Full text of Monthly Labor Review : August 1966, Vol. 89, No. 8

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Monthly
Labor
Review
AUGUST

1966

VOL.

89

KALAMAZOO
SEP 23 1966
! ID
I

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'J f\ m /

ini'i è

NO.

Health Insurance for Laid-Off Workers
Union Referendum Elections
The ILO Conference
Collective Negotiations for Teachers

UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR
BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS


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UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR
W . WILLARD WlRTZ,

Secretary

BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS
A rth u r M. R oss , Commissioner of Labor Statistics
R o bert J. M y e r s , Deputy Commissioner

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Monthly Labor Review
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR

•

BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

L aw rence R. K l e in , E ditor-in-C hief

CONTENTS
Special Articles
841
847
851
856
860

The International Labor Conference of 1966
A Summer School Short Course in Teacher Negotiations
Health Insurance Coverage for Workers on Layoff
Referendum Elections of National Union Officers
Out-of-School Youth—Two Years Later

Summaries of Studies and Reports
867
871
877
881

Labor and the Spanish Syndical System
Wage Developments in Manufacturing
Retail Trade—II, Wages and Hours, 1962 and 1965
Wages in Paint, Candy, and Southern Sawmill Industries

Technical Note
887

Seasonally Adjusted CPI Components

Departments
ii
hi

880
890
892
895
896
904
912


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This Issue in Brief
The Labor Month in Review
Erratum
Foreign Labor Briefs
Significant Decisions in Labor Cases
Chronology of Recent Labor Events
Developments in Industrial Relations
Book Reviews and Notes
Current Labor Statistics

August 1966 • Voi. 89 • No. 8

This Issue in B rief. . .

w o r k e r who loses his job or is put on
extended layoff may also lose his group health
insurance coverage. This fringe detriment
affects a large number of workers: probably not
more than a tenth of employed workers who have
such in s u r a n c e w o u ld r e ta in c o v e ra g e in th e e v e n t
of extended layoff. The extension of coverage
to layoff periods has increased significantly in
recent years, according to Walter W. Kolodrubetz,
although it has not usually been a major union
goal. In Health Insurance Coverage for Workers
on Layoff (p. 851), he examines the limited data
available on the prevalence, the effectiveness, and
the cost of continuing benefits during layoff
periods.

T he

r e f e r e n d u m pro ced u re for electing national
union officers has been declining in use in recent
years. Of the 74 national union constitutions
studied by the Office of Labor-Management Policy
Development, only 17 now provide for election by
this method. In Referendum Elections of National
Union Officers (p. 856), Donnie L. Everette de­
scribes referendum provisions found in these 17
constitutions. The referendum process, he points
out, necessarily requires a greater amount of time
(and, usually, money) than does an election by
convention delegates.

T he

Following are some recent key statistics from continuing B L S series. See Cur­
rent Labor Statistics, pp. 912-952.
July
Total civilian labor force (in thousands)____________________
Employment____________
Unemployment____________________________________
Unemployment rate (seasonally adjusted)(percent)___________
Earnings of production workers in manufacturing (preliminary) :
Average hourly earnings_______________________ _____
Average weekly hours_______________________________
Average overtime hours____ __________________________

1966

1965

79,636 78,457
76,411 74,854
3,225 3,602
3.9
4. 5
$2.70 $2.61
41.2 41.0
3.7
3.4

June

of selected items in the Consumer
Price Index to eliminate the effects of seasonal
patterns of price change provides an economic
tool particularly important in periods of rapidly
changing prices. In a Technical Note on Season­
ally Adjusted CPI Components (p. 887), Harriet
J. Harper and Carlyle P. Stallings describe the
methods used to derive these indexes.
A d ju s t m e n t

Two yea rs after a sampling of out-of-school youth
were surveyed in February 1963, followup inter­
views showed that about one-fifth of these young
men had undertaken some formal job training,
most of it in special schools or in company train­
ing programs. The second survey is reported by
Vera G. Perrella and Elizabeth Waldman in Outof-School Youth—Two Years Later (p. 860).
They found that all but 5 percent of the follow-up
group were in the labor force. Unemployment
rates for both graduates and dropouts were much
lower than in 1963, but—as usual—the unemploy­
ment rate of the dropouts far exceeded that of the
graduate.
u


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Index of average hourly earnings of production workers in manu­
facturing (excluding overtime and interindustry shifts) (195769=100)___________________________________________ 124.7 120.8
Consumer Price Index (including single workers) (1957-59=100). 112.9 110.1

e a d l in e s on the “walkout” of the IT.S. worker
delegation to the ILO conference tended to obscure
the substantial accomplishments of this 50th in­
ternational meeting. H. M. Douty reports these
accomplishments in The International Labor Con­
ference of 1966 (p .841).

H

h a t e v e r decisionmaking process is finally de­
veloped in the public schools, the school adminis­
tration will lose its right to make unilateral deci­
sions on wages and conditions of employment.
This became apparent early in the sessions of a
recent Institute on Collective Negotiations in Pub­
lic Education, at the University of Pennsylvania.
In A Summer School Short Course in Teacher Ne­
gotiations, (p. 847), Georgena R. Potts discusses
the Institute’s many-sided approach to the tech­
niques and ethics of the situation.

W

The Labor Month
in Review
Labor Disputes
of Merging Newspapers
h e n t h i s c e n t u r y b e g a n , there were 16 general
circulation English-language newspapers in Man­
hattan ; now there are The Times, The News, the
Post, and The World Journal, the latter a recent
combination of three papers.

W

Profit and Loss. Losses estimated at $110 mil­
lion in the last 10 years induced the merger of
three New York dailies. For nearly a year the
publishers had discussed ways to cut their losses
and begin to make money.
Metropolitan dailies elsewhere have confronted
the same set of economic facts and have reached a
variety of resolutions. All compete for advertis­
ing with radio and television and with the growing
and numerous profitable papers that serve the
burgeoning suburban markets. Wages increase.
Paper and other operating costs continue to rise.
Consolidation of operations has been one for­
mula favored by those who have not outright
gone out of business. In about 20 cities, two or
more papers are published under a joint arrange­
ment for sharing facilities, costs, and profits.
To test the legality of a plan whereby competing
papers share advertising, circulation, and mechan­
ical operations, a Federal suit came to trial on
April 5 in Tucson, where two papers have operated
under a common business arrangement since 1940.
The court has not yet announced its decision in the
suit, which charged that the newspapers had an
agreement for fixing of advertising and circula­
tion prices in violation of antitrust laws.
Many publishers are diversifying into other
media. About 15 percent of the cable TV stations
are newspaper or publisher-affiliated. About 13
percent of the AM and FM radio stations and 29
percent of commercial TV stations are owned by
newspapers or magazines.


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While the publishers have been introducing
more efficient equipment to lower costs, some have
had to resort, in addition, to mergers to make
their operations profitable. One large shift
occurred less than a year ago in San Francisco,
when three dailies became two, and two Sundays
one.
On March 21, the publishers of The Herald
Tribune, The World Telegram & Sun, and The
Journal American announced their merger plan:
Beginning April 25, The Herald Tribune would
continue on weekday mornings; The Journal
American and The World Telegram & Sun would
produce one afternoon paper, The World Jour­
nal; the three would produce a single Sunday
paper, The World Journal Tribune. The esti­
mated saving would be roughly $15 million a year.
A combination of frazzled labor relations and eco­
nomics congealed into a strike against the new
firm.
Discordant Labor Relations. As a whole, indus­
trial relations in the newspaper industry have been
characterized by self-discipline and restraint.
But signs of serious erosion have been appearing
with increasing frequency. In New York, as in
other large cities, the chronic financial debility of
the many metropolitan newspapers has abraded
labor-management relations in recent years. In ­
dustrial relations conflicts, complicated by the
divided interests of the various publishers and by
the fragmented union structure, have in turn en­
feebled the industry. The 1962-63 newspaper
strike helped to push The Mirror into oblivion, and
the 25-day walkout last fall hastened the current
merger.
Suggestions for improving relations were plen­
tiful after the two recent strikes, and joint labormanagement committees were founded to escape
the stress of contract termination deadlines.
However, interunion rivalries, whetted by tech­
nical change and mutual suspicion appear to have
inhibited progress under this device.
Nothing seems to have been capable of prevent­
ing the parties’ polarization of positions. In the
latest dispute the Newspaper Guild rejected a
last minute plea from Governor Nelson A. Rocke­
feller, Senators Robert F. Kennedy and Jacob
Javits, and Mayor John V. Lindsay that the
iii

IV

union send those members acceptable to manage­
ment to work on the new papers while a fact­
finding panel tried to work out at least a tempo­
rary settlement.
Addressing himself to the other side, Mayor
Lindsay received comfort just as chill: He sug­
gested that the three papers keep publishing
under their accustomed mastheads until their
union problems were ironed out, but the publishers
notified the Mayor that their decision to end their
separate existences on April 25 was “irrevocable.”
The 1966 Strike. The crux of this dispute was
the treatment of 4,540 union members on the three
papers to be merged. Under the conditions of the
merger proposed by the employers, almost half of
the union members would lose their jobs.
The Guild, which represents the business office
employees in all three papers, as well as the edito­
rial department, struck on April 24, having chosen
to work without a contract for a year so as to have a
free hand in the event of a merger. The other
nine unions had 11 months to go until their agree­
ments expired, but they held that such contracts
could not automatically be transferred to the new
corporation, and refused to work for the new firm.
Maintaining the old contracts provided for merger
and were therefore still valid, the publishers filed
suit.
The Guild, the hardest hit in terms of job losses,
with 900 of 1,800 jobs gone, asked that dismissals
be handled on the basis of seniority established
under the previous contracts. The publishers
sought exceptions to seniority that would permit
them to put together the staff they wanted. The
Guild also wanted 2 weeks of severance pay for
each year of service for those whose jobs were
abolished; under the previous contracts such pay
was limited to a maximum of 60 weeks, except at
The Tribune.
Confronted by the strike, the publishers tried to
settle first with the Printers, hoping that an agree­
ment with that union would open the way to agree­
ments with the other nine. In addition to a
strategy that took account of the rivalry for first
place among the unions, the publishers’ priority
in attention was warranted by the hard fact that


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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, AUGUST 1966

400 of the 900 Printers were slated to lose their
jobs.
Settlements. Three weeks after the strike began
the Printers reached agreement with The World
Journal Tribune. The contract provided 8 weeks
of severance pay—3 required under the previous
contract plus 5 for a fund for unemployed mem­
bers. There was also a contribution to the pension
and welfare fund and trade-off payments for re­
laxation of restrictions on automation. The new
agreement expires March 30,1967; the cost was es­
timated by the union at $1.1 million—$913,000
more than required under the old contracts.
In the ensuing weeks, the Paperhandlers, Stereo­
typers, Electricians, Mailers, Drivers, and Machin­
ists settled on much the same basis.
A Guild settlement ratified early in July re­
tained about 1,000 jobs, almost all on the basis of
seniority. There was no maximum on severance
pay for those whose jobs were abolished or for the
400-odd employees who resigned voluntarily.
By mid-August the Pressmen’s Union was the
only one that had not settled with the new pub­
lishing firm. The major stumbling block was the
union’s demand for a 614 -hour shift on Saturday
night—a tour that is 8 hours at the New York
Times and The Daily News.
A Fragmented Future. Stating that the new
firm had not called for a citywide shutdown, the
Publishers Association abandoned its all-for-one
policy during the strike, and The Times and The
Daily News continued to publish, as did The Post
which had dropped out of the Association in 1964.
The Association and the unions have had a long
history of multiemployer bargaining, although at
times various publishers have made separate agree­
ments. However, on July 27, the U.S. Court of
Appeals upheld a ruling of the National Labor Re­
lations Board that the Publishers’ Association
must bargain individually with the Printers union.
In the spring of 1964, the Printers had asked for
individual negotiations, and upon being refused,
had filed an unfair labor practice charge. Multi­
employer bargaining now appears to have been
shot down from several directions as a mechanism
for successful industrial relations.

The International
Labor Conference
of 1966
H. M. D o u ty *

e x c e p t i o n a l l y c l o s e c o n t e s t for the presi­
dency marked the opening of the 50th Session of
the International Labor Conference, Geneva, June
1-23, at which 106 countries were represented. In
addition to a vigorous debate on the Report of the
Director-General of the International Labor Or­
ganization, the Conference acted upon a number
of resolutions ; considered the application by mem­
ber States of ILO conventions and recommendadions, giving particular attention to labor inspec­
tion; and took either preliminary or final action
on international instruments dealing with coop­
eratives, commercial fishermen, social security,
grievance procedures, and labor-management com­
munications within the enterprise.
The United States was represented at the Con­
ference by a strong tripartite delegation.1 How­
ever, its worker group, in protest against the
outcome of the election for the presidency, re­
frained from participating in the activities of the
Conference. This development is described be­
low. The U.S. Government and Employer dele­
gations, on the other hand, played an active role
in the many facets of Conference work.

An

Officers of the Conference

Two candidates were nominated for the presi­
dency: G. M. J. Veldkamp, Minister of Social
Affairs and Public Health, The Netherlands, and
Leon Chajn, Member of Parliament, Poland. Mr.
Chajn’s name was advanced by a representative of
the U.S.S.R. ; Mr. Veldkamp was nominated by
one of the Government delegates from Ireland.


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Of the 367 valid votes,2 cast by secret ballot, 184
were for Mr. Chajn and 183 for Mr. Veldkamp.
Various factors—political, ideological, per­
sonal—influenced the outcome, and the result
should not be taken to reflect an approximately
even ideological division within the Conference.
This was demonstrably not the case. For example,
in seconding the nomination of Mr. Chajn, the
Government delegate of Burundi, speaking on be­
half of the African Government group, empha­
sized that his action should not “be interpreted as
alignment with any specific ideological bloc.” In
the view of the Government delegate from Iran,
who also made a seconding speech, the election of
Mr. Chajn would “lead to the growth of a spirit
of peaceful coexistence between countries with dif­
ferent economic systems.”
Three vice presidents were elected unanimously:
Roberto A. Billinghurst, Government delegate of
Argentina; Felix Martinez-Espino, Employers’
delegate of Venezuela; and Mahmoud ben Ezzeddine, Workers’ delegate of Tunisia.
Action of U.S. Workers’ Delegation

Under the leadership of Rudolph Faupl, the
U.S. Workers’ delegation, in protest against the
election of Mr. Chajn, boycotted the Conference.
This action reflected the deep-seated opposition of
the American trade union movement to the ab­
sence of genuine tripartitism in communist (or
fascist) countries, where autonomous organiza♦D irector of P ro g ram Developm ent, B ureau of L abor S ta tistic s.
1 M em bers of th e delegation w ere: G overnm ent: D elegates—
George L. P. W eaver, A s sista n t S ecretary of L abor fo r In te rn a ­
tio n al Affairs, and George P. Delaney, Special A s sista n t to th e
S ecretary of S ta te an d C oordinator of In te rn a tio n a l L abor A ffairs ;
S u b stitu te D elegate— Jo h n F . Skillm an, Special A s sista n t to
th e S ecretary of Commerce ; C ongressional A dvisers— S enators
G aylord Nelson and P a u l J. F an n in , an d R epresentatives D avid
T. M artin, Adam C. Powell, Jr., F ra n k T hom pson, Jr., and
W illiam H. A y re s ; A dvisers— T hom as D. Bowie, H a rry M. Douty,
Jo h n T. F ish b u rn , Jo h n E. L aw yer, R obert J. M yers, N orm an O.
Nilsen, M a rg aret P allansch, E d w ard B. P ersons, H ow ard R obin­
son, G ordon R oth, W illiam Steen, W alter S tolting, and W illiam
Yoffee. E m ployers: D elegate— E dw in P. N eilan, C hairm an of
th e B oard and P re sid en t, B ank of D elaw are ; A dvisers— R ichard
Anton, H ow ard Jensen, R obert S. Lane, T hom as A. N orris,
George J. P an to s, an d C harles H. Sm ith, J r . W orkers: D elegate—
R udolph F aupl, In te rn a tio n a l R epresentative, In te rn a tio n a l As­
sociation of M achinists an d Aerospace W o rk e rs ; A dvisers—
W alter J. Bierw agen, M atthew G uinan, E d w ard J. Hickey, Jr.,
D ale E. Reed, B e rtram Seidm an, an d A ustin P . Skinner.
2 T here were, in addition, 3 spoiled ballots and 6 ab sten tio n s.
841

842
tions of workers and employers do not exist. In
the U.S. Workers’ view, the absence of free trade
union movements in communist countries made the
outcome of the election peculiarly inappropriate.
Mr. Faupl’s action was upheld by President Meany
of the AFL-CIO.
There were prompt repercussions within the
AFL-CIO. On June 9, Walter P. Reuther, presi­
dent of the United Automobile Workers, sent a
strongly worded letter of protest on the boycott
to President Meany. As a result, a special meeting
of the AFL-CIO Executive Council was held on
June 16 to consider the issue. After a vigorous
debate, the following resolution was passed by a
vote of 18 to 6:
The AFL-CIO Executive Council fully supports and
endorses the position of the President of the AFL-CIO
and the recent action of the United States Workers’
Delegate to the International Labor Conference and his
advisers. Through their demonstration of protest—which
was not a withdrawal from the ILO—they used the most
effective means available to indicate the reaction of the
free workers of America to the election as President of
the Conference of a representative of a totalitarian regime
whose record and practices are a standing denial of every­
thing that the International Labor Organization stands
for and was created to achieve.

The resolution emphasizes the fact that the boy­
cott does not constitute a withdrawal from the
ILO. Withdrawal would represent a major pol­
icy decision for the trade union movement. In
fact, Mr. Faupl was reelected for a 3-year term
to the Governing Body of the ILO, which meets
four times a year, and attended the meeting that
followed the conclusion of the Conference.
Director-General’s Report

The ILO Director-General, David A. Morse,
presented the Conference with a report on many
of the critical aspects of industrialization and
labor policy.3 His report was aimed at the de­
veloping countries, and wTas marked by a strong
sense of realism. It points out that “the road to
industrialization is a long and arduous one” and
that “immense obstacles and difficulties have yet to
be overcome before a dynamic, self-sustaining
modern industrial sector can become firmly rooted
in the economies and societies of the developing
countries.”


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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, AUGUST 1966

The report begins with a general discussion of
the role of industrialization in economic growth,
of recent rates of growth in various parts of the
underdeveloped world, and of the social changes
associated with the rise of industrial enterprise.
A long chapter is devoted to human resources
policy, including supply problems of nonsupervisory workers with the disciplines and skills
required for sustained industrial growth, and of
professional, technical, and managerial personnel
as well. Consideration is then given to a variety
of questions, such as wage policy, hours of work,
and labor relations, that must be given practical
application within the general framework of de­
velopment policy. Finally, the nature of the ILO’s
contribution to the solution of labor problems in
developing countries is discussed.
More than 200 speakers participated in the de­
bate on the Director-General’s report. Although
by no means all of the comment was relevant to
the subject of the report, students of industrial
development will find much of interest in the dis­
cussion. For the U.S. Government, George L-P
Weaver pointed to the extensive postwar efforts by
the United States to promote economic and social
progress in Europe and in the underdeveloped
world. He then observed that this country “can
never do more than supplement the efforts of the
developing countries themselves. They must sup­
ply most of the capital, the know-how, and, most
important, the will to progress. If they do, we
can and will continue to help, but if they do not,
nothing that we or anyone else can supply will
substitute for this determination of their own—the
will to progress.” Edwun P. Neilan, for the U.S.
Employers, pointed out that “agricultural devel­
opment is basic to industrialization, which can
never grow and expand on the empty bellies of
semi-starved workers.” Citing the Director-Gen­
eral’s report, he showed that “free market econo­
mies have achieved the highest degree of success
in improving industrial output.”
3
R eport of th e D irector-G eneral to th e 50th Session of th e
In te rn a tio n a l L abor Conference, Geneva, 1066, P a r t I : I n ­
d u stria liza tio n and Lahor (Geneva, In te rn a tio n a l L abor Office,
1966). P a r t I I of th e D irector-G eneral’s R eport, en titled A c tiv ­
ities of th e IL O , 1965, should be consulted by those who w ant
a detailed account of th e fa r-ra n g in g c u rre n t a c tiv itie s of th e
o rganization, an d a sense of th e d irections tow ard w hich its
program s are evolving.

843

THE INTERNATIONAL LABOR CONFERENCE OF 1966

Resolutions

The Resolutions Committee, consisting of 129
members, had before it 10 resolutions for con­
sideration.4 Unlike the situation in some prior
years, none of the resolutions was markedly politi­
cal in content. The Committee unanimously
adopted six of the proposed resolutions, as revised
on the basis of extensive discussion within the
Committee. These resolutions were subsequently
adopted by the Conference. F our resolutions, for
which time did not permit proper examination,
were withdrawn.
Major attention was given to the resolution on
the role of the ILO in the industrialization of de­
veloping countries. In addition to giving strong
support to the maintenance and expansion of ILO
programs of vocational training in such countries,
the resolution urges that member States be con­
sulted on work programs which they consider ap­
propriate for the ILO to undertake in coopera­
tion and coordination with the United Nations
Organization for Industrial Development, and
that plans for action resulting from such consulta­
tion be reported to the 51st Session of the Con­
ference (1967). The resolution specifies four
broad areas to which particular attention should
be given in terms of ILO activity.
The Conference also adopted a resolution, intro­
duced by the U.S. Government delegates, on the
importance of strong labor departments in terms
of economic and social development, and another,
sponsored by the United States and the United
Kingdom, on the question of special youth train­
ing and employment programs. Other resolutions
dealt with the development of human resources ;
the contribution of the ILO to the International
Human Rights Year in 1968; and the question of
workers’ participation in decisionmaking within
undertakings. This latter resolution invites the
Governing Body of the ILO to request the
Director-General to undertake a study of methods
4 A ctually, 11 reso lu tio n s w ere subm itted, b u t 2 of these, each
re la tin g to th e in d u stria liz a tio n of developing countries, were
consolidated.
5 F in a l action on an in te rn a tio n a l in stru m en t, w h eth er a Con­
vention or a Recom m endation, is< typically tak en only a fte r the
sub ject is discussed a t tw o conferences. O ccasionally, final action
is tak en , as w as th e case w ith one item on th e agenda fo r the
50th Session, a fte r th e m a tte r h as been considered by a p re p a ra ­
to ry tech n ical conference.


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currently used throughout the world “to enable
workers to participate in decisions within the un­
dertakings;” to consider holding seminars on this
question; and to consider placing the question on
the agenda of a future session of the Conference.
Technical Committees

The basic work of the ILO consists in the de­
velopment, after intensive exploration, of interna­
tional instruments for the protection and advance­
ment of working and living standards. These
instruments may take the form of Conventions or
Recommendations. A Convention, when ratified
by a member State, imposes a binding treaty obli­
gation and may require the enactment of imple­
menting legislation. A Recommendation, as the
term suggests, is intended to provide a guide to
Governments, and to employer and worker orga­
nizations, in the development of standards in the
subject-matter area concerned.
The 50th Session of the Conference had four
substantive items on its agenda. These are dis­
cussed briefly belowT.
Cooperatives. The role of cooperatives in the
economic and social growth of developing coun­
tries was before the Conference for a second dis­
cussion.5 The Committee on Cooperatives, con­
sisting of 142 members, held 13 sittings, and also
established a working party to expedite its de­
liberations. There appeared to be no basic dis­
agreement within the tripartite committee on the
potentially important role that cooperatives of all
types could play in the process of economic de­
velopment. Many amendments were considered,
however, to the text of the proposed Recommenda­
tion on the subject.
The Recommendation, as it emerged from the
Committee, is a comprehensive statement of policy
objectives in the promotion of cooperative enter­
prises, methods of implementing policy through
legislation, education, and training; financial and
administrative aid in the development of coopera­
tives; appropriate supervision of cooperative en­
terprises by competent public authorities or co­
operative federations; and the desirability and na­
ture of international collaboration in promoting
the growth of cooperatives. An Annex to the
Recommendation provides examples of the role

844
that various forms of cooperatives may play in
improving economic conditions in developing
countries.
The Conference adopted the Recommendation
by 317 votes to 0, with 6 abstentions.
Commercial Fishermen. The Committee on
Fishermen, consisting of 65 members, had before
it proposed texts of three international instru­
ments developed by a Preparatory Technical Con­
ference on Fishermen’s Questions, Geneva, Octo­
ber 1965. A Convention was proposed on the
question of accommodation on board fishing ves­
sels ; a Recommendation on the training of fisher­
men; and a Convention concerning fishermen’s
certificates of competency.
As it emerged from the Committee, which held
18 sittings, the Convention on accommodation
(applying to vessels of 75 tons or more or, alter­
natively, to vessels of 80 feet or more in length)
contained highly detailed provisions relating to
crew accommodations that cannot be adequately
summarized in a brief article. The Recommenda­
tion on vocational training for fishermen was simi­
larly detailed, and dealt with training programs,
standards, methods, financing, and international
collaboration in the promotion of training. The
Convention on certificates of competency related
to standards of qualification for skippers, mates, or
engineers employed on vessels of 25 gross tons or
more engaged in salt water fishing.6 It included
provisions on minimum age, professional experi­
ence, technical examinations, and the operation of
an efficient inspection system to ensure observance
of the competency requirements.
The Conference adopted the Convention on ac­
commodation by 303 votes to 0, with 16 abstentions.
The Recommendation on vocational training was
adopted by 330 votes to 0, with 6 abstentions. The
vote on the Convention on certificates of compe­
tency was 284 to 0, with 14 abstentions. The U.S.
Government and Employer delegates abstained on
the votes on the two Conventions. In the case of
accommodation, the standards proposed would
have created difficulties at the present time in the
design and construction of certain American fish­
ing vessels. The Convention on certificates of
competency would have been difficult to apply on
a reasonable basis in view of the great variation
in American fishing craft and operation.


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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, AUGUST 1966

Social Security. The Committee on Social Se­
curity was established to consider revision of Con­
ventions Nos. 35, 36, 37, 38, 39 and 40 concerning
old-age, invalidity and survivors’ pensions, which
had been adopted prior to World War II.7 Two
meetings of a Committee of Experts on Social Se­
curity (1959 and 1962) had recommended revision
of the social security Conventions to the GoverningBody, and had also expressed detailed views con­
cerning the standards to be incorporated in the
new instrument (or instruments). I t had sug­
gested that particular account be taken of the
Social Security (Minimum Standards) Conven­
tion (1952) and of recent trends in national social
security provisions.
The Committee on Social Security consisted of
138 members. Despite the fact that this was a
first discussion, the Committee held no less than
20 sittings. The subject matter was highly tech­
nical and of great importance to countries through­
out the world. The Committee decided to propose
a Convention supplemented by a Recommenda­
tion. The Convention, in brief, provides that
member States may accept international social
security obligations separately for invalidity, oldage, and survivors’ pensions, and for agricultural
and nonagricultural sectors of employment. It
defines the persons to be protected by social se­
curity arrangements, the contingencies covered,
qualifying conditions, benefit standards, and the
conditions under which benefits may be suspended.
It deals, finally, with legal, administrative, and
financial safeguards to social security systems.
The accompanying Recommendation, in general,
covers additional aspects of social security protec­
tion that member States may want to incorporate
into their legislation.
The U.S. Government representative on the
Committee, when the subject came before the Con­
ference, offered his congratulations on “the tre­
mendous task [the Committee] has performed at
this Conference.” He observed, however, that “the
new Convention should not contain some of the
worthy but less important details that have pre­
vented many countries.with advanced systems from
8 E xcluded, in a d d itio n to sh ip s of less th a n 25 gross tons,
w ere boats engaged in w haling, sp o rt fishing, or fishery research
or protection.
7 The first stage in th e revision of ILO social secu rity in s tr u ­
m ents w as th e adoption by th e C onference of th e E m ploym ent
In ju ry B enefits C onvention a t its 4 8 th Session in 1964.

845

THE INTERNATIONAL LABOR CONFERENCE OF 1966

ratifying previous social security Conventions.”
The TJ.S. Employer representative expressed op­
position to the draft instruments on a number of
grounds, including the economic feasibility, except
perhaps for the most advanced countries, of the
coverage and benefit standards proposed. After
adopting the report of the Committee, the Con­
ference approved the proposed Convention by 242
votes to 0, with 47 abstentions, and the proposed
Recommendation by 253 votes to 37, with 11
abstentions. A resolution to place the question on
the agenda of the next session of the Conference
for a second discussion was approved unanimously.
Grievances and Communications. The Commit­
tee on Grievances and Communications was the
largest in the Conference, consisting of 158 mem­
bers. The Committee held 15 sittings for a first
discussion of two separate but related subjects:
(1) grievance procedures and (2) labor-manage­
ment communications within the enterprise. Each
of these subjects is of vital interest to labor and
management.
The Committee adopted two instruments, each
in the form of a draft Recommendation. The
first related to grievance procedures. Grievances
were defined as disputes over existing terms and
conditions of employment, Claims for general
changes in wages, benefits, or working conditions,
are not included within the scope of the draft
instrument. In broad summary, the proposed
Recommendation on this subject asserts the right
of any worker to submit a grievance without
prejudice, to have his grievance examined through
an appropriate mechanism within the undertaking,
and to be assisted by his trade union or other (e.g.,
works’ council) representative. If all efforts at
settlement within the undertaking fail, the pos­
sibility should exist for final settlement of the
grievance through such means as voluntary arbi­
tration, conciliation or arbitration by the com­
petent public authorities, or the decision of a labor
court or other judicial body.
The proposed Recommendation on communica­
tions within the enterprise points to the great
importance, partly in terms of minimizing griev­
ances, of good labor-management communications
on all matters affecting the welfare of workers, and
of the need to associate workers’ representatives
with the development of communications policy
and procedure. Rather detailed guidelines are


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suggested on the elements of communications
policy, and on the subjects on which information
should be provided.
The Conference adopted the Committee’s report
and the proposed Recommendations with one re­
corded abstention. The resolution to place the
two questions on the agenda of the next session
of the Conference for a second discussion was
adopted by 283 votes to 0, with 1 abstention.
Application of ILO Instruments

A most important aspect of the work of the
ILO involves continuous review of the effect given
by member States to Conventions 8 and Recom­
mendations. Machinery for this purpose was first
established 40 years ago, and has subsequently
been modified as need developed. Detailed exami­
nation of reports from member States is now made
by a Committee of Experts, which also undertakes
special studies. A committee is set up at each
annual Conference to consider the report of these
experts on the effect given to ILO instruments.
At the 50th Session, the Committee on the Ap­
plication of Conventions and Recommendations,
consisting of 101 members, held 17 sittings. The
Committee devoted a considerable part of its dis­
cussion to a special study of the Committee of
Experts on a Convention and two Recommenda­
tions (1927) relating to labor inspection. The
study by the experts covered the application of
these instruments in 102 member States and 36
nonmetropolitan territories. The Committee ex­
pressed particular concern that the instruments did
not cover agriculture, and urged that the question
of labor inspection in agriculture be placed on the
agenda of an early session of the Conference.
Among other matters, the Committee considered
the functions of labor inspection services, prob­
lems of staffing and budgetary support, and the
question of the extent to which workers’ or­
ganizations should be associated with inspection
activities.
The Committee examined various other ques­
tions and problems relating to the application of
ILO instruments. There was a particularly de­
tailed discussion of the application of the Aboli­
tion of Forced Labor Convention (1957) in the
8 M ore th a n 120 C onventions have been adopted by th e ILO
and alm ost 3,200 ratificatio n s have been recorded.

846

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, AUGUST 1966

African territories of Portugal. An ILO Com­
mission of Inquiry had presented a report on this
matter in early 1962, containing recommendations
for changes in Portuguese legislation and practice.
The Committee of Experts was requested by the
Governing Body to make a special examination
at its 1966 session of the information supplied
by the Portuguese Government on this matter.
On the grounds that this report was inconclusive,
and in view of the fact that a majority of the
Committee on the Application of Conventions and
Recommendations was unwilling, in effect, to cen­
sure Portugal, the African members of the Com­
mittee withdrew until the discussion of Portugal
was concluded.

There was also a withdrawal of some delegations
(African and other) when the Committee’s re­
port came before the Conference for discussion.
The United States delegation did not withdraw.
George L -P Weaver, speaking for the U.S. Gov­
ernment, disavowed any support whatever for
colonialism, but observed that “we do consider
the Committee on the Application of Conventions
and Recommendations of such importance to the
life of this Organization that the integrity, the
procedures, the law and practice of this Committee
demand and are worthy of the support of this
Conference upon the completion of its work.”
In the absence of a quorum, the conference took
note of the Committee’s report.

[As the] result of a new load-line agreement signed in London early this
month by 60 maritime nations, . . . . the Plimsoll mark will be raised by
10 to 20 percent on tankers, ore carriers, and bulk carriers of more than
328 feet.
Ships that carry dry cargo also will benefit by an increase of about 10
percent, if they are fitted with watertight hatch covers. . . .
The Plimsoll mark or line is named for Samuel Plimsoll, an Englishman
who was bom in 1824 and died in 1898. Plimsoll was a reformer with a
great interest in the welfare of sailors. He was especially concerned with
the loss of crewmembers’ lives on ships sunk at sea as a result of overloading,
a practice which many British shipowners persisted in because if their vessels
were lost at sea they profited handsomely from the insurance. As a member
of Parliament from Derby from 1868 to 1880, Plimsoll fought vigorously
and successfully for the enactment of a law limiting the loading of ships.
As a result a loadline was required to be marked on the hulls of all British
vessels showing the depth to which the law allowed them to be submerged
through loading. Other maritime nations followed suit and the Plimsoll
mark became international law. Plimsoll, incidentally, was the author of a
book entitled “Our Seamen,” published in England in 1872.


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— S e a fa re rs Log,

April 15, 1966.

A Summer School
Short Course in
Teacher Negotiations
G eorgena R. P o tts *

T a c t i c s a n d t h e o r y came together at the Na­
tional Institute on Collective Negotiation in Public
Education, held at the University of Pennsylvania
June 19-24, 1966.1 Collective negotiation is an
amalgam of the National Education Association’s
term, “professional negotiation,” and the more
usual trade union phrase, “collective bargaining.”
Whatever the semantic differences, the term was
used throughout the Institute to describe a partici­
pative method of arriving at decisions on condi­
tions of employment. At its root is the palpable
loss to the administrator of the right to make
unilateral decisions in the negotiable areas.
The labor relations practitioners in the sessionprofessional unionists and teacher representatives,
negotiators, arbitrators, and grievance special­
ists—concentrated their discussion on the tools and
devices of collective negotiation. Listening in­
tently were school superintendents, principals, and
board members, some of them dragged reluctantly
into collective bargaining, others approaching it
willingly but warily, uncertain of its meaning and
its machinery.
The Institute was more than a workshop in the
techniques of collective negotiation, however.
Speaker after speaker called for appraisal of the
effect of collective negotiation on the educational
system and on the individuals within that system.
The need for a change in the educational curricu­
lum was declared repeatedly.
As the week went on, there was growing accept­
ance of the proposition that there could be no
meaningful collective negotiation in public em­
ployment without the right to strike. At this
point, the philosophic argument began to appear.
There were those who accepted the “inevitability”


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of collective bargaining in public education—
however reluctantly—and took it as axiom that
collective bargaining could not exist without the
right to strike. There were others who believed
that education does not have to recapitulate the
stages of private industry.
Legal Aspects

Professor Lee O. Garber of the Graduate School
of Education, University of Pennsylvania, sum­
marized the legal principles based on court rul­
ings in the field: In the absence of any statute on
the subject, it appears that a board may engage in
collective bargaining. But membership in profes­
sional associations or unions does not give teachers
the right to demand that the board do so, particu­
larly where such demands are coupled with the
threat to strike.
School districts are generally considered quasi­
municipal, involuntary corporations. Their pow­
ers are very limited; they consist only of those
expressly stated by law or those necessary to carry
out expressly stated duties. Lacking specific
authorization or prohibition, a school board is
generally the sole judge of what it shall do (so
long as it does not violate statutory law), and the
legality of its action can be determined only by
litigation.
Exclusive Recognition

Most union and association representatives, and
most of the schoolmen who had become experi­
enced in collective negotiation, agreed that exclu­
sive recognition is the more workable system.
(Under this type of agreement, the school board
cannot negotiate with any other organization or
with any individual teacher.) Exclusive recogni­
tion encourages stability in the relationship be­
tween the administrator and the organization. It
has the added advantage that conflicts between
different groups within the union are resolved by
the organization itself before it comes to the bar­
gaining table; the school board is thus relieved of
some of the pressure of assigning priorities to the
many competing voices.
*Of th e Office of P u b licatio n s, B ureau of L abor S ta tistic s.
1
The I n s titu te w as sponsored by P h i D elta K ap p a and the
U niversity of P en n sy lv a n ia’s G rad u ate School of E d u catio n and
W h arto n School of F in an ce an d Commerce.

847

848
School districts sometimes prefer to operate
under what they consider the more democratic
methods of joint or proportional representation,
and some of the new State laws are expressly
designed for these systems.2 Most of the national
organizations have stated that they favor exclusive
recognition. In practice, however, a local affiliate
will often deviate from the stated policy, choosing
that kind of arrangement which gives it the
advantage in the particular situation.3
To some extent, the choice depends on the unit
definition. Exclusive recognition does not neces­
sarily mean that a school administration will have
only one adversary in bargaining, since it is pos­
sible to have several different negotiating units
within a system, each with exclusive recognition.
For example, different units may be established
for custodial workers, for bus drivers, for cafeteria
workers, as well as for classroom teachers; or the
classroom group may be divided into elementary
and secondary teachers.
Some of the recent State laws specify a State
agency to make the unit determination; in some
the statute actually prescribes the unit to be used.
Determination by statute is cumbersome and
inflexible, and may result in unrealistic units, in
the view of Myron Lieberman, Director of Educa­
tional Research and Development, Rhode Island
College. Much of this statutory determination, he
predicted, will be modified by experience.
The NEA holds that, generally speaking, all
certificated personnel should be in a single unit, but
that the determining factor should be “the desires
of the professional personnel.” A 1964 policy
statement by the Executive Committee of the
American Federation of Teachers says the unit
should include all certified personnel on the class­
room teacher salary guide. This leaves in doubt
the status of administrators, ^principals, or non­
teaching personnel whose salaries are pegged to the
teacher salary scale. Both policies thus suffer
from some imprecision and ambiguity—perhaps
intentional, since in this as in other respects local
groups often go against national policy to seek a
unit determination most advantageous to their
own fortunes.
Dr. Lieberman proposed three criteria to evalu­
ate unit determinations: effective teacher repre­
sentation ; effective school administration ; and
stability in the school board-teacher relationship.
The emerging pattern is to include all teachers in


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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, AUGUST 196«

the same unit. More troublesome questions arise
over the inclusion in this unit of (a) nonprofes­
sional employees; (b) special professional groups,
such as social workers or nurses; (c) all teachers
regardless of grade level, subject, length of service,
and tenure; and (d) principals, department heads,
and supervisory teachers. This last category is
probably the real thorn in determining the makeup
of the negotiating unit.
Edward B. Shils, Associate Professor of Indus­
try, University of Pennsylvania, and Consultant
on Teacher Negotiations to the Philadelphia
Board of Public Education, commented that from
a personnel standpoint, the situation of all em­
ployees of a school district is much the same. Job
evaluation, position description, induction and sep­
aration procedures, wage and salary administra­
tion, holiday and vacation pay, pension systems—
all are necessary mechanisms for principals and
teachers as well as for custodial and clerical staff.
He observed, however, that many school boards
find themselves dealing simultaneously with longexperienced unions who represent the service and
clerical workers, and with comparative amateurs
who make up the teacher negotiating corps. Ques­
tions then arise as to whether the board can vary
its treatment of different types of employees de­
pending on the effectiveness of their representa­
tion, and whether the concessions made in one set­
tlement will set a precedent for dealing with other
groups.
Representation Election

Organization membership is not a good criterion
for selection of a bargaining representative, ac­
cording to Michael H. Moskow, Assistant Profes­
sor of Management at Drexel Institute of Tecli2
Collective n eg o tiatio n sta tu tes' have been enacted in eight
S ta te s : C alifornia, C onnecticut, M assachusetts, M ichigan, Oregon,
Rhode Island, W ashington, and W isconsin. In these eight S tates
a re 25 p ercen t of th e N atio n ’s public school teachers. The law s
v ary considerably. W isconsin w as th e only S ta te to establish
a se p ara te agency specifically to ad m in ister its law, w hich covers
all public employees (d u rin g th e In s titu te , Com m issioner Arvid
Anderson discussed some of th e early decisionsi of th e W isconsin
E m ploym ent R elations B o a rd ). In M assachusetts th e law is to
be ad m in istered by th e S ta te L abor Com m issioner, in M ichigan
by th e S ta te B oard of M ediation, and in Rhode Islan d by the
S ta te L abor R e la tio n s B oard. The C onnecticut law v ests th e
S ta te B oard of E d u catio n w ith a u th o rity lim ited to the im passe
procedure (m ediation and advisory a r b itra tio n ) . None of the
th re e Pacific C oast S ta te s provided any agency fo r a d m in istra ­
tion of th e ir new law s.
3
See “R e p resen tatio n Among T each ers,” M o n th ly Labor R e­
v ie w , Ju ly 1966, pp. 72S-732.

COLLECTIVE NEGOTIATIONS FOR TEACHERS

nology. Membership in an organization may be
for reasons other than representation, and dual
membership—in a union and in a professional or­
ganization—is not uncommon. A secret ballot
election has seme disadvantages—notably the bit­
terness that may linger from a closely fought cam­
paign—but overall it appears to be the best way
of insuring that teachers choose the representative
they want.
A frequent point of argument is the location of
the polling place. The NEA generally favors vot­
ing in each school. The AFT generally favors a
point outside the school, fearing an “ambiance of
coercion” with in the school building. One of the
more novel arrangements was worked out for the
1965 elections in Philadelphia, where voting was
done in school buses.
Negotiation Techniques

To Albert Shanker, president of New York
City’s United Federation of Teachers, power is
the central factor in negotiation. Differing
sharply from those who suggested that collective
negotiation can exist as a sort of mutual and non­
partisan factfinding, the UFT president believes
that factfinding moves to decision only because of
the power in the situation. Reason prevails only
when power is imminent.
The task of the union leader, as Mr. Shanker
sees it, is to create this power and direct it toward
useful ends, then to be forced by that very power
to achieve those ends. Most members, he has
found, “would just as soon be let alone.” The
union leader must convince them of the justice of
their cause, and that they must fight to secure their
rights. Through every possible device he must
increase their involvement in the situation until
he has built up their aspirations and hopes to a
point where he cannot control the pressure of the
membership; he has no choice but to come back
with a satisfactory agreement.
To maintain this pressure up to the point of set­
tlement, union demands must be kept high (“even
unreasonable,” Mr. Shanker confessed), and all
major items must be held for simultaneous
settlement.
The red meat of this traditionalist approach to
negotiation appeared to shock some of the board
members and administrators, to whom bargaining
had so far been only a theoretical exercise. It also


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849
brought a request from Herbert R. Northrup, Pro­
fessor and Chairman, Department of Industry,
Wharton School of Finance and Commerce, that
the group consider these questions: Is it consistent
with professional ethics to participate in the tac­
tics of a union ? Is it consistent with professional
ethics for an administration to lie to teachers—and
to the public—by telling them there is no more
money available (and then, after more pressure is
applied, find that there is more money after all) ?
Can professionalism be maintained in the face of
these less desirable aspects of collective negotia­
tion?
Agreeing with the UFT leader that it is the
interplay of power that brings reason to decision­
making, Dr. Northrup observed that the institu­
tion of collective bargaining may not be viable
absent the right to strike. Factfinding may have
an arthritic effect, because, knowing that issues
will go to a board, the parties are bound by com­
mon sense not to be prematurely reasonable.
NEA negotiations advisor Donald Wollett
agreed that factfinding and mediation are not
catalytic forces. The requirement to mediate is
not effective, he said, unless the parties have more
anxiety and uncertainty about the result of media­
tion than about the result of two-party negotiation.
Dr. Northrup cautioned that the seemingly
ready transfer of private sector techniques into the
public sector may not be based on any sound con­
sideration of its desirability, but rather on inertia
and acceptance of outmoded shibboleths.
Grievances

The first year’s operation of a grievance system
may be cluttered with a great many cases which re­
flect a teacher’s “subjective sensibilities” or a gen­
eral feeling of wrong and oppression, explained
Ida Klaus, Director of Staff Relations for the New
York City School System. A grievance system
must be limited to those rights and benefits speci­
fied in the agreement.
Especially in the early months of a grievance
system, Miss Klaus said, formality of proceedings
lends authenticity to the equity and seriousness of
handling. Later, when both parties are more at
ease within the system, hearings may develop
along more informal lines. Advisory arbitration,
or review by a third party at some point, is most
useful, Miss Klaus suggested, if done at the level

850

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, AUGUST 1966

just below the head of the agency. In this way,
the administrator benefits from an outside look at
the situation before he puts his reputation on the
line by making the decision.
Changing Roles

Underlying much of the discussion on techniques
and ethics was concern over the effect collective
negotiation would have on key personnel in school
administration : the principal, the superintendent,
and the school board.
If a principal is included as part of the manage­
ment team, teachers may come to regard him as
“an adversary, or some kind of impediment to
their collective will,” said Benjamin Epstein, prin­
cipal of Newark’s Wequahic High School. On
the other hand, unless the expertise of the prin­
cipal is involved at some stage of the negotiation,
the settlement may be unworkable. He foresees
that more formality may develop in the relation­
ship between principal and teacher, as the pendu­
lum swings from administrative rule to collective
decisionmaking. Teachers now courting freedom
from capricious rulings by the administration may
find that individuality and creativity in teaching
is still more circumscribed by detailed written
agreements.

It is not only the role of the principal that is
changing, according to C. Taylor Whittier, super­
intendent of the Philadelphia public schools.
Whether one views the school as a reflection of
society, or as the force that forms society, it is
obvious that we are in a time of changing roles in
both structures. For persons engaged in educa­
tion, change is not new, countered Fred M. Heddinger, vice president of the Pennsylvania School
Boards Association; it is a way of life. Mr. Heddinger suggested that the education profession
may have let itself become too involved in a fren­
zied drive toward participative decisionmaking
within the school. He asked that teachers and
administrators devote the same degree of energy
and creative imagination to the advancing tech­
nology and its application to teaching; the grow­
ing involvement of the Federal Government at all
levels of the education process; and, perhaps most
significant, the prospect of large industrial com­
bines entering “both the hardware and software
ends” of education, as indicated by the Office of
Education’s recent announcement that it would
now contract directly with private corporations.
The implications for the public school, he said, of
this involvement with profitmaking enterprises
far outshadow the processes of decisionmaking.

Good moral character, and a thorough knowledge of the common branches,
formerly were considered as indispensable qualifications in an instructor.
The instructors were chiefly selected from the most respectable families in
town. But for 15 or 20 years, these things have not been so much regarded.
They have indeed been deemed desirable; but the most common method now
seems to be to ascertain, as near as possible, the dividend for that season
from the public treasury, and then fix upon a teacher who will take charge
of the school, 8 or 4 months, for this money. He must indeed be able to
obtain a license from the Board of Visitors, but this has become nearly a
matter of course, provided he can spell, read, and write. . . .
Instructors have usually boarded in the families of the pupils. Their
compensation has varied from 7 to 11 dollars a month for males; and from
62y2 cents to 1 dollar a week for females. Within the past 10 years, however,
the price of instruction has rarely been less than 9 dollars in the former
case, and 75 cents in the latter.


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—“A New England School of 1810,” in B a c k g r o u n d R e a d in g s in
A m e r ic a n E d u c a tio n , selected and edited for use at The
White House Conference on Education, July 1965.

Health Insurance
Coverage for Workers
on Lavoff
•>

W a lter W. K olodrubetz *

S in c e voluntary group health insurance plans are
designed to protect employed workers and their
families, coverage is usually terminated when a
worker loses his job or is put on an extended lay­
off. Probably not more than a tenth of employed
workers with such insurance, financed in whole or
in part by their employers, would retain coverage
in the event of an extended layoff; but even for
them, the duration of extended benefits may not
cover the entire layoff period. Such uncertainties
surrounding health insurance protection add an­
other facet to worker fears of long layoffs or loss
of job.1
There is usually little incentive for an employer
to extend group health insurance to workers on
layoff except when there is a reasonable expecta­
tion that the workers will be recalled in a short,
time. There may also be a good reason for cau­
tion toward wdiat may turn out to be a costly step.
Administrative convenience, on the other hand, en­
courages continuation for a short period, such as
to the end of the month of layoff. Employers also
respond to the social welfare considerations in­
herent in the practice.
Although not usually a major union goal, the
extension of coverage to layoff periods has in­
creased significantly in recent years, chiefly in re­
sponse to union concern with employment security.
Significant changes in the duration and financing
of the extended benefits have also been negotiated.
Pressure for the introduction of extended bene­
fit coverage or improvement in such coverage is
a function of the employment situation. As long
as unemployment is at a low level, it is likely that


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little action on this front can be expected from
private plans, particularly since insurers have little
incentive to promote such coverage. If the econ­
omy takes a reverse turn, however, interest may
be expected to increase.
Although comprehensive information on the
direct cost of continuing benefits during layoff
periods is not available, fragmentary data suggest
that the increase in cost is relatively small in rela­
tion to the cost of the entire plan. The costs due
to higher utilization and to adverse selection are
even more difficult to ascertain, although existing
evidence indicates that they are not prohibitively
high. In the long run, the growth and improve­
ment of continuation provisions will depend, to
some degree, on costs attributed to them. As the
cost of medical care rises, more attention will be
given by employers and insurers to potential costs
involved in providing benefits during layoffs. On
the other hand, the higher the cost of medical care
the greater will be the workers’ and unions’ appre­
ciation and desire for the protection of continued
coverage.
Coverage

Provisions extending benefits to layoff periods
have been incorporated into many health insurance
plans in recent years, mainly in collectively bar­
gained plans in manufacturing industries such as
primary metals, transportation equipment, rubber
products, food products, and electrical equipment.
In addition, the operating and nonoperating rail­
road employees’ national plans have such provi­
sions. Extension is found chiefly in plans for
production workers, although sometimes it is also
offered to clerical employees. Estimates of group
health insurance coverage by industry indicate

*Of th e Office of W ages and In d u s tria l R elations, B ureau
of L abor S tatistics.
1 In fo rm atio n upon w hich th is artic le is based w as obtained
from a broader study of m anpow er-m obility im plications of the
extension of h e a lth benefits to laid-off w orkers. As p a r t of th is
study, B ureau rep re sen tativ es interview ed officials of m ajo r in ­
surance com panies to assess an d ev alu ate th e practice. The
views of unions, m anagem ent, and w orkers w ere obtained
th ro u g h a series of case studies of m a n u fa c tu rin g p la n ts w hich
extended coverage to laid-off w orkers an d w hich had a recent
layoff. The study, specifically required by section 102(2) of
th e M anpow er D evelopm ent an d T rain in g Act, w as undertaken
by th e B ureau a t th e req u est of, and w ith fu n d s provided by
th e D ep artm en t’s Office of M anpower, A utom ation, an d T rain in g
(now the Office of M anpow er Policy, E v alu atio n , and R esearch).

851

852
that extended protection during layoff is guaran­
teed to no more than a tenth of the approximately
50 million workers covered by group health insur­
ance plans.2
The extended coverage is usually continued on
the same basis as that for active employees, and
under the same financing arrangements. Typi­
cally, it provides hospital, surgical, and medical
care protection to the eligible worker and his de­
pendents for a specified period of time after layoff,
usually 2 or 3 months.
Exceptionally long periods of protection are
provided in motor vehicle and farm equipment
manufacturing industries, where the United Auto­
mobile Workers have negotiated plans tied to
supplemental unemployment benefit (SUB) en­
titlement. They currently provide employerfinanced health insurance benefits to 1aid-off
employees for a maximum of 13 months after the
month in which the layoff began.3 Liberal pro­
visions are also found in the primary metals,
rubber products, food products, and electrical
machinery manufacturing industries.
Effectiveness of Protection

The number of laid-off workers covered by vol­
untary group health insurance at any given time
is unknown. Neither commercial insurers nor
Blue Cross-Blue Shield plans can provide perti­
nent data because their regular recordkeepingdoes not readily identify the workers on layoff.
A few special studies, however, have yielded some
information on the extent and nature of protec­
tion afforded.
One study, made for a union,4 covered the ex­
perience of hundreds of companies (including
basic steel and aluminum companies) that have
contracts with the Steelworkers. The plans in
question provided continuation of group hospital
and surgical coverage for 6 months at company cost
for employees with at least 2 years of service, and
to the end of the month of layoff for those with
less service. Life insurance was extended for all
employees for up to 6 months at company expense,
and for an additional 18 months at a cost to the
employee of 60 cents per $1,000 of insurance.
These companies reported that, in December 1963,
36,000 employees on layoff were covered by hos­
pital and surgical insurance and 51,000 had life


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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, AUGUST 1966

insurance coverage. The report indicated that
a 6-month extension of health insurance coverage
was not long enough to provide adequate protec­
tion. It concluded that “the difference between
the numbers of laid-off employees covered for life
insurance and for hospital and surgical benefits,
as well as the general record of employment in the
industry since 1960, show that many employees
continued on layoff after their 6-month period [of
continued] coverage has expired.”
Another study, conducted by the University of
Michigan, stressed the ineffectiveness of health
coverage continuation and pointed out weaknesses
in employer-employee communication regarding
rights to convert to individual coverage. I t re­
vealed that most workers dropped coverage even
when offered a chance to continue at group rates.5
Under the plan studied, health insurance coverage
was continued for 2 months after layoff at no cost
to the worker. The worker could continue cover­
age for as long as an additional 12 months by
paying the group rate each month. Continued
coverage after that period was available at indi­
vidual rates. A third of the workers did not con­
tinue coverage after the 2-month “free” period
elapsed, and another fourth dropped coverage
later. The remainder continued coverage, re­
turned to employment in the group, or joined other
groups.
3 E xcludes brief extensions of coverage, such as to end of
m onth of layoff and end of m onth follow ing m onth of layoff. The
estim ate of 50 m illion w as derived from th e in fo rm atio n in
A lfred M. Skolnik, “Ten Y ears of Em ployee-Benefit P la n s,” Social
S ecu rity B u lletin , A pril 1966, p. 6.
3 Benefit coverage is continued fo r all em ployees fo r a m onth
a fte r th e m onth in w hich th e layoff began. T h erea fter, em­
ployer-financed h e a lth benefits a re extended on th e baslis of 1
m o n th ’s benefits fo r each 4 w eeks of supplem ental unem ploym ent
benefits to w hich th e employee is entitled . The em ployee m ay
th en continue his h e a lth in su ran ce fo r 12 m onths beyond th e
period of com pany financing by paying th e group ra te prem ium .
4 A Special R eport on Y our Union’s P rogram s of E m p lo ym en t
and Incom e S ecu rity, T w elfth C o n stitu tio n al Convention, U nited
S teelw orkers of Am erica, A tla n tic City, N .J., Septem ber 1964.
5 W alter J. M cNerney and stu d y staff, U n iv ersity of M ichigan,
H o sp ita l and M edical Econom ics, vol. 2 (Chicago, H o sp ital R e­
search an d E d u catio n al T ru st, 1962), p. 1121.
T he resu lts of th e U niversity of M ichigan stu d y a re borne
o u t by lim ited d a ta obtained from case studies conducted by the
B ureau. F o r exam ple, in one firm w here coverage a f te r layoff
w as co n tin g en t upon the em ployee’s co n trib u tio n , the v a s t m a­
jo rity of w orkers lo st coverage because th ey did n ot m ake th e
sm all paym ent required. Then, upon th e u n io n ’s request, th e
firm agreed to d educt th e am o u n t from th e final paycheck of
w orkers n o t specifically req u estin g th a t th e ir coverage be d is­
continued. Before in tro d u c tio n of th e new procedure, ap p ro x i­
m ately 3 o ut of 4 w orkers lo st or dropped coverage. A fter the
change, ab o u t 3 o u t of 4 w orkers m ain tain ed coverage.

HEALTH INSURANCE FOR LAID-OFF WORKERS

Insurance Considerations

The practice of continuing health insurance cov­
erage during periods of layoff has largely devel­
oped during the past 15 years. Although this
growth can be attributed, in large part, to union
efforts to protect workers during layoffs, it may
also be traced to the general easing of underwrit­
ing rules for eligibility for group coverage by
prepayment plans, such as Blue Cross and Blue
Shield, and by commercial insurance carriers.
Requirements for size of group, dependents’ cov­
erage, definition of group, age limits, and continu­
ation of coverage during retirement and unem­
ployment have undergone change stemming from
a variety of social and economic pressures, espe­
cially collective bargaining. However, continua­
tion of group health insurance coverage during
layoff involves participation in a group by per­
sons for whom an active employer-employee rela­
tionship—the heart of group insurance under­
writing—no longer exists. F or this reason, among
others, the insurers have not been inclined to en­
courage lengthy periods of layoff coverage.
Most commercial insurers now consider the ex­
tension of coverage for limited periods during tem­
porary layoffs as a feasible underwriting practice.
Their reluctance; to extend such periods stems from
the belief that claims experience during layoff is
higher than during active employment because of
“saved-up medical care” (especially elective sur­
gery) and adverse selection. The latter is espe­
cially important in plans requiring employee con­
tributions, because self-selection usually results in
adverse selection. Thus, employees who anticipate
they will have health care expenses for themselves
or their dependents continue their coverage more
often than those, who, because of better health, the
absence of postponed surgery, and so forth, expect
they will not have such expenses. However, de­
spite these reservations, major insurers have stand­
ard policy provisions for continuation of coverage
8 A ccording to in su ran ce com pany officials, th is lim ited con­
tin u a tio n m akes sense fo r several reasons. The tem p o rary layoff
m ay n ecessitate, in absence of co n tin u atio n , burdensom e adm in­
is tra tiv e expenses of te rm in a tin g an d subsequently re in s ta tin g a
w o rk er’s coverage in th e group plan. I f th e w orker has been
co n trib u tin g to th e co st of coverage, i t would u su ally be neces­
sary to reim burse him if he is n ot covered u n til th e end of the
m onth. F ro m th e public relatio n s view point, i t would also
create a problem in d isc rim in atin g betw een w orkers laid off a t
th e beginning of th e m onth and those laid off la te r in th e m onth.
224-966 0 - 6 6 - 2


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853
to the end of the month following the month of
layoff.6 At the employer’s request, these general
limits may be, and often are, substantially
liberalized.
Cost. When laid-off workers are continued under
group insurance plans, a direct cost to the employer
obviously accrues. Since there is no outflow of
workers from the group until their continuation
of coverage ceases, additional premiums are in­
curred. Moreover, if the laid-off worker group,
as mentioned above, is a high risk group owing to
adverse selection and higher utilization, average
premiums per covered worker may also increase.
Comprehensive information on the direct costs
of extending coverage during layoffs is not avail­
able. Fragmentary data suggest that, in the long
run, the increased cost attributable to extension
would be relatively small in relation to the cost
of the entire group insurance plan.
In one case brought to the attention of the
Bureau, a major insurer reported that, during a
4-year period, the claims for workers on layoff
accounted for less than 1 percent of the total
claims each year. Under this plan, liberal group
insurance benefits, financed by the employer, were
continued for 3 months after layoff. Only 1
employer out of the 10 included in the Bureau’s
case studies was in a position to estimate the
increased cost owing to extended benefit provi­
sions. For this plan, group life and health insur­
ance was extended for 6 months at employer cost.
According to the company, about 6 percent of the
average premium cost of group insurance could
be attributed to extended benefits, but this figure
included coverage for workers on leave of absence,
on sick leave, and absent from work for other
reasons.
Some idea of the direct cost involved when lay­
offs are especially prevalent can be derived from
the already cited report to the 1964 convention of
the Steelworkers. The union and the basic steel
companies agreed in 1960 that the companies
would be reimbursed for increases in the monthly
cost of the group insurance program over a base
figure ($20.16) per employee. The additional
payment was to be met from the cost-of-living
adjustment, which otherwise would have been
payable in wage increases. According to the
report, a total of 4.5 cents of the maximum 6 cents

854
of cost-of-living adjustment over the 3-year pe­
riod, marked by considerable layoffs in the steel
industry, was retained by the companies as reim­
bursement for increases in insurance costs. The
report stated, “A major factor in this increased
cost was the new provision negotiated with the
major basic steel companies in January 1960 to
continue i n s u r a n c e coverage for laid-off
employees.” 7
Utilization. Information on utilization rates
(i.e., frequency of claims) for workers on layoff
is not available, primarily because it is not col­
lected. One insurer said, on the basis of limited
studies, that “while no one study can be conclusive,
a pattern of increased claims costs seems to be
characteristic of each one.” This comment would
seem to summarize the attitude of insurance offi­
cials that, in general, utilization of medical care
services—hospital, surgical, and medical benefits—
is greater for workers on layoff than for those in
active service.
The intensive study by the University of Mich­
igan of the utilization rates of workers covered by
health insurance during layoff supports this view.
The summary of the report reads, in p a rt:
“Admission rates, average lengths of stay, and
utilization rates were markedly higher during the
layoff period than during the year prior to layoff,
or during comparable months in the prior year.
This was especially true in the months following
layoff, when group coverage and loss-of-income
coverage, both prepaid, were still in effect. For
example, the annual utilization rates during the
layoff period ranged from 1.5 to 7.9 times those for
comparable months in the previous year (for the
same subscribers) depending upon the subgroup
considered. Looking only at March 1958 (the
month following the layoff), the utilization rates,
depending upon the subgroup involved, were from
6 to 14 times those for the 1957 control period.” 8
Employer and Union Attitudes

Although continuation of benefits during layoff
has been usually initiated by the union, only rarely
was the issue among the major union demands or
employer offers during negotiations. Typically,
according to union officials, the issue was brought
to the bargaining table as part of a health insurance


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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, AUGUST 1966

package demand, with little attention being given
to its effects and costs. On occasions when costs
were discussed, the unions had very little informa­
tion and consequently minimized the costs. They
recognized, of course, that an expense was involved,
but as one union official put it, “We tell the com­
pany that there wouldn’t be any cost if they had
no layoffs.” All of the union officials interviewed
felt that benefit continuation served a very impor­
tant social welfare purpose in “protecting workers
who can least afford to be hit by medical costs.”
Since all of the plants studied had layoffs in the
past year, the union officials seemed well informed
about recent experience of the plans. They com­
mented that the maximum duration of coverage
provided during layoff was negotiated in part on
the basis of past layoff history and in part “pulled
from the hat.” One official commented that “the
practice [stemmed from] the seasonal nature of the
business.” The officials said that this issue was not
given too much attention during negotiation, un­
less a very long continuation period was involved.
In most cases, the union felt that, in the light of
past experience, the duration of coverage was
ample. Extension periods of 2 or 3 months covered
the typical situation. In programs with longer ex­
tension periods (e.g., 6 to 12 months), the union
officials said that this was sufficient to cover any of
their layoffs. However, this did not mean there
was no room for improvement, since “who knows
what can happen in the future.” Despite this,
according to the officials interviewed, liberalization
of the extension provision was not contemplated
for the next negotiation.
Interviews with management officials revealed
mixed opinions as to the reasons for the develop­
ment of the extension practice. An official of one
company indicated that extended benefits had been
provided as early as the 1930’s because the com­
pany felt that “workers on layoff needed this pro­
tection as much as active workers.” He believed
that employee benefits, such as insurance and pen­
sions, should be jointly financed so that workers
would have a greater appreciation of company
efforts to “help the workers help themselves.” As
a result, the official said, a high proportion of
workers would elect to join the plan, and a large
number would continue membership after layoff.
7 U nited S teelw orkers of Am erica, op. cit., p. 11.
8 M cNerney, op. cit., pp. 1127-1128.

HEALTH INSURANCE FOR LAID-OFF WORKERS

This point was also expressed in another plant in
which health benefits were financed by joint con­
tributions. In both instances, the company offi­
cials adm itted th at while the provisions for con­
tinuation of benefits were subject to negotiation,
the offer to liberalize the provision was usually
initiated by the company and was acceptable to
the unions. Officials in both firms said there was
a need for the provision since they did experience
layoffs with some regularity because of business
requirements.
In the rem aining cases, the practice of continu­
ing benefits, according to company officials, origi­
nated with the union. The officials readily ad­
mitted th at the advent of a layoff, which in many
cases was regularly enough to be expected by
workers w ith low seniority, was something the
workers should accept as a condition of employ­
ment. In one case, where benefits were continued
for 2 months after employment, severe fluctuation
in employment at frequent intervals was the nor­
mal outlook. The officials of this firm had a good
idea of the cost of the extended benefit and were
not too ready to consider its liberalization.
A personnel m anager of a single plant firm with
less than 1,000 workers indicated that, from the
company’s viewpoint, there was little reason to
continue benefits during layoff. B ut since it was
p a rt of the union demand for a health and insur­
ance package, the company accepted the obligation,
he said.

Worker Attitudes
Some insights into worker understanding of the
value of extended coverage were revealed by p er­
sonal interviews. Despite a general lack of under­
standing of health insurance provisions and poli­
cies, most workers demonstrated an awareness of
their benefits and an appreciation of their value.
Reflecting the wide diversity in status of the work­
ers interviewed, the degree of understanding d if­
fered greatly among establishments and among
workers in the, same establishment.
Em ployer practices with regard to notifying
workers of their health insurance benefit rights on
layoff appeared to affect, at least in some measure,
workers’ awareness of the value of extended cover­
age. In some cases, the employees were notified


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

855
by their immediate supervisor of their layoff and
the steps to be taken. In others, form al exit inter­
views were conducted at which the details of rights
and benefits were explained to each employee.
Some companies called group meetings to explain
layoff procedure and other details.
Typical of the more form al procedures was the
technique followed by one firm. A lthough there
was no form al exit interview, workers were given
a form explaining their rights and benefits at
layoff. The company officials felt th a t workers
were well informed as to their rights and benefits.
Significantly, almost all workers (roughly 90 per­
cent in the last layoff) continued their contribu­
tion for group insurance during layoff, and almost
all the workers affected (95 percent) returned to
work when recalled.
A nother type of communication on layoff was
th at of a firm which did not conduct a personal
interview with each worker affected, but did pro­
vide inform ation by a form notice at a group meet­
ing. In this case, the union was also active in
relaying full inform ation to workers through meet­
ings and by mail. As one union official com­
mented, however, these meetings were not well
attended.
Typical of an inform al procedure was one where
the working foreman delivered the “pink slip”
and the laid-off workers were then left to their
own devices. The only communication on benefit
rights at layoff had been made when a worker was
originally hired. As m ight be expected, worker
knowledge of benefit coverage, as revealed by in­
terviews, was extremely poor.
In general, management officials felt th a t the
communication to employees of their rights upon
layoff, as well as during their employment, was
sufficient and th at most workers were well in­
formed. On the other hand, a surprisingly large
number of workers interviewed had no idea of
what their benefit rights were on layoff, even if
they were aware of benefits available during em­
ployment. Typically, these were young workers
with low seniority and little fam ily responsibility,
and mostly engaged in relatively unskilled work.
The lack of understanding and knowledge must
be attributed in p a rt to the workers involved but,
in many instances, management and unions did
little to inform the workers.

Referendum Elections
of National
Union Officers
D o n n ie L. E v e r ette *

T h e i n t e r e s t of the D epartm ent of Labor in na­
tional union elections stems not only from the De­
partm ent’s general interest in the labor movement,
but also fro m its role in adm inistering th e L aborM anagement R eporting and Disclosure A ct of
1959. T itle IV of th a t act sets certain minimum
standards for union officer elections, including
provisions relating to campaign activities. The
LM RD A states th at national union officers are to
be elected at a convention of delegates chosen by
secret ballot, or by a secret ballot among the mem­
bers. This article will concentrate on the latter
method—the referendum. Looking at national
union constitutions, how common is the referen­
dum? how is it conducted? how are nominations
made? and how are the campaigns of the candi­
dates facilitated or restricted by the constitutions ?
The basic source m aterials are the constitutions
of all national unions having one or more local
affiliates filing under the LM RD A and having
40,000 members or more according to Bureau of
Labor Statistics data at the time of the study.1
There are 74 such unions, and their membership
accounts for almost 90 percent of the total mem­
bership of all national unions. The constitutions
analyzed are those in effect on Jan u ary 1, 1965.

Election Procedures
The referendum procedure for electing national
union officers, never the predom inant method, has
been declining in use. D uring the past 10 years,
two im portant unions (the Carpenters and the
O perating Engineers) abandoned the referendum .2
A t present, only 17 of the 74 unions studied use it.3
Summary data for these unions are shown in the
accompanying table.
856


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These 17 unions represent many adaptations of
the referendum election. Two of them—D istrict
50-UM W and the Electrical W orkers-IU E —use
the referendum for the election of principal n a­
tional officers; other officers are elected by delegate
vote at the convention.
In 15 of the 17 unions, the balloting is under the
supervision of the local unions, w ith the ballots
prepared and mailed to the locals by the national
office. The locals supervise the balloting at local
polling places and transm it the results to the n a ­
tional union. The two rem aining unions employ
the mail ballot referendum. The Electrical
W orkers-IU E international secretary-treasurer
mails a ballot directly to every qualified member,
with instructions to return the ballot within a
specified time. The M aritim e Union uses a hybrid
of balloting methods in which the P o rt Offices
distribute ballots to eligible voters, who subse­
quently m ark the ballots and mail them to a safety
vault designated by the national office. The bal­
lots are taken from the safety vault and tallied by
an independent party who announces the results.
In the m ajority of these unions, 11 of the 17, a
plurality vote elects a candidate to office. Six of
the 17 elect by a m ajority vote. The T ypograph­
ical Union requires a m ajority for principal na­
tional offices, but only a plurality is required for
the lesser offices. O f the six unions which require
a m ajority, three provide for a runoff between the
two highest candidates when none receives a m a­
jority in the original election. The other three
meet the m ajority requirement by lim iting the
number of candidates to the two receiving the
greatest support in the nomination procedure.
Necessarily, the referendum process requires a
greater amount of time than election by conven­
tion delegates. W here the local supervises the
♦D ivision of R esearch and A nalysis, Office of L abor-M anage­
m ent P olicy D evelopm ent, L abor M anagem ent Services A dm inis­
tra tio n .
1 D irectory o f N a tional and In te rn a tio n a l Labor Unions in th e
U nited S ta te s, 1963 (BLS B ulletin 1395, May 1964).
2 “E lection an d T enure of I n te rn a tio n a l Union Officers,”
M o n th ly Labor R eview , Novem ber 1958, pp. 1221-1229. The
stu d y rep o rted 25 o ut of 111 unions u sin g th e referendum . Two
of these, as noted above, have changed th e ir election procedures.
3 T he U p h o lsterers norm ally elect a t convention, b u t when
conventions are n o t held before th e term s of office expire, officers
a re elected by m em bership referendum . T he P a in te r s ’ c o n s titu ­
tio n provides th a t officers be elected a t convention, b ut contain s
a p h rase : “ . . . w hen elections are held by referendum . . .”
The co n stitu tio n does n o t specify u n d er w h a t circum stances such
a referendum sh all be held. T hese 2 unions are n o t included
in th e 17.

REFERENDUM ELECTIONS OF NATIONAL UNION OFFICERS

balloting, the results are usually required to be
reported to national headquarters within a few
days, but when the mail ballot is used the balloting
period may span a month or even two. This
greater expenditure of time and, perhaps, funds
may explain the small number of national unions
which use the membership referendum to elect
national officers.

Nomination Procedures
Of the 17 national unions using the membership
referendum, 6 nominate the candidates at conven­
tion. The Longshoremen and Warehousemen and
the W oodworkers conduct a prim ary election
among the convention delegates, and the two can­
didates for each office wTho receive the highest num ­
ber of votes are submitted to a membership refer­
endum. The Clothing W orkers and the Electrical
W orkers-IU F require th a t candidates obtain a
minimum number of delegate endorsements in or­
der to be nominated. The Lithographers and
Photoengravers and the Mine, Mill and Smelter
W orkers do not lim it the number of candidates or
specify a minimum number of delegate endorse­
ments.
In the other 11 national unions electing officers
by membership referendum , nominations are made
a t the local union level. All but the Glass and
Ceramic W orkers require prospective candidates
to obtain a minimum number of local union en­
dorsements, or members in the case of the M ari­
time Union. F o u r of these lim it the num ber of
candidates for each office by selecting, for example,
the five candidates who receive the greatest num ­
ber of local endorsements when more than five
nominees receive the required minimum number
of endorsements. The constitutions of the rem ain­
ing seven unions do not specify such a lim it on the
num ber of candidates for an office.
The constitutional provisions for local union
nominations usually provide th a t such nom ina­
tions shall be by vote of the local membership at
a meeting held during a particular calendar month.
I t is not clear th at any of these unions require a
secret ballot in the nom ination procedure. Two
of them, the Retail Clerks and the Typographical
Union, require a ballot, but do not specify th at it
shall be secret. The Glass and Ceramic W orkers
require th at “all balloting for officers and candi­


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

857

dates shall be by secret ballot.” A reasonable con­
clusion would be th a t “candidates” refers to the
nomination procedure.
The M aritime Union has an unusual nom inating
procedure. The candidate m ust appear before a
Port. Verification Committee and present a petition
signed by at least 100 members in good standing,
along with a w ritten acceptance, an affidavit th a t
the candidate is not a communist and has not been
convicted of specified crimes, a recent photo, and
w ritten evidences of sailing experience and union
activity. This committee, consisting of an elected
officer and four members in good standing, makes
a prelim inary verification of those documents. I f
the committee’s findings are favorable, the candi­
date is allowed to file the documents with the n a ­
tional secretary-treasurer. I f the national office
finds the documents to be in good order and the
candidate otherwise eligible, he is declared nom­
inated.
The requirements for nom inating principal offi­
cers is sometimes differentiated from the require­
ments for lesser offices, such as tellers and auditors.
F o r example, the Bookbinders require 10 local
union endorsements for principal national officers
and 7 local endorsements for other national officers.
In summary, 2 of the 6 unions which nominate
at conventions, and 10 of the 11 unions wdiich have
direct nom inations by the locals or members, re ­
quire prospective candidates to obtain a minimum
number of endorsements in order to appear on the
ballot. Among the unions requiring local union
endorsements, the Steelworkers require the largest
number of local endorsements.
The minimum
number of local nominations in this union is “five
plus one for each 10,000 members (or m ajority
fraction thereof) in good standing . . .” On the
basis of membership data in the 1963 B L S Direc­
tory, this would require 93 local nominations and
represents 3 percent of the Steelworkers’ locals.
This is a less stringent requirement than that im ­
posed by the P rin tin g Pressmen, which is 10 per­
cent of the locals. The Shoe W orkers’ endorse­
ment requirement of five local nominations is prob­
ably the least stringent.
In the unions using the referendum for officer
elections, the nominations usually occur several
months before the election. In unions which nom­
inate at convention, the period between nomination
and election is usually shorter than the period

858

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, AUGUST 1966

specified by unions which nominate by locals. The
longest period between the nomination and election
is approxim ately 5 months in four unions which
nominate at the local level. The Woodworkers,
who nominate at convention, provide : “The refer­
endum ballot . . . shall be submitted to the mem­
bership within ten days after the conclusion of
the International Convention.” This provision al­
lows the least time between nomination and elec­
tion. The period between nomination and election
is im portant because all candidates require a rea­
sonable period of time to inform the rank and file
members of the issues and their programs-

Campaign Rights and Restrictions
The constitution of these 17 unions were also
examined for provisions pertaining to a candi­
date’s campaign rights and restrictions, th a t is,
provisions which m ight assist a prospective candi­
date in m aking his aspirations for national office
known to the rank and file membership or prohibit
P

rocedures

S p e c if ie d

in

N

a t io n a l

certain actions th at would be inimical to demo­
cratic elections. Such provisions seem basic to the
maintenance of unions as democratic institutions.
Cam paign provisions may apply to the period
preceding the nomination, as well as to the pre­
election period. The prenomination period is im­
p ortant because of the opportunity it provides to
secure support among the rank and file especially
in those unions th at require a minimum number of
local endorsements. Only two of the unions re­
quiring local union endorsements specify prenomi­
nation campaign rights. The Bookbinders and
the Typographical Union allows members desir­
ing to be candidates to announce th eir intentions
in an issue of the union’s journal, prior to the local
union nominations.
Preelection campaign rights are more fre­
quently provided. Three unions th a t use the
membership referendum —the Bookbinders, the
M aritime Union, and the Typographical Union—
gran t nominees space in the unions’ journals to

U n io n C o n s t i t u t i o n s f o r R
N a t i o n a l U n io n O f f i c e r s
Nomination procedures

National union >
Local
union

Total_________ ______________
Bookbinders..- - _______ ___. . .
Clothing Workers________ . . _
District 50-UMW (Ind.)_______ ____
Electrical Workers-IUE. . . . . . ___

Convention
delegates

10
X
x

X

... _

X

X
X

15

2

5 months..
4 months
5 months
40 days__

X

Plurality.
Plurality.
Plurality.
X Plurality.

3 months
3 months.
50 days__

x
x
X

Majority.
Plurality.
Majority.

3 months..
1 m onth...
2 months..
5 months .
2 months..

X

5 months..
2 months
5 l o c a ls p i n s 1 l o c a l f o r e a c h 10 0 0 0 m e m b e r s
3 months
50 locals: 5 candidates with most endorsements. 3 m onths..
2 nominees for each office elected in convention 10 days__
primary.

1 All national unions not identified as Independent (Ind.) are affiliated with the AFL-CIO.
2 Local unions may also nominate candidates for national office.


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

P r in c ip a l

Election procedures
Approxi­
mate period
between
Propor­
Local
nomination union
Mail
tion of
and election polling ballot
votes
required
place

10 locals: 5 candidates with most endorsements.
20 delegates
.
. . .
_
______
50 locals
. . .
_ .
. .
X 10 delegates from different locals from 3 districts
or more having 15 percent of total per capita
convention representation.
No minimum
_
.
. . . .
....
. _
2 X No minimum
X 2 nominees for each office elected in convention
primary.
10 locals: 2 candidates with most endorsements.
Petition 100 members m ust sign petition of candidacy__
X
No minimum______
. . . . . .
..
50 locals
10 percent of locals from 15 States or provinces.
5 candidates with most endorsements.
25 locals
_ _
____
___
5 locals
-

x
_ . .

l e c t io n o f

6
x

Glass and Ceramic W orkers... ______
X
Lithographers and Photoengravers... .
Longshoremen and Warehousemen
(Ind.).
Machinists . . . . . . ______
X
M aritim e_______ __ _
____
Petition
Mine, Mill and Smelter Workers (Ind.).
Mine Workers, United (Ind.).. ___ .
X
Printing Pressmen___. . .
______
X
Retail Clerks
. . .
Shoe Workers___ . . .
Steelworkers____ . . . . . ..
Typographical____
Woodworkers. _ . . . .
...

Endorsements required

E

eferendum

X
X

x
X

X

x
x
X
X

Majority.
Plurality.
Plurality.
Plurality.
Majority.
Plurality.
Plurality.
Plurality.
Majority.
Majority.

REFERENDUM ELECTIONS OF NATIONAL UNION OFFICERS

present their side of the issues, but require th a t
these articles be true and nondefamatory. The
Electrical W orkers-IU E publishes a list of all
nominees, and also allows candidates to publish
statements in the union journal, without any regu­
lation of the content of these statements. The
Glass and Ceramic W orkers, the Machinists, and
the P rin tin g Pressmen provide th at a list of all
nominees be printed in an issue of their respective
journals prior to nom ination; there is no provision
for a statement by each candidate.
The M aritime Union’s constitution states that
personal columns in the Pilot shall not be used for
electioneering purposes, and the Glass and Ce­
ramic W orkers’ constitution obligates the union’s
international executive board to see th at the Glass
Worker News is not misused to fu rth er the interest
of any member for union office. The Mine, Mill
and Smelter W orkers specifically prohibits the use
of defam atory statements to “influence the elec­
tion” in the union’s journal or in any literature us­
ing the union’s seal. This union provides th at an
international officer violating the prohibition shall
be removed from office by direction of the general
executive board and a new election including the
rem aining nominees be held. Several constitu­
tions contain the LM RDA prohibition against the
use of the organization’s funds to promote the
candidacy of any person.
The Typographical Union specifically allows
the establishment of parties to support a nominee
for office, and the constitution has many provisions
which make the candidate responsible for actions
of his supporters. The union requires th at candi­
dates and members file complete financial state­
ments regarding moneys collected and spent
during the campaign period ; only union members
may contribute to these campaign funds.


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

859

The Glass and Ceramic W orkers is the only un­
ion which specifically allows any member in good
standing to attend any local meeting, thereby giv­
ing the candidates the opportunity to reach the
members before the nominations and elections.
Such visitors have voice but no vote.
Though not a campaign right, knowledge of the
time at which nominations are to be made is also
helpful in reaching members prior to nomination.
None of the constitutions specify a date on which
local endorsements would be voted. The provi­
sions on the time of nomination are usually gen­
eral, stating th at nominations shall occur at a
regular meeting in a special month or not later
than a certain period prior to the election (for
example, no later than 4 months before the
election). A lthough the Glass and Ceramic W orkers does not have a minimum num ber of local
endorsements, each local is required to notify the
international union of the scheduled date for nomi­
nations. This inform ation is published in the un­
ion’s journal.
Knowledge of the date of the elections is also
im portant to the candidate in planning his cam­
paign. Nine of the 17 unions schedule elections
for a specific day of a particular month, such as
the second Tuesday in A pril of election years.
Two other unions specify only th at elections will
be held at the first regular meeting in a particular
month, without giving a specific date. Five un­
ions specify th at elections will be held within a cer­
tain period, such as 40 days, after the convention
nomination. The M aritime Union, which nomi­
nates by membership petition, schedules a mailballot election for the period A pril 1-May 31. In
this union, and in the nine unions which schedule
elections for a specific day of the month, a can­
didate has an exact target for planning his
campaign.

Out-of-School Youth—Two Years Later
A 1965 Resurvey of Young Men in a 1963
Study of Early Work Experience Assesses the
Relative Progress of Graduates and Dropouts
V era C. P errella

and

E liz a b e t h W a l d m a n *

The w o r k p r o g r e s s of young men w ith less school­
ing is not as great as th a t made by their contem­
poraries who have finished high school or had
some college. This lag occurs even in a period of
expanding employment and incipient labor short­
ages. W hatever measure is used—unemployment
rate, earnings, steadiness of employment, and
so on—the men w ith more education made greater
advances over the 2-year period which elapsed be­
tween two surveys.1
The men w ith more education also made more
effort tow ard self-improvement, as indicated by
the greater proportion taking additional education
or form al job training. The young men who left
school before finishing high school not only may
not have had the minimal education required to
learn more specialized skills but probably had
less m otivation and adaptability, which slowed
their progress.
A group of young men who had been inter­
viewed in a nationwide sample study of the early
work experience of out-of-school youth were resurveyed in F ebruary 1965 to assess the relative
progress of the dropouts and graduates. A t the
time of the first survey in February 1963, the men
were 16 to 21 years old and were no longer enrolled
in regular school. The group included school
dropouts and high school graduates, but excluded
those who were college graduates.
The discussion which follows relates to 2.4 m il­
lion of the 2.7 million young men who were cov­
ered by the first survey in February 1963. About
240,000 of the original number were in the Armed
Forces as of February 1965 and were not included
in the followup survey.
The 2.4 million civilian men in the followup
survey were about equally divided between drop­
860


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

outs and graduates.2 One-half of the men were 22
and 23 years old as of February 1965 and a m ajor­
ity in these ages were graduates; the 20 and 21
year olds were about equally divided between
graduates and dropouts, and nearly all of the small
num ber of those age 18 and 19 were dropouts:
Percent distribution
Graduates
Dropouts
A ll men
Age
1, 212
12, 428
1, 206
Total: Number . . . . . ______
100.0
100.0
100.0
P e r c e n t._______ ______
17.3
0.6
______
9.1
18 and 19 years old____
39.3
41.3
40.1
20 and 21 years old . . . ____________
60.1
41.4
50.8
22 and 23 years o l d . __ . . . . .. ______
1 Includes some men for whom data on educational attainment were not
known.
♦Of th e D ivision of L abor F orce S tudies, B ureau of L abor
S ta tistic s.
1 See Special L abor F orce R eports Nos. 46 an d 47, “Out-ofSchool Youth, F e b ru ary 1963,” P a r t s I and II, fo r findings of th e
first survey. T h e p re se n t a rtic le is based p rim a rily on in fo rm a ­
tion from q u estio n n a ires se n t in F e b ru a ry 1965 to th e m en cov­
ered by th e F e b ru a ry 1963 survey. T h e original and follow up
surveyis w ere conducted fo r th e B u reau of L abor S ta tistic s by th e
B ureau of th e Census. In th is rep o rt, d a ta re la te to persons
18 to 23 y ears old in th e civilian n o n in stitu tio n a l p o p ulatio n in
th e calen d ar week ending Feb. 13, 1965, an d p e rta in only to th e
m en who w ere n o t in the A rm ed F orces a s of th e resurvey date.
Men who w ere serving in th e A rm ed F orces or w ere inm ates of
in s titu tio n s a s of th e first survey d a te in F eb ru ary 1963 were
excluded from both th e first survey and th e follow up.
Since estim ates re su ltin g from th is survey a re based on a
sam ple, they m ay differ from th e figures t h a t would have been
obtained from a com plete census. T he sam pling v a ria b ility m ay
be relativ ely larg e in cases w here th e n um bers a re sm all. Be­
cause of th e com paratively sm all size of th e group covered in
th is survey, th e num ber of sam ple cases t h a t could be used w as
sm all, an d sta tis tic a lly reliab le d a ta byi color could n o t be ob­
tained. N um bers u n d er 200,000 an d p ercen ts based on them
should be used w ith caution.
2 T he classification of th e m en by ed u catio n al a tta in m e n t is as
of th e ir F e b ru a ry 1963 sta tu s , w ith o u t reference to any subse­
quent schooling. A ccordingly, references to g ra d u a te s an d d rop­
o uts a re to years of school com pleted a s of th e first survey period
in F e b ru ary 1963. The term “d ro p o u ts” refe rs to th e m en who
le ft school before g ra d u a tin g from high s c h o o l; th e term “g ra d ­
u a te s ” refe rs to th e m en w ho h ad g ra d u ated from high school,
and includes men who had sp e n t some tim e in college b u t w ere n o t
college g rad u ates.

OUT-OF-SCHOOL YOUTH—TWO YEARS LATER
T

able

1.

J

ob

T

r a in in g

T a k e n S in c e F e b r u a r y

Item
Percent taking training by educational attainment:
Total_______
Dropouts.
Graduates.
Percent distribution of persons taking training by—
Completion of training:
Total_________________________________
Training completed.......................... ........
Still taking training_________________
Training dropped before completion___
Place of training:
Total______________ __________________
Special schools_____________________
Company training programs__________
Apprenticeships____________________
O ther.____ _______________________
Kind of training:
Total_________________________________
Profess ional, technical, and kindred 1__
Mechanics, auto____________________
Mechanics, except auto______________
Construction craftsmen______________
Operatives 2_______________________
Other________________ ____________

861
1963

Percent

19.1
12.9
25.4
100.0

40.1
40.6
19.2
100.0

38.6
38.4
9.6
13.4
100.0

20.9
12.0

13.0
9.2
8.0

36.9

1 Except teachers and medical and other health workers.
2 Except drivers and deliverymen.
N ote : Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals-

About half the men were unm arried as of Feb­
ruary 1965 w ith a larger proportion of dropouts
than graduates in this m arital category. Since
they were younger,, a higher proportion of the
dropouts were still single after 2 years.

Back to School
O f each year’s group of school leavers some
return to school after a short time. Some high
school graduates who do not go to college immedi­
ately upon graduation do go at a later time.
Others who leave school before graduating from
high school or college sometime also return to
school. Experience in the job m arket convinces
some th at more education would help them.
About 13 percent of the young men in the followup
group returned to school at some time during the
2 years following F ebruary 1963. Only about 1
out of 20 of the dropouts returned compared with
1 out of 5 of the graduates (chart 1 ). The very
small proportion of dropouts returning to school is
probably related to the reasons they gave in 1963
for dropping out of school. Nearly one-half of
those who had quit school had reported in 1963
th a t they were not interested in school, had
poor grades or had had difficulties with school
authorities.
8 Job tra in in g in th is re p o rt includes only fo rm al tra in in g
tak en in special schools such a s trad e, business and beauty
schools, correspondence schools, com pany schools, A rm ed F orces
schools, an d ap p ren ticesh ip s ; i t does n o t include any vocational
or o th er tra in in g received in the re g u la r schools.


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

Almost tw o-thirds of the men returning to school
were still in school as of February 1965—about
evenly divided between full- and part-tim e stu­
dents. About 8 out of 10 of those who were still
attending school were in college, reflecting the
high proportion of all school returnees who were
high school graduates as of the February 1963
survey date.

Job Training
Yoimg men often take job training after leaving
regular school to qualify for the better jobs. In
the 2 years between surveys, about one-fifth of the
men had taken some form al job training.3 G rad­
uates were twice as likely as dropouts to have done
so (table 1).
Most of the men had taken their training in
special schools or company training program s;
only 10 percent had been in apprenticeship pro­
grams. Of those who had started a form al job
training program , 20 percent had dropped out
before completing it, 10 percent had completed
the training, and 40 percent were still in the
programs.
The occupations for which the young men
trained covered a wide spectrum, ranging from ac­
counting, embalming, and computer program ing
Chart 1. Percent of Graduates and Dropouts Who
Returned to School Between February 1963 and
February 1965

R e la tiv e ly

3l/2 t im e s a s m a n y g r a d u a te s a s d r o p o u ts
r e tu r n e d to s c h o o l.

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, AUGUST 1966

862
to appliance servicing, plumbing, tool and die­
making, and barbering. A fifth of the men who
had taken job training had trained for occupations
in professional, technical, and related fields (other
than medical and health work and teaching) ; and
approxim ately one-fourth took training as me­
chanics, equally divided between auto mechanics
and all other types of mechanics.

Increase in Labor Force
Only 5 percent of the men were not in the labor
force in February 1965, a smaller proportion
than 2 years earlier (table 2). W hile the pro­
portion of the graduates out of the labor force
was not significantly different as of the twTo dates,
the proportion for the dropouts declined by over
h alf to 5 percent in February 1965, the same rate
as for graduates. This increase in labor force
participation by the dropouts is prim arily because
of their age ; nearly all of the boys who were 16
or 17 years old a t the time of the 1963 survey had
dropped out of school. Only a small proportion
of the men who had been in the labor force in Feb­
ruary 1963 were out of it 2 years later, and only
one-fourth who were out of the labor force at the
earlier date were also out in F ebruary 1965.
In view of the concern about young men who
are no longer in school and are not in the labor
force, it is noteworthy that only 5 percent of the
young men in the followup group were outside the
labor force in February 1965. O f this group, 4 of
10 said they were not working because they were
T

a ble

2.

E

F e b r u a r y 1963

m p l o y m e n t S t a t u s in
F e b r u a r y 1965

All m e n 1

Dropouts

Graduates

1963

1965

1963

1965

_ _ ...

1 0 0 .0

1 0 0 .0

1 0 0 .0

1 0 0 .0

1 0 0 .0

1 0 0 .0

In labor force _ . . . __ . . . .
Not in labor force__ ____

95.1
4.9

90.6
9.4

95.3
4.7

8 8 .0
1 2 .0

95.3
4.7

93.6
6.4

1 0 0 .0

1 0 0 .0

1 0 0 .0

1 0 0 .0

1 0 0 .0

1 0 0 .0

Employed . . . _ _ .
.
89.6
F u lltim e ... ._ _____ _
84.6
Part time__ ___ _ ._
5.0
Unemployed .. _ _ _ . _ 10.4
1 to 4 weeks _ _________
3.5
5 to 14 weeks
5.5
15 weeks or more
1.4

81.2

82.3
77.0
5.3
17.7
6.6
8.7
2.4

74.0

96.8
92.0
4.9
3.2
.4
2.3
.4

1963

I n L a b o r F orce

Total_____________ __

( 2)

(2)
18.8
7.5
6.0
5.3

( 2)
( 2)

26.0
9.9
8 .2

7.9

87.9
( 2)

(2)
1 2 .1

5.2
4. 1
2 .8

1 Includes some men for whom data on educational attainment were not
available.
1 Not available.
N ote : Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals.


