9 155.3 267.5 298.0 151.7 150.9 152.9 156.7 268.0 300.0 152.0 151.3 152.9 160.5 268.4 301.4 152.0 151.3 152.9 163.6 410.4 386.6 272.4 326.2 402.8 423.1 293.9 341.3 400.5 423.9 297.7 343.0 393.9 424.8 299.1 344.0 379.3 420.9 302.7 344.0 362.6 426.3 305,1 347.5 366.1 431.5 310.8 349.8 411.5 386.1 270.6 323.8 404.0 422.1 292.6 341.5 401.8 422.8 296.4 343.3 395.3 423.5 297.7 344.2 380.6 419.9 301.5 344.0 363.7 425.9 304.0 348.2 367.2 430.9 309.6 350.4 S p e c ia l in d e x e s : Gasoline, motor oil, coolant, and other products........................................ Insurance and finance ............................................................................ Utilities and public transportation.............................................................. Housekeeping and home maintenance services ........................................ 1Not available. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org 86 Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis c=corrected. 21. Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers: Cross classification of region and population size class by expenditure category and commodity and service group [December 1977 = 100] S iz e c la s s A S iz e c la s s B S iz e c la s s C S iz e c la s s D (1 .2 5 m illio n o r m o r e ) (3 8 5 ,0 0 0 -1 .2 5 0 m illio n ) (7 5 ,0 0 0 -3 8 5 ,0 0 0 ) (7 5 ,0 0 0 o r le s s ) C a te g o r y a n d g ro u p 1981 Dec. 198 2 Feb. Dec. 1981 198 2 1981 A pr. Feb. A p r. Dec. 1981 1 98 2 198 2 Feb. A p r. Dec. Feb. A p r. N o r th e a s t E X P E N D IT U R E C A T E G O R Y Food and beverages .................................................................................... Housing .......................... ............................................................................ Other goods and services ............................................................................ 144.2 139.6 148.0 117.5 157.9 142.0 131.9 135.4 144.2 143.3 146.0 117.0 156.5 145.1 133.3 136.9 143.6 143.7 144.5 119.1 153.7 146.4 135.5 139.0 152.9 139.6 161,9 123.1 165.4 146.6 131.0 138,7 150.7 142.7 155.7 120.5 164.2 147.0 132.4 140.6 150.0 142.2 155.3 122.5 160.0 148.9 136.2 141.1 159.2 142.8 176.3 125.9 162.7 146.3 133.7 142.0 158.1 145.7 172.5 123.1 161.6 148.7 136.1 142.9 158.6 147.4 173.3 127.4 158.6 150.4 135.8 145.3 150.7 137.0 159.3 125.4 161.8 143.0 134.3 138.5 151.4 140.4 159.5 119.9 161.7 144.8 137.6 140.6 151.9 140.4 160,5 125.1 158.1 151,5 139.0 142.9 141.8 143.2 147.3 142.1 141.4 146.9 140.8 139.0 147.4 149.6 154.5 158.0 147.9 150.5 155.1 146.6 148.7 155.4 151.1 154.9 172.5 150.1 152.2 171.0 149.6 150.6 173.4 147.2 152.1 156.1 147.6 151.0 157.3 146.5 149.4 160.4 C O M M O D IT Y A N D S E R V IC E G R O U P Commodities less food and beverages .......................................................... Services ............................................................................................................ N o rth C e n tr a l re g io n E X P E N D IT U R E C A T E G O R Y All items ............................................................................................................ Food and beverages .................................................................................... Housing ...................................................................................................... Apparel and upkeep .................................................................................... Transportation.............................................................................................. Medical care................................................................................................ Entertainment .............................................................................................. Other goods and services ............................................................................ 152.6 139.8 163.3 113.7 162.7 144.6 134.1 137.0 153.6 141.6 164.9 112.7 161.1 148.4 137.1 138.8 155.2 141.9 168.8 114.8 158.7 150.9 137.0 140.3 149.2 139.3 153.8 128.0 160.8 146.8 124.4 142.9 151.9 140.8 159.9 121.1 159.7 150.8 126.4 145.1 155.1 141.7 167.2 122.7 156.9 152.8 130.3 146.5 147.4 140.7 150.0 122.4 162.3 147.7 132.6 135.6 149.1 143.1 152.7 121.8 161.0 150.3 136.1 137.3 151.2 143.1 157.2 125,8 158.4 153.8 138.1 139.0 147.6 143.4 149.1 123.6 160.1 151.2 129.2 141.7 151,0 144.7 155.5 119.5 160.3 154.5 132.5 144.6 153.3 146.2 160.7 123.5 157.2 157.0 130.9 146.4 145.1 147.6 163.7 145.2 146.9 166.1 145.4 147.0 169.8 142.9 144.4 159.5 145.4 147.3 162.6 146.4 148.3 169.3 142.2 142.8 156.1 143.5 143.6 158.4 144,3 144.8 162.4 140.7 139.5 158.7 142.1 141.0 165.0 143.7 142.6 168.7 C O M M O D IT Y A N D S E R V IC E G R O U P Commodities...................................................................................................... Commodities less food and beverages .......................................................... Services ............................................................................................................ S o u th E X P E N D IT U R E C A T E G O R Y All items ............................................................................................................ Food and beverages .................................................................................... Housing ...................................................................................................... Apparel and upkeep .................................................................................... Transportation.............................................................................................. Medical care................................................................................................ Entertainment .............................................................................................. Other goods and services ............................................................................ 152.0 141.4 160.3 123.5 161.9 143.2 127.4 139.7 152.6 144.2 160.2 122.6 161.5 145.9 129.3 141.2 152.9 145.0 161.1 125.6 157.5 149.5 130.1 142.8 155.9 141.3 166.7 123.7 164.1 147.6 137.1 139.5 157.2 144.8 168.3 121.1 162.8 150.5 140.0 140.7 155.7 144.9 165.2 124.3 159.7 152.3 141.2 142.4 152.3 141.9 159.7 118.2 162.3 153.0 136.4 139,9 154.0 144.1 162.7 117.0 160.7 155.4 140.4 142.0 152.3 144.0 159.1 120.2 157.1 160.1 141.1 143.7 150.8 143.4 156.2 110.4 161.6 160.1 138.4 140.5 152.3 146.1 158.8 105.7 159.9 162.5 140.4 147.9 153.5 145.9 161.5 111.1 155.8 165.1 145.7 150.2 145.9 147.9 160.5 146.8 148,0 160.7 146.3 146.9 162.1 147.5 150.1 168.6 148.4 149.9 170,4 147.6 148.8 167.8 145.3 146.7 163.1 146.0 146.8 166.3 144.3 144.5 164.5 145.1 145.8 159.5 145.0 144.6 163.3 146.0 146.0 164.8 C O M M O D IT Y A N D S E R V IC E G R O U P Commodities ...................................................................................................... Commodities less food and beverages .......................................................... Services ............................................................................................................ W est E X P E N D IT U R E C A T E G O R Y All items ............................................................................................................. Food and beverages .................................................................................... Housing ...................................................................................................... Apparel and upkeep .................................................................................... Transportation.............................................................................................. Medical care................................................................................................ Entertainment .............................................................................................. Other goods and services ............................................................................ 156.1 140.8 165.5 121.9 162.9 155.7 133.6 141.0 157.9 143.9 167.2 121.7 164.2 157.8 135.1 144.5 158.5 144.5 168.1 120.6 162.9 160.7 137.7 147.5 155.1 145.4 161.6 127.1 165.0 151.3 133.9 142,8 157.1 147.9 164.9 126.4 163.6 153.7 135.5 145.3 157.0 147.6 164.8 126.6 161.7 156.0 136.8 148.9 149.4 140.1 153.8 117.1 162.8 151.1 129.4 136.8 150.2 143.4 154.4 118.8 160.9 154.8 130.4 137.1 151.1 143.5 156.3 119.7 158.3 157.3 133.9 139.5 149.1 145.8 146.1 135.6 164.6 152.8 145.6 148.0 153.3 148.1 153.9 131.9 164.5 157.9 147.8 147.6 157.9 148.5 163.5 140.4 160.5 162.4 148.9 149.8 144.9 146.6 170.9 146.0 146.9 173.7 145.5 145.9 175.9 147.2 148.0 166.0 148.4 148.6 169.1 148.1 148.3 169.3 143.7 145.1 157.5 145.2 145.9 157.3 146.4 147.5 157,9 145.5 145.4 154.6 147.5 147.3 161.8 148.9 149.1 171.2 C O M M O D IT Y A N D S E R V IC E G R O U P Commodities...................................................................................................... Commodities less food and beverages .......................................................... Services ............................................................................................................ https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 87 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW August 1982 • Current Labor Statistics: Consumer Prices 22. Consumer Price Index — U.S. city average, and selected areas [1967 = 100 unless otherwise specified] U rb a n W a g e E a rn e rs a n d C le ric a l W o r k e rs (r e v is e d ) A ll U rb a n C o n s u m e rs A re a 1 1981 1981 198 2 198 2 M ay D ec. J an . Feb. M a r. A p r. M ay M ay Dec. J an . Feb. M ar. A p r. M ay U.S. city average2 .............................................................. 269.0 281 5 282.5 283.4 283.1 284.3 287.1 269.1 281.1 282.1 282.9 282 5 283.7 286.5 Anchorage, Alaska (10/67=100) ........................................ Atlanta, Ga........................................................................... Baltimore, Md....................................................................... Boston. Mass........................................................................ Buffalo, N.Y.......................................................................... 244.6 Chicago, III-Northwestern Ind................................................ Cincinnati, Ohio-Ky.-Ind......................................................... Cleveland, O hio.................................................................. Dallas-Ft. Worth, Tex............................................................ Denver-Boulder, Colo............................................................ 264.5 271.7 Detroit, Mich......................................................................... Honolulu, Hawaii ................................................................ Houston, Tex........................................................................ Kansas City, Mo -Kansas .................................................... Los Angeles-Long Beach, Anaheim, Calif................................ 275.2 253.0 282.2 273.9 275.4 285.7 281.6 295.1 278.3 258.3 302.7 273.5 282.3 Philadelphia, Pa.-N.J............................................................. Pittsburgh, Pa....................................................................... Portland, Oreg.-Wash............................................................ St. Louis, Mo -ill.................................................................... San Diego, Calif.................................................................... 278.5 268.0 297.5 San Francisco-Oakland, Calif................................................. Seattle-Everett, Wash........................................................... Washington, D.C.-Md.-Va....................................................... 274.7 264.7 261.9 285.8 298.7 267.9 274.9 281.8 268.5 272.5 275.7 277.8 262.2 304.1 276.0 285.6 306.0 269.0 275.5 278.6 2866 267.4 267.2 274.7 263.9 273.3 313.4 293.4 283.7 263.8 304.9 274.0 286.8 285.9 271.3 287.1 270.7 155.7 292.9 144.8 283.5 301.7 268.2 270.9 270.2 255.9 263.3 275.1 275.3 293.4 278.8 274.4 281.2 291.0 275.1 262.9 282.1 285.7 329.2 276.1 268.4 292.5 301.2 278.4 271.5 267.7 277.8 289.8 274.1 282.6 267.5 274.5 275.1 274.8 263.2 300.3 274.1 289.4 305.3 267.8 275.1 280.0 287.0 291,2 285.7 292.7 275.1 290.4 319.5 280.3 264.7 302.1 272.1 290.5 156.4 292.5 265.9 268.4 274.3 294.9 282.7 290.6 157.0 296.0 301.2 266.5 274.5 276.7 283.9 279.3 313.9 285.5 277.1 317.4 291.9 281.8 280.0 315.0 156.4 295.3 298.3 266.9 283.7 272.0 256.4 276.5 287.2 285.0 289.8 292.7 Area is used for New York and Chicago. 2 Average of 85 cities. 275.4 310.5 275.1 259.3 298.8 272.0 286.1 282.9 282.2 269.8 258.0 275.9 288.4 258.0 254.5 282.7 282.3 273.4 262.7 298.8 295.8 'The areas listed include not only the central city but the entire portion of the Standard Metropolitan Statistical Area, as defined for the 1970 Census of Population, except that the Standard Consolidated https://fraser.stlouisfed.org 88 Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 278.2 286.7 280.7 319.0 295.9 278.0 287.7 288.7 248.6 284.1 286.5 297.2 155.1 289.3 288,4 278.4 323.1 294.0 280.2 309.2 155.2 291.3 143.2 278.5 256.7 259.9 280.8 240.1 268.6 263.6 258.3 276.4 284.9 285.9 293.6 305.4 2882 267.3 274.9 263.8 283.6 272.5 280.2 281.9 269.8 259.9 264.3 Miami, Fla. (11/77-100) .................................................... Milwaukee, Wis..................................................................... Minneapolis-St. Paul, Minn.-Wis.............................................. New York, N.Y.-Northeastern N.J........................................... Northeast, Pa. (Scranton).................................................... 260.0 279.8 282.1 274.0 269.3 263.6 269.4 272.1 274.7 279.7 284.5 323.3 297.8 289.6 283.8 297.1 283.3 23. Producer Price Indexes, by stage of processing [1967 = 100] Annual C o m m o d ity g r o u p in g 19 32 1981 a ve rag e O c t. Nov. Dec. J an . F e b .1 M a r. A p r. M ay June 1981 June Ju ly Aug. S e p t. Finished g oo d s................................................................... 269.8 270.5 271.8 271.5 271.5 274.3 274.7 275.4 277.9 '277.9 276.9 276.9 277.7 279.9 Finished consumer g o o d s.......................................... Finished consumer foo d s........................................ C rude................................................................... Processed .......................................................... Nondurable goods less foods ............................... Durable goods ........................................................ Consumer nondurable goods less food and energy Capital equipment ...................................................... 