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

Economic expansion between February 1963
and February 1965 resulted in a decrease in un­
employment rates for the young men surveyed, as
if did for all men in the labor force. The 10 per­
cent rate was about double th at for all men in
the labor force. B ut both dropouts and graduates
had much lower unemployment rates in February
1965 than 2 years earlier.4 In 1965, the unem­
ployment rate for dropouts was considerably
greater than th a t for graduates, 17.7 percent com­
pared with 3.2 percent. The difference in the
rates may not be as great as the indicated 5 to 1
ratio, however, because the rates are based on small
numbers and are therefore subject to considerable
sampling variability.
One-fourth of the young men who had been
unemployed in February 1963 were also jobless
2 years la te r; only 6 percent of those employed at
the earlier date were jobless in February 1965.
O f the men unemployed in February 1963, greater
proportions of dropouts than graduates were
also jobless in February 1965 (30 percent and
11 percent, respectively).
In addition to a decrease in unemployment rates
between the two survey dates, there was also a
sharp decrease (to 14 from 28 percent) in the
proportion of jobless young men who had been
unemployed 15 weeks or more.

The Young Men’s Jobs

1965
T otal.__

A Decrease in Unemployment

and

[Percent distribution]

Employment status

going to school, and most of the rest were waiting
to join the Armed Forces or were ill or unable to
work because of physical or m ental disabilities.

Nearly all the employed young men no longer
in school, both dropouts and graduates, worked
at full-tim e jobs; only 6 percent usually worked
p art time—a proportion approxim ating that for
all men 25 to 64 years of age.
Among the employed young men, 1 out of 4 of
the dropouts but only 1 out of 6 of the graduates
had been working for less than 6 months on the
jobs they had in February 1965 (table 3). On the
other hand, the same proportions of the employed
dropouts and graduates had been working at their
jobs for more than 2 years. The greater propor4 The unem ploym ent ra te fo r all out-of-school m en 18 to 23
years old who w ere in th e civilian labor force in F eb ru ary 1965
w as also 1 o ut of every 10.

863

OUT-OF-SCHOOL YOUTH—TWO YEARS LATER
T a b l e 3.

L ength
1965,

T i m e on J ob H e l d
O ccupation G ro up

of
by

in

F ebruary

[Percent distribution]
Length of time on job
Occupation group and
educational attainm ent

Total
Total

Less 6 to 11 1 to 2 More
than 6 months years than 2
years
months

_____

100.0

20.4

15.0

Total_______ - ____ 100.0

100.0

25.3

12.8

All men.

23.6

41.0

D ropouts

Craftsmen, foremen, and
kindred workers ______
Operatives and kindred
workers__ __________ -Laborers, except farm and
mine ____ ________
All other _______________

23.5

38.4

23.6

100.0

28.4

9.6

15.4

46.6

35.1

100.0

25.7

12.5

29.6

32.2

16.7
24.6

100.0
100.0

21.1
23.3

19.0
13.9

26.5
18.3

33.3
44.6

_ . _ 100.0

100.0

16.5

16.7

23.6

43.2

10.4

100.0

18.8

17.9

14.3

49.1

12.5

100.0

11.9

8.1

34.1

45.9

18.0

100.0

13.7

18.4

16.3

51.6

G raduates
Total____ _

Professional, technical, and
managerial___
_ __
Clerical and kindred work­
ers ___ _
______
Craftsmen, foremen, and
kindred workers_______
Operatives and kindred
workers__ - __________
Laborers, except farm and
mine
__ _
__ _
All other________________

30.5

100.0

17.6

19.1

28.5

34.8

10.8
17.8

100.0
100.0

23.1
10.9

14.5
19.2

18.8
25.4

43.6
44.6

N ote : Because ofrounding, sums of individual items m aynot equal totals.

tion of dropouts than graduates w ith less than 6
months on the job results both from their higher
unemployment rate and their relatively younger
age. Younger men, who are more likely to be
single, feel freer to shift voluntarily from one
job to another than do men who have fam ily
responsibilities.
The occupation groups in which the dropouts
and graduates were employed in February 1965
m irrored to some degree the differences in extent
of their education. Over one-fourth of the g rad ­
uates—but only 11 percent of the dropouts—held
white-collar jobs. Undoubtedly, the small propor­
tion of graduates who had 1 year or more of
college accounts for p a rt of this difference. As
with the male labor force, the largest proportions
of both dropouts and graduates were employed as
operatives and craftsm en (table 4). A pproxi­
mately equal proportions of dropouts and g rad ­
uates worked in service occupations or as farm
wTorkers.
A considerable amount of shifting from job to
job, voluntary and involuntary, takes place in
the first years after a young person enters the
labor force; these years serve as a time for feeling
out the job market, gaining experience, adapting


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to the discipline of work, and try in g to get and
hold jobs. Between 1963 and 1965, an impressive
amount of occupation change took place among
the dropouts and g rad u ates: H a lf of the number
who were employed as of both periods were no
longer in the same occupation group in 1965.
Graduates and dropouts were equally likely to
have changed their occupations. Since each of
the m ajor occupation groups includes a wide range
of occupations, the num ber of men who were em­
ployed at quite dissim ilar kinds of work, even
though they remained in the same occupation
group, was undoubtedly even larger. The m ajor
occupation group, operatives, for example, in­
cludes such diverse work as assembler, truck driver,
and meatcutter.
A larger proportion of the young men stayed
in blue-collar than in white-collar occupations.
Some white-collar jobs in the clerical and sales
fields, particularly a t the outset, pay less than some
of the blue-collar jobs. Another factor lim iting
the direction of movement is th at men who are
qualified to work in white-collar jobs may more
easily qualify for certain types of blue-collar jobs
than may blue-collar workers for white-collar oc­
cupations. W ithin the blue-collar occupations,
there was more movement from operatives to
craftsmen than to any other occupation.
Among the men who were craftsm en in 1963,
about 6 out of 10 remained craftsmen, but 3 out of
10 moved to white-collar occupations. Among
those who had been white-collar workers in 1963,
6 of 10 were still doing the same general kind of
work in 1965; nearly all the others were bluecollar workers, prim arily operatives. In this surT

a b l e 4.
O c c u p a t io n G r o u p i n F e b r u a r y 1963 a n d
F e b r u a r y 1965 f o r M e n E m p l o y e d a t B o t h T im e s

[Percent distribution]

Occupation group

All men 1
1965

1963

Dropouts

Graduates

1965

1965

1963

Total_____ _____ _________ 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Professional, technical, and managerial workers_______
. . . . . . . 7.3
Clerical and kindred workers. _ . . 9.7
4.4
Sales workers. . _______________
Craftsmen, foremen, and kindred
.
.
.
.
.
.
___
21.2
w orkers__________
Operatives and kindred workers___ 31.0
Service workers...
6.4
Farmers and farm laborers .. . . . . 6.9
Laborers, except farm and mine___ 13.1

1963
100.0

3.6
11.6
3.3

3.9
4.5
3.0

.8
5.6
2.9

9.8
13.5
4.9

5.6
16.0
3.0

11.5
35.2
5.5
11.1
18.4

23.2
34.0
6.8
7.7
17.0

10.5
36.1
5.0
16.2
23.0

20.0
28.9
6.2
6.4
10.4

12.2
34.7
5.9
7.5
15.1

1 Includes some men for whom data on educational attainm ent were not
available.
N ote : Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals.

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, AUGUST 1966

864
vey (selected to exclude college graduates) the
young men in white-collar jobs in both 1963 and
1965 showed less progression from relatively
low skill occupation groups to higher skill ones
than did the men who were blue-collar workers in
both periods.
N otw ithstanding the individual occupational
changes over the 2-year period, the overall occupa­
tional distribution of the dropouts and graduates
in February 1965 differed only slightly from th a t
in February 1963. Some upw ard shift of the dis­
tribution is a p p a re n t: the proportion of dropouts
employed as craftsm en had doubled between 1963
and 1965, but the proportion of farm ers and farm
laborers decreased by about half. A small rise
over the period in the proportion of graduates
who were in professional and m anagerial occu­
pations may reflect the fact th a t some of them
had obtained additional schooling between the
two survey periods.

Weekly Earnings
Dropouts reported lower weekly earnings on
the job at which they were employed in February
1965 than did graduates (table 5). H a lf of the
graduates but only three-tenths of the dropouts
had weekly earnings of $100 or more. The pro­
portion of dropouts earning less than $60 a week
was three times as large as the proportion of g rad ­
uates. The dropouts were somewhat younger,
had worked a shorter length of time on the 1965
job, were more likely to hold an unskilled job, and
even within the same occupation group may have
T a b l e 5. U s u a l W e e k l y E a r n i n g s R e p o r t e d I n
F e b r u a r y 1963 A n d F e b r u a r y 1965 F or M e n E m ­
p l o y e d as of B o th D a t e s
[Percent distribution]
Weekly earnings
Date and educational
attainm ent

Less
Total than
$50

$50
to
$59

$60
to
$79

$80
to
$99

$100
and
over

Me­
dian
earn­
ings

All M en 1
1965______
1963_________

100. C 8.0
100.0 23.3

7.7
15.1

21.4
33.4

22.0
17.8

40.9
10.4

$91. 77
$60. 70

D ropouts
1965________
1963___________

100.0
100.0

14.8
37.5

10.7
14.8

26.0
26.6

18.0
13.7

30.5
7.4

$61.88
$50.84

Graduates
1965_______
1963_________

100.0
100.0

3.4
13.9

5.6
15.3

18.5
38.3

24.2
20.1

48.2
12.4

$98. 54
$61.09

1 Includes some men for whom data on educational attainm ent were not
available.
N ote : Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals.


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T

able

6.

E

x ten t of

L abor F

orce

E

x p e r ie n c e in

1964

[Percent distribution]
Total Drop­ Grad­
outs u ates

Labor force experience

All men, total: Num ber___________________ >2, 428
Percent____________________ 100.0

1,206
100. 0

1,212
100.0

Not in labor force________________ - __________
Tn labor force - _____ - - - - - _ _ ___ _

2.7
97.3

2.9
97.1

2.2
97.8

In labor force_____________________________

100.0

100.0

100.0

Worked during year;___________________________
By number of weeks:
1 to 26 weeks___________ . . _ . - _____ 27 to 49 weeks_______ _____ _____50 to 52 weeks___ ________ - _____ ___
By extent of unemployment:
With no unemployment______________ With unemployment- - - - ___ ________
Unemployed 1 to 14 weeks____ _______
Unemployed 15 weeks or more__ _

99.0

97.9

100.0

15.9
25.8
57.2

20.7
32.6
44.5

11.7
19.8
68.5

70.4
28.6
18.3
10.3

60.9
36.8
22.2
14.6

79.0
21.0
14.7
6.3

1.0

2.1

Did not work, but looked for work

_______ _____

1 Includes some men for whom data on educational attainm ent were not
available.
N ote : Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals.

been paid less. Moreover, the graduates include
some men with 1 year or more of college whose
higher earnings would raise the average for the
graduates to some extent.
Among youths who were employed in both Feb­
ruary 1963 and F ebruary 1965, graduates, as ex­
pected, made more progress in earnings than did
dropouts. The relative progress of the graduates
and dropouts is even more apparent if the number
in a given earnings group in the earlier period are
distributed according to their earnings in 1965.
A th ird of the dropouts, but only 6 percent of the
graduates who were earning less than $50 a week
in 1963, were still earning th a t little in their 1965
j obs.

A Year’s Work Experience
D uring the year 1964, the extent of employment
and unemployment and the annual earnings of
the young men demonstrated th at graduates were
better off than dropouts. A larger proportion of
graduates had wTorked the entire year, relatively
fewer had some unemployment, and their annual
earnings were higher. The graduates were also
in jobs generally less vulnerable to seasonal and
other layoffs.
Nearly all of the young men had been in the la ­
bor force at some time during 1964. There was,
however, a substantial difference in the propor­
tions of graduates and dropouts who were yearround (50 to 52 weeks) labor force participants—
8 of 10 graduates, but only 2 of 3 dropouts. Fewer

865

OUT-OF-SCHOOL YOUTH—TWO YEARS LATER

than 10 percent of the young men had been in the
labor force for 6 months or less. Some of the
men who had not been in the labor force the entire
year may have been ill, in the Armed Forces, or
going to school. Others may have decided that
they did not want to work for several weeks or
months, or may have become temporarily discour­
aged by unsuccessful jobseeking.
Fewer than half the dropouts, but two-thirds of
the graduates, in the labor force had worked all
year, reflecting the smaller proportion of dropouts
who were in the labor force the entire year and
also their higher incidence of unemployment
(table 6).
Long-term unemployment in 1964 (a total of
15 weeks or more regardless of the number of times
the men were jobless) was several times more com5 Self-em ployed persons w ere included am ong m en who h ad only
one employer.

Chart 2.

mon among the dropouts, even though they tended
to be in the labor force fewer weeks than the grad­
uates. About 1 out of 6 dropouts, but only 1 out
of 16 graduates, had been jobless a total of 15 weeks
or more during 1964.
Job Changing

Men change jobs for many reasons—layoffs,
slack work, employers going out of business, the
desire to improve their status, as well as other per­
sonal reasons. Of the dropouts and graduates
who had worked at some time during 1964, 4 of
10 reported changing jobs at least once during
the year.5
Among year-round workers, approximately 2 of
10 dropouts and 3 of 10 graduates reported they
had worked for more than one employer. The
higher job mobility among graduates may reflect

Percent Distribution of 1964 Annual Earnings of Graduates and Dropouts

Median annual earnings in 1964 for men with work experience were 50 percent greater for graduates than for dropouts.
For those who worked year round, the difference was considerably lower.


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866

One of 20 of the dropouts and 1 of 5 of the gradu­
ates had returned to school between February 1963
and February 1965.
One-fifth of the men had taken formal job train­
ing since leaving school in February 1963 or were
still taking it. Graduates were twice as likely as
dropouts to have done so.
A smaller proportion of the men were unemployed
in February 1965 than 2 years earlier, reflecting the
improved economic conditions over the period.
A greater proportion of the graduates than drop­
outs who were employed both in February 1963 and
February 1965 were earning $100 or more a week in
their February 1965 jobs.
Two-thirds of the graduates but fewer than half
of the dropouts who worked in 1964 were employed
all year (50 weeks or more).

better knowledge of the job market and greater
opportunities for better qualified workers to ob­
tain different jobs. However, among both drop­
outs and graduates, over half of those who had
worked less than a full year reported having more
than one employer. The wide difference in the
proportions of full- and part-year workers reflects
in part the fact that some of the young men who
had worked less than 50 weeks during 1964 may
have been laid off at least once during the year
and then found a different job.
Annual Earnings

Median earnings for the young men in the fol­
lowup survey who had worked in 1964 were


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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, AUGUST 1966

$3,412—considerably lower than the $5,191
median for all men 14 years old and over with
work experience during the year. Since many of
the young men were at the beginning of their
career in 1964, they could not command the higher
wages of more experienced workers. Also, a
greater proportion of adult men (25 to 64 years)
than of the youth work all year and therefore are
able to earn more.
The graduates’ median earnings of nearly $4,000
were about 50 percent greater than the $2,600 for
dropouts6 (chart 2). Differences in pay resulting
from differences in occupational distribution and
in the number of weeks worked by dropouts and
graduates undoubtedly affect the annual figures.
A greater proportion of the graduates than drop­
outs worked all year, and this too contributed
to the larger annual earnings of graduates.
Among those who worked all year, graduates had
higher average earnings than dropouts, $4,000
and $3,740, respectively, a difference of 18 percent.
Nearly 6 out of 10 dropouts, but only 3 out of 10
graduates, had earned less than $3,000 in 1964,
again a result of the occupational distributions and
weeks worked. For all men who had worked 50
to 52 weeks, there was some improvement in these
proportions, but differences between graduates and
dropouts persisted—37 percent of the dropouts
with year-round jobs had earned less than $3,000
in 1964, double the percentage for graduates.
0
D a ta from o th e r sources ind icate t h a t earn in g s differences
betw een g ra d u a te s and d ro p o u ts p e rsis t over a lifetim e. F o r ex­
am ple, see H erm an M iller, “E d u catio n : An A dvantage fo r a L ife­
tim e,” O ccupational Outlook Q uarterly, Decem ber 1963, p. 5.

Summaries of Studies and Reports

Labor and the Spanish
Syndical System
E

N o t e .— This article is based upon a re­
cent volume by the author, who is Professor of
Economics, Indiana University. Research
for the study, Labor Policy and Practices in
Spain: A Study of Employer-Employee Rela­
tions Under the Franco Regime (New York,
Frederick A. Praeger, Inc., 1965), was con­
ducted during a 6-month residence in Spain.

d ito r ’s

O n e o f t h e f ir s t acts of the Franco Government
after the termination of the Spanish Civil War
was to abolish the free Spanish labor movement1
and to create the Spanish Syndical Organization,
the only legal “trade union” movement in the na­
tion. Employers as well as employees are com­
pelled to belong to this organization and pay dues
to finance its operation; no other employer and
employee organization is permitted to deal with
labor relations.
The syndical system is an important feature of
the national-syndical type of state created by the
Franco regime. Spain’s economy is divided into
28 broad categories of activity (e.g., chemicals;
construction; radio, TV, and the press; metal). A
national syndical organization is established for
each activity, and each organization must belong
to the Spanish Syndical Organization. Organs
of the syndical system are present in each of
Spain’s 50 provinces and exist in the smaller geo­
graphical units as well as in many of the produc­
tion facilities. Regardless of the level of opera­
tion, each syndicate is divided into employer and
employee sections, which represent employer and
employee interests, respectively.
The Spanish Syndical Organization and its com­
ponent parts are in effect institutions of the Span­
ish Government and are required to conform to


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and carry out the policies of the State. The law
creating the organization stated that it “assures
the subordination of the syndical organization to
the Party \Falange, the only lawful political party
in Spain] and only this party can establish the
discipline, the unity and the spirit necessary to
serve national policy.” 2 As the Falange is dedi­
cated to furthering the interests of the Spanish
State, it follows that the syndicate system is like­
wise an instrument of the Spanish Government.3
Though Spanish workers and employers may
elect some syndical representatives, the important
posts carrying policymaking functions are filled
by government appointments. The fact that the
elected representatives are far more numerous
than the appointed representatives is irrelevant in
this connection.
Perhaps the best evidence of the dependence of
the syndicate comes from the establishment of com­
pulsory wage control policy announced by the
Spanish Government in November 1964 in an effort
to control the serious inflation then in force in
Spain.4 The Spanish Government announced a
compulsory policy of wage control designed to
equate wage increases to productivity increases.
This policy was put into force despite declarations
by high-ranking government and syndical leaders
that wages were not the cause of the Spanish in­
flation. In October 1964, the Minister of Labor
had stated that he was “absolutely against any
1 L ey de Unidad Sindical (L aw of Syndical U n ity ), Ja n . 26,

1940.
2 L a Ley de Bases de L a Organización Sindical (Law fo r the
bases of Syndical O rganization) Dec. 6, 1940.
3 T here is ad d itio n al evidence in th e d eclaratio n in the F u ero
de Trabajo (R ig h ts of L abor) w hich was forged du rin g the
S panish Civil W ar, prom ulgated by th e F a la n ge on M ar. 9, 1938,
an d elevated to the s ta tu s of a fu n d am en tal law of S pain in
1947. I t s t a t e s : “th e v ertical [including em ployers and em­
ployees] syndical system is an in stru m e n t to th e Service of the
S tate, th ro u g h w hich [th e S ta te ] shall realize, principally, its
econom ic policy.”
4 F ro m Ja n u a ry 1963 u n til Septem ber 1964, S pain’s Consum er
P rice Index increased by 12.7 percent. F rom Ja n u a ry 1964
u n til Septem ber 1964, i t increased by 7.2 percent, Indicadores
Económ icos, I n s titu to N acional de E stald ística, M adrid, Oct. 30,
1964.

867

868

position which serves to block wage increases.” 5
The Secretary General of the Spanish Syndical
Organization said that he disagreed “absolutely
that the collective bargaining agreements are the
cause for the increase of prices.” 6 Despite these
declarations, the Minister of Labor 1 month later
implemented the compulsory wage control pro­
gram, and the Syndical Organization lodged no
official protest when the wage control program was
announced.
Strike Activity

Though unlawful, strikes still occur in Spain.
It is estimated that from 80,000 to 100,000 Spanish
workers were involved in strikes in 1962. In 1963,
the figure was somewhat lower, and in the spring
of 1964, strike activity included only 40,000 work­
ers. The Asturias coal-mining area was the major
location of the strikes. Asturias’ striking miners
were demanding higher wages, improved working
conditions, the right to strike, and independent
unions. The strike was terminated only after the
Spanish Government, through the Ministry of
Labor, bypassed the official worker representatives
and dealt with ad hoc representatives chosen by the
strikers.
Upon several occasions, charges have been filed
with the International Labor Organization against
the Spanish Government for its treatment of strik­
ers.7 These charges have involved the imprison­
ment and brutal treatment of strikers, forced de­
portation of strikers from the scene of a strike to
other locations in Spain, and penalties against em­
ployers who had hired workers participating in
the strikes.
In defense, the Spanish Government contended
that the strikers were Communist inspired and had
sought to overthrow the regime, and that these
activities did not therefore constitute normal trade
union objectives. It did not deny its arrest of the
strikers or its compulsory residence orders; it did
deny torturing imprisoned strikers. Attempting
to determine the factual basis for the arrest of the
strikers, the ILO requested the judgment of the
courts which had sentenced them; groups within
Spain requested that an international commission
investigate the imprisonment and the treatment of
strikers. The ILO request was denied and the
Spanish Government refused to agree to the inter­


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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, AUGUST 1966

national investigation. The Spanish groups then
asked that the situation be investigated by a com­
mission composed only of Spanish attorneys and
judges. This request was similarly denied.
Minimum Labor Standards

When the Franco Government forbade free
labor unions and abrogated the right to strike, the
State imposed minimum labor standards. The
system of standards, or reglamentaciones, is pro­
mulgated by the Ministry of Labor and binds
most employers. These codes regulate almost
every feature of working conditions in detail
(employers may provide employees with better
conditions of employment than those specified in
these minimum codes). Each of the 200 separate
reglamentaciones covers a particular segment of
a major branch of an industry which is enclosed
within one syndicate. Applied across the board,
the labor standards may not reflect the economic
realities of a particular situation. Herein is the
basic defect of the system. Within the straitjacket of the reglamentaciones system, both em­
ployers and employees are denied the opportunity
for optimum utilization of their resources in the
terms of economic progress.
Collective Bargaining

Partly because of the defects of the system
of minimum labor standards, the Spanish Govern­
ment. authorized the negotiation of collective
agreements between employers and employees.8
Before that time, collective bargaining in any
form had been forbidden. Initially hesitant,
Spanish employers and employees have since made
widespread use of their new freedom. As of Sep­
tember 30, 1964, a total of 4,532 collective bargain­
ing agreements covering 5,338,777 workers and ap­
plying to 1,620,346 firms had been negotiated—the
total Spanish labor force amounted to about 13
5A B C , Oct.
n ew sp ap er.)

15, 1964.

(A B C

is a leading M adrid

daily

6Solidaridad Nacional (B arcelo n a), Oct. 4, 1964. See discu s­
sion of the colelctive b arg ain in g system .
7 See Official B ulletin, In te rn a tio n a l L abor Office, Ju ly 1964,
Vol. 47, No. 31, Supp. 11, pp. 58-65.
* L ey de Convenios Colectivos Sindicales (Law of Syndical
Collective A greem ents) Apr. 24, 1958.

LABOR AND THE SPANISH SYNDICAL SYSTEM

million of whom, about 10 million were considered
possible participants in collective agreements.9
Although authorization of collective bargaining
reflects a more liberal attitude on the part of the
Spanish Government in industrial relations, the
collective bargaining system remains under the
direction of the Government. Contracts must be
negotiated within the framework of the Spanish
Syndical Organization, and approval of the Min­
istry of Labor is necessary before an agreement
becomes effective. Though agreed to by employeremployee representatives, entire contracts or spe­
cific provisions may be vetoed by the Minister of
Labor or his subordinates.
The advent of collective bargaining within
Spain did not, of course, legalize the strike. Dis­
putes involving the interpretation or application
of labor agreements are resolved by compulsory
arbitration, with Government officials serving as
arbitrators. Through the Ministry of Labor the
State is empowered to break any impasse by com­
pulsory arbitration. Recent trends indicate that
a growing number of agreements are being put
into force by decrees of the Ministry of Labor.
For the years 1959 through 1962, the Spanish
Syndical Organization reported a total of 115
instances in which the employer-employee repre­
sentatives were unable to reach an agreement at the
bargaining table. From 1963 through the first
9 months of 1964, however, the number of compul­
sory arbitration awards totaled 227. Though
Spanish wages are low in comparison with other
European nations;, they are higher than in former
years, and employers are accordingly assuming a
stiffer attitude at the bargaining table.
Price Increase Disclaimer

As a defense against wage-induced inflation, the
Spanish collective bargaining law is designed to
discourage agreements that could result in price
increases. After a contract has been agreed to by
the employer and employee representatives, it must
be decided whether or not the contract will result
9 “E s ta d ístic a G eneral de Los Convenios! S indicales Desde La
P rom ulgación de L a Ley (1958) H a s ta E l 30 de Ju n io de 1964,”
V icesecretaria N acional de O rdenación Social, O rganización
S indical E spañola, p. 1.
10 S u m m a ry o f th e S p a n ish E conom ic and Social D evelopm ent
P lan, 1964-1967 (M adrid, Com m ission of th e G overnm ent Devel­
opm ent P lan , Office of P u b lic R elations, 19640, P- 17.
11 Indicadores Económ icos, op. cit., Ju ly -A u g u st, 1964.
2 2 4 -9 6 6 o — m — — 3


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869
in a price increase. If employer and employee
representatives decide no price increase will result,
the law requires their statement to that effect in
the agreement. With this price increase dis­
claimer, the contract may be put into effect (if the
Ministry of Labor subsequently approves the
agreement). On the other hand, if either or both
parties believe that the contract will increase prices,
the contemplated price increase must be approved
by the Spanish Commission on Economic Affairs.
Without such approval, the contract may not be
put into effect.
Although the parties rarely indicate that their
agreements will increase prices, employers have
discovered several ways of increasing prices, in
spite of this provision in the law, even without
apparent economic justification. For example,
some Spanish employers increase prices prior to
or during negotiations as a hedge against any wageincrease that subsequently may be agreed to by the
parties. Loopholes exist in such abundance that
this experiment has proved nearly worthless as
an anti-inflationary measure.
Though this stabilizing device has proved inef­
fective, studies conducted by the Spanish Syndical
Organization demonstrate that wages negotiated
under the Spanish collective bargaining system are
higher than those established by the State-imposed
reglamentaciones. Since the 1958 law, there has
been some improvement in the workers’ relative
position in the Spanish economy. Real wages
increased by about 30 percent during the period
1960-63. Yet in 1964, an agency of the Spanish
Government, commenting upon the distribution
of national income, stated: “Per capita income is
not very high in our country [as of 1964, per
capita income was about $385], The disparities
in its distribution determine the imperious
necessity to improve living conditions of the
people of Spain. As regards functional distribu­
tion, it is noteworthy that among wage earners
39.3 percent receive 60.9 percent of the national
income . . . .” 10
Another discernible advantage of the collective
bargaining system has been its contribution to
increased productivity. Output per man-hour
increased in Spain by about 28 percent during the
years 1960 through 1963.11 The World Bank
reports “. . . a recent development in the direction
of greater flexibility is the widespread usage of col-

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, AUGUST 1966

870
lective bargaining agreements. These make it
increasingly possible to relate wages to produc­
tivity at the plant level.” 12
Other objective measures of the success of the
collective bargaining system in improving the lot
of the Spanish workers are difficult to construct,
and variations in evaluation persist. Some Span­
ish authorities believe that the improvements that
Spanish workers have experienced in recent years
are not necessarily a result of the system of col­
lective bargaining, but may be attributable to
other factors. Thus, one Spanish authority
observed in 1964 that “ . . . we do not say that
the agreement as a method to resolve the labor
12 T he Econom ic D evelopm ent o f Spain,, In te rn a tio n a l B ank fo r
R eco nstruction an d D evelopm ent (B altim ore, Jo h n s H opkins
P ress, 1963), p. 345.
13 J u lia n A riza Ricoi, op. cit., p. 9.

problem is worthless but the experience of the
last several years shows that the situation has not
improved very much since 1958.” 13
Though the system of collective bargaining has
introduced a measure of self-determination within
the Spanish labor relations system, when judged
on the basis of democratic standards the Spanish
system adds up to one of State domination.
Shifts of power between government agencies,
procedural changes in the area of collective bar­
gaining, and alterations in the structure of the
Spanish Syndical Organization have occurred.
However, these modifications have not resulted in
the creation of independent labor unions, employer
associations, and the right to strike or lockout.
—F

In Western Europe there are as many different types of labor courts as
there are countries, some dealing with individual employment disputes, such
as dismissals and the like, others with collective labor relations, others with
both. The issue cannot be settled by picking a readymade package off some
fashionable foreign shelf, though such experience is of course worth noting,
especially in order to remind ourselves that the obvious solution may not be
the right one. . . . It is legitimate to pose the question whether the desire
to sweep all types of labor dispute before one unified system of labor courts
in order to “systematize” industrial relations is little more than the unhelpful
approach of an unduly tidy mind.


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—K. W. W edderburn, N e w S o c i e t y , December 9,1965.

red

W

it n e y

871

WAGE DEVELOPMENTS IN MANUFACTURING, 1965

Wage Developments
in Manufacturing, 1965
85 p e r c e n t of the 11.4 million production
and related workers employed in factories where
general wage changes1 are customary received
wage increases in 1965. This proportion exceeded
the previous high—83 percent—attained in 1959,
the earliest year for which information is avail­
able. The 9.7 million workers affected included
5.8 million of those whose wages were changed by
decisions during the year and 3.9 million who
received deferred wage increases resulting from
decisions in earlier years or cost-of-living escalator
increases, or both.
Wage increases were generally larger than in the
preceding 4 years. Considering only those work­
A

bout

1 G eneral w age changes a re defined as changes affecting 10
p ercen t o r m ore of th e pro duction a n d related w orkers in an
estab lish m en t or group of estab lish m en ts th a t b arg ain as a unit.
In a d d itio n to th e 11.4 m illion w orkers em ployed in factories
t h a t ty p ically change w ages by m eans of general w age changes,
1.8 m illion w ere em ployed w here general w age changes a re not
custo m ary . T hese estab lish m en ts typically change pay by m ak­
ing a d ju stm e n ts fo r in d iv id u al w orkers. T he 11.4 m illion also
excludes estab lish m en ts (ab o u t 160,000 w orkers) fo r w hich
in fo rm atio n on w age actio n s du rin g 1965 w as n o t available.
2 T his stu d y is lim ited to m a n u fa c tu rin g estab lish m en ts w here
gen eral wage ch a rg e s a re custom ary, e ith e r th ro u g h collective
b arg ain in g or, in th e case of nonunion firms, th ro u g h u n ila te ra l
m an ag em en t decisions. A nonunion estab lish m en t is defined as
one w here few er th a n 50 p ercen t of th e p roduction an d related
w o rk ers are rep resen ted by unions.
T h is a rtic le is based on in fo rm atio n fo r alm ost all union and
nonunion estab lish m en ts h av ing 1,000 or m ore production an d re­
lated w orkers, an d on a sam ple of sm aller union an d nonunion
estab lish m en ts. T he d a ta on situ a tio n s involving 1,000 or more
w orkers w ere obtain ed p rim a rily from secondary sources, and
those on sm aller estab lish m ents, by q u estionnaires m ailed to co­
o p eratin g firms. F o r p ro ced u ral details, see th e forthcom ing
B L S Handbook of M ethods fo r Su rveys and Studies. See also
“M ajor W age D evelopm ents, 1965,” M onthly Labor Review, April
1966, pp. 372-376.
All p roduction a n d re la te d em ployees in any estab lish m en t or
group of estab lish m en ts w ere ta b u la te d according to th e m ean
w age change fo r th ese w orkers. T he p ercentage changes th a t
a re p resen ted here are expressed as a p ercentage of average e a rn ­
ings ad ju ste d to exclude th e effect of prem ium pay fo r overtim e
work. Changes in w age stru c tu re (as opposed to changes in in ­
div id u al em ployee rates) w ere tre a te d as general w age changes,
provided m ore th a n 10 p ercen t of th e w orkers w ere affected.
Changes in frin g e benefits were ta b u la te d as affecting all w ork­
ers in a given situ a tio n , even though th e change, such as a re ­
du ction in th e service req u ired fo r an ad d itio n al week of paid
vacatio n , m ay n o t have affected all these w orkers im m ediately.
Benefit changes a re ta b u la te d fo r th e year in w hich they were
decided on, even th o u g h th e change m ay n ot a c tu a lly become effec­
tiv e u n til la te r years.
T h is a rtic le does n o t include d a ta on th e “package co st” of
settlem en ts o r m anagem ent decisions— i.e., i t does n ot p resen t
d a ta on th e cost of changes in wages an d frin g e benefits. In th e
m ail q u estio n n aire, th e p a rtic ip a n ts w ere asked only w h eth er


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ers employed where wages were increased, for
example, the median was 3.3 percent (of average
straight-time hourly earnings), the highest since
the 3.6 percent of 1960. Percentages for interven­
ing years ranged from 2.7 to 3.1.
At least one supplementary benefit was estab­
lished or improved for 71 percent of the workers
employed where wage decisions were made during
the year—a proportion larger than that for any
year for which information is available.2
Wage Changes

About 9.7 million workers were employed in
establishments where wage rates were increased
during the year; they comprised 85 percent of
those employed where general wage changes are
customary. Of the 1.76 million who did not
receive increases, 617,000 were employed by noneach type of benefit h ad been established, im proved, or discon­
tinued, ra th e r th a n ab o u t th e n a tu re of th e change in benefits.
F o r exam ple, an estab lish m en t w as asked to in d icate only w hether
it had im proved vacations, n o t w h a t kind of im provem ents had
been m ade. F o r settlem en ts affecting larg e num bers of employees,
in fo rm atio n is available on th e type of change in benefits b u t
th e cost of these changes is usually n ot known.
T hree concepts of w age changes w ere used in th is study. As
show n in table 1, they w ere :
Total E ffectiv e W age C hanges.
T his m easure (first two
colum ns) includes all estab lish m en ts t h a t custom arily m ake gen­
e ra l w age changes, an d show s a ll changes actu ally effective d u r­
ing th e year. I t show s th e combined effect of w age changes
re su ltin g from 1965 decisions, changes in 1965 re su ltin g from
e a rlie r decisions, and cost-of-living escalato r ad ju stm en ts. If, fo r
exam ple, w orkers received a 6-cent-an-hour w age in crease in
1965 re su ltin g from a 1964 decision (a deferred in crease ), the
num ber of w orkers in th e u n it w ere ta b u la te d in th e 6- to 7-cent
in te rv a l. If they also received 2 cents in escalato r a d ju stm e n ts
d u rin g 1965, they were p u t in th e 8-and-under-9-cent in terv al.
In both cases, they w ere en tered in th e p ercen t po rtio n of th e
table a t th e equivalent am ount, based on th e average hourly
earn in g s in th e establishm ent.
W age D ecisions. T h is m easure ( th ird a n d fo u rth colum ns)
is intended to show th e effect of c u rre n t econom ic conditions on
w age actio n s d u rin g th e year. I t is lim ited to establishm ents
w here th e re w ere w age decisions du rin g 1965, e ith e r th ro u g h
collective b arg ain in g or th ro u g h u n ila te ra l m anagem ent action.
Changes a re lim ited to th o se decided on in 1965 an d becom ing
effective w ith in 1 y ear from th e beginning of th e c o n tra c t ; costof-living escalato r a d ju stm e n ts a n d w age ch an g es in 1965 re ­
su ltin g from e a rlie r decisions a re excluded. All nonunion estab ­
lish m en ts a re included since it is n o t possible to determ ine ob­
jectively if a w age change w as considered d u rin g th e year.
Total W age Changes E ffectiv e W here Decisions W ere Made.

T h is m easure ( la s t tw o colum ns) supplem ents th e ta b u la tio n of
w age decisions by including th e effects of all cost-of-living a d ju s t­
m ents and any deferred in creases effective in 1965 an d resu ltin g
from e a rlie r se ttle m e n ts in those estab lish m en ts w here 1965
w age decisions w ere m ade. F o r exam ple, if w orkers in an estab­
lish m en t received an im m ediate 6-cent increase resu ltin g from a
1965 se ttle m e n t p lu s 3 c en ts in escalatio n du rin g th e year, they
w ere ta b u la te d in th e 6-and-under-7-cent in te rv a l fo r w age deci­
sions, and on th e 9-and-under-10-cent line in th e la s t two
colum ns.

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, AUGUST 1966

872
T a b l e 1. G e n e r a l W a g e C h a n g e s f o r P r o d u c t i o n
a n d R e l a t e d W o r k e r s i n M a n u f a c t u r i n g , 1965
[Workers in thousands]

Total effective
wage changes1

Wage
decisions 2

Type and amount of
wage action

Total wage
changes
effective
where
decisions
were reached3

Work­
ers

Per­ Work­
ers
cent

Per­ Work­ Per­
ers
cent
cent

11,422

100.0

6,745

100.0

6,745

100.0

No wage changes__________ 31,758
3
Decreases in wages_________
Increases in w ag es----- ------- 9,661

15.4
(6)
84.6

932
3
5,810

13.8
.1
86.1

853
3
5,889

12.6
.1
87.3

87
176
149
646
482
760
374
745
267
386
627
189
81
190

1.3
2.6
2.2
9.6
7.1
9.6
11.3
5.5
11.1
4.0
5.7
9.3
2.8
1.2
2.8

97
173
184
632
461

951
437
1,195
1,050
532
780
208
89
221

1.8
2.4
3.2
10.4
9.4
9.7
8.3
3.8
10.5
9.2
4.7
6.8
1.8
.8
1.9

659
309
780
288
502
719
197
89
189

1.4
2.6
2.7
9.4
6.8
9.0
9.8
4.6
11.6
4.3
7.4
10.7
2.9
1.3
2.8

139
311
524
1,415
1,461
1,304
1,477
996
589
587
247
265
109
78
35
111

1.2
2.7
4.6
12.4
12.8
11.4
12.9
8.7
5.2
5.1
2.2
2.3
1.0
.7
.3
1.0

59
154
223
639
840
721
459
902
494
520
223
243
98
76
34
111

.9
2.3
3.3
9.5
12.5
10.7
6.8
13.4
7.3
7.7
3.3
3.6
1.5
1.1
.5
1.6

70
182
223
562
723
746
534
944
528
559
234
251
98
76
34
111

1.0
2.7
3.3
8.3
10.7
11.1
7.9
14.0
7.8
8.3
3.5
3.7
1.5
1.1
.5
1.6

13

.1

13

.2

13

.2

T o ta l4______________

I n C ents P er H our
Tin dp,r 2
2 and under 3______________
3 and under 4_._
_______
4 and under 5______________
5 and under 6--------------------6 and under 7______________
7 and under 8----- ----------------------8 and under 9---9 and under 10____________
10 and under 11______ _____
11 and under 12____________
12 and under 13____________
13 and under 15_______ . . _
15 and under 17____________
17 and under 19___ _ - _
19 and over. ______________
Not specified or not
nompnteri 7

201
268
363
1,188
1,069
1,108

650

608

I n P ercent
Under 1__________________
1 and under IH -----------------1H and under 2-----------------2 and under 2V i-----------------2Vé and under 3-----------------3 and under 3H-----------------3J4 and under 4________ .
4 and under 4Yi-----------------4H and under 5____________
5 and under 5H----------------5H and under 6______ _ _
6 and under 7_____________
7 and under 8_____________
8 and under 9------------9 and under 10_______ ___
10 and over______________
Not specified or not
computed 7______________

1 Includes changes in wage rates negotiated or decided upon, and effective,
during 1965; increases effective in 1965 but decided upon in earlier years;
and cost-of-living escalator adjustments effective during the year.
2 Excludes changes decided upon in earlier years and cost-of-living escalator
adjustments.
3 Changes in wage rates negotiated or decided upon during the year plus
cost-of-living escalator adjustments and increases effective in 1965 but decided
upon in earlier years in these same establishments.
4 Excludes about 1.8 million workers in establishments reporting that they
never make general wage changes, and 160,000 in establishments in which
action on wages in 1965 was not known.
5 Includes 875,000 workers in union establishments in which there was
either no bargaining on wages or bargaining was not concluded in 1965.
6 Less than 0.05 percent.
7 Insufficient information to compute amount of increase.
N o t e : Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals.

union firms that did not raise wages, 315,000 by
firms where the 1965 settlements did not provide
wage increases during the first contract year,
about 675,000 where there was no provision for
wage bargaining during the year, and 150,000
where bargaining was not completed by the end
of 1965.


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Wages were increased for 87 percent of the
workers in all union establishments; comparable
proportions in the previous 4 years ranged from
73 to 83 percent (table 2). Considering only
those establishments where wages were increased,
the median was 8.7 cents an hour or 3.2 percent of
average hourly earnings excluding premium pay
for overtime. Again, both averages exceeded
earlier years.
Workers in major bargaining units (of at least
1,000 workers employed by one firm or a group of
firms) received median increases of 10 cents or 3.7
percent, compared with 7 cents or 2.8 percent for
the smaller units. This continued the pattern of
earlier years. Major bargaining situations are
more prevalent in industries with relatively high
levels of wages, such as steel, automobiles, and
aerospace, while smaller union establishments are
more important in industries with lower levels,
such as some food processing, leather products,
and furniture.
Considering nonunion establishments that raised
wages, the median hourly increase was 8 cents or
4 percent, compared with ranges of 6,6 to 7.5 cents
and 3.2 to 3.7 percent for the previous 4 years.
The cents-per-hour increase was less than in union
establishments, but the percent increase wyas
higher; average hourly earnings in nonunion es­
tablishments are usually lower, hence a given centsper-hour increase will be proportionately greater.
Of the 6.75 million workers affected by 1965
wage decisions, 5.8 million (86 percent) received
increases, 932,000 (13.8 percent) remained at exist­
ing wage rates, and 3,000 had their wages reduced.
The proportion not receiving increases was sub­
stantially lower than in earlier years. An im­
portant reason for this was the reduction in the
proportion of nonunion workers who did not re­
ceive increases (25 percent in 1965, compared with
the previous years’ range of 31 to 47 percent). In
addition, a larger proportion of workers affected
by collective bargaining agreements received in­
creases in 1965 than in earlier years. In 1965, 7
percent of the workers affected by wage settlements
did not receive increases. The range for 1960
through 1964 was 20 to 33 percent. The high
proportions in 1962 and 1963 can be partly attrib­
uted to the no-wage-increase settlements in the
steel, aluminum, and can industries.
The median increase resulting from the 1965 de­
cisions was 8.8 cents—higher than the figures for

WAGE DEVELOPMENTS IN MANUFACTURING, 1965

873

the years 1961-64. About 54 percent of all work­
ers affected by decisions were employed where in­
creases averaged between 5 and 11 cents an hour.
In major collective bargaining situations, firstyear wage changes resulting from the 1965 deci­
sions included average hourly increases of 14.1
cents in basic steel; 10 cents for 125,000 employees
in the shirt, pajama, cotton garment, and outerwear
industries; 15 cents for cement workers; 12 cents
for employees of Milwaukee breweries; 12y2 cents
for employees in the men’s and boys’ coat and suit
industry; and 13y2 cents in the aluminum in­
dustry. In the aerospace industry, almost all of
the agreements provided first-year increases of 8
cents an hour, and in the paper industry most set­
tlements provided 12 or 10 cents an hour. In the
rubber industry, increases in most tire plants aver­
aged 7 cents and in most nontire plants, 6 to 7 cents.

The median negotiated increase was 3.7 per­
cent—4 percent in nonunion establishments, 3.6
percent in all union firms, and 4.1 percent in major
union firms considered separately. All of these
were higher than comparable figures in previous
years. About 43 percent of all workers affected
by wage decisions received increases averaging be­
tween 2i/2 and 4i/2 percent. In 1964, only 33 per­
cent received increases of this size and 31 percent
received less than 2 ^ percent (compared with
only 16 percent in 1965).
Among the 1965 increases was a raise of about
5 percent in southern textiles (largely unorga­
nized) and in New England textiles (organized) ;
an average of nearly 3 percent at most of the large
aerospace companies; increases averaging more
than 4 percent in basic steel; 5 percent in the shirt,
pajama, cotton garment, and outerwear industries;

T a b l e 2.

T

otal

E

f f e c t iv e

G eneral W

age

E

C h a n g e s 1 f o r P r o d u c t io n
s t a b l is h m e n t , 1961-65

1965

1964

Type and amount of wage action

and

R

elated

1963

W

orkers

by

1962

type

of

1961

Percent of workers by type of establishment
All

Un­ Other
ion 2

All

Un­ Other
ion 2

AH

Un­ Other
ion 2

All

Un­ Other
ion 2

All

Un­ Other
ion 2

Manufacturing establishments with gen­
eral wage change policies 1____ ________

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

No wage changes 3....................... ........ ..........
Decreases in wages____________________
Increases in wages 6________________

15.4
0
84.6

12.7
0
87.3

24.6

28.6
0
71.4

23.9
.1
76.1

43.8

24.1
.2
75.8

22.0
.2
77.8

30.2
.2
69.6

31.7

27.1

47.1

23.7

16.6

45.6

68.1

72.8

52.9

76.1

83.3

54.0

1.8
5. Ò
19.8
18. 0
14. 3
13.9
6.8
1.8
.8
1. 9

1.8
6.0
18.7
17.6
15.2
16.2
7.9
1.9
.7
1.3

1.6
4..0
23.4
19.6
11.1
5.8
3.2
1.7
1.0
4.0

3.0
9.2
23.2
18.0
11.2
3.7
1.2
.9
.2
.6
.2

2.9
10.8
25.2
17.7
11.6
4.3
1.5
1.0
.2
.6
.1

3.2
3.8
16.8
18.9
9.6
1.9
.6
.3

2.1
7.0
18.4
19.5
18.3
2.7
1.9
2.0
2.5
1.3

2.2
7.8
17.6
19.0
20.8
2.6
1.3
1.8
3.3
1.3

1.9
4.4
20.8
21.1
10.7
2.9
3.8
2.4
.1
1.5

2.0
5.9
21.0
17.8
15.3
2.5
1.3
1.4
.2
.5

2.1
6.2
21.0
19.4
17.7
2.7
1.3
1.4
.3
.5

1.8
5.0
21.4
12.5
7.4
1.9
1.3
1.0
.1
.6

5.3
6.8
22.5
15.9
15.0
4.8
2.3
2.1
.4
.4

5.4
7.6
24.4
16.9
17.5
5.8
2.6
1.5
.4
.5

5.1
4. 5
16.3
12.8
7.1
1.7
1.6
3.8
.5
.2

1.2
7.3
25. 2
24. 3
13. 9
7.3
2.3
1. 0
.7
.3
1.0
.1

1.4
8.2
28.2
26. 2
13.9
5.1
2. 2
.7
.5
.2
.5
.1

.7
4.1
14.8
17.8
13.9
14.7
2.6
1.8
1.3
.7
2.7
.1

2.2
14.8
22.9
19.5
5.5
4.8
.6
.6
.2
(4)
.1
.2

2.2
18.3
25.7
20.1
4.4
3.9
.6
.4
.2
(4)
.1
.1

2.3
3.4
13.7
17.6
9.0
7.9
.6
1.0
.1

1.3
7.2
24.7
23.1
6.0
5.9
3.0
1.2
1.0
1.7
.7

1.5
8.4
27.2
25.2
5.2
3.9
2.8
.9
.4
2.1
.3

.9
3.4
17.3
16.7
8.2
12.2
3.6
2.1
3.0
.3
2.0

1.3
6.9
24.6
24.6
o. 8
2.9
1.0
.4
.1
(4)
.2
.1

1.4
7.3
27.0
27.5
5.1
2.6
.9
.5
.2
.1
(4)
.2

.7
5.6
16.5
15.2
8.2
4.1
1.3
.4
.1

3.7
7.1
22.9
25.2
7.7
5.2
1.4
.4
.3
1
1.6
6

3.8
8.1
27.0
27.9
8.2
5.3
1.4
.3
.2
J2
.3
7

3.6
3.5
10.4
17.2
5.9
4.3
1.4
.7
.7
1
5.7

Total number of workers (in thousands)... 11,422

8,844

2,578 10,944

8,361

2,584 10,941

8, 212

2,729 10,902

8,352

2,549 10,512

7,945

2,567

75.4

56.2

I n C ents P er H our

Under 3____________________________
3 and under
5______________ ~
5 and under 7______________________ "
7 and under 9__
)
9 and under 11___ __________________
11 and under 13______________________~
13 and under 15__________________
15 and under 17____ _______________
17 and under 19____________________
19 and over________________________
Not specified or not computed 3_________

.6
.6

I n P ercent

Under 1____________________________
1 and under 2_____________________
2 and under 3_____________________
3 and under 4___________________~
4 and under 5__________________
5 and under 6_____________________
6 and under 7____________________21
7 and under 8___________________
8 and under 9__________________ 222
9 and under 10__________________
10 and over____________________ 2IIII2I
Not specified or not computed _________

Includes all establishments that have a policy of making general wai
c£an5®s’ including those in which the only general wage changes put in
eilect during the year were cost-of-living escalator adjustments or increas
decided upon in earlier years, as well as union establishments in which the
was either no bargaining on wages in any of the 5 years or bargaining w:
not concluded. Workers in establishments reporting that they never mal
general wage changes axe excluded from this total. The numbers exclude
in millions, were 1.8 in 1965, 1.7 in 1964, 1.6 in both 1963 and 1962, and 1
in lyoi.
3
Establishments in which a majority of the production and related worke
were covered by union agreements.
3 D ata on which percentages are based include workers in union establis
ments m which there was no bargaining on wages or bargaining was n<


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

.2
.6

.8

concluded, as follows: 875,000 in 1965; 1,652,000 in 1964; 961,000 in 1963; 1,200,000
in 1962; and 948,000 in 1961.
4 Less than 0.05 percent.
5 In the case of union establishments, includes negotiated increases sched­
uled to go into effect during the 12-month period following the effective
date of the agreement, and other adjustments (deferred and cost-of-living
escalator adjustments) effective during the calendar year. In other estab­
lishments, includes increases effective in the calendar year.
6 Insufficient information to compute amount of increase.
N ote; Because of rounding, sums of individual items m ay not equal
totals.

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, AUGUST 1966

874

and 4.5 percent for both union and nonunion em­
ployees in petroleum refining.
About 79,000 workers whose wages were not
changed by the 1965 settlements did receive costof-living escalator increases, as did 390,000 of those
whose wages were raised as a result of the 1965
wage decisions. These escalator increases ranged
from 1 to 5 cents an hour. In major aerospace
companies, for example, the typical 4-cent adjust­
ment, added to the 8-cent negotiated increase, re­
sulted in a 12-cent hourly increase in wages during
the year.
Nonuniform Wage Adjustments. Of those re­
ceiving increases in 1965,3.9 million, or 40 percent,
were employed where skilled workers received
larger cents-per-hour increases than those with
lower skills. This number included 2.8 million
workers who received percentage or bracket inT a b l e 3.

C hanges in Su pple m e n t a r y B e n e f it
tic e s fo r P roduction a nd R el a t e d W o r k e r s in
u f a c t u r i n g by T y p e of E s t a b l i s h m e n t , 1965

P rac­
M an­

[Workers in thousands]

Supplementary benefits

T o ta l2________ - _
Not changing supplementary
benefits,. _ _ _ _ ____
Reducing supplementary
benefits,.
Liberalizing or establishing
at least 1 supplementary
__
benefit4_______ _
Premium pay _________
Shift differentials __ _____
Paid holidays ____,,_
Paid vacations . , _ ___
Pensions5. , , ___
Health and welfare plans 6._,
Severance pay 6_. _______
Supplementary unemploym ents benefits 5_______
Jury duty pay____________
Paid funeral leave________
Paid sick leave___ _ _ , .
Other benefits..

All
Union estab­ Other estab­
lishments
establishments lishments 1
Work­
ers

Per­ Work­ Per­ Work­ Per­
ers
ers
cent
cent
cent

11,582

100.0

8,951

100.0

2,631

100.0

6,633

57.3

5,244

58.6

1,389

52.8

3

.1

3

(3)

4,945
376
507
2, 093
2,773
2,595
3,576
437

42.7
3.2
4.4
18.1
23.9
22.4
30.9
3.8

3,707
311
429
1,673
2, 393
2,244
2,923
399

41.4
3.5
4.8
18.7
26.7
25.1
32.7
4.5

1,238
64
78
420
380
351
653
39

47.1
2.4
3.0
16.0
14.4
13.3
24.8
1.5

300
503
484
271
863

2.6
4.3
4.2
2.3
7.5

298
474
469
262
792

3.3
5.3
5.2
2.9
8.8

2
29
14
9
71

.1
1.1
.5
.4
2.7

1 Establishments in which a majority of the production and related workers
were covered by union agreements.
2 Includes employment only in establishments that have a policy of making
general wage changes, including those in which the only general wage changes
put into effect during the year were cost-of-living escalator adjustments or
increases decided upon in earlier years, as well as union establishments in
which there was either no bargaining on wages or bargaining was not conclud­
ed in 1965. Included also are 160,000 workers in establishments in which action
on wages or supplementary practices was not known.
3 Less than 0.05 percent.
4 The totals in this group are smaller than the sums of individual items since
some actions affected more items than 1. Includes 27,000 workers in union
and 6,000 in nonunion establishments in which some supplementary benefits
were liberalized and others were reduced.
5 Includes actions in which contributions were increased to maintain exist­
ing benefits and excludes actions increasing benefits without raising employer
contributions.
6 Includes 109,000 aerospace workeis employed where extended layoff ben­
efit plans were improved and savings investment plans were established.
N ote : Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals.


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creases. Thus, automobile, automotive parts, and
farm and construction machinery workers received
annual improvement factor increases of 2.5 per­
cent, with a minimum increase of 6 cents an hour.
Petroleum workers received 4.5 percent negotiated
increases; and most southern and New England
textile workers received 5-percent adjustments.
In steel, all workers were granted 10 cents an hour
plus a 0.3-cent addition to the increment between
each of the 31 labor grades; the resultant overall
increase ranged from 10 cents for the lowest rated
employees to 19 cents for the highest rated. At
the major producers, this averaged 12.1 cents. In
addition, some skilled workers were raised two
grades, resulting in an additional 14.6-cent in­
crease for those affected, or about 2 cents if aver­
aged over all workers. The overall average change
was 14.1 cents (12.1 cents plus 2 cents).
About 288,000 workers were employed in plants
where skilled workers received increases in addi­
tion to uniform cents-per-hour adjustments.
About 1.6 million workers were in factories where
other nonuniform wage increases were put into
effect. About 42,000 workers, all but 8,000 of them
in union establishments, were employed where
wage adjustments were made to eliminate or re­
duce differentials between plants or areas, or be­
tween men and women.
Cost-of-Living Adjustments. At the end of
1965, wages of about 1.75 million workers (about
as many as a year earlier) were subject to auto­
matic adjustment based on price indexes. About
93 percent of these workers were in union estab­
lishments.
More than 80 percent of those under wage esca­
lation were covered by provisions for reviews
every 3 months. The next most frequent interval
was twice a year, affecting more than 150,000
workers (more than half of them in meatpacking).
The rest of the workers were employed where
reviews were made at other intervals, such as
monthly or annual, or where the first adjustment
under the clause was to be made in future years.
Absolute limits on the amount of escalator in­
creases were in effect in establishments employing
about 100,000 workers. Some aerospace agree­
ments, for example, limit the yearly increase to
3 cents an hour.
Most escalator adjustments during the year were
4 cents, compared with 3 or 4 cents in 1964.

875

WAGE DEVELOPMENTS IN MANUFACTURING, 1965

Supplementary Benefits

About two-fifths of the factory production
workers were employed where at least one supple­
mentary benefit was established or improved (table
3).3 In earlier years, the corresponding propor­
tion was about 35 percent. For the first time, sup­
plementary benefit changes were more frequent
in nonunion than in union establishments (47 and
41 percent). One of the causes of this shift was
the fact that the southern textile industry, largely
nonunion, libesralized fringe benefits in addition to
increasing wages. In most years, southern tex­
tile mills changed wage rates but did not increase
benefits. Another reason was that many of the
key collective bargaining contracts were not nego­
tiated during the year; although the workers cov­
ered by these agreements received deferred wage
increases, there were no negotiations to liberalize
supplementary benefits.
As in each of the previous 3 years, the most fre­
quently improved benefits were health and welfare,
vacations, pensions, and holidays. Almost all of
the aerospace ¡settlements made some improvements
in health and welfare benefits, most frequently in
life insurance, followed by improvements in hospi3 About 71 p ercen t of th e 6.75 m illion w orkers em ployed w here
w age decisions w ere m ade du rin g 1965 h ad a t le a st one benefit
established o r im proved, exceeding th e 51 to 60 p e rcen t range
fo r th e 6 p rio r years.
4 Discussion of detailed changes in supplementary benefits
must be lim ited to the major collective bargaining situations
because pertinent data are not available for the nonunion and
small union establishm ents.

T a b l e 4.

P ercentag e

of

tal or surgical benefits, or both, in sickness and ac­
cident benefits or combinations of the foregoing.
Companies frequently also assumed an increased
proportion of the cost of insurance benefits.
Changes in health and welfare benefits affected
about 3 out of 10 workers—in each of the years
1962 through 1964, the proportion was 1 out of 4
(table 3). Health and welfare benefits were im­
proved in a number of important industries.4 In
the steel, aluminum, and can industries, improve­
ments typically included extension of hospitaliza­
tion coverage to 2 years for workers laid off after
10 years’ service. (It remained at 1 year for em­
ployees with shorter service.) Surgical, anes­
thetic, and obstetrical charges were also converted
from a set fee schedule to a prevailing fee basis.
In both the aluminum and steel industries, the
duration of sickness and accident benefits was in­
creased to 2 years for workers with 2 years’ serv­
ice (remaining at 1 year for those with shorter
service), and the weekly payment was increased to
70 percent (from 60 percent) of gross earnings in
aluminum and to an average $80 in steel, from
$67.50. The can industry settlements merged the
existing sickness and accident insurance and sup­
plemental unemployment benefits (SUB) plans to
provide a “job and income security program.” In
addition to improvements in sickness and accident
benefits similar to those in the aluminum industry,
the new plan increased SUB plus State unemploy­
ment compensation benefits to 70 percent (from 60
percent) of weekly earnings. I t also increased

P r o d u c t io n and R e l a t e d W o r k e r s A f f e c t e d
M e d ia n W a g e C h a n g e s , 1959-65

by

G en e r a l W age I n crea ses,

and

[In percent]
Establishments making wage decisions in—
Item

Workers receiving wage increases:
All manufacturing___________________________ _____ _
All union f irm s _____ _ . .
_________ . _______
Major union firms3____________________________
Nonunion Aims. ___________________ _____ _______
Median adjustm ents:3
All manufacturine___________ . . . _ _ __________ ____
All union firms___ _______ _______________________
Major union firms 2_____________ ____________ _
Nonunion firms__________________________________
Median increases:4
All m anufacturing.___ ___ ________ __________________
All union firms______________ ___________________
Major union firms 2______ ___________________ .
Nonunion firms__________________ . . . ___________

1965

1964

1963

1962

1961

1960

1959

1965

1964

1963

1962

1961

1960

86.1
92.5
94.2
75.3

76.0
89.3
94.9
55.5

74.0
77.3
70.7
69.2

66.8
74.4
65.4
53.2

76.0
89.5
89.5
52.8

79.6
93.1
93.0
56.8

84.0
93.7
95.1
66.5

84.6
87.3
39.8
75.4

71.4
76.1
71.6
56.2

75 8
77.8
74.4
69.6

68.1
72.8
68.2
52.9

76.1
83.3
83.0
54.0

80.1
87.1
86.2
59.0

82.7
87.0
87.6
68.6

3.3
3.4
4.0
3.2

2.2
2.3
2.0
2.0

2.6
2.6
2.5
2.8

2.4
2.5
2.4
1.6

2.4
2.5
2.4
1.2

3.1
3.4
3.2
2.2

3.5
3.4
3.5
3.2

3.0
2.9
3.4
3.2

2.1
2.2
2.0
2.0

2.7
2.6
2.7
2.8

2.5
2.6
2.6
1.6

2.5
2.7
2.7
1.0

3.2
3.4
3.2
2.5

3.5
3.4
3.5
3.3

3.7
3.6
4.1
4.0

2.7
2.5
2.2
3.2

3.0
2.9
3.0
3.6

2.9
2.9
2.9
3.2

2.8
2.5
2.5
3.4

3.4
3.5
3.2
3.8

3.8
3.7
3.7
4.4

3.3
3.2
3.7
4.0

2.7
2.6
2.6
3.2

3.1
3.0
3.2
3.7

3.0
3.0
3.0
3.2

3.0
3.0
3.0
3.3

3.6
3.6
3.7
3.8

3.8
3.6
3.7
4.3

1Includes cost-of-living escalator increases and deferred wage changes re­
sulting from decisions reached in earlier years, as well as changes decided on
in the current year.
2 Agreements affecting 1,000 workers or more.


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

Establishments where wage changes were
effective 1in—
1959

3 Includes employees in establishments in which wage rates were not
changed or were reduced.
4 Limited to employees in establishments in which wage rates were in­
creased.

876

the payment duration to 2 years for employees
with 2 years’ service and to 5 years for those with
10 years’ service. The previous 1-year duration
continued for employees with shorter service.
Settlements in the aerospace industry also made
improvements in health and welfare benefits. The
most frequent changes included increasing the
duration (usually to 365 days, from 120) and daily
payment for hospital confinements, increased
major medical coverage, and company assumption
of a larger share of insurance costs. At some com­
panies, employees represented by the United Auto­
mobile Workers benefited from the establishment
of bridge and transition benefits5 similar to those
the union negotiated in 1964 with the major auto­
mobile producers. Some settlements provided for
the integration of insurance benefits with the Fed­
eral Medicare benefits that went into effect Julv 1,
1966.
Settlements for 125,000 employees of shirt and
pajama, cotton garment, and outerwear firms in­
creased hospital daily room allowances and mis­
cellaneous hospital expenses for employees and
dependents. The improvements were financed by
a ^-percent increase in company contributions to
the health and welfare and retirement funds.
(Part of the rise was to be used to finance pension
improvements.)
Paid vacations were improved in establishments
employing 1 out of 4 manufacturing workers, com­
pared with 1 out of 5 in 1964. Most aerospace
settlements added a fourth week of vacation after
20 years’ service or lowered the service requirement
for 4 weeks to 20 years, from 25. Some of these
settlements also reduced the service required for
shorter vacations. In the glass industry, settle­
ments for 50,000 workers added a fourth week
after 20 years. In rubber, a fifth week was added
for 25-year employees and the service requirement
for 4 weeks was lowered to 15 years, from 22. In


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, AUGUST 1966

Milwaukee, employees of three large breweries
gained a seventh week of vacation after 25 years
and an eleventh holiday.
Pensions were improved in factories employing
22 percent of all the workers covered by the study,
compared with 18 percent in 1964. In the steel
industry, the minimum normal monthly pension
for each year of credited service was increased to
$5, from $2.50 and $2.60, beginning July 1, 1966;
pensions of those retired prior to that date were to
be increased $15 a month. Provision was made
for retirement at an unreduced rate after 30 years’
service, and a $75-a-month supplement was added
for workers terminated because of plant shut­
downs, extended layoffs, or disability, payable
until the terminated employee becomes eligible for
unreduced social security benefits. The settlement
in the shirt, pajama, cotton garment, and outer­
wear industries increased the normal monthly
pension to $55 (from $50).
Paid holidays were improved for 18 percent of
all production and related workers in manufactur­
ing—almost the same proportion as in 1964.
Among the industries where holidays were added
were rubber (a ninth), aerospace (a ninth or an
eighth and a ninth), glass (an eighth), and the
cement industry (a ninth). In the southern tex­
tile industry, several large nonunion firms estab­
lished 2 paid holidays (previously they had none).
Some other union and nonunion textile firms
added a holiday, resulting in schedules ranging
from 2 to 9 days a year.
— G eorge E u b e n
Division of Wage Economics

BBridge benefits, usually $100 a month, are paid to eligible
widows of deceased employees until they remarry or become
eligible for social security benefits. T ransition benefits, also
$100 a month, are paid for 24 months to survivors of employees
and of some disabled retirees who died while covered by life
insurance.

WAGES AND HOURS, 1962 AND 1965

Retail Trade—II

Wages and Hours,
1962 and 1965
1965 survey 1 of the earnings
and hours of work of nonsupervisory personnel in
retail trade revealed that earnings had increased
while hours of work had declined since the pre­
vious study in June 1962. A comparative analysis
of the studies provides greater detail on these
changes.
T h e B u r e a u ’s J u n e

Wage Improvements

Average hourly earnings of retail trade em­
ployees had increased 18 cents from the $1.67 aver­
age of June 1962, advancing at the average rate of
3.5 percent a year (table 1). During the 3 years
between surveys the number of nonsupervisory em­
ployees increased by more than 560,000.
Employees throughout the wage distribution en­
joyed increases in earnings, although changes, ex­
cept at the lowest pay levels, were greater at the
lower than at the upper end of the pay scale. The
proportion of employees earning less than $1 an
hour declined from close to a tenth to about a
twentieth, but an even more significant change took
place immediately above this earnings level.
Nearly an eighth of the employees earned between
$1 and $1.05 in 1962, whereas fewer than a twen­
tieth had such earnings in 1965. Much of the con­
centration at the $1 to $1.05 level in 1962 was at­
tributable to the Federal minimum wage of $1 an
hour which applied to most employees in large re­
tail enterprises. In 1965, however, when the Fed­
eral minimum for such employees was $1.15 an
hour, there was no great concentration of employ­
ees at this pay level. There were, however, nearly
an eighth of the employees clustered at or just
above $1.25 an hour, which in September 1965 was
to be the new Federal minimum wage applicable
to retail trade employees covered by the Fair
Labor Standards Act. The decline in the pro­
portion of employees earning less than $1.25
an hour from more than a third to less than a fifth
was the most notable change in the distribution
during the 3-year period. Other changes of note
were the 11-cent-an-hour increase (from $1.43 to


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

877
$1.54) in median earnings and the increase (from
a fourth to three-tenths) in the proportion of
workers earning $2 an hour or more.
The average hourly pay level advanced by 15
cents in the Northeast, 16 cents in the South, and
18 cents in the North Central region and in the
West. In absolute terms, the interregional pay
differential was thus widened. Changes in the
earnings distributions were most apparent in the
portion of the wage scale between $1 and $1.30, but
employees at all pay levels experienced increases
in average hourly earnings during the period be­
tween the surveys.
Employees in enterprises with $1 million or
more in annual sales had a 19-cent-an-hour
increase in average hourly earnings, from $1.80
in 1962.2 This served to increase their earn­
ings advantage over those in smaller enter­
prises whose pay level advanced by only 16
cents, from $1.55. In the enterprise group with
higher sales volume, changes in the level and dis­
tribution of earnings primarily reflected changes
in establishments with $250,000 or more in annual
sales, where about nine-tenths of the enterprise
employees worked. Except for those at automobile
and farm equipment dealers and in food service
occupations, employees in these establishments
were generally within the purview of the Fair
Labor Standards Act. While a fifth of the em­
ployees in these establishments earned less than
$1.15 an hour in June 1962, almost all earned at
least that amount in June 1965, when it was the
minimum wage applied to covered retail establish­
ments. The decline in the proportion of employees
paid less than $1.25 an hour was even more notice­
able in these establishments—from almost threetenths to fewer than an eighth—and the proportion
earning between $1.25 and $1.30 doubled from a
twentieth to a tenth. Earnings of higher paid
employees also advanced, but not nearly as much
as those of lower paid employees. Overall, average
earnings for employees in these establishments
increased by 19 cents an hour.
Factors other than the Federal minimum wage
legislation were bringing about changes in the
1 The findings of the survey were reported in the July issue,
pp. 754-759.
2 In 1962, data were tabulated separately for enterprises with
annual sales of $1 million or more and those w ith less than $1
million and, in each enterprise, for establishm ents with $250,000
or more and less than $250,000 in sales. The analysis of change
is therefore lim ited to these groups.

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, AUGUST 1966

878
wage structure of retail trade during the 1962-65
period. This is evident from the changes which
took place in the level and distribution of earnings
of employees who, for the most part, were not
within the scope of the Fair Labor Standards Act.
Advances of 8 to 18 cents in average hourly earn­
ings were registered for employees of each of the
three remaining enterprise and establishment
sales-size classes that generally were not covered
by the Fair Labor Standards Act. Reduction in
the proportions of employees earning less than
$1.15 and less than $1.25 an hour was substantial,
although not as great as for employees in estab­
lishments generally subject to the act. Increases
in the proportions of employees in the higher
T a b l e 1.

reaches of the pay scale were roughly the same in
both establishment groups which were part of the
low volume enterprise class as in establishments
with $250,000 or more in sales which were part of
the $l-million-or-more enterprise group. In es­
tablishments with less than $250,000 in sales which
were part of $1 million or more enterprises there
was almost no change in the proportion of higher
paid employees.
Increases in average hourly earnings for em­
ployees of each major industry group ranged from
13 cents for those in miscellaneous stores to 25 cents
for those at automotive dealers and gasoline serv­
ice stations. The pay level in four major groups
increased by 18 to 20 cents an hour.

A v e r a g e H o u r l y E a r n in g s a n d P e r c e n t o f N o n s u p e r v is o r y E m p l o y e e s in R e t a il T r a d e 1 w it h S p e c ­
if ie d A v e r a g e H o u r l y E a r n in g s , S e l e c t e d C h a r a c t e r is t ic s , J u n e 1962 a n d J u n e 1965
Average
hourly
earnings 3
Characteristics

Percent of employees earning -

Less than
$1.15

$1.15 and
less than
$1.20

Less than
$1.25

$1.25 and
less than
$1.30

Less than
$1.50

Less than
$2

$3 or more

1962

1965

1962

1965

1962

1965

1962

1965

1962

1965

1962

1965

1962

1965

United States_________ __________________ _ $1.67 $1.85 27.2
N ortheast3 ______ _ ____ . _______ ___ 1.80 1.95 15.6
South 3_____________ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
__ _
1.38 1.54 45.3
North Central 3_ __ __ ____________________ 1.67 1.85 27.9
W est3___________________________________ 2.04 2.22 11.3
Enterprises with $1 million or more in annual sales 4_ 1.80 1.99 21.6
Establishments with $250,000 or more in annual
sales4____ _ __
__ __
_ _ _____
1.83 2. 02 19.6
Establishments with less than $250,000 in annual
sales4_____ _ _ _ __
_ _____ 1.47 1.55 41.8
Enterprises with less than $1 million in annual
sales 4_ _ ___ _
___ _ _
_________ 1.55 1.71 32.9
Establishments with $250,000 or more in annual
sales 4______ _ __ __________ _______
1.73 1.91 22.5
Establishments with less than $250,000 in annual sales 4__ _ _ _ _ _ _____________ _ _ 1.44 1.58 38.9

12.1
4.6
24.4
12.1
3.7
4.0

4.6
5.9
5.0
3.8
2.9
5.2

5.3
2.6
10.0
5.4
1.8
7.5

34.4
24.5
53.1
34.6
15.6
29.9

19.3
8.3
37.6
19.8
6.0
13.8

7.5
7.8
6.3
7.9
8.3
5.8

11.6
14.9
11.9
11.5
6.0
10.5

53.0
44.9
70.1
53.6
33.3
48.1

44.4
38.1
62.4
44.9
24.1
40.3

75.2
71.2
86.9
75.9
58.6
71.0

69.8
66.3
82.4
70.6
53.6
65.4

5.6
5. 5
2.9
5.1
11.9
6.3

9.3
9.0
4.4
8.3
19.1
11.4
12.0

June June
1962 1965

2.3

5.2

7.5

28.0

12.1

5.7

10.4

46.4

38.5

69.8

64.0

6.6

24.7

5.0

7.7

49.9

35.4

6.7

12.1

66.2

64.3

82.8

83.6

3.1

3.6

20.5

3.9

3.0

38.9

25.0

9.2

12.6

57.9

48.5

79.4

74.3

4.9

7.2

11.8

4.1

3.6

28.9

16.8

7.2

10.5

47.4

39.0

72.2

65.6

7.0

10.7

25.9

3.8

2.6

44.7

30.1

10.4

13.9

64.0

54.4

83.7

79.6

3.7

5.0

M a jo r I n d u s t r y G r o u ps

Building materials, hardware, and farm equipment dealers____ _________ _
__ _____
General merchandise stores.__ _____
_ _ ___ _
Food stores_____ _ __ __
__
___ _ _ __ _
Automotive dealers and gasoline service stations ___
Apparel and accessory stores _. _____ _
____
Furniture, home furnishings, and household applianee stores.__ __
_____ _____________ __
Miscellaneous retail stores..
_ _____

1.79
1.49
1.73
1.77
1.51

1.98
1.63
1.91
2.02
1.70

15.1
33.8
26.0
23.4
32.5

6.8
9.4
12.5
13.7
12.6

3.8
7.3
2.9
3.0
5.2

1.8
9.8
5.6
1.5
7.7

21.4
45.3
30.9
28.4
41.3

9.7
22.6
19.8
16.2
22.2

7.0
7.3
5.8
8.0
9.3

10.0
13.5
10.7
9.0
13.0

39.4
66.8
45.8
46.7
63.1

30.4
57.0
41.3
35.6
50.3

67.9
85.8
67.7
70.7
83.9

59.6
82.3
63.0
62.2
77.2

7.5
3.0
4.9
8.4
3.0

12.9
4.1
11.6
13.7
4. 6

1.90
1.62

2.10
1.75

16.1
30.4

7.9
18.3

3.0
5.1

1.8
3.5

20.7
37.4

10.7
23.6

7.2
8.6

9.4
13.5

37.8
55.8

29.4
47.7

64.3
76.9

57.9
73.2

10.2
6. 0

14.8
8.1

1.61
1.13
1.75
2.13
1.34
1.75
1.35
1.74
1.91
1.83
1.45

1.75 22.0
1.31 65.2
1.93 25.1
2.40 13.3
1.52 38.0
1.92 21.7
1.55 37.6
1.84 24.8
2.10 16.7
2. 09 16.7
1.56 46.9

2.0
21.5
10.9
8.0
23.4
8.4
15.6
11.4
8.0
7.1
28.9

7.5
8.2
2.6
1.9
3.3
3.4
6.2
3.8
3.0
2.6
4.5

8.3
17.5
6.1
1.0
2.1
4.2
10.4
5.5
2.2
1.4
6.1

34.2
77.4
29.6
16.9
43.4
27.0
47.1
31.6
21.1
21.3
53.6

12.8
47.4
18.7
9.9
26.6
13.9
28.7
19.1
11.3
9.2
37.6

7.8
6.3
5.2
4.1
13.6
9.6
9.6
6.9
7.0
7.4
8.4

14.7
15.4
9.8
5.0
13.7
12.0
13.3
9.2
10.0
8.9
15.0

59.3
91.4
44.1
30.1
68.0
45.7
72.6
48.7
38.3
38.6
69.8

49.9
83.0
39.2
22.5
54.5
36.2
58.7
42.5
30.6
26.6
63.1

82.8
97.9
66.8
55.2
88.6
70.7
92.1
71.4
64.4
67.0
82.7

78.4
95.2
61.0
45.5
83.4
64.7
84.5
69. 5
58.9
54. 7
81.6

3.9
0. 2
4.5
15.1
1.7
5.8
1. 0
5.6
11.8
7.4
7.4

5.2
0. 5
12. 0
23.4
2. 5
8.8
2.7
6.8
16.1
13.2
7.4

S elected I n d u st r y G r o u ps

D epartm entstores_____ _____ _______ __ ___
Limited price variety stores____ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
Grocery stores_________ _
___
______ _
Motor vehicle dealers_____ ___________ _____
Gasoline service stations_____
_ ____ ______
Men’s and boys’ clothing and furnishings stores. __
Women’s ready-to-wear stores_____
__ ______
Shoe stores... _____ _ __ __ ___________ _ __
Furniture, home furnishings, and equipment stores.
Household appliance stores_____ '._____ ____
Drug and proprietary stores.. _. _ _____ __ _ ..

1 Excludes eating and drinking places.
1
Excludes premium pay for overtime and for work on weekends, holidays,
and late shifts,
3
The regions used in this study include: Northeast—Connecticut, Maine,
Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania,
Rhode Island, and Vermont; South—Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District
of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi,


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North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia,
and West Virginia; North Central—Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michi­
gan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota,
and Wisconsin; and West—Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii,
Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and
Wyoming.
4 Excludes excise taxes at the retail level.

WAGES AND HOURS, 1962 AND 1965
T a b l e 2.

879

A v e r a g e W e e k l y H o u r s a n d P e r c e n t o f N o n s u p e r v is o r y E m p l o y e e s i n R e t a il T r a d e 1 W
S p e c i f i e d W e e k l y H o u r s , S e l e c t e d C h a r a c t e r is t ic s , J u n e 1962 a n d J u n e 1965

o r k in g

Percent of employees working—
hours

Characteristics

Under 35 hours
1962

United States.. _______ ___________
___
N ortheast2______________________________
South 2______ _______ ____________
North C entral2________ . _____
W est2___ _____ _________
Enterprises with $1 million or more in annual sales 3
Establishments with $250,000 or more in annual
sales3. . ________ ______ ___________
Establishments with less than $250,000 in annual sales 3_____________________________
Enterprises with less than $1 million in annual
sales3. . ___
_
. _______
Establishments with $250,000 or more in annual
sales3______ _________ __________ .
Establishments with less than $250,000 in annual sales 3________________ __ _______

37.8
35.6
40.5
37.5
37.2
36.3

1965
36.9
34.4
39.6
36.3
37.0
35.7

1962

1965

27.1
31.7
20.9
29.0
27.0
28.3

40 hours

1962

29.9
36.1
22.6
33.0
27.8
30.9

24.9
25.7
21.2
23.6
32.8
30.7

Over 40 and
under 48 hours

1965
24.9
24.6
21.4
22.9
33.8
28.3

1962
17.0
15.7
20.4
16.7
13.5
17.1

1965
16.3
13.7
20.3
16.5
13.4
16.0

48 hours and over

1962
21.9
13.9
30.0
22.0
19.8
12.4

1965
18.9
12.5
26.7
17.9
17.8
11.6

36.3

35.8

27.8

30.4

32.0

28.9

17.1

16.3

11.3

10.9

35.9

35.1

33.8

37.0

17.2

21.2

17.6

12.5

23.4

20.3

39.4

38.0

25.9

29.0

19.0

21.3

17.1

16.5

31.3

26.5

40.8

39.6

19.5

22.3

19.2

23.7

22.7

20.8

31.2

26.3

38.5

37.1

29.6

33.1

18.9

19.8

13.7

13.9

31.4

26.6

43.1
34.5
35.3
44.1
34.8

42.3
34.0
34.3
42.8
33.8

13.7
32.4
36.2
15.2
32.2

14.6
34.4
40.4
17.0
35.8

18.9
33.0
27.0
13.4
25.5

23.2
30.0
25.0
15.6
25.7

25.5
11.9
13.9
23.1
15.7

24.2
10.6
13.0
24.9
13.2

37.6
6.8
16.4
44.9
12.0

33.5
6.3
15.0
38.5
9.7

40.1
37.1

38.9
35.9

16.2
28.9

19.3
32.7

29.4
24.3

31.2
25.8

21.9
17.1

21.9
15.0

24.4
21.6

20.2
18.1

34.4
32.3
35.4
44.8
43.3
37.4
34.0
34.3
40.1
40.7
34.6

33.6
31.7
34.3
43.7
41.6
36.7
32.6
33.8
39.0
39.8
33.4

31.4
40.3
36.0
6.1
26.8
25.9
33.6
35.0
16.3
16.2
37.9

34.5
42.4
40.7
7.8
30.0
28.6
39.5
36.5
18.7
17.4
41.8

38.1
25.2
27.1
15.5
9.8
22.7
26.8
21.7
32.1
21.5
21.3

33.6
22.1
24.8
17.5
11.3
24.7
25.6
21.0
30.3
33.1
21.7

10.6
8.1
14.5
38.4
6.7
20.0
14.9
17.0
21.0
25.4
14.5

9.6
9.7
13.9
39.0
7.9
18.6
10.2
17.9
22.7
22.8
13.7

3.7
5.9
16.2
36.4
54.0
22.0
4.9
19.7
23.6
28.3
17.8

2.9
3.7
14.2
31.9
46.7
20.0

M a jo r I n d u s t r y G r o u p s

Building materials, hardware, and farm equipment dealers... _ _ ______
_______
General merchandise stores — _______ ..
Food stores___ ______
....
_
____
Automotive dealers and gasoline service stations..
Apparel and accessory stores_____
. . . . ___
Furniture, home furnishings, and household appliance stores___ _____ _ _ . ____ _
Miscellaneous retail stores________ __________
S elected I n d u st r y G r o u ps

Department stores.. . ______
____________
Limited price variety stores_______ _
_____
Grocery stores___________ ________ . .
Me tor vehicle dealers. _______ _
_ ________
Gasoline service stations____ _________
___
M en’s and boys’ clothing and furnishings stores...
Women’s ready-to-wear stores..
____________
Shoe stores..
. . . .
Furniture, home furnishings, and equipment stores.
Household appliance stores_____________
Drug and proprietary stores____________________
1 See footnote 1, table 1.
2 See footnote 3, table 1.

Among the 11 industry groups selected for
study, employee average hourly earnings increased
from 10 cents in shoe stores to 27 cents at motor
vehicle dealers. Among six groups, the increase
in the pay level was within 2 cents an hour of the
all retail trade increase. Decreases in the pro­
portions of employees paid less than $1.15 took
place in each group, and in some (notably limited
price variety stores, and to a lesser extent women’s
ready-to-wear stores and department stores) this
decrease was substantial. Similarly, rather sharp
declines in the proportion of employees paid less
than $1.25 an hour occurred in each group, al­
though generally these declines were smaller than
those noted below $1.15. In each group, the pro­
portion of employees paid $1.50 or more an hour
increased, but the changes at this and higher pay
levels were usually smaller than at low pay levels.


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3 .9

16.5
19.7
23.0
13.8

3 See footnote 4, table 1.

Shorter Hours

Retail trade employees worked nearly 1 hour a
week less in 1965 than in 1962: during the 3-year
period, the length of the average workweek de­
clined from 37.8 hours to 36.9 (table 2). This
decrease reflects a slight but noticeable trend away
from long workweeks (48 hours or more) and an
increase in part-time employment (less than 35
hours a week). In 1962, 22 percent (3 percentage
points more than in 1965) of the employees worked
at least 48 hours a week, while part-time work
accounted for 27 percent of the work force as op­
posed to 30 percent 3 years later. Changes at
other points along the hours continuum were still
smaller.
The average number of hours worked weekly
declined in each region—by 1.2 hours in the North-

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, AUGUST 1966

880
east and the North Central region, by 0.9 hour in
the South, and by only 0.2 hour in the West. As
a result, the hours differential between the North­
east and South, the regions with, respectively, the
shortest and longest average workweek, increased
from 4.9 to 5.2 hours. In each region, long hours
accounted for a smaller and part-time work for a
greater proportion of the retail trade work force
in 1965 than in 1962.
A somewhat different pattern of hours changes
emerged when employees were grouped by the
sales-size of the enterprise and establishment in
which they worked. In enterprises with $1 mil­
lion or more in annual sales, the average number
of hours worked per week declined from 36.3 to
35.7. However, in enterprises with a lower sales
volume the decline was more than twice as great—
1.4 hours from the 1962 level of 39.4 hours a week.
Unlike the pattern followed nationally and re­
gionally, there was no change in the proportion
of employees working 48 hours or more a week in
enterprises with $1 million or more in annual sales.
There was, however, a 3-point decline in the pro­
portion of those working more than 42 and less
than 48 hours a week. The proportion working
exactly 40 hours dropped from 31 to 28 percent,
while part-time employees increased from 28 to
31 percent.
Changes in the distribution of employees by
weekly hours of work in establishments with
$250,000 or more in sales which were parts of $1
million enterprises generally followed the pattern
for the entire enterprise group. The vast maj ority
of the employees in this sales-size class were sub­
ject to the maximum hours standard applied to
large retail establishments by the 1961 amend­
ments to the Fair Labor Standards Act. A 44hour maximum standard workweek was estab­
lished for these employees in September of 1963,
and lowered to 42 hours a year later. Employees
covered by the act and working longer than the

established standard workweek would generally
have to be paid 1i/2 times their regular rate for all
time worked beyond the maximum standard. De­
spite the legislated change in the standard, the
proportion of employees working longer than 42
hours a week declined by only 2 percentage points,
from 24 percent in 1962, a decrease of only 8
percent.
It is interesting that in every other sales-size
category, there was a greater decline, both absolute
and relative, in the proportion of employees work­
ing longer than 42 hours a week—ranging from 4
to 8 percentage points or from 10 to 22 percent.
There was also a decline in the proportion of those
working 48 hours and over, and increases in the
proportions working 40 hours and less than 35
hours. The magnitude of the changes at these
latter levels was rather small, never exceeding 5
percentage points.
A decline in the length of the average workweek
occurred in each maj or industry group. The larg­
est, 1.3 hours, took place in motor vehicle dealer­
ships and gasoline service stations, while the small­
est, 0.5 hours, was found in general merchandise
stores. This last group and the building materials
and hardware group (in which the average work­
week dropped by 0.8 hours) were the only ones
where the decline in the average workweek was
less than the 0.9-hour drop noted for all retail
trade.
The shortening of the workweek persisted in
each of the selected retail lines. Employees of
shoe stores worked 0.5 hours less in 1965 than in
1962, the smallest change among the lines, while
employees of gasoline service stations experienced
the largest decline in the average workweek, 1.7
hours. In each line, the proportion of employees
working 48 hours or more decreased while the
proportion of part-time employees increased.
— A l v in B a u m a n
Division of National Wage and Salary Income

Erratum

The New York City price (in dollars) of 1.1 pounds of white bread is 0.273
rather than 0.546 as reported in table 2 on page 773 of the July 1966 issue of
the Review.


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WAGES IN PAINT, CANDY, AND SOUTHERN SAWMILL INDUSTRIES

Wages in Paint, Candy, and
Southern Sawmill Industries
T h e f o l l o w i n g a r t i c l e summarizes surveys of
wages and related benefits conducted by the Bureau
of Labor Statistics in three industries, late in 1965.
Each survey developed information on the average
and distribution of straight-time earnings paid to
all production and related workers and separate
data for workers in selected occupations, as well as
information on such establishment practices as
paid holidays, paid vacations, health, insurance,
and pension plans.1 Data were tabulated by loca­
tion, establishment size, and other factors which
influence wages and working conditions.

Paint and Varnish Manufacturing

Straight-time hourly earnings of production and
related workers in paint and varnish manufactur­
ing establishments 2 averaged $2.56 in November
1965—15 percent above the average recorded in
May 1961 when the Bureau conducted a similar
survey.3 Averages among the regions ranged
from $1.97 an hour in the Southeast to $2.97 in
the Pacific region.4

1 Earnings inform ation developed by these studies excludes
premium pay for overtime and for work on weekends, holidays,
and late sh ifts, and, thus, it is not comparable w ith the gross
average hourly earnings published in the Bureau’s m onthly
hours and earnings series. More comprehensive accounts of the
surveys w ill be presented in forthcom ing BLS bulletins. These
bulletins w ill contain an explanation of the differences between
the earnings and employment estim ates provided by the two
series.
2 The survey covered establishm ents em ploying eight workers
or more and classified: in industry 2851 as defined in the 1957
edition and the 1963 supplement of the Standard Industrial
Classification Manual, U.S. Bureau of the Budget. T h is sum­
mary w as prepared by Charles M. O’Connor of the D ivision of
Occupational Pay.
3 For an account of the earlier survey, see M onthly Labor R e­
view, January 1962, pp. 42—43. Earnings data for workers in
the allied products branch of the industry (excluded from the
1961 survey) tend to lower the average for all production work­
ers in the current survey by about 1 cent an hour. Thus, the
percent of increase since the 1961 survey is 14.8 percent if these
data are included and 15.2 percent if they are excluded.
4 For definition of regions, see footnote 2 of table 1. Average
earnings in the other five regions studied separately but not in
the table w e r e : Middle West, $2.63 ; New England, $2.32 ; South­
west, $2.18 ; Border States, $2.13 ; and Southeast, $1.97.
5 Standard M etropolitan S tatistical Areas as defined by the
U.S. Bureau of the Budget through March 1965.
8 Individual releases for each area were issued earlier and are
available upon request.


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881

Men accounted for 95 percent of the 31,147 work­
ers covered by the survey and averaged $2.58 an
hour; women averaged $2.09 and were most com­
monly employed as labelers and packers.
Slightly more than nine-tenths of the workers
were employed in metropolitan areas.5 As indi­
cated in the following tabulation, average hourly
earnings in the 18 areas studied separately ranged
from $2.02 in Baltimore to $3.16 in San FranciscoOakland.6
Area

Atlanta
Baltimore
Boston
Chicago
Cleveland
Dallas _
_ __
Detroit___ _ _ _ __ _ _
Houston__ _
Kansas City
_ _ _
Los Angeles-Long Beach and
Anaheim-Santa Ana-Garden
Grove
Louisville
Newark and Jersey City__ _
New York
Paterson-Clifton-Passaic.
Philadelphia
Pittsburgh
St. Louis.
San Francisco-Oakland

Number of
production
workers

407
920
632
4, 453
1, 581
641
1, 481
432
628

1, 747
686
2, 092
1, 474
379
1, 943
469
637
1, 093

Average
straight-time
hourly earnings

$2.
2.
2.
2.
2.
2.
2.
2.
2.

22
02
43
60
60
41
88
21
71

2. 90
2. 48
2. 71
2. 34
2. 42
2. 60
2. 66
2. 64
3. 16

In each region, average hourly earnings were
higher in the larger establishments than in the
smaller ones. Averages were also higher in estab­
lishments with labor-management contracts cover­
ing a majority of their production workers than in
those without such contract coverage. (Establish­
ments with collective bargaining agreements
accounted for two-thirds of the work force.) In
the Southeast, however, averages in union and
nonunion establishments were identical. Because
of the interrelationship of these and other factors,
the exact influence on earnings of any one char­
acteristic could not be determined in this study.
Earnings of 94 percent of the workers were
within a range of $1.50 to $3.50 an hour; about
3 percent earned less than $1.50 and 3 percent
earned $3.50 or more. The middle half of the
workers earned between $2.24 and $2.92.
The occupational classifications for which data
are presented in table 1 accounted for nearly threefifths of the workers covered by the survey.

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, AUGUST 1966

882

Virtually all of the establishments provided paid
holidays. Provisions for 6, 7, 8, or 9 days an­
nually, with additional half days in several in­
stances, applied to slightly more than four fifths of
the workers. Provisions for 10 days or more
applied to a seventh of the workers and were com­
mon only in the New England and Middle Atlan­
tic regions.
All establishments provided paid vacations to
production workers with qualifying periods of
service. Typical vacation provisions were 1 week
of pay after 1 year of service, 2 weeks after 2 years,
and 3 weeks after 15 years. Provisions for at
least 4 weeks after 25 years of service covered
half of the workers.
Life, hospitalization, and surgical insurance
were available to more than nine-tenths of the
production workers in the industry ; medical
insurance applied to nearly four-fifths ; accidental
death and dismemberment insurance and sickness
and accident insurance to approximately threefifths; sick leave plans (mostly full pay, no wait-

Average hourly earnings for these occupations
ranged from $2.26 for labelers and packers to
$2.98 for varnish makers. Numerically the most
important job studied separately, fillers averaged
$2.43. Averages for most of the jobs in the Mid­
dle Atlantic, Great Lakes, Middle West, and
Pacific regions exceeded the national averages; in
the New England, Border States, Southeast, and
Southwest regions, occupational averages were
generally below national averages. Earnings of
individual workers were widely distributed within
the same j ob and geographic area.
Work schedules of 40 hours a week were pre­
dominant in establishments employing 94 percent
of the production workers in November 1965.
About 8 percent of the workers were employed on
second shifts at the time of the study. Shift differ­
entials paid to these workers varied widely, but
most commonly amounted to 10 cents an hour
above day-shift rates. Third-shift operations ac­
counted for approximately 2 percent of the work
force.

T a b l e 1. N u m b e r a n d A v e r a g e S t r a ig h t -T im e H o u r l y E a r n in g s 1 o f P r o d u c t io n W o r k e r s in P a in t a n d V a r ­
n is h M a n u f a c t u r in g E s t a b l is h m e n t s , b y S e l e c t e d C h a r a c t e r is t ic s a n d S e l e c t e d R e g io n s ,2 N o v e m b e r 1965

Item

United States3
Number

All production workers.
M en__
Women.
S iz e o f E s t a b l is h m e n t

8-99 workers_______________________________
100 workers or m ore.----- -------------------------------

Earnings 1

Middle Atlantic
Number

Earnings 1

Pacific

Great Lakes
Number

Earnings 1

Number

Earnings 1

31,147

$2. 56

8,275

$2. 60

11,363

$2. 65

3,213

$2.97

29, 684
1,463

$2.58
2.09

7,929
346

$2.62
2.07

10,713
650

$2.68
2. 09

3,077
136

$3.00
2.30

14,915
16; 232

2.35
2.75

4,162
4,113

2.37
2.83

3,867
7,496

2.45
2.75

1,540
1,673

2.87
3. 07

19,883
11,264

2.69
2.33

6,654
1,621

2. 65
2.39

7, 700
3, 663

2.68
2.58

2,527
686

3.07
2.63

3,216
'737
2,132
1,350
'911
1,829
2,524
162
289
292
895
845
1,419
' 759
690

2.43
2.34
2. 26
2.34
2.86
2. 61
2.57
2.64
2. 77
2.64
2. 85
2.59
2.92
2.59
2.98

770
167
510
254
221
379
735
32
67
81
231
203
350
188
184

2.49
2.44
2.33
2.39
2.90
2. 60
2. 61
2. 60
2.82
2.67
2.90
2. 67
2.95
2. 77
3. 05

1,166
367
736
485
339
806
767
49
80
86
324
308
536
147
281

2. 50
2.43
2.33
2.46
2.95
2. 70
2.67
2. 62
2.81
2.74
2.89
2. 61
2. 99
2.81
3.01

390
29
234
142
65
135
276
20
64
19
90
94
166
140
80

2.86
2.68
2.64
2.92
3.47
3. 06
2.96
3.14
3. 23
3.37
2.98
3. 04
3.33
3.12
3. 29

L a bo r -M a n a g e m e n t C ontract Status

Establishments with—
Majority of workers covered______________
None or minority of workers covered_______
S e l e c t e d O c c u pa t io n s

Fillers, hand or machine (3,066 men, 150 women).
Janitors (705 men, 32 women)________________
Labelers and packers (1,554 men, 578 women)---Laborers, material handling (all men)_________
Maintenance men, general utility (all men)------Millers-grinders (all men)___________________
Mixers (all m en)___________________________
Receiving clerks (all men)___________________
Shipping clerks (all men)____________________
Shipping and receiving clerks (all men)________
Technicians (865 men, 30 women)_____________
Testers, product (795 men, 50 women)_________
Tinters (1,418 men, 1 woman)________________
Truckdrivers (all men)______________ _______
Varnish makers (all men)------------------------------

1 Excludes premium pay for overtime and for work on weekends, holidays,
and late shifts.
2 The regions shown include: Middle Atlantic—New Jersey, New York,
and Pennsylvania; Great Lakes—Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Minnesota,
Ohio, and Wisconsin; and Pacific—California, Nevada, Oregon, and
Washington.


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

2 Includes data for regions in addition to those shown separately.
N o t e : Dashes indicate no data reported or data that do not meet publica­
tion criteria.

WAGES IN PAINT, CANDY, AND SOUTHERN SAWMILL INDUSTRIES

ing period) to slightly more than half; and catas­
trophe insurance to about two-fifths.
Pension plans, providing regular payments for
the remainder of the retiree’s life (in addition to
Federal social security benefits), were in effect in
establishments employing seven-tenths of the pro­
duction workers. Plans providing lump-sum
payments at retirement covered 5 percent of the
work force.
These health, insurance, and pension benefits
relate to plans financed at least in part by the
employer; employers, however, typically paid the
total costs.
Candy Manufacturing

Straight-time hourly earnings of production
and related workers in plants manufacturing
candy and other confectionery products averaged
$1.87 in September 1965.7 (See table 2.) All but
4 percent of the 49,736 workers covered by the
survey had earnings within a range of $1.25 to $3
an hour; the middle 50 percent earned between
$1.51 and $2.14. Accounting for nearly threefifths of the workers, women averaged $1.69 an
hour; men averaged $2.11.
The September 1965 average was 19 percent
above the average in November-December 1960,
when the Bureau conducted a similar survey.8
The industry was most heavily concentrated in
the Great Lakes and Middle Atlantic regions 9
where earnings averaged $1.95 and $1.88 an hour,
7 T h is survey covered estab lish m en ts t h a t em ployed 20 w orkers
or m ore an d w ere classified in in d u stry 2071 as defined in th e 1957
editio n an d 1963 supplem ent of th e S ta n d a rd In d u stria l Classifi­
cation M anual, U.S. B u reau of th e Budget. E stab lish m en ts
p rim a rily m a n u fa c tu rin g solid chocolate bars (SIC 2072), those
p rim a rily m a n u fa c tu rin g chew ing gum (SIC 2073),, those p ri­
m arily m aking confectionery fo r direct sale on th e prem ises, and
those p rim a rily engaged in shelling an d ro a stin g n u ts (these are
classified in tra d e in d u strie s) w ere excluded. Also excluded
from th e stu d y w ere se p a ra te au x iliary u n its such as cen tral
offices. T h is sum m ary w as p repared by C harles E . Scott, Jr.,
of th e D ivision of O ccupational P ay.
8 F o r re su lts of th e e a rlie r survey, see “W ages in Candy M anu­
factu rin g , N ovem ber-D ecem ber 1960,” M o n th ly Labor R eview ,
Ju ly 1961, pp. 737-742.
8 The regions in th is stu d y a r e : N ew E ngland— C onnecticut,
xMaine, M assach u setts, New H am pshire, Rhode Islan d , and V er­
m ont ; M iddle A tla n tic — New Jersey, New York, and P en n sy l­
v an ia ; S o u th ea st— A labam a, F lo rid a, Georgia, M ississippi, N orth
C arolina, S outh C aro lin a, a n d T e n n e sse e ; G reat L akes— Illinois,
In d ian a, M ichigan, M innesota, Ohio, W isconsin ; and Pacific—
C alifo rn ia, N evada, Oregon, an d W ashington.
xo S e p a ra te releases, p ro v iding in fo rm atio n on earnings and
su p p lem en tary benefits fo r these six a re a s of in d u stry concen­
tra tio n , w ere issued earlier and are available upon req u est to the
B ureau.


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883

respectively. Workers averaged $2.22 an hour in
the Pacific region, $1.79 in New England, and
$1.50 in the Southeast. Information was devel­
oped separately for six metropolitan areas which
together accounted for nearly one-half of the
industry’s employment. As indicated in the fol­
lowing tabulation, average earnings of production
workers in these areas ranged from $1.79 in Boston
to $2.28 in San Francisco-Oakland.10
Metropolitan area

Boston
New York
Philadelphia
Chicago
Los Angeles-Long Beach
San Francisco-Oakland

Number of
production
workers

4,160
3,845
2,588
9,976
1,422
1,572

Average
straight-time
hourly earnings

$1.
1.
1.
2.
2.
2.

79
86
93
09
11
28

Men averaged more than women in each region,
with the differences ranging from 51 cents in the
Great Lakes to 12 cents in the Southeast. Differ­
ences in average pay levels for men and women
may be the result of several factors, including
variation in the distribution of the sexes among
establishments and jobs with disparate pay levels.
Nationwide, workers in metropolitan areas aver­
aged 21 cents an hour more than those in nonmet­
ropolitan areas. Earnings of workers in estab­
lishments with 250 employees or more averaged
$1.95 an hour; in establishments with 100 but less
than 250 employees, $1.85; in establishments with
20 but less than 100 employees, $1.66.
Production workers in establishments with un­
ion contracts accounted for one-half of the work
force. These workers averaged $1.93 an hour,
compared with $1.80 for those in establishments
without such contracts. In the Pacific region,
averages in union establishments were 25 cents an
hour more than those in nonunion establishments ;
however, in the Middle Atlantic and Great Lakes
regions, earnings averaged about the same for the
two groups of establishments. Regionally, estab­
lishments having collective bargaining agreements
accounted for slightly more than eight-tenths of
the workers in the Pacific region, seven-tenths in
the Middle Atlantic, four-tenths in the Great
Lakes region, nearly two-tenths in New England,
and slightly more than one-tenth in the Southeast.
Nearly 8 percent of the workers covered by
the survey earned less than $1.30 an hour, 16 per­
cent earned less than $1.40, and 23 percent earned

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, AUGUST 1966

884
less than $1.50. Regionally, the proportions earn­
ing less than $1.50 an hour were: About two-thirds
in the Southeast, one-fourth in New England,
slightly more than one-fifth in the Great Lakes,
one-seventh in the Middle Atlantic, and less than
5 percent in the Pacific region.
Data were tabulated separately for a number of
selected occupations. Numerically the most im­
portant job surveyed separately, fancy hand pack­
ers (mostly women) averaged $1.67 an hour. Men
maintenance machinists had the highest average
earnings—$3.05 an hour. In jobs where compari­
sons for all regions were made, average hourly
earnings were highest in the Pacific region and
lowest in the Southeast. Earnings of individual
workers varied considerably within the same job
and general geographic location. In some in­
stances, hourly earnings of the highest paid work­
ers exceeded those of the lowest paid in the same
job and the same area by $1 or more.

Weekly work schedules of 40 hours applied to
four-fifths of the workers nationally and more
than nine-tenths in all but one of the regions stud­
ied separately. In the Great Lakes region (prin­
cipally Chicago), schedules of 48 hours or more
applied to two-fifths of the workers. Nationally,
nearly a fifth of the production workers were em­
ployed on second shifts at the time of the study;
most of the workers were paid shift differentials,
the single most common amount was 5 cents an
hour above first-shift rates. Third-shift opera­
tions accounted for about 3 percent of the workers.
Nearly all workers were provided paid holi­
days. The most common provisions were 6 or 7
days annually, with additional half days in some
instances. Holiday provisions varied consider­
ably among the regions. For example, a third
of the workers in the Middle Atlantic region re­
ceived 11 paid holidays, while the maximum num­
ber provided in the Southeast was 6.

T a b l e 2. N u m b e r and A v e r a g e S t r a ig h t - T im e H o u r l y E a r n in g s 1 o f P r o d u c t io n W o r k e r s
O t h e r C o n f e c t io n e r y M a n u f a c t u r in g E s t a b l is h m e n t s , by S e l e c t e d C h a r a c t e r is t ic s
S e p t e m b e r 1965
United S tates3 New England

Middle

Southeast

in C and y and
and
R e g io n s ,2

Great Lakes

Pacific

Characteristics
Num ­ Earn­ Num ­ Earn­ Num ­ Earn­ Num ­ Earn­ Num­ Earn­ Num ­ E arn­
ings 1
ings 1 ber
ings 1 ber
ings 1 ber
ings 1 ber
ber
ings 1 ber
--

49,736

$1.87

5,339

$1.79

13,863

$1.88

3,628

$1.50

15,997

$1.95

4,329

$2.22

______
______________ ______

20,872
28,864

2.11
1.69

1,960
3,379

2. 07
1.62

5,542
8,321

2.15
1.71

1,782
1,846

1.56
1.44

7,367
8,630

2.23
1.72

1,660
2,669

2.49
2.05

___ 44, 001
5,735

1.89
1. 68

5,104

1.79

13,514

1.88

3,074

1.53

13,380
2, 617

1.99
1.78

4,180

2.21

10,473
11, 500
27, 763

1.66
1.85
1.95

489
4,120

1.85
1.77

2,853
2,724
8,286

1.64
1.77
2.00

1,419
1,404

1.43
1.64

2,9ß3
2,702
10,332

1.56
1.86
2. 09

1,610
2,103

2.30

24,844
24,892

1.93
1.80

4,384

1.78

10,037
3,826

1.89
1.88

3,216

1.49

6, 574
9,423

1.94
1.96

3,590
739

2. 26
2.01

773
1,780
2, 571
463

2. 55
2.14
1.89
2.28

131
105
170
54

2.45
2.25
1.81
2.12

132
607
486
103

2.53
2.18
1.79
2.24

52
253
341
28

1.91
1.51
1.45
1.62

246
456
1,071
161

2.66
2.31
2.13
2.47

107
194
147
55

2.83
2. 55
2.30
2. 62

1,930
432
1,954

1.62
1.85
1.75
2. 89
1.39
1.72
2.03

1.69
1.80
1.91
2.92
1.61
2.10
1.63
1.88

126
94
136
12
176
105
245
401

1.35
1.38
1.45
2.15
1.34
1.30
1.37
1.52

593
157
867
135
795
553
1,258
1,457

1.60
1.99
2.02
3.19
1.74
1.55
1.71
1.95

2.57

636
302

484
128
356
60
1,195
414
2,213
673

2.06

3,375
1,392
5,638
3,564

89
20
237
29
521

96

Packers, hand, bulk (3,318 women, 57 men) . _ ___
Packers, hand, candy bars (1,362 women, 30 men)
Packers, hand, fancy (5,636 women, 2 m en). _.
Wrapping-machine operators (3,407 women, 157 men)_____

1.69
1.78
1.91
3.05
1.58
1. 74
1.67
1.85

347

Laborers, material handling (1,936 men, 18 women)

218
104
543
223

1.88
2.05
2.05
2.13

All production workers------- -----------M en.
. . .
Women. _ _ _ _ _

__

_ ---- _

S ize of C o m m u n it y

Metropolitan areas 4___ _
S iz e o f E s t a b l is h m e n t

20-99 workers
100-249 workers._ ____

_____

2.50 w ork ers or more,

2.1 2

L a b o r -M a n a g e m e n t C ontract S tatus

Establishments with—
Majority of workers covered
None or minority of workers covered...

_ __

S e l e c t e d O c c u pa t io n s 5

Candy makers, class A (all m en)..
__
Candy makers, class B (1,684 men, 96 women)......
...........
Candy makers’ helpers (2,397 men, 174 women)__ _ _ _
Enrobing-machine operators (378 men, 85 women)_____
Enrobing-machine operators’ helpers (1,789 women, 141
men)___ .
______

962

1 Excludes premium pay for overtime and for work on weekends, holidays,
and late shifts.
2 For definition of regions, see text footnote 9.
3 Includes data for regions in addition to those shown separately. Alaska
and Hawaii were not included in the study.


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4
Standard Metropolitan Statistical Areas as defined by the U.S. Bureau
of the Budget through March 1965.
3
The forthcoming BLS bulletin will provide earnings information for
occupations in addition to those shown here.

WAGES IN PAINT, CANDY, AND SOUTHERN SAWMILL INDUSTRIES

Virtually all workers were employed in estab­
lishments providing paid vacations after qualify­
ing periods of service—usually 1 week of vacation
pay after 1 year of service, 2 weeks after 3 years,
and 3 weeks after 15 years. Slightly more than
a third were eligible for 4 weeks after 25 years.
Regional variations in provisions were more pro­
nounced for the longer periods of service: The
proportions of production workers employed in
establishments providing 1 week after 1 year
ranged from 75 percent in the Southeast to 97
percent in the Pacific region; after 15 years of
service, 22 percent of the workers in the Southeast
were eligible for 3 weeks, compared with 89 per­
cent in the Pacific region.
Life, hospitalization, and surgical insurance
were available to approximately seven-eighths of
the workers. Sickness and accident insurance ap­
plied to three-fifths; medical insurance, to seventenths; and accidental death and dismemberment
insurance, to slightly more than half of the work­
ers. These benefits relate to plans financed at least
in part by the employer; employers typically paid
the total costs, although this practice varied by
region. For example, in New England 95 percent
of the workers were in establishments providing
life insurance but only 26 percent were covered
under plans wholly financed by the employer. In
the Middle Atlantic region, however, 83 percent
were covered by employer-financed plans and only
3 percent by jointly financed plans.
Retirement pension plans (other than Federal
social security benefits) were provided by estab­
lishments employing three-fifths of the workers.
Regionally, the proportions ranged from 45 per­
cent in the Great Lakes region to 87 percent in the
Pacific region. Most of these workers were cov­
ered by employee-financed plans.
Formal provisions for nonproduction bonuses,
usually Christmas or yearend, were in effect in
plants accounting for one-fourth of the workers
nationally, two-fifths in the Great Lakes region,
a third in New England, and a fifth or less in the
remaining regions.
11 T h is survey covered estab lish m en ts em ploying eig h t w orkers
or m ore an d classified in in d u stry group 242 as defined by th e
1957 edition of th e S ta n d a rd In d u stria l C lassification M anual
an d supplem ents, U . S . B ureau of th e B udget. T he follow ing
sum m ary w as p rep ared by Joseph C. B ush of th e D ivision of
O ccupational Pay.
12 F o r re su lts of th e ea rlie r survey, see “W ages in S outhern
Saw m ills an d P la n in g Mills, Ju n e 1962,” M o n th ly Labor R eview ,
F eb ru ary 1963, pp. 151—153.
2 2 4 -9 6 6 0 - 6 6 - 4


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885

Southern Sawmills and Planing Mills

The 100,184 production workers covered by the
survey11 averaged $1.39 an hour in October 1965.
(See table 3.) All but 3 percent were paid on a
time-rate basis; 1 out of 8 workers were in mills
with union agreements.
The $1.39 average was 11 percent above the earn­
ings level in June 1962 ($1.25) when the Bureau
conducted a similar survey.12 Most of this in­
crease appears to have been due to a change in the
Federal minimum wage from $1.15 to $1.25, effec­
tive September 3, 1963. During both survey pe­
riods, more than half the workers had hourly
earnings at or within a few cents of the Federal
minimum wage.
Earnings in the Southeast region, accounting
for about three-fifths of the work force, averaged
$1.37 an hour, compared with $1.42 in the South­
west and Border States. Among the States tabu­
lated separately, hourly averages ranged from
$1.33 in Georgia to $1.45 in West Virginia. Aver­
age earnings in the seven Southeastern States were
between $1.33 and $1.43, with averages of $1.39 to
$1.45 in the three Border States and the three
Southwestern States. The proportion of workers
earning between $1.25 and $1.30 was about threefifths in the Southeast, compared with two-fifths
in the other two regions.
Many establishments operated logging camps in
conjunction with their milling operations. Ac­
counting for nine-tenths of the production work­
ers, mill workers earned a few cents an hour more
than logging workers in the Border and Southeast
regions, but 1 cent less in the Southwest. Differ­
ences in average hourly earnings among other
characteristics (type of wood, size of mill, etc.)
usually amounted to only a few cents.
Among the occupational classifications studied
separately, averages ranged from $2.70 an hour for
head-saw operators on band saws to between $1.28
and $1.31 for most unskilled jobs. Lumber stack­
ers and machine offbearers, the twTo numerically
most important occupations, each averaged $1.29
an hour. Regionally, occupational averages were
almost always lowest in the Southeast, with those
in the Border States and the Southwest averaging
a few cents an hour more.
Work schedules of 40 hours a week were in effect
in mills employing slightly more than three-

886

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, AUGUST 1966

T a b l e 3.

N u m b e r a nd A v e r a g e S t r a ig h t - T im e H o u r l y E a r n in g s 1 o f P r o d u c t io n W o r k e r s in S a w m il l s
P l a n in g M il l s , by S e l e c t e d C h a r a c t e r is t ic s , S o u t h and R e g io n s ,2 O c t o b e r 1965
Border States

Total South

Characteristics

Number

Earnings 1

Number

Southeast

Earnings 1

Number

and

Southwest

. Earnings 1

Number

Earnings 1

________ ___

100,184

$1.39

16,301

$1.42

56,883

$1.37

27,000

$1.42

Mill workers------------------------- ---------------- ----------Logging workers .. - ------------- - ------------------

90, 825
9,359

$1.39
1.37

13, 774
2,527

$1.43
1.40

52, 059
4,824

$1.37
1.33

24,992
2,008

$1.42
1.43

67,004
33,180

1.37
1.43

13,839
2,462

1.41
1.49

40, 791
16, 092

1.35
1.41

12,374
14,626

1.39
1.45

49, 058
51,126

1.42
1. 36

11,990

1.44

25, 861
31, 022

1.40
1.34

11,207
15,793

1.43
1.41

802
1,951
3,141
2,179
1,109
470
2,408
2,529
1,981
5, 657
7, 838
4,834
2,300
1,500
1,093
2,748
2,402
3,267
3,770

1.38
1.34
1.37
1.30
1.48
2.70
1.95
1.29
1.30
1.29
1.29
1.28
1.28
1.31
1.78
1.28
1.31
1.37
1.36

160
415
702
205
102
53
635
443
494
1,362
1,330
994
327
153
142
271
385
787
600

1.39
1.35
1.39
1.33
1.60
2.87
2.00
1.31
1.32
1.30
1.30
1.30
1.30
1.30
1.73
1.33
1.34
1.43
1.41

498
986
1,865
1,409
577
213
1,490
1,155
1,220
3,636
5,134
3,120
1,476
877
675
1,652
1,484
2,043
2,290

1.36
1.34
1.35
1.28
1.43
2.65
1.89
1.27
1.29
1.28
1.28
1.27
1.27
1.29
1.71
1.26
1.29
1.35
1.35

144
550
574
565
430
204
283
931
267
659
1,374
720
497
470
276
825
533
437
880

1.42
1.35
1.42
1.33
1.52
2.71
2.18
1.30
1.28
1.38
1.31
1.30
1.32
1.34
1.96
1.29
1.34
1-33
1-37

1,191
2,033
920
1,600

1.44
1.37
1.30
1.34

361
731
299
350

1.51
1.39
1.34
1.39

526
1,154
570
884

1.39
1.34
1.28
1.30

304
148
51
366

1-43
1!■ 36
L 40

All production workers_______

S iz e

of

M

il l

8-99 workers---- -- ------- --------- ------------- ----------100 workers or more------- ------------ - --------------------P

r e d o m in a n t

Hardwood-----

- - - Se

l ec ted

O

T

y pe

of

W

ood

--- ......... ..................
c c u p a t io n s

3

Sawmills and planing mills
Block setters___--- ---------------------- - ----- ----- --Cut-off-saw operators______________________________
.
__ __
_
- _ _ .
Firemen, stationary boiler_________________________
Graders, planed lumber ___
__
_ _. _ ----- .
Head-saw operators, band sa w ... ------------------ -------Head-saw operators, circular saw---------------- --------- _
Loaders, car and truck----------------- -_--- - Log deckmen________________________________ ____
Lumber stackers, air drying or storage - ----------------Off-bearers, machine 4_____________________________
Sawmilling operations. -----------Planing operations_________ ___________________
Planer operators (feed only). . - - --- -_- ------- -- _
Planer operators (set up and operate) --------- -----------Sorters, green chain__
Trimmermen_____ _______________________________
Truckdrivers___________________ _ ----------------Truckdrivers. power (forklift)__________________ ____
E d g erm en .

Logging
Cat drivers, skidding _ _ _ _ ----- _ --------- ------- __
Fallers and buckers, power_________________ ______
Teamsters, logging ______ _______
__________ _
Truckdrivers, logging__ ___________________________

2 The forthcoming BLS bulletin will include earnings information for
occupations in addition to those shown here.
4 Includes workers in addition to those shown separately.

1 Excludes premium pay for overtime and for work on weekends, holidays,
and late shifts.
2 The regions used in this study are: Border States— Kentucky, Virginia,
and West Virginia; Southeast—Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Mississippi,
North Carolina, South Carolina, and Tennessee; and Southwest—Arkansas,
Louisiana, Oklahoma, and Texas.

N ote: Dashes indicate no data reported or data that do not meet publi­
cation criteria.

fourths of the production workers. Most of the
remaining workers wTere scheduled to work 45
hours or more a wTeek. Less than 5 percent of the
workers were employed on late shifts at the time
of the survey.
About one-fourth of the workers were provided
paid holidays, ranging from 1 to Y days a year.
Paid vacations after qualifying periods of service
were provided by mills employing almost threetenths of the workers in the Border States and
Southeast regions and slightly more than twofifths in the Southwest. In each region, the most
common provision after 1 year of service was 1
wreek of vacation pay.

Life, hospitalization, and surgical insurance
benefits, for which the employer paid at least part
of the cost, were provided by establishments ac­
counting for two-fifths of the workers. Acciden­
tal death and dismemberment, sickness and
accident, and medical insurance benefits were
provided by establishments employing between a
fifth and a fourth of these workers. When these
benefits were provided, the employees usually
shared in the cost.
Retirement pension plans, providing regular
payments for the remainder of the retiree’s life
(in addition to social security benefits), were in
effect in only a few mills.


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Technical Note

Seasonally Adjusted
CPI Components
H a r r ie t t J . H a r p e r a n d
Ca r l y l e P . S t a l l in g s *
A n i n c r e a s i n g a w a r e n e s s of the importance of
seasonal influences in period-to-period statistical
comparisons has resulted in a need for either sea­
sonally adjusted price indexes, or factors which
can be used to adjust or interpret indexes pre­
viously published only on an unadjusted basis.
Elimination of seasonality is particularly im­
portant in periods of rapidly changing prices.
Seasonally adjusted indexes reflect price changes
after elimination of the effects of annually re­
curring events: weather conditions, crop-growing
cycles, special sales, holiday seasons, and industry
model changeover periods. An index showing
only the long-run movement and irregular in­
fluences caused by unusual events, but undisturbed
by the usual seasonal price patterns, enables ana­
lysts to isolate factors requiring necessary deci­
sions by policymakers which affect long-run poli­
cies and objectives. Businesses have needed price
indexes and other economic data adjusted for sea­
sonality in order to plan optimum use of plant,
equipment, and labor. Changes in the patterns
of production and marketing have been brought
about by the use of such information.
Seasonal adjustment factors for various CPI
components were published in 1963.1 Because of
the relatively minor seasonal fluctuations in the
index for all items which results from offsetting
movements in its various components, the Bureau
did not publish seasonally adjusted indexes. Also
considered were problems which might result from
publication of the index on both a seasonally ad-

justed and an unadjusted basis, especially in
months when the two indexes show opposite
changes. The need for these indexes as analytical
tools, however, outweighs any problems which
might result from their publication, particularly
since the overall index—all items—will not be sea­
sonally adjusted.
Seasonally adjusted indexes for selected compo­
nents of the CPI, in which there are significant
Seasonal V a ria tion in Selected Consumer Price Index
Components, 1965

The above chart shows unadjusted and seasonally ad­
justed 1965 indexes for the extremes of seasonal
variation among the components for which these
indexes are available. Fruit and vegetable prices
experienced the greatest seasonal movement and
footwear the least. After seasonal adjustment the
index of fruit and vegetable prices still showed erratic
movements which are caused by the so-called
“irregular” factors. After adjustment for these irregular
factors, the dot-dash line shows a slight downward move­
*Of th e Office of P rices and L iving C onditions, B ureau of
ment during the year. Extremely unfavorable weather
L abor S ta tistic s.
conditions in major producing areas, which drastically
1
See Seasonal F actors, C onsum er P rice In d e x : Selected Series,
curtailed supplies, account for most of the irregular
J u n e 1 953-M ay 1961 (BLS B ulletin 1366, 1963)«
influences.


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887

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, AUGUST 1966

888
T able

1.

S e a s o n a l F a c t o r s 1 f o r A d j u s t in g C o m p o n e n t s

of th e

C o n s u m e r P r ic e I n d e x ,

1966

[Year Average=100J
Jan.

Feb.

Mar.

Apr.

May

June

July

Aug.

Sept.

Oct.

Nov.

Food____ ____ _________ . . . . . _______ . . .
Food at home.. ______ ____ _
. . .
Meats, poultry, and fish
. . . . . . . ...
Dairy products
_____ _____
Fruits and vegetables____
Other food at home_______

99.8
99.8
100.0
100.7
97.7
100.8

100.0
100.0
100.0
100.3
99.0
100.2

99.7
99.7
99.3
100.1
100.0
99.3

99.7
99.6
98.7
99.5
101.8
99.1

99.6
99.5
98. 2
99.2
103.4
98.8

99.9
99.9
98. 5
99.0
105.1
98.4

101.0
101.3
100.2
99.5
106.7
99.2

100.3
100.4
101.4
99.9
100.7
99.8

100.3
100.3
102.1
100.2
96.4
101.4

100.0
100.0
101.2
100.6
95.8
101.8

99.7
99.6
100.4
100.6
96.1
100.8

99.
99.
99.
100.
97.,
100.

Fuel and utilities. . ____ ____ .. .. .. . --------- ..
Fuel oil and coal.______________ _____ .. .. .

100.4
102.2

100.2
102.3

100.3
101.9

100.1
100.7

99.7
98.6

99.6
98.0

99.5
97.9

99.5
98.0

99.8
98.7

100.0
99.8

100.2
100.6

100.
101.

Apparel and upkeep________________
Men’s and boys’___. . . _______ ________ ..
Women’s and girls’. .. . . .
. . .
---- -Footwear______________ _ __ _________ _ . .

99.5
99.6
99.0
100.0

99.6
99.6
99.3
99.9

99.7
99.6
99.5
99.9

99.9
99.9
99.7
100.0

99.9
100.0
99.6
100.0

99.9
99.9
99.7
99.9

99.6
99. 7
99.5
99.7

99.6
99.7
99.3
99.8

100.2
100. 2
100.5
100.0

100.6
100.4
101.4
100.1

100.6
100.6
101.2
100.2

100.
100.
101.
100.

Transportation---------- ----- ------------ ---------------Private__ . . . . _____
...i.........
. ..

100.4
100.4

99.7
99.6

99.6
99.5

99.7
99.7

100.0
100.0

99.9
99.9

100.1
100.1

100.0
100.0

99.8
99.8

100.4
100.5

100.5
100.6

100.
100.

Commodities_____ _ ______ . . .
_
__ . . _ . . .
Nondurables.— _____
..
.............. . . . ..
Durables_____ . . ___ . . . . . --------------Commodities less food____ .. . . . . . . ------- . . . _
Nondurables less food________ _______ . . . .
Apparel commodities. _
__
Apparel less footwear.
______ ____
New cars . .
----Used cars .. . . . . . . . . . --------. ..
Housefurnishings. .
„ _______

99.9
99.8
100.0
99.9
99.9
99.4
99.4
100.8
98.5
99.7

99.9
99.9
99.9
99.8
99.7
99.5
99.4
100.4
97.2
99.9

99.8
99.7
99.9
99.9
99.8
99.7
99.6
100.2
98.1
100.2

99.8
99.8
100.0
100.0
99.9
99.8
99.7

99.8
99.7
100.0
99.9
99.9
99.9
99.8
99.6
99.9

100.1
100.0
100.0
99.9
99.9
99.9
99.8
99.4
101.2
100.2

100. 2
100.4
99.9
99.9
99.8
99.8
99.7
98.8
101.4
99.9

100.0
100.1
99.8
99.7
99.8
99.5
99.5
98. 7

100.1
100.1
99.8
100.0
100. 2
100. 2
100.3
98.1
101.2
100.0

100.2
100.2
100. 2
100.3
100.4
100.9
100.9
100. 9
101. 2
100.0

100.1
100.0
100.4
100.4
100.3
100.8
100.9
101. 9
101.1

100.
99.
100.
100.,
100.,
100.
100.
101.
99.
100.

Components

100. 0

99.3
100.3

100.1

101. 1

99.7

100.1

Dec.

1
Seasonal factors are for all Index series which are currently being seasonally
adjusted. These factors were derived by the BLS seasonal factor method

using data for 1956-65, and will be updated at the end of each calendar year
for use in adjusting indexes for the subsequent year.

seasonal patterns of price change, were first pub­
lished in early 1966.2 These components and their
factors for 1966 are shown in table 1. These fac­
tors are scheduled to be updated annually. The
seasonally adjusted indexes are calculated only
at the national level and are published simulta­
neously with the original or unadjusted indexes.
Computation procedures for the unadjusted series
are not altered in any way by seasonal adjust­
ments. The additional calculation merely adjusts
the original indexes by the derived seasonal fac­
tors. At this time, there are no plans to publish
seasonally adjusted indexes by city.

The seasonal factors used in deriving the ad­
justed indexes were developed from the BLS sea­
sonal factor method, using data for 1956-65. This
is an adaptation of the ratio-to-moving-average
method,3 with allowances for changing seasonal
patterns. Seasonal factors are obtained by elimi­
nating the underlying trend-cycle movement of
the series and the irregular fluctuation from the

T able

2.

E ffect

of

S e a s o n a l V a r ia t io n s 1 on

2 See CPI release, January 1966 and M o n th ly L a b o r R e v ie w ,
April 1966, pp. 405—409.
3 A brief description of the method of seasonal adjustment for
the Consumer Price Index is available upon request from the
Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor, Washing­
ton, D.C. 20212.

the

C o n s u m e r P r ic e I n d e x ,

by

C o m po nents,

1965

[Based on 1965 seasonal adjustment factors and component weights]
Components
All items__________________
Food at home___________________
Food away from home. _____ _____
Shelter_________________________
Fuel and utilities________________
Household furnishings and operation.
Men’s and boys’ apparel__________
Women’s and girls’ apparel________
Footwear_______________________
Other apparel and upkeep_________
Private transportation____________
Public transportation_____________
Medical care____________________
Personal care____________________
Reading and recreation___________
Other goods and services__________

Jan.

F eb.

- 0 . 012

- 0 . 078

- 0 .1 2 3

- 0 . 036

0
- .0 0 4
.0 2 0
.0 1 0
0
- .0 1 1
- .0 2 8
- . 002
.0 0 2
- .0 5 1
.0 0 4
0
- .0 0 3
0
- .0 1 5

- 0 . 054

- .0 0 4
.0 2 0
.0 1 5
.0 0 8
- , 011
- .0 2 0
- .0 0 2
.0 0 2
- .0 6 3
.0 0 1
0
0
0
- .0 1 5

0
.0 2 0
.0 2 1
- . 008
- .0 1 1
- . 040
0
.0 0 2
.0 5 0
.0 0 1
- .0 0 6
0
0
- .0 0 5

M ar.

A pr.

M ay

June

- 0 .0 9 6

- 0 .1 3 9

- 0 .0 9 4

- 0 . 072

- 0 . 090

- 0 . 018

0
0
.0 0 5
.0 0 8
- .0 0 3
- .0 1 2
0
.0 0 2
- .0 3 8
.0 0 2
.0 0 6
.0 0 3
.0 1 8
- .0 1 5

- .0 0 5
- .0 2 0
- . 015
0
0
- .0 1 6
0
.0 0 2
0
0
.0 0 6
.0 0 3
.0 0 6
- .0 1 0

- .0 0 5
- .0 2 0
- .0 2 1
0
- .0 0 3
- .0 1 2
- .0 0 2
.0 0 2
- .0 1 3
0
.0 1 2
- .0 0 3
- .0 0 6
- .0 0 5

N ov.

A ug.

S ep t.

O ct.

0 .1 9 9

- 0 .0 0 5

0 .0 4 0

0 .1 2 8

0 . 077

0 .0 4 9

0 .2 3 9
- . 005
0
- .0 2 6
0
- .0 0 9
- .0 2 0
- . 004
- .0 0 4
.0 1 3
- .0 0 1
.0 1 2
0
- .0 0 6
.0 1 0

0 .0 7 3
0
- . 020
- .0 2 5
- . 015
- .0 0 9
- .0 2 8
- .0 0 3
- .0 0 2
0
0
.0 0 6
- .0 0 3
.0 0 6
.0 1 5

0 .0 5 5
.0 0 5
- .0 2 0
- .0 1 0
0
.0 0 6
.0 2 0
0
- . 002
- .0 2 5
- .0 0 1
- .0 0 6
- .0 0 3
.0 0 6
.0 1 5

0
.0 0 5
0
0
0
.0 1 1
.0 5 6
.0 0 2
004
.0 6 3

- 0 . 073

- 0 . 056

0
0
.0 1 0
0
.0 1 7
.0 4 8
.0 0 3
- .0 0 2
.0 7 6
- .0 0 4
- .0 0 6
- .0 0 3
. 006
.0 0 5

0
0
.0 2 1
0
.0 1 4
.0 4 0
.0 0 3
0
.0 3 8
.0 0 1
- .0 1 2
.0 0 5
0
- .0 0 5

J u ly

- . 001
- . 006

- .0 0 3
0
.0 0 5

D ec.

1
Relative effects were computed by multiplying the relative weight of the computation for food at home in January 1965 was: 18.18 x (99.8—100.0)
each component by its seasonal adjustment factor minus 100. For example,
= —0.036 percent.
N ote: Because of rounding, monthly variations may not equal zero.


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

SEASONALLY ADJUSTED OPI COMPONENTS

889

original data. When the seasonal factor has been
applied to the original data, it removes the an­
nually repetitive pattern which makes prices in
certain months consistently higher or lower than
in others.
The all-items index is affected only slightly by
seasonal factors because of offsetting movements
among the various components; this index will
therefore not be published on a seasonally adjusted
basis. Illustrating these offsetting movements,
table 2 shows the relative effects of seasonal varia­
tion of the index components on the total index

in 1965. Most of the seasonal variation in the
index occurs in prices of food at home, women’s
and girls’ apparel, and private transportation. In
the first half of the year, these groups generally
move downward seasonally, resulting in a slight
net seasonal decline in the total index. With few
exceptions, this trend is reversed in the latter half,
resulting in a net seasonal advance. However,
the net seasonal is less than one-tenth of 1 percent
emigration of top scientists and other highly
cent—the July figure.

During the early years of the struggle with Napoleon, the Board of Agri­
culture tried to get crop statistics—but unsystematically. From the potato
famine spring the start in 1847 of Irish agricultural statistics—successfully
collected by, of all people, the police. Unwillingly, the Boards of Guardians
tried to* do the same in England in the 1950’s; a more successful Scottish
attempt foundered on cost. The Inland Revenue, after the cattle plague, got
the agricultural returns going to 1866, largely through the post office; and
tried to do the same in England in the 1850’s; a more successful Scottish
grumbling from farmers and some pretty rum returns, one can be sure. The
questions seem few and simple by today’s standards, but it is remarkable that
in those pen-pushing days the results, including full county details, were got
out in a matter of months.


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—‘"Counting Sheep,” T h e E c o n o m is t, June 18, 1966.

Foreign Labor Briefs*
Belgium —E q u a l P a y

The first strike ever staged by women workers
in Belgium ran from February 16 to May 5.
Striking for pay equal to that of their male co­
workers, 3,000' women employed by the national
weapons plant near Liège accepted management’s
offer, which amounted to almost TO percent of the
demanded full-wage parity. Belgium is a party to
the 1951 Equal Remuneration Convention of the
ILO and to the equal pay provisions of the 1957
Rome Treaty establishing the Common Market ;
the Labor Ministry, however, estimates only a 70percent compliance with the obligation for elimi­
nation of wage differentials because of sex.
Brazil—M a n p ow er D e p lo y m e n t

A sampling of the enterprises in Rio de Janeiro
that employ a paid work force indicated that the
average enterprise had 14 permanent employees.
Approximately half of the industrial and business
enterprises employed no wage and salary earners,
but were composed solely of owners, partners, and
occasional collaborators. (The 1960 industrial and
commercial censuses had revealed averages of 27
employed persons in each firm in industry and
5 in commerce. ) The first of its kind to be under­
taken by the Statistical Service of the Ministry of
Labor and Social Welfare, the sampling of forms
submitted annually by employers indicated that
47.2 percent of the wage and salary earners were
employed in industry, 39.1 percent in commerce
or credit institutions, 8.5 in transportation and
communications, and the remaining 5.2 percent in
services. The study also revealed that 94 percent
of the wage and salary employees are Brazilians,
whereas Brazilian legislation requires only that
67 percent be Brazilian (i.e., born, naturalized, or
having children born in Brazil).
Italy — W age R ise T ied to P rices

Approximately 50 percent of the labor force
recently benefited from automatic wage increments
♦ P rep ared in th e Office of F oreign L abor and T rade, B ureau of
L abor S ta tistic s , on th e basis of m a te ria l available in early Ju ly .

890


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that were based on increases in the cost of living.
Thus, about 9 million wage earners in industry,
commerce, and agriculture received an automatic
wage increment on May 1, because of a 1-point rise
in the special consumer price index of the National
Institute of Statistics (ISTAT) during the quar­
ter January 16-April 15. An additional 2 mil­
lion Government workers, retirees, and their
survivors will receive a similar increment when
cumulative changes in the special price index for
the whole year are calculated. The country’s an­
nual wage bill (including the resulting increased
social security charges paid by employers) will
subsequently rise by approximately 54 billion lire
(US$86 million). Of this amount, US$75 million
will be paid to industrial workers.
Japan — T ech n ical A ssista n c e

Since 1960, the Japanese Government has been
training Southeast Asians in Japan to serve as vo­
cational instructors in their own countries in elec­
tricity, mechanics, woodworking, and other trades;
sending experts to those countries, upon request ;
and assisting in the establishment and operation of
technical training centers. New aspects of the
program, as announced by the Labor Minister at
a recent conference on Southeast Asian Economic
Development in Tokyo, include stationing Japan­
ese vocational training experts in these countries
and sending mobile vocational training seminars
into the region.
New Zealand—L abor S h o rta g e

The labor shortage in New Zealand is worse now
than at any time since 1961. According to the
Department of Labor, there w^ere 8,984 job vacan­
cies but only 336 registered unemployed on Decem­
ber 30, 1965. The shortage is particularly acute
in the manufacturing sector, which accounts for
over one-quarter of the employed labor force. The
emigration of top scientists and other highly
trained personnel is also cause for concern.

891

FOREIGN LABOR BRIEFS

Portugal—E m ig ra tio n

A decree-law aimed at accomplices rather than
emigrants themselves was the latest attempt by the
Government to prevent manpower losses through
illegal emigration. Adopted on April 5, the
decree provided for prison terms ranging from 2
to 8 years at hard labor for persons who (a) entice
individuals to leave the country without proper
documentation, (b) participate in the acquisition
of passports for tourism which in reality are
intended to be used for emigration, or (c) assist
illegal emigrants in any way. Although strongly
endorsing the harsh new penalties as a step in the
right direction, the independent newspaper
0 Seculo commented that the problem of illegal
emigration could not be solved without improving
the living conditions of the Portuguese workers.
Sweden —L a b o r P eace

An impasse in negotiation of a new basic
national agreement between the Swedish Trade
Union Confederation (LO) and the Swedish
Employers’ Federation (SAF) threatened the
most serious labor conflict since 1945. The LO
had placed a ban on all overtime work, and the
SAF had countered with a call for a general lock­
out to idle more than 800,000 workers. On April
1, however, contract provisions proposed by the
Government-appointed mediation commission
were accepted: A shorter workweek (42*^ hours) ;
higher severance pay; and an increase in wages of
4 percent in 1966, 3.4 percent in 1967, and 2 percent
in 1968. The new agreement is the first to take
account of the wage drift, i.e., the tendency of
wages actually paid in many industries to exceed
the officially negotiated rates; it guarantees a wTage
drift increase of 27 ore (US$0.05) per hour in the
second and third years of the contract.
Syria —E conom ic C rim es

The first Economic Sanction Law or Economic
Penal Code to be enacted in the Arab world was
issued in Syria in May 1966. The 39 articles of
Legislative Decree No. 37 define and specify pun­
ishment of workers for numerous economic crimes


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of commission and omission. Under the code,
workers’ acts of negligence or carelessness, such as
harming public property or wasting materials, are
punishable by imprisonment of 6 to 24 months;
specified, deliberate acts or omissions, such as dam­
age to goods and equipment or drawing up “bad
plans” for public economic projects, may lead to
15 years at hard labor.
United Kingdom —P a y r o ll T ax

Trying to redeploy labor from the service and
construction industries to manufacturing, the Gov­
ernment issued a law requiring employers to pay
a novel payroll tax beginning September 5, 1966.
The “Selective Employment Tax” is designed to
stimulate investment in manufacturing. After
paying the tax, manufacturing employers will be
returned both the full amount paid and a special
premium of about 30 percent of the tax. Agricul­
tural employers, local governments, nationalized
industries, and transport enterprises will also re­
ceive a full refund of the tax, but they will receive
no premium. Employers in the service industries
(retail and wholesale trades, banking, insurance,
and finance) and construction will receive neither
a refund nor a premium.
U.S.S.R .—F a rm W ages

Collective farmers will henceforth receive guar­
anteed wages in money as well as in kind. A joint
decree of the Government and the Communist
Party authorized the new system for general ap­
plication in July 1966. The wage rates are to be
based on rates already established for workers on
State farms.
The decree provides that the guaranteed wage
in money—and in kind where stored grain, fodder,
and other farm products are available—will be
paid at least once a month. If the collective farm
runs short of money, the State Bank is obliged to
grant credits for a period of up to 5 years. The
Soviet press did not report how many collective
farmers wTere involved, but a Moscow radio broad­
cast announced that some 16 million families of
collective farmers on about 38,000 collective farms
will be affected.

Significant Decisions
in Labor Cases*

Non-Communist Affidavits. The U.S. Supreme
Court held1 that filing of false non-Communist
affidavits by union officials under section 9(h) of
Labor Management Relations Act was not justified
by the officials’ belief that the law was constitution­
ally invalid. Without ruling on the constitution­
ality of the now repealed provision, the Court
found that the officials had been in a conspiracy
to defraud the U.S. Government, a type of action
that is criminal even when the law involved is not
valid. The Court, however, remanded the case
for a new trial because the trial court had disal­
lowed examination of the Government witnesses’
preindictment testimony before a grand jury.
Section 9(h) of the LMRA provided that a
labor union could not secure certain services of the
NLRB unless each of its officers and each of its
parent organization’s officers filed affidavits attest­
ing that he is not a member of the Communist
Party or “affiliated with such party, and that he
does not believe in, and is not a member of, or sup­
port any organization that believes in or teaches,
the overthrow of the U.S. Government by force or
by any illegal or unconstitutional methods.”
The prosecution contended that, in order to re­
tain the Communist Party’s control over a union
(the Mine, Mill and Smelter Workers) and yet to
secure the much needed services of the Board, the
union (petitioners) and the Communist Party
decided that the union’s leaders should nominally
resign from the party and file affidavits pursuant
to section 9(h). Three of the officers filed such
affidavits at different dates in subsequent years, al­
though their party affiliations remained unaffected.
The union then proceeded to utilize the services of
the Board. Subsequently the six petitioners were
prosecuted and convicted for conspiring to defraud
the NLRB by impairing, obstructing, or defeating
its lawful function.
During the trial the Court denied the petition­
ers’ request to inspect grand jury testimony of
892


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Government witnesses which was alleged to be in­
consistent with the trial testimony. The Court
held that the petitioners showed no “particularized
need” for such inspection. The appeals court con­
ceded the trial court’s error in denying the peti­
tioners’ motions, but held it was not a reversible
error because the witnesses were thoroughly and
competently cross-examined without manifest in­
consistency.
The Supreme Court rejected the petitioners’ con­
tention that their conduct was not fraudulent be­
cause section 9(h) merely required the Board to
certify any officer who filed, without regard to the
truthfulness of his statements. The Court held
that Congress’ unmistakable intent was the filing
of truthful affidavits, the act even providing that
criminal laws be used against violators.
In asking that their convictions be set aside, the
petitioners’ main contention was that section 9(h)
was unconstitutional. In 1959, they said, it was
replaced by another provision—section 504 of the
Labor-Management Reporting and Disclosure
Act—later declared by the C ourt2 to be a bill of
attainder. But the Court refused to rule on the
question, holding that the petitioners were in no
position to attack the constitutionality of the law.
The Court relied upon its ruling in Kay v. United
States ,3 where it held, without passing upon the
validity of the act involved, held that “when one
undertakes to cheat the Government or to mislead
its officers, or those acting under its authority, by
false statements, he has no standing to assert that
the operations of the Government in which the
effort to cheat or mislead is made are without con­
stitutional sanction.”
The Court said that a claim of unconstitution­
ality will not be permitted to excuse a deliberate,
voluntary, and calculated action of fraud and
deceit, and that one who elects such a method of
self-help may not escape the consequences by at♦Prepared in the U.S. Department of Labor, Office of the
Solicitor. The cases covered in this article represent a selection
of the significant decisions believed to be of special interest. No
attem pt has been made to reflect all recent judicial and adminis­
trative developm ents in the field of labor law or to indicate the
effect of particular decisions in jurisdictions in which contrary
results may be reached based upon local statutory provisions, the
existence of local precedents, or a different approach by the
courts to the issue presented.
1
D ennis v. United States (U.S. Sup. Ct., June 20, 19©6).
a United States v. B row n, 381 U.S. 437 ; see also M onthly Labor
R eview , September 1964,, pp. 1063-1064.
3 303 U.S. 1.

DECISIONS IN LABOR CASES

tacking the constitutionality of the law he sought
to evade.
The Supreme Court, however, held that the peti­
tioners had the right to examine during the trial
Government witnesses’ testimony given before the
grand jury. The Court said it recognized the
“long established policy that maintains the secrecy
of the grand jury proceedings in the Federal
courts,” but in this situation a review of the testi­
mony was called for. The Court pointed out that
since the grand jury testimony was taken 15 years
earlier, was uncorroborated, and was given by four
witnesses—two of them accomplices, one a paid in­
former, and one a former member of the union—
there was evidence of room for error and a good
reason for hostility toward the petitioners. In
short, there was a “particularized need” for the ex­
amination of the grand jury testimony to deter­
mine the validity of the witnesses’ testimony at
the trial.
In his vigorous dissent, Justice Black, joined by
Justice Douglas, argued, first, that “if the pro­
visions of section 9(h) requiring non-Communist
affidavits constitute a bill of attainder4 then . . .
the filing of [such affidavits under the section],
whether true or false, cannot be said to have inter­
fered with any lawful or legitimate function of the
[NLRB].” Second, he condemned what he called
“a novel doctrin e” established by the m ajo rity de­
cision that “unconstitutionality of a law which
forms the very nucleus of a criminal charge can­
not be a defense to that charge.”
Illegal Strike. A Federal court of appeals up­
held 5as substantially supported an NLRB finding
that it was unlawful for a union to call a strike in
protest against the employer’s alleged violation of
a preferential hiring agreement by an attempt to
employ nonunion men, because the agreement con­
tained a provision which, in effect, accepted the
union’s standards of qualifications and competence
and thus gave its members priority in hiring.
A plumbing and heating company for New
York City, had a bargaining agreement with a
local union of plumbers which read in part:
The Association agrees that its members will give pri­
ority in employment opportunity to qualified and com­
petent men based uj«on their length of employment in the
geographical areas of the union as contrasted and com­
pared with men who have worked mainly in other geo­


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893
graphical areas. The previous hiring practices in all
respects shall continue, including practice as to qualifica­
tions and competency, and furthermore, members of the
union may be hired as in the past without regard to prior
length of service.

When the company needed additional men, the
City’s Commission on Human Rights, acting in
pursuance of an antidiscrimination law, referred
to it four nonunion, nonwhite, allegedly quali­
fied applicants for employment. The Commission
advised the company that the applicants were
qualified and that its city contract might be can­
celed unless it changed its hiring practices. There­
upon, the employer notified the union that the
applicants would be hired. The union requested
arbitration, contending it did not discriminate
against the applicants because they were Puerto
Rican or Negro, but that such hiring was a viola­
tion of the “priority of employment” provision of
the agreement.
The applicants reported for work, but the un­
ion called a strike, ostensibly on the ground of
a 2-week-old sanitation controversy. The new
men were told there would be no work that day,
even though the controversy was settled at 10
o’clock that same morning. The applicants re­
ported for work each day, but the union refused to
call off the strike since the new workers could not
prove union membership. The union steward told
them, “We don’t work with nonunion people.”
The union refused to provide competent workers
until the dispute had been arbitrated. Near the
end of the second week of the strike, the Mayor
suggested an examination for the applicants.
Three of them took it, and failed. The president
of the local himself said the test was highly tech­
nical, presupposed preparatory study, and was
given under poor conditions. Two of the appli­
cants filed unfair labor practice charges.
The NLRB trial examiner’s finding, approved
by the Board, was that the union had struck be­
cause the company threatened to hire nonunion
men and not because of a sanitary dispute, and that
the strike was continued to prevent the hiring of
nonunion men and not because they did not qualify
under the agreement’s provisions for “priority of
employment,” as the union contended.
i In ligh t of the decision in the B row n case.
5 N L R B v. L ocal 2, P lum bers (C.A. 2, M ay J2, 1966).

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, AUGUST 1966

894
The court held there was ample evidence that
the strike was called, and was continued, to prevent
the hiring of the new men.
The court further rejected the union’s conten­
tion that the strike was justified by the employer's
alleged violation of the preferential hiring agree­
ment, holding that some of the provisions of the
agreement were invalid under the LMRA. The
provisions for hiring “qualified and competent”
workers with seniority of employment in the geo­
graphical area was valid, the court held, over­
ruling a contrary opinion of the NLRB. But the
remainder of the agreement was invalid under
section 8(a) (3) and (f) (4) of the act: when read
in the light of the union constitution’s require­
ment that the members should not work with
nonm em bers, it in effect gave th e union a powTer
to dictate standards of competence and qualifica­
tion, and it provided for possible hiring of the
members “without regard to their length of
service.”
In rejecting the union’s argument that the
Mayor’s intervention and the result of the exami­
nation given to the applicants should have been

treated as a settlement of the strike, the court held
that, “Since neither the Board, nor any of the
four men—nor, indeed,” [the company]—“par­
ticipated in the settlement, since it did not profess
to end or to redress the unfair labor practices, and
since it appeared to assume the validity of the
union’s insistence that the four men had to qualify
by union standards, the Board rightly concluded
that the settlement, if such it was, could not dis­
place the remedial procedures of the act.”
Regarding the Board’s order for backpay, the
court said, “The right to backpay is not a punitory
award for having been the victim of an unfair
labor practice; it rests on the right to have had
work and presupposes the ability to do it. To
award a man wages which he could not have
earned would not be remedial but punitive.
[Hence,] the Board’s order must be modified to
permit inquiry in the compliance proceeding into
the length of time for which, but for the union’s
activities, the four men, on the basis of their
ability and other factors, would have been kept at
work . . . ,” the court said.

The life of the law has not been logic: it has been experience. The felt
necessities of the time, the prevalent moral and political theories, intuitions of
public policy, avowed or unconscious, even the prejudices which judges share
with their fellowmen, have had a good deal more to do than the syllogism in
determining the rules by which man should be governed. The law embodies
the story of a nation’s development through many centuries, and it cannot be
dealt with as if it contained only axioms and corollaries of a book of
mathematics.


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

—Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr., T h e C o m m o n L a w .

Chronology of
Recent Labor Events

the agreement was begun June 30 by Electrical Workers
(IUE), and involved 5,300 employees in a dispute over the
elimination of incentive pay for production-line workers.
The new agreement calls for a change to straight hourly
pay for all employees, but workers formerly receiving
incentive pay will receive a “plus rate” addition to their
wages through July 5, 1971.

July 18
July 5, 1(966
T h e P acific M aritim e A ssociation and the Longshore­

men and Warehousemen announced agreement on a 5-year
contract which provides total wage increases of 90 cents
an hour. The 15,000 members of the union will receive
50 cents and hour the first year (retroactive to July 1).
The Mechanization and Modernization Agreement was also
renewed.

July 8
T h e T eamsters ended their convention in Miami Beach,

Fla., after voting to create a position of general vice
president, to be filled by Frank E. Fitzsimmons, who “shall
assume such duties as may he delegated to him by the
general president.” (See MLR, July 1966, pp. III-IV .)

and Confectionery W orkers ended
their 2-week-old strike at 10 Nabisco plants throughout
the country by accepting minimum pay increases of 17.5
cents an hour. Some workers will receive additional 5to 15-cent increases after classification adjustments. The
strike began when employees of the National Biscuit Co.,
in Buena Park, Calif, rejected a new contract offer.

A merican B akery

A greement with five voluntary hospitals and their affili­

ates was reached by the Drug and Hospital Employees
Union Local 1199 of New York City. The 9,000 members
of the Retail, Wholesale and Department Store Union
affiliate will receive a 10-percent wage increase retroactive
to July 4, 1966, and a 7^-percent increase in July 1967.
A minimum wage of $1.90 an hour and corresponding in­
creases for employees higher up the ladder will be effec­
tive January 1, 1968. The settlement ended a week-long
series of work stoppages in the 19 hospitals affected.

July 13
P resident J oh nson signed a bill increasing wages and

A proposal to end a dispute between New Jersey con­
tractors and the Operating Engineers was offered by
Secretary of Labor W. Willard Wirtz and New Jersey
Labor Commissioner, Raymond Male. It includes a guar­
antee of 1,600 hours of work and pay for seasonal em­
ployees, total wage increases of 50 cents an hour, and
provision for the establishment of a Development Author­
ity to pay workers whose earnings opportunities had not
totaled 1,600 hours.

fringe benefits for 1.8 million Federal classified and postal
employees. Included in the law, effective the pay period
beginning July 3, are pay raises of 2.9 percent, full retire­
ment at age 55 for employees with 30 years’ service, in­
creased Government contributions to health insurance, and
liberalized overtime benefits.

July 15

A BILL, H.R. 2035, which would have automatically in­
creased the costs of Star Route postal contracts whenever
the Consumer Price Index rose by at least 1 percent a
year, was vetoed by President Johnson. In his message
to the House of Representatives, the President stated that
approval of this measure would result in “automatic,
and often unjustified, wage increases [that] would fuel
the fires of inflation.”

U nited M in e W orkers and large coal producers did not
violate Federal antitrust laws by entering into an indus­
try-wide collective bargaining contract at terms smaller
coal companies could not meet. A Federal district court
in eastern Tennessee decided, in P e n n in g to n v. U n ite d M in e
W o r k e r s o f A m e r ic a , that this is not sufficient proof that
the parties had engaged in restraint of trade under the
Sherman Antitrust Act. “It also must be shown that
there was a ‘predatory intent’ on the part of union and
large producers to drive such other employers out of
business.” (See MLR, September 1965, pp. 1105-1108.)

July 16
E mployees at Westinghouse Electric Corp. in Columbus,

Ohio, ratified a contract which will provide wage increases
of between 19 and 27 cents and hour. A strike preceding


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July 19

July 27
A n emergency board was created under the Railway
Labor Act to avert a strike by the Transport Workers
against American Airlines. This action delayed the strike
for at least 60 days. The union represents the same
groups of workers at American Airlines as does the
Machinists Union on the five struck airlines. (See MLR,
April 1966, p. 535.)
895

Developments in
Industrial Relations*

ment effective in 1968 and made no provision re­
garding travel time for loggers. The GeorgiaPacific and St. Regis agreements also provided
wage increases of 20 cents the first year, 12 cents
in 1967, and 10 cents in 1968. Other terms were
generally similar to the above settlements.
Dairies

West Coast Lumber

Nearly 60,000 workers were covered by the
3-year collective bargaining agreements reached
in the first week of June in the Pacific Northwest
fir, lumber, and plywood industry. The “Big
Five”—Weyerhauser Corp., U.S. Plywood Corp.,
Crown Zellerbach Corp., International Paper Co.,
and Rayonier, Inc. bargaining together as the
Northwest Forest Products Association—settled
with the Lumber and Sawmill Workers (an affili­
ate of the Carpenters) and the Woodworkers
(IWA) on a package reportedly worth 55 cents an
hour. Some 23,000 employees were affected by the
settlement. The Timber Operators C o u n c i l
(TOC), representing some 200 firms with 27,000
workers, agreed to a similar package with the two
unions, as did the Georgia-Pacific Corp. (7,500 em­
ployees) and the St. Regis Paper Co. (2,500 em­
ployees) . These agreements were expected to set
a pattern for an additional 20,000 workers in the
industry.1
While all the settlements provided the same
total package, they differed slightly in the amounts
applied to wages and to supplementary benefits.
The “Big Five” contract provided wage increases
of 20 cents an hour effective in June 1966, 12
cents in June 1967, and 10 cents in June 1968; in­
equity adjustments averaging 2 cents an hour in
June 1966 and 1 cent in June 1968 were also in­
cluded. A shift differential increase of 4 cents,
and a 7th paid holiday, the Friday after Thanks­
giving, were to be effective in 1968. The com­
panies agreed to a 4-cent-an-hour increase in con­
tributions to the Health and Welfare Fund in the
second year «of the contract, and a 1-cent-an-hour
increase in pension contributions the third year.
In 1967, 1y2 cents an hour will be allocated for
travel time for loggers.
The TOC agreement was similar to the “BigFive” but it provided a 2y2-cent inequity adjust896


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

In early June, the Teamsters and fluid milk com­
panies in the San Francisco Bay area reached
agreement on a 2-year contract. Some 4,000 em­
ployees were provided with wage increases of 15
cents an hour retroactive to April 1, and an addi­
tional 12y2 cents effective in April 1967. Double
time pay was provided after 9y2 hours in any 1
day, haulers, however, were to receive double time
only after 4 7 ^ hours in any 1 week. (Pre­
viously, time and one-half had been paid for all
hours worked over 8 in any 1 day and to haulers
for all hours over 40 in 1 week.) A production
premium which stemmed from improved output in
automated plants afforded an additional $1.80 a
day for inside employees of plants owned or con­
trolled by retail outlets; a premium of 80 cents a
day was provided plant workers in wholesale oper­
ations where the volume of liquid dairy products
exceeded an average of 5,000 gallons daily. Com­
pany payments to the pension fund were increased
to 25 cents an hour, from 20 cents, beginning in
April 1967. (The minimum contribution was to
be $2 a day and the maximum $43.25 a month.)
A major medical plan was also established.
Some 1,750 dairy workers represented by the
Teamsters were to receive wage increases of $13
a week over a 3-year period, under the terms of
contracts with seven major dairies in the Wash­
ington, D.C. area. Weekly increases of $5 became
effective in June, with additional $4-a-week in­
creases becoming effective in June of both 1967
and 1968; route foremen received additional wage
adjustments. Ratified on June 5, the agreements
afforded improvements in both overtime and holi­
day pay; the companies’ payments to the pension
and social insurance funds were also increased.

♦P repared in th e D ivision of W age Econom ics, B ureau of L abor
S ta tistic s, on th e basis of published m a te ria l available in early
Ju ly .
1
See “B a rg ain in g in th e W estern L um ber I n d u s try ,” M o n th ly
Labor R eview , A ugust l&SS, pp. 925-931.

897

DEVELOPMENTS IN INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS

Other Manufacturing

Some 3,500 workers at the New York Shipbuild­
ing Corp.’s shipyard in Camden, N.J., received a
15-cent-an-hour wage and fringe increase. Rati­
fied on June 24 by the Boilermakers, the 1-year con­
tract provided an 8-cent-an-hour wage increase,
a ninth paid holiday, improved health and welfare
benefits, and other supplementary benefits. The
new basic hourly rates for production workers in­
clude $3.29 for first-class mechanics and $2.66 for
helpers.
Cutler-Hammer, Inc., reached agreement with
the Machinists on a 2-year contract covering 2,300
workers in Milwaukee, Wis. An immediate 3-per­
cent wage increase was provided, with an addi­
tional 3 percent effective March 20,1967. Pension
benefits were increased to $3.50 (from $3) a month
for each year of credited service. The settlement
ended a 6-week strike that began May 4. The com­
pany is a leading producer of electrical control
devices.
The P ratt and Whitney Aircraft Division of
United Aircraft Corp. at North Haven, Conn.2and
the Auto Workers, representing 5,300 production
and maintenance workers, agreed on a new 3-year
contract early in June. The agreement included
an immediate 8-cent-an-hour wage increase and 8
to 14 cents an hour increases in both 1967 and 1968.
Other provisions included a 10-percent second
shift differential instead of the previous flat 15
cents; Friday after Thanksgiving as a ninth paid
holiday; 3 weeks of vacation after 10 instead of 12
years and a fourth week after 20 years; company
payment of an increased proportion of insurance
premiums; and establishment of up to 5 days’ sick
leave annually for those with a year’s service.
The previous contract which expired May 15 was
extended on a day-to-day basis after a 1-day work
stoppage on May 16.
A strike by 10,000 members of the Electrical
Workers (IUE) that had idled some 13,000 work­
ers since early June at General Electric’s Lynn and
Everett, Mass., plants ended on June 30. The
dispute began when the company raised the pay
of engine testers one step or 12^ cents an hour.
3 See M o n th ly Labor R eview , May 1966, p. 540, F eb ru ary 1966,
pp. 191-192, an d Ju ly 1966, p. 785, fo r e a rlie r U nited A irc ra ft
Corp. settlem en ts.
3 See M o n th ly Labor R eview , Ju n e 1966, p. 667.


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After demands from component testers for similar
increases were denied, 130 of them walked out in
late May. By June 7, most workers at the plants
were on strike. The ratified agreement provided
for the transfer of workers who test controls and
accessories to the higher rated engine-testing jobs.
Negotiations on pay for component testers will
continue.
The IU E also struck Westinghouse’s major ap­
pliance plant in Columbus, Ohio. Some 5,500
members of Local 746 went out on June 6. A
union spokesman said the issues included griev­
ances, incentives, overtime wages, and employee
furloughs.
New York’s newspaper strike was slowly draw­
ing to a close in early July as members of the strik­
ing Newspaper Guild ratified their contract with
the World Journal Tribune and negotiations with
the Pressmen and the Mailers were close to con­
clusion. During May and J une, seven other craft
unions had completed negotiations with the merged
paper on additional severance pay for laid off
employees, and additional moneys to prevent de­
pletion of the unions’ pension and health and wel­
fare funds.
The only union officially on strike,3 the News­
paper Guild, settled its dispute with the news­
paper on June 28. The paper had originally pro­
posed severing one-half of the 1,800 Guild mem­
bers at the three papers and selecting employees
to be retained, in many instances without regard
to seniority. Under the terms of the settlement,
the paper will retain about 1,000 employees. (A
Guild, canvass of its membership revealed more
than 400 offers to resign.) The new agreement
also provided the $12 package increase which had
been negotiated last year by the Guild and the
other nine craft unions with other publishers.
Transportation and Utilities

The Western Division of Greyhound Lines and
the Transit Union ended a month-and-a-half long
strike by 5,000 bus drivers and maintenance and
clerical employees on J une 24. The strike had af­
fected some 100,000 passengers a day in 11 western
States.
Ratified by a 3,014 to 1,215 vote, the agreement
provided increases of 10 cents an hour for hourly
employees and 4 mills a mile for drivers during
the first year, but no general increase the second

898
year. Maintenance workers were to receive an ad­
ditional 10 cents the first year and 5 cents the sec­
ond year. In the second year, the company was to
pick up the employee’s 4-percent contribution to
the pension fund, add a paid holiday, improve
vacation provisions, increase spread- and standbytime pay, and provide a dental program for office
employees.
A 5-year contract for West Coast Longshoremen
was negotiated over the Independence Day week­
end against a background of a slight decline in
labor cost per ton loaded. In addition to increas­
ing wages and benefits, the contract provided for
the lump-sum distribution to Class A longshore­
men of part of the Mechanization and Modern­
ization Fund accumulated under the previous con­
tract. The 15,000 Longshoremen are to receive a
$4.50-a-day pay increase in the first year of the
contract with the Pacific Maritime Association.
The increase averaged 5614 cents an hour—50
cents an hour for the first 6 hours and time and
one-half (75 cents an hour) for the last 2 hours of
a guaranteed 8-hour day. Over the term of the
contract, the straight-time rate of Longshoremen
was to rise 90 cents; the average rate for the 8-hour
day was to rise to $1,011/4 an hour, an increase of
26.6 percent. The Mechanization and Moderni­
zation Fund was renewed and employers agreed
to increase their contribution to $6.9 million a
year (from the previously $5 million).
Other terms included 45 instead of 40 hours of
straight-time pay for each week of vacation;
monthly pension benefits of $235 instead of $165;
retirement at age 65 instead of 63; payment of
one-half the normal pension to widows of men who
at death were age 60 with 25 years of service and
had not retired; and improvement of hospital
benefits. Under the original Mechanization and
Modernization agreement of June 1959, employers
contributed $1.5 million to a jointly administered
fund designed to give the fully registered work
force a share in the savings resulting from the
introduction of laborsaving devices. In October
1961, the fund was improved and provisions were
made for supplemental wage, death and disability,
and vesting benefits; employer contributions were
increased to $27.5 million over a 5y2-year period.
The settlement in July 1966 provided an employer
contribution of $34.5 million over 5 years to be
added to the $2 million unexpended portion of the
1961-66 fund.


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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, AUGUST 1966

Approximately $14 million of the $29 million
negotiated in 1959 and 1961 was paid out to Long­
shoremen, $13 million was set aside in a wage guar­
antee fund, and the final $2 million was unex­
pended. Some 10,500 Class A Longshoremen are
covered by the new fund agreement, and will
receive a lump-sum payment of $1,200 each from
the unused $13 million set aside in the guaranteed
wage fund.
During the period since the fund was estab­
lished, tonnage on the Pacific Coast increased more
than 40 percent and tons loaded per hour also
increased 40’ percent. Therefore, despite a 34percent increase in hourly compensation, labor
costs excluding payroll taxes per ton of loaded
cargo decreased 3.6 percent—from $6.39 in 1959
to $6.16 in 1965.
During June, 2-year agreements were concluded
by Western Union with two unions—the CWA
representing 4,000 workers in the metropolitan
New York City area, and the Commercial Teleg­
raphers representing 20,000 workers in other
areas. The latter agreement was reached after
intermittent strikes.4
The agreement with the Communications
Workers of America was reached on June 1. It
provided wage increases of 41/2 percent in June of
both 1966 and 1967, except for messengers, who
received a 4-cent hourly increase in the first year,
if they have had at least 2 years of service; no
wage increases were provided to messengers with
shorter service. Additional inequity adjustments
were afforded most plant department employees.
Three weeks’ vacation was provided after 10 years
of service, instead of 15, and Washington’s Birth­
day was made a seventh paid holiday. Effective
June 1, 1968, the social security offset to pensions
for present retirees will be reduced to 33y3 percent,
from 45 percent; it will be further reduced to 13
percent in 1969. For active employees the reduc­
tion will go to 13 percent, from 25 percent, also
effective in 1969. In June 1970, the offsets for
both groups will be completely eliminated. The
company begins to pay 25 percent of dependents’
hospital-medical-surgical insurance this year, and
will increase the payment to 50 percent in June
1967. (The CWA had defeated the American
Communications Association (Ind.) in a repre­
sentational election in April 1966.)
4
A 4-hour strik e took place on Ju n e 1 and a n o th er of 40 hours
began on Ju n e 8.

DEVELOPMENTS IN INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS

The contract reached on June 10 with the Com­
mercial Telegraphers also increased wages 4% per­
cent in June of both 1966 and 1967 for all em­
ployees, except walking, bicycle, and telecycle
messengers, who received a 5-cent hourly increase
in June 1966, provided they had at least 2 years of
service; no wage increases were provided mes­
sengers with shorter service. Skilled employees
in the higher technical jobs in the plant depart­
ment, reportedly numbering between 2,000 and
3,000, received additional wage adjustments.
Starting in January 1967, 3 weeks of vacation
were provided after 10 years, instead of 15, and 4
weeks after 15 years, instead of 20. The pension
plan was revised to reduce the social security offset
from 33% percent to 29 percent in 1968, to 13
percent in 1969, and to eliminate the offset com­
pletely by June 1,1970.
In both settlements, the mandatory retirement
age was to be lowered in stages from age 70 to 67
over the next 4 years. A job security program
provided that employees with 5 years of service
would be offered comparable jobs without a reduc­
tion in pay if their jobs were eliminated. A sup­
plemental medicare plan was also established.
Wages of some 2,200 employees represented by
the Utility Workers increased 10 to 14 cents an
hour, retroactive to May 1, after members ratified
a 2-year contract with the Cleveland Electric
Illuminating Co. on May 24. Benefits included a
fifth week of vacation after 30 years and an eighth
paid holiday. The company also increased its
payment for hospital-surgical insurance to $10.50
a month, from $8.50. The union has the option of
diverting this increase to improve the sick pay
plan. Provision was also made for a wage re­
opener in 1967.
Insurance

In early June, agreement was reached between
the Metropolitan Life Insurance Co. and the In ­
surance Workers Union on a 2-year agreement esti­
mated at a $7.11-a-week package. Covering
8,500 insurance agents throughout the United
States, the agreement culminated many attempts
by the Insurance Workers to attain a national
agreement. Previously, only Pennsylvania, Mis­
souri, New York and New Jersey were organized.
The national agreement added coverage of 2,400
workers in 33 new units.


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Commission rate increases totaling $2.61 a week
and security benefits valued at $4.50 a week over
2 years were provided in the pact. A provision for
a supplemental pension benefit of $40 to $80 a
month until age 65 for employees retiring between
the ages of 55 and 60 was extended to newly covered
employees. Group life insurance benefits were also
to be improved. Other terms for retirees include
elimination of their $9.50 a month contribution to
health and welfare, and the integration of Medi­
care with company paid supplemental medical
benefits.
A 3-year agreement between the Title Guarantee
Co. in New York City and District 65 of the Retail,
Wholesale, and Department Store Union ended a
1-day strike by 350 white-collar employees of the
insurance firm. Terms included wage increases
ranging from $14 to $26 a week over the 3-year
duration, and improved pension and welfare bene­
fits. The union was unsuccessful, however, in its
demand for a union shop.
The Fidelity Bankers Life Insurance Co. of
Richmond, Ya. announced plans to outfit its 118
employees with complete summer and winter office
wardrobes costing $200 each. The company dis­
closed that it had arranged for employees to buy
replacement clothing at a 45 percent discount—
with the purchase cost and laundry bills deductible
for income tax purposes. The uniforms consist
of blazers, slacks or skirts, ties for the men, and
white blouses for women employees. Shirts, hand­
bags, socks or stockings, and shoes are also
supplied.
A supplementary benefit designed specifically
for working mothers was negotiated by the Office
and Professional Employees with the American
Income Life Insurance Company in Waco, Tex.
Any mother required to work Saturdays, Sundays,
and holidays, or more than 1 hour overtime during
the regular workweek, will receive a 75-cent an
hour “supplemental child care allowance” to help
defray the cost of additional babysitting expenses.
Services and Minimum Wage

On May 10, agreement was reached on a 3-year
contract between the Associated Laundries, Inc.
in the Portland, Oreg. metropolitan area and the
Laundry, Dry Cleaning and Dye House Workers’
Union.
Affecting more than 1,200 workers in
about 40 dry cleaning plants, the pact provided a

900
24-cent-an-hour package increase retroactive to
May 1, and established a pension plan.
In Los Angeles County, a 4-year agreement was
reached between the Barbers Union and some 1,000
barbershops. Haircut price increases, as stated by
one union spokesman,5 were “. . . made necessary
by a new health, welfare and pension program,
that for the first time will provide barbers with
the same kind of protection other workers enjoy.”
Prices will rise to $2.15 from the previous $2 on
July 1, with further increases to $2.25 on July 1,
1967, $2.35 on July 1, 1968, and $2.50 on July 1,
1969. Most barbers receive 70 percent of the hair­
cut prices, and the union estimates that the average
barber gives 86 haircuts a week. Based on these
figures, the typical barber’s equivalent weekly
earnings should increase from $120.50 to $129.50
on July 1, 1966; to $135.50 on July 1, 1967; to
$141.50 on July 1, 1968; and to $150.50 on July 1,
1969. The average $30 weekly increase over the
life of the agreement would in part presumably
finance some of the new benefits.
On June 2, the New York State legislature
passed a minimum wage bill which increases the
minimum wage (effective January 1, 1967) to
$1.50, from the present $1.25 an hour. Expected to
affect between 600,000 and 750,000 workers, the
measure would increase the minimum to $1.60 an
hour when the Federal minimum is increased.
Government

Wisconsin’s 22,000 State Civil Service employees
received a wage increase on July 1 averaging about
$15 a month and totaling $4.2 million a year, under
a measure approved by the State legislature’s
joint finance committee. The increase, and a $5a-month cost-of-living increase, and a merit pay
increase approved earlier for about 80 percent of
the employees, were expected to cost about $7.7
million a year.
Louisiana State employees received an average
salary increase of approximately 10 percent on
July 1. The average monthly salary for State em­
ployees increased to $382 from $347.
On May 18, a 2%-year agreement was reached
between the New York State Nurses Association
and 21 municipal hospitals in New York City.
The agreement provides increases in annual sal­
aries ranging from $900 to $3,000 the first year and


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, AUGUST 1966

$350 to $800 the second year. Mayor John V.
Lindsay had assigned a mediator to settle the wage
dispute which had caused some 1,400 of the 3,300
nurses to threaten to resign.
Terms included an increase in per diem rates for
part-time nurses to $26 a day, from $23, and educa­
tion increment increases of $200 a year for nurses
with a B.S. degree and $350 for those with an M.S.;
an increase in differentials for work on second and
third shifts of $300 a year; a $600-a-year special
services differential for nurses engaged in direct
patient care at the Department of Correction; an
increase in the uniform allowance to $100 a year,
from $60, along with the extension of coverage to
men; and a $150-a-year maximum educational
assistance and professional development provision
after 1 year of service.
New York City hospitals have had a large num­
ber of vacancies in nursing positions, reportedly
because all nurses had to start at the entrance rate,
regardless of experience. The new agreement con­
tained an overscale appointment provision stipu­
lating starting salaries one step above the mini­
mum for 2 years outside experience in the last 10
years, two steps for 4 years, and three steps for
5 years.
After a threatened strike, an arbitration decision
by Arthur Stark 6 guaranteed the right of 100,000
New York City workers to continue summer hours
of 9 a.m. to 4 p.m. from mid-June to mid-Septem­
ber—a tradition inaugurated in 1957. The munic­
ipal government had unilaterally sought to con­
fine the schedule to July and August, the practice
before 1957. Mr. Stark ruled that the government
could not alter the summer schedule without
negotiating with the 8 unions representing the
workers.
In Massachusetts, reestablishment of a single
classification schedule under new legislation effec­
tive July 1 resulted in an increase in pay for 36,000
nonprofessional employees of the State, at a cost of
$15 million a year. The dual pay schedule had
been in effect since 1961, when professional
employees received a 20 percent salary increase
and nonprofessional workers received 10 percent.
5
Q. H. C a rter, S ecretary -T rea su rer of L/Ocal 1000 of the
B a rb ers Union.
8 Im p a rtia l chairm an, of th e L abor M anagem ent C om m ittee of
th e New York C ity D ep artm en t of W elfare.

DEVELOPMENTS IN INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS

Agriculture

Some 2 months after being recognized as bar­
gaining agent for 450 vineyard workers,7the inde­
pendent National Farm Workers Association
signed a 1-year contract with Schenley Industries,
Inc. Signed on June 21, the agreement provided
vineyard workers in the Delano, Calif., area, with
a $1.75-an-hour minimum pay scale. Other terms
included a 35-cent-an-hour across-the-board wage
increase, and elimination of any inequities among
Schenley vineyard workers with respect to vaca­
tion and medical and hospital benefits.
Meantime, a nationwide boycott sponsored by
the AFL-CIO against Di Giorgio Corp. contin­
ued. The firm, the largest grower in the area, had
agreed to hold a union recognition election, but
Cesar Chavez, director of the Farm Workers,
claimed his union could not accept the company’s
ground rules. Though the Teamsters had won
recognition elections at two Di Giorgio Corp.
farms, the AFL-CIO and the Farm Workers filed
suit to void the vote. Ronald W. Haughton, a
Michigan industrial relations expert, was ap­
pointed to investigate the disputed representation
election.
In late May, Teamster International vice-presi­
dent George Mock announced that the union had
signed up 2,000 California farm workers and had
negotiated contracts with 8 major growers during
May. He added that the Teamsters, operating as
an industrial union, were organizing tractor and
truck drivers, packing shed workers, and all
skilled and semiskilled workers at individual
ranches in addition to field workers.
Construction

Construction settlements affecting more than
80,000 workers were reported in June. Among
these were:
Building contractors in all of
the State, except Newport County, agreed to a 3-year
$1.15-an-hour contract with the Carpenters Union for
1,400 workers, providing wage increases amounting to 15
cents beginning June 1, 15 cents due December 1, 1966,
20 cents in both June and December of 1967, 22^ cents
in June 1968, and 22 y2 cents in December 1968. The in­
crease totaled 27.2 percent, or 8.4 percent annually.
R h o d e I s la n d C a r p e n te r s .

7 See M o n th ly L abor R eview , Ju n e 1966, pp. 667-668.
224-966' 0 — 66— — 5


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901
The Carpenters Union repre­
senting 30,000 to 35,000 workers in the New York City
area agreed to a 3-year agreement with area construction
contractors. The new pact provided wage increases of
15 cents an hour on July 1, 1966; 10 cents effective Janu­
ary 1, 1967, July 1, 1967, and January 1, 1968; and 15
cents on July 1, 1968; as well as 8 cents an hour on July 1
to an annuity fund with additional increases of 10 cents
on January 1, 1968 and 17 cents on July 1, 1968. The
employers agreed to an immediate 2 cent-an-hour payment
to an apprenticeship fund. There was also a change in
holiday arrangements. The agreement was reportedly
worth $1.06 an hour or 5.3 percent annually—slightly less
than the 5.4 percent yearly package negotiated 3 years
earlier.
N e w Y o r k C i ty C a r p e n te r s .

M ia m i L a b o r e r s . Some 1,800 construction laborers were
to receive a 52.1-percent package increase over a 3-year
period, an annual rate of 15 percent. The pact with the
Associated General Contractors and the Homebuilders of
South Florida gave the laborers a $1.25-an-hour package
increase; 30 cents on June 1, 1966; 15 cents on October 1,
1966 ; 30 cents in April 1967; 15 cents in October 1967;
20 cents in April 1968; and a final 15 cents in October
1968. Previous scale was $2.25 plus fund contributions
of 10 cents for health and welfare and 5 cents for industry
advancement. The union could divert part of the in­
creases to benefits.

The National Con­
structors Association and the Boilermakers in five South
Central States (Texas, Louisiana, Arkansas, Oklahoma,
and New Mexico) signed a 3-year 80-cent-an-hour agree­
ment for 10,000 construction boilermakers. It was re­
ported that these workers received a pay raise of 20 cents
an hour in May 1966 and 20 cents again in May 1967 and
May 1968. The agreement also provided a 10-cent-an-hour
increase in the pension fund, to begin immediately, and 10
cents an hour to the health and welfare fund, effective
November 10, 1966.
S o u th C e n tr a l S t a t e s B o ile r m a k e r s .

D a y to n , O h io. Four trades settled in late May with the
Associated General Contractors in Dayton after a 3-week
strike that idled 12,000 construction workers. The Car­
penters, Laborers, Iron Workers, and Cement Masons,
totaling 5,500 workers, received increases ranging from
60 cents to 85 cents an hour over 2 years. The annual
rate of increase ranged from 7.5 to 8.6 percent for these
settlements.
C h ic a g o T e a m s te r s .
Building material and ready-mix
cement companies and Teamster Locals 782, 786, and 801
signed a 3-year pact, reportedly worth 68 to 70 cents an
hour, in early June. The 2,500 drivers were granted a
20-cent-an-hour wage increase retroactive to May 1, 1966,
a 13-cent-an-hour increase May 1, 1967 and 15 cents again
in May 1968. Some classification adjustments were also
made. The agreement guaranteed 8 hours daily pay Mon­
day through Friday. A fourth week of vacation after
18 years of service was added (the maximum had been
3 weeks after 12 years). The contract also included

902
provisions to increase the health and welfare contribution
by employers.
T h r e e W is c o n s in U n io n s. The Wisconsin Road Builders
Association agreed to 4-year contracts with three unions
in early May.
An agreement with the Operating Engineers provided
a $1.15 to $1.35-an-hour package increase for 3,000 opera­
tors. Operating Engineers in the Milwaukee metropoli­
tan area received a $1.15-an-hour package with wage
increases of 30 cents an hour in 1966, 20 cents in 1967,
20 cents in 1968, and 25 cents in 1969. Included in the
pact was a 5-cent increment to health and welfare con­
tributions for the first 40 hours a week during 1966 and
to welfare contributions for all hours worked after 1967,
as well as payment of 15 cents to a pension plan for each
hour worked beginning in 1968.
In other parts of the State, wages and benefits were to
increase by $1.35 an hour over the 4-year period, thus
eliminating a 20-cent differential outside the six-county
Milwaukee area. The pact stipulated a 35-cent-an-hour
wage increase in 1966, 25 cents in 1967, 20 cents in 1968,
and 25 cents in 1969. The employers agreed to contribute
15 cents an hour to a health and welfare fund for all
hours worked effective in 1967 and 15 cents in 1968 to a
pension fund.
The Teamsters’ agreement for 2,000 drivers in the area
provided a $1.20-an-hour package increase in the Mil­
waukee area and up to $1,625 in other areas of the State,
thus narrowing the differential to 18 cents by the end of
the contract term. The first year’s wage increase was to
be 20 cents an hour in the Milwaukee area and range from
28 to 32 cents in the rest of the State. Contributions for
holidays were raised 5 cents and the vacation fund con­
tribution went to 20 cents an hour, from 10 cents. A pen­
sion plan was to be established in the third year of the
contract.
The Laborers’ agreement for 3,400 also narrowed the
Milwaukee-upstate differential by increasing wages in the
Milwaukee area by 80 cents and those in the lowest paid
areas by $1.24. The pay scale differential was to be nar­
rowed to 18 cents an hour in the fourth year when the
scale will range from $4.15 to $4.33. Reportedly, the
contractors agreed to pay 15 cents to establish a pension
plan, and in Milwaukee payments to the vacation and
health and welfare funds were each to go to 15 cents from
10 cents.

In the Minneapolis-St.
Paul area, the Associated General Contractors signed
3-year agreements with the Carpenters and the Iron
Workers, while the Association of Plumbing Contractors
and the Mechanical Contractors Association signed with
the Plumbers. The pact for 6,000 Carpenters provided a
95-cent-an-hour package increase. Hourly scales were in­
creased 10 cents effective May 16; 15 cents on September 1,
1966 ; 25 cents in May 1967; and 30 cents in May 1968.
Employer contributions were advanced 5 cents an hour
effective May 1, 1967, to the health and welfare fund,
5 cents May 1,1968, to the pension fund, and 5 cents May 1,
1968 to the vacation fund. The previous scale was $4.03

M in n e a p o lis -S t. P a u l, M in n e s o ta .


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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, AUGUST 1966
an hour plus 40 cents in benefit contributions. The in­
creases totaled 21.4 percent, or 6.7 percent annually.
The $1.05-an-hour settlement for 1,000 Iron Workers
ended a 5-day strike. Wages were increased 18 cents an
hour effective June 1, with additional raises of 17 cents
effective October 1, 1966, and 35 cents in both May 1967
and May 1968. The increase totaled 23.1 percent, or 7.2
percent annually.
The 3-year 96-cent-an-hour agreement with the Plumbers
and Pipefitters provided 1,600 workers in Minneapolis
with a 15-cent-an-hour increase in wages effective May 1,
1966, 10 cents in October 1966, 10 cents in January 1967,
30 cents in May 1967, and 30 cents in May 1968. Pro­
visions also included a 1-cent-an-hour employer contri­
bution effective July 1, 1966, to establish an apprentice­
ship training fund.
In mid-June, Local 370 ac­
cepted a 5-year contract to end a 15-day strike against the
Idaho Chapter of the Associated General Contractors.
The agreement provided 1,500 workers with wage in­
creases ranging from $1.47 an hour for oilers to $1.79 for
large crane operators over a 5-year span. The package in­
crease for crane operators totaled 41.29 percent, or 7.2
percent annually.

I d a h o O p e r a tin g E n g in e e r s .

Early in May, the Associated Plumb­
ing and Air Conditioning Contractors in Southern Nevada
and the Plumbers and Pipefitters Local 525 signed a 3-year
$1.20-an-hour package agreement—54 days before the old
contract expired. The agreement, covering 1,100 workers,
provided a 23-cent-an-hour scale increase July 1, 1966 and
10 cents on January 1, 1967. Fringe benefit costs were to
increase 12 cents on July 1, 1966. Additional increases of
40 cents effective July 1967 and 35 cents effective July
1968 were to be distributed between fringes and wages as
designated by the members.

N e v a d a P lu m b e r s .

S a n F r a n c is c o P lu m b e r s . The final terms of a contract
for construction plumbers in four Bay Area counties, in­
cluding San Francisco, were announced in early June. By
1972, the 6-year contract will provide nearly $20,000 in
wages and fringe benefits for a full year of work. In the
first year, the package increase is 58 cents with the Plumb­
ers getting a 24jcent-an-hour wage increase, and hourly
fringe contributions going up 34 cents—14% cents for pen­
sions, 12 cents for health and welfare, 1% cents for holi­
days, 1 cent for vacations, and 5 cents to establish an
education and cultural trust fund.
Journeymen were guaranteed a raise of at least 50 cents
an hour on April 1 of each of the remaining 5 years. “If,
however, the average increase in collective bargaining
agreements of the other Bay Area United Association Lo­
cals, except locals which get no increase or those which
have not concluded negotiations by September 1 is greater
than 50 cents an hour, the excess over 50 cents will be
added to wages and fringe benefits.”
In the second year of the contract, the wage increase
will be 30 cents with the balance going to fringe benefits.
The amount of the wage increases for the remaining 4
years was to be determined later. Part of each year’s in-

DEVELOPMENTS IN INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS
crease will be allocated to pensions, so that by 1972 the
monthly pension for workers with 25 years of service will
be $500 a month, as contrasted with $150 under the
previous contract. The $2,000 death benefit will be in­
creased to $5,000, and hospital room and board payments
increased to $30 from $18 a day. The maximum payment
for surgical expenses will be raised from $300 to $1,000.
Other benefits were dental care for members’ families,
liberalized vacations, an increase to 12 from 10 paid hol­
idays each year, and financing of homes for retirees at
the union’s lake resort.
For plumbers currently working a 7-hour day, the min­
imum increase above the previous scale of $7.64% an hour,
including benefits, totaled 40.3 percent or 5.8 percent on
an annual basis.
L o s A n g e le s E le c tr ic ia n s . The Electrical Contractors in
Los Angeles and IBEW Local 11 signed a 3-year 84.6cent-an-hour pact for 6,500 electricians. Scales were in­
creased 12 cents an hour in June and December 1966,
10 cents in December 1967, 15 cents in June 1968 and
December 1968. The employers agreed to increase bene­
fit contributions by 20 cents an hour beginning July 1,
1967. The trigger for reducing the length of the work­
week was reduced to a 10-percent unemployment rate in
the local industry, from 13 percent.

Other Developments

In a keynote address to the union’s 28th annual
convention in St. Louis, Mo., June 20-22, Joseph
A. Beime, President of the Communications
Workers, stated that his union would not be bound
by the Administration’s 3.2 percent wage guideposts in 1966 negotiations with the Bell System
and Western Electric.
Mr. Beirne added that the union had gained
30,000 members in the past year, an increase of
about 10 percent.
President William Pollock, keynoting the 14th
biennial convention of the Textile Workers Union
in Montreal, Canada, called for the elimination
of the wage differential between the textile and
other manufacturing industries. He stated that
the textile industry was no longer “depressed” and
could afford to provide wages and fringes com­
parable with other industries. In a related devel­
opment, a resolution was adopted making the
abolition of the U.S.-Canadian wage differential
in the industry a major bargaining goal of the
union.

8 See “T he In te rn a tio n a l L abor Conference of 1966,” pp. 841—
846 of th is issue.
* 1966 figures rep re sen t p relim in ary estim ates.