271.2 253.5 263.6 250.6 319.4 218.5 208.6 264.3 272.3 2538 258.9 251.3 322.0 218.2 208.4 263.8 273.5 257.6 262.7 255.0 322.5 218.1 209.5 265.4 273.0 256.3 256.9 254.2 322.1 218.3 210.4 265.8 273.1 256.2 253.5 254.4 324.2 215.8 211.8 265.3 275.1 254.0 253.8 252.0 324.3 224.5 212.6 271.5 275.2 252.7 260.0 249.9 325.4 224.7 213.6 273.0 275.8 252.9 273.9 249.0 326.3 225.4 213.9 274.1 278.3 256.4 280.6 252.1 329.3 226.2 217.4 276.2 '278.6 258.2 '282.5 '254.0 '330.3 '224.0 '219.6 '275.0 277.2 257.1 262.9 254.4 328.0 223.5 219.6 275.7 276.9 259.8 266.1 257.1 324.9 223.8 221.4 277.1 277.6 262.3 259.4 260.4 324.1 224.7 222.9 278.3 280.0 263.4 254.3 262.0 328.1 226.2 222.9 279.6 Intermediate materials, supplies, and components........... 306.0 307.2 308.5 310.1 309.7 309.4 309.0 309.4 311.0 '311.1 310.9 310.1 309.8 310.0 Materials and components for manufacturing........... Materials for food manufacturing ........................... Materials for nondurable manufacturing ................ Materials for durable manufacturing...................... Components for manufacturing ............................. 286.2 260.9 285.9 312.2 259.2 285.8 262.4 287.7 310.7 257.3 287.9 260.5 289.2 314.4 259.5 289.8 261.0 291.0 316.0 261.8 290.2 254.6 291.2 317.1 263.8 290.2 250.9 290.9 316.7 265.1 289.5 246.8 289.4 314.9 266.9 289.3 245.6 288.8 314.0 267.8 290.4 250.7 289.0 313.6 269.8 '290.9 '252.8 '289.3 '313.1 ' 270.9 290.8 252.0 289.5 311.2 272.0 290.9 254.3 288.1 311.2 272.9 291.5 260.0 288.1 310.6 273.8 290.0 260.9 285.8 307.3 273.9 Materials and components for construction ............. 287.5 289.6 290.4 290.7 290.0 290.1 290.2 291.1 292.0 '293.0 293.3 293.8 293.4 294.2 Processed fuels and lubricants ................................. Manufacturing industries ........................................ Nonmanufacturing industries ................................. 595.0 498,2 680.5 605.7 505.4 694.3 602.0 500.3 692.0 607.8 508.3 695.6 601.4 500.5 690.5 596.9 497.5 684.7 595.1 496.4 682.2 598.1 499.0 685.6 604.4 505.9 691.3 '596.8 '497.8 '684.2 593.5 497.1 678.4 579.8 487.6 660.9 569.9 482.3 646.7 581.2 492.0 659.3 Containers................................................................... 276.2 277.2 278.8 280.3 280.6 280.9 280.6 280.2 282.5 '285.5 286.5 287.4 287.1 286.7 Supplies ..................................................................... Manufacturing industries ........................................ Nonmanufacturing industries .................................. Feeds ................................................................... Other supplies...................................................... 263.9 253.2 269.6 230.4 276.4 264.6 253.4 270.5 235.4 276.3 266.0 255.0 272.0 232.8 278.7 266.1 256.0 271.6 229.1 279.3 266.1 256.8 271.1 221.3 280.7 266.6 258.2 271.2 215.9 282.3 267.2 259.2 271.6 212.0 283.7 268.3 261.0 272.4 214.6 284.1 269.8 262.6 273.8 214.8 285.7 '270.4 '263.3 '274.4 '212.0 '287.3 270.9 264.8 274.4 208.8 288.1 272.3 265.6 276.0 212.9 289.1 273.6 267.2 277.2 214.2 290.2 273.6 267.3 277.1 213.1 290,4 Crude materials for further processing ............................. 329.1 335.4 337.3 333.0 327.4 319.9 313.9 311.5 318.4 '321.6 319.9 322.8 328.1 325.7 Foodstuffs and feedstuffs .......................................... 257.4 264.3 267.2 261.8 253.4 245.7 238.3 233.7 242.6 248.3 247.9 254.3 262.3 259.8 Nonfood materials ..................................................... 481.6 487.4 487.2 485.3 486.0 479.2 476.3 478.6 481.5 479.3 475.0 470.4 470.4 467.9 404.1 418.6 264.7 397.8 411.7 264.8 396.2 409.8 265.2 399.5 413.2 267.6 '394.8 '407.5 '270.5 387.4 398.5 275.1 379.0 389.0 275.3 376.6 386.4 274.0 370.0 378.9 273.7 FINISHED GOODS INTERMEDIATE MATERIALS CRUDE MATERIALS Nonfood materials except fuel ............................... Manufacturing industries.................................... Construction ...................................................... 413.9 429.6 262.4 418.1 434.2 262.6 413.1 428.7 262.6 413.9 429.6 263.1 410.2 425.4 263.6 Crude fuel ............................................................ Manufacturing industries.................................... Nonmanufacturing industries............................. 676.5 865.4 674.3 759.2 877.2 678.5 781.2 902.6 698.1 766.7 883.0 687.8 788.7 911.4 704.8 779.0 898.4 697.8 792.5 915.8 708.2 813.0 942.5 724.0 812.9 940.3 725.6 '824.5 '954.4 '735.4 837.7 972.8 744.5 853.7 992.4 757.6 866.1 1,008.2 767.4 885.2 1,033.6 781.7 Finished goods excluding fo o d s ...................................... Finished consumer goods excluding fo o d s ............. Finished consumer goods less e n e rg y.................... 273.2 276.3 2339 274.1 277.7 233,4 274.7 277.9 235.0 274.6 277.7 235.0 274.7 277.9 234.9 279.1 281.6 237.2 280.0 282.4 237.2 280.9 283.2 237.6 283.0 285.2 240.5 '282.4 ' 284,9 '241.3 281.5 283.3 240.7 280.6 281.7 242.4 280.9 281.6 244.1 283.4 284.6 244.9 Intermediate materials less foods and fe e d s .................. Intermediate materials less energy ......................... 310.1 285.2 311.2 285.5 312.7 287.2 314.5 288.5 314.6 288.7 314.6 288.8 314.5 288.5 314,9 288.7 316.4 289.9 ' 316.4 '290.7 316.3 290.7 315.3 291.2 314.6 291.7 314.8 290.9 Intermediate foods and feeds ........................................ 250.7 253.2 251.1 250.2 243.5 239.3 235.2 235.2 238.8 ' 239.4 237.8 240.7 245.0 245.3 Crude materials less agricultural products .................... Crude materials less e n e rg y.................................... 545.8 254.0 551.3 259.7 550.6 261.8 549.1 258.0 551.4 250.4 543.4 243.2 540.7 235.8 543.5 231.6 546.1 239.1 543.9 243,4 538.2 242.8 532.2 247.3 531.7 252.5 529.4 248.6 SPECIAL GROUPINGS ’ Data for February 1982 have been revised to reflect the availability of late reports and corrections by respondents. All data are subject to revision 4 months after original publication. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis r=revised. 89 M ONTHLY LABOR REVIEW August 1982 • Current Labor Statistics: Producer Prices 24. Producer Price Indexes, by commodity groupings [1967 = 100 unless otherwise specified] A nnual Code C o m m o d ity g r o u p a n d s u b g r o u p A ll c o m m o d itie s .................................................................. All c o m m o d itie s (1 9 5 7 -5 9 = 1 00 ) F a rm p ro d u c ts a n d p r o c e s s e d fo o d s a n d fe e d s In d u s tria l c o m m o d itie s 1981 198 2 a v e rag e 1981 June J u ly Aug. S e p t. O c t. Nov. Dec. J an . F e b .1 M a r. A p r. 293,4 311.3 294.8 312.8 296.2 314.3 296.4 314.5 295.7 313.7 296.1 314.2 295.5 313.5 295.8 313.8 298.3 316.5 r 298.6 '316.8 297.9 316.1 251.5 304.1 254.3 305.1 256.8 306.2 254.2 307.2 250.3 307.4 246.0 309.0 242.5 309.3 241.0 310.0 246.0 311.8 '248.4 '311.6 M ay June 297.9 316.1 298.6 316.8 299.4 317.7 247.5 311.0 251.4 309.9 255.6 309.5 255.3 310.7 FA R M P R O D U C TS A N D PR O C E SS E D FO O DS A N D FEEDS 01 01-1 01-2 01-3 01-4 01-5 01-6 01-7 01-8 01-9 Farm products .................................................................. Fresh and dried fruits and vegetables ........................................ Grains................................................................ Livestock ...................................................................... Live poultry................................................................ Plant and animal fibers...................................................... Fluid milk .............................................. Eggs........................................................................................ Hay, hayseeds, and oilseeds ................................................ Other farm products .............................................................. 254.9 267.0 248.4 248.0 201.2 242.0 287.4 187.1 274,1 274.3 260.7 263.3 257.1 263.0 210.0 259.6 285.0 174.6 285.3 242.7 263.3 265.6 257,4 266.5 215.3 251.3 284.3 185.1 290.0 250.2 257.9 258.1 242.7 262.0 210.3 232.5 285.0 180.7 284.3 263.9 251.1 252.8 227.0 257.3 196.7 206.5 287.3 193.2 267.2 268.9 243.1 248.8 227.6 244.5 185.7 211.7 294.3 193.8 230.4 263.3 237.4 254.0 226.5 231.1 175.0 198.5 288.2 209.7 221.1 273.1 234.6 280.5 213.6 225.0 171.4 188.4 286.7 195.5 218.8 280.2 242.2 289.2 225.2 236.8 186.8 198.2 287.6 187.0 218.4 280.1 247.1 '290.1 223.2 251.2 197.3 '193.5 285.8 200.6 217.6 273.7 244.6 256.4 220.9 255.6 197.7 199.7 282.5 204.0 213.7 273.0 250.6 266.7 226.0 267.6 186.2 207.4 280.3 192.1 222.8 274.2 256.1 270.7 228.2 282.9 192.7 214,1 278.8 164.3 224.3 273.9 252.7 263.8 225.7 277.5 207.2 203.1 278.9 159.3 219.3 271.8 02 02-1 02-2 02-3 02-4 02-5 02-6 02-7 02-8 02-9 Processed foods and feeds.............................................. Cereal and bakery products...................................................... Meats, poultry, and fish ............................................................ Dairy products.............................................................. Processed fruits and vegetables............................................ Sugar and confectionery .............................................. Beverages and beverage materials.................................. Fats and o ils .................................................... Miscellaneous processed foods ...................... Prepared animal feeds................................ 248.7 255.5 246.2 245.7 261.1 276.8 247.5 227.5 250.1 230.3 249,9 256.4 248.6 245.2 262.5 274.8 248.1 227.3 251.5 234.3 252.2 258.3 257.1 245.1 265.9 266.0 249.0 234.8 252.2 232.2 251.2 257.7 254.4 245.3 267.3 267.3 249.4 229.5 252.1 228.9 248.9 258.5 253.3 245.5 270.0 246.8 249.1 224.3 253.0 222.9 246.6 256.9 246.6 246.8 271.7 246.7 250.0 223.4 249.9 218.1 244.3 256.5 240.0 246.9 270.5 244.1 251.4 221.5 250.1 214.7 243.6 255.1 236.1 247.2 271.8 247.6 251.9 219.1 250.1 217.2 247.1 256.6 243.7 247.7 273.2 256.8 253.9 216.6 251.0 217.4 '248.1 '253.3 '247.9 248.0 '276.3 '257.2 '255.1 '216.8 250.9 '214.9 248.1 254.2 249,7 248.0 275.7 255.0 255.7 214.1 249.6 212.0 250.8 253.8 257.1 248.4 274.5 256.4 256.6 218.6 249.5 216.1 254.4 253.9 267.1 248.5 273.4 265.8 256.7 222.2 248.0 217.4 255.8 253.3 271.1 248.7 275.4 269.5 256.5 222.0 248.6 216.4 03 03-1 03-2 03-3 03-4 03-81 03-82 Textile products and apparel ...................................... Synthetic fibers (12/75 = 100).......... Processed yarns and threads (12/75 = 100) ........................ Gray fabrics (12/75 = 100).............................. Finished fabrics (12/75 = 100) ........ Apparel.................................................... Textile housefurnishings.................................... 199.6 156.7 137.8 146.7 125.2 185.5 228.2 200.1 157.9 139.3 147.4 125.6 186.2 223.9 201.3 159.7 140.3 148.2 126.0 187.2 227.1 202.4 161.2 142.0 149.0 126.8 187.8 228.8 202.9 161.0 142.3 149.1 126.8 188.0 232.2 204.0 162.7 144.4 148.0 126.7 189.9 233,0 203.6 161.6 140.3 147.4 126.5 190.8 233.4 203.4 161.5 139.6 147.2 125.6 191.0 233.6 205.0 162.9 139.2 148.2 126.8 192.7 237.6 '205.6 '163.2 '140.7 '147.3 ' 127.1 '193.2 '240.8 205.0 163.8 140.8 147.1 125.7 191.7 246.2 204.7 162.1 140.4 145.8 125.5 192.2 246.5 205.1 164.3 141.0 145,5 125.4 192.7 246.4 204.5 163.8 139.4 145.8 124.0 193,0 244.4 04 04-2 04-3 04-4 Hides, skins, leather, and related products ............ Leather............................................ Footwear ................................................ Other leather and related products.............. 261.5 319.5 241.2 243.5 261.6 321.0 241.5 244.3 261.1 319.0 2424 242.9 261.3 313.7 242.5 245.1 261.7 313.2 242.9 245.0 260.0 313.7 239.6 245.0 259.8 311.3 239.8 245.4 260.7 312.3 240.1 245.4 261.8 319.0 238.9 247.5 '261.6 '317.7 '238,6 '248.1 262.7 315.5 240.6 253.3 264,4 313.2 243.7 253.2 263.4 309.5 242.5 253.2 262.7 306.7 243.8 250.5 05 05-1 05-2 05-3 05-4 05-61 05-7 Fuels and related products and power ........ C oal...................................... Coke .................................. Gas fuels2 ................................ Electric power.............................. Crude petroleum3 ............................ Petroleum products, refined4 .............. 694,4 497.3 456.5 939.8 366.8 803.6 805.8 707.6 491.7 469.7 954.6 366.6 815.9 828.1 704.9 505.5 469.7 9694 374.6 798.9 816.3 704,3 507.0 469.7 949.3 385.8 796.8 813.4 703.5 510.2 469.7 976.6 383.8 796.8 806,1 698.1 510.8 469.7 965.6 378.4 788.2 802.3 698.1 512.7 469.7 983.0 378.3 785.9 798.3 702.5 515.2 469,7 1,003.7 384.2 787.2 798.6 705.1 525.3 469.7 987,9 392.8 787.2 801.9 '697.8 ' 529.9 ' 469.7 '987.6 '392.9 '770.3 '789.7 690.1 527.0 468.1 993.8 404.1 745.0 770.5 671.2 532.5 468.1 996.6 406.7 718.0 733.4 06 06-1 06-21 06-22 06-3 06-4 06-5 06-6 06-7 Chemicals and allied products.............. Industrial chemicals5 .............................. Prepared paint...................................... Paint materials ...................... Drugs and pharmaceuticals .......................... Fats and oils, inedible ...................... Agricultural chemicals and chemical products Plastic resins and materials ................ Other chemicals and allied products , . . 287.8 363.8 249.9 300.2 193.4 295.6 284.8 289.2 254.4 290.5 369.7 250.0 300.8 193.2 303.1 288.9 290.0 256.3 291.3 370.4 250.7 304.5 195.5 290.9 288.9 295.9 254.8 293.3 371,5 250.7 308.5 195.0 305.6 2934 297.5 257.3 293.3 371.8 250.7 308.0 197.8 285.6 292.6 296.8 257.4 292.4 367.9 250.7 308.1 198.5 277.7 293.1 299.5 256.9 292.0 363.7 254.5 308,3 198.2 282.5 295.7 293.2 259.9 291.8 362.8 256.4 305.8 198.9 280.4 294.9 294.2 260.0 292.9 362.9 258.9 306.6 202.2 272.8 296.8 286.1 263.8 '293.6 '362.2 '258.9 ' 306.4 '204,4 274.2 '298.0 '287.3 '264.9 294.6 362.6 259.3 306.8 204.8 290.1 297.0 286.8 267.7 294.5 359.6 259.3 306.8 208.6 282.6 296.3 286.1 269.0 296.2 358.1 265.1 306.2 209.4 288.4 294.9 285.4 275.9 293.5 352.9 265.1 304.2 209.6 287.5 294.0 281.9 273.0 07 07-1 07-11 07-12 07-13 07-2 Rubber and plastic products .................... Rubber and rubber products .. . Crude rubber .......................... Tires and tubes.............................. Miscellaneous rubber products........ Plastic products (6/78 = 100) . . . . 232.8 256.7 281.7 250.9 252.4 128.4 233.4 256.8 285.2 251.2 250,9 129.1 232.1 254.7 284.2 246.8 251 4 128.7 234.1 256.9 284.7 249.9 253.1 129.8 235.7 260.3 283.1 256.5 253.9 129.9 237.3 262.9 279.8 257.1 261.1 130.3 238.0 264.4 279.0 255.9 266.7 130.3 238.3 264.6 280.8 255.4 267.2 130.6 237.3 262.5 281.8 253.6 263.8 130,5 '239.3 ' 266.0 282.1 '256.7 ' 268.8 ' 131.0 241.8 269.3 282.8 256.3 278.1 132.0 241.9 268.7 283.2 254.4 278.8 132.4 242.9 271.2 283.6 255.0 284.6 132.3 243.3 271.5 282.4 255.3 285.4 132.6 08 08-1 08-2 08-3 08-4 Lumber and wood products.................... Lumber.................... Millwork ........................ Plywood.............. Other wood products.................... 