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

903
Delegates to the quadrennial convention of the
Conductors and Brakemen in Cedar Rapids, Iowa,
endorsed in principle a merger with two other
railroad operating unions, the Firemen and the
Switchmen. The heads of the three unions had
already indicated their support of the three-union
federation, following a year-long study. The
combined organization would have a membership
of about 92,000. Clyde F. Lane, former senior
vice-president of the Conductors and Brakemen,
defeated incumbent George H. Harris and George
P. Lechner, a district vice-president, for presidency
of the Conductors and Brakemen. Mr. Harris
had been appointed to the presidency by the
union’s board of directors in May 1964, succeeding
Leon J. Wagner, who had retired.
On June 16, delegates to a special session of the
AFL-CIO Executive Council voted 18 to 6 to sup­
port the walkout of AFL-CIO delegates from the
International Labor Conference in Geneva on
June l.8 Rudolph Faupl of the Machinists, who
headed the American delegation, led the walkout
against the election of Poland’s Leon Chajn to the
presidency of the conference. Mr. Faupl later
explained that he could not in good conscience
participate in a meeting presided over by a Com­
munist. George Meany, president of the A FLCIO, supported the boycott, but Walter Reuther,
president of the Auto Workers, called the walkout
“unwise, undemocratic, contrary to AFL-CIO
policy, and unauthorized.” He added it was in
direct conflict with Administration policy of
“building bridges” to the Communist nations of
Eastern Europe. The Executive Council also ap­
proved holding a 3- or 4-day special session in the
fall to discuss the federation’s foreign policy.
Strike idleness during the first half of 1966
amounted to about 10.5 million man days,9 com­
pared with 11.2 million in 1965 and 8.2 million in
1964. Several large stoppages in nonmanufactur­
ing, including the bituminous coal strike, the New
York City transit strike, the Firemen’s strike in
the railroad industry, and construction industry
strikes accounted for a large portion of the idle­
ness. Some 2,015 stoppages, involving 992,000
workers, began in the first half of 1966. This com­
pared with 861,000 workers in the corresponding
period of 1965 and 670,000 in 1964. During the
period, strike idleness amounted to 0.16 percent of
the total estimated working time, as opposed to
0.18 percent in 1965 and 0.13 in 1964.

Book Reviews
and Notes
Bias Study

Legal Restraints on Racial Discrimination in
Employment. By Michael I. Sovern. New
York, The Twentieth Century Fund, 1966.
270 pp., bibliography. $6.
The title of Professor Sovem’s book will prob­
ably lead most readers to expect a good deal of
legalistic jargon, but this is not the case. Mr.
Sovern’s book is clearly written and extremely
readable.
The problem is well-stated. Negroes are handi­
capped in employment and occupational status
because of (1) employer and union discrimination
and (2) inadequate formal and informal (appren­
ticeship) education. Moreover, discrimination in
housing in urban areas compounds the problem.
After defining the problem, the author goes on
to analyze the situation and suggest substantive
and procedural improvements in civil rights legis­
lation. His discussion includes State legislation,
recent Federal civil rights legislation, and the role
of the executive branch of government and its ad­
ministrative agencies. The examination of State
fair employment practices legislation emphasizes
New York State’s Ives-Quinn law. Case material
aptly illustrates its adequate content but inade­
quate procedures—what the law says means little if
there is no way to enforce it.
A Negro finds it extremely difficult to convince
a State fair employment commission of discrimina­
tion, and generally accepts a lower paying job
rather than bring charges. Mr. Sovern suggests
that administrative agencies in the civil rights field
might “search out” discriminating employers on
their own initiative. But this raises some ques­
tions: How would this help the Negroes? How
would a job applicant learn about these employers ?
And if he knew, would he apply for a job with
such an employer? Another suggestion is to up­
grade the quality of commission personnel and to
provide the staffs with larger budgets.
904


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Mr. Sovern then turns to Congress and the Civil
Rights Acts of 1964. The limitations of title V II
are highlighted. For example, since the Civil
Rights Act does not render State laws inoperative,
Federal and State agencies may operate at cross
purposes. The Federal Commission can take a
case even though a State has disposed of it; and
if the State agency cannot dispose of it within 60
days, the Federal Commission can move in. More­
over, the Attorney General’s nexus with a State
is independent of the Federal Commission’s
arrangements.
The executive branch of government is also
involved in civil rights activity and Mr. Sovern
traces the implementation of executive orders from
the New Deal era to the present. He argues that
Franklin Roosevelt’s wartime executive order was
inadequately enforced and made it necessary for
“concerned” States to take over in situations in­
volving racial discrimination.
The important role played by the National Labor
Relations Act and the Railway Labor Act in pre­
venting discrimination by both unions and em­
ployers is discussed in chapter 6. Some of this
discussion is difficult to follow, particularly the sec­
tion on the role of the NLRB vis-a-vis the courts.
Finally, the “effectiveness” of redress available
to a jobseeker who has been discriminated against
under (1) New York State law, (2) title V II of
the Civil Rights Act, (3) the Secretary of Labor,
and (4) the NLRA is discussed, using the New
York State case of Lefkowitz versus Farrell as an
example. Professor Sovern also comments on
the overall weaknesses of statutory and adminis­
trative restraints on racial discrimination in
employment.
The appendices are very complete, and include
title VII, the current executive order, and regula­
tions on nondiscrimination in apprenticeship. A
minor irritant is that footnotes are not at the bot­
tom of the pages, but in a separate booklet.
This is an important study for all concerned peo­
ple, and it should serve as an example to be fol­
lowed by other lawyers interested in finding audi­
ences outside their profession.
— J o h n E. D ro tn in g
Associate Professor of Industrial Relations
State University of New York at Buffalo

905

BOOK REVIEWS AND NOTES

Long Journey

Radicalism in America. By Sidney Lens. New
York, Thomas Y. Crowell Co. 1966. 372 pp.
$8.95.
I t has been said th a t a journey of a thousand
miles begins with but a single step. Sidney Lens
has w ritten a book about people in America, radi­
cals who took such first steps, sometimes strong,
firm, successful steps, sometimes blundering and
floundering steps. In some cases the ensuing jour­
ney led to disappointm ent of utopias sought but
never gained. B ut in other cases the journey was
successful, and social change and new forms of
social living took place th a t are still w ith us today.
As Mr. Lens explains, radicals are those people
who act as an antidote to privilege. They lead,
plan, or participate in social upheavals to replace
unjust societies with equitable ones. Today, the
labels “radical” and “communist” are synonymous
to the uninformed and overexcitable. B ut as Mr.
Lens points out, radicals are not all communists,
but instead operate under innumerable philosophi­
cal flags in dozens of different ways. The chapters
in this book about rebels of colonial times and the
American ^Revolution show th a t some of the p a­
triotic, venerated, and certainly noncommunist
figures of those periods can also quite legitim ately
be called radicals. These radicals helped break
the ties with B ritain, and helped make America
w hat it is today.
H istory books can often be dull, but this is not
true here. The subjects discussed are likely in
and of themselves, but Mr. Lens adds his own
amazing scholarship, his ability to gather and
organize thousands of events, names, dates, and
places to provide an even more vivid account of
radicalism in America from the early colonial
period to the present.
Though his descriptions are excellent, the author
can be taken to task for failing to provide a very
penetrating analysis. The facts presented do not
really help us to better understand why social
movements arise when they do, why some men be­
come radicals and others do not, or how the
processes through which such movements are
conceived develop.
A discussion on effects of social conditions in
m aking radicalism would have been interesting.
F o r example, would M arx, if he wTere an American


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today, still write the Manifesto? O r would he
have become a leader of the civil rights movement,
or a staunch unionist, or a young “hood,” or maybe
a beatnik, or even a conservative business execu­
tive ? These are difficult issues and questions with
more possibility for conjecture than for firm
answers. Nevertheless, a chapter at the end of the
book th at attem pted to tie together generalizations
and some of the data presented in earlier chapters
would have been a welcome addition. B ut to be
fair, had Lens delved very deeply into these issues
he would have been w riting a sociological study
rather than a historical one. T h at history was
chosen over sociology detracts only somewhat from
this work which is in any case a first-class book.
— H arry C o h e n
Associate Professor of Sociology
Iowa State University

Indian Agreement

Collective Bargaining: A Comparative Study of
Developments in India and Other Cou/ntries.
By M ary Sur. New York, Asia Publishing
House, 1965. vii, 192 pp. $7.75.
The title of this book is quite misleading. The
first th ird of the text (56 pages) is devoted to a
sketchy, rather simplified description of collective
bargaining in B ritain, the U nited States, and
other countries, but the book is m ainly concerned
w ith the development and problems of collective
bargaining in India with only a few comparative
observations.
According to the publisher’s blurb, M ary Sur
is a Cambridge-educated Englishwoman who m ar­
ried an Indian, went to India after W orld W ar I I ,
and became deeply involved in Indian labor rela­
tions. She has been Labour W elfare Officer w ith a
Calcutta Company, one of the founders of the I n ­
dian Institute of Personnel Management, and a
contributor to various economic and industrial
relations journals in India.
Mrs. Sur has put together in this small volume
a brief history of the rise of Indian unionism, col­
lective bargaining, and government labor policies;
a concise description of m ajor collective bargain­
ing agreements and practices based on available
Indian literature and her own observations; a
set of four “case studies” which she apparently

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, AUGUST 1966

906
personally gathered by interview; and an assess­
ment of current problems and trends in the devel­
opment of unionism in India. H er main point
of discussion centers on the fact th a t the initial
Indian reliance on compulsory adjudication of
labor disputes by government tribunals is gradu­
ally giving way to emphasis on negotiation and
voluntary agreement—a course which she strongly
approves.
This book contains a good deal of interesting
inform ation and thinking about Indian labor re­
lations. I t is w ritten simply and clearly in a
style which practitioners will appreciate. I t is
not a technical research study. On the other hand,
it takes for granted a considerable knowledge on
the p a rt of the reader about Indian political and
social life. A reader who is not fam iliar with
In d ia ’s federal system, for example, or with the
m ajor events leading to and immediately following
independence would be advised to do some prior
background reading. The book should give pause
to those who believe th at American labor relations
practices can be readily transplanted in foreign
soil.
— M ilto n D erber
Institute of Labor and Industrial Relations
University of Illinois

Organizing in the Orient

An Introduction to Japanese Trade Unionism.
By Alice H. Cook. Ithaca, New York, Cor­
nell University, 1966. 216 pp. $5.
The structure and functioning of Japanese trade
unions is the topic of the book and Miss Cook
investigates it thoroughly. She includes enough
inform ation about how the labor movement in
Ja p a n operates to satisfy all but the most demand­
ing expert.
The book begins with a brief review of the
im portant differences between the labor climate in
the W estern world and in Japan. F o r instance,
the Japanese culture pattern of subordinating the
individual to the community gave rise to the idea
th a t the unity of labor and management should
make conflicts unnecessary. F o r this reason, the
strike—usually short and scheduled in advance—
has developed as “a tactic of harassment and of
publicity; it is not m eant to interfere seriously
with production.”


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Miss Cook concentrates a great deal of her
attention on the three basic levels of the Japanese
trade union structure: the enterprise union, the
national union, and the national center.
Although this array may ostensibly parallel the
American case, the locus of power is completely
different. As other interested observers of the
Japanese labor movement have pointed out before,
the enterprise union is by far the strongest com­
ponent and the national union the weakest. Yet
Miss Cook, comparing the work of earlier writers
to the inform ation garnered from over one hun­
dred interviews, makes some new interpretations.
Most w riters on Japanese unions, for example,
attribute a prim arily political function to the
national unions. Miss Cook says th at “it is diffi­
cult to find much evidence . . . to substantiate
this analysis . . . . The national unions initiate
little political activity. They have . . . little
power or money for carrying out these or any
other programs. I t is th eir function to act as
middlemen between the planners (the center), and
the doers (the enterprise u n ion).”
The goal of the national unions is industrial
unionism sim ilar to th at found in the United
States. The move toward this goal has been slow,
however, and Miss Cook identifies some factors
th at m ight speed the development of industrial
unionism in J a p a n : increasing international com­
petition, technological development, and a grow­
ing, industrializing economy. These factors
would seem to direct employers to increase pro­
ductivity by scrapping the system- wherein a
worker’s income is determined by age and his job
security is never threatened—he remains with the
same employer for life. The enterprise loyalty
which lifetime employment generates centralizes
power in the enterprise union, and Miss Cook antic­
ipates that the “strong vested interests both of the
companies and of the enterprise union leaders in
the structure represented by the enterprise union”
will keep changes from being made quickly.
The biggest push toward change should come
from young workers. Youths who have known
only postwar J apan see no need to wait until they
reach their thirties before they can receive a good
wage. The average age of workers in J a p a n ’s
large industries is under 30, and a high proportion
of workers are under 25. The effects of popula­
tion control and the trend tow ard longer years of
schooling will aggravate already existing labor

BOOK REVIEWS AND NOTES

scarcities, placing young workers in a position to
get the jobs and wages they want, possibly at the
expense of older workers. Miss Cook sees trouble
for the unions—“the generational cleavage be­
tween young and m ature workers will be widened
and . . . the union . . . may be driven to contra­
dictory program s if they endeavor to meet the de­
mands of both groups, rather than merely respond­
ing to the more rebellious and insistent im portuni­
ties of youth.”
— M a r th a F . R ic h e
Office of Publications
Bureau of Labor Statistics

Push or Pull?

Urban Migration and Economic Development in
Chile. By Bruce H . Herrick. Cambridge,
Mass., The M.I.T. Press, 1965. 120 pp.,
bibliography. $5.
This slim volume contains an impressive amount
of inform ation th at should interest labor econo­
mists, development economists, and regional scien­
tists. Even th at elusive creature, the intelligent
layman, will find much of interest in this book
which combines skillful analysis w ith facility of
exposition.
The author prefaces his study by stating ooncisely the problems of economic development, and
outlining several theories of m igration. Through­
out the study he considers a variety of hypotheses,
and indicates whether or not they are supported
by the empirical evidence.
Chile lies about midway in the spectrum of eco­
nomic development. In 1960, only 27 percent of
its population were in the agricultural sector;
its per capita income lies in the $300-$400 range.
Like most other L atin American countries, indus­
trial production has been increasing, although re­
cent grow th rates have been disappointing.
Chile has fewer people per square kilometer than
the United States. Each cultivable square kilo­
meter in Chile must support 1.5 times as many per­
sons as the same amount of land in this country.
Only the central provinces—which account for less
them one-third of Chile’s land area—are comfort­
ably habitable, and more than 90 percent of its
people live in this region.
As elsewhere in L atin America, there is an ex­
tremely high degree of centralization. The capital


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907
city of Santiago contains almost 25 percent of
Chile’s population. A nd about one-third of the
capital’s residents in 1960 had been born in another
province. In H errick’s view, this concentration
is the result of a two-stage process. First, there is
m igration from the farm to a town or small city,
then further m igration to a larger city, such as
Santiago. By and large, m igrants do fairly well
in term s of employment. I t is evident, however,
th at many of them, particularly women, move into
relatively low-paying service occupations.
Among others, H errick considers the “push” and
“pull” hypotheses of migration. H e feels th a t the
pull of the city is most im portant for the heavily
populated central provinces. B ut in the less hos­
pitable northern and southern provinces, the bleak
economic outlook pushes m igrants to the cities,
especially Santiago.
These brief comments cannot adequately portray
the rich detail of a book which is notable for an
absence of verbiage. Professor H errick has skill­
fully extracted the maximum meaning from a
rather skimpy supply of data, and has presented
the results in a scholarly, lucid, and useful manner.
— W il l ia m H. M ie r n y k
Director
Regional Research Institute, West Virginia University

Summaries of Recent Books
The Soviet Worker. By A rvid Broderson. New
York, Random House, 1966. 273 pp., bibliog­
raphy. $2.45.
Beginning with the October Revolution of 1917,
Mr. Broderson discusses the role of the worker in
Soviet society, including sections on form ation of
the labor force, working conditions, labor produc­
tivity, and labor policy. He explains M arxist Leninist theory and the new course for labor since
S talin’s death. In the last section, the author dis­
cusses the successes and failures of Soviet planning
so far and analyzes what is needed to achieve their
final goal of communism. The combination of his­
torical outline and ideological analysis provides a
good introduction not only to the role of the Soviet
worker, but to the composition of the entire Soviet
system as well.

908

The Psychology of Vocational Choice. By John
L. Holland. W altham , Mass., Blaisdell P u b ­
lishing Co., 1966. 132 pp. $1.95, paperback.
The author feels th at theories of vocational be­
havior are most im portant, or else “we will con­
tinue to wander aimlessly through our data and
the correlates of our favorite tests.” The theory
Mr. Holland develops in this book is th a t there are
six basic types of personalities and six types of en­
vironments and vocations. People look for voca­
tions th at will perm it them to use their own values
and attitudes. H olland thus sees interests and vo­
cational preferences as expressions of personality
development.

Faces of Poverty. By A rth u r R. Simon.

St.
Louis, Mo., Concordia Publishing House,
1966. 133 pp, $3.75.
This depiction of urban poverty in America a t­
tempts to make people see poverty “not as a m as­
sive problem but as hum an suffering.” The first
section of the book gives profiles of individuals,
their backgrounds, and what they are doing or
not being able to do to combat their poverty. The
author m aintains th at yesterday poverty was a
starting point for better things, but today it is the
dead end. Education is inferior in poor sections
of cities, children of the poor continue to have
poor-paying or no jobs, and housing conditions
remain substandard. Mr. ¡Simon suggests th a t
the kind of “make-work” jobs now being offered
to the upper and middle classes should also be
given to the poor as an answer to the unemploy­
ment problem.

The Young Negro in America. By Samuel D.
Proctor. New York, Association Press, 1966.
160 pp. $3.95.
Dr. Proctor’s discussion begins with 1960, sta t­
ing th at it was in th a t year th at the Negro made
a “vigorous bid for emancipation.” From here he
goes on to conjecture where the Negro will be by
1980. Property, education, job opportunities, and
segregation are discussed; Dr. Proctor then goes
on to analyze how the Negro sterotype will change
once these problems have been solved.
The author has had work experience in the
Office of Economic O pportunity, Peace Corps, and
National U rban League, and the knowledge gained
in these jobs provide more than sufficient back­
ground for his book.


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Other Recent Publications
Education and Training
V o lu n te e r s f o r L e a r n in g : A S t u d y o f th e E d u c a tio n a l P u r ­
s u i t s o f A m e r ic a n A d u lts . By John W. C. Johnstone

and Ramon J. Rivera. Chicago, National Opinion
Research Center, 1965. 624 pp. (Monograph in Social
Research, 4.) $12.50, Aldine Publishing Co., Chicago.
A symposium. { I n Ameri­
can Economic Review, Menasha, Wis., May 1966, pp.
538-400. $4.)

T h e E c o n o m ic s o f E d u c a tio n .

O c c u p a tio n a l D a t a R e q u ir e m e n ts f o r E d u c a tio n P la n n in g :
P r o c e e d in g s o f a C o n fe re n c e . Edited by Georgianna

B. March. Madison, The University of Wisconsin,
Center for Studies in Vocational and Technical Edu­
cation, 1966. xii, 165 pp.
A n E c o n o m ic I n t e r p r e t a t i o n o f th e P r i v a t e D e m a n d f o r
E d u c a tio n . By M. Blaug.
{ I n Economica, London

School of Economics and Political Science, London,
May 1966, pp. 166-182. 15s.)
P r o b le m s a n d S t r a t e g i e s of. E d u c a tio n a l P la n n in g : L e s ­
s o n s F r o m L a ti n A m e r ic a . Edited by Raymond F.

Lyons. Paris, Unesco, International Institute for
Educational Planning, 1965. 117 pp. $3.
S t a t e F in a n c ia l S u p p o r t f o r D r i v e r a n d T ra ffic S a f e t y
E d u c a tio n . Washington, National Education Asso­

ciation, National Commission on Safety Education,
1966. 44 pp. Rev. ed. 75 cents.
Washington,
U.S. Department of Labor, Office of Manpower Policy,
Evaluation, and Research, 1966. 21 pp. (Manpower
Research Bulletin 8.)

T r a in in g R e e d s in C o r r e c tio n a l I n s t i tu ti o n s .

Y o u th - W o r k P r o g r a m s — P r o b le m s o f P la n n in g a n d O p ­
e r a tio n . By Melvin Herman and Stanley Sadofsky.

New York, New York University, Graduate School of
Social Work, Center for the Study of Unemployed
Youth, 1966. 208 pp.

Health and Safety
I n te r n a t io n a l O c c u p a tio n a l H e a lth . By Robert Murray.
{ I n Journal of Occupational Medicine, New York,

April 1966, pp. 188-194. $1, Harper & Row, Publish­
ers, Inc., Hoeber Medical Division.)
T h e M a n y F a c e s o f O c c u p a tio n a l H e a lth . By Allan J.
Fleming, M.D. { I n Journal of Occupational Medi­

cine, New York, April 1966, pp. 201-207. $1, Harper
& Row, Publishers, Inc., Hoeber Medical Division.)

BOOK REVIEWS AND NOTES
The

909

H e a lth o f th e A m e r ic a n P e o p le .
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Linder. ( I n Scientific American, New York, June
1966, pp. 21-29. 60 cents.)

R e p o r t o n a n I n q u i r y in to th e I n c id e n c e o f I n c a p a c i ty f o r
W o r k : P a r t I I , I n c id e n c e o f I n c a p a c i ty f o r W o r k in
D if f e r e n t A r e a s a n d O c c u p a tio n s . London, Ministry

The

T h e o r y o f C o u n te r v a ilin g P o w e r a s i t A p p lie s to
L a b o )\
By William Naumes. ( I n Industrial and

Labor Relations Forum, New York State School of
Industrial and Labor Relations, Cornell University,
Ithaca, New York, May 1966, pp. 107-119. $1.50.)

of Pensions and National Insurance, 1965. ccxxiv,
163 pp. $8.40, British Information Service, Sales
Section, New York.

T h e L a b o r C o n tr a c t a n d th e S a le , S u b c o n tr a c tin g o r T e r ­
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Y o r k U n iv e r s i t y E ig h te e n th A n n u a l C o n fe r e n c e o n
L a b o r , pp. 255-324.)
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H e a lth H a z a r d s in th e W o r k p la c e . By Murray C. Brown,
M.D.
( I n American Federationalist, AFL-CIO,

M i l it a n t P u b lic S e r v i c e T r a d e U n io n is m i n a N e w S t a t e :
T h e C a se o f C e ylo n . By Robert N. Kearney.
(In

Washington, May 1966, pp. 16-19.)

Journal of Asian Studies, Ann Arbor, Mich. (48 Lane
H all), May 1966, pp. 397-412. $3.75.)

Industrial Relations
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M a jo r C o lle c tiv e
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B a r g a in in g

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A r b i t r a t io n

By Rose T. Selby. Washington, U.S.
Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics,
1966. 167 pp. (Bulletin 1425-6.) $1, Superintendent
of Documents, Washington.

E x p e r i m e n t s in L a b o r A r b i t r a t io n . By
( I n Labor Law Journal, Chicago,

Robert Coulson.
May 1966, pp.

259-265. $1.35.)
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Review, Boulder, Colo., Winter 1966, pp. 229-247.)

T h e D o c tr in e o f P a s t P r a c ti c e in L a b o r A r b i t r a t io n .
Stephen R. Clark. ( I n University of Colorado

C o m p u ls o r y A r b i t r a t io n a n d G o v e r n m e n t I n te r v e n t io n in
L a b o r D i s p u te s : A S u m m a r y a n d A n a ly s is .
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Herbert R. Northrup. New York, National Associa­
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B a r g a in in g in E d u c a tio n .
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C o lle c tiv e

By Wesley A.
Wildman and Charles R. Perry. Chicago, University
of Chicago, Industrial Relations Center, 1966. 8 pp.
(Reprint Series, 124; from Phi Delta Kappan, Janu­
ary 1966.)

G ro u p C o n flic t a n d S c h o o l O r g a n iz a tio n .

T r i p a r t i t e C o m m is s io n s in P u b lic I n t e r e s t L a b o r D i s p u te s
U n d e r th e M in n e s o ta L a b o r R e la t i o n s A c t. By Joseph
Lazar, George Seltzer, Vincent Lombardi. ( I n Labor

Edited by
B. C. Roberts and J. H. Smith.
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School of Economics and Political 'Science, 1966. ' 137
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S o m e A s p e c ts o f J a m a ic a n E m ig r a ti o n to th e U n ite d K i n g ­
d o m , 1 9 5 3 -1 9 6 2 . By Gene Tidrick. ( I n Social and

Economic Studies, University of the West Indies,
Institute of Social and Economic Research, Jamaica,
March 1966, pp. 22-39. $1.75.)

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, AUGUST 1966

910

W o r k m e n ’s C o m p e n s a tio n — A L o n g J o u r n e y F o r w a r d . By
John T. Thornton. { I n Journal of Occupational Med­

Labor Organizations
D i r e c to r y o f N a tio n a l a n d I n te r n a t io n a l L a b o r U n io n s in
th e U n ite d S t a t e s , 1965. Washington, U.S. Depart­

ment of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1966. 100
pp. (Bulletin 1493.) 55 cents, Superintendent of
Documents, Washington.
T h e O r ig in s o f W e s t e r n W o r k in g C la s s R a d ic a lis m , 1 8 9 0 1905. By Melvyn Dubofshy.
{ I n Labor History,

icine, New York, April 1966, pp. 208-213. $1, Harper
& Row, Publishers, Inc., Hoeber Medical Division.)
I n t e r s t a t e V a r ia tio n s in E m p lo y e r s ' C o s ts o f W o r k m e n 's
C o m p e n s a tio n : E f f e c t o n P la n t L o c a tio n E x e m p lifie d
in M ic h ig a n . By John F. Burton, Jr. Kalamazoo,

Mich., W. E. Upjohn Institute for Employment Re­
search, 1966. 75 pp. Single copies free.

Tamiment Institute, New York, Spring 1966, pp. 131154. $2.)

Wages and Hours
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G u a r a n te e d I n c o m e P la n .
P la n n in g f o r B ig C h a n g e s J u s t A h e a d . By
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Peter Drucker.
Ohio, March-

April 1966, pp 29, 31-35.)
By William E.
Management of
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of Industrial Relations, Ann Arbor, Mich., Spring
1966, pp. 16-23.)

J o b E n l a r g e m e n t : A n t i d o te to A p a th y .
Reif and Peter P. Schoderbek. { I n

Job

S a t i s f a c ti o n : I s s u e s a n d P r o b le m s . By Glenn P.
Fournet, M. K. Distefano, Jr., Margaret W. Pryer.
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1966, pp. 352-354.

75 cents.)

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1966, pp. 25-31.)
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p r a is a l. By Leonard Rico. { I n Management of Per­

sonnel Quarterly, University of Michigan, Bureau of
Industrial Relations, Ann Arbor, Mich., Spring 1966,
pp. 2-10, bibliography.)

Social Security
F in a n c in g

S u p p le m e n ta l

U n e m p lo y m e n t

B e n e fit

P la n s .

Washington, U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of
Labor Statistics, 1966. 19 pp. (Bulletin 1488.) 20
cents, Superintendent of Documents, Washington.
The

L o n g -T e r m

U n e m p lo y e d :

I n te r s ta te

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60 cents, Superintendent of Documents, Washington.
W a g e C h r o n o lo g y : A n t h r a c it e M in in g I n d u s tr y , 1 9 3 0 -6 6 .

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Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics,
1966. 36 pp. (Bulletin 1488.) 30 cents, Superin­
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I n d u s t r y W a g e S u r v e y — W o o d H o u s e h o ld F u r n itu r e , E x ­
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Bauer. Washington, U.S. Department of Labor, Bu­
reau of Labor Statistics, 1966. 60 pp. (Bulletin
1496.) 40 cents, Superintendent of Documents,
Washington.
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A r e a , A p r i l 1966. Washington, U.S. Department of

Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1966. 20 pp.
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C la im a n ts .

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Employment Security (in cooperation with Employ­
ment Security Commission of Arizona), 1966. 115 pp.
(Special TEUC Report 4; BES U-225-4.)


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W a g e s a n d R e la t e d B e n e f its : P a r t I I , M e tr o p o lita n A r e a s ,
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W a g e S e t tl e m e n t s in C a lif o r n ia U n io n A g r e e m e n ts ,
1965. San Francisco, California Department of In­

dustrial Relations, Division of Labor Statistics and
Research, 1966. 69 pp.

BOOK REVIEWS AND NOTES

911

Miscellaneous

O r g a n iz a tio n a l R e la tio n s a n d M a n a g e m e n t A c tio n — C a se s
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F i f t y - T h i r d A n n u a l R e p o r t o f t h e U n ite d S t a t e s D e p a r t ­
m e n t o f L a b o r , F is c a l Y e a r 1965. Washington, 1906.

222 pp. 65 cents, Superintendent of Documents,
Washington.
By Dor­
othy M. Saffell. Washington, U.S. Department of
Labor, Bureau of Labor Standards, 1966. 75 pp.
(Bulletin 177, revised.)

L a b o r O ffices in th e U n ite d S t a t e s a n d C a n a d a .

P r o c e e d in g s o f th e E i g h te e n th A n n u a l W i n t e r M e e tin g
o f t h e I n d u s t r i a l R e la tio n s R e s e a r c h A s s o c ia tio n ,
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Madison, The Association (University of Wisconsin,
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Y o r k , N .Y ., D e c e m b e r 2 8 -3 0 , 1965. Edited by Harold
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D. Weatherford, Jr., Holland Hunter, Morton S. Baratz. New York, Harcourt, Brace & World, Inc.,
1966. 171 pp. 2d ed. $1.95, paperback.
By Chester A. Morgan. Homewood,
111., Dorsey Press, 1966. 677 pp., bibliographies.
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L a b o r E c o n o m ic s.

L a b o r E c o n o m ic s : E f f e c ts o f M o r e K n o w le d g e .
posium. ( I n American Economic Review,

Wis., May 1966, pp. 559-600.

A sym­
Menasha,

G u a r a n te e d I n c o m e M a in te n a n c e : A D is c u s s io n o f N e g a ­
t i v e I n c o m e T a x P la n s . By Helen O. Nicol. ( I n

Welfare in Review, U.S. Department of Health, Edu­
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ington, April 1966, pp. 1-10. 35 cents, Superintendent
of Documents, Washington.)
a n d L a b o r . Report of the DirectorGeneral to the International Labor Conference, 50th
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tributed in United States by Washington Branch of
ILO.

I n d u s tr ia l i z a t io n

Report of the Director-Gen­
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Labor Organization to the United Nations. Geneva,
International Labor Office, 1966. 93 pp. (Report I,
Part II.) $1. Distributed in United States by
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A c t i v i t i e s o f th e I L O , 1965.

By John F. Cronin,
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Books, Inc. 1965. 160 pp., bibliography. $3.50.

T h e C h u rc h a n d th e W o r k in g M an .

P a r t ic i p a ti o n o f th e P o o r : S e c tio n 2 0 2 ( a ) ( 3 ) — O r g a n iz a ­
tio n s U n d e r th e E c o n o m ic O p p o r tu n ity A c t o f 1961).
( I n Yale Law Journal, New Haven, Conn., March

1966, pp. 599-629. $2.50.)

$4.)

( I n Economic
Review, National Institute of Economic and Social
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T h e B r i t i s h E c o n o m y : 1965 to M id -1 9 6 1 .

T h e R o le o f C o o p e r a tiv e s in th e E c o n o m ic a n d S o c ia l
D e v e lo p m e n t
of
D e v e lo p in g
C o u n tr ie s . Geneva,

International Labor Office, 1966. 55 pp. (Report
IV (2) prepared for International Labor Conference,
50th session, 1966.) 75 cents. Distributed in United
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Haney. New York, McGraw-Hill Book Co., 1966.
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M o r e A b o u t th e P o o r in 1 9 6 I f .

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A S e le c te d B ib lio g r a p h y . New York, Richard J.

Bernhard Memorial Library, Federation Employment
and Guidance Service, May 1966. 50 pp. 50 cents.

Current Labor Statistics
TABLES
A.

—Employment

913
914
919
923

A -l.
A-2.

Estimated total labor force classified by employment status and sex
Employees in nonagricultural establishments, by industry

A-3.
A-4.

923

A-5.

Production or nonsupervisory workers in nonagricultural establishments, by industry
Employees in nonagricultural establishments, by industry division and selected groups,
seasonally adjusted
Production workers in m anufacturing industries, by m ajor industry group, seasonally
adjusted

924

A-6.

Unemployment insurance and employment service program operations

B.

—Labor Turnover

925

B - l.

Labor turnover rates, by m ajor industry group

C.—Earnings and Hours
928
941
941

C -l.

Gross hours and earnings of production workers, by industry

C-2.
C-3.

942
944

C-4.
C-5.

Average weekly hours, seasonally adjusted, of production workers in selected industries
Average hourly earnings excluding overtime of production workers in m anufacturing,
by m ajor industry group
Average weekly overtime hours of production workers in m anufacturing, by industry
Indexes of aggregate weekly man-hours and payrolls in industrial and construction
activities

944

C-6.

Gross and spendable average weekly earnings of production workers in manufacturing

D.

—Consumer and Wholesale Prices

945

D -l.

946

D -2.

947

D -3.

948
950
951

D -4.
D -5.

Consumer Price Index— U.S. city average for urban wage earners and clerical workers
(including single workers) all items, groups, subgroups, and special groups of items
Consumer Price Index— U.S. city average for urban wage earners and clerical workers,
selected groups, subgroups, and special groups of items, seasonally adjusted
Consumer Price Index— U.S. and selected areas for urban wage earners and clerical
workers (including single workers)
Indexes of wholesale prices, by group and subgroup of commodities
Indexes of wholesale prices for special commodity groupings

D-6.

Indexes of wholesale prices, by stage of processing and durability of product

E. —Work Stoppages
952

E -l.

Work stoppages resulting from labor-management disputes

F.—Work Injuries
F -l.

Injury-frequency rates for selected m anufacturing industries 1

1 This table is included in the January, April, July, and October issues of the Review.
N o t e : With the exceptions noted, the statistical series here from the Bureau of Labor Statistics are described in Techniques of Preparing Major B L S Statisti­
cal Series (BLS Bulletin 1168,19Ô4), and cover the United States without Alaska and Haweii.

912


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A.—EMPLOYMENT

913

A.—Employment
T able

A -l. Estimated total labor force classified by employment status and sex
[In thousands]
Estimated number of persons 14 years of age and over 1

Employment status

1966
June

May

Apr.

Annual
average

1965

Mar.

Jan.

Feb.

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

July

June

1964

1965

Total, both sexes
Total labor force.

82,700 79,751 78,914 78,034 77,632 77,409 78,477 78, 598 78,713 78, 044 80,163 81,150 80,683 76,971

Civilian labor force___________________ 79,601 76,706 75,906
Unemployment__________ _________
3,870 2,942 2,802
Unemployment rate seasonally adjusted
4.0
4.0
3.7
Unemployed 4 weeks or less________
2,738 1,651 1,448
Unemployed 5-10 weeks.....................
521
552
364
Unemployed 11-14 weeks__________
145
137
209
Unemployed 15-26 weeks__________
231
482
307
Unemployed over 26 weeks________
236
295
297
Employment______________________ 75,731 73,764 73,105
Nonagricultural—____ ____________ 70, 543 69,472 68,900
Worked 35 hours or more_________ 54,914 54,391 53,189
Worked 15-34 hours______________ 7,906 8,409 8,576
Worked 1-14 hours__________ ____ 3, 514 4,363 4,249
With a job but not at work 3............. 4, 210 2,310 2,887
Agricultural____ _________________
5,187 4,292 4,204
Worked 35 hours or more................ . 3, 657 2,806 2,809
Worked 15-34 hours_____ _____ _
1, 056
995
925
Worked 1-14 hours______________
404
387
369
With a job but not at work 3______
71
105
102

75,060
3,037
3.8
1,339
611
339
438
310
72,023
68,244
53,831
7,880
4,276
2,258
3,780
2,406
908
336
129

74, 708
3,158
3.7
1,425
792
256
404
281
71,551
67,939
53, 079
8,219
4,336
2,304
3, 612
2,128
802
429
253

74, 519
3,290
4.0
1, 701
673
238
383
296
71, 229
67, 652
52,976
8,137
4, 271
2,268
3, 577
2,105
866
407
200

75,636
2,888
4.1
1,442
614
233
334
266
72, 749
69,103
54,807
8,114
4,330
1,850
3,645
2,353
779
342
170

75,803
2,966
4.2
1,620
589
226
257
274
72,837
68, 709
49,347
12, 657
4,538
2,167
4,128
2, 773
859
352
145

75,953
2,757
4.3
1,407
571
191
286
302
73,196
68,242
52, 746
8,726
4,326
2,444
4,954
3,376
1,087
389
102

75,321
2, 875
4.4
1,599
405
262
295
314
72,446
67, 668
53, 666
7,281
3, 876
2,843
4, 778
3,233
963
436
145

77,470
3,258
4.5
1,612
745
287
296
316
74,212
69,077
51,108
7, 313
3, 093
7, 562
5,136
3, 617
955
394
169

78,457
3,602
4.5
1,888
948
180
250
337
74,854
69,228
50,539
7,402
3,373
7,912
5,626
3,933
1,168
404
119

78, 003
4,287
4.7
2, 696
634
196
384
378
73, 716
68,094
52,867
7,448
4, 012
3,765
5, 622
3,866
1, 243
402
108

78,357

74,233
3,876
5.2
1,787
797
319
490
482
70,357
65,596
48,421
9,877
3,971
3,326
4,761
3,079
1,101
409
169

75,635
3,456
4.6
1,718
707
276
404
351
72,179
67,594
51,611
8,590
4,027
3,368
4,585
3,027
1,011
391
157

54,405 52,135 51,748 51,180 50,911 50, 778 51,148 51, 200 51,481 51, 398 53,360 54,019 53, 395 51,118
49,123 48,773 48,240 48, 021 47,922 48,340 48,438 48,753 48, 706 50, 697 51,356 50, 746 48,410
1,537 1,556 1,847 1,909 1,963 1,726 1,528 1,462 1,507 1,801 2,069 2,315 2,271
47,586 47,217 46,393 46,112 45, 959 46,615 46,910 47,290 47,199 48, 896 49,287 48, 431 46,139
44,090 43,684 43,168 43,014 42,890 43,509 43, 559 43,456 43,436 44,801 44,903 44, 015 42,255
37,042 36,497 36, 730 36,159 36,137 37,153 34,122 36,441 37, 044 36, 046 35,920 37, 018 33,854
3,721 3,718 3,333 3.605 3, 653 3,373 6,280 3, 727 3,085 3,293 3,305 3,213 4,811
1,932 1,789 1,764 1,826 1,693 1,802 1,807 1,788 1,571 1,311 1,465 1,797 1,679
1,395 1,680 1,341 1,424 1,406 1,181 1,350 1,500 1,735 4,151 4, 213 1,986 1,911
3,496 3,533 3,225 3, 098 3,069 3,106 3,351 3,835 3, 763 4, 095 4,384 4, 416 3,884
2,448 2,513 2,167 1,879 1,883 2,114 2,428 2,841 2,712 3,092 3,357 3,321 2,705
672
637
666
602
656
550
522
638
594
553
652
710
709
279
287
276
373
348
280
272
259
325
300
275
298
323
94
95
115
242
182
162
128
97
130
153
101
87
147

49, 014
1,980
47,034
43,304
35,808
3,870
1,686
1,939
3,729
2,638
643
306
141

Males

Total labor force...........................
Civilian labor force___________
Unemployment................ .........
Employment..........................
N onagricultural____ ____ _
Worked 35 hours or more__
Worked 15-34 hours______
Worked 1-14 hours_______
W i t h a j o b b u t n o t a t w o r k 3.

Agricultural.......................... .
Worked 35 hours or more___
Worked 15-34 hours_______
Worked 1-14 hours_______
With a job but not at work 3.

51, 340
2, 010
49,330
45, 282
38,081
3, 560
1,473
2,168
4,048
3,116
577
294
62

51,705

Females
Total labor force......... ........ ........ .

28,295 27,617 27,166 26,855 26,721 26,631 27,329 27,398 27,231 26,646 26,804 27,132 27,288 25,854

26,653

Civilian labor force__________ _
U nemployment..........................
Employment________________
Nonagricultural____________
Worked 35 hours or more___
Worked 15-34 hours_______
Worked 1-14 hours......... ......
With a job but not at work 3.
Agricultural.................... ..........
Worked 35 hours or m o re....
Worked 15-34 hours_______
Worked 1-14 hours________
With a job but not at work 3

28, 261
1,860
26,401
25, 262
16,832
4, 345
2,041
2,043
1,139
541
478

26,621
1,476
25,145
24,289
15,798
4,721
2,341
1,428
856
388
367
85
16

27,584
1,405
26,179
25,382
17,348
4,689
2,431
915
797
354
323
110
107
9
12

27,133
1,245
25,888
25,216
16,691
4,858
2,461
1,207
671
293
288
82
8

26,821
1,190
25,630
25,075
17,100
4,546
2, 513
917
555
240
242
60
14

26, 687
1,249
25, 438
24,924
16,920
4,614
2, 510
880
514
246
199
56

1 Estimates are based on information obtained from a sample of households
and are subject to sampling variability. D ata relate to the calendar week
containing the 12th day of the month. The employed total includes all
wage and salary workers, self-employed persons, and unpaid workers in
family-operated enterprises. Persons in institutions are not included.
Because of rounding, sums of individual items do not necessarily equal
totals.
1 Unemployment as a percent of labor force.
3 Includes persons who had a job or business but who did not work during
the survey week because of illness, bad weather, vacation, or labor dispute.
Prior to January 1957, also included were persons on layoff with definite
instructions to return to work within 30 days of layoff and persons who had


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26, 597
1,327
25, 271
24, 762
16,837
4,485
2,578
863
508
223
208
60
11
18

27,296
1,162
26,134
25, 595
17,653
4,741
2,531
669
539
240
229
62
8

27,365
1,438
25,926
25,149
15,227
6,377
2,731
817
777
344
337
80
17

27,200
1,295
25,905
24,786
16,306
4,998
2,538
944
1,119
536
450
130
5

26, 615
1,368
25,246
24,232
16, 620
4,195
2,307
1,108
1,015
519
369

26,773
1,457
25,316
24, 275
15,061
4,019
1,784
3,410
1,041
528
403
111
95
16
16

27,101
1,534
25,567
24,325
14,619
4,098
1,910
3, 700
1,242
576
516
130
18

27,257
1,972
25,284
24, 079
15,848
4,235
2, 218
1,779
1, 206
544
533
105

25,823
1,605
24,218
23,341
14,566
5,066
2,294
1,414
877
378
391
87

21

21

new jobs to which they were scheduled to report within 30 days. Most of
the persons in these groups have, since that time, been classified as unem­
ployed.
N o t e : For a description of these series, see Explanatory Notes (in Employ­
ment and Earnings, U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics,
current issues).
Figures for periods prior to April 1962 are not strictly comparable with
current data because of the introduction of 1960 Census data into the esti­
mation procedure. The change primarily affected the labor force and em­
ployment totals, which were reduced by about 200,000. The unemployment
totals were virtually unchanged.

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, AUGUST 1966

914
T a b l e A-2.

Employees in nonagricultural establishments, by industry 1
Revised series; see box, p. 922.

[In th o u san d s]

June2 M ay2 Apr.

Mar.

Annual
average

1965

1966

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

July

June

1965

1964

-- 63,966 63,028 62,500 61, 826 61, 212 61,041 62, 660 62,029 61,786 61, 515 60,960 60, 694 60,848 60,444 58,156
628
641
640
633
629
627
640
628
631
617
613
615
644
626
585
Mining
_____________________
84. 3 83. 3
79. 4
85.2
84.3
82.9
83.6
83.9
84.3
83.4
83.5
83.8
85.2
84.1
Metal* m in in g ______________________
26.1
24.
7
26.4
26.9
26.7
26.7
26.2
26.5
25.4
24.7
24.3
24.7
26.3
25.0
Jr on nrp.s
30.4
29.9
27.1
29.4
29.3
30.8
30.1
30.9
31.1
31.2
31.5
31.7
31.7
31.7
riopppr ores
142.8 104.8 141.8 142.9 143.0 143.9 144.6 143.4 136.0 139.7 138.7 141.6 142.4 147.5
Cnal mining
95.7 132.1 132.8 132.8 133.3 133.8 132.7 125.4 129.4 127.5 131.1 131.9 136.0
133.8
"RitliminojiR
274.0 274.5 275.3 275.3 277.3 280.9 279.0 278.2 281.1 287.8 290.5 288.4 282.4 289.4
Prude petroleum and natural gas
149.1 149.7 149.8 149.8 150.3 151.5 151.4 151.9 154.6 158.0 158.2 156.8 154. 4 159.6
Crude petroleum and natural gas fields.
124.9 124.8 125.5 125.5 127.0 129.4 127.6 126.3 126.5 129.8 132.3 131.6 128.1 129.8
Oil and gas field services
124.3 121.9 114.2 110.6 113.2 119.2 123.1 124.5 126.6 127.4 127.1 125.3 119.8 116.7
Quarrying and nonmetallic mining-----44.4
42.1
43.4
44.1
40.8
41.8
45.4
45.1
44.7
38.8
36.9
38.9
42.7
43.8
Prustled and broken stone
39. 8 39. 5
42.3
41.0
38.7
43.1
42.8
43.1
43.3
35.8
34.9
36.3
39.8
40.9
Sand and gravel
_ _ ______
3,476 3,412 3,211 3,056
Contract construction. _ _ _ _ _ _
_ _ 3,559 3,311 3,191 3,015 2,851 2,974 3,203 3,375 3,465 3,495 3,575 1,105.
3 1, 081. 2 1, 024. 9 956. 6
1,073.5 1, 044. 5 993.9 940.0 988.1 1, 058. 7 1, 083.1 1, 098. 6 1,111.5 1,140. 3
General building contractors _________
669.3 608.9 513.7 467.9 500.6 582.0 681.2 730.9 740.9 768.8 737.8 724. 7 634.1 610. 5
Heavy construction _______ ________
396.4
385.1 319.7 312.4
393.1
414.2
390.4
349.1
271.8
340.0 292.9 221.5 197.3 217.4
Highway and street construction._____
329.3 316.0 292.2 270.6 283.2 310. 2 332.1 340. 5 347.8 354. 6 341. 4 339. 6 314.4 298.1
Other heavy construction _
1,568.2 1,537. 4 1,507. 6 1,443. 0 1,485.7 1, 562. 3 1, 610. 7 1,635.5 1,642. 7 1, 665. 5 1,633.1 1,606. 3 1,552. 3 1,488. 4
Special trade, contractors
_ _ _ _____
Plumbing, heating, and air condition374.2 370.1 367.1 360.2 369.5 377.9 381.7 385.7 382.9 387.8 383.4 375.0 371.5 355.8
lug
_ _____________
Painting, paperhanging, and deco133.7 127.2 121.6 116.3 117.6 132.3 142.9 151.8 157.3 161.0 151.4 150.1 139.2 139.3
_____________
rating
248.4 246.0 241.5 237.6 239.1 246.1 246.8 245. 4 247.6 251. 9 247. 5 239.5 239. 4 220.6
Electrical work
Masonry, plastering, stone, and tile
240.6 237.5 237.0 214.1 215.1 234.1 244.2 252.3 257.2 255.9 253.4 250.6 241.4 241.6
work
_
_
_
98.5 106.6 116. 2 118. 5 120.1 117.9 120. 2 116. 8 114.9 111.8 108.0
108.7 108.2 106.0
TJonfing and sheet metal work
18,443 18,412 18,428 18,211 18,016 18,027 17,984 17,259
Manufacturing.. _
. . . . .
. . . . 19,135 18,843 18,709 18, 588 18,457 18,274 18,415
718 10,686 10,623 10,608 10,410 10,416 10,437 10,379 9,813
Durable g o o d s______ ________ _ . . 11,276 11,121 11,027 10,910 10, 812 10,697 10,
7,697
7,757 7,789 7,820 7,801 7,600 7,590 7. 604 7,446
7,645
7,
577
7,859 7,722 7,682 7, 678
Nondurable goods _ _____________
Total employees___________________

Durable goods
246.4 243.8 241.7 237.4 235.4 232.1 236.1 247.1
Ordnance and accessories
____ _ . . . 268.7 265.5 260.3 257.4 255.1 250.8 244.8
187.6 186.3 183.9 181.7 179.2 178. 3 175.9 178.8 186.9
Ammunition, except for small arms___ 199.0 197.1 195.0 193.1 191.9 189.3
14.2
12.8
12.7
12.5
12.1
12.8
12.4
12.3
13.0
12.6
13.2
13.4
13.7
13.8
Sighting and fire control equipment__
44.4
47.2
47.3
44.1
44.9
46.0
47.4
44.8
48.5
45.8
50.9
50.0
51.6
54.6
55.7
Other ordnance and accessories______
Lumber and wood products, except
643.8 620.7 611.8 604.1 597.4 597.7 608.5 614.8 617.8 624.5 633.3 628.6 627.6 606.1 602.5
furniture____ . . . . ___ __
91.0
89.9
85.6
86.7
94.1
91.3
92.9
94.1
80.6
81.9
82.7
98.6
90.6
83.7
Logging camps and logging contractors.
253.4 256.9 260.4 258.8 260.8 251.0 253.3
SawmiUs and planing mills
_____ . 259.3 251.3 251.4 248.9 244.7 247.4 250.3 252.8
Millwork, plywood, “and related prod­
170.1 164.9 164.1 161.4 160.6 160.4 161.6 162.3 163.4 164.2 167.5 165.4 163.9 160.4 157.4
ucts___________________________
34. 2 34.7
33.7
34.1
34.9
36.3
34.5
33.9
35.0
35.2
34.2
33.8
36.0
35.1
36.7
Wooden containers___ . . ________
75.8
76.1
75.8
75.4
75.3
74.7
70.1
75.3
75.8
76.1
76.9
76.4
77.9
77.5
79.1
Miscellaneous wood products ____ _
441.4
439.8 437.6 432.8 425.6 427.6 429.1 405.9
456.4 449.0 446.7 447.3 443.3 442.0 443.2
Furniture and fixtures _____ _______
331.1 326.8 327.7 326.8 325.1 322.1 323.3 321.6 319. 0 315.9 313.2 306.0 309.0 311. 2 293.1
Household furniture____ _____ _ .
29. 6 29.3
29.3
29.9
28. 8
27.8
28.4
28.6
29.4
30.1
29.1
30.3
30.9
28.6
Office furniture
44.8
44.9
45. 4
43.5
40.3
44.9
43.2
44.3
45.6
45.4
44.8
43.1
45.4
45.0
Partitions; office, and store fixtures
45. 4
45. 7
46.1
44.8
45.1
45.7
46.9
46.8
45.0
46.7
45.1
45.4
45.4
47.6
45.9
Other furniture and fixtures___ _____
653.4 640.4 633.9 618.6 609.6 611.7 622.6 631.4 635.5 642.9 641.6 636.0 629.6 620.9 611.8
Stone, clay, and glass products________
32.2
30.8
30.9
33.6
32.5
33.2
33.2
33.2
32.8
33.0
32.7
33.0
32.8
33.1
Flat glass_______ _______ ____ _____
Glasi and glassware, pressed or blown. 121.8 120.2 117.3 115.7 115.0 113.6 113.8 114.7 115.4 115.8 115.9 1,14.6 115.1 113.5 111.5
38.7
38.9
38.3
38.9
39.5
37.9
39.4
39.6
39.7
36.5
35.9
36.1
39.4
37.6
Cement, hydraulic .. . . . ________
38.3
69.7
70.8
72.5
72.5
73.5
73.3
72.8
71. 2 72.0
70.1
69.2
75.0
71.9
69.8
73.3
Structural clay products _________
42.4
44.1
42.8
43.3
41.2
41.4
42.3
41.4
44.3
43.0
42.0
43.0
42.7
42.3
Pottery and related p roducts_____ .
Concrete, gypsum, "and plaster prod­
ucts ..
. ___________ . 185.5 179.4 176.6 168.4 163.5 166.2 172.5 177.0 179.9 182.5 184.3 181.9 181.2 174.2 172.1
132.7 131.2 132.3 130.4 129.0 128.9 129.6 129.7 129.6 132.6 132.2 131.7 128.8 128.8 126.4
Other stone and mineral products____
Primary metal industries ._ ___
.. 1,344.9 1,325.6 1,317.1 1,299. 2 1,286.9 1,272.7 1, 263. 7 1,255.1 1,270.2 1, 308. 7 1,317.1 1, 319.8 1,322.6 1, 291. 7 1,231. 2
Blastfurnace and basic steel products.. 673.1 660.2 652.6 638.4 626.8 618.9 615.1 613.4 631.2 666.9 686.3 687.4 687.5 660. 2 629.4
212.0
Iron and steel foundries
. . ______
237.9 235.2 234.8 232.7 233.2 231.5 230.7 225.1 225.2 228.3 224.8 225.8 227.9 225.3
69.2
72.1
72.0
73.0
73.3
73.5
72.6
72.3
73.7
73.8
Nonferrous smelting and refining____
74.1
74.4
76.2
73.9
74.9
Nonferrous rolling, drawing, and ex­
191.6
185.2
191.5
192.8
191.2
195.0
196.5
195.8
195.9
truding
_ _ _ . _____ _ .
203.6 202 7 202.8 202.1 201.2 198.9
77.8
74.3
77.4
79.0
77.9
76.8
80.4
81.3
79.2
81.2
82. 8 82.6
Nonferrous foundries____ . .. . . . . .
83.3
83.3
83.8
Miscellaneous primary metal indus­
64.8
61.0
65.0
63.4
65.3
66.2
67.1
66.4
67.1
68.4
69.0
tries_______ ___________________
70.3
69.2
69.3
69.3
Fabricated metal products ___ _____ 1,350.8 1,330.5 1,326.6 1, 317. 0 1, 310.1 1,301.2 1,304.3 1,304.3 1, 292. 2 1,285. 8 1,266.9 1,261. 2 1,270. 4 1,260. 5 1,187.3
61. 2 62. 4
65.3
64.9
65.8
65.8
62. (
60.4
61.5
60.5
64. 4 62.9
62. 2 61.5
Metal cans .
_________ ____
66.1
Cutlery, hand tools, and general hard­
154.9
143.9
155.2
150.0
155.1
152.6
159.3
156.3
162.4 160.2 163.0 163. 0 161.2 160.6 158.5
ware___ _______ _ ______ _ _
Heating equipment and plumbing
79.3
80.4
79.9
79.2
80.6
78.8
80.7
80.3
79.6
79.7
80.6
80.0
80.8
82.3
81.0
fixtures
. ____ _
385.2 385.5 389.9 391.3 388.9 388.8 389.5 386.6 380.7 376. 4 354. 8
Fabricated structural metal products. . 405.9 395.1 391.0 385.
89.0
93.1
93.3
92.9
94.4
93.5
95.3
96.4
94.5
96.8
99. C 97.7
101.4
99.5
99.5
Screw machine products, bolts, etc___
236.2 236.4 237.1 237. £ 236.2 234.8 235.6 234.1 231.2 225.5 211.6 214.1 220.8 221.4 198.5
Metal stampings
.
_______
73.
5
7U
.6
72.7
72.1
74.
73.1
75.5
76.2
75.8
75.6
78.2
77.6
77.7
78.0
80.3
Coating, engraving, and allied services.
62.1
57.7
62.4
62.3
62.3
63.2
62.7
64.1
64.8
64.7
65.
65.0
65.8
66.
65.8
Miscellaneous fabricated wire products.
Miscellaneous fabricated metal prod­
138.8 139.7 138.7 140. £ 138.6 130.2
144. £ 145.1 143. C 142.2 141.7 141.
150.1 149.
149.
ucts____ ______________________
See footnotes at end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

A.—EMPLOYMENT
T able

A-2.

915
Employees in nonagricultural establishments, by industry ‘—Continued
[In thousands]

Revised series; see box, p. 922.

1966

1965

Annual
average

Industry
June 2 M ay2 Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

July

June

1965

1964

Manufacturing—Continued
Durable goods—Continued
Machinery................ .............................
1,863.9 1,837. 3 1,824. 6 1,812.8 1,798.1 1,778. 7 1,766. 3 1, 749.4 1,730.9 1, 730. 6 1, 719. 7 1, 727. 5 1,722. 4 1,713. 9 1, 606.1
Engines and turbines....... .................
96.6
95. 5 94.8
94.0
93.5
93.4
92.8
91.8
91.1
90.7
90.9
90.6
87.0
90.4
Farm machinery and equipment_____
147. 5 147.8 147.9 145.8 142.1 138.9 135.0 131.9 134.0 133.1 134.3 135.8
135.1 126.5
Construction and related m achinery... 269.4 265.3 262.3 260.3 257.7 253.6 252.3 253.8 251.9 253.2
253.4
249.3
250.1
249.5
234.7
Metalworking machinery and equip­
m en t.____________ ____ ______
325.8 321.7 320.4 317.8 316.0 310.8 309.0 304.1 300.6 301.4 298.4 299. 7
300.6 298.9 281.4
Special industry machinery_________
201.5 198. 5 196.9 197.9 197.2 197.2 195.5 194.1 192.8 192.9 192.0 191. 6
191.0 190.9 180.9
General industrial machinery_______
278.0 273.8 271.8 271.5 269.6 267.5 266.4 263.1 261.7 259.3 262.2 261. 0
260.
5 257.7 243.0
Office, computing, and accounting
machines................ .............. ...........
223.1 220.3 218.4 215.8 212.9 211.2 210.3 208.9 205.2 202.5 200.7 197.0 194.1 196.6 174.6
Service industry machines__________
117.1 114.7 113.3 110.4 110.8 110.7 109.2 108.4 108.9 109.2 109.2 115.8 115.6 111. 1
Miscellaneous machinery......................
202.3 198.9 198.2 196.4 194.1 191.8 191.3 189.2 186.1 187.0 184.1 183.8 184.1 183.7 105.9
172.2
Electrical equipment and supplies......... 1,918. 8 1,881.3 1, 862. 5 1,829. 7 1,818.8 1, 796. 2 1, 786. 6 1,762.4 1,740.8 1,714. 3 1,679. 5 1, 660. 6 1,658. 2 1, 672. 3 1,548. 4
Electric distribution equipment_____
195.1 190.6 188. 0 186.2 184.3 183.5 181.7 180.1 178.1 176.7 175.3 173.5 171.1 172.6 162.4
Electrical industrial apparatus...........
214.6 207.4 209.3 207.2 204.8 202.7 201.2 197.4 196.6 195.0 194.3 194.9
193.7 192.5 178. 1
Household appliances_____________
184. 0 185. 0 182. 6 169.3 178.9 173.8 174.4 170.6 168.8 166.9 161.0 165.2 166.6
161.1
Electric lighting and wiring equipment
186.4 183.4 181. 6 179.8 177.8 175.4 175. 1 173.9 171.6 170.4 165.3 164.3 166.2 167.4
166. 7 156.4
Radio and TV receiving sets________
170.4 161.9 159. 7 158.9 158.4 158.6 159.9 157.6 155.2 151.4 145.5 138.1 137.3 139.9 120.0
Communication equipment...............
483.6 476.0 470. 8 465.3 458.9 455.1 450.6 444.6 439.1 433.9 428.4 425.4 423.7 428.0 411.6
Electronic components and accessories
378.0 371. 0 366. 0 359.4 353.3 344.9 338.5 332.6 325.0 315.0 308.1 301.1 299.8 304.4 264.9
Miscellaneous electrical equipment and
supplies...................... ....................... 106.7 106. 0 104. 5 103.6 102.4 102.2 105.2 105.6 106.4 105.0 101.6
98.1
99.8 100.9
94.0
Transportation equipment___________ 1,901.4 1,910.1 , 896. 0 1,887. 6
Motor vehicles and equipment_______
895.2 888.9 892.1
Aircraft and parts________ ________
727.3 725.5 717. 7 706.7
Ship and boat building and repairing..
170.7 172.5 173.7 177
Railroad equipment________________
59. 0 58. 5 57.2
Other transportation equipm ent........ .
'57.9
57. 2
54.1

888.2

694.1
177.1
56.5
53.0

1,840.4 1,839. 0 1,823.9 1,795.3 1, 777. 6 1, 650. 7 1, 721.1 1,741. 9 1, 739. 1, 604.8
878.8 896. 5 896.5 884.7 872.9 759.8 851.0 865.3 853.6 755.4
680.5 666.8 651.8 637.0 632.2 622.9 615.7 603.3 617.8 603.7
173.3 165. 0 163.3 163.4 160.0 156.1 143.1 161.5 159.0 145.1
57.0
56.6
56.7
56.2
53.9
55.0
54.6
54.9
55.4
50.1
50.8
54. 0 55.7
56.3
54.3
57.3
56.4
56.4
56.3
50.6

Instruments and related products______
Engineering and scientific instruments.
Mechanical measuring and control
devices_______________________
Optical and ophthalmic goods_______
Ophthalmic goods...... ................... .
Surgical, medical, and dental equip­
m e n t........................................ ......
Photographic equipment and supplies.
Watches and clocks________________

425.6

418.9
72.3

414.3
71.4

411.8
71.8

407.6
71.6

402.5
70.8

400.0
70.6

397.2
69.9

394.0
70.4

392.8
70.0

389.8
69.8

387.1
69.4

384.2
69.0

385.0
69.2

369.3
69.6

106.6
48. 9

104.9
49. 2
33.9

104. 4
49. 4
34.2

103.2
48.9
33.9

102.3
48.5
33.6

101.4
47.7
32.9

101.0

100.5
47.3
32.7

99.0
47.0
32.5

100.2

46.7
32.2

99.9
45.5
31.2

100.3
45.4
31.2

100.1

45.9
31.7

99. 4
46.1
31.7

96.4
43.5
29.5

64.9

64.2
92.3
36. 0

63. 5
90.9
34. 7

62.8
89.8
35.3

61.9
88.7
34.6

60.8
87.3
34.5

86.2

34.4

59.8
85.6
34.1

58.9
85.1
33.6

58.4
84.3
33.2

57.8
84.8
32.0

57.5
83.7
30.8

57.6
81.0
30.6

57.6
81.5
31.4

54.6
75.9
29.4

Miscellaneous manufacturing industries..
Jewelry, silverware, and plated w are...
Toys, amusement, and sporting goods.
Pens, pencils, office and art materials..
Costume jewelry, buttons, and notions.
Other manufacturing industries.......
Musical instruments and parts____

448. 0
47.5

441.6
47.2
126.3
35.2
55.3
177.6
26.8

432.7
47. 2
118. 8
35.2
54. 8
176. 7
26. 6

424.7
46
112.9
35.0
54.6
175.4
26.7

416.6
46.2
108.1
34.4
54.0
173.9
26.4

403.0
44.8
102.4
32.9
51.4
171.5
26.4

438.9
46.2
128.4
35.4
55.1
173.8
26.4

459.7
46.2
146.1
35.5
56.3
175.6
26.2

462.2
46.2
149.0
34.8
56.1
176.1
25.8

451.2
45.6
141.5
34.3
54.8
175.0
25.3

440.7
44.8
134.9
34.0
55.0
172.0
24.7

412.8
41.8
122.5
33.0
51.4
164.1
24.1

420.3
44.2

424.1
44.6
122.4
33.4
53.9
169.8
24. 7

398.5
43.4
106.5
31.9
54.8
161.9
21.9

179.8

47.6
32.9
60.2

120.8

32.8
53.5
169.0
24.4

Nondurable goods
Food, and kindred products...................... 1, 712. 5 1,663. 0 1,658. 0 1, 656. 8 1,654.8 1, 670.1 1, 721. 9 1, 779.8 1,822.6 1,859.1 1,854. 4 1, 776. 5 1,722. 5 1, 737. 2 1,745. 8
Meat products_____ _______________ 304.3 299.3 295. 8 296.2 298.3 299.7 311.3 316.1 315.7 312.9 313.4 309.9 306.0 308.3 313.6
Dairy products............ ........ ........ .........
285.1 278.0 276. 6 274.3 273.6 274.0 277.1 277.9 281.3 287.1 294.5 295.4 293.3 284.7 288.6
Canned and preserved food, except
m eats................................................
227.9 231. 4 224.5 226.1 229.2 242.1 279.6 315.7 371.4
289.2 241.3 262.4 254.1
Grain mill products...___ __________ 125.1 120.8 120.3 121.3 121.2 120.9 121. 7 122.7 126.4 126.6 360.7
126.9 126.5 127.8 124.6 127.4
Bakery products..................................
279.6 275.9 276. 0 277.2 276.0 277.2 279.2 282.2 283.2 282.9 284.8 288.1 286.5 283.6 289.9
Sugar____________________________
33.3
31.8
30.3
30.7
47.4
51.1
41.0
35.9
30.2
30.8
48.8
29.5
29.7
37.6
75.9
Confectionery and related products ..
72.3
76.1
71. 0 70.3
82.6
83.9
76.0
77.3
81.1
83.3
77.1
77.4
69.9
72.5
Beverages________________________
233.4 223.9 220. 6 217.3 211.5 212.4 218.1 222.1 224.6 225.2 227.2 228.0 226.1 220.1 216.1
Miscellaneous food and kindred prod­
ucts........ ............ .
137.4 135.9 136.3 138.1 138.9 139. 7 142.4 144.2 143.6 141.1 139.6 140.0 139. 3 140.2 141.0
Tobacco manufactures.
79.2
88.1
72.8
71.4
75.8
73.3
81.6
98.2
83.7
89.3
97.8
86.7
73.9
74.4
89.1
Cigarettes_________
37.2
37.8
37.8
36.8
37. 7 37.4
38.4
37.9
37.7
38.6
37.8
37.6
37.3
37.9
Cigars.........................
21.8
23.5
21.7
21. 7 21.5
21.5
23.4
23.3
23.8
22.3
23.0
23.8
25.3
23.3
Textile mill products________________
960.2 949. 5 945.3 941.1 933.9 927.0 933.5 937.6 935.0 931.8 929.3 914.4 924.2 919.5 891.1
Cotton broad woven fabrics_________
240.3 237. 5 236. 7 236.4 235.8 235.5 235.3 233.5 232.0 231.0 231.1 230.4 230.8 230.7 226.8
Silk and synthetic broad woven fabrics.
94. 5 93. 5 93.4
93.5
92.7
90.6
90.9
92.3
91.6
92.9
90.1
90.4
90.8
89.7
92.6
Weaving and finishing broad woolens..
44.8
43.1
44.3
44. 0 44.1
43.5
43.8
43.7
43.0
43.9
43.1
44.8
43.5
44.3
43.3
Narrow fabrics and smallwares .
31. 0 30.8
29.1
30. 6 30.4
29.8
29.6
29.3
29.5
29.6
30.2
27.8
29.2
27.9
29.8
Knitting___________________ _____
242. 0 239.4 237.2 232.9 228.1 223.5 230.0 238.5 240.4 239.6 239.1 231.7 233.9 230.1 215.1
Finishing textiles, except wool and knit.
76.4
75.9
74.4
75. 5 75.1
74.9
75.6
74.2
74.7
74.3
76.1
74.8
74.5
74.5
76.3
Floor covering________ _____
42.1
41. 0 41. 0 41.2
40.6
41.2
40.2
42.0
41.7
41.5
41.7
38.5
39.3
39.5
Yarn and thread_________ ! !!!!!!!” ! 116.6 114.7 114. 0 114.0 113.6 113.4 113.2 112.1 111.0 110.3 110.0 108.1 109.2 109.1 104.6
Miscellaneous textile goods___
73.2
72.4
72. 91 73.5
70.2
71.0
72.4
71.4
72.4
67.4
70.2
72.7
70.6
73.3
69.3
See footnotes at end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

916

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, AUGUST 1966
T able

A-2.

Employees in nonagricultural establishments, by industry 1—Continued
Revised series; see box, p. 922.

[in thousands]

1965

1966

Annual
average

Industry
June2 M a y 2 Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

July

June

1965

1964

Manufacturing—C ontinued
Nondurable goods—Continued
Apparel and related products_________ 1,419. 5 1, 395. 5 1, 376. 9 1, 398. 0 1, 388.6 1,329.4 1,371.1 1,380. 5 1,380.3 1,380. 3 1, 374.1 1,311.6 1,355.9 1,351.2 1,302. 0
Men’s and boys’ suits and coats______ 122.4 121.6 120.4 121.2 120.8 119.7 121.2 119.5 118.0 120.5 120.1 112.3 120.7 118. 6 114.7
Men’s and boys’ furnishings_________ 374.6 369.2 365.4 364.3 360.9 357.0 357.7 359.5 359.3 358.6 358.6 347.8 354.8 350.7 327.7
Women’s, misses’, and juniors’ outerwear____________________
___ 429.0 422.4 412.3 428.5 428.8 396.7 416. 5 414.8 415.6 419.1 420.9 399.3 413.4 412.3 404.3
Women’s and children’s undergar130.4 128.8 128.6 128.3 126.8 121.7 127. 0 129.6 129.2 128.3 127.0 118.5 124.0 124.5 121.4
ments__________________________
29. 6
28.9
32.2
32.0
28.9
30.3
26.1
27.1
29.7
30.7
31.4
30.0
28.0
Hats, naps, and millinp.ry
30.1
75.9
78.3
77.2
81.8
79.4
85.2
81.6
79. 0 77.8
80.8
78.8
79.0
80.0
78.7
81.9
Girls’ and children’s outerwear______
75. 2
79.2
73.8
68.9
75.0
76.7
75.7
79.3
77.1
79.1
75.4
Fur goods and misop.llaneons apparel
77.5
72.8
72.1
Miscellaneous fabricated textile prod168.
0
170.7
163.5
159.3
166.4
160.9
169.0
169.5
167.6
169.8
165.0
152.2
158.6
157.7
154.0
ucts______________________ ____
Paper and allied products_____________ 671.9 656.8 654.9 651.5 649.0 647.6 651.3 649.1 647.0 646.9 644.4 640.6 639.0 637.5 625.2
Paper and pulp____________________ 218.4 212.4- 211.7 210.8 210.2 210.1 211. 0 210.1 210.3 211.9 215.1 215.2 213.9 211. 0 213.0
68. 0
67.9
68.5
68.2
67.5
68.6
66.5
67.9
68.1
66.6
69.7
68.7
68.2
68. 7 68.8
Paperboard_____________________ Converted paper and paperboard
161.
6
160.
9
162.0
161.1
159.
8
160.0
160.2
157.3
155.8 156.8 151.7
products________________________ 168.3 164.6 165.0 163.2
Paperboard containers and boxes------- 215.5 211.1 210.0 208.8 208.0 207.8 210. 7 210. 2 208. 7 206.4 202.6 200.2 201.2 202.2 193.9
Printing, publishing and allied industries. 1, 022. 7 1, 010.8 1, 009. 6 1, 001. 2 999.4 993.0 999.1 995.4 989.6 984.1 981.4 978.8 975.3 977.3 950.5
354.3 351.1 352.5 347.0 350. 6 349.2 352. 6 350. y 350. 6 347.6 347.6 348.7 346.7 345.9 336.0
Newspaper publishing and printing. .
70. 5
70. 5 70. 0
70.9
70.2
70.1
69.6
68.2
69. 0 68.3
71. 2 70.7
68.5
Periodical publishing and printing
70.9
81. 0
80.1
82.9
81.6
79.6
80.2
79.6
84.7
84.2
79.7
79.6
79.1
76.6
85.0
____ _______ _____
Books
.
Commercial printing___ . . . ---- -- 325.7 322.4 320.9 320.1 316.1 315.1 317. 0 315.8 313.2 311.5 307.5 306.5 307.1 309. 0 301.9
52. 3
52. 2
52.4
51.8
51. 4
52.1
51.3
55.5
53.6
53.8
51.6
53.2
49.1
53.4
52.7
Bookbinding and related industries---Other publishing and printing indus129.0 127.5 127.0 125.6 12b« 5 125.1 125.7 12 5 .9 124. 8 123.6 123.3 122.8 122.1 122.4 118.6
tries___ ________________________
Chemicals and allied products_________
Industrial chemicals________ ____ . . .
Plastics materials and synthetics____
Drugs____ . . . _ _
____ _ . . .
Soap, cleaners, and toilet goods______
Paints, varnishes, and allied products..
Agricultural chemicals ________ _ . . .
Other chemical products____________

947.5
298.6
214.0
122.7
107.5
67.3
49.0
88.4

941.6
295.2
211.1
120.5
105.3
66.1
57.7
85.7

937.6
294.8
210.3
119.8
101.8
65.4
61.3
84.2

929.8
293.5
209.7
119.7
101.0
65.0
57.6
83.3

918.9
292.0
207.8
119.2
102.5
64.4
52.1
80.9

912.7
290.2
206.7
118.6
103.0
63.8
50.1
80.3

912.3
291.8
206. 0
118.8
103. 0
64.3
48.9
79.5

909.4
289.8
205.1
118.0
104.5
64.8
48.2
79.0

907.2
288.7
203.4
117.4
105.6
64.8
48. 5
78.8

912.5
290.1
204.7
117.6
106.2
65.9
48.8
79.2

918.0
293.6
204.5
118.6
106.3
67.3
48.3
79.4

913.9
292.6
202.3
118.2
105.1
67.2
48.4
80.1

903. 5
288.8
199.9
112.8
105.0
66.7
51.1
79.2

902.3
288.6
199.1
115.3
104. 0
65.3
51. 5
78.6

877.4
288.0
183.1
112.1
101.1
64.0
51.0
78.1

Petroleum refining and related industries.
Petroleum refining.. _________ _____
Other petroleum and coal products___

181.6
143.1
38.5

177.6
140.9
36.7

175.3
140.2
35.1

173.3
139.9
33.4

173.0
139.9
33.1

172.8
139.8
33.0

174.7
140.8
33.9

176.6
141.3
35.3

178.4
141.4
37.0

180.6
143.1
37.5

182.5
144.7
37.8

182.4
145.1
37.3

180.0
144.4
35.6

178.0
143. 2
34.9

182.7
148.4
34.4

Rubber and miscellaneous plastic products____________________________
Tires and inner tubes. _____________
Other rubber products______________
Miscellaneous plastic products_______

505.4
110.0
181.3
214.1

495.6
107.3
179.1
209.2

492.1
105.4
177.4
209. 3

487.9
105.1
177. 5
205.3

484.3
104.8
177.1
202.4

484.3
106.0
177.8
200.5

485. 0
106.1
177.9
201. 0

482.6
106.0
176.3
200.3

476.4
104.9
174.5
197.0

471.7
103.9
172.6
195.2

466.7
103.3
170.3
193.1

456.8
100.0
168.7
188.1

461.9
100.1
171.8
190.0

463.7
102.1
171. 6
190. 0

433.6
99.0
163.7
170.9

Leather and leather products_________
Leather tanning and finishing_______
Footwear, except rubber____________
Other leather products______________
Handbags and personal leather goods.

365.2
32.0
240.0
93.2

360.6
31.7
237.0
91.9
37.5

359.0
31.7
235.3
92.0
38.0

362.8
32.0
238.7
92.1
39.3

363.7
32.1
240.3
91.3
38.7

358.1
32.4
237.6
88.1
36.5

360.0
32.6
236. 6
90.8
37.6

359.3
32.4
234.0
92.9
39.5

354.2
32.1
230.1
92.0
39.1

355.5
32.1
231.6
91.8
38.8

360.7
31.7
237.0
92.0
38.5

351.2
31.2
233.0
87.0
35.4

353.4
31.4
233.5
88.5
36.3

353.8
31.7
233.3
88.8
37.4

348.4
31.4
230.5
86.5
37.8

4, 165

4, 111
718 1
623 6
267. 2
81.4
104. 2
41. 9
991.2
76. 9
255. 0
228.3
18. 6
325.9
912. 9
762. 9
32. 6
111.0
622.5
253. 6
154.9
175.6
38.4

4, 075
714 8
619. 6
268 4
81.9
107. 6
41. 4
974.6
75. 7
251. 8
225. 2
18. 6
317.4
908. 8
759. 3
32.1
111.0
621.3
253.0
155.1
175.0
38.2

4,054
710 7
615. 8
271 9
82 7
109. 6
40. 9
970.5
78. 0
247. 6
221. 4
18. 6
314. 3
901. 4
753. 0
31. 9
110.1
619. 0
251.9
154. 9
174. 6
37.6

4,034
710 5
614 6
272 4
82 6
110 7
40 7
961.7
77. 6
246. 3
220. 5
18. 7
311. 4
895.9
747.9
31. 8
109.8
617. 5
251.1
154. 6
174. 4
37.4

4,025
717 6
623 7

4,087 4,091 4,104 4,112
741.3
732 6 730 5
632 4 633. 6 640 2 643.6
273 0
272 8 270 0 970 Q 269.7
82 7 83. 0
83. 2 83 2 83.7
110 4 110. 1 107. 8 107 3 106.5
41 4
42 0 43.3
41. 7
41.1
992.7 1 , 000.7 1, 005. 4 1, 000. 6
9 5 4 .1
81.6
78 8
84. 5
89. 3 87 8
242 1 243. 2 240. 5 237 6 236.0
216 2 216. 6 214. 8 212. 7 211.4
19.5
18 8
18. 9
18. 9
19 0
308 3 312. 5 320 8 321 1 322.1
891 6 893. 6 891. 8 889. 9 892.8
744.6 745. 0 743. 6 741. 7 744.5
31.2
31. 6
31. 2 31. 0 31.0
109. 4 110. 6 110. 6 110. 8 110.9
619.1 620. 6 617. 9 621. 6 629.8
251.4 251.9 248.8 251.8 255.2
154.9 155.6 155. 6 155. 8 157.9
175. 0 175.3 175. 6 176.1 178.4
38.3
37.8
37.9
37.9
37.8

4,098
749.6
652.2
251.6
82.8
105.1
43.7
984.8
76.2
234.4
210.5
19.9
316.1
902.9
755.9
31.1
109.5
638.7
258.4
160.8
180.8
38.7

4,083
749.3
652.5
247.9
82.9
100.7
43.6
986.1
77.6
233.0
209.4
20.0
311.8
901.2
755.0
31.3
108.5
633.7
258.2
156.8
179.8
38.9

4,070
747.0
650.8
263.1
83.4
106.6
42.5
977.7
77.7
229.3
206.6
20.0
320.5
884.5
739.9
31.3
106.9
627.4
255.3
156.8
176.8
38.5

4,031
737.0
639.8
266.8
83.2
108.0
41.8
964.6
80. 5
230. 7
207.1
19.4
309.8
882.2
736.6
31.2
108.1
620.5
251.8
155.1
175.7
37.8

3,947
756.1
665.0
266.8
83.9
109.2
42.0
919.8
82.2
212.7
190.8
20.0
310.4
848.0
706.1
32.4
103.1
613.6
248.6
153.2
174.1
37.7

Transportation and public utilities______

Railroad transportation_______________
Class I railroads 3__________________
Local and interurban passenger transit__
Local and suburban transportation___
Taxicabs__________ . _ __________
Intercity and rural bus lines.... ...........
Motor freight transportation and storage.
Public warehousing________________
Air transportation_____________ _____
Air transportation, common carriers___
Pipeline transportation _________ . .
Other transportation__ ______________
Communication___ . . . . . . ______ .
Telephone communication__________
Telegraph communication ____ _____
Radio and television broadcasting.. ._
Electric, gas, and sanitary services____
Electric companies and' systems______
Gas companies and systems_________
Combined utility systems___________
Water, steam, and sanitary systems___
See footnotes at end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

A.—EMPLOYMENT
T able

A-2.

917
Employees in nonagricultural establishments, by industry1—Continued
Revised series; see box, p. 922.

[inthousands]
1966

1965

Annual
average

Industry
June 2 M ay2 Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

July

June

1965

1964

Wholesale and retail trade______________ 13,076 12,918 12,883 12,700 12,617 12,716 13,638 12,960 12,736 12,639 12,574 12,583 12,596 12,588 12,132
Wholesale trade----- -------------------------- 3,381 3,321 3,314 3, 3Ò5 3,299 3,3Ó3 3,345 3, 326 3,321 3,307 3,312 3,301 3,269 3,263 3,173
Motor vehicles and automotive equip­
255.3 254.4 254.1 253.2 254.2 254.6 253.6 252.5 252.7 254.0 253.2 251.5 250.8 244.2
m ent........... ............... ......................—
200.4 200.1 199.8 199.0 198.8 201.9 199.6 198.3 197.6 197.6 196.4 195.5 196.1 191.4
Drugs, chemicals, and allied products—
143.6 142.8 143.2 142.3 140.0 142.1 141.8 141.2 140.1 141.1 139.8 138.5 138.5 133.8
Dry goods and apparel_______ ______
485.3 482.4 483.1 482.5 492.1 502.5 504.5 506.6 502.6 494.8 509.7 507.7 494.6 492.5
Groceries and related products..............
271.0 269.9 267.8 266.2 263.1 265.7 262.2 260.4 261.9 264.0 261.8 257.9 257.2 242.7
Electrical goods_____ ____ ______ ___
Hardware, plumbing, and heating
154.8 154.7 154.2 154.1 153.2 153.9 153.6 152. 5 152.1 152.7 152.3 150.6 150.2 145.9
goods..............................................
593.2 591.6 586.6 581.9 578.7 577.1 574.5 573. 4 573.8 574.2 573.9 568.4 565.6 544.9
Machinery, equipment, and supplies. .
1,141.0 1,139.5 1,135. 2 1,132.9 1,128.7 1,142.9 1,137.9 1,135.6 1,131.0 1,136. 2 1,128.1 1,118.0 1,117.7 1, 076. 6
Miscellaneous wholesalers...............
Retail trade_______ _______ _________ 9,695 9,597 9, 569 9,395 9, 318 9,413 10, 293 9,634 9,415 9, 332 9,262 9, 282 9,327 9,325 8,959
1,879.5 1,879. 6 1, 838. 7 1, 817.1 1,908.0 2,483. 2 2, 060. 4 905. 0 1,838. 3 1, 786. 4 1, 778. 8 1, 793.9 1,869.2 1, 761. 5
General merchandise stores__________
1,184.1 1,177.1 1,152. 7 1,138. 5 1. 200.1 1, 579. 7 1,289. 5 1,186.3 1,139. 7 1,110. 2 1,108. 3 1,115.5 1,164.9 1, 086. 2
Department stores_______________ _
112.4 114.4 116.0 118.4 130.1 162.9 148,5 129.7 118.3 112.0 109.4 108.5 119.5 108.3
Mail order houses_______ _____ _____
312.1 318.2 308.8 300.3 313.5 413.4 341.2 314.1 306.9 296.0 293.9 300.3 314.5 309.2
Limited price variety stores-------------1,542.2 1, 532.9 1, 533. 5 1, 527.1 1, 518.0 1, 537.9 1,509. 6 1,492.6 1, 469. 7 1,450.1 1, 464. 7 1,468. 4 1,473.4 1, 419. 9
Food stores________________ ________
1,371.4 1,360.9 1, 364. 1 1, 356. 6 1,351.8 1,359.4 1,338. 5 1,324.9 1,302. 8 1, 285. 6 1,297. 3 1, 297.8 1,303. 9 1, 251. 7
Grocery, meat, and vegetable stores.. .
634.2 652.2 616. 1 607.7 628.6 762.4 648.9 629.9 621.7 598.7 595.2 620.9 630.9 614.3
Apparel and accessories stores-------------108.0 109.1 106.3 109.3 114.0 140.4 110.6 105.4 103.5 101.3 101.6 104.2 106.5 100.1
Men’s and boys’ apparel stores............
229.8 229.5 222.6 218.5 226.2 271.0 236.3 231.1 226.5 220.9 217.0 225.0 229.8 228.3
Women’s ready-to-wear stores— .........
100.2 100.3
98.2 102.2 131.4 105.5 100.8
99.3
98.3
96.6
97.4 102.7 104.2 103.2
Family clothing stores______________
123.8 139.8 118.0 113.4 117.3 138.3 121.6 119.8 122.5 115.0 115.0 118.7 120.7 116.5
Shoe stores________________________
418.8 418.0 418.5 417.9 418.3 437.3 423.0 417.3 411.8 409.5 407.4 405.8 410.1 394.4
Furniture and appliance stores________
270.8 270.1 269.5 269.3 270.0 283.8 273.9 270.0 266.7 265.6 263.9 264.4 266.0 255.1
Furniture and home furnishings.........
1,985.2 1,949.7 1,899. 8 1, 871. 5 1,858.2 1,898. 5 1,900. 2 1,910.8 1,938.3 1,955.3 1,964. 7 1,966. 9 1,898.4 1, 836. 7
Eating and drinking places_______ ____
3,136.2 3, 088. 7 3,076. 7 3, 081. 5 3,173. 5 3, 091. 4 3, 059. 2 3, 052. 5 3, 062.1 3, 071. 0 3, 070. 8 3, 042. 6 2,932. 6
3,137.1
Other retail trade__________ _________
553.2 549.6 537.5 528.4 533.4 548.1 548.8 547.0 551.2 562.0 562.3 553.7 541.0 532.7
Building materials and hardware------1,456.6
1, 450.2 1, 441. 4 1, 439.1 1, 443. 5 1,451.6 1, 442. 6 1,433.5 1, 432. 7 1,437. 2 1, 442. 6 1, 440. 7 1,424.0 1,366. 0
Auto dealers and service stations-------744.2 745.9 746. 2 744.0 743.0 741.0 738.2 734.9 730.1 731.3 733.3 728.8 725.6 692.0
Motor vehicle dealers_____________
185.7
182.3 176. 7 175.0 178.3 189.0 184. 1 178.4 175.4 178.6 179.2 180.3 176.8 166.8
Other vehicle and accessory dealers..
526.7 522.0 518.5 520.1 522.2 521.6 520.3 520.2 527.2 527.3 530.1 531.6 521.6 507.1
Gasoline service stations---------------1,136.4
1,127.3
1,109. 8 1,109. 2 1,104.6 1,173. 8 1,100. 0 1,078. 7 1, 068. 6 1, 062.9 1, 066.1 1,076. 4 1, 077. 6 1, 033.9
Miscellaneous retail stores___________
419.2 419.2 415.3 414.9 417.3 437.7 416.3 409. 6 404.6 401.6 404.0 404.3 406.0 389.3
Drug stores-------------- -----------------108.9
105.8
93.5
92.6
93.2
96.7
102.3
95.8
93.0
93.7
92.8
93.5
94.1
98.2
Farm and garden supply stores------104.8 108.6 113.5 117.5 118.9 115.5 110.8 107.8 103.1 101.5 101.3 102.6 108.3 108.3
Fuel and ice dealers...........................
3,102
799.5
334.9
92. 0
186.3
139.2

Finance, insurance, and real estate______

Banking___________________________
Credit agencies other than banks______
Savings and loan associations________
Personal credit institutions....................
Security dealers and exchanges________
Insurance carriers.____ __________ ____
Life insurance_____________________
Accident and health insurance_______
Fire, marine, and casualty insurance...
Insurance agents, brokers, and services..
Real estate_________________________
Operative builders_________________
Other finance, insurance, and real estate.

Services and miscellaneous_____ ___ ___

Hotels and lodging places_____________
Hotels, tourist courts, and motels------Personal services____________________
Laundries, cleaning and dyeing plants.
Miscellaneous business services.......... .
Advertising.______ ___ ____________
Credit reporting and collecting agencies _
Motion pictures_____________________
Motion picture filming and distrib­
uting___________________________
Motion picture theaters and services__
Medical and other health services______
Hospitals_________________________
Legal services_______________________
Educational services_________________
Elementary and secondary schools___
Higher educational institutions______
Miscellaneous services___________ . . . . . .
Engineering and architectural services.
Nonprofit research organizations_____
See footnotes at end of table.

224-966 O— 66— — 6


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

481. 6
60.8
334. i
238.7
584.9
82.9
9,461

3,089
798.4
33Ö. 5
93.7
185. 4
137.9

3,075
795.8
336.2
93.8
185.6
136.7
920.5
483. 0 482.7
59. 1 59.3
333.3 333.0
238.1 237. 1
574.6 566.2
4«j. S 44.9
82.8
82.5

3,054
792.3
334.7
93.9
184.0
133.8
918.5
483.2
58.2
331.6
235.3
557.5
43.1
82.0

3,049
790.2
336.3
95.0
184.6
131.0
917.1
483.6
57.8
329.9
233.7
559.0
43.5
81.6

3,064
791.6
336.4
94.5
184.5
131.0
919.0
484.1
57.6
330.9
234.8
568.8
45.7
81.9

3,062
788.8
334.7
94.0
183.2
129.8
919.3
485.1
57.2
330.7
234.2
573.5
46.4
81.5

3,066
787.5
334.3
94.6
182.8
129. C
918.7
485.0
57.1
330.2
234.2
580.3
48.1
81.6

3,073
788.9
333.2
94.4
182.0
128.6
921.6
486.4
57.4
330.9
234.3
584.1
50.1
81.8

3,102
798.0
335.0
95.6
182.4
130.5
927.9
489.2
57.8
333.6
236.5
592.1
50.8
82.1

3,098
794.6
335.2
96.8
181.4
131.1
923.6
486.5
57.6
332.4
236.0
595.7
50.7
82.1

3,062
784.5
330.8
94.8
179.7
129.0
912.5
481.3
57.1
327.8
232.9
591.2
50.1
81.4

3,044
783.1
330.5
94.6
179.4
128.7
913.6
482.8
56.8
328.0
232.7
573.9
46.9
81.4

2,964
764.4
316.0
93.8
166.6
125.8
895.2
475.1
55.9
319.4
225.6
557.8
46.2
79.4

9,348 9,242 9,112 9,030 8,959 9,046 9,054 9,073 9,039 9,062 9,081 9,008 8,907 8,569
714.8 684.2 657.2 651.1 636.9 645.2 648.4 666.7 708.6 799.9 793.3 712.2 678.0 639.9
657.0 631.5 608.9 603.6 589.5 595. 9 598.1 613.3 643.3 679.4 674.6 644.4 613.1 575.0
984.7 978.4 971. 7 966.4 967.6 973.1 976. 1 977.2 973.3 973.0 977.9 978.8 968.3 947.1
546.8 541.3 535. 7 531.4 534.1 538.3 541.2 543.4 542.1 543.3 549.9 551.3 539.9 531.0
1,156.6 1,146.1 1,138. 1 1,128.4 1,113.1 1,127,9 1,110.4 1,105.3 1, 097. 5 1, 090. 0 1, 084.9 1,076. 6 1, 074.9 1, 001. 6
114.1 114.6 114. 5 114.4 113.7 113.6 113.9 114.2 114.0 113.9 115.2 114.1 113.7 110.9
66.2
67.1
67.7
67.7
67.1
65.4
67. 1 66.6
63.0
65.5
66.7
66.1
66.2
66.3
180.2 179.7 173.4 171.6 178.3 183.8 181.4 185.5 192.3 198.3 198.4 189.2 183.0 177.4
57.9
48.5
46.0
42.7
52.0
51.0
52.5
52.5
47.9
50.2
48.0
53.8
46.7
51.7
133.5 131.7 125.5 121.4 124.5 125.9 128.9 133.8 141.3 145.8 146.4 143.2 134.5 134.6
2,251.9 2,248.9 2,237. 0 2,225. 3 2,210. 5 2, 203. 9 2, 202. 3 2,192.9 2,184. 2 2,188. 4 2,189. 0 2,165. 4 2,163. 5 2, 061. 4
1,494.5 1,491.7 1, 488. 7 1, 480. 4 1,471.2 1,469.1 1, 470. 2 1,466.5 1, 460.1 1, 461.1 1, 463. 9 1, 450. 0 1,449. 9 1, 395. 0
184.1 184.0 184. 5 182.9 181.7 184.5 182.8 182.4 183.6 188.0 188.0 181.7 180.6 173.8
1,042. 4 1,039. 4 1, 044. 4 1, 034. 5 1, 022.2 1, 023.8 1, 026.1 1, 005. 9 919.7 825.3 840.5 911.7 942.5 892.3
346.8 345.9 346. 0 345.0 343.8 344. 3 344. C 337.0 318.8 273.4 275.0 312.7 319.3 301.6
624.4 621.6 626.8 618.3 609.8 610.8 612.6 599.8 535.6 489.1 501.1 533.9 556.9 527.9
475.4 476.0 477. 7 472.9 467.1 460.8 457.6 454. 5 458. 5 459.7 457.5 446.2 448.6 425.3
264.7 261.8 260.2 257.2 255.2 252.6 250.7 248.2 250.4 251.7 250.0 243.6 242.6 225.9
62.2
62.4
62.7
63.9
62.9
63.9
62.7
62.7
63.2
63.1
62.6
63.2
63.3
62.8

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, AUGUST I960

918
T able

A-2.

Employees in nonagricultural establishments, by industry 1—Continued
Revised series; see box, p. 922.