2928 325.2 273.4 245.7 239.2 298.1 335.8 272.2 251.5 239.8 296.5 332.4 273.6 247.8 240.7 294.5 329.9 272.3 245,6 239.8 289.3 320.2 271.4 240.8 240.5 284.3 311.7 271.3 234.3 239.9 282.1 306.6 271.8 233.5 239.3 285.4 309.9 273.7 239.7 239.4 285.5 310.0 277,1 237.4 238.2 ' 285.2 ' 308.1 '278.6 '235.1 '238.7 285.4 308.1 276.4 237.1 239.6 286.1 311,5 276.4 234.1 237.7 283.9 309.2 275.8 230.6 237.3 288.7 315.2 280.1 238.9 237.1 IN D U S T R IA L C O M M O D IT IE S See footnotes at end of table. 90 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 661.9 677.4 534.4 534.1 462.7 468.2 1,003.4 1,029.7 405.5 406.6 718,2 718.5 712.7 738.5 24. Continued — Producer Price Indexes, by commodity groupings [1967 = 100 unless otherwise specified] C o m m o d ity g r o u p a n d s u b g r o u p IN D U S T R IA L C O M M O D IT IE S - 1982 1981 Annual Code a v e rag e 1980 June Ju ly Aug. S e p t. O c t. Nov. Dec. J an . F e b .1 M a r. A p r. M ay June 273.7 271.0 398.1 175.7 280.0 258.2 259.0 231.3 272.9 271.2 394.2 182.9 278.5 259.2 259.9 237.4 274.9 272.3 394.2 182.1 279.7 259.4 261.2 235.5 275.9 273.7 394.2 182.1 282.1 260.6 262.4 234.2 277.8 274.8 394.2 178.5 285.9 261.6 262.8 234.2 279.2 275.7 402.3 165.1 287 8 261.7 263.2 233.3 280.4 275.8 413.7 144.5 287.4 261.6 263.1 232.1 281.0 275.6 413.7 143.4 287.2 260.0 263.2 230.3 285.5 276.1 410.3 135.2 289.2 259.7 263.9 233.8 r 286.3 r 276.8 r 410.3 128.8 r 289.8 261.4 r 264.7 '231.4 286.3 277.3 414.1 129.2 289.5 261.1 265.5 237.5 287.9 276.4 392.3 128.1 291.7 261.2 265.0 235.5 289.1 275.4 398.2 121.5 288.8 258.8 264.7 239.5 289.3 274,6 390.3 115.2 288.2 255.9 265.0 239.4 298.4 330.1 332.2 284.5 314.1 259.7 268.9 223.5 295.0 269.4 302.0 338.8 344.9 282.8 315.2 263.8 270.9 226.4 297.9 272.0 304.1 339.9 344.9 287.3 318.7 265.3 271.2 227.9 299.3 272.9 304.9 339.8 345.3 289.4 318.8 267.8 271.6 228.5 300.0 273.7 305.3 341.3 348.7 285.4 318.2 269.5 272.9 229.0 302.6 276.1 304.2 340.0 348.6 281.1 318.1 271.5 273.1 228.8 303.2 278.0 303.3 339.9 348.9 277.1 316.8 272.0 274.0 229.9 303.0 278.3 304.7 343.1 350.6 274 4 324.3 274.1 274.6 233.4 303.4 281.2 '304.2 ' 342.9 ' 350.3 '273.6 '326.2 r 274.8 '276.4 '233.1 '304.0 '278.7 303.6 342.4 350.5 267.6 326.1 275.7 278.9 233.5 304.5 284.6 303.8 342.6 352.2 266.1 329.7 276.2 280.3 235.8 305.0 285.3 303.4 341.2 352.1 263.5 330.1 276.7 281.0 237.3 304.8 290.0 300.1 338.3 349.9 253 7 330.2 277:9 282.5 238.6 305.2 289.5 C o n tin u e d 09 09-1 09-11 09-12 09 13 09-14 09-15 09-2 Pulp, paper, and allied products.................................................... Pulp, paper, and products, excluding building paper and board . . 10 10-1 10-13 10-2 10-3 10-4 10-5 10-6 10-7 10-8 Metals and metal products .......................................................... Plumbing fixtures and brass fittings............................................ Heating equipment.................................................................... Fabricated structural metal products.......................................... Miscellaneous metal products.................................................... 300.4 333.8 337.6 286.0 315.9 262.4 267.4 223.9 295.4 270.8 11 11-1 11-2 11-3 11-4 11-6 11-7 11-9 Machinery and equipment............................................................ Agricultural machinery and equipment........................................ Construction machinery and equipment...................................... Metalworking machinery and equipment .................................... General purpose machinery and equipment................................ Special industry machinery and equipment ................................ Electrical machinery and equipment .......................................... Miscellaneous machinery.......................................................... 263.1 287.7 320.8 301.2 2885 308.0 220.1 252.3 262.1 286.8 320.1 301.3 287.0 308.8 219.2 250.1 264.8 288.1 323.8 302.9 290.6 311.0 221.1 254.0 266.2 290.3 325.0 303.5 292.3 310.3 222.8 256.0 268.1 292.8 326.5 305.3 2939 312.8 224.2 258.5 269.3 295.5 328.3 306.6 295.1 314.6 225.3 259.0 270.4 300.8 329.6 307.9 296.2 315.0 226,0 259.8 272.0 302.8 332.0 312.9 297.9 316.4 227.0 260.4 274.1 303.1 337.0 315.9 300.0 320.4 228.7 261.4 '275.4 '304.6 '337.9 '317.2 '301.3 ' 320.7 ' 229 5 '264.0 275.7 304.6 337.4 317.0 301.5 320.6 230.5 264.1 277.3 306.1 341.4 318.7 302.9 323.1 231.6 265.4 278.1 307.0 343.4 320.3 303.3 324.1 231.7 267.2 278.4 308.8 343.7 320.8 303 1 324.7 231.9 268.0 12 12-1 12-2 12-3 12-4 12-5 12-6 Furniture and household durables ................................................ Household furniture.................................................................. Commercial furniture................................................................ Floor coverings ........................................................................ Household appliances .............................................................. Home electronic equipment ...................................................... Other household durable goods ................................................ 198.4 219.4 257.6 178.6 186.9 89.1 280.8 197.3 218.6 257.9 180.7 186.1 86.7 276.4 199.5 220.0 258.7 182.8 188.8 87.4 282.1 199.6 220.7 259.1 181.9 189.1 87.6 280.9 201.0 222.2 261.6 181.7 190.1 87.8 285.8 201.3 222.8 262.1 180.9 190.8 88.1 285.8 202.1 225.1 263.3 182.3 190.9 88.0 285.3 202.9 226.6 263.9 181,4 191.3 89.6 286.2 203.5 2275 266.7 180.3 1934 89.3 283.4 '204.6 '227.4 '271.2 ' 180.6 ' 195.3 ' 89.6 '283.7 204.7 228.5 273.9 179.8 195.9 86.8 284.3 205.6 230.6 274.5 180.3 196.3 88.2 283.5 206.1 230.9 275.5 180.5 197.8 88.1 283.1 206.6 231.1 276.2 180.7 198.5 88 2 284.6 13 13-11 13-2 13-3 13-4 13 5 13 6 13-7 13-8 13-9 Nonmetallic mineral products........................................................ Flat glass ................................................................................. Concrete ingredients ................................................................ Concrete products.................................................................... Structural clay products, excluding refractories .......................... Refractories ............................................................................ 313.6 210.3 297.5 293.5 250.7 307,1 428.5 260.7 335.3 476.8 314.3 218.3 297.7 293.4 250.9 307.1 421.9 259.7 335.5 476.2 314.1 218.3 298.0 293.4 250.9 307.1 420.9 255.3 335.5 475.3 313.2 218.3 298.5 292.9 255.3 307.1 401.6 252.9 335.5 474.3 313.3 218.5 298.4 293.3 256.2 307.8 402.9 252.4 335.5 473.3 313.7 218.5 298.5 293.4 256.5 308.9 410.2 251.3 335.5 473.5 313.5 216.1 298.7 293.6 257.5 311.3 405.6 249.7 335.5 474.7 315.6 216.2 306.2 295.5 257.5 316.8 401.3 250.4 335.4 474.7 '319.0 '216.2 ' 308.4 '295.9 '257.7 '335.1 '400.4 255.0 '352.2 '478.7 319.7 216.2 309.5 296.0 257.4 338.4 392.8 260.7 355.2 480.1 320.0 216.2 309.2 297.3 260.7 339.7 385.2 262.8 357.4 478.8 319.1 216.2 310.7 297.1 258.1 318.7 216.2 310.9 297.9 258.4 Gypsum products .................................................................... Glass containers ...................................................................... Other nonmetallic minerals........................................................ 309.5 212.9 296.3 291.2 249.7 302.5 407.0 256.2 328.5 463.9 384.0 259.4 357.4 472.1 388.8 256.4 357.4 465.2 14 14-1 14-4 Transportation equipment (12/68 - 100)...................................... Motor vehicles and equipment .................................................. Railroad equipment .................................................................. 235.4 237.5 338.2 234.3 236.7 331.4 235.0 237.4 338.1 235.9 238.4 338.7 231.8 232.8 338.7 244.5 247.8 338.7 246.3 248.9 341.3 246,8 249.5 340.1 248.6 250.8 345.8 '245.2 ' 246.8 '345.8 244.9 246.4 352.8 245.6 246.6 353.9 247.2 248.7 349.6 249.6 ¿51.5 349.6 15 15-1 15-2 15 3 15-4 15-5 15-9 Miscellaneous products................................................................ Toys, sporting goods, small arms, ammunition............................ Tobacco products .................................................................... 265.6 212.2 268.3 259.6 210.1 <6) 346.9 266.3 211.2 268.7 268.0 212.5 (6) 346.9 263.2 213.2 268.8 267.5 211.4 158.1 333.1 262.6 212.7 268.8 267.7 207.1 158.3 334.6 267.0 213.6 274.5 267.8 208.7 158.7 345.5 268.5 213.0 278.2 269.7 208.9 159.1 348.5 269.5 212.7 278.2 269.7 209.0 159.3 344.8 267.6 213.3 278.2 269.7 209.1 159.3 344.6 268.3 218.4 278.2 270.3 209.9 159.5 342.2 '273.5 '220.1 '306.6 '270.4 '210.5 159.6 '341.1 272.9 221.6 306.4 271.8 212.5 161.6 334.3 273.3 221.9 306.5 271.8 214.6 162.0 333.5 272.3 222.7 306.7 280.3 210.9 162.1 330.8 271.6 222.9 306.7 280.3 210.8 162.5 328.0 Wastepaper ............................................................................ Paperboard .............................................................................. Converted paper and paperboard products................................ Building paper and board.......................................................... Steel mill products.................................................................... Nonferrous metals.................................................................... Metal containers ...................................................................... Photographic equipment and supplies ........................................ Mobile homes (12/74 - 100).................................................... Other miscellaneous products .................................................. 1Data for February 1982 have been revised to reflect the availability of late reports and corrections by respondents. All data are subject to revision 4 months after original publication. 2 Prices for natural gas are lagged 1 month. 3 Includes only domestic production. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 4 Most prices for refined petroleum products are lagged 1 month, 5 Some prices for industrial chemicals are lagged 1 month. 6 Not available. r=revised. 91 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW August 1982 • Current Labor Statistics: Producer Prices 25. Producer Price Indexes, for special commodity groupings [1967=100 unless otherwise specified] Annual C o m m o d i t y g r o u p in g 1981 198 2 a v e ra g e 1981 June J u ly Aug. S e p t. O c t. Nov. Dec. J an . F e b .' M a r. A p r. M ay June 295.7 251.9 252.2 298.0 255.2 256.0 265.0 136.8 135.8 204.7 298.7 253.7 255.0 266.1 137.2 135.3 204.7 298.5 251.7 252.8 266.4 138.1 135.5 204.7 299.5 249.1 250.0 268.7 138.2 136.5 204.7 299.4 247.4 247.6 269.0 138.4 136.5 205.7 300.0 247.6 246.5 269.4 137.9 136.7 206.3 302.0 251.6 250.5 271.1 139.3 136.9 213.9 '301.9 '253.2 '251.9 '271.5 ' 139.7 ' 136.9 '215.6 301.4 251.5 252.1 271.6 139.0 137.5 216.4 300.9 254.4 254.9 272.2 138.9 138.1 216.4 301.1 257.9 259.0 272.8 138.9 138.5 216.3 302.3 259.0 260.9 272.5 138.1 138.5 217.8 Industrial commodities less fu e ls...................................... Selected textile mill products (Dec. 1975 = 100 )........... Hosiery ............................................ Underwear and nightwear ............................................ Chemicals and allied products, including synthetic rubber and fibers and yarns................................................. Pharmaceutical preparations .......................................... Lumber and wood products, excluding m illw o rk............. Special metals and metal products................................. Fabricated metal products............................... Copper and copper products .......................................... Machinery and motive products ............................... 135.9 134.3 203.5 296.7 252.2 253.1 263.5 135.9 135.7 203.5 278.6 186.8 303.1 279.4 2800 204.0 256.7 281.2 186,6 312.2 277.9 279.0 203.7 255.6 282.3 189.0 308.7 280.2 281.7 202.5 257.4 284.0 188.4 3062 281.9 283.1 206.2 258.6 284.4 191.6 298.0 280.1 283.9 205.1 257.7 283.8 192.8 290.1 286.7 286.0 201.9 264.3 283.2 192.5 2864 286.8 287.0 198.9 265.8 283.1 193.3 290.7 286.6 287.1 195.4 266.9 284.3 196.8 289.9 287.9 289.4 194.5 268.9 '285.1 ' 199.3 '287.9 '286.0 '289.0 194.1 ' 268.1 285.8 200.0 288.6 285.5 291.5 191.0 268.2 285.7 204.4 289.9 285.7 292.5 190.5 269.3 287.3 205.3 287.2 286.4 294.3 191.6 270.5 284.8 205.3 294.0 285.8 294.6 180.0 271.8 Machinery and equipment, except electrical.................... Agricultural machinery, including tractors...................... Metalworking machinery ........................... Numerically controlled machine tools (Dec. 1971 = 100) Total tractors ................................................... Agricultural machinery and equipment less p a r ts ........... Farm and garden tractors less p a rts ............................... Agricultural machinery, excluding tractors less parts . . . Industrial valves ............................................ Industrial fittings ............................................ Construction materials................................. 2883 296.2 329.4 239.4 324.0 289.0 298.9 294.4 314.8 302.1 283.0 287.3 294.8 328.3 241.4 322.5 287.9 298.0 292.5 315.3 303.0 285.0 290.4 295.6 330.1 241.7 325.5 288.6 298.0 293.9 317.5 303.0 285.7 291.7 298.2 331.4 241.8 327.8 291.1 301.4 295.8 319.8 303.0 285.5 293.8 301.6 333.9 241.8 330.7 294.0 305.5 298.7 322.7 304.3 284.4 295.0 305.7 336.7 241.8 338.3 297.6 313.0 299.9 322.4 304.1 284.6 296.4 312.5 338.3 242.2 342.2 303.5 319.6 303.5 323.4 304.1 284.1 298.4 314.7 341.2 242.0 342.3 305.8 319.7 310.9 325.3 304.1 285.2 300.7 315.1 343.8 240.1 346.9 306.5 319.7 311.6 328.6 304.1 286.6 '302.3 '316.0 '344.9 '239.8 '346.9 '307.4 '319.7 '313.2 '330.2 304.1 286.9 302.2 315.5 346.4 240.3 346.4 307.3 318.8 307.3 327.1 304.1 287.4 304.1 317.7 348.8 240.2 351.7 309.2 322.3 314.3 327.7 309.1 288.1 305.2 318.2 349.4 240.3 352.4 309.6 322.9 314.7 327.9 309.1 287.9 305.7 319.8 350.3 240.3 353.2 311.0 324.3 316,5 327.2 309.1 289.1 June A ll c o m m o d i t i e s le s s fa r m p r o d u c ts A ll f o o d s P ro c e s s e d fo o d s 1Data for February 1982 have been revised to reflect the availability of late reports and corrections by respondents. All data are subject to revision 4 months after original publication. 26. r=revised, Producer Price Indexes, by durability of product [1967 = 100] A nnual C o m m o d i t y g r o u p in g 1981 1982 a v e rag e June 1981 Ju ly Aug. S e p t. O c t. Nov. Dec. J an . F e b .1 M a r. A p r. M ay Total durable goods ...................................... Total nondurable g o o d s............................. 269.8 312.4 269.1 315.7 270.8 316.8 271.9 316.2 271.8 315.0 275.0 312.8 275.4 311.4 276.0 311.4 277.6 314.7 '277.4 '315,4 277.3 314.2 278.1 313.5 278,4 314.5 278.4 316.0 Total manufactures........................ Durable .............................................. Nondurable........................ 