[In thousands]

1965

1966

Annual
average

Industry
Ju n e2 M ay2 Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

July

June

1965

1964

Government__________________________ 10,789 10,769 10,726 10, 667 10, 556 10,427 10, 579 10,413 10,301 10,102 9,698 9,716 10,033 10,051 -9,595
Federal Government L - ....... - ................ 2, 566 2, 513 2,493 2,460 2,431 2,406 2,543 2,402 2,384 2,377 2,408 2,407 2,374 2,378 2,348
2,481. 5 2,461. 5 2,428. 8 2, 399. 7 2,375.4 2,511.8 2,370. 4 2,352. 7 2,345. 2 2, 376.1 2,375.1 2,341.9 2,347. 0 2,317. 5
Executive
_________- ______
1, 001. 5 991.9 980.0 964.8 956.2 951. 6 955.7 949.4 947.3 954.9 951.3 940.8 938.8 933.7
Department of Defense___________
660.2 652.8 639.5 632.4 624.4 771.5 617.8 608.0 602.8 608.5 604.1 593.9 614.2 599.9
Post Office Departm ent___________
Other agencies __________________
819.8 816.8 809.3 802.5 794.8 788.7 796.9 795.3 795.1 812.7 819.7 807.2 793.9 783.9
26.2
26.4
25.9
25.4
24.5
25.0
25.8
25.4
25.2
24.9
25.6
25.4
25.6
25.4
Legislative_____________ _________
5.9
5.9
5.8
5.9
5.8
5.8
5.9
6.0
5.9
5.9
5.9
6.0
5.9
6.0
Judicial_________ -- _____________
State and local governm ents__________ 8, 223 8, 256 8,233 8, 207 8,125 8, 021 8,036 8, Oil 7,917 7,725 7, 290 7,309 7,659 7,673 7,248
2,124. 7 2,111.9 2,109. 6 2, 092.9 2,064.6 2, 066. 2 2, 065.9 2, 045. 9 1,990. 5 1, 932. 8 1,935. 4 1, 979.3 1,981.5 1,855. 6
State government.- ___ __________
798.0 794.0 793.2 779.5 761.9 764.0 765.9 745.3 662.5 582.8 590.5 661.9 683.1 608.9
State education__________________
1, 326. 7 1,317.9 1, 316. 4 1, 313. 4 1,302.7 1,302. 2 1,300. 0 1,300.6 1,328. 0 1,350. 0 1,344.9 1,317. 4 1, 298.5 1, 246. 7
Other state government___________
6,131. 7 6,120.8 6, 097. 8 6,032. 3 5,956.7 5,969.8 5,944. 6 5,871.2 5, 734. 3 5,357. 0 5,373.9 5, 679. 2 5,690.8 5,391. 8
Local government______ __________
3, 513. 6 3, 517. 5 3, 504. 7 3, 451.0 3,388.6 3,394.9 3,369. 7 3,301.1 3,124. 7 2, 681.1 2,694. 7 3, 068. 5 3,125. 5 2, 906. 5
Local education__ ____ _________
2, 618.1 2,603. 3 2, 593.1 2, 581.3 2, 568.1 2, 574.9 2, 574.9 2, 570.1 2,609. 6 2, 675. 9 2,679. 2 2,610. 7 2,565. 3 2,485. 3
Other local government___________
1 Beginning with the January 1966 issue, figures differ from those previously
published. The industry series have been adjusted to March 1964 bench­
marks (comprehensive counts of employment). For comparable hack data,
see Employment and Earnings Statistics for the United States, 1909-65 (BLS
Bulletin 1312-3). Statistics from April 1964 forward are subject to further
revision when new benchmarks become available.
These series are based upon establishment reports which cover all fulland part-time employees in nonagricultural establishments who worked
during, or received pay for any part of the pay period which includes the 12th
of the month. Therefore, persons who worked in more than 1 establishment
during the reporting period are counted more than once. Proprietors, selfemployed persons, unpaid family workers, and domestic servants are
excluded.


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

2 Preliminary.
3 Beginning January 1965, data relate to railroads with operating revenues
of $5,000,000 or more.
4 D ata relate to civilian employees who worked on, or received pay for
the last day of the month.
5 State and local government data exclude, as nominal employees, elected
officials of small local units and paid volunteer firemen.
S o u r c e : U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics for all
series except those for the Federal Government, which is prepared by the
U.S. Civil Service Commission, and that for Class I railroads, which is
prepared by the U.S. Interstate Commerce Commission.

919

A.—EMPLOYMENT

T able

A-3.

Production or nonsupervisory workers in nonagricultural establishments, by industry 1
Revised series; see box, p. 922.

[in thousands]

Annual
average

1965

1966
Industry
June2 M a y 2 Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

July

June

1965

1964

490
70.8
22.2
26.1

449
69.8
20.9
26.1

479
69. 3
20. 3
26. 1

476
69. 5
20.7
26.0

482
69.3
20.6
25.8

491
69.7
21.3
25.6

495
70.2
22.1
25.4

494
68.9
22.3
24.0

490
69.4
22.4
24.2

501
70.8
22.6
25.3

502
69.9
22.7
24.6

502
70.1
22.9
25.0

492
69.3
22.1
24.6

496
65.8
21.1
22.0

Coal mining________________________
Bituminous___ ____ -............................

124.8
116.8

87.3
79.2

124.0
115. 4

125.1
116.0

125.1
115.9

126.1
116.5

126.6
116.9

125.5
115.9

118.3
108.8

121.7
112.6

120.7
110.7

123.7
114.5

124.6
115.2

129.9
119.7

Crude petroleum and natural gas______
Crude petroleum and natural gas fields.
Oil and gas field services____________

191.0
83.0
108.0

190.8
83.0
107.8

191. 7
83.4
108. 3

191.7
83.5
108.2

194.3
84.2
110.1

197.2
85.0
112.2

195.7
84.9
110.8

195.2
85.4
109.8

196.9
87.1
109.8

202.3
89.9
112.4

205.1
90.0
115.1

203.7
89.2
114.5

198.4
87.1
111.3

204.2
91.5
112.7

Quarrying and nonmetallic mining........
Crushed and broken stone__________

103.2
37.2

101.1
36.2

93. 5
32.6

90.1
30.6

92.8
32.5

98.4
35.5

102.5
37.1

103.9
38.1

105.8
38.3

106.6
38.8

106.3
39.0

104.5
37.7

99.4
35.8

96.3
34.5

Mining________ _____________ ________
Metal mining__________ _______ _____
Iron ores---- ------ ------- ------- -----------Copper ores_______________________

Contract construction__________________
General building contractors..................
Heavy construction__________ _______
Highway and street construction_____
Other heavy construction___________
Special trade contractors--------------------Plumbing, heating, and air condition­
ing—
Painting, paperhanging, and deco­
rating_________________________
Electrical work____________________
Masonry, plastering, stone and tile
work_________________________
Roofing and sheet metal work_______

505

3,057

2,813 2,700 2,525 2,365 2,489 2,717 2,884 2,975 3,008 3,085 2,987 2,927 2,731 2,602
923.7 895.8 846. 3 793.7 841.7 912.6 936.6 952.5 965.1 992.4 957.3 935.4 880.6 823.9
580.6 521.5 426. 9 382.5 415.6 495.7 593. 8 642.3 652.2 679.5 650.0 636.3 547.6 526.5
304.1 256.7 186.8 163.2 183.7 237.0 314.0 354.6 358.3 378.3 361.2 349.6 285.1 278.4
276.5 264.8 240.1 219.3 231.9 258.7 279.8 287.7 293.9 301.2 288.8 286.7 262.5 248.1
1, 308.4 1,282. 5 1, 252. 2 1,188. 5 1,231.6 1,308.4 1,353.4 1,380.3 1,391.1 1,412.9 1,379.9 1,354. 8 1, 302. 9 1,251.2
300.2

299.1

296.3

289.3

298.9

307.5

311.4

314.9

313.5

317.2

312.9

305.1

301.9

287.3

119.4
198.6

113.5
196.2

107.1
191.9

101.4
187.9

102.7
189.8

117.4
197.1

128.0
198.2

137.3
197.1

143.3
199.9

146.7
203.9

137.5
198.6

135.5
191.6

125.0
191.7

125.6
175.6

219.1
87.6

215.8
87.0

215.4
84. 9

192.8
77.5

193.8
85.5

212.9
95.1

222.6
97.2

230.7
99.0

235.6
96.6

234.5
98.9

231.6
95.2

228.5
93.4

220.0
90.9

220.7
87.5

Manufacturing__ _______ _____________ 14,263 14,030 13,917 13, 828 13,727 13,571 13,724 13,770 13,754 13,773 13,540 13,361 13,412 13,376 12,769
Durable goods_____________________ 8,386 8, 267 8,191 8,098 8, 024 7,929 7,968 7,949 7,900 7,887 7,683 7,701 7, 750 7,693 7,209
5,877 5, 763 5, 726 5,730 5,703 5,642 5,756 5,821 5,854 5, 886 5,857 5,660 5,662 5,684 5,560
Nondurable goods__________ ______
Durable goods
98.8 102.2 106.1
128.0 126.4 121.7 120.2 117.8 114.3 108.0 109.9 108.2 106.4 102.3 100.5
Ordnance and accessories_____________
67.2
69.3
64.8
82.9
75.6
69.0
66.5
82.1
80.3
73.6
72.3
65.8
Ammunition, except for small arms___
79.2
77.7
70.7
5.0
5.9
4.7
5.0
4.8
4.9
5.3
5. 2
5.3
5.8
5. 7
Sighting and fire control equipment__
5.1
5. 5
5. 6
30.0
30.9
29.3
39.2
33.4
32.4
30.9
35.7
29.2
32.3
32.4
29.9
38.5
Other ordnance and accessories.............
34.6
35.4
Lumber and wood products, except
furniture________________________ 565.2 543.5 534.5 527.4 521.9 521.6 533.1 540.0 543.1 549.5 558.1 553.4 552.6 532.2 530.2
Sawmills and planing mills__________ 237.4 229.7 229.7 227.2 222.7 225.4 228.7 231.1 231.9 235.4 238.6 236.7 238.8 229.5 231.0
Millwork, plywood, and related prod­
ucts________________________ ... 143.4 138.8 137.7 135.2 134.9 134.4 136.0 136.9 137.8 138.7 141.7 139.9 138.5 135.2 133.4
31.1
31.7
31.2
30.6
30.4
31.8
31.6
32.8
32.9
32.4
Wooden containers_________________
31.5
30.5
30.6
30.8
30.6
63.9
60.2
64.3
67.8
64.4
64.7
65.2
64.0
65.3
Miscellaneous wood products________
66.9
66.5
64.8
65.0
65.6
65.9
356.3
337.1
378.5 372.0 370.6 370.8 366.9 366.2 368.5 367.2 366.0 364.0 359.9 353.1 355.3
Furniture and fixtures_______________
283.2 279.5 280.1 279.7 278.0 275.6 277.4 276.2 273.5 270.7 268.5 261.6 264.6 266.5 251.1
Household furniture_______________
22.4
21.7
22.3
23.3
23.1
22.7
22.1
24.0
22.8
23.0
Office furniture____________ _____
22. 5
23.1
23. 6 23.4
32.3
29.7
32.2
34.3
34.1
33.2
32.9
33.1
34.0
Partitions; office and store fixt o e s ____
33.3
33.2
31.2
32. 9
33.1
35.1
34.5
34.4
36.2
36.8
35.9
34.6
36.2
35.2
Other furniture and fixtures..................
35.1
35.5
34.8
34.9
34.3
34.6
Stone, clay, and glass products..... .........
526.0 515.2 509.7 495.7 487.7 489.2 499.6 507.8 511.3 518.9 516.4 511.7 506.9 498.7 492.2
25.9
24.8
26.4
26.8
26.3
25.9
24.8
Flat glass_________________________
26.4
26.4
26.8
27.0
26.9
26.1
26.1
99.0
97.2
98.8
99.9 101.1 101.3 100.0 100.8
Glass and glassware, pressed or blown. 106.2 104:9 102.4 100.8 100.2
99.1
99.9
29.7
30.3
28.0
30.2
30.7
30.9
31.0
30.8
30.7
Cement, hydraulic____ ____ ________
29.2
30.0
29.7
29.0
27.4
27.6
59.9
59.2
59.2
61.5
62.3
61.7
61.5
Structural clay products____________
63.9
62.3
61.0
62.6
61.0
60.0
58.1
58.8
36.1
36.2
37.7
35.1
Pottery and related products___ _____
35.3
37.2
38.1
36.6
35.0
36.1
36.6
35.9
36.4
36. 8
Concrete, gypsum, and plaster prod­
ucts__________________________
143.2 138.0 135.7 128.9 124.7 126.6 132.6 137.2 139.5 141.9 142.9 141.1 140.8 134.3 133.4
96.7
94.8
96.7
97.5 100.0
96.7
Other stone and mineral products____
99.5
98.9
97.2
100.7
97.1
99.1 100.0
96.8
98.1
Primary metal industries_____________ 1,100.1 1, 082. 2 1, 076. 7 1, 060. 3 1, 049.2 1,035.3 1, 025.9 1, 017.3 1,031.6 1, 068. 9 1,075. 8 1,079. 6 1,084. 7 1,065.0 1, 001.9
540.8
515.8
494.4
511.0
545.3 563.6 565.4 567.1
Blast furnace and basic steel products.. 552.5 540.3 533.8 520.6 509.6 501.3 496.7
Iron and steel foundries_____________ 204.0 200.8 201.2 199. 1 200.0 198.9 197.7 192.3 192.5 195.6 192.1 193.4 195.6 193.2 181.7
66.1
53.3
57.4
56.2
56.4
56.3
57.5
57.1
56.9
Nonferrous smelting and refining_____
58.7
57.4
58.1
57.7
57.7
57.4
Nonferrous rolling, drawing, and ex­
147.4
140.9
151.6
truding_______________________
150.6 146.5 146.8 148.1
157.5 156.9 157.4 156.9 156.2 153.8 151.1 152.1
65.3
61.7
66.7
68.4
67.9
66.5
65.5
65.0
Nonferrous foundries_______________
64.5
70.6
70.1
69.8
68.6
70.5
70.1
Miscellaneous primary metal indus­
52.2
48.5
53.6
53.4
52.5
51.0
52.6
54.4
54.3
tries____ ______________________
55.9
55.5
56.8
56.0
56.1
56.2
Fabricated metal products____________ 1, 054. 0 1,037.8 1, 033.1 1, 023. 4 1,018.5 1,011.5 1, 016. 3 1,016. 7 1, 004. 5 998.8 978.6 973.5 984.3 976.0 912.5
51.4
52.6
55.2
56.0
54.6
50.8
52.3
55.9
Metal cans________________________
56.3
53.4
50.9
54.8
51.8
51.8
52.6
Cutlery, hand tools, and general hard­
128.7 127.1 129.9 129.4 128.1 127.7 125.7 126.8 123.8 122.6 119.7 117.6 122.8 122.6 113.1
ware_________________________
Heating equipment and plumbing
59.7
60.6
60.2
59.4
61.0
60.2
60.6
60.9
60.8
59.5
60.0
62.5
61.6
60.7
fixtures_______________________
61.2
Fabricated structural metal products. . 297.7 288.7 284.0 279.1 279.2 279.9 284.2 286.0 282.8 283.3 283.9 281.1 275.9 271.9 252.7
73.4
69.6
73.4
76.4
74.7
73.6
72.8
78.6
77.3
76.7
75.5
80.5
78.8
78.2
74.8
Screw machine products, bolts, etc___
Metal stampings___________________ 192.9 193.1 193.6 194.2 193.3 192.4 193.8 192.3 190. 0 184.0 170.3 173.4 180.2 180.9 161.1
61.7
59.5
62.4
61.1
65.2
64.3
63.9
61.0
59.9
63.3
63.3
67.8
65.7
65.5
Coating, engraving, and allied services.
65.9
46.3
50.2
50.4
52.8
50.8
50.3
50.2
53.4
52.7
52.5
52.2
51.2
54.1
53.4
53.3
Miscellaneous fabricated wire products.
Miscellaneous fabricated metal prod­
97.0'
ucts____ ___________________ _
113.5 114.6 114.0 109.5 109.9 107.9 107.7 106.8 106.8 104.3 104.4 103.8 105.7 104.2
See footnotes a t end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, AUGUST 1966

920
T a b l e A -3 .

P ro d u c tio n or n o n su p e rv iso ry w ork ers in n o n a g r icu ltu r a l e sta b lish m e n ts, b y
in d u str y 1— C o n tin u e d
Revised series; see box, p. 922.

[Inthousands]

Annual
average

1965

1966
Industry
Ju n e2 M ay2 Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

July

June

1965

1964

Manufacturing—Continued
Durable goods— Continued
Machinery______
— ----------------- 1,312.1 1,295. 5 1,285.3 1,276.8 1,266.3 1, 250. 5 1, 242.1 1,226. 0 1,211.5 1,211.5 1,195.6 1,203. 6 1,205. 5
61.4
61.6
65.0
64.6
64.4
61.7
63.8
63.0
62.0
67.1
65.7
68.6
66.2
Engines and turbines_____
____
97.2
99.0
95.7
95.8
98.2
97.3
109.9 110.1 110.4 108.7 105.1 102.0
Farm machinery and equipm ent-.- - _
171.3
173.9
172.9
170.4
173.8
177.4
172.8
173.6
174.6
185.9 183.4 181.1 178.9
Construction and related machinery—
Metalworking machinery and equip245.6 244.2 243.3 241.1 240.3 235.9 234.3 229.4 226.8 227.5 223.3 224.6 226.9
-----m
e n t ___
140.0 137.4 136.0 137.2 136.4 137.0 135.6 134.6 133.4 133. 5 132.0 131.8 132.2
Special industry m achinery-.----General industrial machinery.- ------- 188.3 185.2 183.9 184.4 182.5 181.0 180.5 177.6 176.6 175.3 176.6 176.1 176.2
Office, computing, and accounting
machines___
- - - - - - - - - -.- 132.0 131.1 128.9 127.8 126.2 125.9 126.2 124.9 122.6 120.9 117.8 114. 5 113.7
81.5
76.1
75.7
75.2
75.3
81.3
77.0
74.8
75.5
76.6
82.3
80.6
79.5
Service industry machines..
Miscellaneous machinery------------------ 159.4 156.6 156.3 154.7 152.8 151.0 150.5 148.1 145.4 145. 9 143.0 142.6 143.1
Electrical equipment and supplies--------- 1,330.1 1,303. 6 1, 289.6 1,265.3 1,261.2 1, 244.7 1,240.6 1,221.3 1,202.9 1,180.2 1,147. 8 1,131.9 1,135. 5
Electric distribution equipm ent-- . . 134.3 130.9 129.3 127.9 126.2 125.7 125. 0 123.7 121.9 120.9 119.4 117.5 116. 2
Electrical industrial apparatus_______ 153.4 148.4 149.2 147.6 145.6 144.1 142.6 139.4 138.2 136.7 136.2 136.7 135.8
144.9 146.0 144.5 131.7 141.7 137.3 137.6 134.1 132.6 131.0 124.6 129.0 130.5
Household appliances. ------ Electric lighting and wiring equip146.8 144.6 142.8 140.8 139.3 137.0 137.1 136.3 134.1 133.2 128.1 127.3 129. 5
m ent__
.
135.7 127.4 125.6 126.1 126.4 127.4 129.2 127.6 125.1 121.5 116.2 109.6 108.5
Radio and TV receiving sets. -------- .
Communication equipm ent.- .. ------- 243.9 240.6 237.3 235.1 232.0 229.7 228.1 224.0 220.2 216.6 212.7 210.2 210.8
Electronic components and accessories.. 288.7 283.8 280.3 276.1 271.4 264.7 259.7 254.1 248.0 238.7 232.4 226.9 227.8
Miscellaneous electrical equipment
76.4
78.8
78.2
74.7
78.6
81.6
80.0
81.3
82.1
82.8
82.4
81.9
80.6
and supplies -------------- ------1,244.4
1,318.4
1,144.
0
1,217.9
1,323.8 1,313.8 1,290. 6 1,270. 2
Transportation equipm ent..
1,358. 8 1,367. 7 .1,357.3 1,354. 6 1, 340. 5
700.3 694.7 698.8 696.1 687.5 706.0 706.4 696.6 681.6 567.7 659. 5 678.0
Motor'vehicles and equipm ent..
430.6 429.7 424.7 417.2 408.4 400.2 391.4 381.2 369.0 364.4 355.6 350.1 3 4 0 .6
Aircraft and parts... 1. . .

61.6
98.6
171.2

1,117.8
58.4
92.0
159.5

225.3
132.1
173.9

211.4
124.2
163. 1

116.0
77.4
143.1

103.0
72.8
133.4

117.5
134.8
131.3

1,038.5
109.0
122.7
124. 7

130.0
110.9
214.1
230.0
77.5

121.9
92.7
202.8

193.8
70.9
1, 120.3

581.1
337.7

S h ip a n d b o a t b u ild in g a n d r e p a ir in g .—
R a ilr o a d e q u ip m e n t . . .
O th e r t r a n s p o r t a t i o n e q u i p m e n t _______

1 4 1 .2

1 4 3 .1
4 6 .5
4 8 .1

1 4 4 .3
4 6 .1
4 7 .5

1 4 9 .3
4 4 .9
4 4 .4

1 4 8 .3
4 4 .3
4 3 .4

1 4 5 .1
4 4 .3
4 1 .3

1 3 7 .4
4 4 .7
4 4 .3

1 3 5 .6
4 4 .5
4 6 .1

1 3 6 .6
4 1 .9
4 6 .5

1 3 3 .8
44. 1
4 6 .3

1 3 0 .9
4 2 .4
4 7 .4

1 1 8 .8
4 2 .8
4 6 .7

1 3 6 .0
43. 5
4 6 .3

667.3
352.9
133.1
43.1
44.6

I n s t r u m e n t s a n d r e la t e d p r o d u c t s _________
E n g in e e r in g a n d s c ie n t if i c i n s t r u m e n t s .
M e c h a n ic a l m e a s u r i n g a n d c o n t r o l d e v ic e s.
_
_ _ _ _ _
_ .
O p t ic a l a n d o p h t h a l m i c g o o d s ------------- --O p h t h a lm ic g o o d s . . .
___
S u r g ic a l, m e d i c a l , a n d d e n t a l e q u i p m e n t P h o to g r a p h ic e q u ip m e n t a n d s u p p lie s .
W a t c h e s a n d c lo c k s
_

2 7 4 .3

2 7 0 .0
3 7 .4

2 6 6 .5
3 6 .9

2 6 6 .0
3 7 .5

2 6 3 .2
3 7 .4

2 5 9 .6
3 7 .0

2 5 8 .2
3 6 .8

2 5 6 .5
3 6 .6

2 5 4 .3
3 6 .9

2 5 4 .1
3 6 .6

2 4 9 .5
3 5 .7

2 4 7 .2
3 5 .8

2 4 5 .4
3 5 .7

246.4
35.6

233.8
35.9

7 0 .0
3 5 .1

6 9 .0
3 5 .8
2 6 .2
4 4 .6
5 3 .8
2 9 .4

6 8 .5
3 5 .8
2 6 .3
4 4 .1
5 3 .1
2 8 .1

6 7 .9
3 5 .5
2 6 .1
4 4 .0
5 2 .3
2 8 .8

6 7 .2
3 5 .2
2 5 .9
4 3 .3
5 1 .9
2 8 .2

6 6 .6
3 4 .4
2 5 .1
4 2 .4
5 1 .1
2 8 .1

6 6 .4
3 4 .5
2 5 .2
4 1 .9
5 0 .6
2 8 .0

6 5 .9
3 4 .3
2 5 .1
4 1 .4
5 0 .3
2 8 .0

6 4 .5
3 4 .0
2 4 .9
4 0 .8
5 0 .3
2 7 .8

6 6 .0
3 3 .7
2 4 .6
4 0 .6
4 9 .8
2 7 .4

6 5 .1
3 2 .7
23. 7
4 0 .2
4 9 .8
26. 0

6 5 .6
3 2 .6
2 3 .6
3 9 .6
4 8 .8
2 4 .8

65. 5
3 2 .7
2 3 .9
3 9 .8
4 7 .1
24. 6

65.1
33.1
24.1
39.9
47.4
25.4

63.1
31.0
22.4
37.5
42.8
23.4

M is c e lla n e o u s m a n u fa c tu r in g in d u s t r ie s ..
J e w e lr y ,s ilv e r w a r e , a n d p la te d w a r e . ..
T o y s , a m u s e m e n t, a n d s p o r tin g g o o d s .
P e n s , p e n c i ls , o f fic e a n d a r t m a t e r i a l s .
C o s t u m e j e w e lr y , b u t t o n s , a n d n o t io n s .
O th e r m a n u f a c t u r i n g i n d u s t r i e s . . . . .
M u s ic a l in s tr u m e n ts a n d p a r ts . . .

3 5 8 .4
3 7 .3

3 5 3 .1
3 7 .1
1 0 5 .9
2 5 .9
4 5 .7
1 3 8 .5
2 2 .2

3 4 5 .5
3 7 .0
9 8 .8
2 6 .0
4 5 .3
1 3 8 .4
2 2 .2

3 3 7 .8
3 6 .7
9 2 .8
2 5 .9
4 5 .1
1 3 7 .3
2 2 .3

3 3 0 .3
3 6 .3
8 8 .4
2 5 .3
4 4 .3
1 3 6 .0
2 2 .1

3 1 7 .6
3 5 .1
8 2 .8
23. 9
4 2 .1
133. 7
21. 9

3 5 2 .0
3 6 .4
1 0 7 .5
2 6 .3
4 5 .6
1 3 6 .2
2 2 .1

3 7 2 .7
3 6 .3
1 2 5 .0
2 6 .4
4 6 .7
1 3 8 .3
2 2 .1

3 7 5 .5
3 6 .4
1 2 7 .9
2 5 .8
4 6 .5
1 3 8 .9
2 1 .5

3 6 4 .9
3 5 .9
1 2 1 .1
2 5 .5
4 5 .3
1 3 7 .1
21. 1

3 5 4 .7
3 5 .2
1 1 4 .4
2 5 .2
4 5 .4
1 3 4 .5
2 0 .5

3 2 8 .6
3 2 .5
1 0 2 .4
2 4 .3
42. 1
1 2 7 .3
1 9 .9

3 3 6 .1
3 4 .8
1 0 0 .5
2 4 .3
4 3 .9
1 3 2 .6
2 0 .4

339. 5
35.0
102.4
24.7
44.3
133.0

318.7
34.1
88.3
23.6
45.1
127.6
18.2

45. Ï

1 4 0 .7

20.6

121.1

38.7
41. 7

Nondurable goods
F o o d a n d k i n d r e d p r o d u c t s _____________ _ 1 ,1 2 1 .8 1, 0 8 0 .0 1 ,0 7 4 . 7 1 ,0 7 5 .3 1 ,0 7 3 . 6 1 ,0 8 8 . 3 1 ,1 3 5 .9 1 ,1 9 3 . 9 1 ,2 3 2 .5 1 ,2 6 5 .9 1 .2 5 5 . 7 1 ,1 7 5 .2 1 ,1 2 4 . 2
237. 4
2 4 9 .6
2 4 1 .8
2 4 5 .7
236. 3
2 4 9 .7
2 3 4 .4
2 4 8 .7
2 5 2 .9
2 5 3 .5
2 3 3 .8
M e a t p r o d u c t s . . _ ____________ _____ ._
2 4 2 .1
2 3 7 .4
1 2 2 .7
1 3 8 .3
1 3 7 .0
1 3 1 .6
1 3 7 .1
1 2 3 .3
1 2 5 .1
1 2 7 .5
1 2 4 .4
1 2 5 .7
1 2 6 .2
D a i r y p r o d u c t s ___
_ _ _ ------------- . .
1 3 3 .4
1 2 7 .8
C a n n e d a n d p r e ser v e d food , e x c e p t
1 8 8 .0
1 9 9 .6
184.4
3 1 8 .8
247. C
2 0 0 .8
2 7 3 .8
3 2 9 .3
1 8 2 .9
2 3 8 .6
m ea ts
186. 5
18 9 .8
8 4 .1
9 0 .6
8 9 .9
8 9 .2
8 9 .9
8 4 .3
8 5 .1
8 9 .8
8 4 .5
8 5 .9
8 4 .0
8 2 .9
G r a in m i l l p r o d u c t s _____
- _—
8 8 .0
1 6 0 .1
166. 5
1 6 6 .5
1 6 7 .8
1 6 5 .4
1 6 5 .1
1 6 0 .4
1 5 9 .3
1 6 2 .1
16 5 .2
1 5 9 .5
B a k e r y p r o d u c t s ______
___________ _
15 9 .4
1 6 2 .8
3
4
.4
2 2 .9
24.
1
2
3
.4
2
2
.6
4
1
.7
2
6
.6
4
0
.6
4 4 .2
25. (
23. f
Sugar.
_______
. .
.
.
2 3 .6
6 2 .7
5 7 .9
6 6 .3
6 2 .3
5 5 .3
6 2 .5
6 7 .7
6 8 .3
6 8 .8
6 2 .5
5 6 .8
5 7 .5
C o n f e c t io n e r y a n d r e la t e d p r o d u c t s -----5 8 .7
1
0
7
.1
1
1 6 .8
1
1
7
.2
1
1
6
.5
1
1
6
.8
1
1
7
.5
1
0
5
.9
1
1
1
.3
1
1
5
.5
1 1 0 .9
113.4
116. t
B e v e r a g e s ...
..................
1 2 1 .8
M i s c e l l a n e o u s fo o d a n d k i n d r e d p r o d 91.
8
9
1 .1
9
3
.4
9
1
.3
9
1
.8
9
1
.0
9
4
.5
9
6
.4
9
5
.9
9 0 .3
8 8 .4
8 7 .8
u c t s _______
____ . . .
8 9 .3
T o b a cco m a n u fa ctu res. _ .
C ig a r e tte s . .
_
C ig a r s
. . .

_ ___________
_____

T e x t ile m ill p r o d u c ts .
C o tto n b r o a d w o v e n f a b r ic s .._
S i lk a n d s y n t h e t i c b r o a d w o v e n f a b r ic s .
W e a v i n g a n d f in i s h in g b r o a d w o o l e n s . .
N a r r o w fa b r ic s a n d s m a l l w a r e s .
K n it t in g
F in is h in g t e x t ile s , e x c e p t w o o l a n d k n i t .
F lo o r c o v e r i n g .. _
Y a r n a n d th r ea d
M i s c e l l a n e o u s t e x t i l e g o o d s _____________ 1

See footnotes at end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

6 1 .0

5 9 .8
3 0 .9
2 0 .1

6 1 .6
3 0 .8
2 0 .1

6 4 .0
3 0 .5
1 9 .9

8 5 7 .3
2 2 0 .8
8 5 .4
3 9 .!
27.
217. £
64.

8 4 7 .6
2 1 8 .4
8 4 .3
3 8 .!
27. '
2 1 4 .8
64.
3 3 .3
106 .6
5 9 .8

8 4 3 .9
2 1 7 .3
8 4 .3
3 8 .6
2 7 .:
2 1 2 .7
64.
3 3 .'
105.
6 0 .4

840. f
2 1 7 .2
8 4 .4
3 8 .7
27.1
2 0 8 .5
6 3 .6
3 3 .6
1 0 5 .S
61. C

108.
60.

, 146.4 1,154.3
244.6 250.4
130.7 134.7
87.7
164.5
29.1
62.5
113.1

215.1
90.3
166. 5
30.6
62.2
111.7

2 21.8

92.3

92.8

6 7 .2
3 0 .5
2 0 .2

6 9 .7
3 0 .2
1 9 .9

76.
3 1 .;
2 1 .8

7 4 .8
31. !
2 2 .1

8 6 .0
3 1 .5
22.1

8 5 .7
3 2 .2
2 1 .7

7 7 .6
32. t
2 1.4

6 2 .8
31.4
2 0 .7

6 3 .1
3 1 .5
2 1 .7

72.1
31.4
21.7

77.4
31. 1
23.7

8 3 3 .5
216. '
8 3 .9
3 8 .4
26. f
2 0 4 .0
6 3 .4
3 4 .2
1 0 5 .6
6 0 .8

8 2 7 .6
2 1 6 .3
83.
37.
26.
199.
63.
34.
105.
6 0 .4

8 3 3 .9
216. 2
8 3 .8
3 7 .8
2 6 .6
20O.7
6 3 .6
3 4 .8
1 0 5 .2
6 0 .2

8 3 7 .8
2 1 4 .2
8 3 .6
3 7 .6
2 6 .:
2 1 4 .3
6 3 .1
3 4 .6
1 0 3 .9
6 0 .2

8 3 5 .3
2 1 2 .8
8 2 .8
3 7 .7
2 6 .'
2 1 6 .'
63.
3 4 .:
102 .7
59.

8 3 2 .0
211. 5
82.
3 8 .4
2 6 .'
2 1 5 .7
6 3 .2
3 3 .8
1 0 2 .2
5 8 .7

8 3 0 .1
2 1 1 .9
8 2 .0
3 8 .5
26. (
215.4
6 3 .6
32. 7
102. (
5 8 .0

8 1 6 .0
2 1 1 .4
8 0 .8
3 8 .2
24. 8
2 0 8 .:
6 3 .3
32. C

8 2 6 .3
2 1 1 .9
8 1 .5
3 8 .9
26. 1
2 1 0 .7
6 4 .8
3 2 .3
101. 3
5 8 .8

821.4
211.9
81.8
38.1
25.9
206.8
64.2
33.3

797.5
209.0
81.3
39.2
24.6
193.4
65.3
31.9
96.8
56.1

99.!
5 7 .3

101.1

58.2

A.—EMPLOYMENT
T able

A-3.

921
Production or nonsupervisory workers in non agricultural establishments, by
industry 1—Continued
[In th o u sa n d s]

Revised series; see box, p. 922.

1966

A nnual
average

1966

In d u stry
June2

M ay2

A p r.

M ar.

F eb.

Jan

D ec.

N ov.

O ct.

S ep t.

A ug.

J u ly

June

1965

1964

Manufacturing—C o n t i n u e d
N o n d u r a b le g o o d s — C o n t i n u e d
A p p a r e l a n d r e la t e d p r o d u c t s ......................... . 1 ,2 6 3 .8 1 ,2 4 0 . 7 1 ,2 2 3 .0 1 ,2 4 4 .1 1 ,2 3 6 . 2
1 0 9 .4
M e n ’s a n d b o y s ’ s u i t s a n d c o a t s ________
1 0 8 .6
1 0 8 .2
1 0 7 .5
1 0 8 .4
M e n ’s a n d b o y s ’ f u r n i s h i n g s ____________
3 3 4 .0
3 3 8 .9
3 3 0 .6
3 2 6 .4
3 2 9 .4
W o m e n ’s , m i s s e s ’, a n d j u n i o r s ’ o u t e r ­
3 8 4 .6
w e a r ______________________________________
3 7 8 .1
3 6 7 .7
3 8 4 .7
3 8 4 .0
W o m e n ’s a n d c h i l d r e n ’s u n d e r g a r ­
1 1 5 .2
m e n t s __________________________ ____ _____
1 1 4 .0
1 1 1 .9
1 1 3 .8
1 1 3 .4
2 3 .0
H a t s , c a p s , a n d m i l l i n e r y ________________
2 4 .0
2 8 .9
2 8 .6
7 6 .7
7 2 .6
G ir l s ’ a n d c h i l d r e n ’s o u t e r w e a r . ............ ..
7 0 .7
7 3 .5
7 3 .7
66.6
6 6 .9
6 3 .7
F u r g o o d s a n d m is c e l l a n e o u s a p p a r e l .. .
6 5 .6
M i s c e l l a n e o u s f a b r ic a t e d t e x t i l e p r o d ­
1 4 3 .0
1 4 3 .5
1 4 2 .1
1 4 1 .2
u c t s . .............................................................. .............
1 3 8 .7
P a p e r a n d a l li e d p r o d u c t s . ..................................
P a p e r a n d p u l p . ............................................. .........
P a p e r b o a r d - ...............................................................
C o n v er te d p a p er a n d p a p erb o a rd p r o d ­
u c t s . ............ ................ ........................................ ..
P a p e r b o a r d c o n t a in e r s a n d b o x e s _______
P r i n t i n g , p u b l i s h i n g , a n d a l li e d i n d u s ­
t r i e s _____________________________ _________
N e w s p a p e r p u b l i s h i n g a n d p r i n t i n g ____
P e r io d ic a l p u b l i s h i n g a n d p r i n t i n g _____
B o o k s .............. ................................................. ..............
C o m m e r c i a l p r i n t i n g _____________________
B o o k b i n d i n g a n d r e la t e d i n d u s t r i e s ____
O th e r p u b lis h in g a n d p r in tin g in d u s t r i e s . . ........................................................................
C h e m i c a l s a n d a llie d p r o d u c t s .......................
I n d u s t r i a l c h e m i c a l s _____________________
P l a s t i c s m a t e r ia l s a n d s y n t h e t i c s . ..........
D r u g s . . . .............................................................. ..
S o a p , c le a n e r s , a n d t o i l e t g o o d s ________
P a i n t s , v a r n i s h e s , a n d a l li e d p r o d u c t s .
A g r i c u l t u r a i c h e m i c a l s .....................................
O t h e r c h e m i c a l p r o d u c t s ________________

Petroleum refining and related indus­
tries_____ ___ ________________
Petroleum refining________________
Other petroleum and coal products......
Rubber and miscellaneous plastic prod­
ucts...................................................
Tires and inner tubes............................
Other rubber products_____________
Miscellaneous plastic products______
Leather and leather products_________
Leather tanning and finishing_______
Footwear, except rubber______ ____
Other leather products.........................
Handbags and personal leather goods.
Transportation and public utilities :
Local and interurban passenger transit:
Local and suburban transportation___
Intercity and rural bus lines________
Motor freight transportation and storage.
Public warehousing___ ____ _______
Pipeline transportation______________
Communication ____ _____________
Telephone communication_________
Telegraph communication 3___ _____
Radio and television broadcasting____
Electric, gas, and sanitary services_____
Electric companies and systems_____
Gas companies and systems_________
Combined utility systems__________
Water, steam, and sanitary systems__
Wholesale and retail trade <____________
Wholesale trade__ _________________
Motor vehicles and automotive equip­
ment_________________________
Drugs, chemicals, and allied products..
Dry goods and apparel___ _________
Groceries and related products______
Electrical goods__________________
Hardware, plumbing, and heating goods.
Machinery, equipment, and supplies...
Miscellaneous wholesalers_____ ____
See footnotes at end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

1 ,2 1 9 . 5 1 ,2 2 8 . 4 1 ,2 2 9 .3 1, 229. 4 1 ,2 2 3 .6 1 ,1 6 4 . 9 1, 207. 8 1, 2 0 2 .9 1 ,1 5 7 .8
1 0 7 .2
1 0 5 .8
1 0 8 .7
1 0 8 .3
108. C
1 0 0 .3
1 0 8 .5
1 0 6 .4
1 0 2 .6
3 2 5 .5
3 2 5 .3
3 2 3 .6
3 2 5 .2
3 2 5 .6
3 1 5 .1
3 1 8 .2
3 2 2 .8
2 9 7 .3
3 5 3 .8

3 7 3 .2

3 7 1 .8

3 7 2 .2

3 7 5 .7

3 7 7 .2

3 5 7 .5

3 7 0 .3

3 6 9 .6

3 6 1 .5

1 1 1 .9
2 6 .5
6 7 .8
6 4 .8

1 1 4 .5
2 5 .6
7 0 .0
6 8 .7

1 1 4 .1
26. 4
7 1 .3
6 9 .1

1 1 3 .3
2 7 .4
7 0 .6
6 8 .9

1 1 1 .9
2 8 .1
7 1 .7
6 7 .3

1 0 4 .0
2 6 .9
7 0 .5
6 2 .8

1 0 9 .4
2 4 .8
7 3 .7
6 5 .2

1 0 9 .8
2 6 .9
7 0 .7
6 5 .0

1 0 7 .5
2 6 .7
6 9 .5
6 2 .7

1 4 3 .0

1 4 5 .3

1 4 4 .9

1 4 0 .0

1 3 3 .8

1 2 7 .8

1 3 3 .1

1 3 6 .4

1 2 9 .9

5 2 5 .3
1 7 3 .5
5 5 .2

5 1 2 .4
1 6 8 .1
5 4 .1

5 1 0 .9
1 6 7 .6
5 3 .8

5 0 6 .9
1 6 6 .7
5 3 .5

5 0 4 .3
1 6 6 .2
5 3 .5

5 0 8 .6
1 6 7 .4
5 3 .9

5 0 7 .1
166. 4
54. 0

5 0 4 .7
1 6 6 .7
5 3 .8

5 0 6 .1
1 6 8 .8
5 4 .7

5 0 2 .9
1 7 1 .5
5 2 .5

4 9 8 .6
1 7 1 .2
5 4 .2

4 9 9 .0
1 6 9 .9
5 4 .6

497 2
167. 5
5 3 .6

4 8 8 .7
1 6 9 .8
5 3 .0

1 2 4 .2
1 7 2 .4

121.6

121.8

1 6 8 .6

1 6 7 .7

1 2 0 .3
1 6 6 .4

1 1 8 .8
1 6 5 .8

1 1 9 .1
1 6 8 .2

1 1 8 .7
168. 0

1 1 7 .5
1 6 6 .7

1 1 7 .7
1 6 4 .9

1 1 7 .7
1 6 1 .2

1 1 4 .7
1 5 8 .5

1 1 4 .4
1 6 0 .1

1 1 5 .2
1 6 1 .0

1 1 1 .9
1 5 4 .0

6 5 1 .4
1 7 8 .4

6 4 3 .6
1 7 8 .3
2 5 .1
5 3 .5
2 5 3 .0
4 4 .3

6 4 2 .0
1 7 9 .0
2 5 .1
5 2 .9
2 5 1 .7
4 4 .4

6 3 7 .6
1 7 5 .7
2 5 .5
5 3 .0
2 5 1 .6
4 4 .0

6 3 5 .3
1 7 7 .7
2 5 .6
5 2 .0
2 4 8 .0
4 2 .9

6 3 5 .3
1 7 9 .8
2 5 .4
4 9 .9
2 4 8 .8
4 2 .8

6 3 4 .0
1 7 9 .3
25. 6
49. 2
2 4 8 .1
42. 7

6 3 0 .4
1 7 9 .9
2 5 .3
4 8 .9
2 4 5 .7
4 2 .2

6 2 5 .7
1 7 7 .6
2 5 .4
4 9 .0
2 4 4 .1
4 2 .1

6 2 1 .7
1 7 6 .3
2 5 .0
4 9 .1
2 4 0 .3
4 3 .7

6 1 7 .9
1 7 6 .4
2 4 .1
4 8 .7
2 3 8 .9
4 3 .2

6 1 6 .4
1 7 5 .5
2 4 .1
4 8 .6
2 3 9 .9
4 2 .4

filQ 6
175 8
24 9
49 1
241 8
4 1 .9

6 0 1 .4
1 6 9 .9
2 5 .9
4 7 .1
2 3 5 .8
3 9 .6

2 5 5 .1
4 6 .1

1 3 4 .4

2 5 .2

9 1 .8

8 9 .4

8 8 .9

8 7 .8

8 9 .1

8 7 .9

8 8 .6

9 8 .1

8 8 .4

8 7 .5

8 7 .3

8 6 .6

8 5 .9

8 6 .2

8 3 .2

5 6 7 .9
1 6 8 .2
1 4 2 .6
6 5 .3
3 8 .0
3 1 .7
5 6 .1

5 6 5 .9
1 6 6 .4
1 4 1 .1
6 3 .5
6 4 .5
3 6 .8
3 8 .8
5 4 .8

5 6 3 .5
1 6 6 .6
1 4 0 .5
6 3 .1
6 0 .8
3 6 .3
4 2 .6
5 3 .6

5 5 6 .5
1 6 6 .2
1 3 9 .4
6 3 .0
6 0 .4
3 6 .1
3 8 .5
5 2 .9

5 4 8 .9
1 6 5 .3
1 3 8 .6
6 2 .6
6 2 .1
3 5 .8
3 3 .7
5 0 .8

5 4 4 .3
1 6 4 .4
1 3 8 .4
6 2 .2
6 1 .7
3 5 .4
3 1 .9
5 0 .3

5 4 3 .4
1 6 5 .2
1 3 7 .7
6 2 .2
6 1 .9
3 5 .8
3 0 .8
4 9 .8

5 4 2 .9
164. 2
137. 7
6 1 .8
63. 4
3 6 .2
3 0 .1
49. 5

5 4 2 .6
1 6 3 .6
1 3 6 .1
61. 4
6 5 .1
3 6 .2
3 0 .7
49. 5

5 4 6 .8
1 6 4 .8
1 3 8 .1
6 1 .4
6 5 .2
3 6 .9
3 0 .6
4 9 .8

5 5 0 .8
1 6 7 .5
1 3 7 .6
6 1 .9
6 5 .5
3 8 .1
3 0 .3
4 9 .9

5 4 8 .3
1 6 7 .1
1 3 6 .2
6 2 .1
6 4 .6
3 8 .0
3 0 .0
5 0 .3

5 4 4 .4
1 6 5 .6
1 3 5 .7
5 7 .8
6 4 .5
3 7 .8
3 3 .0
5 0 .0

5 4 2 .4
1 6 5 .0
1 3 4 .5
6 0 .1
6 3 .6
3 6 .6
3 3 .5
4 9 .2

5 2 8 .6
1 6 5 .1
1 2 3 .1
5 9 .4
6 2 .1
3 6 .2
3 3 .7
4 9 .0

1 1 4 .5
8 6 .5
2 8 .0

1 1 0 .9
8 4 .8
2 6 .1

1 0 8 .8
8 4 .2
2 4 .6

1 0 7 .2
8 4 .1
2 3 .1

1 0 6 .7
8 4 .1

1 0 6 .7
8 4 .0
2 2 .7

1 0 8 .0
84. 6
2 3 .4

1 0 9 .3

111.0

22.6

8 4 .9
2 6 .1

1 1 2 .8
8 5 .9
2 6 .9

1 1 3 .6
8 6 .6
2 7 .0

1 1 3 .6
8 7 .1
2 6 .5

1 1 1 .8
8 6 .8
2 5 .0

1 1 0 .0
8 5 .7
2 4 .3

1 1 3 .6
8 9 .6
2 4 .0

3 9 3 .8
7 8 .7
1 4 3 .8
1 7 1 .3

3 8 6 .4
7 6 .3
1 4 2 .1
1 6 8 .0

3 8 3 .3
7 4 .4
1 4 0 .8
1 6 8 .1

3 8 0 .3
7 4 .3
141. 1
1 6 4 .9

3 7 7 .3
7 4 .1
1 4 0 .8
1 6 2 .4

3 7 8 .0
7 5 .2
1 4 1 .7
1 6 1 .1

3 7 9 .8
75. 7
141. 8
1 6 2 .3

3 7 7 .5
75. 5
140. 7
161. 3

3 7 1 .9
7 4 .7
1 3 8 .5
1 5 8 .7

3 6 8 .7
7 4 .4
1 3 6 .9
1 5 7 .4

3 6 3 .0
7 3 .7
1 3 4 .2
1 5 5 .1

3 5 4 .0
7 1 .3
1 3 2 .9
1 4 9 .8

3 5 8 .2
7 1 .1
1 3 5 .7
1 5 1 .4

3 6 0 .9
7 2 .9
1 3 5 .8
1 5 2 .1

3 3 4 .7
7 0 .9
1 2 8 .3
1 3 5 .4

3 2 0 .3
2 7 .9
2 1 3 .2
7 9 .2

3 1 5 .9
2 7 .6
2 1 0 .4
7 7 .9
3 2 .5

3 1 4 .2
2 7 .6
2 0 8 .8
7 7 .8
3 2 .9

3 1 8 .5
2 7 .9
212. 5
7 8 .1
3 4 .2

3 1 9 .6
2 8 .1
2 1 4 .0
7 7 .5
3 3 .6

3 1 3 .8
2 8 .3

211.1
7 4 .4
3 1 .6

3 1 5 .9
¿8. 5
210. 6
7 6 .8
32. 5

3 1 5 .5
2 8 .1
2 0 8 .1
7 9 .3
34. 4

3 1 0 .7
2 7 .9
2 0 4 .6
7 8 .2
3 4 .1

3 1 2 .4
2 8 .0
2 0 6 .1
7 8 .3
3 3 .8

3 1 7 .9
2 7 .6
2 1 1 .6
7 8 .7
3 3 .5

3 0 8 .3
2 7 .2
2 0 7 .4
7 3 .7
3 0 .5

3 1 0 .4
2 7 .4
2 0 7 .8
7 5 .2
3 1 .3

3 1 0 .8
2 7 .6
2 0 7 .7
7 5 .5
3 2 .5

3 0 6 .3
2 7 .5
2 0 4 .8
7 4 .0
3 2 .8

7 7 .0
3 8 .6
9 0 3 .0
6 7 .0
1 5 .5
7 2 2 .9
6 0 8 .6
2 2 .5
8 9 .6
5 4 0 .1
2 1 5 .5
1 3 3 .7
1 5 7 .4
3 3 .5

7 7 .6
3 7 .8
8 8 6 .9

7 8 .2
3 7 .2
8 8 3 .0

7 8 .2
3 7 .1
8 7 4 .8
6 7 .8
1 5 .6
7 0 7 .3
5 9 5 .0
2 1 .9
8 8 .3
5 3 5 .8
2 1 2 .9
1 3 4 .1
1 5 6 .2
3 2 .6

7 8 .3
3 7 .9
8 6 6 .3
6 9 .0
1 5 .7
7 0 4 .1
5 9 2 .4
2 1 .7
8 7 .9
5 3 6 .9
2 1 2 .9
1 3 4 .6
1 5 6 .4
3 3 .0

7 8 .6
3 8 .2
9 0 5 .6
7 4 .6
1 5 .8
7 0 7 .4
5 9 4 .2
2 1 .9
8 9 .2
5 3 9 .0
2 1 3 .4
1 3 5 .5
1 5 7 .0
3 3 .1

7 8 .8
3 7 .8
9 1 3 .0
7 9 .2
1 5 .8
7 0 5 .4
5 9 2 .8
2 1 .6
8 8 .9
5 3 6 .3
2 1 0 .4
1 3 5 .7
1 5 7 .1
3 3 .1

7 8 .9
3 8 .7
9 1 7 .0
7 7 .9
1 5 .9
7 0 4 .9
5 9 1 .7
2 1 .6
8 9 .6
540. 5
2 1 3 .5
1 3 6 .1
1 5 7 .9
3 3 .0

7 9 .2
4 0 .0
9 1 4 .2
7 1 .7
1 6 .3
7 0 7 .5
5 9 4 .0
2 1 .7
8 9 .8
5 4 9 .1
2 1 7 .0
1 3 8 .3
1 6 0 .3
3 3 .5

7 8 .3
4 0 .4
8 9 9 .2
6 6 .5
1 6 .8
7 1 8 .1
6 0 5 .8
2 1 .6
8 8 .7
558. 5
2 1 9 .9
1 4 2 .0
1 6 2 .6
3 4 .0

7 8 .5
4 0 .3
9 0 0 .9
6 7 .8
1 6 .8
7 1 6 .7
6 0 5 .2
2 1 .8
8 7 .7
5 5 2 .7
2 1 9 .9
1 3 7 .4
1 6 1 .3
3 4 .1

7 8 .9
3 9 .2
8 9 2 .8
6 8 .1
1 6 .8
7 0 2 .1
5 9 1 .3
2 1 .8
8 7 .0
5 4 6 .7
2 1 7 .1
1 3 7 .5
1 5 8 .4
3 3 .7

7 8 .9
3 8 .4
8 7 9 .3
7 0 .6
1 6 .3
6 9 9 .6
5 8 8 .2
2 1 .8
8 7 .6
5 3 9 .9
2 1 3 .6
1 3 5 .8
1 5 7 .5
3 3 .0

7 9 .7
3 8 .7
8 3 7 .3
7 2 .4
1 6 .9
6 7 4 .5
5 6 5 .9
2 2 .7
8 4 .1
5 3 4 .2
2 1 1 .4
1 3 4 .5
1 5 5 .5
3 2 .8

66.0

66.1

68.1

1 5 .5
7 1 8 .0
6 0 4 .2

1 5 .5
7 1 2 .4
5 9 9 .7

22.1
8 9 .6
5 3 9 .7
2 1 5 .1
1 3 4 .1
1 5 7 .2
3 3 .3

22.0
88.6
5 3 7 .4
2 1 3 .8
1 3 4 .0
1 5 6 .6
3 3 .0

1 1 ,6 6 9 1 1 ,5 1 4 1 1 ,4 7 6 1 1 ,3 0 6 1 1 ,2 3 1 1 1 ,3 2 5 1 2 ,2 5 1 1 1 ,5 8 0 1 1 ,3 6 4 1 1 ,2 7 8 1 1 ,2 2 0 1 1 ,2 2 7 1 1 ,2 4 6 11, 240 1 0 ,8 4 5
2 ,8 6 4
2 ,7 9 3
2 ,7 9 7
2 ,8 4 1
2 ,8 0 9
2 ,8 0 2
2 ,8 0 8
2 ,7 9 5
2 ,8 2 5
2 ,8 1 8
2 ,8 0 7
2 , 7Ó5
2 ,7 7 8
2 ,8 2 1
2 ,7 7 1
2 1 4 .6
1 6 5 .8
1 1 6 .7
4 2 5 .0
2 2 3 .2
1 3 1 .2
5 0 1 .9
9 6 6 .3

2 1 3 .7
1 6 5 .2
1 1 5 .6
4 2 2 .2
2 2 3 .3
1 3 1 .1
5 0 0 .6
9 6 5 .0

2 1 3 .3
1 6 5 .4
1 1 6 .5
4 2 2 .9

212.6

221.8

220.8

1 3 0 .5
4 9 5 .9
9 6 1 .3

1 3 0 .6
4 9 1 .7
9 5 9 .8

1 6 4 .9
1 1 5 .5
4 2 3 .2

2 1 3 .5
1 6 4 .8
1 1 3 .0
4 3 2 .0
2 1 8 .6
1 3 0 .2
4 8 8 .2
9 5 6 .4

2 1 4 .2
1 6 8 .1
1 1 4 .9
4 4 3 .8
2 1 9 .5
1 3 1 .0
4 8 7 .4
9 7 1 .0

2 1 3 .5
1 6 5 .8
1 1 5 .0
4 4 5 .4
2 1 6 .5
1 3 0 .8
4 8 5 .9
9 6 7 .0

2 1 2 .5
1 6 4 .6
1 1 4 .1
4 4 7 .6
2 1 4 .9
1 2 9 .9
4 8 5 .0
9 6 4 .2

2 1 2 .2
1 6 3 .8
1 1 3 .3
4 4 3 .5
2 1 7 .1
1 2 9 .6
4 8 6 .2
9 6 0 .6

2 1 4 .2
1 6 3 .5
1 1 4 .3
4 3 6 .4
2 2 0 .8
1 3 0 .2
4 8 7 .5
9 6 6 .5

2 1 3 .1
1 6 2 .8
1 1 3 .3
4 4 9 .0
2 1 9 .3
1 2 9 .7
4 8 7 .4
9 5 9 .5

2 1 1 .4
1 6 1 .8
1 1 2 .1
4 4 8 .9
2 1 6 .2
1 2 8 .3
4 8 1 .8
9 4 9 .3

2 1 0 .9
1 6 2 .6
1 1 2 .2
4 3 5 .7
2 1 4 .1
1 2 7 .8
4 7 9 .0
9 4 9 .8

2 0 5 .5
1 5 8 .6
1 0 9 .7
4 3 5 .0
2 0 3 .5
1 2 5 .1
4 6 2 .4
9 1 8 .3

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, AUGUST 1966

922
T a b l e A -3 .

Production or nonsupervisory workers in nonagricultural establishments, by
industry 1—Continued
Revised series; see box below.

[in thousands]

Annual
average

1965

1966
Industry
June 2 M a y 2 Apr.

Wholesale and retail trade—Continued

Retail tra d e 4---- ___— 8,805
General merchandise stores____ ___ __
__ ___
Department stores__
Mail order houses.
Limited price variety stores . Food stores__
__
Grocery, meat, and vegetable stores__
Apparel and accessories stores__
M en’s and boys’ apparel stores______
Women’s ready-to-wear stores___
Family clothing stores__
__ _
Shoe stores
Furniture and appliance stores__
Furniture and borne furnishines____
Fating and drinking places__
Other retail trade
Building materials and hardware___
Motor vehicle dealers
Other vehicle and accessory dealers___
Drug stores
...
_
Fuel and ice dealers
__

Finance, insurance, real estate 5__ ..

Ranking
Ored it agencies other than banks __
Ravings and loan associations___
Reourity dealers and exchanges _
Insurance carriers
___
Fife insurance
Accident and health insurance
Fire, marine, and casualty insurance-.-

2,504

Mar.

Jan.

Feb.

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

July

June

1965

1964

8,706 8,674 8,511 8, 438 8,528 9,410 8, 755 8,543 8,469 8,402 8,420 8,468 8,468 8,140
1,721.1 1,721.6 1,683. 0 1,663.0 1,751.1 2,321.6 1,901. 0 1,749.8 1,683. 0 1,634.4 1,626. 0 1,641. 3 1,715.6 1,611.6
1,084.3 1, 077.6 1, 055. 3 1,042.1 1,102. 4 1,478. 9 1,189. 2 1,089.3 1,042.2 1,016.0 1,013.3 1,021.9 1,070. 0 996.5
105.0 106.9 108. 7 110.9 122.7 155.5 140.9 122.5 111.0 105.0 102.1 101.4 112.2 101.3
290.6 297.3 287. 8 279.6 291.8 391.7 320.5 293.7 286.8 275.7 273.5 279.7 293.9 285.4
1,431.3 1,423.8 1,424. 4 1,417.5 1,409.1 1,431.0 1,400. 5 1,385.7 1,362.3 1,343.8 1,359.3 1,362. 9 1,368.5 1,321.4
1,271.9 1,263.5 1,266. 4 1,257.2 1, 253.0 1,262.7 1, 239.9 1,227.9 1, 205. 4 1,189.1 1,201.4 1,201.9 1, 208. 7 1,162.1
569.9 587.7 551. 5 543.7 565.1 697.7 584.9 566.9 559.3 537.6 534.3 559.1 568.7 555.2
90.5
91.2
93.7
95.9
94. 7 93.1
91.0
99.6
97.4
95. 7 98.7 103.3 129.1
97.8
208.4 208.3 201. 4 197.2 204.7 248.9 214.2 209.8 205.3 200.1 196.0 203.8 208.5 207.6
95.2
96.1
97.0
89.4
90.3
98.3
91.9
90.5
93.8
95.1 124.5
90.4
92.6
92.9
107.9 124.2 102. 0 97.7 101.6 122.3 106.2 104.1 107.3 100.0 100.0 103.6 105.4 101.8
368.0 367. 0 367.6 366.9 368.2 387.1 373.3 367.7 363.5 360.9 359.5 358.8 362.6 349.8
237.4 236.6 236.5 236.1 237.3 251.3 241.6 237.4 235.4 233.8 232.8 233.6 234.9 226.0
1.856.8 1,820.9 1, 772. 8 1,744.6 1,728.3 1,765.8 1, 768.1 1,777.5 1,809. 7 1,824. 4 1,830. 2 1,835.8 1,769. 0 1,711.3
2.758.9 2,753.2 2, 712. 0 2,702.1 2,706.1 2,806. 7 2, 727. 2 2, 695. 8 2,691. 5 2,701.0 2,711.0 2,709. 6 2, 684. 0 2,590.6
476.3 473.2 461.0 452.1 457.5 472.3 473.2 471.7 474.9 486.5 486.8 478.7 466.4 460.2
635.8 637.9 638.9 637.5 637.4 637.0 634.6 631.8 628.4 630.7 632.7 628.5 625.2 596.3
161.3 158. 3 152. 8 151.0 154.3 164.9 160.4 154.7 151.2 155.5 156.5 157.1 153.6 144.1
381.2 380.5 377.3 376.5 379.4 400.2 379.8 373.2 369.6 365.6 369.0 368.4 370.7 356.1
95.4
95.5
88.6
89.9
97.4
94.4
89.0
90.1
94.6
99. 4 103.7 103.4 101.8
90.7
2,471
664.9
266.9
74.4
123.0
645.3
274.4
51.7
281.5

2,458
664.5
267.5
75.9
121.4
645.0
275.4
50.8
281.1

2,448
662. 3
268. 5
76. 0
120.4
645. 5
275.4
50.2
282.2

2,429
659.5
267.6
76.2
117.7
643.0
275.2
49.4
280.5

2,425
658.6
269.2
77.3
115.0
642.0
275.1
48.9
279.9

2,446
662.1
269.8
77.2
115.6
645.8
277.0
48.8
281.1

2,445
660.0
268.3
76.8
114.6
645.3
276.7
48.5
281.3

2,451

658.9
268.6
77.4
113.8
645.5
277.3
48.5
280.8

2,457
660.9
267.6
77.2
113.3
649.0
278.7
48.8
281.9

2,490
669.6
269.7
78.5
115.1
656.7
282.4
49.2
284.9

2,488
668.0
270.5
79.7
115.9
652.2
279.4
49.0
283.8

2,456
657. 7
266.8
77.8
113.8
643.3
276.5
48.4
279.2

2,437
656. 0
266.1
77.6
113.6
644.2
277.6
48.2
279.6

2,390
644.2
255. 0
77.6
111.6
641.5
282.0
47.5
274.1

Services and miscellaneous:

Hotels and lodging places:
Hotels tourist courts, and motels
Personal services:
Laundries, cleaning and dyeing plants *.
Motion pictures:
Motion picture filming and distribution.-_*._________________________

615.0

590.6

568.5

564.2

550.5

556. 2

558.7

574.4

602.7

637.7

632.5

604.0

573.8

539.1

493.8

488.2

483.0

478.7

480.7

484.2

486.8

488.7

486.7

488.1

494.4

494.8

484.4

472.7

28.2

28.0

29.0

29.2

31.7

34.6

31.8

31.7

31.4

32.1

32.0

29.1

29.8

27.0

1 For comparability of data with those published in issues prior to January
1966, and coverage of these series, see footnote 1, table A-2.
For mining and manufacturing data, refer to production and related
workers; for contract construction, to construction workers; and for all other
industries, to nonsupervisory workers.
Production and related workers include working foremen and all nonsuper­
visory workers (including leadmen and trainees) engaged in fabricating,
processing, assembling, inspection, receiving, storage, handling, packing,
warehousing, shipping, maintenance, repair, janitorial, and watchmen
services, product development, auxiliary production for plant’s own use
(e.g., powerplant), and recordkeeping and other services closely associated
with the above production operations.
Construction workers include working foremen, journeymen, mechanics,
apprentices, laborers, etc., engaged in new work, alterations, demolition,

repair, and maintenance, etc., at the site of construction or working in shop
or yards at jobs (such as precutting and preassembling) ordinarily performed
by members of the construction trades.
Nonsupervisory workers include employees (not above the working super visory level) such as office and clerical workers, repairmen, salespersons,
operators, drivers, attendants, service employees, linemen, laborers, janitors ,
watchmen, and similar occupational levels, and other employees whose
services are closely associated with those of the employees listed.
2 Preliminary.
5 Data relate to nonsupervisory employees except messengers.
4 Beginning January 1964, data include eating and drinking places.
5 Beginning January 1964, nonoffice salesmen excluded from nonsuper­
visory count for all series in this division.
* Beginning January 1964, data relate to nonsupervisory workers and are
not comparable with the production worker levels of prior years.

Caution
The revised series on employment, hours, and earnings, and labor turnover in non­
agricultural establishments should not be compared with those published in issues prior
to January 1966. (See footnote 1, table A-2, and “BLS Establishment Employment
Estimates Revised to March 1964 Benchmark Levels” appearing in the December 1965
issue of E m p lo ym en t an d E arnings. Moreover, when the figures are again adjusted
to new benchmarks, the data presented in this issue should not be compared with those
in later issues which reflect the adjustments.
Comparable data for earlier periods are published in E m p lo y m e n t an d E arnings
S ta tis tic s for th e U n ited S ta te s , 1909-65 (BLS Bulletin 1312-3), which is available at
depository libraries or which may be purchased from the Superintendent of Documents
for $4.25 a copy. For an individual industry, earlier data may be obtained upon request
to the Bureau.


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

m

A.—EMPLOYMENT
T able

A-4.

Employees in nonagricultural establishments, by industry division and selected groups,
seasonally adjusted 1
Revised series; see box, p. 922.

[in thousands]
1966

1965

Industry division and group
Ju n e 2 M a y 2 Apr.

.

______

.

Contract construction_____
Manufacturing___

....

Nondurable goods... .
Food and kindred products .
Tobacco manufactures
Textile mill products . .
Apparel and related products.
Paper and allied products. ..
Printing, publishing, and allied industries .
Chemicals and allied products
Petroleum refining and related industries
.Rubber and miscellaneous plastic products
Leather and leather products
Transportation and public utilities

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

627

622

617

3,267

3,202

3,186

Finance, insurance, and real estate___
. . . ___

624

591

632

631

632

630

3,275

3,370

3,462

3,374

3,383

3,386

9,303

Government_____
Federal. _____ ______ _________ .
State and lo cal... _____ ____ ____ _______
1 For coverage of the series, see footnote
Preliminary.

630
3,332

Sept.

62T
3,189

633

626

3,154

3,195

4,128 4,123 4,112 4,107 4,104 4,090 4,079 4,079 4,071 4,067 4,049 4,031 4,034
13,060 13, 016 13,004 13, 015 12,942 12, 909 12,822 12,754 12,684 12, 641 12, 600 12,619 12, 580
3,384 3,361 3,358 3,349 3,336 3,323 3,309 3,300 3,288 3,281 3; 273 3; 281 3', 272
9,676 9, 655 9, 646 9,666 9,606 9,586 9,513 9,454 9,396 9,360 9,327 9,338 9; 308
3,115 3,105 3,101 3,100 3,082 3,080 3,082 3,074 3,069 3,061 3, 053 3,049 3,041

Wholesale and retail trade
Wholesale trade.
Retail trade.

T a b l e A —5.

Jan.

19, 047 18,939 18,860 18, 780 18,691 18, 522 18,429 18,321 18,163 18,098 18,072 18,032 17,943
11,180 11,109 11,056 10, 996 10,919 10,805 10,707 10,615 10,523 10, 494 10,476 10,424 10,345
271
267
255
261
257
243
250
243
244
242
239
234
7236
616
630
619
628
636
633
623
613
605
601
603
602
601
456
456
448
451
442
451
447
432
435
430
427
430
428
635
634
640
640
643
644
636
624
627
622
618
612
618
1,328 1,310 1,303 1,294 1,288 1, 283 1,274 1,269 1,284 1,308 1,318 1,317 1,306
1,339 1,331 1,335 1,334 1,327 1,314 1,300 1,294 1,274 1,269 L 263 1,269 1, 259
1,847 1,826 1, 809 1,800 1,798 1,783 1,771 1,768 1,745 1,736 1,728 L 728 l ' 707
1,927 1,898 1,880 1,843 1,826 1,794 1,769 1,741 1,722 Í, 697 L 683 1, 677 1 665
1,893 1, 900 1,890 1,884 1,860 1,822 1,805 1,790 1,767 L 771 1, 781 1 740 1 735
425
422
410
416
414
405
398
392
394
’ 383
389
390
388
443
446
437
443
440
446
430
440
435
428
428
418
415
7,867 7,830 7,804 7,784 7,772 7, 717 7,722 7,706 7,640 7, 604 7, 596 7, 608 7,598
1,718 1,727 1,738 1,748 1,749 1,743 1,745 1,761 1,733 i; 717 1, 723 1, 733 1,728
85
83
84
82
84
84
83
81
81
79
80
87
86
951
950
947
943
946
939
937
928
933
924
921
921
916
1,431 1,412 1,392 1,384 1,383 1,355 1,377 1,369 1,362 1,356 1,345 1,343 1,367
667
661
659
658
654
659
650
643
646
640
' 641
' 637
634
1,023 1,015 1, 013 1,003 1,004
992
998
984
990
980
981
981
975
944
937
927
931
931
922
918
914
909
910
911
908
900
179
178
176
176
177
175
178
177
178
179
179
179
177
506
499
496
487
491
485
483
477
469
465
466
464
463
363
368
363
368
363
361
358
354
357
354
353
351
352

Durable goods. _____ ____
Ordnance and accessories.. .
Lumber and wood products, except furniture
Furniture and fixtures..
Stone, clay, and glass products
Primary metal industries__ _
Fabricated metal products
Machinery..
Electrical equipment and supplies
Transportation equipm ent.
Instruments and related products
Miscellaneous manufacturing industries

Service and miscellaneous...

Feb.

Aug. July June
63,384 63,060 62, 935 62, 918 62,501 62,148 61,884 61,472 61,001 60,756 60,621 60, 501 60,290

Total___________________
Mining_____

Mar.

1,

table A

9,283

9,261

9,251

9,205

9,142

9,128

9,081

9,019

8,967

8,946

8,929

8,857

10, 769 10,695 10, 636 10, 571 10,472 10,390 10,328 10,269 10,171 10,119 10,085 10, 054 10, 014
2,546 2, 521 2,501 2,477 2,451 2,425 2,395 2,400 2,386 2,379 2,379 2,376 2,355
8,223 8,174 8,135 8,094 8,021 7,965 7,933 7,869 7,785 7,740 7, 706 7; 678 7; 659
N o t e : The seasonal adjustment method used is described in “New Seasonai Adjustment Factors for Labor Force Components,” Monthly Labor
Review, August 1960, pp. 822-827.

2.

P ro d u ctio n w ork ers in m a n u fa c tu rin g in d u strie s, b y m a jo r in d u str y g rou p , se a so n a lly
a d ju ste d 1
[in thousands]
Revised series; see box, p. 922.
1966

1965

Major industry group
Ju n e2 M a y 2 Apr.
Manufacturing___ _________ ____ ___

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

14,187 14, 105 14,054 14,003 13,937 13,801

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

July

June

13,731 13, 647 13,507 13, 457 13,440 13, 405 13,340

Durable goods. ________ _______________
Ordnance and accessories ____________________ .
Lumber and wood products, except furniture . _
Furniture and fixtures. __________________
_____
Stone, clay, and glass products____
Primary metal industries ____ _
Fabricated metal products. .
___ . _ _
Machinery . .
_____
... . .
Electrical equipment and supplies . _
Transportation eq u ip m en t...
....
Instruments and related products_____
Miscellaneous manufacturing industries.. . . .

8,294
129
539
379
509
1,083
1,042
1,298
1,338
1,351
273
353

8, 247
127
542
379
509
1, 066
1, 038
1, 283
1, 320
1, 354
272
357

8,214
123
550
374
516
1,062
1,041
1,270
1,306
1,348
269
355

8,177
121
558
375
518
1,055
1,040
1,264
1,278
1,348
267
353

8,122
118
553
373
516
1,050
1,036
1,262
1,260
1,330
265
350

8,027
113
556
370
520
1,045
1,024
1,252
1,244
1,297
261
345

7,955
107
547
368
512
1,035
1,012
1,244
1,225
1,290
256
359

7,878
108
538
362
503
1,031
1,006
1,242
L 199
1,282
254
353

7,798
107
530
358
500
1,046
987
1,224
1,182
1,263
' 252
349

7,781
105
527
357
500
1,068
' 983
1,218
li 163
1,267
'251
342

7,769
104
530
354
495
1,079
'977
1,208
L 152
1,280
' 248
342

7,721
' 102
528
357
495
1,077
'983
1,208
li 149
1,238
' 250
334

7,662
' 100
527
356
490
1,068
973
1,192
l' 142
1,237
' 245
332

Nondurable go o d s__ __ ___________ _
Food and kindred products . . . .
Tobacco manufactures
__
........
Textile mill products . _ ____ . . . . .
Apparel and related products. ___________
Paper and allied products____________ .
Printing, publishing, and allied industries.... .
Chemicals and allied products . .
___
Petroleum refining and related industries. .
Rubber and miscellaneous plastic products____
Leather and leather products___________

5,893
1,132
72
849
1,278
520
651
565
113
395
318

5, 858
1, 140
71
848
1, 256
515
646
560
111
388
323

5, 840
1,150
72
846
1,238
515
643
556
110
387
323

5,826
1,161
72
844
1,229
513
640
556
109
383
319

5,815
1,161
70
842
1,229
512
639
554
110
379
319

5,774
1,155
71
840
1,203
510
637
551
110
380
317

5,776
1,156
72
837
1,225
507
629
548
110
378
314

5,769
1,174
69
834
1,216
503
630
547
110
372
314

5,709
li 144
70
828
1,212
500
625
544
110
365
311

5, 676
1,129
68
825
1,205
499
621
546
111
362
310

5, 671
1,135
68
823
1,195
497
622
548
110
363
310

5, 684
li 141
75
822
1,196
500
622
548
111
361
308

5,678
i; 134
75
818
1, 221
494
616
542
110
359
309

For definition of production workers, see footnote 1, table A-3.
Preliminary.


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

N o t e : The seasonal adjustment method used is described in “New Seasonal Adjustment Factors for Labor Force Components.” Monthly Labor
Review, August 1960, pp. 822-827.

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, AUGUST 1966

924
T able

A-6. Unemployment insurance and employment service program operations 1
[All items except average benefit amounts are in thousands]
1965

1966
Item

Employment service:2
New applications for work.
Nonfarm placements_____

Mar.

Apr.

May

906
568

806
533

Feb.

850
547

Dec.

Jan.

852
460

905
452

Oct.

Nov.

707
462

795
531

Sept.

806
611

Aug.

857
644

June

July

883
603

945
554

May

1,410
610

890
573

State unemployment insurance programs:
1,078
870
976
763
1,285
760
1,004
791
769
985
1,399
665
693
Initial claims 34_____________________
Insured unem ploym ent3(average weekly
1,132
1,059
1,102
959
1,179
1,033
916
1, 307
1,590
1,301
1,644
862
1,044
volume) 6_________________________
2.2
2.6
2.5
2.4
2.7
3.0
2.3
2.0
2.9
3.6
3.7
1.9
2.3
Rate of insured unem ploym ent7______
4,101
3,965
4,142
4,450
3,669
4, 555
3,129
3,495
5,852
5,653
3,385
4,098
5,587
Weeks of unemployment compensated__
Average weekly benefit amount for total
$38.86 $39.38 $39.83 $39. 66 $39.36 $38.81 $38. 08 $37.32 $37.23 $36.58 $36. 40 $36.07 $36.40
unemployment____________________
$126,149 $155,494 $225,472 $217,171 $212,659 $172,110 $132,158 $117, 784 $138, 580 $148,021 $149, 495 $156,276 $165,717
Total benefits paid___________ _____
Unemployment compensation for ex-service­
men: 8 8
Initial claims 36_____________________
Insured unemployment8 (average weekly
volume)________________ _______
Weeks of unemployment compensated . . .
Total benefits paid_______ ______

12

13

17

18

20

20

18

16

19

25

26

22

17

33
119
$4,461

30
134
$5,241

33
142
$5,339

18
76
$2,936

22
92
$3,558

27
121
$4,620

31
120
$4,572

32
126
$4,816

29
111
$4, 278

25
94
$3,654

24
95
$3,712

28
120
$4,637

33
135
$5,197

7

7

8

11

19

12

10

10

9

9

12

10

8

21
87
$3, 691

22
79
$3,182

20
91
$4,008

22
92
$3,919

Unemployment compensation for Federal
c i v i l i a n e m p l o y e e s : 810

Initial claims 3______________________
Insured unem ploym ent8(average weekly
volume)__________________________
Total benefits paid_
Railroad unemployment insurance:
Applications 11______________________
Insured unemployment (average weekly
volume)__________________________
Number of payments 12---------------------Average amount of benefit payment 13_._
Total benefits paid 14------------------------All programs: 18
Insured unemployment A

18
78
$3,217

21
92
$3, 718

26
118
$4,717

29
109
$4,319

23
94
$3,740

21
82
$3,336

20
74
$3,141

19
79
$3,338

42

6

5

4

11

14

9

7

11

10

30

19

5

18
77
$50.55
$3,750

23
53
$69.79
$3,606

26
69
$77.68
$5,154

28
54
$79.10
$4,148

30
68
$77. 32
$5,092

28
66
$71.04
$4,587

25
52
$75. 8f
$3,840

22
50
$74. 20
$3,550

24
52
$74.03
$3,746

22
52
$76.09
$3,793

24
48
$75.15
$3,494

21
53
$73.39
$3,794

26
62
$71.27
$4,264

916

1,112

1,381

1,679

1,739

1,394

1,123

1,013

1,067

1,218

1,255

1,182

1,316

1 Includes data for Puerto Rico beginning January 1961 when the Common­
wealth’s program became part of the Federal-State UI system.
2 Includes Guam and the Virgin Islands.
3 Initial claims are notices filed by workers to indicate they are starting
periods of unemployment. Excludes transitions claims under State programs.
4 Includes interstate claims for the Virgin Islands.
8 Number of workers reporting the completion of at least 1 week of unem­
ployment.
8 Initial claims and State insured unemployment include data under the
program for Puerto Rican sugarcane workers.
7 The rate is the number of insured unemployed expressed as a percent of
the average covered employment in a 12-month period.
8 Excludes data on claims and payments made jointly with other programs.
8 Includes the Virgin Islands.
18 Excludes data on claims and payments made jointly with State programs.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

29
100
$3,973

11 An application for benefits is filed by a railroad worker at the beginning
of his first period of unemployment in a benefit year; no application is re­
quired for subsequent periods in the same year.
72 Payments are for unemployment in 14-day registration periods.
13 The average amount is an average for all compensable periods, not ad­
justed for recovery of overpayments or settlement of underpayments.
14Adjusted for recovery of overpayments and settlement of underpayments.
78 Represents an unduplicated count of insured unemployment under the
State, Ex-servicemen and U C FE programs and the Railroad Unemployment
Insurance Act.
S o u r c e : U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Employment Security for
all items except railroad unemployment insurance which is prepared by the
U.S. Railroad Retirement Board.

B.—LABOR TURNOVER

925

B.—Labor Turnover
T able

B -l.

Labor turnover rates, by major industry group 1
Revised series; see box, p. 922.

[Per 100 employees]
1966

1965

Annual
average

Major industry group
May 2 Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

July

4.5

May

1965

5.6
/. K

4.1
À1

4.3

4. 0
3. 7
2 0

June

1964

Accessions: Total
Manufacturing:
Actual________
___________
Seasonally adjusted____ _ ____ ____
Durable goods__________
_____ . .
Ordnance and accessories___________
Lumber and wood products, except
furniture_______ _ _ ______ _ _
Furniture and fixtures______________
Stone, clay, and glass products..- ___
Primary metal industries... . ____
Fabricated metal p ro d u c ts .___ . _
Machinery__ . . . . . .
_ ____ . _
Electrical equipment and supplies. . . .
Transportation equipment______ . . .
Instruments and related products____
Miscellaneous manufacturing Industries____________________________
Nondurable goods_______ _ ____ .
Food and kindred products_________
Tobacco manufactures.. _____ _ _ _.
Textile mill products......... _ ____
Apparel and related products________
Paper and allied products____ ______
Printing, publishing, and allied Industries______ . . .
__ _. _
Chemicals and allied products______
Petroleum refining and related Industries___ _____________ __________
Rubber and miscellaneous plastic
products.. ____________________
Leather and leather products________
N onmanufacturing:
Metal m ining.. ___ _ _____
C oalm ining_____ ____ _ __ _____

5.0
4.9

4.6
4.8

4.9
5.2

4.2
4.8

4.6
k. 9

3.1
J,. 9

6 0

4.5
4.

5.5
4./)

5.4
/, P

4.7
3.7

4.6
3.7

4.9
3.9

4.2
3.5

4.7
3.5

3.1
2.1

3.9
2.9

4.2
3.5

5.3
3.7

5.1
4.2

4.0

5.3

3. 6

4.1

3.9
2. 8

4.1
3.0

8.5
6.8
5.1
3.7
5.4
3.8
4.6
4.1
4.0

8.8
6.3
5.5
3.4
5.0
3.6
4.3
4.2
3.4

7.2
6.5
5.7
3.9
5.2
3.8
4.7
5.4
3.8

5.9
5.6
3.8
3.5
4.6
3.5
4.2
4.3
3.5

6.0
5.7
4.0
4.0
5.0
3.9
4.6
5.4
3.6

3.7
3.7
2.4
2.7
3.2
2.7
3.4
3.5
2.5

4.8
5.3
2.8
3.0
4.3
3.4
4.2
4.1
2.9

5.4
6.2
3.4
2.5
4.9
3.3
4.6
4.7
3.2

6.7
6.9
4.2
2.9
6.0
3.8
5.1
7.9
3.8

6.1
7.3
3.9
3.0
5.7
3.5
4.8
7.2
4.1

5 .9
5 .5
4.1
2.7
4.4
3.1
3.4
4.2
3. 5

8.4
5. 8
5.7
4.5
5 .9
4 .6
4 .6
5.3
4 .6

7.2
5.1
4.6
2.8
4.3
3.0
3.4
4.0
2.9

6.0
5.4
4. 0
2. 9
4.6
3.3
3.9
4.7
3.2

6.5

6.9

6.9

6.5

6.9

3.3

4.7

6.3

8.1

8.5

7.7

7.3

5.7

6.4

5.7

5.3
6.7
3.8
5.5
6.8
4.3

4.7
5.7
3.0
5.5
5.6
3.7

4.8
5.5
4.2
5.3
5.8
3.9

4.2
4.6
4.4
4.4
5.8
3.2

4.4
4.4
4.9
4.6
6.4
3.2

3.0
3.4
7.4
3.1
3.7
2.3

4.0
5.1
4.1
4.0
4.9
2.9

4.8
6.8
4.7
4.6
5.7
3.4

5.8
9.0
9.1
5.3
6.1
4.0

5.9
9.4
18.1
5.2
6.6
3.7

5 .4
8 .1
7.9
4.4
7.5
3.1

6.1

8.6
4.4
5.0
7.0
5.3

4.4
6.1
3.5
4.4
5.9
3.0

4.6
6.2
5.9
4.4
5.8
3.2

4. 3
6.1
6.7
3.8
5 .5
2.8

3.8
3.0

3.4
2.8

3.5
3.4

3.2
2.6

3.2
2.5

2.5
1.7

3.0
2.0

3.4
2.1

4.2
2.6

3.5
2.3

3. 2
2. 2

4.5
4.0

2.9
2.4

3.2
2.4

3.1
2.1

2.5

2.4

1.9

1.5

1.9

1.3

1.3

1.6

1.9

1.8

1.9

3.7

1.9

1.8

1.6

5.5
6.1

4.9
5.5

5.2
6.0

4.4
6.1

4.7
7.1

3.1
4.4

4.4
5.5

4.9
5.5

5.4
5.7

5.2
6.0

4 .6
6.7

5.6
6.4

4.1
5.4

4.4
5.4

3.9
5 .1

3.6
1.7

3.4
1.7

2.9
1.7

2.9
1.4

3.4
1.8

2.5
1.1

2.8
1.5

2.6
1.8

3.2
1.8

4.0
2.1

3.1
2. 3

5.8
2.0

3.3
1.8

3.2
1.7

3.2
1.7

3.9

5.3

48
3.8
30
4.2

30
3 .3
41
2.8

Accessions: New hires
Manufacturing:
A ctual.. . ______________________
Seasonally adjusted__________
_ ____ _ _____
Durable goods_____
Ordnance and accessories____
___
Lumber and wood products, except
furniture__ . . __ _______ _____
Furniture and fixtures.. .
_______
Stone, clay, and glass products__ ____
Primary metal industries. .. ______
Fabricated metal products. ___ . . .
Machinery ___________ .
Electrical equipment and supplies____
Transportation equipment _____
Instrum ents and related products____
Miscellaneous manufacturing industries________
____ _______
Nondurable goods_____ _ _
Food and kindred products___
Tobacco manufactures___ _ _
Textile mill products____ _ ___
Apparel and related products___
Paper and allied products... _ _
Printing, publishing, and allied industries___________________________
Chemicals and allied products_______
Petroleum refining and related industries________ _ _ . . . . ..
Rubber and miscellaneous plastic
products_____ ________ _ ____
Leather and leather products__ _ . . .
N onmanufacturing:
Metal mining____ ______
Coal m in in g .__ ______ ______
See footnotes at end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

4.0
3.9

3.6
3.9

3.7
4.3

3.1
3. 9

3.2
S.9

2.2
4.0

2.9
3.7

3.5
33

4.0
3 1

3.9

3.2

P3

4.3
3 1

3.0

3.1

2 .6

P 9

3.9
2.7

3.7
2.9

3.8
3.0

3.2
2.8

3.3
2.8

2.2
1.3

2.9
1.8

3. 4
2.1

3.8
2 .3

3.5
2.8

2.8
2 .3

4.2
2.7

2.9
1.6

3.0
1.8

2.4
1.1

7.4
6.2
4.2
3.1
4.7
3.4
3.9
2.8
3.6

7.0
5.6
4.1
2.7
4.1
3.1
3.5
3.0
3.1

6.0
5.8
3.8
2.7
4.2
3.2
3.9
3.3
3.3

4.5
4.9
2.6
2.1
3.6
3.0
3.4
3.0
3.0

4.4
4.9
2.5
2.0
3.7
3.3
3.6
3.2
3.1

3.0
3.3
1.5
1.3
2.4
2.1
2.7
2.2
2.1

4.2
4.6
2.1
1.6
3.4
2.6
3.3
2.8
2.5

4.8
5. 4
2. 8
1.6
4 .0
2.7
3.7
3.5
2. 8

5 .9
6. 3
3. 4
2.0
4.7
3.0
3.8
3. 9
3. 2

5.4
6.5
3.1
2.0
4.1
2.6
3.5
3.0
3.3

4.9
4.7
3.1
1.9
3.2
2. 2
2.5
2.6
2. 6

7 .3
5.0
4. 5
3.7
4.7
3. 8
3.5
3.6
3.9

5.6
4.4
3.3
2.0
3.3
2.3
2.4
2.6
2.2

4.7
4.7
2.7
2.0
3.5
2.6
2.9
2.8
2.6

4.1
3. 9
2. 4
1.8
2 .9
2. 2
2.1
2.2
1.9

P9

5.0

5.3

5.0

4.3

4.1

2.5

3.9

5.3

6.8

7.0

4. 5

5.3

4.0

4.5

3. 8

4.1
4.8
2.3
4.6
4.6
3.8

3.6
3.9
1.8
4.5
4.1
3.2

3.6
3.4
1.9
4.2
4.4
3.3

3.0
2.8
1.8
3.4
3.7
2.6

3.0
2.7
1.9
3.4
4.0
2.6

2.1
2.1
4.3
2.4
2.2
1.8

2.9
3.3
1.2
3.2
3.3
2.5

3.6
4.8
3.1
3.8
4.0
3 .0

4.3
6.2
5.4
4.3
4.4
3.4

4.4
7.0
11.9
4.1
4.5
3.1

3.6
5.6
3.1
3. 2
4.1
2. 4

4.4
5 .9
2.5
4.1
4.3
4.4

3.1
4.1
1.6
3.5
3.7
2.3

3.2
4. 1
3.2
3.4
3.7
2.5

2.8
3.8
3.7
2.7
3.3
2.0

3.2
2.5

2.9
2.4

2.8
2.7

2.6
2.0

2.5
1.9

1.9
1.2

2.4
1.5

2 .9
1.7

3.6
2.1

2.9
1.8

2. 6
1.7

3.6
3. 4

2.2
1.8

2.6
1.9

2.4
1.6

2.0

1.7

1.5

1.2

1.2

.8

1.1

1.4

1.5

1.5

1.7

3.1

1.5

1.4

1.1

4.7
4.7

4.0
4.3

4.2
4.7

3.5
4.4

3.5
5.1

2.4
3.3

3.6
4.2

4.0
4. 3

4.4
4.4

3.8
4.6

3.1
4. 3

4.5
4.8

2.9
3.8

3.3
3.9

2 .6
3.4

2.4
1.1

2.1
1.0

2.1
1.1

2.0
.9

1.9
1.0

1.8
.7

1.9
.9

2 .0

2.6
1.0

2.2
1.0

2.4

4 .9
1.1

2.3
.8

2.2
.9

2.1

.9

1.1

.9

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, AUGUST 1966

926
T able

B -l.

Labor turnover rates, by major industry group 1—Continued
Revised series; see box, p. 922.

[P e r io o e m p lo y e e s ]

1966

1965

Annual
average

Major industry group
M ay2 Apr.2 Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

July

June

May

1965

1964

Separations: Total
Manufacturing:
Actual___________________________
Seasonally adjusted_________________
Durable goods______________________
Ordnance and accessories --------------Lumber and wood products, except
furniture________________________
Furniture and fixtures______________
Stone, clay, and glass products---------Primary metal industries___________
Fabricated metal products---------------Machinery________________________
Electrical equipment and supplies-----Transportation equipment__________
Instruments and related products____
Miscellaneous manufacturing industries______________ ________ _____
Nondurable goods
------ -------Food and kindred products_________
Tobacco manufactures_____________
Textile mill products_______ _______
Apparel and related products. --------Paper and allied products___________
Printing, publishing, and allied industries.. ________________________
Chemicals and allied products______
Petroleum refining and related industries . . _______________________
Rubber and miscellaneous plastic products____________________________
Leather and leather products________
N onmanufacturing:
Metal mining_____________________
Coal mining _____________________

4.1
4-4

4.3
4.7

4.1
4.6

3.6
4.3

4.0
4.0

4.0
4.1

S.9

3.9

4.4
4-1

5.7
4.4

6.1
4.7

4.3
4.0

3.6
4.0

S.9

3.6

4.0

3.9

3.9
2.5

3.9
2.8

3.8
2.4

3.5
2.1

3.7
2.1

3.6
1.6

3.6
2.1

4.1
2.4

5.2
3.3

5.1
2.8

4.1
2.7

3.3
2.4

3.2
2.3

3.8
2.5

3.6
3.3

6.7
6.2
4.1
2.7
4.6
3.1
3.4
3.9
3.0

7.1
6.2
4.1
2.6
4.7
3.3
3.4
3.9
3.0

7.2
6.1
3.7
2.6
4.5
3.1
3.5
3.8
2.8

5.3
5.2
3.7
2.3
4.1
2.6
3.0
4.2
2.5

6.2
5.0
4.5
2.6
4.2
2.9
3.2
3.9
2.7

6.6
4.3
4.3
2.9
3.9
2.3
2.9
3.2
2.2

6.2
4.7
4.0
3.5
3.9
2.5
2.8
3.4
2.2

6.1
5.6
4.1
4.8
4.8
3.0
3.2
4.0
3.1

8.4
6.9
5.4
5.5
5.8
4.3
4.3
4.8
3.6

6.7
6.2
4.2
3.7
5.5
3.6
3.6
8.8
3.2

5.5
5.6
3.5
2.6
4.5
3.0
3.3
6.2
3.0

5.2
4.7
3.5
2.3
4.0
2.7
3.0
3.4
2.5

5.1
4.9
3.5
2.3
3.8
2.4
2.9
3.2
2.4

6.0
5.1
3.9
3.0
4.2
2.8
3.1
4.2
2.7

5.5
4.6
3.7
2.3
4.1
2.6
3.2
4.1
2.7

5.7

5.4

5.0

4.7

5.6

11.3

7.0

5.7

7.0

5.9

5.9

5.2

5.2

6.0

5.7

4.5
5.5
4.0
5.0
5.6
3.5

4.7
5.7
6.6
5.0
6.7
3.5

4.4
5.6
6.0
4.7
5.6
3.3

3.8
5.1
5.4
3.9
4.5
2.9

4.5
5.9
9.1
4.4
5.7
3.3

4.6
6.9
6.9
4.0
5.8
3.1

4.4
6.9
10.6
3.8
5.2
2.9

4.9
7.9
8.1
4.2
5.5
3.2

6.3
9.9
5.5
5.2
6.2
5.3

5.1
6.7
8.4
4.8
6.1
4.1

4.7
5.4
5.6
4.4
7.9
2.8

3.9
4.9
2.7
3.7
5.3
2.7

4.0
4.9
4.1
3.9
5.9
2.7

4.4
6.1
6.2
4.1
5.8
3.1

4.3
6.0
6.8
3.8
5.6
2.8

3.0
2.6

3.2
2.4

2.9
2.3

2.8
1.8

3.3
2.1

3.1
1.9

2.9
1.8

3.2
2.2

4.3
3.6

3.7
2.6

2.7
1.9

3.1
2.3

2.8
2.5

3.1
2.2

3.0
2.0

1.9

1.9

1.7

1.5

1.8

2.0

2.0

2.1

3.2

2.4

1.7

1.6

1.3

1.9

1.8

4.7
5.6

4.7
6.3

4.6
6.2

3.9
5.1

4.0
6.1

3.9
5.6

4.1
4.6

4.5
5.2

5.9
6.9

4.8
6.2

4.8
6.5

3.9
4.6

4.0
4.8

4.2
5.3

3.8
5.0

2.7
1.9

3.1
2.2

3.2
1.9

2.4
1.5

2.4
1.7

3.3
1.7

3.2
1.9

3.1
1.7

5.3
1.8

3.6
1.9

3.7
1.7

2.8
1.6

2.3
2.3

3.1
1.9

2.9
1.8

Separations: Quits
Manufacturing:
Actual.. . ----------------- . . . . . . . .
Seasonally adjusted___ _ . ..