285.9 269.6 303.6 286.9 268.9 306.4 288.0 270.6 306.9 288.6 271.7 306.9 288,3 271.7 306.3 289.8 275.1 305,5 289.7 275.8 304.5 289.9 276.5 304.3 291.9 278.0 306.8 '292.0 '277.8 307.2 291.9 277.8 305.8 290,9 278.7 303.9 291.3 279.1 304.1 292.4 279.4 306.2 Total raw or slightly processed goods . . . Durable ............................... Nondurable................................. 330.7 271.4 334.0 335.4 272.4 338.9 337.9 271.2 341.8 335.8 275.9 339.1 332.7 270.4 336.3 326.4 263,7 330.0 323.3 253.4 327.4 323.6 247.8 328.2 328.9 253.8 333.4 330.6 '253.7 '335.2 329.9 250.7 334.7 332.2 245.9 337.5 334.9 239.4 340.8 333.6 225.2 340,6 ' Data for February 1982 have been revised to reflect the availability of late reports and corrections by respondents. All data are subject to revision 4 months after original publication. 27. r=revised, Producer Price Indexes for the output of selected SIC industries [1967 = 100 unless otherwise specified] 1972 S IC A nnual 1981 In d u s try d e s c r ip tio n code 198 2 1981 June J u ly Aug. S e p t. O c t. Nov. Dec. J an . F e b .1 M a r. A p r. M ay June 167.3 346.0 493.9 898.8 277.3 138.7 168.1 352.0 488.4 713.7 278.4 137.1 168.1 358.3 502.1 911.5 278.4 137.1 168.1 365.4 503.4 900.3 278.2 137.1 168.1 364.5 506.0 913.6 279.2 137.1 168,1 354.1 506.2 900.8 279.7 143.4 171.3 354.1 507.8 907.5 279.8 143.4 171.3 343.7 510.3 921.7 280.7 143.4 171.3 347.9 520.9 919.7 287.4 149.6 171.3 313.7 '525.8 '913.9 ' 289 9 149.6 171.3 325.0 521.9 904.7 292.7 149.6 171.3 327.0 527.2 894.9 2922 151.7 177.1 308.3 529.4 902.0 294,4 151.7 177.1 307.5 529.8 915.1 295.2 151.7 243.1 241.3 192.0 274.8 245.9 238.1 198.3 273.5 252.6 246.0 203,6 273.8 250.9 254.0 201.2 273.7 252.7 253.9 188.8 275.0 244.1 252.2 175.5 279.2 237.0 248.9 172.8 279.5 234.1 247.0 166.7 275.0 237.6 245.6 <2) 275.0 '244.4 '251.0 (2) 276.4 247.0 248.2 (2) 276.8 2533 253.4 (2) 275.3 264.3 265.9 (2) 274.9 265.7 273.7 ( 2) 274.9 M IN IN G 1011 1092 1211 1311 1442 1455 Iron ores (12/75 = 100).............................. Mercury ores (12/75 = 100) ............................ Bituminous coal and lignite .............................. Crude petroleum and natural gas ............ Construction sand and gravel .................. Kaolin and ball clay (6/76 = 100)...................... 2011 2013 2016 2021 Meatpacking plants .................. Sausages and other prepared meats.............. Poultry dressing plants............................ Creamery butter.................................... M A N U F A C T U R IN G See footnotes at end of table. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 92 27. Continued ^ P ro d u ce r Price Indexes for the output of selected SIC industries [1967 = 100 unless otherwise specified] In d u s tr y d e s c r ip tio n S IC code M A N U F A C T U R IN G L> 1982 1981 Annual 1972 a v e rs e 1981 June J u ly Aug. S e p t. O c t. Nov. Dec. J an . F e b .1 M a r. A p r. M ay June C o n tin u e d 2022 2024 2033 2034 2041 2044 2048 2061 2063 2067 Cheese, natural and processed (12/72 - 100).............. Ice cream and frozen desserts (12/72 - 100) .............. Canned fruits and vegetables........................................ Dehydrated food products (12/73 - 100)...................... Flour mills (12/71 - 100) ............................................ Rice milling.................................................................. Prepared foods, n.e.c. (12/75 - 100)............................ Raw cane sugar .......................................................... Beet sugar .................................................................. Chewing gum .............................................................. 215.8 211.9 248.5 177.6 195.9 277.2 124.6 273.5 320.6 309.8 216.1 212.4 248.9 175.0 199.3 300.3 127.5 263.3 339.7 303.1 213.8 212.7 251.6 180.5 196.5 297.4 125.9 272.2 274.1 303.1 214.5 212.7 252.9 178.7 191.0 284.3 124.8 254.6 287.5 303.2 215,0 212.7 254.3 183.4 195.3 268.2 119.6 212.3 270.7 303.2 215.4 212.5 257.0 182.1 191.1 247.3 117.3 219.9 250.3 303.2 215.9 212.5 256.4 181.4 191.5 235.4 116.4 224.3 230.4 303.2 218.4 212.7 258.9 182.1 189.2 215.1 116.0 230.8 250.5 303.2 218.6 212.8 260.8 184.0 191.5 205.9 116.0 247.6 266.4 303.3 217.9 212.8 r 262.6 181.8 r 187.5 192.2 '115.9 245.1 '272.2 303.3 216.8 210.9 262.7 181.5 187.3 183.5 114.8 233.0 272.4 303.4 216.6 214.2 261.5 181.5 192.5 177.9 115.4 242.9 272.6 303.4 217.1 214.2 262.3 178.5 188.4 183.0 116.7 269.2 280.2 303.4 217.9 214.2 264.6 178.5 189.1 180.3 115.7 286.7 280.2 303.4 2074 2075 2077 2083 2085 2091 2092 2095 2098 2111 Cottonseed oil m ills...................................................... Soybean oil m ills.......................................................... Animal and marine fats and oils .................................... Malt ............................................................................ Distilled liquor, except brandy (12/75 - 100) ................ Canned and cured seafoods (12/73 - 100) .................. Fresh or frozen packaged fish ...................................... Roasted coffee (12/72 - 100)...................................... Macaroni and spaghetti ................................................ Cigarettes.................................................................... 199.0 245.8 288.1 282.5 134.7 187.8 369.6 238.0 252.0 277.7 212.3 248.4 291.3 286.1 134.6 187.5 375.5 238.6 246.6 278.3 212.0 253.7 288.8 286.1 134.6 187.4 367.6 236.4 259.5 278.3 206.0 245.8 294.1 286.1 135.5 188.4 347.1 235.7 259.5 278.3 182.3 234.2 281.2 275.4 135.5 188.8 353.5 237.3 259.5 284.2 172.0 229.7 274.0 275.4 135.5 188.2 356.9 238.2 259.5 288.4 167.2 221.2 272.3 275.4 137.9 188.3 360.8 239.2 259.5 288.4 182.4 221.9 266.6 275.4 137.9 188.5 369.5 240.4 259.5 288.4 184.9 223.1 260.4 267.1 140.1 187.2 396.8 245.1 259.5 288.4 '170.5 '220.4 262.6 267.1 137.9 187.0 '389.2 '247.7 259.5 319.7 158.2 217.8 271.8 267.1 140.2 187.7 420.7 248.7 259.5 319.7 164.6 225.0 273.3 259.1 140.2 188.2 433.8 250.7 259.5 319.7 167.9 232.0 271.5 259.8 139.8 188.0 427.5 247.9 259.5 319.8 170.2 226.4 272.3 259.8 139.8 188.4 442.8 247.6 259.5 319.8 2121 2131 2211 2221 2251 2254 2257 2261 2262 Cigars ........................................................................ Chewing and smoking tobacco...................................... Weaving mills, cotton (12/72 - 100) ............................ Weaving mills, synthetic (12/77 - 100) ........................ Women’s hosiery, except socks (12/75 - 100).............. Knit underwear mills .................................................... Circular knit fabric mills (6/76 - 100)............................ Finishing plants, cotton (6/76 - 100) ............................ Finishing plants, synthetics, silk (6/76 - 100) ................ 169.1 320.9 234.1 136.6 113.5 210.2 110.8 144.9 126.5 168.5 320.8 234.3 137.1 115.6 210.0 110.4 146.2 126.6 169.7 321.0 234.7 138.0 115.5 210.7 111.0 146.3 127.1 169.7 321.3 237.4 139.3 115.0 210.8 112.0 146.2 127.8 174.5 325.3 236.0 139.5 115.0 210.9 111.9 145.4 129.0 174.5 326.1 233.2 139.4 115.2 210.9 112.0 144.9 129.1 174.5 326.1 229.8 139.8 115.1 212.8 112.4 143.5 129.1 174.5 326.1 227.6 139.5 115.2 213.0 111.8 141.4 128.6 174.5 326.1 227.3 139.8 115.6 225.2 112.4 140.5 129.4 '178.6 349.4 '227.1 '139.7 115.6 '225.2 '113.2 140.3 ' 129.9 175.6 349.4 226.5 139.9 116.2 235.5 110.6 140.8 128.3 176.8 349.4 226.1 139.2 116.3 235.6 110.1 141.6 128.1 176.6 353.6 227.7 138.9 117.0 226.0 109.7 141.4 128.2 176.6 353.6 226.0 138.0 117.0 228.7 108.2 141.3 127.2 2272 2281 2282 2284 2298 2311 2321 2322 2323 2327 Tufted carpets and rugs................................................ Yarn mills, except wool (12/71 - 100) .......................... Throwing and winding mills (6/76 - 100) ...................... Thread mills (6/76 - 100)............................................ Cordage and twine (12/77 - 100)................................ Men’s and boys' suits and coats.................................... Men’s and boys' shirts and nightwear ............................ Men’s and boys’ underwear.......................................... Men's and boys’ neckwear (12/75 - 100) .................... Men's and boys’ separate trousers................................ 154.3 221.8 138.6 151.4 134.8 223.9 208.8 230.6 114.6 186.1 155.6 225.8 139.3 151.1 134.3 224.6 207.5 230.7 115.4 186.1 158.3 225.1 142.7 151.1 134.3 225.9 210.5 230.8 113.9 186.4 157.4 225.4 146,8 151.1 134.3 226.2 210.6 230.8 113.9 186.4 157.3 223.8 148.0 154.8 139.3 226.5 211.5 230.8 113.9 186.4 155.7 222.4 154.5 157.0 139.3 227.4 212.4 230.8 113.9 186.8 157.0 219.9 145.6 157.0 139.3 228.4 212.6 233.0 113.9 186.9 156.7 217.2 146.0 156.8 140.7 230.5 213.4 233.0 113.9 187.1 155.5 216.3 145.7 156.8 141.0 233.7 173.4 246,9 115.3 188.4 '155.7 '215.7 '150.3 156.8 141.0 '233.6 '215.9 246.9 117.3 ' 188.4 155.7 215.6 150.8 156.8 141.0 233.9 192.7 247.4 117.3 188.2 156.1 214.6 150.9 156.7 141.0 234.3 193.1 247.4 117.3 193.0 156.4 214.9 152.6 156.6 141.0 234.6 173.6 247.4 117.3 194.9 156.9 214.0 149.3 156.5 141.0 235.3 215.7 251.2 121.3 195.0 2328 2331 2335 2341 2342 2361 2381 2394 2396 2421 Men’s and boys' work clothing ...................................... Women’s and misses’ blouses and waists (6/78 = 100) . Women's and misses’ dresses (12/77 - 100)................ Women’s and children's underwear (12/72 - 100) ........ Brassieres and allied garments (12/75 = 100) .............. Children’s dresses and blouses (12/77 = 100).............. Fabric dress and work gloves........................................ Canvas and related products (12/77 - 100).................. Automotive and apparel trimmings (12/77 - 100).......... Sawmills and planing mills (12/71 - 100)...................... 248.4 119.8 121.1 169.9 136.8 120.3 289.3 132.1 131.0 228.2 248.3 118.5 122.5 170.5 136.9 120.5 292.1 130.1 131.0 234.8 250.8 121.0 123.0 170.6 138.8 121.6 289.2 130.1 131.0 233.5 251.1 121.2 124.3 170.6 138.8 121.7 289.2 133.1 131.0 231.2 251.2 121.3 123.5 170.6 138.8 121.7 289.2 134.6 131.0 225.2 253.1 126.4 123.4 170.6 138.8 122.0 289.2 137.6 131.0 219.5 253.2 126.7 124.1 171.6 138.9 122.5 289.2 137.6 131.0 216.5 253.3 126.7 122.7 171.6 140.1 123.2 289.2 139.7 131.0 218.6 252.5 126.5 123.0 174.7 145.1 123.2 293.8 144.9 131.0 218.0 '254.2 '126.5 '123.0 ' 174.8 '148.8 '123.2 297.4 ' 144.9 131.0 '216.9 252.9 123.9 123.6 175.7 149.2 122.0 295.5 147.8 131.0 217.1 253.8 123.8 122.9 175.7 149.2 121.0 295.5 146.3 131.0 218.4 253.7 123.7 122.9 177.2 148.5 121.0 295.5 146.5 131.0 216.8 254.1 123.7 123.1 179.4 148.5 121.0 294.5 143.8 131.0 219.7 2436 2439 2448 2451 2492 2511 2512 2515 2521 2611 Softwood veneer and plywood (12/75 - 100)................ Structural wood members, n.e.c. (12/75 - 100) ............ Wood pallets and skids (12/75 - 100).......................... Mobile homes (12/74 - 100)........................................ Particleboard (12/75 - 100) ........................................ Wood household furniture (12/71 -1 0 0 ) ...................... Upholstered household furniture (12/71 = 100).............. Mattresses and bedsprings............................................ Wood office furniture .................................................... Pulp mills (12/73 - 100).............................................. 142.0 156.6 152.5 156.8 172.8 197.4 174.9 193.7 254.6 253.2 148.1 158.2 153.0 156.1 182.3 197.5 173.9 190.5 254.6 251.3 143.8 157.6 153.1 158.1 179.6 198.6 175.1 191.3 254.7 251.3 139.6 156.9 152.9 158.3 173.6 199.2 175.1 194.6 254.7 251.3 135.4 156.6 152.8 158.7 170.5 200.1 175.3 195.2 257.1 251.3 129.3 154.8 152.0 159.2 168.0 201.0 175.6 195.2 257.1 255.0 129.0 154.2 150.4 159.3 166.9 202.0 179.5 197.5 257.0 262.5 134.5 153.2 149.9 160.3 170.3 202.8 182.1 198.0 257.6 262.5 132.5 153.9 149.8 160.4 172.6 203.6 184.4 204.4 261.9 258.6 '130.5 '153.5 '149.0 '160.5 '170.7 '204.3 '179.3 '205.6 '270.7 '258.6 132.3 152.3 148.1 162.7 173.4 204.8 182.0 210.0 271.9 262.9 129.2 152.9 145.8 162.9 176.8 2070 184.6 210.1 271.9 255.8 126.0 151.5 144.6 163.1 176.7 207.3 185.1 210.3 271.9 254.8 133.3 152.9 144.2 163.4 176.9 207.6 185.1 210.3 271.9 246.5 2621 2631 2647 2654 2655 2812 2821 2822 2824 2873 Paper mills, except building (12/74 - 100).................... Paperboard mills (12/74 - 100) .................................. Sanitary paper products................................................ Sanitary food containers .............................................. Fiber cans, drums, and similar products (12/75 = 100) .. Alkalies and chlorine (12/73 - 100).............................. Plastics materials and resins (6/76 - 100).................... Synthetic rubber .......................................................... Organic fiber, noncellulosic............................................ Nitrogenous fertilizers (12/75 - 100) ............................ 156.3 151.8 343.8 245.3 163.0 305.3 150.8 292.9 155.7 142.7 155.7 152.3 344.4 242.2 160.9 309.3 150.7 296.3 156,8 143.4 157.0 151.7 344.2 246.0 163.2 306.2 155.0 297.3 159.2 143.5 157.4 152.4 344.3 252.9 163.2 310.4 155.6 299.4 160.3 143.9 158,8 153.7 344.3 253.2 163.2 316.0 156.0 2993 160.6 142.1 159.8 153.6 344.0 253.4 167.6 317,7 156.3 301.0 164.2 142.9 159.7 153.5 344.1 253.3 167.6 317.0 153.7 301.4 162.5 144.2 159.6 152.7 344.6 253.3 170.0 324.8 154.3 302.7 161.9 142.9 162.0 152.5 344.6 254.0 176.4 329.4 150.7 303,9 161.8 142.4 162.0 ' 153.4 ' 344.6 '256.9 176.5 '335.2 '152.6 '306.1 '162.9 '142.6 161.9 153.2 345.6 261.4 176.5 335.0 151.7 305.6 162.4 142.2 161.8 153.0 345.5 261.4 176.5 322.1 151.2 306.6 161.7 142.7 160.5 151.5 344.7 261.4 176.7 338.2 151.9 307.1 161.7 141.1 160.8 150.0 347.3 261.4 176 7 338.2 150.7 303.8 161.3 139.5 2874 2875 2892 2911 2951 2952 3011 Phosphatic fertilizers .................................................... Fertilizers, mixing only .................................................. Explosives .................................................................. Petroleum refining (6/76 = 100) .................................. Paving mixtures and blocks (12/75 = 100).................... Asphalt felts and coatings (12/75 - 100) ...................... Tires and inner tubes (12/73 - 100) ............................ 254.1 270.2 312.0 294.4 194.3 176.7 215.9 250.9 273.1 312.6 302.6 198.4 185.7 216.2 249.4 275.3 315.7 299.1 197.1 182.8 213.1 260.0 2730 319.8 297.5 196.3 182.3 215.5 259.4 272.0 316.5 295.8 196.0 174.3 220.6 259.4 273.8 318.7 294.6 196.3 174.9 221.0 258.5 273.7 316.5 293.3 196.4 178.1 220.1 259.0 270.5 315.6 293.1 196.0 176.1 221.2 261.0 274.3 314.9 293.0 197.0 174.2 222.0 '263.5 '276.8 ' 317.6 ' 289 1 '198.0 '173.8 '222.4 261.7 278.1 316.3 281,9 198.8 170.5 2223 258.5 278.4 322.2 267.5 197.1 167.4 220.9 256.2 278.5 321.4 259.2 196.6 167.7 221.2 257.6 278.8 319.6 267.7 195.1 169.8 221.5 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 93 M ONTHLY LABOR REVIEW August 1982 • Current Labor Statistics: Producer Prices 27. Continued— Producer Price Indexes for the output of selected SIC industries [1967 = 100 unless otherwise specified] 1972 A nnual 1981 1982 In d u s try d e s c r ip tio n S IC code 1981 June J u ly Aug. S e p t. O c t. Nov. Dec. J an . F e b .’ M a r. A p r. M ay June 3021 3031 3079 3111 3143 3144 3171 3211 3221 Rubber and plastic footwear (12/71 = 100).................................... Reclaimed rubber (12/73 =100) .................................................... Miscellaneous plastic products (6/78 = 100) .................................. Leather tanning and finishing (12/77 = 100).................................... Men’s footwear, except athletic (12/75 = 100)................................ Women’s footwear, except athletic.................................................. Women’s handbags and purses (12/75 = 100) .............................. Flat glass (12/71 = 100) .............................................................. G ass containers............................................................................ 184.4 193.4 128.8 150.6 169.1 217.8 155.5 175.6 328.4 184.1 187.7 129.6 150.7 169.6 218.5 158.4 174.6 335.2 185.0 192.9 129.2 151.3 170.7 218.9 158.4 180.0 335.4 185.4 200.3 130.2 148.5 171.4 217.8 158.4 180.0 335.4 185.3 200.3 130.3 148.3 170.9 218.2 158.4 180.0 335.4 185.0 200.3 130.8 148.2 170.5 212.5 158.4 180.1 335.4 185.0 200.3 130.8 146.8 170.6 212.7 158.4 180.1 335.4 185.2 200.3 131.0 147.5 171.3 212.4 158.4 177.4 335.4 186.1 200.3 131.1 150.8 173.1 208.5 158.4 177.5 335.3 r 188.4 r 200.4 '131.6 '149.3 '172.2 '209.8 158.4 '177.5 '352.1 189.1 204.9 132.5 148.2 173.6 211.6 158.4 177.5 355.1 189.0 206,9 132.9 147.5 174.9 215.6 158.4 177.5 357.3 186.7 207.2 132.7 147.3 175.1 213.4 158.4 177.5 357.3 187.0 208.4 132.9 146.9 175.2 215.2 158.4 177.5 357.3 3241 3251 3253 3255 3259 3261 3262 3263 3269 3271 Cement, hydraulic.......................................................................... Brick and structural clay tile ............................................................ Ceramic wall and floor tile (12/75 = 100) ...................................... Clay refractories............................................................................ Structural clay products, n.e.c........................................................... Vitreous plumbing fixtures .............................................................. Vitreous china food utensils............................................................ Fine earthenware food utensils........................................................ Pottery products, n.e.c. (12/75 = 100)............................................ Concrete block and brick................................................................ 328.5 296.9 132.5 310.4 222.7 254.9 335.0 308.9 160.1 270.4 331.0 298.5 132.1 312.2 223.9 255.8 336.6 309.6 160.7 271.2 331.6 298.9 132.1 312.3 223.9 258.7 336.6 309.6 160.7 271.2 331.6 298.9 132.1 312.3 223.9 259.6 336.6 309.6 160.7 274.0 332.0 299.9 140.4 312.5 227.5 259.0 336.8 313.8 161.8 274.2 330.3 299.9 140.4 313.9 231.7 259.0 336.8 313.8 161.8 274.3 330.3 300.5 140.4 315.2 231.7 259.3 344.7 315.0 163.7 274.2 330.3 300.5 140.4 319.9 236.6 260.1 344.7 315.0 163.7 275.1 339.6 298.9 140.4 329.6 225.6 261.1 347.7 315.1 164.3 274.9 '341.5 '299.4 ' 140.4 '354.4 '226.0 260.6 347.7 '315.1 '164.3 '276.4 338.3 291.8 136.8 357.5 196.8 260.7 347.3 314.4 164.1 276.3 337.9 295.9 137.1 357.0 202.4 261.9 336.2 312.8 161.4 276.4 338.6 305.8 138.0 357.2 216.4 265.4 345.2 314.1 163.6 276,6 338.7 306.4 138.0 357.1 216.5 265.5 349.8 314.8 164.8 277.0 3273 3274 3275 3291 3297 3312 3313 3316 3317 3321 Ready-mixed concrete.................................................................... Lime (12/75 = 100) ...................................................................... Gypsum products .......................................................................... Abrasive products (12/71 =100) .................................................. Nonclay refractories (12/74 = 100)................................................ Blast furnaces and steel mills ........................................................ Electrometallurgical products (12/75 = 100) .................................. Cold finishing of steel shapes.......................................................... Steel pipes and tubes .................................................................... Gray iron foundries (12/68 = 100).................................................. 298.7 172.5 257.3 232.5 185.3 342.8 121.8 316.2 341.5 299.5 301.7 173.0 260.9 234.1 189.7 338.2 120.7 309.5 336.3 298.4 300.7 173.1 261.8 235.0 189.7 350.1 121.2 325.0 348.2 298.8 300.0 173,9 258.9 235.1 189.7 350.0 121.5 325.7 350.6 299,9 299.2 173.7 252.9 237.3 189.7 350.3 121.4 326.2 350.5 302.0 299.5 173.7 251.5 237.6 189.7 353.1 125.4 326.4 362.0 303.3 299.4 173.5 252.5 241.0 190.2 353.0 125.4 326.4 362.3 305.2 299.6 173.8 250.6 241.0 190.3 353.3 125.3 326.7 363.0 306.1 301,9 178.8 250.9 241.3 191.2 354.7 125.3 327.0 363.7 307.9 '301.9 '183.7 253.9 '248.3 '198.3 '354.4 123.4 327.0 '364.1 '310.0 302.0 186.0 260.5 247.8 200.5 354.5 120.3 327.0 366.0 310.6 303.3 186.6 262.2 248.9 202.4 356.1 120.3 327.6 365.8 310.4 303.9 188.1 258.8 251.2 203.2 355.9 120.3 327.8 365.8 311.4 304.7 188.4 256.2 252.1 203.9 353.6 120.4 325.6 365.7 311.6 3333 3334 3351 3353 3354 3355 3411 3425 3431 3465 Primary zin c.................................................................................. Primary aluminum.......................................................................... Copper rolling and drawing ............................................................ Aluminum sheet, plate, and foil (12/75 = 100) ................................ Aluminum extruded products (12/75 = 100).................................... Aluminum rolling, drawing, n.e.c. (12/75 = 100) .............................. Metal cans.................................................................................... Hand saws and saw blades (12/72 = 100) .................................... Metal sanitary ware................................................................ Automotive stampings (12/75 = 100) ............................................ 326.5 333.5 212.4 175.9 180.1 159.1 305.3 201.3 265.0 146.4 335.1 332.5 210.6 176.1 180.8 157.3 304.7 200.2 265.2 145.2 335.4 334.2 209.4 177.3 181.2 157.2 305.5 204.1 269.2 146.2 353.8 334.4 212.9 177.4 181.3 157.2 306.7 204.2 269.7 146.4 355.9 333.6 214.1 178.0 181.2 157.7 306.8 204.6 270.2 146.9 337.0 333.5 212.3 179.9 181.3 163.0 307.0 204.8 270.3 147.4 337.5 332.5 209.2 180.2 181.4 166,2 306.0 205.0 271.6 149.7 315.7 332.8 207.1 180.8 181.1 166.1 304.9 206.0 271.8 149.1 308.6 324.1 204.8 181.8 180.8 166.1 310.8 211.6 271.3 150.1 '311.2 ' 320.2 '203.9 '181.7 180.8 '166.5 '314.0 '214.8 '272.8 '144.7 298.6 320.7 199.6 181.4 180.5 165.9 315.1 214,3 273.8 152.6 2734 316.5 196.6 180,1 179.9 162.9 319.6 214.9 275,8 152.7 259.9 313.8 197.5 178.7 180.2 163.0 320.4 220.8 275,7 153,0 259.7 308.4 189.8 178.0 180.1 165.4 319.3 220.9 276.0 153.0 3482 3493 3494 3498 3519 3531 3532 3533 3534 3542 Small arms ammunition (12/75 = 100) ...................... Steel springs, except wire ........................................................ Valves and pipe fittings (12/71 = 100)...................................... Fabricated pipe and fittings .................................................... Internal combustion engines, n.e.c................................................... Construction machinery (12/76 = 100) .................. Mining machinery (12/72 = 100)............................ Oilfield machinery and equipment........................................ Elevators and moving stairways........................................ Machine tools, metal forming types (12/71 = 100) ................ 160.5 245.1 248.4 361.4 311.0 157.0 282.3 395.4 253.5 306.4 157.8 241.9 248.5 361.6 307.2 156.9 280.8 390.3 251.2 305.7 157.8 243.7 250.0 364.6 312.0 159.0 282.7 401.3 252.1 307.6 159.9 248.9 251,0 370.0 314.2 159.5 285.3 406.5 252.8 309.5 159.9 252.4 252.7 375.1 322.1 160.1 286.9 411.3 254.6 312.0 159.9 253.9 252.9 377.7 323.2 161.0 288.5 415.6 257.0 311.7 159.9 254.1 253.5 378.6 326.4 161.6 290.8 418.2 260.7 312.3 163.9 256.1 255.7 379.3 325.4 159.7 292.9 420.3 265.6 319.3 167.5 255.8 257.7 378.6 329,4 162,5 295.5 427.2 264.3 319.7 '167.5 '257.4 '258.9 377.7 '332.0 ' 162.4 '297.8 '429.2 '269.8 '322.8 173.2 256.6 257.4 376.5 330.7 163.2 299.6 433.7 269.9 324.5 171.9 256.0 258.6 385.5 332,6 164.1 301.4 436.2 270.8 325.5 171.9 255.3 259.2 385.4 337.0 165.2 302.7 435.8 271.6 325.6 175.9 255.2 259.0 385.4 337.7 165.3 303.5 437.8 273.5 326.5 3546 3552 3553 3576 3592 3612 3623 3631 3632 3633 Power driven hand tools (12/76 = 100)............ Textile machinery (12/69 = 100).............. Woodworking machinery (12/72 = 100).......... Scales and balances, excluding laboratory ........................ Carburetors, pistons, rings, valves (6/76 = 100)................ Transformers ................................................ Welding apparatus, electric (12/72 = 100)............ Household cooking equipment (12/75 = 100)........................ Household refrigerators, freezers (6/76 = 100) ........ Household laundry equipment (12/73 = 100).................... 147.1 243.4 224.5 226.2 177.9 209.7 227.2 141.1 132.3 174.2 147.1 244.4 219.7 230.3 176.5 209.6 227.2 141.0 130.8 173.6 148.2 246.2 224.0 226.6 180.8 210.7 228.3 140.5 135.5 174.1 148.4 245.4 225.4 226.6 181.3 212.8 229.6 141.5 135.5 174,6 148.6 248.2 228.9 226.1 182.1 214.5 231.6 141.6 136.4 177.2 149.5 248.0 228.9 226.2 185.4 217.3 232.5 141.6 137.8 177.0 149.5 247,9 229.1 226.3 187.2 222.0 233.2 141.9 137.9 178.4 150.0 249.9 229.1 226.5 187.3 222.0 235.8 142.6 137.9 178.8 153.3 252.3 233.7 228.3 185.3 220.5 236.8 146.0 140.1 180.1 '153.2 '253.5 '232.9 '228.8 ' 189.6 '222.2 ' 236.9 '146.8 '141.1 '180.5 153.4 253.4 229.6 229.8 190.2 222.4 231.5 146.9 140.8 186.2 154.0 256.2 235.0 229.6 192.6 223.2 232 9 146.2 142.5 186.9 156.1 256.5 234.7 229.5 195.2 224.7 232.9 146.8 143.2 188.6 156.4 258.1 234.4 230.6 195.7 224.8 233.1 146.9 144.3 189.0 3635 3636 3641 3644 3646 3648 3671 3674 3675 3676 Household vacuum cleaners ........................ Sewing machines (12/75 = 100)........................ Electric lamps........................................ Noncurrent-carrying wiring devices (12/72 = 100) Commercial lighting fixtures (12/75 = 100) .............. Lighting equipment, n.e.c. (12/75 = 100) .................. Electron tubes receiving type.......................................... Semiconductors and related devices .................. Electronic capacitors (12/75 = 100) .................................. Electronic resistors (12/75 = 100)...................... 156.8 146.6 277.5 250.4 154.4 155.7 309.7 90.4 170,3 141.3 158.6 153.8 276.5 251.5 156.2 153.7 312.5 90.3 171.2 141.2 158.6 153.8 275.2 253.3 154.4 153.8 327.4 89.2 171.4 142.1 158,8 153.8 280.0 253.8 155.5 161.3 327.5 89.2 178.8 142.5 158.8 153.8 283.1 258.5 157.6 161.7 327.5 91.4 172.4 142.7 161.3 156.0 285.9 258.7 158.9 162.0 327.5 91.6 171.5 142.7 161.0 156 0 284,8 262.1 159.3 162.4 327.8 92.0 168.1 143.0 160.8 156.0 281.3 262.1 159.2 163.1 342.2 91.7 166.6 142.8 165.6 156.0 282.1 257.9 159.2 162.8 374.1 90.9 167 4 143.7 '165.2 ' 155.8 '286.1 '259.0 161.1 167.8 '374.2 '90.2 ' 169.7 '144.0 158.8 155.2 283.5 261.5 163.2 168.8 375.1 91.2 168.6 144.0 158.2 153.7 290.7 259.5 163.6 170.2 375.2 90.1 167.8 144.7 158,3 153.7 294.5 263.0 167.5 170.4 375.0 89.6 166.6 145.2 158.4 1537 2939 261.1 167,2 170.9 375.1 89,7 166.8 144.9 3678 3692 3711 3942 3944 3955 3995 3996 Electronic connectors (12/75 = 100).................................... Primary batteries, dry and w e t............................................ Motor vehicles and car bodies (12/75 = 100).............. Dolls (12/75 = 100)...................................... Games, toys, and children’s vehicles ........................ Carbon paper and inked ribbons (12/75 = 100).............. Burial caskets (6/76 =100) .................... Hard surface floor coverings (12/75 = 100).......................... 154.8 182.2 150.2 131.1 220.5 138.6 139.5 151.8 154.3 181.0 150.3 130.9 221.9 140.4 138.3 151.5 155.0 181.6 150.3 130.9 222.0 140.4 138.3 153.3 155.8 182.7 150.1 130.9 222.0 140.6 140.6 153.6 156.5 182.7 143.4 130.9 222.2 140.6 143.4 153.7 156.8 182.7 158.6 130.9 222.2 140.2 143.4 153.7 155.8 182.7 158.7 130.9 222.6 140.2 143.4 153.7 155.8 182.7 159.1 130.9 223.9 140.3 142.7 153.7 155.9 182.0 159.8 135.5 228.4 140.3 142.7 155.1 '156.2 ' 184.3 ' 155.0 ' 136.6 '232.5 140.3 143.8 155.2 157.1 191.2 154,7 136.2 231.4 140.3 145.3 156.1 156.7 195.4 154.5 136,5 231.4 140.3 145.3 156.1 158.1 194.9 156.7 136.5 231.7 140.5 149.3 156.3 158.3 195.8 159.6 136.5 231.7 140.6 149.3 154.3 ' Data for February 1982 have been revised to reflect the availability of late reports and corrections by respondents. All data are subject to revision 4 months after original publication. 94 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 2 Not available, r = revised. PRODUCTIVITY DATA are compiled by the Bureau of Labor Statistics from establishment data and from estimates of com pensation and output supplied by the U.S. Department of Commerce and the Federal Reserve Board. P r o d u c t iv it y d a t a Definitions Output is the constant dollar gross domestic product produced in a given period. Indexes of output per hour of labor input, or labor pro ductivity, measure the value of goods and services produced per hour of labor. Compensation per hour includes wages and salaries of em ployees plus employers’ contributions for social insurance and private benefit plans. The data also include an estimate of wages, salaries, and supplementary payments for the self-employed, except for nonfinancial corporations, in which there are no self-employed. Real com pensation per hour is compensation per hour adjusted by the Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers. Unit labor cost measures the labor compensation cost required to produce one unit of output and is derived by dividing compensation by output. Unit nonlabor payments include profits, depreciation, in terest, and indirect taxes per unit of output. They are computed by subtracting compensation of all persons from the current dollar gross domestic product and dividing by output. In these tables, unit nonlabor costs contain all the components of unit nonlabor payments except unit profits. Unit profits include corporate profits and invento ry valuation adjustments per unit of output. The implicit price deflator is derived by dividing the current dollar estimate of gross product by the constant dollar estimate, making the deflator, in effect, a price index for gross product of the sector reported. 28. The use of the term “man hours” to identify the labor component of productivity and costs, in tables 28 through 31, has been discontin ued. Hours of all persons is now used to describe the labor input of payroll workers, self-employed persons, and unpaid family workers. Output per all-employee hour is now used to describe labor productiv ity in nonfinancial corporations where there are no self-employed. Notes on the data In the private business sector and the nonfarm business sector, the basis for the output measure employed in the computation of output per hour is Gross Domestic Product rather than Gross National Product. Computation of hours includes estimates of nonfarm and farm proprietor hours. Output data are supplied by the Bureau of Economic Analysis, U.S. Department of Commerce, and the Federal Reserve Board. Quarterly manufacturing output indexes are adjusted by the Bureau of Labor Statistics to annual estimates of output (gross product originating) from the Bureau of Economic Analysis. Compensation and hours data are from the Bureau of Economic Analysis and the Bureau of Labor Statistics. Beginning with the September 1976 issue of the Review, the produc tivity tables were revised to reflect changeover to the new series — pri vate business sector and nonfarm business sector— which differ from the previously published total private economy and nonfarm sector in that output imputed for owner-occupied dwellings and the household and institutions sectors, as well as the statistical discrepancy, are omitted. For a detailed explanation, see J. R. Norsworthy and L. J. Fulco, “New sector definitions for productivity series,” M on th ly L abor R eview, October 1976, pages 40-42. Annual indexes of productivity, hourly compensation, unit costs, and prices, selected years, 1950 81 [1977 = 100] Ite m Private business sector: Output per hour of all persons . Compensation per hour ............. Real compensation per hour . .. Unit labor c o s t............................. Unit nonlabor payments ........... Implicit price deflator ................ Nonfarm business sector: Output per hour of all persons . Compensation per hour ........... Real compensation per hour .. . Unit labor c o s t........................... Unit nonlabor payments ........... Implicit price deflator ................ Nonfinancial corporations: Output per hour of all employees Compensation per hour ........... Real compensation per hour . . . Unit labor c o s t ........................... Unit nonlabor payments ........... Implicit price deflator ................ Manufacturing: Output per hour of all persons . Compensation per hour ........... Real compensation per hour . . . Unit labor c o s t ........................... Unit nonlabor payments ........... Implicit price deflator ............... 1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 50.3 20.0 50.4 39.8 43.5 41.0 58.2 26.3 59.6 45.2 47.8 46.1 65.1 33.9 69.4 52.1 50.8 51.7 78.2 41.7 80.0 53.3 57.8 54.8 86.1 58.2 90.8 67.6 63.4 66.2 92.7 78.0 95.9 84.2 78.9 82.4 94.8 85.5 96.3 90.2 90.7 90.4 97.9 92.9 98.8 94.8 94.4 94.7 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 99.8 108.4 100.7 108,6 105.1 107.4 99.5 119.3 99.6 119.9 110.9 116.9 99.3 131.5 96.7 132.4 118.3 127.6 100.4 144.6 96.3 144.0 130.6 139.4 56.2 21.8 55.0 38.8 42.8 40.2 62.7 28.3 63.9 45.1 47.9 46.0 68.2 35.6 73.0 52.3 50.5 51.7 80.4 42.8 82.2 53.2 58.2 54.9 86.7 58.6 91.5 67.6 640 66.4 93.1 78.4 96.4 84.3 76.1 81.6 95.0 86.0 96.8 90.5 88.9 89.9 98.1 93.0 99.0 94.8 94,0 94.5 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 99.8 108.5 100.7 108.7 103.6 107.0 99.1 119.0 99.3 120.0 108.5 116.2 98.8 130.8 96.2 132.4 117.6 127.4 99.7 143.9 95.9 144.3 130.4 139.7 ( ') {' ) (' ) (’ ) ( 1) ( 1) ( 1) (’ ) ( ) ( 1) ( 1) 1 66.3 36.3 74.2 54.7 546 54.7 79.9 43.0 82.6 53.8 60.8 56.2 85.4 58.3 91.0 68.3 63.1 66.5 91.3 77.6 95.4 85.1 75.7 81.8 94.4 85.5 96.3 90.6 90.9 90.7 97.4 92.5 98.5 95.0 95.0 95.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.4 108.2 100.5 107.8 103.8 106.4 100.4 118.7 99.1 118.2 108.3 114.8 101.0 130.7 96.2 129.4 117.3 125.2 103.5 143.9 95.9 139.0 132.3 136.7 49.5 21.5 54.1 43.4 55.1 46.8 56.5 28.8 65.2 51.0 59.4 53.4 60.1 36.7 75.1 61.1 62.0 61.3 74.6 42.9 82.3 57.4 70.3 61.2 79.2 57.6 89.9 72.7 66.0 70.7 90.9 76.4 93.9 84.1 70.4 80.1 93.5 85.5 96.3 91.4 88.5 90.6 97.7 92.4 98.3 94.6 95.1 94.7 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.9 108.2 100.5 107.3 104.7 106.5 102.0 118.8 99.2 116.5 105.7 113.4 101.7 131.6 96.8 129.4 108.7 123.4 104.0 146.2 97.4 140.6 122.6 135.4 (’ ) 1Not available. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 95 M ONTHLY LABOR REVIEW August 1982 • Current Labor Statistics: Productivity 29. Annual changes in productivity, hourly compensation, unit costs, and prices, 1971-81 A n n u a l ra te Year of change Ite m Private business sector: Output per hour of all persons ............................ Compensation per hour ...................................... Real compensation per hour................................ Unit labor cost.................................................... Unit nonlabor payments...................................... Implicit price deflator .......................................... Nonfarm business sector: Output per hour of all persons ............................ Compensation per hour ...................................... Real compensation per hour................................ Unit labor cost.................................................... Unit nonlabor payments...................................... Implicit price deflator .......................................... Nonfinancial corporations: Output per hour of all employees........................ Compensation per hour ...................................... Real compensation per hour................................ Unit labor cost.................................................... Unit nonlabor payments...................................... Implicit price deflator .......................................... Manufacturing: Output per hour of all persons ............................ Compensation per hour ...................................... Real compensation per hour................................ Unit labor cost.................................................... Unit nonlabor payments...................................... Implicit price deflator .......................................... 1971 197 2 197 3 1 97 4 197 5 1 97 6 1 97 7 1 97 8 197 9 198 0 1981 3.6 6.6 2.2 2.9 7.6 4.4 3.5 6.5 3.1 2.9 4.5 3.4 2.7 8.0 1.7 5.2 5.9 5.4 -2.3 9.4 -1.4 11.9 4,4 9.4 2.3 9.6 0.4 7.2 15.0 9.7 3.3 8.6 2.7 5.1 4.1 4.7 2.1 7.7 1.2 5.5 5.9 5.6 -0.2 8.4 0.7 8.6 5.1 7.4 -0.3 10.1 -1.1 10.4 5.5 8.8 -0.2 10.2 -2.9 10.4 6.6 9.2 1.1 10.0 -0.3 8.8 10.4 9.3 2.4 6.2 2.3 3.6 3.3 3.5 2.1 7.2 1.7 5.0 4.5 4,9 3.3 66 2.2 3.1 7.4 4.5 3.7 6.7 3.3 2.8 3.2 3.0 2.5 7.6 1.3 4.9 1.3 3.7 -2.4 9.4 -1.4 12.1 5.9 10.1 2.1 9.6 0.4 7.4 16.7 10.3 3.2 8,1 2.2 4.7 5.7 5.1 2.0 7.6 1.0 5.5 6.4 5.8 -0.2 8.5 0.7 8.7 3.6 7.0 -0.7 9.7 -1.4 10.4 4.8 8.6 -0.3 9.9 -3.2 10.3 8.4 9.7 0.9 10.0 -0.3 9.0 10.9 9.6 2.1 5.9 2.0 3.7 3.3 3.6 1.8 7.0 1.5 5.0 4.4 4.8 4.8 6.5 2.1 1.6 7.4 3.5 3.0 5.8 2.5 2.8 2.7 2.8 2.6 7.7 1.4 4.9 1.5 3,8 -3.4 9.7 -1.1 13.6 7.1 11.4 3.4 10.1 0.9 6.5 20.1 10.9 3.2 8.2 2.3 4.9 4.6 4.8 2.7 8.1 1.5 5.3 5.2 5.2 0.4 8.2 0.5 7.8 3.8 6.4 0.0 9.7 - 1.4 9.7 4.4 7.9 0.6 10.1 -3.0 9.5 8.3 9.1 2.4 10.0 -0.3 7.4 12.8 9,2 ( ') ( ') ( 1) ( 1) ( ') ( ') 2.0 6.9 1.4 4.8 4.0 4.5 6.1 6.1 1.8 0.0 11.2 3.1 5.0 5.4 2.0 0.3 0.8 0.5 5.4 7.2 0.9 1.7 -3.3 0.3 -2.4 10.6 -0.3 13.3 -1.8 9.0 2.9 11.9 2.5 8.8 25.9 13.1 4,4 8.0 2.1 3.4 7.4 4,6 2.4 8.3 1.7 5.7 5.2 5.6 0.9 8.2 0.5 7.3 4.7 6.5 1.1 9.8 -1.3 8.6 0.9 6.4 -0.3 10.7 -2.5 11.0 2.9 8.8 2.2 11.1 0.7 8.7 12.7 9.7 2.6 5.8 2.0 3.1 2.3 2.8 2.6 6.9 1.4 4,1 3.0 3.8 1 95 0-81 1 96 0 -8 1 1Not available. 30. Quarterly indexes of productivity, hourly compensation, unit costs, and prices, seasonally adjusted [1977 = 100] Q u a rte r ly in d e x e s A nnual Ite m Private business sector: Output per hour of all persons ............................ Compensation per hour ...................................... Real compensation per hour................................ Unit labor cost.......................................... Unit nonlabor payments...................................... Implicit price deflator .......................................... Nonfarm business sector: Output per hour of all persons ............................ Compensation per hour .................................. Real compensation per hour................................ Unit labor cost.................................................... Unit nonlabor payments...................................... Implicit price deflator .......................................... Nonfinancial corporations: Output per hour of all employees ........................ Compensation per hou r........................ Real compensation per hour........................ Total unit costs .......................... Unit labor cost ............................................ Unit nonlabor costs...................................... Unit profits ................................ Implicit price deflator .......................................... Manufacturing: Output per hour of all persons ............................ Compensation per hour ...................................... Real compensation per hour................................ Unit labor cost.............................................. 96 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis a v e ra g e 1 97 9 198 0 1981 198 2 198 0 1981 III IV I II III IV 99.3 131.5 96.7 132.4 118.3 127.6 100.4 144,6 96.3 144.0 130,6 139.4 99.4 120.7 99.2 121.4 111.5 118.1 99.1 123.2 98.0 124.3 112.2 120.2 99.5 126.4 96.7 127.0 115.2 123.0 99.1 130.1 96.6 131.3 116.0 126.1 99.4 133,1 96.9 133.9 119.7 129.1 99.1 135.9 96.0 137.1 122.7 132.2 100.3 139.8 96.1 139.4 127.6 135.4 101.2 143.3 96.9 141.6 129.3 137.5 100.9 146.5 96.3 145.2 132.4 140.9 99.2 148.5 95.8 149.7 132.6 143.9 98.9 151.2 96.8 152.8 129.2 144.9 98.8 130.8 96.2 132.4 117.6 127.4 99.7 143.9 95.9 144.3 130,4 139.7 98.9 120.2 98.8 121.5 109.2 117.4 98.8 123.0 97.8 124.4 110.1 119.7 98.9 126.0 96.4 127.4 113.9 122.9 98.2 129.4 96.0 131,8 115.1 126.3 99.0 132.3 96.3 133.6 119.2 128.8 99.0 135.4 95.7 136.8 122.0 131.9 100.0 139.2 95.7 139.1 127.8 135.3 100.4 142.4 96.3 141.9 128.7 137.5 99.9 145.7 95.8 145.8 132.2 141.2 98.2 147.9 95.4 150.7 132.8 144,7 98.3 150.8 96.5 153.3 129.7 145.4 101.0 130.7 96.2 129.7 129.4 130.2 90.2 125,2 103.5 143.9 95.9 140.9 139.0 146.1 103.6 136.7 100.5 120.1 98.7 118.2 119.5 114.6 97.5 115.9 99.9 122.7 97.5 121.3 122.8 117.2 92.2 118.1 100.2 125.7 96.2 124.2 125.4 120.9 95.5 121.0 100.1 129.3 95.9 129.2 129.1 129.3 83.4 124.1 101.8 132.5 96.5 131.1 130.2 133.8 89.1 126.4 101.8 135.5 95.7 134.1 133.1 136.9 92.4 129.5 103.4 139.3 95.8 136.0 134.7 139.5 106.8 132.7 104.0 142.4 96.3 138.7 137.0 143.6 102.8 134.7 103.8 145.5 95.7 142.2 140.2 147.7 106.7 138.2 102.4 148.0 95.5 147.0 144.6 153.8 96.6 141.4 102.3 151.1 96.7 150.0 147.7 156.3 80.7 142.2 101.7 131.6 96.8 129.4 104.0 146.2 97.4 140.6 102.0 119.8 98.5 117.5 102.1 122.3 97.2 119.8 102.1 125.4 96.0 122.8 100.8 130.0 96.5 129.0 100.7 133.9 97.5 133.0 103.1 137.3 97.0 133.2 103.9 141.1 97.1 135.8 104,8 144.8 97.9 138.2 105.0 148.0 97.3 141.0 102.0 150.8 97.3 147.8 100.7 154.7 99.0 153,5 I II III IV I 31. Percent change from preceding quarter and year in productivity, hourly compensation, unit costs, and prices, seasonally adjusted at annual rate [1977 = 100] _______________ _____________________ _____________________________ ___________________ __________________________ P e r c e n t c h a n g e fr o m s a m e q u a r te r Q u a rte r ly p e r c e n t c h a n g e a t a n n u a l ra te Ite m c=corrected. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis I 1 98 0 II 198 0 III 198 0 y e a r ago IV 198 0 I 1981 IV 1 98 0 1 1981 II 1981 III 1981 IV 1981 to to to to to to to to to to to to I 1981 II 1981 III 1981 IV 1981 11982 III 1981 IV 1981 I 198 2 IV 198 0 3.5 10.4 3.2 6.6 5.3 6.2 -1.1 9.3 -2.3 10.6 10.1 10.4 -6.6 5.5 -2.1 13.0 0.4 8.9 -0.9 7.6 4.2 8.6 -9.7 2.6 0.0 10.3 -2.0 10.3 9.3 10.0 0.8 10.6 -0.6 9.7 10.8 10.1 2.1 10.1 0.3 7.8 11.5 9.0 1.5 10.1 -0.6 8.5 10.6 9.1 0.0 9.3 -0.2 9.3 8.1 8.9 -1.4 8.2 0.7 9.7 1.3 7.0 4.4 11.7 0.3 7.0 20.2 11.0 1.4 9.6 •2.5 8.1 3.0 6.5 -1.7 9.5 -2.2 11.5 11.3 11.4 -6.9 6.3 -1.4 14.1 -1.8 10.1 0.5 7.9 4.5 7.3 -9.0 2.1 0.2 10.1 -2.2 9.9 10.8 10.2 1.2 10.5 -0.7 9.2 12.2 10.1 2.3 10.0 0.3 7.6 11.8 8.9 0.9 10.2 -0.6 9.2 10.9 9.7 -0.8 9.3 -0.2 10.1 8.8 9.7 -1.7 8.3 0.8 10.2 1.5 7.5 0.0 9.4 -3.1 9.4 9.4 9.5 15.7 9.9 6.6 11.7 0.3 5.6 4.8 7.9 77.9 10.4 2.2 9.3 2.1 8.4 7.0 12.3 -13.9 6.2 -0.5 9.1 -2.5 10.3 9.7 11.8 15.7 10.7 -5.5 6.9 0.8 14.4 13.2 17.6 -32.6 9.6 -0.3 8.6 5.2 8.3 8.9 6.7 c -51.4 2.4 1.9 10.4 -1.9 10.5 8.4 16.8 0.3 9.6 3.2 10.8 -0.4 9.5 7.4 15.4 11.8 9.7 3.8 10.1 0.4 7.4 6.1 11.1 23.3 8.6 2.0 9,9 -0.8 8.4 7.7 10.4 19.7 9.3 0.6 9.2 -0.3 9.6 8.6 12.3 4.5 9.2 -1.1 8.5 0.9 10.3 9.7 12.0 -24.4 7.2 9.8 10.5 -2.2 0.6 3.1 11.6 c0.2 8.2 3.5 10.8 3.5 7.0 r0.9 9.3 -2.4 8.3 -11.0 7.6 -0.2 20.9 -4.9 10.7 7.2 16.5 1.0 12.3 -0.2 11.2 1.8 12.5 1.1 10.6 4.0 11.4 1.5 7.1 4.3 10.5 -0.2 6.0 -1.1 9.8 0.3 11.0 -3.0 9.6 2.0 13,0 1 1981 II 1981 -1.1 8.6 -3.8 9.8 10.2 9.9 4.7 11.9 0.5 6.9 17.1 10.0 -0.2 9.8 -2.7 10.1 9.9 10.0 IV 1 98 0 Private business sector: Output per hour of all persons ...................... Compensation per hour .................................. Real compensation per h o u r........................... Unit labor costs ............................................... Unit nonlabor payments .................................. Implicit price deflator ...................................... Nonfarm business sector: Output per hour of all persons ...................... Compensation per hour .................................. Real compensation per h o u r .................................... Unit labor costs ................................................................ Unit nonlabor payments .................................. Implicit price deflator ................................................... Nonfinancial corporations: Output per hour of all employees ........................ Compensation per hour ............................................. Real compensation per h o u r .................................... Total unit costs ............................................................... Unit labor costs ......................................................... Unit nonlabor c o s ts ...................................... Unit profits ........................................................................... Implicit price deflator ................................................... Manufacturing: Output per hour of all persons .............................. Compensation per hour ............................................. Real compensation per h o u r .................................... Unit labor costs ............................................... IV 1 97 9 III 198 0 WAGE AND COMPENSATION DATA D ata for the Employment Cost Index are reported to the Bu reau of Labor Statistics by a sample of 2,000 private nonfarm establishments and 750 State and local government units se lected to represent total employment in those sectors. On av erage, each reporting unit provides wage and compensation information on five well-specified occupations. Data on negotiated wage and benefit changes are obtained from contracts on file at the Bureau, direct contact with the parties, and secondary sources. Definitions The Employment Cost Index (ECI) is a quarterly measure of the average change in the cost of employing labor. The rate of total com pensation, which comprises wages, salaries, and employer costs for employee benefits, is collected for workers performing specified tasks. Employment in each occupation is held constant over time for all se ries produced in the ECI, except those by region, bargaining status, and area. As a consequence, only changes in compensation are meas ured. Industry and occupational employment data from the 1970 Cen sus of Population are used in deriving constant weights for the ECI. While holding total industry and occupational employment fixed, in the estimation of indexes by region, bargaining status, and area, the employment in those measures is allowed to vary over time in accord with changes in the sample. The rate of change (in percent) is avail able for wages and salaries, as well as for total compensation. Data are collected for the pay period including the 12th day of the survey months of March, June, September, and December. The statistics are neither annualized nor adjusted for seasonal influence. Wages and salaries consist of earnings before payroll deductions, ex cluding premium pay for overtime, work on weekends and holidays, and shift differentials. Production bonuses, incentive earnings, com missions, and cost-of-living adjustments are included; nonproduction bonuses are included with other supplemental pay items in the bene fits category; and payments-in-kind, free room and board, and tips are excluded. Benefits include supplemental pay, insurance, retirement and savings plans, and hours-related and legally required benefits. Data on negotiated wage changes apply to private nonfarm industry collective bargaining agreements covering 1,000 workers or more. Data on compensation changes apply only to those agreements cover ing 5,000 workers or more. First-year wage or compensation changes refer to average negotiated changes for workers covered by settle ments reached in the period and implemented within the first 12 months after the effective date of the agreement. Changes over the life 98 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis of the agreement refer to all adjustments specified in the contract, expressed as an average annual rate. These measures exclude wage changes that may occur under cost-of-living adjustment clauses, that are triggered by movements in the Consumer Price Index. Wage-rate changes are expressed as a percent of straight-time hourly earnings; compensation changes are expressed as a percent of total wages and benefits. Effective wage adjustments reflect all negotiated changes implemented in the reference period, regardless of the settlement date. They include changes from settlements reached during the period, changes deferred from contracts negotiated in an earlier period, and cost-of-living ad justments. The data also reflect contracts providing for no wage ad justment in the period. Effective adjustments and each of their components are prorated over all workers in bargaining units with at least 1,000 workers. Notes on the data The Employment Cost Index data series began in the fourth quar ter of 1975, with the quarterly percent change in wages and salaries in the private nonfarm sector. Data on employer costs for employee bene fits were included in 1980, to produce a measure of the percent change in employers’ cost for employees’ total compensation. State and local government units were added to the ECI coverage in 1981, providing a measure of total compensation change in the civilian non farm economy. Data for the broad white-collar, blue-collar, and service worker groups, and the manufacturing, nonmanufacturing, and service indus try groups are presented in the ECI. Additional occupation and in dustry detail are provided for the wages and salaries component of total compensation in the private nonfarm sector. For State and local government units, additional industry detail is shown for both total compensation and its wages and salaries component. Historical indexes (June 1981 = 100) of the quarterly rates of chang es presented in the ECI are also available. For a more detailed discussion of the ECI, see chapter 25, “The Employment Cost Index,” of the BLS Handbook of Methods (Bulletin 1910), and the Monthly Labor Review articles: “Employment Cost In dex: a measure of change in the ‘price of labor,”’ July 1975; “How benefits will be incorporated into the Employment Cost Index,” Janu ary 1978; and “The Employment Cost Index: recent trends and ex pansion,” May 1982. Additional data for the ECI and other measures of wage and com pensation changes appear in Current Wage Developments, a monthly periodical of the Bureau. 32. Employment Cost Index, total compensation [June 1981=100] P erc e n t ch an g e 198 2 1981 198 0 3 m o n th s 12 m o n th s ended ended S e r ie s C iv ilia n n o n fa r m w o r k e r s ' ................................................ Workers, by occupational group White-collar workers ...................................................... Blue-collar workers ........................................................ Service workers ............................................................ Workers, by industry division Manufacturing................................................................ Nonmanufacturing.......................................................... Services.................................................................... Public administration2 .................................................. P r iv a te n o n fa r m w o r k e r s Workers, by occupational group White-collar workers ...................................................... Blue-collar workers ........................................................ Service workers ............................................................ Workers, by industry division Manufacturing................................................................ Nonmanufacturing.......................................................... M a rc h June S e p t. Dec. M a rc h June S e p t. Dec. _ _ _ — - 100.0 102.6 104.5 106.3 1.7 - - - - - - 100.0 100.0 100.0 102.7 102.3 102.8 104.9 104.1 104.2 106.5 105.7 107.2 1.5 1.5 2.9 — 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 102.1 102.8 104.4 104.3 104.0 104.8 107.1 106.0 106.0 106.4 108.2 108.1 1.9 1.5 1.0 2.0 - - - - - - 886 90.7 92.8 94.7 98.1 100.0 102.0 104.0 105.8 1.7 7.8 88.7 88.3 89.9 90.8 90.5 90.8 92.6 930 92.7 94.5 94.9 94.3 98.3 97.8 99.3 100.0 100.0 100.0 101.8 102.2 101.9 104.0 104.0 103.1 105.8 105.6 106.7 1.7 1.5 3.5 7.6 8.0 7.5 88.7 88.6 90.5 90.8 92.6 92.9 94.7 94.7 98.0 98.2 100.0 100.0 102.1 102.0 104.0 103.9 106.0 105.7 1.9 1.7 8.2 7.6 - - - - - 100.0 105.3 107.4 108.8 1.3 - - - 105.7 104.2 107.8 105.9 109.1 108.2 1.2 2.2 - _ _ _ _ 100.0 100.0 — — — 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 105.8 106.0 106.3 105.0 104.3 107.9 107.9 108.3 107.8 106.0 109.0 108.9 109.3 109.5 108.1 1.0 .9 .9 1.6 2.0 — — S ta te a n d lo c a l g o v e r n m e n t w o r k e r s Workers, by occupational group White-collar workers ...................................................... Blue-collar workers........................................................ Workers, by industry division Elementary and secondary...................................... Hospitals and other services3 ...................................... Public administration2 .................................................... 'Excludes private household and Federal workers. Consists of legislative, judicial, administrative, and regulatory activities. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis M a rc h 198 2 M a rc h - : _ — - - - - - includes, for example, library, social, and health services. N ote : Dashes indicate data not available. 99 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW August 1982 • Current Labor Statistics: Wage and Compensation Data 33. Employment Cost Index, wages and salaries, by occupation and industry group [June 1981 = 100] P erc e n t ch an g e Ì80 Series 1981 198 2 3 m o n th s ended 12 m o n th s ended M a rc h June S e p t. Dec. M a rc h June S e p t. Dec. M a rc h - - - - - 100.0 102.5 104.4 106.3 1.8 - - ~ - — — — — — 100.0 100.0 100.0 102.6 102.4 102.5 104.7 104.0 103.6 106.7 105.5 106.8 1.9 1.4 3.1 — Civilian nonfarm workers' Workers, by occupational group White-collar workers ...................... Blue-collar workers........................ Service workers ............................ _ Workers, by industry division Manufacturing................................ Nonmanufacturing.......................... Services.................................... Public administration2 .................. - _ All private nonfarm workers3 - — _ M a rc - — — — ~ — — 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 102.1 102.7 104.4 103.8 104.0 104.5 106.6 105.5 105.9 106.5 108.6 107.5 1.8 1.9 1.9 1.9 198 2 - — — - 89.6 91.5 93.5 95.4 98.0 100.0 102.0 103.8 105.9 2.0 8.1 Workers, by occupational group White-collar workers ...................... Professional and technical workers Managers and administrators . . . . Salesworkers ............................ Clerical workers ........................ Blue-collar workers........................ Craft and kindred workers .......... Operatives, except transport . . . . Transport equipment operatives .. Nonfarm laborers ...................... Service workers ............................ 89.7 89.2 90.6 88.5 90.3 89.3 89.3 89.4 89.1 89,6 90.8 91.4 90.8 92.0 90.7 91.9 91.6 91.4 91.5 92.2 91.8 91.9 93.3 93.2 93.5 92.2 93.8 93.8 94.0 936 93.5 93.9 934 95.2 95.3 94.7 94.8 95.7 95.7 96.1 95.5 95.3 95.7 94.8 98.1 98.2 98.6 96.2 986 97.7 97.8 97.8 96.8 97,5 99.2 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 101.8 103.3 101.6 98.0 102.7 102.3 102.9 102.1 101.0 101.5 101.8 103.9 105.5 102.8 101,9 104.2 103.9 104.3 104.1 102,7 103.3 102.7 106.2 108.0 105.8 102.2 107.0 105.4 106.2 105.4 103.2 104.1 106.7 2.2 2.4 2.9 .3 2.7 1.4 1.8 1.2 .5 .8 3.9 8.3 10.0 7.3 6.2 8.5 7.9 8.6 7.8 6.6 6.8 7.6 Workers, by industry division Manufacturing.................................... Durables........................................ Nondurables.................................. Nonmanufacturing.............................. Construction.................................. Transportation and public utilities . . . Wholesale and retail trade.............. Wholesale trade ........................ Retail trade................................ Finance, insurance, and real estate .. Services.......................................... 89.9 89.3 91.0 89.5 89.3 88.2 90.5 89.7 90.8 87.1 90.5 91.8 91.2 92.7 91.3 91.9 90.2 92.2 92.1 92.2 89.4 91.9 93.6 93.5 93.8 93.4 94.5 93.1 93.6 93.0 93.8 91.2 94.2 95.7 95.7 95.7 95.2 95.9 95.6 95.1 95.9 94.8 93.1 95.7 97.9 97.9 97.8 98.1 97.6 97.7 98.2 98.5 98.1 95.7 99.6 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100,0 102.1 102.1 102.0 102.0 103.0 102.0 101.3 102.0 101.0 98.3 103.6 104.0 104.5 103.1 103.8 104.3 103.6 102.3 103.4 101.9 102.3 105.8 105.9 106.3 105.3 105.9 105.9 105.7 103.9 106.3 103.0 103.7 108.8 1.8 1.7 2.1 2.0 1.5 2.0 1.6 2.8 1.1 1.4 2.8 8.2 8.6 7.7 8.0 8.5 8.2 5.8 7.9 5.0 8.4 9.2 - State and local governments Workers, by occupational group White-collar workers ........................ Blue-collar workers .......................... Workers, by industry division Services.......................................... Schools ...................................... Elementary and secondary........ Hospitals and other services4 ........ Public administration2 ...................... - - - - - 100.0 105.0 107.0 108.2 1.1 - - - - - 100.0 100.0 105,4 103.9 107.5 105.5 108.5 107.5 .9 1.9 — — — — — — 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 105.5 105.7 106.0 104.6 103.3 107.6 107.7 107.9 107.3 105.5 _ — — " 'Excludes private household and Federal workers. Consists of legislative, judicial, administrative, and regulatory activities. 3 Excludes private household workers. 100 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 4 Includes, for example, library, social, and health services. N ote : Dashes indicate data not available. 108.4 108.3 108.7 108.8 107.5 .7 .6 .7 1.4 1.9 - _ _ _ _ - 34. Employment Cost Index, wages and salaries, private nonfarm workers, by bargaining status, region, and area size [June 1981 = 100] Percent change 1982 1981 1980 Series 3 months ended 12 months ended March 1982 March June Sept. Dec. March June Sept. Dec. March 87,4 — — 89.7 — — 92.4 — — 94.7 — 97.6 — 100.0 100.0 100.0 102.5 102.3 102.7 104.8 104.6 105.0 106.5 106.3 106.8 1.6 1.6 1.7 9.1 89.3 — 92.8 - 94.6 - 98.4 - 100.0 100.0 100.0 101.7 101.8 101.7 103.5 103.5 103.5 105.3 105.7 105.2 1.7 2.1 1.6 7.0 — 91.1 — — 88.5 88.8 90.6 90.3 92.8 91.9 94.7 94.2 98.1 98.1 100.0 100.0 102.1 101.8 104.1 105.2 105.7 106.2 1.5 2.9 7.7 Manufacturing ................................................................ Nonmanufacturing .......................................................... 88.4 88.8 88.0 90.8 91.3 90.4 93.5 93.8 93.1 95.8 96.1 95.5 97.4 97.7 97.1 100.0 100.0 100.0 102.7 102.6 102.8 105.0 104.7 105.2 106.5 105.9 107.0 1.4 U 1.7 Manufacturing ................................................................ Nonmanufacturing .......................................................... 90.2 91.0 89.9 91.8 92.3 91.5 93.4 93.4 93.4 95.1 95.4 95.0 98.2 97.9 98.3 100.0 100.0 100.0 101.6 101.7 101.6 103.2 103.3 103.2 105.6 105.9 105.5 2.3 2.5 2.2 North Central...................................................................... West................................................................................... 90.6 89.7 89.7 88.2 92.5 91.4 91.6 90.4 94.2 93.2 93.3 93.5 960 94.9 95.3 95.3 98.3 98.0 98.1 97.9 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 101.7 101.9 101.6 103.2 104.4 102.8 103.3 105.1 106.1 105.7 104.7 107.9 1.6 2.8 1.4 2.7 Workers, by area size1 Metropolitan areas.............................................................. Other areas........................................................................ 