2.4
«.4

2.5
2.7

2.3
2.7

1.8
2.4

1.4

1.7

2.4

2 .2

2 .2

2.0

2.0

2.6
1.8

1. 8

1.8

1.7
17

1.7
17

1.9

1.5

Durable goods . . . .
-----------— -----Ordnance and accessories. . . . . . . .
Lumber and wood products, except
furniture___ .. . ----- ------- —
Furniture and fixtures---- ------ ---------Stone, clay, and glass p rod u cts...----Primary metal industries________ ..
Fabricated metal products ------------Machinery... _
. . .
Electrical equipment and supplies____
Transportation equipment______ ____
Instruments and related products____
Miscellaneous manufacturing industries____ . _________ .. --------

2.3
1.2

2.3
1.4

2.2
1.4

1.7
1.2

1.7
1.2

1.3
.8

1.5
1.0

2.0
1.2

3.2
1.9

2.4
1.5

1.5
1.0

1.6
1.1

1.6
1.0

1.7
1.1

1.3
.9

5.0
4.5
2.3
1.5
2.8
1.9
2.1
1.6
2.0

5.2
4.5
2.4
1.5
2.7
2.0
2.1
1.7
1.9

4.3
4.3
2.0
1.4
2.5
1.8
2.1
1.7
1.8

3.2
3.3
1.6
1.1
2.0
1.4
1.7
1.4
1.5

2.8
3.1
1.6
1.1
2.0
1.6
1.8
1.4
1.5

2.5
2.4
1.2
.8
1.5
1.1
1.4
1.0
1.2

3.1
3.0
1.5
.9
1.8
1.2
1.5
1.1
1.3

3.9
3.6
1.9
1.2
2.3
1.5
1.8
1.5
2.0

6.3
5.0
3.3
2.9
3.5
2.6
2.8
2.4
2.5

4.5
4.3
2.4
1.9
2.8
1.9
2.0
1.7
1.9

3.4
3.0
1.6
1.0
1.8
1.2
1.4
1.2
1.2

3.3
2.7
1.6
1.0
1.8
1.3
1.5
1.2
1.3

3.4
3.1
1.6
1.1
1.7
1.2
1.4
1.2
1.2

3.4
3.1
1.6
1.2
1.9
1.4
1.6
1.3
1.4

2.8
2.4
1.3
.9
1.5
1.1
1.2
1.0
1.2

3.3

3.2

3.1

2.5

2.5

2.0

2.5

3.3

4.9

3.7

2.4

2.4

2.5

2.7

2.0

Nondurable goods___________________
Food and kindred products.. _____
Tobacco manufactures______ . . . ._
Textile mill products___ . . .
_____
Apparel and related products.. . ------Paper and allied products__ _____ _.
Printing, publishing, and allied industries______ ___________________
Chemicals and allied products____. ..
Petroleum refining and related industries____________ . _______ __
Rubber and miscellaneous plastic
products__ _ ________ . . . . . ..
Leather and leatlter products________

2.6
2.9
1.7
3.7
3.2
2.2

2.7
2.7
1.6
3.7
3.2
2.2

2.4
2.4
1.7
3.3
2.9
2.1

2.0
2.0
1.3
2.6
2.5
1.6

2.1
2.0
1.5
2.7
2.8
1.7

1.6
1.7
1.0
2.0
2.0
1.3

1.9
2.2
1.3
2.4
2.4
1.5

2.5
3.2
1.6
2.9
2.9
1.9

3.9
5.4
2.6
3.9
3.6
3.8

2.9
3.6
2.8
3.4
3.5
2.4

2.0
2.3
1.2
2.5
2.9
1.4

1.9
2.1
1.1
2.3
2.4
1.5

1.9
2.0
1.2
2.6
2.5
1.4

2.1
2.4
1.5
2.5
2.6
1.7

1.7
2.0
1.3
2.1
2.2
1.3

1.9
1.3

2.0
1.3

1.8
1.2

1.7
.9

1.8
1.0

1.4
.7

1.5
.8

1.8
1.0

2.9
2.5

2.3
1.5

1.5
.9

1.8
.9

1.5
.9

1.7
1.0

1.5

.8

.9

.7

.5

.5

.5

.5

.9

1.8

1.3

.7

.6

.6

.7

.6

3.0
3.8

2-9
4.0

2.7
3.9

2.2
3.2

2.1
3.3

1.7
2.7

2.2
2.9

2.5
3.5

3.6
4.6

2.7
4.0

1.9
3.2

1.9
2.8

2.0
2.9

2.1
3.0

1.5
2.4

1.6

2.0

1.6

1.3

1.2

1.2

1.3

1.6

1.5

1.6

1.7

.6

.6

2.3

.8

.4

4.2

.8

.5

1.5

.7

1.5

.7

.8

.6

.6

.5

.6

.6

.5

N onmanufacturing:
Metal mining.________ . . . ________
Coal mining______________________
S e e f o o t n o t e s a t e n d o f t a b le .


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

1.9

2.2

3.5

.8

B — LABOR TURNOVER
T able

B -l.

927
Labor turnover rates, by major industry group 1—Continued
Revised series; see box, p. 922.

[ P e r 100 e m p lo y e e s ]

1966

1965

A nnual
average

M a jo r in d u s t r y g ro u p
M a y .2

A p r.

M ar.

F eb.

Jan.

D ec.

N ov.

O ct.

S e p t.

A ug.

J u ly

June

M ay

1965

1.1
1. 4

1.1

1 .4

1. 7

.9
.8

1. 2
.8

1 8

.8
.8
1.1

1 .0

1964

S e p a r a t io n s : L a y o f f s
M a n u fa c tu r in g :
A c t u a l ________________ _____________________
S e a s o n a l l y a d j u s t e d ________________________
D u r a b l e g o o d s ________________________________
O r d n a n c e a n d a c c e s s o r ie s ________________
L u m b er a n d w o o d p ro d u cts, ex cep t
f u r n i t u r e _____________
- ..
_______
F u r n i t u r e a n d f ix t u r e s ____________________
S t o n e , c l a y , a n d g l a s s p r o d u c t s __________
P r i m a r y m e t a l i n d u s t r i e s ________________
F a b r i c a t e d m e t a l p r o d u c t s _______________
M a c h i n e r y _______ ________________________
E l e c t r i c a l e q u i p m e n t a n d s u p p l i e s ...........
T r a n s p o r t a t i o n e q u i p m e n t . _ _______
I n s t r u m e n t s a n d r e la t e d p r o d u c t s ______
M is c e lla n e o u s m a n u f a c t u r in g in d u s t r i e s _____ ___________________________
_ _

0 .8

1 .0

1 .0

1 .0

1.0

1.2

1. 1

1 .1

.7
.7

.7

.6

.7
.4

.9
.3

.7
.5

.8
.6
.8

1.8
.6
.8

1 .3

.8

.8

1.8

1.1

1 .5
1.3

1 .4
l.S

1 .3
l.S

1 .5
.3

1.2

1.2
.6

2 .5
.9

3 .3

2.1

1.0

.7

2 .1

2 .4
1 .3
1 .5
.4

1.8
1.8
1.2

.4

.3

.3

.4

1 .4
.4

.8

1 .0

1.1

1.1

.3
.4
1 .4
.3

.4
.4
1 .3
.4

.4
.4

.3
.4

.7
1 .3
.4
.5

1.2

2.0

1.6

.4

.3

.4

1.3

.5

1 .4
.3

.5
.5
1 .4
.3

.6

1.6

1.8

/. 7

1. 6

1 .8
.6

1 .8
.8

1 .0

0 .4

1.2

1 .0

1 .0

1.2

.9
1 .4

.7

.7
.9
.9

.8
1.1

1.2

1.1
.8

1 .0

1 .7

.7

.9
.5
1 .3

2.6

1 .7

1 .4
.7
.4
1 .4
.4

1.2
.8
.6

1 .8
1.0

1 .3
.4

6.1
.6

4 .2

.7
1 .5

1.2

.6

.7

1 .9

1.1
1.2

.6

1 4

1 .7
1 .5

1 .5

1. 9
1 .3
1. 7
.8
1. 8
.8

.4

1 .0

1.2

1 .4

.5
.7
1 .3
.5

.6
.8
2.1
.6

2 .3
.9

1.2

1 .4

1.2

.9

1 .3

3 .0

8 .5

3 .3

1.2

.9

1.1

2.6

1 .9

1 .7

2 .4

2 .9

1.1

1 .4

1.1

1 .7
3 .9

1.6

1 .3
2 .3
4 .8

1 .9
2 .5
3 .9

1 .3

1 .5

1 .6

2.2
2. 5

3 .0
4 .3

1 .9
3 .4
4. g

2 .6

2 .0

2 .3
4 .5
5 .5
1 .3
3 .3

1.8

4 .4
.4

1 .3
2 .5
3 .8
.5

.5

.5

.6
2.6
.6

2 .4
.8

.5

.6

.8
.5
.7

N o n d u r a b l e g o o d s _____ ______________
F o o d a n d k i n d r e d p r o d u c t s _____________
T ob acco m a n u fa ctu res.
. _____________
T e x t i l e m i l l p r o d u c t s ____________ _______
A p p a r e l a n d r e la t e d p r o d u c t s _________
P a p e r a n d a l li e d p r o d u c t s ___________
P r i n t i n g , p u b l i s h i n g , a n d a l li e d i n d u s t r i e s __________
_
_ _______________ .
C h e m i c a l s a n d a l li e d p r o d u c t s __________
P e t r o l e u m r e f i n i n g a n d r e la t e d i n d u s t r i e s _____
__________
______ . .
R ubber
and
m is c e l l a n e o u s
p la s tic
p r o d u c t s _____________________________
_
L e a t h e r a n d l e a t h e r p r o d u c t s __________

1. 0

N o n m a n u f a c t u r in g :
M e t a l m i n i n g ______
__ _ _ _______ __
C o a l m i n i n g ___ ._
__________ _ _ ______

.5

.3

.9

.4

.8

1.1

.6

.6

1 .9
1 .7
.5
1 .7
.4

.6

1 .7
3 .1
7 .0
.9

1 .3
.5

2.1
.8

.6

.9

.5

.6
.6

.4

.4

.5

.5

.7
1 .4

.7
1 .3

.8

2.2

2 .4
3 .6

.9

1 F o r c o m p a r a b i l i t y o f d a t a w i t h t h o s e p u b li s h e d in i s s u e s p r io r t o J a n u a r y
1966, s e e f o o t n o t e 1, t a b l e A - 2 .
M o n th -to -m o n th c h a n g e s in t o ta l e m p lo y m e n t in m a n u fa c tu r in g a n d
n o n m a n u f a c tu r in g in d u s t r ie s a s in d ic a t e d b y la b o r tu r n o v e r r a te s are n o t
c o m p a r a b le w i t h t h e c h a n g e s s h o w n b y t h e B u r e a u ’s e m p l o y m e n t s e r ie s
for t h e f o l l o w i n g r e a s o n s : ( 1 ) t h e l a b o r t u r n o v e r s e r ie s m e a s u r e s c h a n g e s


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

1 .3
1.1

3 .9
8 .9

6.0

.6

1.1

1 .7
.9

4 .1

2 .1
1. 0
.6
2 .2

.8

.5

.5

.9
.5

.7
.6

.7
.9

.8

.5

.5

.5

1.1

1.1

1 .4

1 .3

1 .9
2 .5

.8

.2

.5

.4

.5
.9

3 .5
2 .3
.5

.8
2.1

.5
1 .9

1 .0

.7

.6

.7

.9

.6

.8
.6

.8

.6

1 .3
.7

.8

1.0

1 .0

.7

.9
1 .9

1 .3

1.0

2. 2

.9

1 .0
1.0

1 .3

1.2
1 .0

.5
.4

.8

1 .8

.8
1. n

.8

.9
.7

1.1
2.6
^9

1 0

.3

.6

.7

l.i

1.1

1.2

1 .5

1. 0

1 .3

1 .5

1 .8

1 .4

.5

.6

.6

.1
1 .4

.7
.9

. 7
.9

d u r i n g t h e c a le n d a r m o n t h , w h i l e t h e e m p l o y m e n t s e r i e s m e a s u r e s c h a n g e s
fr o m m i d m o n t h t o m i d m o n t h a n d ( 2) t h e t u r n o v e r s e r ie s e x c l u d e s p e r s o n n e l
c h a n g e s c a u s e d b y s t r i k e s , b u t t h e e m p l o y m e n t s e r ie s r e f l e c t s t h e i n f l u e n c e
o f s u c h s to p p a g e s,
s P r e lim in a r y .

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, AUGUST 19G6

928

C.—Earnings and Hours
T able

C -l.

Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry
Revised series; see box, p. 922.
1966

1965

A nnual
average

In d u str y
June2

M ay2

A p r.

M ar.

F eb.

Jan.

D ec.

N ov.

O ct.

S e p t.

A ug.

J u ly

1965

June

1964

A v e r a g e w e e k l y e a r n in g s

M i n i n g . ....................................... - -----------------------------M e t a l m i n i n g ________________________________
I r o n o r e s __________________ _________________
C o p p e r o r e s . . ........................ ..........................—
C o a l m i n i n g _______________________________
B i t u m i n o u s ________________________________
C r u d e p e t r o l e u m a n d n a t u r a l g a s ________
C r u d e p e t r o l e u m a n d n a t u r a l g a s f ie ld s .
O il a n d g a s f ie l d s e r v i c e s ______________ _
Q u a r r y i n g a n d n o n m e t a l l i c m i n i n g ---------C r u s h e d a n d b r o k e n s t o n e ______________

66 $131. 27 $ 1 2 1 .7 2 $ 1 2 7 .3 7 $ 1 2 6 .3 0 $ 1 2 6 .1 8 $ 1 2 7 .1 2 $ 1 2 3 .7 3 $ 1 2 6 .2 6 $124. 66 $ 1 2 6 .1 4 $ 1 2 2 .9 6 $ 1 2 3 .9 7 $123. 52 $117. 74
1 3 2 .8 2 133. 88 129. 79 1 3 0 .9 4 1 3 2 .1 9 1 3 1 .6 7 1 2 8 .9 6 1 3 0 .3 1 131. 57 127. 71 128. 21 126. 77 1 2 7 .7 1 122. 54
1 3 7 .9 0
136. 20
1 5 2 .3 5
1 5 5 .1 7
121. 98
127. 08
1 1 7 .4 8
1 2 1 .8 3
1 2 0 .4 9

1 3 9 .6 3
1 3 8 .9 7
111. 52
1 1 2 .8 5
1 2 2 .4 1
1 2 9 .1 5
1 1 7 .1 3
1 2 0 .3 1
119. 20

133. 74
1 3 5 .9 9
1 4 3 .4 4
1 4 6 .0 8
121. 69
126. 36
1 1 8 .0 9
1 1 6 .2 2
114. 29

1 3 3 .7 4
1 3 7 .4 9
1 4 2 .4 5
1 4 4 .7 9
1 2 0 .1 3
1 2 7 .3 9
1 1 5 .1 0
1 1 3 .7 0
1 0 9 .0 3

136. 36
1 3 9 .6 4
1 4 2 .0 4
144. 73
1 2 1 .2 7
128. 84
1 1 5 .2 8
1 1 2 .0 5
1 0 7 .6 5

1 3 3 .5 0 129. 52
1 4 0 .6 0 139. 64
1 4 2 .9 6 129. 78
1 4 6 .0 2 1 3 1 .9 8
119. 69 117. 87
1 2 7 .2 0 1 2 7 .1 0
11 4 .1 1 1 1 0 .9 3
117. 78 1 2 3 .0 2
1 1 7 .0 0 1 2 1 .6 4

1 2 9 .3 6
1 4 3 .1 1
1 4 3 .2 4
1 4 6 .3 0
1 1 5 .9 2
1 2 3 .4 2
1 0 9 .9 1
1 2 3 .8 7
1 2 4 .7 1

133. 54 130. 71
143. 44 136. 32
135. 29 141. 98
137. 90 1 44. 67
116. 47 1 1 7 .1 2
125. 55 123. 41
109. 65 1 1 2 .3 3
122 . 62 122. 25
122. 98 123. 50

1 3 3 .2 2
1 3 4 .9 0
1 3 4 .4 6
1 3 7 .1 1
1 1 6 .0 3
123. 71
110 . 06
1 1 9 .9 7
123. 25

1 2 8 .1 3
1 3 3 .6 1
142. 27
145. 67
1 1 3 .9 7
120 . 80
108. 61

141. 72
131. 73
137. 02
133. 33
1 3 9 .9 4
1 5 0 .5 5

1 4 0 .2 2
131. 74
137. 54
134. 64
140. 26
1 4 7 .4 2

1 4 2 .8 8
134. 32
138. 65
133. 95
1 4 2 .6 1
1 4 9 .9 2

1 3 8 .3 0
1 2 9 .9 3
1 3 0 .6 8
1 2 3 .0 0
136. 04
1 4 6 .6 5

1 3 7 .9 7
129. 23
1 3 2 .4 4
126. 96
1 3 7 .2 8
1 4 5 .8 9

139. ,50 1 3 6 .1 4
1 3 2 .1 3 126. 71
131. 87 1 3 5 .8 3
1 2 5 .0 6 133. 87
138. 38 1 3 7 .3 2
1 4 8 .0 0 142. 52

144. 01
1 3 2 .4 9
1 4 9 .4 5
1 5 1 .7 0
146. 01
1 5 0 .0 0

1 3 8 .7 5
128. 52
138. 63
138. 84
1 3 9 .1 2
145. 27

1 4 3 .1 5
131. 33
148. 43
149. 52
1 4 7 .0 0
1 4 8 .9 6

140. 50
1 2 9 .1 5
1 4 3 .3 8
145. 86
1 4 0 .9 0
1 4 7 .0 4

158. 69
139. 2C
1 7 6 .2 2

155. 07
135. 84
1 7 1 .9 7

1 5 5 .9 6
134. 82
1 7 3 .3 8

1 5 4 .7 7
132.83
1 7 1 .3 8

154. 79
1 3 1 .6 7
1 7 3 .1 6

1 5 6 .0 0
135.1C
174. 49

150. 07
132. 59
166. 94

156. 01
140. 54
1 7 4 .3 9

151. 2 6
138. 52
1 6 4 .9 3

153. 27
137. 56
171. 39

140. 30
1 1 7 .9 5

139. 04
1 1 6 .9 0

1 4 2 .4 0
122. 50

1 3 4 .5 2
1 1 9 .0 6

125. 58 13 6 .1 1
118.411 1 1 8 .1 9

130. 26
1 1 3 .1 9

1 3 7 .1 1
1 2 7 .4 1

1 3 4 .9 8
122. 50

Mining...................
42.7
Metal mining______ ___ ____ ______ ______
Iron ores------- ---------------------------- --------Copper ores.---------- --------------------- --------Coal mining........................................................
Bituminous__________
...
Crude petroleum and natural gas______ ______
Crude petroleum and natural gas fields.._____
Oil and gas field services...................................
Quarrying and nonmetallic mining___________
Crushed and broken stone________________

4 2 .9
4 2 .3
4 2 .3
4 3 .1
4 1 .4
4 1 .6
4 2 .5
4 0 .6
4 4 .0
4 5 .8
4 6 .7

4 1 .4
4 2 .5
4 2 .7
4 3 .7
3 2 .8
3 2 .9
4 2 .8
4 1 .0
4 4 .2
4 5 .4
4 6 .2

4 2 .6
4 1 .6
4 0 .9
4 2 .9
4 1 .1
4 1 .5
4 3 .0
4 0 .5
4 4 .9
4 4 .7
4 5 .9

4 2 .1
4 1 .7
4 0 .9
4 3 .1
4 0 .7
4 0 .9
4 2 .3
4 0 .7
4 3 .6
4 3 .9
4 4 .5

4 2 .2
4 2 .1
4 1 .7
4 3 .5
4 0 .7
4 1 .0
4 2 .7
4 0 .9
4 4 .0
4 3 .6
4 4 .3

4 2 .8
4 1 .8
4 0 .7
4 3 .8
4 1 .2
4 1 .6
4 2 .9
4 0 .9
4 4 .4
4 5 .3
4 6 .8

4 1 .8
4 1 .2
4 0 .1
4 3 .5
3 7 .4
3 7 .6
4 2 .4
4 1 .0
4 3 .5
4 6 .6
4 7 .7

4 2 .8
4 1 .5
4 0 .3
4 3 .9
4 1 .4
4 1 .8
4 2 .0
4 0 .6
4 3 .1
4 7 .1
4 9 .1

Contract construction____ ____ ______ _
38.4
General building contractors________________
Heavy construction-------- ---------------- -------Highway and street construction____ ______
Other heavy construction.................................
Special trade contractors___ _____ ___ ______
Plumbing, heating, and air condition-

3 7 .1
3 5 .7
3 9 .6
3 9 .8
3 9 .2
3 6 .9

3 6 .9
3 5 .8
4 0 .1
4 0 .8
3 9 .4
3 6 .4

3 7 .7
3 6 .8
4 0 .9
4 1 .6
4 0 .4
3 7 .2

3 6 .3
3 5 .5
3 8 .1
3 8 .2
3 8 .0
3 6 .3

3 6 .5
3 5 .6
3 9 .3
3 9 .8
3 9 .0
3 6 .2

3 7 .1
3 6 .4
3 8 .9
3 8 .6
3 9 .2
3 7 .0

3 6 .4
3 5 .1
3 9 .6
4 0 .2
3 8 .9
3 5 .9

3 8 .8
3 5 .6
3 8 .9

3 8 .1
3 5 .1
3 8 .3

3 8 .7
3 5 .2
3 8 .7

3 8 .5
3 4 .5
3 8 .6

3 8 .6
3 4 .2
3 9 .0

3 9 .0
35. C
3 9 .3

3 4 .9
3 3 .7

3 4 .5
3 3 .4

3 5 .6
3 4 .9

3 3 .8
3 2 .8

3 2 .2
3 2 .8

3 4 .9
3 3 .2

$3. 06
3 .1 4
3 .2 6
3 .1 6
3 .6 8
3 .7 3
2 .8 7
3 .1 3
2 .6 7

$ 2 .9 4
3 .1 5
3 .2 7
3 .1 8
3 .4 0
3 .4 3

2 .5 8

3 .1 5
2. 65
2 .6 5
2 .5 8

$ 2 .9 9
3 .1 2
3 .2 7
3 .1 7
3 .4 9
3 .5 2
2 .8 3
3 .1 2
2 .6 3
2 .6 0
2 .4 9

$ 3 .0 0
3 .1 4
3 .2 7
3 .1 9
3 .5 0
3 .5 4
2 .8 4
3 .1 3
2 .6 4
2 .5 9
2 .4 5

$ 2 .9 9
3 .1 4
3 .2 7
3 .2 1
3 .4 9
3 .5 3
2 .8 4
3 .1 5
2 . 62
2 .5 7
2 .4 3

$ 2 .9 7
3 .1 5
3 .2 8
3. 21
3 .4 7
3. 51
2 .7 9
3 .1 1
2 .5 7
2 .6 0
2 .5 0

$ 2 .9 6
3 .1 3
3 .2 3
3 .2 1
3 .4 7
3. 51
2. 78
3 .1 0
2. 55
2 .6 4
2. 55

3. 82
3. 69
3 .4 6
3 .3 5
3. 57
4 .0 8

3. 80
3 .6 8
3 .4 3
3. 30
3. 56
4 .0 5

3. 79
3 .6 5
3 .3 9
3 .2 2
3 .5 3
4 .0 3

3 .8 1
3 .6 6
3 .4 3
3 .2 2
3 .5 8
4 .0 4

3 .7 8
3 .6 3
3 .3 7
3 .1 9
3. 52
4 .0 3

3. 76
3 .6 3
3 .3 9
3 .2 4
3 .5 3
4 .0 0

4 .0 9
3 .9 1
4 .5 3

4. 07
3 .8 7
4 .4 9

4 .0 3
3 .8 3
4. 48

4 .0 2
3 .8 5
4 .4 4

4. 01
3 .8 5
4 .4 4

4 .0 2
3. 50

4 .0 3
3 .5 0

4 .0 0
3. 51

3 .9 8
3 .6 3

3 .9 0
3 .6 1

C o n t r a c t c o n s t r u c t i o n ________________________
G e n e r a l b u i l d i n g c o n t r a c t o r s -------------------H e a v y c o n s t r u c t i o n ________________________
H i g h w a y a n d s t r e e t c o n s t r u c t i o n ______
O t h e r h e a v y c o n s t r u c t i o n ______________
S p e c i a l t r a d e c o n t r a c t o r s __________________
P l u m b i n g , h e a t i n g , a n d a ir c o n d i t i o n ­
i n g ------- -------------------- -----------------------------P a in t in g , p a p e r h a n g in g , a n d d e c o r a tin g .
E l e c t r i c a l w o r k ------------------- ---------------------M a s o n r y , p la s te r in g , s t o n e , a n d t ile
w o r k ________ ________ ____________________
R o o f i n g a n d s h e e t m e t a l w o r k __________

.6 9

1 2 9 .2 4
1 3 6 .7 1
1 3 7 .3 8
140. 23
1 1 5 .9 0
1 2 3 .6 2
1 1 0 .3 1
1 1 7 .4 5
116. 58

1 2 5 .8 3
130. 42
126. 82
128. 91
1 1 3 .0 5
1 2 0 .9 5
1 0 6 .1 9
1 1 1 .8 5
110 . 62

1 3 9 .0 8
127. 78
140. 53
140. 68
1 4 0 .0 1
1 4 5 .8 6

138. 01
1 2 8 .1 6
1 3 7 .5 0
138. 45
1 4 4 .6 5

1 3 2 .0 6
1 2 2 .7 9
131. 78
129. 58
133. 93
138. 35

1 5 2 .1 0
135. 42
168. 44

1 5 1 .3 2
1 3 6 .8 8
169. 22

151. 31
133. 52
1 6 8 .6 8

1 4 4 .0 2
1 2 8 .1 6
1 6 5 .1 7

1 4 0 .5 0
1 2 2 .3 0

1 3 8 .2 2
123. 65

1 3 7 .0 3
120 . 01

1 3 3 .2 1
117. 30

127. 31
112. 49

4 2 .4
4 1 .9
4 1 .6
4 4 .0
3 9 .1
3 9 .4
4 2 .2
4 1 .3
4 3 .0
4 6 .8
4 8 .8

4 3 .2
4 1 .6
4 2 .3
4 2 .6
4 0 .8
4 1 .1
4 2 .9
4 1 .0
4 4 .4
4 7 .2
4 9 .6

4 2 .4
4 1 .9
4 2 .7
4 3 .1

4 2 .5
4 1 .1
4 3 .5
4 6 .5
4 9 .3

4 2 .6
4 1 .7
4 1 .2
4 3 .1
4 1 .0
4 1 .5
4 1 .9
4 0 .4
4 3 .1
4 6 .7
4 8 .6

4 2 .3
4 1 .6
4 0 .9
4 3 .4
3 9 .9
4 0 .2
4 2 .3
4 0 .8
4 3 .6
4 5 .7
4 7 .2

4 1 .9
4 1 .4
4 0 .2
4 2 .9
3 9 .0
3 9 .2
4 2 .5
4 1 .0
4 3 .7
4 5 .1
4 5 .9

3 8 .3
3 6 .6
4 2 .7
4 4 .1
4 0 .9
3 7 .5

3 7 .1
3 5 .6
4 0 .3
4 1 .2
3 9 .3
3 6 .5

3 8 .9
3 7 .1
4 3 .4
4 4 .5
4 2 .0
3 8 .0

3 8 .6
3 6 .9
4 2 .8
4 4 .2
4 1 .2
3 7 .8

3 8 .0
3 6 .3
4 1 .7
4 2 .5
4 0 .7
3 7 .4

3 7 .4
3 6 .1
4 0 .8
4 1 .7
3 9 .9
3 6 .9

3 7 .2
3 5 .8
4 0 .8
4 1 .4
4 0 .1
3 6 .6

3 7 .8
3 4 .8
3 7 .6

3 9 .1
3 6 .6
3 9 .1

3 8 .1
3 5 .7
3 7 .4

3 9 .1
3 6 .2
3 9 .4

3 9 .0
36. C
3 8 .9

3 8 .9
3 6 .5
3 8 .9

3 8 .6
3 5 .7
3 8 .6

3 8 .1
3 5 .7
3 8 .5

3 3 .4
3 3 .0

3 4 .8
3 6 .3

3 4 .7
3 5 .1

3 6 .4
3 6 .4

3 5 .9
3 6 . 8l

3 5 .5
3 5 .4 1

3 4 .6
3 4 .5

3 4 .5
3 4 .4

$ 2 .9 5
3 .1 4
3 .2 1
3 .2 6
3 .4 6
3 .5 0
2 .7 6
3 .0 4
2 .5 5
2 .6 3
2 .5 4

$ 2 .9 4
3 .1 4
3 .2 1
3 .2 6
3 .4 6
3. 50
2 .7 6
3 .0 4
2. 55
2 . 62
2 .5 2

$ 2 .9 2
3 .0 7
3 .0 9
3 .2 0
3 .4 8
3 .5 2
2 .7 3
3. 01
2 .5 3
2 .5 9
2 .4 9

$ 2 .9 0
3 .0 6
3 .1 2
3 .1 3

$ 2 .9 2
3 .0 7
3 .1 6
3 .1 5
3 .4 5
3 .4 9
2 .7 4
3 .0 3
2 .5 3
2 .5 7
2 .4 7

$ 2 . 81
2 .9 6
3 .1 3
3 .0 4
3 .2 6
3 .3 0

2 .7 3
3. 01
2 .5 3
2 .5 8
2. 50

$ 2 .9 1
3 .0 4
3 .1 1
3 .1 0
3 .4 7
3 .5 1
2 .7 2
2 .9 9
2 .5 2
2 .5 7
2 .4 6

3 .7 4
3. 61
3. 43
3 .3 3
3 .5 3
3. 97

3 .7 6
3 .6 2
3 .5 0
3 .4 4
3. 57
4 .0 0

3 .7 4
3 .6 1
3 .4 4
3 .3 7
3 .5 4
3 .9 8

3 .6 8
3 .5 4
3 .4 2
3 .3 6
3 .5 0
3 .9 2

3 .6 4
3 .5 0
3 .3 5
3 .3 0
3 .4 2
3 .8 9

3 .6 6
3 .5 2
3 .3 7
3 .3 1
3 .4 4
3 .9 0

3 .6 9
3 .5 5
3 .3 7
3. 27
3 .4 7
3 .9 2

3 .5 5
3 .4 3
3 .2 3
3 .1 3
3 .3 4
3 .7 8

4 .0 0
3 .8 6
4. 44

3 .9 7
3 .8 1
4 .4 4

3 .9 9
3 .8 4
4 .4 6

3 .9 7
3 .8 8
4 .4 1

3 .9 2
3.8C
4 .3 5

3 .9 0
3 .6 7
4 .3 3

3. 89
3 .7 5
4 .3 5

3 .9 2
3 .7 4
4. 37

3 .7 8
3 .5 9
4 .2 9

3 .9 0
3 .5 6

3. 90
3. 43

3 .9 4
3 .5 1

3 .8 9
3 .4 9

3 .8 6
3 .3 6

3 .8 5
3 .3 6

3 .8 6
3 .3 9

3 .8 5
3 .4 0

3 .6 9
3 .2 7

120.02
119. 56

136. 36

A v e r a g e w e e k ly h o u rs

P a in t in g , p a p e r h a n g in g a n d d e c o r a tin g E l e c t r i c a l w o r k ____________________________
M a s o n r y , p la s te r in g , s t o n e , a n d t ile
w o r k ______________________________________
R o o f i n g a n d s h e e t m e t a l w o r k __________

A v e r a g e h o u r l y e a r n in g s
M i n i n g ........ ..................... ....................................... ..............
M e t a l m i n i n g ................. ..............................................
I r o n o r e s ......................................................................
C o p p e r o r e s ............................... ................ ................
C o a l m i n i n g __________________________________
B i t u m i n o u s . . _____ ________________________
C r u d e p e t r o l e u m a n d n a t u r a l g a s _________
C r u d e p e t r o l e u m a n d n a t u r a l g a s f ie l d s .
O il a n d g a s f ie l d s e r v i c e s _________________
Q u a r r y i n g a n d n o n m e t a l l i c m i n i n g _______
C r u s h e d a n d b r o k e n s t o n e ______________

3 .0 6

C o n t r a c t c o n s t r u c t i o n _________________________
G e n e r a l b u i l d i n g c o n t r a c t o r s _______________
H e a v y c o n s t r u c t i o n _________________________
H i g h w a y a n d s t r e e t c o n s t r u c t i o n _______
O t h e r h e a v y c o n s t r u c t i o n ________ .•_____
S p e c i a l t r a d e c o n t r a c t o r s ___________________
P l u m b i n g , h e a t i n g , a n d a ir c o n d i t i o n ­
i n g ------------------ -------- ---------------------------------P a in t in g , p a p e r h a n g in g a n d d e c o r a tin g .
E l e c t r i c a l w o r k . ___________________________
M a s o n r y , p la s te r in g , s t o n e , a n d t ile
w o r k _____________________ ________________
R o o f i n g a n d s h e e t m e t a l w o r k __________

3 .8 2

S e e f o o tn o t e s a t e n d o f t a b le .


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

2.66

2.86

2. 66
2 .9 5
2 .4 3
2 .4 8
2 .4 1

C.— E A R N IN G S A N D H O U R S

T

able

C -l.

929

Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry—Continued
Revised series; see box, p. 922.
1966

1965

A nnual
average

In d u stry
June2

M ay 2

A p r.

M ar.

F eb.

Jan.

D ec.

N ov.

O ct.

S e p t.

A ug.

J u ly

June

1965

1964

A v e r a g e w e e k l y e a r n in g s
M a n u f a c t u r i n g _______ _________ ________
. . $112.05 $112.05 $111.24 $110.95 $110.27 $110.00 $110.92 $109. 71 $108.62 $107.83 $106.45 $107.01 $107.79 $107. 53 $102.97
D u r a b l e g o o d s . . . _________ __________
121.82 121.82 121.54 120. 69 120.41 119.99 120.98 119. 43 118.72 117.18 115.51 116.06 117.74 117.18 112.19
N o n d u r a b l e g o o d s _____ ________________
9 7 .93
95.52
98 .5 8
9 6 .96
9 6 .8 8
96.48
9 6 .3 2
9 5 .68
96 .9 6
95.68
95.11
94.87
94.47
9 4 .64
90. 91
O r d n a n c e a n d a c c e s s o r ie s ____ . . . . . . . .
A m m u n i t i o n , e x c e p t for s m a l l a r m s ____
S i g h t i n g a n d fir e c o n t r o l e q u i p m e n t ____
O th e r o r d n a n c e a n d a c c e s s o r ie s ________
L u m b er a n d w o o d p ro d u cts, ex cep t
_
____________
f u r n i t u r e ____________
S a w m i ll s a n d p l a n i n g m i l l s ________ _ __
M illw o r k ,
p ly w o o d ,
and
r e la t e d
____________________________
p r o d u c ts. _
W o o d e n c o n t a i n e r s _______________________
M is c e ll a n e o u s w o o d p r o d u c t s - - - ________
F u r n i t u r e a n d f ix t u r e s __________ ____________
H o u s e h o l d f u r n i t u r e _______________ _______
O ffic e f u r n i t u r e _____
_ . . . ____________
P a r t i t i o n s ; o f fic e a n d s t o r e f ix t u r e s _____
O th e r f u r n it u r e a n d f ix t u r e s ___ __

135.79
136.18

133.35
133.40
132.93
133.18

132.62
132.99
130.42
132.00

131. 67
132. 75
134. 51
129.03

132.93
135.43
136.20
127.58

135. 36
138.88
135.79
126.98

136.85
139.40
137.78
130.82

93 .3 0
85.26

9 4 .24
8 6 .94

9 2 .06
8 4 .86

88. 51
8 2 .62

88.48
81.59

88.75
81.81

89 .4 0
82 .4 2

89. 76
8 2 .42

100.98
77 .9 0
87.34

102.18
77.71
8 7 .57

9 9 .66
76.08
87.35

97.47
7 3 .98
8 7 .14

97.06
73.62
85.90

97 .7 6
72.98
85.90

9 8 .28
75. 36
86.11

91.76
86.32

91.10
85.28
111.46
117.30
9 7 .48

88.75
83.84
108.20
113. 58
9 4 .39

89.64
84 .6 7
108.97
113.02
94.43

88.58
83.64
109.62
110.83
92.06

88.15
82.82
108. 54
110.43
9 1 .43

98. 67

133. 56 133.56
138.22 138.13
127.39 124.40
123.97 124.10

131.15
134.27
126.36
125.24

131.15
136.21
127.89
120.77

131.66
136.53
126. 05
121.51

129. 58
134.30
129.34
119.36

130. 73
134. 50
127.08
121. 93

122.31
124. 43
129.34
116. 40

91.49
84.26

90.61
84.25

91.08
8 4 .46

88.94
82.22

88 .7 3
81 .8 0

88. 54
81.81

85 .2 4
79 .6 0

98 .2 3
74. 46
86. 32

98.47
75.96
86.32

97.94
7 3 .44
8 6 .53

9 8 .94
73.93
86.32

97.16
73.10
85 .9 0

97 .9 0
73.57
85. 91

96. 51
72.92
84.67

93.11
6 8 .63
8 1 .7 9

92.02
9 0.30
86 .1 0
8 7 .96
108.11 106.68
114.36 113.42
95. 85 9 4 .08

90.73
85.88
106.75
115.87
93.68

89.24
8 4 .25
107. 63
115.75
9 2 .35

89. 04
83.42
108.50
120.22
91.38

86.51
8 0 .6 0
105.50
113. 79
91.56

86. 94
8 1 .38
105. 90
112.02
94.37

87. 98
8 2 .8 0
104.48
112. 86
9 2 .18

84.46
'79. 93
9 7 .88
105.85
8 7 .5 4

A v era g e w e e k ly h ou rs
M a n u f a c t u r i n g ___________
D u r a b l e g o o d s _____
N o n d u r a b le g o o d s .
O r d n a n c e a n d a c c e s s o r ie s _______ ________
A m m u n i t i o n , e x c e p t for s m a l l a r m s .
S i g h t i n g a n d fir e c o n t r o l e q u i p m e n t .
O th e r o r d n a n c e a n d a c c e s s o r ie s ............
L u m b e r a n d w o o d p r o d u c ts, ex c ep t
f u r n i t u r e _________________________________
S a w m i l l s a n d p l a n i n g m i l l s . _____ ______
M illw o r k ,
p ly w o o d ,
and
r e la t e d

products________________________

W o o d e n c o n t a i n e r s _______________________
M i s c e l l a n e o u s w o o d p r o d u c t s ----------------F u r n i t u r e a n d f i x t u r e s _________________
H o u s e h o l d f u r n i t u r e _________________
O ffic e f u r n i t u r e _______________________
P a r t it io n s ; o ffic e a n d s t o r e f i x t u r e s .
O th e r f u r n it u r e a n d f ix t u r e s ............

4 1 .5
4 2 .3
4 0 .4

4 1 .5
4 2 .3
4 0 .3

4 1 .2
4 2 .2
3 9 .9

4 1 .4
4 2 .2
4 0 .2

4 1 .3
4 2 .1
4 0 .2

4 1 .2
4 2 .1
3 9 .8

4 1 .7
4 2 .6
4 0 .4

4 1 .4
4 2 .2
4 0 .3

4 1 .3
4 2 .1
4 0 .2

4 1 .0
4 1 .7
4 0 .2

4 1 .1
4 1 .7
4 0 .3

4 1 .0
4 1 .6
4 0 .2

4 1 .3
4 2 .2
4 0 .2

4 1 .2
4 2 .0
4 0 .1

40.
41.
39.

4 2 .7
4 1 .9

4 2 .2
4 1 .3
4 2 .2
4 4 .1

4 2 .1
4 1 .3
4 1 .8
4 4 .0

4 1 .8
4 1 .1
4 2 .7
4 3 .3

4 2 .2
4 1 .8
4 3 .1
4 3 .1

4 2 .7
4 2 .6
4 2 .7
4 2 .9

4 2 .9
4 2 .5
4 3 .6
4 3 .9

4 2 .4
4 2 .4
4 0 .7
4 2 .6

4 2 .4
4 2 .5
4 0 .0
4 2 .5

4 1 .9
4 1 .7
4 0 .5
4 2 .6

4 1 .9
4 2 .3
4 0 .6
4 1 .5

4 2 .2
4 2 .4
4 0 .4
4 1 .9

4 1 .8
4 2 .1
4 0 .8
4 1 .3

4 1 .9
4 1 .9
4 0 .6
4 1 .9

40.
40.
40.
40.

4 1 .1
4 0 .6

4 1 .7
4 1 .4

4 1 .1
4 0 .8

4 0 .6
4 0 .5

4 0 .4
3 9 .8

4 0 .9
4 0 .5

4 1 .2
4 0 .8

4 0 .8
4 0 .4

4 1 .4
4 1 .1

4 1 .0
4 0 .9

4 1 .4
4 1 .2

4 0 .8
4 0 .5

4 0 .7
4 0 .1

4 0 .8
4 0 .5

40.
40.

4 1 .9
4 2 .8
4 1 .2

4 2 .4
4 2 .7
4 1 .5

4 1 .7
4 1 .8
4 1 .4

4 1 .3
4 1 .1
4 1 .3

4 1 .3
4 0 .9
4 1 .1

4 1 .6
4 1 .0
4 1 .1

4 2 .0
42. 1
4 1 .6

4 1 .8
4 1 .6
4 1 .5

4 1 .9
4 2 .2
4 1 .7

4 1 .5
4 0 .8
4 1 .4

4 2 .1
4 1 .3
4 1 .5

4 1 .7
4 1 .3
4 1 .3

4 2 .2
4 1 .8
4 1 .5

4 1 .6
4 1 .2
4 1 .3

41.
39.
41.

4 1 .9
4 1 .7

4 1 .6
4 1 .2
4 3 .2
4 2 .5
4 2 .2

4 0 .9
4 0 .7
4 2 .6
4 1 .3
4 1 .4

4 1 .5
4 1 .3
4 2 .9
4 1 .4
4 1 .6

4 1 .2
4 1 .0
4 3 .5
4 1 .2
4 1 .1

4 1 .0
4 0 .8
4 2 .9
4 0 .9
4 1 .0

4 2 .6
4 2 .7
4 2 .9
4 2 .2
4 2 .6

4 2 .0
4 2 .0
4 2 .5
4 1 .7
4 2 .0

4 2 .2
4 2 .1
4 2 .7
4 2 .6
4 2 .2

4 1 .7
4 1 .5
4 3 .4
4 2 .4
4 1 .6

4 2 .0
4 1 .5
4 3 .4
4 4 .2
4 2 .5

4 1 .0
4 0 .5
4 2 .2
4 2 .3
4 2 .0

4 1 .4
4 1 .1
4 2 .7
4 1 .8
4 2 .7

4 1 .5
4 1 .4
4 2 .3
4 1 .8
4 1 .9

41.
41.
41.
40.
41.

4 2 .9

A v e r a g e h o u r l y e a r n in g s
M a n u f a c t u r i n g ___________
D u r a b l e g o o d s ____
N o n d u r a b le go o d s.

$ 2 .7 0

$ 2 .7 0

$ 2 .7 0

$2.68

2.86

2.86

2 .4 3

2 .4 3

2 .4 1

2 .4 0

$ 2 .6 7
2 .8 5
2 .4 0

$2.66

2 .4 4

2 .8 4
2 .4 0

$2. 65
2 .8 3
2. 39

$ 2 .6 3
2 .8 2
2 .3 8

$ 2 .6 3
2 .8 1
2 .3 8

$ 2 .5 9
2 .7 7
2 .3 6

$ 2 .6 1
2 .7 9
2 .3 6

$ 2 .6 1
2 .7 9
2 .3 5

$2. 61
2 .7 9
2 .3 6

$ 2 .5 3
2 .7 1
2 .2 9

3 .1 8
O r d n a n c e a n d a c c e s s o r ie s ___________________
A m m u n i t i o n , e x c e p t for s m a l l a r m s ____
3 .2 5
S i g h t i n g a n d fir e c o n t r o l e q u i p m e n t _____________
O t h e r o r d n a n c e a n d a c c e s s o r ie s __________________

3 .1 6
3 .2 3
3 .1 5
3 .0 2

3 .1 5
3 .2 2
3 .1 2
3 .0 0

3 .1 5
3 .2 3
3 .1 5
2 .9 8

3 .1 5
3 .2 4
3 .1 6
2 .9 6

3 .1 7
3 .2 6
3 .1 8
2 .9 6

3 .1 9
3 .2 8
3 .1 6
2 .9 8

3 .1 5
3. 26
3 .1 3
2. 91

3 .1 5
3 .2 5
3 .1 1
2 .9 2

3 .1 3
3 .2 2
3 .1 2
2 .9 4

3 .1 3
3 .2 2
3 .1 5
2 .9 1

3 .1 2
3 .2 2
3 .1 2
2 .9 0

3 .1 0
3 .1 9
3 .1 7
2 .8 9

3 .1 2
3. 21
3 .1 3
2. 91

3 .0 2
3 .0 8
3 .1 7

2 .1 8
2 .0 4

2 .1 9
2 .0 5

2 .1 7

2 .1 7

2.20

2.02

2.21

2.21

2.20

2.02

2 .0 4

2 .0 5

2 .0 6

2 .0 5

2 .1 8
2 .0 3

2 .1 8
2 .0 4

2 .1 7
2 .0 2

2 .1 1
1. 98

L u m b er a n d w o o d p ro d u cts, ex cep t
f u r n i t u r e _________________________________
S a w m i l l s a n d p l a n i n g m i l l s ______________
M illw o r k ,
p ly w o o d ,
and
r e la t e d
p r o d u c t s _________________________________
W o o d e n c o n t a i n e r s _______________________
M i s c e l l a n e o u s w o o d p r o d u c t s - - ________
F u r n i t u r e a n d f i x t u r e s ________________

Household furniture___________
O ffic e f u r n i t u r e ______________________
P a r t it io n s ; o f fic e a n d s t o r e f ix t u r e s .
O t h e r f u r n it u r e a n d f ix t u r e s _______

S e e f o o t n o t e s a t e n d o f t a b le .


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

2.88

2.88

2.88

2 .2 7

2 .2 6

2.10

2.10

2 .2 4
2 .0 8

$ 2 .6 7

2.86

2 .4 1
1 .8 2

2 .4 1
1 .8 2

2 .3 9
1 .8 2

2. 36
1 .8 0

2.12

2.11

2.11

2.11

2 .3 5
1 .8 0
2 .0 9

2 .3 5
1 .7 8
2 .0 9

2 .3 4
1 .7 9
2 .0 7

2 .3 5
1 .7 9
2 .0 8

2 .3 5
1 .8 0
2 .0 7

2 .3 6
1 .8 0
2 .0 9

2 .3 5
1 .7 9
2 .0 8

2 .3 3
1 .7 7
2 .0 8

2 .3 2
1 .7 6
2 .0 7

2. 32
1 .7 7
2 .0 5

2 .2 6
1 .7 2
1 .9 9

2 .1 9
2 .0 7

2 .1 9
2 .0 7
2 .5 8
2 .7 6
2 .3 1

2 .1 7
2 .0 6
2 .5 4
2 .7 5
2 .2 8

2 .1 6
2 .0 5
2 .5 4
2 .7 3
2 .2 7

2 .1 5
2 .0 4
2 .5 2
2 .6 9
2 .2 4

2 .1 5
2 .0 3
2 .5 3
2 .7 0
2 .2 3

2 .1 6
. 06
2 .5 2
2. 71
2. 25

2 .1 5
2 .0 5
2 .5 1
2. 72
2 .2 4

2 .1 5
2 .0 4
2 .5 0
2 .7 2

2 .1 4
2 .0 3
2 .4 8
2 .7 3

2.12
2.01

2.11

2.10
1 .9 8
2 .4 8

2.12
2.00

2.22

2.22

1 .9 9
2 .5 0
2 .6 9
2 .1 8

2 .0 5
1 .9 4
2 .3 7
2 .6 2
2 .1 3

2 .3 0

2

2 .5 0
2 .7 2
2 .1 5

2.68
2.21

2. 47
2 .7 0

2 . 20

M O N T H L Y L A B O R R E V I E W , A U G U S T 1966

930
T

able

C -l.

Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry—Continued
Revised series; see box, p. 922.
Annual
average

1965

1966
Industry
June

M ay2 Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

Sept.

/ Average weekly earnings

Aug.

July

June

1965

1964

/

M anufacturing—Continue d
Durable goods—Continued
50
Stone, clay, and glass products------------- $115.87 $115.06 $114.09 $112. 56 $110.54 $110.66 $112.25 $112.94 $112.94 $112.10 $111.78 $110.83 $110.40 $109. 78 $105.
150.84 155.86 154. 51 152. 08 151. 30 146.91 155.88 152.76 154.66 145.39 147. 63 149.29 149. 60 144.14
Fiât glass _____________ __ ______
102. 21
Glass and glassware, pressed or blown.. 113.71 112.75 109.34 111.92 110.70 111.37 111.78 109. 61 108.00 106.13 106.13 106.25 105.99 106.25 121.30
Cement, hydraulic-------------------------- 132. 61 132. 51 132. 51 130.94 126.98 129. 79 127.82 131.67 126.79 132. 29 123. 52 123. 90 122. 25 124.42
98.00 97. 76 98.00 95.87 93.61 93.66 94. 62 95.08 95.72 95.72 95.60 95.34 94. 92 94.02 89.82
Structural clay products-----------------98.80 98.00 96.87 96.62 97.11 97.69 96.48 96.32 95.36 94.16 91.96 95.76 94. 72 93.13
Pottery and related products-----------Concrete, gypsum and, plaster products. 122.04 118.99 117.13 114. 06 109.04 110. 50 114.06 115.72 118.46 117.11 119. 28 118. 04 116. 22 113.26 108. 32
Other stone and mineral products------- 115.90 116.18 115.63 113.82 113.55 111.22 113.63 113.25 113.10 111.19 111.14 109. 52 110. 56 110. 20 107.01
Primary metal industries---------------------- 140.15 139. 07 138.74 137.25 136.08 135.34 132. 48 129.83 130. 06 133.44 132. 51 135.68 135.89 133.88 130.00
Blast furnace and basic steel products. 148.75 147.33 146.56 143. 56 141. 69 140.24 134.21 130. 64 132.01 138.29 139. 67 144. 40 143.64 140. 90 138. 43
119.41
Iron and steel foundries------------------- 127.74 127.15 128.46 128.60 128.03 126.28 128.63 125.85 125.86 126.15 121.13 123.27 127.16 124.99
Non ferrous smelting and refining------- 129. 74 129. 44 129.32 126.96 125.93 125.82 126.00 125. 70 125.58 128. 78 124. 27 124. 68 124. 02 124.44 120.22
Nonferrous rolling, drawing, and ex­
truding_________________________ 135.39 135.83 134. 47 134.20 134.81 135. 86 134.98 131.67 131.67 133.32 130. 20 129.47 131.10 130. 07 112. 26
Nonferrous foundries----------------------- 118.30 118.44 117.74 117.17 116.75 118.15 118.40 115. 50 115. 08 112.47 111.64 110.02 113.13 113. 55 110.12
Miscellaneous primary metal indus­
148.26 150. 42 146. 46 150.23 150.82 148.24 150.48 149.60 148. 72 144.86 138.60 141.53 140. 58 143.09 133. 77
tries___________________________
Average weekly hours

41.5
41.7
41.7

42.3
41.9
41.3
41.8
41.6
40.0

42.1
42.7
40.2
41.8
41.7
40.0

42.0
42.8
41.3
41.7
41.5
39.7

41.4
42.6
41.0
40.7
40.7
39.6

41.6
42.5
41.4
41.6
40.9
39.8

42.2
41.5
41.4
41.1
41.5
40.2

42.3
43.3
40.9
41.8
41.7
40.2

42.3
42.2
40.6
40.9
41.8
40.3

42.3
43.2
40.2
42.4
41.8
39.9

42.5
41.9
40.2
40.9
42.3
39.9

42.3
42.3
40.4
41.3
42.0
38.8

42.3
42.9
40.3
41.3
42.0
39.9

41.9
42.5
40.4
41.2
41.6
39.8

41.7
41.9
40.4
41.4
41.2
39.8

45.2
42.3

44.4
42.4

44.2
42.2

43.7
42.0

42.1
41.9

42.5
41.5

43.7
42.4

44.0
42.1

44.7
42.2

44.7
41.8

45.7
42.1

45.4
41.8

44.7
42.2

43.9
41.9

43.5
41.8

42.6
41.9
43.3
42.4

42.4
41.5
43.1
42.3

42.3
41.4
43.4
42.4

42.1
40.9
43.3
41.9

42.0
40.6
43.4
41.7

41.9
40.3
43.1
41.8

41.4
38.9
43.9
42.0

40.7
38.2
43.1
41.9

40.9
38.6
43.4
42.0

41.7
40.2
43.5
42.5

41.8
41.2
42.5
41.7

42.4
42.1
43.1
41.7

42.6
42.0
44.0
41.9

42.1
41.2
43.4
41.9

41.8
41.2
42.8
41.6

44.1
42.1

44.1
42.3

43.8
42.2

44.0
42.3

44.2
42.3

44.4
42.5

44.4
42.9

43.6
42.0

43.6
42.0

44.0
41.5

43.4
41.5

43.3
40.9

43.7
41.9

43.5
41.9

42.6
41.4

43.1

43.6

42.7

43.8

44.1

43.6

44.0

44.0

44.0

43.5

42.0

42.5

42.6

43.1

42.2

Stone, clay, and glass products------------Flat glass_________________________
Glass and glassware, pressed or blown _
Cement, hydraulic_________________
Structural clay products------------------Pottery and related products-----------Concrete, gypsum, and plaster prod­
ucts____________________________
Other stone and mineral products-------

42.6

Primary metal industries-------------------Blast furnace and basic steel products..
Iron and steel foundries------------------Nonferrous smelting and refining------Nonferrous rolling, drawing, and ex­
truding_________________________
Nonferrous foundries_______________
Miscellaneous primary metal indus­
tries____________________________

Average hourly earnings

2.74
3.18
2.35

$2.72
3.60
2.73
3.17
2.35
2.47

$2.71
3.65
2.72
3.17
2.35
2.45

$2.68
3.61
2.71
3.14
2.31
2.44

$2.67
3.57
2. 70
3.12
2.30
2.44

$2.66
3. 56
2.69
3.12
2.29
2.44

$2.66
3.54
2.70
3.11
2.28
2.43

$2.67
3.60
2.68
3.15
2.28
2.40

$2.67
3.62
2.66
3.10
2.29
2.39

$2.65
3. 58
2.64
3.12
2.29
2.39

$2.63
3.47
2.64
3.02
2.26
2.36

$2.62
3.49
2.63
3.00
2.27
2.37

$2. 61
3.48
2.63
2.96
2. 26
2. 40

$2.62
3. 52
2.63
3.02
2. 26
2.38

$2.53
3.44
2.53
2.93
2.18
2.34

2.70
2.74

2.68
2.74

2.65
2.74

2.61
2.71

2.59
2. 71

2.60
2.68

2.61
2.68

2.63
2.69

2.65
2.68

2.62
2. 66

2.61
2.64

2.60
2.62

2.60
2. 62

2.58
2.63

2.49
2.56

3.29
3.55
2.95
3.06

3.28
3.55
2.95
3.06

3.28
3.54
2.96
3.05

3.26
3.51
2.97
3.03

3.24
3.49
2.95
3.02

3.23
3.48
2.92
3.01

3.20
3. 45
2.93
3.00

3.19
3.42
2.92
3.00

3.18
3.42
2.90
2.99

3.20
3.44
2.90
3. 03

3.17
3.39
2. 85
2.98

3.20
3.43
2.86
2.99

3.19
3. 42
2.89
2.96

3.18
3.42
2.88
2.97

3.11
3.36
2. 79
2. 89

3. 07
2. 81

3.08
2.80

3.07
2. 79

3.05
2.77

3.05
2.76

3.06
2.78

3.04
2.76

3.02
2.75

3.02
2.74

3.03
2. 71

3.00
2.69

2.99
2. 69

3.00
2.70

2.99
2.71

2. 87
2. 66

3.44

3. 45

3.43

3.43

3.42

3.40

3.42

3.40

3.38

3. 33

3.30

3.33

3.30

3. 32

3.17

Stone, clay, and glass products------------Flat glass_________________________
Glass and glassware, pressed or blown.
Cement, hydraulic_________________
Structural clay products-----------------Pottery and related products------------Concrete, gypsum, and plaster prod­
ucts________________ ___________
Other stone and mineral products------

$2.72

Primary metal industries-------------------Blast furnace and basic steel products..
Iron and steel foundries_____________
Nonferrous smelting and refining------Nonferrous rolling, drawing, and ex­
truding_________________________
Nonferrous foundries_______________
Miscellaneous primary metal indus­
tries____________________________
See footnotes at end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

G.— E A R N IN G S A N D H O U R S

T

able

931

C -l. Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry—Continued
Revised series; see box, p. 922.
1966

Industry
Ju n e 2 May 2 Apr.

Annual
average

1965

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

July

June

1965

1964

Manufacturing—Continued
Average weekly earnings
Durable goods—Continued
Fabricated metal products........................ $120. 70 $121.84 $119. 99 $119.85 $119.06 $118. 02 $119. 71 $118.72 $118.3C $116.48 $115. 08 $114.68 $117. 02 $116. 2C $111. 34
Metal cans_______________________ 141.3S 142.46 138.14 135.36 135.14 133. 66 135.68 136.32 134.4C 133.22 140. 92 141. 36 138. 45 137. 49 131.82
Cutlery, hand tools, and general hard­
ware___________________________ 113.15 114. 39 113.16 113. 57 113.15 112. 47 114. 51 114.93 112.71 1 1 1 . 22 108.09 107.33 108.92 110 . 81 107. 23
Heating equipment and plumbing fix­
tures____________ _______________ 1 1 1 . 1 1 110. 98 108.67 108.00 108.27 105. 60 109.08 108.40 109.59 106. 53 105.06 104. 66 106. 78 105.06 102.91
Fabricated structural metal products-. 120.98 120. 27 117. 73 117. 03 116. 76 116. 48 118. 30 116.62 117.45 116. 06 115.90 113.98 115. 21 114. 26 110.27
Screw machine products, bolts, etc___ 128. 7( 128.99 127.11 128.82 127.63 126. 62 126. 34 124.32 123.20 12 1 . 21 120.01 117. 39 121. 55 121.16 113.85
Metal stampings___________________ 128. 65 133.
132. 75 131.89 129. 99 129.68 132. 4i 132.41 130.20 125.38 122.96 125. 38
09 128. 60 123. 41
Coating, engraving, and allied services. 107.44 107.10 104. 58 105.42 104.25 102.18 103. 49 103. 0( 102.58 102. 51 99.46 98.98 130.
101.22 100 . 02
Miscellaneous fabricated wire products. 110.83 111.25 108. 58 108. 52 109. 56 107. 01 108. 80 108.54 106.85 105. 75 104.00 102. 50 104.75 104.92 95.58
99.46
Miscellaneous fabricated metal prod­
ucts........................................................ 118.16 119.43 117.46 117.87 116.06 114. 95 114. 95 114.26 115.23 113. 42 113.15 111. 37 113. 55 113.15 108.65
Machinery__________________________ 135. 52
Engines and turbines______________ 143. 52
Farm machinery and equipment_____
Construction and related m achinery... 134. 72
Metalworking machinery and equip­
m ent______________________ ____ 154.58
Special industry machinery_________ 127.58
General industrial machinery.............. 135. 3S
Office, computing and accounting ma­
chines__________________________ 131.44
Service industry machines.................... 116. 20
Miscellaneous machinery_____ ______ 127.87

135.83
145. 73
131.94
133.24

134.03
144.86
131. 52
:i32. 50

134. 51
141.57
132.62
133.42

133. 76
138.32
130.11
131.94

132. 41
135.85
128. 59
129.73

133. 48
140. 71
127.14
131. 24

130.20 129.47
135. 76 136. 08
125.22 123.79
128.40 . 130.33

127.12
135.43
122. 30
126. 65

155.90 153.12 153.64 152.06 150.29 151. 45 146.19 144.00 140. 75
126. 72 124. 55 125.24 124.80 124. 24 126. 05 122. 64 121.52 120. 37
134.64 132.24 132.54 132. 71 131.67 132. 88 129.60 129.17 127. 41
131. 02 128. 52 132.13 132.62 133.06 133. 24 130.42 129.38 126.60
115.93 115. 79 115.92 115.51 113.44 114. 93 113.3C 112.61 109. 62
128.32 127.30 127.87 127.43 125.97 126. 66 124.36 123.36 119.56

124.95
132. 57
117. 56
124.66

125.83
131. 43
118. 26
125. 97

128.03
133. 76
120.18
126. 56

127.15
133. 44
121.30
125. 97

121. 69
127.30
118. 82
120. 25

139.10 141. 75 145.33 144. 05 137.06
117. 85 118.28 120. 77 120 . 22 114.86
125.83 124.82 127. 74 126. 56 120.83
123.85 126.95 126. 35 126. 78 120.60
110.15 111. 78 115. 06 112.19 107.16
119.11 119. 66 120. 93 120.93 115.83

Average weekly hours
Fabricated metal products.....................
Metal cans.............................................. .
Cutlery, hand tools, and general hard­
ware__________________________ _
Heating equipment and plumbing fix­
tures..................................................... .
Fabricated structural metal products..
Screw machine products, bolts, etc___
Metal stampings........... ........................
Coating, engraving, and allied services
Miscellaneous fabricated wire products.
Miscellaneous fabricated metal products
Machinery____ _______ ____ _________
Engines and turbines______________
Farm machinery and equipment_____
Construction and related m achinery....
Metalworking machinery and equip­
m ent___________________________
Special industry machinery_________
General industrial machinery________
Office, computing and accounting ma­
chines__________________________
Service industry machines.....................
Miscellaneous machinery........................

42.5
43. 5

42.6
43.7

42.1
42.9

42.2
42.3

42.2
42.1

42.0
41.9

42.6
42.8

42.4
42.6

42.4
42.0

41.9
41.5

42.0
43.9

41.7
43.9

42.4
43.4

42.1
43.1

41.7
42.8

41.6

41.9

41.3

41.6

41.6

41.5

42.1

42.1

41.9

41.5

41.1

40.5

41.1

41.5

41.4

40.7
42.6
45.0
42.6
42.3
42.3
42.2

40.8
42.2
45.1
43.4
42.0
42.3
42.5

40.1
41.6
44.6
43.1
41.5
41.6
42.1

40.0
41.5
45.2
43.1
42.0
41.9
42.4

40.1
41.7
45.1
42.9
41.7
42.3
41.9

39.7
41.6
44.9
42.8
41.2
41.8
41.8

40.7
42.4
44.8
43.7
41.9
42.5
41.8

40.6
42.1
44.4
43.7
41.7
42.4
41.7

41.2
42.4
44.0
43.4
41.7
41.9
41.9

40.2
41.9
43.6
42.5
41.5
41.8
41.7

40.1
42.3
43.8
42.4
41.1
41.6
41.6

40.1
41.6
43.0
42.5
40.9
41.0
41.4

40.6
42.2
44.2
43.8
42.0
41.9
41.9

40.1
41.7
43.9
43.3
41.5
41.8
41. 6

40.2
41.3
42.8
43.0
41.2
41.1
41.0

44.0
43.1

43.8
43.5
42.7
43.3

44.1
42.9
43.2
43.6

44.0
42.3
42.8
43.4

43.7
41.8
42.3
43.1

44.2
42.9
42.1
43.6

43.4
41.9
41.6
42.8

43.3
42.0
41 4
43.3

42.8
41.8
41 fi
42.5

42.5
41.3
40 ^4
42.4

42.8
41.2

42.4
40.8

42! 7

43.4
41.8
41 3
42 ! 9

43.1
41.7

43.6

44.1
43.5
42.7
43.4

42! 7

4li 9

46.7
44.3
44.1

47.1
44.0
44.0

46.4
43.7
43.5

46.7
44.1
43.6

46.5
44.1
43.8

46.1
43.9
43.6

46.6
44.7
44.0

45.4
43.8
43.2

45.0
43.4
43.2

44.4
43.3
42.9

44.3
42.7
42.8

45.0
42.7
42.6

4 5 .7
43.6
43 .3

45.3
43.4
42.9

44.5
42.7
42.1

42.4
41.8
44.4

42.4
41.7
44.4

42.0
41.8
44.2

42.9
42.0
44.4

43.2
41.7
44.4

43.2
41.4
44.2

43.4
42.1
44.6

42.9
41.5
44.1

42.7
41.4
43.9

42.2
40.6
42.7

41.7
41.1
43.0

42.6
41.4
43.2

42.4
42.3
43.5

42.4
41.4
43.5

41.3
40.9
42.9

$2.78
3.21

$2.74
3. 21

$2. 75
3.22

$2.76
3.18

$2.76
3.19

$2. 67
3.08

Average hourly earnings
Fabricated metal products........................
Metal cans_____________ ___________
Cutlery, hand tools, and general hard­
ware___________________________
Heating equipment and plumbing fix­
tures..... .................................................
Fabricated structural metal products...
Screw machine products, bolts, etc.......
Metal stampings___________________
Coating, engraving, and allied services.
Miscellaneous fabricated wire products.
Miscellaneous fabricated metal products.

$2.84
3. 25

$2.86
3. 26

$2.85
3.22

2.72

2.73

2.74

2.73

2.72

2.73
2.84
2.86
3.02
2.54
2.62
2.80

2. 72
2.85
2.86
3. 07
2.55
2.63
2.81

2.71
2.83
2.85
3.08
2.52
2. 61
2. 79

2.70
2.82
2.85
3.06
2.51
2.59
2.78

2.70
2.80
2.83
3.03
2. 50
2.59
2.77

Machinery__________________________
Engines and tu rb in e s..........................
Farm machinery and equipment_____
Construction and related m achinery...
Metalworking machinery and equipment.
Special industry machinery____ ____
General industrial machinery________
Office, computing and accounting ma­
chines__________________________
Service industry machines.....................
Miscellaneous machinery.......................

3.08
3.33
3.09
3. 31
2.88
3.07

3.08
3. 35
3.09
3. 07
3.31
2.88
3.06

3.06
3.33
3.08
3. 06
3.30
2.85
3.04

3.05
3.30
3.07
3.06
3.29
2.84
3. 04

3.04
3.27
3.04
3.04
3.27
2.83
3.03

3.10
2.78
2.88

3.09
2.78
2.89

3.06
2.77
2.88

3.08
2.76
2.88

3.07
2.77
2.87

See footnotes at end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

$2.84
3.20

$2.82
3.21

$2.81
3.19

$2. 81
3.17

$2.80
3.20

$2. 79
3.20

2. 71

2. 72

2.73

2.69

2.68

2.63

2.65

2. 67

2. 67

2.59

2.66
2. 80
2. 82
3.03
2. 48
2. 56
2. 75

2.68
2. 79
2.82
3. 03
2. 47
2. 56
2. 75

2.67
2.77
2.80
3.03
2.47
2.56
2.74

2.66
2.77
2.80
3.00
2.46
2.55
2.75

2. 65
2. 77
2.78
2.95
2. 47
2.53
2.72

2.62
2.74
2. 74
2.90
2. 42
2.50
2. 72

2.61
2.74
2.73
2.95
2.42
2.50
2.69

2.61
2.73
2.75
2.99
2.39
2.50
2. 75

2.62
2. 74
2.76
2.97
2. 41
2. 51
2. 72

2.56
2.67
2. 66
2.87
2.32
2.42
2.65

3.03
3. 25
3.04
3. 01
3. 26
2.83
3. 02

3.02
3.28
3.02
3. 01
3. 25
2. 82
3.02

3.00
3.24
3.01
3.00
3.22
2.80
3.00

2.99
3.24
2.99
3. 01
3.20
2.80
2.99

2.97
3.24
2.94
2.98
3.17
2.78
2. 97

2.94
3.21
2.91
2.94
3.14
2.76
2.94

2.94
3.19
2.92
2.95
3.15
2.77
2.93

2.95
3.18
2.91
2.93
3.19
2.77
2.93

2. 95
3. 20
2. 93
2. 95
3.18
2. 77
2. 95

2.87
3.12
2.87
2.87
3.08
2.69
2.87

3.08
2. 74
2.85

3.07
2. 73
2. 84

3.04
2.73
2.82

3.03
2. 72
2.81

3.00
2.70
2.80

2.97
2.68
2.77

2.98
2.70
2.77

2.97
2. 71
2.79

2.99
2. 71
2. 78

2.92
2.62
2. 70

M O N T H L Y L A B O R R E V IE W , A U G U S T 1966

932
T

able

C -l. Gross hours and earnings

of

production workers,1 by industry—Continued
Revised series; see box, p. 922.
Annual
average

1955

1966
Industry
June2 May 2 Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Dec.

Jan.

Nov.

Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

July

June

1965

1964

Average weekly earnings
Manufacturing—Continued
Durable goods—Continued
Electrical equipment and supplies-------Electric distribution equipm ent--------Electrical industrial apparatus---------Household appliances---------------------Electric lighting and wiring equip­
ment ___________________________
Radio and TV receiving sets..............—
Communication equipm ent--------Electronic components and accessories.
Miscellaneous electrical equipment
and supplies____________________

78 $101.66
$108.62 $108.62 $108. 09 $107.79 $108.47 $108.21 $110.04 $108.32 $107.12 $106.08 $104. 60 $103.97 $106. 04 $105.
113.02 110.83
115.35 115.35 113.98 115. 50 113. 57 113.98 116. 75 115.23 114.68 113.58 113. 44 113.85 113. 71 113.
70 109. 56
115.48
117 73 118.28 118.15 118.71 118.00 115.78 117. 58 114.81 114.68 113. 98 112.19 113. 70
119.39 120.10 119.39 114.77 118.69 119.83 123. 26 119. 70 119.28 115. 34 113.83 111.60 113. 98 114. 95 107.33
99.14 95. 04
102.66 102. 50 101.09 101.43 100. 78 100. 28 102. 42 101. 68 101.27 100. 37 98.01 97.93 99. 31 90.
87. 47
92 23 89.93 91.80 91.87 93.43 92.66 95. 24 93. 50 93.03 92. 50 91.43 89.67 89.27 116. 91
88 112. 07
117.58
113.
65
117.29
118.
53
119.26
122.98
120.25
121.
54
121.67
120.
67
119.81 121.22 119.23
86.18
92.80 92.84 91.98 92.43 92.25 92.03 92. 51 91.21 89.91 88. 62 87. 34 86. 24 91. 02 89.28

Transportation equipment— ------------Motor vehicles and equipm ent---------Aircraft and parts-------------------------Ship and boat building and repairing.
Railroad equipm ent-----------------------Other transportation equipm ent--------

117.67 117.67 117.62 117.10 119.81 118.12 120.98 119. 28
138 42 138.74 141. 47 140. 06 141.14 142.46 145. 53 144.87
141. 54 149.02 144.57 146.45 148. 58 155.38 156.18
143.12 142.68 139. 43 141. 48 142.14 143. 00 141.15 138. 35
131 88 129.17 128.75 130.10 130. 00 129.27 126. 07 123. 22
137.20 138.20 132.44 133.82 135. 71 135. 96 133. 32
97.36 95.60 95.60 91.80 89.86 94. 87 94.13

116.06 112. 74 111.38 110.95 113. 70 114. 95 108.67
141.48
151. 53
134. 51
125.86
129.03
97.11

135. 01
142.13
130. 73
123. 32
130. 25
97.58

130.82
136. 45
130. 52
120. 50
125.19
96. 05

133. 46
141.14
130. 31
119. 50
126. 72
90.68

137.49 137. 71
147. 74 147. 63
131. 04 131. 88
120. 60 121. 91
130. 33 129. 44
95. 63 93.09

130.09
138. 03
125. 03
121.10
127. 39
93.89

Average weekly hours
Electrical equipment and supplies-------Electric distribution equipm ent--------Electrical industrial apparatus---------Household appliances---------------------Electric lighting and wiring equip­
ment ___________________________
Radio and TV receiving sets........ ........
Communication equipm ent--------Electronic components and accessories.
Miscellaneous electrical equipment and
supplies________________________
Transportation equipm ent.......... ...........
Motor vehicles and equipm ent-.........
Aircraft and parts_________________
Ship and boat building and repairing.
Railroad equipm ent_______________
Other transportation equipm ent____

41.3
42.1
42.5
41.6

41.3
42.1
42.7
41.7

41.1
41.6
42.5
41.6

41.3
42.0
42.7
40.7

41.4
41.6
42.6
41.5

41.3
41.6
42.1
41.9

42.0
42.3
42.6
42.8

41.5
41.9
41.9
42.0

41.2
41.7
41.7
42.0

40.8
41.3
41.6
40.9

40.7
41.4
41.4
40.8

40.3
41.4
41.8
40.0

41.1
41.5
42.3
41.0

41.0
41.4
41.8
41.2

40. 5
41.2
41.5
40.5

40.9
40.1
41.6
40.7

41.0
39.1
41.8
40.9

40.6
39.4
41.4
40.7

40.9
39.6
41.9
40.9

40.8
40.1
42.1
41.0

40.6
39.6
42.2
40.9

41.3
40.7
42.7
41.3

41.0
40.3
41.9
40.9

41.0
40.1
41.7
40.5

40.8
39.7
41.3
40.1

40. 5
40.1
41.3
39.7

40.3
39.5
40.3
39.2

40.7
39.5
41.4
41.0

40.8
39.7
41.3
40.4

40.1
39.4
40.9
39.9

41.0

41.0

40.7

40.8

41.6

41.3

42.3

42.0

41.6

40.7

40.5

40.2

40.9

41.2

40.7

43.0
43.7
42.9
41.4
41.5
40.0

42.7
42.9
43.4
41.7
40.5
40.0

42.9
43.2
43.6
41.4
40.8
38.9

43.3
43.7
44.0
41.3
41.0
38.9

44.1
45.3
43.7
40.8
41.2
40.2

43.9
45.4
43.1
40.4
40.4
40.4

43.4
44.7
42.3
41.4
39.7
41.5

41.8
42.3
41.5
40.7
40.2
41.7

41.4
41.6
41.7
40.3
39. 0
41.4

42.1
42.9
41.9
40.1
39. 6
39.6

43.1
44.5
42.0
40.2
40.6
41.4

42.9
44.2
42.0
40.5
40.2
40.3

42.1
43. 0
41.4
40.5
40.7
41.0

$2.60
2.75
2.75
2.84
2.47
2.32
2.86
2.22

$2.60
2. 75
2.74
2.82
2. 46
2. 33
2. 87
2. 21

$2.57
2.74
2. 71
2.79
2. 42
2.28
2.84
2. 20

$2.58
2. 75
2. 72
2. 79
2. 43
2. 27
2.82
2. 20

$2. 58
2. 74
2. 73
2.78
2. 44
2. 26
2.84
2. 22

$2.58
2. 73
2. 72
2. 79
2. 43
2. 29
2.83
2. 21

$2. 51
2.69
2. 64
2.65
2.37

42.2
43.5
42.0

42.3
42.0
43.5
41.4
41.2
40.4

Average hourly earnings

2.28

$2.63
2.74
2.77
2.88
2. 50
2.30
2.90
2.27

$2.63
2.74
2.78
2.87
2.49
2.33
2.88
2.26

$2.61
2.75
2.78
2.82
2.48
2.32
2.88
2.26

$2.62
2.73
2.77
2.86
2.47
2.33
2.89
2.25

$2.02
2.74
2.75
2.86
2.47
2.34
2.88
2. 25

$2. 62
2. 76
2.76
2.88
2. 48
2.34
2. 88
2. 24

$2. 61
2.75
2. 74
2. 85
2.48
2. 32
2.87
2.23

2.87

2.87

2.89

2.87

2.88

2.86

2.86

2. 84

2.79

2.77

2.75

2.76

2.78

2.79

2.67

3.30
3. 43
3.23
3. 09
3. 30
2.36

3.30
3. 44
3. 21
3. 05
3. 30
2.33

3.26
3.39
3.18
3.04
3.25
2.34

3. 23
3. 36
3.15
3. 03
3. 24
2. 34

3.16
3.28
3.13
2.99
3. 21
2. 32

3.17
3.29
3.11
2.98
3. 20
2. 29

3.19
3.32
3.12
3. 00
3. 21
2. 31

3. 21
3.34
3.14
3. ul
3. 22
2. 31

3.09
3. 21
3.02
2. 99
3.13
2.29

Electrical equipment and supplies-------Electric distribution equipm ent.........
Electrical industrial apparatus---------Household appliances______________
Electric lighting and wiring equipment
Radio and TV receiving sets________
Communication equipm ent-------------Electronic components and accessories.

$2.63
2.74
2.77
2.87
2.51
2.30

supplies----- ---------- ---------------------

Miscellaneous electrical equipment and

Transportation equipm ent----------------Motor vehicles and equipm ent--------Aircraft and parts_________________
Ship and boat building and repairing.
Railroad equipm ent_______________
Other transportation equipm ent____
See footnotes at end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

2.88

3.28
3.29

3.28
3.37
3.28
3.12
3.33
2. 41

3.29
3. 41
3.25
3.11
3.33
2.39

3.28
3.37
3.26
3.12
3.27
2.39

3.29
3.39
3.26
3.14
3.28
2.36

3.29
3.40
3.25
3.13
3.31
2.31

2.22

2. 74
2.16

933

C.— E A R N IN G S A N D H O U R S

T

able

C -l. Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry—Continued
Revised series; see box, p. 922.
1966

1965

Annual
average

Industry
June 2 M a y 2 Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

July

June

1965

1964

Average weekly earnings
M anufacturing—C ontinued
Durable goods—Continued
Instruments and related products______ $114. 21 $114. 06 $112. 02 $112.67 $112.25 $111.72 $111.30 $110.88 $109. 78 $108. 58 $108.05
Engineering and scientific instruments.
130. 78 129. 55 133.18 131. 70 132. 25 133. 80 129.13 124. 80 125.10 125.63
Mechanical measuring and control
devices_________________________ 116. 84 116. 57 114.36 113. 79 114.06 114. 06 109.06 111.34 110.92 109.93 109.15
Optical and ophthalmic goods _ . . .
104. 37 102.12 96.87 101. 46 100.38 99.42 100. 44 99.83 98.70 99.12 97.86
Ophthalmic goods
_________
92. 51 88. 26 91.24 91.05 89.35 90.23 89.84 89.40 89.84 87.76
Surgical, medical, and dental equipment___________________________ 97.11 95.58 93. 79 93.89 92.57 93.20 94. 30 93.43 91.94 90.80 89.95
Photographic equipment and supplies..
134. 20 134.60 131. 63 133.29 130 29 131 97 129 63 131 26 127 87 126 24
Watches and clocks . . __________ _
89.91 90. 50 91. 62 91 02 89 3f> 91 27 89 76
87 33
Miscellaneous manufacturing industries.. 88.40 88.40 87. 74 88.88 88.44
Jewelry, silverware, and plated ware—. 100.94 100. 28 100. 21 100. 60 97. 68
Toys, amusement, and sporting goods.
78.20 78.20 78.99 78. 00
Pens’ pencils, office and "art m aterials..
86.05 84.42 85. 44 84 80
Costume jewelry, buttons, and notions.
81.80 79.97 82.42 82.21
Other manufacturing industries.._____ 94. 64 95. 51 94.56 95.47 95.47
Musical instruments and parts_____
99.14 98.25 99.53 102.18

87.12 87.48 86.46 86.46
96. 63 103. 39 102.67 100.14
77 00 76 05 76 62
82 29 8f> 70 8fi 49 86 49
80.38 80. 80 78. ÓÌ 77.03
94.24 94. 60 94.19 94.60
96.80 99. 77 101.22 101.22

$107. 53 $108.99 $108. 05 $103. 63
124. 42 127.26 124. 92 119.66
109.41 109.41 108. 62 103. 79
98.88 98.41 98.23 94.81
89.60 88. 56 88.99 85.67
87.58 91.30
124 Q6 127 87

90.63

88.22

85.20
97.06
76 24
84 46
77.62
92.23
99.29

84.80
94.53
76 86
88 84
77.81
92.69
97.58

83. 71
90.91
76 66
8116
7ö! 85
91.94
93.85

84.96
94.19

84.99
95.53

88 68
76! 44
91.83
95.99

82.37
91.58
74 30

77. 62
92.23
97. 34

73.90
88.98
94.66

Average weekly hours
Instruments and related products............
Engineering and scientific instruments.
Mechanical measuring and control
devices______ _______________ _.
Optical and ophthalmic goods_______
Ophthalmic goods____. . . _ _____
Surgical, medical, and dental equipm ent___________ . . . .
_______
Photographic equipment and supplies.
Watches and clocks___ _ . . .
___
Miscellaneous manufacturing industries..
Jewelry, silverware, and plated ware—.
Toys, amusement, and sporting goods.
Pens, pencils, office and art materials.
Costume jewelry, buttons, and notions.
Other manufacturing industries______
Musical instruments and p a r ts ____

42.3

42.4
42.6

41.8
42.2

42.2
43.1

42.2
42.9

42.0
42.8

42.0
43.3

42.0
42.2

41.9
41.6

41.6
41.7

41.4
41.6

41.2
41.2

41.6
42.0

41.4
41. 5

40.8
40.7

42.8
42.6

42.7
42.2
41.3

42.2
40.7
40. 3

42.3
42.1
41.1

42.4
42.0
41 2

42.4
41.6
40.8

41.0
42.2
41.2

41.7
42.3
41.4

41.7
42.0
41.2

41.8
42.0
41.4

41.5
42.0
41.2

41.6
41.9
41.1

41.6
41.7
41.0

41.3
41.8
41.2

40.7
41.4
40.6

41.5

41.2
44.0
40. 5

40.6
43.7
40. 4

41.0
43.3
40 9

40.6
43.7
41 0

40.7
43.0
40 8

41.0
43.7

40.8
43.5

40.5
43.9

40.0
43.2

39.8
42.6

39.1
42.5

40.4
43.2

40.1
43.0

40.1
41.8

40.0
41.2

40.0
41.1
39.1
40.4
40.1
40.3
40.8

39.7
40.9
39.1
40. 2
39.2
39.9
40.6

40.4
41.4
39.3
40.3
40.4
40.8
41.3

40.2
40.7
39.0
40.0
40.3
40.8
42.4

39.6
40.6
38.5
39.0
39.4
40.1
40.5

40.5
42.9
39.2
41. 6
40.4
40.6
41.4

40.4
42.6
39.7
41.3
39.6
40.6
42.0

40.4
41.9
40.1
41.3
39.3
40.6
42.0

40.0
41.3
39.5
40.8
39.6
40.1
41.2

40.0
41.1
39.3
40.7
39.9
40.3
41.0

39.3
39.7
38.6
39.4
39.3
39.8
39.6

39.7
40.6
39.1
40.4
39.0
40.1
40.5

39.9
41.0
39. 2
40. 4
39.6
40.1
40.9

39.6
40.7
38.9
39.4
39.1
39.9
40.8

40.1

Average hourly earnings
Instruments and related products______
Engineering and scientific instruments.
Mechanical measuring and control
devices______ __ _______
_____
Optical and ophthalmic goods_____
Ophthalmic goods_________
Surgical, medical, and dental equipment___________________________
Photographic equipment and supplies.
Watches and clocks.. .
______

$2. 70

$2.69
3. 07

$2. 68
3. 07

$2.67
3. 09

$2. 66
3.07

$2. 66
3.09

$2. 65
3. 09

$2.64
3.06

$2.62
3.00

$2. 61
3.00

$2. 61
3.02

$2.61
3.02

$2.62
3.03

$2. 61
3. 01

$2.54
2. 94

2.73
2.45

2. 73
2. 42
2. 24

2. 71
2. 38
2.19

2. 69
2.41
2.22

2.69
2.39
2 21

2.69
2.39
2.19

2. 66
2. 38
2.19

2.67
2.36
2.17

2.66
2.35
2.17

2.63
2.36
2.17

2.63
2.33
2.13

2.63
2.36
2.18

2.63
2. 36
2.16

2.63
2. 35
2.16

2. 55
2.29
2.11

2. 34

2.32
3.05
2. 22

2.31
3.08
2. 24

2.29
3.04
2 24

2.28
3.05
2 22

2.29
3.03
2 19

2. 30
3.02

2.29
2.98

2.27
2.99

2. 27
2. 96

2.26
2. 94

2.24
2.94

2.26
2.96

2. 26
2. 98

2.20
2.88

Miscellaneous manufacturing industries..
Jewelry, silverware, and plated ware..
Toys, amusement, and sporting goods.
Pens, pencils, office and art materials _
Costume jewelry, buttons, and notions.
Other manufacturing industries____ _
Musical instruments and parts_____

2.21
2.45

2. 21
2. 44
2.00
2.13
2. 04
2.37
2.43

2.21
2.45
2.00
2.10
2.04
2.37
2.42

2.20
2.43
2.01
2.12
2. 04
2.34
2.41

2.20
2.40
2.00
2 12
2.04
2.34
2.41

2. 20
2.38
2.00
2 11
2.04
2.35
2.39

2.16
2. 41
1.94
2 06
2. 00
2.33
2.41

2.14
2.41
1.93
2 07
1.97
2.32
2.41

2.14
2.39
1.93

2.13
2.35
1.93

2.12
2.30
1.93

2.13
2.29
1.96

2. 13
2.33
1.94

2.08
2. 25
1.91

1.96
2.33
2.41

1.96
2.30
2.41

1.95
2.30
2.38

1.93
2.31
2.37

2.14
2.32
1.96
2 07
l! 96
2.29
2.37

1.96
2. 30
2. 38

1.89
2.23
2.32

See footnotes at end of table.

224 -96 6 O— 66-

•7


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

2. 36

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, AUGUST 1966

934
T able

C -l. Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 b y industry—Continued
Revised series; see box, p. 922.
Annual
average

1965

1966
Industry
Ju n e2 M a y 2 Apr.
M anufacturing—Continued
Nondurable goods
Food and kindred products----------------Meat products_____________ ______
Dairy products-----------------------------Canned and preserved food, except
meats________________ ____ _____
Grain mill products________________
Bakery products___________________
Sugar____________________________
Confectionery and related products___
Beverages_________________ _______
Miscellaneous food and kindred prod­
ucts____________________________
Tobacco manufactures________________
Cigarettes________________________
Cigars____________________________
Textile mill products........ ............. ...........
Cotton broad woven fabrics_________
Silk and synthetic broad woven fabrics.
Weaving and finishing broad woolens-Narrow fabrics and small wares_______
Knitting_________________________
Finishing textiles, except wool and
k nit____________________________
Floor covering_____________________
Yam and thread___________________
Miscellaneous textile goods__________

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

July

June

1965

1964

Average weekly earnings
$105.16 $103. 48 $102. 21 $101.25 $101. 59 $100.94 $101.84 $100. 77 $100.19 $100.19 $99.19 $100.98 $100. 53 $99.87 $97.17
111.22 108. 40 106. 27 105. 73 106.00 108.94 109. 03 109.82 108.05 110.46 105.63 108.94 107.38 107.27 105. 98
110.00 107. 94 107. 52 106.85 106. 59 106.59 106.68 105. 59 105.59 106.60 104. 48 106. 70 105.90 105.08 102.12
84.28 83. 33 81.30 82.80 79.36 79.58 77.42 80.20 80. 59 81.41 79.37 77.00 79.00 75.86
117. 26 115.00 113. 97 114.84 115.88 115.54 119. 21 116.15 117.76 118. 78 116.46 115.82 112. 75 113.85 109.07
105.67 104.09 102. 26 101.35 101.85 101.20 102. 36 102.77 104.39 102. 06 101.50 102.00 102. 66 101. 00 97.12
121.54 117. 83 119.97 117.07 105.73 109.04 106.00 97.14 120.28 121.24 122.54 116.89 110. 50 106.32
90.27 87.25 84. 75 86.18 84.89 84.50 84.80 83.53 85.20 87. 74 87.08 82.78 83.03 83. 53 80.38
120.83 116.93 117.33 114. 97 113.60 112.75 116.28 116.52 114. 62 114.09 114.12 116. 90 116.34 113. 68 109.89
102.97 101. 64 100. 08 99.54
89. 86 87.32 86. 87 84.80
103. 45 105. 57 . 102.80
66. 33 65.28 66.15
82.94 81.45 79. 90 81.22
86. 00 83. 57 82. 64 84.15
87. 67 87. 71 85.14 86.68
91.12 89. 96 87. 03 87.23
80.64 79. 07 78. 47 79. 52
73.08 72.31 68. 63 70.98

101.44 99.17
88.31 82.30
111.25 101.38
66.15 64.05
81.22 79.84
84.97 84.39
86.24 84.83
87.44 85.80
79.10 77.38
69. 69 68.02

100.42 101.12
83.07 80.35
103.09 100.73
64.90 67.30
80.79 80.79
83. 57 83.96
86.63 86.24
85.80 83.38
79.48 77.56
68.71 70.53

99. 56
77.62
97.99
66.13
79.99
83.18
85.22
83. 78
77.19
70.31

99.92
78.41
96.10
65.11
78.62
81.60
85.06
84.58
75.85
69.42

98.75
78.07
97.38
65.32
79.19
81.60
85.61
85.34
75. 85
69.92

98. 75
82.72
98.02
63.92
77.64
79.80
83. 76
85.34
74.48
68.29

98.09
83.16
98.80
64.60
77.52
78.38
83.60
84.00
74. 80
69.17

98.37
79.59
97.27
63.95
77. 98
80. 28
83. 90
83. 69
75. 99
68. 29

96.25
76.05
93.45
64.24
73.39
74.34
79.24
76.86
73.03
65.45

89.63
85.31
76.46
91.59

87.74
83.96
76.11
90.95

85.68
84. 78
74.87
89. 25

86.09
86.14
75. 68
87.36

84.04
80.60
74.12
85.90

86.60
80. 75
72.42
88.83

85. 85
81. 51
73. 70
88. 20

81.90
76. 44
66.99
83. 63

90.25
88.58
76.46
93.52

78.14
95.03

91.33
82. 32
76. 50
93. 96

91. 54
79.95
76. 50
91.16

91.94
81.60
76. 79
91.38

90.87
82.22
76. 72
92.02

87.96
81.25
76.72
90.74

41.4
41. 5
42.8

40.9
40.6
42. 0

40. 4
40.1
42.0

40.5
39.6
41.9

40.8
40.0
41.8

40.7
40.8
41.8

41.4
41.3
42.0

41.3
41.6
41.9

41.4
41.4
41.9

41.4
42.0
42.3

41.5
41.1
42.3

41.9
41.9
43.2

41.2
41.3
42.7

41.1
41.1
42. 2

41.0
41.4
42.2

39.2
44.4
40. 5
42.2
39.3
40.6

38.4
43. 5
40. 1
41. 2
38. 7
40.6

38.9
44.0
39.9
43.0
39.9
40.2

40.0
44.4
40. 1
43.2
39.3
40.0

38.9
44.1
40.0
41.3
39.3
39.7

39.2
45.5
40.3
46.4
40.0
40.8

39.7
44.5
40.3
45.3
39.4
40.6

40.3
46.0
41.1
38.7
40.0
40.5

39.7
46.4
40.5
42.5
41.0
40.6

40.5
46.4
40.6
43.3
40. 5
41.2

40.7
46.7
40.8
43.3
38. 5
41.9

38.5
45.1
40.9
42.2
38.8
41.7

39.5
45. 0
40.4
42. 5
39.4
40.6

38.9
44.7
40.3
42. 7
39.4
40.4

42.0
38.3
38.6
37.9
42. 2
43.3
44.3
44.1
41.4
39.3
43.7
42.0
42. 5
43.3

41.7
38.1
39. 1
37.3
41. 4
42. 6
43. 0
43. 3
41.3
37. 5
43.8
41. 0
42. 5
42.6

42.0
38.2
38.5
37.8
42.3
43.6
44.0
43.4
42.3
39.0
44.2
42.5
42.9
42.9

42.8
39.6
40.9
37.8
42.3
43.8
44.0
43.5
42.3
38.5
43.9
42.6
43.1
43.0

42.2
38.1
38.4
36.6
41.8
43.5
43.5
42.9
41.6
38.0
42.7
42.1
43.1
42.6

43.1
39.0
38.9
37.3
42.3
43.3
44.2
42.9
42.5
38.6
43.6
44.4
43.2
43.7

43.4
37.9
38.3
38.9
42.3
43.5
44.0
41.9
41.7
39.4
43.3
44.2
43.2
43.0

43.1
39.2
37.4
38.9
42.1
43.1
43.7
42.1
41.5
39.5
42.8
43.5
43.0
42.9

42.7
39.4
36.4
38.3
41.6
42.5
43.4
42.5
41.0
39.0
42.0
43.7
42.3
42.3

42.2
37.9
37.6
38.2
41.9
42.5
43.9
43.1
41.0
39.5
42.2
44.4
43.0
41.8

42.2
37.6
37.7
37.6
41.3
42.0
43.4
43.1
40.7
38.8
41.4
42.2
42.6
41.1

42.1
37.8
38.0
38.0
41.9
42.6
44.0
43.3
41.1
39.3
43.3
42.5
42. 6
42. 5

42.4
37.9
37.7
37.4
41.7
42.7
43. 7
42. 7
41.3
38.8
42. 5
42. 9
42. 6
42. 2

42.4
38.8
39.1
38. 7
41.0
42.0
43.3
41.1
40.8
38. 5
42.0
42.0
41.1
41.4

$2.43
2.61
2.49

$2.37
2.56
2.42

2.00

1.95
2.44
2.41
2.49
2.04
2.72

92. 02

Average weekly hours
Food and kindred products___________
Meat products_________________ ___
Dairy products____________________
Canned and preserved food, except
meats---------------------------------------Grain mill products________________
Bakery products___________________
Sugar------------------------------------------Confectionery and related products----Beverages_____________1 ---------------Miscellaneous food and kindred prod­
ucts----- ------ --------------- ----------Tobacco manufactures_______________
Cigarettes________________________
Cigars___________________________
Textile mill products_________________
Cotton broad woven fabrics_________
Silk and synthetic broad woven fabrics.
Weaving and finishing broad woolens..
Narrow fabrics and small wares______
Knitting_________________________
Finishing textiles, except wool and knit.
Floor covering_____________________
Yam and thread___________________
Miscellaneous textile goods___ ______

45.1
40.8
40. 3
42.1
42.2
38.9
42.1
43. 0
43. 4
43. 6
42. 0
39. 5
43 2
42. 7
43.0

Average hourly earnings
Food and kindred products___________
Meat products________________ ____
Dairy products____________________
Canned and preserved food, except
meats__________________________
Grain mill products________________
Bakery products___________________
Sugar____________________________
Confectionery and related products___
Beverages________________________
Miscellaneous food and kindred prod­
ucts____________________________
Tobacco manufactures_______________
Cigarettes________________________
Cigars___________________________
Textile mill products_____________ ___
Cotton broad woven fabrics_________
Silk and synthetic broad woven fabrics.
Weaving and finishing broad woolens..
Narrow fabrics and smallwares_______
Knitting_________________________
Finishing textiles, except wool and knit.
Floor covering_____________________
Yam and thread___________________
Miscellaneous textile goods___ ______
See footnotes at end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

$2. 54

2.68
2. 57

2. 60

2. 59

2. 24
2. 87
2. 44
2.31
1. 97
2. 00
2. 02
2. 09
1.92
1 85
2.13
1.83

2.21

$2.46
2.64
2.54

$2.44
2.64
2.52

$2.42
2. 61
2.52

$2.42
2.63
2.52

$2.39
2.57
2.47

$2.41
2.60
2.47

$2.44
2.60
2.48

2.03

2.87

2.03
2.56
2.52
2.83
2.14
2.81

1.95
2.48
2. 50
2.83
2.15
2.79

2.00
2. 50

2.85

1.99
2.56
2.54
2.51
2.13
2.83

2.01

2.54
2. 35

1.95
2.61
2.55
2.34

2.35
2.16
2.64
1.75
1.91
1.94
1.95

2. 33
2.13
2.65
1.74
1.91
1.93
1.96

2.33

2. 32

2.60
1.70

1.71
2.07
1.93
1.77
2.13 1

1.78
2.05
1.93
1.77
2.12

2.60
1.70
1.85
1.84
1. 90
1.94
1.82
1.76

2. 58
1.71
1.87

1.78
2.07
1.95
1.77
2.14

2.34
2.06
2. 59
1.71
1.89
1.92
1.95
1.98
1.85
1.77
2.04
1.94
1.76
2.09

2.33

1.79
2.06
1.93
1.78
2.13

2.34
1.99
2.64
1.70
1.89
1.92
1.96
1.99
1.85
1.78
2.04
1.94
1.77

2.34

2.63
1.73
1.91
1.92
1.96
1.9£

2.31
1.98
2.62
1.70
1.90
1.93
1.95
1.99

$2.53
2.67
2.57

$2.53
2. 65
2.56

$2.50
2.67
2. 55

$2.49
2.65
2. 55

$2.48
2.67
2.55

2.15
2. 59
2. 57
2. 88
2. 22

2. 62
2. 55
2. 86

2.17

2.09
2.61
2.54
2.79
2.16

2.07
2.61
2.54
2.71
2.16
2. 84

2.04
2.62
2.53
2.56
2.15
2.84

2.40

2.37

2. 28

2.22

2. 37
2. 23
2. 72
1.75
1.92
1.94
1.96
2. 01
1.87
1.81
2.07
1.93
1.78
2.14

2.88
2.42
2. 28
2. 68
1. 75
1.93
1.93
1. 98
2. 04
1.91
1. 84
2. 09
1.96
1. 80
2.17

2.19
2.89

2. 70
1.75
1.93
1.94
1.98
2. 01
1.90
1.83
2. 09
1.95
1.80
2.14

2.86

2.67
1.75
1.92
1.93
1.97
2. 01

1.88

1.82
2.08
1.92
1.79
2.13

2. 62

2.12 2.12
2.12

2.00 2.00
1.86 1.87 1.86 1.86

2.11

2.51
2. 50
2.80
2.15
2.77

2.51
2.77
2.14
2. 79

2. 53
2. 50
2.60

2.12

2.80

2.20 2.20 2.10
1.88
1.90
1.93
1.98
1.83
1.76
2.03
1.91
1.74
2.09

2.00
1.90
1.70
2.09

1.88
1. 92
1. 96
1. 84
1. <6
2. 02
1.90
1. 73
2. 09

2. 27
1.96
2.39

1.66
1.79
1. 77
1. 83
1. 87
1. 79
1. /U
1.95
1.82
1. Oo
UZ

C.—EARNINGS AND HOURS
T able

C -l.

935

Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry—Continued
Revised series; see box, p. 922.
1966

Industry

Ju n e 2 M a y 2 Apr.

Annual
average

1965

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

July

June

1965 I 1964

Average weekly earnings
Manufacturing—Continued
Nondurable goods—Continued
Apparel and related products.. ______ $68. 82 $68. 26 $67.15 $69.37 $68. 81 $66. 05 $67. 33 $67. 70 $67. 52 $67.33 $67. 53 $66.43 $66. 61 $66. 61 $64.26
85.31 85.47 83.54 85. 25 85.69 83.76 84. 2C 83.98 84.36 83.54 83.44 82. 08 84.32 81.86 76. 23
Men’s and boys’ suits and coats.
Men’s and boys’ furnishings_________ 59.41 58.46 57.67 59. 09 59.31 58.46 58. 56 59.03 58.81 58. 66 58.14 57. 00 58.37 58.28 56. 09
Women’s, misses’, and juniors’ outerwear. ___. . .
_ ------------- 71.89 71.55 70.99 73.28 72. 38 66.73 68.68 68. 21 68.27 69.14 70. 79 69.83 67.72 68. 54 66.78
Women’s and children’s undergarments__ . . . ________ ____ . . . . . 63. 07 62.93 61.39 63. 07 62. 73 59. 45 60. 96 62. 33 62.29 61.92 61.50 59.13 59.45 60. 56 58. 97
Hats, caps, and m illin e ry ..---- --------67.71 66. 40 73.66 74. 05 68. 42 69.36 66.18 68.95 71.57 72. 76 72.83 67.89 70. 08 69.33
Girls’ and children’s outerwear. _ .
65.30 63. 51 62. 47 64.38 64.94 61.40 60.16 61.01 61.01 60.16 61.96 62.53 62.12 61.15 58.19
74.17 71.91 71. 57 72.50 70. 76 72. 60 73. 57 75.68 73.60 73.30 71.20 71.37 71.18 67.87
Fur goods and miscellaneous apparel...
Miscellaneous fabricated textile products__ _____________ _____ ___ 73. 33 73.91 73.71 73.92 73. 34 72.35 75. 08 77. 42 75.66 74.31 71.25 73.15 74.11 73. 73 70.47
119.19 119.03 117. 50 116.91 115.94 115.13 117. 82 116. 58 117.12 116.48 115.18 114.65 114.31 114. 22 109. 57
135. 00 134. 55 132. 76 131.72 131. 28 130. 69 131.87 131.12 131. 56 132.16 129. 20 130. 08 127.84 128.16 121.88
137. 56 139. 08 141.22 136.96 133.95 136. 05 138.16 136. 80 136.64 134.85 134.52 134. 06 129.94 132.14 124.32
104.58 103. 32 102. 34 101.99 101. 09 100. 85 102. 55 100. 91 100.74 99. 77 98. 95 98. 53 100.14 99. 42 96.28
108. 20 108.20 105. 59 107.10 105. 50 103. 58 108. 07 107. 57 107.32 106. 75 105.72 102. 58 104.30 103.81 100. 56
Printing, publishing and allied industries. 121. 83 122. 22 120. 51 121. 06 119. 74 117. 73 121. 60 118.97 119.66 120.28 118.81 117.12 117.43 118.12 114.35
Newspaper publishing and printing---- 124. 85 124. 87 122.40 119. 60 119.26 118. 22 125. 06 122.33 122.33 121.94 119.13 118.80 120.15 119. 49 116.84
Periodical publishing and printing___
125. 76 124. 74 126. 00 125.22 124. 50 121. 06 122.15 128.47 131.14 129. 60 126.63 124.71 126. 23 122. 01
Books . .
. . .
116.84 112. 59 114.36 111. 22 111. 22 114. 51 111 11 111 51 114 98 115 18 111 fi4
Commercial printing... _ . . . . . . . . 125.45 125. 45 124. 03 125. 77 124. 03 120. 59 124. 80 122.14 122!14 123. 07 1 2 1 .7 5 120. 04 119. 95 120! 96 116! 42
Bookbinding and related industries___ 93.27 95. 01 94.14 94.95 94.17 90.58 93.93 91.48 92.11 92.19 90.40 89.32 92. 59 91.57 89.40
Other publishing and printing industries___________ _________ ____ 122. 68 122.82 123.13 125.05 124.41 122.92 124. 82 120. 51 121. 99 121. 60 121. 29 118.42 119.12 120. 51 116.10
Average weekly hours
Paper and allied products____ . . .
Paper and pulp _______ __________
Paperboard.. .
_______ . . . . Converted paper and paperboard oroducts__
---- -- _ _ -------Paperboard containers and boxes. . .

Apparel and related products_____ .
Men’s and boys’ suits and coats______
Men’s and boys’ furnishings.. . ------Women’s, misses’, and juniors’ outerwear__ __
_________
Women’s and children’s undergarments------ --------- . . . -------- -----Hats, caps, and m illinery.. _ _
Girls'’ and children’s outerwear. ____
Fur goods and miscellaneous apparel...
Miscellaneous fabricated textile* products___ _______ . . . ------ --

36.8
38.6
37.6

36.5
38.5
37.0

36.1
37.8
36.5

34.9

34.9

37.1

36.8
36. 6
36.5
36.9

37.1

36.9
38.4
37.4

36.6
38.6
37.3

35.7
37.9
37.0

36.2
38.1
37.3

34.8

35.4

34.8

33.2

35.9
35.7
35.9
36. 5

37.1
37. 2
37.0
36. 7

36.9
37. 4
36.9
36. 8

35.6
36. 2
35.7
36 1

36.4
38.0
37.6

36.3
38.0
37.7

36.2
37.8
37.6

33.5

33.6

33.3

33.4

34.7

36.5
86 7
35.6
36.3

37.1

37.3

37.3
8fi 7

37.5
87 7

36! 1
36.6

36! 1
37.1

3 5 .6

3 7 .1
3 7 .4

37.0
36.7

36.8

36.9
38.1
38.0

36.5
38.0
37.5

36.6
38.5
37.9

36.4
37.9
37. 6

35.9
36.3
36.9

34.4

34.2

34.1

33.9

36.5

36.7
8fi fi
37!2
36.6

36.7

36.4

36! 4
36.5

35! 7
36.1

37.8

37.9

37.8

38.3

38.0

37.1

38.7

39.1

39.0

38.5

3 7 .9

38.5

38.4

38.4

38.3

43.5
45.0
45.4

43.6
45.0
45.9

43.2
44.7
46.3

43.3
44.5
45.5

43.1
44.5
44.5

42.8
44.3
45.2

43.8
44.7
45.9

43.5
44.6
45.6

43.7
44.9
45.7

43.3
44.8
44.8

4 3 .3
4 4 .4
4 5 .6

43.1
44.7
45.6

43.3
44.7
44.5

43.1
44.5
45.1

42.8
44. 0
44.4

42.0
42.6

42.0
42.6

41.6
41.9

41.8
42.5

41.6
42.2

41.5
41.6

42.2
43.4

41.7
43.2

41.8
43.1

41.4
42.7

41.4
42.8

41.4
41.7

41.9
42.4

41.6
42.2

41.5
41.9

38.8
36.4

38.5
36.0
39. 6
41.7
39.5
38.9

38.8
35.7
40 0
42 2
39.8
39.4

38.5
35.6
39. 5
41. 5
39.5
39.4

38.1
35.5
39. 4
41. 5
38.9
37.9

39.1
37.0
88 8
42 1
40. 0
39.3

38.5
36.3

38.6
36.3

38.8
36.4
40 fi
42 1

38.7
36.1
40 5
42 5

38.4
36.0
40 2
41 5

38.5
36.3
40 1
40 9

38. 6
36.1

38.5
36.4
40 4

39.7
38.7

38.8
36.3
39.3
42. 8
39.7
39.1

39! 4
38.6

39! 4
38.7

3 9 .7

3 9 .4

3 9 .1

38.8

38.5

3 9 .2
3 9 .4

39.4
38.8

3 9 .2

38.9

38.7

38.5

38.6

39.2

39.0

38.9
39.5
39.1
39.0
Average hourly earnings

39.1

39.0

38.7

38.8

39. 0

38.7

Apparel and related products.. .
Men’s and boys’ suits and coats. _ .
Men’s and boys’ furnishings____ . . .
Women’s, misses’, and juniors’ outerwear__ _ __ ____ _
_
Women’s and children’s undergarments.
Hats, caps, and m illinery..
____
Girls’ and children’s outerwear______
Fur goods and miscellaneous apparel ..
Miscellaneous fabricated textile" products______________________ ____

$1.87
2. 21
1.58

$1.87
2. 22
1.58

$1.86
2.21
1.58

$1.88
2.22
1.58

$1.88
2.22
1.59

$1.85
2. 21
1.58

$1.86
2. 21
1. 57

$1.86
2. 21
1. 57

$1.86
2.22
1.56

$1.86
2. 21
1.56

$1.83
2.19
1.53

$1.82
2.16
1.52

$1.82
2.19
1.54

$1.83
2.16
1.55

$1.79
2.10
1.52

2. 06
1.70

2. 05
1.71
1. 85
1.74
2. 01

2.04
1.71
1.86
1.74
1. 97

2.07
1.70
1.98
1.74
1.95

2.08
1.70
1.98
1.76
1.97

2. 01
1.67
1 89
1.72
1.96

2. 05
1.67
1 89
1. 69
2.00

2.03
1.68

2.05
1.67
l! 69
2.04

2.04
1.64
1 98
1.67
1.96

2. 03
1.62
1 99
1.69
1.94

1.98
1.62
1 8fi
1.67
1.95

2. 01
1.65
1 92

l! 69
2. 01

2.07
1.66
1 95
1.69
2.00

1.97
1.62
1. 91
1.63
1. 88

1.94

1.95

1.95

1.93

1.93

1.95

1.94

1.98

1.94

1.93

1.88

1.90

1.93

1.92

1.84

Paper and allied products... ............ ._
Paper and p u l p _______ _ .
. .
Paperboard___ _ ______ . . . . . .
Converted paper and paperboard products__ _. ____ _____ _ _____ _
Paperboard containers and boxes_____

2. 74
3. 00
3.03

2. 73
2. 99
3.03

2. 72
2. 97
3. 05

2. 70
2. 96
3. 01

2. 69
2.95
3.01

2. 69
2.95
3.01

2.69
2. 95
3. 01

2.68
2. 94
3.00

2.68
2.93
2.99

2. 69
2.95
3. 01

2. 66
2.91
2. 95

2. 66
2.91
2.94

2.64
2. 86
2.92

2. 65
2. 88
2.93

2. 56
2. 77
2.80

2.49
2.54

2.46
2.54

2.46
2. 52

2. 44
2.52

2. 43
2. 50

2. 43
2. 49

2.43
2.49

2. 42
2.49

2.41
2.49

2.41
2. 50

2.39
2.47

2.38
2.46

2.39
2.46

2. 39
2. 46

2.32
2.40

Printing, publishing and allied industries.
Newspaper publishing and printing__
Periodical publishing and printing. ...
Books. . . . __________ . . . . _ .
Commercial printing____ _________
Bookbinding and related industries___
Other publishing and printing industries___________ _____ ________
See footnotes at end of table.

3.14
3.43

3.13
3. 40
3.15
2. 70
3.14
2.42

3.12
3.35
3.15
2 71
3.16
2.41

3.11
3. 35
3.17
2 68
3.14
2.39

3.09
3. 33
3.16
2. 68
3.10
2.39

3.11
3. 38
8 12

3.09
3. 37
8 14

3.10
3.37
8 18

3.10
3.35
3. 23
2 78

3.16
2.41

3.15
3.44
3. 20
2. 73
3.16
2. 43

3.12
2. 39

3 ! 10
2 .3 7

3 .1 0

2.38

3 .1 0
2 .3 7

3. 07
3.30
3. 20
2.71
3.09
2.33

3. 05
3.30
3.15
2 69
3.07
2.32

3. 05
3.31
3.11
2. 71
3.06
2.35

3.06
3.31
3.14
2. 68
3. 07
2.36

2. 97
3. 21
3. 02
2.62
2.97
2.31

3.17

3.19

3.19

3.19

3.19

3.16

3.16

3. 09

3.12

3 .1 1

3.11

3.06

3.07

3.09

3.00

Paper and allied products..
Paper and p u l p ___________ __ ----Paperboard. . . . . ____ ____ _____
Converted paper and paperboard products___ . . . . . . . . . . _____ .
Paperboard containers and boxes_____
Printing, publishing and allied industries.
Newspaper publishing and printing__
Periodical publishing and printing .
Books. _ .
. . . .
Commercial printing____ . . . _ _ .
Bookbinding and related industries___
Other publishing and printing industries ___ ______ _
... _

2 2 4 -9 6 6 O— 66-

-S


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

1.76

1.6 8
1 .9 5

38.7

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, AUGUST 1966

936
T able

C -l.

Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry—Continued
Revised series; see box, 922.

June2 May 2 Apr.

Annual
average

1965

1966

Industry

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

$123. 65
140.15
123. 69
107. 59
116.20
114.26
101.76
118.72

$121.35
136.18
121.11
105. 73
113. 96
113.82
99.72
117.74

July

June

1965

1964

Average weekly earnings
Manufacturing—Continued
Nondurable goods— Continued
Chemicals and allied products-----Industrial chemicals___________
Plastics materials and synthetics.
Drugs_______________________
Soap, cleaners, and toilet goods..
Paints, varnishes, and allied products..
Agricultural chemicals_________
Other chemical products_______

$126.35 $124.49 $124. 66 $122. 64 $123.19 $122.18
142.19 139.26 139.68 137. 76 137.34 136.27
126. 56 125.40 125.99 122. 09 123. 54 121. 25
112. 75 112. 20 112. 34 111.93 111.79 111.79
117.71 116.47 116. 20 115.90 115.62
118. 58 120.13 118.02 115. 23 113.99 112.75
102.10 106.39 108. 35 106. 48 103.49 102. 53
120. 56 119.28 118.43 115. 62 116. 72 117. 03

$123. 35 $123.06 $122. 06
138.32 138. 65 137.34
122. 98 122. 40 120. 69
110. 56 110.15 109.20
117 18 115. 92 115.49
113. 85 113. 30 113.44
102. 67 100. 44 100. 01
116.90 118. 86 118.86

$120.22 $120. 96 $121. 09
135. 43 135.66 136. 08
120. 69 121.27 120. 70
105. 99 106. 86 107. 30
111. 63 113.16 112. 74
113.13 114.51 112. 88
100. 06 97.25 100. 69
117. 46 117.17 116. 48

$116.48
131.04
116.89
102.77
108.27
109. 03
97.63
112.56

Petroleum refining and related industries. 146. 63 145.95 145. 69 141. 62 140.95 140.87 140. 53 142. 97 141.10 142.68 138.35 139.10 137.38 138. 42 133. 66
153. 91 154.94 154. 21 149. 58 148.10 148. 39 148. 87 150. 78 147.49 148. 94 143. 03 144.21 143. 52 145. 05 139. 52
Petroleum refining--------------------124.65 117.12 115. 87 111. 87 113.13 113.82 110. 77 114.65 119.97 123. 66 123. 47 122.43 117.59 115. 90 112.75
Other petroleum and coal products
Rubber and miscellaneous plastic prod­
ucts__________________ _________ 111. 72 111. 57 110.35 110. 46 110.88 111.14 113.42 111.94 112.10 110. 46 109.88 109.25 109. 46 109. 62 104. 90
Tires and inner tubes------- --------------- 163. 02 163.44 162. 79 159. 56 161. 01 162. 62 167.17 161. 73 165.62 162. 62 163.08 161.19 155. 05 158. 06 142.54
Other rubber products_____________ 105. 37 105.83 104. 65 105. 57 105. 83 106. 08 108.03 106. 59 104.39 102.82 102.75 101.75 104.83 103. 41 99. 96
93.83 93.15 92.48 92. 96 93.15 91.91 93.02 92.80 93.44 92.35 91.08 90. 61 92.60 91.72 89.64
Miscellaneous plastic products---------Leather and leather products__________ 75. 85 74.88 72. 95 73. 92 75.26
Leather tanning and finishing----------- 103. 25 103. 00 102. 09 101. 52 100. 61
Footwear, except rubber____________ 73. 51 71.81 69.94 71.05 72.34
72. 77 72. 96 71.63 72. 77 73.33
Other leather products_____________
68.44 67.89 69.91 70. 09
Handbags and personal leather goods.

74.11 74.87 72.58 71.82
99. 31 101.02 101. 50 101. 02
71.39 71.94 68. 82 67. 53
71.44 74.11 72.93 72. 56
65.88 68. 22 71.34 70.80

71.82
98. 40
68.63
70.68
67.69

72.19
97.75
69. 34
70.67
68. 04

71.80
94. 96
69.30
70. 09
69. 45

72.19
98. 47
69.16
70. 47
67.84

71.82
97. 99
68. 80
70. 49
67. 86

68.98
94.19
66.55
66.73
64.88

Average weekly hours

42.2
42.9
42.3

42.2
42.2
42.8
40.8
41.3
42.6
44.7
42.0

42.4
42.2
43.0
41.0
41.3
42.0
46.5
41.7

42.0
42.0
42.1
41.0
41.5
41.6
45.7
41.0

41.9
42.0
42.6
41.1
41.1
41.3
43.3
41.1

41.7
41.8
42.1
41.1
41.0
41.0
42.9
41.5

42.1
42.3
42.7
41.1
41. 7
41.4
42.6
41. 6

42.0
42.4
42. 5
41.1
41.4
41.2
42.2
42.0

41.8
42.0
42.2
40.9
41.1
41.4
42.2
42.0

42.2
42.6
42.8
40.6
41. 5
41.7
42.4
42.1

41.7
41.9
42.2
40.2
40.7
42.0
41.9
42.2

41.6
41. S
42.2
40.2
40.5
41.9
42.4
42.1

42.0
42. C
42.7
41.1
41. C
42. 1
42.1
42.3

41.9
42.0
42.5
40. S
40.7
41.5
43.4
41.9

41.6
41.6
42.2
40.3
40. 4
41.3
43.2
42.0

Petroleum refining and related industries
Petroleum refining_________________
Other petroleum and coal products___

43.0
42.4
45.0

42.8
42.8
42.9

42.6
42.6
42.6

41.9
41.9
41.9

41.7
41.6
41.9

41.8
41.8
42.0

41.7
41.7
41.8

42.3
42.0
43.1

42.5
41.9
44.6

43.5
42.8
45.8

42.7
41.7
45.9

42.8
41.8
46.2

42.4
41.6
45.4

42.2
41.8
43.9

41.9
41.4
43.7

Rubber and miscellaneous plastic prod­
ucts____________________________
Tires and inner tubes______________
Other rubber products______________
Miscellaneous plastic products_______

42.0
44.3
41.0
41.7

42.1
44.9
41.5
41.4

41.8
44.6
41.2
41.1

42.0
44.2
41.4
41.5

42.0
44.6
41.5
41.4

42.1
44.8
41.6
41.4

42.8
45.8
41.9

42.4
44.8
41.8
41.8

42.3
45.5
41.1
41.9

42.0
44.8
40.8
41.6

42.1
45. c
41.1
41.4

41.7
44.9
40.7
41.0

42.1
43. Í
41.6
41.9

42.0
44.4
41.2
41.5

41.3
41.8
40.8
41.5

39.1
41.3
39.1
38.5

38.6
41.2
38.4
38.4
37.4

37.8
41.0
37.4
37.9
37.1

38.5
41.1
38.2
38.5
38.2

39.2
40.9
39.1
38.8
38.3

38.8
40.7
38.8
38.0
36.6

39.2
41.4
39.1
38.8
37.9

38.2
41.6
37.4
39. (
39.2

37.8
41.4
36.9
38. Í
38.9

37.8
41.0
37.3
38.0
37.4

38.4
40.9
38.1
38.2
37.8

38.6
39.9
38.5
38. Í
38.8

38,4
41.2
38.0
38. Í
37.9

38.2
41.0
37.8
38.1
37.7

37.9
40.6
37.6
37.7
37.5

Chemicals and allied products................
Industrial chemicals_______________
Plastics materials and synthetics____
Drugs___________________________
Soap, cleaners, and toilet goods--------Paints, varnishes, and allied products.
Agricultural chemicals..........................
Other chemical products___________

42.4
42.7
42.9
41.0

Leather and leather products__________
Leather tanning and finishing_______
Footwear, except rubber____________
Other leather products_____________
Handbags and personal leather goods

42 2

Average hourly earnings

2.81
2.38
2.85

$2.95
3. 30
2.93
2. 75
2.85
2. 82
2.38
2.84

$2.94
3.31
2.93
2. 74
2.82
2.81
2. 33
2.84

$2.92
3.28
2. 90
2. 73
2.80
2. 77
2. 33
2.82

$2.94
3.27
2.90
2. 72
2.82
2. 76
2.39
2.84

$2.93
3.26
2.88
2.72
2.82
2.75
2.3S
2.82

$2.93
3. 27
2.88
2.69
2.81
2.75
2.41
2.81

$2.93
3.27
2.88
2.68
2.80
2. 75
2.38
2.83

$2.92
3.27
2.86
2.67
2.81
2.74
2.37
2.83

$2.93
3.29
2.89
2.65
2. 80
2.74
2.40
2.82

$2.91
3.25
2.87
2.63
2.80
2.71
2.38
2.79

$2.89
3.24
2.86
2.63
2.77
2.70
2.36
2.79

$2.88
3.23
2.84
2.60
2.76
2.72
2.31
2.77

$2.89
3. 24
2.84
2.63
2. 77
2.72
2.32
2.78

$2.80
3.15
2.77
2.55
2.68
2.64
2.26
2.68

Petroleum refining and related industries.
Petroleum refining_________________
Other petroleum and coal products......

3.41
3. 63
2. 77

3.41
3. 62
2. 73

3.42
3. 62
2. 72

3.38
3. 57
2.67

3.38
3.56
2. 70

3.37
3.55
2. 71

3.37
3.57
2. 65

3.38
3.59
2.66

3.32
3.52
2.69

3.28
3.48
2.70

3.24
3.43
2.69

3.25
3.45
2.65

3.24
3.45
2.59

3. 28
3.47
2.64

3.19
3. 37
2.58

Rubber and miscellaneous plastic prod­
ucts____________________________
Tires and inner tubes______________
Other rubber products______________
Miscellaneous plastic products_______

2.66
3. 68
2. 57
2. 25

2. 65
3.64
2. 55
2. 25

2.64
3. 65
2.54
2.25

2. 63
3.61
2. 55
2. 24

2.64
3.61
2.55
2.25

2.64
3.6;
2. 55
2.22

2. 65
3. 65
2.56
2.22

2. 64
3.61
2. 55
2.22

2.65
3.64
2. 54
2.23

2.63
3.63
2.52
2.22

2.61
3.60
2.50
2.20

2.62
3.59
2.50
2.21

2.60
3. 54
2.52
2.21

2.61
3.56
2. 51
2.21

2.54
3.41
2.45
2.16

Leather and leather products__________
Leather tanning and finishing_______
Footwear, except rubber____________
Other leather products_____________
Handbags and personal leather goods.

1.94
2. 5(
1.88
1.85

1.94
2. 50
1.87
1.90
1.83

1.93
2. 49
1.87
1.89
1.83

1.92
2. 47
1.86
1.89
1.83

1.92
2.46
1.85
1.89
1.83

1.91
2.44
1.84
1.8f
1.80

1.91
2. 44
1.84
1.91
1.80

1.90
2.44
1.84
1.87
1.82

1.90
2. 44
1.83
1.87
1.82

1.90
2.40
1.84
1.86
1.81

1.88
2.39
1.82
1.85
1.80

1.86
2.38
1.80
1.83
1.79

1.88
2.39
1.82
1.84
1.79

1.88
2.39
1.82
1.85
1.80

1.82
2.32
1.77
1.77
1.73

Chemicals and allied products____
Industrial chemicals___________
Plastics materials and synthetics.
Drugs_______________________
Soap, cleaners, and toilet goods..
Paints, varnishes, and allied products..
Agricultural chemicals_________
Other chemical products_______

$2.98
3. 33
2. 95
2. 75

See footnotes at end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

C.—EARNINGS AND HOURS
T able

C -l.

937

Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry—Continued
Revised series; see box, p. 922.
1966

1965

Annual
average

IndustryJu n e2 M a y 2 Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

July

June

1965

1964

Average weekly earnings
Transportation and public utilities:
Railroad transportation:
Class I railroads3--------------------------Local and interurban passenger transit:
Local and suburban transportation...
Intercity and rural bus lines_______
Motor freight transportation and storage.
Public -warehousing______________
Pipeline transportation____________
Communication__________________
Telephone communication________
Telegraph communication4_______
Radio and television broadcasting...
Electric, gas, and sanitary services___
Electric companies and systems___
Gas companies and systems___ ___
Combined utility systems________
Water, steam, and sanitary systems.

$113.09 $111.41 $109. 62 $109.10 $108.00
143.10 144. 05 131. 77 138.60 141. 32
132. 72 131.36 131.88 132.40 128. 54
95. 44 92.82 92.98 95.34 93.26
151.37 153.18 150.75 151. 00 150. 32
116. 47 116. 29 116.47 117. 74 115. 20
111. 63 111.08 111.63 112.87 110.12
127.17 124. 99 124. 26 123. 54 123.97
148.13 148.92 148.45 150.42 148. 45
135.14 134. 40 133.25 135.62 135. 20
137. 78 136.29 136.29 136. 54 137. 03
123. 53 122. 61 121.58 124. 92 124.31
147. 38 146. 26 144.89 149.29 148.19
108. 26 110. 42 107.83 110.51 108. 99

$132.76 $133.04 $128.23 $131. 54 $129. 77 $131.10 $132.16 $130. 80 $121. 80
108.88 109. 04 110. 08 109.56 110.17 108. 97 109. 06 107. 78 104.16
135. 72 137. 02 135.91 139.29 143. 04 140. 67 132.32 133. 42 125.83
132.37 131. 44 133.18 133. 92 132. 62 131.27 131.27 130. 48 124. 02
94.13 94.76 93.06 94.58 96. 46 94.87 94.16 93.26 91.53
148.88 149.19 147.50 147. 84 145. 73 144. 55 141.29 145. 85 142.55
117. 45 119. 97 116.97 118.12 113. 52 113.27 112.80 114. 62 110.15
112. 59 115. 50 111.66 112.75 108.27 108. 40 107. 33 109. 08 105.32
124. 99 126. 44 124. 56 126.15 126. 00 125. 43 124. 42 122. 55 116.05
150. 75 149. 60 151.93 153. 03 146. 43 144.54 147. 94 147. 63 140.66
134. 05 135. 43 134.69 133. 86 130. 60 130. 51 129. 47 131.24 125.25
135. 38 134. 96 134.96 136. 69 133. 31 133. 31 132.57 133. 31 127.62
123. 30 124. 50 125. 52 123. 07 119.36 119. 43 118.26 120. 83 116. 03
147. 42 150.88 147.77 145. 05 141.59 140. 76 140.35 143. 79 135. 55
106. 55 107. 90 106. 50, 107. 43 106.85 106.34 103. 98 105.16 101.19
Average weekly hours

Transportation and public utilities:
Railroad transportation:
Class I railroads3________________
Local and interurban passenger transit:
Local and suburban transportation...
Intercity and rural bus lines_______
Motor freight transportation and storage.
Public warehousing________________
Pipeline transportation_______________
Communication____ _________________
Telephone communication__________
Telegraph communication4_________
Radio and television broadcasting____
Electric, gas, and sanitary services...........
Electric companies and systems______
Gas companies and systems_______
Combined utility systems________
Water, steam, and sanitary systems.

43.0
45.0
42.0
39.6
40.8
40.3
40.3
43.7
39.5
41.2
41.5
40.5
41.4
40.7

42.2
45.3
41.7
39.0
41.4
40.1
40.1
43.1
39.5
41.1
41.3
40.6
41.2
41.2

42.0
42.1
42.0
39.4
41.3
40.3
40.3
42.7
39.8
41.0
41.3
40.8
40.7
41.0

41.8
44.0
42.3
40.4
40.7
40.6
40.6
42.6
39.9
41.6
41.5
41.5
41.7
41.7

41.7
44.3
41.6
40.2
40.3
40.0
39.9
42.6
39.8
41.6
41.4
41.3
42.1
41.6

44.4

44.2

42.6

43.7

43.4

43.7

44.2

43.6

43.5

42.2
43.5
42.7
40.4
40.9
40.5
40.5
43.1
40.2
41.5
41.4
41.1
42.0
41.3

42.1
44.2
42.4
41.2
41.1
41.8
42.0
43.3
40.0
41.8
41.4
41.5
42.5
41.5

42.5
43.7
43.1
42.3
41.2
40.9
40.9
43.1
40.3
41.7
41.4
41.7
42.1
41.6

42.3
44.5
43.2
41.3
42.0
41.3
41.3
43.5
40.7
41.7
41.8
41.3
41.8
41.8

42.7
45.7
43.2
40.7
41.4
40.4
40.4
43.6
39.9
41.2
41.4
40.6
41.4
41.9

42.4
44.8
42.9
40.2
41.3
40.6
40.6
43.4
39.6
41.3
41.4
40.9
41.4
41.7

42.6
43.1
42.9
39.9
40.6
40.0
39.9
43.2
40.2
41.1
41.3
40.5
41.4
41.1

42.1
43.6
42.5
40.2
41.2
40.5
40.4
43.0
39.9
41.4
41.4
41.1
41.8
41.4

42.0
42.8
41.9
40.5
41.2
40.2
40.2
42.2
39.4
41.2
41.3
41.0
41.2
41.3

$2.99

$3.00

$2.99

$3.00

$2.80

2.58
2.57
3.13
3.14
3.07
3.06
2.37
2.36
3.52
3.50
2.81 ■ 2.79
2.68
2.67
2.89
2.89
3.67
3. 65
3.17
3.16
3.22
3.22
2.94
2.92
3.42
3.40
2.55
2.55

2.56
3. 07
3. 06
2.36
3. 48
2.82
2.69
2.88
3. 68
3.15
3.21
2.92
3. 39
2.53

2. 56
3.06
3. 07
2.32
3.54
2.83
2. 70
2.85
3. 70
3.17
3.22
2.94
3. 44
2. 54

2. 48
2. 94
2. 96
2.26
3. 46
2.74
2.62
2.75
3.57
3.04
3.09
2.83
3.29
2.45

Average hourly earnings
Transportation and public utilities :
Railroad transportation:
Class I railroads3__________________
Local and interurban passenger transit:
Local and suburban transportation___
Intercity and rural bus lines_________
Motor freight transportation and storage.
Public warehousing------------------------Pipeline transportation_______________
Communication_____________________
Telephone communication__________
Telegraph communication4_________
Radio and television broadcasting........
Electric, gas, and sanitary services_____
Electric companies and systems______
Gas companies and systems_________
Combined utility systems___________
Water, steam, and sanitary systems__
See footnotes at end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

$2.63
3.18
3.16
2. 41
3.71
2. 89
2.77
2. 91
3. 75
3. 28
3.32
3. 05
3. 56
2. 66

$2.64
3.18
3.15
2.38
3. 70
2.90
2.77
2.90
3. 77
3. 27
3. 30
3.02
3. 55
2. 68

$2. 61
3.13
3.14
2.36
3. 65
2.89
2.77
2.91
3.73
3.25
3.30
2.98
3.56
2.63

$2.61
3.15
3.13
2.36
3. 71
2.90
2.78
2.90
3.77
3.26
3.29
3. 01
3.58
2.65

$2.59
3.19
3.09
2.32
3.73
2.88
2.76
2.91
3.73
3.25
3.31
3.01
3.52
2. 62

$2.99

$3.01

$3.01

$3.01

2. 58
3.12
3.10
2. 33
3.64
2.90
2.78
2.90
3.75
3. 23
3. 27
3.00
3.51
2.58

2. 59
3.10
3.10
2. 30
3.63
2. 87
2. 75
2. 92
3.74
3. 24
3. 26
3.00
3. 55
2.60

2.59
3.11
3. 09
2.20
3.58
2.86
2.73
2.89
3.77
3.23
3.26
3. 01
3. 51
2.56

2.59
3.13
3.10
2.29
3.52
2.86
2.73
2.90
3.76
3.21
3.27
2.98
3. 47
2.57

938

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, AUGUST 1966
T able

C -l.

Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry—Continued
Revised series; see box, p. 922.
1966

1965

Annual
average

Industry
June2 May 2 Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

July

June

1965

1964

Average weekly earnings
Wholesale and retail trade 8_____________ $79. 66
Wholesale trad e......................................... 110.98
Motor vehicles and automotive equip­
m ent___________________________
Drugs, chemicals, and allied products..
Dry goods and apparel_____________
Groceries and related products_______
Electrical goods___________________
Hardware, plumbing, and heating
goods__________________________
Machinery, equipment, and supplies...
Miscellaneous wholesalers___________
Retail trade 6_______________________
69.33
General merchandise stores_________
Department stores_______________
Mail order houses_____________ ___
L i m i t e d p r i c e v a r i e t y s t o r e s ____________

Food stores_______________________
Grocery, meat, and vegetable stores..
Apparel and accessories stores_______
Men’s and boys’ apparel stores......... .
Women’s ready-to-wear stores______
Family clothing stores________ ___
Shoe stores______________________

$78.60 $78.23 $77. 49 $77. 70 $77. 54 $77. 29 $76. 80 $77.42 $77.25 $77. 75 $77.95 $76. 56 $76. 53 $74. 28
111.11 110.43 109.48 109.08 108. 94 109. 59 108.12 107. 57 106.90 106. 60 106.60 105. 93 106. 49 102. 56
103. 66
113.88
107. 54
101. 34
126. 85

103.00
113. 88
105. 75
100.04
126.85

102. 66
112. 00
105. 08
99. 72
125.85

101.33
111.08
105.18
99. 31
126.58

101.09
112.44
103. 32
98.33
124. 84

102. 06
112. 06
105. 26
98. 77
130. 24

101. 82
111.24
104.98
96. 80
128. 63

100.91
110.84
105.46
97.10
127. 02

101.40 99. 54 100. 20 99. 72 99. 72 96. 79
110.16 108. 27 108. 54 107. 33 108. 68 105. 04
104. 23 104. 23 101. 79 101. 14 103. 19 99.94
98.16 98.53 98. 70 97. 11 97. 00 94.16
123. 55 121.41 120. 27 122. 55 122. 84 111.79

106. 60 106.49 105. 67 106. 37 105. 41 105. 67 104.04 104.19 103. 53 103. 32 101.91 101. 50 101. 91 98. 01
120. 01 120. 01 117.96 117. 55 117. 01 117. 99 116. 88 116.75 115. 23 116. 06 115.92 113. 99 115. 23 111.52
110. 68 110. 28 109.07 109. 34 109. 89 111. 11 108. 81 107. 74 107. 33 107.06 107. 06 106. 80 107. 20 104. 38
68.19 67.47 67. 47 67.30 67. 49 67. 90 67.13 67.33 67.53 68. 07 68. 25 67. 16 66. 61 64. 75
60. 57 59.73 59.40 59. 22 58. 53 60. 55 58. 74 59.79 60.16 60.19 60. 72 59. 33 58. 81 56. 77
64. 55 63.69 63.17 62.98 62. 08 63. 30 61.88 63.69 64. 51 64. 22 64. 98 63. 69 62. 98 61.18
70.85 68. 61 68.94 67.40 66. 78 79. 80 68.61 69.81 72. 67 70.56 71.08 72. 30 71.00 70.12
45.14 44.97 44. 82 44. 53 44. 53 46. 53 44. 64 44. 62 44.47 44.98 45.30 43. 92 44.10 41.53
71.14 70. 26 70. 26 70.56 70.56 70.17 71.19 70. 51 71.76 72. 78 72.42 71. 14 70. 32 68.51
72.36 71.26 71.26 71.69 71.57 71.53 72. 21 71.87 73. 01 74. 05 74. 05 72. 38 71.69 69. 55
57.85 58.35 56.90 57. 55 58.38 60.38 57.23 57.93 57. 78 57.97 58.82 57. 29 57. 46 55.26
69. 80 69. 65 68.56 69.40 71.20 70. 42 69.05 69.89 69. 06 70. 64 72. 67 70. 76 69. 84 67.53
52.33 52.33 51.36 51.04 52. 49 54. 54 51.52 51.99 51.65 51.10 52.48 51. 10 51.46 49.73
57.88 57. 73 57. 40 66. 57 58. 71 60.53 56. 90 57.61 56.95 58. 31 59. 00 55. 77 56. 45 54.27
55.54 59. 67 55.67 56. 52 56. 65 59. 40 56.03 57.33 59. 33 58.65 57. 75 56. 99 56.64 55.21
Average weekly hours

W h o le s a le a n d r e t a i l t r a d e 8__________________
W h o le s a le t r a d e ______________________________
M o to r v e h i c l e s a n d a u t o m o t i v e e q u i p ­
m e n t . . _____ ______________________________
D r u g s , c h e m i c a ls , a n d a l li e d p r o d u c t s ..
D r y g o o d s a n d a p p a r e l ___________________
G r o c e r ie s a n d r e la t e d p r o d u c t s _________
E l e c t r i c a l g o o d s ______ _____ _______________
H a r d w a r e , p l u m b in g ,
and
h e a t in g
g o o d s _________________ ___________________
M a c h in e r y , e q u i p m e n t , a n d s u p p l i e s . . .
M i s c e ll a n e o u s w h o l e s a l e r s _______________
R e t a i l t r a d e 5________________________________
G e n e r a l m e r c h a n d i s e s t o r e s _____________
D e p a r t m e n t s t o r e s _____________________
M a il o r d e r h o u s e s ______ _____ __________
L i m i t e d p r i c e v a r i e t y s t o r e s . ...................
F o o d s t o r e s ________________________________
G ro c e r y , m e a t, a n d v e g e ta b le sto r e s .
A p p a r e l a n d a c c e s s o r ie s s t o r e s __________
M e n ’s a n d b o y s ’ a p p a r e l s t o r e s _______
W o m e n ’s r e a d y - t o - w e a r s t o r e s . . ______
F a m i l y c l o t h i n g s t o r e s . ...............................
S h o e s t o r e s ______________________________

37.4
40.8

36.3

36.9
40.7

36.9
40.6

36.9
40.7

37.0
40.7

37.1
40.8

37.7
41.2

37.1
40.8

37.4
40.9

37.5
40.8

38.3
41.0

38.4
41.0

37.9
40.9

37.7
40.8

37.9
40.7

41.8
40.1
38.0
40.7
43.0

41.7
40.1
37.5
40.5
43.0

41.9
40.0
37.8
40.7
43.1

41.7
40.1
37.7
40.7
43.2

41.6
40.3
37.3
40.8
42.9

42.0
40.6
38.0
41.5
44.3

41.9
40.6
37.9
40.5
43.9

41.7
40.6
37.8
40.8
43.5

41.9
40.5
37.9
40.9
42.9

42.0
40.4
37.9
41.4
42.6

42.1
40.5
37.7
42.0
42.2

41.9
40.2
37.6
41.5
43.0

41.9
40.4
37.8
41.1
42.8

41.9
40.4
38.0
41.3
41.1

41.0
41.1
40.1
35.7
33.1
33.1
34.9
30.5
33.4
33.5
32.5
34.9
32.3
32.7
29.7

40.8
41.1
40.1
35.7
33.0
33.0
33.8
30.8
33.3
33.3
32.6
35.0
32.5
32.8
30.6

40.8
41.1
40.1
35.7
33.0
32.9
34.3
30.7
33.3
33.3
32.7
34.8
32.3
32.8
31.1

40.6
41.1
40.2
35.8
32.9
32.8
33.7
30.5
33.6
33.5
32.7
34.7
32.1
32.7
31.4

40.7
41.2
40.4
35.9
32.7
32.5
33.9
30.5
33.6
33.6
32.8
34.9
32.4
32.8
31.3

40.8
41.4
40.7
36.7
35. 0
34.4
42. 0
33.0
33.9
33.9
34.5
36.3
34.3
34.2
33. 0

40.8
41.3
40.3
35.9
33.0
32.4
36.3
31.0
33.9
33.9
32.7
34.7
32.4
32.7
31.3

40.7
41.4
40.2
36.2
33.4
33.0
35.8
31.2
33.9
33.9
33.1
35.3
32.7
33.3
31.5

40.6
41.3
40.2
36.5
33.8
33.6
36.7
31.1
34.5
34.6
33.4
35.6
32.9
33.5
31.9

41.0
41.6
40.4
37.4
34.2
33.8
36.0
31.9
35.5
35.6
34.3
36.6
33.4
34.3
34.1

40.6
41.4
40.4
37.5
34.5
34.2
35.9
31.9
35.5
35.6
34.6
36.7
34.3
34.5
33.0

40.6
41.3
40.3
36.9
33.9
33.7
36.7
31.6
34.7
34.8
33.7
36.1
33.4
33.0
32.2

40.6
41.3
40.3
36.6
33.8
33.5
36.6
31.5
34.3
34.3
33.6
36.0
33.2
33.4
32.0

40.5
41.0
40.3
37.0
34.2
33.8
37.7
31.7
34.6
34.6
33.9
36.7
33.6
33.5
32.1

Average hourly earnings

Wholesale and retail trade 6____________
Wholesale trade____________________
Motor vehicles and automotive equip­
ment_________________________
Drugs, chemicals, and allied products..
Dry goods and apparel_____ ____ _
Groceries and related products..... .......
Electrical goods_________ ____ ___
Hardware, plumbing, and heating
goods______ ___ ______________
Machinery, equipment, and supplies. _.
Miscellaneous wholesalers__ ________
Retail trade 5______________________
General merchandise stores_________
Department stores______________
Mail order houses_______________
Limited price variety stores_______
Food stores___________ ____ _____
Grocery, meat, and vegetable stores.
Apparel and accessories stores_______
Men’s and boys’ apparel stores____
Women’s ready-to-wear stores_____
Family clothing stores__________
Shoe stores____________________
See footnotes at end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

$2.13
2. 72

1. 91

$2.13
2. 73

$2.12
2.72

$2.10
2.69

$2.10
2.68

$2.09
2. 67

$2.05
2. 66

$2. 07
2. 65

$2.07
2.63

$2.06
2.62

$2.03
2.60

$2. 03
2. 60

$2.02
2. 59

$2. 03
2. 61

$1.96
2. 52

2.48
2.84
2.83
2.49
2.95

2.47
2. 84
2. 82
2.47
2. 95

2.45
2.80
2. 78
2. 45
2.92

2.43
2. 77
2. 79
2.44
2.93

2. 43
2.79
2. 77
2.41
2. 91

2.43
2. 76
2. 77
2. 38
2. 94

2.43
2. 74
2. 77
2.39
2.93

2 42
2.73
2.79
2.38
2.92

2. 42
2. 72
2. 75
2. 40
2.88

2.37
2. 68
2.75
2.38
2.85

2.38
2.68
2.70
2.35
2. 85

2.38
2.67
2. 69
2.34
2.85

2. 38
2.69
2. 73
2. 36
2. 87

2. 31
2.60
2.63
2.28
2. 72

2.60
2.92
2.76
1.91
1.83
1.95
2. 03
1.48
2.13
2.16
1.78
2. 00
1.62
1.77
1.87

2.61
2.92
2. 75
1.89
1.81
1.93
2. 03
1.46
2.11
2.14
1.79
1.99
1.61
1.76
1.95

2.59
2. 87
2. 72
1.89
1.80
1.92
2. 01
1.46
2.11
2.14
1.74
1.97
1.59
1.75
1.79

2.62
2.86
2. 72
1.88
1.80
1.92
2.00
1.46
2.10
2.14
1.76
2.00
1.59
1.73
1.80

2. 59
2. 84
2. 72
1.88
1.79
1.91
1.97
1.46
2.10
2.13
1.78
2.04
1.62
1.7S
1.81

2.59
3. 85
2. 73
1. 85
1. 73
1.84
1.90
1.41
2. 07
2.11
1. 75
1.94
1.59
1.77
1.80

2. 55
2.83
2. 70
1.87
1.78
1.91
1.89
1.44
2.10
2.13
1.75
1.99
1. 59
1.74
1. 79

2.56
2.82
2.68
1.86
1.79
1.93
1.95
1.43
2.08
2.12
1.75
1.98
1.59
1.73
1.82

2. 55
2.79
2.67
1.85
1.78
1.92
1.98
1.43
2.08
2.11
1.73
1.94
1.57
1.7C
1.86

2. 52
2. 79
2.65
1.82
1.76
1.90
1.96
1.41
2. 05
2.08
1.6S
1.93
1.53
1.7C
1.72

2.51
2.80
2. 65
1.82
1.76
1.90
1.98
1.42
2.04
2.08
1.70
1.98
1.53
1.71
1.75

2. 50
2. 76
2. 65
1.82
1.75
1.89
1.97
1.39
2.05
2.08
1.70
1.96
1.53
1.69
1.77

2. 51
2. 79
2. 66
1.82
1.74
1.88
1.94
1.40
2.05
2.09
1.71
1.94
1.55
1.69
1.77

2.42
2.72
2. 59
1.75
1.66
1.81
1.86
1.31
1.98
2.01
1.63
1.84
1.48
1.62
1.72

C — EARNINGS AND HOURS

939

Table C -l. Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry—Continued
Revised series; see box, p. 922.
1966

1965

Industry

Annual
average

1
June2 M a y 2 Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

July

June

1965

1964

Average weekly earnings
Wholesale and retail trade—Continued
Retail trade—Continued
Furniture and appliance stores______
Furniture and home furnishings___
Eating and drinking places 6__________
Other retail trade___________________
Building materials and hardware____
Motor vehicle dealers______________
Other vehicle and accessory dealers__
Drug stores______________________
Fuel and ice dealers_______________

$88.82 $87.81 $88.09 $87.47 $88.82 $92. 75
88.88 87.47 87.30 86.24 88.03 91.98
46.51 46.31 46.31 46.38 46.17 46.23
84.80 84.61 84.00 83.41 83.82 84. 46
90.91 90.49 88.81 88.38 89.02 90.10
107.86 107.86 106.64 104.49 104. 54 106.09
88.94 87.03 86.76 86.76 87.16 86.24
61.88 61.54 61.02 61.58 61.23 63. 55
98.83 98.83 99.54 102.58 104.40 101. 05

$89.10 $89.15 $88. 75
88.13 88.18 87.56
45.49 46.02 45. 46
84.03 83.84 83.03
89. 25 90.52 89.89
106.33 105.22 102. 62
85.93 86.17 85. 41
61.93 61.94 62.65
99.49 98.21 94. 47

$88. 80 $89.02 $87. 42
87.78 87.82 86. 00
46.70 46.70 45. 67
84.46 85.08 83. 44
89.67 90.73 89.25
104.88 107. 31 106. 92
88. 20 87.16 86.60
63. 53 62.80 60.88
92. 77 93.02 93.02

$88.18 $85. 44
86.58 83.82
45. 76 44.38
83.23 80.34
88. 41 85.46
104. 88 100. 76
85.89 85. 41
61.42 59.76
96.05 93.09

Finance, insurance, and real estate7______ $92.13 92.63 92.50 91.76 92.00 91.63 90.88 90.27 89.65 89.04 88.91 89. 01 88.30 88. 77
Banking___________________ ______
82.21 82.21 81.84 81.47 82.28 80.35 80.35 80.35 79.18 79.24 79.24 78.44 79.24
Credit agencies other than banks..............
86. 56 86.03 85.50 86.26 87.32 85.28 84.67 84.67 84. 52 85. 50 84.36 82.88 84.29
Savings and loan associations________
86.58 86.54 85.56 86.16 87.70 84.67 84.22 84.82 84.44 85.27 85.96 83. 48 84. 67
Security dealers and exchanges_________
148.95 148.93 145.16 144. 02 139.13 138. 28 135. 72 131.89 124. 21 120.11 123. 33 124. 88 127. 43
Insurance carriers-................ — ________
97.94 98.10 98.47 98. 74 97.73 96.87 96.49 95.86 95.86 95.86 95.74 94.74 95.12
Life insurance_____________________
97.55 96.99 97. 72 97.99 97.15 96.05 95. 31 94.79 94. 54 94.79 94.79 94. 90 94.79
Accident and health insurance_______
87.82 87.45 87.22 87.32 85.41 85. 38 85.24 84.50 83.68 84. 64 84. 41 84.18 84. 41
Fire, marine, and casualty insurance. __
100.55 100.81 100.70 101.08 100.17 100.20 99.44 99.18 99.06 99. 06 98.94 96. 77 97.92

85.79
76.67
80.89
82.72
120.99
92.01
91,62
81.70
94. 75

Average weekly hours
Wholesale and retail trade— Continued
Retail trade—-Continued
Furniture and appliance stores____
Furniture and home furnishings __
Eating and drinking places6________
Other retail trade_________________
Building materials and hardw are.-.
Motor vehicle dealers____________
Other vehicle and accessory dealers .
Drug stores____________________
Fuel and ice dealers_____________
Finance, insurance, and real estate7____
Banking_________________________
Credit agencies other than hanks____
Savings and loan associations______
Security dealers and exchanges______
Insurance carriers__________________
Life insurance___________________
Accident and health insurance_____
Fire, marine, and casualty insurance.

37.3

39.3
39.5
33.7
40.0
41.7
42.8
43.6
34.0
41.7

39.2
39.4
33.8
40.1
41.7
42.8
43.3
34.0
41.7

39.5
39.5
33.8
40.0
41.5
43.0
43.6
33.9
42.0

39.4
39.2
34.1
40.1
41.3
43.0
43.6
34.4
43.1

39.3
39.3
34.2
40.3
41.6
43.2
43.8
34.4
43.6

40.5
40.7
34.5
40.8
42.3
43.3
44.0
35.7
43.0

39.6
39.7
34.2
40.4
41.9
43.4
43.4
34.6
42.7

39.8
39.9
34.6
40.5
42.3
43.3
43.3
34.8
42.7

39.8
39.8
34.7
40.5
42.2
43.3
43.8
35.0
41.8

40.0
39.9
36.2
41.4
42.7
43.7
44.1
36.3
41.6

40.1
40.1
36.2
41.5
43.0
43.8
43.8
36.3
41.9

40.1
40.0
35.4
40.9
42.5
44.0
43.3
35.6
41.9

39.9
39.9
35.2
40.8
42.1
43.7
43.6
35.3
42.5

40.3
40.3
35.5
41.2
42.1
44.0
43.8
36.0
42.9

37.2
37.2
37.8
37.0
37.9
37.1
36.4
36.9
37.8

37.3
37.2
37.9
37.3
37.8
37.3
36.6
36.9
37.9

37.3
37.2
38.0
37.2
38.0
37.3
36.6
36.8
38.0

37.4
37.2
38.0
37.3
37.8
37.4
36.7
37.0
38.0

37.4
37.4
38.3
37.8
37.1
37.3
36.8
36.5
37.8

37.4
37.2
37.9
37.3
38.2
37.4
36.8
36.8
38.1

37.3
37.2
37.8
37.1
37.7
37.4
36.8
36.9
38.1

37.2
37.2
37.8
37.2
37.9
37.3
36.6
36.9
38.0

37.1
37.0
37.9
37.2
37.3
37.3
36.5
36.7
38.1

37.2
37.2
38.0
37.4
37.3
37.3
36.6
36.8
38.1

37.4
37.2
38.0
37.7
37.6
37.4
36.6
36.7
38.2

37.1
37.0
37.5
37.1
37.5
37.3
36.5
36.6
38.1

37.3
37.2
37.8
37.3
37.7
37.3
36.6
36.7
38.1

37.3
37.4
37.8
37.6
37.0
37.1
36.5
36.8
37.9

$2.22
2 . 20

$2.22

$2.18
2.15
1.29
2.04

$2.21

$2.12

2.17
1.30
2.04

2.08
1.25
1.95
2.03
2.29
1.95

I

Average hourly earnings
Wholesale and retail trade—Continued
Retail trade—Continued
Furniture and appliance stores___
Furniture and home furnishings _
Eating and drinking places 9_______
Other retail trade_______________
Building materials and hardw are...
Motor vehicle dealers___________
Other vehicle and accessory dealers.
D rugstores____________________
Fuel and ice dealers_____________
Finance, insurance, and real estate 7____
Banking__________________________
Credit agencies other than banks_____
Savings and loan associations______
Security dealers and exchanges______
Insurance carriers____ _____________
Life insurance__________________
Accident and health insurance_____
Fire, marine, and casualty insurance.
See footnotes at end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

$2.47

$2.26
2.25
1.38

$2.24

$2.23

2.22

2. 21

1.37

2.12

2.11

1.37
2.10

2.18
2.52
2.04
1.82
2.37

2.17
2.52
1.81
2.37

2.14
2.48
1.99
1.80
2.37

2.49

2.48

2.46

2 .21

2.20

2.21

2.29
2.34
3.93
2.64

2.01

2.38

2.27
2.32
3.94
2.63
2.65
2.37

2.66

2.66

2.68

2.25
2.30
3.82
2.64
2.67
2.37
2.65

$2.22
2.20
1.36
2.08
2.14
2.43
1.99
1.79
2.38

$2.26
2.24
1.35
2.08
2.14
2.42
1.99
1.78
2.40

$2.29
2. 26
1.34
2.07
2.13
2. 45
1.96
1.78
2.35

$2. 25

$2.24

$2.23

2. 22

2.21

1.33
2.08
2.13
2.45
1.98
1.79
2.33

1.33
2.07
2.14
2.43
1.99
1.78
2.30

2.20

1.31
2. 05
2.13
2.37
1.95
1.79
2.26

2.46
2.19
2.27
2.31
3.81
2.64
2.67
2.36

2. 45

2.43
2.16
2. 25
2. 27
3.62
2.59
2. 61
2.32
2.63

2.42
2.16
2.24
2. 27
3. 60
2. 58
2. 59
2. 31
2. 61

2.41
2.16
2.24
2.28
3.48
2.57
2.59
2.29
2.61

2.40
2.14
2.23
2.27
3.33
2.57
2.59
2.28
2.60

2.66

2.20

2. 28
2.32
3. 75
2. 62
2.64
2: 34
2.65

1.29
2.04

2.19
1.29
2. 05

2.10

2.11

2.40
2.00

1.75
2.23
2.39
2.13
2.25
2. 28
3.22
2. 57
2.59
2.30
2.60

2. 45
1.99
1.73

2.10

2. 43
2.00

1.71

2.22

2.22

2. 38
2.13

2.38

2.22

2. 28
3.28
2. 56
2.59
2.30
2.59

2.12
2.21

2. 25
3.33
2. 54
2.60
2.30
2. 54

2.10

2.40
1.97
1. 74
2.26
2.38
2.13
2.23
2. 27
3. 38
2.55
2.59
2. 30
2. 57

1.66

2.17
2.30
2.05
2.14
2.20

3.27
2.48
2. 51
2.22

2. 50

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, AUGUST 1966

940
T able

C -l. Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry—Continued
Revised series; see box, p. 922.
1965

1966

Annual
average

Industry
Ju n e 2 M a y 2 Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

July

June

1965

1964

Average weekly earnings
Services and miscellaneous:
Hotels and lodging places:
Hotels, tourist courts, and motels 6-----Personal services:
Laundries, cleaning and dyeing plants 8.
Motion pictures:
Motion picture filming and distributing.

$52.97 $52.36 $51.99 $52.08 $51.99 $52.36 $51. 99 $52.30 $51.65 $51. 74 $52.13 $50. 90 $51.17 $49. 54
61.06

60.04

59.82

59.06

59.44

59.68

58.83

60.14

59.06

58. 67

59.28

59.58

58. 98

55. 73

152.69 151.60 150.00 152. 74 157.56 160.37 155.63 161.18 152.88 157. 58 157.12 152. 36 151. 64 136.97
Average weekly hours

Services and miscellaneous:
Hotels and lodging places:
Hotels, tourist courts, and m otels6........
Personal services:
Laundries, cleaning and dyeing p lants8.
Motion pictures:
Motion picture filming and distributing.

—

37.3

37.4

37.4

37.2

37.4

37.4

37.4

37.9

37.7

38.9

38.9

37.7

37.9

38.4

38.5

38.2

38.8

38.6

38.6

39.0

39.2

38.8

38.7

40.6

39.4

40.6

39.2

40.2

40.6

40.2

39.8

39.7

$1.29

38.4

38.0

38.1

38.1

38.1

40.5

40.0

40.0

40.3

40.4

Average hourly earnings
Services and miscellaneous:
Hotels and lodging places:
Hotels, tourist courts, and m otels6-----Personal services:
Laundries, cleaning and dyeing plan ts8.
Motion pictures:
Motion picture filming and distributing.

$1.42

$1.40

$1.39

$1.40

$1.39

$1.40

$1.39

$1.38

$1.37

$1.33

$1.34

$1.35

$1.35

1.59

1.58

1.57

1.55

1.56

1.55

1.54

1.55

1.53

1.52

1.52

1.52

1.52

1.44

3. 77

3.79

3.75

3.79

3.9C

3.95

3.95

3.97

3.90

3.92

3.87

3.79

3. 81

3. 45

1 For comparability of data with those published in issues prior to January
1966, see footnote 1, table A-2. For employees covered, see footnote 1, table
A-3.
2 Preliminary.
3 Based upon m onthly data summarized in the M-300 report by the Inter­
state Commerce Commission, which relate to all employees who received
pay during the m onth, except executives, officials, and staff assistants (ICC
Group I). Beginning January 1965, data relate to railroads with operating
revenues of $5,000,000 or more.
4 Data relate to nonsupervisory employees except messengers.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

5 Beginning January 1964, data include eating and drinking places.
« Money payments only, tips not included.
7 Beginning January 1964, data on non-office salesmen excluded from all
series in this division.
8 Beginning January 1964, data relate to nonsupervisory workers and are
not comparable with production worker levels of prior years.
S o u r c e : U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics for all
series except that for Class I railroads. (See footnote 3.)

C.—EARNINGS AND HOURS
T able

941

C-2. Average weekly hours, seasonally adjusted, of production workers in selected industries 1
Revised series; see box, p. 922.
1966

1965

Industry division and group
Ju n e 2 May 2 Apr.
Mining____ _______________________

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

July

June

____________

42.0

42.6

41.7

43.2

42.7

42.5

43.0

41.9

42.2

42.2

42.7

42.6

41.9

Contract construction_______________________________

37.5

36.2

37.2

38.5

38.2

37.8

39.2

37.1

37.0

36.2

37.3

37.4

37.1

Manufacturing_____________________________________

41.2

41.4

41.5

41.5

41.6

41.5

41.4

41.4

41.2

40.9

41.0

41.0

41.0

Durable goods__________________ _ _ ___________
Ordnance and accessories_______ ___ ______
Lumber and wood products, except furniture___
Furniture and fixtures______
_________________
Stone, clay, and glass products - - ________ _ ..
Primary metal industries_______ . . . ____________
Fabricated metal products________ ______________
Machinery. ______ _
_________
_____
Electrical equipment and supplies___ ____
______
Transportation equipm ent. . ________ ...
Instruments and related products_____________ __
Miscellaneous manufacturing industries__ ____. . .

41.9
42.7
40.3
41.9
41.9
42.1
42.1
43.6
41.2
42.0
42.1
39.9

42.2
42.3
41.3
42.3
41.8
42.2
42.4
43.8
41.4
42.1
42.5
40.1

42.4
42.3
41.3
41.6
42.1
41.9
42.4
43.7
41.4
43.4
42.1
40.0

42.3
41.9
41.1
42.0
42.7
41.9
42.5
43.9
41.4
42.9
42.5
40.3

42.4
42.3
41.1
41.7
42.4
42.0
42.6
44.0
41.6
43.4
42.5
40.3

42.4
42.4
41.5
4L 7
42.7
41.9
42.6
43.9
41.5
43.5
42.2
40.0

42.2
42.4
41.8
41.8
43.0
41.2
42.3
43.9
41.5
42.9
41.7
40.2

42.2
42.2
41.3
41.7
42.2
41.1
42.4
43.7
41.3
43.4
41.7
40.2

42.0
42.3
41.1
41.5
41.8
41.4
42.3
43.5
41.0
43.0
41.7
40.0

41.6
41.9
40.5
40.9
41.9
41.8
41.6
43.0
40.5
41.8
41.5
39.8

41.7
42.1
40.7
41.3
41.8
42.1
41.7
42.7
40.8
42.2
41.3
40.0

41.7
42.7
40.5
41.3
41.7
42.4
41.8
42.9
40.6
42.3
41.3
39.7

41.8
41.8
39.9
41.4
41.6
42.1
42.0
43.0
41.0
42.9
41.4
39.6

Nondurable goods_____________ . .
_________
Food and kindred products___________ _________
Tobacco manufactures___ ______________ .. _ ___
Textile mill products_____________
_________
...........
Apparel and related products......... .........
Paper and allied products. . . . . .
___________
Printing, publishing, and allied industries__________
Chemicals and allied products______ . . . . _____
Petroleum refining and related industries___ _ _____
Rubber and miscellaneous plastic products______
Leather and leather products_____________________

40.1
41.2
38.3
41.6
36.7
43.2
38.8
42.1
42.5
41.7
38.5

40.3
40.9
38.5
42.1
36.5
43.7
38.8
42.0
42.6
42.1
39.0

40.4
41.1
39.2
41.9
36.5
43.7
38.7
42.2
42.6
42.1
39.1

40.4
41.1
39.3
42.4
36.5
43.5
38.7
42.1
42.5
42.2
38.5

40.6
41.6
41.4
42.5
36.6
43.5
38.7
42.2
42.8
42.3
38.9

40.2
41.2
39.1
42.4
36.3
43.2
38.5
42.0
42.0
42.4
38.2

40.2
41.2
37.7
42.0
36.5
43.6
38.7
42.0
42.0
42.3
38.4

40.3
41.1
38.0
41.9
36.5
43.6
38.6
42.0
42.4
42.5
38.6

40.1
41.0
37.7
41.8
36.4
43.4
38.4
41.9
42.5
42.3
38.6

40.1
40.7
37.8
41.7
36.0
43.0
38.6
42.2
42.7
41.6
38.4

40.0
41.1
37.4
41.8
36.2
42.9
38.6
41.8
42.7
41.9
37.9

40.0
41.4
38.1
41.4
36.3
42.9
38.6
41.6
42.1
41.8
37.9

39.9
41.0
37.2
41.4
36.5
43.0
38.5
41.7
41.9
41.8
37.8

Wholesale and retail trade 3. . _____ _______ . .
Wholesale trade__ _ ______ ___ _ . _________
Retail trade 3........
...
__ _ _______

37.2
40.7
36.0

37.1
40.7
36.0

37.1
40.7
35.9

37.2
40.9
36.0

37.3
41.0
36.1

37.4
41.0
36.2

37.5
40.9
36.4

37.4
40.8
36.3

37.5
40.9
36.4

37.5
40.8
36.5

37.8
41.0
36.7

37.8
40.7
36.8

37.7
40.8
36.6

1 For employees covered, see footnote 1> table A-3.
2 Preliminary.
3 Beginning January 1964, data include eating and drinking places.

T able

N ote: The seasonal adjustment method used is described in “ New
Seasonal Adjustment Factors for Labor Force Components,” Monthly
Labor Review, August 1960, pp. 822-827.

C-3. Average hourly earnings excluding overtime of production workers in manufacturing, by
major industry group 1
Revised series; see box, p. 922.

1966

Annual
average

1965

Major industry group
Ju n e2 May 2 Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

July

June

1965

1964

$2.58

$2.58

$2.58

$2. 56

$2.56

$2.56

$2.54

$2.53

$2.52

$2.51

$2.49

$2. 50

$2.50

$2.50

$2.44

Durable goods._. _ _ ________ . . .
2.74
Ordnance and accessories. . . . . . .
Lumber and wood products, except
furniture. .
. .
...
Furniture and fixtures .
. ...
Stone, clay, and glass products_______
Primary metal industries___________
Fabricated metal products . ______
Machinery_____’ ___ ______ . . . _
Electrical equipment and supplies.. .
Transportation equipm ent.. _ _____
Instruments and related products____
Miscellaneous manufacturing indus­
tries__________. _____ . _ __ _

2.74
3.03

2.74
3.02

2.72
3.03

2.72
3.02

2.72
3. 03

2.70
3. 05

2.69
3. 02

2.68
3. 02

2.68
3. 00

2.65
3. 01

2. 67
3.01

2.67
3.00

2.67
3.01

2.60
2.95

2.15
2. 09
2.57
3.13
2.71
2.89
2.52
3.12
2.57

2.12
2.08
2.57
3.13
2.71
2 88
2.53
3.11
2.58

2.08
2.07
2.55
3.11
2.70
2. 87
2.51
3.11
2. 56

2.09
2.06
2.55
3.09
2.68
2.86
2.52
3.11
2.55

2. 07
2.06
2.54
3.10
2.68
2.86
2.52
3.11
2. 55

2.08
2.05
2. 54
3.08
2. 67
2.84
2.51
3.10
2.54

2.10
2. 05
2.54
3.06
2.66
2. 84
2.51
3.09
2.53

2.10
2.05
2.53
3.06
2.65
2.83
2.50
3.07
2.52

2.11
2. 05
2. 51
3. 06
2.64
2.82
2. 50
3.07
2. 51

2.10
2. 03
3. 03
2. 62
2. 79
2. 49
3.01
2. 52

2.09
2.03
2.49
3.05
2.63
2. 79
2. 50
3.02
2. 52

2.09
2.02
2.49
3.04
3.63
2. 79
2. .50
3.03
2.53

2.07
2.03
2.49
3.04
2.63
2.80
2. 50
3.04
2. 52

2.03
1.97
2.42
2.99
2. 57
2.75
2. 44
2.96
2.47

2.13

2 13

2.12

2.13

2.13

2.08

2.06

2.05

2. 05

2. 05

2. 08

2. 07

2.06

2.02
2. 21
2.27
1.92
1.71
1.76
2.43

Manufacturing________

__ _ . . .

Nondurable goods.. . .
_____
Food and kindred products____ . . . _
Tobacco manufactures . _
_______
Textile mill products__
Apparel and related products . . _ .
Paper and allied products.. _ _ _____
Printing, publishing, and allied indus­
tries___. . . ____ _ _ ___________
Chemicals and allied products _..
Petroleum refining arid related indus­
tries__
._ _ _ . . . ___
Rubber and miscellaneous plastic
products_________ . . . . . . .
Leather and leather products________

2.34

2.33
2.42
2.24
1.83
1.83
2.56

2.33
2 42
2 24
1 83
1 83
2. 56

2.31
2. 40
2.19
1.82
1. 84
2. 55

2.31
2.38
2.17
1.82
1.84
2.54

2.31
2.38
2.14
1.82
1.82
2. 54

2. 30
2.36
2.09
1.81
1.82
2. 53

2.29
2.33
2. 09
1.81
1. 82
2.52

2.28
2.31
1.95
1.80
1.82
2.51

2.28
2.31
1.95
1.80
1.82
2.52

2. 26
2. 29
2.03
1.80
1.79
2. 51

2. 27
2.30
2.17
1. 79
1.79
2. 51

2.26
2.33
2.17
1.76
1.78
2.49

2.27
2.32
2.07
1.78
1.79
2.50

(»)

(8)
2.84

(3)
2 82

(3)
2 81

(3)
2.83

(3)
2.83

0
2. 83

(3)
2. 83

(3)
2.82

(3)
2.82

(3)
2.80

(3)
2.80

(3)
2.78

(3)
2. 79

(3)
2.72

3.28

3 29

3.27

3.28

3.28

3. 27

3. 27

3.20

3.16

3.12

3.13

3.12

3.17

3.10

2. 51
1.82

2.48
1.84

2.49
1.84

2. 44
1.78

2.52
1.89

2 52
1.89

2. 51
1.87

1 For comparability of data with those published in issues prior to January
1966, see footnote 1, table A-2. For employees covered, see footnote 1, table
A-3. Average hourly earnings excluding overtime are derived by assuming
that overtime hours are paid for at the rate of time and one-half.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

2 .4 9

2. 51
1.86

2. 51
1.86

21 51
1.86

2. 50
1.85

2.51
1.85

2.50
1.85

2.49
1.83

3 Preliminary.
3 Not available because average overtime rates are significantly above
time and one-half. Inclusion of data for the group in the nondurable goods
total has little effect.

M O N T H L Y L A B O R R E V I E W , A U G U S T 1966

942
T able C-4.

Average weekly overtime hours of production workers in manufacturing, by industry 1
Revised series; see box, p. 922.
Annual
average

1965

1966
Industry
Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

July

June

1965

1964

4.0
4.3
3.4

3.9
4.3
3.3

3.8
4.2
3.3

3.8
4.2
3.3

3.7
4.1
3.1

4.0
4.4
3.4

3.9
4.3
3.4

3.9
4.2
3.4

3.8
4.0
3.5

3.5
3.8
3.2

3.4
3.7
3.1

3.6
4.0
3.1

3.6
3.9
3.1

3.1
3.3
2.9

3.7
3.0
3.0
5.2

3.6
3.0
3.5
5.2

3.3
2.8
3.4
4.5

3.5
3.2
3.7
4.4

3.8
3.8
3.4
4.0

4.0
3.8
4.0
4.4

3.7
3.7
2.6
3.9

3.7
3.6
2.5
4.1

3.4
3.3
1.8
3.9

3.3
3.5
2.0
3.1

3.3
3.5
1.1
3.2

2.8
3.0
1.4
2. 5

2.9
3.0
1.6
2. 9

1.8
1.8
1.3
2. 0

4.3
4.4

4.3
4.4

4.0
4.0

3.7
3.7

3.8
3.8

3.9
3.8

3.9
3.7

4.1
4.0

4.0
4.0

4.2
4.2

3.8
3.8

3.8
3.8

3.8
3.7

3. 4
3.4

4.7
4.8
3.9
3.9
3.8
4.6
4.5
4.2
4.8
4.1
5.0
2.9
4.1
2.6

4.4
4.2
3.9
3.4
3.3
4.5
3.6
3.4
4.6
4.8
4.0
2.7
3.7
2.5

4.1
3.5
3.8
3.7
3.6
4.4
4.0
3.4
4.4
4.4
4.4
2.7
3.6
2.3

3.9
3.6
3.6
3.5
3.4
4.5
3.6
3.2
4.0
4.3
4.3
2.3
3.1
2.4

3.9
3.6
3.6
3.4
3.3
4.1
3.5
3.0
3.9
4.3
4.0
2.5
3.3
2.3

4.2
4.2
3.7
4.4
4.4
4. 2
4.7
4.2
4.2
3.4
4. 2
1.9
3.6
2.4

4.4
3.8
3.8
4.1
4.1
3.7
4.5
3.7
4.5
5.6
4.4
2.2
3.7
2.6

4.3
4.5
3.9
4.2
4.2
4.0
4.9
3.9
4.6
4.9
4.2
1.9
3.8
2.6

4.1
3.7
3.9
3.9
3.7
4.2
4.8
3.9
4.6
5.0
4.6
2.9
4.2
2.7

4.6
3.7
3.7
3.8
3.5
4.6
5.4
4.3
4.7
3.3
4.1
2.4
4.0
2.2

4.1
3.7
3.3
3.0
2.7
4.1
3.9
3.6
4.5
3.5
4.1
2.5
3.9
1.9

4.2
3.8
3. ô
3.6
3.5
3.9
3.6
4.4
4.3
3.7
4.0
2.2
3.8
2.3

4. 0
3.6
3.6
3.6
3.6
3.6
3.7
3.7
4.2
4.1
4.0
2.2
3.6
2.2

3.6
2.8
3.4
3.2
3.4
2.5
2.4
3.1
3.9
3.7
3.6
2.1
3.3
2.0

6.7
4.3
4.1
2.9
5.1
4.2

6.8
4.3
4.1
2.8
5.6
3.9

6.3
4.0
3.9
2.4
5.6
3.6

5.0
4.0
3.9
2.3
5.6
3.5

5.3
3.4
3.6
1.8
5.1
3.2

6.0
3.8
3.5
1. 5
5.5
3.5

6.3
3.9
3.4
1.4
5.6
3.6

6.8
4.0
3.4
1.6
5.7
3.5

6.3
3.7
3.8
2.5
5.7
4.1

7.4
3.8
3.7
2.8
5.1
3.3

7.0
3.6
3.9
3.2
5.2
3.3

6.6
3.6
4.1
3.2
5.9
3.6

6. 2
3.5
3.8
2.7
5.5
3.5

5.9
3.3
3.2
2.4
4.7
3.1

6.0
4.5

6.0
4.6

5.8
4.5

5.9
4.5

6.0
4.7

5.9
4.7

5.4
4.2

5.4
4.0

5.8
3.4

5.1
3.5

4.8
3.2

5.4
3.8

5. 0
3.9

3.9
3.2

6.0
4.6
4.9

5.4
4.3
4.4

6.2
4.2
3.8

6.3
4.2
4.0

6.2
4.1
3.4

6.1
4.4
2.9

6.1
4.4
3.5

6.0
4.5
3.6

5.6
4.2
4.3

4.9
4.0
5.0

5.3
3.8
5.0

4.8
4.1
4.6

5. 2
4.0
4.5

4.0
3.4
3.8

3.7

3.6

3.4

3.3

3.4

3.8

4.0

3.8

3.3

3.0

2.8

3.0

3. 4

3.1

3.1
4.1
6.9
5.5
5.0
4.6

2.6
3.6
6.7
5.3
4.8
4.0

2.4
3.5
6.8
5.3
4.8
4.1

2.5
3.4
6.9
5.1
4.7
4.4

2.1
3.4
6.6
5.3
4.3
4.0

2.7
4.0
6.8
5.6
4.8
4.1

2.7
4.0
6.1
5.8
4.7
4.4

3.2
4.4
5. 9
5.5
4.7
4.4

2.9
4.1
5. 4
5.0
4.6
3.7

2.5
4.0
5.1
4.7
4.0
3.9

2.4
3.7
4.8
4.9
3.8
3.4

2.8
3.9
5. 4
5.3
4.2
3.9

2.3
3.6
5. 4
5.2
4.3
3.8

2.2
3.0
4.3
4.5
3.8
3.1

4.5
5.7
5.7
4.3
5.3

3.9
5.6
5.8
4.4
5.1

4.3
5.7
5.4
4.3
5.1

4.1
5.6
4.4
4.0
5.0

3.7
5.3
3.9
3.7
4.5

3.8
5.5
4.9
3.7
4.7

3.8
5.0
4.0
2.8
4.4

3.8
4.9
4.4
2.9
4.7

3.7
4.5
4.5
3.0
4.2

3.4
4.4
4.1
2.5
4.1

3.0
4.5
4.0
2.6
4.4

3.6
4.8
4.0
2.8
4.4

3.4
4.6
4.1
2.9
4. 2

2.7
3.9
3.1
2.6
3.5

8.4
5.5
5.6

8.0
5.3
5.1

8.2
5.6
5.2

8.0
5.6
5.3

7.6
5.4
5.1

7.6
5.8
5.4

7. 0
5.3
5.0

6.4
5.1
4.8

6.1
4.8
4.7

6.0
4.4
4.4

6.3
4.3
4.2

6.9
5.0
4.7

6. 7
4.8
4.4

5.9
4.1
3.5

3.9
3.4
6.3
3.5
3.9
4.7
3.8
3.1
2.0
3.3
3.5

3.7
3.2
6.3
3.3
3.5
4.5
3.7
2.8
2.4
3.0
3.3

4.2
3.5
6.3
3.3
3.7
4.4
2.9
2.7
2.3
3.3
3.4

4.6
3.3
6.2
3.4
3.4
4.3
3.6
2.9
2.3
3.4
3.5

4.9
3.0
6.1
3.2
3.3
4.1
3.3
2.8
2.3
3.6
2.9

5.0
3.2
6.1
3.6
3.8
4.2
4.4
3.1
3.0
3.9
3.1

4.3
3.0
5.8
3. 4
3.4
3. 7
3.8
3.2
3. 0
3.4
3.0

4.0
3.2
5.6
3.2
3.5
3.5
3.9
3.1
3.1
3.3
2.6

3.6
2.9
4.8
3.1
3.1
3.6
3.2
2.9
3.1
3.3
2.8

2.9
3.0
5.2
2.7
2.8
3.1
2.6
2.6
2.6
2.9
2.3

3.5
3.0
5.2
2.3
3.1
3.4
2.2
2.2
1.9
1.9
1.9

3.7
3.7
5.5
2.8
3.2
3.9
2.8
2.6
2.3
2.7
2.6

3. 4
2.9
5.3
2.8
3.0
3.5
3.0
2.7
2. 3
2.7
2.4

2.3
2.3
4.7
2.3
2.6
3.0
2.2
2.1
1. 7
2.2
2.1

3.0
4.3
4.0
5,0
4.0
3.6
3.0
3.8
4.2

3.0
5.1
5.8
4.6
4.2
3.7
2.9
3.5
3.7

3.0
4.7
4.7
5.1
4.4
3.0
2.8
3.6
3.9

3.5
4.8
5.3
5.0
3.8
2.9
2.0
3.7
4.2

3.2
5.1
5.5
5.6
3.8
3.0
2.0
3.5
3.9

4. 1
5.7
6.9
4.9
3.6
3.2
2.6
3.6
4.5

4. 0
6.0
7.4
4.9
3.8
2. 5
2.9
3.5
4.0

3.6
5.4
6.6
4.0
4.1
2.2
3.7
3.5
3.8

2.9
4.4
5.0
3.7
3.9
2.6
3.8
3.4
3.9

2.6
4.1
4.8
3.6
3.0
2.4
3.5
2.9
3.2

2.3
4.2
5.3
3.2
2.9
1.9
3.1
2.8
3.3

2.9
4.8
6.1
2.9
3.6
2.6
3.7
2.9
3.3

3. 2
4.8
6.2
3.3
3.4
2.6
2.9
3.0
3.3

2.6
3.9
5.0
2.5
3.1
2.8
3.2
2.4
2.3

4.3
3.2
2.9

4.0
2.2
2.1

3.7
3.3
2.9

4.0
3.2
2.7

4.0
2.8
2.5

3.3
2.9
2.5

3.4
2.8
2.5

3.5
2.9
2.4

3.4
2.9
2.6

3.1
2.3
1.8

3.0
2.5
2.2

2.9
2.8
2.4

2. 9
2.7
2.4

2. 5
2.4
2.1

2.8
4.9
2.4

2.7
4.9
2.5

2.7
4.7
2.8

2.4
5.0
2.6

2.5
4.3
2.5

3.0
4.6
3.2

2.7
4.8
3.1

2.5
4.8
3.0

2.3
4.5
2.7

2.2
1.7
3.4
3.5
2.9 1 2.4

2.1
3.9
2.1

2.1
4.0
2. 4

2. 0
3.2

June 2 May 2 Apr.
Manufacturing_____
- - --------Durable goods ___ -- - ----------Nondurable goods--------------------------Durable goods

4.0
4.3
3.5

Ammunition except tor small arms
Sighting and fire control equipm ent—
Other ordnance and accessories.............
Lumber and wood products, except
furniture
_ __
-- Sawmills and planing mills--------------Millwork, plywood, and related prodnets
- - - - ___
—
Wooden containers------ -- --------------Miscellaneous wood products-----------Furniture find fixtures
___
Household furniture
_ __
Gffice furniture
_ ___
Partitions; office and store fixtures-----Other furniture and fixtures
_ __ __
Stone clay anti glass products
_ ___
Flat glass
_ _ __
fipmpnt hydraulic
__
__
Structural clay products _ _ ____
Pottery and related products------------Concrete, gypsum, and plaster prodnets
_________
Other stone and mineral products-----Primary metal industries
____ _
Iron and steel foundries
______
Nonferrous smelting and refining------Nonferrous rolling, drawing, and extruding
Nonferrous foundries
_
__
Miscellaneous primary metal industries
__ - ______
Fabricated metal products _
__ _
Metal cans
Cutlery, handtools, and general hardware
_
_
Heating equipment and plumbing fixtures
Fabricated structural metal products.._
Screw machine products, bolts, etc___
Metal stampings
Coating, engraving, and allied services.
Miscellaneous fabricated wire products.
Miscellaneous fabricated metal prod__
nets
_ ___
Machinery
_
_
__
Engines and turbines . .
. . ___
Farm machinery and equipment
Hon struct ion and related machinery
Metalworking machinery and equipment
- - _ _ __
Special industry machinery
General industrial machinery
Office, computing, and accounting machines
___
Service industry machines
Miscellaneous maohinerv
Electrical equipment, and supplies
Electric distribution equipment
Electrical industrial apparatus
. .
Household appliances
Electric lighting and wiring equipment.
Radio and TV receiving sets
Gommnnication equipment
Electronic components and accessories.
Miscellaneous electrical equipment
and supplies
Transportation equipment
Motor vehicles and equipment__ _
Aircraft and parts
Ship and boat, building and repairing
Railroad equipment
Other transportation equipm ent_____
instruments and related products
Engineering and scientific instruments
Mechanical measuring and control devices
Optical and ophthalmic goods
Ophthalmic goods
Surgical, medical, and dental equipment
Photographic equipment and supplies
Watches and clocks. ______________
See footnotes at end of table.


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

__

O.—EARNINGS AND HOURS
T able

C-4.

943

Average weekly overtime hours of production workers in manufacturing, by
industry 1—Continued
Revised series; see box, p. 922.
1966

Annual
average

1965

Industry
Ju n e 2 M ay2 Apr.

Mar.

M anufacturing—C ontinued
Durable goods—Continued
3.1
2.9
2.8
Miscellaneous manufacturing in d u stries.-------4.1
4.1
4.3
Jewelry, silverware, and plated w a r e ... ...........
2.7
2.6
2.6
Toys, amusement and sporting goods.. -....... 2.4
2.2
2.0
Pens, pencils, office and art m aterials........... ~
3.1
3.0
2.7
Costume jewelry, buttons, and n o tio n s.-------3.1
2.9
2.8
Other manufacturing industries-------- --------3.1
3.2
2.8
Musical instruments and parts-------- --------Nondurable goods
3.7
3.4
3.4
Food and kindred products______ ___________
3.8
3.4
3.5
Meat products--------- ------- ----------- -----------3.7
3.4
3.4
Dairy products_________________ _________
Canned and preserved food, except
3.0
2.8
2.8
meats________________ ________________
6.2
5.6
5.5
Grain mill products__________ ____________
3.6
3.1
3.3
Bakery products_________ _____ ___ ______
4.0
4.6
3.5
Sugar_______________ ____________ ______
2.2
2.6
2.0
Confectionery and related products--------------3.4
3.1
3.6
Beverages------ -------------------------------—.........
4.1
3.9
3.8
Miscellaneous food and kindred products.-------1.0
1.2
1.3
Tobacco manufactures------- ------- ------------------.9
1.2
1.6
Cigarettes------------ ------------------------ ---------1.1
1.3
1.1
Cigars------- ------ ---------------------------- --------4.6
4.7
4.5
Textile mill products_________________ ______
5. 5
5.4
5.3
Cotton broad woven fabrics-------------- --------5.7
6.0
5.5
Silk and synthetic broad woven fabrics.-------5.1
5.5
5.3
Weaving and finishing broad w oolens..-------4.4
3.9
3.9
Narrow fabrics and smallwares_____________
2. 5
2.9
2.2
Knitting............ .................... .................. .............
5.8
5.5
5.7
Finishing textiles, except wool and k n i t . -------4.4
4.4
4.2
Floor covering___________________________
5.2
5.0
5.2
Yam and thread____________________
—
4.8
5.2
5.0
Miscellaneous textile goods.................................
1.6
1.5
1.4
Apparel and related products..................
1.6
1.7
1.4
M en’s and boys’ suits and coats____________
1.3
1.3
1.2
M en’s and boys’ furnishings_______________
1.8
1.5
1.4
Women’s, misses’, juniors’ o u terw ear............Women’s and children’s undergar­
1.7
1.5
1.3
ments__________ __________ _____ ______
1.9
1.0
1.0
Hats, caps, and millinery........... ........................
1. 5
1.6
1.4
Girls’ and children’s outerwear_______- --___
1.3
1.6
1.2
Fur goods and miscellaneous a p p a re l......... .
Miscellaneous fabricated textile prod­
2.0
2.0
1.9
ucts_______________________ ___________
5.3
5.6
Paper and allied products_________________ _
5.3
6.2
6.7
Paper and p u lp ._________________________
6.2
7.5
7.9
8.2
Paperboard_______________________ ______
Converted paper and paperboard
3.9
3.9
products__________________ _____ ____ _
3.8
4.8
4.9
4.5
Paperboard containers and boxes........ -........Printing, publishing, and allied indus­
3.5
3.4
3.3
trie s..______________ ___________ ______
2.3
Newspaper publishing and printing-------------2.9
2.6
4.1
3.5
3.7
Periodical publishing and printing----- ---------5.1
5.5
5.1
Books_______________________ ___________
3.9
3.7
3.6
Commercial printing_______________ ______
3.0
2.8
3.0
Bookbinding and related industries---- ---------Other publishing and printing indus­
3.6
2.8
tries_______________ ____________ ______
2.6
3.3
3.7
3.5
Chemicals and allied products_______________
3.2
3.4
3.2
Industrial chemicals______________________
3.0
3.3
3.6
Plastics materials and synthetics_____ ______
2.9
3.0
2.8
Drugs___ _______________________________
3.0
3.0
2.9
Soap, cleaners, and toilet goods..........................
2.6
3.4
3.9
Paints, varnishes, and allied p ro d u c ts..-------7.3
8.8
6.6
Agricultural chemicals_______ _____ _______
2.8
3.1
3.5
Other chemical products____________ ____ _
Petroleum refining and related indus­
tries__________________________________
2.6
3.5
3.4
2.3
Petroleum refining_________________ ______
3.0
3.0
3.9
Other petroleum and coal products....................
5.1
4.6
4.2
Rubber, miscellaneous plastic products_______
4.4
4.2
Tires and inner tubes_____________________
5.8
6.8
6.6
Other rubber products____________________
3.5
3.5
3.4
4.1
Miscellaneous plastic products_____________
4.0
3.8
Leather and leather products_________ _______
2.1
2.1
1.9
Leather tanning and finishing______________
3.5
4.1
3.5
Footwear, except rubber_________ _____ ___
1.9
1.8
1.6
Other leather products_____________ ___ _
2.1
2.2
2.1
_____Handbags and personal leather goods_______
2.0
1.9
2.5
1 For comparability of data with those published in issues prior to January
K)66, see footnote 1, table A-2. For employees covered, see footnote 1, table
These series cover premium overtime hours of production and related
workers during the pay period which includes the 12th of the month. Over­
time hours are those paid for at premium rates because (1) they exceeded


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

Feb.