89.4 90.1 91.4 91.5 93.5 92.9 95.4 95.1 97.9 98.3 100.0 100.0 102.1 101.8 104.0 103.1 105.9 106.0 1.8 2.8 COMPENSATION Workers, by bargaining status1 Manufacturing ................................................................ Nonmanufacturing .......................................................... Manufacturing ................................................................ Nonmanufacturing .......................................................... Workers, by area size1 Metropolitan areas.............................................................. Other areas........................................................................ WAGES AND SALARIES Workers, by bargaining status1 Workers, by region1 8.4 7.5 8.2 7.9 6.7 1The indexes are calculated differently from those for the occupation and industry groups. For a detailed description of the index calculation, see BLS H andbook o f M ethods, Bulletin 1910. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 101 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW August 1982 • Current Labor Statistics: Wage and Compensation Data 35. Wage and compensation change, major collective bargaining settlements, 1977 to date [In percent] Quarterly average Annual averaae Measure 1980 1981 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1 II III IV I 9.6 6.2 8.3 6.3 9.0 6.6 10.4 7.1 10.2 8.3 8.8 6.7 10.2 7.4 11.4 7.2 8.5 6.1 First year of contract.................. Annual rate over life of contract .. 7.8 5.8 7.6 6.4 7.4 6.0 9.5 7.1 9.8 7.9 8.2 6.5 9.1 7.3 10.5 7.4 Manufacturing: First year of contract................ Annual rate over life of contract .. 8.4 5.5 8.3 6.6 6.9 5.4 7.4 5.4 7.2 6.1 7.2 5.7 6.7 5.1 Nonmanufacturing (excluding construction): First year of contract.................. Annual rate over life of contract .. 8.0 5.9 8.0 6.5 7.6 6.2 9.5 6.6 9.8 7.3 9.4 7.6 Construction: First year of contract.................. Annual rate over life of contract .. 6.3 6.3 6.5 6.2 8.8 8.3 13.6 11.5 13.5 11.3 10.8 9.1 1982 II III IV 7.7 7.2 11.6 10.8 10.5 8,1 11.0 5.8 1.8 1.1 8.3 6.5 7.1 6.2 11.8 9.7 10.8 8.7 9.0 5.7 2.2 2.0 8.4 5.6 7.8 5.8 6.4 5.5 8.2 6.7 9.0 7.5 6.6 5.4 1.9 1.8 10.3 8.5 9.5 5.9 8.2 6.8 8.0 7.3 11.8 9.1 8.6 7.2 9.6 5.6 1.8 1.4 12.2 10.4 15.4 13.0 14.3 12.0 11.4 10.3 12.9 11.1 16.4 12.4 11.4 11.7 9.3 8.9 I» Total compensation changes covering 5,000 workers or more, all industries: First year of contract.................. Annual rate over life of contract .. Wage rate changes covering at least 1,000 workers, all industries: 36. Effective wage adjustments in collective bargaining units covering 1,000 workers or more, 1977 to date Year Y e a r a n d q u a r te r 198 0 M e a s u re 197 8 1 97 9 1980 1 Average percent adjustment (including no change): All Industries.......................... Manufacturing........................ Nonmanufacturing.............................. From settlements reached in period ............ Deferred from settlements reached in earlier period From cost-of-living clauses................ Total number of workers receiving wage change (in thousands)1 .............................. From settlements reached in period.............................................. Deferred from settlements reached in earlier period ........................ From cost-of-living clauses.............................. Number of workers receiving no adjustments (in thousands) ................................................ 1982 p II Ill IV I II III IV I 8.0 8.4 7.6 8.2 8.6 7.9 9.1 9.6 8.8 9.9 10.2 9.7 9.5 9.4 9.5 1.6 2.0 1.3 3.3 3.4 3.2 3.5 2.9 4.0 1.3 1.7 1.1 1.7 2.3 1.2 3.2 2.4 3.8 3.3 3.1 3.4 1.5 19 1.1 9 8 1.0 3.0 3.2 1.7 2.0 3.7 2.4 3.0 3.0 3.1 3.6 3.5 2.8 2.5 3.8 3.2 .4 .5 .7 1.0 1.4 .8 1.7 1.2 .7 .5 .3 .6 ,4 .5 .7 1.1 1.4 .7 5 15 1.2 4 4 .6 5 .2 — — — — - - - 3,855 4,701 4,364 3,225 2,713 - 8,648 - — — — 2,270 - - - - - - - - — - — ~ 6,267 4,593 — — ~ 145 — " 1The total number of workers who received adjustments does not equal the sum of workers that received each type of adjustment, because some workers received more than one type of adjustment during the period. ^ 102 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1981 1981 _ _ 579 909 540 604 153 - 888 2,639 2,055 2,669 3,023 2,934 882 2,179 1 033 1,750 - 4,937 4,092 4,428 5,568 6,176 *•> WORK STOPPAGE DATA Estimates of days idle as a percent of estimated working time meas ures only the impact of larger strikes (1,000 workers or more). For merly, these estimates measured the impact of strikes involving 6 workers or more; that is, the impact of virtually a ll strikes. Due to budget stringencies, collection of data on strikes involving 6 workers or more was discontinued with the December 1981 data. Work stoppages include all known strikes or lockouts involving 1,000 workers or more and lasting a full shift or longer. Data are based largely on newspaper accounts and cover all workers idle one shift or more in establishments directly involved in a stoppage. They do not measure the indirect or secondary effect on other establishments whose employees are idle owing to material or service shortages. 37. Work stoppages involving 1,000 workers or more, 1947 to date B e g in n in g in m o n th o r y e a r D a y s id le W o r k e rs in v o lv e d N u m b e r o f s to p p a g e s M o n th a n d y e a r In e ffe c t B e g in n in g in In e ffe c t d u rin g m o n th m o n th o r y e a r d u rin g m o n th o r year (in th o u s a n d s ) (in th o u s a n d s ) Num ber (in th o u s a n d s ) P erc e n t o f e s tim a te d w o r k in g tim e 1947 ......................................................................................... 1948 1949 1950 .............. 270 245 262 424 1,629 1,435 2,537 1,698 25,720 26,127 43,420 30,390 .22 .38 .26 1951 ................................................ 1952 ......................................................................................... 1953 ................................................................................. .......................................... 1954 1955 415 470 437 265 363 1,462 2,746 1,623 1,075 2,055 15,070 48,820 18,130 16,630 21,180 .12 .38 .14 .13 .16 1956 ........................................................................... 1957 ......................................................................................... 1958 .................................. 1959 1960 287 279 332 245 222 1,370 887 1,587 1,381 896 26,840 10,340 17,900 60,850 13,260 .20 .07 .13 .43 09 1961......................................................................................... 1962 ...................................................... 1963 ................................ 1964 .......................................... 1965 195 211 181 246 268 1,031 793 512 1,183 999 10,140 11,760 10,020 16,220 15,140 .07 .08 .07 .11 .10 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 321 381 392 412 381 1,300 2,192 1,855 1,576 2,468 16,000 31,320 35,567 29,397 52,761 .10 .18 .20 .16 .29 298 250 317 424 235 2,516 975 1,400 1,796 965 35,538 16,764 16,260 31,809 17,563 .19 .09 .08 .16 .09 1976 1977 . . . 1978 . .. 1979 1980 231 298 219 235 187 1,519 1,212 1,006 1,021 795 23,962 21,258 23,774 20,409 20,844 .12 .10 .11 .09 .09 1981 . . 145 729 16,908 .07 .01 .01 .04 .20 .24 .13 .01 .01 .02 .02 .03 .04 ....................................................................................... .................................. 1971 1972 1973 . . . 1974 1975 .................................... ...................................................... 1981: January.................................................................. February ................................................................ March .................................................................... April ....................................................................... May ....................................................................... June ....................................................................... 6 7 16 17 18 30 12 10 20 27 27 43 12.0 10.7 201.6 48.0 85.1 200.1 29.6 20.9 207.8 223.5 259.0 415.1 257.9 118.5 861.8 4,085.2 4,454.0 2,618.3 1982°: January.................................................................. February ................................................................ March .................................................................... April ...................................................................... May ...................................................................... June ...................................................................... 2 2 3 8 r 14 14 4 6 8 15 '20 22 6.1 2.5 8.3 34.7 '43.7 33.3 11.4 13.9 21.3 54.3 '59.3 56.4 199.9 236.9 352.2 478.3 '616.1 816.9 r=revised. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 103 Published by BLS in May and June 1982 SALES PUBLICATIONS BLS Bulletins Bargaining Calendar, 1982. Bulletin 2127, 63 pp., $4.50 (GPO Stock No. 029-001-02698-6). Presents information on anticipated union adjustments for 1982. The informa tion—identified by company and union—includes major situa tions in which contracts expire, deferred wage increases come due, escalator clauses are reviewed, and contracts are reopened. BLS Economic Growth Model System Used for Projections to 1990. Bulletin 2112, 108 pp., $5.50 (GPO Stock No. 029-001-02705-2). Describes the current Economic Growth model which was used to develop the revised 1990 industry and occupational employment projections. Intended for analysts who desire detailed information on the BLS projection methods, models, and techniques. Major Collective Bargaining Agreements: Union Securi ty and Dues Checkoff Provisions. Bulletin 1425-21, 75 pp., $4.75 (GPO Stock No. 029-001-02707-9). The 21st and last in a series of BLS studies, this bulletin provides information about two important issues in collective bargaining: The protection of a union’s status by some type o f union security provision and the collection of union dues by a dues checkoff arrangement. Occupational Injuries and Illnesses in the United States by In dustry, 1980. Bulletin 2130, 48 pp., $3.25 (GPO Stock No. 029-001-02706-1). Contains 1979 and 1980 data by industry on occupational injuries, illnesses, and fatalities in private, non farm establishments. ment in States and areas; Establishment data adjusted to new benchmarks. Occupational Outlook Quarterly, Summer 1982, supple ment to the Occupational Outlook Handbook featuring guidance information on selected careers each quarter, 40 pp.,$2.75 ($8 per year). Articles: The Job Outlook for College Graduates During the 1980’s; The Class o f ’77 One Year After Graduation; Career Information: What’s Available in Schools? You’re a What? Puppeteer. Producer Prices and Price Indexes, Data for April 1982. Monthly report on producer price movements. Text, tables, and technical notes. 116 pp., $3.25 ($20 per year). Microfiche Gross Flow Data From the Current Population Survey, 1970-80. Provides unpublished data on movements between various labor force classifications. Available only from the National Technical Information Service, U.S. Department of Commerce, 5285 Port Royal Road, Springfield, Va. 22151. Order No. PB82-174327. Em ploym ent and U nem ploym ent in States and Local Areas, January-June 1981. Provides provisional monthly estimates o f the labor force, employment and unemployment for States, labor market areas, counties, and cities of 25,000 or more inhabitants. These estimates are used in the administration of Federal economic assistance programs. Mailgram Service Occupational Outlook Handbook, 1982-83 Edition. Bulletin 2200, 484 pp., $9, softcover edition; $13, hardcover edition (GPO Stock No. 029-001-02651-0). An encyclopedia o f careers covering more than 250 occupations. For each o f these occupa tions information is included on what the work is like, job pro spects through the 1980’s, level and places o f employment, educational and training requirem ents, advancem ent possibilities, related occupations, and where to find additional information. Consumer price index data summary by mailgram within 24 hours of the CPI release. Provides unadjusted and seasonally adjusted U.S. City Average data for All Urban Consumers (CPI-U) and for Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers (CPI-W). (NTISUB/158). $125 in contiguous United States. Area Wage Survey Bulletins Evaluating Your Firm’s Injury and Illness Record, 1980: Transportation and Public Utilities Industries. Report 662, 11 pp. Wholesale and Retail Trade Industries. Report 661, 13 pp. These reports provide a means of comparing a firm’s safety record with the record o f other firms o f similar size and with the industry as a whole. They present tabulations o f occupational injury and illness incidence rates for the subject industry by employment size and quartile distribution. W ashington, D.C.-M aryland-Virginia, March 1982. Bulletin 3015-8. M etropolitan Area, The annual series o f 70 area wage survey bulletins is available by subscription for $90 per year. Periodicals CPI Detailed Report, April. Comprehensive report on con sumer price movements, including statistical tables and technical notes. 109 pp., $3.50 ($20 per year). Current Wage Developments, June. Monthly report on employee wage and benefit changes; collective bargaining set tlements; and special wage trends. 62 pp., $2.50 ($14 per year). Employment and Earnings, June. Report on national, State, and area employment; unemployment; hourly and weekly earnings; and hours of work for May. 152 pp., $3.75 ($31 per year). Special feature of this issue: Annual averages for unemploy https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis FREE PUBLICATIONS BLS Reports U.S. Department o f State Indexes o f Living Costs Abroad and Quarters Allowances, April 1982. Report 666, 6 pp. Beginning with the next issue, this quarterly publication will be for sale by the Superintendent of Documents. (Subscription—$6.50, single copy—$1.75.) Employment in Perspective: Minority Workers, First Quarter 1982, Report 667. 3 pp. Focuses on some of the available labor force data for black, and Hispanic workers by family type and family relationship in 1981. Evaluating Your Firm’s Injury and Illness Record, 1980: Construction Industries, May 1982. Report 659. 9 pp. Manufacturing Industries, May 1982. Report 660. 31 pp. MONTHLY LABOR REV EW U.S. Department of Labor Bureau of Labor Statistics Every month, 12 times a year Articles and 40 pages reports on of current employment, labor statistics prices, wages, productivity, job safety, and econom ic growth Mail to: Superintendent of Documents U.S. Government Printing Office Washington, D.C. 20402 Developments in industrial relations .is the oldest, most authoritative Government journal in its field Industry wage surveys Book reviews and notes Foreign labor developments Please enter my subscription to the M onthly Labor Review for 1 year at $23.00. 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