Jan.

2.8
3.7
2.5
2.1
3.0
2.9
3.5

2.7
3.6
2.4
1.8
2.7
2.8
2.6

3.6
3.5
3.4

Nov.

Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

July

June

1965

1964

3.1
5.2
2.8
3.2
2.9
2.9
3.5

3.2
4.8
3.0
3.1
2.9
3.1
4.2

3.3
4.9
3.3
3.0
2.7
3.1
4.0

3.0
3.8
3.1
2.8
2.4
2.9
3.2

2.7
3.4
2.6
2.7
2.6
2.7
2.7

2.1
2.2
2.0
1.7
2.1
2.2
2.2

2.6
3.2
2.6
1.8
2.5
2.5
2.9

2.7
3. 6
2. 6
2.3
2.5
2. 7
3.0

2.4
3.3
2.1
1.8
2.0
2.5
3.1

3.5
4.2
3.2

3.8
4.3
3.3

3.9
4.9
3.3

4.0
4.4
3.5

4.2
5.0
3.9

3.8
4.1
3.6

4.1
4.4
4.1

3.9
4.0
4.1

3.8
4.2
3.6

3.6
4.2
3.5

3.4
6.3
3.2
4.5
2.4
2.8
4.4
1.9
2.9
1.2
4.6
5.6
5.5
5.2
4.5
2.3
5.5
4.7
5.4
4.9
1.5
1.8
1.2
1.5

2.6
6.0
3.1
3.4
2.5
2.7
4.0
.9
.6
1.2
4.3
5.4
4.8
4.7
4.1
2.1
5.1
4.0
5.2
4.8
1.3
1.5
1.1
1.2

2.7
6.9
3.3
3.7
2.7
3.2
4.5
1.3
.9
1.2
4.6
5.3
5.5
4.6
4.2
2.4
5.6
6.3
5.1
5.3
1.4
1.6
1.2
1.2

2.8
6.2
3.4
4.1
2.7
3.3
4.9
1.1
.6
2.0
4.6
5.4
5.5
4.1
4.1
2.7
5.4
6.2
5.2
5.1
1.7
1.7
1.4
1.3

2.9
7.5
4.0
4.0
3.0
3.5
4.7
1.3
1.0
1.7
4.5
5.0
5.3
4.1
4.1
3.0
4.8
5.6
5.0
5.1
1.6
1.7
1.5
1.3

3.2
8.0
3.6
5.2
3.4
3.4
4.5
1.5
.7
1.3
4.5
5.3
5.7
4.7
3.5
2.9
4.5
5.7
4.9
4.8
1.5
1.7
1.3
1.2

3.0
7.5
3.4
4.6
2.9
3.6
4.2
1.2
.7
1.4
4.3
4.7
5.4
4.5
3.4
2.8
4.5
6.3
5.0
4.1
1.5
1.6
1.4
1.4

2.9
8.1
3.6
4.5
1.9
4.3
4.2
1.1
1.1
1.1
3.8
4.1
5.0
4.7
3.2
2.5
3.9
4.4
4.6
3.4
1.4
1.2
1.2
1.4

3.1
6.3
3.6
3.8
1.8
4.0
4.1
.9
.6
1.3
4.2
4.6
5.4
4.7
3.5
2.6
4.9
4.9
4.5
4.4
1.4
1.5
1.3
1.2

2.9
6. 5
3.3
4.0
2.4
3.3
4.3
1.1
.8
1.3
4.2
4.8
5.3
4.4
3.6
2.5
4.6
5.1
4.7
4.3
1.4
1. 5
1.2
1.3

2.8
6.3
3.1
3.7
2.2
3.1
4.0
1.6
1.6
2.1
3.6
4.3
5.0
3.4
3.1
2.1
4.2
4.4
3.6
3.6
1.3
1.0
1.0
1.3

1.6
1.9
1.8
1.3

1.1
1.3
1.4
1.2

1.4
1.1
1.1
1.6

1.9
.8
1.6
2.0

1.9
1.3
1.4
1.9

1.9
1.2
1.3
1.7

1.6
1.7
1.8
1.5

1.2
1.2
1.7
1.2

1.4
1.1
1.8
1.2

1.4
1.3
1.4
1.4

1.4
1.4
1.3
1.2

1.8
5.1
6.2
7.0

1.7
5.0
6.1
7.5

2.2
5.5
6.2
7.7

2.9
5.6
6.3
7.6

2.6
5.7
6.4
7.9

2.1
5.7
6.6
8.4

1.6
5.2
5.9
7.7

2.1
5.0
6.0
7.2

1.9
5.0
5.9
6.7

2.1
5.0
6.0
7.0

1.9
4.7
5.7
6.3

3.7
4.5

3.5
4.2

4.0
5.2

4.0
5.4

4.0
5.6

3.7
5.2

3.6
4.8

3.5
4.2

3.5
4.6

3.5
4.5

3.3
4.1

3.0
2.0
3.7
4.4
3.5
2.4

2.8
1.9
3.4
4.3
3.1
2.2

3.6
3.2
3.1
4.6
3.9
2.5

3.2
2.7
3.4
4.2
3.5
2.5

3.4
2.8
4.4
4.3
3.6
2.6

3.4
2.6
4.8
4.9
3.8
2.6

3.2
2.3
3.4
5.6
3.3
2.5

2.8
2.3
3.2
3.9
3.1
2.2

2.9
2.5
2.7
4.0
3.0
2.6

3.1
2.4
3.8
4.2
3.4
2.5

2.9
2.4
4.0
3.8
3.1
2.4

3.1
3.1
3.0
3.2
3.1
2.9
2.5
4.7
3.0

3.0
2.9
2.9
2.8
3.2
2.8
2.2
4.1
2.9

3.5
3.0
3.0
2.9
3.2
3.2
2.3
4.1
2.9

2.9
3.0
3. 0
2.9
2.9
3.1
2.4
3.5
3.2

3.4
3.0
3.1
2.9
2.8
2.9
2.6
3.6
2.9

3.4
3.4
3.6
3.6
2.5
3.0
3.1
3.8
3.3

3.5
3.0
3.1
3.1
2.4
2.8
3.2
3.5
3.1

2.7
2.9
3.1
2.9
2.4
2.3
3.0
3.6
3.3

2.7
3.0
2.9
3.0
2.6
2.5
3.2
3.7
3.2

3.0
3.0
3.0
2.9
2.6
2.5
2.7
4.9
3. (!

2.7
2.7
2.6
2.7
2.0
2.5
2.5
4.6
3.0

2.4
2.0
3.8
4.4
6.7
3.6
3.9
2.4
3.5
2.2
2.4
2.4

2.4
1.9
4.2
4.4
6.8
3.7
3.9
2.1
3.3
1.9
2.2
1. 7

Dec.

2.6
2.9
3.4
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
2.5
2.8
2.2
2.2
2.2
2.4
2.1
2.1
1.8
2.5
2.1
4.0
5.2
6.1
6.7
6.9
5.0
7.3
6.5
5.5
4.7
4.6
4.8
4.3
4.1
3.4
4.1
3.7
4.1
6.7
6.5
7.4
6.6
6.3
4.3
6.2
5.9
6.1
4.1
4.0
3.2
3.8
3.2
3.3
3.2
2.7
2.7
4.3
4.2
4.4
4.2
3.9
3.4
3.7
4.0
3.9
2.3
2.1
1.9
1.9
1.9
1.8
1.8
1.7
1.8
3.6
4. 0
3.5
3.2
2.9
3.0
2.8
3.5
3.3
2.0
1.6
1.5
1.7
1.7
1.5
1.6
1.5
1.6
2.5
2.7
2.4
2.1
1.7
2.0
1.9
1.8
2.0
1.8
2.8
2.6
1.9
2.0
1.8
2.0
2.0
1.9
either the straight-time workday or workweek or (2) they occurred on week
ends or holidays or outside regularly scheduled hours. Hours for which
only shift differential, hazard, incentive, or other similar types of premiums
were paid are excluded.
2 Preliminary.

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, AUGUST 1966

944
T able C—5.

Indexes of aggregate weekly man-hours and payrolls in industrial and construction
activities 1
Revised series; see box, p. 922.

[1957-59=100]

Annual
average

1965

1966
Activity
June2 M ay2 Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Nov.

Dec.

Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

July

June

1965

1964

Man-hours
T o ta l..............— ....................— .................Mining......... .............................. ........ ...........
Contract construction...................................
M anufacturing................. .............................

118.3
85.6
127.6
118.2

114.4
83.4
113.5
116.2

111.9
73.8
108.5
114.5

111.3 109.0
81.0 79.6
103.5 93.6
114.2 113.3

108.4
80.8
98.9
111.5

112.3
83.5
109.8
114.2

112.5
82.2
114.2
113.7

113.8
83.9
124.1
113.5

112.9
82.6
121.4

112.9
85.9
130. 5

112.8 111.0

110.8 111.2
85.0
84.6
125.5 121.0
109.4

110.7

109.0
82.5
111.3
109.9

103.1
82.6
105.4
103.8

121.9
144.2

120.6 119.4
141.5 140.0

117.9
137.2

119.8
130.5

118.4
131.0

117.5
129.1

116.0
125.5

112.9
120.7

113.2
119.2

115.4
116.2

114.0
120.4

105.5
120.9

94.0

95.2
120.7
104.1
109.8

98.0
126.4
107.7
107.6
122.7
129.5
140.0
117.4
119. 0

98.3
124.0
109.7
105.0

100.3
124.2
110.7
106.9

100.5

103.1

100.7
116.3
110.7
115.8
115.0

97.0
119.0
107.0
112. 5
116.4

125.5
136.2
115.9
118.0

123.8
133.4
112.7
116.7

100.5
118.4
109.6
117.1
118.2
123.3
125.6
107 9

Durable goods............................................
Ordnance and accessories...... ................
Lumber and wood products, except
furniture-------- ---------------------------Furniture and fixtures______________
Stone, clay, and glass products_______
Primary metal industries.____ _____
Fabricated metal products......... ...........
Machinery___________ ____________
Electrical equipment and supplies........
Transportation equipment_____ _____
Instruments and related products____
Miscellaneous manufacturing indus­
tries__________ ____ _____________

125.1
153.8

123.5
150.0

103.5
127.7
114.6
118.7
126.9
136.4
147.7
115.3
127.1

101.2 98.0
124.4 122.0
111.6 109.7

116.3
125.3
134.8
144.8
116.4
125.4

117.2

115.4

Nondurable goods___________________
Food and kindred products_________
Tobacco manufactures.____ ________
Textile mill products_____ __________
Apparel and related products________
Paper and allied products----------------Printing, publishing, and allied in­
dustries_________________________
Chemicals and allied products_______
Petroleum refining and related indus­
tries____________________________
Rubber and miscellaneous plastic
products________________________
Leather and leather products________

109.2
91.9
72.3
106.6

116.7

106.7
87.5
69.8
105.8
118.9
114.0

116.1
116.0

115.4
123.2
132.9
142.5
117.4

95.6
123.7
106.6
113.1
122.3
132.9
140.4
116.5
123.0

121.6
103.3
111.7

121.6 120.2

122.1 121.6
112.1 112.3

122.1 120.8

113.0
118.6
122.3
129.5
106 9
115.7

114.0
116.5

95.5

111.6
105.0
106.0
107.8
111.9
113.2
94.9
104.4

131.4
140.5
115.7

121.8

129.0
138.3
114.9
119.5

111.3 108.5

102.7

116.3

123.0

124.0

119.2

122.0
120.0 121.6
126.3
122.6
107.1
103.2
111.6 112.0 111.8
116.0 105.5 109.1 110.6

104.9

105.8 105.3

107.7
97.7
86.4
104.7
117.2
112.7

101.0
102.8

108.7
103.9
103.0

108.5
103.2
89.8

104.5
97.5
72.1
99.5

104.6
91.7
72.7
102.3
116.0

112.6

74.6 81.1
105.0 104.1
120.4 118.7
112.1 110.9

106.9
93.1
90.4
104.1
115.6
113.7

108.2

71.6
103.1
115.9

103.2
87.6
80.9
102.3
110.3
110.3

104.6
93.4
83.3
101.3
114.8
109. 5

101.5
93.8
91.6
96.7
109.1
106.7

114.7
115.1

113.7
115.2

113.7 112.5
112.5 110.7

110.4
109.3

114.3

110.1

112.3
109.9

111.9
109.2

111.1 110.6

111.7

110.5

108.9
109.9

109.0

110.1

109.8
109. 5

106.4
105. 9

81.4

78.4

76.5

73.4

73.7

74.4

76.3

78.0

81.1

80.1

80.3

78.4

76.7

78.5

145.3

143.1
99.9

141.0
97.3

140.4 139.5
100.4 102.5

140.1
99.6

142.9
101.4

140.7
98.6

138.4
96.0

136.0
96.7

134.3
99.8

129.8
97.3

132.8
97.4

133.2
97.1

121.5
94.9

97.4 99.4
151.2 165.3
142.4 141.4

97.2
160.7
140.3

100.5
170.2
136.1

98.3
162.0
135.1

99.1
156.8
136.7

96.5
145. 3
135.9

93.0
132. 5
124. 2

121.8

102.6

122.2
112.0

86.0 86.2 86.8

74.2

103.8
117.2
112.5

125.5
95.2
113.2

102.2 102.8
116.8 118.2 111.6
111.8 111.2 109.7 110.2

103. 0

Payrolls
M ining.___________
Contract construction.
Manufacturing.......... .

105.0
172.5
151.2

102.4
153.5
148.4

86.9
146.2
146.1

97.1 95.9
139.0 126.4
144.7 143.2

1For comparability of data with those published in issues prior to January
1966, see footnote 1, table A-2.
For mining and manufacturing, data refer to production and related
T able C-6.

96.9
132.5
140.8

99.4
146.5
143.8

workers and for contract construction, to construction workers, as defined
in footnote 1, table A-3.
2 Preliminary.

Gross and spendable average weekly earnings of production workers in manufacturing 1
Revised series; see box, p. 922.

[in current and 1957-59 dollars]1

Annual
average

1965

1966
Item
M ay2 Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

July

June

May

1965

1964

Manufacturing
Gross average weekly earnings:
53 $102.97
Current dollars___________ __ _____ $112. 05 $111.24 $110.95 $110.27 $110.00 $110.92 $109. 71 $108.62 $107.83 $106.45 $107.01 $107.79 $107.53 $107.
97.84 95.25
1957-59 dollars_______________________ 99. 51 98.88 99.06 98.81 99.10 99.93 99. 20 98.39 97.85 96.77 97.11 97.90 98.11
Spendable average weekly earnings:
Worker with no dependents:
40
Current dollars___ .
_ _ _ . __ 91.35 90.73 90. 51 90.00 89.79 91.80 90.83 89.95 89.32 88.21 88.66 89.29 89.08 89.08 84.
78.08
1957-59 dollars_____________________ 81.13 80.65 80.81 80.65 80.89 82. 70 82.12 81.48 81.05 80.19 80.45 81.10 81.28 81. 06
Worker with 3 dependents:
99.22 98.57 98.34 97.80 97.58 99.62 98. 61 97.69 97.03 95.87 96.34 96.99 96.78 96.78 92.18
Current dollars _ __ _ ____ . ____
85.27
1957-59 dollars_____________________ 88.12 87. 62 87.80 87. 63 87.91 89. 75 89.16 88.49 88.05 87.15 87.42 88.09 88.30 88. 06

1For comparability of data with those published in issues prior to January
1966, see footnote 1, table A-2. For employees covered, see footnote 1, table
A-3.
Spendable average weekly earnings are based on gross average weekly
earnings as published in table C -l less the estimated amount of the workers’
Federal social security and income tax liability. Since the amount of tax
liability depends on the number of dependents supported by the worker as
well as on the level of his gross income, spendable earnings have been com­


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

puted for 2 types of income receivers: (1) A worker with no dependents,
and (2 ) a worker with 3 dependents.
.
.
The earnings expressed in 1957-59 dollars have been adjusted for changes
in purchasing power as measured by the Bureau’s Consumer Price Index.
2 Preliminary.
N o t e : These series are described i n “ The Calculation and Uses of the
Spendable Earnings Series,” Monthly Labor Review, April 1966, pp. 406-410.

D.—CONSUMER AND WHOLESALE PRICES

945

D.—Consumer and Wholesale Prices
T able D - l .

Consumer Price Index 1—U.S. city average for urban wage earners and clerical workers
all items, groups, subgroups, and special groups of items
[1957-59=100 unless otherwise specified]
1966

1965

A nnual
average

G ro u p
Ju n e

M ay

A p r.

M ar.

Feb.

Jan.

D ec.

N ov.

O ct.

S ep t.

A ug.

J u ly

Ju n e

1965

1964

A ll ite m s ______ ____ ___________________
A ll ite m s (1947-49 = 100)___________________

112.9
138.5

112.6
138.2

112.5
138.0

112.0
137.4

111.6
136.9

111.0
136. 2

111.0
136.2

110.6
135.7

110.4
135.5

110.2
135.2

110.0
135.0

110.2
135.2

110.1
135.1

109.9
134.8

108.1
132.6

F o o d ---------- ------------------------------ _ _______
F o o d a t h o m e ___
___ __ _____ _____
C ereals a n d b a k e ry p ro d u c ts ____ _____
M e a ts, p o u ltry , arid fish _____ _______
D a iry p ro d u c ts ____
____ . . . ______
F r u its a n d v e g e ta b le s___ __
_ ...
O th e r foods a t hom e 2_. _ _ __ _______
Food aw a y from h o m e ____
__________

113.9
112.3
114.7
114.2
109.6
121.7
101.3
122.8

113.5
112.0
114.3
113.9
109.3
119.2
102.8
122.2

114.0
112.7
114.1
115.6
108.9
119.8
103.6
121.6

113.9
112.6
113.6
116.9
108.1
117.4
103.7
121.2

113.1
111.8
113.2
115. 7
107.0
116.5
103.5
120.8

111.4
109.8
113.0
112.9
106.6
111.3
102.9
120.4

110.6
108.9
112.2
110.1
106.1
111.0
103.8
119.9

109.7
107.8
111.4
108.5
105.8
109.9
102.9
119.6

109.7
107.8
111.3
108.9
105.5
108.5
103.5
119.2

109.7
108.0
111.3
109.8
105.3
108.5
103.0
118.8

110.1
108.6
111. 1
109.8
105.0
114.6
101.9
118.2

110.9
109.7
111.1
109.2
104.3
124.3
101.2
117.6

110.1
108.8
111.0
106.4
104.0
125.9
100.5
117.2

108.8
107.2
111.2
105.1
105.0
115.2
101.8
117.8

106.4
104.7
109.6
98.6
104.7
115.3
101.6
115.2

H o u sin g ----------------------------------------------------S h elter 3________________________________
R e n t____
.
_____
H o m eo w n ersh ip 4____ _ _ ___________
F u e l a n d u tilitie s *_ ----------------- -----------F u e l oil a n d c o a l6____________ _ _____
G as a n d e le c tric ity .i__________________
H o u seh o ld fu rn ish in g s a n d o p eratio n 7___

111.1
114.1
110.2
115.8
108.0
107.0
108.1
104.8

110.7
113.5
110.2
115.0
108.2
108.0
108.2
104.6

110.3
113.0
110.1
114.3
108.3
108.5
108.3
104.4

109.6
112.3
109.9
113.5
106.6
108.9
108.2
104.0

109.4
112.1
109.8
113.3
106.5
109.0
108.2
103.8

109.2
112.0
109.7
113.1
106.4
108.9
107.9
103.6

109.4
111.8
109.5
112.9
108.1
108.6
108.0
103.6

109.2
111.5
109.3
112.5
107.9
107.2
108.0
103.3

109.0
111.2
109.2
112.1
107.7
106.9
107.9
103.3

108.6
110.8
109.1
111.6
107.4
104.3
107.9
103.1

108.2
110.7
109.0
111.4
105.3
103.5
107.7
102.9

108.3
110.6
108.9
111.2
106.6
103.2
106.9
102.9

108.2
110.3
108.8
111.0
106.9
103.4
107.8
103.1

108.5
110.6
108.9
111.4
107.2
105.6
107.8
103.1

107.2
108.7
107.8
109.1
107.3
103.5
107.9
102.8

A p p arel a n d u p k e e p 8................ ......... ..............
M e n ’s a n d b o y s’_______ _ ____________
W o m en ’s a n d girls’_____________________
F o o tw e a r____ . . . . . . . . . . . . ___ _

109.4
110.1
104.7
119.8

109.3
109.9
105.0
119.0

108.7
109.6
104.2
118.1

108.2
109.0
103.9
116.9

107.6
108.6
103.1
116.2

107.3
108.6
102.6
115.6

108.1
109.3
104.3
115.6

108.1
109.2
104.6
115.1

107.8
108.7
104.3
114.4

107.2
107.9
103.8
113.4

106.4
107.2
102.6
112.7

106.1
106.8
102.5
112.0

106.9
107.1
103.5
112.3

106.8
107.4
103.1
112.9

105.7
106.1
102.3
111.0

T r a n s p o r ta tio n . _______ _ ._ _________ .
P r iv a te ___ ___________
_______________
P u b lic _________________________ ________

112.2
110.7
122.8

112.0
110.5
122.1

112.0
110.5
122.1

111.4
109.9
122.1

111.1
109.6
122.0

111.2
109.6
122.0

111.6
110.1
122.0

111.5
110.1
121.6

111.2
109.7
121.6

111.0
109.5
121.6

111.0
109.5
121.5

111.5
110.0
121.4

111.2
109.7
121.3

111.1
109.7
121.4

109.3
107.9
119.0

H e a lth a n d re c re a tio n ______ _. ______ _
M ed ic al care__________________________ .
P erso n al care
. . _ ______________
R e a d in g a n d recre atio n . . . ____________
O th e r goods a n d services 9_________ . . .

118.7
127.0
112. 2
117.0
114.9

118.4
126.3
112.0
116.8
114.7

118.1
125.8
111.6
116.8
114.3

117.6
125.3
111.0
116.6
113.8

117.1
124.5
110.8
115.9
113.6

116.9
124.2
110.4
115.7
113.4

116.6
123.7
110.0
115.4
113.4

116.4
123.4
109.6
115.4
113.3

116.2
123.0
109.2
115.2
113.3

115.8
122.8
109.2
114.8
112.7

115.6
122.8
109.0
114.3
112.6

115.3
122.7
108.7
114.6
111.5

115.7
122.2
111.0
115.7
111.0

115.6
122.3
109.9
115.2
111.4

113.6
119.4
109.2
114.1
108.8

Special groups:
A ll ite m s less s h e lte r____ _____ _____
A ll ite m s less food__ ______. . .
... ...

112.6
112.8

112.4
112.5

112.4
112.2

111.9
111.6

111.4
111.3

110.8
111.1

110.8
111.3

110.4
111.2

110.2
110.9

110.0
110.6

109.8
110.2

110.1
110.2

110.0
110.3

109.6
110.4

108.0
108.9

C o m m o d ities 10________________ .
N o n d u r a b le s 14--- . . _____ . . .
. .
D u r a b le s 1012. ___ _
S e rv ic e s 101314................. . . ____ _

109.0
111. 5
102.6
122.0

108.8
111.3
102.5
121.5

108.8
111.4
102.3
121.1

108.4
111. 1
102.0
120.1

108.0
110.6
101.8
119.7

107.4
109.6
101.9
119.5

107.4
109.4
102.4
119.3

107.1
108.9
102.4
119.0

106.9
108.7
102.1
118.7

106.6
108.6
101.7
118.5

106.6
108.5
101.8
117.9

106.9
108.7
102.3
117.8

106.9
108.6
102.6
117.6

106.4
107.9
102.6
117.8

105.2
106.0
103.0
115.2

C o m m o d ities less food 10. . . _____________
N o n d u rab les less food_____ . _______

Apparel commodities_____ . . . . . . .
Apparel commodities less footwear..
Nondurables less food and apparel____
New cars.
. .
.
___ . . . . .
Used cars__________ . . . _________
Household durables 15_______________
Housefurnishings_____ ______ . . _ _

106.4
109.5
108.3
106.0
110.1
96.8
118.2
96.7
98.6

106.3
109.3
108.3
106.1
110.0
97.0
117.5
96.7
98.5

106.0
109.0
107.6
105.6
109.8
97.4
117.4
96.4
98.3

105.6
108.6
107.1
105.2
109.4
97.1
115.4
96.2
98.0

105. 4
108.3
106.5
104.6
109.3
97.2
114.0
96.1
97.8

105.3
108.0
106.2
104.3
109.1
97.4
114.8
96.1
97.6

105.7
108.4
107.2
105.5
109.1
98.7
118.2
96.1
97.8

105.6
108.3
107.2
105.7
108.9
98.7
118.7
96.0
97.6

105.3
108.0
106.9
105.4
108.7
97.7
119.4
96.0
97.6

104.9
107.7
106.2
104.8
108.5
96.5
118.9
96.0
97.5

104.7
107.1
105.3
103.8
108.2
97.1
120.3
95.8
97.3

104.7
106.9
105.0
103.6
108.0
97.2
123.0
96.3
97.6

105.1
107.3
106.0
104.7
108.1
97.4
122.7
97.3
98.2

105.1
107.2
105.8
104.4
108.0
99.0
120.8
96.9
97.9

104.4
105.7
104.9
103.6
106.2
101.2
121.6
98.4
98.4

Services less r e n t1013__ _ ______ _ __
Household services less r e n t10__ ______
Transportation services. ____ _______
Medical care services. . . .
. . ______
Other services 1018___________________

124.8
121.7
123. 2
133.0
126.4

124.1
120.9
123. 0
132.1
125.9

123.6
120.2
123.0
131.4
125.5

122.5
118.5
122.6
130.8
125.0

122.0
118.1
122.6
129.9
124.1

121.8
117.9
122.5
129.5
123.8

121.6
118.4
121.3
128.9
123.2

121.3
118.1
121.0
128.5
123.0

121.0
117.9
120.7
128.1
122.8

120.7
117.6
120.2
127.8
122.6

120.0
116.6
119.6
127.7
122.1

120.0
116.9
119.1
127.5
121.9

119.7
116.8
118.6
127.0
121.7

120.0
117.0
119.3
127.1
121.8

117.0
114.8
115.0
123.2
118.5

_______
_____ _
. ___
... ...

1 The C PI measures the average change in prices of goods and services
purchased by urban wage-earner and clerical-worker families. Beginning
January 1964, the index structure has been revised to reflect buying patterns of
wage earners and clerical workers in the 1960’s. The indexes shown here are
based on expenditures of all urban wage-earner and clerical-worker consumers,
including single workers living alone, as well as families of two or more
persons.
2 Includes eggs, fats and oils, sugar and sweets, nonalcoholic beverages, and
prepared and partially prepared foods.
3 Also includes hotel and motel room rates not shown separately.
4Includes home purchase, mortgage interest, taxes, insurance, and main­
tenance and repairs.
5 Also includes telephone, water, and sewerage service not shown separately.
6 Called “ Solid and petroleum fuels” prior to 1964.
7Includes housefurnishings and housekeeping supplies and services.
8 Includes dry cleaning and laundry of apparel, infants’ wear, sewing
materials, jewelry, and miscellaneous apparel, not shown separately.
9 Includes tobacco, alcoholic beverages, and funeral, legal, and bank
service charges.
10 Recalculated group—indexes prior to January 1964 have been recomputed.
11 Includes foods, paint, furnace filters, shrubbery, fuel oil, coal, household
textiles, housekeeping supplies, apparel, gasoline and motor oil, drugs and


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

pharmaceuticals, toilet goods, nondurable recreational goods, newspapers,
magazines, books, tobacco, and alcoholic beverages.
>2 Includes home purchase, which was classified under services prior to
1964, building materials, furniture and bedding, floor coverings, household
appliances, dinnerware, tableware, cleaning equipment, power tools, lamps,
Venetian blinds, hardware, automobiles, tires, radios, television sets, tape
recorders, durable toys, and sports equipment.
13 Excludes home purchase costs which were classified under this heading
prior to 1964.
14 Includes rent, mortgage interest, taxes and insurance on real property,
home maintenance and repair services, gas, electricity, telephone, water,
sewerage service, household help, postage, laundry and dry cleaning, furni­
ture and apparel repair and upkeep, moving, auto repairs, auto insurance,
registration and license fees, parking and garage rent, local transit, taxicab,
airplane, train, and bus fares, professional medical services, hospital services,
health insurance, barber and beauty shop services, movies, fees for sports,
television repairs, and funeral, bank, and legal services.
18 Called “ Durables less cars” prior to 1964. Does not include auto parts,
durable toys, and sports equipment.
18 Includes the services components of apparel, personal care, reading and
recreation, and other goods and services. Not comparable with series pub­
lished prior to 1964.

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, AUGUST 1966

946
T able

D-2. Consumer Price Index 1—U.S. city average for urban wage earners and clerical workers,
selected groups, subgroups, and special groups of items, seasonally adjusted 2
[1957-59=100 unless otherwise specified]
1965

1966
Group
June

M ay

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

July

June

___
_ ___
- .

114.0
112.4
115.9
110. 7
115. 8
102.9

114.0
112.6
116.0
110.2
115.3
104.0

114.3
113.2
117.1
109.4
117.7
104.5

114.2
112.9
117.7
108.0
117.4
104.4

113.1
111.8
115.7
106.7
117.7
103.3

111.6
110.0
112.9
105.9
113.9
102.1

110.8
109.2
110.3
105.4
114.1
103.3

110.0
108.2
108.1
105.2
114.4
102.1

109.7
107.8
107.6
104.9
113.3
101.7

109.4
107.7
107.5
105.1
112.6
101.6

109.8
108.2
108.3
105.1
113.8
102.1

109.8
108.3
109.0
104.8
116.5
102.0

110.2
108.9
108.0
105.1
119.8
102.1

___
___

108.4
109.2

108. 5
109. 5

108.2
107.7

106.3
106.9

106.3
106.5

106.0
106.6

107.7
107.3

107.7
106.6

107.7
107.1

107.6
105.7

105. 8
105.6

107.1
105.4

107.3
105.5

Apparel and up k eep 5
___
___ Men’s and boys’
_ _ _________ -- - - __
Women’s and girls’__ _ ____ _____ ______ _____ ___
Footwear
_ __
_
............
. .

109.5
110.2
105.0
119.9

109.4
109. 9
105. 4
119.0

108.8
109.7
104.5
118.1

108.5
109.4
104.4
117.0

108.0
109.0
103. 8
116.3

107.8
109.0
103.6
115.6

107.6
108.8
103.3
115.4

107.5
108.5
103.4
114.9

107.2
108.3
102.9
114.3

107.0
107.7
103.3
113.4

106.8
107.5
103.3
112.9

106.5
107.1
103.0
112.3

107.0
107.2
103.8
112.4

Transportation ____ _
Private__
__

112.3
110.8

112.0
110.5

112.3
110.8

111.8
110.5

111.4
110.0

110.8
109.2

111.3
109.8

110.9
109.4

110.8
109.2

111.2
109.7

111.0
109.5

111.4
109.9

111.3
109.8

108.9
111.5
102.6

109.0
111.6
102. 5

109.0
111.6
102.3

108.6
111.4
102.1

108.1
110.7
101.9

107.5
109.8
101.9

107.4
109.5
102.2

107.0
108.9
102.0

106.7
108.5
101.9

106.5
108.5
101.9

106.6
108.4
102.0

106.7
108.3
102.4

106.8
108.6
102.6

106.5
109.6
108.4
106.2
97.4
116. 8
98.4

106.4
109. 4
108. 4
106.3
97.4
117.6
98.4

106.0
109.1
107.8
105.9
97.4
118.2
98.0

105.7
108.8
107.4
105. 6
96.9
117.6
97.8

105.6
108.6
107.0
105.2
96.8
117.3
97.9

105.4
108.1
106.8
104.9
96.6
116.5
97.9

105.4
108.1
106.5
104.8
97.6
118.4
97.8

105.2
108.0
106.3
104.8
96.9
117.4
97.5

105.0
107.6
105.9
104.5
96.8
118.0
97.6

104.9
107.5
106.0
104.5
98.4
117.5
97.5

105.0
107.3
105.8
104.3
98.4
119.0
97. 6

104.8
107.1
105.2
103.9
98.4
121.3
97.7

105.2
107.4
106.1
104.9
98.0
121.2
98.0

Food.
_____
- ____ - -Food at home
- Meats, poultry, and fish
Dairy products
____________
Fruits and vegetables
_
Other foods at home..
Fuel and utilities3
Fuel oil and coal4

____

________ _
_____
_

. - - - - - -.........

Special groups:
Commodities8
Nondurables _ _ .
D urables87 __
-----

__

- -.

------------- ______ _ _____-

Commodities less food 8 .
_.
Nondurables less food
___
___
______
Apparel commodities.-- Apparel commodities less footwear.
N ew cars _
- __- - - - - - Used cars___ ______
Housefurnishings . . i
__

- .
__

1 See footnote 1, table D -l.
2 Beginning January 1966, seasonally adjusted national indexes were com­
puted for selected groups, subgroups, and special groups where there is a
significant seasonal pattern of price change. Previously published indexes
for the year 1965 have been adjusted. No seasonally adjusted indexes will be
shown for any of the individual metropolitan areas for which separate indexes
are published. Previously, the Bureau of Labor Statistics has made
available only seasonal factors, rather than seasonally adjusted indexes (e.g.,
Department of Labor Bulletin 1366, Seasonal Factors, Consumer Price Index:
Selected Series). The factors currently used were derived by the BLS


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

Seasonal Factor Method using data for 1956-65. These factors will be u p ­
dated at the end of each calendar year, but the revised factors will be used only
for future seasonal adjustments and not for revision of previously published
indexes. A detailed description of the BLS Seasonal Factor Method is
available upon request.
8 See footnote 5, table D -l.
4 See footnote 6, table D -l.
* See footnote 8, table D -l.
8 See footnote 10, table D -l.
7 See footnote 12, table D -l.

947

D.—CONSUMER AND WHOLESALE PRICES
T able

D-3.

Consumer Price Index—U.S. and selected areas for urban wage earners and clerical
workers 1
[1957-59=100 unless otherwise specified]
1965

1966

Annual
average

194749=100

Area 2
June

May

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

Sept.

Aug.

July

110.4

110.2

110.0

110.2

(4)
(4)
(4)
104.0
107.7
(4)

Oct.

1965

1964

110.1

109.9

108.1

138.5

(4)
(4)
113.5
(4)
107.7
(4)

107.9
110.0
(4)
(4)
107.9
107.5

108.1
109.6
113.2
103.5
107.6
107.2

106.7
107.9
111.1
101.1
106.1
106.3

137.5
140.7
(4)

June

June
1966

All items
112.5

112.0

(4)
(4)
(4)
106.6
110.2
(4)

(4)
(4)
116.8
(4)
109.9
(4)

110.3
112.5
(4)
(4)
109.9
109.1

Cleveland, O h io ...----- -- -(4)
Dnllns T py fNTnv 1963 —100")
(4)
Detroit, Mich- -------- - - ----- 111.0
Honolulu, Hawaii (Dec. 1963=100). 104.6
Houston, Tex__ _________ ____
(4)
Kansas City, Mo.-Kansas... . .. 116.5

109.7
104 6
110.4
(4)
(4)
(4)

(4)
(4)
110. 0
(4)
110.9
(4)

114.5
Los Angeles-Long Beach, Calif—
Milwaukee, Wis___ - -- ---------(4)
Minneapolis-St. Paul, Minn----- .
(4)
NewYork,N.Y.-Northeastern N.J 115.3
. . . . 113.4
Philadelphia, P a.-N .J___
Pittsburgh, P a __
___ . . . -(4)
Portland, Oreg.-Wash.5_____
(4)

114.2
110.1
(4)
115.2
113.1
(4)
(4)

St. Louis, M o.-Ill------------ -------- 113.6
San Diego, Calif. (Feb. 1965 = 100)-.
(4)
San Francisco-Oakland, Calif------- 115.2
Scranton, Pa.5__
...
(4)
Seattle, W ash.. . _
------(4)
Washington, D .C .-M d.-V a___ .
(4)

(4)
101.6
(4)

U.S. city average3

---------

112.9

111.1
Atlanta; Qa-------- - ------------------- 113.4
Baltimore, M d------------- -Boston, M ass--- ---- - - ---(4)
Buffalo, N.Y. (Nov. 1963=100)___
(4)
Chicago, 111.-Northwestern In d ----- 110.6
Cincinnati, Ohio-Kentucky______ 110.2

112.6

114.1

113.7
112.8

111.0

111.0

(4)
(4)
(4)
105.8
109.3
(4)

(4)
(4)
113.9
(4)
108.6
(4)

109.2
110.9
(4)
(4)
108.8
107.9

l4)
(4)
(4)
104.6
108.4
(4)

(4)
(4)
113.6
(4)
108.3
(4)

108.2
110.0
(4)
(4)
108.0
107.1

(4)
(4)
109.4
104.4
(4)
115.3

108.1
103.4
108.8
(4)
(4)
(4)

(4)
(4)
108.4
(4)
110.0
(4)

(4)
(4)
108.0
103.9
(4)
114.6

107.8
102. 7
107.6
(4)
(4)
(4)

(")
(4)
107.4
(4)
109.3
(4)

(4)
(4)
106.9
102.3
(4)
114.3

107.1
101.7
106. 8
(4)
(b
(4)

(4)
(4)
106.9
(4)
108.5
(4)

(4)
(4)
107.0
101.7
(4)
113.9

106.9
101.4
106.4
102.1
108.5
113.3

105.2
100.1
104.0
100.3
107.2
109.8

(4)
144.1

114.3
(4)
111.8
115.2
113.2
113.0
114.7

113.7
(4)
(4)
114.8
112.7
(4)
(4)

113.4
109.5
(4)
114.2
112.4
(4)
(4)

112.8
(4)
110.5
113.4
111.6
111.0
112.9

113.2
(4)
(4)
113.5
111.8
(4>
(4)

112.8
108.7
(4)
113.2
111.4
(4)
(4)

112.7
(4)
110.1
113.0
111.1
110.7
112.9

112.8
(4)
(4)
112.9
110.8
(4)
(4)

111. 5
108.9
(4)
112. 6
110.6
(4)
(4)

112.7
(4)
109.7
112.4
111.0
110.8
112.4

112.9
(4)
(4)
112.2
110.7
(4)
(4)

112.5
108.2
109.5
112.2
110.6
110.2

110.2
106.0
108.0
110.4
108.8
108.5
109.0

142.8
(4)
(4)
138.9
139.3
(4)
(4)

(4)
(4)
(4)

112.1
(4)
114.9

(4)
101.2
(4)
113. 9
112.6
111.9

(4)
(4;

111.5
(4)
113.6

(4)
100.3

(4)
(4)

(4)
99.6

(4)
(4)
(4)

(4)
(4)
(4)

(4)
111.6

109.9
100.1
112.7

141.0

(4)

111.5
109.6

(4)
(4)
(4)

110.2
(4)
113.0
(4)
(4)
(4)

108.1

(4)

109.9
(4)
112.7
(4)
(4)
(4)

111.0
109.6

110.6
109.3
109.7
108.1

146.2
(4)
(4)
(4)

109.7

109.7

110.1

110.9

110.1

108.8

106.4

108.1
111.2
114.5
105.3
110.3
107.0

108.8
111.9
114.9
106.9
110.6
108.5

108.4
110. 8
113.0
105.9
110.1
108.1

107.4 104.8
109.3 «106. 6
112.5 109.8
104.1 101.5
108.8 106.1
106.2 104.5

(4)

(4)
(4)

(4)

(4)
(4)

111.6

(4)
(4)

(4)
(4)

(4)

(4)
(4)

110.6

111.7
111.8
110.5

111.8

111.0

139.5
134.1
(4)
136.9

Food
U.S. city average 3----------- ------ ..

113.9

113.5

114.0

113.9

113.1

1 1 1 .4

110.6

109.7

112.4
115.9
Poston Mass
115.7
Buffalo, N.Y. (Nov. 1963 = 100)___ 108.5
Chicago, Ill.-Northwestern I n d .. . 114.3
111.6

112.0
115.3
115.3
108.0
113.6
110.7

112.8
116.3
116.6
109.2
114.2
111. 2

112.4
115.5
116.0
108.0
115.1
110.9

111.9
115.5
115.4
108.2
114.2
110. 9

1 1 0 .5
1 1 2 .7

113.6
106.0
112.0
108. 9

109.8
111.5
112.5
105.2
111.2
107.8

108.4
110.0
112.6
104.8
110.4
106.8

108.8
110.7
112.8
104.2
110.0
106.9

108.4
110.8
113.2
104.5
109.8
106.6

111.1
109 4
112.0
106.6
114.4
116.9

110. 0
109. 4
111.5
106.2
114.1
116.0

110.3
110.2
111.6
106.6
114.8
116.5

110.1
109.0
111.3
106.7
114.3
116. 7

109.8
108. 6
110.0
106.4
113.6
116.4

106.9
107.6
108.9
106.2
113.2
115.3

107.2
106.2
107.9
105.9
112.4
114.4

106.7
105.5
106.5
104.6
110.5
114.3

106.8
105.1
106.2
103.9
111.0
113.0

106.2
105.1
105.8
103.3
111.1
112.6

106.6
105. 5
106.6
103.2
111.1
112.6

106.8
105.3
108.0
103.9
110.4
112.2

106.0
104.2
106.8
103.7
109.7
111.6

104.8
103.9
105.0
103.5
109.2
111.3

102.1
100.5
101.9
100.8
105.7
107.2

. 112.4

113.0
113.5
111. 7
114.4
112.5
111.5
114.7

113.5

113.4

112.9
112.6
111.3
114.2
111.9
111.7
113.0

112.1

111.1

111.7

111.5

108.2

108.0

111.7
109.6
108.4

111.8
108.9

110.8

108.2
108.2

107.9
110.9
108.0
109.3

111.8

111.2

107.9
108.2
110.5

110.8

109. 5
109.7

109.3
111.5
109.5
109.3

110.-4
109.3
108.3
110.5
108.1
108.5
109.9

112.2

110.3

110.7
107.7
107.1
109.8
107.2
107.5
109.5

108.2
105.0
IO4 . 6
108.4
105.2
104.8
107.1

114.4

114.0

112.4

112.9

111.8

112.7
103. 7
110.7
107.7
109.2
109.3

111.4
108.3

111.1

111.2

111.0

111.1

111.1

109.5

109.3

n^ll^s T py nsjnv 1063—100")
Detroit. Mi eh
_ _ ..
Honolulu, Hawaii (Dec. 1963 = 100)
Konst,on, Tex
Los Angeles-Lon g Beach, Calif..

111. 6
New York, N.Y.-Northeastern N .J. 114.5
112.9
111.4
P itts b u r g h , P a
P o rtla n d Oreg - W a sh .6
115.5
S t Tvonis M o -111

S eattle , W ash

Washington, D .C.-M d.-V a____

117.2
113. 6
im . 5
114.3
114.1

117.0
106.3
113.9
m .i

114.4
113.6

112.4
115.0
113.4

112.7
115.1
112.8

112.8
114.0

111.9
113. 4

117.1

116.7

114.7
113.1
114.0
114.2

114.6

116.3
106.6
113.8

113.7
113.8

112.9
113.2

112 .8

112.1

112.1

110 .8

111.5
110.6

1 See footnote 1, table 0-1. Indexes measure time-to-time changes in
prices. They do not ind icate whether it costs more to live in one area than in
another.
2 The areas listed include not only the central city but the entire urban
portion of the Standard Metropolitan Statistical Area, as defined for the 1960
Census of Population; except that the Standard Consolidated Area is used
for New York and Chicago.


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

109.5
110.3
110.4

110.0

109 3

111.6

110 .2

107.9
108.2
110.5

109. 6
110.5
110.8

110.6

112.0

112.8

113.4

112.5

111.5
102.7

112.0
1 1 0 .5

111.1

110.2

104.7
108.2

108.2

111.9
110.5

109.6
112.0

109.4

107.7
110.3
108.4

107.6
107.7
105.6
108.7
106.0

! Average of 56 “cities” (metropolitan areas and nonmetropolitan urban
places) beginning January 1966.
4 All items indexes are computed monthly for 5 areas and once every 3
months on a rotating cycle for other areas.
s Old series.
* 10-month average.

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, AUGUST 1966

948
T able

D-4.

Indexes of wholesale prices,1 by group and subgroup of commodities
[1957-59=100, unless otherwise specified]3
1965

1966

Annual
average

Commodity group
Sept.

Aug.

July

June

1965

1964

103.1

103.0

102.9

102.9

102.8

102.5

100.5

103.6

103.5

103.3

103.7

103.5

102.1

98.0

100.3
94.2
87.4
104.0
89.8
107.3
114.0
107.2
99.9
107.6
110.6
105.5
110.4

99.4
95.6
88.6
103.2
89.9
105.9
105.1
102.6
100.1
106.9
109.4
104.9
109.4

99.5
96.1
89.3
102.6
90.0
104.8
105.9
105.4
100.8
106.7
109.1
105.3
109.1

99.1
85.5
88.3
106.4
90.5
103.9
100.0
106.6
98.3
106.7
108.8
106.3
108.5

100.0
103.9
88.4
105.0
91.8
102.4
84.7
113.8
95.4
106.6
109.3
106.3
107.8

100.3
109.0
89.6
104.6
92.0
100.7
82.0
114.7
95.6
106.1
108.5
105.5
107.1

98.4
101.8
89.6
98.9
91.1
103.5
93.5
112.9
97.6
105.1
109.0
101.0
108.5

94.3
103.2
94.1
84.7
98.3
102.0
90.8
110.1
98.6
101.0
107.8
90.8
107.8

Ju n e 3 M ay

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

105.7 8105. 6

105.5

105.4

105.4

104.6

104.1

103.5

Farm products and processed foods___

107.7 8107.9

108.7

109.4

109.8

107.7

106.5

104.3

Farm products . . . . . .
Fresh and dried fruits and vegetables .
Grains.
. . .
------Livestock and live poultry---- ----------Plant and animal fibers--------- .. . . .
Fluid milk
.
. . . .
Eggs
..
..
----------Hay, hayseeds, and oilseeds------------Other farm products___. . . .............. .
Processed foods..
... .
Cereal and bakery products__ . ------Meats, poultry, and fish---- -------------Dairy products and ice cream _ ------Canned and frozen fruits and vege­
tables.
.
.
Sugar and confectionery____________
Packaged beverage materials . . .
Animal fats and oils. . .
. . . .
Crude vegetable oils_____ ___ ___
Refined vegetable oils______________
Vegetable oil end products---- -- --------Miscellaneous processed foods_______
All commodities except farm products. __
All commodities except farm and foods__
Textile products and apparel__________
Cotton products___________________
Wool products____________________
Manmade fiber textile products.. . .
Silk products___ . . . . . ____________
Apparel __ . . .
_ ___
Miscellaneous textile products . ___
Hides, skins, leather, and leather prod­
ucts ._
. ___
Hides and skins___________________
Leather
___ .
...
Footw ear... _ _ _ _______ _______
Other leather p ro d u cts.______ _____
Fuel and related products, and power ...
Coal..
.
.
. . . .
_____
Coke____ . . . _________ ___ . ..
Gas fuels 8________ ____ . . .. . . .
Electric power 8____ _____ . . ----Petroleum products, refined_________
Chemicals and allied products_____ .
Industrial chemicals______ ________
Prepared paint_________________ . . .
Paint materials_________ ________
Drugs and pharmaceuticals_________
Fats and oils inedible. _______ _____
Mixed fertilizer .
Fertilizer materials____ . . . . . . . . ._
Other chemicals and allied products__
Rubber and rubber products... _ __ _.
Crude rubber.. . . . ____ ____ _____
Tires and tubes . . . _____ ______ ..
Miscellaneous rubber products_______
Lumber and wood products___ . . . ..
Lumber_____ ___. . . . _____ _ ..
M illw ork... __________ . . . ___
Plywood_____________
________
Pulp, paper, and allied products. _. ___
Woodpulp________
Wastepaper----- ------------- . .. _ . . .
Paper__ ____________________ ____
Paperboard. _ _ _ _ _ _ ____ _ __
Converted paper and paperboard prod­
u cts___ ._ _ . . . . . . _ _______ ..
Building paper and board___________

104.1 104.5 106.4 106.8
99.7 4103. 3 4111.0 <101.7
91.2
94.9
93.6
90.8
108.5 110.4 112.4 114.2
90.3
89.9
90.3
89.7
111.8 4111.0 111.9 113.3
86.9 101.8 118.5
90.9
122.6 120.2 116.9 115.6
101.1 101.4 102.5 102.1
110.5 110.5 110.6 111.5
113.9 113.0 112.6 112.2
109.9 110.9 110.9 113.3
117.0 114.9 114.8 115. 0

107.4
98.0
92.9
116.7
89.5
111.5
116.3
116.6
102.3
111.8
112.1
114.9
113.0

104.5
97.5
92.4
112.6
89.6
108.4
99.8
113.5
102.5
110.3
111.8
112.7
110.9

103.0
92.2
90.1
109.0
89.6
108.0
118.2
110.8
103.5
109.4
111.2
110.5
111.3

All com m odities...

. ..

---- ------ . . .

See footnotes at end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

104.8
109.4
93.5
105.5
105.6
104.7
101.9
112.5
105.8
104.9
102.2
102.8
106.5
89.9
143.8
104.8
124.1

105.4
109.3
93.5
107.7
105.6
108.5
4101.9
113.1
4105. 7
104.7
102.2
102.6
4106. 4
89.9
140. 9
4104.9
124.7

104.8
109.3
93.5
115.2
106.7
111.3
102.5
114.0
105.3
104.3
102.2
102.3
106.3
90.5
151.6
104.7
125.1

104.8
109.7
93.5
121.8
104.3
112.0
103.0
114.4
105.2
104.0
102.1
101.8
106.0
90.8
151.4
104.7
126.3

105.2
110.1
93.5
126.2
107.6
116.0
102.5
114.1
105.1
103.8
102.0
101.5
105.8
91.0
155.3
104.7
124.2

104.7
109.4
93.5
125.8
106.5
116.1
99.5
114.0
104.6
103.5
101.9
101.0
105.9
91.3
147.6
104.6
124.7

105.1
108.8
93.4
116.4
100.3
109.1
98.4
114.1
104.2
103.2
102.0
101.2
105.4
91.9
143.6
104.3
130.0

105.4
109.2
93.4
115.8
100.9
105 0
101.2
114.2
103.9
103.2
101.9
101.0
105.4
92.5
142.2
104.2
127.0

104.7
109.4
93.4
122.1
101.3
94.6
101.2
114.1
103.5
102.8
102.0
100.8
105.4
93.3
140.3
104.3
127.1

101.8
108.8
93.4
119.7
100.3
91.0
101.2
114.3
103.4
102.7
102.1
100.6
105.2
94.2
134.9
104.2
127.7

100.4
108.9
93.4
114.1
93.2
90.0
101.2
114.8
103.3
102.7
101.9
100.4
105.0
94.7
132.8
104.1
122.8

101.8
109.1
93.5
115.9
91.3
89.4
101.2
113.4
103.2
102. 5
101.9
100.3
104.4
95.7
127.6
103.8
120.7

101.5
109.2
93.5
108.4
94.4
89.2
101.2
112.7
103.1
102.5
101.9
100.2
104.0
95.9
132.2
103.6
123.3

102.1
109.0
93.8
113.4
100.9
97.0
101.2
113.6
102.9
102.5
101.8
100.2
104.3
95.0
134.3
103.7
123.0

104.8
111.8
96.9
95.4
84.5
82.2
89.7
108.9
101.2
101.2
101.2
99.6
103.0
95.8
117.3
102.8
117.9

123.1
161.0
126.3
119.1
116.0
101.5
97.0
109.4
128.3
100.2
100.2
97.7
95.8
106.8
89.9
94.5
101.2
105.5
104.8
100.0
95.4
89.5
94.4
98.9
108.0
112.1
110.6
93.8
103.0
98.0
112.7
108.0
97.2

4122.9 120.8
163.0 148.8
125.1 122.4
4119.1 4118.4
4115.4 114.4
4100. 4 100.0
96.9
94.9
107.3 107.3
128.3 129.2
100.2 100.3
98.4
97.7
97.6
97.7
496.0
95.6
106.2 106.2
90.2
90.4
94.1
94.1
102.5 104.0
4105. 5 105.8
106.6 105.5
100.0 100.0
95.4
95.4
90.0
90.0
94.4
94.4
98.7
98.7
4109. 6 108.4
113.1 110.9
110.4 109.6
4100.3 102.4
4102. 7 102.3
98.0
98.0
112.0 110.3
107.1 106.0
97.2
97.1

118.7
147.8
123.3
115.3
112.5
99.9
97.5
107.3
128.2
100.4
97.2
97.6
95.2
105.9
89.8
94.4
106.4
105.4
104.7
100.2
94.3
91.2
91.1
98.7
105.6
107.4
109.3
97.7
101.8
98.0
108.7
105.4
97.0

117.8
152.8
118.0
114.9
111.6
100.3
98.2
107.3
128.9
100.4
97.8
97.6
95.2
105.9
89.5
94.5
110.0
105.3
104.7
100.2
94.1
91.0
91.1
98.5
103.7
105.6
108.4
94.0
101.3
98.0
105.5
105.4
96.7

116.0
140.0
116.6
114.4
110.3
100.5
98.1
107.3
128.2
100.4
98.3
97.6
95.1
105.9
89.5
94.4
113.1
105.4
103.8
100.2
93.7
90.0
91.1
97.9
102.8
104.3
107.9
93.9
101.2
98.0
105.8
105.2
96.7

114.6
132.3
114.2
113.8
110.2
ICO. 6
97.6
107.3
128.6
100.7
98.4
97.6
95.5
105.9
89.0
94.6
110.1
105. 5
103.8
99.8
93.5
89.6
91.1
97.7
101.9
103.4
107.9
92.1
100.9
98.1
104.6
104.9
96.5

113.6 .
126.5
113.3
113.7
109.0
100.3
97.5
107.3
126.8
100.8
98.1
97.5
95.5
105.9
89.0
94.7
106.7
105.2
103.8
100.1
93.5
89.3
91.1
97.7
101.6
103.0
107.8
91.7
100.8
98.1
107.0
104.8
96. 5

113.3
125.6
111.9
113.6
109.0
99.4
97.3
107.3
125.8
100.8
96.6
97.6
95.4
105.9
89.7
94.1
110.1
105.9
103.4
100.0
93.4
89.0
91.1
97.6
101.6
103.0
107.8
91.6
100.5
98.1
104.5
104.5
96.5

111.3
124.9
110.9
110.3
109.3
99.2
96.6
107.3
125.3
100.8
96.4
97.2
95.0
105.7
89.2
93.9
108.4
105.9
102.5
99.9
93.3
88.7
91.1
97.5
102.0
103.1
107.8
93.3
100.0
98.1
97.3
104.1
96.4

112.2
133.4
112.5
110.2
108.8
99.0
95.8
107.3
123.9
100.8
96.4
97.1
95.0
105.7
89.2
93.9
104.4
105.7
102.1
99.8
93.2
88.6
91.1
97.4
101.8
102.5
107.8
94.6
99.9
98.1
97.5
104.1
96.3

108.8
117.4
105.9
110.0
105.2
98.7
95.2
107.3
122.5
100.7
96.0
97.4
95.0
105.7
89.6
94.0
110.3
104.8
103.3
99.8
93.0
89.1
90.2
97.4
100.5
101.2
107.8
91.0
99.9
98.1
98.3
104.1
96.3

107.7
103.1
107.6
109.8
104.7
98.7
94.7
107.3
122.7
100.8
96.0
97.4
94.8
105.7
89.3
93.9
114.0
104.8
104.3
99.8
93.1
90.1
90.2
97.2
100.3
101.1
107.8
90.5
100.0
98.1
98.0
104.1
96.3

109.2
111.2
108.1
110.7
106.1
98.9
96.5
107.3
124.1
100.8
95.9
97.4
95.0
105.4
89.8
94.4
112.7
105.1
103.5
99.8
92.9
90.0
90.0
97.1
101.1
101.9
107.7
92.3
99.9
98.1
99.4
104.1
96.4

104.6
87.5
102.9
108.5
103.1
97.1
96.9
106.3
121.3
101.1
92.7
96.7
94.2
104.7
91.0
95.0
96.8
103.9
100.1
99.4
92.5
90.6
89.0
96.9
100.6
100.7
108.5
92.3
99.0
96.1
92.4
103.6
96.4

101.6
92.7

100.9
92.7

100.8
92.7

100.4
92.7

100.1
93.3

99.8
93.8

99.6
93.4

99.4
93.3

99.3
93.2

99.5
92.7

99.3
92.9

98.3
94.2

102.4
92.6

102.2
492.6

102.2
92.6

D.—CONSUMER AND WHOLESALE PRICES
T able

D-4.

949

Indexes of wholesale prices,1 by group and subgroup of commodities—Continued
[1957-59=100, unless otherwise specified]2
1966

1965

Annual
average

Commodity group
June 3
All commodities except farm and foods—
Continued
Metals and metal products___________
Iron and steel—_ _ _ ____
___
Nonferrous metals______ _ _ _ ____
Metal containers,—
Hardware__
_ ---- -- --------Plumbing fixtures and brass fittings__
___
Heating equipment_________
Fabricated structural metal products..
Fabricated nonstructural metal prod­
ucts__
_
_______ ____ _____
Machinery and motive products.,
Agricultural machinery and equipment.
Construction machinery and equip­
m ent____ _
____
Metalworking machinery and equip­
m ent_____
.
, ___ . . .
General purpose machinery and equip­
m ent_____ _____
_ ., ______ _
Miscellaneous machinery___ _
Special industry machinery and equip­
ment 8_______ ____ _____ _____
Electrical machinery and equipm ent._
Motor vehicles____________________
Transportation equipment, railroad
rolling stock8____________________
Furniture and other household durables. _
Household furniture . . . .
...
Commercial furniture . . _
Floor coverings_____. . _ . . . ______
Household appliances__________ _ _
Television, radio receivers, and phono­
graphs. _ . ____________________
Other household durable goods______
Nonmetallic mineral products________
Flat glass.
_____ ______ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
Concrete ingredients.. _______ ____
Concrete p ro d u cts... _ _______._ _.
Structural clay products____________
Gypsum products______ _________
Asphalt roofing ? _. ___ __________ _
Other nonmetallic minerals________
Tobacco products and bottled beverages __
Tobacco products. . . . .
Alcoholic beverages.._ _ .
___
Nonalcoholic beverages___________
Miscellaneous products___________ ..
Toys, sporting goods, small arms, am­
munition _________ _____________
Manufactured animal feeds____ ___
Notions and accessories.. . . .
_ ___
Jewelry, watches, and photographic
equipm ent.. _ __________ _.
Other miscellaneous products.. .

May

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

July

June

1965

1964

108.7 108.4 108.2 108.0 107.5 107.0 106.6 106.7 106.3 106.2 106.2 105.8 105.9 105.7 102.8
102.0 101.8 102.0 102.3 102.2 102.0 101.7 101.3 101.2 101.2 101.4 101.5 101.3 101.4 100.5
123.2 4122. 5 122.1 120.8 119.5 118.3 117.2 118.7 117.4 117.0 116.5 115.5 116.2 115.2 105.9
110.1 110.1 110.0 109.8 109.8 109.8 109.8 108.3 108.3 108.3 108.3 108.3 108.3 107.6 105.5
109.8 109.6 108.4 108.3 107.4 107.3 107.2 107.0 106.7 106.5 106. 4 106.1 105.9 106.0 104.8
108.5 4107. 9 ‘ 107.1 ‘ 105.7 ‘ 104.9 ‘ 104.8 ‘ 104.9 ‘103.6 ‘ 103.4 ‘ 103.4 ‘ 103.5 ‘ 102.6 ‘ 102.5 ‘ 103.1 ‘ 100.9
92.5
92.1
92.1
91.7
91.6
91.6
91.9
91.8
91.5
91.9
91.9
91.7
92.0
91.7
92.0
103.9 4103.8 103.4 103.1 102.6 102.3 102.0 102.0 101.8 101.8 101.7 101.4 101.2 101.2
99.3
111.2 110.9 110.9 110.9 110.5 110.0 109.7 109.8 109.8 109.9 109.9 109.1 109.2 109.4 108.5
105.9 4105.8 105.2 105.0 104.7 104.4 104.2 104.1 103.9 103.8 103.8 103.7 103.8 103.7 102.9
118.3 ‘ 118.2 118.1 118.0 117.8 117.3 117.0 116.8 114.9 115.0 114.8 114.9 114.7 115.1 112.9
118.9 ‘ 118.9 118.5 117.9 117.5 116.9 116.5 116.4 115.8 115.6 115.6 115.3 115.2 115.3 112.4
123.5 ‘ 122.5 121.2 121.1 121.0 119.8 118.9 118.6 118.3 117.9 117.4 116.5 116.4 116.9 112.6
109.8 ‘ 109.3
106.0 105.9

108.5
105.7

107.3
105.8

106.8
105.6

106.8
105.4

106.5
105.4

106.5
105.3

106.3
105.1

105.7
104.9

105.3
105.1

104.7
105.2

104.7
105.5

105.1
105.2

104.4
104.5

111.7
98.7
100.7

110.8
‘ 98.7
100.9

110.0
98.4
100.2

109.9
98.2
100.3

109.4
97.8
100.4

109.1
97.0
100.5

109.0
96.6
100.5

108.9
96.5
100.5

108.2
96.6
100.5

108.2
96.6
100.5

108.0
96.7
100.7

107.9
97.0
100.7

107.9
96.9
100.7

108.0
96.8
100.7

105.9
96.8
100.5

101.0 101.0
98.9
98.9
108.9 ‘ 108.9
105.3 ‘ 105.3
97.1
97.5
89.4
89.4

101.0
98.6
108.3
104.1
97.5
89.3

101.0
98.4
107.2
104.1
97.5
89.1

101.0
98.4
107.2
104.1
97.7
89.0

101.0
98.3
107.0
104.1
97.7
89.0

101.0
98.2
106.7
104.0
97.5
88.8

101.0
98.0
106.6
104.0
97.4
88.6

101.0
97.8
106.4
103.7
97.3
88.6

101.0
97.7
106.2
103.7
97.5
88.6

101.0
97.7
106.1
103.7
97.5
88.6

101.0
97.8
105.9
103.7
97.7
89.2

101.0
98.0
105.9
103.7
97.7
89.4

100.9
98.0
106.2
103.7
97.7
89.2

100.5
98.5
105.3
103.2
99.4
91.3

83.5
83.5
106.7 106.7
102.4 102.4
100.2 ‘ 100.2
103.6 ‘ 103.7
102.9 102.7
106.5 106.3
102.2 102.2
94.4
94.4
101.8 102.2
109.8 109.4
110.3 110.3
101.0 101.0
130.9 128.5
116.0 115.1

83.5
106.7
102.3
99.5
103.8
102.7
106.0
101.4
94.8
102.0
109.4
110.2
101.0
128.5
113.0

83.5
106.9
102.1
99.2
103.8
102.2
105.9
101.4
94.8
102.1
109.2
109.8
101.0
128.5
113.1

83.8
107.1
102.1
99.9
103.7
102.1
105.8
101.4
94.8
101.7
108.0
106.6
101.0
128.5
116.0

83.9
106.8
102.0
99.9
103.6
102.0
105.6
101.4
94.6
101.8
108.1
106.6
101.1
128.5
114.3

84.5
106.2
101.6
99.9
103.4
101.8
105.6
97.4
94.6
100.9
107.9
106.0
101.3
128.5
112.5

84.5
106.2
101.6
99.9
103.4
101.8
105.4
98.6
94.6
101.0
107.7
106.1
100.9
128.5
113.2

84.5
105.5
101.6
99.9
103.4
101.6
105.4
99.1
94.6
101.1
107.7
106.1
100.9
128.5
111.2

84.4
105.4
101.6
99.9
103.2
101.6
105.4
99.9
95.0
101.3
107.7
106.1
100.9
128.5
111.5

84.4
105.3
101.6
100.2
103.2
101.5
105.3
100.6
92.1
101.4
107.6
106.1
100.7
128.5
111.5

84.6
105.2
101.7
100.2
103.1
101.7
104.9
105.7
92.1
101.4
107.6
106.1
100.7
128.1
112.6

85.9
105. 2
102.0
101.7
103.1
101.6
104.9
107.5
92.1
101.6
107.6
106.1
100.7
128.1
111.0

85.2
105.4
101.7
100.9
103.2
101.5
105.1
104.0
92.8
101.3
107.7
106.2
100.8
128.3
111.0

87. 2
104.2
101.5
102.4
102.8
100.9
104.2
108.2
88. 8
101.5
107.4
106.0
100.7
127.0
109.2

103.7 103.7
124.6 ‘ 123.1
101.1 100.6

103.7
119.2
99.8

103.3
119.6
99.8

103.3
124.8
99.8

103.2
121.8
99.1

103.1
118.6
99.1

103.0
119.9
99.1

103.1
116.2
99.1

103.2
116.8
99.1

102.7
116.9
99.1

102.9
118.8
99.1

102.5
116.6
99.1

102. 7
116.3
99.1

101.0
113.9
99.1

105.1
105.2

105.1
105.0

105.1
104.7

105.1
104.9

105.0
105.0

105.1
104.9

105.1
104.7

105.1
104.0

105.1
104.6

105.1
104.4

105.1
104.6

104.3
102.9

104.4
103.7

103.5
102.5

105.2
105.2

1 As of January 1961, new weights reflecting 1958 values were introduced
into the index. See “ Weight Revisions in the Wholesale Price Index 18901960,” Monthly Labor Review, February 1962, pp. 175-182.
2 As of January 1962, the indexes were converted from the former base of
1947-49=100 to the new base of 1957-59=100. Technical details and earlier
data on the 1957-59 base furnished upon request to the Bureau.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

Jan.

3 Preliminary.
4 Revised.
5 January 1958=100.
6January 1961 = 100.
i Formerly titled “prepared asphalt roofing.”

950

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, AUGUST 1966
T able

D-5.

Indexes of wholesale prices for special commodity groupings 1
[1957-59=100, unless otherwise specified]1
1966

Commodity group

1965

June 3 May Apr. Mar. Feb.
All foods_______ - ------------ ------ ------------All fish________________________________________
All commodities except farm products____ ___
Textile products, excluding hard and bast fiber products5Bituminous coal—domestic sizes__________________
Refined petroleum products----------------- ------------East Coast markets_____. _______ . . . _____
Midcontinent m arkets____
__ . . . . . .
___
Gulf Coast markets - - - - - - ___
Pacific Coast m arkets__ . . ___
______
- ____
Midwest markets «____________
Soaps________ . . .
---- ----------- -_
Synthetic detergents-------- --------------------- ----------Pharmaceutical preparations_______
. . ____
Ethical preparations «___________ ________ .
Anti-infectives8. . - ____ ____ _____ ____
Anti-arthritics«________________ ________
Sedatives and hypnotics « ____ . . . _
. .
Ataractics 6 ________ ______ _________ __
Anti-spasmodics and anti-cholinergics 6_____
Cardiovasculars and anti-hypertensives «_._
Diabetics «_ ____________________________
Hormones 6 _________ ____ _ _____
D iuretics«.. - - - - - _________ ___
Dermatologicals «.-_ _ . ______ ______ _
Hematinics«—- _____ ______ . ____
Analgesics«-.. --------- _ - - - - - - - - - - - Anti-obesity preparations «____________ _ _
___
Cough and cold preparations «___
Vitam ins«-.
___ - - - - - _____
Proprietary preparations «___ _________________
V itam ins«.. __ __ . . .
_ _ _ _ ____
Cough and cold preparations «____ _______
....
Laxatives and elimination aids 6___
Internal analgesics «. —
---------Tonics and alteratives « _ .
- ___
External analgesics «.. _ - __________ _
Antiseptics«-.
-----------...
Antacids «____
- ______
..
____
Lumber and wood products (excluding millwork)__
Softwood lumber________
____
Pulp, paper, and allied products (excluding building
___________ ____
paper and board)___ —
Special metals and metal products 7______________
Steel mill products____ ____ .. . .
______
Machinery and equipment___
________ _______
Agricultural machinery (including tractors). . ___
Metalworking machinery. __ _ __
- -- -----______________ . . .
. . _ ..
All tractors. _
Industrial valves__ ______ . ..................... .............
Industrial fittings__ _ __ _ _ . .
. _ _____ __
Anti-friction bearings and components___ ________
Abrasive grinding w h e e l s . _ _ _
__ _ _ ___
Construction materials__________________________
1 See footnote 1, table D-4.
J See footnote 2, table D-4.
3Preliminary.
4 Revised.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

Annual average

Jan.

Dec. Nov. Oct. Sept. Aug. July June

1965

1964

109.0 109.1
127.2 126. S
105.8 4105. 7
98.8 98.7
94.0 4 93.6
100.2 98.4
96.3 96.3
100.2 97.1
104.1 100.7
87.8 89.4
93.3 92.0
113.7 113.7
99.3 99.3
96.6 96.2
93.8 94.1
77.2 78.3
100.6 100.6
118.3 118.3
101.4 101.4
102.3 102.3
94.9 94.9
103.8 103.8
104.1 104.1
100.0 100.0
108.7 108.7
110.6 110.6
105.8 105.8
100.0 100.0
104.9 104.9
88.1 88.1
105.2 103.0
100.3 100.3
103.9 101.2
108.0 107.0
104.4 104.4
100.2 92.8
107.9 105.8
111.0 101.8
103.0 103.0
108.1 4110. 3
107.6 109.0

110.2
126.5
105.3
98.8
92. S
97.7
96. S
97.7
100.2
89.4
89.0
113.7
99.3
96.2
94.1
78.3
100.6
118.3
101.4
102.3
94.9
103.8
104.1
100.0
108.7
110.6
105.8
100.0
104.9
88.1
103.0
100.3
101.2
107.0
104.4
92.8
105.8
101.8
103.0
109.0
106.7

110.9
126.7
105.2
98.6
97.7
97.2
98.2
93.7
98.6
89.4
93.3
113.7
99.7
96.5
95.0
82.3
100.6
118.3
100.0
102.3
94.9
103.8
104.1
100.0
108.7
110.6
105.8
100.0
104.4
88.1
102.2
100.3
100.5
107.0
104.4
92.8
105.8
96.4
102.8
105.3
102.8

110.8
123.2
105.1
98.5
100. C
97.8
98.2
98. t
98.6
86.8
93. S
113.7
99.7
96.5
95.0
82.3
100.6
118.3
100.0
102.3
94.9
103.8
104.1
100.0
108.7
110.6
105.8
100.0
104.4
88.1
102.1
100.3
99.9
107.0
102.1
92.8
105.8
101.8
102.8
103.0
100.9

108.9
124.5
104.6
98.3
100. C
98.3
98.2
98.5
99.7
88.3
93.8
113.7
99.7
96.5
94.9
82.3
100.6
118.3
100.0
102.3
94.9
103. 8
104.1
100.0
108.7
110.6
105.8
100.0
102.1
88.1
102.1
100.3
99.9
107.0
102.1
92.8
105.8
101.8
102.8
102.0
99.9

108.3
119.3
104.2
98.6
99.7
98.4
98.2
98.6
99.7
88.3
93.8
113.1
99.7
96.8
95.0
82.3
100.6
118.3
100.0
102.3
94.9
103.8
104.1
100. 0
108.7
110.6
105.8
100.0
104.4
88.1
103.0
100.3
102.4
106.9
102.1
98.2
107.3
102.9
102.8
100.9
99.1

106.7
119.4
103.9
98.7
99.5
98.1
96.6
98.6
99.5
89.0
93.2
113.1
100.8
97.0
95.0
82.3
100.6
118.3
100.0
102.3
94.9
103.8
104.1
100.0
108.7
110.6
105.8
100.0
104.4
88.1
103.7
100.3
102.4
106.9
102.1
98.2
107.3
108.3
102.8
100.5
99.1

106.0
118.0
103 5
98.9
98.9
96.6
96.6
98.0
96.5
89.0
92.8
112.4
100.8
96.3
94.8
82.3
100.6
118.3
100.0
102.3
94.9
103.8
104.1
100.0
108.7
110.6
105.8
100.0
100.7
88.1
101.6
100.3
100.0
106.1
102.1
89.2
105.4
100.1
102.8
100.5
99.8

105.8
116.2
103.4
99.1
97.7
96.4
95.2
97.9
96.5
89.0
92.2
112.3
100.6
95.9
94.7
81.8
100.6
118.3
100.0
102.3
94.9
103.8
104.1
100.0
108.7
109.7
105.8
100.0
100.7
88.1
100.9
100.3
98.6
104.9
102.1
87.3
103.4
98.7
102.8
100.9
100.0

104.8
114.3
103.3
99.1
95.6
96.4
93.8
97.3
96.5
91.5
91.6
112.3
100.6
95.9
94.7
81.8
100.6
118.3
100.0
102.3
94.9
103.8
104.1
100.0
108.7
109.7
105.8
100.0
100.7
88.1
100.9
100.3
98.6
104.9
102.1
87.3
103.4
98.7
102.8
100.8
99.7

105.6
109.8
103.2
99.4
93.6
96.0
93.8
96.7
95.9
91.5
91.6
112.3
100.6
96.0
94.7
81.9
100.6
113.2
100.0
102.3
94.9
103.8
104.1
100.0
108.7
109.7
105. 8
100.0
104.4
88.1
101.1
100.3
99.2
104.9
102.1
89.4
103.8
98.7
103.0
99.0
98.4

105.5
108.9
103.1
99.4
93.0
96.0
93.8
96.6
95.9
91.5
91.6
112.3
100.6
96.0
94.6
81.9
100.6
113.2
100.0
102.3
94.9
103.8
100.6
100.0
108.7
109.7
105.8
100.0
104.4
88.1
101.2
100.3
99.2
104.9
102.5
89.4
103.8
98.7
103.0
98.7
98.4

104.5
112.8
102.9
99.1
96.6
95.9
95.3
97.6
95.1
90.6
91.7
112.3
100.5
96.5
94.7
82.0
100.6
115.3
100.0
102.3
94.9
103.8
102.3
100.0
108.7
110.0
105. 5
100.0
102.9
88.1
102.7
100.3
100.9
106.0
102.3
95.0
105.2
104.9
102.9
99.8
99.1

100.8
107.4
101.2
98.9
96.7
92.7
93.6
89.7
94.0
87.4
88.0
107.1
99.6
97.1
95.4
85.4
100.6
113.3
100.0
100.2
97.6
103.8
100.6
100.0
108.7
108.8
101.8
100.0
103.5
87.7
103.1
100.3
101.0
105.4
102.2
100.2
103.1
108.6
103.0
98.9
99.3

103.4
106.9
104.5
108.1
120.0
124.3
119.8
116.7
93.9
83.1
93.3
104.8

102.7
106.5
104.3
107.2
119.9
121.1
119.4
114.0
92.9
83.0
93.3
104.3

102.2
106.3
104.3
106.9
119.8
120.9
119.4
110.5
92.9
83.0
93.3
103.2

101.7
106.0
104.2
106.5
119.6
120.7
119.1
109.4
92.9
83.0
93.3
102.4

101.5
105.7
104.1
106.0
119.1
120.0
118.8
109.3
91.9
84.0
93.3
101.9

101.2
105.4
103.9
105.7
118.7
119.5
118.6
108.9
91.9
83.7
93.3
101.4

101.1
105.4
103.6
105.5
118. 5
119.3
118.4
109.4
91.9
83.7
93.4
101.3

100.8
105.1
103.7
105.2
116.4
119.1
116.9
108.6
91.9
83.7
93.4
101.2

100.3
105.1
103.5
105.1
116.5
118.8
116.8
106.6
91.4
83.7
93.9
101.2

100.2
105.1
103.5
105.0
116.4
118.2
116.8
105.1
91.4
83.7
93.9
101.2

100.2
104.8
103.4
104.9
116.5
117.0
116.8
105.2
89.3
83.7
93.9
100.8

100.3
104.9
103.2
105.0
116.2
116.8
116.4
4105.6
88.3
83.9
94.0
100.7

100.2
104.7
103.3
105.0
116.6
117.4
116.8
105.7
90.8
84.1
94.2
100.8

99.3
102.6
102.8
103.8
114.3
112.6
114.4
107.2
92.7
89.0
96.1
99.6

103.1
106.8
104.3
4107. 8
119.9
4122. 8
119.8
4115. 7
93.9
83.0
93.3
105.1

s Formerly titled “textile products, excluding hard fiber products.”
« New series. January 1961 = 100.
7 Metals and metal products, agricultural machinery and equipment, and
motor vehicles.

D.—CONSUMER AND WHOLESALE PRICES
T able

D-6.

951

Indexes of wholesale prices,1 by stage of processing and durability of product
[1957-59=100] 2
1966

Commodity group

June3 May Apr. Mar.
All commodities________________________________

1965
Feb.

Jan.

Dec. Nov.

Annual average

Oct. Sept . Aug. July June

1965

1964

105.7 4105. 6 105.5 105.4 105.4 104.6 104.1 103.5 103.1 103.0 102.9 102.9 102.8

102.5

100.5

105.5 105.7 106.3 106.9 107.5 105.2 103.2 100.8 100.1 100.0 100.8 100.5 100. 6
105.9 106.5 107.5 108.3 109.6 106.8 104.1 100.7 100.1 100.0 101.1 100.9 101.0
105.1 104.5 104.5 104.6 103.8 102.2 101.3 100.7 100.1 99.9 100.0 99.6 99. 8
105.4 104.7 104.7 104.8 104.0 102.2 101.2 100.6 99.8 99.7 99.8 99.3 99.6

98. 9
98 3
99 8

94 1
91 9
97 8

Stage of processing
Crude materials for further processing_____ _ ____
Crude foodstuffs and feedstuffs _____ _
Crude nonfood materials except fuel.
Crude nonfood materials, except fuel, for
manufacturing______________ Crude nonfood materials, except fuel, for
construction-. „
..........
__________
Crude f u e l_________ ____
Crude fuel for manufacturing . . . .
_____
Crude fuel for nonmanufacturing___________
Intermediate materials, supplies, and components___
Intermediate materials and components for manu­
facturing__ _ _______________ ____ ___
Intermediate materials for food manufacturing.
Intermediate materials for nondurable m anu­
facturing..
_ . . _____
___
Intermediate materials for durable manu­
facturing.. .. ___ . .
____
Components for manufacturing____________
Materials and components for construction___
Processed fuels and lub rican ts.._ _ _____ _____
Processed fuels and lubricants for manufac­
turing. ______________________________
Processed fuels and lubricants for nonmanu­
facturing..
____
...
___
Containers, nonreturn able_____
___ _
Supplies____ _ „
__ _
_ __
Supplies for manufacturing________________
Supplies for nonmanufacturing_____________
Manufactured animal feeds________..
_ ....
Other supplies___
Finished goods (goods to users, including; raw foods
and f u e ls ) ..___ ___________ .
Consumer finished goods___________________
Consumer foods... .
Consumer crude foods______________
Consumer processed foods___________
Consumer other nondurable goods_________
Consumer durable goods__________________
Producer finished goods______________
Producer finished goods for manufacturing.
Producer finished goods for nonmanufacturing.

99 s

97 4

103.1
101. 7
101. 6
101.9

103. 2
103.3
103. 2
103.5

102 8
102 ñ
102 4

104.9 104.8 104.3 103.9 103.8 103.4 103.0 103.0 102.6 102.5 102.4 102.3 102.2
104.2 4104.1 103.7 103.4 103.2 102.8 102.6 102.5 102.4 102.2 102.1 102.0 101. 9
109.9 109.8 110.1 110.8 111. 1 109.7 108.8 108.1 107.5 106.9 106.5 106.2 105. 9
100.0 99.7 99.4 99.2 99.0 98.9 98.9 98.8 98.9 98.7 98.7 98.7 98. 7

102. 2

100 9

102. 0
100 0

100 4
104 0

106.7
105.0
104.5
101.8

106.6 106.1 105. 8 105.5 105.2 105.3 105.1 105.1 105.0 104.8 104. 8
104.1 103.3 102.9 102.5 102.3 102.2 101.9 101.6 101.6 101.4 101. 4
104.3 103.4 102.7 102.3 101.9 101.8 101.7 101.7 101.7 101.3 101. 2
100.3 99.8 100.2 100.7 100.9 100.8 99.9 99.8 99.9 99. 7 99. 8

104 6
101. 3
101.4
99 5

102 S
99 7
100 6
98.1

102.8 101.9 101.7 101.2 101.5 101.9 102.1 102.0 101.3 101.2 101.2 101.0 101. 1
100.2 98.7
105.1 105.1
110.2 109.5
109.2 4108.9
109.9 109.2
117.4 116.0
103.4 4103.0

103.6
105.1
105.1
105.3

4103. 7
105.0
105. C
105.2

4106.8
4104.8
104.8
100.7

106.4 106.2
105.7 105.6
109.5 109.6
99.3 4 99.9
111. 1 111.1
104.9 104.5
100.1 100.2
107.9 107.6
111.2 110.8
104.5 4104.4

103.9
104.0
103.9
104.2

103.8
105.2
105.1
105.5

103.8
105.9
105.8
106.2

103.6
105.6
105.5
105.9

103.4
105.4
105.3
105.7

103.4
104.8
104.7
105.0

103.4
104.3
104.3
104.6

103.2
103.7
103.7
103.9

103.2
102.7
102.7
103.0

103.1
101.9
101.8
102.1

98 7

10 2 .8

97

8

101. 0

99 8

97.4
104.8
108.0
108.0
107.4
112.7
102.3

97.9
104.3
109.3
107.7
109.3
117.7
102.1

98.7
104.2
108.2
107.3
108.0
114.8
101.9

98.8
104.1
107.0
106.6
106.6
111.7
101.6

98.7
103.3
107.2
106.5
106.9
113.1
101.2

97.5
102.9
106.3
106.6
105.5
109.6
101.1

97.5
102.8
106.3
106.4
105.6
110.1
101.0

97.6
102.4
106.2
106.3
105.5
110.1
100.8

97.5
102,2
106. 5
106.2
106.1
111.9
100. 7

97. 5
102. 4
106.1
105 9
105. 5
109.9
100. 9

97.1
102.1
106 0
106 1
105.4
109. 7
100. 9

100 2
105 0
105 S
104 2
107 4
100 4

106.3 106.4
105.9 106.1
110.7 111.5
4107.8 4107. 6
111.2 112.1
104.3 104.1
99.8 99.7
107.0 106.8
110.0 109.8
103.8 103.7

106.3
106.0
111.5
105.6
112.4
104.0
99.7
106.6
109.6
103.5

105. 6
105.2
109. 5
101.0
110.8
103.9
99.7
106.2
109.1
103.3

105.3
104.9
108.9
102.6
109.9
103.7
99.6
106.0
108.8
103. 2

104.7
104.2
107.2
102.7
107.8
103.6
99.6
105.9
108.7
103.1

104.3
103.7
106.3
101.0
107.1
103.3
99.5
105.6
108.4
102.8

104.1
103.5
106.1
101.2
106.9
103.0
99.5
105. 5
108.3
102.8

103.8
103.1
105.3
94.4
107.0
102.8
99.5
105.5
108.1
102.8

104.0
103.4
106.0
98.8
107.1
102.7
99.6
105. 4
107 9
102.9

103. 9
103.2
105. 6
99.6
106. 6
102. 6
99.7
105.4
107. 8
103.0

103.6
102.8
104.5
100 2
105.2
102.8
99.6
105.4
108 0
102 ! 9

101 8
100 9
100 6
99 8
100 7
101 6
99 9
104 1
106 2
102 I 0

104.9
105.5
104.9
104.8
104.8
107.5
111.4
107.3

104.6
104.5
104.4
104.5
104.3
105.3
108.2
105.1

104.2
103.9
104.1
104.2
103.8
104.0
105.4
104.0

104.2
102.9
103.7
104.2
103.2
102.4
106.5
102.2

104.0
102.4
103.4
104.0
102.7
101.7
105.3
101.5

103.9
102.2
103.2
103.9
102.5
101.6
104.6
101.4

103.9
102.0
103.2
103.9
102.4
101.3
105.7
101.1

103.7
102.2
103.1
103.7
102.5
101.5
103.6
101.4

103.7
102.0
103.0
103.7
102.3
101.6
105.4
101.4

103.7
101.5
102.8
103. 7
101.9
100. 7
104.7
ICO. 5

10 2 .4
9 9 .1
1 0 1 .1
10 2 .5

97.9
105.1
108.3
108.3
107.6
112.4
102.8

95 9

Durability of product
Total durable goods... . ____ . . . . .
Total nondurable goods._ ___ _ _ . . . .
Total manufactures_______________ .
Durable m anufactures..
Nondurable manufactures_________________
Total raw or slightly processed goods.
Durable raw or slightly processed goods____
Nondurable raw or slightly processed goods...
1 See footnote 1, table D-4.
2 See footnote 2, table D-4.
3 Preliminary.
4 Revised.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

106.2 106.1
105.2 105.0
105. 6 105. 5
106.1 4106.1
105.1 104.8
105.7 4105.8
112.4 110.1
105.3 4105. 6

105.7
105.1
105.1
105.6
104.6
107.0
113.9
106.6

105.3
105.3
105.0
105.1
104.7
107.3
114.7
106.9

99. 7
9 7 .5

98. 0
97.5

N ote: For description of the series by stage of processing, see “New BLS
Economic Sector Indexes of Wholesale Prices,” Monthly Labor Review,
December 1955, pp. 1448-1453; and by durability of product and data begin­
ning with 1947, see Wholesale Prices and Price Indexes, 1957 (BLS Bulletin
1235, 1958).

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, AUGUST 1966

952

E.—Work Stoppages
T able

E -l.

Work stoppages resulting from labor-management disputes 1
Number of stoppages

M onth and year

Beginning in
month or year

Workers involved in stoppages

In effect dur­
ing month

Beginning in
month or year

In effect dur­
ing m onth

Man-days idle during month
or year
Percent of
estimated
working time

Number

January----- ---------. . ------------------ - ---------------February____ ____ _____ ________
____ . . .
_____ -- ---- ---March________ _
April__ ______ ______ ____ ______ - - - ---------M ay_________ ______ _______ --- ------------June______________ ________ _____________ ____
July_________ _____________ ______— --------August _____________________________________
September-------- ------------------------ -------------------October.. . -------- ------- -------- ---------------------November_______________________________ ____
December------ ------------------------------------------------

2,862
3,573
4,750
4,985
3,693
3,419
3,606
4,843
4,737
5,117
5,091
3,468
4,320
3,825
3,673
3,694
3,708
3,333
3,367
3,614
3,362
3,655
211
233
241
364
442
376
416
306
336
346
238
146

1966: January_____________ _______ ______________ _
F ebruary.. . ------------- --------------------------M arch. --------- ----------- ------------------------------ -April____________________ . -- ______________
M ay__ ________________ - — — — ------June. _____________________________ ___ _____
July________________________________________
August___________ _ . . ------------- _ __
September___________________________________
October-------------- ----------------- . . . - . ---N ovem ber... _____________________ _________
December------------------------- ------ --

244
208
329
390
450
425
416
388
345
321
289
158

404
393
511
603
669
677
702
685
631
570
505
371

98, 800
45,100
180, 000
141,000
127,000
268, 000
156,000
109,000
155,000
101,000
140, 000
24,300

183,000
149, 000
274,000
194, 000
201,000
354,000
334,000
229,000
250,000
209,000
192,000
75,800

1,740,000
1, 440,000
1, 770, 000
1,840,000
1,850, 000
2, 590,000
3, 670,000
2,230,000
2,110, 000
1, 770, 000
1, 380, 000
907,000

.18
.15
. 16
.17
.19
.23
.34
.20
.20
.16
.13
.08

1966: January 2__ _ _________ . __________________
F ebruary2------------------ . .
. ----------March 2______
. __________ . . . . ------A pril2_______________________________________
May 2_______ _________ _____________
—
June 2_______________________________________

205
240
310
350
480
430

335
380
450
500
640
660

101, 000
107, 000
198, 000
228, 000
208,000
150, 000

127, 000
142, 000
236, 000
379,000
294, 000
243, 000

1,000, 000
865, 000
1,350,000
2,450,000
2,870,000
1,950, 000

.09
.09
.11
.23
.26
. 17

1935—
39 (avpragf*)
1947-49 (avp.ragp)

_

- - _____ - - -- -_ _ ___________ ______ _

1946
1947

_ ____________ - ___ - - ___
____________________________ _____

1949

________________________________

1Q51

_ _ _________________

1953
1954
1955 _
1956
1957
1958
1959
I960
1961
1962 .
1963 .

_____

_ _ _______
__ __ _ __
__ _________ ________ ________
_______________________________________
_ ___________________________ ____
_
____________________ _______
_ _ _ ___________ _ _ ___
__ _______ _ ________ _
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ____ _ ___
_ _ ____________ __ _______
___ ___________________________________
. . ______ . . . ____ - _____ _______

i The data include all known strikes or lockouts involving 6 workers or
more and lasting a full day or shift or longer. Figures on workers involved
and man-days idle cover all workers made idle for as long as 1 shift in estab­
lishments directly involved in a stoppage. They do not measure the indirect


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____________
_________
___________

375
375
399
529
651
586
639
556
574
584
469
346

1,130,000
2,380,000
3,470,000
4,600,000
2,170,000
1,960,000 _____________
3,030,000
2,410,000 _____________
2,220, 000
3,540,000 _____________
2,400,000
1,530,000
2,650, 000
1,900, 000
1,390,000
2,060,000
1,880, 000
1,320,000
1,450, 000
1, 230,000
941,000
1, 640,000
91,400
53,300
80, 600
116, 000
79, 300
123,000
140, 000
187,000
192, 000
249,000
222,000
124,000
126,000
195, 000
73,100
133, 000
432, 000
374,000
214,000
549,000
141,000
274,000
42,000
149, 000

16,900,000
39,700,000
38,000,000
116,000,000
34,600,000
34,100,000
50, 500,000
38,800,000
22,900,000
59,100,000
28,300,000
22,600,000
28,200,000
33,100,000
16,500,000
23,900,000
69,000,000
19,100,000
16,300,000
18,600,000
16,100,000
22,900,000
898,000
1,040, 000
816,000
1,170,000
2,400,000
1, 900,000
1, 740,000
1,200,000
2,390,000
6,590,000
1, 730,000
1,060,000

0.27
.46
.47
1.43
.41
.37
.59
.44
.23
.57
.26
.21
.26
.29
.14
.22
.61
.17
.14
.16
.13
.18
.09
.11
.08
.11
.24
.18
.15
.12
.23
.61
.17
.10

or secondary effect on other establishments or industries whose employees
are made idle as a result of material or service shortages.
2 Preliminary.

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